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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Plans and Illustrations of Prisons and Reformatories, by Hastings H. Hart, LL.D..
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<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 48809 ***</div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 433px">
<img src="images/frontispiece.jpg" width="433" height="600" alt="" />
<p class="caption">CHAPEL OF NEW SING SING PRISON</p>
<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Lewis F. Pilcher</span>, <i>Architect</i></p>
</div>
<hr class="chap" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p>
<h1>Plans and Illustrations <i>of</i><br />
Prisons and Reformatories</h1>
<p class="titlepage"><i>Collected by</i><br />
HASTINGS H. HART, LL.D.<br />
<i>President of American Prison Association</i></p>
<p class="titlepage"><i>Presented at</i><br />
<i>The</i> FIFTY-SECOND CONGRESS<br />
OF THE ASSOCIATION</p>
<p class="titlepage">DETROIT, OCTOBER, 1922</p>
<div class="figcenter titlepage" style="width: 150px;">
<img src="images/titlepage.jpg" width="150" height="150" alt="(Seal) Russell Sage
Foundation for the Improvement of Social and Living Conditions" />
</div>
<p class="titlepage">NEW YORK<br />
RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION<br />
1922</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p>
<hr class="r15" />
<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Copyright, 1922, by<br />
The Russell Sage Foundation</span></p>
<hr class="r15" />
<p class="titlepage"><span class="smcap">Wm. F. Fell Co. Printers</span><br />
PHILADELPHIA, PA.</p>
<hr class="chap" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p>
<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
<table summary="contents">
<tr>
<td></td><td class="tdr">PAGE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#Introduction"><span class="smcap">Introduction.</span></a> By Hastings H. Hart, LL.D.</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#A_Skyscraper_Jail"><span class="smcap">A Skyscraper Jail.</span></a> A Possible Solution of the Cook County Jail Problem. By Hastings H. Hart</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#The_New_Sing_Sing_Prison"><span class="smcap">The New Sing Sing Prison.</span></a></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">The Clinic Building at the New Sing Sing Prison. By Walter B. James, M.D.</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Psychiatric Classification in Prison. By Lewis F. Pilcher, New York State Architect</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#The_Wingdale_Prison"><span class="smcap">The Wingdale Prison.</span></a> By Lewis F. Pilcher, New York State Architect</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#Kilby_Prison_The_New_Alabama"><span class="smcap">Kilby Prison.</span></a></td><td class="tdr"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Preliminary Note. By Hastings H. Hart</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Notes on the Design and Construction of Kilby Prison. By Martin J. Lide, Engineer and Architect</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#Prison_Farms_for_Women"><span class="smcap">Prison Farms for Women.</span></a> By Hastings H. Hart</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">State Farm for Women at Niantic, Connecticut</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">The Caroline Bayard Wittpenn Cottage at the New Jersey State Reformatory for Women</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#Proposed_Plans_for_a_State_Prison"><span class="smcap">Proposed Plans for a State Prison.</span></a> By Alfred Hopkins, Architect</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#Proposed_Plan_for_a_Reformatory"><span class="smcap">Proposed Plan for a Reformatory.</span></a> By Alfred Hopkins, Architect</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#Westchester_County_Penitentiary_and"><span class="smcap">Westchester County Penitentiary and Workhouse, White Plains, N. Y.</span></a> By Alfred Hopkins, Architect</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#Proposed_Plans_of_the_Detroit_House_of"><span class="smcap">Proposed Plans of the Detroit House of Correction.</span></a> By Albert Kahn, Architect</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#Reception_Cottage"><span class="smcap">Reception Cottage at the Hawthorne School</span> (<span class="smcap">for Delinquent Boys</span>).</a> By Hastings H. Hart</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="#One-Story_Cottage"><span class="smcap">One-Story Cottage at the Thorn Hill School</span> (<span class="smcap">for Delinquent Boys</span>).</a> By Hastings H. Hart</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr class="chap" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>
<h2>List of Illustrations</h2>
<table summary="Illustrations">
<tr>
<td></td><td class="tdr">PAGE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="smcap">Chapel of New Sing Sing Prison.</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_1"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="smcap">A Skyscraper Jail.</span></td><td class="tdr"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">A Plan for a Metropolitan Jail</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Administration Floor Plan</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Typical Cell Floor Plan</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Hospital and Clinics—Floor Plan</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="smcap">The New Sing Sing Prison, Ossining, New York.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Psychiatric Building</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Typical Detail of Construction of All Buildings</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Outside Cell Building—North Elevation</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Outside Cell Building—First Floor Plan</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Detention Building—First Floor Plan</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Detention Building—South Elevation</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Mess Hall and Kitchen Building—Basement</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Mess Hall and Kitchen Building—First Floor</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="smcap">Wingdale Prison, Wingdale, New York.</span></td><td class="tdr"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">General View</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="smcap">Kilby Prison, Montgomery, Alabama.</span></td><td class="tdr"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Front Elevation</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">General Plan</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Administration Building—Floor Plan</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Cell Blocks—Floor Plan</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Laundry, Bath and Detention Building—Floor Plans</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="smcap">Connecticut State Farm for Women, Niantic, Connecticut.</span></td><td class="tdr"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Perspective of Reception Building</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Reception Building—First Floor Plan</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Reception Building—Second Floor Plan</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Reception Building—Basement Plan</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="smcap">Caroline Bayard Wittpenn Maternity Cottage, State Reformatory for Women, Clinton, New Jersey.</span></td><td class="tdr"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">South Elevation</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Maternity Cottage—First Floor Plan</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Maternity Cottage—Second Floor Plan</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="smcap">Proposed State Prison.</span></td><td class="tdr"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Photograph</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Proposed State Prison—Plan</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="smcap">Proposed Reformatory Plan.</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="smcap">Westchester County, New York, Penitentiary and Workhouse.</span></td><td class="tdr"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">General View from Approach</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Administration Building—Entrance Side</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Administration Building—First and Second Floor Plans</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Typical Floor Plans of Cell Blocks</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Elevations of Corridor and Cell</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Ground Plans of Corridors and Cells</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Recreation Corridor</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Stair Hall—Administration Building</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">View of Mess Hall from Corridor</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Cell Block Corridor</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Typical Cell</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="smcap">Detroit House of Correction.</span></td><td class="tdr"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">First Floor Plan</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Second Floor Plan</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Third Floor Plan</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="smcap">Hawthorne School (For Delinquent Boys), Hawthorne, N. Y.</span></td><td class="tdr"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Reception Cottage</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Reception Cottage—First Floor Plan</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">Reception Cottage—Second Floor Plan</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="smcap">Thorn Hill School (for Delinquent Boys), Warrendale, Pennsylvania.</span></td><td class="tdr"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">One-story Cottage—Floor Plan</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tdsub">One-story Cottage. Photograph</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr class="chap" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a><br /><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p>
<h2><a name="Introduction" id="Introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p class="dropcap">Prison building has been for the most part
suspended during the past seven years. State
prisons have been under construction at Bellefonte,
Pennsylvania; Sing Sing, New York; Statesville,
near Joliet, Illinois; and Montgomery, Alabama.
Westchester County, New York, has built
and Detroit, Michigan, has begun a prison for short
term misdemeanants. New York City and the
District of Columbia have partially completed reformatories
for young men. New reformatories for
women have been established in Arkansas, California,
Connecticut, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Minnesota,
Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania,
and Wisconsin. Most of them have
adopted cottage plans similar to those of industrial
schools for delinquent girls. All of them are in
process of development. Most of them have erected
from one to three new buildings and are making use
of old farmhouses as temporary cottages.</p>
<p>Comparatively few new county jails have been
built. Probably the most notable one built in the
past seven years is the Hamilton County Jail in
Cincinnati, which is reported as a modern and model
jail, located in the top of the Court House, like the
jails in Philadelphia, Minneapolis, Oakland, California,
and Raleigh, North Carolina. Plans for a
new county jail system at Chicago for Cook County
are being worked out by a local committee which
has retained Dr. George W. Kirchwey, of New York,
as expert adviser.</p>
<p>From the newer prisons, a selection of noteworthy
plans and illustrations is presented herewith.
They have been selected with special reference
to unusual or improved features, such as modern cell
houses, clinical laboratories, improved lighting, and
sanitation. The plans selected include state prisons
in New York and Alabama and tentative plans for
a state prison and a state reformatory; plans for
single buildings at two reformatories for women;
plans for cottages at two reformatories for boys, and
tentative plans for a metropolitan jail designed by
the writer with special reference to the needs of
Chicago.</p>
<p>It was desired to include the plans of the projected
prisons of Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Illinois,
but it was found impracticable. Elaborate plans
were made and published some years ago for a new
Ohio Penitentiary, but building has not commenced
and it is understood that the plans will be
abandoned or greatly modified. The new state penitentiary
at Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, which is to
supersede both the Eastern and Western Penitentiaries
and to provide for 4,000 to 5,000 prisoners on
a farm of over 5,000 acres, was begun ten years ago;
but its development was hindered by the war, and
thus far temporary provision has been made for
about 500 prisoners. Construction is now proceeding
rapidly. The ultimate plans are still in process
of development.</p>
<p>The state of Illinois is erecting a great penitentiary,
designed by Zimmerman, Saxe and Zimmerman,
Architects, about six miles from the old prison
site. It is intended to accommodate about 2,000
prisoners. Two cell buildings have been erected,
each containing 248 cells. The cells are 6½ feet
wide, 10 feet 8 inches long and 8 feet high, and are
intended to house but one prisoner.</p>
<p>The cell houses are circular, resembling a gas tank
with a conical roof. They are a practical execution
of the “Panopticon” proposed by Jeremy Bentham
in the year 1787, a plan of which will be found in
Punishment and Reformation, by Dr. Frederick
Howard Wines, page 144. The interior wall of each
cell is of glass and a central tower enables the guard
to keep every prisoner under observation every
moment, day and night. Each cell is well lighted
by an exterior window. An elaborate system of
ventilation was installed, but on a recent visit the
writer discovered that the cell houses ventilate
themselves through the outer windows and the skylight,
and the fans were not in use. It is doubtful
whether a system of perpetual espionage will find
favor with prison administrators, but the experiment
is an interesting one.</p>
<p>Special efforts were made to obtain the plans of
the new Illinois Penitentiary for this publication,
but were unsuccessful.</p>
<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Hastings H. Hart</span></p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p>
<hr class="chap" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p>
<h2><a name="A_Skyscraper_Jail" id="A_Skyscraper_Jail"></a>A Skyscraper Jail</h2>
<h3>Proposed Design for a Metropolitan Jail<br />
<span class="smaller">(A Possible Solution of the Cook County Jail Problem in Chicago)</span></h3>
<p class="center"><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">Hastings H. Hart</span>, LL.D.</p>
<p class="center smaller">President of the American Prison Association</p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
<img src="images/skyscraper-1.jpg" width="500" height="367" alt="" />
<p class="caption">A SKYSCRAPER JAIL</p>
<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Plan for a Metropolitan Jail Conceived by Hastings H. Hart, President American Prison Association</span></p>
<p class="caption">Designed by <span class="smcap">Francis Y. Joannes and Maxwell Hyde</span>, <i>Architects</i></p>
<p class="caption">The lower floor represents the Criminal Court Building, which may have any number of stories</p>
</div>
<p class="dropcap">County jails are schools of crime, according to
prison officials and jail inspectors. They are
so constructed and conducted that the prisoners
generally come out far worse than they went in.</p>
<p>No metropolitan city of the United States has yet
succeeded in constructing a satisfactory jail for the
detention of prisoners awaiting trial. The New
York City “Tombs” is a gloomy pile, properly described
by its name. The ancient Charles Street
Jail of Boston has recently been reconstructed at a
very large expense, but does not meet the needs of
the present day.</p>
<p>The county jail ought to be the most reformatory
institution in the land. It receives offenders at the
beginning of their careers, before they have become
hardened and confirmed criminals. More can be
accomplished for the reformation of a young criminal
in the first week of his imprisonment than by six
months’ confinement in a state prison after he has
become a confirmed law-breaker. This was demonstrated
by John L. Whitman when he was jailer in
the Cook County Jail, where, notwithstanding the
most unfavorable conditions, he did wonders for the
reclamation of wayward boys and young men.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p>
<p>The utter inadequacy of the Cook County Jail
has long been realized by thoughtful people. The
Chicago Community Trust, by request of the Board
of County Commissioners, has made a Cook County
Jail Survey and has organized a committee of representative
Chicago citizens for the purpose of abolishing
the old Cook County Jail and removing the
scandal which has disgraced Cook County for more
than fifty years.</p>
<h4>An Official Report</h4>
<p>In 1919, after the State Board of Public Charities
had labored fifty years to reform the county jails,
the State Department of Public Welfare made a
study of the county jails of Illinois. This report
contained the following statement:</p>
<div class="blockquote">
<p>“Illinois has 20 county jails which maybe classified
as good; 19 as fair; 41 as very poor or bad; 21
as unfit for use. Except for the high standard of
cleanliness of the women’s department, it is difficult
to find any good points about the Cook County
Jail.... It is recognized as an insanitary,
dark, overcrowded institution that is a disgrace to
Cook County.... They [the prisoners] are
locked in their cells from 11.30 in the morning to
3.30 in the afternoon. There are two or three men
in each small cell (six by nine feet and eight feet
high). It is impossible to distribute the men according
to their habits of cleanliness or decency.
Twenty hours out of each twenty-four must be
spent locked in the insanitary, dirty, crowded cell.
All meals are served to the men in their cells. The
time for exercise, 9.30-11.30 <span class="smcap">a. m.</span> and 3.30-5.30
<span class="smcap">p. m.</span>, they stand or walk around or sit down on the
floor of the ‘bull pen’ or ‘exercise corridor.’ In the
‘old jail’ this ‘pen’ includes all the floor space of the
cell house not occupied by the cell block. It is a
big room swarming with men. In the departments
of the ‘new’ it is the corridor into which the cells
open. The cells are kept locked during the four
exercise hours. There are no seats or benches in
the ‘bull pens.’ In all departments the pens are
crowded during the four ‘exercise’ hours....
Cook County does not furnish jail clothes for prisoners.
They have access to laundry tubs once a week.
Prisoners wash their own clothes.... Those
who do not [have changes of clothing] manage the
best way they can. They may wash their clothes,
dry them, and put them on again; they may also
borrow from cell mates.... There are only
14 shower baths, exclusive of the receiving ward,
for all the men prisoners ... (population on
the day of inspection, 546).</p>
<p>“One part of the floor space on the dark side of
main cell house of the old jail is screened off for
a hospital ward. There are no windows in this
hospital. The air comes from the ‘old jail.’ It is
lighted always by electric light.... The large
airy hospital on the eighth floor of the ‘new jail’ is
used only for special cases.”</p></div>
<p>The Committee has retained as adviser with reference
to the jail problem Dr. George W. Kirchwey,
of New York, formerly Dean of Columbia University
Law School, ex-warden of Sing Sing Prison, and a
leading expert in penology. He finds all of the evils
above mentioned and many others—especially that
prisoners are inevitably degenerated in body and
soul by the present conditions; that the Cook
County Jail, like most county jails, instead of being
a preventive, is a prolific source of crime; and that
the county bears a heavy burden of expense in detaining
prisoners who might better be at large, as is
shown by the fact that in many cases, after several
months’ detention in the county jail, the prisoner is
released by order of the State’s Attorney, either
because he is found to be innocent or for lack of
sufficient evidence to convict. He finds also that
many prisoners are held because they cannot give
bail who might safely be at large pending trial,
without damage to the community.</p>
<h4>Dean Kirchwey’s Recommendations</h4>
<p>Dr. Kirchwey recommends that steps be taken to
reduce the jail population: first, by prompt and
thorough investigation immediately after arrest, in
order to ascertain whether there is sufficient evidence
to justify holding the prisoner; second, by so
reorganizing the courts as to secure speedy trials and
avoid the necessity for long detention; third, by
releasing, on their own recognizance without bail,
many prisoners who, having families or having regular
employment, are not likely to run away.</p>
<p>Dr. Kirchwey regards the present jail site as entirely
inadequate. He would prefer to remove the
jail to some other part of the city where sufficient
ground could be had to provide a suitable yard for
outdoor exercise. The present site is only 600 feet
square, and it contains both the jail and the Criminal
Court Building.</p>
<p>The writer is in the fullest sympathy with the purposes
of the Committee and with the principles advocated
by Dr. Kirchwey. He agrees with Dr.
Kirchwey that women, young prisoners, witnesses,
and insane persons should be excluded from the
county jail and provided for in separate detention
houses. When this is done, however, there will still
remain an indefinite number of men, which may be
200, 300, or at times even 500, who must be held in
detention awaiting the action of the grand jury or
the criminal courts. He believes that suitable provision
may be made for these prisoners, in strict
accordance with the principles advocated by Dr.
Kirchwey, in the manner hereinafter suggested.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 193px;">
<a href="images/skyscraper-2.jpg"><img src="images/skyscraper-2-thumb.jpg" width="193" height="200" alt="" /></a>
<p class="caption">ADMINISTRATION FLOOR PLAN</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p>
<h4>Evils to be Remedied</h4>
<p>The evils in the present Cook County Jail, as
pointed out by Dean Kirchwey and his associate,
Mr. Winthrop D. Lane, are as follows:</p>
<p>First, insufficient yard space for exercise and separation
from the public. The county owns a piece of
ground about 600 feet square on which are located
the Criminal Court, the old jail, and the “new jail”
(built some thirty years ago). To provide a suitable
jail yard with room for exercise would require a space
at least 1,200 feet square; and even with that space
the jail yard must necessarily be dark and be deprived
of the free circulation of air because of the
proximity of high buildings.</p>
<p>Second, overcrowding, under conditions which
make it practically impossible to enlarge the present
plant, with the result of confining two or three men
in each cell. The jail should be so situated as to
permit of enlargement at any time without disturbing
its general plan.</p>
<p>Third, lack of classification. It is generally agreed
that prisoners ought to be divided into classes according
to age, color, criminal experience, condition
of health, especially with reference to communicable
diseases, and disposition to attempt escape or inflict
injury upon officers or other prisoners. Such classification
is impossible in a jail of the ancient type
which characterizes the present buildings.</p>
<p>Fourth, enforced association with the worst people
to be found in the county. The prisoners are released
from their cells four hours out of the twenty-four
to relieve the bitterness of their confinement
under present conditions and to obtain such exercise
as they may by moving about in the crowded
corridors.</p>
<p>Fifth, lack of employment. The constitutional
provision that slavery or involuntary servitude,
except for crime, shall not be permitted within the
boundaries of the United States is universally construed
to mean that unconvicted prisoners cannot
be compelled to labor. But such prisoners may be
<i>permitted</i> to labor, to their own great benefit; and
the jail should be so constructed as to make it possible
to provide workshops where prisoners may
labor voluntarily at simple employments with
proper compensation. An admirable example of
the possibility of such employment is found in the
Indiana State Prison at Michigan City in the department
for insane prisoners who formerly stagnated
in the insane wards but who are now diligently,
profitably, and happily employed in a variety
of simple industries.</p>
<p>Sixth, lack of exercise and recreation. These unconvicted
prisoners are not only entitled to humane
and decent detention pending trial and conviction,
but are entitled to be kept under such conditions as
will not impair their health. Physical exercise is
indispensable to good bodily health, and we have
now come to recognize that wholesome recreation
is equally indispensable to mental and spiritual
health; and it is very desirable that both physical
exercise and recreation shall be provided, as far as
practicable, outdoors.</p>
<p>Seventh, lack of clinical and hospital provision.
The majority of the inmates of our jails are in need
of medical, surgical, dental, or psychiatric treatment.
In many cases their unsocial tendencies are
due, in greater or less degree, to these conditions. It
is necessary to treat those who come in with communicable
diseases in order to protect the other
prisoners and to protect the public after their discharge.
It is necessary also (a necessity which is
being recognized increasingly by judges and legislators)
to enlist the psychologist and psychiatrist,
both for the study and treatment of such prisoners,
in order that they may be so dealt with as to conserve
the public interests.</p>
<h4>Why Not a Skyscraper?</h4>
<p>While agreeing fully with Dr. Kirchwey that
separate and distinct provision entirely apart from
the county jail must be made for the younger men,
for women, insane prisoners, and witnesses; and that
it is desirable to locate the central jail for the older
male prisoners on a larger tract of ground in a less
congested district: if, however, it should be decided
for economic reasons, or for the convenience of
proximity to the Criminal Court, that it is necessary
to build the new jail and Criminal Court on
the present site, the plan set forth in the accompanying
illustrations is proposed by the writer as a
possible solution of the problem.</p>
<p>It must be borne in mind that the prisoner awaiting
trial in the county jail is on a different footing
from the convicted prisoner. The law provides that
every person shall be deemed innocent until he is
proved guilty, and it is universally recognized that
the person awaiting trial is entitled to humane
treatment. He is entitled to decent living conditions
and as little hardship as is consistent with
his safe-keeping. The theory of the law is that
the prisoner is not to be punished until he is proved
to be guilty. It has been the practice in this country
to use the county jails as places of confinement
for sentenced prisoners convicted of minor
offenses, and in most of the county jails these two
classes of prisoners mingle freely together. Not only
that, but insane prisoners and witnesses, accused of
no crime, are often kept in the jails, where they come
in contact with other prisoners.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 197px;">
<a href="images/skyscraper-3.jpg"><img src="images/skyscraper-3-thumb.jpg" width="197" height="200" alt="" /></a>
<p class="caption">TYPICAL CELL FLOOR PLAN</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p>
<p>The prevailing type of building in Chicago for
offices, for light manufacturing, for residences, is
the skyscraper. Its adaptability for public purposes
is exemplified in the City Hall and Court
House Building. In New York City this type of
building is being used successfully in the Manhattan
Trade School for Girls, 10 stories high, closely resembling
an ordinary office building. A roof garden,
reached by elevators, provides playgrounds
which are used by the pupils in sections at different
hours. The possibility is suggested of adapting this
plan of building to the Criminal Court and County
Jail.</p>
<p>Let the Criminal Court Building be 400 feet
square, with interior lighting courts, or in the form
of a cross, with a frontage of 200 feet on each of the
four sides. Let the Court House contain as many
stories as may be needed: four, five, or six, as the
case may be.</p>
<p>Let the County Jail start from the roof of the
Court House in the form of a cross, of which the
arms will be 90 by 40 feet, with a central rotunda on
each floor about 60 feet square.</p>
<p>Assuming that the Criminal Court Building will
be four stories high (in the drawing a typical building
of one story is given in order to indicate the
relations of the court building and the jail), the jail
proper, will begin on the fifth floor. On this floor
will be the jailer’s offices and residence, the kitchen,
officers’ dining room, officers’ lodging rooms, etc.
The street elevators and the street stairways will
terminate on the fifth floor and will be connected by
a grated and guarded passageway with the jail elevator
and stairway, which will start from the fifth
floor, in order to prevent escapes. If prisoners were
to “hold up” the prison elevator, they could get no
further than the fifth floor.</p>
<p>The “typical floor plan” indicates the arrangement
of the cells. Each floor will be separate and
distinct and will contain 100 cells, each 7 by 10 feet
and 10 feet high, to accommodate one prisoner.
The cells will be placed on the outside wall, with
windows 4 by 4 feet, providing abundant light and
air. There will be four distinct sections on each
floor, containing 25 cells each. There will be as
many floors as may be necessary to provide for the
highest estimated number of prisoners. The drawings
contemplate six cell floors which would accommodate
600 prisoners, with additional accommodation
for 56 prisoners in the hospital.</p>
<p>The building will be planned with a view to
erecting additional stories whenever required, without
change of the administrative departments.</p>
<p>The arrangement of the building will be such that
the cell windows will be about 350 feet distant from
the windows of the buildings on the street opposite.
These cell windows can be set at any desired distance
from the floor and the lower sash may be fixed
in place and supplied with ribbed glass.</p>
<h4>Security</h4>
<p>The lower cells can be used for prisoners who are
not likely to attempt to escape, and the upper ones
for those who are recognized as dangerous criminals
who are likely to escape. There will be a distance
of six feet from the top of one window to the bottom
of the next above, and the windows will be so constructed
as to give the least possible opportunity
for a foothold. The height of the building will be
so great as to make escape by means of ropes practically
impossible. The outer walls will be illuminated
at night and four night guards on the roof of
the Criminal Court Building can keep the entire
exterior of the jail in view. The short cell wings
will be easily supervised from the central rotundas,
and the jail elevator will permit of prompt re-enforcement
of the guards on the several floors in
case of necessity.</p>
<p>The sixth floor will be devoted to the clinics and
the hospital. There will be provision for medical,
surgical, dental, psychologic, and psychiatric clinics
with two wards, 32 by 90 feet, for 22 beds each, and
a third wing containing 12 single rooms in order to
permit of isolating contagious and infectious cases.</p>
<h4>Employment and Recreation</h4>
<p>The ninth floor (the fifth floor of the jail proper)
will contain an auditorium to accommodate 600
men; four school-rooms, instead of the one school-room
in the present Cook County Jail; and four
small shops where prisoners who desire to work
may be permitted to do so and to receive their earnings
for themselves or their families; these shops to
be organized on a plan similar to that of the occupational
therapy shop in the Indiana State Prison
at Michigan City. This floor will be 14 feet high
instead of 10 feet, in order to give head room for the
auditorium. The auditorium will be located in the
middle of the building, in order to minimize the
stair climbing of prisoners going to that floor.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 197px;">
<a href="images/skyscraper-4.jpg"><img src="images/skyscraper-4-thumb.jpg" width="197" height="200" alt="" /></a>
<p class="caption">HOSPITAL AND CLINICS—FLOOR PLAN</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p>
<p>A roof garden will give opportunity for outdoor
exercise. It will contain four sections, each 32 by 90
feet, which will give opportunity for indoor baseball,
handball, tennis, walking, and so forth. The rotunda
in the central space will give opportunity for
invalids to get the benefit of fresh air. The prisoners
will be divided into sections for exercise on the
roof, coming up in squads of 50 or more. The roof
garden will be enclosed in a strong netting, to
obviate danger of suicides or attempted escapes.</p>
<p>The separation of each floor will simplify the
problem of heating and ventilation, which will be as
simple as that of any office building. The division
of each floor into four distinct compartments will
permit of classification in as many groups of 25 as
may be desired. If there are six floors, there will
be 27 possible groups.</p>
<h4>Present Difficulties Overcome</h4>
<p>The plans here submitted will overcome all of the
“evils” above enumerated as far as it is practicable
on so small a piece of ground as the present site.
First, it will provide separation from the public, and
the roof garden will give opportunity for fresh air
and outdoor exercise. The space will be small, but
will be conveniently arranged and can be equipped
with outdoor gymnastic apparatus. Second, it will
do away with overcrowding by providing 600 individual
cells, with provision for adding new cells
at any time without modifying the general plan of
the building. Third, it will provide abundant classification;
there can be 30 separate classes if desired.
Fourth, the evils of promiscuous association can be
prevented by assembling prisoners in small groups,
under supervision, on the roof garden and in the
shops and school-rooms. Fifth, the evils of enforced
idleness will be obviated by providing shops
where prisoners can be employed at simple but
remunerative tasks. Sixth, wholesome recreation
and schools will be provided in place of unwholesome
association and idle brooding. Seventh, the
clinics and the hospital will prevent the jail from
becoming a breeding-place for disease.</p>
<p>Under these conditions the jail will become what
it ought to be, a humane place of detention for
persons awaiting trial, bearing in mind that such
prisoners are presumed to be innocent in the eyes of
the law until the courts find them guilty and determine
the question of their subsequent treatment.</p>
<hr class="chap" />
<h2><a name="The_New_Sing_Sing_Prison" id="The_New_Sing_Sing_Prison"></a>The New Sing Sing Prison</h2>
<h3>The Clinic Building at the New Sing Sing Prison</h3>
<p class="center"><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">Walter B. James</span>, M.D.</p>
<p class="center smaller">(Reprinted by permission from the <i>American Architect</i> of January 28, 1920)</p>
<p class="dropcap">It is many years since men began to realize that
their diseases were not the result of a divine
purpose, and so they have attempted, first, to
understand their origin, through study and analysis,
and then from these to discover means of prevention
and cure. As a result of these efforts, the
prolongation of human life has more than doubled,
and the disease and suffering rate has markedly
diminished and is still diminishing.</p>
<p>To-day, resignation and patient submission in the
presence of disease of the body are no longer virtues.
Mental disease has only more recently been
looked at from this same viewpoint, and gratifying
headway is being made in this direction. The world
is just beginning to realize that misbehavior or
anti-social behavior presents to society a problem
somewhat similar to that of physical and mental
disease.</p>
<p>I do not mean that misbehavior is necessarily the
result of or associated with disease, either physical
or mental, although this is often the case, but that
it presents an analogous problem to society, and
that it should be attacked in the same manner, that
is, through scientific analysis and classification, the
discovery of causes, probably very complex, and the
application of remedies, probably chiefly preventive,
and based upon these causes. Only in this way
can it be hoped to turn this costly waste product of
social life into a useful by-product.</p>
<h4>A New Policy</h4>
<p>When the “Sage Prison Bill” became a law, providing
for the demolition of the old Sing Sing cell
block and the erection there of a new study, classification
and distributing prison, and creating the
“State Commission on New Prisons,” New York
State committed itself to a new and more intelligent
policy toward its offenders and toward the whole
problem of misbehavior. The new commission,
commanded to carry out the above and other provisions,
soon found itself confronted by problems
that belonged essentially to modern medical science,
and it turned to the “National Committee for Mental
Hygiene” for counsel, and an advisory medical
committee was formed. About a year before this,
realizing the need of a more thorough psychiatric
study of criminals along the lines that had been
followed so well by Dr. Healy at the Juvenile Detention
Home in Chicago, the National Committee
had placed Dr. Bernard Glueck in Sing Sing Prison,
with the consent and sympathy of the Department
of Prisons, to carry out a complete mental analysis
of all new admissions.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
<img src="images/singsing-1.jpg" width="500" height="384" alt="" />
<p class="caption">THE NEW SING SING PRISON, OSSINING, N. Y.—PSYCHIATRIC BUILDING</p>
<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Lewis F. Pilcher</span>, <i>New York State Architect</i></p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>The results of Dr. Glueck’s studies have been
published in full in “Mental Hygiene” and elsewhere,
and form a valuable foundation for the
scientific handling of the mental side of prisoners.</p>
<p>The commission and the state were fortunate in
having Mr. Pilcher, the New York State Architect,
to translate these ideals into actual construction,
and the completion of an important part of the
plans, including the Clinic Building, and, most
of all, the final assigning of the contract for the
erection, insured the carrying out of this interesting
and important project.</p>
<h4>The Clinic Building</h4>
<p>Mr. Pilcher has thrown himself into the undertaking
with singular diligence and intelligence, and
has entered thoroughly into the spirit of modern
scientific treatment and research.</p>
<p>The newest and most original feature of the prison
is the Clinic Building, in which the study and classification
of the prisoners is to take place, and in which,
as well, the general medical and surgical work of the
institution will be carried on. It provides for the
complete physical and mental examination of every
inmate. It contains the hospital wards, dispensary,
operating rooms and laboratories and X-ray plant,
and indeed, it corresponds on a small scale to the
hospital of any community, but differs from this in
that it assumes that the whole population of the
community may be abnormal, and therefore requires
that every member of it shall at some time
pass through the clinic for purposes of study and
analysis. For this reason, the psychiatric or mental
division of the clinic is relatively more accentuated.</p>
<p>It requires courage to attack such a problem as
this, an attack that may carry us into troublesome
social fields. It seems to be a fact, however, that
no other method gives promise of relieving society
of any considerable part of this burden of suffering
and cost. We must not expect ever to be entirely
rid of this burden, just as we shall never be
rid of the burden of physical and mental disease;
but just as science has diminished and is still diminishing
these latter, so we have reason to believe
that similar scientific methods, properly applied,
will diminish the burden of anti-social behavior, and
help us to approach the irreducible minimum, a
minimum which must probably always exist in a
human world like ours, but a minimum from which
we are at present still very far.</p>
<h3>Psychiatric Classification in Prison</h3>
<p class="center"><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">Lewis F. Pilcher</span>, <i>New York State Architect</i></p>
<p class="center smaller">(Reprinted by permission from the <i>American Architect</i> of January 28, 1920)</p>
<p class="dropcap">Commercial efficiency is determined by
the use of the by-products of manufacture.
Prisoners are by-products of society.</p>
<p>The modern enterprise that used to discard as
waste the by-products of its plant now aims to
reduce its overhead and better its system by returning
to the community in usable form that which
in past times had been considered as lost and unavailable
material. Is it not true that the criminal
has been for the most part considered in the past
as an irreclaimable waste of society, his progress
toward a better life inhibited by being held in the
strait-jacket of strictly materialistic institutional
management and maintenance? As in the case of
manufacturing concerns so in the modern penal system,
its success will be determined by the economic
use, and measured, not by the development of model
prisoners enchained securely behind bastioned walls,
but by returning to society decent citizens.</p>
<p>In the past the achievement of positive human
results has been seemingly impossible to obtain.
The chief reason for this failure was due to the inevitable
clash between institutional and political
interests that always arose and rendered abortive
the many attempts that have been made to treat
successfully the complex questions of crime and
punishment.</p>
<h4>Individualization</h4>
<p>Any betterment procedure must be in the direction
of individualization. The modern prison, penitentiary,
jail or reformatory should embody in their
respective organizations the function of scientific
study of the individual prisoner—and this should
be made the fundamental element of the entire correctional
process.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 144px;">
<a href="images/singsing-2.jpg"><img src="images/singsing-2-thumb.jpg" width="144" height="200" alt="" /></a>
<p class="caption">TYPICAL DETAIL OF CONSTRUCTION OF ALL BUILDINGS</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;">
<a href="images/singsing-3.jpg"><img src="images/singsing-3-thumb.jpg" width="200" height="113" alt="" /></a>
<p class="caption">OUTSIDE CELL BUILDING—NORTH ELEVATION</p>
<p class="caption">The side elevations show the terracing of the site and the
advantages derived from the differences in levels</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;">
<a href="images/singsing-4.jpg"><img src="images/singsing-4-thumb.jpg" width="200" height="186" alt="" /></a>
<p class="caption">OUTSIDE CELL BUILDING—FIRST FLOOR PLAN</p>
</div>
<p>The dynamic unit of all human
problems is the individual.
Modern medical science makes
the appraisal of this unit possible
through the medium of psychiatric
treatment and social service
research. An undertaking, however,
which is really consciously
intent on reclaiming the individual
prisoner to the limit of his
capacity with a view of preventing
future returning to misbehavior,
would be hampered in its
effect if it were to concern itself
solely with the native endowments
of the individual prisoner. The source of the
prisoner’s particular being, life, is a dynamic process;
and every contact the individual makes
throughout life not only leaves its impression on
him, but shapes his mental attitude toward his environment.
Thus, it is obvious that the housing
problem, touching as it does every phase of the life
of man, is of fundamental importance,
for the environment determines,
through the influence of
the associative imagery of the inmate,
a control of his conscious
acts and the mechanization of the
conscious acts of the prisoner establishes
his habits. The manner
in which the prisoner has
been handled in the past has unquestionably
been responsible, if
not for the great amount of criminal
careers, certainly for the confirming
of the individual in his
life of crime. The character and
kind of prison we have had, in
the past, had as its sole aim to
achieve mediæval security; a
housing condition crude and archaic
in conception, which has
not helped to relieve and protect
society against the spirit of
crime, but on the contrary has
actually tended to its increase.</p>
<p>Here in New York City the
municipality protects the interests
of its citizens by the enactment
of a structural and sanitary
code. Structural safety and physical security
and health are provided for all classifications of
human activities under the maturely established
provisions of that code.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
<a href="images/singsing-5.jpg"><img src="images/singsing-5-thumb.jpg" width="200" height="42" alt="" /></a>
<p class="caption">DETENTION BUILDING</p>
<p class="caption">Typical floor plan of Detention Building, a basement and four-story outside cell building. This plan shows the arrangement of cells against outside walls,
which gives to each inmate direct sunlight and air</p>
</div>
<h4>A Prison Planner’s Code</h4>
<p>Scientifically, psychologically and practically important
as is the structural side of this great prison
problem, I have yet to see any workmanlike attempt
to establish for prison planners a code so
carefully developed and yet with an elasticity to
adapt it to various localities and climates, to the end
that the inhumanity of the present day, 1920, toward
prisoners would be for all time impossible.</p>
<p>The tremendous security and help that such a code
would provide for the development of state prisons
and jails and reformatories is at once apparent.</p>
<p>The complete findings of a competent Code Committee
would be the average of the experience of all
penal housing problems throughout the country and
should be determined by a two-group committee,
acting under an organization of national scope.
In one group should be available the experience and
suggestion of the leaders in penal administration,
medicinal, psychiatric, industrial, vocational, educational
and religious activities. The second group
should consist of a small number of architects, engineers
or contractual experts—men who have actually
planned and structurally executed prison buildings
and whose practical experience would enable
them sympathetically to translate into constructive
form and crystallize the theoretical standards recommended
by the sub-committee on strictly scientific
phases.</p>
<p>As it is an admitted fact that apperception and
interest are the cardinal principles of thought foundation,
it may be seen that the chance of improvement
in the prisoner will vary in accordance with
the thought and action required of him. In order,
therefore, that this idea may be efficiently carried
out, the prisoner, immediately on commitment to
prison, should receive the benefit of an expert clinical
examination to determine through his mental
and economic possibilities what branch of work he
should follow during his term of imprisonment to
insure a better existence and a chance to live a
decent and productive life after discharge.</p>
<h4>A Distributing Prison</h4>
<p>The new Sing Sing, therefore, has been planned
as a Classification and Distributing Prison, from
which the prisoner, after a definite determination
has been made of his mental, physical and economic
possibilities, will be assigned to that State institution
best suited to his individual demands. For example,
if it be found that a prisoner is physically
unsound, he will be sent to an institution where he
can be therapeutically bettered; or, if mentally deficient,
to an institution where he can be scientifically<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>
treated, and, if possible, given work that will
enable him to direct his minimal capacity so as to
exempt him from purely custodial care.</p>
<p>The construction and location of the buildings at
Sing Sing mean much more, therefore, than the
mere erection of a series of large prison buildings
for the detention of those who have violated the
laws of the State. It
will exist as a twentieth
century prison
elixir, which will take
the recrement of society
and so purge and
refine it that the result
will advance,
rather than retard, the
onward and upward
movement of humanity.</p>
<h4>Study of the
Prisoner</h4>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 153px;">
<a href="images/singsing-6.jpg"><img src="images/singsing-6-thumb.jpg" width="153" height="200" alt="" /></a>
<p class="caption">DETENTION BUILDING</p>
<p class="caption">SOUTH ELEVATION</p>
</div>
<p>In order fully to understand
the problem
of prison registration,
let us follow the course
taken by the convict
upon his arrival at the
Sing Sing of the future:
Immediately
upon entering the
prison grounds, the
Court Officer conducts
him to the arrival
room in the basement
of the Registration
Building. Here
he is turned over to the prison authorities, who take
and receipt for his personal property and clothes.
The civilian clothes are removed for disinfection and
storage. He is then led to the baths, situated across
the hall from the property room. After being
thoroughly bathed, and subjected to a hasty medical
inspection, clean prison clothes are provided.
Then, contagion from outside sources having been
removed, the prisoner is lodged in a classification cell
on the first floor, to await his turn for examination
in the rooms provided for that purpose on the second
floor. When the examiner is ready for him, he is
taken upstairs to be photographed, weighed, finger-printed
and generally “Bertilloned,” and is then
sent across the hall to be given a preliminary examination
for the determination
of his general
physical condition.
This over, he is
led to the educational
examination room,
where facts concerning
his birth, occupation
and general history
are recorded, and
an examination conducted
to determine
both the extent of his
education and his occupational
skill. Following
that comes a
careful mental examination
in which the
findings of those just
preceding are fully
utilized. As a result
of these different examinations
his first
classification is made,
subject of course to
change from examinations
to be conducted
later.</p>
<h4>The Registration
Building</h4>
<p>Besides containing
the general Administration
Offices, the
Bureau of Registration
and the Record
Bureau the Registration
Building will include
a reception
room where prisoners may converse with visiting
relatives and friends. In the past this problem
of a reception room for the visitors to prisoners
was a difficult one for prison authorities, as it
was practically impossible while allowing prisoners
a reasonable amount of freedom for the discussion
of private and confidential matters to prevent
the transfer of weapons, liquors, drugs and
implements of escape. This difficulty, however, we
think, has now been successfully solved through the
following arrangement: Two parts of a large room
are separated by two wire nettings, so placed that
they form an enclosed passage six feet in width,
where guards can be stationed to prevent any
attempt to pass articles to the prisoners without,
at the same time, interfering in the carrying on of a
conversation.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
<a href="images/singsing-7.jpg"><img src="images/singsing-7-thumb.jpg" width="200" height="195" alt="" /></a>
<p class="caption">MESS HALL AND KITCHEN BUILDING—BASEMENT</p>
<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">This Floor Contains a Bakery with Flour and Bread Storage Rooms
and with Equipment to Provide Bread for the Entire Institution,
Refrigerating Rooms for the Storage of Unprepared Food, a Plant for the
Making of Ice, and an Ample Kitchen Store Room.</span></p>
<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">A Mess Hall with Independent Coat Room and Outside Entrance, a
Guard’s Toilet, Recreation and Lunch Room are also Provided.</span></p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
<a href="images/singsing-8.jpg"><img src="images/singsing-8-thumb.jpg" width="187" height="200" alt="" /></a>
<p class="caption">MESS HALL AND KITCHEN BUILDING—FIRST FLOOR</p>
<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">This Building Occupies the Central Position of This Group and is
Easily Accessible from all Cell Buildings.</span></p>
<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">The Mess Halls are so Designed as to Take Complete Care of the
Inmates of One and Two Cell Buildings in Each Hall Respectively.</span></p>
<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">The Inmates of the Detention Building Can Enter Their Mess Hall
Directly from the Detention Building by the Enclosed Passage.</span></p>
<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">A Kitchen Economically and Efficiently Equipped Occupies the East
Wing of This Building.</span></p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p>
<h4>The Temporary Detention Building (“No. 5”)</h4>
<p>Adjacent to the Registration Building, and on the
same high plateau overlooking the Hudson, is the
Temporary Detention Building, with cell rooms on
separate floors, so arranged as to place the prisoners
under the constant supervision of the clinical experts,
who will conduct their examinations in the
adjoining Clinic Building.</p>
<h4>The Clinical Laboratory</h4>
<p>The clinical laboratory was developed under a
medical commission composed of: Dr. Walter B.
James, President of the New York Academy of Medicine;
Dr. Charles W. Pilgrim, Chairman, New York
State Hospital Commission; Dr. Thomas W. Salmon,
Director of the National Committee for Mental
Hygiene; Dr. G. H. Kirby, Director of the Psychiatric
Institute of the State of New York; Dr. Isham
G. Harris, Superintendent of the Brooklyn State
Hospital; Dr. Carlos F. MacDonald, Alienist, and
Dr. W. F. Brewer, Surgeon. Provision has been made
on the first floor for a modern X-ray apparatus and
its various accessories; three rooms for the physician
in charge of the venereal examinations; a surgical
laboratory; rooms fitted for the examinations of the
eye, ear and throat, psychiatric and psychological
examining room, dental operating room and laboratory,
and a laboratory for the use of the staff
working in the diagnosis and examination rooms.</p>
<p>On the second floor is a quantitative and qualitative
laboratory; a museum, a recording room, a library
and lecture rooms, and on the third floor are
surgical wards, subdivided for major and minor operative
cases, together with medical wards, so
planned as to have ordinary and chronic medical
cases in separate divisions. The hospital is to be
freely used for detailed observation as well as for
treatment.</p>
<p>The fourth floor contains a complete operating
department with two operating rooms, one for major
and the other for minor operations, each having
separate sterilization facilities, together with preparation,
etherizing and recovery rooms, while the remainder
of the floor is given up to rooms for the
male nurses and a convalescent solarium.</p>
<h4>A Training School for Nurses</h4>
<p>In addition to using the building as a clinical hospital
for the housing of psychiatric and medical requirements
of the prison, it is also planned to use
it as a school for the education of male nurses, as
it is found that efficiency in prison nursing is directly
proportional to the nurse’s understanding of
the relation of scientific, medical and psychiatric
knowledge to the peculiar problems of a prison community.</p>
<p>The entire Sing Sing project includes kitchens,
dining rooms, library, school, vocational shops, recreation
hall, roads, walks, a modern sewage plant,
a power house to heat and light the many buildings
and to operate the industrial plants, and a church
for the development of religious and community
ideals.</p>
<p>In addition to the proper placing and co-ordination
of the structures and their component parts,
and the abolishment of unsanitary conditions in the
interiors, by the architectural treatment of buildings
and site, a great step forward has been taken
in the creating of a proper and fitting atmosphere
and environment. The old idea of the ugly, heavy
barred and broken walls, which produced the dismal,
forsaken, isolated and jail-like appearance of
former prisons, has been discarded. In their places
will be many-windowed, substantial brick structures,
extending from the river to the plateau in the
rear of the elevated site, in dignified and well-proportioned
stages.</p>
<p>The causes which formerly created in prisoners
the feeling of being entombed, useless and hopeless
exiles have been done away with. It is our hope
that ideals of respectability, industry, efficiency and
co-operation will arise from these new prison conditions
and make strong, beneficial and lasting impressions
on the mind of each prisoner.</p>
<p>It is only by such utilization of the experiences
in allied fields and their thoughtful application to
prison conditions that progress may be hoped for
in solving this important human problem.</p>
<hr class="chap" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p>
<h2><a name="The_Wingdale_Prison" id="The_Wingdale_Prison"></a>The Wingdale Prison</h2>
<p class="center"><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">Lewis F. Pilcher</span>, <i>New York State Architect</i></p>
<p class="center smaller">(Reprinted by permission from the <i>American Architect</i> of January 28, 1920)</p>
<p class="dropcap">The more advanced of the modern penologists
are rapidly discarding the old theory that a
certain humanity and kindliness should be
eliminated from society’s dealings with its less responsible
citizens. They are substituting in its
place the idea that the majority of criminals are not
inherently bad, but, lacking the idealistic principles
of good citizenship which result from environment
and education, are only wayward.</p>
<p>If we accept this new theory, and make negligible
the assumption that most criminals have inherited
a tendency toward wrong-doing, it becomes necessary
for us to revise many of our ideas concerning
the government, discipline and housing of prisoners,
and to acquire an impressionable quality of mind
susceptible to new theories and experiments which
concern the welfare and advancement of our less
fortunate fellow men.</p>
<p>With all these things in mind, and with the desire
to do our part in ameliorating prison government,
the Commission on New Prisons has endeavored,
in the building of the Wingdale Prison, to achieve
a good architectural result combined with these
essential reforms. In order that these aims may be
fully understood, I shall attempt to explain both the
architectural plan of this new prison and the reasons
for selecting a sloping rather than a level
topographical site.</p>
<h4>Architectural Precedents</h4>
<p>If one surveys the history of civilization and
investigates the growth and final results of the
structural plan of either religious or civil communities,
it is at once apparent that the final housing
scheme of any given settlement is determined
by the topography of the region of its location.</p>
<p>For example, the study of the settlements of
antiquity shows that the higher locations were
universally chosen as the sites of palaces and
temples, and that where the configuration of land
did not permit of such natural elevation, mounds
or raised crepidomas were constructed, in order
that by means of the terraced elevations a distinction
might be made between the different degrees
of religious prominence.</p>
<p>That the Egyptians who inhabited the level areas
of the alluvial Nile appreciated the psychological
effect of such terraced elevation is shown by the
architectural arrangement of their temples. To
emphasize the hieratic mysteries, the worshiper
was led from a pyloned gateway into an atrium
with a pavement slightly graded above the level of
the dromos. This atrium, open as it was to the
effects of the brilliant Egyptian atmosphere, offered
a subtle psychic preparation for that elation of soul
which stimulated the novitiate when, after ascending
the steps on the far side of the atrium, he entered
the sombre shadow of the hypostyle hall. This
elation increased in many cases to a religious ecstasy
when the novitiate ascended into the upper region
where the esoteric mysteries were performed.</p>
<p>A simpler expression of this religious constructive
arrangement may be seen in the Temple of Kohn.
Here the priestcraft developed a form of temple
construction which crystallized all the associative
imagery of man and reflected in its different stages
of elevation of the various sections the relevant
distinctions of class and the progress of humanity
toward its idealistic goal.</p>
<p>Thus in the low grade level of the atrium the
light, the air, and freedom of movement suggested
that lack of function and freedom from formal life
which exists among the multitudes; the conscious
effort of ascent in walking from the atrium to the
hypostyle hall suggested the difficulties of rising
from a lower to a higher social order, while the
further ascent to the small, calm and dimly illuminated
holy-of-holies symbolized the fact that only
through struggle, loneliness and pain may a devout
one hope to attain the quiet and sublime
dwelling place of the gods.</p>
<p>When the Greeks rose to intellectual and artistic
position they evolved the Greek form of temple,
which was simply an Hellenic translation, through
the medium of the Mosaic temple, of the Egyptian
hieratic imagery. Perhaps the most typical of
these temples is the great marble Parthenon (438
B. C.) which was reared upon a three-stepped
crepidoma, a worthy stylobate support, a marvelous
peristyle, reminiscent of the open air atrium of
its Egyptian prototype. Further on, and beyond
the peripteros, and at a higher level, the pronaos
led through a great door into the shrine chamber
of Athena. Thus did the architects, Ictinus and
Callicrates, express in much the same manner as
the Egyptians the essence of crystallized human
experience.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
<img src="images/wingdale-1.jpg" width="500" height="350" alt="" />
<p class="caption">GENERAL VIEW, WINGDALE PRISON, WINGDALE, N. Y.</p>
<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Lewis F. Pilcher</span>, New York State Architect</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p>
<p>In the flat country of Mesopotamia the architects
built lofty zekkurats in order to provide high
substructures for the crowning cella or shrine, and
these lofty, temple-capped pyramids had a materialistic
as well as a spiritual value in that they
helped to form in the minds of the people an ideal
as to the position in the community of both temporal
and spiritual power.</p>
<p>To the north, at Khorsabad, a city of Assyria, the
rulers constructed, as part of the great wall, an
enormous plateau. This artificial mound, towering
as it did some sixty feet above the level of the city,
was used as a place of residence for the king and his
court, while back of it, and so high that it bathed
the plateau with its shadows, was constructed the
many-stepped, cella-crowned temple of the priests.
Thus religion looked down upon royalty and royalty,
in turn, on its walled city with its level streets
and multitudinous inhabitants, and thus in this
segregated and self-sufficient community a natural
and unwitting psychological arrangement of class
housing was worked out by these early architects.</p>
<p>This same community phenomenon which we
have noted in the Orient existed at the same time
at Mycenae, Thyrns, Argos, Attica and Rome,—the
heights being always occupied by the rulers, the
foot-hills by the nobles and the adjacent plains by
the people.</p>
<p>By these few examples taken from the religious
and civil architecture of early civilization I have
endeavored to show that class distinction tends to
express itself through the use of different housing
levels, the height of each group being directly proportional
to the power of its social division, thus
giving a concrete expression to the theoretical
grades by which the human mind differentiates the
social status of the people who comprise any given
group.</p>
<h4>Application to Wingdale</h4>
<p>If we apply this rather pragmatic psychology to
the problem of planning a new prison, we find it
obvious at the outset that a prison population
forms, together with its dependencies, a complete
segregated community and therefore presents few
phases which have not been successfully solved in
the various treatments of community houses in past
eras. Bearing in mind both this and the psychological
principles which determine the function of
any segregated community, it becomes perfectly
clear that the old system of plotting an entire prison
plan on an absolutely level piece of ground does not
agree with either the teachings of history or the
psychological principles which determine the site of
community housing, and it thus becomes manifest
that if we are to plan a prison which will be both a
protection and a benefit to society we must select
our site and construct our plans with the idea of
having different grades of elevation for different
degrees of social eminence.</p>
<p>If, remembering this, we summon practical experience
to our aid we find that a prison population
divides itself naturally into three major divisions,
two of which are composed of actual inmates and
a third of those in authority over them. The first
and largest of these groups is made up of sub-normals
and general recalcitrants who of necessity
must work, eat, and sleep under constant and direct
supervision. These will be confined in strong, well-guarded
buildings situated within a walled enclosure
and the work which they do will be such as can be
efficiently done within the comparatively small
space to which they are restricted.</p>
<p>The second group, composed of prisoners who
have shown themselves worthy of trust, will be
allowed privileges which are denied the first. A
concrete expression of these privileges will consist
of lodging them in buildings situated on a higher
level and with no enclosing walls, thus allowing
them to carry on dairying, farming, stone crushing
and similar industries.</p>
<p>As the working out of our community idea demands
that the governing class occupy a higher site
than those they govern, we have planned an adjacent
but higher elevation for the offices, dwellings
and other buildings necessary for the proper maintenance
of a model prison.</p>
<p>In our plan for the new Wingdale Prison we have
attempted to express a prison which will meet the
scientific and historic precedents which we have at
our command, and we fully believe that our plan
will exert as beneficial an influence on our prisoners
as did the noble monuments on the Acropolis at
Athens on the humble people who constructed their
mud-brick houses at its base.</p>
<hr class="chap" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p>
<h2><a name="Kilby_Prison_The_New_Alabama" id="Kilby_Prison_The_New_Alabama"></a>Kilby Prison—The New Alabama
Penitentiary Near Montgomery</h2>
<h3>Preliminary Note</h3>
<p class="center"><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">Hastings H. Hart</span>, LL.D.</p>
<p class="dropcap">Alabama was the last of the Southern States
to retain the convict lease system. The system
has been very profitable, having produced
for several years past more than $1,000,000
per year of net revenue.</p>
<p>The last legislature decreed the abandonment of
the convict lease system in January, 1924, and in
preparation for this change the State has undertaken
the construction of the most elaborate prison
in the south, with the possible exception of the
United States Prison in Atlanta.</p>
<p>Under the laws of the State the prison managers
have authority to expend the revenues from convict
labor for land and improvements. Acting under
this authority, Gov. Thomas E. Kilby; Hon. C. B.
Rogers, President of the State Board of Control;
and Dr. William F. Feagin, Warden General of the
penitentiary system, have united in the effort to
perfect a model southern prison.</p>
<p>The general plan of this prison was suggested by
the Minnesota State Prison, with the important
change, however, of adopting the outside cell system
instead of the interior cage system. The adoption
of the outside cell plan of construction increases
the opportunity for escapes; therefore the
prison wall surrounds the entire prison. None of
the buildings except the office building is on the
outer wall.</p>
<p>Following the example of the United States Government
prison at Atlanta, the cells above the first
tier are constructed to accommodate five prisoners
each. The lower cells for one man each are of
generous capacity, 7 feet wide, 10 feet long, and
8½ feet high, with an outside window for every
cell, and elaborate ventilation system.</p>
<p>Alabama has about 3,000 prisoners. The new
prison is designed to accommodate 800 men, with
plans for enlargement to double that capacity. The
remainder of the State convicts will probably be
kept, as heretofore, in prison camps and employed
on State farms. It is probable that the prison at
Speigner, with the State cotton mill, will be continued,
at least for the present.</p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
<img src="images/kilby-1.jpg" width="700" height="136" alt="" />
<p class="caption">FRONT ELEVATION</p>
</div>
<p>The employment of prisoners in the cotton-mill
industry has been successfully tested at Speigner,
and it is purposed to establish a new cotton mill at
Kilby Prison which will employ the greater part of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>
the prisoners. It is proposed to manufacture cotton
cloth suitable for shirting and to establish a shirt
factory where the cloth will be manufactured into
shirts for the market. The manufacturing will be
on State account, the shirts to be sold at a contract
price agreed upon in advance under certain standards
of quality.</p>
<p>A large farm is attached to the prison where a
model dairy has already been constructed with a
herd of 90 Guernsey cows and an extensive piggery.</p>
<p>It is expected that this new departure will bring
Alabama from the rear of the procession in prison
administration to the front rank.</p>
<h3>Notes on the Design and Construction of Kilby Prison, Near
Montgomery, Alabama</h3>
<p class="center"><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">Martin J. Lide</span>, <i>Engineer and Architect</i></p>
<p>Kilby Prison is designed essentially as an industrial
prison. There are about 3,000 State convicts
in Alabama. The labor of the majority of these
heretofore has been leased out, principally to mining
and lumber corporations. The State is poor in
revenue and backward in education. It is, therefore,
essential that these convicts be put to productive
work in order that they may be at least
self-sustaining. By act of the Legislature the leasing
of convicts must cease after January, 1924. In
order to receive these convicts from the mines and
lumber camps and to place them into productive
work this prison is being constructed.</p>
<p>As will be noted from the ground plan, the prison,
exclusive of the administration building, is contained
within a surrounding walled enclosure. The
wall is about 20 feet high, 12 inches thick at the top,
and 20 inches thick at the bottom, and sits on a
concrete mat 6 feet wide. At the four corners of the
wall are concrete guard towers, and on one side there
is a lock gate 120 feet long, equipped with steel
doors suspended with rollers. The walls are 1,000
feet long at the front and are 1,200 feet long on the
sides. The wall is constructed in sections 30 feet
long. Expansion is taken care of by the construction
joints. During cool weather these joints were
painted with tar, the thickness of the coating depending
on the temperature at the time of the pouring.
The concrete aggregate was mixed in the proportion
of 1: 2: 4 parts of cement, sand, and gravel,
the sand and gravel being mined on the property by
the State. At the top of the wall four strands of
barbed wire are mounted, alternate strands being
charged to a potential of 6,600 volts, and the other
strands being grounded. The connections to these
strands are such that in case the charged wire is
either cut or short circuited, an electric siren will
blow.</p>
<p>It will be noted from the ground plan that the
administration building is in front of the prison on
the outside of the walls. Thus all free office employees
work outside the prison. The administration
building is a one-story building of brick and
concrete. Connecting the Administration Building
with the cell house is a corridor flanked on either
side by rooms whose purposes are set forth in the
ground plan drawing.</p>
<h4>Main Cell House</h4>
<p>The main cell house is a monolithic concrete
structure veneered with brick and with cement tile
roof laid on steel purlins. All cells and walkways
are of concrete. The cell house contains five tiers of
cells, the first tier being composed of single man
cells and the remaining four tiers of five or six man
cells. The single man cells are 7 feet wide, 8½ feet
high, and 10 feet deep, and the multiple man cells
are of the same height and depth, but are 22 feet
wide. The rows of cells are separated by a 15-foot
corridor with an open well in the center and with
3 feet 6 inches walkways in front. Every cell has
one or more windows which are screened, barred
with tool-proof steel guards, and equipped with
counterbalanced steel sash. The cell building is so
constructed that the multiple man cells may be converted
into single man cells at any time in the
future. Toilets and lavatories are provided for each
cell. Forty-eight-inch roof ventilators are mounted
on the cell house at 15-foot intervals. These ventilators
also have fans mounted in them, the fans being
driven by a common line shaft from a motor in
the attic. By means of these fans it will be possible
to completely ventilate the cell house at intervals,
the air being drawn in from the windows and discharged
from the roof.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p>
<p>As will be noted from the plans, large day-rooms
or school-rooms separate the two wings of the cell
house. These rooms are located on the second and
third floors. These rooms will be used for religious
purposes, as school-rooms, and for rest-rooms during
rainy Sundays and holidays. In the rear of the
cell house is a corridor flanked on either side by
rooms whose purposes are explained on the ground
plan. The corridor connects with a concrete and
steel building in the rear, one wing of which will be
used as a detention cell house and punitive cell
house and the other wing as a utility house.</p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 165px;">
<a href="images/kilby-2.jpg"><img src="images/kilby-2-thumb.jpg" width="165" height="200" alt="" /></a>
<p class="caption">KILBY PRISON, MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA—GENERAL PLAN</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;">
<a href="images/kilby-3.jpg"><img src="images/kilby-3-thumb.jpg" width="200" height="121" alt="" /></a>
<p class="caption">ADMINISTRATION BUILDING—FLOOR PLAN</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p>
<h4>Detention Cell House</h4>
<p>The detention cell house is two tiers high and
contains 60 single man cells, each 6 by 10 feet, and
8½ feet high. These cells are otherwise similar to
the single man cells in the main cell house. As may
be inferred from the designation, the detention cell
house will be used as a clearing-house for all new
State convicts. All new convicts will be sent here
for a quarantine period of ten days to two weeks.
During this period the new convict will be given a
careful mental, moral, and physical examination,
and his past history will also be investigated. Obviously,
the purpose will be to protect the prison body
from the infectious diseases brought in by new convicts,
to correct physical defects in the new prisoner,
to make the necessary identification records, and to
study the mental and physical characteristics of the
prisoner, in addition to his past history, in order
that he may be properly classified. By this means
the mental and physical degenerates, confirmed
criminals, and diseased criminals may be isolated
from their fellows by placing them in the single man
cells. It will also be possible, by proper classification,
to segregate convicts of the same social and
moral strata into the same multiple man cells.</p>
<p>At the outer end of the detention cell building is
the punitive cell building, containing 24 concrete
cells supplied with mechanical ventilation. Twelve
of these cells will face the windows and will thus be
solitary light cells, while the remaining 12 cells will
face the dark corridor and will thus be solitary dark
cells. In future, confinement and other methods of
punishment will supersede corporal punishment in
Alabama prisons.</p>
<p>On the opposite wing from the detention cell
house is a utility building which is a brick and steel
building containing clothing storage rooms, laundry,
shower-bath, clothing and shoe repair room,
and locker room for the clothes.</p>
<h4>Kitchen and Mess Hall</h4>
<p>A concrete and brick corridor, 10 feet wide, connects
the detention cell house with the kitchen and
mess hall in the rear. Space is provided between
these two buildings for the future construction of
another cell house which will double the cell facilities.</p>
<p>The mess hall and kitchen consists of an open
brick and steel building, with brick walls, steel
trusses, cement tile roof, no ceiling, and with concrete
floor. The building is approximately 65 feet
wide and 225 feet long. Forty-eight-inch ventilators
are mounted between each pair of trusses.
Steel factory sash with large ventilators are used
throughout. All windows are barred and screened.
The mess hall will also be used temporarily as an
auditorium for speakers and picture shows. On the
opposite wing from the mess hall is the kitchen,
which will be equipped with steam cooking equipment.
In the rear of the kitchen is the cold storage
plant, consisting of vegetable, meat and ice storage
rooms, and a complete refrigerating plant. In the
rear of the mess hall is a covered concrete walk
connecting same with the power plant. This walk
is of permanent construction, with cement tile roof.
The essential purpose of the shed covering the walk
is to protect prisoners from the rain in going to and
from the factories in the rear of the prison yard.</p>
<p>The power plant is located at the end of the covered
walk. It consists of a brick and steel building
with cement tile roof and concrete floors. The boiler
plant consists of three 200 H.P. boilers connected to
a radial brick stack 6 feet 6 inches in diameter by
150 feet high. In front of the boilers is a concrete
bin underneath the railroad tracks, which are on
the yard grade. The power plant contains a 100
K.W. emergency lighting generator, switchboard,
vacuum pumps, feed water pumps, heater, and
piping. All buildings are supplied from the power
plant with vacuum steam heat, hot water, and electricity
through a system of tunnels which connect
the power plant with all buildings. Hot water is
also supplied to the several buildings from a large
heater located in the laundry room.</p>
<h4>Hospital</h4>
<p>To the left of the prison proper is located the hospital,
as indicated on the ground plan. This building
is of brick and concrete, with cement tile roof.
In general, as indicated, the hospital consists of a
central administrative and operative portion, connected
to wings at either end by means of corridors
which are also flanked by rooms. Racial segregation
will take place by placing white and colored
patients at opposite ends of the hospital. At each
end of the hospital are provided surgical and medical
wards, each connecting into a sun-room.</p>
<p>By the construction of an additional cell house in
the space indicated by the dotted lines on the
ground plan, and by the construction of an additional
kitchen and mess hall between the present
mess hall and the power house, the population of the
prison may be doubled. The present prison is
designed to accommodate 800 prisoners on a basis
of five men to the large cells. By putting six men in
the cells, however, the present population may be
increased to something over 900. By constructing
an additional mess hall and kitchen, racial segregation
may be more completely effected.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;">
<a href="images/kilby-4.jpg"><img src="images/kilby-4-thumb.jpg" width="200" height="103" alt="" /></a>
<p class="caption">CELL BLOCKS—FLOOR PLAN</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p>
<p>The present capacity of the hospital is 32 patients,
but this capacity may be increased by extending
the surgical and medical wards.</p>
<p>At the rear of the prison a cotton mill and a shirt
factory are being constructed to consume the labor
of the present prison population.</p>
<h4>Economy</h4>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;">
<a href="images/kilby-5.jpg"><img src="images/kilby-5-thumb.jpg" width="200" height="153" alt="" /></a>
<p class="caption">LAUNDRY, BATH, AND DETENTION BUILDING—FLOOR PLANS</p>
</div>
<p>The dominant consideration in the construction
of the present prison has been the question of the
maximum possible economy in first cost consistent
with permanency and the security and welfare of
the prisoners. All buildings are practically fireproof,
but are no larger than are absolutely essential,
and as far as possible all non-essential features
have been eliminated. All essential utilities, such
as a complete telephone system, alarm signal system,
steam heat, an adequate lighting system for
both the interior and the exterior of the prison, hot
and cold water, etc., have been provided.</p>
<h4>Outside Cells</h4>
<p>Economy in first cost was the guiding consideration
in the construction of the cell houses, although
a monolithic concrete structure with brick veneered
exterior walls is by no means a cheap construction.
But it is a permanent and safe construction. Economy
in the construction of the cell house was secured
through its compactness.</p>
<p>The outside type of cell house can be made practically
secure for all classes of prisoners when surrounded
by an outside wall of adequate height,
with its top guarded by high tension charged wires,
provided the windows to the cell houses are barred
with steel-proof window guards and the prisoners
are reasonably well guarded.</p>
<p>The relative hygienic and physiologic advantages
of the outside and inside cell construction I will not
discuss here except to say that we considered the
outside cell construction manifestly superior in both
of these respects. While we consider these features
very important in a permanent prison, the question
of economy in initial cost was also important in that
the outside cell type of prison is a considerably narrower
prison for the same cell capacity, and, furthermore,
since continuous mechanical ventilation is
not essential with the outside cell type, it can be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>
more densely occupied, which further promotes
economy in construction.</p>
<p>In designing the outside cell type of prison the
problem is one of providing a certain definite external
wall area for the sides of the prison, since for
given dimensions of cells and a specified number of
these cells a definite external wall area is required.
The problem of maximum economy in construction
then resolves itself into a question of providing the
maximum of wall area with the minimum of floor
area. Two general forms of outside cell buildings
have been proposed: one, the narrow rectangular
type adopted at the Kilby prison, and the other the
cylindric type. It is demonstrated in geometry
that of all figures a circle has a maximum of area for
a given length of periphery, while a very narrow
rectangle or quadrilateral has a minimum of area
for a given periphery. It is, therefore, obvious that
for a given external wall area, or a given cell capacity,
the narrow rectangular type is more economical
in first cost, since it reduces the ceiling and floor
area to a minimum.</p>
<p>Economy in construction was also promoted by
constructing our cell house five tiers high instead of
four tiers, as is more usual.</p>
<p>Finally, additional economy was secured by the
use of the multiple man cell. Our multiple man
cells accommodate six prisoners, while three single
man cells of the same cubic contents containing two
partitions, two extra prison doors and locks, two
extra lavatories, two extra water-closets, two extra
radiators, with all of the necessary connections to
these utilities, will only accommodate half as many
prisoners. It will, therefore, cost more than twice
as much in cell-house construction to incarcerate a
given number of prisoners in the single man cells
than in the six man cells.</p>
<p>It will, therefore, be noted that we have secured
economy in cell-house construction (which is the
most expensive item of prison construction) by increasing
the density of occupancy in the cell houses.
But this density of occupancy carries with it responsibilities
in the matter of providing adequate
ventilation for the inmates. Recognizing this responsibility,
we have designed our cell house to
secure the very maximum of natural ventilation.
This is secured, first of all, by a very large proportion
of window area to wall area; by ventilating the
windows top and bottom; by constructing the cell
house with a cross-section shaped like a chimney,
with a large number of large ventilators on top of an
open pitched roof, so as to secure the very maximum
of chimney effect and also the very maximum
effect from breezes.</p>
<p>Finally, to insure an adequate supply of ventilation
in the summer, when there may be neither
wind nor temperature difference, we have mounted
disc fans in each ventilator, driven by ball-bearing
shafting from a push-button-controlled motor. By
this means the cell attendants, by pushing a button,
will be enabled to flood the cell house with fresh air
at any time the air becomes foul, and since the
attendants will be on the inside of the prison, where
the air will be most foul, they will probably make
use of their opportunities.</p>
<p>Apart from humanitarian considerations, which
in a large measure should dominate the designer of
a prison, there is also the economic question of securing
the maximum mental and physical output
from the prisoner while at work. In an industrial
prison a man can do more and better work if he
sleeps and rests sufficiently. If the cotton mills are
to be operated double shift during summer months
with a large portion of the population sleeping during
hot summer days, it is doubly important that
the prisoners be confined in well-ventilated and sanitary
quarters. This fact we have borne in mind in
the design of the cell houses at Kilby Prison.</p>
<hr class="chap" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p>
<h2><a name="Prison_Farms_for_Women" id="Prison_Farms_for_Women"></a>Prison Farms for Women</h2>
<p class="center"><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">Hastings H. Hart</span>, LL.D.</p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
<img src="images/csffw-1.jpg" width="700" height="262" alt="" />
<p class="caption">PERSPECTIVE OF RECEPTION BUILDING, CONNECTICUT STATE FARM FOR WOMEN, <span class="smcap">Niantic, Conn.</span></p>
</div>
<p class="dropcap">Several States are developing prison farms
for women on the cottage plan. We present
herewith plans of two cottages recently constructed
at the Connecticut State Farm for Women
at Niantic and the New Jersey Reformatory for
Women at Clinton.</p>
<h3>State Farm for Women at Niantic,
Connecticut—Reception Building</h3>
<p>State reformatory institutions for women are rapidly
being developed in the United States. The
first two institutions of this class, the Indiana State
Reformatory for Women at Indianapolis and the
Massachusetts Reformatory for Women at Framingham,
were prison structures, less rigid and formal
than typical prisons for men, but still following
prison models.</p>
<p>In the meantime the cottage system for younger
girls grew up, and it was soon found that delinquent
girls could be safely kept in ordinary cottages without
any surrounding wall and without prison construction.</p>
<p>When the New York State Reformatory for
Women was built at Bedford, cottages were erected
instead of a large congregate building, and the gates
of the institution stood open day and night. While
occasionally escapes took place, the number was not
large, and the fugitives were usually speedily recaptured.</p>
<p>All the new institutions for delinquent women are
on the cottage plan, and in most cases the cottages
are of simple construction, without window gratings,
strong bars, walls, or even fences. In some
cottages an iron grill protects the lower sash; sometimes
this grill is masked by window plants.</p>
<p>The Connecticut State Farm for Women receives
women committed for misdemeanors from all parts
of Connecticut. There are only eight women convicted
of felonies in the Connecticut State Prison at
Wethersfield, but a considerable number of women
are still committed to the county jails throughout
the State. All the women at Niantic are committed
for criminal offenses.</p>
<p>Three old farmhouses have been refitted to serve
as cottages, and one new Reception Building has
been erected to accommodate 27 incoming women.
This is a wooden building, similar in construction to
a well-built farmhouse. On the first floor are a
kitchen, a dining-room, a living-room, and a reception
department for incoming prisoners, with hospital<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>
wards, isolation wards, and accommodations
for officers.</p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;">
<a href="images/csffw-2.jpg"><img src="images/csffw-2-thumb.jpg" width="200" height="153" alt="" /></a>
<p class="caption">RECEPTION BUILDING—FIRST FLOOR PLAN</p>
</div>
<p>The dining-room and living-room are practically
one room, so that the dining-room with its tables is
available as an evening sitting-room and living-room.</p>
<p>On the second floor are single rooms for inmates,
with accommodations for the matron and her assistant.
The rooms are about 7 by 10 feet. They are
simply but neatly furnished. Notwithstanding the
fact that this cottage is designed for the incoming
prisoners who are most likely to run away, the doors
of this house are unlocked throughout the day.</p>
<p>The farm contains about 500 acres. Three old<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>
farmhouses, having been repaired and supplied with
plumbing, furnish houseroom for three groups of
women, each under charge of a matron. No one of
these buildings is in any sense “secure”; but escapes
are infrequent, and escaping prisoners are
usually recaptured.</p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;">
<a href="images/csffw-3.jpg"><img src="images/csffw-3-thumb.jpg" width="200" height="157" alt="" /></a>
<p class="caption">RECEPTION BUILDING—SECOND FLOOR PLAN</p>
</div>
<p>The only secure place on the farm consists of
three small “thinking rooms” located in the basement
of the receiving cottage. These rooms have
strong doors and barred windows. Their construction
is not satisfactory, but they will be replaced by
more suitable detention rooms when additional
buildings are erected.</p>
<p>The present buildings are inconvenient and ill<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>
adapted to the care and supervision of the women.
When permanent buildings are erected, the work of
the officers will be greatly simplified; but the probability
is that the new buildings will be
of simple construction, similar to that of
the buildings that have already been
erected.</p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;">
<a href="images/csffw-4.jpg"><img src="images/csffw-4-thumb.jpg" width="200" height="154" alt="" /></a>
<p class="caption">RECEPTION BUILDING—BASEMENT PLAN</p>
</div>
<p>The small number of escapes from the
Connecticut State Farm for Women and
Clinton Farms in New Jersey appears to be due to
the establishment of a certain morale among the
women. This morale rests partly on the fine spirit
of the superintendents and their staffs, partly upon
the certainty of recapture, and partly upon the
spirit of the inmates. Running away is contrary
to the practice of the place. “It isn’t done.”</p>
<p>Newcomers have to be carefully watched for the
first few days until they overcome homesickness and
become won to the place. After that they are less
likely to attempt to abscond.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p>
<h3>The Caroline Bayard Wittpenn Cottage at the New Jersey State
Reformatory for Women, Clinton, New Jersey</h3>
<p class="dropcap">We present herewith the plan of the
maternity cottage of the New Jersey
State Reformatory for Women. This cottage
is designed for the reception, care, and treatment
of young mothers and babies. The building
is 102 feet long and 40 feet wide, with a rear
extension 24 by 28, containing the kitchen on the
first floor and bedrooms for inmates on the second
floor. The whole aspect of the house is cheerful
and there is no appearance of a prison about the
place.</p>
<p>The building contains 20 sleeping rooms for inmates,
with a sleeping porch having room for ten
additional inmates, and having a separate dressing-room
for each person. There is a nursery for 12 or
14 infants, with a large sleeping porch.</p>
<p>The building is so arranged on both floors as to
minimize the amount of waste space. There is a
corridor on each floor which is only 60 feet long
and 6 feet wide. This corridor terminates at each
end in a large room so as to avoid unnecessary
corridor space. The rooms for the inmates are
about 6½ by 10 feet. Each room has a good
outside window.</p>
<p>In this cottage kitchen space adequate for preparing
of mothers’ and infants’ food is provided.
A diet kitchen adjoining the larger kitchen assists
in the preparation of the infants’ food. A dumbwaiter
shaft extends from this diet kitchen to the
second floor, where a small diet kitchen for food
service and storage of milk formulas is provided. In
this diet kitchen is a refrigerator especially adapted
to the needs. This refrigerator is six feet high
and six feet wide, porcelain lined, with shelving
specially planned to hold wire baskets containing
the regular eight ounce nursing bottle. No
other foods except the milk formulas are kept in
this refrigerator.</p>
<p>Room is provided in the basement for milk pasteurizer
with 144 bottle capacity. This is connected
with high pressure steam.</p>
<p>Adjoining the nursery is a specially equipped infants’
bath-room. A small bath-tub and two bath-slabs
provide ample bathing facilities for both small
infants and those of larger size. Tiled floors and
hard finished walls make this a most sanitary arrangement.</p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
<img src="images/maternity-1.jpg" width="600" height="183" alt="" />
<p class="caption">CAROLINE BAYARD WITTPENN MATERNITY COTTAGE, STATE REFORMATORY FOR WOMEN, CLINTON, NEW JERSEY—SOUTH ELEVATION</p>
<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Francis H. Bent</span>, <i>Architect</i></p>
</div>
<p>This building is constructed entirely of hollow
tile and stucco corridors of cement, and rear stair
and front stair fireproof towers of metal, and fire<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>
glass construction
with cement stairways.
The room
floors and nursery
floor, living room
floor, and dining
room are of hardwood
construction,
but you will note
that all exits and
main corridors are
fireproof.</p>
<p>General plan of
using gray slate roof
on our institution
buildings has been
adopted. Dormer
windows in the roof
give ample storage
space in the attic for
clothing and other
stock. The laundry
is situated in the
basement, and here
the mothers are
taught properly to
care for their infants’
clothing.</p>
<p>The other cottages
are similar to
those which are
built for younger
delinquent girls in
State industrial
schools, without
prison construction,
strong doors, or
window-bars, except
that in some cottages
the lower
window-sash is protected
by an iron
grill which obstructs
but does not prevent
egress. Some of the
cottages are old
farmhouses which
have been repaired
and equipped with
plumbing in order to
adapt them to their
present use.</p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;">
<a href="images/maternity-2.jpg"><img src="images/maternity-2-thumb.jpg" width="200" height="109" alt="" /></a>
<p class="caption">MATERNITY COTTAGE—FIRST FLOOR PLAN</p>
</div>
<p>It must be borne<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>
in mind that all the
women in this institution
are committed
for criminal
offenses, including
many petty offenses
and sex offenses.
They include also
such crimes as grand
larceny, burglary,
assault with intent
to kill, atrocious assault
and battery,
highway robbery,
and manslaughter.</p>
<p>There are no walls
or high fences surrounding
the buildings.</p>
<p>Notwithstanding
the absence of prison
walls and prison
buildings, the number
of escapes is very
small and escaping
prisoners are usually
recovered within a
few hours.</p>
<p>The institution
was opened January
8, 1912, and it has
received 584 women.
Of these, 33 have
escaped, of whom
25 have been recaptured
and 8 still remain
at large. This
makes a record of
only one and one-third
per cent of successful
escapes,
which in view of the
absence of prison restraints
is a remarkable
record. It certainly
justifies the
policy of the Board
of Managers in
adopting the cottage
plan and discarding
prison
walls.</p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;">
<a href="images/maternity-3.jpg"><img src="images/maternity-3-thumb.jpg" width="200" height="109" alt="" /></a>
<p class="caption">MATERNITY COTTAGE—SECOND FLOOR PLAN</p>
</div>
<hr class="chap" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p>
<h2><a name="Proposed_Plans_for_a_State_Prison" id="Proposed_Plans_for_a_State_Prison"></a>Proposed Plans for a State Prison</h2>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
<img src="images/state-1.jpg" width="500" height="214" alt="" />
<p class="caption">PROPOSED STATE PRISON</p>
<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Alfred Hopkins</span>, <i>Architect</i></p>
</div>
<p class="dropcap">In 1915 Mr. Alfred Hopkins, architect of the
Westchester County Penitentiary, drew tentative
plans of a large state prison for the New
York Prison Association.
These plans were drawn in
consultation with the late
Dr. Orlando F. Lewis, Secretary
of the Association.
Mr. Hopkins describes
the plans as follows:</p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 304px;">
<img src="images/state-2.jpg" width="304" height="500" alt="" />
<p class="caption">PROPOSED STATE PRISON—PLAN</p>
</div>
<p>It was proposed to house
1500 inmates, all told.
These were divided into
four general classifications:
the main or institutional
group was to contain 800
inmates, a disciplinary
group was to house 150 inmates,
a defective or abnormal
group was to contain
150 inmates, and the
honor group in cottages
was to house 400. By looking
at the accompanying
plan it will be seen that the
institutional group is composed
of eight cell blocks of
100 men each, four cell
blocks disposed on either
side of the main court and all
joined by a connecting corridor,
establishing two general
classifications which
are consistently maintained
throughout every
function of the institution.</p>
<p>The cell blocks are three stories high, each floor
separated and segregated from the other floors,
which makes 24 classifications—all that will ever
be required. There are two
bath-houses, one for each
group of four-cell blocks.</p>
<p>The administration
building is placed at one
end of the court and the
mess hall at the other. The
mess hall is arranged with
entrances at each end so
that the two general classifications
can be kept separate
in the dining room as
well as in the school-rooms
on the floor above. On the
third floor is the large auditorium.
This has been set
back at the ends so as to let
into the main court the
maximum amount of air
and sunshine.</p>
<p>To the right of the institution
are the cell blocks
and shops for the hardened
offenders who will be confined
here and will not
leave their quarters. On
the corresponding side to
the left is the hospital and
the quarters for the abnormal
and defectives. The
power house, over which is
a gymnasium, is located
behind the institution. The
shops have been placed so
that they form a large enclosure,
giving two athletic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>
fields with the gymnasium between and used jointly
for both, so that the two general classifications
of the institution group each have their special
fields for exercise. In front of the institutions is
the cottage group, whose inmates will work largely
in the fields. The cottages are all in smaller units
where the men may be housed in dormitories or in
single rooms.</p>
<hr class="chap" />
<h2><a name="Proposed_Plan_for_a_Reformatory" id="Proposed_Plan_for_a_Reformatory"></a>Proposed Plan for a Reformatory</h2>
<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Alfred Hopkins</span>, <i>Architect</i></p>
<p class="dropcap">This tentative plan was developed by Mr. Alfred
Hopkins, Architect, along lines suggested
by Superintendent Frank Moore, of the New
Jersey State Reformatory at Rahway. It provides
for three general classifications: An Administration
and Custodial Group, an Agricultural Group and an
Industrial Group; the various departments of the
institution being connected by a covered passageway.
Mr. Hopkins remarks: “While this plan is
only in the nature of a preliminary sketch, it is interesting
in showing that a practical prison man is
quite willing to get away from the old idea of supervision
which established the radiating plan and the
long type of cell block.”</p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;">
<a href="images/state-3.jpg"><img src="images/state-3-thumb.jpg" width="200" height="105" alt="" /></a>
<p class="caption">PROPOSED REFORMATORY PLAN</p>
<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Alfred Hopkins</span>, <i>Architect</i></p>
</div>
<hr class="chap" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p>
<h2><a name="Westchester_County_Penitentiary_and" id="Westchester_County_Penitentiary_and"></a>Westchester County Penitentiary and
Workhouse, White Plains, N. Y.</h2>
<p class="center"><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">Alfred Hopkins</span>, <i>Architect</i></p>
<p class="center smaller">(First published in February, 1918)</p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
<img src="images/westchester-1.jpg" width="500" height="112" alt="" />
<p class="caption">WESTCHESTER COUNTY, N. Y., PENITENTIARY—GENERAL VIEW FROM APPROACH</p>
<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Alfred Hopkins</span>, <i>Architect</i></p>
</div>
<p class="dropcap">The Westchester County Penitentiary is a simple
form of the type of a plan whose various
parts are brought together by the use of the
connecting corridor to provide indoor circulation
throughout the group. This system of design is well
known in connection with other types of building,
but seems to be new to prison architecture. Indeed,
such an arrangement would have only been tolerated
in the present attitude toward the offender. Modern
penology demands, first of all, adequate possibilities
for segregation and classification. These are of vital
importance in the administration of the modern
penal institution, and cannot be properly had in
the huge cell block. To achieve this classification
and segregation, the connecting corridor offers the
greatest possibilities.</p>
<h4>The General Problem</h4>
<p>The general problem was as follows:</p>
<p>Westchester County had purchased at East View,
at a very reasonable price, a fine estate of some four
hundred acres of exceptionally tillable land. On
this property it was proposed to build a Poor House
for about 700 and a penitentiary and workhouse for
about 350, all short-term prisoners, the maximum
sentence being thirteen months. Most of the men
were to be employed on the farm, but in an institution
of this size there are always men who will do
better in shops so that the two kinds of work ought
to be available. The plan was to build the institution
by contract and the shops by prison labor.</p>
<p>The general scheme is set forth clearly in the plan,
and it may be said that at the very beginning it was
determined the men should be housed in smaller
units than was usual. There are four cell blocks of
three tiers each, all with outside cells, there being
27 men on a floor and 81 to a cell block. The connecting
corridor 16 feet wide runs approximately
east and west, and to this are joined the four cell
blocks on the south, and on the north the reception
building, the refectory, and school building. Between
the two central cell blocks is placed the administration
building, connected to them by an open
passage.</p>
<p>The administration building has on the ground
floor the warden’s office on one side of the hall, and
the clerical office on the other, and in the rear, a
long corridor which has been called the “guards’
corridor” but which will be used largely for the
intercourse between the prisoners and the public.
On the second floor of the administration building
are quarters for a hospital and some rooms for the
officers. It will be noted that the officers’ rooms on
the second floor and the guards’ rooms on the third
floor are accessible from the public space, but the
hospital is accessible only from the prison side. In
other words, the hospital is in the fortified portion
and the guards’ quarters in the unfortified. The
main stairway goes up to the third floor of the administration
building, devoted entirely to guards’
rooms, and these were made large enough so that
two guards could occupy one room, and while this is
not generally advisable it was a wise forethought
because some of the rooms have already been used
in this way.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p>
<h4>Hospital and Reception Building</h4>
<p>The hospital quarters are small, because in the
prison with the individual room a man who is sick
is better off in his cell than he would be in a general
hospital ward, and the men very frequently prefer to
stay by themselves.</p>
<p>The prisoners brought to the institution enter the
bath and reception building at the rear, where the
process of their reception is as follows:</p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
<img src="images/westchester-2.jpg" width="500" height="410" alt="" />
<p class="caption">ADMINISTRATION BUILDING—ENTRANCE SIDE</p>
</div>
<p>They enter to the left, where they undress and
bathe. Their clothes are tied up in a bag, temporarily
placed in a metal-lined closet, which can be
fumigated, and later taken to the general county
farm laundry and sterilized. After the prisoner has
had his bath he goes into the doctor’s office, where
he is given a careful physical examination, and here
also are made the finger-print and other records of
identification which are very desirable from many
points of view.</p>
<p>He then goes to the barber if necessary and has
his hair cut. It is not now the custom to crop all
prisoners’ heads unless the actual physical condition
makes such treatment necessary. After he has been
given clean underclothes and a clean prison suit he
goes to the warden’s office and is there interviewed
by him. The prisoner is told what the rules of the institution
are, and his first meeting with the warden
is of consequence to both, as it gives the warden an
intimate opportunity to regard and to counsel his
man, and the prisoner his first intimation of what is
expected of him and what his treatment will be.
After his interview with the warden the prisoner is
placed in cell block 3 to stay during the period of
observation, which is usually about two weeks.
This is not only for the purpose of finding out what
his physical condition may be, and to guard against
the development of contagious disease, but also
that the prison authorities may make the equally<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>
important diagnosis of his mentality, from which is
largely determined his future treatment.</p>
<h4>Observation Cell Block</h4>
<p>This cell block set apart for the observation period
of the inmate adjoins the administration building,
and it is easy for the warden to be in frequent touch
with the new men. An inmate who is only sentenced
for a week or ten days would never leave this cell
block, but would serve his sentence and be released
from there. Men confined for a longer period, however,
would be assigned to whatever classification
seemed best after the observation period expires.
In the reception building are also included the
shower baths, twenty-seven in number, so that all
the inmates of each floor may be bathed at one
period. Shower baths are frequently put in the
basement, about the worst possible place for them
at all times, but especially in a prison. At Westchester
no quarters of any kind were put in the
basement. It was determined at the outset that
all requirements should be accommodated above
ground, a very wise provision for every prison building.
Adjoining the shower room is a store room
which would be small under ordinary circumstances,
but in this instance there is a large general storehouse
which will be maintained independently for
the penitentiary and workhouse.</p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;">
<a href="images/westchester-3.jpg"><img src="images/westchester-3-thumb.jpg" width="200" height="55" alt="" /></a>
<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">First Floor Plan; Second Floor Plan</span></p>
<p class="caption">ADMINISTRATION BUILDING</p>
</div>
<p>The school building contains four rooms with accommodations
for 30 pupils in each school-room.</p>
<h4>Mess Hall</h4>
<p>The mess hall has been laid out so that the prisoners
will sit at the table in the ordinary way, facing
one another, with alternate wide aisles for service.
Feeding the prisoners in a large mess hall has now
been generally adopted in this country, and is infinitely
better than the continental system of feeding
them in the cell. Man is a gregarious animal,
especially when his waywardness has landed him in
prison, and the old systems, which aimed at the
solitary confinement of the prisoner and tried to reform
him by opposing all the things which were
natural to him, were as stupid as they were cruel.</p>
<p>Over the mess hall is the auditorium, large enough
for all, with two stairways so that the inmates from
cell blocks 3 and 4 may be separated from those in
cell blocks 1 and 2, and the connecting corridor has
been divided by mesh grilles, so that these two general
classifications which are very desirable may be
maintained.</p>
<h4>The Connecting Corridor</h4>
<p>The connecting corridor is not only advantageous
in permitting all portions of the institution to be
reached under cover, but has been very desirable as
a place of recreation for the prisoners. It will be
noted that it is cross ventilated by windows north
and south and that, with its extended southern exposure,
it makes a very satisfactory place for recreation
and exercise in bad weather when the men
cannot work outdoors. A signal advantage, too,
arising from this type of plan is that the cell blocks
on the second and third stories are lighted on all
four sides because of the one story height of the connecting
corridor. The cell blocks are not only closed
off from the connecting corridor by a glass partition,
but at each floor the corridor between the cells is
again closed off from the stair hall so as to make the
quarters for the men as quiet as possible. The intolerable
banging, rattling, and reverberation of the
usual steel cell in the huge modern cell block is one
of the chief things to be said against it.</p>
<p>It will be noticed that the institution as planned
resolves itself into three courts, all of which will be
kept in grass and planting and will look as little like
the usual prison enclosure as is possible to make
them through gardening means.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 141px;">
<a href="images/westchester-4.jpg"><img src="images/westchester-4-thumb.jpg" width="141" height="200" alt="" /></a>
<p class="caption">TYPICAL FLOOR PLANS OF CELL BLOCKS</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p>
<h4>Three Dominant Ideas</h4>
<p>In designing Westchester the dominant idea was
to accomplish three things: first, to create an institution
which would look as little like the conventional
jail as possible; second, to give each inmate
the privacy of a separate compartment; and third,
to build a county jail that, without giving much
more in appearance and accommodation than the
old type, should not exceed it in cost.</p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
<img src="images/westchester-5.jpg" width="700" height="303" alt="" />
<p class="caption">PLANS AND CELLS</p>
<p class="caption">ELEVATIONS OF CORRIDOR AND CELL</p>
</div>
<p>With the first idea in mind the bars to the windows
were all located on the inside of the sash, instead
of on the outside, so that this distinguishing
mark of the usual penal institution should be as
little evident as possible.</p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
<img src="images/westchester-6.jpg" width="700" height="373" alt="" />
<p class="caption">GROUND PLANS OF CORRIDORS AND CELLS</p>
</div>
<p>By a special dispensation of the New York State
Prison Commission permission was given to place
the bars six inches on centers instead of the usual
four and one-half inches on centers. The windows
were designed so that only three bars were necessary.
These are painted light in color, and consequently
offer much less obstruction to the light.
They are of tool-proof steel, and as the inmates are
all short-term men, the desire for escape is not so
great as in the longer term prisoner. At the time
this idea was developed the author would have
hesitated to put long-term men behind prison bars
which were so readily accessible to the ingenuity of
the accomplished crook, but he would not hesitate
to do so now.</p>
<p>In the cells a toilet has been placed where it will
be screened as much as possible, and the usual
prison seat has been arranged to close down over it
and conceal it almost entirely from view. The cell
walls have been painted a soft gray, and each cell
has a cot, a table and chair, a shelf and hook for the
prisoner’s clothes, and a wash-basin. The dining-room
has been furnished with very creditable looking
tables and chairs, and the floor paved with a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>
bright red tile, and the dull monotony of color usual
in a prison building has been avoided throughout
the institution.</p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
<img src="images/westchester-7.jpg" width="500" height="324" alt="" />
<p class="caption">RECREATION CORRIDOR LOOKING TOWARD CELL BLOCK</p>
</div>
<h4>The Outside Cell</h4>
<p>In designing the Westchester County Penitentiary
and Workhouse, the second ambition realized by the
author was to give each prisoner an outside cell.
When the plan was first developed, three years ago,
the outside cell was much more a matter of controversy
than it is at the present time. The inside
cell of the American prison is a type peculiar to this
country, and its design is based on the principle that
the prisoner is to be retained above every other consideration.
Consequently our jails have been designed
with what has come to be known as “interior
cells,” that is, the cells are placed not against the
outside walls, but in the center of the building, back
to back, separated by a passageway from three to
four feet in width, referred to as a utility corridor, in
which all the plumbing and ventilating pipes are
placed. The space between the outside of the building
and the front of the cells is frequently divided by
a steel grille forming two long corridors, the outside
corridor being called the guards’ corridor, and the
inside corridor, next to the cells, the prisoners’ corridor.
The object of this division was to protect the
guard from the prisoner, for this system is devised
on the theory that every jail building must be constructed
on the basis of making it safe for the worst
possible criminal which might ever get into it. Indeed,
every once in a while a guard is killed by a
prisoner; but so every once in a while a man is
killed crossing the street, but this does not mean
that our streets are unsafe, if reasonable care is observed
in traversing them.</p>
<h4>Light, Heat, and Ventilation</h4>
<p>Placing the cells in the center of the cell block
makes it possible to fill the outside wall with windows—in
fact, a proportion of light area which
came to be established was that the outside wall
should be 50 per cent glass. The radiation was
placed between the windows, which open like
louvres, and with an exhaust fan in the top of the
utility corridor it was possible to draw the warm
fresh air through the cell to the roof, thereby obtaining
very satisfactory results in heating and ventilation.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 328px;">
<img src="images/westchester-8.jpg" width="328" height="500" alt="" />
<p class="caption">STAIR HALL, ADMINISTRATION BUILDING</p>
</div>
<p>While a good deal may be said for such a prison
from the standpoint of its mechanical heating and
ventilation, from the standpoint of the welfare of
the prisoner hardly too much can be said against it.
The great disadvantages of the cage type of cell
are the complete loss of all privacy to the inmate,
the inhuman and grotesque appearance which it
gives to his confinement, and the difficulty of providing
really adequate segregation and classification.
Important prisons like the Great Meadow
Prison of New York State and the prison at Stillwater,
Minn., both of which are renowned for enlightened
and efficient administration, have this inside
cell arrangement. These prisons, however,
were constructed when very little was known of the
outside cell construction, and many practical prison
men were largely against its adoption.</p>
<p>There is really no place in this country where it is
possible to study adequately the outside cell, long
advocated by our more progressive penologists, so
that the author made a tour of Continental prisons
for the sole purpose of discovering wherein lay their
advantage and how they should be designed to
make them suitable to this country and climate.</p>
<h4>Continental Construction</h4>
<p>In the Continental prison the chief difficulty with
the outside cell is found in its ventilation. In England
the windows are intentionally made loose fitting
so that they cannot lie entirely closed. Where
it is possible to close the windows tightly, insufficient
ventilation invariably results during cold
weather because the great majority of prisoners
seem to shun fresh air and invariably keep their
windows shut.</p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 333px;">
<img src="images/westchester-9.jpg" width="333" height="500" alt="" />
<p class="caption">VIEW OF MESS HALL FROM CORRIDOR</p>
</div>
<p>Two methods are in use abroad for ventilating the
outside cell, but neither is adequate. The English
way is to build in the front wall of the cell a panel
of special bricks which are made with diagonal or
curved openings which will let the air through, but
which will not permit the prisoner to see through.
This arrangement is intended to ventilate the cell
into the central corridor; but the central corridor is
usually quite as much in need of ventilation as the
cell itself. In the majority of English prisons the
cell blocks are four tiers high, the cells being on the
outside walls reached by galleries with the central
corridor running clear through from main floor to
roof. This is always bad, as such interior spaces<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span>
can only be lighted and ventilated through the roof;
and while overhead lighting is always questionable,
overhead ventilation is still more so. This condition
is made worse as the cell block increases in
length, and some of them, as at Pentonville, I think,
are 175 feet long. This method of reaching the cells
from galleries came about as a means of facilitating
supervision, for the guard standing on the main
floor has a view of all the inmates as they come out
of their cells. As a matter of fact, the top galleries
have very little supervision owing to their distance
from the guard’s station. Better supervision is had
and better discipline maintained when the cell floors
run through, for then a guard may always be on the
same floor with the prisoner. This arrangement also
makes for better classification and greater quiet
throughout the cell block.</p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 333px;">
<img src="images/westchester-10.jpg" width="333" height="500" alt="" />
<p class="caption">CELL BLOCK CORRIDOR</p>
</div>
<p>On the Continent, and in some of the older English
prisons, the cells are ventilated by ducts or
flues built in the walls, each cell with its separate
flue, the registers of which are sometimes controlled
by the guard from the corridor, but usually by the
prisoner from the cell. The results of this method
of ventilation, however, did not seem satisfactory to
the author on the chilly February days when he was
in Holland and Germany, for without exception he
found the cell windows shut, in spite of the prison
rules requiring that the prisoner shall always keep
his window open.</p>
<p>Apart from this one point of ventilation, to the
mind of the most casual visitor there can be no
question that there is a great advantage in the privacy
afforded by the outside cell. The doors are
closed and the discipline and quiet of the prison are
perfect. There are no cat calls through the night,
nor is there the intolerable argument and vile language
which are continually bandied back and forth
in many American prisons, and particularly in our
miserable county jails. This one thing, the lack of
privacy, if there were no other, should condemn the
inside cell system for all time. There is nothing in
the suggestion frequently made that the outside cell
is another name for solitary confinement, except
where such a system is intentionally carried out, as
formerly was the practice.</p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 275px;">
<img src="images/westchester-11.jpg" width="275" height="500" alt="" />
<p class="caption">TYPICAL CELL</p>
</div>
<p>As our modern prisons are administered, the men
are fed in a general mess hall and not in the cell, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span>
with the work on the farm and in the shops, and in
the freedom which is now permitted in the recreation
periods, there is not the slightest reason to feel
that the inmate has anything to endure in the outside
cell at all comparable to solitary confinement.</p>
<p>In New York State the regulations of the State
Commission of Prisons are very precise on one point,
and that is that each cell must have a toilet and a
wash-basin. At Westchester vertical shafts were
constructed between each pair of cells to contain all
the plumbing pipes for those fixtures. The basins
are designed so that the prisoner may drink from
the flow of water, which is from the outside of the
bowl rather than the wall side, thereby doing away
with the necessity of a cup. The closet is suspended,
fastened to the wall and not the floor, and equipped
with a vent connected to galvanized pipes and ducts
which are controlled by an exhaust fan, there being
one fan for each cell block. This is a simple and
effective way of providing against the prisoner’s
habit of closing his window in the winter. The
toilet has been placed behind the wall of the utility
duct and is screened in that position. In the usual
type of the inside cell block the closet is placed
squarely in front of the door, with no screen whatever,
and no effort seems to have been made to give
it any privacy.</p>
<h4>Ventilation by Cell Doors</h4>
<p>The cell doors operate on an automatic device,
with which it is possible to open all the doors
at once, or each one individually. The author’s
contribution to this device was that they could
also be locked five inches open. In this way it
is possible in warm weather to ventilate the cell
into the central corridor; which in turn is ventilated
at each end by accessible windows across its
entire width. It is true that the prisoners can look
out through the five-inch opening and communicate
with one another across the corridor; but if this
privilege is abused, the door can be closed separately
and the offending inmate may be disciplined without
affecting the comfort of the others. In the new
cell block at the Eastern Penitentiary at Philadelphia
the cells have been equipped with two doors—one
of solid wood and the other an iron grating. In
warm weather the grating only is used, and if a
prisoner becomes unruly or noisy, the wooden door
is closed. The upper portions of the doors at Westchester
are glazed, as they always should be, because
it is necessary for the guard at all times to see
if the prisoner is in his cell.</p>
<p>Almost the whole problem of the outside cell lies
of course in the window. Our climate is such in
summer that it would be almost inhuman to put a
man in a cell and shut the door without providing
adequate window area. The English cell with its
small window opening would be intolerable here. So
would those in the Holland and German prisons,
where the windows are hinged at the bottom and
open at the top. The Westchester windows are steel
sash of the usual casement type except that they
are pivoted top and bottom 4 inches from the jamb.
This enables the window to be readily cleaned on
each side. The window opens at right angles to the
wall, and the opening is entirely adequate for our
weather conditions, the window being two feet wide
and four feet high. The adjuster is a commercial
type, and will keep the window open at 90 degrees,
45 degrees, and about 15 degrees.</p>
<hr class="chap" />
<h2><a name="Proposed_Plans_of_the_Detroit_House_of" id="Proposed_Plans_of_the_Detroit_House_of"></a>Proposed Plans of the Detroit House of
Correction</h2>
<p class="center"><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">Albert Kahn</span>, <i>Architect</i></p>
<p class="dropcap">The plan of the new Detroit House of Correction
is the result of a careful survey of the
most recently designed penological institutions
and the assembling of what was considered
best about them, adding such features as seemed
desirable to the Hoard of Commissioners and its
architect.</p>
<h4>Correlation of Divisions</h4>
<p>Foremost in the general scheme is the proper
correlation of the various divisions, for administration,
the admission, care, and education of
prisoners; the workshops and recreation courts.
With all, the idea of preserving the prisoner’s self-respect
as far as possible and impressing him with
the idea that while he must receive deserved punishment,
every chance of rehabilitation is offered him.</p>
<p>A study of the plans will reveal the fact that the
center wing houses, the administration offices, the
receiving rooms for prisoners, the social service
offices, and all departments general to the institution,
such as visitors’ rooms, commissary rooms,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span>
main dining-room, kitchen, main auditorium,
chapel, hospital wards, educational rooms, and
library. Thus located, they are close to the administrative
center and make for easy supervision.</p>
<h4>Ten Cell Blocks</h4>
<p>On both sides of the central wing are placed the
cell blocks, connected by a corridor wide enough to
serve as recreation space. By this arrangement
privacy is assured the prisoners and freedom from
the gaze of visitors to the more public departments
of the institution. Ten cell blocks, five on each
side, and each three stories high, afford opportunity
for the segregation of prisoners, which is so
essential. General baths and barber-shops are
placed in the center of each group. The cell blocks
in the main are of the outside type, though for the
most hardened prisoners and for punishment some
inside cells are provided. The floors, however, are
entirely separated, the regulation cell block being
avoided.</p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 182px;">
<a href="images/detroit-1.jpg"><img src="images/detroit-1-thumb.jpg" width="182" height="200" alt="" /></a>
<p class="caption">FIRST FLOOR PLAN</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p>
<p>The prisoners enter by a private drive, and
through one of the exterior courts, into the receiving
room, which is adjacent to the social service
offices and close to the administrative offices.</p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 182px;">
<a href="images/detroit-2.jpg"><img src="images/detroit-2-thumb.jpg" width="182" height="200" alt="" /></a>
<p class="caption">SECOND FLOOR PLAN</p>
</div>
<p>The kitchen and main dining-room occupy the
extreme south end of the center wing, and the
latter is accessible to the prisoners without traversing
the more public corridors. Directly above the
dining-room is placed the auditorium, with a stage,
all equally accessible to the prisoners. Opposite
the auditorium is the chapel. The second floor of
the administration building is given over to the
hospital, dispensary, etc.; the third floor to classrooms
and library; also quarters for guards.</p>
<h4>A Modern Factory</h4>
<p>The Industrial Building forms the south group.
It is planned along the line of modern factory construction,
with concrete floors and ample daylight.
It is arranged for progressive woodworking, the
raw material being received at one point, passing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>
through the machines to the other end of the plant,
then up to the second floor, and back to the shipping-room
adjoining the receiving-room. Dry kilns
of the most approved type and proper trackage for
railway shipment are provided; also a garage for
trucks and a machine shop.</p>
<p>The power and heating plant is located on the
center axis north of the Industrial Building. The
general laundry adjoins the heating plant. On the
second floor of this building the gymnasium is placed.
This building divides the open space into two
courts for the recreation of the two classes of prisoners.
Each court is adequate, in size for baseball and
other games. The ground occupied rises considerably
to the north, whereby opportunity is offered to
keep the recreation courts fully 12 feet below the
first floor level, and for a full basement, which affords
ample and well-lighted space for the Commissary
Department, tailor shop, shoe shop, and
other shops and store-rooms of all kinds.</p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 183px;">
<a href="images/detroit-3.jpg"><img src="images/detroit-3-thumb.jpg" width="183" height="200" alt="" /></a>
<p class="caption">THIRD FLOOR PLAN</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p>
<h4>Prison Walls Obviated</h4>
<p>As will be noted, save for a short connecting
wall, the buildings themselves form the enclosure
of the courts, whereby forbidding walls
are obviated.</p>
<p>The buildings throughout will be fireproof constructed,
in the main of reinforced concrete, and
faced on the exterior with tapestry brick. Spanish
tile will be used for the roof of the center building.
Such trimmings as occur will be of Bedford limestone.
The exterior is treated in the character of
Lombard brick architecture, which style lends itself
particularly well to the problem. All ostentation
has been avoided and architectural effect has been
sought in the general grouping and proportions
rather than in the ornamentation; nevertheless, the
psychology of attractive buildings has not been
overlooked.</p>
<p>Particular attention will be paid to the proper
setting of the buildings and to the planting of trees
and shrubs about them. Placed a considerable distance
back from the main road, and partially concealed
by trees and the undulating land, a certain
degree of privacy desired by the Board will be
secured.</p>
<p>The aim of the Board and its architect throughout
has been to produce a group of buildings economical
in construction and maintenance, though attractive
and sanitary, and easy of supervision, while assuring
the prisoners privacy and comfort. Through proper
surroundings it is hoped to strengthen their manhood.</p>
<hr class="chap" />
<h2><a name="Reception_Cottage" id="Reception_Cottage"></a>Reception Cottage at the Hawthorne School<br />
<span class="smaller">(for Delinquent Boys)</span></h2>
<p class="center">Maintained by the Board of Jewish Guardians at Hawthorne, New York</p>
<p class="center"><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">Hastings H. Hart</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
<img src="images/hawthorne-1.jpg" width="500" height="305" alt="" />
<p class="caption">HAWTHORNE SCHOOL, HAWTHORNE, N. Y.</p>
<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Reception Cottage</span></p>
<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Harry Allan Jacobs</span>, <i>Architect</i></p>
</div>
<p class="dropcap">The Receiving Cottage of the Hawthorne
School is an admirable example of a dormitory
cottage for boys. We present herewith a
photograph of the exterior, together with the first-and
second-story plans.</p>
<p>The hall on the first floor terminates at one end of
the house in the living-room, and at the other end
in the dining-room, economizing space. The living-room
has windows on three sides, and has an attractive
fireplace. The dining-room at the opposite end
of the cottage has also windows on three sides. The
kitchen is so arranged as to give cross ventilation,
both east and west and north and south, in hot
weather. The first floor has also a small sewing
room, with suitable storage.</p>
<p>On the second floor there are two dormitories,
each containing 10 beds. Each dormitory is connected
with shower bath, toilet, and locker room, so
arranged that the day clothing of the boys is locked
up at night. The second floor contains a commodious
room for the matron, with bath and a room for
a monitor.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
<img src="images/hawthorne-2.jpg" width="700" height="396" alt="" />
<p class="caption">RECEPTION COTTAGE—FIRST FLOOR PLAN</p>
</div>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
<img src="images/hawthorne-3.jpg" width="700" height="350" alt="" />
<p class="caption">RECEPTION COTTAGE—SECOND FLOOR PLAN</p>
</div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p>
<p>The arrangement of the cottage is such that there
is not an inch of waste space and its appearance outside
and inside is very attractive. The building is
thoroughly well constructed, with excellent hardwood
floors which are maintained in perfect condition
after five years’ use.</p>
<p>The Hawthorne School has developed by the
process of evolution, which has produced four types
of cottages, each new one presenting improvements
upon its predecessors. It illustrates the advantage
of building institutions by successive steps in order
to profit by experience.</p>
<hr class="chap" />
<h2><a name="One-Story_Cottage" id="One-Story_Cottage"></a>One-Story Cottage at the Thorn Hill School<br />
<span class="smaller">(for Delinquent Boys)</span></h2>
<p class="center"><i>By</i> <span class="smcap">Hastings H. Hart</span></p>
<p class="dropcap">The Thorn Hill School is an institution for
delinquent boys maintained by Allegheny
County, Pennsylvania, and located at Thorn
Hill, 20 miles north of Pittsburgh. When the school
was instituted, in 1911, on the advice of the writer,
two wooden shacks, without basements, with a
capacity of 24 boys each, were built for temporary
use. These buildings were well constructed, with
floors of southern pine and were ceiled with southern
pine, and equipped with good plumbing.</p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;">
<a href="images/hawthorne-4.jpg"><img src="images/hawthorne-4-thumb.jpg" width="200" height="198" alt="" /></a>
<p class="caption">ONE-STORY COTTAGE—FLOOR PLAN</p>
</div>
<p>Soon after some excellent two-story brick cottages
of modern construction were built. The superintendent
said to one of the house fathers: “You
have done so well in this temporary cottage that we
intend to give you one of the new cottages.” The
house father replied that he and his wife would prefer<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>
to remain in the one-story cottage. This preference
led to a study which resulted in the construction
of three one-story brick cottages, two of which
had a small basement under a part of the building,
and the other had no excavation. The first two
one-story cottages were planned by Mr. T. E.
Billquist, architect, and have been in satisfactory
use for a number of years.</p>
<p>The writer said to one of the cottage matrons:
“You have worked in a one-story cottage and in a
two-story cottage: which do you prefer?” She replied:
“The one-story cottage is greatly to be
preferred. The matrons in the two-story cottages
are tired to death climbing up and down stairs.
When they are upstairs, the boys are doing mischief
on the first floor, and vice versa. But I can
stand in the door of my room and can see the
kitchen, the dining-room, the living-room, the
porch, the dormitory, and the locker room, and it
makes the work very much easier.”</p>
<p>We submit a photograph of the exterior and
floor plan of a one-story cottage, which was built
without any excavation. Heat was supplied by
natural gas, which simplified the problem. The
dormitory contained 20 beds and was readily
overlooked from the adjoining room of the house
father. The foundation and the floor were of
concrete, and the superstructure of brick. A large
part of the work of construction was done by the
boys.</p>
<p>In the first two cottages small basements contain
heating apparatus, lavatories, and playroom for
stormy weather. All of these one-story cottages are
attractive in appearance inside and out. The temporary
one-story “shacks,” built in 1911, are still in
use. They cost only $4,000 each.</p>
<p>The one-story plan is gradually coming into favor.
At Mooseheart, the great institution for dependent
children, maintained by the Loyal Order of Moose,
they have adopted as a standard cottage unit a one-story
cottage for 16 children, with two dormitories
containing eight beds each.</p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
<img src="images/thornhill.jpg" width="500" height="268" alt="" />
<p class="caption">THORN HILL SCHOOL, WARRENDALE, PENN.—ONE-STORY COTTAGE</p>
<p class="caption">Designed by <span class="smcap">Franklin H. Briggs</span>, <i>Superintendent</i></p>
</div>
<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 48809 ***</div>
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