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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/4889.txt b/4889.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b6e87d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/4889.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1866 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook The Life of John of Barneveld, 1610-12 +#89 in our series by John Lothrop Motley + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the +copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing +this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. + +This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project +Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**EBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These EBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers***** + + +Title: The Life of John of Barneveld, 1610-12 + +Author: John Lothrop Motley + +Release Date: January, 2004 [EBook #4889] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on April 22, 2002] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + + + + + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE OF JOHN OF BARNEVELD, 1610-12 *** + + + +This eBook was produced by David Widger + + + +[NOTE: There is a short list of bookmarks, or pointers, at the end of the +file for those who may wish to sample the author's ideas before making an +entire meal of them. D.W.] + + + + + +THE LIFE AND DEATH of JOHN OF BARNEVELD, ADVOCATE OF HOLLAND + +WITH A VIEW OF THE PRIMARY CAUSES AND MOVEMENTS OF THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR + +By John Lothrop Motley, D.C.L., LL.D. + + + +MOTLEY'S HISTORY OF THE NETHERLANDS, Project Gutenberg Edition, Volume 89 + +Life and Death of John of Barneveld, v4, 1610-12 + + +CHAPTER V. + + Interviews between the Dutch Commissioners and King James--Prince + Maurice takes command of the Troops--Surrender of Julich--Matthias + crowned King of Bohemia--Death of Rudolph--James's Dream of a + Spanish Marriage--Appointment of Vorstius in place of Arminius at + Leyden--Interview between Maurice and Winwood--Increased Bitterness + between Barneveld and Maurice--Projects of Spanish Marriages in + France. + +It is refreshing to escape from the atmosphere of self-seeking faction, +feverish intrigue, and murderous stratagem in which unhappy France was +stifling into the colder and calmer regions of Netherland policy. + +No sooner had the tidings of Henry's murder reached the States than +they felt that an immense responsibility had fallen on their shoulders. +It is to the eternal honour of the Republic, of Barneveld, who directed +her councils, and of Prince Maurice, who wielded her sword, that she was +equal to the task imposed upon her. + +There were open bets on the Exchange in Antwerp, after the death of +Henry, that Maurice would likewise be killed within the month. Nothing +seemed more probable, and the States implored the Stadholder to take +special heed to himself. But this was a kind of caution which the Prince +was not wont to regard. Nor was there faltering, distraction, cowardice, +or parsimony in Republican councils. + +We have heard the strong words of encouragement and sympathy addressed by +the Advocate's instructions to the Queen-Regent and the leading statesmen +of France. We have seen their effects in that lingering sentiment of +shame which prevented the Spanish stipendiaries who governed the kingdom +from throwing down the mask as cynically as they were at first inclined +to do. + +Not less manful and statesmanlike was the language held to the King of +Great Britain and his ministers by the Advocate's directions. The news +of the assassination reached the special ambassadors in London at three +o'clock of Monday, the 17th May. James returned to Whitehall from a +hunting expedition on the 21st, and immediately signified his intention +of celebrating the occasion by inviting the high commissioners of the +States to a banquet and festival at the palace. + +Meantime they were instructed by Barneveld to communicate the results of +the special embassy of the States to the late king according to the +report just delivered to the Assembly. Thus James was to be informed of +the common resolution and engagement then taken to support the cause of +the princes. He was now seriously and explicitly to be summoned to +assist the princes not only with the stipulated 4000 men, but with a much +greater force, proportionate to the demands for the security and welfare +of Christendom, endangered by this extraordinary event. He was assured +that the States would exert themselves to the full measure of their +ability to fortify and maintain the high interests of France, of the +possessory princes, and of Christendom, so that the hopes of the +perpetrators of the foul deed would be confounded. + +"They hold this to be the occasion," said the envoys, "to show to all the +world that it is within your power to rescue the affairs of France, +Germany, and of the United Provinces from the claws of those who imagine +for themselves universal monarchy." + +They concluded by requesting the King to come to "a resolution on this +affair royally, liberally, and promptly, in order to take advantage of +the time, and not to allow the adversary to fortify himself in his +position"; and they pledged the States-General to stand by and second +him with all their power. + +The commissioners, having read this letter to Lord Salisbury before +communicating it to the King, did not find the Lord Treasurer very prompt +or sympathetic in his reply. There had evidently been much jealousy at +the English court of the confidential and intimate relations recently +established with Henry, to which allusions were made in the documents +read at the present conference. Cecil, while expressing satisfaction in +formal terms at the friendly language of the States, and confidence in +the sincerity of their friendship for his sovereign, intimated very +plainly that more had passed between the late king and the authorities of +the Republic than had been revealed by either party to the King of Great +Britain, or than could be understood from the letters and papers now +communicated. He desired further information from the commissioners, +especially in regard to those articles of their instructions which +referred to a general rupture. They professed inability to give more +explanations than were contained in the documents themselves. If +suspicion was felt, they said, that the French King had been proposing +anything in regard to a general rupture, either on account of the retreat +of Conde, the affair of Savoy, or anything else, they would reply that +the ambassadors in France had been instructed to decline committing the +States until after full communication and advice and ripe deliberation +with his British Majesty and council, as well as the Assembly of the +States-General; and it had been the intention of the late king to have +conferred once more and very confidentially with Prince Maurice and Count +Lewis William before coming to a decisive resolution. + +It was very obvious however to the commissioners that their statement +gave no thorough satisfaction, and that grave suspicions remained of +something important kept back by them. Cecil's manner was constrained +and cold, and certainly there were no evidences of profound sorrow at the +English court for the death of Henry. + +"The King of France," said the High Treasurer, "meant to make a master- +stroke--a coup de maistre--but he who would have all may easily lose all. +Such projects as these should not have been formed or taken in hand +without previous communication with his Majesty of Great Britain." + +All arguments on the part of the ambassadors to induce the Lord Treasurer +or other members of the government to enlarge the succour intended for +the Cleve affair were fruitless. The English troops regularly employed +in the States' service might be made use of with the forces sent by the +Republic itself. More assistance than this it was idle to expect, unless +after a satisfactory arrangement with the present regency of France. The +proposition, too, of the States for a close and general alliance was +coldly repulsed. "No resolution can be taken as to that," said Cecil; +"the death of the French king has very much altered such matters." + +At a little later hour on the same day the commissioners, according to +previous invitation, dined with the King. + +No one sat at the table but his Majesty and themselves, and they all kept +their hats on their heads. The King was hospitable, gracious, +discursive, loquacious, very theological. + +He expressed regret for the death of the King of France, and said +that the pernicious doctrine out of which such vile crimes grew must be +uprooted. He asked many questions in regard to the United Netherlands, +enquiring especially as to the late commotions at Utrecht, and the +conduct of Prince Maurice on that occasion. He praised the resolute +conduct of the States-General in suppressing those tumults with force, +adding, however, that they should have proceeded with greater rigour +against the ringleaders of the riot. He warmly recommended the Union of +the Provinces. + +He then led the conversation to the religious controversies in the +Netherlands, and in reply to his enquiries was informed that the points +in dispute related to predestination and its consequences. + +"I have studied that subject," said James, "as well as anybody, and have +come to the conclusion that nothing certain can be laid down in regard to +it. I have myself not always been of one mind about it, but I will bet +that my opinion is the best of any, although I would not hang my +salvation upon it. My Lords the States would do well to order their +doctors and teachers to be silent on this topic. I have hardly ventured, +moreover, to touch upon the matter of justification in my own writings, +because that also seemed to hang upon predestination." + +Thus having spoken with the air of a man who had left nothing further to +be said on predestination or justification, the King rose, took off his +hat, and drank a bumper to the health of the States-General and his +Excellency Prince Maurice, and success to the affair of Cleve. + +After dinner there was a parting interview in the gallery. The King, +attended by many privy councillors and high functionaries of state, +bade the commissioners a cordial farewell, and, in order to show his +consideration for their government, performed the ceremony of knighthood +upon them, as was his custom in regard to the ambassadors of Venice. The +sword being presented to him by the Lord Chamberlain, James touched each +of the envoys on the shoulder as he dismissed him. "Out of respect to My +Lords the States," said they in their report, "we felt compelled to allow +ourselves to be burthened with this honour." + +Thus it became obvious to the States-General that there was but little to +hope for from Great Britain or France. France, governed by Concini and +by Spain, was sure to do her best to traverse the designs of the +Republic, and, while perfunctorily and grudgingly complying with the +letter of the Hall treaty, was secretly neutralizing by intrigue the +slender military aid which de la Chatre was to bring to Prince Maurice. +The close alliance of France and Protestantism had melted into air. On +the other hand the new Catholic League sprang into full luxuriance out +of the grave of Henry, and both Spain and the Pope gave their hearty +adhesion to the combinations of Maximilian of Bavaria, now that the +mighty designs of the French king were buried with him. The Duke of +Savoy, caught in the trap of his own devising, was fain to send his son +to sue to Spain for pardon for the family upon his knees, and expiated +by draining a deep cup of humiliation his ambitious designs upon the +Milanese and the matrimonial alliance with France. Venice recoiled in +horror from the position she found herself in as soon as the glamour of +Henry's seductive policy was dispelled, while James of Great Britain, +rubbing his hands with great delight at the disappearance from the world +of the man he so admired, bewailed, and hated, had no comfort to impart +to the States-General thus left in virtual isolation. The barren burthen +of knighthood and a sermon on predestination were all he could bestow +upon the high commissioners in place of the alliance which he eluded, +and the military assistance which he point-blank refused. The possessory +princes, in whose cause the sword was drawn, were too quarrelsome and too +fainthearted to serve for much else than an incumbrance either in the +cabinet or the field. + +And the States-General were equal to the immense responsibility. +Steadily, promptly, and sagaciously they confronted the wrath, the +policy, and the power of the Empire, of Spain, and of the Pope. Had the +Republic not existed, nothing could have prevented that debateable and +most important territory from becoming provinces of Spain, whose power +thus dilated to gigantic proportions in the very face of England would +have been more menacing than in the days of the Armada. Had the Republic +faltered, she would have soon ceased to exist. But the Republic did not +falter. + +On the 13th July, Prince Maurice took command of the States' forces, +13,000 foot and 3000 horse, with thirty pieces of cannon, assembled at +Schenkenschans. The July English and French regiments in the regular +service of the United Provinces were included in these armies, but there +were no additions to them: "The States did seven times as much," +Barneveld justly averred, "as they had stipulated to do." Maurice, +moving with the precision and promptness which always marked his military +operations, marched straight upon Julich, and laid siege to that +important fortress. The Archdukes at Brussels, determined to keep out +of the fray as long as possible, offered no opposition to the passage of +his supplies up the Rhine, which might have been seriously impeded by +them at Rheinberg. The details of the siege, as of all the Prince's +sieges, possess no more interest to the general reader than the working +out of a geometrical problem. He was incapable of a flaw in his +calculations, but it was impossible for him quite to complete the +demonstration before the arrival of de la Chatre. Maurice received with +courtesy the Marshal, who arrived on the 18th August, at the head of his +contingent of 8000 foot and a few squadrons of cavalry, and there was +great show of harmony between them. For any practical purposes, de la +Chatre might as well have remained in France. For political ends his +absence would have been preferable to his presence. + +Maurice would have rejoiced, had the Marshal blundered longer along the +road to the debateable land than he had done. He had almost brought +Julich to reduction. A fortnight later the place surrendered. The terms +granted by the conqueror were equitable. No change was to be made in the +liberty of Roman Catholic worship, nor in the city magistracy. The +citadel and its contents were to be handed over to the Princes of +Brandenburg and Neuburg. Archduke Leopold and his adherents departed to +Prague, to carry out as he best could his farther designs upon the crown +of Bohemia, this first portion of them having so lamentably failed, and +Sergeant-Major Frederick Pithan, of the regiment of Count Ernest Casimir +of Nassau, was appointed governor of Julich in the interest of the +possessory princes. + +Thus without the loss of a single life, the Republic, guided by her +consummate statesman and unrivalled general, had gained an immense +victory, had installed the Protestant princes in the full possession of +those splendid and important provinces, and had dictated her decrees on +German soil to the Emperor of Germany, and had towed, as it were, Great +Britain and France along in her wake, instead of humbly following those +powers, and had accomplished all that she had ever proposed to do, even +in alliance with them both. + +The King of England considered that quite enough had been done, and was +in great haste to patch up a reconciliation. He thought his ambassador +would soon "have as good occasion to employ his tongue and his pen as +General Cecil and his soldiers have done their swords and their +mattocks." + +He had no sympathy with the cause of Protestantism, and steadily refused +to comprehend the meaning of the great movements in the duchies. "I only +wish that I may handsomely wind myself out of this quarrel, where the +principal parties do so little for themselves," he said. + +De la Chatre returned with his troops to France within a fortnight after +his arrival on the scene. A mild proposition made by the French +government through the Marshal, that the provinces should be held in +seguestration by France until a decision as to the true sovereignty could +be reached, was promptly declined. Maurice of Nassau had hardly gained +so signal a triumph for the Republic and for the Protestant cause only to +hand it over to Concini and Villeroy for the benefit of Spain. Julich +was thought safer in the keeping of Sergeant Pithan. + +By the end of September the States' troops had returned to their own +country. + +Thus the Republic, with eminent success, had accomplished a brief and +brilliant campaign, but no statesman could suppose that the result was +more than a temporary one. These coveted provinces, most valuable in +themselves and from their important position, would probably not be +suffered peacefully to remain very long under the protection of the +heretic States-General and in the 'Condominium' of two Protestant +princes. There was fear among the Imperialists, Catholics, and +Spaniards, lest the baleful constellation of the Seven Provinces might be +increased by an eighth star. And this was a project not to be tolerated. +It was much already that the upstart confederacy had defied Pope, +Emperor, and King, as it were, on their own domains, had dictated +arrangements in Germany directly in the teeth of its emperor, using +France as her subordinate, and compelling the British king to acquiesce +in what he most hated. + +But it was not merely to surprise Julich, and to get a foothold in the +duchies, that Leopold had gone forth on his adventure. His campaign, as +already intimated, was part of a wide scheme in which he had persuaded +his emperor-cousin to acquiesce. Poor Rudolph had been at last goaded +into a feeble attempt at revolt against his three brothers and his cousin +Ferdinand. Peace-loving, inert, fond of his dinner, fonder of his +magnificent collections of gems and intagli, liking to look out of window +at his splendid collection of horses, he was willing to pass a quiet +life, afar from the din of battles and the turmoil of affairs. As he +happened to be emperor of half Europe, these harmless tastes could not +well be indulged. Moon-faced and fat, silent and slow, he was not +imperial of aspect on canvas or coin, even when his brows were decorated +with the conventional laurel wreath. He had been stripped of his +authority and all but discrowned by his more bustling brothers Matthias +and Max, while the sombre figure of Styrian Ferdinand, pupil of the +Jesuits, and passionate admirer of Philip II., stood ever in the +background, casting a prophetic shadow over the throne and over Germany. + +The brothers were endeavouring to persuade Rudolph that he would find +more comfort in Innsbruck than in Prague; that he required repose after +the strenuous labours of government. They told him, too, that it would +be wise to confer the royal crown of Bohemia upon Matthias, lest, being +elective and also an electorate, the crown and vote of that country might +pass out of the family, and so both Bohemia and the Empire be lost to the +Habsburgs. The kingdom being thus secured to Matthias and his heirs, the +next step, of course, was to proclaim him King of the Romans. Otherwise +there would be great danger and detriment to Hungary, and other +hereditary states of that conglomerate and anonymous monarchy which owned +the sway of the great Habsburg family. + +The unhappy emperor was much piqued. He had been deprived by his brother +of Hungary, Moravia, and Austria, while Matthias was now at Prague with +an army, ostensibly to obtain ratification of the peace with Turkey, but +in reality to force the solemn transfer of those realms and extort the +promise of Bohemia. Could there be a better illustration of the +absurdities of such a system of Imperialism? + +And now poor Rudolph was to be turned out of the Hradschin, and sent +packing with or without his collections to the Tyrol. + +The bellicose bishop of Strassburg and Passau, brother of Ferdinand, had +little difficulty in persuading the downtrodden man to rise to vengeance. +It had been secretly agreed between the two that Leopold, at the head of +a considerable army of mercenaries which he had contrived to levy, should +dart into Julich as the Emperor's representative, seize the debateable +duchies, and hold them in sequestration until the Emperor should decide +to whom they belonged, and, then, rushing back to Bohemia, should +annihilate Matthias, seize Prague, and deliver Rudolph from bondage. It +was further agreed that Leopold, in requital of these services, should +receive the crown of Bohemia, be elected King of the Romans, and declared +heir to the Emperor, so far as Rudolph could make him his heir. + +The first point in the program he had only in part accomplished. He had +taken Julich, proclaimed the intentions of the Emperor, and then been +driven out of his strong position by the wise policy of the States under +the guidance of Barneveld and by the consummate strategy of Maurice. It +will be seen therefore that the Republic was playing a world's game at +this moment, and doing it with skill and courage. On the issue of the +conflict which had been begun and was to be long protracted in the +duchies, and to spread over nearly all Christendom besides, would depend +the existence of the United Netherlands and the fate of Protestantism. + +The discomfited Leopold swept back at the head of his mercenaries, 9000 +foot and 3000 horse, through Alsace and along the Danube to Linz and so +to Prague, marauding, harrying, and black-mailing the country as he went. +He entered the city on the 15th of February 1611, fighting his way +through crowds of exasperated burghers. Sitting in full harness on +horseback in the great square before the cathedral, the warlike bishop +compelled the population to make oath to him as the Emperor's commissary. +The street fighting went on however day by day, poor Rudolph meantime +cowering in the Hradschin. On the third day, Leopold, driven out of the +town, took up a position on the heights, from which he commanded it with +his artillery. Then came a feeble voice from the Hradschin, telling all +men that these Passau marauders and their episcopal chief were there by +the Emperor's orders. The triune city--the old, the new, and the Jew-- +was bidden to send deputies to the palace and accept the Imperial +decrees. No deputies came at the bidding. The Bohemians, especially the +Praguers, being in great majority Protestants knew very well that Leopold +was fighting the cause of the Papacy and Spain in Bohemia as well as in +the duchies. + +And now Matthias appeared upon the scene. The Estates had already been +in communication with him, better hopes, for the time at least, being +entertained from him than from the flaccid Rudolph. Moreover a kind of +compromise had been made in the autumn between Matthias and the Emperor +after the defeat of Leopold in the duchies. The real king had fallen at +the feet of the nominal one by proxy of his brother Maximilian. Seven +thousand men of the army of Matthias now came before Prague under command +of Colonitz. The Passauers, receiving three months pay from the Emperor, +marched quietly off. Leopold disappeared for the time. His chancellor +and counsellor in the duchies, Francis Teynagel, a Geldrian noble, taken +prisoner and put to the torture, revealed the little plot of the Emperor +in favour of the Bishop, and it was believed that the Pope, the King of +Spain, and Maximilian of Bavaria were friendly to the scheme. This was +probable, for Leopold at last made no mystery of his resolve to fight +Protestantism to the death, and to hold the duchies, if he could, for the +cause of Rome and Austria. + +Both Rudolph and Matthias had committed themselves to the toleration of +the Reformed religion. The famous "Majesty-Letter," freshly granted by +the Emperor (1609), and the Compromise between the Catholic and +Protestant Estates had become the law of the land. Those of the Bohemian +confession, a creed commingled of Hussism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism, +had obtained toleration. In a country where nine-tenths of the +population were Protestants it was permitted to Protestants to build +churches and to worship God in them unmolested. But these privileges +had been extorted by force, and there was a sullen, dogged determination +which might be easily guessed at to revoke them should it ever become +possible. The House of Austria, reigning in Spain, Italy, and Germany, +was bound by the very law of their being to the Roman religion. +Toleration of other worship signified in their eyes both a defeat and a +crime. + +Thus the great conflict, to be afterwards known as the Thirty Years' War, +had in reality begun already, and the Netherlands, in spite of the truce, +were half unconsciously taking a leading part in it. The odds at that +moment in Germany seemed desperately against the House of Austria, so +deep and wide was the abyss between throne and subjects which religious +difference had created. But the reserved power in Spain, Italy, and +Southern Germany was sure enough to make itself felt sooner or later on +the Catholic side. + +Meantime the Estates of Bohemia knew well enough that the Imperial house +was bent on destroying the elective principle of the Empire, and on +keeping the crown of Bohemia in perpetuity. They had also discovered +that Bishop-Archduke Leopold had been selected by Rudolph as chief of the +reactionary movement against Protestantism. They could not know at that +moment whether his plans were likely to prove fantastic or dangerous. + +So Matthias came to Prague at the invitation of the Estates, entering the +city with all the airs of a conqueror. Rudolph received his brother with +enforced politeness, and invited him to reside in the Hradschin. This +proposal was declined by Matthias, who sent a colonel however, with six +pieces of artillery, to guard and occupy that palace. The Passau +prisoners were pardoned and released, and there was a general +reconciliation. A month later, Matthias went in pomp to the chapel +of the holy Wenceslaus, that beautiful and barbarous piece of mediaeval, +Sclavonic architecture, with its sombre arches, and its walls encrusted +with huge precious stones. The Estates of Bohemia, arrayed in splendid +Zchech costume, and kneeling on the pavement, were asked whether they +accepted Matthias, King of Hungary, as their lawful king. Thrice they +answered Aye. Cardinal Dietrichstein then put the historic crown of St. +Wenceslaus on the King's head, and Matthias swore to maintain the laws +and privileges of Bohemia, including the recent charters granting liberty +of religion to Protestants. Thus there was temporary, if hollow, truce +between the religious parties, and a sham reconciliation between the +Emperor and his brethren. The forlorn Rudolph moped away the few months +of life left to him in the Hradschin, and died 1612 soon after the new +year. The House of Austria had not been divided, Matthias succeeded his +brother, Leopold's visions melted into air, and it was for the future to +reveal whether the Majesty-Letter and the Compromise had been written on +very durable material. + +And while such was the condition of affairs in Germany immediately +following the Cleve and Julich campaign, the relations of the Republic +both to England and France were become rapidly more dangerous than they +ever had been. It was a severe task for Barneveld, and enough to overtax +the energies of any statesman, to maintain his hold on two such slippery +governments as both had become since the death of their great monarchs. +It had been an easier task for William the Silent to steer his course, +notwithstanding all the perversities, short-comings, brow-beatings, and +inconsistencies that he had been obliged to endure from Elizabeth and +Henry. Genius, however capricious and erratic at times, has at least +vision, and it needed no elaborate arguments to prove to both those +sovereigns that the severance of their policy from that of the +Netherlands was impossible without ruin to the Republic and +incalculable danger themselves. + +But now France and England were both tending towards Spain through a +stupidity on the part of their rulers such as the gods are said to +contend against in vain. Barneveld was not a god nor a hero, but a +courageous and wide-seeing statesman, and he did his best. Obliged by +his position to affect admiration, or at least respect, where no emotion +but contempt was possible, his daily bread was bitter enough. It was +absolutely necessary to humour those whom knew to be traversing his +policy and desiring his ruin, for there was no other way to serve his +country and save it from impending danger. So long as he was faithfully +served by his subordinates, and not betrayed by those to whom he gave his +heart, he could confront external enemies and mould the policy of +wavering allies. + +Few things in history are more pitiable than the position of James in +regard to Spain. For seven long years he was as one entranced, the slave +to one idea, a Spanish marriage for his son. It was in vain that his +counsellors argued, Parliament protested, allies implored. Parliament +was told that a royal family matter regarded himself alone, and that +interference on their part was an impertinence. Parliament's duty was a +simple one, to give him advice if he asked it, and money when he required +it, without asking for reasons. It was already a great concession that +he should ask for it in person. They had nothing to do with his affairs +nor with general politics. The mystery of government was a science +beyond their reach, and with which they were not to meddle. "Ne sutor +ultra crepidam," said the pedant. + +Upon that one point his policy was made to turn. Spain held him in the +hollow of her hand. The Infanta, with two million crowns in dowry, was +promised, withheld, brought forward again like a puppet to please or +irritate a froward child. Gondemar, the Spanish ambassador, held him +spellbound. Did he falter in his opposition to the States--did he cease +to goad them for their policy in the duchies--did he express sympathy +with Bohemian Protestantism, or, as time went on, did he dare to lift a +finger or touch his pocket in behalf of his daughter and the unlucky +Elector-Palatine; did he, in short, move a step in the road which England +had ever trod and was bound to tread--the road of determined resistance +to Spanish ambition--instantaneously the Infanta withheld, and James was +on his knees again. A few years later, when the great Raleigh returned +from his trans-Alantic expedition, Gondemar fiercely denounced him to the +King as the worst enemy of Spain. The usual threat was made, the wand +was waved, and the noblest head in England fell upon the block, in +pursuance of an obsolete sentence fourteen years old. + +It is necessary to hold fast this single clue to the crooked and amazing +entanglements of the policy of James. The insolence, the meanness, and +the prevarications of this royal toad-eater are only thus explained. + +Yet Philip III. declared on his death-bed that he had never had a +serious intention of bestowing his daughter on the Prince. + +The vanity and the hatreds of theology furnished the chief additional +material in the policy of James towards the Provinces. The diplomacy of +his reign so far as the Republic was concerned is often a mere mass of +controversial divinity, and gloomy enough of its kind. Exactly at this +moment Conrad Vorstius had been called by the University of Leyden to the +professorship vacant by the death of Arminius, and the wrath of Peter +Plancius and the whole orthodox party knew no bounds. Born in Cologne, +Vorstius had been a lecturer in Geneva, and beloved by Beza. He had +written a book against the Jesuit Belarmino, which he had dedicated to +the States-General. But he was now accused of Arminianism, Socianism, +Pelagianism, Atheism--one knew not what. He defended himself in writing +against these various charges, and declared himself a believer in the +Trinity, in the Divinity of Christ, in the Atonement. But he had written +a book on the Nature of God, and the wrath of Gomarus and Plancius and +Bogerman was as nothing to the ire of James when that treatise was one +day handed to him on returning from hunting. He had scarcely looked into +it before he was horror-struck, and instantly wrote to Sir Ralph Winwood, +his ambassador at the Hague, ordering him to insist that this blasphemous +monster should at once be removed from the country. Who but James knew +anything of the Nature of God, for had he not written a work in Latin +explaining it all, so that humbler beings might read and be instructed. + +Sir Ralph accordingly delivered a long sermon to the States on the brief +supplied by his Majesty, told them that to have Vorstius as successor to +Arminius was to fall out of the frying-pan into the fire, and handed them +a "catalogue" prepared by the King of the blasphemies, heresies, and +atheisms of the Professor. "Notwithstanding that the man in full +assembly of the States of Holland," said the Ambassador with headlong and +confused rhetoric, "had found the means to palliate and plaster the dung +of his heresies, and thus to dazzle the eyes of good people," yet it was +necessary to protest most vigorously against such an appointment, and to +advise that "his works should be publicly burned in the open places of +all the cities." + +The Professor never was admitted to perform his functions of theology, +but he remained at Leyden, so Winwood complained, "honoured, recognized +as a singularity and ornament to the Academy in place of the late Joseph +Scaliger."--"The friendship of the King and the heresy of Vorstius are +quite incompatible," said the Envoy. + +Meantime the Advocate, much distressed at the animosity of England +bursting forth so violently on occasion of the appointment of a divinity +professor at Leyden, and at the very instant too when all the acuteness +of his intellect was taxed to keep on good or even safe terms with +France, did his best to stem these opposing currents. His private +letters to his old and confidential friend, Noel de Carom, States' +ambassador in London, reveal the perplexities of his soul and the upright +patriotism by which he was guided in these gathering storms. And this +correspondence, as well as that maintained by him at a little later +period with the successor of Aerssens at Paris, will be seen subsequently +to have had a direct and most important bearing upon the policy of the +Republic and upon his own fate. It is necessary therefore that the +reader, interested in these complicated affairs which were soon to bring +on a sanguinary war on a scale even vaster than the one which had been +temporarily suspended, should give close attention to papers never before +exhumed from the musty sepulchre of national archives, although +constantly alluded to in the records of important state trials. It is +strange enough to observe the apparent triviality of the circumstances +out of which gravest events seem to follow. But the circumstances were +in reality threads of iron which led down to the very foundations of the +earth. + +"I wish to know," wrote the Advocate to Caron, "from whom the Archbishop +of Canterbury received the advices concerning Vorstius in order to find +out what is meant by all this." + +It will be remembered that Whitgift was of opinion that James was +directly inspired by the Holy Ghost, and that as he affected to deem him +the anointed High-priest of England, it was natural that he should +encourage the King in his claims to be 'Pontifex maximus' for the +Netherlands likewise. + +"We are busy here," continued Barneveld, "in examining all things for the +best interests of the country and the churches. I find the nobles and +cities here well resolved in this regard, although there be some +disagreements 'in modo.' Vorstius, having been for many years professor +and minister of theology at Steinfurt, having manifested his learning in +many books written against the Jesuits, and proved himself pure and +moderate in doctrine, has been called to the vacant professorship at +Leyden. This appointment is now countermined by various means. +We are doing our best to arrange everything for the highest good of the +Provinces and the churches. Believe this and believe nothing else. Pay +heed to no other information. Remember what took place in Flanders, +events so well known to you. It is not for me to pass judgment in these +matters. Do you, too, suspend your judgment." + +The Advocate's allusion was to the memorable course of affairs in +Flanders at an epoch when many of the most inflammatory preachers and +politicians of the Reformed religion, men who refused to employ a footman +or a housemaid not certified to be thoroughly orthodox, subsequently +after much sedition and disturbance went over to Spain and the Catholic +religion. + +A few weeks later Barneveld sent copies to Caron of the latest harangues +of Winwood in the Assembly and the reply of My Lords on the Vorstian +business; that is to say, the freshest dialogue on predestination between +the King and the Advocate. For as James always dictated word for word +the orations of his envoy, so had their Mightinesses at this period no +head and no mouthpiece save Barneveld alone. Nothing could be drearier +than these controversies, and the reader shall be spared as much, as +possible the infliction of reading them. It will be necessary, however, +for the proper understanding of subsequent events that he should be +familiar with portions of the Advocate's confidential letters. + +"Sound well the gentleman you wot of," said Barneveld, "and other +personages as to the conclusive opinions over there. The course of the +propositions does not harmonize with what I have myself heard out of the +King's mouth at other times, nor with the reports of former ambassadors. +I cannot well understand that the King should, with such preciseness, +condemn all other opinions save those of Calvin and Beza. It is +important to the service of this country that one should know the +final intention of his Majesty." + +And this was the misery of the position. For it was soon to appear that +the King's definite and final intentions, varied from day to day. It was +almost humorous to find him at that moment condemning all opinions but +those of Calvin and Beza in Holland, while his course to the strictest +confessors of that creed in England was so ferocious. + +But Vorstius was a rival author to his Majesty on subjects treated of by +both, so that literary spite of the most venomous kind, stirred into +theological hatred, was making a dangerous mixture. Had a man with the +soul and sense of the Advocate sat on the throne which James was +regarding at that moment as a professor's chair, the world's history +would have been changed. + +"I fear," continued Barneveld, "that some of our own precisians have been +spinning this coil for us over there, and if the civil authority can be +thus countermined, things will go as in Flanders in your time. Pray +continue to be observant, discreet, and moderate." + +The Advocate continued to use his best efforts to smooth the rising +waves. He humoured and even flattered the King, although perpetually +denounced by Winwood in his letters to his sovereign as tyrannical, +over-bearing, malignant, and treacherous. He did his best to counsel +moderation and mutual toleration, for he felt that these needless +theological disputes about an abstract and insoluble problem of casuistry +were digging an abyss in which the Republic might be swallowed up for +ever. If ever man worked steadily with the best lights of experience +and inborn sagacity for the good of his country and in defence of a +constitutional government, horribly defective certainly, but the only +legal one, and on the whole a more liberal polity than any then existing, +it was Barneveld. Courageously, steadily, but most patiently, he stood +upon that position so vital and daily so madly assailed; the defence of +the civil authority against the priesthood. He felt instinctively and +keenly that where any portion of the subjects or citizens of a country +can escape from the control of government and obey other head than the +lawful sovereignty, whether monarchical or republican, social disorder +and anarchy must be ever impending. + +"We are still tortured by ecclesiastical disputes," he wrote a few weeks +later to Caron. "Besides many libels which have appeared in print, the +letters of his Majesty and the harangues of Winwood have been published; +to what end you who know these things by experience can judge. The truth +of the matter of Vorstius is that he was legally called in July 1610, +that he was heard last May before My Lords the States with six preachers +to oppose him, and in the same month duly accepted and placed in office. +He has given no public lectures as yet. You will cause this to be known +on fitting opportunity. Believe and cause to be believed that his +Majesty's letters and Sir R. Winwood's propositions have been and shall +be well considered, and that I am working with all my strength to that +end. You know the constitution of our country, and can explain +everything for the best. Many pious and intelligent people in this State +hold themselves assured that his Majesty according to his royal exceeding +great wisdom, foresight, and affection for the welfare of this land will +not approve that his letters and Winwood's propositions should be +scattered by the press among the common people. Believe and cause to +be believed, to your best ability, that My Lords the States of Holland +desire to maintain the true Christian, Reformed religion as well in the +University of Leyden as in all their cities and villages. The only +dispute is on the high points of predestination and its adjuncts, +concerning which moderation and a more temperate teaching is furthered +by some amongst us. Many think that such is the edifying practice in +England. Pray have the kindness to send me the English Confession of +the year 1572, with the corrections and alterations up to this year." + +But the fires were growing hotter, fanned especially by Flemish +ministers, a brotherhood of whom Barneveld had an especial distrust, and +who certainly felt great animosity to him. His moderate counsels were +but oil to the flames. He was already depicted by zealots and +calumniators as false to the Reformed creed. + +"Be assured and assure others," he wrote again to Caron, "that in the +matter of religion I am, and by God's grace shall remain, what I ever +have been. Make the same assurances as to my son-in-law and brother. +We are not a little amazed that a few extraordinary Puritans, mostly +Flemings and Frisians, who but a short time ago had neither property nor +kindred in the country, and have now very little of either, and who have +given but slender proofs of constancy or service to the fatherland, could +through pretended zeal gain credit over there against men well proved in +all respects. We wonder the more because they are endeavouring, in +ecclesiastical matters at least, to usurp an extraordinary authority, +against which his Majesty, with very weighty reasons, has so many times +declared his opinion founded upon God's Word and upon all laws and +principles of justice." + +It was Barneveld's practice on this as on subsequent occasions very +courteously to confute the King out of his own writings and speeches, +and by so doing to be unconsciously accumulating an undying hatred +against himself in the royal breast. Certainly nothing could be easier +than to show that James, while encouraging in so reckless a manner the +emancipation of the ministers of an advanced sect in the Reformed Church +from control of government, and their usurpation of supreme authority +which had been destroyed in England, was outdoing himself in dogmatism +and inconsistency. A king-highpriest, who dictated his supreme will to +bishops and ministers as well as to courts and parliaments, was +ludicrously employed in a foreign country in enforcing the superiority +of the Church to the State. + +"You will give good assurances," said the Advocate, "upon my word, that +the conservation of the true Reformed religion is as warmly cherished +here, especially by me, as at any time during the war." + +He next alluded to the charges then considered very grave against certain +writings of Vorstius, and with equal fairness to his accusers as he had +been to the Professor gave a pledge that the subject should be examined. + +"If the man in question," he said, "be the author, as perhaps falsely +imputed, of the work 'De Filiatione Christi' or things of that sort, you +may be sure that he shall have no furtherance here." He complained, +however, that before proof the cause was much prejudiced by the +circulation through the press of letters on the subject from important +personages in England. His own efforts to do justice in the matter were +traversed by such machinations. If the Professor proved to be guilty of +publications fairly to be deemed atheistical and blasphemous, he should +be debarred from his functions, but the outcry from England was doing +more harm than good. + +"The published extract from the letter of the Archbishop," he wrote, +"to the effect that the King will declare My Lords the States to be his +enemies if they are not willing to send the man away is doing much harm." + +Truly, if it had come to this--that a King of England was to go to war +with a neighbouring and friendly republic because an obnoxious professor +of theology was not instantly hurled from a university of which his +Majesty was not one of the overseers--it was time to look a little +closely into the functions of governments and the nature of public and +international law. Not that the sword of James was in reality very +likely to be unsheathed, but his shriekings and his scribblings, pacific +as he was himself, were likely to arouse passions which torrents of blood +alone could satiate. + +"The publishing and spreading among the community," continued Barneveld, +"of M. Winwood's protestations and of many indecent libels are also doing +much mischief, for the nature of this people does not tolerate such +things. I hope, however, to obtain the removal according to his +Majesty's desire. Keep me well informed, and send me word what is +thought in England by the four divines of the book of Vorstius, 'De Deo,' +and of his declarations on the points sent here by his Majesty. Let me +know, too, if there has been any later confession published in England +than that of the year 1562, and whether the nine points pressed in the +year 1595 were accepted and published in 1603. If so, pray send them, +as they maybe made use of in settling our differences here." + +Thus it will be seen that the spirit of conciliation, of a calm but +earnest desire to obtain a firm grasp of the most reasonable relations +between Church and State through patient study of the phenomena exhibited +in other countries, were the leading motives of the man. Yet he was +perpetually denounced in private as an unbeliever, an atheist, a tyrant, +because he resisted dictation from the clergy within the Provinces and +from kings outside them. + +"It was always held here to be one of the chief infractions of the laws +and privileges of this country," he said, "that former princes had placed +themselves in matter of religion in the tutelage of the Pope and the +Spanish Inquisition, and that they therefore on complaint of their good +subjects could take no orders on that subject. Therefore it cannot be +considered strange that we are not willing here to fall into the same +obloquy. That one should now choose to turn the magistrates, who were +once so seriously summoned on their conscience and their office to adopt +the Reformation and to take the matter of religion to heart, into +ignorants, to deprive them of knowledge, and to cause them to see with +other eyes than their own, cannot by many be considered right and +reasonable. 'Intelligenti pauca.'" + + [The interesting letter from which I have given these copious + extracts was ordered by its writer to be burned. "Lecta vulcano" + was noted at the end of it, as was not unfrequently the case with + the Advocate. It never was burned; but, innocent and reasonable as + it seems, was made use of by Barneveld's enemies with deadly effect. + J.L.M.] + +Meantime M. de Refuge, as before stated, was on his way to the Hague, +to communicate the news of the double marriage. He had fallen sick at +Rotterdam, and the nature of his instructions and of the message he +brought remained unknown, save from the previous despatches of Aerssens. +But reports were rife that he was about to propose new terms of alliance +to the States, founded on large concessions to the Roman Catholic +religion. Of course intense jealousy was excited at the English court, +and calumny plumed her wings for a fresh attack upon the Advocate. Of +course he was sold to Spain, the Reformed religion was to be trampled out +in the Provinces, and the Papacy and Holy Inquisition established on its +ruins. Nothing could be more diametrically the reverse of the fact than +such hysterical suspicions as to the instructions of the ambassador +extraordinary from France, and this has already appeared. The Vorstian +affair too was still in the same phase, the Advocate professing a +willingness that justice should be done in the matter, while courteously +but firmly resisting the arrogant pretensions of James to take the matter +out of the jurisdiction of the States. + +"I stand amazed," he said, "at the partisanship and the calumnious +representations which you tell me of, and cannot imagine what is thought +nor what is proposed. Should M. de Refuge make any such propositions as +are feared, believe, and cause his Majesty and his counsellors to +believe, that they would be of no effect. Make assurances upon my word, +notwithstanding all advices to the contrary, that such things would be +flatly refused. If anything is published or proven to the discredit of +Vorstius, send it to me. Believe that we shall not defend heretics nor +schismatics against the pure Evangelical doctrine, but one cannot +conceive here that the knowledge and judicature of the matter belongs +anywhere else than to My Lords the States of Holland, in whose service he +has legally been during four months before his Majesty made the least +difficulty about it. Called hither legally a year before, with the +knowledge and by the order of his Excellency and the councillors of state +of Holland, he has been countermined by five or six Flemings and +Frisians, who, without recognizing the lawful authority of the +magistrates, have sought assistance in foreign countries--in Germany +and afterwards in England. Yes, they have been so presumptuous as to +designate one of their own men for the place. If such a proceeding +should be attempted in England, I leave it to those whose business it +would be to deal with it to say what would be done. I hope therefore +that one will leave the examination and judgment of this matter freely to +us, without attempting to make us--against the principles of the +Reformation and the liberties and laws of the land--executors of the +decrees of others, as the man here wishes to obtrude it upon us." + +He alluded to the difficulty in raising the ways and means; saying that +the quota of Holland, as usual, which was more than half the whole, was +ready, while other provinces were in arrears. Yet they were protected, +while Holland was attacked. + +"Methinks I am living in a strange world," he said, "when those who have +received great honour from Holland, and who in their conscience know that +they alone have conserved the Commonwealth, are now traduced with such +great calumnies. But God the Lord Almighty is just, and will in His own +time do chastisement." + +The affair of Vorstius dragged its slow length along, and few things are +more astounding at this epoch than to see such a matter, interesting +enough certainly to theologians, to the University, and to the rising +generation of students, made the topic of unceasing and embittered +diplomatic controversy between two great nations, who had most pressing +and momentous business on their hands. But it was necessary to humour +the King, while going to the verge of imprudence in protecting the +Professor. In March he was heard, three or four hours long, before the +Assembly of Holland, in answer to various charges made against him, being +warned that "he stood before the Lord God and before the sovereign +authority of the States." Although thought by many to have made a +powerful defence, he was ordered to set it forth in writing, both in +Latin and in the vernacular. Furthermore it was ordained that he should +make a complete refutation of all the charges already made or that might +be made during the ensuing three months against him in speech, book, or +letter in England, Germany, the Netherlands, or anywhere else. He was +allowed one year and a half to accomplish this work, and meantime was to +reside not in Leyden, nor the Hague, but in some other town of Holland, +not delivering lectures or practising his profession in any way. It +might be supposed that sufficient work had been thus laid out for the +unfortunate doctor of divinity without lecturing or preaching. The +question of jurisdiction was saved. The independence of the civil +authority over the extreme pretensions of the clergy had been vindicated +by the firmness of the Advocate. James had been treated with overflowing +demonstrations of respect, but his claim to expel a Dutch professor from +his chair and country by a royal fiat had been signally rebuked. +Certainly if the Provinces were dependent upon the British king in +regard to such a matter, it was the merest imbecility for them to affect +independence. Barneveld had carried his point and served his country +strenuously and well in this apparently small matter which human folly +had dilated into a great one. But deep was the wrath treasured against +him in consequence in clerical and royal minds. + +Returning from Wesel after the negotiations, Sir Ralph Winwood had +an important interview at Arnheim with Prince Maurice, in which they +confidentially exchanged their opinions in regard to the Advocate, +and mutually confirmed their suspicions and their jealousies in +regard to that statesman. + +The Ambassador earnestly thanked the Prince in the King's name for his +"careful and industrious endeavours for the maintenance of the truth of +religion, lively expressed in prosecuting the cause against Vorstius and +his adherents." + +He then said: + +"I am expressly commanded that his Majesty conferring the present +condition of affairs of this quarter of the world with those +advertisements he daily receives from his ministers abroad, together +with the nature and disposition of those men who have in their hands +the managing of all business in these foreign parts, can make no other +judgment than this. + +"There is a general ligue and confederation complotted for the subversion +and ruin of religion upon the subsistence whereof his Majesty doth judge +the main welfare of your realms and of these Provinces solely to consist. + +"Therefore his Majesty has given me charge out of the knowledge he +has of your great worth and sufficiency," continued Winwood," and the +confidence he reposes in your faith and affection, freely to treat with +you on these points, and withal to pray you to deliver your opinion what +way would be the most compendious and the most assured to contrequarr +these complots, and to frustrate the malice of these mischievous +designs." + +The Prince replied by acknowledging the honour the King had vouchsafed to +do him in holding so gracious an opinion of him, wherein his Majesty +should never be deceived. + +"I concur in judgment with his Majesty," continued the Prince, "that the +main scope at which these plots and practices do aim, for instance, the +alliance between France and Spain, is this, to root out religion, and by +consequence to bring under their yoke all those countries in which +religion is professed. + +"The first attempt," continued the Prince, "is doubtless intended against +these Provinces. The means to countermine and defeat these projected +designs I take to be these: the continuance of his Majesty's constant +resolution for the protection of religion, and then that the King would +be pleased to procure a general confederation between the kings, princes, +and commonwealths professing religion, namely, Denmark, Sweden, the +German princes, the Protestant cantons of Switzerland, and our United +Provinces. + +"Of this confederation, his Majesty must be not only the director, but +the head and protector. + +"Lastly, the Protestants of France should be, if not supported, at least +relieved from that oppression which the alliance of Spain doth threaten +upon them. This, I insist," repeated Maurice with great fervour, "is +the only coupegorge of all plots whatever between France and Spain." + +He enlarged at great length on these points, which he considered so +vital. + +"And what appearance can there be," asked Winwood insidiously and +maliciously, "of this general confederation now that these Provinces, +which heretofore have been accounted a principal member of the Reformed +Church, begin to falter in the truth of religion? + +"He who solely governs the metropolitan province of Holland," continued +the Ambassador, with a direct stab in the back at Barneveld, "is reputed +generally, as your Excellency best knows, to be the only patron of +Vorstius, and the protector of the schisms of Arminius. And likewise, +what possibility is there that the Protestants of France can expect +favour from these Provinces when the same man is known to depend at the +devotion of France?" + +The international, theological, and personal jealousy of the King against +Holland's Advocate having been thus plainly developed, the Ambassador +proceeded to pour into the Prince's ear the venom of suspicion, and to +inflame his jealousy against his great rival. The secret conversation +showed how deeply laid was the foundation of the political hatred, both +of James and of Maurice, against the Advocate, and certainly nothing +could be more preposterous than to imagine the King as the director and +head of the great Protestant League. We have but lately seen him +confidentially assuring his minister that his only aim was "to wind +himself handsomely out of the whole business." Maurice must have found +it difficult to preserve his gravity when assigning such a part to +"Master Jacques." + +"Although Monsieur Barneveld has cast off all care of religion," said +Maurice, "and although some towns in Holland, wherein his power doth +reign, are infected with the like neglect, yet so long as so many good +towns in Holland stand sound, and all the other provinces of this +confederacy, the proposition would at the first motion be cheerfully +accepted. + +"I confess I find difficulty in satisfying your second question," +continued the Prince, "for I acknowledge that Barneveld is wholly devoted +to the service of France. During the truce negotiations, when some +difference arose between him and myself, President Jeannin came to me, +requiring me in the French king's name to treat Monsieur Barneveld well, +whom the King had received into his protection. The letters which the +States' ambassador in France wrote to Barneveld (and to him all +ambassadors address their despatches of importance), the very autographs +themselves, he sent back into the hands of Villeroy." + +Here the Prince did not scruple to accuse the Advocate of doing the base +and treacherous trick against Aerssens which he had expressly denied +doing, and which had been done during his illness, as he solemnly avowed, +by a subordinate probably for the sake of making mischief. + +Maurice then discoursed largely and vehemently of the suspicious +proceedings of Barneveld, and denounced him as dangerous to the State. +"When one man who has the conduct of all affairs in his sole power," he +said, "shall hold underhand intelligence with the ministers of Spain and +the Archduke, and that without warrant, thereby he may have the means so +to carry the course of affairs that, do what they will, these Provinces +must fall or stand at the mercy and discretion of Spain. Therefore some +good resolutions must be taken in time to hold up this State from a +sudden downfall, but in this much moderation and discretion must be +used." + +The Prince added that he had invited his cousin Lewis William to appear +at the Hague at May day, in order to consult as to the proper means to +preserve the Provinces from confusion under his Majesty's safeguard, and +with the aid of the Englishmen in the States' service whom Maurice +pronounced to be "the strength and flower of his army." + +Thus the Prince developed his ideas at great length, and accused the +Advocate behind his back, and without the faintest shadow of proof, of +base treachery to his friends and of high-treason. Surely Barneveld was +in danger, and was walking among pitfalls. Most powerful and deadly +enemies were silently banding themselves together against him. Could he +long maintain his hold on the slippery heights of power, where he was so +consciously serving his country, but where he became day by day a mere +shining mark for calumny and hatred? + +The Ambassador then signified to the Prince that he had been instructed +to carry to him the King's purpose to confer on him the Order of the +Garter. + +"If his Majesty holds me worthy of so great honour," said the Prince, "I +and my family shall ever remain bound to his service and that of his +royal posterity. + +"That the States should be offended I see no cause, but holding the +charge I do in their service, I could not accept the honour without first +acquainting them and receiving their approbation." + +Winwood replied that, as the King knew the terms on which the Prince +lived with the States, he doubted not his Majesty would first notify them +and say that he honoured the mutual amity between his realms and these +Provinces by honouring the virtues of their general, whose services, as +they had been most faithful and affectionate, so had they been +accompanied with the blessings of happiness and prosperous success. + +Thus said Winwood to the King: "Your Majesty may plaster two walls with +one trowel ('una fidelia duos dealbare parietes'), reverse the designs of +them who to facilitate their own practices do endeavour to alienate your +affections from the good of these Provinces, and oblige to your service +the well-affected people, who know that there is no surety for +themselves, their wives and children, but under the protection of your +Majesty's favour. Perhaps, however, the favourers of Vorstius and +Arminius will buzz into the ears of their associates that your Majesty +would make a party in these Provinces by maintaining the truth of +religion and also by gaining unto you the affections of their chief +commander. But your Majesty will be pleased to pass forth whose worthy +ends will take their place, which is to honour virtue where you find it, +and the suspicious surmises of malice and envy in one instant will vanish +into smoke." + +Winwood made no scruple in directly stating to the English government +that Barneveld's purpose was to "cause a divorce between the King's +realms and the Provinces, the more easily to precipitate them into the +arms of Spain." He added that the negotiation with Count Maurice then on +foot was to be followed, but with much secrecy, on account of the place +he held in the State. + +Soon after the Ambassador's secret conversation with Maurice he had an +interview with Barneveld. He assured the Advocate that no contentment +could be given to his Majesty but by the banishment of Vorstius. "If the +town of Leyden should understand so much," replied Barneveld, "I fear the +magistrates would retain him still in their town." + +"If the town of Leyden should retain Vorstius," answered Winwood, "to +brave or despight his Majesty, the King has the means, if it pleases him +to use them, and that without drawing sword, to range them to reason, and +to make the magistrates on their knees demand his pardon, and I say as +much of Rotterdam." + +Such insolence on the part of an ambassador to the first minister of a +great republic was hard to bear. Barneveld was not the man to brook it. +He replied with great indignation. "I was born in liberty," he said with +rising choler, "I cannot digest this kind of language. The King of Spain +himself never dared to speak in so high a style." + +"I well understand that logic," returned the Ambassador with continued +insolence. "You hold your argument to be drawn 'a majori ad minus;' but +I pray you to believe that the King of Great Britain is peer and +companion to the King of Spain, and that his motto is, 'Nemo me impune +lacessit.'" + +And so they parted in a mutual rage; Winwood adding on going out of the +room, "Whatsoever I propose to you in his Majesty's name can find with +you neither goust nor grace." + +He then informed Lord Rochester that "the man was extremely distempered +and extremely distasted with his Majesty. + +"Some say," he added, "that on being in England when his Majesty first +came to the throne he conceived some offence, which ever since hath +rankled in his heart, and now doth burst forth with more violent malice." + +Nor was the matter so small as it superficially appeared. Dependence of +one nation upon the dictation of another can never be considered +otherwise than grave. The subjection of all citizens, clerical or lay, +to the laws of the land, the supremacy of the State over the Church, +were equally grave subjects. And the question of sovereignty now raised +for the first time, not academically merely, but practically, was the +gravest one of all. It was soon to be mooted vigorously and passionately +whether the United Provinces were a confederacy or a union; a league of +sovereign and independent states bound together by treaty for certain +specified purposes or an incorporated whole. The Advocate and all the +principal lawyers in the country had scarcely a doubt on the subject. +Whether it were a reasonable system or an absurd one, a vigorous or an +imbecile form of government, they were confident that the Union of +Utrecht, made about a generation of mankind before, and the only tie by +which the Provinces were bound together at all, was a compact between +sovereigns. + +Barneveld styled himself always the servant and officer of the States of +Holland. To them was his allegiance, for them he spoke, wrought, and +thought, by them his meagre salary was paid. At the congress of the +States-General, the scene of his most important functions, he was the +ambassador of Holland, acting nominally according to their instructions, +and exercising the powers of minister of foreign affairs and, as it were, +prime minister for the other confederates by their common consent. The +system would have been intolerable, the great affairs of war and peace +could never have been carried on so triumphantly, had not the +preponderance of the one province Holland, richer, more powerful, +more important in every way than the other six provinces combined, +given to the confederacy illegally, but virtually, many of the attributes +of union. Rather by usucaption than usurpation Holland had in many +regards come to consider herself and be considered as the Republic +itself. And Barneveld, acting always in the name of Holland and with the +most modest of titles and appointments, was for a long time in all civil +matters the chief of the whole country. This had been convenient during +the war, still more convenient during negotiations for peace, but it was +inevitable that there should be murmurs now that the cessation from +military operations on a large scale had given men time to look more +deeply into the nature of a constitution partly inherited and partly +improvised, and having many of the defects usually incident to both +sources of government. + +The military interest, the ecclesiastical power, and the influence of +foreign nations exerted through diplomatic intrigue, were rapidly +arraying themselves in determined hostility to Barneveld and to what was +deemed his tyrannous usurpation. A little later the national spirit, as +opposed to provincial and municipal patriotism, was to be aroused against +him, and was likely to prove the most formidable of all the elements of +antagonism. + +It is not necessary to anticipate here what must be developed on a +subsequent page. This much, however, it is well to indicate for the +correct understanding of passing events. Barneveld did not consider +himself the officer or servant of their High Mightinesses the States- +General, while in reality often acting as their master, but the vassal +and obedient functionary of their Great Mightinesses the States of +Holland, whom he almost absolutely controlled. + +His present most pressing business was to resist the encroachments of the +sacerdotal power and to defend the magistracy. The casuistical questions +which were fast maddening the public mind seemed of importance to him +only as enclosing within them a more vital and practical question of +civil government. + +But the anger of his opponents, secret and open, was rapidly increasing. +Envy, jealousy, political and clerical hate, above all, that deadliest +and basest of malignant spirits which in partisan warfare is bred out of +subserviency to rising and rival power, were swarming about him and +stinging him at every step. No parasite of Maurice could more +effectively pay his court and more confidently hope for promotion or +reward than by vilipending Barneveld. It would be difficult to +comprehend the infinite extent and power of slander without a study of +the career of the Advocate of Holland. + +"I thank you for your advices," he wrote to Carom' "and I wish from my +heart that his Majesty, according to his royal wisdom and clemency +towards the condition of this country, would listen only to My Lords the +States or their ministers, and not to his own or other passionate persons +who, through misunderstanding or malice, furnish him with information and +so frequently flatter him. I have tried these twenty years to deserve +his Majesty's confidence, and have many letters from him reaching through +twelve or fifteen years, in which he does me honour and promises his +royal favour. I am the more chagrined that through false and passionate +reports and information--because I am resolved to remain good and true to +My Lords the States, to the fatherland, and to the true Christian +religion--I and mine should now be so traduced. I hope that God Almighty +will second my upright conscience, and cause his Majesty soon to see the +injustice done to me and mine. To defend the resolutions of My Lords the +States of Holland is my office, duty, and oath, and I assure you that +those resolutions are taken with wider vision and scope than his Majesty +can believe. Let this serve for My Lords' defence and my own against +indecent calumny, for my duty allows me to pursue no other course." + +He again alluded to the dreary affair of Vorstius, and told the Envoy +that the venation caused by it was incredible. "That men unjustly defame +our cities and their regents is nothing new," he said; "but I assure you +that it is far more damaging to the common weal than the defamers +imagine." + +Some of the private admirers of Arminius who were deeply grieved at +so often hearing him "publicly decried as the enemy of God" had been +defending the great heretic to James, and by so doing had excited the +royal wrath not only against the deceased doctor and themselves, but +against the States of Holland who had given them no commission. + +On the other hand the advanced orthodox party, most bitter haters of +Barneveld, and whom in his correspondence with England he uniformly and +perhaps designedly called the Puritans, knowing that the very word was a +scarlet rag to James, were growing louder and louder in their demands. +"Some thirty of these Puritans," said he, "of whom at least twenty are +Flemings or other foreigners equally violent, proclaim that they and the +like of them mean alone to govern the Church. Let his Majesty compare +this proposal with his Royal Present, with his salutary declaration at +London in the year 1603 to Doctor Reynolds and his associates, and with +his admonition delivered to the Emperor, kings, sovereigns, and +republics, and he will best understand the mischievous principles of +these people, who are now gaining credit with him to the detriment of the +freedom and laws of these Provinces." + +A less enlightened statesman than Barneveld would have found it easy +enough to demonstrate the inconsistency of the King in thus preaching +subserviency of government to church and favouring the rule of Puritans +over both. It needed but slender logic to reduce such a policy on his +part to absurdity, but neither kings nor governments are apt to value +themselves on their logic. So long as James could play the pedagogue to +emperors, kings, and republics, it mattered little to him that the +doctrines which he preached in one place he had pronounced flat +blasphemy in another. + +That he would cheerfully hang in England the man whom he would elevate to +power in Holland might be inconsistency in lesser mortals; but what was +the use of his infallibility if he was expected to be consistent? + +But one thing was certain. The Advocate saw through him as if he had +been made of glass, and James knew that he did. This fatal fact +outweighed all the decorous and respectful phraseology under which +Barneveld veiled his remorseless refutations. It was a dangerous thing +to incur the wrath of this despot-theologian. + +Prince Maurice, who had originally joined in the invitation given by the +overseers of Leyden to Vorstius, and had directed one of the deputies and +his own "court trumpeter," Uytenbogaert, to press him earnestly to grant +his services to the University, now finding the coldness of Barneveld to +the fiery remonstrances of the King, withdrew his protection of the +Professor. + +"The Count Maurice, who is a wise and understanding prince," said +Winwood, "and withal most affectionate to his Majesty's service, doth +foresee the miseries into which these countries are likely to fall, and +with grief doth pine away." + +It is probable that the great stadholder had never been more robust, or +indeed inclining to obesity, than precisely at this epoch; but Sir Ralph +was of an imaginative turn. He had discovered, too, that the Advocate's +design was "of no other nature than so to stem the course of the State +that insensibly the Provinces shall fall by relapse into the hands of +Spain." + +A more despicable idea never entered a human brain. Every action, word, +and thought, of Barneveld's life was a refutation of it. But he was +unwilling, at the bidding of a king, to treat a professor with contumely +who had just been solemnly and unanimously invited by the great +university, by the States of Holland, and by the Stadholder to an +important chair; and that was enough for the diplomatist and courtier. +"He, and only he," said Winwood passionately, "hath opposed his Majesty's +purposes with might and main." Formerly the Ambassador had been full of +complaints of "the craving humour of Count Maurice," and had censured him +bitterly in his correspondence for having almost by his inordinate +pretensions for money and other property brought the Treaty of Truce to a +standstill. And in these charges he was as unjust and as reckless as he +was now in regard to Barneveld. + +The course of James and his agents seemed cunningly devised to sow +discord in the Provinces, to inflame the growing animosity of the +Stadholder to the Advocate, and to paralyse the action of the Republic in +the duchies. If the King had received direct instructions from the +Spanish cabinet how to play the Spanish game, he could hardly have done +it with more docility. But was not Gondemar ever at his elbow, and the +Infanta always in the perspective? + +And it is strange enough that, at the same moment, Spanish marriages were +in France as well as England the turning-point of policy. + +Henry had been willing enough that the Dauphin should espouse a Spanish +infanta, and that one of the Spanish princes should be affianced to one +of his daughters. But the proposition from Spain had been coupled with a +condition that the friendship between France and the Netherlands should +be at once broken off, and the rebellious heretics left to their fate. +And this condition had been placed before him with such arrogance that +he had rejected the whole scheme. Henry was not the man to do anything +dishonourable at the dictation of another sovereign. He was also not the +man to be ignorant that the friendship of the Provinces was necessary to +him, that cordial friendship between France and Spain was impossible, and +that to allow Spain to reoccupy that splendid possession between his own +realms and Germany, from which she had been driven by the Hollanders in +close alliance with himself, would be unworthy of the veriest schoolboy +in politics. But Henry was dead, and a Medici reigned in his place, +whose whole thought was to make herself agreeable to Spain. + +Aerssens, adroit, prying, experienced, unscrupulous, knew very well +that these double Spanish marriages were resolved upon, and that the +inevitable condition refused by the King would be imposed upon his widow. +He so informed the States-General, and it was known to the French +government that he had informed them. His position soon became almost +untenable, not because he had given this information, but because the +information and the inference made from it were correct. + +It will be observed that the policy of the Advocate was to preserve +friendly relations between France and England, and between both and the +United Provinces. It was for this reason that he submitted to the +exhortations and denunciations of the English ambassadors. It was for +this that he kept steadily in view the necessity of dealing with and +supporting corporate France, the French government, when there were many +reasons for feeling sympathy with the internal rebellion against that +government. Maurice felt differently. He was connected by blood or +alliance with more than one of the princes now perpetually in revolt. +Bouillon was his brother-in-law, the sister of Conde was his brother's +wife. Another cousin, the Elector-Palatine, was already encouraging +distant and extravagant hopes of the Imperial crown. It was not +unnatural that he should feel promptings of ambition and sympathy +difficult to avow even to himself, and that he should feel resentment +against the man by whom this secret policy was traversed in the well- +considered interest of the Republican government. + +Aerssens, who, with the keen instinct of self-advancement was already +attaching himself to Maurice as to the wheels of the chariot going +steadily up the hill, was not indisposed to loosen his hold upon the man +through whose friendship he had first risen, and whose power was now +perhaps on the decline. Moreover, events had now caused him to hate the +French government with much fervour. With Henry IV. he had been all- +powerful. His position had been altogether exceptional, and he had +wielded an influence at Paris more than that exerted by any foreign +ambassador. The change naturally did not please him, although he well +knew the reasons. It was impossible for the Dutch ambassador to be +popular at a court where Spain ruled supreme. Had he been willing to eat +humiliation as with a spoon, it would not have sufficed. They knew him, +they feared him, and they could not doubt that his sympathies would ever +be with the malcontent princes. At the same time he did not like to lose +his hold upon the place, nor to have it known, as yet, to the world that +his power was diminished. + +"The Queen commands me to tell you," said the French ambassador de Russy +to the States-General, "that the language of the Sieur Aerssens has not +only astonished her, but scandalized her to that degree that she could +not refrain from demanding if it came from My Lords the States or from +himself. He having, however, affirmed to her Majesty that he had express +charge to justify it by reasons so remote from the hope and the belief +that she had conceived of your gratitude to the Most Christian King and +herself, she is constrained to complain of it, and with great frankness." + +Some months later than this Aerssens communicated to the States-General +the project of the Spanish marriage, "which," said he, "they have +declared to me with so many oaths to be false." He informed them that +M. de Refuge was to go on special mission to the Hague, "having been +designated to that duty before Aerssens' discovery of the marriage +project." He was to persuade their Mightinesses that the marriages were +by no means concluded, and that, even if they were, their Mightinesses +were not interested therein, their Majesties intending to remain by the +old maxims and alliances of the late king. Marriages, he would be +instructed to say, were mere personal conventions, which remained +of no consideration when the interests of the crown were touched. +"Nevertheless, I know very well," said Aerssens, "that in England +these negotiations are otherwise understood, and that the King has +uttered great complaints about them, saying that such a negotiation as +this ought not to have been concealed from him. He is pressing more than +ever for reimbursement of the debt to him, and especially for the moneys +pretended to have been furnished to your Mightinesses in his Majesty's +name." + +Thus it will be seen how closely the Spanish marriages were connected +with the immediate financial arrangements of France, England, and the +States, without reference to the wider political consequences +anticipated. + +"The princes and most gentlemen," here continued the Ambassador, "believe +that these reciprocal and double marriages will bring about great changes +in Christendom if they take the course which the authors of them intend, +however much they may affect to believe that no novelties are impending. +The marriages were proposed to the late king, and approved by him, during +the negotiations for the truce, and had Don Pedro do Toledo been able to +govern himself, as Jeannin has just been telling me, the United Provinces +would have drawn from it their assured security. What he means by that, +I certainly cannot conceive, for Don Pedro proposed the marriage of the +Dauphin (now Louis XIII.) with the Infanta on the condition that Henry +should renounce all friendship with your Mightinesses, and neither openly +nor secretly give you any assistance. You were to be entirely abandoned, +as an example for all who throw off the authority of their lawful prince. +But his Majesty answered very generously that he would take no +conditions; that he considered your Mightinesses as his best friends, +whom he could not and would not forsake. Upon this Don Pedro broke off +the negotiation. What should now induce the King of Spain to resume the +marriage negotiations but to give up the conditions, I am sure I don't +know, unless, through the truce, his designs and his ambition have grown +flaccid. This I don't dare to hope, but fear, on the contrary, that he +will so manage the irresolution, weakness, and faintheartedness of this +kingdom as through the aid of his pensioned friends here to arrive at all +his former aims." + +Certainly the Ambassador painted the condition of France in striking and +veracious colours, and he was quite right in sending the information +which he was first to discover, and which it was so important for the +States to know. It was none the less certain in Barneveld's mind that +the best, not the worst, must be made of the state of affairs, and that +France should not be assisted in throwing herself irrecoverably into the +arms of Spain. + +"Refuge will tell you," said Aerssens, a little later, "that these +marriages will not interfere with the friendship of France for you nor +with her subsidies, and that no advantage will be given to Spain in the +treaty to your detriment or that of her other allies. But whatever fine +declarations they may make, it is sure to be detrimental. And all the +princes, gentlemen, and officers here have the same conviction. Those of +the Reformed religion believe that the transaction is directed solely +against the religion which your Mightinesses profess, and that the next +step will be to effect a total separation between the two religions and +the two countries." + +Refuge arrived soon afterwards, and made the communication to the States- +General of the approaching nuptials between the King of France and the +Infanta of Spain; and of the Prince of Spain with Madame, eldest daughter +of France, exactly as Aerssens had predicted four months before. There +was a great flourish of compliments, much friendly phrase-making, and +their Mightinesses were informed that the communication of the marriages +was made to them before any other power had been notified, in proof of +the extraordinary affection entertained for them by France. "You are +so much interested in the happiness of France," said Refuge, "that this +treaty by which it is secured will be for your happiness also. He did +not indicate, however, the precise nature of the bliss beyond the +indulgence of a sentimental sympathy, not very refreshing in the +circumstances, which was to result to the Confederacy from this close +alliance between their firmest friend and their ancient and deadly enemy. +He would have found it difficult to do so. + +"Don Rodrigo de Calderon, secretary of state, is daily expected from +Spain," wrote, Aerssens once more. "He brings probably the articles of +the marriages, which have hitherto been kept secret, so they say. 'Tis a +shrewd negotiator; and in this alliance the King's chief design is to +injure your Mightinesses, as M. de Villeroy now confesses, although he +says that this will not be consented to on this side. It behoves your +Mightinesses to use all your ears and eyes. It is certain these are much +more than private conventions. Yes, there is nothing private about them, +save the conjunction of the persons whom they concern. In short, all +the conditions regard directly the state, and directly likewise, or by +necessary consequence, the state of your Mightinesses' Provinces. +I reserve explanations until it shall please your Mightinesses to +hear me by word of mouth." + +For it was now taken into consideration by the States' government whether +Aerssens was to remain at his post or to return. Whether it was his wish +to be relieved of his embassy or not was a question. But there was no +question that the States at this juncture, and in spite of the dangers +impending from the Spanish marriages, must have an ambassador ready to do +his best to keep France from prematurely sliding into positive hostility +to them. Aerssens was enigmatical in his language, and Barneveld was +somewhat puzzled. + +"I have according to your reiterated requests," wrote the Advocate to the +Ambassador, "sounded the assembly of My Lords the States as to your +recall; but I find among some gentlemen the opinion that if earnestly +pressed to continue you would be willing to listen to the proposal. This +I cannot make out from your letters. Please to advise me frankly as to +your wishes, and assure yourself in everything of my friendship." + +Nothing could be more straightforward than this language, but the Envoy +was less frank than Barneveld, as will subsequently appear. The subject +was a most important one, not only in its relation to the great affairs +of state, but to momentous events touching the fate of illustrious +personages. + +Meantime a resolution was passed by the States of Holland "in regard to +the question whether Ambassador Aerssens should retain his office, yes +or no?" And it was decided by a majority of votes "to leave it to his +candid opinion if in his free conscience he thinks he can serve the +public cause there any longer. If yes, he may keep his office one year +more. If no, he may take leave and come home. In no case is his salary +to be increased." + +Surely the States, under the guidance of the Advocate, had thus acted +with consummate courtesy towards a diplomatist whose position from no +apparent fault of his own but by the force of circumstances--and rather +to his credit than otherwise--was gravely compromised. + + + + +ETEXT EDITOR'S BOOKMARKS: + +Advanced orthodox party-Puritans +Atheist, a tyrant, because he resisted dictation from the clergy +Give him advice if he asked it, and money when he required +He was not imperial of aspect on canvas or coin +He who would have all may easily lose all +King's definite and final intentions, varied from day to day +Neither kings nor governments are apt to value logic +Outdoing himself in dogmatism and inconsistency +Small matter which human folly had dilated into a great one +The defence of the civil authority against the priesthood + + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE OF JOHN OF BARNEVELD, 1610-12 *** + +************ This file should be named 4889.txt or 4889.zip *********** + +This eBook was produced by David Widger + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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