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diff --git a/49917.txt b/49917.txt deleted file mode 100644 index f7ce3f0..0000000 --- a/49917.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6120 +0,0 @@ - St John Damascene on Holy Images - - - - -This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at -http://www.gutenberg.org/license. If you are not located in the United -States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are -located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: St John Damascene on Holy Images ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI -U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON -WITH VARIA U+1f78~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK -SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA U+1f7a~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA -U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA U+03b4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA -U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA -U+03b2~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI U+1fb6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL -SIGMA U+03c2~} - {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA U+1f01~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS -U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL -SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER -IOTA WITH PSILI U+1f30~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS U+03cc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU -U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL -SIGMA U+03c2~}). Followed by Three Sermons on the Assumption - ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON -U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA U+03b7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER -SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER -FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~}) -Author: John of Damascus -Release Date: September 09, 2015 [EBook #49917] -Language: English -Character set encoding: US-ASCII - - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ST JOHN DAMASCENE ON HOLY -IMAGES *** - - - - -Produced by Andrew Dunning. - -Created from scans by the University of Toronto, available through the -Internet Archive. - - - - -Transcriber's Note - - -Minor emendations have been made to punctuation and spelling. - - - - - ST JOHN DAMASCENE - - - - -_Imprimatur_ - - _Herbertus Cardinalis Vaughan_ - - _Archiepiscopus Westmonasteriensis_ - - -_Die 12 Augusti 1898_ - - - - - ST JOHN DAMASCENE - - ON - - HOLY IMAGES - ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO - U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA U+1f78~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA - U+1f7a~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - DELTA U+03b4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA U+03b2~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA WITH TONOS U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI - U+1fb6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA WITH DASIA U+1f01~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI U+1f30~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS - U+03cc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~}) - - - FOLLOWED BY - - THREE SERMONS ON THE ASSUMPTION - ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON - U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA U+03b7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~}) - - - TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL GREEK - - BY - - MARY H. ALLIES - - - - - _London_ - - THOMAS BAKER - - 1 SOHO SQUARE, W. - - 1898 - - - - -TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE - - -_A Treatise_ on Images will not be out of place in a public, which is -confusing the making of images with the making of idols. A great -Christian of the eighth century found himself called upon to face an -imperial Iconoclast. He would willingly have remained silent, but he -would not bury his talent of eloquence. He brought it forth and -witnessed to the teaching of the Church in language which present -'exciting scenes' in Anglican churches brings home in the most forcible -way. Our English image breakers are in the camp of Leo the Isaurian, who -in the eighth century waged war against holy images, on the plausible -pretext that they withdrew honour from God. The seventh General Council -condemned his assault, and it determined the different kinds of worship, -using the Greek terms of latreia and douleia. The special champion of -holy Images is St John Damascene, whose treatise is now published for -the first time in English. Every article in the creed has its special -defender. St John Damascene proclaims the Communion of Saints and the -honour of God through His chosen and favoured servants. No part of -Catholic belief is a vain word, nor can the true children of the Church -say with their lips what they do not hold in their hearts. I believe in -the Communion of Saints follows upon I believe in God, so that the -enemies of the Saints are the enemies of God. This is the doctrine which -St John Damascene traces back to the eternal ages before time was, in -the divine {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI U+1f10~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER OMEGA U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} of the Father in -the Person of the Son. God, the Son, is the Image by essence, and then -He becomes a visible image or form in time, clothed in flesh and blood, -showing us by His own example that our worship of God is through -corporeal things. Again and again the Saint repeats that as we must not -make an image of the Invisible God, so neither must we refuse to look -upon the Son, His Image, first in eternity, and then Incarnate. - -What are the consequences of rejecting divinely appointed images? -Hopeless and heart-destroying doubt caused by the undue exaltation of -humanity: in other words, creature, instead of divine, worship. We are -so constituted that images we must have: our minds cannot reach God's -throne without the help of corporeal things. Agnosticism has said it. We -cannot love what we do not know, and is not God unknowable? Halting -formularies say it when they point to matter, which God has glorified, -as inglorious. And halting formularies lead to halting souls, and to the -proclamation of the strange device that religious truth is of no -consequence so long as men lead good lives. - -The sermons on the Assumption were preached by the Saint in or about -_a.d._ 727. According to Alban Butler, he had special reasons for -honouring the Mother of God. By her intercession he regained the use of -his strong right hand. It was a practical demonstration of Catholic -teaching, We reach God most surely through those who love Him best, and -thus the Protestant phrase, which expresses a purely Catholic thought -'straight to God,' is exemplified in the Communion of Saints. St John's -language about the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA U+0398~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA U+03b7~} will -astonish those who stigmatise the love of her as a 'Roman corruption.' -The crowning triumph of the Assumption follows justly on the divine -maternity. Her body was all pure, because her all holy ({~GREEK SMALL -LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS -U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}) soul made it the -resting-place of our Lord. The Mother is so identified with the Son that -her life is part of His. The tomb is not for her, and thus the writer of -the eighth century bears full testimony to Catholic tradition. - -All believers are at one in wishing to reach God; the question is one of -detail. Which is the shortest road? St John Damascene speaks with the -Church when he says it is through the glorification of matter in the -Person of the Eternal Word. Either give matter its proper place, or take -away matter which the Lord Himself has exalted, and we are no longer -composite beings, but spirits ill at ease in a material world. Take away -the King's army, and you uncrown the King Himself. Forget His Mother, -and with her the connecting link between earth and heaven. Then we may -be heathens once more, groping after the unknown God, and our latter -state will be more appalling than the heathendom of old, before the -light had appeared to illumine earth's dark places. - - - - -CONTENTS - - - PART I. APOLOGIA OF ST JOHN DAMASCENE AGAINST THOSE WHO DECRY HOLY - IMAGES ......................................................... 1 - PART II. THE SAME .............................................. 55 - PART III. THE SAME ............................................. 87 - SERMON I. ON THE ASSUMPTION .................................... 147 - SERMON II. THE SAME ............................................ 171 - SERMON III. THE SAME ........................................... 201 - - - - -PART I. -APOLOGIA OF ST JOHN DAMASCENE AGAINST THOSE WHO DECRY HOLY IMAGES. - - -_With_ the ever-present conviction of my own unworthiness, I ought to -have kept silence and confessed my shortcomings before God, but all -things are good at the right time. I see the Church which God founded on -the Apostles and Prophets, its corner-stone being Christ His Son, tossed -on an angry sea, beaten by rushing waves, shaken and troubled by the -assaults of evil spirits. I see rents in the seamless robe of Christ, -which impious men have sought to part asunder, and His body cut into -pieces, that is, the word of God and the ancient tradition of the -Church. Therefore I have judged it unreasonable to keep silence and to -hold my tongue, bearing in mind the Scripture warning:--'If thou -withdrawest thyself, my soul shall not delight in thee,' and 'If thou -seest the sword coming and dost not warn thy brother, I shall require -his blood at thy hand.' Fear, then, compelled me to speak; the truth was -stronger than the majesty of kings. 'I bore testimony to Thee before -kings,' I heard the royal[1] David saying, 'and I was' not ashamed. No, -I was the more incited to speak. The King's command is all powerful over -his subjects. For few men have hitherto been found who, whilst -recognising the power of the earthly king to come from above, have -resisted his unlawful demands. - -In the first place, grasping as a kind of pillar, or foundation, the -teaching of the Church, which is our salvation, I have opened out its -meaning, giving, as it were, the reins to a well-caparisoned charger.[2] -For I look upon it as a great calamity that the Church, adorned with her -great privileges and the holiest examples of saints in the past, should -go back to the first rudiments, and fear where there is no fear. It is -disastrous to suppose that the Church does not know God as He is, that -she degenerates into idolatry, for if she declines from perfection in a -single iota, it is as an enduring mark on a comely face, destroying by -its unsightliness the beauty of the whole. A small thing is not small -when it leads to something great, nor indeed is it a thing of no matter -to give up the ancient tradition of the Church held by our forefathers, -whose conduct we should observe, and whose faith we should imitate. - -In the first place, then, before speaking to you, I beseech Almighty -God, to whom all things lie open, who knows my small capacity and my -genuine intention, to bless the words of my mouth, and to enable me to -bridle my mind and direct it to Him, to walk in His presence straightly, -not declining to a plausible right hand, nor knowing the left. Then I -ask all God's people, the chosen ones of His royal priesthood, with the -holy shepherd of Christ's orthodox flock, who represents in his own -person Christ's priesthood, to receive my treatise with kindness. They -must not dwell on my unworthiness, nor seek for eloquence, for I am only -too conscious of my shortcomings. They must consider the thoughts -themselves. The kingdom of heaven is not in word but in deed. Conquest -is not my object. I raise a hand which is fighting for the truth--a -willing hand under the divine guidance. Relying, then, upon substantial -truth as my auxiliary, I will enter on my subject matter. - -I have taken heed to the words of Truth Himself:--'The Lord thy God is -one.' And 'Thou shalt fear the Lord thy God, and shalt serve Him only, -and thou shalt not have strange gods.' Again, 'Thou shalt not make to -thyself a graven thing, nor the likeness of anything that is in heaven -above, or in the earth beneath'; and 'Let them be all confounded that -adore graven things.' Again, 'The gods that have not made heaven and -earth, let them perish.' In this way God spoke of old to the patriarchs -through the prophets, and lastly, through His only-begotten Son, on -whose account He made the ages. He says, 'This is eternal life, that -they may know Thee, the only true God, and Jesus Christ whom Thou didst -send.' I believe in one God, the source of all things, without -beginning, uncreated, immortal, everlasting, incomprehensible, bodiless, -invisible, uncircumscribed,[3] without form. I believe in one -supersubstantial being, one divine Godhead in three entities, the -Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, and I adore Him alone with the -worship of latreia. I adore one God, one Godhead but three Persons, God -the Father, God the Son made flesh, and God the Holy Ghost, one God. I -do not adore creation more than the Creator, but I adore the creature -created as I am, adopting creation freely and spontaneously that He -might elevate our nature and make us partakers of His divine nature. -Together with my Lord and King I worship Him clothed in the flesh, not -as if it were a garment or He constituted a fourth person of the -Trinity--God forbid. That flesh is divine, and endures after its -assumption. Human nature was not lost in the Godhead, but just as the -Word made flesh remained the Word, so flesh became the Word remaining -flesh, becoming, rather, one with the Word through union ({~GREEK SMALL -LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER THETA U+03b8~}' {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA -U+1f51~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON -WITH TONOS U+03cc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER NU U+03bd~}). Therefore I venture to draw an image of the -invisible God, not as invisible, but as having become visible for our -sakes through flesh and blood. I do not draw an image of the immortal -Godhead. I paint the visible flesh of God, for it is impossible to -represent a spirit ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI U+03c8~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER UPSILON U+03c5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI U+03c7~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER ETA WITH VARIA U+1f74~}), how much more God who gives breath to -the spirit. - -Now adversaries say: God's commands to Moses the law-giver were, 'Thou -shalt adore the Lord thy God, and thou shalt worship him alone, and thou -shalt not make to thyself a graven thing that is in heaven above, or in -the earth beneath.' - -They err truly, not knowing the Scriptures, for the letter kills whilst -the spirit quickens--not finding in the letter the hidden meaning. I -could say to these people, with justice, He who taught you this would -teach you the following. Listen to the law-giver's interpretation in -Deuteronomy: 'And the Lord spoke to you from the midst of the fire. You -heard the voice of His words, but you saw not any form at all.' And -shortly afterwards: 'Keep your souls carefully. You saw not any -similitude in the day that the Lord God spoke to you in Horeb from the -midst of the fire, lest perhaps being deceived you might make you a -graven similitude, or image of male and female, the similitude of any -beasts that are upon the earth, or of birds that fly under heaven.' And -again, 'Lest, perhaps, lifting up thy eyes to heaven, thou see the sun -and the moon, and all the stars of heaven, and being deceived by error -thou adore and serve them.' - -You see the one thing to be aimed at is not to adore a created thing -more than the Creator, nor to give the worship of latreia except to Him -alone. By worship, consequently, He always understands the worship of -latreia. For, again, He says: 'Thou shalt not have strange gods other -than Me. Thou shalt not make to thyself a graven thing, nor any -similitude. Thou shalt not adore them, and thou shalt not serve them, -for I am the Lord thy God.' And again, 'Overthrow their altars, and -break down their statues; burn their groves with fire, and break their -idols in pieces. For thou shalt not adore a strange god.' And a little -further on: 'Thou shalt not make to thyself gods of metal.' - -You see that He forbids image-making on account of idolatry, and that it -is impossible to make an image of the immeasurable, uncircumscribed, -invisible God. You have not seen the likeness of Him, the Scripture -says, and this was St Paul's testimony as he stood in the midst of the -Areopagus: 'Being, therefore, the offspring of God, we must not suppose -the divinity to be like unto gold, or silver, or stone, the graving of -art, and device of man.' - -These injunctions were given to the Jews on account of their proneness -to idolatry. Now we, on the contrary, are no longer in leading strings. -Speaking theologically, it is given to us to avoid superstitious error, -to be with God in the knowledge of the truth, to worship God alone, to -enjoy the fulness of His knowledge. We have passed the stage of infancy, -and reached the perfection of manhood. We receive our habit of mind from -God, and know what may be imaged and what may not. The Scripture says, -'You have not seen the likeness of Him.' What wisdom in the law-giver. -How depict the invisible? How picture the inconceivable? How give -expression to the limitless, the immeasurable, the invisible? How give a -form to immensity? How paint immortality? How localise mystery? It is -clear that when you contemplate God, who is a pure spirit, becoming man -for your sake, you will be able to clothe Him with the human form. When -the Invisible One becomes visible to flesh, you may then draw a likeness -of His form. When He who is a pure spirit, without form or limit, -immeasurable in the boundlessness of His own nature, existing as God, -takes upon Himself the form of a servant in substance and in stature, -and a body of flesh, then you may draw His likeness, and show it to -anyone willing to contemplate it. Depict His ineffable condescension, -His virginal birth, His baptism in the Jordan, His transfiguration on -Thabor, His all-powerful sufferings, His death and miracles, the proofs -of His Godhead, the deeds which He worked in the flesh through divine -power, His saving Cross, His Sepulchre, and resurrection, and ascent -into heaven. Give to it all the endurance of engraving and colour. Have -no fear or anxiety; worship is not all of the same kind. Abraham -worshipped the sons of Emmor, impious men in ignorance of God, when he -bought the double cave for a tomb. Jacob worshipped his brother Esau and -Pharao, the Egyptian, but on the point of his staff[4] He worshipped, he -did not adore. Josue and Daniel worshipped an angel of God; they did not -adore him. The worship of latreia is one thing, and the worship which is -given to merit another. Now, as we are talking of images and worship, -let us analyse the exact meaning of each. An image is a likeness of the -original with a certain difference, for it is not an exact reproduction -of the original. Thus, the Son is the living, substantial, unchangeable -Image of the invisible God, bearing in Himself the whole Father, being -in all things equal to Him, differing only in being begotten by the -Father, who is the Begetter; the Son is begotten. The Father does not -proceed from the Son, but the Son from the Father. It is through the -Son, though not after Him, that He is what He is, the Father who -generates. In God, too, there are representations and images of His -future acts,--that is to say, His counsel from all eternity, which is -ever unchangeable. That which is divine is immutable; there is no change -in Him, nor shadow of change. Blessed Denis (the Carthusian) who has -made divine things in God's presence his study, says that these -representations and images are marked out beforehand. In His counsels, -God has noted and settled all that He would do, the unchanging future -events before they came to pass. In the same way, a man who wished to -build a house, would first make and think out a plan. Again, visible -things are images of invisible and intangible things, on which they -throw a faint light. Holy Scripture clothes in figure God and the -angels, and the same holy man (Blessed Denis) explains why. When -sensible things sufficiently render what is beyond sense, and give a -form to what is intangible, a medium would be reckoned imperfect -according to our standard, if it did not fully represent material -vision, or if it required effort of mind. If, therefore, Holy Scripture, -providing for our need, ever putting before us what is intangible, -clothes it in flesh, does it not make an image of what is thus invested -with our nature, and brought to the level of our desires, yet invisible? -A certain conception through the senses thus takes place in the brain, -which was not there before, and is transmitted to the judicial faculty, -and added to the mental store. Gregory, who is so eloquent about God, -says that the mind which is set upon getting beyond corporeal things, is -incapable of doing it. For the invisible things of God since the -creation of the world are made visible through images. We see images in -creation which remind us faintly of God, as when, for instance, we speak -of the holy and adorable Trinity, imaged by the sun, or light, or -burning rays, or by a running fountain, or a full river, or by the mind, -speech, or the spirit within us, or by a rose tree, or a sprouting -flower, or a sweet fragrance. - -Again, an image is expressive of something in the future, mystically -shadowing forth what is to happen. For instance, the ark represents the -image of Our Lady, Mother of God,[5] so does the staff and the earthen -jar. The serpent brings before us Him who vanquished on the Cross the -bite of the original serpent; the sea, water, and the cloud the grace of -baptism. - -Again, things which have taken place are expressed by images for the -remembrance either of a wonder, or an honour, or dishonour, or good or -evil, to help those who look upon it in after times that we may avoid -evils and imitate goodness. It is of two kinds, the written image in -books, as when God had the law inscribed on tablets, and when He -enjoined that the lives of holy men should be recorded and sensible -memorials be preserved in remembrance; as, for instance, the earthen jar -and the staff in the ark. So now we preserve in writing the images and -the good deeds of the past. Either, therefore, take away images -altogether and be out of harmony with God who made these regulations, or -receive them with the language and in the manner which befits them. In -speaking of the manner let us go into the question of worship. - -Worship is the symbol of veneration and of honour. Let us understand -that there are different degrees of worship. First of all the worship of -latreia, which we show to God, who alone by nature is worthy of worship. -Then, for the sake of God who is worshipful by nature, we honour His -saints and servants, as Josue and Daniel worshipped an angel, and David -His holy places, when he says, 'Let us go to the place where His feet -have stood.' Again, in His tabernacles, as when all the people of Israel -adored in the tent, and standing round the temple in Jerusalem, fixing -their gaze upon it from all sides, and worshipping from that day to -this, or in the rulers established by Him, as Jacob rendered homage to -Esau, his elder brother, and to Pharao, the divinely established ruler. -Joseph was worshipped by his brothers. I am aware that worship was based -on honour, as in the case of Abraham and the sons of Emmor. Either, -then, do away with worship, or receive it altogether according to its -proper measure. - -Answer me this question. Is there only one God? You answer, 'Yes, there -is only one Law-giver.' Why, then, does He command contrary things? The -cherubim are not outside of creation; why, then, does He allow cherubim -carved by the hand of man to overshadow the mercy-seat? Is it not -evident that as it is impossible to make an image of God, who is -uncircumscribed and impassible, or of one like to God, creation should -not be worshipped as God. He allows the image of the cherubim who are -circumscribed,[6] and prostrate in adoration before the divine throne, -to be made, and thus prostrate to overshadow the mercy-seat. It was -fitting that the image of the heavenly choirs should overshadow the -divine mysteries. Would you say that the ark and staff and mercy-seat -were not made? Are they not produced by the hand of man? Are they not -due to what you call contemptible matter? What was the tabernacle -itself? Was it not an image? Was it not a type and a figure? Hence the -holy Apostle's words concerning the observances of the law, 'Who serve -unto the example and shadow of heavenly things.' As it was answered to -Moses, when he was to finish the tabernacle: 'See' (He says), 'that thou -make all things according to the pattern which was shown thee on the -Mount.' But the law was not an image. It shrouded the image. In the -words of the same Apostle, the law contains the shadow of the goods to -come, not the image of those things. For if the law should forbid -images, and yet be itself a forerunner of images, what should we say? If -the tabernacle was a figure, and the type of a type, why does the law -not prohibit image-making? But this is not in the least the case. There -is a time for everything. - -Of old, God the incorporeal and uncircumscribed was never depicted. Now, -however, when God is seen clothed in flesh, and conversing with men, I -make an image of the God whom I see. I do not worship matter, I worship -the God of matter, who became matter for my sake, and deigned to inhabit -matter, who worked out my salvation through matter. I will not cease -from honouring that matter which works my salvation. I venerate it, -though not as God. How could God be born out of lifeless things? And if -God's body is God by union ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}' {~GREEK -SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA U+1f51~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI -U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS U+03cc~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}), it is immutable. -The nature of God remains the same as before, the flesh created in time -is quickened by a logical and reasoning soul. I honour all matter -besides, and venerate it. Through it, filled, as it were, with a divine -power and grace, my salvation has come to me. Was not the thrice happy -and thrice blessed wood of the Cross matter? Was not the sacred and holy -mountain of Calvary matter? What of the life-giving rock, the Holy -Sepulchre, the source of our resurrection: was it not matter? Is not the -most holy book of the Gospels matter? Is not the blessed table matter -which gives us the Bread of Life? Are not the gold and silver matter, -out of which crosses and altar-plate and chalices are made? And before -all these things, is not the body and blood of our Lord matter? Either -do away with the veneration and worship due to all these things, or -submit to the tradition of the Church in the worship of images, -honouring God and His friends, and following in this the grace of the -Holy Spirit. Do not despise matter, for it is not despicable. Nothing is -that which God has made. This is the Manichean heresy. That alone is -despicable which does not come from God, but is our own invention, the -spontaneous choice of will to disregard the natural law,--that is to -say, sin. If, therefore, you dishonour and give up images, because they -are produced by matter, consider what the Scripture says: And the Lord -spoke to Moses, saying, 'Behold I have called by name Beseleel, the son -of Uri, the son of Hur, of the tribe of Juda. And I have filled him with -the spirit of God, with wisdom and understanding, and knowledge in all -manner of work. To devise whatsoever may be artificially made of gold, -and silver, and brass, of marble and precious stones, and variety of -wood. And I have given him for his companion, Ooliab, the son of -Achisamech, of the tribe of Dan. And I have put wisdom in the heart of -every skilful man, that they may make all things which I have commanded -thee.' And again: 'Moses said to all the assembly of the children of -Israel: This is the word the Lord hath commanded, saying: Set aside with -you first fruits to the Lord. Let every one that is willing and hath a -ready heart, offer them to the Lord, gold, and silver, and brass, -violet, and purple, and scarlet twice dyed, and fine linen, goat's hair, -and ram's skins died red and violet, coloured skins, selim-wood, and oil -to maintain lights and to make ointment, and most sweet incense, onyx -stones, and precious stones for the adorning of the ephod and the -rational. Whosoever of you is wise, let him come, and make that which -the Lord hath commanded.' See you here the glorification of matter which -you make inglorious. What is more insignificant than goat's hair or -colours? Are not scarlet and purple and hyacinth colours? Now, consider -the handiwork of man becoming the likeness of the cherubim. How, then, -can you make the law a pretence for giving up what it orders? If you -invoke it against images, you should keep the Sabbath, and practise -circumcision. It is certain that 'if you observe the law, Christ will -not profit you. You who are justified in the law, you are fallen from -grace.' Israel of old did not see God, but we see the Lord's glory face -to face. - -We proclaim Him also by our senses on all sides, and we sanctify the -noblest sense, which is that of sight. The image is a memorial, just -what words are to a listening ear. What a book is to the literate, that -an image is to the illiterate. The image speaks to the sight as words to -the ear; it brings us understanding. Hence God ordered the ark to be -made of imperishable wood, and to be gilded outside and in, and the -tablets to be put in it, and the staff and the golden urn containing the -manna, for a remembrance of the past and a type of the future. Who can -say these were not images and far-sounding heralds? And they did not -hang on the walls of the tabernacle; but in sight of all the people who -looked towards them, they were brought forward for the worship and -adoration of God, who made use of them. It is evident that they were not -worshipped for themselves, but that the people were led through them to -remember past signs, and to worship the God of wonders. They were images -to serve as recollections, not divine, but leading to divine things by -divine power. - -And God ordered twelve stones to be taken out of the Jordan, and -specified why. For he says: 'When your son asks you the meaning of these -stones, tell him how the water left the Jordan by the divine command, -and how the ark was saved and the whole people.' How, then, shall we not -record on image the saving pains and wonders of Christ our Lord, so that -when my child asks me, 'What is this?' I may say, that God the Word -became man, and that for His sake not Israel alone passed through the -Jordan, but all the human race gained their original happiness. Through -Him human nature rose from the lowest depths of the earth higher than -the skies, and in His Person sat down on the throne His Father had -prepared for Him. - -But the adversary says: 'Make an image of Christ or of His mother who -bore Him ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH -PERISPOMENI U+1fc6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK -SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS U+03cc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA -U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU -U+03bd~}), and let that be sufficient.' O what folly this is! On your -own showing, you are absolutely against the saints. For if you make an -image of Christ and not of the saints, it is evident that you do not -disown images, but the honour of the saints. You make statues indeed of -Christ as of one glorified, whilst you reject the saints as unworthy of -honour, and call truth a falsehood. 'I live,' says the Lord, 'and I will -glorify those who glorify Me.' And the divine Apostle: therefore now he -is not a servant, but a son. 'And if a son, an heir also through God.' -Again, 'If we suffer with Him, that we also may be glorified:' you are -not waging war against images, but against the saints. St John, who -rested on His breast, says, that we shall be like to Him: just as a man -by contact with fire becomes fire, not by nature, but by contact and by -burning and by participation, so is it, I apprehend, with the flesh of -the Crucified Son of God. That flesh, by participation through union -({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH -PSILI U+1f00~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}' {~GREEK SMALL LETTER -UPSILON WITH DASIA U+1f51~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS U+03cc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA -U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA -U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA -U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}) with the divine nature, was -unchangeably God, not in virtue of grace from God as was the case with -each of the prophets, but by the presence of the Fountain Head Himself. -God, the Scripture says, stood in the synagogue of the gods, so that the -saints, too, are gods. Holy Gregory takes the words, 'God stands in the -midst of the gods,' to mean that He discriminates their several merits. -The saints in their lifetime were filled with the Holy Spirit, and when -they are no more, His grace abides with their spirits and with their -bodies in their tombs, and also with their likenesses and holy images, -not by nature, but by grace and divine power. - -God charged David to build Him a temple through his son, and to prepare -a place of rest. Solomon, in building the temple, made the cherubim, as -the book of Kings says. And he encompassed the cherubim with gold, and -all the walls in a circle, and he had the cherubim carved, and palms -inside and out, in a circle, not from the sides, be it observed. And -there were bulls and lions and pomegranates. Is it not more seemly to -decorate all the walls of the Lord's house with holy forms and images -rather than with beasts and plants? Where is the law declaring 'thou -shalt not make any graven image'? But Solomon receiving the gift of -wisdom, imaging heaven, made the cherubim, and the likenesses of bulls -and lions, which the law forbade. Now if we make a statue of Christ, and -likenesses of the saints, does not their being filled with the Holy -Ghost increase the piety of our homage? As then the people and the -temple were purified in blood and in burnt offerings, so now the Blood -of Christ giving testimony under Pontius Pilate, and being Himself the -first fruits of the martyrs, the Church is built up on the blood of the -saints. Then the signs and forms of lifeless animals figured forth the -human tabernacle, the martyrs themselves whom they were preparing for -God's abode. - -We depict Christ as our King and Lord, and do not deprive Him of His -army. The saints constitute the Lord's army. Let the earthly king -dismiss his army before he gives up his King and Lord. Let him put off -the purple before he takes honour away from his most valiant men who -have conquered their passions. For if the saints are heirs of God, and -co-heirs of Christ, they will be also partakers of the divine glory of -sovereignty. If the friends of God have had a part in the sufferings of -Christ, how shall they not receive a share of His glory even on earth? -'I call you not servants,' our Lord says, 'you are my friends.' Should -we then deprive them of the honour given to them by the Church? What -audacity! What boldness of mind, to fight God and His commands! You, who -refuse to worship images, would not worship the Son of God, the Living -Image of the invisible God, and His unchanging form. I worship the image -of Christ as the Incarnate God; that of Our Lady ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER -TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI U+1fc6~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA -U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER -OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER -OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA U+1f45~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA -U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER -UPSILON U+03c5~}), the Mother of us all, as the Mother of God's Son; -that of the saints as the friends of God. They have withstood sin unto -blood, and followed Christ in shedding their blood for Him, who shed His -blood for them. I put on record the excellencies and the sufferings of -those who have walked in His footsteps, that I may sanctify myself, and -be fired with the zeal of imitation. St Basil says, 'Honouring the image -leads to the prototype.' If you raise churches to the saints of God, -raise also their trophies. The temple of old was not built in the name -of any man. The death of the just was a cause of tears, not of feasting. -A man who touched a corpse was considered unclean, even if the corpse -was Moses himself. But now the memories of the saints are kept with -rejoicings. The dead body of Jacob was wept over, whilst there is joy -over the death of Stephen. Therefore, either give up the solemn -commemorations of the saints, which are not according to the old law, or -accept images which are also against it, as you say. But it is -impossible not to keep with rejoicing the memories of the saints. The -Holy Apostles and Fathers are at one in enjoining them. From the time -that God the Word became flesh He is as we are in everything except sin, -and of our nature, without confusion. He has deified our flesh for ever, -and we are in very deed sanctified through His Godhead and the union of -His flesh with it. And from the time that God, the Son of God, -impassible by reason of His Godhead, chose to suffer voluntarily He -wiped out our debt, also paying for us a most full and noble ransom. We -are truly free through the sacred blood of the Son pleading for us with -the Father. And we are indeed delivered from corruption since He -descended into hell to the souls detained there through centuries and -gave the captives their freedom, sight to the blind, and chaining the -strong one.[7] He rose in the plenitude of His power, keeping the flesh -of immortality which He had taken for us. And since we have been born -again of water and the Spirit, we are truly sons and heirs of God. Hence -St Paul calls the faithful holy; hence we do not grieve but rejoice over -the death of the saints. We are then no longer under grace, being -justified through faith, and knowing the one true God. The just man is -not bound by the law. We are not held by the letter of the law, nor do -we serve as children, but grown into the perfect estate of man we are -fed on solid food, not on that which conduces to idolatry. The law is -good as a light shining in a dark place until the day breaks. Your -hearts have already been illuminated, the living water of God's -knowledge has run over the tempestuous seas of heathendom, and we may -all know God. The old creation has passed away, and all things are -renovated. The holy Apostle Paul said to St Peter, the chief of the -Apostles:[8] 'If you, being a Jew, live as a heathen and not a Jew, how -will you persuade heathens to do as Jews do?' And to the Galatians: 'I -will bear witness to every circumcised man that it is salutary to fulfil -the whole law.' - -Of old they who did not know God, worshipped false gods. But now, -knowing God, or rather being known by Him, how can we return to bare and -naked rudiments? I have looked upon the human form of God, and my soul -has been saved. I gaze upon the image of God, as Jacob did, though in a -different way. Jacob sounded the note of the future, seeing with -immaterial sight, whilst the image of Him who is visible to flesh is -burnt into my soul. The shadow and winding sheet and relics of the -apostles cured sickness, and put demons to flight. How, then, shall not -the shadow and the statues of the saints be glorified? Either do away -with the worship of all matter, or be not an innovator. Do not disturb -the boundaries of centuries, put up by your fathers. - -It is not in writing only that they have bequeathed to us the tradition -of the Church, but also in certain unwritten examples. In the -twenty-seventh book of his work, in thirty chapters addressed to -Amphilochios concerning the Holy Spirit, St Basil says, 'In the -cherished teaching and dogmas of the Church, we hold some things by -written documents; others we have received in mystery from the -apostolical tradition.' Both are of equal value for the soul's growth. -No one will dispute this who has considered even a little the discipline -of the Church. For if we neglect unwritten customs, as not having much -weight, we bury in oblivion the most pertinent facts connected with the -Gospel. These are the great Basil's words. How do we know the Holy place -of Calvary, or the Holy Sepulchre? Does it not rest on a tradition -handed down from father to son? It is written that our Lord was -crucified on Calvary, and buried in a tomb, which Joseph hewed out of -the rock; but it is unwritten tradition which identifies these spots, -and does more things of the same kind. Whence come the three immersions -at baptism, praying with face turned towards the east, and the tradition -of the mysteries?[9] Hence St Paul says, Therefore, brethren, stand -fast, and hold the traditions which you have learned either by word, or -by our epistle. As, then, so much has been handed down in the Church, -and is observed down to the present day, why disparage images? - -If you bring forward certain practices, they do not inculpate our -worship of images, but the worship of heathens who make them idols. -Because heathens do it foolishly, this is no reason for objecting to our -pious practice. If the same magicians and sorcerers use supplication, so -does the Church with catechumens; the former invoke devils, but the -Church calls upon God against devils. Heathens have raised up images to -demons, whom they call gods. Now we have raised them to the one -Incarnate God, to His servants and friends, who are proof against the -diabolical hosts. - -If, again, you object that the great Epiphanius thoroughly rejected -images, I would say in the first place the work in question is -fictitious and unauthentic. It bears the name of some one who did not -write it, which used to be commonly done. Secondly, we know that blessed -Athanasius objected to the bodies of saints being put into chests, and -that he preferred their burial in the ground, wishing to set at nought -the strange custom of the Egyptians, who did not bury their dead under -ground, but set them upon beds and couches. Thus, supposing that he -really wrote this work, the great Epiphanius, wishing to correct -something of the same kind, ordered that images should not be used. The -proof that he did not object to images, is to be found in his own -church, which is adorned with images to this day. Thirdly, the exception -is not a law to the Church, neither does one swallow make summer, as it -seems to Gregory the theologian, and to the truth. Neither can one -expression overturn the tradition of the whole Church which is spread -throughout the world. - -Accept, therefore, the teaching of Scripture and spiritual writers. If -the Scripture _does_ call the idols of heathens silver and gold, and the -works of man's hand, it does not forbid the adoration of inanimate -things, or man's handiwork, but the adoration of demons. - -We have seen that prophets worshipped angels, and men, and kings, and -the impious, and even a staff. David says, 'And you adore His -footstool.' Isaias, speaking in God's name, says, 'The heavens are my -throne, and the earth my footstool.' Now, it is evident to every one -that the heavens and the earth are created things. Moses, too, and Aaron -with all the people adored the work of hands. St Paul, the golden -grasshopper[10] of the Church, says in his Epistle to the Hebrews, 'But -Christ being come, a high priest of the good things to come, by a -greater and more perfect tabernacle not made by hand,' that is 'not of -this creation.' And, again, 'For Jesus is not entered into the Holies -made by hands, the patterns of the true; but into heaven itself.' Thus -the former holy things, the tabernacle, and everything within it, were -made by hands, and no one denies that they were adored. - - - -Authentic Testimony of Ancient Fathers in favour of Images. - - -St Denis the Areopagite. From his Letter to Bishop Titus. - - -Instead of attaching the common conception to images, we should look -upon what they symbolise, and not despise the divine mark and character -which they portray, as sensible images of mysterious and heavenly -visions. - -_Commentary._--Mark that he cautions us not to despise sacred images. - - -The Same, 'On the Names of God.' - - -We have taken the same line. On the one side, through the veiled -language of Scripture and the help of oral tradition, intellectual -things are understood through sensible ones, and the things above nature -by the things that are. Forms are given to what is intangible and -without shape, and immaterial perfection is clothed and multiplied in a -variety of different symbols. - -_Commentary._--If it be a good work to clothe with shape and form, -according to our standard, that which is formless, shapeless, and -without consistency, how shall we not make images to ourselves in the -same way of things perceived through form and shape, so that we may bear -them in mind, and be moved to imitate what they represent. - - -The Same, on the 'Ecclesiastical Hierarchy.' - - -Now, if the substances ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH TONOS U+03cd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA -U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}) and orders -above us, of which we have already made reverent mention, are without -bodies, their hierarchy is intellectual and above sense. - -We supply by the variety of sensible symbols the visible order, which is -according to our own measure. Those sensible symbols lead us naturally -to intellectual conception, to God and His divine attributes. Spiritual -minds form their own spiritual conceptions, but we are led to the divine -vision by sensible images. - -_Commentary._--If, then, it be rational that we are led to the divine -vision by sensible images, and if Divine Providence mercifully clothes -in form and image that which is without either for our benefit, what is -there unseemly about imaging, according to our capacity, Him who -graciously disguised Himself for us in shape and form? - -A tradition has come down to us that Angaros, King of Edessa, was drawn -vehemently to divine love by hearing of our Lord,[11] and that he sent -envoys to ask for His likeness. If this were refused, they were ordered -to have a likeness painted. Then He, who is all-knowing and -all-powerful, is said to have taken a strip of cloth, and pressing it to -His face, to have left His likeness upon the cloth, which it retains to -this day. - - -St Basil's Sermon on the Martyr St Barlam, beginning, 'In the first -place the death of the saints.' - - -Arise, you renowned painters of brave deeds, who set forth by your art a -faint image of the General. My praise of the laurel-crowned victor is -faint compared to the colours of your brush. I will give up writing on -the excellencies of the martyr whom you have crowned. I rejoice at the -victory won to-day by your strength. I contemplate the hand put out to -the flames, more powerfully dealt with by you. I see the struggle more -clearly depicted on your statue. Let demons be enraged even now, -overcome by the martyr's excellencies which you reveal. Let the powerful -hand be again outstretched to victory. May Christ our Lord, the supreme -Judge of the warfare, appear in picture. To Him be glory for ever and -ever. Amen. - - -From the same, from the Thirty Chapters to Amphilochios, on the Holy -Ghost.--Chap. xviii. - - -The image of the king is also called the king, and there are not two -kings in consequence. Neither is power divided, nor is glory -distributed. Just as the reigning power over us is one, so is our homage -one, not many, and the honour given to the image reaches back to the -original. What the image is in the one case as a representation, that -the Son is by His humanity, and as in art likeness is according to form, -so in the divine and incommensurable nature ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA -WITH TONOS U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER UPSILON U+03c5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH TONOS -U+03ad~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON -U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~}) union is effected in -the indwelling Godhead. - -_Commentary._--If the image of the king is the king, the image of Christ -is Christ, and the image of a saint the saint, and if power is not -divided nor glory distributed, honouring the image becomes honouring the -one who is set forth in image. Devils have feared the saints, and have -fled from their shadow. The shadow is an image, and I make an image that -I may scare demons. If you say that only intellectual worship befits -God, take away all corporeal things, light, and fragrance, prayer itself -through the physical voice, the very divine mysteries which are offered -through matter, bread, and wine, the oil of chrism, the sign of the -Cross, for all this is matter. Take away the Cross, and the sponge of -the Crucifixion, and the spear which pierced the life-giving side. -Either give up honouring these things as impossible, or do not reject -the veneration of images. Matter is endued with a divine power through -prayer made to those who are depicted in image. Purple by itself is -simple, and so is silk, and the cloak which is made of both. But if the -king put it on, the cloak receives honour from the honour due to the -wearer. So is it with matter. By itself it is of no account, but if the -one presented in image be full of grace, men become partakers of his -grace according to their faith. The apostles knew our Lord with their -bodily eyes; others knew the apostles, others the martyrs. I, too, -desire to see them in the spirit and in the flesh, and to possess a -saving remedy as I am a composite being. I see with my eyes, and revere -that which represents what I honour, though I do not worship it as God. -Now you, perhaps, are superior to me, and are lifted up above bodily -things, and being, as it were, not of flesh, you make light of what is -visible, but as I am human and clothed with a body, I desire to see and -to be corporeally with the saints. Condescend to my humble wish that you -may be secure on your heights. God accepts my longing for Him and for -His saints. For He rejoices at the praises of His servant, according to -the great St Basil in his panegyric of the Forty Martyrs. Listen to the -words which he uttered in honour of the martyr St Gordion. - - -From St Basils Sermon on St Gordion. - - -The mere memory of just deeds is a source of spiritual joy to the whole -world; people are moved to imitate the holiness of which they hear. The -life of holy men is as a light illuminating the way for those who would -see it. And again, when we recount the story of holy lives we glorify in -the first place the Lord of those servants, and we give praise to the -servants on account of their testimony, which is known to us. We rejoice -the world through good report. - -_Commentary._--The remembrance of the saints is thus, you see, a glory -to God, praise of the saints, joy and salvation to the whole world. Why, -then, would you destroy it? This remembrance is kept by preaching and by -images, says the same great St Basil. - - -The same, on the Martyr St Gordion. - - -Just as burning follows naturally on fire, and fragrance on sweet -ointment, so must good arise from holy actions. For it is no small thing -to represent past events according to life. Is it a dim memory of the -man's wrestlings which has come down to us, and does not the painter's -picture tally with our present conflict? Now, as painters draw images -from images, they frequently depart from the original as much as the -image itself does, and as we did not see what they represent, there is -no little fear that we may injure the truth. - - -The same, at the end. - - -The sun fills us with perpetual wonder, though always before us, so the -memory of this man is ever fresh. - -_Commentary._--It is evident that it is fresh through sermon and image. - - -Testimony of the same, from his Sermon on the Forty Martyrs. - - -Can the lover of the martyrs have too much of their memory? For the -honour shown to the just, our fellow-men, is a testimony to the goodness -of our common Lord. - -And again:-- - -Recognise the blessedness of the martyr heartily, that you may be a -martyr in will; thus, without persecutor, or fire, or blows, found -worthy of the same reward. - -_Commentary._--How, then, would you dissuade me from honouring the -saints, and be envious of my salvation? Listen to what he says a little -further on to show that he united the painter's art to oratory. - - -St Basil. - - -See, then, that setting them before us in representation, we are making -them helpful to the living, exhibiting their holiness to us all as if in -a picture. - -_Commentary._--Do you understand that both image and sermon teach one -lesson? He says: 'Let us show them forth in a sermon as if in a -picture.' And again: Writers and painters point out the struggles of -war; the first by the art of style, the second with their brush, and -each induce many to be brave. That which a spoken account presents to -the hearing, a silent picture portrays for imitation. - -_Commentary._--What better proof have we that images are the books of -the illiterate, the ever-speaking heralds of honouring the saints, -teaching those who gaze upon them without words, and sanctifying the -spectacle. I have not many books nor time for study, and I go into a -church, the common refuge of souls, my mind wearied with conflicting -thoughts. I see before me a beautiful picture and the sight refreshes -me, and induces me to glorify God. I marvel at the martyr's endurance, -at his reward, and fired with burning zeal, I fall down to adore God -through His martyr, and receive a grace of salvation. Have you not heard -the same holy father in his homily on the beginning of the Psalms, say -that the Holy Spirit, knowing the human race were obstinate and hard to -lead, mixed honey with the psalm-singing? What do you say to this? Shall -I not perpetuate the martyr's testimony both by word and paint brush? -Shall I not embrace with my eyes that which is a wonder to the angels -and to the whole world, formidable to the devil, a terror to demons, as -the same great Father says? Again, towards the end of his homily on the -forty martyrs, he exclaims, 'O sainted band! O sacred fraternity! O -invincible army! protectors of the human race, solace of the troubled, -hope of your petitioners, most powerful intercessors, light of the -world, bloom both intellectual and material of the Churches! The earth -has not hidden you from sight, heaven has received you. May its gates be -opened to you. The spectacle is worthy of angels and patriarchs, -prophets, and just.' - -_Commentary._--How shall I not desire to see what the angels desire? St -Basil's brother, who is one with him in thought, St Gregory of Nyssa, -shares his sentiments. - - -St Gregory of Nyssa, from the 'Structure of Man.' - - -_Supplementary._--Just as in human fashion the image makers of the -powerful grasp the character of the form and set forth the royal dignity -with the insignia of the purple, and their handiwork is called image or -king, so is it with human nature. As it was created to rule over other -creations, it was made as an animated type or image, partaking of the -original in dignity and name. - - -The same, Fifth Chapter. - - -The divine beauty is not set forth either in form or comeliness of -design or colouring, but is contemplated in speechless blessedness, -according to its virtue. So do painters transfer human forms to canvas -through certain colours, laying on suitable and harmonious tints to the -picture, so as to transfer the beauty of the original to the likeness. - -_Commentary._--You see that the divine beauty is not set forth in form -or shape, and on this account it cannot be conveyed by an image ({~GREEK -SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA -U+1f51~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON -U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI U+1f30~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER XI U+03be~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}): it is the human form which is transferred -to canvas by the artist's brush. If, therefore, the Son of God became -man, taking the form of a servant, and appearing in man's nature, a -perfect man, why should His image not be made? If, in common parlance, -the king's image is called the king, and the honour shown to the image -redounds to the original, as holy Basil says, why should the image not -be honoured and worshipped, not as God, but as the image of God -Incarnate? - - -The same, from his Sermon at Constantinople on the Godhead of the Son -and of the Spirit, and on Abraham. - - -Then the father proceeds to bind his son. I have often seen paintings of -this touching scene, and could not look at it with dry eyes, art setting -it forth so vividly. Isaac is lying before the altar, his legs bound, -his hands tied behind his back. The father approaching the victim, -clasping his hair with the left hand, stoops over the face so piteously -turned towards him, and holds in his right hand the sword, ready to -strike. Already the point of the sword is on the body when the divine -voice is heard, forbidding the consummation. - - -Leo,[12] Bishop of Neapolis in Cyprus. From his book against the Jews, -on the Adoration of the Cross, and the Statues of the Saints, and on -Relics. - - -If you, O Jew, reproach me saying that I adore the wood of the Cross as -God, why do you not reproach Jacob, who worshipped on the point of his -staff ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI U+1f10~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA U+1f76~} {~GREEK -SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS -U+03cc~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA U+1f04~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK -SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI -U+1fc6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER -RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA U+1f01~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER BETA U+03b2~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA U+03b4~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON U+03c5~})? Now it is -evident that he was not worshipping wood. So with us; we are worshipping -Christ through the Cross, not the wood of the Cross. - -_Commentary._--If we adore the Cross, made of whatever wood it may be, -how shall we not adore the image of the Crucified? - - -From the same. - - -Abraham worshipped the impious men who sold him the cave, and bent his -knee to the ground, yet did not worship them as gods. Jacob praised -Pharao, an impious idolator, yet not as God, and he fell down at the -feet of Esau, yet did not worship him as God. And again, How does God -order us to worship the earth and mountains? 'Exalt the Lord your God -and worship Him upon His holy mountain, and adore His footstool,' that -is, the earth. For heaven is My throne, He says, and the earth My -footstool. How was it that Moses worshipped Jothor, an idolator, and -Daniel, Nabuchodonosor? How can you reproach me because I honour those -who honour God and show Him service? Tell me, is it not fitting to -worship the saints, rather than to throw stones at them as you do? Is it -not right to worship them, rather than to attack them, and to fling your -benefactors into the mire? If you loved God, you would be ready to -honour His servants also. And if the bones of the just are unclean, why -were the bones of Jacob and Joseph brought with all honour from Egypt? -How was it that a dead man arose again on touching the bones of Eliseus? -If God works wonders through bones, it is evident that He can work them -through images, and stones, and many other things, as in the case of -Eliseus, who gave his staff to his servant, saying, 'With this go and -raise from the dead the son of the Sunamitess.' With his staff Moses -chastised Pharao, parted the waters, struck the rock, and drew forth the -stream. And Solomon said, 'Blessed is the wood by which justice cometh.' -Eliseus took iron out of the Jordan with a piece of wood. And again, the -wood is the wood of life, and the wood of Sabec, that is, of remission. -Moses humbled the serpent with wood and saved the people. The blossoming -rod in the tabernacle confirmed the priesthood of Aaron. Perhaps, O Jew, -you will tell me that God prescribed to Moses beforehand all the things -of the testimony in the tabernacle. Now, I say to you that Solomon made -a great variety of things in the temple in carvings and sculpture, which -God had not ordered him to do. Nor did the tabernacle of the testimony -contain them, nor the temple which God showed to Ezechiel, nor was -Solomon to be blamed in this. He had had these sculptured images made -for the glory of God as we do. You, too, had many and varied images and -signs in the Old Testament to serve as a reminder of God, if you had not -lost them through ingratitude. For instance, the rod of Moses, the -tablets of the law, the burning bush, the rock giving forth water, the -ark containing the manna, the altar set on fire from above ({~GREEK -SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON U+03c5~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}), the lamina bearing the divine name, the -ephod, the tabernacle overshadowed by God. If you had prepared all these -things by day and by night, saying, 'Glory be to Thee, O Almighty God, -who hast done wonders in Israel through all these things'; if through -all these ordinances of the law, carried out of old, you had fallen on -your knees to adore God, you would see that worship is given to Him by -images. - -And further on:-- - -He who truly loves a friend or the king, and especially his benefactor, -if he sees that benefactor's son, or his staff, or his chair, or his -crown, or his house, or his servant, he holds them fast in his embrace, -and if he honours his benefactor, the king, how much more God. Again I -repeat it, would that you had made images according to the law of Moses -and the prophets, and that day by day you had worshipped the God of -images. Whenever, then, you see Christians adoring the Cross, know that -they are adoring the Crucified Christ, not the mere wood.[13] If, -indeed, they honoured wood as wood, they would be bound to worship trees -of whatever kind, as you, O Israel, worshipped them of old, saying to -the tree and to the stone, 'Thou art my God and didst bring me forth.' -We do not speak either to the Cross or to the representations of the -saints in this way. They are not our gods, but books which lie open and -are venerated in churches in order to remind us of God and to lead us to -worship Him. He who honours the martyr honours God, to whom the martyr -bore testimony. He who worships the apostle of Christ worships Him who -sent the apostle. He who falls at the feet of Christ's mother most -certainly shows honour to her Son. There is no God but one, He who is -known and adored in the Trinity. - -_Commentary._--Who is the faithful interpreter of blessed -Epiphanius--Leontius, whose teaching adorned the island of Cyprus, or -those who spoke according to their own conceits? Listen to the testimony -of Severianus, Bishop of the Gabali. - - -Severianus, Bishop of the Gabali, on the Dedication of the Cross. - - -How was it that the image of the enemy gave life to our progenitors? ... - -How was it that the image of the serpent worked salvation to the people -in distress? Would it not have been more reasonable to say, 'If any of -you be bitten, let him look up to heaven, to God, and he shall be saved, -or let him look towards the tabernacle of God'? Passing over this, he -set up the image of the Cross alone. Why did Moses do this, who said to -the people, 'Thou shalt not make to thyself a graven thing, nor the -likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or in the earth beneath, -nor of those things that are in the waters under the earth'? However, -why do I speak to unworthy people? Tell me, devout servant of God, will -you do what is forbidden, and disregard what you are told to do? He who -said, 'Thou shalt not make to thyself a graven thing,' condemned the -golden calf, and you make a brazen serpent, and this not secretly, but -most openly, so that it is known to all. Moses answers, I laid down that -commandment in order to root out impiety, and to withdraw the people -from all apostasy and idolatry; now, I have the serpent cast for a good -purpose--as a figure of the truth. And just as I have put up a -tabernacle, and everything in it, and cherubim, the likeness of the -invisible powers, over the holy of holies, as a sign and figure of the -future, so I have set up a serpent for the salvation of the people, to -serve as a preliminary to the image of the Cross, and the redemption -contained in it. As a confirmation of this, listen to the Lord saying, -'As Moses exalted the serpent in the desert, so must you exalt the Son -of Man, that every one believing in Him may not be lost, but may have -eternal life.' - -_Commentary._--Notice that His commandment not to make any graven thing -was given to draw the people from idolatry, to which they were prone, -and that the brazen serpent was an image of our Lord's suffering. - -Listen to what I am going to say as a proof that images are no new -invention. It is an ancient practice well known to the best and foremost -of the fathers. Elladios, the disciple of blessed Basil and his -successor, says in his Life of Basil that the holy man was standing by -the image of Our Lady, on which was painted also the likeness of -Mercurius, the renowned martyr. He was standing by it asking for the -removal of the impious apostate Julian, and he received this revelation -from the statue. He saw the martyr vanish for a time, and then reappear, -holding a bloody spear. - - -Taken word for word from the Life of St John Chrysostom. - - -Blessed John loved the epistles of St Paul exceedingly. ... He had an -image of the apostle in a place where he was wont to retire now and then -on account of his physical weakness, for he outdid nature in watchings -and vigils. As he read through St Paul's epistles, he had the image -before him, and spoke to the apostle as if he had been present, praising -him, and directing all his thoughts to him. ... - -When Proclus had finished speaking, gazing intently at the image of the -apostle, and recognising the likeness to the man he had seen, saluting -John, he said, pointing to the image: 'Forgive me, father; the man I saw -talking to you is very like this statue. In fact, I should say he is the -same.' - -In the life of St Eupraxia we are told that her Superior showed her the -likeness of our Lord. - -We read in the life of St Mary of Egypt that she prayed before the -statue of Our Lady and besought her intercession, and so obtained leave -to enter the Church.[14] - -In all the past array of Christian priests and kings, wise and pious, -conspicuous by teaching and example, in so many councils of holy and -inspired fathers, how is it that no one has pointed out these things? We -are not advocating a new faith. The law shall come out of Sion, the Holy -Ghost said prophetically, and the word of the Lord from Jerusalem. We do -not advocate one thing at one time, and another at another, nor that the -faith should become a laughing-stock to those outside. We will not allow -the king's commands to overturn the tradition handed down from the -fathers. It is not for pious kings to overturn ecclesiastical -boundaries. These are not patristic ways. Things done by force are -impositions, and do not carry persuasion. A proof of this was given in -the 2nd Council of Ephesus, when a decree, which has never been -recognised as valid, was enforced by the emperor's hand, and blessed -Flavian was put to death. Councils do not belong to kings, as the Lord -says: 'Wherever one or two are gathered together in My name, there I am -in the midst of them.' Christ did not give to kings the power to bind -and to loose, but to the apostles, and to their successors and pastors -and teachers. 'If an angel were to teach you a different gospel to what -you have received,' St Paul says--but we will be silent about what -follows, in the hope of their conversion. And if we find the warning -disregarded, which may God avert, we will then add the rest. Let us hope -it will not be needed. - -If any one should enter a house and should see on the walls a history in -painting of Moses and Aaron, perchance he might ask about the people who -are walking across the sea as if it were dry land. 'Who are they?' he -asks. What would you say? 'Are they not the sons of Israel?' 'Who is -dividing the sea with his rod?' Would you not say 'Moses'? So if a man -makes an image of Christ crucified, and you are asked who he is, you -reply, 'It is Christ our Lord, who became incarnate for us.' Yes, O -Lord, we adore all that belongs to Thee, and we take to our hearts Thy -Godhead, Thy power and goodness, Thy mercy towards us, Thy condescension -and Thy Incarnation. And as men fear touching red-hot iron, not because -of the iron but because of the heat, so do we worship Thy flesh, not for -the nature of flesh, but through the Godhead united to that flesh -according to substance. We worship Thy sufferings. Who has ever known -death worshipped, or suffering venerated? Yet we truly worship the -physical death of our God and His saving sufferings. We adore Thy image -and all that is Thine; Thy servants, Thy friends, and most of all Thy -Mother, the Mother of God. - -We beseech, therefore, the people of God, the faithful flock, to hold -fast to the ecclesiastical traditions. The gradual taking away of what -has been handed down to us would be undermining the foundation stones, -and would in no short time overthrow the whole structure. May we prove -steadfast, unflinching, immovable, founded on the solid Rock which is -Christ, to whom be praise, glory, and worship, with the Father and the -Holy Ghost, now and for ever. Amen. - - - - -PART II. - - -_I crave_ your indulgence, my readers ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA -U+03b4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH TONOS U+03ad~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~} -{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON -U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON U+03c5~}), and ask you to receive -the true statement of one who is an unprofitable servant, the least of -all, in the Church of God. I have not been moved to speak by motives of -vainglory, God is my witness, but by zeal for the truth. In this alone -is my hope of salvation, and with it I trust and pray to go out to meet -Christ our Lord, asking that it may be an expiation for my sins. The man -who received five talents from his lord, brought other five which he had -gained, and the man with two, other two. The man who received one, and -buried it, gave it back without interest, and being pronounced a wicked -servant, was banished into external darkness. Lest I should suffer in -the same way, I obey God's commands, and with the talent of eloquence, -which is His gift, I put before the wise among you a treasure table, so -that when the Lord comes He may find me rich in souls, a faithful -servant, whom He may take into that ineffable joy of His, which is my -desire. Give me listening ears and willing hearts. Receive my treatise, -and ponder well the force of the arguments. This is the second part of -my work on images. Certain children of the Church have urged me to do it -because the first part was not sufficiently clear to all. Be indulgent -with me on this account, for my obedience. - -The wicked serpent of old, Beloved, I mean the devil--is wont to wage -war in many ways against man, who is made after God's image, and to work -his destruction through opposition. In the very beginning he inspired -man with the hope and desire of becoming a god, and through that desire -he dragged man down to share the death of the brute creation. He has -enticed man also by shameful and brutal pleasures. What a contrast -between becoming a god and feeling brutal lust. And again, he led man -into infidelity, as the royal ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA -U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER -OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER -ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER -OMEGA U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}) David says: 'The fool -said in his heart there is no God.' At one time he has brought man to -worship too many gods, at another not even the true God, sometimes -demons, and again, the heavens and the earth, the sun and moon and -stars, and the rest of creation, wild beasts and reptiles. It is as bad -to refuse due honour where honour is due, as to give it where it is not -due. Again, he has taught some to call the uncreated god evil, and has -deceived others by making them recognise God, who is good by nature, as -the author of evil. Some he has deceived by the misconception of one -nature and one substance of the Godhead; some he has induced to honour -three natures and three substances; some one substance in our Lord Jesus -Christ, the Second Person of the Holy Trinity; some two natures and two -substances. - -But the truth, taking a middle course, sweeps away these misconceptions -and teaches us to acknowledge one God, one nature in three persons -({~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA U+1f51~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI -U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA -U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH -TONOS U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER -EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER -IOTA U+03b9~}), the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost. Evil is not a -being,[15] but an accident, a certain conception, word, or deed against -the law of God, taking its origin in this conception, speech, or doing, -and ending with it. The truth proclaims also that in Christ, the second -person of the Holy Trinity, there are two natures and one person. Now, -the devil, the enemy of the truth and of man's salvation, in suggesting -that images of corruptible man, and of birds and beasts and reptiles, -should be made and worshipped as gods, has often led astray not only -heathens but the children of Israel. In these days he is eager to -trouble the peace of Christ's Church through false and lying tongues, -using divine words in favour of what is evil, and striving to disguise -his wicked intent, and drawing the unstable away from true and patristic -custom. Some have risen up and said that it was wrong to represent and -set forth publicly for adoration the saving wounds of Christ, and the -combats of the saints against the devil. Who with a knowledge of divine -things and a spiritual sense does not perceive in this a deception of -the devil? He is unwilling that his shame should be known and that the -glory of God and of His saints should be published. - -If we made an image of the invisible God, we should in truth do wrong. -For it is impossible to make a statue of one who is without body, -invisible, boundless, and formless. Again, if we made statues of men, -and held them to be gods, worshipping them as such, we should be most -impious. But we do neither. For in making the image of God, who became -incarnate and visible on earth, a man amongst men through His -unspeakable goodness, taking upon Him shape and form and flesh, we are -not misled. We long to see what He was like. As the divine apostle says, -We see now in a glass, darkly. The image, too, is a dark glass, -according to the denseness of our bodies. The mind, in much travail, -cannot rid itself of bodily things. Shame upon you, wicked devil, for -grudging us the sight of our Lord's likeness and our sanctification -through it. You would not have us gaze at His saving sufferings nor -wonder at His condescension, neither contemplate His miracles nor praise -His almighty power. You grudge the saints the honour God gives to them. -You would not have us see their glory put on record, nor allow us to -become imitators of their fortitude and faith. We will not obey your -suggestions, wicked and man-hating devil. Listen to me, people of all -nations, men, women, and children, all of you who bear the Christian -name: If any one preach to you something contrary to what the Catholic -Church has received from the holy apostles and fathers and councils, and -has kept down to the present day, do not heed him. Do not receive the -serpent's counsel, as Eve did, to whom it was death. If an angel or an -emperor teaches you anything contrary to what you have received, shut -your ears. I have refrained so far from saying, as the holy apostle -said, 'Let him be anathema,' in the hope of amendment. - -But say those who do not enter into the mind of Scripture, God said, -through Moses the law-giver: 'Thou shalt not make to thyself the -likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or in the earth beneath'; -and through the prophet David: 'Let them be all confounded that adore -graven things, and that glory in their idols,' and many similar -passages. Whatever they have quoted from Holy Scripture and the fathers -is to the same intent. - -Now, what shall we say to these things? What, if not that which God -spoke to the Jews, 'Search the Scriptures.' - -It is good to examine the Scriptures, but let your mind be enlightened -from the search. It is impossible, Beloved, that God should not speak -truth. There is one God, one Law-giver of the old and new dispensation, -who spoke of old in many ways to the patriarchs through the prophets, -and in these latter times through His only begotten Son. Apply your mind -with discernment. It is not I who am speaking. The Holy Ghost declared -by the holy apostle St Paul that God spoke of old in many different ways -to the patriarchs through the prophets. Note, _in many different ways._ -A skilful doctor does not invariably prescribe for all alike, but for -each according to his state, taking into consideration climate and -complaint, season and age, giving one remedy to a child, another to a -grown man, according to his age; one thing to a weak patient, another to -a strong; and to each sufferer the right thing for his state and malady: -one thing in the summer, another in the winter, another in the spring or -autumn, and in each place according to its requirements. So in the same -way the good Physician of souls prescribed for those who were still -children and inclined to the sickness of idolatry, holding idols to be -gods, and worshipping them as such, neglecting the worship of God, and -preferring the creature to His glory. He charged them not to do this. - -It is impossible to make an image of God, who is a pure spirit, -invisible, boundless, having neither form nor circumscription. How can -we make an image of what is invisible? 'No man hath seen God at any -time; the only-begotten Son who is in the bosom of the Father, He hath -declared Him.' And again, 'No one shall see My face and live, saith the -Lord.' - -That they _did_ worship idols there is no doubt from what the Scripture -says about the going out of the children of Israel, when Moses went up -to Mount Sinai, and persevered in prayer to God. Whilst receiving the -law, the ungrateful people rose against Aaron, the priest of God, -saying: 'Make us gods who may go before us. For as to Moses, we know not -what has befallen him.' Then, when they had looked over the trinkets of -their wives, and brought them together, they ate and drank, and were -inebriated with wine and madness, and began to make merry, saying in -their foolishness, 'These are thy gods, O Israel.' Do you see that they -made gods of idols who were demons, and that they worshipped the -creature instead of the Creator? As the holy apostle says: 'They changed -the glory of the incorruptible God into the likeness of the image of a -corruptible man and of birds, and of four-footed beasts, and of creeping -things, and served the creature rather than the Creator.' On this -account God forbade them to make any graven image, as Moses says in -Deuteronomy: 'And the Lord spoke to you from the midst of the fire; you -heard the voice of His words, but you saw not any form at all.' And a -little further on: 'Keep therefore your souls carefully; you saw not any -similitude in the day that the Lord God spoke to you in Horeb, from the -midst of the fire, lest perhaps being deceived you might make you a -graven similitude or image of male or female, the similitude of any -beasts that are upon the earth, or of birds that fly under heaven.' And -again: 'Lest perhaps lifting up thy eyes to heaven, thou see the sun and -the moon, and all the stars of heaven, and being deceived by error, thou -adore and serve them.' You see the one object in view is that the -creature should not be worshipped instead of the Creator, and that the -worship of latreia should be given to God alone. Thus in every case when -he speaks of worship he means latreia. Again: 'Thou shalt not have -strange gods in my sight; thou shalt not make to thyself a graven thing -nor any likeness.' Again: 'Thou shalt not make to thyself gods of -metal.' You see that He forbids image-making on account of idolatry, and -that it is impossible to make an image of God, who is a Spirit, -invisible, and uncircumscribed. 'You have not seen His likeness,' He -says; and St Paul, standing in the midst of the Areopagus, says: 'Being -therefore the offspring of God, we must not suppose the divinity to be -like unto gold, or silver, or stone, the graving of art, a device of -man.' - -Listen again that it is so. Thou shalt not make to thyself any brazen -thing nor any likeness. These things, he says, they made by God's -commandment a hanging of violet, purple, scarlet, and fine twisted linen -in the entrance of the tabernacle, and the cherubim in woven work. And -they made also the propitiatory, that is, the oracle of the purest gold, -and the two cherubim. What will you say to this, O Moses? You say, thou -shalt not make to thyself any graven thing nor any likeness, and you -yourself fashion cherubim of woven work, and two cherubim of pure gold. -Listen to the answer of God's servant Moses: 'You blind and foolish -people, mark the force of what is said, and keep your souls carefully. I -said that you had seen no likeness on the day when the Lord spoke to you -on Mount Horeb, in the midst of the fire, lest you should sin against -the law and make for yourselves a brazen likeness: thou shalt not make -any image or gods of metal. I never said thou shalt not make the image -of cherubim in adoration before the propitiatory. What I said was: Thou -shalt not make to thyself gods of metal, and thou shalt not make any -likeness as of God, nor shalt thou adore the creature instead of the -Creator, nor any creature whatsoever as God, nor have I served the -creature rather than the Creator.' - -Note how the object of Scripture becomes clear to those who really -search it. You must know, Beloved, that in every business truth and -falsehood are distinguished, and the object of the doer, whether it be -good or bad. In the gospel we find all things good and evil. God, the -angels, man, the heavens, the earth, water and fire and air, the sun and -moon and stars, light and darkness, Satan and the devils, the serpent -and scorpions, death and hell, virtues and vices. And because everything -told about them is true, and the object in view is the glory of God and -the saints whom He has honoured, our salvation, and the shame of the -devil, we worship and embrace and love these utterances, and receive -them with our whole heart as we do the whole of the old and new -dispensation, and all the spoken testimony of the holy fathers. Now, we -reject the evil, abominable writings of heathens and Manicheans, and all -other heretics, as containing foolishness and lies, promoting the -advantage of Satan and his demons, and giving them pleasure, although -they contain the name of God. So with regard to images we must manifest -the truth, and take into account the intention of those who make them. -If it be in very deed for the glory of God and of His saints to promote -goodness, to avoid evil, and save souls, we should receive and honour -and worship them as images, and remembrances, likenesses, and the books -of the illiterate. We should love and embrace them with hand and heart -as reminders of the incarnate God, or His Mother, or of the saints, the -participators in the sufferings and the glory of Christ, the conquerors -and overthrowers of Satan, and diabolical fraud. If any one should dare -to make an image of Almighty God, who is pure Spirit, invisible, -uncircumscribed, we reject it as a falsehood. If any one make images for -the honour and worship of the Devil and his angels, we abhor them and -deliver them to the flames. Or if any one give divine honours to the -statues of men, or birds, or reptiles, or any other created thing, we -anathematise him. As our forefathers in the faith pulled down the -temples of demons, and erected on the same spot churches dedicated to -saints whom we honour, so they overturned the statues of demons, and set -up instead the images of Christ, of His holy Mother, and the saints. -Even in the old dispensation, Israel neither raised temples to human -beings, nor held sacred the memory of man. At that time Adam's race was -under a curse, and death was a penalty, therefore a mourning. A corpse -was looked upon as unclean, and the man who touched it as contaminated. -But since the Godhead has taken to Himself our nature, it has become -glorified as a vivifying and efficacious remedy, and has been -transformed unto immortality. Thus the death of the saints is a -rejoicing, and churches are raised to them, and their images are set up. -Be assured that any one wishing to pull down an image erected out of -pure zeal for the glory and enduring memory of Christ, or of His holy -Mother, or any of the saints, to put the devil and his satellites to -shame,--anyone, I say, refusing to honour and worship this image as -sacred--it is not to be worshipped as God--is an enemy of Christ, of His -blessed Mother, and of the saints, and is an advocate of the devil and -his crew, showing grief by his conduct that the saints are honoured and -glorified, and the devil put to shame. The image is a hymn of praise, a -manifestation, a lasting token of those who have fought and conquered, -and of demons humbled and put to flight. - -Kings have no call to make laws in the Church. What does the holy -apostle say? 'And God, indeed, hath set some in the church, first -apostles, secondly prophets, thirdly doctors and shepherds' for the -training of the Church. He does not say 'kings.' And again: 'Obey your -prelates, and be subject to them. For they watch as being to render an -account of your souls.' Again: 'Remember your prelates who have spoken -the word of God to you, whose faith follow, considering the end of your -conversation.' Kings have not spoken the word to you, but apostles and -prophets, pastors and doctors. When God was speaking to David about -building a house for Him, He said: 'Thou shalt not build me a house, for -thou art a man of blood.' 'Render, therefore, to all men their dues,' St -Paul exclaimed; 'tribute to whom tribute is due, custom to whom custom, -fear to whom fear, honour to whom honour.' The political prosperity is -the king's business:[16] the ecclesiastical organisation belongs to -pastors and doctors, and to take it out of their hands is to commit an -act of robbery. Saul rent Samuel's cloak, and what was the consequence? -God took from him his royalty, and gave it to the meek David. Jezabel -pursued Elias, pigs and dogs licked up her blood, and harlots were -bathed in it. Herod removed John, and was consumed by worms. And now -holy Germanus, shining by word and example, has been punished and become -an exile, and many more bishops and fathers, whose names are unknown to -us. Is not this a persecution? When the Pharisees and the learned -surrounded our Lord, ostensibly to listen to His teaching, and when they -asked Him if it was lawful to pay tribute to Caesar, He answered them: -'Bring me a coin.' And when they had brought it, He said: 'Whose image -is this?' Upon their reply, 'Caesar's,' He said, 'Give to Caesar that -which is Caesar's and to God that which is God's.' We are obedient to -you, O King, in things concerning our daily life, in tributes, taxes, -and payments, which are your due; but in ecclesiastical government we -have our pastors, preachers of the word, and exponents of ecclesiastical -law. We do not change the boundaries marked out by our fathers: we keep -the tradition we have received. If we begin to lay down the law to the -Church, even in the smallest thing, the whole edifice will fall to the -ground in no short time. - -You look down upon matter and call it contemptible. This is what the -Manicheans did, but holy Scripture pronounces it to be good; for it -says, 'And God saw all that He had made, and it was very good.' I say -matter is God's creation and a good thing. Now, if you say it is bad, -you say either that it is not from God, or you make Him a cause of evil. -Listen to the words of Scripture concerning matter, which you despise: -'And Moses said to all the assembly of the children of Israel: This is -the word the Lord hath commanded, saying: Set aside with you first -fruits to the Lord; let every one that is willing and hath a ready -heart, offer them to the Lord: gold, and silver, and brass, violet and -purple, and scarlet twice dyed, and fine linen, goat's hair, and ram's -skins dyed red, and violet, and coloured skins, selimwood, and oil to -maintain lights, and to make ointment, and most sweet incense, onyx -stones and precious stones for the adorning of the ephod and the -rational: Whosoever of you is wise let him come and make that which the -Lord hath commanded: to wit, the tabernacle,' etc. - -Behold, then, matter is honoured, and you dishonour it. What is more -insignificant than goat's hair, or colours, and are not violet and -purple and scarlet colours? And the likeness of the cherubim are the -work of man's hand, and the tabernacle itself from first to last was an -image. 'Look,' said God to Moses, 'and make it according to the pattern -that was shown thee in the Mount,' and it was adored by the people of -Israel in a circle. And, as to the cherubim, were they not in sight of -the people? And did not the people look at the ark, and the lamps, and -the table, the golden urn and the staff, and adore? It is not matter -which I adore; it is the Lord of matter, becoming matter for my sake, -taking up His abode in matter and working out my salvation through -matter. For the Word was made Flesh, and dwelt amongst us. It is evident -to all that flesh is matter, and that it is created. I reverence and -honour matter, and worship that which has brought about my salvation. I -honour it, not as God, but as a channel of divine strength and grace. -Was not the thrice blessed wood of the Cross matter? and the sacred and -holy mountain of Calvary? Was not the holy sepulchre matter, the -life-giving stone the source of our resurrection? Was not the book of -the Gospels matter, and the holy table which gives us the bread of life? -Are not gold and silver matter, of which crosses, and holy pictures, and -chalices are made? And above all, is not the Lord's Body and Blood -composed of matter? Either reject the honour and worship of all these -things, or conform to ecclesiastical tradition, sanctifying the worship -of images in the name of God and of God's friends, and so obeying the -grace of the Divine Spirit. If you give up images on account of the law, -you should also keep the Sabbath and be circumcised, for these are -severely inculcated by it. You should observe all the law, and not -celebrate the Lord's Passover out of Jerusalem. But you must know that -if you observe the law, Christ will profit you nothing. You are ordered -to marry your brother's wife, and so carry on his name, and not to sing -the song of the Lord in a strange land. Enough of this! Those who have -been justified by the law have fallen from grace. - -Let us set forth Christ, our King and Lord, not depriving Him of His -army. The saints are His army. Let the earthly king strip himself of his -army, and then of his own dignity. Let him put off the purple and the -diadem before he take honour away from his most valiant men who have -conquered their passions.[17] For if the friends of Christ are heirs of -God and co-heirs of Christ, and are to be partakers of the divine glory -and kingdom, is not even earthly glory due to them? I call you not -servants, our Lord says; you are my friends. Shall we, then, withhold -from them the honour which the Church gives them? You are a bold and -venturesome man to fight against God and His ordinances. If you do not -worship images, you do not worship the Son of God, who is the living -image of the invisible God, and the immutable figure of His substance. -The temple which Solomon built was consecrated by the blood of animals, -and decorated by images of lions, oxen, and the palms and pomegranates. -Now, the Church is consecrated by the blood of Christ and of His saints, -and it is adorned with the image of Christ and of His saints. Either -take away the worship of images altogether, or be not an innovator, and -pass not beyond the ancient boundaries which thy fathers have set. I am -not speaking of boundaries prior to the incarnation of Christ our Lord, -but since His coming. God spoke to them, depreciating the traditions of -the old law, saying, 'I also gave them statutes that were not good,' on -account of their hardness of heart. Consequently on the change of -priesthood the law of necessity was also changed. - -The eye-witnesses and ministers of the word handed down the teaching of -the Church, not only by writing, but also by unwritten tradition. Whence -comes our knowledge of the sacred spot, Mount Calvary, of the holy -sepulchre? Has it not been handed down to us from father to son? It is -written that our Lord was crucified on Calvary, and buried in the tomb -which Joseph hewed out of the rock, but it is unwritten tradition that -teaches us we are adoring the right places, and many other things of the -same kind. Why do we believe in three baptisms, that is, in three -immersions? Why do we adore the Cross? Is it not through tradition? -Therefore the holy apostle says: 'Brethren, stand fast; and hold the -traditions which you have learned, whether by word, or by our epistle.' -Many things, therefore, being handed down to the Church by unwritten -tradition and kept up to the present day, why do you speak slightingly -of images? The Manicheans followed a gospel according to Thomas, and you -will follow that of Leo. I do not admit an emperor's tyrannical action -in domineering over the Church. The emperor has not received the power -to bind and loose. I know of the Emperor Valens, a Christian in name, -who persecuted the true faith, Zeno and Anastasius, Heraclius and -Constantine of Sicily, and Bardaniskus, called Philip ({~GREEK CAPITAL -LETTER PHI U+03a6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER -IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER -OMICRON WITH TONOS U+03cc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}). I am not -to be persuaded that the Church is set in order by imperial edicts, but -by patristic traditions, written and unwritten. As the written Gospel -has been preached in the whole world, so has it been an unwritten -tradition in the whole world to represent in image Christ, the incarnate -God, and the saints, to adore the Cross, and to pray towards the east. - -The customs which you bring forward do not incriminate our worship of -images, but that of the heathens who make idols of them. The pious -practice of the Church is not to be rejected because of heathen abuse. -Sorcerers and magicians exorcise; the Church exorcises catechumens. The -former invoke demons, the Church calls upon God against demons. Heathens -sacrificed to demons; Israel offered to God both holocausts and victims. -The Church, too, offers an unbloody sacrifice to God. Heathens set up -images to demons, and Israel made idols of them in the words, 'These are -thy gods, O Israel, who brought thee out of Egypt.' Now we have set up -images to the true God incarnate, to His servants and friends, who have -put the demon host to flight. If you say to this that blessed Epiphanius -clearly rejected our use of images, you must know that the work in -question is spurious and written by some one else in the name of -Epiphanius, as often happens. A father does not fight his own children. -All have become participators in the one Spirit. The Church is a witness -of this in adorning images, until some men rose up against her and -disturbed the peace of Christ's fold, putting poisoned food before the -people of God. - -If I venerate and worship, as the instruments of salvation, the Cross -and lance, and reed and sponge, by means of which the Jews ({~GREEK -SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}) scorned and put to death my Lord, shall I -not also worship images that Christians make with a good intention for -the glory and remembrance of Christ? If I worship the image of the -Cross, made of whatever wood it may be, shall I not worship the image -which shows me the Crucified and my salvation through the Cross? Oh, -inhumanity of man! It is evident that I do not worship matter, for -supposing the Cross, if it be made of wood, should fall to pieces, I -should throw them into the fire, and the same with images. - -Receive the united testimony of Scripture and the fathers to show you -that images and their worship are no new invention, but the ancient -tradition of the Church. In the holy Gospel of St Matthew our Lord -called His disciples blessed, and with them all those who followed their -example and walked in their footsteps in these words: 'Blessed are your -eyes, because they see, and your ears, because they hear. For, amen I -say to you, many prophets and just men have desired to see the things -that you see, and have not seen them, and to hear the things that you -hear, and have not heard them.' We also desire to see as much as we may. -'We see now in a glass, darkly,' and in image, and are blessed. God -Himself first made an image, and showed forth images. For He made the -first man after His own image. And Abraham, Moses, and Isaias, and all -the prophets saw images of God, not the substance of God. The burning -bush was an image of God's Mother, and as Moses was about to approach -it, God said: 'Put off the shoes from thy feet, for the place whereon -thou standest is holy ground.' Now if the spot on which Moses saw an -image of Our Lady was holy, how much more the image itself? And not only -is it holy, but I venture to say it is the holy of holies ({~GREEK SMALL -LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA U+1f01~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA -U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER OMEGA U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL -LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA U+1f05~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA -U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}). When the Pharisees asked our Lord why Moses had -allowed a bill of divorce, He answered: 'On account of the hardness of -your hearts Moses allowed you to divorce your wife, but in the beginning -it was not so.' And I say to you that Moses, through the children of -Israel's hardness of heart, and knowing their proclivity to idolatry, -forbade them to make images. We are not in the same case. We have taken -a firm footing on the rock of faith, being enriched with the light of -God's friendship. - -Listen to our Lord's words: 'Ye foolish and blind, whosoever shall swear -by the temple, sweareth by it, and by him that dwelleth in it; and he -that sweareth by heaven sweareth by the throne of God, and by Him that -sitteth thereon.' And he who swears by an image swears by the one whom -it represents. It has been sufficiently proved that the tabernacle, and -the veil, the ark and the table, and everything within the tabernacle, -were images and types, and the works of man's hand, which were -worshipped by all Israel, and also that the cherubim in carving were -made by God's order. For God said to Moses, 'See that thou doest all -things according to the pattern shown to thee on the mount.' Listen, -too, to the apostle's testimony that Israel worshipped images and the -handiwork of man in obedience to God: 'If, then, he were on earth he -would not be a priest; seeing that there would be others to offer gifts -according to the law, who serve unto the example and shadow of heavenly -things, as it was answered to Moses, when he was to finish the -tabernacle: See (says he) that thou make all things according to the -pattern which was shown thee on the mount. But now he hath obtained a -better ministry, by how much also he is a mediator of a better -testament, which is established on better promises. For if that former -had been faultless, there should not indeed a place have been sought for -a second. For finding fault with them, he saith: 'Behold the day shall -come, saith the Lord: and I will perfect unto the house of Israel, and -unto the house of Juda, a New Testament: not according to the Testament -which I made to their fathers, on the day when I took them by the hand -to lead them out of the land of Egypt.' And a little further on: 'Now in -saying a New, he hath made the former Old. And that which decayeth and -groweth old, is near its end. For there was a tabernacle made the first, -wherein were the candlesticks, and the table, and the setting forth of -loaves, which is called the Holy. And after the second veil, the -tabernacle, which is called the Holy of Holies; having a golden censer, -and the ark of the testament covered about on every part with gold, in -which was a golden pot that had manna, and the rod of Aaron that had -blossomed, and the tables of the testament. And over it were the -cherubims of glory overshadowing the propitiatory.' And again: 'For -Jesus is not entered into the Holies made with hands, the patterns of -the true; but into heaven itself.' And again: 'For the law having a -shadow of the good things to come, not the very image of the things.' - -You see that the law and everything it ordained and all our own worship -consist in the consecration of what is made by hands, leading us through -matter to the invisible God. Now the law and all its ordinances were a -foreshadowing of the image in the future, that is, of our worship. And -our worship is an image of the eternal reward. As to the thing itself, -the heavenly Jerusalem, it is invisible and immaterial, as the same -divine apostle says: 'We have not here an abiding city, but we seek for -the one above, the heavenly Jerusalem, of which God is Lord and -Architect.' All ordinances of the law and of our worship have been -directed for that heavenly city. To God be praise for ever. Amen. - - - -Testimony of Ancient and Learned Fathers to Images.[18] - - -St John Chrysostom. From His 'Commentary on the Parable of the Sower.' - - -If you despise the royal garment, do you not despise the king himself? -Do you not see that if you despise the image of the king, you despise -the original? Do you not know that if a man shows contempt for an image -of wood or a statue of metal, he is not judged as if he had vented -himself on lifeless matter, but as showing contempt for the king? -Dishonour shown to an image of the king is dishonour shown to the king. - - -The same, from his Sermon to St Meletius, Bishop of Antioch, and on the -zeal of his hearers, beginning, 'Casting his eyes everywhere on this -holy flock.' - - -What took place was most edifying, and we ought always to bear this -consolation in mind, and to have this saint before our eyes, whose name -was invoked against every bad passion and specious argument. This was so -much the case that streets, market-place, fields, every nook and corner -rang with his name. Not only have you longed to invoke him, but to look -upon his bodily form. As with his name so with his image. Many people -have put it on their rings and goblets and cups and on their bedroom -walls, so as not only to hear his history but to look upon his physical -likeness, and to have a double consolation in his loss.[19] - - -St Maximus, Philosopher and Confessor. From his 'Acts' and those of -Bishop Theodosius. - - -And after this all rose with tears of devotion, and kneeling down, -prayed. And every one kissed the holy Gospels, and the sacred Cross, and -the image of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, and of Our Lady, His -Immaculate Mother ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER -ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA -U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA -WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON -U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON -WITH TONOS U+03cc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON U+03c5~}), putting -their hands to it in confirmation of what had been said. - - -Blessed Anastasius, Archbishop of Theopolis, on the Sabbath, to Simeon, -Bishop of Bostris. - - -As in the king's absence his image is honoured instead of himself, so in -his presence it would be unseemly to leave the original for the image. -This is not to say that what is passed over in his presence should be -dishonoured. ... As the man who shows disrespect to the king's image is -punished as if he had shown it to the king in very deed, although the -image is composed merely of wood and paint moulded together, so one who -shows disrespect to the likeness of a man means it for the original of -the likeness. - - - - -PART III.[20] - - -_Every_ one must recognise that a man who attempts to dishonour an image -which has been set up for the glory and remembrance of Christ, of His -holy Mother, or one of his saints, is an enemy of Christ, of His holy -Mother, and the saints. It is also set up to shame the devil and his -crew, out of love and zeal for God. The man who refuses to give this -image due, though not divine, honour, is an upholder of the devil and -his demon host, showing by his act grief that God and the saints are -honoured and glorified, and the devil put to shame. The image is a -canticle and manifestation and monument to the memory of those who have -fought bravely and won the victory to the shame and confusion of the -vanquished. I have often seen lovers gazing at the loved one's garment, -and embracing it with eyes and mouth as if it was himself. We must give -his due to every man. St Paul says: 'Honour to whom honour: to the king -as excelling: or to governors as sent by him,' to each according to the -measure of his dignity. - -Where do you find in the Old Testament or in the Gospel the Trinity, or -consubstantiality, or one Godhead, or three persons,[21] or the one -substance of Christ, or His two natures, expressed in so many words? -Still, as they are contained in what Scripture _does_ say, and defined -by the holy fathers, we receive them and anathematise those who do not. -I prove to you that in the old law God commanded images to be made, -first of all the tabernacle and everything in it. Then in the gospel our -Lord Himself said to those who asked Him, tempting, whether it was -lawful to give tribute to Caesar, 'Bring me a coin,' and they showed Him -a penny. And He asked them whose likeness it was, and they said to Him, -Caesar's; and He said, 'Give to Caesar that which is Caesar's, and to -God that which is God's.' As the coin bears the likeness of Caesar, it -is his, and you should give it to Caesar. So the image bears the -likeness of Christ, and you should give it Him, for it is His. - -Our Lord called His disciples blessed, saying, 'Many kings and prophets -have desired to see what you see, and have not seen it, and to hear what -you hear and have not heard it. Blessed are your eyes which see and your -ears which hear.' The apostles saw Christ with their bodily eyes, and -His sufferings and wonders, and they listened to His words. We, too, -desire to see, and to hear, and to be blessed. They saw Him face to -face, as He was present in the body. Now, since he is not present in the -body to us, we hear His words from books and are sanctified in spirit by -the hearing, and are blessed, and we adore, honouring the books which -tell us of His words. So, through the representation of images, we look -upon His bodily form, and upon His miracles and His sufferings, and are -sanctified and satiated, gladdened and blessed. Reverently we worship -His bodily form, and contemplating it, we form some notion of His divine -glory. For, as we are composed of soul and body, and our soul does not -stand alone, but is, as it were, shrouded by a veil, it is impossible -for us to arrive at intellectual conceptions without corporeal things. -Just as we listen with our bodily ears to physical words and understand -spiritual things, so, through corporeal vision, we come to the -spiritual. On this account Christ took a body and a soul, as man has -both one and the other. And baptism likewise is double, of water and the -spirit. So is communion and prayer and psalmody; everything has a double -signification, a corporeal and a spiritual. Thus again, with lights and -incense. The devil has tolerated all these things, raising a storm -against images alone. His great jealousy of them may be learnt by what -St Sophronius, Patriarch of Jerusalem, recounts in his 'Spiritual -Garden.' Abbot Theodore AEliotes told of a holy hermit on the Mount of -Olives, who was much troubled by the demon of fornication. One day when -he was sorely tempted, the old man began to complain bitterly. 'When -will you let me alone?' he said to the devil: 'begone from me! you and I -have grown old together.' The devil appeared to him, saying, 'Swear to -me that you will keep what I am about to tell you to yourself, and I -will not trouble you any longer.' And the old man swore it. Then the -devil said to him, 'Do not worship this image, and I will not harass -you.' The image in question represented Our Lady, the holy Mother of -God, bearing in her arms our Lord Jesus Christ. You see what those who -forbid the worship of images hate in reality, and whose instruments they -are. The demon of fornication strove to prevent the worship of Our -Lady's image rather than to tempt the old man to impurity. He knew that -the former evil was greater than fornication. - -As we are treating of images and their worship, let us draw out the -meaning more accurately and say in the first place what an image is; (2) -Why the image was made; (3) How many kinds of images there are; (4) What -may be expressed by an image, and what may not; (5) Who first made -images. Again, as to worship: (1) What is worship; (2) How many kinds of -worship there are; (3) What are the things worshipped in Scripture; (4) -That all worship is for God, who is worshipful by nature; (5) That -honour shown to the image is given to the original. - - - -1st Point.--_What is an Image?_ - - -An image is a likeness and representation of some one, containing in -itself the person who is imaged. The image is not wont to be an exact -reproduction of the original. The image is one thing, the person -represented another; a difference is generally perceptible, because the -subject of each is the same. For instance, the image of a man may give -his bodily form, but not his mental powers. It has no life, nor does it -speak or feel or move. A son being the natural image of his father is -somewhat different from him, for he is a son, not a father. - - - -2nd Point.--_For what purpose the Image is made._ - - -Every image is a revelation and representation of something hidden. For -instance, man has not a clear knowledge of what is invisible, the spirit -being veiled to the body, nor of future things, nor of things apart and -distant, because he is circumscribed by place and time. The image was -devised for greater knowledge, and for the manifestation and -popularising of secret things, as a pure benefit and help to salvation, -so that by showing things and making them known, we may arrive at the -hidden ones, desire and emulate what is good, shun and hate what is -evil. - - - -3rd Point.--_How many kinds of Images there are._ - - -Images are of various kinds. First there is the natural image. In -everything the natural conception must be the first, then we come to -institution according to imitation. The Son is the first natural and -unchangeable image of the invisible God, the Father, showing the Father -in Himself. 'For no man has seen God.' Again, 'Not that any one has seen -the Father.' The apostle says that the Son is the image of the Father, -'Who is the image of the invisible God,' and to the Hebrews, 'Who being -the brightness of His glory, and the figure of His substance.' In the -Gospel of St John we find that He _does_ show the Father in Himself. -When Philip said to Him, 'Show us the Father and it is enough for us,' -our Lord replied, 'Have I been so long with you and have you not known -Me, Philip? He who sees Me, sees the Father.' For the Son is the natural -image of the Father, unchangeable, in everything like to the Father, -except that He is begotten, and that He is not the Father. The Father -begets, being unbegotten. The Son is begotten, and is not the Father, -and the Holy Spirit is the image of the Son. For no one can say the Lord -Jesus, except in the Holy Spirit. Through the Holy Spirit we know -Christ, the Son of God and God, and in the Son we look upon the Father. -For in things that are conceived by nature,[22] language is the -interpreter, and spirit is the interpreter of language. The Holy Spirit -is the perfect and unchangeable image of the Son, differing only in His -procession. The Son is begotten, but does not proceed. And the son of -any father is his natural image. Thus, the natural is the first kind of -image. - -The second kind of image is that foreknowledge which is in God's mind -concerning future events, His eternal and unchanging counsel. God is -immutable and His counsel without beginning, and as it has been -determined from all eternity, it is carried out at the time preordained -by Him. Images and figures of what He is to do in the future, the -distinct determination of each, are called predeterminations by holy -Dionysius. In His counsels the things predetermined by Him were -characterised and imaged and immutably fixed before they took place. - -The third sort of image is that by imitation ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA -U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU -U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA U+1f70~} {~GREEK SMALL -LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA U+03b7~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER NU U+03bd~}) which God made, that is, man. For how can what is -created be of the same nature as what is uncreated, except by imitation? -As mind, the Father, the Word, the Son, and the Holy Spirit are one God, -so mind and word and spirit are one man, according to God's will and -sovereign rule. - -For God says: 'Let us make man according to our own image and likeness,' -and He adds, 'and let him have dominion over the fishes of the sea and -the birds of the air, and the whole earth, and rule over it.' - -The fourth kind of image are the figures and types set forth by -Scripture of invisible and immaterial things in bodily form, for a -clearer apprehension of God and the angels, through our incapacity of -perceiving immaterial things unless clothed in analogical material form, -as Dionysius the Areopagite says, a man skilled in divine things. Anyone -would say that our incapacity for reaching the contemplation of -intellectual things, and our need of familiar and cognate mediums, make -it necessary that immaterial things should be clothed in form and shape. -If, then, holy Scripture adapts itself to us in seeking to elevate us -above sense, does it not make images of what it clothes in our own -medium, and bring within our reach that which we desire but are unable -to see? The spiritual[23] writer, Gregory, says that the mind striving -to banish corporeal images reduces itself to incapability. But from the -creation of the world the invisible things of God are made clear by the -visible creation. We see images in created things, which remind us -faintly of divine tokens. For instance, sun and light and brightness, -the running waters of a perennial fountain, our own mind and language -and spirit, the sweet fragrance of a flowering rose-tree, are images of -the Holy and Eternal Trinity. - -The fifth kind of image is that which is typical of the future, as the -bush and the fleece, the rod and the urn, foreshadowing the Virginal -Mother of God, and the serpent healing through the Cross those bitten by -the serpent of old. Thus, again, the sea, and water and the cloud -foreshadow the grace of baptism. - -The sixth kind of image is for a remembrance of past events, of a -miracle or a good deed, for the honour and glory and abiding memory of -the most virtuous, or for the shame and terror of the wicked, for the -benefit of succeeding generations who contemplate it, so that we may -shun evil and do good. This image is of two kinds, either through the -written word in books, for the word represents the thing, as when God -ordered the law to be written on tablets, and the lives of God-fearing -men to be recorded, or through a visible object, as when He commanded -the urn and rod to be placed in the ark for a lasting memory, and the -names of the tribes to be engraved on the stones of the humeral. And -also He commanded the twelve stones to be taken from the Jordan as a -sacred token. Consider the prodigy, the greatest which befel the -faithful people, the taking of the ark, and the parting of the waters. -So now we set up the images of valiant men for an example and a -remembrance to ourselves. Therefore, either reject all images, and be in -opposition to Him who ordered these things, or receive each and all with -becoming greeting and manner. - - - -Fourth Chapter. What an Image is, what it is not; and how each Image is -to be set forth. - - -Bodies as having form and shape and colour, may properly be represented -in image. Now if nothing physical or material may be attributed to an -angel, a spirit, and a devil, yet they may be depicted and circumscribed -after their own nature. Being intellectual beings, they are believed to -be present and to energise in places known to us intellectually. They -are represented materially as Moses made an image of the cherubim who -were looked upon by those worthy of the honour, the material image -offering them an immaterial and intellectual sight. Only the divine -nature is uncircumscribed and incapable of being represented in form or -shape, and incomprehensible. - -If Holy Scripture clothes God in figures which are apparently material, -and can even be seen, they are still immaterial. They were seen by the -prophets and those to whom they were revealed, not with bodily but with -intellectual eyes. They were not seen by all. In a word it may be said -that we can make images of all the forms which we see. We apprehend -these as if they were seen. If at times we understand types from -reasoning, and also from what we see, and arrive at their comprehension -in this way, so with every sense, from what we have smelt, or tasted, or -touched, we arrive at apprehension by bringing our reason to bear upon -our experience. - -We know that it is impossible to look upon God, or a spirit, or a demon, -as they are. They are seen in a certain form, divine providence clothing -in type and figure what is without substance or material being, for our -instruction, and more intimate knowledge, lest we should be in too great -ignorance of God, and of the spirit world. For God is a pure Spirit by -His nature. The angel, and a soul, and a demon, compared to God, who -alone is incomparable, are bodies; but compared to material bodies, they -are bodiless. God therefore, not wishing that we should be in ignorance -of spirits, clothed them in type and figure, and in images akin to our -nature, material forms visible to the mind in mental vision. These we -put into form and shape, for how were the cherubim represented and -described in image? But Scripture offers forms and images even of God. - - - -Who first made an Image. - - -In the beginning God begot His only begotten Son, His word, the living -image of Himself, the natural and unchangeable image of His eternity. -And He made man after His own image and likeness. And Adam saw God, and -heard the sound of His feet as He walked at even, and he hid in -paradise. And Jacob saw and struggled with God. It is evident that God -appeared to him in the form of a man. And Moses saw Him, and Isaias saw -as it were the back of a man, and as a man seated on a throne. And -Daniel saw the likeness of a man, and as the Son of Man coming to the -ancient of days. No one saw the nature of God, but the type and image of -what was to be. For the Son and Word of the invisible God, was to become -man in truth, that He might be united to our nature, and be seen upon -earth. Now all who looked upon the type and image of the future, -worshipped it, as St Paul says in his epistle to the Hebrews: 'All these -died according to faith, not having received the promises, but beholding -them afar off, and saluting them.' Shall I not make an image of Him who -took the nature of flesh for me? Shall I not reverence and worship Him, -through the honour and worship of His image? Abraham saw not the nature -of God, for no man ever saw God, but the image of God, and falling down -he adored. Josue saw the image of an angel, not as he is, for an angel -is not visible to bodily eyes, and falling down he adored, and so did -Daniel. Yet an angel is a creature, and servant, and minister of God, -not God. And he worshipped the angel not as God, but as God's -ministering spirit. And shall not I make images of Christ's friends? And -shall I not worship them as the images of God's friends, not as gods? -Neither Josue nor Daniel worshipped the angels they saw as gods. Neither -do I worship the image as God, but through the image of the saints too, -show my worship to God, because I honour His friends, and do them -reverence. God did not unite Himself to the angelic nature, but to the -human. He did not become an angel: He became a man in nature, and in -truth. It is indeed Abraham's seed which He embraces, not the angel's. - -The Son of God in person did not take the nature of the angels: He took -the nature of man. The angels did not participate in the divine nature, -but in working and in grace. Now, men _do_ participate, and become -partakers of the divine nature when they receive the holy Body of Christ -and drink His Blood. For He is united in person to the Godhead,[24] and -two natures in the Body of Christ shared by us are united indissolubly -in person, and we partake of the two natures, of the body bodily, and of -the Godhead in spirit, or, rather, of each in both. We are made one, not -in person, for first we have a person and then we are united by blending -together the body and the blood. How are we not greater than the angels, -if through fidelity to the commandments we keep this perfect union? In -itself our nature is far removed from the angels, on account of death -and the heaviness of the body, but through God's goodness and its union -with Him it has become higher than the angels. For angels stand by that -nature with fear and trembling, as, in the person of Christ, it sits -upon a throne of glory, and they will stand by in trembling at the -judgment. According to Scripture they are not partakers of the divine -glory. For they are all ministering spirits, being sent to minister -because of those who are to be heirs of salvation, not that they shall -reign together, nor that they shall be together glorified, nor that they -shall sit at the table of the Father. The saints, on the contrary, are -the children of God, the children of the kingdom, heirs of God, and -co-heirs of Christ. Therefore, I honour the saints, and glorify the -servants and friends and co-heirs of Christ: servants by nature, friends -by their choice: friends and co-heirs by divine grace, as our Lord said -in speaking to the Father. - -As we are speaking of images, let us speak of worship also, and in the -first place determine what it is. - - - -On Adoration. What is Adoration? - - -Adoration is a token of subjection,--that is, of submission and -humiliation. There are many kinds of adoration. - - - -On the kinds of Adoration. - - -The first kind is the worship of latreia, which we give to God, who -alone is adorable by nature, and this worship is shown in several ways, -and first by the worship of servants. All created things worship Him, as -servants their master. All things serve Thee, the psalm says. Some serve -willingly, others unwillingly; some with full knowledge, willingly, as -in the case of the devout, others knowing, but not willing, against -their will, as the devil's. Others, again, not knowing the true God, -worship in spite of themselves Him whom they do not know. - -The second kind is the worship of admiration and desire which we give to -God on account of His essential glory. He alone is worthy of praise, who -receives it from no one, being Himself the cause of all glory and all -good, He is light, incomprehensible sweetness, incomparable, -immeasurable perfection, an ocean of goodness, boundless wisdom, and -power, who alone is worthy of Himself to excite admiration, to be -worshipped, glorified, and desired. - -The third kind of worship is that of thanksgiving for the goods we have -received. We must thank God for all created things, and show Him -perpetual worship, as from Him and through Him all creation takes its -being and subsists. He gives lavishly of His gifts to all, and without -being asked. He wishes all to be saved, and to partake of His goodness. -He is long-suffering with us sinners. He allows His sun to shine upon -the just and unjust, and His rain to fall upon the wicked and the good -alike. And being the Son of God, He became one of us for our sakes, and -made us partakers of His divine nature, so that we shall be like unto -Him, as St John says in his Catholic epistle. - -The fourth kind is suggested by the need and hope of benefits. -Recognising that without Him we can neither do nor possess anything -good, we worship Him, asking Him to satisfy our needs and desires, that -we may be preserved from evil and arrive at good. - -The fifth kind is the worship of contrition and confession. As sinners -we worship God, and prostrate ourselves before Him, needing His -forgiveness, as it becomes servants. This happens in three ways. A man -may be sorry out of love, or lest he should lose God's benefits, or for -fear of chastisement. The first is prompted by goodness and desire for -God himself, and the condition of a son: the second is interested, the -third is slavish. - - - -What we find worshipped in Scripture, and in how many ways we show -worship to creatures. - - -First, those places in which God, who alone is holy, has rested, and His -resting-place in the saints, as in the holy Mother of God and in all the -saints. These are they who are made like to God as far as possible, of -their own free will, and by God's indwelling, and by His abiding grace. -They are truly called gods, not by nature, but by participation; just as -red-hot iron is called fire, not by nature, but by participation in the -fire's action. He says: 'Be ye holy because I am holy.' The first thing -is the free choice of the will. Then, in the case of a good choice, God -helps it on and confirms it. 'I will take up my abode in them,' He says. -'We are the temples of God, and the Spirit of God dwells in us.' Again, -He gave them power over unclean spirits, to cast them out, and to heal -all manner of diseases, and all manner of infirmities. And again, 'That -which I do you shall do, and greater things.' Again: 'As I live,' God -says, 'whosoever shall glorify Me, him will I glorify.' Again: If we -suffer with Him that we may be also glorified with Him. And 'God stood' -in the synagogue of the gods; in the midst of it He points out the gods. -As, then, they are truly gods, not by nature, but as partakers of God's -nature, so they are to be worshipped, not as worshipful on their own -account, but as possessing in themselves Him who _is_ worshipful by -nature. Just in the same way iron when ignited is not by nature hot and -burning to the touch, it is the fire which makes it so. They are -worshipped as exalted by God, as through Him inspiring fear to His -enemies, and becoming benefactors to the faithful. It is love of God -which gives them their free access to Him, not as gods or benefactors by -nature, but as servants and ministers of God. We worship them, then, as -the king is honoured through the honour given to a loved servant. He is -honoured as a minister in attendance upon his master--as a valued -friend, not as king. The prayers of those who approach with faith are -heard, whether through the servant's intercession with the king, or -whether through the king's acceptance of the honour and faith shown by -the servant's petitioner, for it was in his name that the petition was -made. Thus, those who approached through the apostles obtained their -cures. Thus the shadow, and winding-sheets, and girdles of the apostles -worked healings. Those who perversely and profanely wish them to be -adored as gods are themselves damnable, and deserve eternal fire. And -those who in the false pride of their hearts disdain to worship God's -servants are convicted of impiety towards God. The children who derided -and laughed to scorn Elisseus bear witness to this, inasmuch as they -were devoured by bears. - -Secondly, we worship creatures by honouring those places or persons whom -God has associated with the work of our salvation, whether before our -Lord's coming or since the dispensation of His incarnation. For -instance, I venerate Mount Sinai, Nazareth, the stable at Bethlehem, and -the cave, the sacred mount of Golgotha, the wood of the Cross, the nails -and sponge and reed, the sacred and saving lance, the dress and tunic, -the linen cloths, the swathing clothes, the holy tomb, the source of our -resurrection, the sepulchre, the holy mountain of Sion and the mountain -of Olives, the Pool of Bethsaida and the sacred garden of Gethsemane, -and all similar spots. I cherish them and every holy temple of God, and -everything connected with God's name, not on their own account, but -because they show forth the divine power, and through them and in them -it pleased God to bring about our salvation. I venerate and worship -angels and men, and all matter participating in divine power and -ministering to our salvation through it. I do not worship the Jews. They -are not participators in divine power, nor have they contributed to my -salvation. They crucified my God, the King of Glory, moved rather by -envy and hatred against God their Benefactor. 'Lord, I have loved the -beauty of Thy house,' says David, 'we will adore in the place where His -feet stood. And adore at His holy mountain.' The holy Mother of God is -the living holy mountain of God. The apostles are the teaching mountains -of God. 'The mountains skipped like rams, and the hills like the lambs -of the flock.' - -The third kind of worship is directed to objects dedicated to God, as, -for instance, the holy Gospels and other sacred books. They were written -for our instruction who live in these latter days. Sacred vessels, -again, chalices, thuribles, candelabra, and altars ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER -TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA -WITH TONOS U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER -EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA U+03b6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER -ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}) belong to this -category. It is evident that respect is due to them all. Consider how -Baltassar made the people use the sacred vessels, and how God took away -his kingdom from him. - -The fourth kind of worship is that of images seen by the prophets. They -saw God in sensible vision, and images of future things, as Aaron's rod, -the figure of Our Lady's virginity, the urn, and the table. And Jacob -worshipped on the point ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH TONOS -U+03ad~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH -VARIA U+1f76~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER -OMICRON U+03bf~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA -U+1f04~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO -U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU -U+03bd~}) of his rod. He was a type of our Lord. Images of past events -recall their remembrance. The tabernacle was an image of the whole -world. 'See,' God said to Moses, 'the type which was shown to thee on -the mountain, and the golden cherubim, the work of sculpturers, and the -cherubim within the veil of woven work.' Thus we adore the sacred figure -of the Cross, the likeness of our God's bodily features, the likeness of -her who bore Him, and all belonging to Him. - -The fifth manner is in the worship of each other as having upon us the -mark of God and being made after His image, humbling ourselves mutually, -and so fulfilling the law of charity. - -The sixth manner is the worship of those in power who have authority. -'Give to all men their dues,' the apostle says; 'give honour where it is -due.' This Jacob did in worshipping Esau as his elder brother, and -Pharao the ruler established by God. - -In the seventh place, the worship of servants towards their masters and -benefactors, and of petitioners towards those who grant their favours, -as in the case of Abraham when he bought the double cave from the sons -of Emmor. - -It is needless to say that fear, desire, and honour are tokens of -worship, as also submission and humiliation. No one should be worshipped -as God except the one true God. Whatever is due to all the rest is for -God's sake. - -You see what great strength and divine zeal are given to those who -venerate the images of the saints with faith and a pure conscience. -Therefore, brethren, let us take our stand on the rock of the faith, and -on the tradition of the Church, neither removing the boundaries laid -down by our holy fathers of old, nor listening to those who would -introduce innovation and destroy the economy of the holy Catholic and -Apostolic Church of God. If any man is to have his foolish way, in a -short time the whole organisation of the Church will be reduced to -nothing. Brethren and beloved children of the Church do not put your -mother to shame, do not rend her to pieces. Receive her teaching through -me. Listen to what God says of her: 'Thou art all fair, O my love, and -there is not a spot in thee.' Let us worship and adore our God and -Creator as alone worthy of worship by nature, and let us worship the -holy Mother of God, not as God, but as God's Mother according to the -flesh. Let us worship the saints also, as the chosen friends of God, and -as possessing access to Him. If men worship kings subject to corruption, -who are often bad and impious, and those ruling or deputed in their -name, as the holy apostle says, 'Be subject to princes and powers,' and -again, 'Give to all their due, to one honour, to another fear,' and our -Lord, 'Give to Caesar that which is Caesar's, and to God that which is -God's,' how much more should we worship the King of Kings? He alone is -God by nature; and we should worship His servants and friends who reign -over their passions and are constituted rulers of the whole earth. 'Thou -shalt make them princes over all the earth,' says David. They receive -power against demons and against disease, and with Christ they reign -over an incorruptible and unchangeable kingdom. Their shadow alone has -put forth disease and demons. Should we not deem a shadow a slighter and -weaker thing than an image? Yet it is a true outline of the original. -Brethren, the Christian is faith.[25] He who walks by faith gains many -things. The doubter, on the contrary, is as a wave of the sea torn and -tossed; he profits nothing. All the saints pleased God by faith. Let us -then receive the teaching of the Church in simplicity of heart without -questioning. God made man sane and sound. It was man who was over -curious. Let us not seek to learn a new faith, destructive of ancient -tradition, St Paul says, 'If a man teach any other Gospel than what he -has been taught, let him be anathema.' Thus, we worship images, and it -is not a worship of matter, but of those whom matter represents. The -honour given to the image is referred to the original, as holy Basil -rightly says. - -And may Christ fill you with the joy of His resurrection, most holy -flock of Christ, Christian people, chosen race, body of the Church, and -make you worthy to walk in the footsteps of the saints, of the shepherds -and teachers of the Church, leading you to enjoy His glory in the -brightness of the saints. May you gain His glory for eternity, with the -Uncreated Father, to whom be praise for ever. Amen. - -Speaking on the distinction between images and idols, and defining what -images are, it is time to give proofs in question, according to our -promise.[26] - - - -Testimony of Ancient and Learned Fathers concerning Images. - - -St Denis, Bishop of Athens, from his letter to St John the Apostle and -Evangelist. - - -Sensible images do indeed show forth invisible things. - - -The same, from his Homily on the Ecclesiastical Hierarchy. - - -The substances and orders to which we have already alluded with -reverence, are spirits, and they are set forth in spiritual and -immaterial array. We can see it when brought down to our medium, -symbolised in various forms, by which we are led up to the mental -contemplation of God and divine goodness. Spirits think of Him as -spirits according to their nature, but we are led as far as may be by -sensible images to the divine contemplation. - -_Commentary._--If, then, we are led by the medium of sensible images to -divine contemplation, what unseemliness is there in making an image of -Him Who was seen in the form, and habit, and nature of man for our -sakes? - - -St Basil, from his Homily on the Forty Martyrs. - - -The fortunes of war are wont to supply matter both for orators and -painters. Orators describe them in glowing language, painters depict -them on their canvas, and both have led many on to deeds of fortitude. -That which words are to the ear, that the silent picture points out for -imitation. - - -The same, on the Thirty Chapters on the Holy Ghost to Amphilochios, 18th -Answer. - - -The image of the king is also called the king, and there are not two -kings. Neither power is broken, nor is glory divided. As we are ruled by -one government and authority, so our homage is one, not many. Thus the -honour given to the image is referred to the original. That which the -image represents by imitation on earth, that the Son is by nature in -Heaven. - -_Commentary._--Just, then, as he who does not honour the Son does not -honour the Father who sent Him, as our Lord says, so he who does not -honour the image does not honour the original. Still some one says, 'We -cannot refuse to honour the image of Christ, but we will not have the -saints.' What folly! Listen to what our Lord says to His disciples: 'He -who receives you receives Me,' so that the man who does not honour the -saints does not honour Christ either. - - -St John Chrysostom, from his 'Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews.' - - -How can what precedes be an image of what follows, as, for instance, -Melchisedech of Christ? Just in the same way as a sketch would be an -outline of the picture. On this account the old law is called a shadow, -and the new--the truth and what is to come--certainties. Thus -Melchisedech, who represents the law, is a foreshadowing of the picture. -The new dispensation is the truth; the picture fully completed shows -forth eternity. We might call the old dispensation a type of a type, and -the new a type of the things themselves. - - -From the Spiritual History of Theodore, Bishop of Cyrus. From the 'Life -of St Simon Stylites.' - - -It is superfluous to speak of Italy. They say that this man became so -well known in the great city of Rome, that small statues were erected to -him in all the porticos of workshops, as a certain protection to them, -and a guarantee of security. - - -St Basil, from his 'Commentary on Isaias.' - - -When the devil saw man made after God's image and likeness, as he could -not fight against God, he vented his wickedness on the image of God. In -the same way an angry man might stone the King's image, because he -cannot stone the King, striking the wood which bears his likeness. - -_Commentary._--Thus, every man who honours the image must necessarily -honour the original. - - -The same. - - -Just as the man who shows contempt for the royal image is held to show -it for the King himself, so is he convicted of sin who shows contempt -for man made after an image. - - -St Athanasius, from the Hundred Chapters addressed to Antiochus, the -Prefect, according to Question and Answer.--Chap. xxxviii. - - -_Answer._--We, who are of the faithful, do not worship images as gods, -as the heathens did, God forbid, but we mark our loving desire alone to -see the face of the person represented in image. Hence, when it is -obliterated, we are wont to throw the image as so much wood into the -fire. Jacob, when he was about to die, worshipped on the point of -Joseph's staff, not honouring the staff but its owner. Just in the same -way do we greet images as we should embrace our children and parents to -signify our affection. Thus the Jew, too, worshipped the tablets of the -law, and the two golden cherubim in carved work, not because he honoured -gold or stone for itself, but the Lord who had ordered them to be made. - - -St John Chrysostom, on the 'Third Psalm, on David, and Absalom.' - - -Kings put victorious trophies before their conquering generals; rulers -erect proud monuments to their charioteers, and brave men, and with the -epitaph as a crown, use matter for their triumph. Others, again, write -the praises of conquerors in books, wishing to show that their own gift -in praising is greater than those praised. And orators and painters, -sculpturers and people, rulers, and cities, and places acclaim the -victorious. No one ever made images of the deserter or the coward. - - -St Cyril of Alexandria, from his 'Address to the Emperor Theodosius.' - - -If images represent the originals, they should call forth the same -reverence. - - -The same, from his 'Treasures.' - - -Images are ever the likenesses of their originals. - - -The same, from his Poem, on the 'Revelation of Christ being signified -through all the Teaching of Moses. On Abraham and Melchisedech.'--Chap. -vi. - - -Images should be made after their originals. - - -St Gregory of Nazianzen, from His Sermon on the 'Son,' ii. - - -An image is essentially a representation of its original. - - -St Chrysostom, from his Third 'Commentary on the Colossians.' - - -The image of what is invisible, were it also invisible, would cease to -be an image. An image, as far as it is an image, should be kept -inviolably by us, owing to the likeness it represents. - - -The same, from his 'Commentary on the Hebrews.'--Chap. xvii. - - -As in images the image presents the form of a man, though not his -strength, so the original and the likeness have much in common, for the -likeness is the man. - - -Eusebius Pamphilius, from the Fifth Book of his Gospel Proofs, on 'God -appeared to Abraham by the Oak of Mambre.' - - -Hence, even now the inhabitants cherish the place where visions appeared -to Abraham, as divinely consecrated. The turpentine tree is still to be -seen, and those who received Abraham's hospitality are painted in -picture, one on each side, and the stranger of greatest dignity in the -middle. He would be an image of our Lord and Saviour, whom even rude men -reverence, Whose divine words they believe. It was He who, through -Abraham, sowed the seeds of piety in men. In the likeness and habit of -an ordinary man He presented himself to Abraham,[27] and gave him -knowledge of His Father. - - -John of Antioch, also called Malala, from his Chronography concerning -the 'Woman with the Issue of Blood, who erected a Monument to Christ.' - - -From that time John the Baptist became known to men, and Herod, toparcha -of the Trachonitis region, beheaded him in the city of Sebaste, on the -eighth day of the kalends of June, Flaccus and Ruffinus being consuls. -King Herod, Philip's son, in grief at this event, left Judea. A rich -woman, Berenice by name, who was also living at Paneada, sought him out -wishing as she had been cured by Jesus, to erect a monument to Him. Not -daring to do it without the king's consent, she presented a petition to -King Herod, asking to be allowed to erect a golden monument in that city -to our Lord. The petition ran thus:-- - -To the august Herod, toparcha, law-giver of Jews and Greeks, King of -Trachonitis, a suppliant petition from Berenice, an inhabitant of -Paneada. You are crowned with justice and mercy and all other virtues. -Knowing this and in good hope of success, I am writing to you. If you -read my beginning you will soon be instructed as to facts. From -childhood I suffered with an issue of blood, and spent my time and my -substance on doctors, and was not cured. Hearing of the wonderworking -Christ, how He raised the dead to life again, put forth devils, and -cured the sick by one word, I also went to Him as to God. And -approaching the crowd which surrounded Him fearing lest He should turn -me away in anger on account of my complaint, and that I should feel it -more, I said to myself, 'If I could only touch the border of His -garment, I should be cured.' I had no sooner touched it than the -haemorrhage stopped, and I was cured on the spot. And He, as if He had -read my heart's desire, said aloud, 'Who has touched Me? Power has gone -out of Me!' And I pale and trembling, thinking to throw off my sickness -the sooner, prostrated myself at His feet, bathing the ground with my -tears, and confessed my action. He in His goodness compassionating me, -assured me of my cure, saying: 'Be of good heart, daughter, thy faith -has healed thee. Go in peace!' Do you now, august ruler, grant my -righteous petition. King Herod receiving this petition, was struck with -wonder and in awe at the cure, replied: 'The cure wrought for you, O -woman, deserves a splendid monument. Go then and put up any memorial you -like to Him, in praise of the Healer.' And immediately Berenice the sick -woman of yore, set up in the midst of her own city of Paneada a monument -in bronze, adorned with gold and silver. It is still standing in the -city of Paneada. Not long ago it was taken from the place where it stood -to the middle of the city, and placed in a house of prayer. One, Batho, -a converted Jew, found it mentioned in a book which contained an account -of all those who had reigned over Judea. - - -From the 'Ecclesiastical History of Socrates,' Book I. Chap. xviii., on -the Emperor Constantine. - - -After this the Emperor Constantine, being most zealous for the Christian -religion, destroyed heathen observances, and prohibited single combats, -whilst he set up his images in the temples. - - -Stephen Bostrenus, against the Jews.--Chap. iv. - - -We have made the images of the saints for a remembrance of Abraham, -Isaac, Jacob, Moses, and Elias and Zachary, and of other prophets and -holy martyrs, who gave their life for Him. Every one who looks at their -images may thus be reminded of them and glorify Him who glorifies them. - - -The same. - - -As to images let us take courage that every work done in God's name is -good and holy. Now as to idols and statues, beware, they are all bad, -both the things and their makers. An image of a holy prophet is one -thing, a statue or carved figure of Saturn or Venus, the sun or the -moon, quite another. As man was made after God's image, he is -worshipped; but the serpent as the image of the devil, is unclean and -execrable. Tell me, O Jew, if you reject man's handiwork, what is left -on earth to be worshipped which is not the work of his hand? Was not the -ark made by hands, and the altar, the propitiatory and the cherubim, the -golden urn containing the manna, the table and the inner tabernacle, and -all that God ordered to be put in the holy of Holies? Were not the -cherubim the images of angels made by hands? Do you call them idols? -What do you say to Moses who worshipped them and to Israel? Worship is -symbolical of honour, and we sinners worship God, and glorify Him by the -divine worship of latreia which is due to Him, and we tremble before Him -as our Creator. We worship the angels and servants of God for His sake, -as creatures and servants of God. An image is a name and likeness of him -it represents. Thus both by writing and by engraving we are ever mindful -of our Lord's sufferings, and of the holy prophets in the old law and in -the new. - - -St Leontius of Naples, in Cyprus, against the Jews--Book v. - - -Enter then heartily into our apology for the making of sacred images, so -that the mouths of foolish people speaking injustice may be closed. This -tradition comes from the old law, not from us. Listen to God's command -to Moses that he should make two cherubim wrought in metal to overshadow -the propitiatory. And again, God showed the temple to Ezechiel, with its -carved faces of lions, forms of palms and men from floor to ceiling. The -command is truly awe-inspiring. God, who enjoins Israel not to make any -graven thing, likeness or image of anything in heaven or on earth, also -orders Moses to make carved cherubim. God shows the temple to Ezechiel, -full of images and sculptured likenesses of lions, palms, and men. And -Solomon, in conformity to the law, filled the temple with metal figures -of oxen, palms, and men, and God did not reproach him for it. Now, if -you wish to reproach _me_ concerning images, you condemn God, who -ordered these things to be made that they might remind us of Himself. - - -The same, from the 3rd Book. - - -Again, atheists mock at us concerning the Holy Cross and the worship of -divine images, calling us idolators and worshippers of wooden gods. Now, -if I am a worshipper of wood, as you say, I am a worshipper of many, -and, if so, I should swear by many, and say, 'By the gods,' just as you -at the sight of one calf said, 'These are thy gods, O Israel.' You could -not maintain that Christian lips had used the expression, but the -adulterous and unbelieving synagogue is wont ever to cast infamy upon -the all-wise Church of Christ. - - -The same. - - -We do not adore as gods the figures and images of the saints. For if it -was the mere wood of the image that we adored as God, we should likewise -adore all wood, and not, as often happens, when the form grows faint, -throw the image into the fire. And again, as long as the wood remains in -the form of a cross, I adore it on account of Christ who was crucified -upon it. When it falls to pieces, I throw them into the fire. Just as -the man who receives the sealed orders of the king and embraces the -seal, looks upon the dust and paper and wax as honourable in their -reference to the king's service, so we Christians, in worshipping the -Cross, do not worship the wood for itself, but seeing in it the impress -and seal and figure of Christ Himself, crucified through it and on it, -we fall down and adore. - - -The same. - - -On this account I depict Christ and His sufferings in churches, and -houses, and public places, and images, on clothes, and store-houses, and -in every available place, so that ever before me, I may bear them in -lasting memory, and not be unmindful, as you are, of my Lord God. In -worshipping the book of the law, you are not worshipping parchment or -colour, but God's words contained in it. So do I worship the image of -Christ, neither wood nor colouring for themselves. Adoring an inanimate -figure of Christ through the Cross, I seem to possess and to adore -Christ. Jacob received Joseph's cloak of many colours from his brothers -who had sold him, and he caressed it with tears as he gazed at it. He -did not weep over the cloak, but considered it a way of showing his love -for Joseph and of embracing him. Thus do we Christians embrace with our -lips the image of Christ, or the apostles, or the martyrs, whilst in -spirit we deem that we are embracing Christ Himself or His martyr. As I -have often said, the end in view must always be considered in all -greeting and worship. If you upbraid me because I worship the wood of -the Cross, why do you not upbraid Jacob for worshipping on the point of -Joseph's staff? ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~} {~GREEK -SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~} {~GREEK -SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI U+1fc6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA -U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA U+1fe5~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA -U+03b2~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA U+03b4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON -U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON U+03c5~}). It is evident that it -was not the wood he honoured by his worship, but Joseph, as we adore -Christ through the Cross. Abraham worshipped impious men who sold him -the cave, and bent his knee to the ground, yet he did not worship them -as gods. And again, Jacob magnified impious Pharao and idolatrous Esau -seven times, yet not as God. How many salutations and worshippings I -have put before you, both natural and scriptural, which are not to be -condemned, and you no sooner see any one worshipping the image of Christ -or His Immaculate ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER -ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA -U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA -WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~}) Mother or a saint than you are angry and -blaspheme and call me an idolator. Have you no shame, seeing me as you -do day by day pulling down the temples of idols in the whole world and -raising churches to martyrs? If I worship idols, why do I honour -martyrs, their destroyers? If I glorify wood, as you say, why do I -honour the saints who have pulled down the wooden statues of demons? If -I glorify stones, how can I glorify the apostles who broke the stone -idols? If I honour the images of false gods, how can I praise and -glorify and keep the feast of the three children at Babylon who would -not worship the golden statue? How greatly foolish people err, and how -blind they are! What shamelessness is yours, O Jew! what impiety! You -sin indeed against the truth. Arise, O God, and justify Thy cause. Judge -and justify us from people, not all people, but from senseless and -hostile people who constantly provoke Thee. - - -The same. - - -If, as I have often said, I worshipped wood and stone as God, I, too, -should say to each, 'Thou hast brought me forth.' If I worship the -images of the saints, or rather the saints, and worship and reverence -the combats of the holy martyrs, how can you call these idols, senseless -man? For idols are likenesses of false gods and adulterers, murderers -and luxurious men, not of prophets or apostles. Listen whilst I take a -telling and most true example of Christian and heathen images. The -Chaldeans in Babylon had all sorts of musical instruments for the -worship of idols who were devils, and the children of Israel had brought -musical instruments from Jerusalem, which they hung upon the willow -trees, and the instruments of both lutes and stringed instruments and -flutes gave forth their music, these for the glory of God, the others -for the service of devils. So must you look upon images and idols of -heathens and Christians. Heathen idols were for the glory and -remembrance of the devil; Christian images are for the glory of Christ, -and of His apostles and martyrs and saints. - - -The same. - - -When, then, you see a Christian worshipping the Cross, know that his -adoration is not given to the wood, but to Christ Crucified. We might as -well worship all wood, as Israel worshipped woods and trees, saying, -'Thou art my God, and Thou hast brought me forth.' It is not so with us. -We keep in churches and in our houses a remembrance and a representation -of our Lord's sufferings and of those who fought for Him, doing -everything for our Lord's sake. - -Once more. Tell me, O Jew, what law authorised Moses to worship Jethor, -his brother-in-law, and an idolator? Or Jacob to worship Pharao, and -Abraham the sons of Emmor? They were just men and prophets. Again, -Daniel worshipped the impious Nabuchodonosor. For if they so acted on -account of life in this world, why do you reproach me for worshipping -the holy memories of the saints, whether in books or pictures, their -combats and sufferings, which are a daily source of good to me, and will -help me to lasting and eternal life? - - -Saint Athanasius against the Arians.--Book iii. - - -The Son being of the same substance as the Father, He can justly say -that He has what the Father has. Hence it was fitting and proper that -after the words 'I and the Father are one,' he should add, 'that you may -know that I am in the Father and the Father in Me.' He had already said -the same thing. 'He who sees Me sees the Father.' There is one and the -same mind in these three sayings. To know that the Father and the Son -are one is to know that he is in the Father and the Father in the Son. -The Godhead of the Son is the Godhead of the Father. The man who -receives this understands 'that he who sees the Son sees the Father.' -For the Godhead of the Father is seen in the Son. This will be easier to -understand from the example of the king's image which shows forth his -form and likeness. The king is the likeness of his image. The likeness -of the king is indelibly impressed upon the image, so that any one -looking at the image sees the king, and again, any one looking at the -king recognises that the image is his likeness. Being an indelible -likeness, the image might answer a man, who expressed the wish to see -the king after contemplating it, by saying, 'The king and I are one. I -am in him and he is in me. That which you see in me you see in him, and -the man who looks upon him looks at the same in me.' He who worships the -image worships the king in it. The image is his form and likeness. - - -The same, to Antiochus the Ruler. - - -What do our adversaries say to these things, they who maintain that we -should not worship the effigies of the saints, which are preserved -amongst us for a remembrance of them. - - -St Ambrose of Milan, to the Emperor Gratian concerning the Incarnation -of God the Word. - - -God before flesh was made, and God in the flesh. There is a fear lest, -abstracting the double principle of action and wisdom from Christ, we -should glorify a mutilated Christ. Now, is it possible to divide Christ -whilst we adore His Godhead and His flesh? Do we divide Him when we -adore at once the image of God and the Cross? God forbid. - - -St Cyril of Jerusalem, twelfth Instruction. - - -If you seek the cause of Christ's presence, go back to the first chapter -of Scripture. God made the world in six days, but the world was made for -man. The most brilliant sun glowing with light was made for man. And all -living things were created for our service, trees and flowers for our -enjoyment. All created things were beautiful, yet only man was the image -of God. The sun arose by command alone: man was moulded by the Divine -Hand. 'Let us make man to our image and likeness.' The wooden image of -an earthly king is honoured, how much more the rational image of God? - - -St John Chrysostom, on the Machabees. - - -The royal effigies are shown forth not only on gold and silver, and the -most costly materials, but the royal form itself, even on copper. The -difference of matter does not affect the dignity of the character -impressed, nor does a viler material diminish the honour of what is -great. The royal figure is always a consecration; not lessened by -matter, it exalts matter. - - -The same, against Julian the Apostate.--1st Book. - - -What does this new Nabuchodonosor want? He has not shown himself kinder -to us than Nabuchodonosor of old, whose furnace still pierces us -through, although we have escaped from its flames. Do not the shrines of -saints in churches, inviting the worship of the faithful, show forth the -destruction of the body?[28] - - -The same, on the Piscina. - - -Just as when the royal effigy and image is sent or carried into the -city, rulers and people go out to meet it with respect and reverence, -not honouring the wooden receptacle, or the waxen representation, but -the person of the king; so is it with created things. - - -Severianus of the Gabali, on the Cross. - - -_Fourth Homily._--'Moses struck the rock twice.' Why twice? If he was -obeying God's commands, what need was there of striking a second time? -If without, not two, or ten, or a hundred strikings would have unlocked -nature: if it was simply God's work without the mystery of the Cross, -one striking, or nod, or word would have sufficed. But it is meant to be -an image of the Cross. Moses, the Scripture says, struck once and then -again, in the sign of the Cross, not for actual necessity, so that -inanimate nature might reverence the symbol. If in the king's absence -his image supplies his place, rulers worship, and festivals are held, -and princes go out to meet it, and people prostrate themselves, not -looking at the material, but at the figure of the king shown forth in -representation not seen in nature, how much more shall the image of the -Eternal King break open the heavens and the whole universe, not the rock -alone. - - -Jerome, Priest of Jerusalem, on the Holy Trinity. - - -As the Scripture nowhere enjoins you to worship the Cross, what makes -you adore it? Tell us, Jews and heathens, and all inquiring people. - -_Answer._--On this account, O slow and foolish of heart, God allowed the -people, who revered Him, to worship what was on earth, the handiwork of -man, so that they should not be able to reproach Christians concerning -the Cross and the worship of images. Now just as the Jew adored the ark -of the covenant, and the two carved cherubim of gold, and the two -tablets of Moses, although there is nowhere an order from God to worship -or revere them, so is it with Christians. We do not revere the Cross as -God; we show through it what we truly feel about the Crucified One. - - -Simeon of Mount Thaumastus on Images. - - -Possibly a contentious unbeliever will maintain that we worshipping -images in our churches are convicted of praying to lifeless idols. Far -be it from us to do this. Faith[29] makes Christians, and God, who -cannot deceive, works miracles. We do not rest contented with mere -colouring. With the material picture before our eyes we see the -invisible God through the visible representation, and glorify Him as if -present, not as a God without reality, but as God who is the essence of -being. Nor are the saints whom we glorify fictitious. They are in being, -and are living with God; and their spirits being holy, they help, by the -power of God, those who deserve and need their assistance. - - -Athanasius, Archbishop of Antioch, to Simeon, Bishop of the Bostri, on -the Sabbath. - - -Just as in the king's absence his image is worshipped, so in his -presence it is extravagant to leave the original to pay homage to the -image. It is disregarded, because the original on whose account it is -honoured is present, but that is no reason for dishonouring it. It is -much the same, I think, with the shadow or letter of the law. The -apostle calls it a figure. In so far as grace anticipated the reign of -truth, the saints were types, contemplating the truth as in a glass. -When the promises were fulfilled, it was no longer desirable to live -according to types, nor to follow them. In the presence of the -realisation the type vanishes into insignificance. Still they did not -dishonour nor deride types; they honoured them, and judged those who -treated them with contumely impious, and deserving of death and severe -chastisement. - - -The same.--3rd Homily. - - -A man worships the king's image for the honour due to the king, the -image itself being mere wax and paint. - - -St Athanasius of Mount Sinai on the New Sabbath, and on St Thomas the -Apostle. - - -Those who saw Christ in the flesh looked upon Him as a prophet. We, who -have not seen Him, have confessed Him from our childhood to be the great -and Almighty God Himself, the Creator of eternity, and splendour of the -Father. We listen with faith to His Gospel, as if we saw Christ Himself -speaking. And receiving the pure treasure of His body, we believe that -Christ Himself is acting in us. And if we see only the image of His -divine form, as if looking down upon us from heaven, we prostrate and -adore. Great is now the faith of Christ. - - -From the Life of the Abbot Daniel, on Eulogius the Quarryman. - - -Then he went away dejected, and threw himself before an image of Our -Lady, and crying out, he said: 'Lord, enable me to pay what I promised -this man.' - - -From the Life of St Mary of Egypt. - - -As I was weeping, I lifted up my eyes and saw the image of Our Lady, and -I said to her:-- - -'O Virgin, Mother of God ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS -U+03cc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON -U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON -U+03b5~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA U+03b4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON -WITH TONOS U+03ad~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER -ALPHA U+03b1~}), who didst give birth to God the Word, I know that it is -neither fitting nor seemly that one so defiled and so covered with guilt -as I should look up to thy image, O ever Virgin. It is fitting that I -should be hated and shunned by thy purity. Yet as He who was born of -thee became man on purpose to call sinners to repentance, help me, for I -have no other succour. Let me also find an entrance. Do not refuse me a -sight of the wood on which God the Word, thy Son, suffered according to -the flesh, who shed His own precious blood for me. Grant, O Queen, that -I may be admitted to worship the sacred Cross, and I will promise thee -as surety to the God whom thou didst bring forth that I will keep myself -ever undefiled. When I see the Cross of thy Son, I will at once renounce -the world and the things of the world, and forthwith follow wherever -thou shalt lead.' - -Saying this, taking faith's token as a conviction, encouraged by Our -Lady's clemency, I left that place where I had made my petition, and -returned again to join those who were entering the edifice. No one -thrust me aside, and no one prevented me from going into the church. -Then I was seized with horror and fear and trembling in all my limbs. -Throwing myself on the ground, and worshipping that holy floor, I came -out, and went to her who had promised to be my security. When I came to -the place in which the agreement had been signed, I knelt down before -the ever blessed Virgin, Mother of God, and addressed her in these -words:-- - -'O loving Queen ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI U+03c6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER -IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER -ALPHA WITH TONOS U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA U+03b4~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH TONOS U+03ad~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA -U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON -U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU -U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}), thou hast shown me thy -goodness; thou didst not despise the petition of my unworthiness. I have -seen glory which sinners do not see. Praise be to God who receives the -repentance of sinners through thee.' - - -St Methodius, Bishop of the Patari ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI -U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU -U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO -U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH TONOS U+03ce~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER NU U+03bd~}), on the Resurrection. - - -The images of earthly kings, even if they are not made of finest gold -and silver, command at once honour from all. As men are not honouring -matter, they do not choose the most precious from the less precious; -they honour the image, whether made of putty or of copper. A derider of -either, whether he shows contempt to the image of plaster or of gold, -will be held to show contempt to his lord and king. We make golden -images of His angels, principalities, or powers, for His honour and -glory. - - - - -SERMON I. -ON THE ASSUMPTION ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS -U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA -U+03b7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA -U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~}). - - -_The_ memory of the just takes place with rejoicing, said Solomon, the -wisest of men; for precious in God's sight is the death of His saints, -according to the royal[30] David. If, then, the memory of all the just -is a subject of rejoicing, who will not offer praise to justice in its -source, and holiness in its treasure-house? It is not mere praise; it is -praising with the intention of gaining eternal glory. God's -dwelling-place does not need our praise, that city of God, concerning -which great things were spoken, as holy.[31] David addresses it in these -words: 'Glorious things are said of thee, thou city of God.' What sort -of city shall we choose for the invisible and uncircumscribed God, who -holds all things in His hand, if not that city which alone is above -nature, giving shelter without circumscription[32] to the -supersubstantial Word of God? Glorious things have been spoken of that -city by God himself. For what is more exalted than being made the -recipient of God's counsel, which is from all eternity? - -Neither human tongue nor angelic mind is able worthily to praise her -through whom it is given to us to look clearly upon the Lord's glory. -What then? Shall we be silent through fear of our insufficiency? -Certainly not. Shall we be trespassers beyond our own boundaries, and -freely handle ineffable mysteries, putting off all restraint? By no -means. Mingling, rather, fear with desire, and weaving them into one -crown, with reverent hand and longing soul, let us show forth the poor -first-fruits of our intelligence, in gratitude to our Queen and Mother, -the benefactress of all creation, as a repayment of our debt. A story is -told of some rustics who were ploughing up the soil when a king chanced -to pass, in the splendour of his royal robes and crown, and surrounded -by countless gift bearers, standing in a circle. As there was no gift to -offer at that moment, one of them was collecting water in his hands, as -there happened to be a copious stream near by. Of this he prepared a -gift for the king, who addressed him in these words: 'What is this, my -boy?' And he answered boldly: 'I made the best of what I had, thinking -it was better to show my willingness, than to offer nothing. You do not -need our gifts, nor do you wish for anything from us save our good will. -The need is on our side, and the reward is in the doing. I know that -glory often comes to the grateful.' - -The king in wonder praised the boy's cleverness, graciously acknowledged -his willingness, and made him many rich gifts in return. Now, if that -proud monarch so generously rewarded good intentions, will not Our Lady -({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA U+1f21~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER -OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA U+1f44~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU -U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA -U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER -ALPHA WITH PSILI U+1f00~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA U+1f74~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA -U+03b4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH TONOS U+03ad~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}), the Mother of -God, accept _our_ good will, not judging us by what we accomplish? Our -Lady is the Mother of God, who alone is good and infinite in His -condescension, who preferred the two mites to many splendid gifts. She -will indeed receive us, who are paying off our debt, and make us a -return out of all proportion to what we offer. Since prayer is -absolutely necessary for our needs, let us direct our attention to it. - -What shall we say, O Queen? What words shall we use? What praise shall -we pour upon thy sacred and glorified head, thou giver of good gifts and -of riches, the pride of the human race, the glory of all creation, -through whom it is truly blessed. He whom nature did not contain in the -beginning, was born of thee. The Invisible One is contemplated face to -face. O Word of God, do Thou open my slow lips, and give their -utterances Thy richest blessing; inflame us with the grace of Thy -Spirit, through whom fishermen became orators, and ignorant men spoke -supernatural wisdom, so that our feeble voices may contribute to thy -loved Mother's praises, even though greatness should be extolled by -misery. She, the chosen one of an ancient race, by a predetermined -counsel and the good pleasure of God the Father, who had begotten Thee -in eternity immaterially, brought Thee forth in the latter times, Thou -who art propitiation and salvation, justice and redemption, life of -life, light of light, and true God of true God. - -The birth of her, whose Child was marvellous, was above nature and -understanding, and it was salvation to the world; her death was -glorious, and truly a sacred feast. The Father predestined her, the -prophets foretold her through the Holy Ghost. His sanctifying power -overshadowed her, cleansed[33] and made her holy, and, as it were, -predestined her. Then Thou, Word of the Father, not dwelling in -place,[34] didst invite the lowliness of our nature to be united to the -immeasurable greatness of Thy inscrutable Godhead. Thou, who didst take -flesh of the Blessed Virgin, vivified by a reasoning soul, having first -abided in her undefiled and immaculate womb, creating Thyself, and -causing her to exist in Thee, didst become perfect man, not ceasing to -be perfect God, equal to Thy Father, but taking upon Thyself our -weakness through ineffable goodness. Through it Thou art one Christ, one -Lord, one Son of God, and man at the same time, perfect God and perfect -man, wholly God and wholly man, one substance ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER -UPSILON WITH DASIA U+1f51~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS U+03cc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA -U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA -U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA -U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~}) from two perfect -natures, the Godhead and the manhood. And in two perfect natures, the -divine and the human, God is not pure God, nor the man only man, but the -Son of God and the Incarnate God are one and the same God and man -without confusion or division, uniting in Himself substantially the -attributes of both natures. Thus, He is at once uncreated and created, -mortal and immortal, visible and invisible, in place and not in place. -He has a divine will and a human will, a divine action and a human also, -two powers of choosing ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI -U+1f00~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON U+03c5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU -U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI -U+03be~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER -UPSILON WITH TONOS U+03cd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}) divine -and human. He shows forth divine wonders and human affections,--natural, -I mean, and pure. Thou hast taken upon Thyself, Lord, of Thy great -mercy, the state of Adam as he was before the fall, body, soul, and -mind, and all that they involve physically, so as to give me a perfect -salvation. It is true indeed that what was not assumed was not -healed.[35] Having thus become the mediator between God and man, Thou -didst destroy enmity, and lead back to Thy Father those who had deserted -Him, wanderers to their home, and those in darkness to the light. Thou -didst bring pardon to the contrite, and didst change mortality into -immortality. Thou didst deliver the world from the aberration of many -gods, and didst make men the children of God, partakers of Thy divine -glory. Thou didst raise the human race, which was condemned to hell, -above all power and majesty, and in Thy person it is seated on the -King's eternal throne. Who was the instrument of these infinite benefits -exceeding all mind and comprehension, if not the Mother ever Virgin who -bore Thee? - -Realise, Beloved in the Lord, the grace of to-day, and its wondrous -solemnity. Its mysteries are not terrible, nor do they inspire awe. -Blessed are they who have eyes to see. Blessed are they who see with -spiritual eyes. This night shines as the day. What countless angels -acclaim the death of the life-giving Mother! How the eloquence of -apostles blesses the departure of this body which was the receptacle of -God. How the Word of God, who deigned in His mercy to become her Son, -ministering with His divine hands to this immaculate and divine -being,[36] as His mother, receives her holy soul. O wondrous Law-giver, -fulfilling the law which He had Himself laid down, not being bound by -it, for it was He who enjoined children to show reverence to their -parents. 'Honour thy father and thy mother,' He says. The truth of this -is apparent to every one, calling to mind even dimly the words of holy -Scripture. If according to it the souls of the just are in the hands of -God, how much more is her soul in the hands of her Son and her God. This -is indisputable. Let us consider who she is and whence she came, how -she, the greatest and dearest of all God's gifts, was given to this -world. Let us examine what her life was, and the mysteries in which she -took part. Heathens in the use of funeral orations most carefully -brought forward anything which could be turned to praise of the -deceased, and at the same time encourage the living to virtue, drawing -generally upon fable and fiction, not having fact to go upon. How then, -shall we not deserve scorn if we bury in silence that which is most true -and sacred, and in very deed the source of praise and salvation to all? -Shall we not receive the same punishment as the man who hid his master's -talent? Let us adapt our subject to the needs of those who listen, as -food is suited to the body. - -Joachim and Anne were the parents of Mary. Joachim kept as strict a -watch over his thoughts as a shepherd over his flock, having them -entirely under his control. For the Lord God led him as a sheep, and he -wanted for none of the best things. When I say best, let no one think I -mean what is commonly acceptable to the multitude, that upon which -greedy minds are fixed, the pleasures of life that can neither endure -nor make their possessors better, nor confer real strength. They follow -the downward course of human life and cease all in a moment, even if -they abounded before. Far be it from us to cherish these things, nor is -this the portion of those who fear God. But the good things which are a -matter of desire to those who possess true knowledge, delighting God, -and fruitful to their possessors, namely, virtues, bearing fruit in due -season, that is, in eternity, will reward with eternal life those who -have laboured worthily and have persevered in their acquisition as far -as possible. The labour goes before, eternal happiness follows. Joachim -ever shepherded his thoughts. In the place of pastures, dwelling by -contemplation on the words of sacred Scripture, made glad on the restful -waters of divine grace, withdrawn from foolishness, he walked in the -path of justice. And Anne, whose name means grace, was no less a -companion in her life than a wife, blessed with all good gifts, though -afflicted for a mystical reason with sterility. Grace in very truth -remained sterile, not being able to produce fruit in the souls of men. -Therefore, men declined from good and degenerated; there was not one of -understanding nor one who sought after God. Then His divine goodness, -taking pity on the work of His hands, and wishing to save it, put an end -to that mystical barrenness, that of holy ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA -U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER -OMICRON WITH TONOS U+03cc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI U+03c6~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~}) Anne, I mean, and she gave birth to a -child, whose equal had never been created and never can be. The end of -barrenness proved clearly that the world's sterility would cease and -that the withered trunk would be crowned with vigorous and mystical -life. - -Hence the Mother of our Lord is announced. An angel foretells her birth. -It was fitting that in this, too, she, who was to be the human Mother of -the one true and living God, should be marked out above every one else. -Then she was offered in God's holy temple, and remained there, showing -to all a great example of zeal and holiness, withdrawn from frivolous -society. When, however, she reached full age and the law required that -she should leave the temple, she was entrusted by the priests to Joseph, -her bridegroom, as the guardian of her virginity, a steadfast observer -of the law from his youth. Mary, the holy and undefiled ({~GREEK SMALL -LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI -U+1fb6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH -TONOS U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA -U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON -U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~}), went to Joseph, -contenting herself with her household matters, and knowing nothing -beyond her four walls. - -In the fulness of time, as the divine apostle says, the angel Gabriel -was sent to this true child of God, and saluted her in the words, 'Hail, -full of grace, the Lord is with thee.' Beautiful is the angel's -salutation to her who is greater than an angel. He is the bearer of joy -to the whole world. She was troubled at his words, not being used to -speak with men, for she had resolved to keep her virginity unsullied. -She pondered in herself what this greeting might be. Then the angel said -to her: 'Fear not, Mary. Thou hast found grace before God.' In very -deed, she who was worthy of grace had found it. She found grace who had -done the deeds of grace, and had reaped its fulness. She found grace who -brought forth the source of grace, and was a rich harvest of grace. She -found an abyss of grace who kept undefiled her double virginity, her -virginal soul no less spotless than her body; hence her perfect -virginity. 'Thou shalt bring forth a Son,' he said, 'and shalt call His -name Jesus' (Jesus is interpreted Saviour). 'He shall save His people -from their sins.' What did she, who is true wisdom, reply? She does not -imitate our first mother Eve, but rather improves upon her -incautiousness, and calling in nature to support her, thus answers the -angel: 'How is this to be, since I know not man? What you say is -impossible, for it goes beyond the natural laws laid down by the -Creator. I will not be called a second Eve and disobey the will of my -God. If you are not speaking godless things, explain the mystery by -saying how it is to be accomplished.' Then the messenger of truth -answered her: 'The Holy Spirit shall come to thee, and the power of the -Most High shall overshadow thee. Therefore He who is born to thee shall -be called the Son of God.' That which is foretold is not subservient to -the laws of nature. For God, the Creator of nature, can alter its laws. -And she, listening in holy reverence to that sacred name, which she had -ever desired, signified her obedience in words full of humility and joy: -'Behold the handmaid of the Lord. Be it done unto me according to thy -word.' - -'O the depth of the riches, of the wisdom, and of the knowledge of God,' -I will exclaim in the apostle's words. 'How incomprehensible are His -judgments, and how unsearchable His ways.' O inexhaustible goodness of -God! O boundless goodness! He who called what was not into being, and -filled heaven and earth, whose throne is heaven, and whose footstool is -the earth, a spacious dwelling-place, made the womb of His own servant, -and in it the mystery of mysteries is accomplished ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER -TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER -PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER -OMEGA U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER -KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER -IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA -WITH PERISPOMENI U+1ff6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL -LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER -OMICRON WITH TONOS U+03cc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK -SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI -U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU -U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA -U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA -WITH PERISPOMENI U+1fd6~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER UPSILON U+03c5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH TONOS U+03ae~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}). Being God He -becomes man, and is marvellously brought forth without detriment to the -virginity of His Mother. And He is lifted up as a baby in earthly arms, -who is the brightness of eternal glory, the form of the Father's -substance, by the word of whose mouth all created things exist. O truly -divine wonder! O mystery transcending all nature and understanding! O -marvellous virginity! What, O holy Mother and Virgin, is this great -mystery accomplished in thee? Blessed art thou amongst women, and -blessed is the fruit of thy womb. Thou art blessed from generation to -generation, thou who alone art worthy of being blessed. Behold all -generations shall call thee blessed as thou hast said. The daughters of -Jerusalem, I mean, of the Church, saw thee. Queens have blessed thee, -that is, the spirits of the just, and they shall praise thee for ever. -Thou art the royal throne which angels surround, seeing upon it their -very King and Lord. Thou art a spiritual Eden, holier and diviner than -Eden of old. That Eden was the abode of the mortal Adam, whilst the Lord -came from heaven to dwell in thee. The ark foreshadowed thee who hast -kept the seed of the new world. Thou didst bring forth Christ, the -salvation of the world, who destroyed sin and its angry waves. The -burning bush was a figure of thee, and the tablets of the law, and the -ark of the testament. The golden urn and candelabra, the table and the -flowering rod of Aaron were significant types of thee. From thee arose -the splendour of the Godhead, the eternal Word of the Father, the most -sweet and heavenly Manna, the sacred Name above every name, the Light -which was from the beginning. The heavenly Bread of Life, the Fruit -without seed, took flesh of thee. Did not that flame foreshadow thee -with its burning fire an image of the divine fire within thee? And -Abraham's tent most clearly pointed to thee. By the Word of God dwelling -in thee human nature produced the bread made of ashes, its first fruits, -from thy most pure womb, the first fruits kneaded into bread and cooked -by divine fire, becoming His divine person, and His true substance of a -living body quickened by a reasoning and intelligent soul.[37] I had -nearly forgotten Jacob's ladder. Is it not evident to every one that it -prefigured thee, and is not the type easily recognised? Just as Jacob -saw the ladder bringing together heaven and earth, and on it angels -coming down and going up, and the truly strong and invulnerable God -wrestling mystically with himself, so art thou placed between us, and -art become the ladder of God's intercourse with us, of Him who took upon -Himself our weakness, uniting us to Himself, and enabling man to see -God. Thou hast brought together what was parted. Hence angels descended -to Him, ministering to Him as their God and Lord, and men, adopting the -life of angels, are carried up to heaven. - -How shall I understand the prediction of prophets? Shall I not refer -them to thee, as we can prove them to be true? What is the fleece of -David which receives the Son of the Almighty God, co-eternal and -co-equal with His Father, as rain falls upon the soil? Does it not -signify thee in thy bright shining? Who is the virgin foretold by Isaias -who should conceive and bear a Son, God ever present with us, that is, -who being born a man should remain God? What is Daniel's mountain from -which arose Christ, the Corner-Stone, not made by the hand of man? Is it -not thee, conceiving without man and still remaining a virgin? Let the -inspired Ezechiel come forth and show us the closed gate, sealed by the -Lord, and not yielding, according to his prophecy--let him point to its -fulfilment in thee. The Lord of all came to thee, and taking flesh did -not open the door of thy virginity. The seal remains intact. The -prophets, then, foretell thee. Angels and apostles minister to thee, O -Mother of God, ever Virgin, and John the virgin apostle. Angels and the -spirits of the just, patriarchs and prophets surround thee to-day in thy -departure to thy Son. Apostles watched over the countless host of the -just who were gathered together from every corner of the earth by the -divine commands, as a cloud around the divine and living Jerusalem, -singing hymns of praise to thee, the author of our Lord's life-giving -body. - -O how does the source of life pass through death to life? O how can she -obey the law of nature, who, in conceiving, surpasses the boundaries of -nature? How is her spotless body made subject to death? In order to be -clothed with immortality she must first put off mortality, since the -Lord of nature did not reject the penalty of death. She dies according -to the flesh, destroys death by death, and through corruption gains -incorruption ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI U+03c6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER -THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER -RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI AND -YPOGEGRAMMENI U+1fb7~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER ETA WITH VARIA U+1f74~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK -SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI U+1f00~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI -U+03c6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA -U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA -U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA -U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI -U+03c7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO -U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER ZETA U+03b6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}), and makes her death the source of resurrection. O -how does Almighty God receive with His own hands the holy disembodied -soul of our Lord's Mother! He honours her truly, whom being His servant -by nature, He made His Mother, in His inscrutable abyss of mercy, when -He became incarnate in very truth. We may well believe that the angelic -choirs waited to receive thy departing soul. O what a blessed departure -this going to God of thine. If God vouchsafes it to all His -servants--and we know that He does--what an immense difference there is -between His servants and His Mother. What, then, shall we call this -mystery of thine? Death? Thy blessed soul is naturally parted from thy -blissful and undefiled body, and the body is delivered to the grave, yet -it does not endure in death, nor is it the prey of corruption. The body -of her, whose virginity remained unspotted in child-birth, was preserved -in its incorruption, and was taken to a better, diviner place, where -death is not, but eternal life. Just as the glorious sun may be hidden -momentarily by the opaque moon, it shows still though covered, and its -rays illumine the darkness since light belongs to its essence. It has in -itself a perpetual source of light, or rather it is the source of light -as God created it. So art thou the perennial source of true light, the -treasury of life itself, the richness of grace, the cause and medium of -all our goods. And if for a time thou art hidden by the death of the -body, without speaking, thou art our light, life-giving ambrosia, true -happiness, a sea of grace, a fountain of healing and of perpetual -blessing. Thou art as a fruitful tree in the forest, and thy fruit is -sweet in the mouth of the faithful. Therefore I will not call thy sacred -transformation death, but rest or going home, and it is more truly a -going home. Putting off corporeal things, thou dwellest in a happier -state. - -Angels with archangels bear thee up. Impure spirits trembled at thy -departure. The air raises a hymn of praise at thy passage, and the -atmosphere is purified. Heaven receives thy soul with joy. The heavenly -powers greet thee with sacred canticles and with joyous praise, saying: -'Who is this most pure creature ascending, shining as the dawn, -beautiful as the moon, conspicuous as the sun? How sweet and lovely thou -art, the lily of the field, the rose among thorns; therefore the young -maidens loved thee. We are drawn after the odour of thy ointments. The -King introduced thee into His chamber. There Powers protect thee, -Principalities praise thee, Thrones proclaim thee, Cherubim are hushed -in joy, and Seraphim magnify the true Mother by nature and by grace of -their very Lord. Thou wert not taken into heaven as Elias was, nor didst -thou penetrate to the third heaven with Paul, but thou didst reach the -royal throne itself of thy Son, seeing it with thy own eyes, standing by -it in joy and unspeakable familiarity. O gladness of angels and of all -heavenly powers, sweetness of patriarchs and of the just, perpetual -exultation of prophets, rejoicing the world and sanctifying all things, -refreshment of the weary, comfort of the sorrowful, remission of sins, -health of the sick, harbour of the storm-tossed, lasting strength of -mourners, and perpetual succour of all who invoke thee.' - -O wonder surpassing nature and creating wonder! Death, which of old was -feared and hated, is a matter of praise and blessing. Of old it was the -harbinger of grief, dejection, tears, and sadness, and now it is shown -forth as the cause of joy and rejoicing. In the case of all God's -servants, whose death is extolled, His good pleasure is surmised from -their holy end, and therefore their death is blessed. It shows them to -be perfect, blessed and immoveable in goodness, as the proverb says: -'Praise no man before his death.' This, however, we do not apply to -thee. Thy blessedness was not death, nor was dying thy perfection, nor, -again, did thy departure hence help thee to security. Thou art the -beginning, middle, and end of all goods transcending mind, for thy Son -in His conception and divine dwelling in thee is made our sure and true -security. Thus thy words were true: from the moment of His conception, -not from thy death, thou didst say all generations should call thee -blessed. It was thou who didst break the force of death, paying its -penalty, and making it gracious. Hence, when thy holy and sinless body -was taken to the tomb, the choirs of angels bore it, and were all -around, leaving nothing undone for the honour of our Lord's Mother, -whilst apostles and all the assembly of the Church burst into prophetic -song, saying: 'We shall be filled with the good things of Thy house, -holy is Thy temple, wonderful in justice.' And again: 'The Most High has -sanctified His tabernacle. The mountain of God is a fertile mountain, -the mountain in which it pleased God to dwell.' The apostolic band -lifting the true ark of the Lord God on their shoulders, as the priests -of old the typical ark, and placing thy body in the tomb, made it, as if -another Jordan, the way to the true land of the gospel, the heavenly -Jerusalem, the mother of all the faithful, God being its Lord and -architect. Thy soul did not descend to Limbo, neither did thy flesh see -corruption. Thy pure and spotless body was not left in the earth, but -the abode of the Queen, of God's true Mother, was fixed in the heavenly -kingdom alone. - -O how did heaven receive her who is greater than heaven? How did she, -who had received God, descend into the grave? This truly happened, and -she was held by the tomb. It was not after bodily wise that she -surpassed heaven. For how can a body measuring three cubits, and -continually losing flesh, be compared with the dimensions of heaven? It -was rather by grace that she surpassed all height and depth, for that -which is divine is incomparable. O sacred and wonderful, holy and -worshipful body, ministered to now by angels, standing by in lowly -reverence. Demons tremble: men approach with faith, honouring and -worshipping her, greeting her with eyes and lips, and drawing down upon -themselves abundant blessings. Just as a rich scent sprinkled upon -clothes or places, leaves its fragrance even after it has been -withdrawn, so now that holy, undefiled, and divine body, filled with -heavenly fragrance, the rich source of grace, is laid in the tomb that -it may be translated to a higher and better place. Nor did she leave the -grave empty; her body imparted to it a divine fragrance, a source of -healing, and of all good for those who approach it with faith. - -We, too, approach thee to-day, O Queen; and again, I say, O Queen, O -Virgin Mother of God, staying our souls with our trust in thee, as with -a strong anchor. Lifting up mind, soul and body, and all ourselves to -thee, rejoicing in psalms and hymns and spiritual canticles, we reach -through thee One who is beyond our reach on account of His Majesty. If, -as the divine Word made flesh taught us, honour shown to servants is -honour shown to our common Lord, how can honour shown to thee, His -Mother, be slighted? How is it not most desirable? Art thou not honoured -as the very breath of life? Thus shall we best show our service to our -Lord Himself. What do I say to our Lord? It is sufficient that those who -think of Thee should recall the memory of Thy most precious gift as the -cause of our lasting joy. How it fills us with gladness! How the mind -that dwells on this holy treasury of Thy grace enriches itself. - -This is our thank-offering to thee, the first fruits of our discourses, -the best homage of my poor mind, whilst I am moved by desire of thee, -and full of my own misery. But do thou graciously receive my desire, -knowing that it exceeds my power. Watch over us, O Queen, the -dwelling-place of our Lord. Lead and govern all our ways as thou wilt. -Save us from our sins. Lead us into the calm harbour of the divine will. -Make us worthy of future happiness through the sweet and face-to-face -vision of the Word made flesh through thee. With Him, glory, praise, -power, and majesty be to the Father and to the holy and life-giving -Spirit, now and for ever. Amen. - - - - -SERMON II. -ON THE ASSUMPTION ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS -U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA -U+03b7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA -U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~}). - - -_There_ is no one in existence who is able to praise worthily the holy -death of God's Mother, even if he should have a thousand tongues and a -thousand mouths. Not if all the most eloquent tongues could be united -would their praises be sufficient. She is greater than all praise. -Since, however, God is pleased with the efforts of a loving zeal, and -the Mother of God with what concerns the service of her Son, suffer me -now to revert again to her praises. This is in obedience to your orders, -most excellent pastors, so dear to God, and we call upon the Word made -flesh of her to come to our assistance. He gives speech to every mouth -which is opened for Him. He is her sole pleasure and adornment. We know -that in celebrating her praises we pay off our debt, and that in so -doing we are again debtors, so that the debt is ever beginning afresh. -It is fitting that we should exalt her who is above all created things, -governing them as Mother of the God who is their Creator, Lord, and -Master. Bear with me you who hang upon the divine words, and receive my -good will. Strengthen my desire, and be patient with the weakness of my -words. It is as if a man were to bring a violet of royal purple out of -season, or a fragrant rose with buds of different hues, or some rich -fruit of autumn to a mighty potentate who is divinely appointed to rule -over men. Every day he sits at a table laden with every conceivable dish -in the perfumed courts of his palace. He does not look at the smallness -of the offering, or at its novelty so much as he admires the good -intention, and with reason. This he would reward with an abundance of -gifts and favours. So we, in our winter of poverty,[38] bring garlands -to our Queen, and prepare a flower of oratory for the feast of praise. -We break our mind's stony desire with iron, pressing, as it were, the -unripe grapes. And may you receive with more and more favour the words -which fall upon your eager and listening ears. - -What shall we offer the Mother of the Word if not our words? Like -rejoices in like and in what it loves. Thus, then, making a start and -loosening the reins of my discourse, I may send it forth as a charger -ready equipped for the race. But do Thou, O Word of God, be my helper -and auxiliary, and speak wisdom to my unwisdom. By Thy word make my path -clear, and direct my course according to Thy good pleasure, which is the -end of all wisdom and discernment. - -To-day the holy Virgin of Virgins is presented in the heavenly temple. -Virginity in her was so strong as to be a consuming fire. It is -forfeited in every case by child-birth. But she is ever a virgin, before -the event, in the birth itself, and afterwards. To-day the sacred and -living ark of the living God, who conceived her Creator Himself, takes -up her abode in the temple of God, not made by hands. David, her -forefather,[39] rejoices. Angels and Archangels are in jubilation, -Powers exult, Principalities and Dominations, Virtues and Thrones are in -gladness: Cherubim and Seraphim magnify God. Not the least of their -praise is it to refer praise to the Mother of glory. To-day the holy -dove, the pure and guileless soul, sanctified by the Holy Spirit, -putting off the ark of her body, the life-giving receptacle of Our Lord, -found rest to the soles of her feet, taking her flight to the spiritual -world, and dwelling securely in the sinless country above. To-day the -Eden of the new Adam receives the true paradise, in which sin is -remitted and the tree of life grows, and our nakedness is covered. For -we are no longer naked and uncovered, and unable to bear the splendour -of the divine likeness. Strengthened with the abundant grace of the -Spirit, we shall no longer betray our nakedness in the words: 'I have -put off my garment, how shall I put it on?' The serpent, by whose -deceitful promise we were likened to brute beasts, did not enter into -this paradise. He, the only begotten Son of God, God himself, of the -same substance as the Father, took His human nature of the pure Virgin. -Being constituted a man, He made mortality immortal, and was clothed as -a man. Putting aside corruption, He was indued with the incorruptibility -of the Godhead. - -To-day the spotless Virgin, untouched by earthly affections, and all -heavenly in her thoughts, was not dissolved in earth, but truly entering -heaven, dwells in the heavenly tabernacles. Who would be wrong to call -her heaven, unless indeed he truly said that she is greater than heaven -in surpassing dignity? The Lord and Creator of heaven, the Architect of -all things beneath the earth and above, of creation, visible and -invisible, Who is not circumvented by place (if that which surrounds -things is rightly termed place), created Himself, without human -co-operation, an Infant in her. He made her a rich treasure-house of His -all-pervading and alone uncircumscribed Godhead, subsisting entirely in -her without passion, remaining entire in His universality and Himself -uncircumscribed. To-day the life-giving treasury and abyss of charity (I -know not how to trust my lips to speak of it) is hidden in immortal -death. She meets it without fear, who conceived death's destroyer, if -indeed we may call her holy and vivifying departure by the name of -death. For how could she, who brought life to all, be under the dominion -of death? But she obeys the law of her own Son, and inherits this -chastisement as a daughter of the first Adam, since her Son, who is the -life, did not refuse it. As the Mother of the living God, she goes -through death to Him. For if God said: 'Unless the first man put out his -hand to take and taste of the tree of life, he shall live for ever,' how -shall she, who received the Life Himself, without beginning or end, or -finite vicissitudes, not live for ever. - -Of old the Lord God banished from the garden of Eden our first parents -after their disobedience, when they had dulled the eye of their heart -through their sin, and weakened their mind's discernment, and had fallen -into death-like apathy. But, now, shall not paradise receive her, who -broke the bondage of all passion, sowed the seed of obedience to God and -the Father, and was the beginning of life to the whole human race? Will -not heaven open its gates to her with rejoicing? Yes, indeed. Eve -listened to the serpent, adopted his suggestion, was caught by the lure -of false and deceptive pleasure, and was condemned to pain and sorrow, -and to bear children in suffering. With Adam she received the sentence -of death, and was placed in the recesses of Limbo. How can death claim -as its prey this truly blessed one, who listened to God's word in -humility, and was filled with the Spirit, conceiving the Father's gift -through the archangel, bearing without concupiscence or the co-operation -of man the Person of the Divine Word, who fills all things, bringing Him -forth without the pains of childbirth, being wholly united to God? How -could Limbo open its gates to her? How could corruption touch the -life-giving body? These are things quite foreign to the soul and body of -God's Mother. Death trembled before her. In approaching her Son, death -had learnt experience from His sufferings, and had grown wiser. The -gloomy descent to hell was not for her, but a joyous, easy, and sweet -passage to heaven. If, as Christ, the Life and the Truth says: 'Wherever -I am, there is also my minister,' how much more shall not His mother be -with Him? She brought Him forth without pain, and her death, also, was -painless. The death of sinners is terrible, for in it, sin, the cause of -death, is sacrificed. What shall we say of her if not that she is the -beginning of perpetual life. Precious indeed is the death of His saints -to the Lord God of powers. More than precious is the passing away of -God's Mother. Now let the heavens and the angels rejoice: let the earth -and men be full of gladness. Let the air resound with song and canticle, -and dark night put off its gloom, and emulate the brightness of day -through the scintillating stars. The living city of the Lord God is -assumed from God's temple, the visible Sion, and kings bring forth His -most precious gift, their mother, to the heavenly Jerusalem,--that is to -say, the apostles constituted princes by Christ, over all the earth, -accompany the ever virginal Mother of God. - -It seems to me not superfluous to bring forward and insist on the past -types of this holy one, the Mother of God. These types succinctly -announced the Divine Child whom we have received. I look upon His Mother -as the saint of saints, the holiest of all, the fragrant urn for the -manna, or rather, to speak more truly, the fountain taking its rise in -the divine and far-famed city of David, in Sion the glorious; in it the -law is fulfilled and the spiritual law is portrayed. In Sion, Christ the -Law-giver consummated the typical pasch, and God, the Author of the old -and the new dispensation, gave us the true pasch. In it the Lamb of God, -who takes away the sins of the world, initiated His disciples unto His -mystical feast, and gave them Himself slain as a victim, and the grape -pressed in the true vine. In Sion, Christ is seen by His apostles, risen -from the dead, and Thomas is told, and through Thomas the world, that He -is Lord and God, having in Himself two natures after His resurrection, -and consequently two operations, independent wills, enduring for all -ages. Sion is the crown of churches, the resting-place of disciples. In -it the echo of the Holy Spirit, the gift of tongues, His fiery descent -are transmitted to the apostles. In it St John, taking the Mother of -God, ministered to her wants. Sion is the mother of churches in the -whole world, who offered a resting-place to the Mother of God after her -Son's resurrection from the dead. In it, lastly, the Blessed Virgin was -stretched on a small bed. - -When I had reached this point of my discourse, I was obliged to give -vent to my own feelings, and burning with loving desire, to shed -reverent yet joyful tears, embracing, as it were, the bed so happy and -blest and wondrous, which received the life-giving tabernacle and -rejoiced in the contact of holiness. I seemed to take into my arms that -holy and sacred body itself, worthy of God, and pressing my eyes, lips, -and forehead, head, and cheeks to hers, I felt as if she was really -there, though I was unable to see with my eyes what I desired. How, -then, was she assumed to the heavenly courts? In this way. What were the -honours then conferred upon her by God who commands us to honour our -parents? The cloud which enclosed Jerusalem as with a net, by the divine -commands, brought together eagles from the ends of the earth, those who -are spread over the world, fishing for men in the various and numerous -tongues of the spirit. By the net of the word they are saving men from -the abyss of doubt and bringing them to the spiritual and heavenly table -of the sacred and mystical banquet, the perfect marriage feast of the -Divine Bridegroom, which the Father celebrates with His Son, who is -equal to Himself and of the same nature. 'Where the spirit is,' says -Christ the Truth, 'there shall the eagles be gathered together.' If we -have already spoken concerning the second great and splendid coming of -Him who spoke these words, it will not be out of place here by way of -condiment. - -Eye-witnesses, then, and ministers of the word were there, duly -ministering to His Mother, and drawing from her a rich inheritance, as -it were, and a full measure of praise. For is it a matter of doubt to -any one that she is the source of blessing and the fountain of all good? -Their followers and successors also were there, joining in their -ministry and in their praise. A common labour produces common fruits. A -chosen band from Jerusalem were there. It was fitting that the foremost -men and prophets of the old law, they who had foretold God the Word's -saving birth of her in time, should be there as a guard of honour. Nor -did the angelic choirs fail. They who obeyed the king heartily ({~GREEK -SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK -SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~} {~GREEK -SMALL LETTER GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER OMEGA U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER ETA U+03b7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}), and consequently -were honoured by standing near Him, had the right to serve as a -body-guard to His Mother, according to the flesh, the truly blessed and -blissful one, surpassing all generations and all creation. All those -were with her who are the brightness and the shining of the spirit, with -spiritual eyes fixed upon her in reverence, and fear, and pure desire. - -We hear divine and inspired words, and spiritual canticles appropriate -to the parting hour. On this account it was meet to praise His boundless -goodness, His immeasurable greatness, His omnipotence, the generosity -surpassing all measure in His dealings with us, the overflowing riches -of His mercy, the abyss of His tenderness; how, putting aside His -greatness, He descended to our littleness with the co-operation of the -Father and the Holy Spirit. Again, the supersubstantial One is -supersubstantially created in the virginal womb. Being God He became -man, and remains according to this union perfect God and perfect man, -not giving up the substance of His Godhead nor ceasing to be of the same -flesh and blood as we are. He, who fills all things and governs the -universe with one word, took up His abode in a narrow place, and the -material body of this blessed one received the burning fire of the -Godhead, and as genuine gold it remained intact. This has taken place -because God willed it, since His good pleasure makes things possible -which could not happen without it. Then followed a strife of praise, not -as if each was seeking to outdo the other--for this is vainglorious and -far from pleasing to God--but as if they would leave nothing undone for -the glory of God and the honour of God's Mother. - -Then Adam and Eve, our first parents, opened their lips to exclaim, -'Thou blessed daughter of ours, who hast removed the penalty of our -disobedience! Thou, inheriting from us a mortal body, hast won us -immortality. Thou, taking thy being from us, hast given us back the -being in grace. Thou hast conquered pain and loosened the bondage of -death. Thou hast restored us to our former state. We had shut the door -of paradise; thou didst find entrance to the tree of life. Through us -sorrow came out of good; through thee good from sorrow. How canst thou -who art all fair taste of death? Thou art the gate of life and the -ladder to heaven. Death is become the passage to immortality. O thou -truly blessed one! who that is not the Word could have borne what thou -hast borne?'[40] - -All the company of the saints exclaimed, 'Thou hast fulfilled our -predictions. Thou hast purchased our present joy for us. Through thee we -have broken the chains of death. Come to us, divine and life-giving -receptacle. Come, our desire, thou who hast gained us our desire.' - -And the saints standing by added their no less burning words: 'Remain -with us, our comfort, our sole joy in this world. O Mother leave us not -orphans who have suffered on thy Son's account. May we have thee as a -refuge and refreshment in our labours and weariness. Thou canst remain -if thou so willest, even as thou canst depart hence. If thou departest, -O dwelling-place of God, let us go too, if we are thine through thy Son. -Thou art our sole consolation on earth. We live as long as thou livest, -and it is bliss to die with thee. Why do we speak of death? Death is -life to thee, and better than life--incomparably exceeding this life. -How is our life--life, if we are deprived of thee?' - -The apostles and all the assembly of the Church may well have addressed -some such words to the blessed Virgin. When they saw the Mother of God -near her end and longing for it, they were moved by divine grace to sing -farewell hymns, and wrapt out of the flesh, they sighed to accompany the -dying Mother of God, and anticipated death through intensity of will. -When they had all satisfied their duty of loving reverence and had woven -her a rich crown of hymns, they spoke a parting blessing over her, as a -God-given treasure, and the last words. These, I should think, were -significant of this life's fleetingness, and of its leading to the -hidden mysteries of future goods. - -This, it appears to me, is what they did at once and unanimously. The -King was there to receive with divine embrace[41] the holy, undefiled, -and stainless soul of His Mother on her going home. And she, as we may -well conjecture, said, 'Into Thy hands, O my Son, I commend my spirit. -Receive my soul, dear to Thee, which Thou didst keep spotless. I give my -body to Thee, not to the earth. Guard that which Thou wert pleased to -inhabit and to preserve in virginity. Take me to Thyself, that wherever -Thou art, the fruit of my womb, there I too may be. I am impelled to -Thee who didst descend to me. Do Thou be the consolation of my most -cherished children, whom Thou didst vouchsafe to call Thy brethren, when -my death leaves them in loneliness. Bless them afresh through my hands.' -Then stretching out her hands, as we may believe, she blessed all those -present, and then she heard the words: 'Come, my beloved Mother, to thy -rest. Arise and come, most dear amongst women, the winter is past and -gone, the harvest time is at hand.[42] Thou art fair, my beloved, and -there is no stain in thee. Thy fragrance is sweeter than all ointments.' -With these words in her ear, that holy one gave up her spirit into the -hands of her Son. - -What happens? Nature, I conjecture, is stirred to its depths, strange -sounds and voices are heard, and the swelling hymns of angels who -precede, accompany, and follow her. Some constitute the guard of honour -to that undefiled and immaculate ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI -U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU -U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA -U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI U+1fb3~}) soul on its way to heaven -until the queen reaches the divine throne. Others surrounding the sacred -and divine body proclaim God's Mother in angelic harmony. What of those -who watched by the most holy and immaculate ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI -U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU -U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA -U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI U+1ff3~}) body? In loving reverence and -with tears of joy they gathered round the blessed and divine tabernacle, -embracing every member, and were filled with holiness and thanksgiving. -Then illnesses were cured, and demons were put to flight and banished to -the regions of darkness. The air and atmosphere and heavens were -sanctified by her passage through them, the earth by the burial of her -body. Nor was water deprived of a blessing. She was washed in pure -water. It did not cleanse her, but was rather itself sanctified. Then, -hearing was given to the deaf, the lame recovered their feet, and the -blind their sight. Sinners who approached with faith blotted out the -handwriting against them. Then the holy body is wrapped in a snow-white -winding-sheet, and the queen is again laid upon her bed. Then follow -lights and incense and hymns, and angels singing as befits the -solemnity; apostles and patriarchs acclaiming her in inspired song. - -When the Ark of God, departing from Mount Sion for the heavenly country, -was borne on the shoulders of the Apostles, it was placed on the way in -the tomb. First it was taken through the city, as a bride dazzling with -spiritual radiance, and then carried to the sacred place of Gethsemane, -angels overshadowing it with their wings, going before, accompanying, -and following it, together with the whole assembly of the Church. King -Solomon compelled all the elders of Israel in Sion to bear the ark of -the covenant of the Lord from the city of David, that is Sion, to rest -in the temple of the Lord, which he had built, and the priests took the -ark and the tabernacle of the testimony, and the priests and levites -raised it. And the king and all the people sacrificed numberless oxen -and sheep before the ark. And the priests carried in the ark of the -testimony of God into its place, into the Holy of Holies, beneath the -wings of the cherubim. So is it now with the dwelling-place of the true -ark, no longer of the testimony, but the very substance of God the Word. -The new Solomon, the Prince of peace, the Creator of all things in the -heavens and on the earth, assembled together to-day the supporters of -the new covenant, that is the Apostles, with all the people of the -saints in Jerusalem, brought in her soul through angels to the true Holy -of Holies, under the wings of the four living creatures, and set her on -His throne within the veil, where Christ Himself had preceded her. Her -body the while is borne by the Apostles' hands, the King of Kings -covering her with the splendour of His invisible Godhead, the whole -assembly of the saints preceding her, with sacred song and sacrifice of -praise until through the tomb it was placed in the delights of Eden, the -heavenly tabernacles. - -Perchance, Jews also were there, if any, not too reprobate were to be -found. It will not be beside the mark to mention here a thing that is -asserted by many. It is said that when those, who were carrying the -blessed body of God's Mother, had reached the descent of the opposite -mountains, a certain Jew, the slave of sin, and pledged by his folly, -imitated the servant of Caiphas, who struck the divine Face of Christ -our Lord and Master, and made himself the devil's instrument. Full of -wicked passion and malice, he rushed at that most divine tabernacle, -which angels approached with fear, and impiously dragged the bier with -both his hands to the ground. This was prompted by the envy of the arch -enemy, but his labours were in vain, and he reaped a severe and fitting -reminder of his deed. It is said that he lost the use of his hands, -which had perpetrated his malicious deed, until faith moved him to -repentance. The bearers were standing near. The wretched man placed his -hands on the wondrous and life-giving tabernacle, and they again became -sound. Circumstances had made him wise, as often happens. But let us -return to our subject. - -Then they reached the most sacred Gethsemane, and once more there were -embracings and prayers and panegyrics, hymns and tears, poured forth by -sorrowful and loving hearts. They mingled a flood of weeping and -sweating.[43] And thus the immaculate ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI -U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU -U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}) body was laid -in the tomb. Then it was assumed after three days to the heavenly -mansions. The bosom of the earth was no fitting receptacle for the -Lord's dwelling-place, the living source of cleansing water, the corn of -heavenly bread, the sacred vine of divine wine, the evergreen and -fruitful olive-branch of God's mercy. And just as the all holy body of -God's Son, which was taken from her, rose from the dead on the third -day, it followed that she should be snatched from the tomb, that the -mother should be united to her Son; and as He had come down to her, so -she should be raised up to Him, into the more perfect dwelling-place, -heaven itself. It was meet that she, who had sheltered God the Word in -her own womb, should inhabit the tabernacles of her Son. And as our Lord -said it behoved Him to be concerned with His Father's business, so it -behoved His mother that she should dwell in the courts of her Son, in -the house of the Lord, and in the courts of the house of our God. If all -those who rejoice dwell in Him, where must the cause itself of joy -abide? It was fitting that the body of her, who preserved her virginity -unsullied in her motherhood, should be kept from corruption even after -death. She who nursed her Creator as an infant at her breast, had a -right to be in the divine tabernacles. The place of the bride whom the -Father had espoused, was in the heavenly courts. It was fitting that she -who saw her Son die on the cross, and received in her heart the sword of -pain which she had not felt in childbirth, should gaze upon Him seated -next to the Father. The Mother of God had a right to the possession of -her Son, and as handmaid and Mother of God to the worship of all -creation. The inheritance of the parents ever passes to the children. -Now, as a wise man said, the sources of sacred waters are above. The Son -made all creation serve His Mother. - -Let us then also keep solemn feast to-day to honour the joyful departure -of God's Mother, not with flutes nor corybants, nor the orgies of -Cybele, the mother of false gods, as they say, whom foolish people talk -of as a fruitful mother of children, and truth as no mother at all. -These are demons and false imaginings. They usurp what they are not by -nature to impose upon human folly. For how can what is bodiless lead the -wedded life?[44] How can that be god which, not being before, is present -only after birth? That devils were bodiless is apparent to all, even to -those who are intellectually blind. Homer somewhere testifies to the -condition of the gods he honours: - - They eat not barley, and drink not ruddy wine, - So they are bloodless and are called immortal. - -They eat not bread, he says, neither do they drink fiery wine. On this -account they are anaemic, that is, without blood, and are called -immortals. He truly and appropriately says, 'are called.' They are -called immortals. They are not that which they are called. They died the -death of wickedness. Now we worship God, not God beginning His being, -but who always was and is above all cause and argument or created mind -or nature. We honour and reverence the Mother of God, not ascribing to -her the eternal generation of His Godhead. For the generation of God the -Word was not in time, and was co-eternal with the Father. We acknowledge -a second generation in His spontaneous taking flesh, and we see and know -the cause of this. He who is without beginning and without body takes -flesh for us as one of ourselves. And taking flesh of this sacred -Virgin, He is born without man, remaining Himself perfect God, and -becoming perfect man, perfect God in His flesh, and perfect Man in His -Godhead. Thus, recognising God's Mother in this Virgin, we celebrate her -falling asleep, not proclaiming her as God--far be from us these heathen -fables--since we are announcing her death, but recognising her as the -Mother of the Incarnate God. - -O people of Christ, let us acclaim her to-day in sacred song, -acknowledge our own good fortune and proclaim it. Let us honour her in -nocturnal vigil; let us delight in her purity of soul and body, for she -next to God surpasses all in purity. It is natural for similar things to -glory in each other. Let us show our love for her by compassion and -kindness towards the poor. For if mercy is the best worship of God, who -will refuse to show His Mother devotion in the same way? She opened to -us the unspeakable abyss of God's love for us. Through her the old -enmity against the Creator is destroyed. Through her our reconciliation -with Him is strengthened, peace and grace are given to us, men are the -companions of angels, and we, who were in dishonour, are made the -children of God. From her we have plucked the fruit of life. From her we -have received the seed of immortality. She is the channel of all our -goods. In her God was man and man was God. What more marvellous or more -blessed? I approach the subject in fear and trembling. With Mary, the -prophetess, O youthful souls, let us sound our musical instruments, -mortifying our members on earth, for this is spiritual music. Let our -souls rejoice in the Ark of God, and the walls of Jericho will yield, I -mean the fortresses of the enemy. Let us dance in spirit with David; -to-day the Ark of God is at rest. With Gabriel, the great archangel, let -us exclaim, 'Hail, full of grace, the Lord is with thee. Hail, -inexhaustible ocean of grace. Hail, sole refuge in grief. Hail, cure of -hearts. Hail, through whom death is expelled and life is installed.' - -And you I will speak to as if living, most sacred of tombs, after the -life-giving tomb of our Lord, which is the source of the resurrection. -Where is the pure gold which apostolic hands confided to you? Where is -the inexhaustible treasure? Where the precious receptacle of God? Where -is the living table? Where the new book in which the incomprehensible -Word of God is written without hands? Where is the abyss of grace and -the ocean of healing? Where is the life-giving fountain? Where is the -sweet and loved body of God's Mother? - -Why[45] do you seek in the tomb one who has been assumed to the heavenly -courts? Why do you make me responsible for not keeping her? I was -powerless to go against the divine commands. That sacred and holy body, -leaving the winding-sheet behind, filled me full of sweet fragrance, -sanctified me by its contact, and fulfilled the divine scheme, and was -then assumed, angels and archangels and all the heavenly powers -escorting it. Now angels surround me, and divine grace abounds in me. I -am the physician of the sick. I am a perpetual source of health, and the -terror of demons. I am a city of refuge for fugitives. Approach with -faith and you will receive a sea of graces. Come, you of weak faith. All -you that thirst, come to the waters in obedience to Isaias' commands, -and you who have no money, come and buy for nothing. I call upon all -with the Gospel invitation. Let him who longs for bodily or spiritual -cure, forgiveness of sins, deliverance from misfortune, the possession -of heaven, approach me with faith, and draw hence a strong and rich -stream of grace. Just as the action of one and the same water acts -differently on the earth, air, and sun, according to the nature of each, -producing wine in the vine and oil in the olive-tree, so does one and -the same grace profit each person according to his needs. I do not -possess grace on my own account. A tomb given up to corruption, an -object of sorrow and dejection, I receive a precious ointment, and am -impregnated with it, and this sweet fragrance alters my condition whilst -it lasts. Truly, divine graces flow where they will. I have sheltered -the source of joy, and I have become rich in its perennial fountain.[46] - -What shall we answer the tomb? You have indeed rich and abiding grace, -but divine power is not restricted by place, neither is the Mother of -God's working. If it were confined to the tomb alone, few would be the -richer. Now it is freely distributed in all parts of the world. Let us -then make our memory serve as a storehouse of God's Mother. How shall -this be? She is a virgin and a lover of virginity. She is pure and a -lover of purity. If we purify our mind with the body, we shall possess -her grace. She shuns all impurity and impure passions. She has a horror -of intemperance, and a special hatred for fornication. She turns from -its allurements as from the progeny of serpents ... She looks upon all -sin as death-inflicting, rejoicing in all good. Contraries are cured by -contraries. She delights in fasting and continence and spiritual -canticles, in purity, virginity, and wisdom. With these she is ever at -peace, and takes them to her heart. She embraces peace and a meek -spirit, and love, mercy, and humility as her children. In a word, she -grieves over every sin, and is glad at all goodness as if it were her -own. If we turn away from our former sins in all earnestness and love -goodness with all our hearts, and make it our constant companion, she -will frequently visit her servants, bringing all blessings with her, -Christ her Son, the King and Lord who reigns in our hearts. To Him be -glory, praise, honour, power, and magnificence, with the eternal Father -and the Holy Spirit, now and for ever. - - - - -SERMON III. -ON THE ASSUMPTION ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS -U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA -U+03b7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA -U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~}). - - -_Lovers_ are wont to speak of what they love, and to let their fancy run -on it by day and night. Let no one therefore blame me, if I add a third -tribute to the Mother of God, on her triumphant departure. I am not -profiting her, but myself and you who are here present, putting before -you a spiritual seasoning and refreshment in keeping with this holy -night. We are suffering, as you see, from scarcity of eatables. -Therefore I am extemporising a repast, which, if not very costly nor -worthy of the occasion, will certainly be sufficient to still hunger. -She does not need our praise. It is we who need her glory. How indeed -can glory be glorified, or the source of light be enlightened? We are -weaving a crown for ourselves in the doing. 'I live,' the Lord says, -'and I will glorify those who glorify Me.' Wine is truly pleasant to -drink, and bread to eat. The one rejoices, the other strengthens the -heart of man. But what is sweeter than the Mother of my God? She has -taken my mind captive, and held my tongue in bondage. I think of her by -day and night. She, the Mother of the Word, supplies my words. The fruit -of sterility makes sterile minds fruitful. We keep to-day the feast of -her blessed and divine transit from this world. Let us then climb up the -mystical mountain, where beyond the reach of worldly things, passing -through the obscurity of storm, we stand in the divine light and may -give praise to Almighty power. How does He, who dwells in the splendour -of His glory, descend into the Virgin's womb without leaving the bosom -of the Father? How is He conceived in the flesh, and does He -spontaneously suffer, and suffer unto death, in that material body, -gaining immortality through corruptibility? ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI -U+03c6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON -U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH -PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI U+1fb7~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA -U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA -U+03b7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA -WITH TONOS U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER -EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER -OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL -LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA U+1f78~} -{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA U+1f04~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER PHI U+03c6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL -LETTER NU U+03bd~}). And, again, ascending to the Father, He drew His -Mother, according to the flesh, to His own Father, assuming into the -heavenly country her who was heaven on earth. - -To-day the living ladder, through whom the Most High descended and was -seen on earth, and conversed with men, was assumed into heaven by death. -To-day the heavenly table, she, who contained the bread of life, the -fire of the Godhead, without knowing man, was assumed from earth to -heaven, and the gates of heaven opened wide to receive the gate of God -from the East. To-day the living city of God is transferred from the -earthly to the heavenly Jerusalem, and she, who, conceived her -first-born and only Son, the first-born of all creation, the only -begotten of the Father, rests in the Church of the first-born: the true -and living Ark of the Lord is taken to the peace of her Son. The gates -of heaven are opened to receive the receptacle of God, who, bringing -forth the tree of life, destroyed Eve's disobedience and Adam's penalty -of death. And Christ, the cause of all life, receives the chosen mirror, -the mountain from which the stone without hands filled the whole earth. -She, who brought about the Word's divine Incarnation, rests in her -glorious tomb as in a bridal-chamber, whence she goes to the heavenly -bridals, to share in the kingdom of her Son and God, leaving her tomb as -a place of rest for those on earth. Is her tomb indeed a resting-place? -Yes, more famous than any other, not shining with gold, or silver, or -precious stones, nor covered with silken, golden, or purple adornments, -but with the divine radiance of the Holy Spirit. The angelic state is -not for lovers of this world, but the wondrous life of the blessed is -for the servants of the Spirit, and passing to God is better and sweeter -than any other life. This tomb is fairer than Eden. And that I may not -speak of the enemy's deceit, in the one; of his, so to say, clever -counsel, his envy and covetousness, of Eve's weakness and pliability, -the bait, sure and tempting, which cheated her and her husband, their -disobedience, exile, and death, not to speak of these things so as not -to turn our feast into sorrow, _this_ grave gave up the mortal body it -contained to the heavenly country. Eve became the mother of the human -family, and is not man made after the divine image, convicted by her -condemnation; 'earth thou art, and unto earth thou shalt return.' This -tomb is more precious than the tabernacle of old, receiving the real and -life-giving receptacle of the Lord, the heavenly table, not the loaves -of proposition, but of heaven, not material fire, but her who contained -the pure fire of the Godhead. This tomb is holier than the ark of Moses, -blessed not with types and shadows, but the truth itself. It showed -forth the pure and golden urn, containing the heavenly manna, the living -tablet, receiving the Incarnate Word of God from the impress of the Holy -Spirit, the golden censer of the supersubstantial word. It showed forth -her who conceived the divine fire embalming all creation. - -Let demons take to flight, and the thrice miserable Nestorians perish as -the Egyptians of old, and their ruler Pharao, the younger, a cruel -devastator. They were swallowed up in the abyss of blasphemy. Let us who -are saved with dry feet, crossing the bitter waters of impiety, raise -our voices to the Mother of God at her departure. Let Mary, personifying -the Church, lead the joyful strain. Let the maidens of the spiritual -Jerusalem go out in singing choirs. Let kings and judges, with rulers, -youths, and virgins, young and old, proclaim the Mother of God, and all -peoples and nations in their different ways and tongues, sing a new -canticle. Let the air resound with praise and instrument, and the sun -gladden this day of salvation. Rejoice, O heavens, and may the clouds -rain justice. Be glad, O divine apostles, the chosen ones of God's -flock, who seem to reach the highest visions, as lofty mountain tops. -And you God's sheep, and His holy people, the flock of the Church, who -look to the high mountains of perfection, be sad, for the fountain of -life, God's Mother, is dead. It was necessary that what was made of -earth should return to earth, and thus be assumed to heaven. It was -fitting that the earthly tenement should be cast off, as gold is -purified, so that the flesh in death might become pure and immortal, and -rise in shining immortality from the tomb. - -To-day she begins her second life through Him who was the cause of her -first being. She gave a beginning, I mean, the life of the body, to Him -who had no beginning in time, although the Father was the cause of His -divine existence. Rejoice holy and divine Mount Sion, in which reposes -the living divine mountain, the new Bethel, with its grace, human nature -united with the Godhead. From thee her Son ascended to heaven as from -the olives. Let the world-embracing cloud be prepared and the winds -gather the apostles to Mount Sion from the ends of the earth. Who are -these who soar up as clouds and eagles to the cause of all resurrection, -ministering to the Mother of God? Who is she who rises resplendent, all -pure, and bright as the sun? Let the spiritual lyres sing to her, the -apostolic tongues. Let grave theologians raise their voices in praise, -Hierotheus, the vessel of election, in whom the Holy Spirit abides, -knowing and teaching divine things by the divine indwelling. Let him be -wrapt out of the body and join willingly in the joyful hymn. Let all -nations clap their hands and praise the Mother of God. Let angels -minister to her body. Follow your Queen, O daughters of Jerusalem, and, -together with her virgins in the spirit, approach your Bridegroom in -order to sit at His right hand. Make haste, Lord, to give Thy Mother the -welcome which is her due. Stretch out Thy divine hands. Receive Thy -Mother's soul into the Father's hands unto which Thou didst commend Thy -spirit on the Cross. Speak sweet words to her: 'Come, my beloved, whose -purity is more dazzling than the sun, thou gavest me of thy own, receive -now what is mine. Come, my Mother, to thy Son, reign with Him who was -poor with thee.' Depart, O Queen, depart, not as Moses did who went up -to die. Die rather that thou mayest ascend. Give up thy soul into the -hands of thy Son. Return earth to the earth, it will be no obstacle. -Lift up your eyes, O people of God. See in Sion the Ark of the Lord God -of powers, and the apostles standing by it, burying the life-giving body -which received our Lord. Invisible angels are all around in lowly -reverence doing homage to the Mother of their Lord. The Lord Himself is -there, who is present everywhere, and filling all things, the universal -Being, not in place. He is the Author and Creator of all things. Behold -the Virgin, the daughter of Adam and Mother of God; through Adam she -gives her body to the earth, her soul to her Son above in the heavenly -courts. Let the holy city be sanctified, and rejoice in eternal praise. -Let angels precede the divine tabernacle on its passage, and prepare the -tomb. Let the radiance of the spirit adorn it. Let sweet ointment be -made ready and poured over the pure and undefiled body. Let a clear -stream of grace flow from grace in its source. Let the earth be -sanctified by contact with that body. Let the air rejoice at the -Assumption. Let gentle breezes waft grace. Let all nature keep the feast -of the Mother of God's Assumption. May youthful bands applaud and -eloquent tongues acclaim her, and wise hearts ponder on the wonder, -priests hoary with age gather strength at the sight. Let all creation -emulate heaven, even so the true measure of rejoicing would not be -reached. - -Come, let us depart with her. Come, let us descend to that tomb with all -our heart's desire. Let us draw round that most sacred bed and sing the -sweet words, 'Hail, full of grace, the Lord is with thee. Hail, -predestined Mother of God. Hail, thou chosen one in the design of God -from all eternity, most sacred hope of earth, resting-place of divine -fire, holiest delight of the Spirit, fountain of living water, paradise -of the tree of life, divine vine-branch, bringing forth soul-sustaining -nectar and ambrosia. Full river of spiritual graces, fertile land of the -divine pastures, rose of purity, with the sweet fragrance of grace, lily -of the royal robe, pure Mother of the Lamb of God who takes away the -sins of the world, token of our redemption, handmaid and Mother, -surpassing angelic powers.' Come, let us stand round that pure tomb and -draw grace to our hearts. Let us raise the ever-virginal body with -spiritual arms, and go with her into the grave to die with her. Let us -renounce our passions, and live with her in purity, listening to the -divine canticles of angels in the heavenly courts. Let us go in adoring, -and learn the wondrous mystery by which she is assumed to heaven, to be -with her Son, higher than all the angelic choirs. No one stands between -Son and Mother. This, O Mother of God, is my third sermon on thy -departure, in lowly reverence to the Holy Trinity to whom thou didst -minister, the goodness of the Father, the power of the Spirit, receiving -the Uncreated Word, the Almighty Wisdom and Power of God. Accept, then, -my good-will, which is greater than my capacity, and give us salvation. -Heal our passions, cure our diseases, help us out of our difficulties, -make our lives peaceful, send us the illumination of the Spirit. Inflame -us with the desire of thy Son. Render us pleasing to Him, so that we may -enjoy happiness with Him, seeing thee resplendent with thy Son's glory, -rejoicing for ever, keeping feast in the Church with those who worthily -celebrate Him who worked our salvation through thee, Christ the Son of -God, and our God. To Him be glory and majesty, with the uncreated Father -and the all-holy and life-giving Spirit, now and for ever, through the -endless ages of eternity. Amen. - - - - -INDEX - - -Abraham and sons of Emmor, 9; image of God, 123. Adam and Eve addressing -Our Lady, 183. - -Ambrose of Milan, St, on Incarnation, 136. - -Amphilochius, addressed by St Basil, 34. - -Angarus, King of Edessa, 33. - -Angelic nature not taken by God, 102. - -Anne, St, her name, 156. - -Ark of God, the true, 168, 188; at rest, 195. - -Assumption of Our Lady, 202, 207, 209, 210. - -Athanasius, Archbishop of Antioch, 141. - -Athanasius, St, his testimony, 120. - -Augustine, St, _de Civitate Dei,_ 57. - -Babylon, three children in, 132. - -Baltasar, impiety of, 110. - -Basil, St, on Tradition, 28; on St Gordion, 37; on Forty Martyrs, 117. - -Berenice of Paneada, 124. - -Body of Christ in Holy Eucharist, 102. - -Brazen Serpent, image of the Cross, 50. - -Burial of Our Lady, 190, 191, 208. - -Burning bush, image of Our Lady, 79. - -Cherubim, image of, 14. - -Chrysostom, St John, his testimony, 83, 118, 121; on the Machabees, 137; -to Julian the Apostate, 138. - -Church assailed by enemies, 1. - -Constantine, zeal for images, 126. - -Cross, veneration of, 78, 130, 134. - -Cyril of Alexandria, St, 121. - -Cyril of Jerusalem, 137; to Julian the Apostate, 138. - -Daniel and David, worship of, 13. - -Denis the Areopagite, 10; on images, 31, 96. - -Denis, St, of Athens, 116. - -Deuteronomy, testimony of, 6, 63. - -Divine things clothed in form, 99. - -Egyptians, their burial, 29. - -Elias taken to heaven, 166. - -Eliseus, a wonder-worker, 45. - -Epiphanius, St, on images, 29, 77. - -Eupraxia, St, 51. - -Ezechiel, his vision, 46, 128, 162. - -Forty martyrs, 38, 40, 117. - -Francis de Sales, St, on the Cross, 47. - -Gabriel, St, sent to Mary, 157. - -Godhead, not to be represented, 5, 8, 9, 14, 15, 62, 67, 98. Gregory of -Nazianzen, St, 122. - -Gregory of Nyssa, St, 41. - -Holy places, 109; things, 110. - -Homer, on the gods, 193. - -Idolatry of Israelites, 80. - -Idol worship of heathens, 77. - -Images, dishonour shown to, 68, 85; worship of, 74, 75, 89; definition -of, 92; kinds, 93, 94, 95, 97, 106, 133; of saints, a fruitful worship, -112. - -Invisible things through visible, 11. - -Isaias, his vision of God, 100; virgin foretold by, 162. - -Jacob, his worship, 9, 13, 131; typical, 27; receiving Joseph's cloak, -132; ladder of, 161. - -Jews, their proneness to idolatry, 8. - -Jezabel, punishment of, 70. - -Joachim, St, 154. - -Jordan, stones of, 20, 97. - -Joseph, worshipped by brothers, 14. - -Josue, worshipped an angel, 101. - -King's image, value of, 136; kings not legislators in the Church, 52, -69, 76. - -Latreia, worship of, 7; given to God alone, 64, 104, 107. - -Law, image of the future, 82, 140; observances of, 18; images of, 46, -49, 81, 88; superseded by grace, 73. - -Leo of Neapolis, on the Cross, 43. - -Matter not despicable, 17, 71, 72; consecrated, 127. - -Mary of Egypt, St, praying to Our Lady, 51, 143, 145. - -Maximus, St, his testimony, 84. - -Methodius, St, on images, 145. - -Moses, testimony of, 53, 60, 65; worships Jethor, 134. - -Mother of God, 12; images of, 97; worship of, 54, 91; death of, 164, -186; her Assumption, 166, 167, 173, 176; the city of God, 148; her -praises, 150; her birth, 150; her presentation, 156; her grace, 158; her -virginity, 159, 173; a spiritual Eden, 160; her intercession, what, 169; -the new Eden, 174; heaven, 175; her death, painless, 177; eye-witnesses -of, 181; saint of saints, 178; her right to worship of all, 192; -heavenly bridals of, 203; fountain of life, 206. - -Our Lord's human birth, 194. - -Persecutors of saints punished, 70. - -Peter, St, chief of apostles, 26. - -Pharao worshipped by Jacob, 9. - -Saints, why honoured, 21, 23, 24; their shadow, 113; our worship of, -108. - -Scripture, true interpretation of, 66. - -Severianus, on the Cross, 139. - -Simon Stylites, St, venerated in Rome, 119. - -Sion, what, 179 - -Solomon and the temple, 22, 45, 129. - -Spiritual conceptions through corporeal things, 90. - -Tomb of Our Lady, 196, 197, 205, 210; fairer than Eden, 204. - -Tradition, ancient, 114; unwritten, 75. - -Types, honourable, 142. - -Worship, false, 56, 57, 58; kinds of, 104, 105, 106, 108, 111. - - - - - [1] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON - U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS U+03ac~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA - U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}, not easily rendered in - English. - - [2] {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA U+039a~}a{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA - WITH VARIA U+1f76~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH - PERISPOMENI U+1fe6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA U+1f65~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA U+1f35~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI - U+1f50~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI U+03c7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA WITH PSILI U+1f00~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA - U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU - U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - NU U+03bd~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ETA WITH PERISPOMENI U+1fc6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA - U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI U+1f00~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER PHI U+03c6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON - U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA - U+03b7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA - WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI - U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH TONOS U+03ce~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ETA U+03b7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA - U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}. - - [3] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS - U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~}, _i.e.,_ not in place. - - [4] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI U+1f00~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ETA U+03b7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI U+1f10~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI - U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA U+1f76~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA - U+1f78~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA - U+1f04~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI U+1fc6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL - SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA U+1fe5~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA - U+03b2~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA U+03b4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON U+03c5~}. - - [5] {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU U+03a4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH - VARIA U+1f74~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA U+1f01~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA - U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH TONOS U+03ad~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU - U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~} - {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON - U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS - U+03cc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}. - - [6] A reference to the question treated by St Thomas after St John - Damascene: _utrum angelus sit in loco._ - - [7] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA U+03b4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH - TONOS U+03ae~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} - {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH - VARIA U+1f78~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA - U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI U+03c7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - UPSILON U+03c5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA U+1f78~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU - U+03bd~}. - - [8] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA - U+03b7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON U+03c5~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER PHI U+03c6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA - U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ETA U+03b7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI U+1ff6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI U+1f00~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS - U+03cc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA U+03c9~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}. - - [9] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER UPSILON U+03c5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA - U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA - WITH TONOS U+03ae~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}--the Mass. - - [10] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON - U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU - U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI - U+03be~}. - - [11] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH - YPOGEGRAMMENI U+1fc3~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH - VARIA U+1f7a~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER UPSILON U+03c5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON - U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON U+03c5~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON WITH VARIA U+1f78~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA - U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS - U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI - U+1f10~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI - U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON U+03c5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON - U+03c5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - EPSILON WITH TONOS U+03ad~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~} - {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA U+1f14~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA - U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA U+03b1~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI - U+1f00~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND - YPOGEGRAMMENI U+1fc7~}. - - [12] A short passage from St John Chrysostom, which follows, is omitted - on account of Editor's note: _locus hic mihi non occurrit apud - Chrysostomum in Epistolam ad Hebraeos._ - - [13] Compare-- - - Ce n'est ni la pierre ni le bois - Que le catholique adore; - Mais c'est le Roi qui mort en croix - De Son Sang la croix honore. - - -- Vie de St Frangois de Sales, par M. Hamond. - - [14] A testimony quoted from Sophronius is here suppressed. - - [15] See St Augustine, de Civitate Dei: Nemo igitur quaerat efficientem - causam malae voluntatis; non enim est efficiens, sed deficiens, - quia nec illa effectio sed defectio (xii. c. vii). - - [16] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA U+03b2~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER EPSILON WITH TONOS U+03ad~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA - U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - EPSILON WITH PSILI U+1f10~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA - U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA - WITH VARIA U+1f76~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ETA WITH DASIA U+1f21~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI - U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA U+1f74~} - {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON - WITH PSILI U+1f50~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ZETA U+03b6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS - U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ETA WITH DASIA U+1f21~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA U+03b4~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA U+1f72~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - EPSILON WITH PSILI U+1f10~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA - U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA U+03b7~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA - U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA - U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ETA WITH VARIA U+1f74~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU - U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS U+03ac~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU - U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI - U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - EPSILON WITH TONOS U+03ad~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER OMEGA U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} - {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA U+1f76~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER DELTA U+03b4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA - U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA U+03b4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA - U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA U+03b7~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA - U+1f74~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA - U+1f14~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI U+03c6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA U+03b4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} - {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI U+1f10~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA - AND OXIA U+1f55~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ETA U+03b7~}. - - [17] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON - U+03c5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU - U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH TONOS U+03ce~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMEGA U+03c9~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA - U+1f11~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - UPSILON U+03c5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA U+1f78~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} - {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON - U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI U+1fe6~} - {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA - WITH PSILI U+1f30~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS - U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - UPSILON U+03c5~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH - TONOS U+03cd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} - {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA U+1f41~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA - U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA - U+03b2~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA U+1f7a~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL - SIGMA U+03c2~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA U+1f76~} - {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH - TONOS U+03cc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA U+1f78~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU - U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI U+1f10~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON - U+03c5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON U+03c5~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER BETA U+03b2~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER EPSILON WITH TONOS U+03ad~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA U+1f76~} - {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON - WITH TONOS U+03cd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI - U+1f08~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER EPSILON WITH TONOS U+03ad~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA - U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMEGA U+03c9~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ETA WITH VARIA U+1f74~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} - {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI U+1f00~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - LAMDA U+03bb~}o{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON U+03c5~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA - U+03b4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA U+1f76~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU - U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - DELTA U+03b4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA - U+03b4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA U+03b7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU - U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA U+1f76~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU - U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS U+03cc~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~} - {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH - PERISPOMENI U+1ff6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA - U+1f70~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI - U+1fe6~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - UPSILON U+03c5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU - U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON U+03c5~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI U+1f00~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO - U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON - U+03c5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA WITH TONOS U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA - U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA U+1f76~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA - U+03b2~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH TONOS - U+03ad~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON U+03c5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER OMEGA U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH - PERISPOMENI U+1ff6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI - U+1ff6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH TONOS - U+03ad~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA U+03b2~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON - U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA - U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS - U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMEGA U+03c9~}. - - [18] The first quotations are only repetitions, and are consequently - omitted. - - [19] Two slight omissions, viz., St Chrysostom and St Ambrose. - - [20] A repetition up to {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~} ({~GREEK - SMALL LETTER CHI U+03c7~}), where the translation begins. - - [21] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO - U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA U+1f51~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI - U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA - U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~}. - - [22] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI U+03c6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH - TONOS U+03cd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU - U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH TONOS - U+03cd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}. - - [23] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON - U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA U+1fe5~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ETA WITH TONOS U+03ae~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU - U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU - U+03bd~}. - - [24] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON - U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS U+03cc~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA U+03b7~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~} - {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH - VARIA U+1f70~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}' {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH - DASIA U+1f51~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON WITH TONOS U+03cc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA - U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA U+1f25~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU - U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA - U+1f76~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA U+03b4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - UPSILON WITH TONOS U+03cd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~} - {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI U+03c6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH - TONOS U+03cd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON - WITH PSILI U+1f10~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI - U+1ff3~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER BETA U+03b2~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER EPSILON WITH TONOS U+03ad~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU - U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI U+1ff3~} - {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA U+1f51~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER PHI U+03c6~}' {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA - U+1f21~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA - WITH PERISPOMENI U+1ff6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH TONOS - U+03ce~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA - U+03b9~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI - U+1fe6~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI U+03c7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO - U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH - PERISPOMENI U+1fe6~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA - U+1f21~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA - U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}' {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - UPSILON WITH DASIA U+1f51~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS U+03cc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA - U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI - U+1f30~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA WITH PSILI U+1f00~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA - U+03b4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS - U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA - U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - IOTA WITH VARIA U+1f76~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI U+1ff6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA U+03b4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER UPSILON WITH TONOS U+03cd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON - U+03bf~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI U+03c6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - UPSILON WITH TONOS U+03cd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA - U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMEGA U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH TONOS - U+03ad~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI U+03c7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}, {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON - U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI U+1fe6~} - {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH - TONOS U+03ce~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~}, - {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA - U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA - U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI U+1ff6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA - U+03c2~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ETA WITH PERISPOMENI U+1fc6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA - U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS - U+03cc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA - U+03b7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~}, {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON - U+03c5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA - U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI U+1ff6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA - U+03c2~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI U+1fb6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA - U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER DELTA U+03b4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI U+1f20~} - {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI U+1f00~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI U+03c6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI - U+1fd6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER TAU U+03c4~}' {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND - OXIA U+1f04~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - PHI U+03c6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA U+03c9~}. {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI - U+1f50~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}' {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA U+1f51~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI - U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS U+03cc~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU - U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON U+03c5~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ZETA U+03b6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS - U+03cc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}. {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA U+1f51~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI - U+03c6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU - U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA - U+1f70~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI - U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}, {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA U+1f76~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS - U+03cc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - EPSILON U+03b5~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA - U+1f11~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH TONOS - U+03cd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI - U+1f00~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA U+1f70~} - {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA U+03b1~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER UPSILON U+03c5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI U+1f00~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA - U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI U+1fe6~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH TONOS - U+03ce~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA U+1f76~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA U+1f05~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA - U+03c2~}. - - [25] {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI U+1f08~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER DELTA U+03b4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI - U+03c6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - IOTA WITH VARIA U+1f76~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA - U+1f41~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI U+03c7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO - U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA - U+1f78~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~}, {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS - U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI - U+1f10~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}. - - [26] A few Testimonies have been suppressed as unsuitable or - irrelevant, viz.:-- - - 1. St Basil on St Barlaam (in order) 2. - 2. St Gregory of Nyssa. On Isaac and Abraham (5) _Repetition._ - 3. Severianus on the Cross (7) _Repetition._ - 4. From Life of St Chrysostom (8) _Repetition._ - 5. Eusebius on the Woman with an Issue of Blood (22). - 6. Eusebius on Constantine (23). - 7. St Gregory Nazianzen, from his Discourse to Julian the - Apostle (2 lines) (24). - 8. St Chrysostom, Commentary on Job (25). - 9. St Chrysostom on Constantine, four quotations (26). - 10. Theodoret of Syrus on Ezechiel (27). - 11. From the Acts of St Placid (28). - 12. Ecclesiastical History of Theodoret (35). - 13. St Athanasius of Mount Sinai (36). - 14. Arcadius, Abp. of Cyprus, on Simeon the Wonderworker (37). - 15. St Chrysostom, Homily (38). - 16. Theodoret, Ecclesiastical History: six short quotations - (39). - 17. St Chrysostom on St Flavian and Homily (40). - 18. St Basil on Forty Martyrs, _Repetition_ (41). - 19. St Gregory Nazianzen, ex Carminibus (42). - 20. St Chrysostom, Commentary on St Paul (43). - 21. From the Sixth General Council (44). - 22. St Clement, Stromata (45). - 23. St Theodore, Bishop of Pentapolis (46). - 24. St Basil to St Flavian (51). - 25. St Gregory Nazianzen on Baptism (52). - 26. St Isidore the Deacon, Chronography (57). - 27. From the Fifth General Council (62). - 28. Theodore, Ecclesiastical History (63). - 29. Abbot Maximus. _Repetition_ (64). - 30. St Sophronius, Acts of SS. Cyrus and John (65). - 31. From the Life of St Eupraxia (69). - 32. On the Fifth General Council (70). - - [27] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON - U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - PHI U+03c6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER IOTA U+03b9~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS - U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}. - - [28] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON - WITH PSILI U+1f50~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI U+03c7~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA U+1f76~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA - U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - IOTA WITH VARIA U+1f76~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS - U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ETA WITH TONOS U+03ae~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU - U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI - U+1ff6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA WITH DASIA U+1f01~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA - U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER OMEGA U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI U+1f10~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI - U+03c0~}' {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI U+1f10~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA - U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ETA U+03b7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS - U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI U+1f30~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL - SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA - U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH TONOS U+03cd~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA U+03b7~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA - U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU - U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU - U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA - U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI - U+1ff6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - DELTA U+03b4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA U+03b7~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI U+1fe6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA - U+1f74~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH TONOS - U+03ce~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA U+03b2~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA - U+03b7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU - U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - UPSILON U+03c5~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER OMEGA WITH TONOS U+03ce~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU - U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~}. - - [29] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA WITH VARIA U+1f70~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH - PERISPOMENI U+1ff6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER CHI U+03c7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI U+1ff6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS - U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI U+1f10~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA - U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA - WITH VARIA U+1f76~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA - U+1f76~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA U+1f41~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI U+1f00~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI - U+03c8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - UPSILON U+03c5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA U+03b4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ETA WITH VARIA U+1f74~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA - U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA U+1f21~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH - VARIA U+1f78~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI U+1f10~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU - U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI - U+1fd6~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER DELTA U+03b4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON - U+03c5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - WITH TONOS U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~}. - - [30] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON - U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS U+03ac~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA - U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}. - - [31] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON - U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI U+1fd6~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA - U+03c2~}. - - [32] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI U+1f00~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI - U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMEGA U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~}. - - [33] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI U+1f10~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS - U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ETA U+03b7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - EPSILON U+03b5~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA - U+1f76~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA U+1f21~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS - U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}. - - [34] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI U+1f00~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS - U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU - U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU - U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH TONOS U+03ce~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA - U+03b7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~}. - - [35] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA U+1f44~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER OMEGA U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA - U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI U+1fb6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~} - {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH - VARIA U+1f78~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI - U+1f00~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO - U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS U+03cc~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA - U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA U+03b7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI - U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI U+1f00~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA - U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS U+03ac~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON - U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON U+03c5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER NU U+03bd~}. - - [36] ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH - YPOGEGRAMMENI U+1fc3~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA - U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI U+1fb3~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU - U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - UPSILON WITH TONOS U+03cd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU - U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI U+1fc3~} - {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON - U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU - U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI U+1fc3~}. - - [37] {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU U+03a4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH - YPOGEGRAMMENI U+1ff3~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA U+1f70~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO - U+03c1~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI - U+1ff3~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON WITH TONOS U+03cc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA - U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI U+1ff3~} - {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI U+1f10~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI U+1fc7~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA - U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - UPSILON U+03c5~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA U+03b7~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH TONOS - U+03ce~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI U+1f00~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU - U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI U+03c6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - UPSILON WITH TONOS U+03cd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA - U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA U+1f78~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU - U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI U+1f10~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA - U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - UPSILON U+03c5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI U+03c6~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA U+1f04~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO - U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}, {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA U+03b7~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA - U+1f11~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - UPSILON U+03c5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI U+1fc6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL - SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI - U+1f00~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI - U+03c7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA U+03b7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU - U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI U+1f10~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU - U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI - U+1ff6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI - U+1ff6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA WITH DASIA U+1f01~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA - U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA - WITH PERISPOMENI U+1ff6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA - U+1f31~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - WITH TONOS U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER OMEGA U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA - U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH TONOS U+03ae~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON - U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON WITH PSILI U+1f40~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA - U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - EPSILON WITH TONOS U+03ad~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ETA U+03b7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH - PERISPOMENI U+1ff6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} - {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA U+1f76~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI U+1f00~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO - U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON - U+03c5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ETA U+03b7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA U+1f51~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI - U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI U+1fe6~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON - U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON U+03c5~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON U+03c5~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA - U+1f78~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~}, etc. - - [38] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON - WITH DASIA AND OXIA U+1f55~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU - U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA U+03c9~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA U+1f76~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH - DASIA U+1f21~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI - U+1fd6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI U+1f10~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} - {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI U+03c7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON - U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU - U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI - U+1ff6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA - U+03b9~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI U+1ff6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} - {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI U+1f10~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI - U+1ff6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU - U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA U+1f70~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA U+1f04~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ETA U+03b7~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI U+1fc3~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA - U+03b2~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS - U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA U+03b4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - IOTA U+03b9~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS - U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA - U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - IOTA WITH VARIA U+1f76~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA - U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA U+03b7~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS - U+03cc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA U+03b1~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS U+03cc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA - U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA - U+1f78~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA U+1f7a~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL - SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI - U+1f00~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI U+1ff6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU - U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI U+1ff6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI - U+1f10~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS - U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU - U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA U+1f41~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA - U+03b6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~}, {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA U+1f76~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA - U+1f78~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI - U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS U+03cc~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON - U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU - U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI U+1ff3~} - {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH - YPOGEGRAMMENI U+1ff3~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA - U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA U+1f31~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~} - {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA - U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA U+03b4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ETA WITH TONOS U+03ae~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI U+1ff3~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI - U+03c8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU - U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~}, {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA U+1f22~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA U+1f61~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA - U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA U+03b2~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON WITH TONOS U+03cc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO - U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA U+03b7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA - U+1f04~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI - U+1f10~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI - U+03c8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU - U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~}, {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA - U+1f74~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU - U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON U+03c5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS - U+03cc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER DELTA U+03b4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU - U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER NU U+03bd~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA - U+1f04~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - UPSILON U+03c5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA U+03b4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS - U+03cc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU - U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU - U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI - U+1fc6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA U+03b1~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA U+1f76~} - {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO - U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON U+03c5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS - U+03cc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON U+03c5~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON - U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI U+1fd6~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI - U+03c6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS - U+03cc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH - DASIA U+1f51~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI U+1fd6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} - {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA U+1f76~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER PHI U+03c6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU - U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH TONOS - U+03ad~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU - U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI - U+1fb6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA - U+1f76~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI - U+1f00~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA U+03b4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER CHI U+03c7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA - U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA U+03b7~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON - U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}. - - [39] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON - U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS U+03ac~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA - U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}. - - [40] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA U+1f44~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER OMEGA U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA - U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - UPSILON WITH VARIA U+1f7a~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI - U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU - U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA WITH TONOS U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA - U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - EPSILON U+03b5~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU U+03a4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA - U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA WITH TONOS U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}, - {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA - WITH PSILI U+1f30~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ETA WITH TONOS U+03ae~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA - U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON WITH DASIA U+1f41~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA - U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS U+03cc~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER GAMMA U+03b3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON - U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI U+1fc3~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI - U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ETA U+03b7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA - U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI U+1fe6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS - U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - CHI U+03c7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA U+03c9~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER NU U+03bd~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND - VARIA U+1f42~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS - U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU - U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - UPSILON WITH TONOS U+03cd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS - U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ETA U+03b7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}. - - [41] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI U+03c7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON - U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~} - {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON - U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA - U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - IOTA WITH VARIA U+1f76~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS - U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ETA U+03b7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA WITH TONOS U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA - U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~}. Obscure when - applied to our Lord. - - [42] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA U+1f41~} {~GREEK SMALL - LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA U+1f78~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL - SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI U+1fc6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL - SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI U+1fc6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND - OXIA U+1f14~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI U+03c6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON U+03b5~}. - - [43] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA U+1f76~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI U+1f20~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU - U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI U+1f30~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER DELTA U+03b4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON - U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI U+1fd6~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS - U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA U+03b4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI - U+1ff6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA - U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA U+1f76~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER DELTA U+03b4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS - U+03ac~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON U+03c5~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH - PERISPOMENI U+1fd6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER CHI U+03c7~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH TONOS - U+03ad~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON U+03c5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA - U+1f01~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA - U+03b9~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - LAMDA U+03bb~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH TONOS - U+03ce~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}. - - [44] yevv{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI U+1fb3~} - y{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA U+1f70~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER RHO U+03c1~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI U+1ff6~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL - SIGMA U+03c2~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI - U+1f10~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA U+03ba~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON U+03c5~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA U+03b4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER UPSILON U+03c5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH - PERISPOMENI U+1fe6~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA U+1f78~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - ALPHA WITH PSILI U+1f00~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA - U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH TONOS U+03ce~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON - U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU U+03bd~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER - KAPPA U+03ba~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA U+1f76~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU - U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER NU U+03bd~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~} {~GREEK - SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO U+03c1~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS U+03cc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI - U+03c0~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON U+03bf~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - NU U+03bd~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU U+03bc~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - IOTA WITH TONOS U+03af~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI U+03c7~}{~GREEK - SMALL LETTER THETA U+03b8~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH TONOS - U+03ae~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA U+03c3~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER - EPSILON U+03b5~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU U+03c4~}{~GREEK SMALL - LETTER ALPHA U+03b1~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA U+03b9~}. - - [45] The supposed answer of the tomb. - - [46] An unauthentic paragraph omitted. - - - - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ST JOHN DAMASCENE ON HOLY IMAGES -*** - - - - -A Word from Project Gutenberg - - -We will update this book if we find any errors. - -This book can be found under: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/49917 - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so -the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. -Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this -license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg(tm) -electronic works to protect the Project Gutenberg(tm) concept and -trademark. 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