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diff --git a/48974-tei/48974-tei.tei b/48974-tei/48974-tei.tei new file mode 100644 index 0000000..374cd34 --- /dev/null +++ b/48974-tei/48974-tei.tei @@ -0,0 +1,5779 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?> +<!DOCTYPE TEI.2 SYSTEM "http://www.gutenberg.org/tei/marcello/0.4/dtd/pgtei.dtd"> +<TEI.2 lang="en"> + <teiHeader> + <fileDesc> + <titleStmt> + <title>As Others Saw Him</title> + <author><name reg="Jacobs, Joseph">Joseph Jacobs</name></author> + </titleStmt> + <publicationStmt> + <publisher>Project Gutenberg</publisher> + <date value="2015-05-16">May 16, 2015</date> + <idno type='etext-no'>48974</idno> + <availability> + <p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere + at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. + You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under + the terms of the Project Gutenberg License online at + www.gutenberg.org/license</p> + </availability> + </publicationStmt> + <sourceDesc> + <bibl> +<title>As Others Saw Him</title> + <author><name reg="Jacobs, Joseph">Joseph Jacobs</name></author> +<imprint><pubPlace>Boston and New York</pubPlace> +<publisher>Houghton, Mifflin and Company</publisher> +<date>1895</date> +</imprint> +</bibl> + </sourceDesc> + </fileDesc> + <encodingDesc> + </encodingDesc> + <profileDesc> + <langUsage> + <language id="he" /> + <language id="en" /> + <language id="grc"/> + </langUsage> + </profileDesc> + <revisionDesc> + <change> + <date value="2015-05-16">May 16, 2015</date> + <respStmt> + <resp>Produced by <name>Shaun Pinder</name>, <name>Stefan Cramme</name> +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net +(This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</resp> + </respStmt> + <item>Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1</item> + </change> + </revisionDesc> + </teiHeader> + + <pgExtensions> + <pgStyleSheet> + .bold { font-weight: bold } + .center { text-align: center } + .italic { font-style: italic } + .antiqua { font-weight: bold } + .smallcaps { font-variant: small-caps } + head { text-align: center } + </pgStyleSheet> +<pgCharMap formats="txt"> +<char id="U0x2009"> + <charName>thinsp</charName> + <desc>THIN SPACE</desc> + <mapping></mapping> + </char> +<!--<char id="U0x2042"> + <charName>Asterism</charName> + <mapping>***</mapping> +</char>--> +</pgCharMap> + </pgExtensions> + +<text lang="en"> +<front> +<div> +<divGen type="pgheader" /> +</div> +<div> +<divGen type="encodingDesc" /> +</div> +<div rend="page-break-before: right"> +<pgIf output="html"> +<then><p rend="text-align: center"><figure url="images/cover.jpg"><figDesc>Cover image</figDesc></figure></p></then><else></else></pgIf> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg001'/> + +<p rend="center; font-size: large"> +AS OTHERS SAW HIM +</p> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg002'/> + +</div><titlePage rend="page-break-before: right; center"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg003'/> + +<docTitle> + <titlePart type="main"><hi rend="font-size: xx-large">AS OTHERS SAW HIM</hi></titlePart><lb/><lb/> +<titlePart type="sub"><hi rend='italic; font-size: x-large'>A RETROSPECT</hi></titlePart><lb/><lb/> +<titlePart type="sub"><hi rend="font-size: large">A. D. 54</hi></titlePart> +</docTitle> +<lb/><lb/> +<titlePart>“<hi rend='italic'>It cannot be that a prophet perish out of Jerusalem</hi>“</titlePart><lb/> +<titlePart> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Luke</hi> xiii. 33</titlePart> +<lb/><lb/> +<figure url="images/illu.jpg"><figDesc>Illustration: Publisher’s sign</figDesc></figure> +<lb/><lb/> +<docImprint><pubPlace>BOSTON AND NEW YORK</pubPlace><lb/> +<publisher>HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY</publisher><lb/> +<publisher><hi rend='antiqua'>The Riverside Press, Cambridge</hi></publisher><lb/> +<docDate>1895</docDate> +</docImprint> + +</titlePage> +<div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg004'/> + +<p rend="center; font-size: small">Copyright, 1895,<lb/> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>By</hi> HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO. +</p> + +<p rend="center; font-size: small"><hi rend='italic'>All rights reserved.</hi></p> + +<p rend="center; margin-top: 4; font-size: small"><hi rend='italic'>The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.</hi><lb/> +Electrotyped and Printed by H. O. Houghton & Co.</p> + +</div> +<div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg005'/> +<!--<index index="toc" level1="Preface"/><index index="pdf" level1="Preface"/>--> +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>To Aglaophonos, Physician of the Greeks at +Corinth, Meshullam ben Zadok, a Scribe of +the Jews at Alexandria, greeting</hi>:— +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>It was a joy and a surprise to me to hear news +after many days from thee, my master and my +friend. To thee I owe whatever I have of Greek +wisdom; for when in the old days at the Holy +City thou soughtest me for instruction in our +Law, I learnt more from thee than I could impart +to thee. Since I last wrote to thee, I have +come to this great city, where many of my nation +dwell, and almost all the most learned of thy +tongue are congregated. Truly, it would please +me much, and mine only son and his wife, if thou +couldst come and take up thy sojourn among us +for a while.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Touching the man Saul of Tarsus, of whom +thou writest, I know but little. He is well instructed +in our Law, both written and oral, having +received the latter from the chief master +among those of the past generation, Gamaliel by +name. Yet he is not of the disciples of Aaron +that love peace; for when I last heard of him he +was among the leaders of a riot in which a man +was slain. And now I think thereon, I am almost +certain that the slain man was of the followers +of Jesus the Nazarene, and this Saul was +<pb/><anchor id='Pg006'/>among the bitterest against them. And yet thou +writest that the same Saul has spoken of the +Nazarene that he was a god like Apollo, that had +come down on earth for a while to live his life +among men. Truly, men’s minds are as the wind +that bloweth hither and thither.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>But as for that Jesus of Nazara, I can tell thee +much, if not all. For I was at Jerusalem all the +time he passed for a leader of men up to his +shameful death. At first I admired him for his +greatness of soul and goodness of life, but in the +end I came to see that he was a danger to our +nation, and, though unwillingly, I was of those +who voted for his death in the Council of Twenty-Three. +Yet I cannot tell thee all I know in the +compass of a letter, so I have written it at large +for thee, and it will be delivered unto thee even +with this letter. And in my description of events +I have been at pains to distinguish between what +I saw myself and what I heard from others, following +in this the example of Herodotus of Halicarnassus, +who, if he spake rude Greek, wrote +true history. And so farewell.</hi> +</p> +</div> +<div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg007'/> +<index index="toc" level1="Contents"/><index index="pdf" level1="Contents"/> +<head>CONTENTS.</head> + +<table rend="tblcolumns: 'r lw(50m) r'; latexcolumns: 'rp{6cm}r'"> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right"></cell> +<cell></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><hi rend="font-size: small">PAGE</hi></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right">I.</cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Man with the Scourge</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg009">9</ref></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right">II.</cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Upbringing</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg021">21</ref></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right">III.</cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Earlier Teaching. Sermon in the Synagogue of the Galilæans</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg037">37</ref></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right">IV.</cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Two Ways</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg055">55</ref></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right">V.</cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Woman taken in Adultery. The Rich Young Man</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg063">63</ref></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right">VI.</cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Testings in the Temple</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg075">75</ref></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right">VII.</cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Second Sermon</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg087">87</ref></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right">VIII.</cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Rebuking of Jesus</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg099">99</ref></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right">IX.</cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Jesus in the Temple</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg111">111</ref></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right">X.</cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Entry into Jerusalem</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg121">121</ref></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right">XI.</cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Cleansing of the Temple</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg133">133</ref></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right">XII.</cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Woes</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg145">145</ref></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right">XIII.</cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Great Refusal</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg155">155</ref></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right">XIV.</cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Meeting of the Hananites</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg167">167</ref></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right">XV.</cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Examination before the Sanhedrim</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg181">181</ref></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right">XVI.</cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Condemnation and Execution</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg195">195</ref></cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell rend="text-align: right"></cell> +<cell><hi rend='smallcaps'>Epilogue</hi></cell> +<cell rend="text-align: right"><ref target="Pg207">207</ref></cell> +</row> +</table> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg008'/> +</div> +</front> +<body> +<div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg009'/> +<index index="toc" level1="I. The Man with the Scourge"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="I. The Man with the Scourge"/> + +<head>I.<lb/>THE MAN WITH THE SCOURGE.</head> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg010'/> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg011'/> + +<p> +I was crossing one morning the Xystus +Bridge on my way to the Temple, when I +saw issuing from the nearest gate a herd +of beasts of sacrifice. Fearing that something +untoward had occurred, I hurried to +the gate, and when I entered the Court +of the Gentiles, I found all in confusion. +The tables of the money-changers had +been overturned, and the men were gathering +their moneys from the ground. And +in the midst I saw one with a scourge in +his hand. His face was full of wrath and +scorn, his eyes blazed, and on his left temple +stood out a vein all blue, throbbing +with his passion. He was neither short +nor tall, but of sturdy figure, and clad in +rustic garb. +</p> + +<p> +Now, as the money-changers were escaping +from his wrath, one of them ran +<pb n='12'/><anchor id='Pg012'/>against a little child that was in the court, +and it fell screaming. The fellow took no +heed, but went on his course. But the +man with the scourge went to the little +child and raised it to its feet, and pressed +it to his side; the hand that rested on the +curly head was that of a workman, with +broken nails, and yet the fingers twitched +with the excitement of the man. But, +looking to his face, I saw that a wonderful +change had come over it. From rage, it +had turned to pity and love; the eyes that +had flashed scorn on the money-changers +now looked down with tenderness on the +little child. I remember thinking to +myself, <q>This man cannot say the thing +that is not; his face bewrayeth him.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Meanwhile the money-changers and +those with them had collected together +near the gate by which I had entered, and +stood there whispering and muttering +among themselves. All at once they +turned towards the man as he was soothing +the little child, and shouted out together, +<q><foreign rend='italic'>Mamzer! Mamzer!</foreign></q> which in +our tongue signifieth one born out of +wedlock. Then the man looked up from +<pb n='13'/><anchor id='Pg013'/>the little child, his face once more full of +rage, and the blue vein throbbing on his +temple. He took a step towards the men, +and then he stopped. His face changed +to a look of pity, and the men themselves, +in fear and shame, slunk away before his +look through the gate and were gone. +</p> + +<p> +Then he turned towards those that had +for sale doves as sacrifices for the women +and the poor. To these he spoke in a +tone that was calm and yet full of authority, +and then I noticed that his voice +had the burr of our northern peasantry. +He said unto them, <q>Take these things +hence; make not my Father’s house a +house of merchandise.</q> And these, too, +went away through the gates, carrying with +them the wicker cages full of doves. Ever +since that time the doves have been for +sale in Hanan’s Bazaar on the Mount of +Olives. +</p> + +<p> +Now I must tell thee that at this time +there had been much disputing between +the Pharisees and the Sadducees as to the +sale of beasts for sacrifice. The Pharisees +held that each man might buy such beasts +wherever he would; but the Sadducees, +<pb n='14'/><anchor id='Pg014'/>being mainly priests, or of priestly blood, +would have it that the beasts of sacrifice +could only be purchased from the salesmen +duly authorized by the High Priest; +for they said, <q>Who shall tell that the +beasts are according to the Law, if they +are bought from any chance person?</q> Yet +many thought they only did this in order +that they might share the profit from the +sale of the animals. And, indeed, the +great riches of the High Priests came +mainly from this source. When, therefore, +I saw the man with the scourge getting +rid of these sacrificial animals from +the courts of the Temple, my first thought +was that he was of the sect of the Pharisees. +Yet these are rarely found in the +country parts, and the man bore no great +marks of special piety; his phylacteries +were not broader than my own; the +fringes of his garment were not more conspicuous, +nor did he seem as one of the +fanatics who are so many in our land. He +had done what he had done in all calmness, +and with a certain air of authority. +My wonder was aroused to think what +manner of man this could be, who did the +<pb n='15'/><anchor id='Pg015'/>work of the Pharisees, and was not one +himself. +</p> + +<p> +While I thus thought, the man turned +to a group of men clad in the same rustic +garb, saying, <q>Be ye rather approved +money-changers, holding fast the good and +casting forth the false;</q><note place="foot">This, like most other utterances of Jesus, found in this +book but not in the Gospels, is also found in the early +patristic literature.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Ed.</hi></note> and, after other +words, he turned from them and went up +the steps leading to the Women’s Court. +</p> + +<p> +Now thou knowest, Aglaophonos, that +at the entrance of this court standeth an +inscription which saith, <q><hi rend='smallcaps'>Let none of +alien birth pass within the Temple +cloisters: he that transgresses is +guilty of death.</hi></q> As the man with the +scourge would enter the Women’s Court, +the Roman sentry stopped him, and +pointed to this inscription with his spear. +He shook his head, saying in faulty Greek, +<q>Jewish I am,</q> and showed the soldier the +fringes of his garment after the Jewish +fashion. Then the sentry drew back, and +the man passed through. +</p> + +<p> +Thereupon I went up to the men to +<pb n='16'/><anchor id='Pg016'/>whom the man with the scourge had +spoken, and greeted them with the greeting +of peace. +</p> + +<p> +<q>Peace unto thee, master,</q> said one of +them in the same northern accent I had +noticed in their leader. +</p> + +<p> +<q>Who is that man,</q> I said, <q>that has +just gone into the Temple cloister?</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Jesus of Nazara, in Galilee.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>And whose son is he?</q> I asked. +</p> + +<p> +The man looked at his companions ere +he answered,— +</p> + +<p> +<q>Of Joseph ben Eli the carpenter, and +Miriam his wife.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>And what is his trade?</q> I continued. +</p> + +<p> +<q>A wheelwright,</q> he said; <q>the best +wheels and yokes in all Capernaum are +made by him.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>But is he of the country-folk,<note place="foot"><foreign rend="font-style: normal" lang="grc">Ὄχλος τοῦ ἀγροῦ</foreign>, +seemingly the translation of the Hebrew <foreign rend="font-style: normal" lang="he">עם הארץ</foreign> +used for those unlearned in the Law; +this term seems to have passed through much the same +history as <q>pagan.</q>—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Ed.</hi></note> or a +pupil of the wise?</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Nay, master, he knoweth the Law and +the Prophets.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Of what party is he? Boethusian he +<pb n='17'/><anchor id='Pg017'/>cannot be, nor Sadducee; but is he Pharisee +or Zealot, Essene or Baptist?</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>He is of no party.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>But from whom hath he received the +tradition of the elders? At whose feet has +he sat? Whom calleth he master?</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>He hath been baptized by Jochanan his +kinsman, but none calleth he master.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>If he have not the tradition, he cannot +teach the Law, for his words will not be +binding. Doth he sit in judgment or pronounce +<foreign rend='italic'>Din</foreign>?</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Nay, master, he but teacheth us to be +good.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Ah,</q> said I, <q>he is but a homolist +of the Hagada; he addeth naught to the +<foreign rend='italic'>Halacha</foreign>. Then what is his motto?</q><note place="foot">Each of the Jewish rabbis used to sum up his teaching +in some pregnant sentence. These are given in the +Talmudic treatise, <hi rend='italic'>The Ethics of the Fathers</hi>.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Ed.</hi></note> +</p> + +<p> +<q>He saith, <q>Repent ye, for the kingdom +of heaven is at hand.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> +Then I took the man away from his companions, +and out of hearing of the Roman +sentry, and asked him in a low tone, <q>And +who shall be the king thereof?</q> +</p> + +<p> +But the man answered not, but said +only, <q>Lo! he cometh.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='18'/><anchor id='Pg018'/> + +<p> +And, indeed, at that moment Jesus came +down by the steps he had ascended and +beckoned to his companions. And as they +went towards him I was surprised, and at +the same time horrified, to see amongst +them two persons whom I little thought to +find in any public place in Jerusalem, still +less in the courts of the Temple. One was +a woman in the yellow veil of a <foreign rend='italic'>hetæra</foreign>; +the other, a mere <foreign rend='italic'>Nathin</foreign> who had no +name among men, but was called <hi rend='italic'>Dog o’ +Dogs</hi>. These two pressed close to Jesus; +the woman rushed forward with a sob and +raised the hem of his garment to her lips, +while to the man he spoke some friendly +words, smiling on him as they walked towards +the entrance. +</p> + +<p> +I was astonished. The man had seemed +so careful of the purity of the Temple that +he would not allow even the necessary +arrangements for its service to be performed +in its precincts, yet he allowed its +courts to be defiled by the vilest of the +vile. Perchance, I thought, he had prevailed +upon them to perform the vows +enjoined by the Law, and cleanse themselves +of their sin. Or was it that he was +<pb n='19'/><anchor id='Pg019'/>ignorant of their characters, being but newly +come from rural parts? He must, indeed, +be different from other rabbis, who kept +themselves apart from all transgressors +against the Law till they had repented and +done penance. +</p> + +<p> +While I thus meditated, I saw the High +Priest Hanan, whom ye Hellenes call Annas, +enter into the court of the Gentiles with his +guard. Thou rememberest the man, Aglaophonos—how +his tyranny extended over +all the city. He was still called High Priest, +though Valerius Gratius, the Procurator, +had deposed him years before, lest haply he +might regain the regal power of the Maccabæans. +Still, even after his deposition, +he had sufficient power to get his sons or +sons-in-law named High Priests. It was +one of the latter, Joseph Caiaphas, who at +that time held the office; yet the people +still called Hanan High Priest, and he himself +wore on high days the bells and pomegranates +round his tunic as a sign of his +dignity. Thou must remember his keen-cut +face, his nose like an eagle’s, his long +white beard, bent neck, and sinewy hand. +Was it thou or I that first called him <q>the +Old Vulture</q>? +</p> + +<pb n='20'/><anchor id='Pg020'/> + +<p> +He had heard of the insult to his dignity +by the removal, without his orders, of the +money-changers and others to whom the +people paid the fees from which he and his +made such display in his grand dwelling +on the Mount of Olives. <q>Where is he? +where is he?</q> he cried, as he came bustling +up, with neck extended, and looking +more than ever like a bird of prey. He +soon found that the man he sought had +gone; but he had given his orders, and +before I left the court, I saw the money-changers +reënter and the cattle driven +back. I had to attend a meeting of the +Sanhedrim, for that year I had risen to the +third and highest bench of disciples who +sit under its members when they give judgment. +Next year I was elected of the Seventy-One +myself in the section of Israelites. +It must, therefore, have been in the sixteenth +year of Tiberius the Emperor, +nearly five-and-twenty years agone, that I +thus saw for the first time Jesus the Nazarene. +</p> + +</div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg021'/> +<index index="toc" level1="II. The Upbringing"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="II. The Upbringing"/> +<head>II.<lb/>THE UPBRINGING.</head> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg022'/> + +<pb n='23'/><anchor id='Pg023'/> + +<p> +Thou canst imagine the wonder and +excitement in Jerusalem at this bold deed +of the Nazarene. Not even the oracle of +Delphi is regarded with so much reverence +as our sacred fane, and none in our +time had dared to interfere with its regulations, +which have all the sacredness of +our traditions. And of these none was +regarded by the priestly guardians of the +Temple as of greater weight for them than +the right of sale of beasts of sacrifice. It +is from this, as I have said, that the priestly +order gain their wealth, and no more deadly +blow could be struck at their power than +to deprive them of this. Hence had the +Pharisees protested against this right, but +none had hitherto dared to carry out the +protest in very deed. All the poor and +all the pious would have been glad if they +could buy their offerings to the Lord +wheresoever they would. +</p> + +<p> +But more than all, men of Jerusalem +<pb n='24'/><anchor id='Pg024'/>were amazed at the daring of the Galilæan +stranger in opposing the High Priest Hanan. +This man had been the tyrant of +the Temple and of the city for the whole +span of a generation of men, and no man +had dared say him nay for all that time. +Even the Romans, who had deposed him +from his position as High Priest, had not +dared to interfere with him otherwise. Yet +had this rude countryman, who had never +been seen, never been known to set foot in +Jerusalem before, dared to strike at the +root of his power and wealth. Thou canst +not wonder that men were curious to know +what manner of man he might be who +had dared this great thing, and busy +rumor ran through all the bazaars of +Jerusalem, asking, Who is this Jesus of +Nazara? All that I learnt of his kindred +and early life I learnt at this time, and I +here set it forth in order. +</p> + +<p> +It was natural that I should first direct +my inquiries as to his birth, for the insulting +cry of the money-changers still rang +in my ears. Thou knowest our pride of +birth; I learnt from thee to abate it. +Every man in Israel taketh his place in +<pb n='25'/><anchor id='Pg025'/>the nation according as he is a son of +Aaron or of Levi, a simple Israelite, or a +proselyte that fears the Lord; each man +knoweth his own and his neighbor’s genealogy. +The greatest slur upon a man is +to accuse him of <q>mixture,</q> the greatest +insult is to call him <q>bastard.</q> Why had +the money-changers cast this slur upon the +Nazarene? Thou and I, Aglaophonos, +who boast to be citizens of the Kosmos, +would not think the worse of him if the +taunt were true. Yet thou canst understand +how great, even if he only thought +it to be true, would be the influence of +such a slur on this mans mind and on +his career. If in after-days he showed +himself so careless of the nation’s hopes, +may it not have been that he felt himself +in some way outside the nation? +</p> + +<p> +Now I found, upon inquiry among the +Galilæans settled in Jerusalem, that some +such scandal had arisen about his birth. +There had even been talk that Joseph ben +Eli would have put away his wife, but for +the stern penalties which our Law inflicts +upon the misdoer. Yet there may have +been naught but suspicion in the matter, +<pb n='26'/><anchor id='Pg026'/>for the two lived together, and Miriam +bore several children to Joseph after this +Jesus. But between him and them there +was never good will, and I have heard +things told of this Jesus which seem to +show some harshness in his treatment +of them, and even of his mother. Once +when he was told that his mother and +brethren were without, and would see +him, he as it were repudiated them, saying, +<q>Who are my mother and my brothers? +Whosoever doeth the will of God, the +same is my brother and sister and mother.</q> +Again, when once his mother +came to him and would speak to him, he +said to her, <q>Woman, what have I to do +with thee?</q> The man whom I had seen +so tenderly thoughtful to a little child +could not have spoken thus unless he had +felt himself placed by some means outside +the natural ties of men. +</p> + +<p> +Of Jesus’ upbringing I could learn little. +When he was at the age of thirteen, when +each Jewish male child becomes a Son of +the Covenant (<foreign rend='italic'>Bar Mitzva</foreign>), and, as we +think, takes his sins upon his own soul, his +parents brought him to Jerusalem. On +<pb n='27'/><anchor id='Pg027'/>this occasion, as some still remember, he +showed remarkable knowledge of the Law, +when, as is customary, they read the portion +of the Law set down for the Sabbath +reading next after his birthday, and he +was examined in its meaning by the +learned men present. Yet he fulfilled +not this promise of devotion to the Law +as he grew in years. I cannot learn that +he dusted himself with the <q>dust of the +wise,</q> as the sages have commanded.<note place="foot">José ben Joeser said, <q>Let thy place be a place of +meeting for the wise; dust thyself with the dust of their +feet, and drink greedily of their teaching</q> (<foreign rend='italic'>Pirke Aboth</foreign>, +i. 4).—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Ed.</hi></note> +Not having sat at the feet of any of the +holders of tradition, he could not pronounce +decisions of the Law. +</p> + +<p> +His father brought him up to his own +trade, that of carpenter. With us manual +toil is not despised, as among you +Hellenes; there is a saying among us, +<q>Whoso bringeth not his son up to a +handicraft traineth him for a robber.</q> +Jesus was a good and capable worker, and +devoted himself especially to the making +of yokes and wheels at Capernaum, where +<pb n='28'/><anchor id='Pg028'/>he had settled, some five hours’ journey +from his native place. Here he would +often read the <foreign rend='italic'>Haphtaroth</foreign>, or prophetical +lessons, in the synagogue, and explain it +after the manner of the Hagada. +</p> + +<p> +Thus he would have passed his life, a +wheelwright on week-days, a preacher on +the Sabbath and festivals, but for a strange +event that occurred in his own family. +Among us Jews, none has more honor +than the <foreign rend='italic'>Nabi</foreign>, the man who speaks the +word of wisdom in the name of God. +How know we that a man is a Nabi? +Chiefly by his words, but mainly by his +eyes, in which there shines the light of +prophecy. Now, when Jesus was about +thirty years old, three or four years before +I first saw him, the light of prophecy came +in the eyes of his cousin, Jochanan ben +Zacharia Ha-Cohen. Thou knowest, Aglaophonos, +that amongst us there is a sect +of Essenoi, who answer in much to the +Pythagoreans among the Hellenes. These +Essenoi eat no flesh, they dwell not in the +cities of men, they perform frequent lustrations, +nor will they admit any into their +community until they have been baptized +<pb n='29'/><anchor id='Pg029'/>of them; they care little for the Temple +service, and in this above all distinguish +themselves from either Pharisees or Sadducees. +Their belief in the angels is +strong, and they use magic for the healing +of sickness. +</p> + +<p> +Now, this Jochanan, the cousin of Jesus, +seems to have adopted in many things the +views of these Essenoi: he separated himself +from men, and ate no flesh, nor did he +go up to the Temple on the three great +festivals of the year; and above all, when +men began to follow after him, he would +admit none to communion with him till +he had baptized them in running water, +and for this he was called among the folk +Jochanan the Baptizer. Yet he was not +an Essene, for he joined not their communion, +nor established any distinction of +orders among the men who came out to +him; he was more like unto the prophets +of old, who taught as individuals new +truths about life; and his great teaching +was this: <q>Repent ye, for the kingdom of +heaven is at hand.</q> And men went out +to him, asking him in what they should +repent so as to become worthy of the +<pb n='30'/><anchor id='Pg030'/>kingdom. Above all, those who were despised +of the people because they did the +work of the Romans, by being their tax-gatherers +or their soldiers, feared the +wrath to come in the new kingdom which +he preached, and asked him in what they +should alter their ways. But to them he +was by no means hard, saying only to the +tax-gatherers, <q>Act justly,</q> and to the +soldiers, <q>Do no violence.</q> To the poor +he was tender and merciful, but exhorted +the rich to divide their possessions with +the poor. In this way he drew unto him +all who were despised of the people, and +those who were poor and miserable. Thus +he attracted the notice of the rulers, who +feared that he was preparing to rebel +against them; for they said, <q>Wherefore +does this man attract to him the discontented +and the soldiery?</q> +</p> + +<p> +Now, when the family of Jesus heard +that their relative was gaining a name +among men, they sent to Jesus, asking +him to go with them unto his cousin; but +he, as I have heard, at first refused, saying, +<q>Wherein have I sinned, that I should be +baptized of Jochanan?</q> Yet afterwards +<pb n='31'/><anchor id='Pg031'/>he consented unto this, and went out to +be baptized of his cousin. And when he +saw the power for good that Jochanan +exercised, his spirit was exalted, and he +felt that he too had within him the same +power. Many strange things have I heard +of what happened to this Jesus when he +submitted to be baptized by his cousin. +And as none but Jesus would have known +his feelings on that occasion, these reports +must have come from him. Among us it +is the custom that each Jew should select +from the Psalms some <foreign rend='italic'>stichos</foreign> which should +serve as the motto of his life, and identify +him when he appeareth before the Angel +of Death. Now, it would appear that as +Jesus was being baptized of Jochanan he +heard the Daughter<note place="foot">The rabbis use this expression, <foreign rend='italic'>Bath Kol</foreign>, for any +supernatural revelation.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Ed.</hi></note> of the Voice of God +say to him the <foreign rend='italic'>stichos</foreign> of the psalm, <q>Thou +art my Son; this day have I begotten +thee.</q> Whether this was a protest of his +soul against the slur cast upon his birth, +what man shall say? But henceforth he +spake of the fatherhood of God as if it +had to him a deeper sense than to most +<pb n='32'/><anchor id='Pg032'/>of us Jews, though with us, as I have oft +explained to thee, it is the central feeling +of our faith. +</p> + +<p> +Jesus did not remain long out in the +wilderness with his cousin; he, indeed, +early recognized his superiority, though +he was his master and his teacher. For +at the first the teaching of Jesus differed +but in little from the teaching of Jochanan. +He summed up his whole aim in the +words which I had heard his followers use +in the Temple: <q>Repent ye, for the kingdom +of heaven is at hand;</q> and this he +must have learnt from his cousin. So, +too, like Jochanan, he mingled with the +tax-gatherers and the soldiery, and above +all addressed himself to the poor, and, as +I was to see, exhorted the rich to distribute +their possessions. In all these things +he was but the follower of his cousin Jochanan. +It is no wonder, therefore, that +when Jesus separated himself from Jochanan, +and began to be a teacher of men, +many left Jochanan and followed after +Jesus; and until this Jochanan met with +a violent end at the hands of the rulers, +there was in some sort a rivalry if not +be<pb n='33'/><anchor id='Pg033'/>tween the men themselves, at least between +the followers of Jochanan and of Jesus. +</p> + +<p> +But even from the first there was a difference +in Jesus’ manner of teaching, if +not in the teaching itself. He, indeed, did +not wait for men to come out to him in the +wilderness, but returned to the towns and +villages around the Sea of Galilee. Many +of the fishermen left their work to follow +him, and become, as he said, <q>fishers of +men.</q> He preached as before in the synagogues +on the words of the prophets, but +now he commenced to go forth to preach +and teach among the people in their +homes. Yet it was observed that he went +not only among the rich and powerful, who +are used in our country to receive all who +come at meal-times, but most of all among +the poor, and those despised of men for +their ill life or their degraded occupations. +Nor did he despise those who know not the +Law nor keep its commands, but mixed +freely with them, thereby incurring the +wrath of those among us, and there are +many, who are eager for the credit of the +Law. Still, though he lived his life among +the low and the vile, he practiced none of +<pb n='34'/><anchor id='Pg034'/>their ways, nor was aught of low or vile +seen in him or those with him. Yet he +turned against him many who would have +been well disposed towards him, in that he +followed his cousin’s example, and spake +kindly to the tax-gatherers and to the soldiers, +whom the greater part of the Jews +regard as the enemies of their country. +</p> + +<p> +Now, as he began to live his life among +the people, he began to do many signs +and wonders, like all our great teachers +and prophets. In truth, we say, how shall +a man be accounted a prophet unless he +can do wonders? Indeed, as Jesus himself +said, <q>Why marvel ye at the signs? +I give unto you an inheritance such as the +whole world holds not.</q> And the manner +of his wonders was this: if a man was +afflicted with a demon of madness, he +would cause him to fix his eyes upon his, +and after a while would speak sternly and +suddenly to the demon within him, who +would depart from him, rending his soul. +So, too, would he do with women who +were torn asunder by the demons fighting +within. To these he would speak +calmly after he had fixed their eyes, and, +<pb n='35'/><anchor id='Pg035'/>behold, a great calm would come upon +them. But he used no exorcisms or magic +in his healing, nor spake he in the name +of God, but with the tone of one having +authority in himself. Hence many thought +he had within him a greater Daimon than +those afflicted men and women whom he +healed. Thence it was thought that for +this reason the demons of madness often +returned to those whom he had freed for +a while with greater violence after he had +gone forth from the place of their habitation. +There was much murmuring against +him for that he did his healing, not in the +name of God, but in his own name and his +own authority. +</p> + +<p> +Yet he claimed no authority to decide +the questions of the Law; though many +applied to him in difficult cases, these he +referred to the learned in the Law, saying, +<q>Do ye as the scribes command.</q> Yet +it was complained that he paid no great +attention to their commands himself, nor +for his followers. Nor did he rebuke men +when he saw them transgressing the Law +even in the greater transgressions. Thus +I have heard it said of him, that once with +<pb n='36'/><anchor id='Pg036'/>his followers, he met a man laboring on the +Sabbath day, a sin which, according to the +Law, was punished with stoning. But all +he said unto him was this: <q>Man, if thou +knowest what thou doest, blessed art thou; +but if thou knowest not, accursed art thou, +and a transgressor of the Law.</q><note place="foot">This Logion is only found elsewhere in one MS. of +the Gospels, viz., in the Codex Bezæ at Cambridge.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Ed.</hi></note> This is, +indeed, a dark saying. Is each man, then, +to choose for himself which commands of +the Law he shall do, and which not? The +fence of the Law, which our Sages have +built up with such labor and toil, would be +stricken down at one stroke. Yet perhaps +in this he only followed the principle of our +Sages who have said, <q>The Sabbath was +made for you, not you for the Sabbath.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Such was the manner of life of this Jesus +up to the time when I first saw him in the +Temple. Men knew not what to make of +him; many regarded him as a prophet because +of the signs and the wonders which +he did; and those who were looking forward +to the blessed day in which Israel would be +free again under its own king hoped that +he was Elijah come again to prepare the +way for the new kingdom. +</p> + +</div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg037'/> +<index index="toc" level1="III. Earlier Teaching. Sermon in the Synagogue of the Galilæans"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="III. Earlier Teaching. Sermon in the Synagogue of the Galilaeans"/> +<head>III.<lb/>EARLIER TEACHING.<lb/>SERMON IN THE SYNAGOGUE OF THE +GALILÆANS.</head> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg038'/> + +<pb n='39'/><anchor id='Pg039'/> + +<p> +It must have been a year after I had first +seen Jesus that I saw him again the second +time in Jerusalem. It fell out in this wise: +I was proceeding one morning to the meeting +of the Sanhedrim, when, as I came near +the Synagogue of the Galilæans in the Fish-Market, +I found a crowd of men entering in. +I asked one of them what was going forward, +and he said, <q>Jesus the Nazarene +will expound the Law.</q> So I determined +to take the morning service in this synagogue +rather than with my colleagues in +the Temple, and went in, the people giving +way before me, as was my due as a member +of the Sanhedrim. +</p> + +<p> +Now, this synagogue of the Galilæans +differed in naught from the rest of the +synagogues of the Jews. It cannot be that +thou hast not visited one of these when +thou wast in the Holy City, but perchance +thy memory is dim after all these years, +and I will in a few words explain to thee +<pb n='40'/><anchor id='Pg040'/>its arrangement. In the wall at the west +end was the cabinet containing the scrolls +of the Law, with a curtain before it, for +this is, as it were, the Holy of Holies of the +synagogue. The men go up to this, on to +the platform before it, by three steps. Then +comes a vacant space, in the midst of which +stands a dais, with a reading-desk whereon +the Law is read: this we call by your +Greek name <foreign rend='italic'>bema</foreign>. Then in the rest of +the hall sit the folk, arranged in benches +one after another, somewhat as in your +theatres. Now, as I came in, they had said +the morning psalms, and most of the Eighteen +Blessings, and shortly after the reading +of the Law began. The curtain was +drawn aside from the holy ark, the scroll of +the Law was taken thence, to the singing +of psalms unto the <foreign rend='italic'>bema</foreign>. Then, as is +customary, the messenger of the congregation +summoned first to the reading of the +Law a Cohen, a descendant of Aaron, one +of the priestly caste. And after he had +read some verses of the Law in the holy +tongue, the dragoman read its translation +into Chaldee, so as to be understanded of +the unlearned folk, and of the women who +<pb n='41'/><anchor id='Pg041'/>were in the gallery outside the synagogue, +and separated from it by a grating. Then +after the priest came a Levite, who also +read some verses, and after him an ordinary +Israelite. Then the messenger of the synagogue +called out, <q>Let Rabbi Joshua ben +Joseph arise.</q> Then Jesus the Nazarene +went up to the <foreign rend='italic'>bema</foreign> and read his appointed +verses, and these were translated as before +by the dragoman. And after the reading +of the Law was concluded, the <foreign rend='italic'>Parnass</foreign>, or +president of the congregation, requested +Jesus to read the <foreign rend='italic'>Haphtara</foreign>, the lesson +from the prophets; and this he did, using +the cantillation with which we chant +words of Holy Scripture. Yet never heard +I one whose voice so thrilled me, and +brought home to one the import of the +great words; and this was strange, for his +accent was, as I had before noticed, that +of the Galilæan peasantry, at which we of +Jerusalem were wont to scoff. Then, after +the Law had been returned to the ark +with song and psalm, Jesus turned round +to the people on the <foreign rend='italic'>bema</foreign> and began his +discourse. It is near five-and-twenty years +since I heard him, and much have I +for<pb n='42'/><anchor id='Pg042'/>gotten in that long time. But many of his +sayings still ring in my ears, and I will +here put down, as far as possible in order, +all that I can remember of the discourse.<note place="foot">It must have been from a report of this discourse, +and that given on <ref target="Pg092">p. 92</ref>, that the majority of those utterances +of Jesus have been derived which are known in +modern theology as <q>Agrapha.</q>—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Ed.</hi></note> +</p> + +<p rend="margin-top: 2"> +<q rend="post: none">It hath been written by the Prophet +Esaias: Behold, his reward is with him, +and his work before him. Yea, behold a +man and his work before him. He that +worketh not, let him not eat. Yet he that +plougheth, let him plough in hope; he +that thresheth, thresh in hope of partaking. +Howbeit, he who longs to be rich is +like a man who drinketh seawater: the +more he drinketh the more thirsty he becomes, +and never leaves off drinking till +he perish. Blessed is he who also fasts +that he may feed the poor: for it is more +blessed to give than to receive. Yet let +thy alms sweat into thy hands until thou +know to whom thou givest. Where there +are pains, thither hastens the physician: +that which is weak shall be saved by that +<pb n='43'/><anchor id='Pg043'/>which is strong. For the sake of the weak +I was weak, for the sake of the hungry I +hungered, for the sake of the thirsty I +thirsted. But woe to those who have yet +hypocritically taken from others; who are +able to help themselves, and yet wish to +take from others: for each man shall give +account in the day of judgment.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">That which thou hatest thou shalt not +do to another. Good things must come; +he is blessed through whom they come. +Love covereth a multitude of sins; so +never be joyful save when you look upon +your brother’s countenance in love. Let +not the sun go down upon your wrath. +For the greatest of crimes is this: if a +man shall sadden his brother’s spirit. +Blessed, too, are they who mourn for the +perdition of unbelievers. Do not give +occasion to the Wicked One. Who is the +Wicked One? He that tempts. Yet +none shall reach the kingdom of heaven +unless he have been tempted: for our +Father which is in heaven would rather +the repentance of a sinner than his correction. +Yet he will cleanse the house of his +kingdom from all offence. Be, therefore, +<pb n='44'/><anchor id='Pg044'/>careful and prudent and wise, lest any of +you be caught in the snares of the devil, +for that ancient enemy goes about buffeting.</q> +</p> + +<p rend="margin-bottom: 2"> +<q>If thou hast seen thy brother, thou +hast seen thy Lord, God the Father, whose +fatherland is everywhere, in heaven and +upon earth. Far and near, the Lord +knoweth his own. So grieve not the holy +spirit which is in you, nor extinguish the +light which shines in you. Guard the +flesh pure, and the signet spotless, so that +ye may take hold upon eternal life. For +our possessions are in heaven; therefore, +sons of men, purchase unto yourselves by +these transitory things which are not +yours, what is yours, and shall not pass +away.</q> +</p> + +<p> +I cannot tell thee, Aglaophonos, how +deeply this discourse affected me. Just as +the Hellenes are eager to find each day +some new beauty in man or the world, or +some new truth about the relation of +things, so we Hebrews rejoice in finding +new ideals in the relations of men. Each +of our Sages prides himself on +this—<pb n='45'/><anchor id='Pg045'/>that he has said some maxim of wisdom +that none had thought of before him, and +so each of them is remembered in the +minds of men by one or more of his favorite +maxims. But it is rare if in a whole +lifetime a sage sayeth more than one word +fit to be treasured up among men. Yet +was this man Jesus dropping pearls of +wisdom from his mouth in prodigal profusion. +As each memorable word fell +from his lips, a murmur of delighted surprise +passed round the synagogue, and +each man looked to his neighbor with +brightened eyes. Some of the thoughts, +indeed, I had heard from other of our +Sages, but never in so pointed a form, +surely never in such profusion from a +single sage. +</p> + +<p> +And if what was said delighted us, the +manner in which it was said entranced +us still more. The voice of the speaker +answered to the thoughts he expressed, as +the Kinnor of David, according to our +Sages, turned the wind into music. When +he spoke of love, his voice was as the +cooing dove; when he denounced the oppressor, +it clanged like a silver trumpet. +<pb n='46'/><anchor id='Pg046'/>Indeed, his whole countenance and bearing +changed in like manner, so that every +word he uttered seemed to be the outcome +of his whole being. +</p> + +<p> +But most of all was it the vividness of +his eyes that impressed his words upon +us. I had seen them flashing with scorn +in the Temple, I now saw them melting +with tenderness in the synagogue; and +there was this of strange in them, that +they seemed to speak other and deeper +words. As he gazed upon us, I felt as if +all my inmost being was bare to the gaze +of those eyes. They seemed to know all +my secret thoughts and sins; and yet I +felt not ashamed, for as they saw the sins, +so they seemed to speak forgiveness of +them. +</p> + +<p> +What I felt then, others felt with me, +for, as I afterwards learnt, each man felt +the same as the eyes of Jesus fell upon +him; and most curious it was that each +man thought as I did, that the eyes of the +speaker were upon him during the whole +of the discourse. I have seen here in Alexandria +portraits of men painted by your +subtlest artists, in which, from whatever +<pb n='47'/><anchor id='Pg047'/>place you looked at them, the eyes seemed +to gaze upon you. So was it with Jesus. +Not alone did I, who was, as a member of +the Sanhedrim, sitting immediately before +him, feel his eyes pierce to my soul, but all +who were in that synagogue felt the same. +Nor did the effect die away after I had +left the synagogue; for days and days +afterwards, whenever I closed my eyes, or +gazed for long on the wall, I could see the +eyes of Jesus, and with it his whole face +gazing upon me. +</p> + +<p> +I had left the synagogue a little before +the others, because a messenger had been +sent from the Sanhedrim to seek for a +member who should make up the quorum +of Twenty-Three; and this messenger, +hearing that a member of the Sanhedrim +was in the synagogue of the Galilæans, +sent in to summon me. When the sitting +was over, I sought for Jesus again, but +found that he had left the city. And for +a time I neither saw nor heard aught +more of him, save such rumors as came +to the Holy City from Galilee. About +this time many joined themselves unto +him, going whithersoever he went. Those, +<pb n='48'/><anchor id='Pg048'/>too, who had joined themselves to Jochanan +passed over to him, for Jochanan had been +slain by Herod, whom he had rebuked for +his wicked living. It was, indeed, said +that Herod had also captured this Jesus +when he found that he was following in +the footsteps of Jochanan; but this proved +to be untrue, and the multitude thronged +more and more after Jesus, and from this +time he began to teach them regularly, +after the manner of our Sages. Yet he +did not pronounce decisions of Halacha +on questions of our Law; indeed, he disclaimed +all interference with such questions. +<q>I am not come,</q> he said, <q>to take +away from the Law of Moses, nor to add +to the Law of Moses am I come.</q> Only +one saying of his have I heard of wherein +he said aught at variance with the Torah. +When the children of a man who had recently +died asked him in what way should +the property be divided, he said, <q>Let son +and daughter inherit alike.</q> In this, as in +other things, he was more favorable to +the claims of the women than the Law +and the Sages. For this reason, perhaps, +it was that many women followed after +<pb n='49'/><anchor id='Pg049'/>him, even joined in prayer with him and +those with him, against the custom of our +nation. Hence arose much scandal among +the more rigidly pious among us, who follow +the saying of Joseph ben Jochanan, +<q>Engage not in much converse with +women.</q> But I have heard naught of +evil that resulted from this free mingling +of men and women among his followers. +Yet Jesus was not against the due subordination +of women, for he also said, <q>Let +the wife be in subordination to her husband.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Thou must know that among us our +Sages are of two kinds, the Halachists and +the Hagadists. The former deal with matters +of the Law according to the tradition +they have received from their teacher; but +the latter expound the words of the +Scripture, and deal with the moral relations +of man to man. Some of our Sages, +indeed, like the great Hillel, who died +when I was a child, have been equally +masters both of the Halacha and the +Hagada; and in many ways the teaching +of Jesus seems to have resembled, if it did +not follow, that of Hillel. I must tell thee +<pb n='50'/><anchor id='Pg050'/>one anecdote about this Hillel which is +well known amongst us. He was distinguished +for his evenness of temper, and +men would often in sport try to make him +lose it. A heathen came before him one +day, and declared that he would become +a Jew if only Hillel would tell him the +whole Law while he stood upon one foot, +hoping thereby to irritate Hillel by his presumption. +But Hillel said only, <q>What +thou wilt not for thyself, do not to thy +neighbor. This is the whole of the Law; +all the rest is but commentary thereon. +Go and learn.</q> Now, among the disciples +of Hillel was one who compiled for +the heathen a summary of the Law in the +spirit of Hillel; and it seemed to me, from +what I heard of Jesus’ teaching, that he +had learnt much from this summary, which +is called <q><hi rend='smallcaps'>The Two Ways</hi>.</q> I will have +a copy written out for thee, for it is very +short. +</p> + +<p> +Now, in all the teaching of Jesus which +I heard of about this time, he seems to +have expanded, but in no wise modified, +the teaching of <q>The Two Ways.</q> Above +all, he seems to have warned men against +<pb n='51'/><anchor id='Pg051'/>the evil feelings within, that lead to sins +against the Law, and therein differed +somewhat from the practice of our Sages, +who think that by doing the Law and +keeping to it rightful feelings shall grow, +and evil thoughts fly away. +</p> + +<p> +Yet while in many ways Jesus seemed +to be of the School of Hillel, in others he +cast in his lot with the men among us who +claim to be especially favored of God, because—thou +wilt smile, Aglaophonos—because +they are poor. Thou hast read +our Psalms, and knowest with what insistence +the poor and the righteous, the rich +and the wicked, are identified in them. +Many of our nation have taken this to +heart, and as it were pride themselves +upon their humility, as some of them call +themselves <foreign rend='italic'>Ebionim</foreign>, or the Poor; some, +the <foreign rend='italic'>Zaddikim</foreign>, or Righteous; some, <foreign rend='italic'>Chasidim</foreign>, +or Pious. Thou canst not call them +a sect, for in a way they include the whole +nation. In the Eighteen Blessings which +form the staple of our daily prayers, the +Lord is blessed as the Guardian and Refuge +of the <foreign rend='italic'>Zaddikim</foreign>. Now, it was chiefly +among these men, whether they called +<pb n='52'/><anchor id='Pg052'/>themselves <foreign rend='italic'>Ebionim</foreign>, or <foreign rend='italic'>Zaddikim</foreign>, or +<foreign rend='italic'>Chasidim</foreign>, that Jesus found his chief adherents, +though he seems to give his preference +to the <foreign rend='italic'>Ebionim</foreign>, who have always +been insisting upon the blessedness of the +poor. Now, these men consider themselves +to be beyond all others the servants of the +Lord, and identify themselves with that +picture of the servant which has been +given by the Prophet Esaias. Thus in +all these ways Jesus appealed to the more +earnest part of our nation, and in him +were conjoined most of the movements +that had touched us most deeply. If any +had said at this time, <q>Jesus the Nazarene +is a follower of Jochanan the Baptizer, and +preaches <q>The Two Ways</q> to the Poor,</q> +none could have gainsaid him. +</p> + +<p> +Yet all were wondering what he would +say to the other side of our nation’s hopes. +The life of our nation had begun with a +deliverance; our chief national feast recalls +that deliverance from Egypt to us every +year as the spring comes round. We have +become subject to all the great kingdoms +that have grown up round us, yet again and +again we have been delivered from each. +<pb n='53'/><anchor id='Pg053'/>Thou and I have often wondered how it +has come about that both Hellenes and +Hebrews, who feel ourselves in different +ways higher than these stolid Romans +who rule us, have yet become subject to +them. Thy nation hath acquiesced in +their rule; my people never will. Every +man who promises greatness among us is +hoped for as the Deliverer. Many men +about this time began to ask, Will Jesus +the Nazarene be the Deliverer? +</p> + +<pb n='54'/><anchor id='Pg054'/> + +</div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg055'/> +<index index="toc" level1="IV. The Two Ways"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="IV. The Two Ways"/> +<head>IV.<lb/>THE TWO WAYS.</head> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg056'/> + +<pb n='57'/><anchor id='Pg057'/> + +<p> +Now, this is the <q><hi rend='smallcaps'>Catechism of the +Two Ways</hi></q> which I have had copied out +for thee, for in it is the essence of the +teaching of Jesus, as he himself recognized +in speaking to me, as thou wilt +shortly hear. +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">There are two ways, one of life and +one of death, but there is a great difference +between the two ways. Now, the +way of life is this: first, Thou shalt love +God who made thee; secondly, thy neighbor +as thyself, and all things whatsoever +thou wouldest not should be done to thee, +do thou also not do to another. Thou +shalt not kill, thou shalt not commit adultery, +thou shalt not corrupt boys, thou +shalt not commit fornication, thou shalt +not steal, thou shalt not use witchcraft, +thou shalt not use enchantments, thou +shalt not kill an infant whether before or +after birth, thou shalt not covet thy neighbor’s +goods.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='58'/><anchor id='Pg058'/> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Thou shalt not forswear thyself, thou +shalt not bear false witness, thou shalt not +revile, thou shalt not bear malice.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Thou shalt not be double-minded nor +double-tongued; for duplicity of tongue is +a snare of death.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Thy speech shall not be false nor vain.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Thou shalt not be covetous, nor an +extortioner, nor a hypocrite, nor malignant, +nor haughty. Thou shalt not take +evil counsel against thy neighbor.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Thou shalt hate no man, but some +thou shalt rebuke, and for some thou shalt +pray, and some thou shalt love above thine +own soul.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">My child, flee from all evil, and from +all that is like unto it.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Be not soon angry, for anger leadeth +to murder; nor given to party-spirit, nor +contentious, nor quick-tempered, for from +all these are generated murders.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">My child, be not lustful, for lust leadeth +to fornication; neither be a filthy +talker, nor a lifter-up of the eyes, for from +all these things are generated adulteries.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">My child, be not thou an observer of +birds, for it leadeth to idolatry; nor a +<pb n='59'/><anchor id='Pg059'/>charmer, nor an astrologer, nor a user of +purifications; nor be thou willing to look +on those things, for from all these is generated +idolatry.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">My child, be not a liar, for lying leadeth +to theft; nor a lover of money, nor +fond of vainglory, for from all these things +are generated thefts.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">My child, be not a murmurer, for it +leadeth to blasphemy; neither self-willed, +nor evil-minded, for from all these things +are generated blasphemies.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Be thou long-suffering, and merciful, +and harmless, and quiet, and good, and +trembling continually at the words which +thou hast heard.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Thou shalt not exalt thyself, nor shalt +thou give presumption to thy soul. Thy +soul shall not be joined to the lofty, but +with the just and lowly shalt thou converse.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">The events that happen to thee shalt +thou accept as good, knowing that without +God nothing taketh place.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">My child, thou shalt remember night +and day him that speaketh to thee the +word of God.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='60'/><anchor id='Pg060'/> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">But thou shalt seek out day by day +the faces of the saints, that thou mayest +rest in their words.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Thou shalt not desire division, but +shalt make peace between those at strife; +so thou shalt judge justly. Thou shalt +not respect a person in rebuking for transgressions.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Thou shalt not be of two minds +whether it shall be or not.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Be not one that stretcheth out his +hands to receive, but shutteth them close +for giving.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">If thou hast, thou shalt give with thine +hands a ransom for thy sins.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Thou shalt not hesitate to give, nor +when thou givest shalt thou murmur, for +thou shalt know who is the good recompenser +of the reward.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Thou shalt not turn away from him +that needeth, but shalt share all things +with thy brother, and shalt not say that +they are thine own; for if ye are fellow-sharers +in that which is imperishable, how +much more in perishable things.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Thou shalt not take away thine hand +from thy son or from thy daughter, but +<pb n='61'/><anchor id='Pg061'/>from their youth up shalt thou teach them +the fear of God.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Thou shalt not in thy bitterness lay +commands on thy man-servant or thy +maid-servant, who hope in the same God, +lest they should not fear him who is God +over you both; for He cometh not to call +men according to the outward appearance, +but to those whom the Spirit hath prepared.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">But ye, servants, shall be subject to +your masters as to a figure of God in +reverence and fear.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Thou shalt hate all hypocrisy, and +everything which is not pleasing to the +Lord.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Thou shalt not forsake the commandments +of the Lord, but shalt keep what +thou hast received, neither adding thereto +nor taking away from it.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Thou shalt confess thy transgressions, +and shalt not come to thy prayer with an +evil conscience. This is the way of life.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">But the way of death is this. First of +all, it is evil and full of curse; murders, +adulteries, lusts, fornications, thefts, idolatries, +witchcrafts, sorceries, robberies, +false-<pb n='62'/><anchor id='Pg062'/>witnessings, hypocrisies, double-heartedness, +deceit, pride, wickedness, self-will, +covetousness, filthy talking, jealousy, presumption, +haughtiness, flattery.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Persecutors of the good, hating truth, +loving a lie, not knowing the reward of +righteousness, not cleaving to that which +is good nor to righteous judgment, watching +not for the good but for the evil, far +from whom is meekness and patience, loving +vain things, seeking after reward, not +pitying the poor, not toiling with him who +is vexed with toil, not knowing Him that +made them, murderers of children, destroyers +of the image of God, turning away +from him that is in need, vexing him that +is afflicted, advocates of the rich, lawless +judges of the poor, wholly sinful.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Take heed that no one make thee to +err from this way of teaching, since he +teacheth thee not according to God.</q> +</p> + +</div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg063'/> +<index index="toc" level1="V. The Woman taken in Adultery. The Rich Young Man"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="V. The Woman taken in Adultery. The Rich Young Man"/> +<head>V.<lb/>THE WOMAN TAKEN IN ADULTERY.<lb/>THE RICH YOUNG MAN.</head> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg064'/> + +<pb n='65'/><anchor id='Pg065'/> + +<p> +It must have been many months after I +had heard him discourse in the Galilæan +synagogue that I again saw Jesus the +Nazarene. We in Jerusalem had our own +concerns to think of. +</p> + +<p> +At this time the long monopoly of rule +by the Sadducees was gradually being +broken. Of the three divisions of the +Sanhedrim, that of the ordinary Israelites +had become almost entirely composed of +the Pharisees; I myself had been elected +as one of that party, and even in the other +two sections of the Priests and of the +Levites, many, especially among the latter, +held with the Pharisees. Nor was this +without influence upon the political issues +of the times. The Sadducees, being the +sacerdotal party, had no cause why they +should be dissatisfied with the position +they held in the State under the Romans; +but we of the Pharisees felt far otherwise +about the national hopes for deliverance. +<pb n='66'/><anchor id='Pg066'/>Since my days the influence of the Pharisees +has become predominant in the +nation, and I foresee that the struggle +between us and the Romans cannot be +delayed for long. At the time of which +I am writing, the hegemony had not yet +passed over to the Pharisees, and it was +of import for us all to know whether any +man of influence was on our side, or on +that of the Sadducees, or whether he cared +for neither, and cast in his lot with the +smaller sects. +</p> + +<p> +Now, it happened about this time that I +was attending my place in the Sanhedrim +of Israelites, to judge of a case of adultery. +But in this matter our Sages, and especially +those of the Pharisaic tradition, had +made great changes in the Law as laid +down for us by Moses; for he, as thou +knowest, commands that a woman taken +in adultery shall be stoned to death. Now, +for a long time among us there has been +an increasing horror of inflicting the +death penalty. If a Sanhedrim inflicts +capital punishment more than once in +seven years, it is called a Sanhedrim of +murderers. Yet the Law of Moses +de<pb n='67'/><anchor id='Pg067'/>clared that whosoever was guilty of adultery +would be put to death. What, then, +was to be done? It is against the principle +of justice that any should be punished +for an offence of which he is ignorant. +Hence, in capital offences, our Sages, to +mercy inclined, have laid it down that a +man must be assumed to be ignorant of +the guilt of the offence, unless it be proved +that he had been solemnly warned of its +gravity; and in our Law proof can only +be given by two simultaneous witnesses. +Hence it is impossible to obtain conviction +for a woman who hath committed +adultery, unless proof is given that she +hath been previously warned by two persons +at once. This can scarcely ever be. +No Jewish woman in my time has ever +been stoned as the Law commands for +this sin. Some think that this is too +great a leniency, and of evil result for the +morality of the folk. +</p> + +<p> +When I arrived at the hall of polished +stones near the Temple, in which the Sanhedrim +holds its sittings, the trial had +nearly come to a conclusion. The inquiry +had been made if any two credible +wit<pb n='68'/><anchor id='Pg068'/>nesses had given the woman the preliminary +caution, and none answering to the +call, it remained only for the <foreign rend='italic'>Ab Beth Din</foreign>, +the president of the court, to dismiss the +prisoner with the words of caution and +advice which are customary on such +occasions: <q>My daughter, perhaps thou +wert led into sin by too much wine, or by +thoughtlessness, or perhaps by thy youth; +perchance it was mixing in crowds, or +wicked companions that led thee to sin: +go, and for the sake of the great Name, +do not bring it to pass that thou must be +destroyed by the water of jealousy.</q> And +with these words the court was dismissed, +and several of us were appointed to take +the woman to her home, and induce the +man, her husband, to take her to him once +again. Now, as we were passing through +the courts of the Temple, we saw Jesus +the Nazarene in one of the smaller courts, +seated, teaching the people, some of whom +sat at his feet. But it seemed to some of +us a favorable opportunity to test what he +would say as regards the Law of Moses +relating to adultery: for if he would declare +that the Law must be carried out in all its +<pb n='69'/><anchor id='Pg069'/>rigor, that would show that our Sages were +more merciful than he; if, on the other +hand, he adopted the opinion of our Sages, +that would in so far commit him to support +their attitude towards the Law in general. +In any case, it seemed a suitable occasion +to test his power of dealing with the Law, +and it is customary among us to put such +test cases before the younger Sages. +</p> + +<p> +We therefore turned aside and entered +into the smaller court, and all rose to do +honor to the Sanhedrim. Then one of us +said to him, <q>Rabbi, this woman was taken +in adultery, in the very act. Now, Moses +in the Law hath commanded that such +should be stoned: what sayest thou?</q> +Now, when the man told him that the +woman had been taken in the very act of +adultery, a deep blush passed over his face, +and he turned his eyes downwards. Then +he bent down to the ground, hiding his +face altogether from us, and writing, as it +were, something on the sand of the floor. +Now, at first, I thought of the cry of the +money-changers that I had heard, and felt +ashamed in my soul that such a question +should be brought before this man, of all +<pb n='70'/><anchor id='Pg070'/>men: for our Sages have said, <q>The greatest +of sins is this—to bring a blush upon +thy neighbor’s face in public.</q> But the +others thought not of this, but once more +they asked him, <q>Rabbi, what sayest thou +shall be done in this case?</q> Then, without +raising his head, Jesus said in a low +tone, <q>Let him among you that is without +sin cast the first stone.</q> Then we saw that +his shame had been for us, and for our +want of feeling in putting such a question +in the very presence of her who had sinned. +And in this matter we hold that sin can +be in thought as well as in act, and which +of us could say that we were without sin +even in thought? So, in very shame, we +turned and went, and left Jesus alone with +the woman. +</p> + +<p> +Yet, after we had come away from him, +Matathias ben Meshullam said, <q>That is +well,—we are rightly rebuked; but yet, +dost thou not see that this man hath not +answered our question, nor do we know, as +we wished, what attitude he takes towards +the carrying out of the Law? I hear that +each morning he preaches to the people in +the Temple. Let us now tomorrow +<pb n='71'/><anchor id='Pg071'/>put such questions to him that he cannot +evade, and find out to which of our +parties he belongs; for this is a man that +is getting great weight with the people, +and it imports us to know where he stands +with regard to us.</q> So it was determined +among us that the next morning a Sadducee +and a Pharisee should put to him +queries which should determine what views +he held on the great questions which distinguished +the two great parties of the +State. +</p> + +<p> +But that very afternoon I was to learn +that this Jesus had to deal with questions +with which none of our parties concerned +themselves. For, as I was coming near to +Gethsemane, I met Jesus with a band of +men and women going out towards Bethany, +and I passed them with the salutation +of <q>Peace.</q> But as I passed, a young +man whom I knew, that had recently come +into great possessions upon the death of +his father, came up and asked, <q>Who is +that man whom thou hast just greeted?</q> +and I said, <q>Jesus the Nazarene.</q> Then, +suddenly, he set off running to catch them +up, and being curious, I turned and +fol<pb n='72'/><anchor id='Pg072'/>lowed him. When I reached them I found +the young man kneeling before Jesus, gazing +up to him, and he said, <q>Good Master, +I have inherited great possessions; what +shall I do that I may inherit the life everlasting?</q> +Jesus said to him, <q>Call not me +<q>Good;</q> none is good but the One. If +thou wouldest enter into life, do the commandments.</q> +The young man asked, +<q>Which?</q> Jesus said, using the doctrine +of <q>The Two Ways,</q> <q>Do not kill, do not +commit adultery, do not steal, do not bear +false witness, do not defraud, honor thy +father and thy mother, and love thy neighbor +as thyself.</q> Then the young man +said, <q>All these things have I kept from +my youth up: what lack I yet?</q> Then +Jesus said, <q>One thing thou lackest: go +thy way, sell all thou hast, and give unto +the poor, and thou shalt have heavenly +treasures: come then and follow me.</q> +The young man began to scratch his head, +and seemed in doubt. Then Jesus said +unto him, <q>How is it thou canst say, <q>I +have done the Law and the Prophets,</q> +since it is written in the Law, <q>Thou shalt +love thy neighbor as thyself</q>? Behold, +<pb n='73'/><anchor id='Pg073'/>many of thy brothers, sons of Abraham, +are clothed but in dung, and die for hunger, +while thy house is full of many goods, +and there goeth not forth aught from it +unto them.</q> But the young man rose, and +went away in sorrow and confusion. Then +Jesus looked round upon those who were +there, and said, <q>How hard it is for them +that trust in riches to enter into the kingdom +of God! It is easier for an elephant +to go through a needle’s eye, as the saying +is, than for a rich man to enter into the +kingdom of God.</q> Then a murmur arose +among all those present, and they began +to move on, and I left them. And I said +to myself, <q>This man is neither Pharisee, +nor Sadducee, nor Herodian; these be the +thoughts of the Ebionim.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='74'/><anchor id='Pg074'/> + +</div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg075'/> +<index index="toc" level1="VI. The Testings in the Temple"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="VI. The Testings in the Temple"/> +<head>VI.<lb/>THE TESTINGS IN THE TEMPLE.</head> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg076'/> + +<pb n='77'/><anchor id='Pg077'/> + +<p> +Now, on the morrow, many of us who +had agreed together to test the opinions of +this Jesus went to the Temple and found +Jesus walking in the corridors. Then he +that was of most authority among us said +unto Jesus, <q>Rabbi, we would ask certain +questions of thee;</q> and Jesus answered, +<q>Ask, and it shall be answered unto thee.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Thou must know that among us Jews +there be two chief schools of thought, or +rather thou mightest say, parties of the +State. The one holds with the High +Priest and the rulers, and is mainly made +up of those whom ye Hellenes call the +Best, and their retainers. These be known +as the Sadducees, for their leaders are +mainly of the family of the High Priest +Sadduk. Now, the other party is in some +sort the party of the Demos, in that they +seek to lessen the power of the High +Priests and their families. But with us, +as thou knowest, all things turn upon +reli<pb n='78'/><anchor id='Pg078'/>gion, and this second party differ chiefly +from the Sadducees, for that they are more +in earnest with the matters of the Law, +and chiefly they fear the influence of thy +nation, Aglaophonos, in drawing the Israelite +away from the Law. Therefore have +they increased precept upon precept, so as +to make, as they say, a fence round the +Law. And as they would separate themselves +from the heathen by this fence, they +call themselves Pharisees, that is, Separatists. +</p> + +<p> +Now, it was nowise easy to learn whether +a man was of the one party or the other. +For he might be eager for the Law, and so +be Pharisaic in color, and yet approve of +the dominion of the priests, and thus be +a Sadducee. Yet in one chief matter of +thought they went asunder contrariwise, +and that was concerning the resurrection +of the dead. Now, with regard to that, +the Sadducees held that naught was said +in the Law of Moses, and therefore no son +of Israel need concern himself with it. But +the Pharisees, on the other hand, laid great +weight upon this. So here was a touchstone +by which to learn whether this Jesus +<pb n='79'/><anchor id='Pg079'/>followed the one or the other of the two +great divisions of our nation. +</p> + +<p> +Then, as was agreed upon, Kamithos +the Sadducee came forward to ask him the +question which should determine whether +he held with them that there was no resurrection +from the dead, or with the rest of +the nation. He said, <q>Rabbi, it is written +in the Torah, if brethren dwell together, +and one of them die and have no son, the +wife of the dead one shall not marry without, +unto a stranger; her husband’s brother +shall take her to him to wife, and raise +up seed unto his brother. Suppose, now, +there are seven brethren, and the first +takes a wife, and dying leaves no son; and +the second takes her, as is our custom, and +dies without leaving any seed; and the +third likewise, and so on, till the whole +seven had married her, and yet had no +son; then the woman dies also: when +they shall rise from the dead together, +whose wife shall she be of them? for all +seven had her to wife.</q> And Jesus answered +and said, <q>Ye are at fault, and +know not the Scriptures, nor the power of +God; for in the resurrection they neither +<pb n='80'/><anchor id='Pg080'/>marry, nor are given in marriage, but are +even as the angels which are in heaven. +And as an indication from Scripture that +the dead rise, is it not written in the book +of Moses, when God spake to him from +the bush, saying, <q>I am the God of Abraham, +and the God of Isaac, and the God +of Jacob</q>? He is not the God of the +dead, but the God of the living: therefore +are ye in error.</q> +</p> + +<p> +And we were surprised at the subtlety +of the man; and chiefly men marvelled at +the wisdom of this man in finding what +we call a support, that is, a text of Scripture +on which to hang the doctrine of the +life after death, which many believe to +have grown up among us since the sacred +Scriptures were written: for in them little, +if anything, was said of the world to come. +Now, Jesus in his answer had happened +upon a text which said that Abraham and +Isaac and Jacob were living when they +were dead to this world, and the people +marvelled greatly thereat. +</p> + +<p> +Now, it had been agreed upon, that +after the Sadducees had asked their question +and been answered, I should stand +<pb n='81'/><anchor id='Pg081'/>forth and test this man Jesus on behalf of +the Pharisees. Now, one of our Sages +hath said, <q>Be as careful of a little precept +as of a great one;</q> whereas our great +master Hillel had, as I have told thee, +summed up the whole Law in one precept, +<q>Love thy neighbor as thyself.</q> Therefore, +we of the Pharisees wished to know +whether this Jesus agreed with the one +sage or the other; so I spake unto him +and said, <q>Rabbi, which is the first commandment, +by doing which I shall inherit +the life everlasting?</q> But at first he answered +me not directly, but said, <q>How +readest thou?</q> Then I remembered me +the words of the <q>Catechism of the Two +Ways,</q> and answered, <q>Thou shalt love +the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and +with all thy strength, and with all thy +mind, and thy neighbor as thyself: whatsoever +thou wouldest not for thyself, do +not to another.</q> And he said unto me, +<q>Thou hast answered right; and the first +of the commandments is the <foreign rend='italic'>Shema</foreign>: +<q>Hear, O Israel; the Lord thy God is +one God.</q> And the second is like, namely +this: <q>Thou shalt love thy neighbor as +<pb n='82'/><anchor id='Pg082'/>thyself.</q> There is none other commandment +greater than these. This do, and +thou shalt live.</q> Then I was rejoiced, +and said unto him, <q>Well, Rabbi, thou +hast said the truth: there is one God, and +there is none other but him; and to love +him with all the heart, and with all the +understanding, and with all the soul, and +all the strength, and to love one’s neighbor +as one’s self, is more than all the burnt +offerings and sacrifices.</q> Then Jesus became +gracious unto me, and said, <q>Thou +art not far from the kingdom of God.</q> +</p> + +<p> +But then I would learn further from this +man who spake so well, and ask him the +question which is current in our schools +on this subject, and I said to him, <q>But, +Rabbi, who is my neighbor?</q> and he +answered with a <foreign rend='italic'>mashal</foreign>, or parable, and +said, <q>To what is the matter like? A +certain man was going down from Jerusalem +to Jericho; and he fell among robbers, +which both stripped him and beat +him, and departed, leaving him half dead. +And by chance a certain priest was going +down that way: and when he saw him, he +passed by on the other side. And in like +<pb n='83'/><anchor id='Pg083'/>manner a Levite also, when he came to +the place, and saw him, passed by on the +other side. But a certain Israelite,<note place="foot">The gospel version reads <q>Samaritan.</q>—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Ed.</hi></note> as +he journeyed, came where he was: and +when he saw him, he was moved with +compassion, and came to him, and bound +up his wounds, pouring on them oil and +wine; and he set him on his own beast, +and brought him to an inn, and took care +of him. And on the morrow he took out +two pence, and gave them to the host, and +said, <q>Take care of him; and whatsoever +thou spendest more, I, when I come back +again, will repay thee.</q> Which of these +three, thinkest thou, proved neighbor unto +him that fell among the robbers?</q> Then +I said, <q>Not the priest, nor the Levite, +though they held office in Israel, but the +simple Israelite who showed mercy upon +him.</q> Then Jesus said unto me, <q>Go and +do thou likewise;</q> and at this moment we +were all summoned to the mid-day sacrifice +in the Temple. +</p> + +<p> +When Jesus had departed, after the sacrifice, +we all met together and discussed +his answers, which had stamped him in +<pb n='84'/><anchor id='Pg084'/>our minds as a master in the art of question +and answer, which is with us as favorable +a trial of skill as oratory or poetry +with you Hellenes. Now, as regards the +question of the Sadducees, men thought +he had spoken more openly; for though +he had evaded a direct answer to the +question of the seven brothers and their +wife, he had yet implied that they all +would have a part in the life to come. +Some regretted that the question had not +been put differently, and the problem set—if +a son had been born through the +seventh brother: for this might have +thrown light upon the question of the +schools, whether the brother’s widow was +to be still regarded as his wife if seed had +been raised to him after his death. But +as to the support which Jesus had taken +from Scripture for the life everlasting, +though here again he had answered question +by question, it was decided that he +was against the Sadducees on this point. +</p> + +<p> +But on the questions which I had put +to him, all had agreed that he had answered +as a Pharisee, even as Hillel might +have answered, for he had yea-said the +<pb n='85'/><anchor id='Pg085'/>doctrine which I had cited from the beginning +of <q>The Two Ways</q> in which the +doctrine of Hillel is summed up; and even +as to my further question, as to who is the +<foreign rend='italic'>chaber</foreign>, or neighbor, though opinions were +divided, most thought that he had spoken +as a Pharisee might have spoken: for +thou knowest, Aglaophonos, that our nation +is divided into three great classes—the +<foreign rend='italic'>Cohanim</foreign>, or Priests; the Levites; +and the common Israelites. Now, of these, +the two former are the officials of the +Temple, and most if not all of the Sadducees +are from this class. And, in declaring +himself on the side of the third +class of simple Israelites, Jesus had, we all +thought, declared himself on the side of +the Pharisees. +</p> + +<pb n='86'/><anchor id='Pg086'/> + +</div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg087'/> +<index index="toc" level1="VII. The Second Sermon"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="VII. The Second Sermon"/> +<head>VII.<lb/>THE SECOND SERMON.</head> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg088'/> + +<pb n='89'/><anchor id='Pg089'/> + +<p> +I cannot clearly remember at what +season of the year it was that I next saw +Jesus; indeed, I am surprised to think +that, after the lapse of nearly five-and-twenty +years, I can still remember almost +all that passed on the various occasions +when I was in his presence. Yet I think +it was about the time of the feast which +we hold in memory of the rededication of +the Temple under the Maccabæans that +I again saw and heard the Galilæan stranger; +for I mind me that I had just been +taking the eight-branch candlestick which +we use in the ceremonials of this feast to +Petachayah the silversmith to be mended, +when on my return I saw a throng collected +round the synagogue of the Galilæans, +and entering in, found that Jesus was +to preach that day. The same ceremonial +was gone through as I have already described +to thee: the Law was taken from +the ark with rejoicing; priest and Levite +<pb n='90'/><anchor id='Pg090'/>and four ordinary Israelites were summoned +to hear it read, and again the +crier called, <q>Let Rabbi Joshua, the son +of Rabbi Joseph, arise.</q> Now, it chanced +that this time, I, as a member of the Sanhedrim, +was summoned to the reading of +the Law immediately after Jesus, and for a +time, as is customary, we stood together +upon the <foreign rend='italic'>bema</foreign>. I observed that, as the +reading of the Law proceeded, the eyes of +the Nazarene became fixed upon the ark, +and a veil of mysterious tenderness seemed +to come over them, as if he were in communion +with the <foreign rend='italic'>Shechinah</foreign>, or Glory, itself. +It seemed to me that afterwards, +when he read the <foreign rend='italic'>Haphtara</foreign> from the prophets, +and when he preached, something +remained in him of this mystical communion. +</p> + +<p> +Perhaps it was for this that we seemed +to miss that sense of individual address +which we had before observed in his eyes. +No longer did these speak to us other and +deeper thoughts than the words of the +preacher; they seemed to dream of divine +things, and so caused us also to be rapt +in mystic musings. I cannot on this +ac<pb n='91'/><anchor id='Pg091'/>count recall for you all or even many of +the words which he uttered on this occasion. +He began with some plain teaching +about practice. Soon he went on to speak +of himself in a marvellous way, as if he +would imply that communion with him +and with the Most High were one and the +same, and then in his last words he seemed +to speak of the Last Things. And here +again his words seemed as if he identified +himself with the great Judge. +</p> + +<p> +Now, this is not so strange to our mode +of thinking in Israel as thou mightest +think. Almost all our prophets speak the +oracles of God as if they were using the +very words of the Lord. Thou canst read +in the Greek translation of the Seventy +many passages of the prophets in which +the very words of the Lord are given. +Yet in most, if not all, cases the prophet +beginneth, <q>Thus saith the Lord,</q> or endeth, +<q>This is the word of the Lord.</q> But +with this Jesus it was otherwise. He +spoke as the ancient prophets do, but +whether from his rapt intentness in the +message he was delivering, or because he +felt his spirit for the time merged in the +<pb n='92'/><anchor id='Pg092'/>divine, he spoke as if the message was his. +And as he spoke, I saw looks of amazement +pass between many in the synagogue, +and one old graybeard rose as if to +protest, and then, shaking his withered +hands above his head, went out of the +synagogue. +</p> + +<p> +I will here set down for thee as many of +the words that fell from Jesus’ lips on this +occasion as I can remember. They are +but few, but many of them are weighty, +and I have told thee above the general +lines of thought which seemed to run +through his discourse; and these are the +words as far as I remember them.<note place="foot">See note on <ref target="Pg042">p. 42</ref>.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Ed.</hi></note> +</p> + +<p rend="margin-top: 2"> +<q rend="post: none">Cultivate faith and hope, through +which is born that love of God and man +which gives the eternal life. Those are +the sons of God who walk in the spirit of +God. What you preach before the folk, +do in deed before every one. Accept not +anything from any man, and possess not +anything in this world. For the Father +wisheth to be given to each man from his +own gifts. Cleave unto the saints: for +<pb n='93'/><anchor id='Pg093'/>they that cleave unto them shall be sanctified. +Yet shall there be schisms and heresies: +for there is a shame which leadeth +to death, as there is a shame which leadeth +to life. Is it not enough for the disciples +to be as the Master? If in a little +you are not faithful, who shall give unto +you what is much? Seek the great, and +the little will be added to you; seek the +heavenly, and the things of earth will be +superadded.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">He that wonders shall reign, he who +reigns shall find rest. My secret is for +me, and for those that are mine are the +things which eye saw not, and ear heard +not, which entered not into the heart of +man, whatsoever things God prepared for +them that love him. Those who wish to +see me, and wish to cling to the kingdom, +must take me through affliction and suffering. +For he that is near me is near the +fire, he that is far from me is far from the +kingdom. Where one is, there too am I; +where twain are, there too will I be. As +any of you sees himself in the water or in +the mirror, so let him see me in himself.</q> +</p> + +<p rend="margin-bottom: 2"> +<q>They that love me shall receive the +<pb n='94'/><anchor id='Pg094'/>crown. I will choose me the good, those +good whom my Father in the heavens +hath given me. Let the lawless continue +in lawlessness, the just be justified. Behold, +I make the last as the first, and all +things new. In whatsoever state I find +you, in that also will I judge you.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Never heard I any who spoke of himself +as this man did. For days and days afterwards +some of his words came to me again +and again. Whenever I was alone I +seemed to hear his voice saying, <q>Where +one is, there too am I; where twain are, +there too will I be.</q> Whenever I gazed +on the running stream or looked on the +polished steel of the mirror, again I seemed +to hear him say, <q>As any of you sees himself +in the water or in the mirror, so let +him see me in himself.</q> And, in truth, at +times my features seemed to fade away, +and the face of Jesus gaze upon me. +</p> + +<p> +Others thought not as I. When we +assembled after the sermon, to talk over it, +as is our custom, I found that most had +been chiefly touched by certain sayings at +the end of the sermon, in which Jesus +<pb n='95'/><anchor id='Pg095'/>seemed to speak of the future life and the +last judgment. Thou knowest, Aglaophonos, +that with regard to these matters +I incline more to the teaching of the Sadducean +sect, who hold that Holy Scripture +speaketh not of these things, and +that, therefore, we need not and should +not think thereon. But there were few +who held that doctrine in the synagogue +that day, and these thought most of the +words in which Jesus seemed to claim the +prerogatives of the Divine Judge. <q>I was +amazed,</q> quoth Serachyah ben Pinchas, +<q>when he spoke of judging us himself in +the last days: it wanted but a little that I +had rent my garments at the blasphemy. +But surely, thought I to myself, the man +will shortly tell us, <q>These are the words +of the Lord,</q> and so I refrained.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Now I will tell thee of a most strange +event that happened with me and this +Jesus. A day or two after this, I was +sitting in my room and studying the +words of Torah, and had fallen into deep +thought on the things of this life and the +next, and gradually I fell thinking of certain +words that I had heard from Jesus +<pb n='96'/><anchor id='Pg096'/>the Nazarene, as I have before told you. +Hast thou ever felt, Aglaophonos, as if +some one was gazing upon thee, and thou +couldst not refrain from looking round to +see who it was? So I felt at this moment, +and I looked up from the sacred scroll, and +lo! Jesus the Nazarene stood before me, +gazing upon me with those piercing eyes +I can never forget. His face was pale +and indistinct, but the eyes shone forth +as if with tenderness and pity. Then he +seemed to lean forward, and spoke to me +in a low yet piercing voice these words: +<q>Awake thou that sleepest, and arise from +the dead, and the Christ shall shine upon +thee.</q> I had shrunk back from his gaze, +and was, indeed, in all amaze and wonder +that he should be in the room; but when I +looked again, behold, he was gone, there +was no man there. +</p> + +<p> +But this is not all the wonder of that +event, for, being startled, and, indeed, +somewhat fearful at his sudden appearance +and disappearance, I arose and went +out into the highway, and went out to +walk on the Gethsemane road. Now, as I +came clear of the city, I saw a group of +<pb n='97'/><anchor id='Pg097'/>men coming down the opposite hill, and +when they came near, behold, it was Jesus +and some of his friends. I was astonished +and surprised beyond all measure, for how +could Jesus have just been with me, and +be now coming from Gethsemane? And +when they were passing me, Jesus glanced +at me very slightly, as at a stranger—he +that had spoken to my soul but a few +minutes since. +</p> + +<p> +Now, after they had passed me, there +came one running after them whom I knew—one +Meshullam ben Hanoch—and I +stopped him and asked him whither he +was going, and he said, <q>Stay me not. +I have run all the way from Bethany to +catch up that man thou seest there, Jesus +the Nazarene;</q> and with that he took up +his running and left me. +</p> + +<p> +I knew not what to think. I had seen +and heard Jesus in my own house in Jerusalem, +and lo! at that very same time, as +I now learned, he had been at Bethany. +What thinkest thou, Aglaophonos,—can +a man be in two places at one and the +same time? or can it be that the mind of +man, and the power of his eye, can go +<pb n='98'/><anchor id='Pg098'/>forth from his body and create a vision of +another man that hath all the semblance +of reality? I know not what to think; +but I have heard that, even after his death, +those who were nearest and dearest to +Jesus saw him and heard him even as I +did. Nor do I wonder at this, after what +has occurred to myself. +</p> + +</div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg099'/> +<index index="toc" level1="VIII. The Rebuking of Jesus"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="VIII. The Rebuking of Jesus"/> +<head>VIII.<lb/>THE REBUKING OF JESUS.</head> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg100'/> + +<pb n='101'/><anchor id='Pg101'/> + +<p> +Now, it chanced that about this time +I was invited to a feast at the house of +Elisha ben Simeon, one of the leaders of +the Pharisees in Jerusalem. His son had +become thirteen years old that week, and, +as is our custom, was received into the +holy congregation as a Son of the Covenant +on the Sabbath. He had been summoned +up to the reading of the Law, and +had himself read aloud a portion of it; for +from this day onward he was to be treated +in all matters of religion as if he were a +man. Being a friend of his father, I had +attended his synagogue, and heard the +lad’s pure voice for the first time in his life +declare publicly his faith in the Most High. +</p> + +<p> +After the service in the synagogue, his +friends accompanied the father and the lad +to their house, and with them went I, who +had known the father from our schoolboy +days, and the little lad from the time of his +birth. +</p> + +<pb n='102'/><anchor id='Pg102'/> + +<p> +Now, it chanced that, as we came near +the door of Elisha’s house, we met Jesus the +Nazarene, and two or three with him. So +Elisha greeted them, and invited them +courteously to join the feast, as is the custom +among us. And Jesus and the others +assented, and followed into the house with +us. <q>To table, to table!</q> cried Elisha, +pointing to the couches standing round +the well-filled board. +</p> + +<p> +When we were all seated, the host and +his son came round with an ewer and basin +to perform the washing of the hands prescribed +by the Law. But when they came +to the Galilæan strangers, these refused, +saying, <q>We wash not before meals.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Then we must serve ye last,</q> said +Elisha, with a smile. But the others took +not the matter so pleasantly; for since we +have one common dish, which is handed +round to the guests for them to take their +food with their fingers, it is considered +gross ill-breeding for a man not to perform +the ceremony of washing before meals. +</p> + +<p> +Then Elisha took a seat at the centre +of the table, and said the grace before +meals. Then he broke bread, and, +dip<pb n='103'/><anchor id='Pg103'/>ping a morsel into salt for each of the +guests, he called his son to him to carry +it round. When he saw that each of the +guests had a piece of bread dipped in salt, +Elisha recited the blessing on the bread, +<q>Blessed art Thou, O Lord our God, who +bringest forth bread from the earth,</q> and +all said <q>Amen.</q> And one of the guests +said to Elisha, <q>I am glad we are not in +Babylon.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>How so, Phineas?</q> said Elisha to the +man, who was well known at all feasts at +that time in Jerusalem. +</p> + +<p> +And Phineas said, <q>For there they only +eat bread with their bread.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Nay, that would not suit thee, Phineas. +Thou art no Nazarite;</q> and most of the +guests who knew him laughed. +</p> + +<p> +Then Elisha clapped his hands, and the +slaves took round the first course of salted +fish; then afterwards the cold baked meats—for, +being the Sabbath, the food had +been prepared the day before. +</p> + +<p> +Then one of the guests said to one of +the Galilæans, <q>Is it true that you allow +fowl to be boiled in milk in your country?</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Yes, truly; why not?</q> said the Galilæan. +</p> + +<pb n='104'/><anchor id='Pg104'/> + +<p> +<q>Is it not written thrice in the Law,</q> +said the guest, <q><q>Thou shalt not seethe +the kid in its mother’s milk</q>?</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>In our country,</q> said the Galilæan, +<q>fowls give no milk.</q> And we all of us +laughed, save only Jesus. +</p> + +<p> +<q>Nay, but the Sages have carried their +prohibition even unto fowls, lest the people +be led to confuse flesh and flesh.</q> +</p> + +<p> +By this time we had arrived at the third +and last course of salted olives, lettuces, +and radishes. And again the bowl and +ewer were passed round, and this time the +Galilæans did not refuse the water. Then +the new son of the covenant recited in his +clear voice the grace after meals. And all +rose, while the slaves removed the remnants. +Then said Elisha, <q>It is not well +that when so many are together we should +depart without discussing some words of +the Law. My little Lazarus here would +fain learn some new thing from the many +learned men present on this day of his +being received into Israel.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Well, then,</q> said one of the company, +<q>I should like to put a question to our +friends here from Galilee.</q> And they +said, <q>Speak, Rabbi.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='105'/><anchor id='Pg105'/> + +<p> +And he addressed himself to Jesus, and +said, <q>Why walk not thy disciples according +to the tradition of the elders, but eat +bread with unwashen hands?</q> +</p> + +<p> +Then Jesus spoke out, and as he spoke +he strode up and down the room, with his +hand clutching the air, and the vein throbbing +on his left temple. <q>Well hath +Esaias prophesied of you hypocrites, as it +is written, <q>This people honoreth me with +their lips, but their heart is far from me. +Howbeit in vain do they worship me, +teaching for doctrines the commandments +of men.</q></q> Then facing us all, he added, +<q>For ye lay aside the commandment of +God, and hold the tradition of men.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>How so, master?</q> said Elisha; <q>prove +thy words.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>It is said in the Word of God, <q>Honor +thy father and thy mother,</q> and yet the +Sages say, <q>If a man be asked by his father +or mother to honor them with a gift, +and he say, <q>I vow that thing to the Almighty,</q> +then it is <foreign rend='italic'>Corban</foreign>,</q> and put aside +for the Lord, so that his parents cannot +enjoy thereof. Thus by your tradition +about vows ye make the Word of God +<pb n='106'/><anchor id='Pg106'/>concerning honor to parents of none effect, +and many like things ye do.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Then Elisha said, <q>But the Sages are +by no means at one in that matter of the +vows, and in particular many of them declare +all the vows annulled that would +work against our duty to our parents, or +even against our love to our neighbor. +Yet, even if we take the more stricter tradition, +in what manner that absolves us +from washing our hands before meals, I +see not.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Nay, it is the same thing,</q> replied +Jesus. <q>Ye Pharisees make clean the +outside of the cup and platter, but your +inward thoughts are full of ravening and +wickedness. Ye fools! did not the Holy +One, blessed be He, who made that which +is without, make also that which is within? +Therefore give for alms that which is +within, kindly thoughts and friendly feelings. +If ye do that, all things are clean +unto you.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Then I said unto Jesus, for this matter +touched us scribes nearly, <q>Master, in +speaking thus against tradition thou reproachest +us also that be scribes.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='107'/><anchor id='Pg107'/> + +<p> +And he answered, <q>Woe, woe unto ye, +scribes! which desire to walk in long +robes, and love greetings in the markets, +and the higher seats in the synagogues, +and the chief places at feasts, which devour +widows’ houses, and for a show make +long prayers.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Then an angry murmur rose among all +the folk there assembled at the harsh +words of the stranger, when suddenly was +heard the voice of Simeon ben Lazarus, +the father of Elisha, a very old man, who +sat in the corner and said:— +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Young man, fourscore years and two +have I lived upon this earth; a Pharisee +have I been from the day I became a son +of the covenant, like little Lazarus there; a +scribe was I during all the working days of +my life. I did what the Law and the Sages +command, yet never thought I in so doing +of men’s thoughts or praises. Surely, if +the Lord command, a good Jew will obey. +And as in many things, many acts of this +life, the Law speaketh not in plain terms, +surely we should follow the opinion of +those who devote all their life to the study +of the Law.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='108'/><anchor id='Pg108'/> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">I have never sought the praises of +men, their greetings or their honors, in +obeying the Law. In all that I have done +I have sought one thing—to fulfil the +will of our Father which is in heaven.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">As for what thou sayest, that inward +thought and outward act should go together +in the service of God and man, that +is a verity, and often have I heard the saying +from the great Hillel—may his memory +be for a blessing! But if outward act +may be clean when inward thought may +be unclean, how, on the other hand, can +we know the purity of what is within, +except it be decided by the cleanliness of +what is without? How, above all, shall +we teach our little ones, like my Lazarus +there, to feel what is good and seemly, +except by first teaching them to do the +acts that are seemly and good?</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>And as for what thou sayest as to the +hypocrisy of us Pharisees and scribes, I +say unto thee,—and in a few days I must +see the face of my Maker,—I say unto +thee, I have known many an Ebionite, +which thou seemest to be, who was well +spoken within, but ill doing without. So, +<pb n='109'/><anchor id='Pg109'/>too, I have known many a scribe and +many a Pharisee who neither carried their +good deeds on their shoulders, nor said, +<q>Wait, I have to finish some godly deed;</q> +nor set off their good deeds against their +sins; nor boasted of their sacrifices for +godly works; nor did they seek out their +sins that they might pay for them by their +virtues; nor were they Pharisees from fear +of the Divine punishment. They were +Pharisees from love of the Lord, and did +throughout their life what they knew to +be his commands.</q> +</p> + +<p> +But Jesus spoke gently unto the old +man, and said naught but, <q>Nay, master, I +spoke not of thee, nor of men like thee. +These be the true Pharisees; the rest but +have the Pharisaic color.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>That is so,</q> said old Simeon. <q>I +have heard what King Jannaus said: +<q>Fear not the Pharisees, nor those who +are no Pharisees; but fear the colored +ones, who are only Pharisees in appearance, +who do the deeds of Zimri and demand +the rewards of Phineas.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> +But before the old man could finish +there was a movement at the doorway, +<pb n='110'/><anchor id='Pg110'/>and a high, thin voice cried out, <q>Where +is this kidnapper of souls? where is this +filcher of young lives? where is Jesus the +Nazarene?</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Behold me,</q> said Jesus, turning towards +the voice; and an old man, with the +rent garment of the mourner, and with +hair all distraught, came up to the Nazarene +with arms outstretched and clutching +fingers. +</p> + +<p> +<q>Give me my son, my Elchanan!</q> he +cried. <q>Thou hast taken him from me last +Passover, saying, <q>Father and mother, yea, +all that a man hath, shall he give up to +follow me.</q> He left me to follow thee; +what hast thou done with him?—my +Elchanan! my Elchanan!</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>He died, and is at peace.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Then give him back to me again. +Thou canst do all things, men say: make +whole the sick, let see the blind, cause the +lame to walk, and give peace to the +troubled mind. Give me, then, back my +Elchanan thou hast taken from me.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>There is One alone that can quicken +the dead,</q> said Jesus, and walked sternly +past him. +</p> + +</div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg111'/> +<index index="toc" level1="IX. Jesus in the Temple"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="IX. Jesus in the Temple"/> +<head>IX.<lb/>JESUS IN THE TEMPLE.</head> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg112'/> + +<pb n='113'/><anchor id='Pg113'/> + +<p> +But a few days after what I have narrated +to thee, I had attended a full meeting +of the Sanhedrim in the hall of hewn stones +in the Priests’ Court of the Temple. When +the session was over, we went forth, and, +turning to the right, passed into the Court +of the Israelites, and so through Nicanor’s +Gate into the Court of the Women. Now, +as we went down the fifteen steps that lead +into this court, we could see, through the +Beautiful Gate at the other end of it, that +something unusual was occurring in the +outer court of all, the Court of the Gentiles. +So I and some of the other younger members +of the Sanhedrim passed rapidly +through the Court of the Women, and, +hurrying through the Beautiful Gate, found +Jesus preaching to the people under Solomon’s +Porch. Now, it is usual for the +people to make way when any member of +the Sanhedrim passes by; but the people +were so engrossed with the words of Jesus +<pb n='114'/><anchor id='Pg114'/>that they took no note of me and my companions, +and we had to stand at the edge +of the crowd and listen as best we might, +and so great was the crowd that I could +scarcely hear what the Nazarene was saying, +until gradually those near us, recognizing +the marks of our dignity, made way for +us till we got nearer. +</p> + +<p> +Never saw I Jesus in so exalted a state. +Though he was not tall, as I have said, he +seemed to tower above the crowd. The +mid-day sun of winter was shining full upon +the Temple, and though Jesus was in the +shadow of the porch, the sunlight from the +Temple walls shone back upon his eyes +and hair, which gleamed with the glory of +the sun. He looked and spake as a king +among men. And, indeed, he was claiming +to be something even greater than a +king. I could not hear very distinctly from +where I was at first, but towards the last, +as I got nearer, I heard him say these +words:— +</p> + +<p rend="margin-top: 2; margin-bottom: 2"> +<q>Whosoever committeth sin is the servant +of sin. Except a man be born again, +he cannot see the kingdom of God. He +<pb n='115'/><anchor id='Pg115'/>that loveth his life shall lose it. If a man +keep my word he shall never see death, +but has passed from death unto life. He +that believeth in me, the works that I do +shall he do also. Yet can the Son do +nothing of himself, but what he seeth the +Father do. I am the door: by me, if any +man enter in, he shall be saved. I am the +Way, the Truth, and the Life. I am the +Light of the world. I am the good Shepherd, +and know my sheep, and am known +of mine. I am the Bread of Life: he that +cometh to me shall never hunger. I am +the true Vine, and my Father is the Husbandman. +I am the Vine, ye are the +branches. If any man thirst, let him come +unto me and drink. Before Abraham was +I am.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Now, as Jesus was saying these words, +and many like unto them, his form seemed +to expand, his eye flashed with the light of +prophecy, and all men were amazed at the +power of his words. Never had they heard +man speak of himself with such confidence. +If he had been very God, he could not have +said more of his own power over men’s +<pb n='116'/><anchor id='Pg116'/>souls. Our prophets have spoken boldly +indeed, but none of them had boasted of +the power of the Lord in such terms as this +man spake of himself. Could he be mad, +I thought, to say such things? Yet in all +other matters he had shown a wisdom and +a sound sense equal to the greatest of our +Sages. Or had he found that by speaking +thus of himself, men, and above all, women, +were best moved to believe as he would +have them believe, to act as he would have +them act? Might it not be the simplest +of truths that for them, to them, he was +indeed the Way, the Truth, and the Life? +</p> + +<p> +And, indeed, when I looked around and +saw the effect of his words on those who +were listening, I could in part understand +his power among men and women. They +drank in his words as travellers at the well +of the oasis. They lived upon his eyes, +and it was indeed strange to see every +man’s body bent forward as of a straining +hound at the chase. If ever men worshipped +a man, these were worshipping +Jesus. +</p> + +<p> +And I? What was it with me that his +words failed to move me as they did those +<pb n='117'/><anchor id='Pg117'/>around me? Why did his eyes rather repel +than attract me? Was it thy teaching, +Aglaophonos, that had taught me the +way of thy race: to measure all things in +the balance of wisdom; to be moved in +all acts by reason, not feeling? Was it +from thee I learnt to think about the +causes of this man’s influence, even while +I and others were under it? Perhaps not +alone; for much that this man was saying +would have repelled my Jewish instincts +even had I never come under thy influence. +What struck thee among us Jews, +I remember, was that while we see the +Deity everywhere, we localize him nowhere. +Alone among the nations of men +we refuse to make an image of our God. +We alone never regarded any man as God +Incarnate. Those among us who have +been nearest to the Divine have only +claimed to be—they have only been recognized +to be—messengers of the Most +High. Yet here was this man, as it +seemed, claiming to be the Very God, +and all my Jewish feeling rose against the +claim. +</p> + +<p> +Nor was I alone in this feeling I was +<pb n='118'/><anchor id='Pg118'/>soon to learn. Before Jesus had finished +his harangue, cries arose from different +quarters of the crowd. <q>Blasphemy!</q> +<q>Blasphemer!</q> <q>He blasphemes!</q> arose +on all sides. These cries awakened men +as if from a sleep, all turning round to +see whence they came. And the very +turning round, as it were, removed them +from the influence of Jesus and his eyes. +In a moment, many of those who just +before were hanging upon Jesus’ words +joined in the cry, <q>Blasphemer! blasphemer!</q> +One of the boldest of those +who began the cry called out, <q>Blasphemer! +Stone him!</q> +</p> + +<p> +But Jesus drew himself up, and looked +upon the crowd with flashing eyes, and +said, <q>O Jerusalem, Jerusalem! Sodom is +justified of thee.</q> For a moment all were +silent, but soon the cries arose again: +<q>Blasphemer! blasphemer! Stone him!</q> +</p> + +<p> +Then began great commotion among +the people. While some called out, +<q>Stone him!</q> <q>Stone him!</q> others +cried, <q>Sacrilege!</q> <q>Sacrilege!</q> <q>No +stoning in the Temple!</q> And one called +out with a jeer, <q>In the Temple ye cannot +<pb n='119'/><anchor id='Pg119'/>stone, for lo! here there be no stones;</q> +and a bitter, scornful laugh followed his +words. Then some who were nearest to +Jesus sought to lay hands on him, while +others, his friends, stood round him and +prevented their approaching, and all was +confusion and tumult. When suddenly +the blare of a trumpet sounded through +the courts, and all cried, <q>The Romans! +the Romans!</q> +</p> + +<p> +Then round by the royal porch came a +company of Roman soldiers to change the +sentries at mid-day, and they halted near +the Beautiful Gate. And as they came +near the crowd began to disperse, and +Jesus and his friends went their way from +the courts of the Temple. +</p> + +<p> +That day, there was no talk in Jerusalem +but of the event in the Temple. Men +marvelled at the way in which this Jesus +had spoken of himself. <q>The prophets +spake not thus,</q> they said. <q>Yet how +can a man be greater than a prophet, who +speaketh the words of the Most High? +Even if we had once more a king over us +in Israel, he could not be as great as a +prophet, and no king would speak of +him<pb n='120'/><anchor id='Pg120'/>self as Jesus this day hath spoken of himself.</q> +But what if this man were destined +to be the Christ, the God-given Ruler that +should restore the throne of David? But +how could that be, since none of the signs +and portents of the last times had come +upon the earth? Who had seen the blood +trickle from the rocks? or the fiery sword +appear in the midnight sky? Had babes +a year old spoken like men? But others +said, <q>Nay, the kingdom of God will not +come with expectation. As it hath been +said, <q>Three things come unexpectedly—a +scorpion, a treasure-trove, and the Messiah.</q></q> +And again, others said, <q>Perchance +this is not the Messiah ben David, +but the Messiah ben Joseph, who shall be +slain before the other cometh.</q> Thus the +minds of men and their words went hither +and thither about the sayings of this man +Jesus in the Temple. +</p> + +</div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg121'/> +<index index="toc" level1="X. The Entry into Jerusalem"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="X. The Entry into Jerusalem"/> +<head>X.<lb/>THE ENTRY INTO JERUSALEM.</head> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg122'/> + +<pb n='123'/><anchor id='Pg123'/> + +<p> +I heard naught and saw naught of Jesus +the Nazarene till the very last week of his +life, and that was the week before the Passover. +The winter had been a severe one, +and much misery had arisen among the +folk through the exactions of the Romans; +indeed, an attempt had been made to throw +off the Roman yoke. In several places the +people had assembled in arms and attacked +the soldiery, and in some cases had slain +their sentries. Pilate had but sent off a +cohort into the district, and all signs of +discontent went underground. One of the +leaders of the revolt, Jesus Bar Abbas, had +been captured and thrown into prison. +He, indeed, had attempted an insurrection +in Jerusalem itself, where he was well +known and popular among the common +folk. When he was arrested, a riot had +occurred, and one of the soldiers was slain +who had been sent to arrest him; wherefore +he lay now in prison on the charges of +<pb n='124'/><anchor id='Pg124'/>rebellion and murder. Yet many thought +that this man had been put forth to try the +temper of the people and the power of the +Romans, in preparation for a more serious +attempt to shake off the oppressor. +</p> + +<p> +Yet who should lead the people? Jochanan, +the only man whom of recent times +the people followed gladly, had been done +to death by Herod. One man alone since +his death had won the people’s heart, to +wit, Jesus the cousin of Jochanan. He, +and he alone, could lead the people against +the Romans, and all men wondered if he +would. In the midst of their wonder came +news that Jesus the Nazarene was coming +up to the Holy City for the Feast of Passover, +the feast of redemption from Egypt. +Would it prove this year a feast of redemption +from the Romans? All hope of this +depended upon this Jesus. +</p> + +<p> +It was twenty-one years ago, but I can +remember as if it were yesterday the excitement +in Jerusalem when the news came +that Jesus of Nazareth had arrived in the +neighborhood, and was spending his Sabbath +at the village of Bethany. All those +who were disaffected against the Romans +<pb n='125'/><anchor id='Pg125'/>cried out, <q>A leader! a leader!</q> All those +who were halt, sick, or blind, cried out, <q>A +healer! a healer!</q> Wherever we went, +there was no talk but of the coming deliverance. +As I approached one group of +men I heard them say, <q>When will it be? +When will he give the sign? Will it be +before or after the feast?</q> <q>Nay,</q> said +one of the crowd, a burly blacksmith he, +<q>what day for the deliverance but the +Passover day? But be it when it may, let +him give the sign, and I shall be ready.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>And prove a new Maccabee,</q> said one +in the crowd, referring to his hammer, +whereat a grim laugh arose. +</p> + +<p> +The next day being the first of the +week, which the Romans call the Day of +the Sun, I was pondering the words of the +Law in my little study chamber near the +roof of my father’s house in the Street of +the Bakers near Herod’s Palace, which at +that time was inhabited by the Procurator, +when suddenly I heard the patter of many +feet in the street beneath me, and looking +out, I saw them all hurrying, as it seemed, +to the Temple. I put on my sandals, and +taking my staff in my hand and drawing +<pb n='126'/><anchor id='Pg126'/>my mantle over my head, hurried out after +the passers-by. But when they came to +the Broad Place before the Water Gate, +they turned sharp to the right, and went +down the Tyropœon as far as the Fountain +Gate, where I overtook them. There I +found all the most turbulent of the city +population. Some of the men I knew had +been engaged in the recent riot under +Jesus Bar Abbas. Others were the leading +Zealots in Jerusalem, and all were men +eager for the freeing of the city from the +Romans. And among them, too, were +others who cared not for freedom, nor +hated the Romans, but would only be too +pleased if the city were given up to disorder +and rapine. While these waited there, +we heard cries from behind us, and looking +back, saw filing out from the Temple courts +on to the Xystus Bridge, and down into +the Tyropœon, the brigade of beggars who +pass almost their whole life in the Court of +the Gentiles. These came down slowly, +for among them were many halt and some +blind, and all were old and feeble of limb. +<q>Why come they forth from the courts?</q> +I asked; <q>and why are we waiting?</q> +<pb n='127'/><anchor id='Pg127'/>Then said one near me, <q>Knowest thou +not that Jesus the Nazarene enters the +city to-day? And men say he is to deliver +us.</q> And at that moment a cry arose +among the folk, <q>Lo! there he is.</q> Looking +south, for a time I could see nothing, +for the mid-day sun of the spring solstice +was shining with that radiance which we +Jews think is only to be seen in our land. +But after a while I could discern, turning +the corner of the Jericho Road near En +Rogel, a mounted man, surrounded by a +number of men and women on foot. <q>It +is Jesus—it is Jesus!</q> all cried; <q>let us +to meet him!</q> And with that, all but the +lame rushed forward to meet him, and I +with them. +</p> + +<p> +It is but three hundred paces from the +Fountain Gate to En Rogel, and the Nazarene +and his friends had advanced somewhat +to meet us, but in that short space +the enthusiasm of the crowd had arisen to +a very fever, and as we neared him one +cried out, and all joined in the cry, <q>Hosanna +Barabba! Hosanna Barabba!</q> and +then they shouted our usual cry of welcome, +<q>Blessed be he that cometh in the +<pb n='128'/><anchor id='Pg128'/>name of the Lord!</q> and one bolder than +his fellows called out, <q>Blessed be the coming +of the kingdom!</q> At that there was +the wildest joy among the people. Some +tore off branches of palms, and stood by +the way and waved them in front of Jesus; +others took off each his <foreign rend='italic'>talith</foreign> and threw it +down in front of the young ass on which +Jesus rode, as if to pave the way into the +Holy City with choice linen. But when I +looked upon the face of Jesus, there were +no signs there of the coming triumph; he +sat with his head bent forward, his eyes +downcast, and his face all sad. And a +chill somehow came over me. I thought +of that play of the Greeks which thou +gavest me to read, in which the king of +men, driving to his own palace at Argos, +is enticed to enter it, stepping upon soft +carpets like an idol of your gods, and so +incurs the divine jealousy. +</p> + +<p> +As we approached the Fountain Gate, +the beggars from the Temple had come +down to it, and joined in the shouting +and the welcome; and one of them, +Tobias ben Pinchas by name, who had, +ever since men had known him, walked +<pb n='129'/><anchor id='Pg129'/>with a crutch, suddenly, in his excitement, +raised his crutch and waved it over his +head, and danced before Jesus, crying, +<q>Hosanna Barabba! Hosanna Barabba!</q> +and all men cried out, <q>A miracle, a miracle! +what cannot this man perform?</q> +And so, with a crowd surrounding him, +Jesus entered Jerusalem and went up into +the Temple. But I that year had been +appointed one of the overseers who distributed +the unleavened bread to the poor +of the city for the coming Passover, and +I had then to attend the meeting of my +fellow-overseers. +</p> + +<p> +That night there was no talk in Jerusalem +but of the triumphant entry of Jesus. +The city was crowded by Israelites who +had come up to the capital for the festival, +and a whisper went about that many of +the strangers had been summoned by +Jesus to Jerusalem to help in the coming +revolt. During that night, wherever +a Roman sentry stood, a crowd of the +unruly would collect round him and jeer +at him; and in one place the sentry had +to use his spear, and wounded one of the +crowd. So great was the tumult that, +<pb n='130'/><anchor id='Pg130'/>when the sentries were changed for the +midnight watch, a whole company of soldiers +accompanied the officer’s guard and +helped to clear the streets. Meanwhile, +where was Jesus? And what was he +doing in the midst of this tumult? I +made inquiry, for perchance he might +have been holding disputations about the +Law, as is the custom with our Sages; but +I learnt that he had left the city at the +eleventh hour, and gone back to the village +of Bethany, where he was staying. +But I was thinking through all that evening +of the strange contrast between the +triumphant joy of his followers and the +saddened countenance of the Nazarene. +</p> + +<p> +Men knew not what was to become of +this movement in favor of him. Most of +the lower orders were hoping for a rising +against the Romans to be led by this Jesus. +Shrewder ones among the Better +thought that the man was about to initiate +a change in the spiritual government of +our people. Some thought he would depose +the Sadducees, and place the Pharisees +in their stead. Others feared that +he would carry into practice the ideals +<pb n='131'/><anchor id='Pg131'/>of the <foreign rend='italic'>Ebionim</foreign>, and raise the Poor against +the Rich. Others said, <q>Why did he not +enter by the gate of the Essenes, for he +holdeth with them?</q> All knew that the +coming Passover would be a trying time +for Israel, owing to the presence of the +man Jesus in Jerusalem, and the manifest +favor in which he was held by the common +folk. But amidst all this I could see +only the pale, sad face of Jesus. +</p> + + +<pb n='132'/><anchor id='Pg132'/> +</div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg133'/> +<index index="toc" level1="XI. The Cleansing of the Temple"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="XI. The Cleansing of the Temple"/> +<head>XI.<lb/>THE CLEANSING OF THE <corr sic="TEMPLE">TEMPLE.</corr></head> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg134'/> + +<pb n='135'/><anchor id='Pg135'/> + +<p> +On the morrow, being the second day +of the week, which the Romans call the +Day of the Moon, Jesus of Nazara came +early into Jerusalem, and as soon as it was +known that he had entered the city, all +those that had gone out to greet him on +the previous day, and many more with +them who had heard of the miracle that +he had performed, went to meet him in +the Broad Place. And near upon the +time of the mid-day sacrifice, Jesus and all +these men went up to the Temple. +</p> + +<p> +Now, I have told thee how, when Jesus +had first come to Jerusalem, he had driven +forth from the Court of the Gentiles all +those who were engaged in selling beasts +of sacrifice, or in changing foreign moneys +for the shekels. But the money-changers +and others had been replaced by the +orders of the High Priest Hanan, and +nothing had come of this action, nor in +his later visits to Jerusalem had he done +<pb n='136'/><anchor id='Pg136'/>aught in the matter, and it was thought +that he had acknowledged the right and +the power of the priests to have the monopoly +of the sale of sacrifices. Now, +that day of the Moon was the tenth day of +the month Nisan, and upon it were purchased +all the lambs for the forthcoming +Passover sacrifices, as it is said in the +Law, <q>In the tenth day of this month +they shall take to them every man a lamb +according to the house of their fathers, +a lamb for an house.</q> As this Paschal +sacrifice is the only home sacrifice of us +Jews, thou mightest imagine that each +householder could obtain his lamb whence +he would; but the priests say <q>No</q> to +this, for if a man could take any chance +lamb, it might not be without blemish. +So it had grown to be a custom that, on +the morning of the tenth day of Nisan, +the heads of households in Jerusalem +should wend their way to the courts of +the Temple, there to select each man a +lamb. And the priests had their profit +in this, for they claimed from those who +sold the lambs dues for every animal allowed +to be in the courts. And the sellers +<pb n='137'/><anchor id='Pg137'/>again were agreeable to this, for none that +had not the favor could sell the Paschal +lambs. Whence it was that the price of +a lamb in the Paschal week was more than +three times as much as at any time of the +year, and the poorer people murmured +greatly. +</p> + +<p> +Thus it happened that upon this day, +when Jesus came into the courts of the +Temple, these were crowded with all the +householders of Jerusalem, and much chaffering +and haggling was going on in the +purchase of the lambs for the Passover. +But Jesus, with the favor he had won +from the people, was for this day at least +Ruler of Jerusalem, and men wondered +what he would do with regard to this sale +and purchase of the beasts of sacrifice; +for on his first coming to Jerusalem, as I +have told thee, he had driven the sellers +away, but afterwards, when they had been +restored to their places, he had seemed to +acquiesce. What would he do now, men +thought, as they saw him advancing over +the Xystus Bridge, the head of a vast concourse +of people who would do all that he +told them? +</p> + +<pb n='138'/><anchor id='Pg138'/> + +<p> +They had not long to wait, for no +sooner had he entered the Temple courts, +than he spake to those around him, and +ordered them to remove the tables of the +money-changers, with their weights and +scales, without which no purchase could +be; and no man dared say him nay, for +all knew that the people were with him. +And they, indeed, were rejoiced, for they +took this as permission to buy their Paschal +lambs where they would; and many +of those who had been bargaining in the +courts of the Temple went off at once to +the market, and got them their lambs from +thence. All this I heard of in the inner +courts of the Temple, for it chanced that +day that I had to offer a sin offering, and +was waiting my turn in the Court of the +Israelites while the priests were preparing +the mid-day sacrifice. And I saw one +coming up to Hanan and to Joseph Caiaphas, +who were presiding over the sacrifice, +and they spake earnestly to one +another, and stopped the sacrifice, and +came through the Court of the Israelites +and went down the Court of the Women, +and all of us followed them thither. And +<pb n='139'/><anchor id='Pg139'/>when we came to the Beautiful Gate, and +turned to the right round the corner of +the Temple, behold, we saw the flocks of +Paschal lambs being driven through the +Western Gates. And in the midst of the +court stood Jesus, surrounded by a multitude +clamoring and shouting. Then saw +I Hanan lean over to Joseph Caiaphas, +his son-in-law, and speak somewhat to him. +Then the latter advanced in front of the +priests and the scribes, who had come +forth with him, and asked, <q>Who hath +done this?</q> And Jesus said, <q>It is I.</q> +Then spake Joseph again and said, <q>Tell +us, by what authority doest thou these +things? And who gave thee this authority?</q> +</p> + +<p> +Now, Joseph the High Priest was clad +this day in the robes of his office, with +tiara on head, the ephod on his breast, +and silver bells and pomegranates round +the edge of his garment. Whereas Jesus +the Nazarene wore his wonted garb of a +common country workman. Yet for the +moment this common workman was the +greater power of the two; since all men +knew how he had been received by the +<pb n='140'/><anchor id='Pg140'/>people when he had come into Jerusalem, +and that what he willed, all the people of +Jerusalem willed also at that time. So all +were hushed to hear what this Jesus would +say to the question of the High Priest, +since now they thought he must declare +himself, and justify the power he was exercising. +</p> + +<p> +But here again, as on former occasions, +Jesus answered not directly to the question +of the priests, but rather questioned them. +He said, <q>I also ask you one thing, which +if ye tell me, I likewise will tell you by +what authority I do these things. The +baptism of Jochanan, was it from heaven +or of men? Answer me.</q> And they answered +and said unto Jesus, <q>We cannot +tell.</q> Then said Jesus unto them, <q>Then +neither will I tell by what authority I do +these things. To what is the matter like? +There was a man had two sons. And the +man came to the first, and said, <q>My son, +go work in my vineyard.</q> But he said, <q>I +will not.</q> Howbeit afterward he repented, +and went to work. But the man went to +the second, and spake in like manner. But +he answered, <q>I go, sir.</q> But yet he went +<pb n='141'/><anchor id='Pg141'/>not. Whether of these twain did the will +of his father?</q> And we all answered, +<q>The first.</q> Then Jesus looked slowly +around at us all, and said, <q>This I say +unto you, the publicans and harlots enter +into the kingdom of heaven before you. +For Jochanan came unto you in the way +of righteousness, and ye heeded him not, +but the harlots and the publicans heeded +him: but ye, even when ye saw this, repented +not.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Now, at this public insult to all of +priestly rank, I saw dart forward Hanan +the High Priest, as if he would have rent +the man Jesus. But Caiaphas his son-in-law +caught him by the wrist, and whispered +words in his ear. But Hanan broke +loose, and called out in a loud voice, <q>My +guard, my guard!</q> Whereat many of the +folk who had come with Jesus into the +Court of the Gentiles came forward round +him, and put their hands to their weapons. +He indeed said naught, nor seemed +aware of the conflict that threatened. +But Caiaphas turned, and in a loud voice +said, <q>I go to perform the mid-day sacrifice,</q> +and walked slowly out of the court +<pb n='142'/><anchor id='Pg142'/>back to the Temple. And we all followed +him. +</p> + +<p> +Now, when we returned from performing +the sacrifice, Jesus had left the courts +of the Temple, which had become bare +and empty of people. And as I went +homeward to my house in the Street of +the Bakers, I looked down from the +Xystus Bridge, and saw trooping down +the Tyropœon Jesus and a great multitude +of the people, who crowded round him, +as if eager to touch the hem of his garment. +I stood and watched till they +reached the Fountain Gate, through which +he passed; and shortly afterwards I could +see him on the road to the Fountain of +Rogel, still accompanied by many of the +people. +</p> + +<p> +What was to come of that day’s work I +knew not. For the first time the discontent +of the common folk with the management +of the Temple by the priests +had come to a head, and had resulted in +this open conflict between Jesus and the +High Priests. The city was full of strangers +excited by thoughts of the coming +festival. The common people had not yet +<pb n='143'/><anchor id='Pg143'/>calmed themselves from the thoughts of rebellion +which had been raised by the rising +of Jesus Bar Abbas and others. The +whole city was as tow ready for the spark +of fire. +</p> + +<pb n='144'/><anchor id='Pg144'/> +</div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg145'/> +<index index="toc" level1="XII. The Woes"/><index index="pdf" level1="XII. The Woes"/> +<head>XII.<lb/>THE WOES.</head> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg146'/> + +<pb n='147'/><anchor id='Pg147'/> + +<p> +Now, on the morrow, being the third +day of the week, Jesus of Nazara came +again into the city, and the rumor of his +coming spread through all the streets and +places of Jerusalem. And going forth +after the morning prayers, I found Jesus +with many around him in the Broad Place +before the Water Gate. And as I approached +near to them, I saw the crowd +part asunder and a procession coming +through, and almost all the men there +bowed and did reverence to the men who +were passing through. Now, these were +mostly of the Pharisaic sect, who were +going to the Great Beth Hamidrash, to +pursue the study of the Law and to give +decisions on legal questions which the +common folk put to them. And at their +head walked Jochanan ben Zaccai, the President +of the Tribunal. He was regarded +as the most capable exponent of the Law +since the death of Hillel, whose favorite +<pb n='148'/><anchor id='Pg148'/>pupil he had been, and men were wont to +refer to him for decision in all the most +difficult questions of life. He was walking +at the head of the procession in his long +<foreign rend='italic'>talith</foreign> with large borders and in his broad +phylacteries. And he passed Jesus with a +salutation, indeed, but in it was mingled +some of the pride and contempt with which +the masters of the Law regarded all those +whom they call the Country-folk. +</p> + +<p> +When these had passed, Jesus turned +round to the people, and spake these words: +</p> + +<p rend="margin-top: 2"> +<q rend="post: none">The scribes and the Pharisees sit in +Moses’ seat: all therefore whatsoever they +bid you observe, that observe and do; but +do not ye after their works: for they say, +and do not. For they bind heavy burdens +and grievous to be borne, and lay them on +men’s shoulders; but they themselves will +not move them with one of their fingers. +But all their works they do for to be seen +of men: they make broad their phylacteries, +and enlarge the borders of their garments, +and love the chief place at feasts, +and the chief seats in the synagogues, and +greetings in the markets, and to be called +of men, <q>Rabbi, Rabbi.</q></q> +</p> + +<pb n='149'/><anchor id='Pg149'/> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">But be not ye called Rabbi: for One +is your Master, and all ye are brethren.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">And call no man your father upon the +earth: for One is your Father, which is +in heaven.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Neither be ye called Masters, for One +is your Master.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">But he that is greatest among you shall +be your servant. And whosoever shall exalt +himself shall be abased; and he that +shall humble himself shall be exalted.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">But woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, +hypocrites! for ye shut up the kingdom +of heaven against men: for ye neither +go in yourselves, neither suffer ye them +that are entering to go in.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, +hypocrites! for ye devour widows’ houses, +and for a pretence make long prayers: +therefore ye shall receive the greater damnation.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, +hypocrites! for ye compass sea and land +to make one proselyte, and when he is +made, ye make him twofold more the child +of hell than yourselves.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Woe unto you, blind guides, which say, +<pb n='150'/><anchor id='Pg150'/><q>Whosoever shall swear by the Temple, it +is nothing; but whosoever shall swear +by the gold of the Temple, he is bound!</q> +Ye fools and blind! for whether is greater, +the gold, or the Temple that sanctifieth +the gold? And, <q>Whosoever shall swear +by the altar, it is nothing; but whosoever +sweareth by the gift that is upon it, he is +bound!</q> Ye fools and blind! for whether +is greater, the gift, or the altar that sanctifieth +the gift? Whoso, therefore, shall +swear by the altar, sweareth by it, and by +all things thereon. And whoso shall swear +by the Temple, sweareth by it, and by him +that dwelleth therein. And he that shall +swear by heaven, sweareth by the throne +of God, and by him that sitteth thereon.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, +hypocrites! for ye pay tithe of mint and +anise and cummin, and have omitted the +weightier matters of the Law, judgment, +mercy, and faith; these ought ye to have +done, and not to leave the other undone.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Ye blind guides, which strain out the +gnat and swallow a camel!</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, +hypocrites! for ye make clean the outside +<pb n='151'/><anchor id='Pg151'/>of the cup and of the platter, but within +they are full of extortion and excess. Thou +blind Pharisee! cleanse first that which is +within the cup and platter, that the outside +of them may be clean also.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, +hypocrites! for ye are like unto whited +sepulchres, which indeed appear beautiful +outward, but are within full of dead men’s +bones, and of all uncleanness. Even so ye +also outwardly appear righteous unto men, +but within ye are full of hypocrisy and +iniquity.</q> +</p> + +<p rend="margin-bottom: 2"> +<q>Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, +hypocrites! because ye build the tombs of +the prophets, and garnish the sepulchres of +the righteous, and say, <q>If we had been in +the days of our fathers, we would not have +been partakers with them in the blood of +the prophets.</q> Fill ye up, then, the measure +of your fathers. Ye serpents, ye generation +of vipers, how can ye escape the +damnation of hell?</q> +</p> + +<p> +And all the people were astonished at +these words, for in many of his sayings and +most of his actions Jesus had seemed to +<pb n='152'/><anchor id='Pg152'/>incline more to the sect of the Pharisees +than to any other section of the house of +Israel. And, indeed, in the opening words +of his discourse he had granted their right +to interpret the Law and to lead the people. +Yet wherefore had he denounced them all +without distinction as men insincere and +void of truth? Hypocrites there were +among them as among other classes of +men. Often, indeed, their acts did not go +with their words; but of what man can +it be said that all his acts and words go +together? These men were occupied in +building a rampart to the Law, and holding +the fortress against enemies without +and dissensions within. Those ramparts +might confine our actions within a narrow +space, yet is it not well for all men to be +kept perforce in the path of duty? I know +thou thinkest otherwise, Aglaophonos. +Thy Master the Stagyrite has taught thee +that man should be a law unto himself; +but we Jews willingly bear the yoke of the +Law, because we believe it to be the yoke +of the Lord. And in this matter Jesus +had in every way shown himself to be a +Jew of the Jews. Why, then, was he so +<pb n='153'/><anchor id='Pg153'/>in wrath against the interpreters of the +Law? +</p> + +<p> +Yet were the common folk not displeased +at these sayings of Jesus; nay, rather they +applauded them. For in many ways our +Sages have failed to find favor with the +common folk of Israel; for besides that +they would regulate their lives at every +point, so that no man dare do this or do +that except in the way the Sages prescribe, +but chiefly the rabbis were out of favor with +the folk for that they did openly despise +and condemn all but those who were learned +in the Law. The unlearned they called the +Country-folk. Wherefore did the people +hear with pleasure the bitter words Jesus +spake against the scribes and the Pharisees. +</p> + +<p> +The night of that same day an event +occurred which roused the city of Jerusalem +to a pitch of expectation such as I had +never seen there. Two young Zealots, +artisans, that were popular with their fellows +for their kindness of heart and good +humor, fell into an altercation with a Roman +officer near the Sheep Gate, not far +from Antonia, where all the Roman soldiers +lie. Without a word of warning, the +Ro<pb n='154'/><anchor id='Pg154'/>man officer drew his sword and killed one +of these young men, and when his companion +and the passers-by rebuked him, and +would have seized him to take him before +the procurator, he gave a signal, and a +multitude of soldiers poured forth from +Antonia and struck without mercy among +the crowd. Five were killed and many +were wounded, and the whole city was in +an uproar at this proof of Roman insolence. +<q>How long, O Lord?</q> the graybeards +said, raising their hands to heaven. +And the younger men said, <q>Let us but +wait the coming of Jesus the Liberator; +surely before the Passover he will free us +from the rule of the <foreign rend='italic'>Goyim</foreign>.</q> +</p> + +</div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg155'/> +<index index="toc" level1="XIII. The Great Refusal"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="XIII. The Great Refusal"/> +<head>XIII.<lb/>THE GREAT REFUSAL.</head> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg156'/> + +<pb n='157'/><anchor id='Pg157'/> + +<p> +Thou canst imagine with what feelings +of expectation all Jerusalem awaited the +coming of Jesus next morning. Many of +the Pharisees had come together the eve +before, and spoken of the public insult +Jesus had given to their sect on the preceding +day. Hanan the High Priest, we +heard, had quarrelled furiously with his +son-in-law Joseph Caiaphas, for that he +had not allowed him to summon his guard +after the humiliation he had put upon +them in the Temple. Yet neither the +Pharisees nor the Sadducees who followed +the High Priests dared lay hands +upon this Jesus, because of the evident +favor in which he was held by the common +folk of Jerusalem, and above all by +the many from country parts who had +come up, like him, to spend the Passover +in the Holy City. Among all these there +was no talk but of Jesus the Liberator; +nay! many spake of him as Jesus the +<pb n='158'/><anchor id='Pg158'/>Christ. And if he were indeed to be the +Christ, the King of Israel, the Founder of +the New Kingdom, it could not be that +he would suffer longer the yoke of the +Romans to lie upon the neck of Israel. +</p> + +<p> +Yet there was one thing that perplexed +many, and opinion went hither and thither +among the minds of men concerning it. +The Christ who was to deliver Israel and +to rule over mankind, was he not to be +the son of David? Yet this Jesus was of +Galilee, where the admixture of blood had +been greatest in all Israel. <q>There is no +unleavened bread in all Galilee,</q> the scoffers +used to say, meaning thereby that +their genealogy was sprinkled with yeast, +as we call foreign admixture. And for +this man’s genealogy, who could declare +it? Many, indeed, as I have told thee, +thought him to have no right even to be +called son of his father. A <foreign rend='italic'>mamzer</foreign> shall +not sit in the congregation of Israel. +How, then, could one ascend Israel’s +throne? +</p> + +<p> +When, therefore, Jesus came next morning +from his lodging in Bethany, all Jerusalem +turned out to welcome him, for the +<pb n='159'/><anchor id='Pg159'/>Passover was coming anear, and if aught +was to be done to clear the city of the +Romans, it must be done quickly, must be +done on that day. Never saw I the courts +of the Temple so crowded as on that day +when I came thither, and found Jesus +standing in the Court of the Gentiles, +with almost all the leading men of Jerusalem +and many of the common folk surging +about him. Scarce room was left for +the Roman sentry to march his guard in +front of the Beautiful Gate. Yet he took +no heed of us barbarians, but with shield +and spear shouldered his way backward +and forward, backward and forward, a +sign to all men that the house of God +was in the hands of God’s enemies. +</p> + +<p> +Never saw I the men of Jerusalem so +exultant as on that morning. Wherever +I looked, joy—a grim joy—was on every +man’s countenance, and there was no man +there but was armed, save only Jesus himself +and some ten or a dozen men who had +come with him from Bethany, and these, +indeed, were the only men who had not +shown joy. Never had I seen the Nazarene +with a countenance so saddened and +<pb n='160'/><anchor id='Pg160'/>aweary. Yestermorn he had been flashing +with anger and indignation as he spake +his words against the Pharisees, but on +this day his force seemed to be spent, and +he appeared like one who had passed +through a great agony. +</p> + +<p> +Now, as they were standing there, I saw +a man, one of the leaders of the Zealots, +armed as if for battle, go up and lay a +hand upon one of those with Jesus. He +spake eagerly with him, and pointed with +his thumb to the Roman soldier as he +passed to and fro. But the other shook +his head vehemently, and took his arm +away from the grasp of the Zealot and +turned his back upon him. +</p> + +<p> +Now, at this moment certain of the +Pharisees came through the crowd and +advanced to Jesus. So great was the +crowd that I heard not at first what they +said unto him; but it must have been +some question about the matter that was +in all men’s minds, for I heard his reply, +and that, as was his wont, was in the form +of a counter-question to their inquiry, for +he said, <q>What think <hi rend='italic'>ye</hi> of the Christ? +Whose son is he?</q> And they, speaking +<pb n='161'/><anchor id='Pg161'/>with the thought of all Israel, said, <q>The +Christ is the son of David.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Then all men watched with expectancy +to hear what the Nazarene would say to +this; for if he agreed with them, then +would he deny himself to be the Christ: +for his genealogy had by no means been +proven. But yet, how could he disprove +the belief of all Israel, that the Christ was +the Son of David? Yet that did he after +the manner of our Sages, using words of +Scripture as his confirmation; for he said +unto them, <q>How then is it that David +himself saith in the Book of Psalms, <q>The +Lord said unto my Lord, Sit thou on my +right hand until I make thine enemies thy +footstool</q>? David therefore himself calleth +the Christ Lord; how then can the +Christ be his son?</q> +</p> + +<p> +At this the Pharisees knew not what to +say, for no man had hitherto used that +<foreign rend='italic'>stichos</foreign> of the Psalms, and they knew not +what to reply. But the common folk +were rejoiced exceedingly; joy spread on +their faces, and I saw many a fist raised +and shaken in exultant defiance at the +Roman sentry, who walked hither and +<pb n='162'/><anchor id='Pg162'/>thither on his guard as if he were a living +mass of steel. +</p> + +<p> +Thereupon certain of the crowd who +were known to be followers of Herod had +speech with Jesus, and spake to him: +<q>Master, we know that thou art true, and +carest for no man; that thou regardest +not the person of men, but teachest the +way of God in all truth—tell us, therefore, +what thinkest thou: is it lawful to +give tribute to Cæsar or not? shall we +give, or shall we not give?</q> All men +were silent, and drew their breath to hear +what Jesus might say to this. For if he +claimed to be the Anointed One, to whom +but to the King of Israel should Israel’s +tribute be paid? +</p> + +<p> +But he said unto them, <q>Why tempt ye +me? Bring me a denarius, that I may see +it.</q> And they brought one and put it +into his hand. And he held it forth unto +them, and said, <q>Whose is this image and +superscription?</q> And they answered, +<q>Cæsar’s.</q> And then Jesus said unto +them, <q>Render to Cæsar the things that +are Cæsar’s, and to God the things that +are God’s.</q> And these Herodians +mar<pb n='163'/><anchor id='Pg163'/>velled at the subtlety with which he had +answered them, but the common folk were +amazed and dumfounded at his answer. +And soon I heard one say to another, <q>He +denieth: he would pay tribute to Cæsar.</q> +And gradually all the men drew away from +him, leaving him alone with only the company +with him from Bethany. +</p> + +<p> +But he, seeing this, turned to one of +those with him, and said, <q>Peter, of whom +do the kings of the earth take custom? +of their own children, or of the aliens?</q> +And Peter answered and said, <q>Of the +aliens.</q> Then Jesus said to him, <q>Then +are the children free?</q> And Peter said +to him, <q>Yes.</q> Then said Jesus unto him, +<q>Then do thou also give, as being an alien +to them.</q> The common folk heard this, +indeed, but were in no wise satisfied. If +they were to give tribute to the Romans +for whatever cause, they were still to be +under subjection to Rome, and then Jesus +refused to be their Liberator; that had +become clear to them of a sudden. And +they drew still further away from him. +And a deep silence of mortification fell +upon all men there, so that thou couldst +<pb n='164'/><anchor id='Pg164'/>hear distinctly the tread of the Roman +sentry as he moved on his march. +</p> + +<p> +Amid the deep silence suddenly came a +gentle tinkling, as of silver bells; it came +nearer and nearer, and a crier called out, +<q>Way for the High Priests!</q> Then Hanan +the High Priest, with Caiaphas his +son-in-law, and others of the priests accompanied +by their guard, came down the +steps from the Beautiful Gate. The Roman +sentry stopped his march and stood +upright, with spear on ground, and all +made way as the procession of the High +Priests passed through the court. All +men were silent, and thou couldst hear the +tinkling of the silver bells which were attached +to the hems of the High Priests’ +garments. Hanan walked at the head of +the procession with his usual haughty +gait, and had nearly passed through the +court, when he saw Jesus and those with +him. At once he halted, and summoned +one of the crowd to him. Then we saw +much eager talk between this man and the +High Priest. And Hanan summoned the +captain of his guard, who would have +turned towards Jesus, but that Joseph +<pb n='165'/><anchor id='Pg165'/>Caiaphas stayed him and spake unto Hanan, +pointing to the Roman sentry. After +much talk between these, the High Priests +resumed their march and left the Temple. +And all the other men began to pass away +from the court, leaving Jesus and his men +alone with none to listen to him. For the +word passed swiftly in the mouths of all +the men of Jerusalem,—<q>He refuseth; +he would have us be slaves of the Romans +forever.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='166'/><anchor id='Pg166'/> +</div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg167'/> +<index index="toc" level1="XIV. The Meeting of the Hananites"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="XIV. The Meeting of the Hananites"/> +<head>XIV.<lb/>THE MEETING OF THE HANANITES.</head> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg168'/> + +<pb n='169'/><anchor id='Pg169'/> + +<p> +The next day being the fifth day of the +week, and the thirteenth day of the month +Nisan in that year, many rumors went +about the city as to the man Jesus. There +were who said that he had been seized by +the guards of Hanan; others said that he +had left the village of Bethany and gone +no man knew whither. But for that day +Jesus came not into Jerusalem, and men’s +minds were occupied more with one of +the difficulties of our Law which form the +occupation and delight of our Sages. I +must explain this unto thee, for upon it +turn the events of the next day, so fateful +for the man about whom thou art inquiring. +Thou canst easily understand what +I shall say, for thou hast, I know, a copy +of the Scriptures in Greek, for did I not +procure it for thee? +</p> + +<p> +It is said in the Law, thou wilt find, that +the Passover lamb is to be killed in the +twilight between the fourteenth and the +<pb n='170'/><anchor id='Pg170'/>fifteenth of Nisan, and it is also said in our +Law that the whole of the lamb must be +consumed that evening. Now, in the +years when the fifteenth of Nisan, which +is the first day of the Passover, falleth +upon the Sabbath, the killing and roasting +of the lamb would take place on the Sabbath +eve, when no killing must take place +and no fire must be lit. Hence arises a +conflict of the Law of the Passover with +the Law of the Sabbath. Now, the older +view was, that the Passover was superior +to the Sabbath, and its law was to be followed +in preference. This the priests +held and followed, and in this they seemed +to have the authority of the great Hillel, +who also declared the Passover superior to +the Sabbath. +</p> + +<p> +But many among the Pharisees and the +more pious preferred to slay the Passover +lamb on the eve between the thirteenth +and the fourteenth day of Nisan, and to +eat it on the fourteenth day; that is, in +those years when the Passover fell on the +Sabbath, as was the case in the year of +which I am now writing. It would appear +that Jesus and his followers held with the +<pb n='171'/><anchor id='Pg171'/>latter opinion, for, as I have heard, on the +eve of the fourteenth of Nisan he came +stealthily into the city of Jerusalem, and ate +the Passover lamb concealed in an upper +chamber of one of his friends in the city. +It showeth how earnest this man was in +following the larger precepts of the Law, +though in smaller matters he seemed to +neglect it. For by this time he must +have known that he was no longer safe in +Jerusalem; and, indeed, he proved this by +his secret entry into it. Yet in order to +fulfil the Law, which saith, <q>The Passover +lamb is to be eaten in Jerusalem,</q> he +risked his own and his followers’ lives. +Yet was he careful of them; for, as thou +shalt soon hear, as soon as he had gone +through the meal prescribed by the Law, +he escaped out of Jerusalem. +</p> + +<p> +Now, that night I was standing at the +door of my house, looking upon the city +bathed in the light of the moon, which +was near its full, when suddenly a man +seized me by the arm and said, <q>Thou +art wanted.</q> I looked, and behold it +was Simon Kantheros, my brother-in-law. +And I said to him, <q>Who wants me? and +<pb n='172'/><anchor id='Pg172'/>wherefore?</q> And Simon answered me +and said, <q>Hanan the High Priest has +summoned suddenly a meeting of the +Sanhedrim at his house on the Mount of +Olives.</q> Then said I, <q>But if it be at his +house, it can only be the Priestly Sanhedrim +of Twenty-Three that he summons.</q> +<q>Nay, nay, man,</q> answered Simon, <q>the +case is urgent. He saith, <q>any member of +the Sanhedrim.</q> Come, then, with me, +and quickly.</q> So with that I seized my +mantle and my staff, and went forth with +him. +</p> + +<p> +So we hurried across the market-place +towards the Fish Gate, and as we passed +near the Tower Antonia, we saw the flashing +of red lights, and heard hoarse cries of +command, and knew not what was toward. +But when we arrived at the Fish Gate, we +found them changing the sentries of the +first watch, and knew that the second +watch had begun. At first the sentry +would not let us through the gate; but +the officer was called, and Simon showed +him his badge as member of the Sanhedrim. +But even this would not have +sufficed, but that Simon then pointed to +<pb n='173'/><anchor id='Pg173'/>his toga and the purple stripe, which +showed that he was a Roman citizen of +rank. Thereat the officer spake to the +sentry, and we passed through the gate, +and turned sharply to the right, and went +down the road which leads to the valley +of the Kidron. And as we were passing +the Brook Kidron, we looked and saw dots +of red light moving up the hill from the +Garden of Gethsemane. And as we advanced +up the hill of the Mount of Olives, +we could see from time to time these red +sparks preceding us; and when we came +within sight of the High Priest’s house, +we saw them enter in and disappear. +</p> + +<p> +Soon we ourselves had come up to the +gate, and when we knocked, a wicket was +opened, and a face peered out, and our +names were asked. When we had told +them, the gate was closed, and we had to +wait some time. But at last the door was +opened, and the captain of the guard received +us. He took us through the passage +which led into the open court, with +the water-basin in the centre, round which +we skirted, and ascended the steps into +the inner house. And again we stopped +<pb n='174'/><anchor id='Pg174'/>before the hall-door while our names were +asked, and again we had to wait till the +door was at last opened. Then at last we +entered the hall, and found Joseph Caiaphas +the High Priest and many of his +kinsmen seated round a long table. Caiaphas +rose, and motioned us to two seats +at the end of this table, and we seated +ourselves. +</p> + +<p> +When my eyes had become accustomed +to the light, I looked round, and said the +greeting of peace unto those I knew of the +assembly. I can still remember many of +their names. There was Ishmael ben +Phabi, who had at first replaced Hanan as +High Priest. There were also the four +sons of Hanan—Eleazar, Jonathan, Theophilus, +and Matthias. Then there were +Kamithos the priest, and his two sons, +Simon and Joseph. And beside these, I +remember two men of my own generation—Elioni +ben Kantheros and Chananyah +ben Nedebai. Most of these men had +been, or were afterwards, High Priests, +and were all at this time members of the +Priestly Sanhedrim. On the left of Caiaphas +was a low stool, and, even as I looked, +<pb n='175'/><anchor id='Pg175'/>Hanan ben Seth the High Priest came in +swiftly from a side door, and took a seat +thereon. He glanced sharply round at +each of us, counting our numbers, and we +were exactly three and twenty. And when +he saw me, he rose and spake somewhat +harshly, <q>Meshullam ben Zadok, what dost +thou here? This is a meeting of the +Priestly Sanhedrim. Thou art a son of +Israel.</q> And I answered and said, <q>Simon +Kantheros here, my kinsman, summoned +me to the meeting, saying that any member +of the Sanhedrim could attend.</q> The +High Priest thought for a moment—he +seemed as if he were counting us again—then +he said, <q>Be it so; thou art at least +a true son of Israel, and this is not a +formal meeting of the priests.</q> He sat +him down again, and we waited. At last +an attendant entered by the same door, +and, going up to the High Priest, spake +to him. He nodded quickly, and dismissed +him with a wave of his hand. And when +he had passed through the door, Hanan +the High Priest rose, and spake to us these +words:— +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Kinsmen and colleagues, ye have all +<pb n='176'/><anchor id='Pg176'/>heard, if ye have not witnessed, how Jesus +of Nazara entered the Holy City on the +first day of this week, amid the acclamations +of his followers and many of the +lower people, who even went so far as to +hail him as the Deliverer. Now, to-morrow, +as ye know, is the Passover. Who +knows, if the thoughts of deliverance from +Egypt, which come at that time, may not +cause this man, or, if not him, his followers, +to attempt a rising against the Romans our +masters? We know that any such attempt +would be entirely futile, but the very attempt +itself would be the ruin of the nation. +Ye know the character of the man Pontius +Pilate. ’Tis but a short time since he slew, +of wanton cruelty, certain Galilæans, even +while they were making sacrifices, and all +for mere suspicion of disaffection. Ye cannot +but remember the building of Solomon’s +Aqueduct. Because money was +taken from the Temple treasury for the +building thereof, the people were inflamed, +and would have risen against them. What +did he but send his soldiers, disguised in +civil garb and armed with clubs, among the +people, when they came to make their +pro<pb n='177'/><anchor id='Pg177'/>test? And without warning, and in mere +wanton cruelty, did he give the signal for +massacre. If he did this at a mere threat +of a rising, what will happen should an +actual rising take place to-morrow? It is +our duty to see that such a calamity fall +not upon this nation because of the presence +of this rude provincial in our midst. +Better one man should die than the nation +should suffer. No time was to be lost, +and I therefore have had this Jesus arrested, +and he now awaits our pleasure in +the atrium.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Before I summon him to our presence, +I would briefly state to you what seems to +me and some of our friends here the right +course to be followed. We purpose to +hand him over at dawn to Pontius Pilate, +to deal with him as he will. For he, by +his spies, and by the demonstration on the +first day of the week, must be aware of +the danger of a rising to-morrow night, +caused by this man’s presence in our city. +Indeed, it is for the very purpose of preventing +a rising that he cometh up each +year about the Passover to Jerusalem. +Let it, then, be his care to prevent it how +<pb n='178'/><anchor id='Pg178'/>he will; we shall have done our part, and +he cannot punish the nation, or us its +leaders.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">But some of you will say, Why should +we deliver this man up to the Romans, +perhaps, or even probably, to his death? +I say, that even apart from the danger +which he offers to the State, he is worthy +of death for his manifest blasphemies. +He speaketh of himself as very God, and +claims to be the Anointed One, and puts +aside the Law as it pleaseth him. I say +naught of his insolence in the Temple +cloisters, for this matter concerns us that +be priests, and in the matter of judgment +we must not take account of aught that +deals with our private concerns; yet it is +manifest that he hath no reverence for the +Lord’s house: witnesses shall prove to +you that he hath said he would sweep it +away and build another. I wonder not +that horror is expressed in your faces at +this blasphemy.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend="post: none">Yet, as ye know, our Law hath in +mercy provided that none shall be condemned +unless on the testimony of witnesses. +The Law shall be fulfilled. Even +<pb n='179'/><anchor id='Pg179'/>now, as I speak, one of his followers, +Judas, a man of Kerioth, is drawing forth +from him his blasphemies before two witnesses, +concealed, as is the custom. And +even if he fail, I know this man Jesus; in +his arrogance he will not scruple to repeat +his blasphemies, even before us.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Time presses, and I have but this to +add before the prisoner is summoned: it +is a wise provision of our Law, that in +capital charges no final condemnation +shall occur until the second day of the +trial. The day before the Passover began +this eve. If we keep to the Law, no condemnation +can take place till after the +first day of the Passover, by which time +all the mischance may have come to pass. +If the power of life and death were solely +in our hands, I would not depart in aught +from the wise provision of our forefathers; +but, in truth, if this man be put to death, +it will not be our doing, for his fate rests +with Pilate. I would remind the younger +members of the Sanhedrim that the final +decision is not with us, and if they vote +for this man’s death, as I cannot doubt +they will, considering the pressing danger +<pb n='180'/><anchor id='Pg180'/>to our nation, they need not fear to be +called members of a bloodthirsty Sanhedrim, +since his death, if death he suffers, +will be at the hands of the Roman Procurator. +In this strait I propose, therefore, +to examine this man at once, and if, as I +doubt not, he avows his guilt, to wait till +the morning for his final condemnation, +and in this way fulfil the Law. Summon +the prisoner to our presence.</q> Then, +turning to Caiaphas, he said, <q>This is a +matter between us and the Romans, for +whom thou, Joseph, art the High Priest. +Take thou, then, the interrogatory.</q> +</p> + +</div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg181'/> +<index index="toc" level1="XV. The Examination before the Sanhedrim"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="XV. The Examination before the Sanhedrim"/> +<head>XV.<lb/>THE EXAMINATION BEFORE THE SANHEDRIM.</head> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg182'/> + +<pb n='183'/><anchor id='Pg183'/> + +<p> +Then from the lower end of the hall +entered Jesus the Nazarene, with his arms +bound with withes behind his back, and +he was led by the captain of the guard up +to the centre of the table opposite Caiaphas +the High Priest. Then Caiaphas +rose, and, looking at a paper in his hand +which Hanan had given him, said unto +Jesus, <q>Jesus of Nazara, thou art accused +before us of blasphemy, and of leading the +people of Israel astray: what sayest thou +thereto?</q> Jesus gazed haughtily at him, +and answered, <q><hi rend='italic'>I</hi> spake openly to all the +world, I have taught in the synagogue and +in the Temple, and in secret I have said +nothing. Why askest thou me? Ask +them which heard me what I have said +unto them. Behold, they know what I +have said.</q> Then one of the men who +had led Jesus in struck him with the +palm of his hand, and said, <q>Answerest +thou the High Priest so?</q> But Jesus +<pb n='184'/><anchor id='Pg184'/>turned, and said to him in a milder voice, +<q>If I have said aught that is evil, bear +witness thereof; but if well, why smitest +thou me?</q> And Caiaphas the High +Priest bade the man begone and bring +in the witnesses. Then one man came +forward and said he had heard Jesus call +himself the Son of God. And another, +that he had spoken of himself as if he +were very God, and could do all that the +Holy One, blessed be He, can perform. +And yet another came forward and said +he had heard Jesus speak of himself as +Son of Man, and had thereby, as he +thought, claimed to do what the Son of +Man is said to do in the Prophets Daniel +and Enoch. But no two of these witnesses +agreed as to time and seasons, as +is required by our Law. At last, however, +two of them declared that on the preceding +day in the Temple they had heard +him say, <q>I will destroy this Temple that +is made with hands, and in three days I +will build another without hands.</q> Now, +during all this time Jesus had said naught, +but looked before him with that rapt expression +that I had seen upon him on the +<pb n='185'/><anchor id='Pg185'/>second occasion when I had heard him +preach in the synagogue of the Galilæans. +So Caiaphas the High Priest spake to +him, saying, <q>Answerest thou naught to +what these men witness against thee?</q> +And Jesus made as if he heard not. +</p> + +<p> +Then Hanan the High Priest leaned +over to Caiaphas his son-in-law and spake +some words to him. Then Caiaphas, rising, +spake thus to Jesus: <q>Art thou the +Christ, the Son of the Holy One, blessed +be He?</q> Then Jesus raised his head, +and gazing fixedly at the High Priest, +said in a loud voice, <q>Thou hast said. +And hereafter ye shall see the Son of +Man sitting on the right hand of power, +and coming on the clouds of heaven.</q> +Then Hanan the High Priest rose and +rent his clothes, as is our wont in time +of mourning or when blasphemy is heard, +and he called out in his keen, shrill voice, +<q>What need we any further witnesses? +Ye have heard the blasphemy; what think +ye?</q> And he waved his hand to the +captain of the guard, who removed the +prisoner. +</p> + +<p> +When the door was closed behind him, +<pb n='186'/><anchor id='Pg186'/>Hanan said, <q>What need we of further +words? let us proceed to the judgment.</q> +And glancing over to Chananyah ben +Nedebai, he said, <q>Chananyah, thou art +the youngest; it is thine to pronounce +judgment first. Is not this man guilty of +death for his manifest blasphemy here before +us?</q> And Chananyah said, <q>Yea.</q> +And so said all till Hanan had called +upon thirteen to give judgment. Then +said Hanan, <q>This man is for certain condemned +to death, or at least to be handed +over to the Roman Procurator: for already +a majority of two have declared his death, +even if all the rest were for an acquittal, +as I cannot think possible. The Court +will rise and reassemble at the time of the +saying of the morning prayer, in order to +confirm this judgment. Ye will not have +long to wait, for even now I heard the +crowing of the cock, and the dawn cannot +be far off.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Then the Court broke up, and many of +the younger members met together and +discussed the case. And I was somewhat +surprised to find that very few words of +compassion were raised for Jesus. The +<pb n='187'/><anchor id='Pg187'/>stubborn conduct of the prisoner had set +them against him in the first place, and +his wild outburst had confirmed their ill +thoughts of him. But most of all they +were influenced by the thought that this +was but a preliminary trial, and could only +result in handing him over to the Roman +Procurator, with whom the last word +would be. None of them had seen aught +of Jesus but during the last few days in +the Temple, when he had interfered with +their order and prerogatives. I cannot +say I was convinced, either by Hanan’s +harangue at first, or by these men’s arguments +afterwards. But I was somewhat +perplexed, feeling myself in some wise an +intruder in their midst, not being of the +priestly order. And as is my custom in +such cases, I went out into the open air +down the steps into the atrium. +</p> + +<p> +There I found a great fire had been lit in +the court, for the night was chilly. Near +the fire Jesus was seated, with the High +Priest’s guard around him. As I came +near, behold, one of the guard threw part +of his mantle across the face of Jesus so as +to blindfold him, and then struck him, +say<pb n='188'/><anchor id='Pg188'/>ing, <q>Thou art a Prophet; prophesy who +hath struck thee.</q> And all the soldiers +laughed and jeered. Then sought I the +captain of the guard and told him this, and +he said, <q>They mean naught of ill—they +be rude fellows; howbeit, I will stop them.</q> +And he went up to them and reproved +them. And I paced up and down the +courtyard, with the silent stars above and +the glowing fire beneath, till an apparitor +of the High Priest summoned me, saying, +<q>It beginneth to dawn at the back of the +house; the Council will resume its sitting.</q> +</p> + +<p> +When I entered the council-chamber, I +found all seated as before, but in the midst +was a smaller table, at which was seated a +scribe, with a roll in front of him. Then +Hanan the High Priest came in, and said, +<q>Ye have all had the time of deliberation +prescribed by our sages in capital cases, or +at least as much time as the urgency of the +matter permits. We must proceed to the +formal ratification of this man’s sentence, for +I cannot doubt that ye will see fit to confirm +the righteous judgment which your +zeal for the Lord caused you to pass just +now upon this man. And again I would +<pb n='189'/><anchor id='Pg189'/>bid you remember you are voting, not so +much for this man’s death, as whether he +is to be delivered to the Romans. Scribe, +read the roll.</q> And with that the scribe +began to read our names, and we all answered +to them. Then said Hanan, <q>We +will now proceed to the voting,</q> and called +upon Chananyah ben Nedebai to record +his vote. And he voted as before, for +death. Then each in his turn, and all +voted as before. And when my name was +called upon I arose and hesitated, and +Hanan looked over to me and said, <q>Thou +speakest here by our courtesy, Meshullam +ben Zadok; if thou disagree with the +unanimous opinion of thy colleagues, thou +hadst best instruct us in thy reasons. +What sayest thou? Is not he guilty of +death who is guilty of blasphemy against +the Most High?</q> <q>Yea,</q> said I. <q>And +was not this man Jesus manifestly guilty of +blasphemy before us?</q> <q>Yea,</q> said I. +Then said Hanan swiftly to the scribe, +<q>He voteth for death,</q> and waved me +down to my seat. And thereafter all the +remaining members of the Council voted +for death, finishing with Hanan as the +<pb n='190'/><anchor id='Pg190'/>oldest, who merely gave a grim nod to the +scribe. +</p> + +<p> +By this time it was quite light, and all +the Council and many of Hanan’s household +joined together to say the morning +prayers. After prayers most of the Council, +with Hanan and Caiaphas at our head, +followed the soldiers who guarded Jesus +down from the Mount of Olives. As we +came near the Brook Kidron, behold, a +man with haggard face darted out from +the shrubs by the wayside, and rushing up +to Hanan the High Priest, dashed down +at his feet a bag which chinked, and then +disappeared into the wayside again. But +Hanan only motioned with his finger to +the bag at his feet, and the captain of his +guard lifted it up and poured out its contents +into his hand, and, behold, it was a +number of new shekels from the Temple +treasury. Then Hanan smiled grimly, and +bade the captain put them aside. Thereupon +we resumed our march, and soon +came to the Aldgate. There we inquired +where the Procurator was, and learnt that +he had taken up his dwelling at the Palace +of Herod, so that he might be in Jerusalem +<pb n='191'/><anchor id='Pg191'/>during the Passover, as was his wont, for +fear of a rising at that time. Then we +marched across and halted in front of the +palace. And on our way the rumor spread +throughout the city that Jesus the Nazarene +was being carried before the Procurator, +and soon our procession was joined by +all who were free from household duties. +I have explained to thee, have I not, how +that for those of the older opinion this sixth +day of the week was the day on which the +Paschal lamb was to be sacrificed, and for +all good Jews the morning would be devoted +to the final search after the leaven. +That morning, therefore, all the householders +of Jerusalem and all the heads of +families were occupied in the search after +leaven, or in preparation for the Paschal +sacrifice, and it was only the younger men, +and those who cared not for acts of piety, +who followed our procession on the way to +Herod’s Palace. +</p> + +<p> +Now, all those of the Council were of +the older opinion as to the Paschal sacrifice, +and were about to perform it on the +evening of that day. Wherefore it behoved +them not to enter the dwellings of +<pb n='192'/><anchor id='Pg192'/>the heathen during that day, since it is +their custom to bury the bodies of men in +their gardens or in their houses, which +render them a defilement to us Jews. +Therefore on the day of a sacrifice no Jew +may enter a heathen’s house, above all the +High Priest, upon whose sanctity the holiness +of the nation depends. When, therefore, +we came within twenty paces of the +Procurator’s dwelling, Hanan caused our +procession to halt, and a summons to be +sounded upon the trumpet. Thereat a +lictor appeared, who asked our business, +and to him Hanan gave a message to the +Procurator. And here for the first time +since he had been arrested I could see the +countenance of Jesus near me, and it surprised +me much to observe that all traces +of anxiety and weariness had disappeared +from it. He seemed relieved and resigned, +and paid no heed to what was passing +around him, seeming only to commune +with himself, or perhaps, I should say, with +some inward friend and comforter. +</p> + +<p> +Then Pontius Pilate came forward and +spake to Joseph Caiaphas the High Priest, +and asked him what he would with him. +<pb n='193'/><anchor id='Pg193'/>And Caiaphas answered and said, pointing +to Jesus, <q>This man have we captured and +brought unto thee, finding that he was perverting +the people, and declaring that he +was the Anointed One of Israel, and therefore +the rightful King of the Jews. Him +therefore have we brought to thee, seeing +it is a matter which toucheth our master +the Emperor.</q> Thereupon Pontius Pilate +turned round, and said something in the +barbarian tongue, and the guard of Roman +soldiers came forward and took Jesus from +the High Priest’s guard, and took him +with them up the steps of the palace. +Then Pilate courteously invited the High +Priests to enter the judgment-hall with +him; but they, in answer, pointed out that +on that holy day they dared not enter to +any house but their own and the house of +God. Then Pilate turned his back with +scanter courtesy, and reëntered the palace, +and we and the common people remained +outside waiting. +</p> + +<pb n='194'/><anchor id='Pg194'/> + +</div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb/><anchor id='Pg195'/> +<index index="toc" level1="XVI. Condemnation and Execution"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="XVI. Condemnation and Execution"/> +<head>XVI.<lb/>CONDEMNATION AND EXECUTION.</head> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg196'/> + +<pb n='197'/><anchor id='Pg197'/> + +<p> +And after a while of waiting, Pontius +Pilate reappeared, and coming down to +Caiaphas said, <q>He hath confessed; he +shall join the other criminals that are to +be executed this day.</q> Then one among +those who were waiting in the crowd +came forward unto Pilate, and said unto +him, <q>Master, it is a grace of our lord +the Emperor that at our Passover there +be released unto us one of the prisoners +that are condemned to death.</q> And +Pilate answered and said, <q>That is so: +whom will ye that I release?</q> And +many of those in the crowd called out, +<q>Jesus.</q> And Pilate stepped back, and +summoned to him a lictor. And shortly +after soldiers came forward in the portico, +bearing with them Jesus the Nazarene. +Upon him was a purple robe of royalty, +and upon his brow had been placed the +faded rose-wreath of some reveller which +had been put on in haste, and some of the +<pb n='198'/><anchor id='Pg198'/>thorns had torn the flesh, and blood was +trickling down. When the people saw +him, many cried out, <q>Not this Jesus, but +Jesus Bar Abbas.</q> And one man among +the crowd called out, <q>Better Jesus Bar +Abba<note place="foot"><foreign rend='italic'>Bar Abba</foreign> means <q>son of his father.</q></note> than Jesus Bar +Amma;</q><note place="foot"><foreign rend='italic'>Bar Amma</foreign> means <q>son of his +mother.</q>—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Ed.</hi></note> and +laughter and jeers followed. Then Pilate +seemed puzzled, and called to him one of +his lictors, who spake earnestly to him for +a time, and then received an order from +him. And going up the steps, he entered +the palace. And shortly afterwards there +came forward the man Jesus Bar Abbas of +Jerusalem, of whom I have spoken to thee +before. Now, he had been very popular +among the folk, and had lost his liberty in +a rising against the Romans, in which a +Roman sentry had been slain. And there +stood the two Jesuses—the one that had +risen against the Romans, and the one +that had told the people they should pay +tribute to their Roman lords. It was +manifest that the new-comer, who had +done naught against the Romans, was +more in favor with Pilate the Procurator, +<pb n='199'/><anchor id='Pg199'/>while the folk who had welcomed him on +the first day of the week, on this the sixth +day reviled and despised him because he +had refused to lead a rising against the +Romans as the other one had done. Then +Pilate called out to them and said, <q>Whom +will ye that I release unto you: Jesus +who is called Bar Abbas, or Jesus who is +called Christ?</q> And almost all the multitude +cried, <q>Jesus Bar Abbas! Jesus +Bar Abbas!</q> Then Pilate gave command, +and the soldiers took tack Jesus the Nazarene +into the palace again, while others +removed the fetters from Jesus Bar Abbas, +and he came down the steps and disappeared +among the crowd. +</p> + +<p> +After a while, there came forward from +the side gate a company of Roman soldiers, +who took their stand in front of the +steps of the palace, moving the crowd +away therefrom. And shortly after, other +soldiers brought down from above three +men, each carrying two pieces of timber, +one fixed across the top of the other, like +unto the letter <foreign rend='italic'>tau</foreign>. One of these was +Jesus the Nazarene, clad once more in +his own garments, and without the +rose-<pb n='200'/><anchor id='Pg200'/>wreath; yet couldst thou see the mark +of the thorns upon his brow. The others +were, as I learnt, malefactors that had +been condemned for robbery. +</p> + +<p> +Just at this moment one touched me on +the shoulder, and, turning, I found it was +one of the servants of my household, who +spake unto me and said, <q>Meshullam ben +Zadok, thy father would speak with thee.</q> +And as the house was not far off, I went +with him and spake to my father, who +would have me accompany him on the +search for leaven on that morn. For at +that time I was betrothed, and next year +I should have a house of my own, and +would have to conduct the search for +leaven as a master of a household. So I +went round the house with my father—peace +be upon him!—and searched for +the leaven. +</p> + +<p> +By the time the search for the leaven +had been concluded, the hour had come +for the mid-day meal, at which all the +members of my family assembled. But I +hurried forth, as soon as the grace after +meals had been said, to ascertain what +had been the fate of the Nazarene. I +<pb n='201'/><anchor id='Pg201'/>could not go to the place of execution, for +it is not seemly for a member of the Sanhedrim +to attend an execution. I soon +learnt that the Roman soldiers had conducted +Jesus and the two others to the +Hill Golgotha, somewhat apart from the +place of stoning, where our Jewish executions +were held. +</p> + +<p> +As I have explained to thee, Aglaophonos, +our Sages have mercifully interpreted +the words of the Law relating to +the four modes of capital punishment +among us—stoning, burning, beheading, +and strangulation. For stoning they have +substituted throwing down from a height +after the criminal has been made to feel +naught by drinking a mixture of frankincense, +myrrh, and vinegar, which the +ladies of Jerusalem supply as one of their +pious duties. The criminal condemned +to be burnt is in reality strangled, and +then a lighted wick placed for a moment +in his open mouth. In every way the +aim of the Sages is to shorten the sufferings +of the condemned man. But the +Romans, at least in their execution of all +but Roman citizens, seem rather to aim at +<pb n='202'/><anchor id='Pg202'/>the opposite of this; for they have selected, +as their method of execution for +slaves and criminals that are not citizens, +suspension on a cross, by which all the +organs of the body are strained and tortured +till some vital organ gives way. +It was this cruel form of punishment that +the Romans were dealing out to Jesus the +Nazarene. It happeneth oft that men live +for two or three days on the cross, till +they die even of hunger. I learnt to my +dismay that Jesus had refused, with words +of menace, to take the draught of myrrh +and wine which the ladies of Jerusalem, +as I have said, prepare for all men condemned +to capital punishment, so that +they may not feel the pain and torture. +</p> + +<p> +I could not go to the place of execution, +as a member of the Sanhedrim. I hurried, +therefore, to the northern slopes of the +Temple mount, whence one can see Golgotha. +At first I could discern naught, +for sombre clouds covered all the heights +of Scopus. But suddenly a flash came +forth from them, followed by a dull roll of +thunder, and I could see for a moment +three crosses raised side by side on the +<pb n='203'/><anchor id='Pg203'/>top of Golgotha. Which of these held +Jesus I knew not. I only knew that there +was dying one who had seemed born to +do honor to his nation, to help to deliver +Israel from the men who were now torturing +him to his death. Since the night before, +events had so hurried past me that I +had had no time to think of their import till +now, when I sat me down in the purple +shadow of Antonia, and gazed upon the +hill of execution, where from time to time +flashes showed me the three crosses on +the hill. +</p> + +<p> +This, then, was the end of the hopes +connected with Jesus of Nazara, and of +the empire which he had wielded over +men’s minds! But five days agone welcomed +as a king, to-day executed with the +ignominy reserved for the basest slave. +Each day of his sojourn in Jerusalem he +had made another and yet another class of +the nation his enemies. First he threatens +the power of the priests; next he insults +their opposites, the Pharisees; and then he +puts to naught the hope of the common +folk that he would help them rise against +the Romans. Between Sabbath and +Sab<pb n='204'/><anchor id='Pg204'/>bath he had lost every friend; not even +his immediate followers stood by his side +in the hour of trial. +</p> + +<p> +And yet no man had appeared in Israel +for many generations endowed in so high +a degree with all the qualities which mark +us Israelites out from the nations around. +He was tender to the poor; and which of +the nations has given thought for its poor, +their feelings as well as their welfare, like +unto Israel? He bare the yoke of the +Law willingly, yet as a son, not as a slave, +of the Most High. God was to him, as +to all of us, as an ever-present Father, to +love, to chasten, and to reward; not as a +harsh taskmaster or as a boon-companion, +as with the commoner minds of thy people, +Aglaophonos; nor as a vain figment +of the reason, as with thy higher minds. +</p> + +<p> +Even in what thou regardest as defects +in our nation, this Jesus seemed also to +share. Thou makest us the reproach that +we give no thought to the beauties and +grandeur of nature, and in nothing that I +had seen and heard of him did the Nazarene +differ from the rest of us in this. +Thou complainest that we look upon life +<pb n='205'/><anchor id='Pg205'/>with all too much seriousness. <q>Ye cannot +see the smile upon the face of things,</q> +thou saidst once to me. In this surely +Jesus was a Jew of the Jews. We never +saw him smile, still less heard him laugh. +Thou wouldst hold up to me as a model +Socrates thy teacher, who taught the Hellenes +truth with a smile. That man there, +dying upon the cross, had tried to teach +Israel the truth with tears and threats. +</p> + +<p> +Herein he followed the exemplar of our +prophets. Only in Israel have the men +who have led us farthest reviled us most. +As our God, who has been to us a Father, +has chastened us while he loved us, so our +prophets have rebuked us their brethren. +Many generations of men have passed +since the last of the prophets spake his +words of loving reproof. Now has appeared +this Jesus, who again takes up +their work. +</p> + +<p> +But in one thing, and that a great thing, +he differs from our prophets. All these +spake never but as messengers of the Most +High. This man alone of the prophets +speaketh in his own name: therefore he +hath been a stumbling-block and an +of<pb n='206'/><anchor id='Pg206'/>fence unto us. He spake as one having +authority, and it seemed to us as arrogance. +And when we would speak with +him in the gates, and know his own +thought, he evaded our questionings and +eluded our testings. He seemed aloof +from us and our desires. All Israel was +pining to be freed from the Roman yoke, +and he would have us pay tribute to Rome +for aye. Did he feel himself in some way +as not of our nation? I know not; but +in all ways we failed to know him. +</p> + +<p> +And as I was communing thus, the sun +shone forth from a rift in the clouds and +illumined for a space the crown of Calvary, +and I stretched forth my hands to the figures +on the cross, and cried aloud in my +perplexity, <q>Jesus, what art thou?</q> And +then I bethought me, and my hands fell +to my side, and I said, <q>What wert thou, +Jesus?</q> Naught answered me but the +distant rumbling from the gloomy clouds. +</p> + +<p> +But the sun was setting over Israel, and +I turned to my father’s house, there once +more to celebrate the Feast of the Deliverance +from Egypt. +</p> + +</div><div rend="page-break-before: always"> +<pb n='207'/><anchor id='Pg207'/> +<index index="toc" level1="Epilogue"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="Epilogue"/> +<head>EPILOGUE.</head> + +<p> +Thus far had I written to thee, Aglaophonos, +as to what I knew of that Jesus +the Nazarene about whom thou hast made +so earnest inquiry. I had minded to hand +it to Alphæus ben Simon, my cousin, who +goeth this week in the galley to Cyprus, +and thence would have passed it on to +thee by the hands of one of our brethren +who visit Greece from year to year. But +there has happened to me an event which +has given me much to think of with regard +to this very matter of Jesus. It chanced +that the day before yesterday I went from +the Jewish quarter in this city of Alexandria +for my usual walk along the Lochias, +which adjoins it. There it is my custom +to catch the sea air and to watch the vessels +put into the Inner Port. Now, it +chanced that as I came upon the Lochias, +the vessel of Joppa had just hoved-to in +the Inner Port, and the passengers were +being landed up the Broad Steps. Now +<pb n='208'/><anchor id='Pg208'/>these, by their <foreign rend='italic'>talith</foreign> and their faces, I +knew to be Jews, and I went up to them, +and greeted them with the greeting of +peace. But among them one came to me +with the look of recognition in his eyes, +and said, <q>Knowest thou me not, Meshullam +ben Zadok?</q> And, behold, it was +Rufus ben Simon, whom I had known +before I left the Holy City. So I welcomed +him, and brought him home to this +house of mine. And here he remaineth +till the morrow, when he starteth forth to +go to Cyrene. +</p> + +<p> +Now, in my inquiries about old friends +left behind, and new things that had happened +since I went away, I failed not to +ask about the followers of the Nazarene. +To my wonder, I found that this Rufus +had become one of them, even though he +was but a child when Jesus died. Yet is +he a good Jew in all else. He eateth only +our meat, and keepeth our Sabbaths and +festivals. But he avers that the Anointed +One, whom we expect, has already appeared, +and that he was Jesus the Nazarene. +And upon my inquiry how he could +know aught of Jesus but from the common +<pb n='209'/><anchor id='Pg209'/>talk, he put in my hand some Memorabilia +of him, written down in Hebrew by one of +his chief followers, Matathias.<note place="foot">Probably the so-called Primitive Gospel, the common +foundation of our Synoptics. But the date is somewhat +early.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Ed.</hi></note> This have +I read again and again, and pondered much +thereon. Nor have I been able to sleep +these two nights for the new thoughts +about Jesus that have come to me from +reading these memoirs of him. +</p> + +<p> +For, behold, he appeareth in these records +of him by his own followers in far +other wise than he showed himself to us in +public at Jerusalem. In all his public acts +among us he was full of scornful rebukes; +among his own followers he was tender +and loving. Scarcely ever could we get +him to speak out to us plainly his views +about matters of public concern. He +would always give us an answer full of +evasion and enigma, but to his followers +he would explain all his meaning over and +over again, illustrated with parable. There +at Jerusalem he almost always turned to +the people his harsher side. I saw him on +every occasion on which he appeared in +<pb n='210'/><anchor id='Pg210'/>public in Jerusalem, and, save only in his +sermons, he was always rebuking one or +another, just like the prophets of old. And +the manner of his rebuking towards us was +as with scorpions, whereas among his own +he would mingle tenderness even with his +reproaches. Nor, saving his sermons, +which few heard but those who already +followed him, had he aught novel to tell us +about the things of life. He seemed to us +as if he would destroy the temple of our +faith, nor in his public actions did he give +any promise of building it up anew. Yet +to those with him he would continually be +telling what to do and how to do it, till, +behold, a new manner of life, fair and +seemly, stood before them, fulfilled of Jewish +righteousness, with a tender mercy +which was the man’s very own. +</p> + +<p> +I need not detail to thee, Aglaophonos, +what these acts and words were which have +given me an altogether new light as to the +character and thoughts of the man Jesus. +From certain words of thine in thy letter, +which I understood not then when I first +read it, I can see now that thou must have +had some such account of the life and +<pb n='211'/><anchor id='Pg211'/>death of Jesus before thee as this which +Rufus hath shown unto me. Now I can +understand wherefore thou hast inquired +about this Jesus with such eager insistence. +And to thee as a Gentile the revelation of +his character would come with more attractive +force than to us that be Jews. For in +almost every way this Jesus fulfilleth the +idea of a Jew as we have it in these later +days. Working with his hands, yet teaching +with his voice; obedient to the Law, +yet ever eager to take a new law upon himself; +doing acts of love among men, yet +rebuking in love their ill acts, and doing +all things as in the presence of the Glory;—in +all this Jesus was as the best of our +Sages. +</p> + +<p> +<q>Wherefore, then, did ye suffer him to +be killed?</q> thou wilt ask me, and indeed +I ask myself. If I were to answer thee +in the way Jesus was wont to answer us, +I would say, <q>Why did ye Hellenes condemn +Socrates to the hemlock?</q> For he +was as much the Ideal of the Hellenes as +Jesus of the Jews. Every Hellene would +be eloquent and reasonable, and that was +Socrates. Every Jew would be wise and +<pb n='212'/><anchor id='Pg212'/>good and pious, and that was Jesus. Yet +each of these men, if I read their lives +aright, died the death of a criminal, because +he cared not for that which his fellow-countrymen +cared for most. Socrates died +because he would force his countrymen to +examine by their reason the ideas and ideals +which they all accepted. Jesus died for +the same reason, but also for another—for +that he cared naught for our national +hopes. We were all panting for national +freedom; he would have naught of it. +Whether it was that he felt in some sort +to be not of our nation, I know not; but +in all his teaching he dealt with us as men, +not as Jews. It is this, I can see, that has +attracted thee to his doctrine, whereas thou +wert always scornful of our Jewish pretensions, +as thou calledst them. +</p> + +<p> +Yet herein again was he at one with the +best thoughts of our Sages. Our God is +the God of all, and his Law shall be one +day the Law of all. If we yearn for the +universal realm of the Messiah, it is as +much for the sake of the world as for ourselves. +But methinks I see in the thoughts +of this Jesus an idea quite other than ours +<pb n='213'/><anchor id='Pg213'/>as to what the Anointed One shall be +and shall do. We hope for him as a Deliverer +and a Conqueror with force of arms +by God’s aid. Now, Jesus seemed not to +think of the Anointed One in any way +like this. His mind seemed to be filled +rather with the picture of the Servant of +God as drawn by the Prophet Esaias. +Thou knowest the passage, Aglaophonos; +I remember thy laughter when first I read +it thee, that men could look forward to +contempt and hatred as a good. Truly the +idea is far different from the saying of the +barbarian, <q>Woe to the conquered!</q> And +surely to us all, Jew and Gentile, Greek and +barbarian, the greatest of joys is this—to +worst an equal foe in fair fight. But to +Esaias the prophet, and to Jesus the Nazarene +after him, the higher victory is with +him that is worsted in the battle of life. +That will come as good tidings to nine out +of every ten of men. +</p> + +<p> +Therefore, if Jesus thought of himself as +the Anointed One, it was as being anointed +with the woes of the vanquished, with the +sweat and the blood of the lowly and despised. +Now I know why he seemed so +<pb n='214'/><anchor id='Pg214'/>sad when he was greeted at Jerusalem as +a victor. He had spent his life in trying +to impress a new ideal upon his people, +and they had welcomed him only as the +fulfilment of the old ideal which he desired +to replace. None of thy poets have given +a drama with more of <foreign rend='italic'>eironeia</foreign> in it than +this. +</p> + +<p> +Yet why did he remain silent before us +as to these ideas of his? If, indeed, these +were his ideas; for even with the new +light given by the Hebrew Memorabilia, I +can see his thought but dimly. Why +spake he not his own thought to the +people in Jerusalem, and tell us no longer +to hope for worldly dominion as the best +means for spreading the Law of the Lord, +but rather to be as servants of God, even +as Esaias the Prophet hath spoken? Was +it that he wished to carry out the description +of the prophet even to every iota of +his text? For, behold, the prophet sayeth, +<q>He let himself be humbled, and +opened not his mouth.</q> If so, then was +the death of Jesus but a sublime suicide. +</p> + +<p> +For surely by this silence he has committed +a grievous sin against us his people. +<pb n='215'/><anchor id='Pg215'/>For if we committed aught of sin and +crime that handed him over to the +Romans as a pretender to empire, he +indeed shared our sin and crime by his +silence. Ye Hellenes were at least +greater in fault than we in the matter of +Socrates; for ye condemned him after he +had spoken his whole mind and made +known his whole thought to his people; +whereas we condemned one who, I make +bold to say, was even greater than thy +Socrates, mainly because of what seemed +to us his sullen and arrogant silence, +broken only by a confession of guilt when +he knew he was not guilty. +</p> + +<p> +But yet, let me not be as harsh in judgment +upon him after his death, as perhaps +I was when I allowed the sentence to be +declared against him without protest. He, +least of all men, could have died with a lie +upon his lips. In some sort and in some +way he must have combined the thought +of the triumphant Messiah and of the +despised Servant of God. For in those +Memorabilia of him which have come into +my hands during the last days as being +a message from him that is dead, I find +<pb n='216'/><anchor id='Pg216'/>these two things combined. He speaketh +ever of the blessedness of the poor and +the humble and the despised, even as +the Ebionim speak. So that if a man +would be blessed, he would choose a +lowly career, even as did Jesus. Yet +withal he speaketh oft of himself as the +Son of Man, and every Jew that heard +him would think he knew what he thereby +claimed. For in the Prophets Daniel and +Enoch it is clearly said that the Son of +Man would come in victory over the +world; and what other could this universal +victor be than the Anointed One whom +the prophets had foretold? If Jesus put +another meaning upon the prophetic +words, why spake he not his meaning +fully unto the people? All we may have +gone like sheep astray, but he that might +have been our shepherd went apart alone +with God. +</p> + +<p> +O Jesus, why didst thou not show thyself +to thy people in thy true character? +Why didst thou seem to care not for aught +that we at Jerusalem cared for? Why, +arraigned before the appointed judges of +thy people, didst thou keep silence before +<pb n='217'/><anchor id='Pg217'/>us, and, by thus keeping silent, share in +pronouncing judgment upon thyself? We +have slain thee as the Hellenes have slain +Socrates their greatest, and our punishment +will be as theirs. Then will Israel +be even as thou wert, despised and rejected +of men—a nation of sorrows among the +nations. But Israel is greater than any of +his sons, and the day will come when he +will know thee as his greatest. And in +that day he will say unto thee, <q>My sons +have slain thee, O my son, and thou hast +shared our guilt.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='218'/><anchor id='Pg218'/> + + </div></body> + <back rend="page-break-before: right"> +<div><pb/><anchor id='Pg219'/> +<index index="toc" level1="Religious Books"/> +<index index="pdf" level1="Religious Books"/> +<head>RELIGIOUS BOOKS</head> + +<p rend="center; font-size: large"> +<hi rend='italic'>Serviceable, Timely, and Helpful.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Riverside Parallel Bible.</hi><lb/> +<hi rend="font-size: small">Containing the Authorized Version and the Revised Version in +parallel columns. Large type, cloth, $5.00; Persian, $10.00; +morocco, $15.00.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Bible Dictionary.</hi><lb/><hi rend="font-size: small"> +Dr. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Smith’s Great Bible Dictionary</hi>. Edited for America +by Professor <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hackett</hi> and Dr. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ezra Abbot</hi>. By far the fullest +and best Bible Dictionary in the English language. 4 vols. +8vo, 596 illustrations, 3697 pages, cloth, $20.00. Other bindings +from $25.00 to $27.50. +</hi> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>The New Testament.</hi><lb/><hi rend="font-size: small"> +Superbly illustrated with engravings from designs after the Old +Masters. Royal 4to, cloth, full gilt, $10.00; morocco, $20.00. +</hi> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Robinson’s Palestine.</hi><lb/><hi rend="font-size: small"> +Biblical Researches in Palestine. By <hi rend='smallcaps'>Edward Robinson</hi>. A +work very highly commended by Dean Stanley. With Maps, +plans, etc. 3 vols. 8vo, $10.00. +</hi> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Physical Geography of the Holy Land.</hi><lb/><hi rend="font-size: small"> +8vo, $3.50. +</hi> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>History of the Sacred Scriptures of the New Testament.</hi><lb/><hi rend="font-size: small"> +Probably the fullest and best work on this subject. By <hi rend='smallcaps'>Eduard +W. E. Reuss</hi>. Translated by <hi rend='smallcaps'>E. L. Houghton</hi>. 2 vols. 8vo, +$5.00. +</hi> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Neander’s Church History.</hi><lb/><hi rend="font-size: small"> +General History of the Christian Religion and Church. Translated +by Rev. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Joseph Torrey</hi>. With a very full index. 6 vols. +8vo, $20.00.<lb/>Dr. Schaff pronounced Neander the greatest church historian of +the nineteenth century. +</hi> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Into His Marvellous Light.</hi><lb/><hi rend="font-size: small"> +Studies in Life and Belief. By <hi rend='smallcaps'>Charles Cuthbert Hall</hi>, +D. D., of Brooklyn. $1.50.<lb/>The London <hi rend='italic'>Christian World</hi> pronounces these discourses +<q>most inspiring,</q> and the <hi rend='italic'>Christian Intelligencer</hi> finds <q>a rare +keenness of insight, a reflection of taste that is special, a spirit +that is most Christian pervading the whole book.</q> +</hi> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>The Divinity of Jesus Christ.</hi><lb/><hi rend="font-size: small"> +By the Editors of the <hi rend='italic'>Andover Review</hi>. A series of noteworthy +papers contributed to that Review, and forming a symmetrical +and very interesting treatment of the great topic they discuss. +16mo, $1.00. +</hi> +</p> + +<pb/><anchor id='Pg220'/> + +<p><hi rend='italic'>The Evolution of Christianity.</hi><lb/><hi rend="font-size: small"> +The remarkable Lectures at the Lowell Institute, in 1892, by +Dr. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Lyman Abbott</hi>. Thoroughly revised, and forming a book +which the <hi rend='italic'>Christian Register</hi> says, <q>for the breadth of its sympathies, +for the generosity of its inclusions, for the largeness of its +spiritual apprehensions, can hardly be too highly praised.</q> $1.25. +</hi></p> + +<p><hi rend='italic'>The World to Come.</hi><lb/><hi rend="font-size: small"> +A book of vigorous, very readable discourses by Dr. <hi rend='smallcaps'>William +Burnett Wright</hi>, with a Lecture full of curious information +about Christmas ($1.25); <q><hi rend='italic'>Ancient Cities</hi>,</q> a volume of popular +character, describing the most representative cities of the Bible +($1.25). +</hi></p> + +<p><hi rend='italic'>On the Threshold.</hi><lb/><hi rend="font-size: small"> +Dr. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Munger’s</hi> wise and delightful book for young men and women +($1.00); <q><hi rend='italic'>Freedom of Faith</hi></q> and <q><hi rend='italic'>The Appeal to Life</hi>,</q> two +books of broad, noble, readable sermons ($1.50 each), and <q><hi rend='italic'>Lamps +and Paths</hi>,</q> a volume of exceedingly sensible and attractive sermons +to children ($1.00). +</hi></p> + +<p><hi rend='italic'>Who Wrote the Bible?</hi><lb/><hi rend="font-size: small"> +Dr. Gladden’s frank, scholarly, yet popular book, treating wisely +and reverently a very important question ($1.25); a book of admirable +discourses on <q><hi rend='italic'>The Lord’s Prayer</hi></q> ($1.00), and <q><hi rend='italic'>Applied +Christianity</hi>,</q> treating very suggestively the moral aspects +of social questions ($1.25). +</hi></p> + +<p><hi rend='italic'>The Lily Among Thorns.</hi><lb/><hi rend="font-size: small"> +A very interesting book on the Biblical drama called The Song of +Songs. By <hi rend='smallcaps'>Wm. Elliot Griffis</hi>, D. D. $1.25. +</hi></p> + +<p><hi rend='italic'>An American Missionary in Japan.</hi><lb/><hi rend="font-size: small"> +A book of great interest, and giving a great deal of information +about the social and religious development of Modern Japan. By +Rev. Dr. <hi rend='smallcaps'>M. L. Gordon</hi>, for twenty years an able and devoted +missionary in that country. $1.25. +</hi></p> + +<p><hi rend='italic'>The Republic of God.</hi><lb/><hi rend="font-size: small"> +By <hi rend='smallcaps'>Elisha Mulford</hi>, LL. D. $2.00. <q>A unique work, and +devotes to the great topics of theology a kind of thinking of which +we have had little in English literature and need much.</q>—<hi rend='italic'>The +Independent.</hi> +</hi></p> + +<p><hi rend='italic'>As It Is In Heaven.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>The Unseen Friend.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>At the Beautiful Gate.</hi><lb/><hi rend="font-size: small"> +Three books by <hi rend='smallcaps'>Lucy Larcom</hi>,—religious, cheerful, delightful +to read, and of the finest quality in every way. The last-named is +a book of exquisite religious lyrics. Each, $1.00. +</hi></p> + +<p rend="font-size: small"> +⁂ <hi rend='italic'>For sale by all Booksellers. Sent, post-paid, on receipt of price by the +Publishers</hi>, +</p> + +<p rend="center"><hi rend='italic'><hi rend="font-size: large">Houghton, Mifflin & Company,</hi> +<lb/>4 Park Street, Boston; 11 East 17th Street, New York.</hi></p> +</div> +<div> + <pgIf output="pdf"> + <then/> + <else> + <div id="footnotes" rend="page-break-before: right"> + <index index="toc" level1="Footnotes"/> + <head>Footnotes</head> + <divGen type="footnotes"/> + </div> + </else> + </pgIf> + </div> + +<div rend="page-break-before: right"> + <divGen type="pgfooter"/> + </div> + </back> + </text> +</TEI.2> diff --git a/48974-tei/images/cover.jpg b/48974-tei/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f05190c --- /dev/null +++ b/48974-tei/images/cover.jpg diff --git a/48974-tei/images/illu.jpg b/48974-tei/images/illu.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8d85b51 --- /dev/null +++ b/48974-tei/images/illu.jpg |
