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+Project Gutenberg's Pioneer Imprints From Fifty States, by Roger J. Trienens
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
+other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
+the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
+to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
+
+
+
+Title: Pioneer Imprints From Fifty States
+
+Author: Roger J. Trienens
+
+Release Date: April 26, 2015 [EBook #48794]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PIONEER IMPRINTS FROM FIFTY STATES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Diane Monico, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PIONEER
+IMPRINTS
+FROM FIFTY STATES
+
+
+BY ROGER J. TRIENENS
+
+_Descriptive Cataloging Division, Processing Department_
+
+
+LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
+WASHINGTON
+1973
+
+
+
+
+Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
+
+Trienens, Roger J.
+Pioneer imprints from fifty States.
+
+Includes bibliographical references.
+1. Printing--History--United States. 2. United
+States. Library of Congress. 3. Bibliography--Early
+printed books. I. United States. Library
+of Congress. II. Title.
+
+Z208.T75      686.2'0973      72-10069
+ISBN 0-84444-0038-6
+
+
+COVER: _A standard tray (case) of type. Frequency of a letter's use
+determined the size and position of the letter compartment._
+
+
+For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
+Office Washington, D.C. 20402.--Price $4.25
+Stock Number 3000-0059
+
+
+
+
+Preface
+
+
+_Pioneer Imprints From Fifty States_ will enable readers to view the
+Library of Congress collections from an unaccustomed angle. It takes
+for its subject the Library's earliest examples of printing from
+within present-day boundaries of each State in the Union, providing
+for each in turn 1) a brief statement about the origin of printing;
+2) identification of the Library's earliest examples--among them
+broadsides, newspapers, individual laws, almanacs, primers, and longer
+works; and 3) information, if available, about the provenance of these
+rarities.
+
+Each of the 50 sections may be consulted independently. To those who
+read it through, however, _Pioneer Imprints_ will give some idea of
+the movement of printers and presses across the Nation, as well as
+insight into the nature and history of the Library's holdings.
+
+The author wishes to express his indebtedness to Frederick R. Goff,
+Chief of the Library of Congress Rare Book Division from 1945 to 1972,
+who has been constantly helpful and encouraging; to Thomas R. Adams,
+Librarian of the John Carter Brown Library, Providence, R.I., who read
+the first 13 sections before their publication under the title "The
+Library's Earliest Colonial Imprints" in the _Quarterly Journal of
+the Library of Congress_ for July 1967; and to Marcus A. McCorison,
+Director and Librarian of the American Antiquarian Society, Worcester,
+Mass., who read the manuscript of the later sections. These scholars
+cannot, of course, be held responsible for any errors or faults in
+this bibliographical investigation. The author's indebtedness to
+printed sources is revealed to some extent by notes appearing at the
+end of each section. He is obliged for much of his information to the
+staffs of the Library of Congress, the National Archives, and the
+Smithsonian Institution, as well as to the following correspondents:
+Alfred L. Bush, Curator, Princeton Collections of Western Americana,
+Princeton University Library; G. Glenn Clift, Assistant Director,
+Kentucky Historical Society; James H. Dowdy, Archivist, St. Mary's
+Seminary, Baltimore; Caroline Dunn, Librarian, William Henry Smith
+Memorial Library, Indianapolis; Joyce Eakin, Librarian, U.S. Army
+Military History Research Collection, Carlisle Barracks, Pa.; Arthur
+Perrault, Librarian, Advocates' Library, Montreal; P. W. Filby,
+Librarian, Maryland Historical Society; Lilla M. Hawes, Director,
+Georgia Historical Society; Earl E. Olson, Assistant Church Historian,
+the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Salt Lake City; and
+Frank S. Richards, Piedmont, Calif.
+
+
+
+
+Contents
+
+
+ _1 Massachusetts_
+
+ _3 Virginia_
+
+ _4 Maryland_
+
+ _5 Pennsylvania_
+
+ _6 New York_
+
+ _8 Connecticut_
+
+_10 New Jersey_
+
+_12 Rhode Island_
+
+_14 South Carolina_
+
+_16 North Carolina_
+
+_18 New Hampshire_
+
+_20 Delaware_
+
+_21 Georgia_
+
+_23 Louisiana_
+
+_25 Vermont_
+
+_27 Florida_
+
+_29 Maine_
+
+_30 Kentucky_
+
+_32 West Virginia_
+
+_34 Tennessee_
+
+_36 Ohio_
+
+_38 Michigan_
+
+_39 Mississippi_
+
+_41 Indiana_
+
+_43 Alabama_
+
+_44 Missouri_
+
+_46 Texas_
+
+_48 Illinois_
+
+_50 Arkansas_
+
+_52 Hawaii_
+
+_53 Wisconsin_
+
+_54 California_
+
+_56 Kansas_
+
+_58 New Mexico_
+
+_60 Oklahoma_
+
+_61 Iowa_
+
+_63 Idaho_
+
+_64 Oregon_
+
+_66 Utah_
+
+_68 Minnesota_
+
+_70 Washington_
+
+_72 Nebraska_
+
+_74 South Dakota_
+
+_76 Nevada_
+
+_78 Arizona_
+
+_80 Colorado_
+
+_82 Wyoming_
+
+_83 Montana_
+
+_85 North Dakota_
+
+_86 Alaska_
+
+
+
+
+PIONEER IMPRINTS
+
+
+[Illustration: _The Lapwai press, brought to Idaho in 1839 to produce
+the first book printed in the Northwest--an Indian primer. Courtesy of
+the Oregon Historical Society. See page 63._]
+
+
+
+
+Massachusetts
+
+
+Stephen Daye, the first printer of English-speaking North America,
+established his press at Cambridge late in 1638 or early in 1639
+and printed the famed _Bay Psalm Book_ there in 1640. This volume
+of 295 pages is the first substantial book and the earliest extant
+example of printing from what is now the United States. Mrs. Adrian
+Van Sinderen of Washington, Conn., deposited an original copy of the
+_Bay Psalm Book_ in the Library of Congress at a formal ceremony held
+in the Librarian's Office on May 2, 1966. Mrs. Van Sinderen retained
+ownership of the book during her lifetime; it became the Library's
+property upon her death, April 29, 1968.
+
+The book is properly entitled _The Whole Booke of Psalmes Faithfully
+Translated into English Metre_. Of 11 extant copies this was the last
+in private hands, and it filled the most serious single gap in the
+Library's collection of early American printing. It is an imperfect
+copy, lacking its title page and 18 leaves. Bound in calfskin, it is
+one of the five copies in an original binding.
+
+Zolt�n Haraszti's authoritative study _The Enigma of the Bay Psalm
+Book_ (Chicago, 1956) includes information about all the surviving
+copies. Mrs. Van Sinderen's copy was one of five that were collected
+by scholarly Thomas Prince of Boston (1687-1758), who bequeathed his
+extensive library to Old South Church. It was from the church that the
+Cambridge wool merchant and Bible collector George Livermore obtained
+it in 1849. By an exchange agreement between Livermore and the
+prominent bookseller Henry Stevens, 12 leaves were removed from the
+volume to complete another copy, which Stevens sold to James Lenox in
+1855 and which now belongs to the New York Public Library. Livermore's
+collection, deposited at Harvard after his death, was auctioned in
+1894 in Boston, his _Bay Psalm Book_ realizing $425 and going to Mrs.
+Van Sinderen's father, Alfred Tredway White of Brooklyn.
+
+[Illustration: (Richard Mather's _The Summe of Certain Sermons upon
+Genes: 15.6_, printed at Cambridge in 1652)]
+
+Before 1966 the earliest Massachusetts imprint, as well as the
+earliest imprint of the Nation, in the Library was Richard Mather's
+_The Summe of Certain Sermons upon Genes: 15.6_, printed at Cambridge
+in 1652. Its author was the progenitor of the powerful Mather family
+of New England divines, and he was among the translators contributing
+to the _Bay Psalm Book_. Its printer, Samuel Green, operated the first
+Massachusetts printing press after Stephen Daye's son Matthew died in
+1649, Stephen having retired from the press in 1647. Mather's book
+contains his revised notes for sermons preached at Dorchester.
+
+[Illustration: (_Bay Psalm Book_)]
+
+The Library of Congress copy--one of four extant--is inscribed by an
+early hand, "James Blake his Booke." In the mid-19th century this
+copy apparently came into the possession of Henry Stevens, whereupon
+it was bound in full morocco by Francis Bedford at London; and it
+presumably belonged to the extensive collection of Mather family books
+that Stevens sold in 1866 to George Brinley, of Hartford, Conn.[1] The
+Library of Congress obtained the volume with a $90 bid at the first
+sale of Brinley's great library of Americana, held at New York in
+March 1879.
+
+[Footnote 1: See Wyman W. Parker, _Henry Stevens of Vermont_
+(Amsterdam, 1963), p. 267-268.]
+
+
+
+
+Virginia
+
+
+[Illustration: (_A Collection of All the Acts of Assembly Now in
+Force, in the Colony of Virginia_ (1733) printed by William Parks)]
+
+A press that William Nuthead started at Jamestown in 1682 was quickly
+suppressed, and nothing of its output has survived. It was William
+Parks who established at Williamsburg in 1730 Virginia's first
+permanent press. Here Parks issued the earliest Virginia imprint now
+represented in the Library of Congress: _A Collection of All the
+Acts of Assembly Now in Force, in the Colony of Virginia_ (1733).
+Printing of this book may have begun as early as 1730. In a monograph
+on William Parks, Lawrence C. Wroth cites evidence "in the form of
+a passage from Markland's _Typographia_, which indicates that its
+printing was one of the first things undertaken after Parks had set up
+his Williamsburg press."[2]
+
+Two Library of Congress copies of this imposing folio--one of them
+seriously defective--are housed in the Law Library; while yet
+another copy, which is especially prized, is kept with the Jefferson
+Collection in the Rare Book Division since it belonged to the library
+which Thomas Jefferson sold to the Congress in 1815.[3] The 1815
+bookplate of the Library of Congress is preserved in this rebound
+copy, and Jefferson's secret mark of ownership can be seen--his
+addition of his other initial to printed signatures I and T. A
+previous owner wrote "Robert [?] Lewis law Book" on a flyleaf at the
+end, following later acts bound into the volume and extending through
+the year 1742. He may well have been the same Robert Lewis (1702-65)
+who served in the House of Burgesses from 1744 to 1746.[4]
+
+The Library possesses the only known copy of another early Virginia
+imprint bearing the same date: Charles Leslie's _A Short and Easy
+Method with the Deists. The Fifth Edition_.... Printed and sold by
+William Parks, at his Printing-Offices, in Williamsburg and Annapolis,
+1733. Inasmuch as an advertisement for this publication in the
+_Maryland Gazette_ for May 17-24, 1734, is headed "Lately Publish'd,"
+it was most likely printed early in 1734 but dated old style, and so
+it probably followed the publication of the _Acts of Assembly_. The
+Library purchased the unique copy for $8 at the second Brinley sale,
+held in March 1880.
+
+[Footnote 2: _William Parks, Printer and Journalist of England and
+Colonial America_ (Richmond, 1926), p. 15.]
+
+[Footnote 3: No. 1833 in U.S. Library of Congress, _Catalogue of the
+Library of Thomas Jefferson, Compiled with Annotations by E. Millicent
+Sowerby_ (Washington, 1952-59).]
+
+[Footnote 4: See Sarah Travers Lewis (Scott) Anderson's _Lewises,
+Meriwethers and Their Kin_ (Richmond, 1938), p. 61-62.]
+
+
+
+
+Maryland
+
+
+After departing from Virginia, William Nuthead set up the first
+Maryland press at St. Mary's City sometime before August 31, 1685.
+This press continued in operation until a few years after Nuthead's
+widow removed it to Annapolis about 1695; yet nothing more survives
+from it than a single broadside and some printed blank forms.
+
+In 1700 Thomas Reading began to operate a second press at Annapolis,
+and his output in that year included a collection of laws which is the
+earliest Maryland imprint now represented in the Library of Congress.
+Since the Library's is the only extant copy, it is particularly
+regrettable that its title page and considerable portions of the text
+are lacking. Catalogers have supplied it with the title: _A Complete
+Body of the Laws of Maryland_.[5]
+
+The copy was formerly in the possession of the lawyer and diplomat
+John Bozman Kerr (1809-78). It might not have survived to this day
+were it not for his awareness of its importance, as shown in his
+flyleaf inscription:
+
+     ? would this have been printed in M^d at so early a
+     period as 1700--in M^d or elsewhere in the Colonies--It
+     is dedicated to Mr Wm Bladen father, it is presumed, of
+     Gov^r Tho^s Bladen, of whom _Pope_, the Poet, speaks so
+     harshly--Having given much attention to M^d History I know
+     no book--calculated to throw more light upon _manners_ &
+     _customs_ than this printed copy of the body of M^d Law
+     in 1700--The language of the early acts of assembly was
+     much modified in 1715 & 1722--_Here_ the Exact words are
+     preserved as in the original acts--Unless in some old
+     collection in England, five thousand dollars would not
+     procure a like copy--Many years ago there was Extant, in
+     MS, in Charles Co Court records, as I have been told, a
+     similar collection--This _printed_ copy is "the schedule
+     annexed to 1699. c 46 & the act of 1700. c 8--
+
+     Sept 22^d 1858
+
+          John Bozman Kerr--of Easton, M^d
+          Law Office, no. 30. St. Pauls St. Balt^o
+
+William Bladen, to whom the book is dedicated, was then clerk of the
+Upper House and had been instrumental in bringing Thomas Reading to
+Maryland. In fact, the records indicate that he assumed the role of
+publisher. If John Bozman Kerr had had access to the proceedings of
+the Lower House for the year 1700, he would have been most interested
+to find there Bladen's written proposal:
+
+     That if the house are desirous the body of Laws should be
+     printed soe that every person might easily have them in
+     their houses without being troubled to goe to the County
+     Court house to have recourse thereto.
+
+     That the house made [sic] an Order for printeing thereof
+     and that every County be Oblidged to take one faire Coppy
+     endorsed and Titled to be bound up handsomely and that for
+     the encouragement of the undertaker each County pay him
+     therefore 2000^{lbs} of Tob^o upon delivery the said booke
+     of Laws....
+
+This was approved on May 9.[6] The printing was not wholly
+satisfactory, for on May 17 of the next year an errata list was
+ordered printed.[7]
+
+[Illustration: _John Bozman Kerr_, _from_ Genealogical Notes of the
+Chamberlaine Family of Maryland (_Baltimore, 1880_).]
+
+[Footnote 5: It is no. 7 in Lawrence C. Wroth's _A History of Printing
+in Colonial Maryland_ (Baltimore, 1922). Besides listing it in his
+bibliography, Wroth discusses the book at length on p. 22-26.]
+
+[Footnote 6: _Archives of Maryland_, vol. 24 (1904), p. 83-84.]
+
+[Footnote 7: Ibid., p. 198.]
+
+
+
+
+Pennsylvania
+
+
+Like William Nuthead, William Bradford introduced printing in more
+than one Colony, and he began his American career by establishing
+the first Pennsylvania press at Philadelphia in 1685. Here that same
+year he printed _Good Order Established in Pennsilvania & New-Jersey
+in America_, the earliest Pennsylvania imprint in the Library of
+Congress and the second known example of Bradford's press. The author,
+Thomas Budd, was a successful Quaker immigrant, who settled first
+at Burlington, N.J., and later at Philadelphia. He intended his
+description of the two Colonies to stimulate further immigration, and
+he printed this statement on the title page verso:
+
+     It is to be noted, that the Government of these Countries
+     is so settled by Concessions, and such care taken by the
+     establishment of certain fundamental Laws, by which every
+     Man's Liberty and Property, both as Men and Christians, are
+     preserved; so that none shall be hurt in his Person, Estate
+     or Liberty for his Religious Perswasion or Practice in
+     Worship towards God.
+
+Because neither place nor printer is named in the book, it was long
+thought to have been printed at London, but typographical comparisons
+made during the latter part of the 19th century demonstrated
+conclusively that it issued from William Bradford's press.
+
+[Illustration: _The 19th-century bookseller Henry Stevens._]
+
+The Library of Congress copy was bound at London by William Pratt for
+the bookseller Henry Stevens. F. J. Shepard traces this much of its
+later provenance in his introduction to a reprint issued in Cleveland
+in 1902:
+
+     A copy in full levant morocco, by Pratt, belonging to John
+     A. Rice of Chicago, was sold in March, 1870, to Sabin &
+     Sons for $155. The same copy fetched $150 at the sale of
+     the library of William Menzies of New York (1875),[8]
+     when it was described in Sabin's catalogue as "one of the
+     rarest of books relating to Pennsylvania." It was again,
+     presumably, the same copy which at the sale in New York of
+     S. L. M. Barlow's books in 1889 brought $400, although it
+     was still incorrectly described as printed in London. After
+     passing through the hands of two dealers and one collector,
+     it reached Dodd, Mead & Co., who advertised it in their
+     November, 1900, catalogue for $700, and sold it at that
+     price to a private collector whose name is not given.
+
+The copy was among several Americana from the library of C. H.
+Chubbock, a Boston collector,[9] which were sold at auction by C. F.
+Libbie & Co. on February 23 and 24, 1904, the Library of Congress
+obtaining it for $600.
+
+[Footnote 8: Sabin's catalog is dated 1875, but the sale did not occur
+until November 1876.]
+
+[Footnote 9: See _American Book-Prices Current_, vol. 10 (1904), p.
+vii.]
+
+
+
+
+New York
+
+
+William Bradford moved from Pennsylvania to New York in the spring
+of 1693, but what was the first product of his New York press has
+not been established.[10] The Library of Congress owns two Bradford
+imprints from this period, neither containing any indication of the
+place of publication. Nevertheless, both are listed in Wilberforce
+Eames' bibliography of early New York imprints.[11] One of them,
+entitled _New-England's Spirit of Persecution Transmitted to
+Pennsilvania, and the Pretended Quaker Found Persecuting the True
+Christian-Quaker, in the Tryal of Peter Boss, George Keith, Thomas
+Budd, and William Bradford, at the Sessions Held at Philadelphia the
+Nineth, Tenth and Twelfth Days of December, 1692. Giving an Account of
+the Most Arbitrary Procedure of That Court_, has been conjectured to
+be the first New York imprint (Eames 1). Eames states that the work
+"seems to be the joint production of George Keith and Thomas Budd,
+including Bradford's own account of the trial. As it mentions the
+next Court Session of March, 1693, it could hardly have been printed
+before May...." He confesses that Bradford may have printed it at
+Philadelphia. The Library of Congress purchased its copy--one of six
+recorded in the National Union Catalog--for $50 at the November 1876
+auction of the library of Americana formed by a New York collector,
+William Menzies.
+
+The other Bradford imprint conjecturally assigned to New York
+is Governor Benjamin Fletcher's proclamation of April 29, 1693,
+prohibiting "the _Breaking of the LORDS DAY_, all _Prophane Swearing,
+Cursing, Drunkenness, Idleness_ and _unlawful Gaming_, and all manner
+of _Prophaneness_ whatsoever" (Eames 9). Eames gives no reason why
+this broadside should be listed as a later imprint. An eminent New
+Yorker, Stuyvesant Fish, presented the unique copy to the Library of
+Congress in 1915 and in an accompanying letter to the Librarian told
+how it had come into his possession:
+
+     The broadside now sent you was given me by Mrs. Fish's
+     mother, the late Mrs. William Henry Anthon, with the
+     statement that she had found it among the papers left by
+     her brother-in-law, Professor Charles Edward Anthon (b.
+     Dec. 6, 1823; d. June 7, 1885). The latter was much given
+     to collecting coins, manuscripts, &c., but no effort of
+     mine has enabled me to learn where, when or how he became
+     possessed of the paper.
+
+In view of the uncertain assignment of these two imprints to New
+York, the Library's earliest imprints naming New York as the place of
+publication should also be mentioned. _A Catalogue of Fees Established
+by the Governour and Council at the Humble Request of the Assembly_
+(New-York, William Bradford, 1693) is an 11-page work printed sometime
+after September 20, 1693. The Library's copy, like others, is appended
+to Bradford's printing of _The Laws & Acts of the General Assembly_
+(New-York, 1694), which in Eames' opinion was itself probably begun
+in 1693, perhaps as early as July or August. Among the owners of the
+volume containing these early imprints was the bibliographer Charles
+R. Hildeburn, who gave the following history in a note prefixed to an
+1894 facsimile edition of _The Laws & Acts_:
+
+     This [copy], lacking a title-page, was formerly part
+     of a volume of laws and other folio tracts printed by
+     Bradford between 1694 and 1710, which was bought at a
+     sale at Bangs's, in New-York, about ten years ago, by the
+     late Dr. George H. Moore, for $26. In 1890 Dr. Moore sold
+     the volume as he bought it for $1750 to the writer, who,
+     having supplied the title-page in facsimile, sold so much
+     of "the Laws of 1694 as issued" as it contained to the
+     late Mr. Tower for $600. The volume then passed by the
+     gift of Mr. Towers's widow, with the Tower collection, to
+     the Historical society of Pennsylvania, and, having been
+     replaced by a perfect copy ..., was sold to Dodd, Meade &
+     Company, of New-York for $400. From the firm last mentioned
+     it was purchased by Mr. [Abram C.] Bernheim.[12]
+
+Now in a full morocco binding by Bradstreet's, the volume contains the
+bookplates of Abram C. Bernheim, who lectured on New York history at
+Columbia College, Henry C. Bernheim, and Russell Benedict. At the New
+York auction of Judge Benedict's library in 1922 Halstead H. Frost,
+Jr., purchased it for $3,000; yet in 1926 at an auction by the same
+house of "Rare Americana including the collection of the late A. R.
+Turner, Jr. and selections from the collection of the late Charles A.
+Munn," the same copy drew only $1,800. In 1931 the Library of Congress
+obtained it from the firm of Lathrop C. Harper for $2,929.55, and it
+was duly noted in the subsequent annual report as "the most precious
+acquisition of the year by the law library."
+
+[Illustration: _A Catalogue of Fees Established by the Governour and
+Council at the Humble Request of the Assembly_ (New-York, William
+Bradford, 1693)]
+
+
+[Footnote 10: Alexander J. Wall, Jr., "William Bradford, Colonial
+Printer," _Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society_, 1963,
+vol. 73, p. 368.]
+
+[Footnote 11: _The First Year of Printing in New-York_ (New York,
+1928).]
+
+[Footnote 12: P. clvii. The facsimile was made from the Bernheim copy,
+which apart from its missing title page was considered to be the best
+preserved.]
+
+
+
+
+Connecticut
+
+
+Thomas Short, who learned his trade at Boston, became Connecticut's
+first printer when he went to New London to do the official printing
+for the Colony in 1709.
+
+The Library of Congress owns two Thomas Short imprints dated 1710, and
+one of them is believed to be the first book printed in Connecticut:
+_The Necessity of Judgment, and Righteousness in a Land. A Sermon,
+Preached at the General Court of Election, at Hartford in the Colony
+of Connecticut, on May 11th. 1710. By Eliphalet Adams, Pastor of the
+Church in New-London_. Eliphalet Adams was an influential clergyman
+whose 43 years of service at New London had just begun in 1709. The
+work is an election sermon, of a type delivered annually at the
+opening of certain New England legislatures. Although not especially
+worthy of remembrance, it manages to suggest the ceremony of the
+occasion. Adams closes his sermon by addressing the Governor, Deputy
+Governor, and magistrates, next turning to the assembled clergy, and
+finally concluding:
+
+     Shall I now turn my self to the _General Assembly of the
+     Colony at present met together_. And even here I may
+     promise my self an easie Reception, while I plead for
+     _Judgment_ & _Righteousness_. The welfare of the Country
+     is in a great measure Intrusted in your hands and it is
+     indeed a matter Worthy of your best Thoughts and chiefest
+     cares. It should be Ingraven, if not upon the Walls of your
+     House, yet upon each of your Hearts, _Ne quid Detrimenti
+     Respublica Capiat_, _Let the Common-wealth receive no
+     damage_. It is in your power partly to frame Laws for the
+     Direction & Government of the people of the Land. Now
+     too much care cannot be taken, that they may be strictly
+     agreable to the standing Rules of Justice & Equity, that
+     they may not prove a grievance in stead of an advantage to
+     the Subject; If the Rule be crooked, how shall our manners
+     be Regular?...[13]
+
+The Library of Congress copy, in a 19th-century morocco binding,
+contains no evidence of provenance, but it was undoubtedly in the
+Library's possession by 1878, for the title is listed in the Library
+catalog published that year. Another copy sold at auction in 1920
+for $1,775, which was the largest amount ever paid for a Connecticut
+imprint.[14]
+
+The Library's other Connecticut imprint with a date of 1710 is
+entitled _A Confession of Faith Owned and Consented to by the
+Elders and Messengers of the Churches in the Colony of Connecticut
+in New-England, Assembled by Delegation at Saybrook September 9th.
+1708_.... Herein is the historic Saybrook Platform, whereby individual
+congregations of the Colony submitted to the firmer control of synods.
+There exists documentary evidence that the printing of this book did
+not begin until late in 1710, and apparently it was not completed
+until 1711.[15] Elizabeth Short, the printer's widow, was paid �50
+in 1714 for binding all 2,000 copies in calfskin and birchwood
+covers.[16] The Library's copy retains the original binding. Of
+further interest is the evidence supplied by the Library's bookplate
+that the volume formerly belonged to Peter Force, the American
+historian and archivist, whose notable collection was obtained through
+a special Congressional appropriation in 1867.
+
+[Illustration: _Peter Force. Lithograph from life by Charles
+Fenderich._]
+
+[Footnote 13: P. 30-31.]
+
+[Footnote 14: See _Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America_,
+vol. 27 (1934), p. 4.]
+
+[Footnote 15: W. DeLoss Love, _Thomas Short the First Printer of
+Connecticut_ ([Hartford] 1901), p. 35-38; Thomas W. Streeter,
+_Americana--Beginnings_ (Morristown, N.J., 1952), p. 25-26.]
+
+[Footnote 16: Love, p. 37-38.]
+
+
+
+
+New Jersey
+
+
+[Illustration: _Anno Regni Georgii Regis Magn� Britanni�, Franci� &
+Hiberni� decimo, at a Session of the General Assembly of the Colony
+of New Jersey, begun the twenty fourth Day of September, Anno Domini
+1723. and continued by Adjournments to the 30th Day of November
+following, at which time the following Acts were Published_. Printed
+by William Bradford in the City of Perth-Amboy, 1723.]
+
+In 1723 William Bradford is thought by some to have transported a
+press from New York to Perth Amboy, then the capital of New Jersey,
+to print paper currency for the Colony.[17] If this is true he was
+the first New Jersey printer, although printing was not established
+there on a permanent basis until three decades later. In any event, in
+1723 Bradford produced the first book with a New Jersey imprint: _Anno
+Regni Georgii Regis Magnae Britanniae, Franciae & Hiberniae decimo, at
+a Session of the General Assembly of the Colony of New Jersey, begun
+the twenty fourth Day of September, Anno Domini 1723. and continued by
+Adjournments to the 30th Day of November following_....
+
+Douglas C. McMurtrie distinguishes three variant issues of the edition
+in _A Further Note on the New Jersey Acts of 1723_ (Somerville, N.J.,
+1935); but the Library of Congress copy, containing 30 numbered and
+four unnumbered pages, represents a fourth variant. It is one of two
+issues (the other bearing a New York imprint) in which the type for
+the later pages was reset.
+
+In the section on paper money, which has a prominent place in the New
+Jersey laws, is an interesting sidelight on printing history: the text
+of an oath to be administered to the printer upon his delivery of the
+bills to those authorized to sign them, requiring him to declare
+
+     That from the time the Letters were set, and fit to be put
+     in the Press for Printing the Bills of Credit now by me
+     delivered to you, until the same Bills were printed, and
+     the Letters unset and put in the Boxes again, I went at
+     no time out of the Room in which the said Letters were,
+     without Locking them up, so as they could not be come at,
+     without Violence, a false Key, or other Art then unknown
+     to me; and therefore to the best of my Knowledge no Copies
+     were printed off but in my Presence; and that all the
+     Blotters and other Papers whatever, Printed by the said
+     Letters, which set for printing the said Bills, to the best
+     of my Knowledge are here Delivered to you together with the
+     Stamps for the Indents, and Arms.
+
+The Library of Congress copy is bound in the midst of a folio volume
+of early New Jersey laws and ordinances that C. S. Hook of Atlantic
+City, a dealer in old law books, sold to the Library in 1925 for
+$2,337.50. Though dilapidated, the volume retains its original calf
+binding, and the names of two early owners are inscribed on its front
+flyleaf: "M^r Bard" and "John Wright Esq:^r" The former may well be
+the same Peter Bard, a Huguenot immigrant, who served as member of
+the Council from 1720 to 1734 and who was one of those authorized to
+sign the above-mentioned bills.
+
+Some authorities doubt that Bradford would have moved a press to New
+Jersey for only a short time and think it more likely that he actually
+printed the acts of 1723 in New York.[18] In that case the earliest
+New Jersey imprint in the Library of Congress would be an 18-page
+pamphlet containing an act passed on June 3, 1757, which James Parker
+printed at Woodbridge on the first permanent press in the Colony: ...
+_A Supplementary Act to the Act, Entitled, An Act for Better Settling
+and Regulating the Militia of this Colony of New-Jersey; for the
+Repelling Invasions, and Suppressing Insurrections and Rebellions;
+As_ [sic] _also, for Continuing Such Parts and Clauses of the Said
+Laws, as are not Altered or Amended by This Act_. The Library's
+copy, inscribed "Capt. Monrow" on its title page, probably belonged
+originally to John Monrow, a resident of Burlington County.[19] The
+Central Book Company of New York sold it to the Library for $150 in
+1939.
+
+[Footnote 17: See Lawrence C. Wroth, _The Colonial Printer_ (Portland,
+Maine, 1938), p. 34-36.]
+
+[Footnote 18: See Streeter, _Americana--Beginnings_, no. 21, where
+this view is attributed to R. W. G. Vail.]
+
+[Footnote 19: See _Archives of the State of New Jersey_, 1st series,
+vol. 10 (1886), p. 15 and 17; H. Stanley Craig, _Burlington County,
+New Jersey, Marriages_, Merchantville, N.J. (1937), p. 159.]
+
+
+
+
+Rhode Island
+
+
+[Illustration: (Benjamin Franklin's _Rhode-Island Almanack for the
+Year 1728_)]
+
+After a stay in prison resulting from his publishing activities in
+Boston, James Franklin, elder brother of Benjamin, chose to settle at
+Newport, where he established the first Rhode Island press in 1727.
+
+When the Library of Congress acquired its unique copy of Franklin's
+_Rhode-Island Almanack for the Year 1728_ in 1879, it was thought to
+be the earliest book printed in Rhode Island. Not until 1953, when
+copies of two religious tracts by John Hammett came to light, was it
+relegated to third place. Those two tracts were printed before July
+25, 1727, while Franklin's pseudonymous preface to his almanac is
+dated August 30 of that year.[20]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Although it may no longer be regarded as the first Rhode Island book,
+this small almanac nevertheless is of exceptional interest. Four years
+before Benjamin Franklin inaugurated _Poor Richard's Almanack_ his
+elder brother presented himself in this wise:
+
+     Tho' I have not given you my _proper Name_, yet I assure
+     you I have had one the greatest part of half an hundred
+     Years; and I know of no Necessity for parting with it at
+     this Time, since I presume my Almanack will answer all the
+     Ends design'd without that Expence. So, wishing you a happy
+     new Year; bid you adieu.
+
+          _Poor_ ROBIN
+
+James Franklin strove to make his almanac entertaining, and he did not
+refrain from injecting anticlerical gibes or a bit of ribaldry. He
+obviously relished such pithy sayings as "More religion than honesty"
+and "If you cannot bite, never show your Teeth."
+
+The Library of Congress purchased its unique copy for $35 at the
+Brinley sale of 1879. It then had seven leaves and seemed to lack an
+eighth leaf at the end. Much later, George Winship, librarian of the
+John Carter Brown Library, reported a curious happening in an article
+that he contributed to _The Providence Sunday Journal_, November 19,
+1911:
+
+     A few weeks ago some one noticed that a leaf which was
+     bound at the end of a book in the Boston Public Library had
+     nothing whatever to do with that book. It was apparently a
+     leaf of an old almanac, and after some research Alfred B.
+     Page of the Massachusetts Historical Society Library was
+     successful in identifying it, not only as the last leaf of
+     the almanac for 1728, which was printed in Newport toward
+     the end of the preceding year, but as the identical leaf
+     which originally formed a part of the copy now belonging to
+     the Library of Congress.
+
+     The officials in Washington sent their book to Boston to
+     make certain of the identification, and in return they have
+     been presented with the missing member, so long separated
+     from its proper body. On its way back to Washington, this
+     precious little waif is making a visit to the State of its
+     origin, and will be for a few days on exhibition at the
+     John Carter Brown Library, in company with various of its
+     contemporary rivals, predecessors and followers.
+
+A reprint of the almanac with an introduction by Mr. Winship, signing
+himself as Philohistoricus, was published at this time. And while at
+Boston the copy was encased in a variegated morocco binding by the
+Hathaway Book Binding Company on Beacon Street.
+
+[Footnote 20: See _Rhode Island History_, vol. 12 (1953), p. 33-43,
+105-109.]
+
+
+
+
+South Carolina
+
+
+Printing commenced in South Carolina in 1731 when three competing
+printers migrated to Charleston: George Webb, Eleazer Phillips, Jr.,
+and Thomas Whitmarsh. They were attracted by an offer of monetary aid
+that the government announced in order to secure a printer for the
+Colony.
+
+The earliest Library of Congress copies of South Carolina imprints
+issued from the press of Lewis Timothy (otherwise Louis Timoth�e), a
+Frenchman trained in Holland and subsequently employed by Benjamin
+Franklin at Philadelphia. Through an arrangement with Franklin he
+took over the press of Thomas Whitmarsh after the latter's death in
+1733, Webb having either died or departed from Charleston and Phillips
+having died in 1732. The Library has three Lewis Timothy imprints
+dated 1736: Josiah Smith's sermon, _The Character and Duty of Minister
+and People_; the session laws for November 15, 1733-May 29, 1736,
+entitled _Acts Passed by the General Assembly of South-Carolina_;
+and Nicholas Trott's compilation of _The Laws of the Province of
+South-Carolina_. The sermon, advertised in _The South-Carolina
+Gazette_ for May 22, 1736, as just published, was completed first.
+Still earlier printing, however, is contained in the first volume of
+Trott's _Laws_, though the volume was not completed until September
+1736. Timothy began to print the laws shortly after November 15, 1734,
+and the first sheets were ready in May 1735.[21]
+
+This publication in two folio volumes is a landmark of Colonial
+printing; it was Timothy's most ambitious undertaking by far, one
+he carried out with remarkable taste and skill. The title page,
+printed in black and red, is particularly striking. Nicholas Trott,
+the editor, was a learned jurist who played a leading role in South
+Carolina's affairs, becoming chief justice in 1703. In the preface he
+sets forth his guiding purpose in compiling the _Laws_:
+
+     Thus I have endeavoured as much as in me lies, and have
+     spared for no Pains, to make this Work not only useful,
+     but plain and easy, even to the meanest Capacity, wherein
+     if I have obtained my End, I shall not think my Labour ill
+     bestowed: For as every Man is a Debtor to his Country, and
+     we are not born only for our selves, so I tho't I could not
+     do a more useful Service for the Province in which it has
+     pleased God to cast my Lot for several years past, than to
+     make such an _Edition_ of the Laws, as might be of general
+     Use to all the Inhabitants thereof; that so every one being
+     acquainted with the Laws of the Place, may readily give
+     Obedience to the same; in which (next to their religious
+     Duties to GOD) not only their Duty, but also their Safety
+     and happiness doth consist.
+
+The Library of Congress owns three copies of this rare book, all
+lacking some pages. The copy most distinguished in its provenance
+bears on its title page the signature of William Bull, Jr., five times
+Acting Governor of South Carolina between 1760 and 1775. Also on this
+title page is the late 18th-century signature of one Thomas Parker.
+Another copy is inscribed "Thomas Farr jun^r. [another hand:] of St.
+Andrew's Parish 12^{th}. May 1773"; and in the following century it
+was given "With Edward Logan's kind regards to James Parker Esq. 18
+Feb 1868." Thomas Farr can be identified as a merchant,[22] but the
+later names have not been traced. The third Library copy retains no
+marks of previous ownership.
+
+[Illustration: (Nicholas Trott's compilation of _The Laws of the
+Province of South-Carolina_.)]
+
+[Footnote 21: Douglas C. McMurtrie, _The First Decade of Printing in
+the Royal Province of South Carolina_ (London, 1933).]
+
+[Footnote 22: A. S. Salley, ed., _Marriage Notices in The
+South-Carolina Gazette and Its Successors_ (Baltimore, 1965), p. 21.]
+
+
+
+
+North Carolina
+
+
+The first printer active in North Carolina was James Davis, a native
+of Virginia, who probably received his training from William Parks at
+Williamsburg.[23] Davis settled at New Bern in 1749, and in the same
+year he began printing _The Journal of the House of Burgesses_.
+
+The earliest North Carolina imprint in the Library of Congress,
+printed by Davis in 1751, is carefully described in its title, _A
+Collection of All the Public Acts of Assembly, of the Province of
+North-Carolina: Now in Force and Use. Together with the Titles of all
+such Laws as are Obsolete, Expired, or Repeal'd. And also, an exact
+Table of the Titles of the Acts in Force, Revised by Commissioners
+appointed by an Act of the General Assembly of the said Province, for
+that Purpose; and Examined with the Records, and Confirmed in full
+Assembly_.
+
+This collection is sometimes called "Swann's Revisal" after the
+commissioner William Swann, who did a major part of the editing and
+wrote the dedication to Governor Gabriel Johnston. One of the acts,
+passed on March 7, 1746, begins with the preamble, "Whereas for
+Want of the Laws of this Province being Revised and Printed, the
+Magistrates are often at a Loss how to discharge their Duty, and the
+People transgress many of them through Want of knowing the same...."
+These words reflect not only a shortage of copies, but also the need
+to rectify discrepancies in the manuscript copies by publishing a
+uniform text.
+
+Davis did not complete the volume until about November 15, 1751, when
+he advertised it in his newspaper, _The North-Carolina Gazette_. Four
+distinct issues of the edition can be identified;[24] and of these,
+the Library of Congress owns both the third, in which the laws of 1751
+and 1752 (not shown in the table) are added, and the fourth, which is
+like the third but with a title page dated 1752 and a new table.
+
+The Library's copy of the third issue bears on the title page the
+signature of Michael Payne, a resident of Edenton, N.C., who served
+in the State legislature during the 1780's. The Library purchased
+it in 1936 from Richard Dillard Dixon of Edenton for $500. The copy
+of the fourth issue is signed "Will Cumming" in an early hand, and
+it is inscribed to Samuel F. Phillips, who was Solicitor General of
+the United States from 1872 to 1885 and who appears to have been the
+latest owner of the book before its addition to the Library in 1876.
+
+[Illustration: (_A Collection of All the Public Acts of Assembly, of
+the Province of North-Carolina: Now in Force and Use. Together with
+the Titles of all such Laws as are Obsolete, Expired, or Repeal'd.
+And also, an exact Table of the Titles of the Acts in Force, Revised
+by Commissioners appointed by an Act of the General Assembly of the
+said Province, for that Purpose; and Examined with the Records, and
+Confirmed in full Assembly_. Printed by James Davis in 1751.)]
+
+[Footnote 23: See W. S. Powell's introduction to _The Journal of the
+House of Burgesses, of the Province of North-Carolina, 1749_ (Raleigh,
+1949), p. vii.]
+
+[Footnote 24: Douglas C. McMurtrie, _Eighteenth Century North Carolina
+Imprints_ (Chapel Hill, 1938), p. 50.]
+
+
+
+
+New Hampshire
+
+
+[Illustration: (Nathaniel Ames' _An Astronomical Diary: or, An
+Almanack for the Year of Our Lord Christ, 1757_ Printed by Daniel
+Fowle, 1756.)]
+
+The Boston printer Daniel Fowle felt himself unjustly punished by
+the Massachusetts Assembly for supposedly printing an objectionable
+pamphlet in 1754. He consequently removed to Portsmouth in New
+Hampshire and started that Colony's first press in 1756.
+
+The first New Hampshire book, preceded only by issues of _The
+New-Hampshire Gazette_, was printed by Fowle in the same year. It
+is Nathaniel Ames' _An Astronomical Diary: or, An Almanack for the
+Year of Our Lord Christ, 1757_. The Library of Congress owns one of
+four known copies of a singularly interesting later issue or state
+of the edition, featuring on its next-to-last page a historical note
+printed within an ornamental border: "_The first_ Printing Press
+_set up in_ Portsmouth New Hampshire, _was on August_ 1756; _the_
+Gazette _publish'd the 7th of October; and this_ Almanack _November
+following_."
+
+Almanacs written by Nathaniel Ames of Dedham, Mass., were bestsellers
+in mid-18th century America. This almanack for the year 1757,
+evidently reprinted from the Boston edition, is a somber one
+reflecting recent set-backs in England's conflict with France. A verse
+on the title page strikes the keynote:
+
+    MINORCA'S gone! OSWEGO too is lost!
+    Review the Cause: or BRITAIN pays the Cost:
+    These sad EVENTS have silenced my Muse ...
+
+The rebound Library of Congress copy, which bears no marks of previous
+ownership, is listed in the Library catalog of 1878 and presumably was
+obtained not long before then.
+
+At about the same time the Library acquired and similarly rebound two
+other Daniel Fowle imprints of undetermined provenance, both of which
+are dated 1756 but were published later than the almanac. There is
+some question whether one of them, Jonathan Parsons' _Good News from
+a Far Country_, was begun at Boston or at Portsmouth. In any event,
+Fowle placed the following notice in the November 4, 1756, issue of
+his _Gazette_: "Good News from a far country: in seven discourses by
+Rev. Jonathan Parsons is soon to be published. Five of the sermons
+have already been set up and lack of paper prevents completion until
+a supply of paper arrives from London which is probable at an early
+date." Not until April 1757 did Fowle advertise the book for sale.[25]
+The other imprint dated 1756 is Samuel Langdon's _The Excellency of
+the Word of God, in the Mouth of a Faithful Minister_,[26] a sermon
+delivered on November 3 and also delayed in printing for lack of
+suitable paper. Both books were probably completed in the early
+months of 1757 but dated old style. There is a noticeable difference
+between the paper on which they are printed and the crude paper of the
+almanac, such as Fowle used for his newspaper.
+
+[Footnote 25: See _Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society_,
+1915, new series, vol. 25, p. 329.]
+
+[Footnote 26: A Library of Congress stamp on this copy is dated 1876.]
+
+
+
+
+Delaware
+
+
+James Adams of Londonderry, Ireland, after working more than seven
+years with Franklin and Hall in Philadelphia, established Delaware's
+first press at Wilmington in 1761.
+
+[Illustration: (_The Wilmington Almanack, or Ephemeries_, _for the
+Year of Our Lord, 1762. By Thomas Fox, Philom_.)]
+
+The Library of Congress possesses one of two extant imprints out of
+four that Adams is known to have issued at Wilmington in the latter
+part of that year: _The Wilmington Almanack, or Ephemeries_ [sic],
+_for the Year of Our Lord, 1762 ... By Thomas Fox, Philom_.[27]
+Copies, according to the title page, were also "to be had, in
+_Philadelphia_, of William Falkner." The publication is the first in
+an annual series of "Wilmington Almanacs," all printed by Adams, that
+were prepared for the years 1762 to 1794.
+
+The otherwise unknown author, Thomas Fox (possibly a pseudonym),
+brings himself to the reader's attention in this statement:
+
+     Kind Reader,
+
+     Having for some Years observed those Almanacks published in
+     America; and having formerly, in Europe, learned the Use
+     of Mr. Thomas Street's Tables, with some others, and being
+     willing to crowd in among the rest, I have calculated an
+     Almanack for the Year 1762....
+
+More interesting than the colorless prose and verse selections
+accompanying the astronomical tables are the printer's advertisements,
+such as the following notice near the end of the book:
+
+     BIBLES, Testaments, Psalters, Spelling-Books, Primers,
+     Merchants blank Books, Writing-Paper, Ink, all Sorts of
+     Blanks, _viz._, Bills of Lading, Kerry Bills, Penal Bills,
+     Bills of Sale, Arbitration Bonds, Apprentices Indentures,
+     Bonds with and without Judgment, to be sold at the
+     Printing-Office in Wilmington.--Also, very good Lampblack.
+
+     * * * Ready money for clean Linen Rags, at the above Office.
+
+The Library's copy of the almanac has been detached from a bound
+volume and bears no evidence of early ownership. It was acquired by
+exchange from Dodd, Mead & Company in 1908, at a valuation of $15.
+
+[Footnote 27: No. 3 in Evald Rink, _Printing in Delaware 1761-1800_
+(Wilmington, 1969).]
+
+
+
+
+Georgia
+
+
+[Illustration: (_An Act to Prevent Stealing of Horses and Neat Cattle;
+and for the More Effectual Discovery and Punishment of Such Persons
+as Shall Unlawfully Brand, Mark, or Kill the Same._ Printed by James
+Johnston.)]
+
+An act for the provision of printing, passed by the Georgia
+Legislature on March 4, 1762, stated that "_James Johnston_, lately
+arrived in this province from _Great-Britain_, recommended as a person
+regularly bred to and well skilled in the art and mystery of printing,
+hath offered to set up a printing press in the town of _Savannah_."
+Employed to print the Colony's statutes, Johnston had readied the
+first Georgia press by April 7, 1763, when he began to publish his
+newspaper, _The Georgia Gazette_.
+
+From the year 1763 the Library of Congress owns several official
+imprints bound up in a volume of Georgia laws enacted from 1755 to
+1770 and one unofficial imprint, _The South-Carolina and Georgia
+Almanack, for the Year of Our Lord, 1764 ... By John Tobler, Esq._
+This almanac, which the distinguished collector Wymberley Jones De
+Renne gave the Library in 1907, was published by December 8, 1763,
+and probably printed very shortly before. The earliest of Johnston's
+many official imprints, predating all his other work except _The
+Georgia Gazette_, are thought to be two acts advertised in that paper
+on June 2, 1763. They are entitled _An Act to Prevent Stealing of
+Horses and Neat Cattle; and for the More Effectual Discovery and
+Punishment of Such Persons as Shall Unlawfully Brand, Mark, or Kill
+the Same_ and _An Act for Ascertaining the Qualifications of Jurors,
+and for Establishing the Method of Balloting and Summoning of Jurors
+in the Province of Georgia_. They had been passed on March 27, 1759,
+and April 24, 1760, and were printed in folio in four and six pages,
+respectively. Both acts are represented in the Library of Congress
+bound volume of early Georgia laws. Only two other copies of each are
+known to be extant.
+
+Various owners inscribed their name in this book. Joseph Stiles, who
+operated the Vale Royal Plantation near Savannah from 1806 until
+his death in 1838, owned at least the latter part of it, where his
+signature and that of his son, the evangelist Joseph C. Stiles, may be
+seen. Another owner of the same part was John C. Nicholl (1793-1863),
+a prominent lawyer and jurist who served as mayor of Savannah in 1836
+and 1837. A later owner of the entire volume was a certain S. H.
+McIntire, not known to have any Savannah connections, who inscribed it
+in June 1878. The Library of Congress purchased it in June 1909 from
+the Statute Law Book Company of Washington, D.C. for $2,500.
+
+
+
+
+Louisiana
+
+
+[Illustration: (EXTRAIT De R�gistres, des Audiances du Conseil
+Sup�rieur, de la Province de la Lo�isiane. Du 7. May 1765. ENTRE
+L'ABBE DE L'ISLE DIEU, Vicaire G�n�ral du Dioc�se de Qu�bec, & de
+cette Province, Demandeur en Requ�te, le Procureur G�n�ral du Roi,
+joint.)]
+
+Only after printing penetrated the Thirteen Colonies did the French
+printer Denis Braud carry the art to Louisiana. His earliest known
+work, an official broadside concerning the transfer of Louisiana from
+French to Spanish ownership, was printed at New Orleans in 1764.
+
+The earliest Louisiana imprint in the Library of Congress is the
+second extant example of Louisiana printing. The Library's unique copy
+is a four-page, folio-sized document signed by Garic, clerk of the
+Superior Council of Louisiana, and headed, "EXTRAIT De R�gistres, des
+Audiances du Conseil Sup�rieur, de la Province de la Lo�isiane. Du
+7. May 1765. ENTRE L'ABBE DE L'ISLE DIEU, Vicaire G�n�ral du Dioc�se
+de Qu�bec, & de cette Province, Demandeur en Requ�te, le Procureur
+G�n�ral du Roi, joint." It is a decree restricting the activities
+of the Capuchin friar Hilaire Genoveaux and suppressing a catechism
+circulated by him which apparently had also been printed at New
+Orleans. The title of the catechism, as preserved in the text of the
+decree, is _Catechisme pour la Province de la Lo�isianne, &c. R�dig�
+par le R. P. Hilaire, Protonotaire du St. Si�ge & Sup�rieur G�n�ral de
+la Mission des Capucins en ladite Province, pour �tre seul enseign�
+dans sadite Mission_. The contemporary importance of the surviving
+document lay in its connection with a far-reaching struggle between
+the Jesuit and Franciscan orders over ecclesiastical authority in
+Louisiana. Although it contains no imprint statement naming place of
+publication or printer, typographical features of the document serve
+to identify it as the work of Denis Braud.[28]
+
+That this unique copy belonged to an official archive--presumably
+that of the Superior Council of Louisiana--the following manuscript
+additions make apparent. There is first a notation: "Joint a la lettre
+de M. Aubry, Command. a la Louisianne du 7. May 1765." (Aubry had
+succeeded d'Abbadie as commandant, or governor, after the latter's
+death in February 1765.) A second column in manuscript contains the
+same date as a filing guide and this descriptive title: "Arrest du
+Conseil Superieur de la Louisianne portant deffense au Pere Hilaire
+Capucin de simississer [_i. e._ s'immiscer] dans aucune Jurisdiction
+Ecclesiastique autre que celle qui lui est permise par son seul titre
+de superieur de la mission des RR. PP. Capucins de cette Colonie." At
+the end of the column is a cross reference: "Voyez les lettres de M.
+l'Abbe de LIsle Dieu Vicaire g[e]n[er]al de M. de Quebek en 1759 et
+1760 et sa Correspond. a ce sujet."
+
+The subsequent history of this document has not been traced before
+October 17, 1905, when C. F. Libbie & Co auctioned it off with the
+library of Israel T. Hunt, a Boston physician. The Library of Congress
+was able to obtain it on that date for $10.45.
+
+[Footnote 28: See Douglas C. McMurtrie, _Early Printing in New
+Orleans_ (New Orleans, 1929), p. 25-26 and 88. McMurtrie mistakenly
+locates the original at the New York Public Library, which owns a
+photostat copy.]
+
+
+
+
+Vermont
+
+
+Formed as an independent republic in 1777, Vermont in the next year
+appointed the brothers Alden and Judah Padock Spooner of Connecticut
+to be her official printers. Publications under their imprint were
+issued at Dresden, before and later named Hanover, in 1778 and 1779;
+but in February 1779 this town, along with 15 others east of the
+Connecticut River, returned to the jurisdiction of New Hampshire. The
+earliest printing from within the present borders of Vermont came
+from the town of Westminster, where Judah Padock Spooner and Timothy
+Green, son of the State Printer of Connecticut, undertook the official
+printing late in 1780.
+
+The Library of Congress possesses three Dresden imprints dated 1779.
+The first two listed here name Alden Spooner as printer, while the
+third names both brothers. They are Ira Allen's _A Vindication of
+the Conduct of the General Assembly of the State of Vermont, Held
+at Windsor in October 1778, Against Allegations and Remarks of the
+Protesting Members, With Observations on Their Proceedings at a
+Convention Held at Cornish, on the 9th Day of December 1778_; Ethan
+Allen's _A Vindication of the Opposition of the Inhabitants of
+Vermont to the Government of New-York, and of Their Right to Form
+into an Independent State. Humbly Submitted to the Consideration of
+the Impartial World_; and _Acts and Laws of the State of Vermont, in
+America_. The earliest of the three would appear to be Ira Allen's
+48-page _Vindication_, known from a printer's bill of February 10,
+1779, to have been produced by then in 450 copies.[29] The Library's
+rebound copy is inscribed "from y^e author" beneath its imprint
+statement, and at the head of the title page is written, "Nath^l
+Peabody^s Book." Nathaniel Peabody (1741-1823), a New Hampshire
+legislator, served as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1779
+and 1780. His book was ultimately listed in the _Catalogue of Books
+Added to the Library of Congress During the Year 1871_.
+
+[Illustration: _Ira Allen (1751-1814), miniature attributed to Edward
+G. Malbone, ca. 1795-1798. Courtesy of the Robert Hull Fleming Museum,
+the University of Vermont, Burlington._]
+
+The Library holds the other two Dresden imprints in duplicate. A copy
+of the _Acts and Laws_ was formerly in the Hazard Pamphlets, acquired
+with the collection of Peter Force (see p. 8, above). Ebenezer Hazard
+(1744-1817) was an early collector of Americana. The two copies of
+Ethan Allen's _Vindication_, both printed on blue paper, are in the
+Hazard Pamphlets, volume 47, number 3, and in Colonial Pamphlets,
+volume 19, number 6. The latter pamphlet volume originally formed
+part of Thomas Jefferson's library, obtained by the Congress in 1815
+(see p. 3, above).[30]
+
+The earliest example of printing from present-day Vermont in the
+Library is a document printed by Judah Padock Spooner at Westminster
+in 1781[31]: _Acts and Laws, Passed by the General Assembly of the
+Representatives of the State of Vermont, at their Session at Windsor,
+April 1781_. In four pages, it contains only "An Act for the Purpose
+of emitting a Sum of Money, and directing the Redemption of the
+same." The Act provides for a land tax, stating in justification that
+"The Land is the great Object of the present War, and receives the
+most solid Protection of any Estate, a very large Part of which has
+hitherto paid no Part of the great Cost arisen in defending it, whilst
+the Blood and Treasure of the Inhabitants of the State has been spent
+to protect it, who many of them owned but a very small part thereof."
+
+The Library of Congress copy bears the following inscription: "Secry's
+Office 10^{th} August 1785. The preceding is a true Copy of an Act
+passed by the Legislature of the State of Vermont April 14^{th}
+1781--Attest Micah Townsend, Secry." Although a loyalist, Micah
+Townsend served as secretary of state in Vermont from October 1781
+until 1789.[32] The Library's copy also bears the autograph of a
+private owner, Henry Stevens of Barnet, Vt., first president of the
+Vermont Historical Society. After his death in 1867, his son Henry
+Stevens, the bookseller, wrote that he left his home "full of books
+and historical manuscripts, the delight of his youth, the companions
+of his manhood, and the solace of his old age."[33] To judge from its
+present library binding, this thin volume has been in the Library of
+Congress collections since the 19th century.
+
+[Footnote 29: See no. 12 in Marcus A. McCorison's _Vermont Imprints
+1778-1820_ (Worcester, 1963).]
+
+[Footnote 30: No. 3146 in U.S. Library of Congress, _Catalogue of the
+Library of Thomas Jefferson, Compiled with Annotations by E. Millicent
+Sowerby_ (Washington, 1952-59). See also no. 498.]
+
+[Footnote 31: Imprint information supplied in McCorison, no. 47.]
+
+[Footnote 32: See Chilton Williamson, _Vermont in Quandary_
+(Montpelier, 1949), p. 133. On Townsend's divulging secret
+intelligence to the British in April 1781, see J. B. Wilbur, _Ira
+Allen_ (Boston and New York, 1928), p. 183-186.]
+
+[Footnote 33: See W. W. Parker, _Henry Stevens of Vermont_ (Amsterdam,
+1963), p. 21.]
+
+
+
+
+Florida
+
+
+[Illustration: FLORIDA GAZETTE. VOL. I. ST. AUGUSTINE, (E. F.)
+SATURDAY, JULY 28, 1821. No. 3.]
+
+Dr. William Charles Wells, one of many American loyalists who took
+refuge in Florida, introduced printing at St. Augustine in 1783. There
+he published a loyalist paper, _The East-Florida Gazette_, under the
+imprint of his elder brother, the Charleston printer John Wells,
+and with the assistance of a pressman named Charles Wright. Apart
+from two books of 1784 bearing John Wells' imprint and a document
+printed at Amelia Island in 1817 during the Spanish rule, no other
+Florida publications survive from the years preceding United States
+acquisition of the territory.[34]
+
+Richard W. Edes, grandson of the Boston printer Benjamin Edes,
+reestablished printing at St. Augustine, issuing the first number of
+his weekly paper, the _Florida Gazette_, on the day of the transfer
+of Florida's administration, July 14, 1821. The Library of Congress
+holds 10 issues, constituting the best surviving file of this paper.
+The earliest Florida printing in the Library is the third issue,
+published July 28 and the earliest issue extant. This happens to be a
+very curious example of printing. Of its four pages the second is half
+blank and the third is totally blank, the following explanation being
+given:
+
+     TO OUR PATRONS.
+
+     We are under the disagreeable necessity of issuing this
+     number of the Gazette, in its present form, owing to a
+     very lengthy advertisement, (occupying seven columns)
+     being ordered out the moment the paper was ready for the
+     Press. It being a personal controversy between Mr. _William
+     Robertson_, and Messrs. _Hernandez, Kingsley_ and _Yonge_,
+     Esquires, and a reply to Mr. Hernandez's publication
+     of last week, our readers would not have found it very
+     interesting. Its publication was countermanded on account
+     of an amicable arrangement being made by the parties about
+     one o'clock this day.
+
+     We hope this will be a sufficient apology to our
+     subscribers for the manner in which the Paper appears,
+     as it is impossible for it to be issued this day in any
+     other way, being short of hands. We pledge ourselves
+     another instance of the kind shall never occur--and assure
+     the public we feel much aggrieved at the imposition. The
+     advertisement of Mr. Wm. Robertson, headed "_Caution_" and
+     the reply by J. M. Hernandez, Esq. will be discontinued
+     after this week, and no further altercation between the
+     parties will be permitted thro' the medium of this Press.
+
+The printed portions of this early issue include an installment of a
+"Historical Sketch of Florida," extracts from various newspapers, and
+among others the printer's own advertisements: "COMMERCIAL BLANKS,
+For Sale at this Office. _Also_, Blank Deeds, Mortgages, &c. &c."
+"Blank Bills of Lading, For Sale at the Gazette Office" and "BOOK
+AND JOB PRINTING, Of every description, executed at this Office." In
+this century the Library bound the 10 issues into a single volume.
+Those dated November 24 and December 1 are addressed in ink to the
+Department of State at Washington.
+
+From the same year the Library of Congress holds 13 issues of _The
+Floridian_, published at Pensacola beginning August 18, some of which
+are also addressed to the Department of State. From this year, too,
+the Library possesses _Ordinances, by Major-General Andrew Jackson,
+Governor of the Provinces of the Floridas, Exercising the Powers of
+the Captain-General, and of the Intendant of the Island of Cuba,
+Over the Said Provinces, and of the Governors of Said Provinces
+Respectively_, printed at St. Augustine by Edes. This pamphlet-sized
+volume was advertised as "just published" in the September 15 issue of
+the _Florida Gazette_; and the Library's copy, one of two extant,[35]
+was autographed twice by "John Rodman Esquire" at St. Augustine.
+Since he once added the designation "Collector" to his name, he is
+readily identified as the person who placed the following announcement
+in the November 24 issue of the _Gazette_: "JOHN RODMAN, Attorney &
+Counsellor at Law, May be consulted on professional business, at his
+Office in the Custom-House."
+
+[Illustration: (Florida Gazette ads)]
+
+[Footnote 34: See Douglas C. McMurtrie, "The Beginnings of Printing in
+Florida," in _The Florida Historical Quarterly_, vol. 23 (1944-45), p.
+[63]-96.]
+
+[Footnote 35: See no. 36 in Thomas W. Streeter's
+_Americana--Beginnings_ (Morristown, N.J., 1952).]
+
+
+
+
+Maine
+
+
+[Illustration: _The Falmouth Gazette and Weekly Advertiser_ (No. 2.)
+Saturday, January 8, 1785. (Vol. 1.)]
+
+Benjamin Titcomb and Thomas B. Wait introduced printing in the
+District of Maine, then part of Massachusetts, with the first issue
+of _The Falmouth Gazette and Weekly Advertiser_, dated January 1,
+1785. Titcomb was a native of Falmouth, now Portland, who had gained
+his experience at Newburyport, and Wait was formerly employed at
+Boston.[36]
+
+The Library of Congress possesses nine issues of _The Falmouth
+Gazette_ from this first year of printing in Maine. Of these the
+earliest is a partly mutilated copy of the second issue, dated January
+8 and featuring a moralistic essay "On Entrance into Life, and the
+Conduct of early Manhood." This issue contains one piece of news,
+relayed from a Boston paper, that has importance for American printing
+history, namely, the arrival in this country from Ireland, "that land
+of gudgeons," of Mathew Carey, destined to become a leading printer
+and publisher at Philadelphia. Since the Library of Congress copy is
+inscribed "Mess^{rs} Adams & Nourse printers," it is interesting to
+note that one of the Falmouth news items was reprinted in their Boston
+paper, _The Independent Chronicle_, for January 20. Similarly, the
+Library's copy of the August 13 issue of the _Gazette_ is addressed in
+manuscript to the famous printer Isaiah Thomas at Worcester, and it
+retains his editorial markings for the reprinting of two sections--a
+news item and a poem on atheism--that subsequently appeared in the
+September 1 and September 8 issues of _Thomas's Massachusetts Spy; or,
+The Worcester Gazette_. It was largely by means of just such borrowing
+amongst themselves that most early American newspapers were put
+together.
+
+Four of the Library's nine issues, including the Isaiah Thomas copy,
+were purchased from Goodspeed's Book Shop for $13.50 in 1939. Four
+of the remaining five, including the very earliest, appear from
+their physical condition to have a common provenance. The five were
+listed initially in the 1936 edition of _A Checklist of American
+Eighteenth-Century Newspapers in the Library of Congress_.[37]
+
+[Footnote 36: See R. Webb Noyes, _A Bibliography of Maine Imprints to
+1820_ (Stonington, Maine, 1930), p. 7.]
+
+[Footnote 37: The preface to this edition is dated June 1, 1935. A
+sixth issue of the _Gazette_ (March 5) listed here was later replaced
+by a better copy from the 1939 purchase.]
+
+
+
+
+Kentucky
+
+
+The printing history of Kentucky begins with the August 11, 1787,
+issue of a Lexington newspaper, _The Kentucke Gazette_. John Bradford
+of Fauquier County, Va., established this paper in partnership
+with his younger brother, Fielding. They purchased their press at
+Philadelphia in the spring of 1787 and transported it to Lexington by
+way of Pittsburgh, where the first press to cross the Alleghenies had
+been active since the preceding summer.[38]
+
+The earliest Kentucky imprint in the Library of Congress is _The
+Kentucke Gazette_ for March 1, 1788. Like five other issues of the
+paper, available at the Library in facsimile, this original issue
+opens with "Extracts from the journals of a convention begun and held
+for the district of Kentucky at Danville in the county of Mercer on
+the 17th day of September 1787." The extracts are resolutions looking
+towards the separation of Kentucky from Virginia, and the following
+one accounts for their publication in this paper:
+
+     [Resolved][39] That full opportunity may be given to the
+     good people of exercising their right of suffrage on an
+     occasion so interesting to them, each of the officers so
+     holding elections, shall continue the same from day to day,
+     for five days including the first day, and shall cause
+     these resolutions to be read immediately preceeding the
+     opening of the election at the door of the courthouse, or
+     other convenient place; and that Mr. Bradford be requested
+     to publish the same in his Kentucky Gazette, six weeks
+     successively, immediately preceeding the time of holding
+     said elections.
+
+At a time for important decisions _The Kentucke Gazette_ served as a
+means of airing different opinions on statehood, independence, and
+constitutional questions. A long second portion of this March 1 issue
+is an essay on liberty and equality signed by "Republicus." Critical
+of certain sections of the proposed Federal Constitution, he opposes
+a bicameral legislature, fears undue influence of the Congress over
+State elections, and denounces any condoning of slavery. The remainder
+of the issue includes an announcement of the ice breaking up on the
+Ohio River, a report of an Indian raid, and an advertisement in this
+vein: "I have been told that a certain Jordan Harris asserted in a
+public and very positive manner, that I had acknowledged myself a liar
+and a scoundrel in a letter to maj. Crittenden." The writer, Humphrey
+Marshall, concludes that if said letter is published, "the public will
+then see who is the liar and the scoundrel." This early issue bears
+the name of the subscriber Richard Eastin, one of the first justices
+of the peace in Jefferson County.[40]
+
+The Library's only other examples of Kentucky printing from 1788 are
+eight additional issues of the _Gazette_, for November 8 through
+December 27, which have been detached from a bound volume and are
+still joined together. These belonged to Walter Carr, who was serving
+as a magistrate in Fayette County by 1792 and who in 1799 attended the
+convention to form the second constitution of Kentucky.[41] Nothing
+more can be ascertained about the acquisition of these holdings than
+that the March 1 issue is first listed in the 1912 edition and that
+the later issues are first listed in the 1936 edition of _A Checklist
+of American Eighteenth-Century Newspapers in the Library of Congress_.
+
+[Illustration: (THE KENTUCKE GAZETTE, March 1, 1788.)]
+
+[Footnote 38: See J. Winston Coleman, Jr., _John Bradford, Esq._
+(Lexington, Ky., 1950).]
+
+[Footnote 39: Brackets in text.]
+
+[Footnote 40: J. Stoddard Johnston, _Memorial History of Louisville_
+(Chicago and New York [pref. 1896]), vol. 2, p. 3.]
+
+[Footnote 41: C. R. Staples, _The History of Pioneer Lexington_
+(Lexington, 1939), p. 78 and 151.]
+
+
+
+
+West Virginia
+
+
+Late in 1790 Nathaniel Willis, grandfather of the writer Nathaniel
+Parker Willis, established at Shepherdstown the first press within the
+present boundaries of West Virginia. For some years he had published
+_The Independent Chronicle_ at Boston, and earlier in 1790 he had
+been printing at Winchester, Va. At Shepherdstown Willis published
+_The Potowmac Guardian, and Berkeley Advertiser_ from November 1790
+at least through December 1791.[42] By April 1792 he had moved to
+Martinsburg, where he continued publishing his newspaper under the
+same title.
+
+The earliest example of West Virginia printing in the Library of
+Congress is a broadside printed at Martinsburg in 1792. Entitled
+_Charter of the Town of Woodstock_ [Pa.], it consists of the printed
+text of a legal document in the name of one John Hopwood and dated
+November 8, 1791. The preamble of the document reveals its nature:
+
+     Whereas I John Hopwood, of Fayette-County, and Commonwealth
+     of _Pennsylvania_, have surveyed and laid out into
+     convenient lots or parcels, for the purpose of erecting
+     a Town thereon, the quantity of two hundred acres of
+     land, being part of the tract of land on which I now
+     live, situate in Union Township, and County aforesaid,
+     on the great road leading from the Town of Union to Fort
+     Cumberland, on the River Potowmack; and for the purpose
+     of encouraging the settlement, growth, and prosperity of
+     the said Town, as laid out agreeable to a plan and survey
+     thereof, hereunto annexed and recorded, together with this
+     instrument of writing, have determined to grant and confirm
+     to all persons, who shall purchase or become proprietors
+     of any lot or lots in the said Town, and to their heirs
+     and assigns, certain privileges, benefits, and advantages
+     herein after expressed and specified....
+
+Access of the proposed town to the Potomac River is the clue to
+why this broadside relating to an otherwise remote location in
+Pennsylvania should have been printed in this part of West Virginia.
+
+The _Charter_ is the third recorded West Virginia imprint apart from
+newspaper issues, and the Library of Congress has the only known copy.
+Written on the verso is: Col. Morr[----] And other early hands have
+written there, "Hopwoods deeds" and "no body will have his Lotts."
+
+At the Anderson Galleries sale of Americana held at New York on
+November 9, 1927, the presumed same copy of the _Charter_ was sold
+from the library of Arthur DeLisle, M.D. (1851-1925), librarian of
+the Advocates' Library in Montreal.[43] It fetched $11. The Library
+of Congress obtained it in October 1935 from the Aldine Book Shop in
+Brooklyn for $35.
+
+[Illustration: (Charter of the Town of Woodstock.)]
+
+[Footnote 42: The latest extant Shepherdstown issue of _The Potowmac
+Guardian_, for December 27, 1791, is reported in Clarence S. Brigham,
+_Additions and Corrections to History and Bibliography of American
+Newspapers 1690-1820_ (Worcester, Mass., 1961), p. 50.]
+
+[Footnote 43: According to his obituary in the Montreal newspaper
+_La Presse_, December 22, 1925, Arthur DeLisle obtained a degree
+in medicine but never practiced that profession. "M. DeLisle
+s'int�ressait vivement � toutes les choses de l'histoire et, par des
+recherches patientes et continues il fit de la biblioth�que du Barreau
+ce qu'elle est aujourd'hui, l'enrichissant sans cesse de livres et
+de documents pr�cieux relatifs � l'histoire du droit, ainsi qu'� la
+biographie des juges et des avocats de Montr�al depuis 1828."]
+
+
+
+
+Tennessee
+
+
+The printers George Roulstone and Robert Ferguson introduced the
+first Tennessee printing at Hawkins Court House, now Rogersville,
+with the November 5, 1791, issue of _The Knoxville Gazette_. Both
+men came to the Tennessee country, or Southwest Territory, by way of
+North Carolina. Their newspaper remained at Hawkins Court House until
+October 1792, while Knoxville, chosen as the seat of the Territorial
+government, was being constructed.
+
+The earliest Tennessee imprint in the Library of Congress is probably
+the eight-page official publication entitled _Acts and Ordinances
+of the Governor and Judges, of the Territory of the United States
+of America South of the River Ohio_, which according to Douglas C.
+McMurtrie "was certainly printed by Roulstone at Knoxville in 1793,
+though it bears no imprint to this effect."[44] Its contents, relating
+principally to the definition of separate judicial districts within
+the Territory, are dated from June 11, 1792, to March 21, 1793, and
+the printing could have been accomplished soon after the latter date.
+
+[Illustration: _Patch-repairs help to preserve not only the title page
+but the first page of the text, which is printed on the verso._]
+
+The Library of Congress copy is one of those afterwards prefixed to
+and issued with a much more extensive work printed by Roulstone in
+1794: _Acts Passed at the First Session of the General Assembly of
+the Territory of the United States of America, South of the River
+Ohio, Began and Held at Knoxville, on Monday the Twenty-Fifth Day of
+August, M,DCC,XCIV_. The Library's volume lost its 1794 title page at
+an early date, and it is the exposed second leaf, the title page of
+1793, that bears the inscription, "Theodorick Bland June 1st 1799."
+Theodorick Bland (1777-1846) was to be chancellor of Maryland for many
+years. His correspondence preserved by the Maryland Historical Society
+reveals that he practiced law in Tennessee from 1798 to 1801. From
+such evidence as its Library of Congress bookplate, the volume would
+appear to have entered the Library around the late 1870's.
+
+The earliest dated example of Tennessee printing in the Library is the
+_Knoxville Gazette_ for June 1, 1793, issued a month after Ferguson
+retired from the paper. The issue begins with a lengthy selection by
+Benjamin Franklin, which is prefaced in this way:
+
+     Messrs. _Printers_,
+
+     I beg you to publish in your next number of the Knoxville
+     Gazette, the following extracts, from a narrative of the
+     massacres in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania; of a number
+     of friendly Indians, by persons unknown; written by the
+     late Dr. _Benjamin Franklin_, whose many benevolent acts,
+     will immortalize his memory, and published in a British
+     Magazine,[45] in April 1764.
+
+          I am your obedient servant,
+                                 W.B.
+
+The subscriber was undoubtedly William Blount, the Territorial
+Governor appointed by President Washington in 1790, who perhaps hoped
+that the sympathy towards Indians expressed by Franklin might temper
+public reaction against Indian raids figuring so large in the local
+news. Readers of the same June 1 issue learned of such crimes as the
+scalping of a child near Nashville, and they may have been moved by
+the following paragraph which the editor interjected in the news
+reports:
+
+     The Creek nation must be destroyed, or the south western
+     frontiers, from the mouth of St. Mary's to the western
+     extremities of Kentucky and Virginia, will be incessantly
+     harassed by them; and now is the time. [_Delenda est
+     Carthago._][46]
+
+Both this issue and the June 15 issue, the sole Library of Congress
+holdings of the _Gazette_ for the year 1793, are inscribed "Claiborne
+Watkins, esq^r." They probably belonged to the person of that name
+residing in Washington County, Va., who served as a presidential
+elector in 1792.[47]
+
+[Footnote 44: _Early Printing in Tennessee_ (Chicago, 1933), p. 21.]
+
+[Footnote 45: _The Gentleman's Magazine._ Franklin's _A Narrative of
+the Late Massacres_ was published separately at Philadelphia in the
+same year.]
+
+[Footnote 46: Brackets in text. Several issues carried this paragraph.
+See William Rule, ed. _Standard History of Knoxville, Tennessee_
+(Chicago, 1900), p. 74.]
+
+[Footnote 47: See _Calendar of Virginia State Papers_, vol. 6 (1886),
+p. 140.]
+
+
+
+
+Ohio
+
+
+William Maxwell of New York, after failing to establish himself at
+Lexington, Ky., moved on to Cincinnati in the Northwest Territory and
+thereby became the first Ohio printer. His work at Cincinnati began
+with the November 9, 1793, issue of his newspaper, _The Centinel of
+the North-Western Territory_.[48]
+
+The earliest known Ohio book, also printed by Maxwell, is the earliest
+example of Ohio printing to be found at the Library of Congress: _Laws
+of the Territory of the United States North-West of the Ohio: Adopted
+and Made by the Governour and Judges, in Their Legislative Capacity,
+at a Session Begun on Friday, the XXIX Day of May, One Thousand, Seven
+Hundred and Ninety-Five, and Ending on Tuesday the Twenty-Fifth Day of
+August Following_.... Dated 1796, "Maxwell's Code," as this book is
+sometimes called, was not the first publication of Northwest Territory
+laws, others having been printed at Philadelphia in 1792 and 1794.
+
+The printer set forth a "Proposal" concerning the forthcoming work in
+the _Centinel_ of July 25, 1795:
+
+     W. Maxwell being appointed by the legislature to print
+     for them 200 copies of their laws, he thinks it would
+     be greatly conducive towards the instruction and common
+     benefit of all the citizens to extend the impression to
+     1000 copies.... The price, in boards, to subscribers, will
+     be at the rate of nineteen cents for every 50 pages, and to
+     non-subscribers, thirty cents.[49]
+
+[Illustration: _Pages from the first book printed in Ohio._]
+
+He completed the volume in 225 pages, with numerous printed sidenotes
+that make it easy to consult. An incidental reference to printing
+occurs in a law for land partition (p. 185-197) which states that land
+proprietors "may subscribe a writing, and publish the same in one or
+more of the public News-papers printed in the Territory, in the State
+of Kentucky, and at the seat of government of the United States,
+for twelve successive weeks" in order to announce the appointment
+of commissioners to divide their property into lots. Subsequently,
+advertisements were to be placed in the newspapers for six weeks to
+announce a balloting or drawing for the subdivided lots.
+
+[Illustration: (Northwest Territory Laws)]
+
+The Library of Congress owns two copies of this Cincinnati imprint.
+One, lacking the title page and final leaf, is bound in a volume of
+unknown provenance, possibly obtained about 1912, containing four
+early editions of Northwest Territory laws. The other is a separate
+copy, lacking the last three leaves. This more interesting copy has
+two inscriptions on its title page, the words written uppermost
+posing some difficulty: "Ex Biblioth[eca] Sem[inari]i [----] S[anc]ti
+Sulp[icii] Baltimoriensis"; but they make clear that this copy once
+belonged to the Sulpician seminary founded at Baltimore in 1791 and
+now named St. Mary's Seminary. A number of similarly inscribed books
+still retained by the seminary were once part of a special faculty
+library that merged with the regular seminary library about 1880. Many
+books from the faculty library bear signatures of individual priests
+who were their original owners. Thus the second inscription "Dilhet"
+refers to Jean Dilhet (1753-1811), a Sulpician who spent nine years in
+this country and was assigned to the pastorate of Raisin River (then
+in the Northwest Territory, in what is now Monroe County, Mich.) from
+1798 to 1804. During 1804 and 1805 he worked in Detroit with Father
+Richard, who later established a press there (see next section).[50]
+Its absence from the Library's early catalogs implies that the present
+copy was acquired sometime after 1875. Two date stamps indicate that
+the Library had it rebound twice, in 1904 and 1947.
+
+[Footnote 48: See Douglas C. McMurtrie, _Pioneer Printing in Ohio_
+(Cincinnati, 1943).]
+
+[Footnote 49: Quoted from Historical Records Survey, American
+Imprints Inventory, no. 17, _A Check List of Ohio Imprints 1796-1820_
+(Columbus, 1941), p. 21.]
+
+[Footnote 50: See the short biography of Dilhet in the preface to his
+_Etat de l'�glise catholique ou Dioc�se des Etats-Unis de l'Am�rique
+septentrionale.... Translated and annotated by Rev. P. W. Browne_
+(Washington, D.C., 1922).]
+
+
+
+
+Michigan
+
+
+In 1796 John McCall, the earliest printer active in Michigan, issued
+at Detroit a 16-page Act of Congress relating to Indian affairs.
+Apart from blank forms printed on the same press before its removal
+to Canada in 1800, no other specimens of Michigan printing survive
+antedating the press that Father Gabriel Richard, the influential
+Sulpician priest, established at Detroit in 1809.
+
+Entry number 2 in the _Preliminary Check List of Michigan Imprints
+1796-1850_ (Detroit, 1942)[51] describes a 12-page publication said to
+exist in a unique copy at the Library of Congress: _To the Honourable
+the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States. Memorial
+of the citizens of the United States, situated north of an east and
+west line, extending thro' the southward bend of Lake Michigan, and
+by the Act of Congress of 30th April 1802 attached to, and made part
+of the Indiana Territory ..._ ([Detroit? 1802?]). This entry is, in
+bibliographical parlance, a ghost. Actually, the Library of Congress
+possesses the work only as a negative photostat of a manuscript
+document which is preserved at the National Archives.[52]
+
+The earliest _bona fide_ Michigan imprint in the Library of Congress
+is _L'Ame penitente ou Le nouveau pensez-y-bien; consideration sur
+les ve'rite's eternelles, avec des histoires & des exemples ..._
+printed at Detroit in 1809. The printer, James M. Miller, of Utica,
+N. Y., was the first of three operators of Father Richard's press.
+This particular imprint is the fourth item in a standard bibliography
+of the press, which calls it "the first book of more than 24 pages
+printed in Detroit or Michigan."[53] As a matter of fact, it is a very
+substantial work of 220 pages, albeit in a small duodecimo format. It
+is a reprint of a devotional book first published in France in the
+18th century and attributed to a prolific Jesuit author, Barth�lemy
+Baudrand (1701-87). As head of the Catholic Church in the area, Father
+Richard wanted to make such religious literature available to the
+largely French-speaking inhabitants.
+
+[Illustration: (_L'AME PENITENTE OU LE NOUVEAU PENSEZ-Y-BIEN;
+CONSIDERATION SUR LES VE'RITE'S ETERNELLES, Avec des Histoires & des
+Exemples ..._ printed by James M. Miller at Detroit in 1809.)]
+
+The Library of Congress copy of _L'Ame penitente_, in a speckled calf
+binding of uncertain date, was obtained through a 1954 exchange with
+Edward Eberstadt & Sons. It had been offered in one of the bookselling
+firm's catalogs earlier that year for $500.[54]
+
+[Footnote 51: Historical Records Survey, American Imprints Inventory,
+no. 52.]
+
+[Footnote 52: The original is in Record Group 46 at the National
+Archives; the Library's photostat is in the Manuscript Division. The
+imaginary imprint recurs as no. 3168 in _American Bibliography, a
+Preliminary Checklist for 1802_, comp. by Ralph R. Shaw and Richard H.
+Shoemaker (New York, 1958).]
+
+[Footnote 53: A. H. Greenly, _A Bibliography of Father Richard's Press
+in Detroit_ (Ann Arbor, 1955).]
+
+[Footnote 54: Catalogue 134, no. 392. Two years later the same firm
+offered another copy for $750, in its Catalogue 138, no. 428.]
+
+
+
+
+Mississippi
+
+
+Mississippi's first printer was Andrew Marschalk of New York, an Army
+lieutenant stationed at Walnut Hills, close to the eventual site of
+Vicksburg.[55] There, probably in 1798, he attracted attention by
+printing a ballad on a small press he had acquired in London. At the
+request of Governor Winthrop Sargent, Marschalk undertook in 1799
+to print the laws of Mississippi Territory, and for that purpose he
+built a larger press at Natchez. Late in 1799 a second printer, Ben
+M. Stokes, purchased this press from Marschalk and soon commenced
+a weekly paper, _The Mississippi Gazette_. On May 5, 1800, James
+Green, a printer from Baltimore, introduced a rival paper at Natchez,
+_Green's Impartial Observer_.
+
+The Library of Congress earliest Mississippi imprint was designed to
+controvert remarks by "The Friend of the People" in _Green's Impartial
+Observer_ for November 1, 1800. It is a small broadside "From the
+Office of J. Green" that would seem to corroborate the printer's
+impartiality, at least in this particular dispute. Captioned "To
+the Public," dated November 8, 1800, and signed by eight members
+of the new Territorial House of Representatives, it refers to "an
+exaggerated estimate of the supposed expence attending the second
+grade of Government"; and it continues, "We therefore consider it our
+duty to counteract the nefarious and factious designs of the persons
+concerned" in the anonymous article. Mississippi's second grade of
+Territorial government had come about in 1800 with the creation of a
+legislature to enact the laws, theretofore enacted by the Governor and
+three judges. The authors of this broadside itemize the maximum annual
+expenses for operating the legislature, concluding with a comparison
+of the total estimates: their $2,870 as opposed to the $15,050 of "The
+Friend of the People."
+
+[Illustration: "To the Public," dated November 8, 1800]
+
+In addition the Library of Congress has a lengthy rebuttal to the
+November 8 statement on a broadside also captioned "To the Public,"
+dated at Natchez "November 15th, 1809" (a misprint for 1800), and
+signed "The Friend of the People." The writer begins:
+
+     Fellow-Citizens,
+
+     Of all the extraordinary performances I ever beheld, the
+     late hand-bill, signed by eight members of our house of
+     representatives, is the _most_ extraordinary--and I doubt
+     not that it will be considered by the country at large as
+     the legitimate offspring of the subscribers; being replete
+     with that unauthorized assumption of power, and those round
+     assertions so truly characteristic--propagated for the
+     avowed purpose of 'undeceiving the people' in a matter of
+     the first moment, and yet not containing one authenticated
+     fact for them to found an opinion on--but resting all upon
+     their mere _dictum_, penetrating into future events, and
+     proclaiming what _shall be_ the decisions of legislators
+     not yet elected.
+
+His argument against his opponents' cost estimates touches upon
+certain fundamental issues, such as the threat of an aristocratic rule
+if the stipend for legislators is indeed kept very low. Towards the
+end he notes an instance of intimidation:
+
+     One thing more I would observe--a very threatening letter
+     has been written to the printer denouncing vengeance on
+     him, if he does not deliver up the author of "_the friend
+     of the people_"--this I take to be an attempt to frighten
+     and preclude further investigation, but it will be of
+     little avail when the interests of my fellow citizens are
+     so deeply concerned.
+
+That James Green, although not named, is the printer of this second
+broadside can be demonstrated by typographical comparison with
+the January 24 and February 21, 1801 issues of _Green's Impartial
+Observer_, available at the Library of Congress.
+
+The two broadsides cited are the only copies recorded in Douglas
+C. McMurtrie's _A Bibliography of Mississippi Imprints 1798-1830_
+(Beauvoir Community, Miss., 1945).[56] They bear manuscript notations,
+in an identical hand, that suggest use in an official archive; and
+the earlier broadside is stated to be "from M^r Banks, Nov^r 12^{th}
+1800." Sutton Bankes, one of the eight signers, is presumably referred
+to here. The second broadside has, besides a brief caption in this
+hand, a more elegantly written address: "His Excellency Winthrop
+Sergent Bellemont." Bellemont was one of Governor Sargent's residences
+near Natchez.
+
+It is interesting that at the time Governor Sargent expressed himself
+privately on the earlier broadside as follows:
+
+     They [the members of the House of Representatives] are
+     undoubtedly the proper Guardians of their own honour and
+     Conduct, but nevertheless, will not take it amiss, in a
+     Communication intended only for themselves, that I should
+     observe it has always been Considered derogatory to the
+     Dignity of Public Bodies, to notice anonymous writings, in
+     the style and Manner of the Hand Bills,--it opens a broad
+     Avenue to Retort and Satire, with many other obvious and
+     unpleasant Consequences.[57]
+
+[Footnote 55: See Douglas C. McMurtrie, _Pioneer Printing in
+Mississippi_ (Atlanta, 1932); and Charles S. Sydnor, "The Beginning of
+Printing in Mississippi," _The Journal of Southern History_, vol. 1,
+1935, p. [49]-55.]
+
+[Footnote 56: Nos. 11 and 12.]
+
+[Footnote 57: From letter dated November 12, 1800, in _The Mississippi
+Territorial Archives_, compiled and edited by Dunbar Rowland, vol. 1
+(1905), p. 301-302.]
+
+
+
+
+Indiana
+
+
+Elihu Stout, whose family moved from New Jersey to Kentucky in 1793,
+probably learned printing as an apprentice to Kentucky's first
+printer, John Bradford. He is known to have been in Bradford's employ
+at Lexington in 1798, and later he worked at Nashville. Invited by
+Governor William Henry Harrison to do the official printing for the
+Indiana Territory, Stout settled at Vincennes and began publishing his
+newspaper, the _Indiana Gazette_, on July 31, 1804.[58]
+
+The Library of Congress' Indiana holdings begin with a copy of the
+second known imprint excepting newspaper issues, printed by Stout late
+in 1804: _Laws for the Government of the District of Louisiana, Passed
+by the Governor and Judges of the Indiana Territory, at Their First
+Session, Uegun_ [sic] _and Held at Vincennes, on Monday the First Day
+of October, 1804_.[59] In March 1804 Congress had divided the lands of
+the Louisiana Purchase into two parts, the southern part becoming the
+Territory of Orleans (ultimately the State of Louisiana), the northern
+and larger part becoming the District of Louisiana. As explained
+in the preamble to the first law in this collection, "the Governor
+and Judges of the Indiana Territory [were] authorized by an act of
+Congress to make Laws for the District of Louisiana." They possessed
+this special authority from March 1804 until March 1805.
+
+Fifteen laws make up the 136-page work. They are written in plain
+language, and the 10th, "Entitled a law, respecting Slaves," is a
+particularly engrossing social document. To illustrate, its second
+provision is
+
+     That no slave shall go from the tenements of his master,
+     or other person with whom he lives without a pass, or
+     some letter or token, whereby it may appear that he is
+     proceeding by authority from his master, employer or
+     overseer, if he does it shall be lawful for any person
+     to apprehend and carry him before a justice of the peace
+     to be by his order punished with stripes, or not, in his
+     discretion.
+
+A subsequent compilation of laws made after the District became the
+Territory of Louisiana is described on p. 45, below.
+
+[Illustration: (_Laws for the Government of the District of Louisiana,
+Passed by the Governor and Judges of the Indiana Territory, at Their
+First Session, Uegun and Held at Vincennes, on Monday the First Day of
+October, 1804_. Printed by Elihu Stout late in 1804.)]
+
+The Library has handsomely rebound its copy in ruby morocco. Formerly
+it must have been in a wretched state, evidenced by the extreme
+marginal deterioration of its now laminated pages. It contains the
+signature of James Mackay (1759-1822), a Scottish fur trader,
+surveyor, and explorer who was later remembered at St. Louis as "the
+first English speaking white man who ever came west of the Mississippi
+river," and who was appointed "Commandant of the territory of Upper
+Louisiana" in 1803.[60] When the territory passed from Spanish to
+American rule in 1804, he became a judge of the Court of Quarter
+Sessions,[61] in which capacity he would have needed the volume of
+laws. The Library's copy is one of six unrelated volumes that were
+purchased together for $750 from the Statute Law Book Company of
+Washington, D.C., in 1905.
+
+[Footnote 58: See V. C. (H.) Knerr, _Elihu Stout, Indiana's First
+Printer_ (ACRL microcard series, no. 48; Rochester, N.Y., 1955).]
+
+[Footnote 59: No. 2 in C. K. Byrd and H. H. Peckham, _A Bibliography
+of Indiana Imprints 1804-1853_ (Indianapolis, 1955).]
+
+[Footnote 60: W. S. Bryan and Robert Rose, _A History of the Pioneer
+Families of Missouri_ (St. Louis, 1876), p. 173-174.]
+
+[Footnote 61: _Missouri Historical Society Collections_, vol. 4, no. 1
+(1912), p. 20.]
+
+
+
+
+Alabama
+
+
+The earliest extant Alabama imprint is thought to be _The Declaration
+of the American Citizens on the Mobile, with Relation to the British
+Aggressions. September, 1807_, which was printed "on the Mobile"
+at an unspecified date. No one has yet identified the printer of
+this five-page statement inspired by the _Chesapeake-Leopard_ naval
+engagement. The next surviving evidence is a bail bond form dated
+February 24, 1811, and printed at St. Stephens by P. J. Forster, who
+is reported to have worked previously at Philadelphia.[62]
+
+A second St. Stephens printer, Thomas Eastin, founded a newspaper
+called _The Halcyon_ sometime in 1815, after Alabama newspapers had
+already appeared at Fort Stoddert (1811), Huntsville (1812), and
+Mobile (1813). Eastin had formerly worked at Nashville, at Alexandria,
+La., and at Natchez in association with Mississippi's first printer,
+Andrew Marschalk.[63] His work at St. Stephens included a 16-page
+pamphlet, which is among the three or four earliest Alabama imprints
+other than newspaper issues[64] and is the first specimen of Alabama
+printing in the Library of Congress. Headed "To the Citizens of
+Jackson County," it is signed by Joseph P. Kennedy and has on its
+final page the imprint, "St. Stephens (M.T.) Printed by Tho. Eastin.
+1815." Here "M.T." denotes the Mississippi Territory, which in 1817
+divided into the Alabama Territory and the State of Mississippi. St.
+Stephens was an early county seat of Washington County, now part of
+Alabama, whereas Jackson County, to whose inhabitants the author
+addresses himself, lies within the present Mississippi borders.
+
+[Illustration: _James Madison, President of the U--States----_
+"St. Stephens (M.T.) Printed by Tho. Eastin. 1815."]
+
+Joseph Pulaski Kennedy wrote this pamphlet after an election in which
+he ran unsuccessfully against William Crawford of Alabama to represent
+Jackson County in the Territorial legislature.[65] His stated purpose
+is to refute "malicious falsehoods ... industriously circulated"
+against him before the election, foremost among them the charge that
+but for him Mobile Point "would never have been retaken"; and he
+summarizes his actions as an officer "in the command of the Choctaws
+of the United States" during the dangerous final stage of the War of
+1812 when the town of Mobile nearly fell into British hands.
+
+The only recorded copy of this little-known pamphlet is inscribed to
+"James Madison President of the U States." It owes its preservation to
+its inclusion among the Madison Papers in possession of the Library of
+Congress.[66]
+
+[Footnote 62: Copies of both imprints are described under nos. 1548
+and 1549 in _The Celebrated Collection of Americana Formed by the
+Late Thomas Winthrop Streeter_ (New York, 1966-69), vol. 3. _The
+Declaration_ was reprinted in _The Magazine of History, with Notes and
+Queries_, extra no. 8 (1925), p. [45]-55.]
+
+[Footnote 63: See Douglas C. McMurtrie, _A Brief History of the First
+Printing in the State of Alabama_ (Birmingham, 1931), p. 6.]
+
+[Footnote 64: No. 4 in Historical Records Survey. American Imprints
+Inventory, no. 8, _Check List of Alabama Imprints, 1807-1840_
+(Birmingham, 1939); no. 3 in the section, "Books, Pamphlets, etc."
+in R. C. Ellison, _A Check List of Alabama Imprints 1807-1870_
+(University, Ala., 1946).]
+
+[Footnote 65: See Cyril E. Cain, _Four Centuries on the Pascagoula_
+([State College? Miss., 1953-62]), vol. 2, p. 8-9 (naming Crawford
+only).]
+
+[Footnote 66: It is in vol. 78, leaf 22. This volume, containing
+printed material only, is in the Rare Book Division.]
+
+
+
+
+Missouri
+
+
+[Illustration: _Some of the subjects covered in_ The Laws of the
+Territory of Louisiana.]
+
+Joseph Charless, with a background of printing experience in his
+native Ireland, in Pennsylvania, and in Kentucky, became the first
+man to establish a printing press west of the Mississippi River.
+Meriwether Lewis, Governor of the Territory of Louisiana, was
+instrumental in bringing Charless to St. Louis, the Territorial
+capital, and there the printer launched his weekly newspaper, the
+_Missouri Gazette_, on July 12, 1808.[67] His awareness of his place
+in history is demonstrated by a copy of _Charless' Missouri & Illinois
+Almanac, for 1818_, printed in 1817, which the State Department
+Library transferred to the Library of Congress in August 1962. It
+is inscribed: "A tribute of respect from the first Press that ever
+crossed the Mississippi."[68]
+
+The earliest example of Missouri printing in the Library of Congress
+is _The Laws of the Territory of Louisiana. Comprising All Those Which
+Are Now in Force Within the Same_, printed at St. Louis by Charless
+with the imprint date 1808. Besides newspaper issues this was long
+thought to be the first Missouri imprint. A document of April 29,
+1809, appearing on p. 373 proves that it was not completed until after
+that date, however, and recent authorities have relegated it to second
+or third place in terms of publication date.[69]
+
+Consisting of 376 numbered pages with a 58-page index, the book is
+a compilation of the laws of 1804 and 1806-08. Those of 1804 carry
+over from the compilation for the District of Louisiana, which is the
+Library's earliest Indiana imprint, and the same law on slavery quoted
+on p. 41, above, is among those reprinted. Typical of the later laws
+is "An Act Concerning Strays," from which the following section is
+presented for its incidental reference to printing:
+
+     Sec. 4. Every person taking up a stray horse, mare or
+     colt, shall within two months after the same is appraised,
+     provided the owner shall not have claimed his property
+     during that time, transmit to the printer of some public
+     newspaper printed within this territory, a particular
+     description of such stray or strays and the appraisment
+     thereof, together with the district and place of residence
+     certified by the clerk, or by the justice before whom such
+     stray was appraised, to be inserted in such paper three
+     weeks succesively, for the advertising of which the printer
+     shall receive his usual and stated price for inserting
+     advertisements in his newspaper.
+
+In 1809 the _Missouri Gazette_ was still the only newspaper available
+to print these advertisements.
+
+The Library of Congress must have obtained its copy of this book
+during the final quarter of the 19th century, when the "Law
+Department" stamp on the title page was in use.
+
+[Footnote 67: See David Kaser, _Joseph Charless, Printer in the
+Western Country_ (Philadelphia [1963]). A printed form, surviving in
+a copy dated in manuscript July 8, 1808, may have been printed by
+Charless at St. Louis; see no. 1836 in _The Celebrated Collection of
+Americana Formed by the Late Thomas Winthrop Streeter_ (New York,
+1966-69), vol. 3.]
+
+[Footnote 68: See U.S. Library of Congress, _Quarterly Journal of
+Current Acquisitions_, vol. 20 (1962-63), p. 199 and plate facing p.
+197.]
+
+[Footnote 69: See Kaser, _Joseph Charless_, p. 71-74; V. A. Perotti,
+_Important Firsts in Missouri Imprints, 1808-1858_ (Kansas City,
+1967), p. 1-4.]
+
+
+
+
+Texas
+
+
+Aaron Mower of Philadelphia set the type for volume 1, number 1, of
+the _Gaceta de Texas_, dated "Nacogdoches, 25 de Mayo, de 1813," which
+is preserved at the National Archives and is the earliest evidence of
+printing activity in Texas. A political dispute forced the removal of
+Mower's press and type from Nacogdoches to Natchitoches, in Louisiana,
+where this Spanish-language newspaper was actually printed and
+issued.[70] Other transient presses operated briefly at Galveston in
+1817, at Nacogdoches in 1819, and at San Antonio de Bexar in 1823.[71]
+
+The permanent establishment of Texas printing dates from September
+1829, when Godwin B. Cotten introduced a press at San Felipe and
+founded the _Texas Gazette_. In March 1832 he relocated at Brazoria.
+D. W. Anthony purchased both the press and the paper in the summer
+of 1832, and until July 1833 he continued to publish the paper at
+Brazoria under a new name, _The Constitutional Advocate and Texas
+Public Advertiser_.
+
+The earliest Texas printing in the Library of Congress is the number
+of the paper dated June 15, 1833, which offers news only from the
+United States and from overseas. "From the City of Mexico," writes
+Anthony, "we have heard nothing this week, except mere disjointed
+rumors from the interior. By the arrival of the next mail at San
+Felipe, we may reasonably expect that some certain intelligence will
+be received, of what the legislatures have done." Gathering news was
+one problem; he reveals another in the following paragraph:
+
+     We are glad to be able at length, to present the ADVOCATE
+     to our readers, on a sheet of its accustomed size. We
+     stated before, that its being diminished two columns
+     lately, was the consequence of a mistake made by our
+     merchant in filling our order for paper. We now have an
+     ample supply, and of excellent quality, so that we shall
+     have no more apologies to offer on that score. These
+     things, however, cost money, and that in hand, which we
+     hope our good friends will not altogether forget.
+
+Among the advertisements is the usual "JOB PRINTING DONE AT THIS
+OFFICE" and also an announcement of the "CONSTITUTION OF TEXAS, With
+or without the Memorial, For Sale at this Office and at the stores
+of W. C. White, San Felipe: David Ayres, Montville: and T. W. Moore,
+Harrisburg." Anthony printed these historic documents shortly after
+the Texas convention held at San Felipe in April, and the _Advocate_
+began to carry this advertisement on May 11, 1833.[72]
+
+The Library's copy of the four-page newspaper has been removed from
+a bound volume. Since it is inscribed "Intelligencer, W. C.," it
+was obviously sent to the office of the _National Intelligencer_
+at Washington City, as the capital was then called. It is slightly
+mutilated: an item has been cut from an outer column, affecting the
+third and fourth pages. There is no record of the issue in _A Check
+List of American Newspapers in the Library of Congress_ (1901), but
+its location does appear in the union list, _American Newspapers
+1821-1936_ (1937).
+
+[Illustration: _Last page of_ The Constitutional Advocate and Texas
+Public Advertiser, _June 15, 1833_.]
+
+[Footnote 70: See Clarence S. Brigham, _History and Bibliography of
+American Newspapers 1690-1820_ (Worcester, 1947), p. [1069].]
+
+[Footnote 71: A reliable survey of early Texas printing is in Thomas
+W. Streeter's _Bibliography of Texas 1795-1845_ (Cambridge [Mass.]
+1955-60), pt. 1, vol. 1, p. xxxi-lxi.]
+
+[Footnote 72: See nos. 40 and 41 in Streeter's _Bibliography of
+Texas_.]
+
+
+
+
+Illinois
+
+
+Illinois' first printing took place at Kaskaskia, the no longer
+existent Territorial capital. In 1814 Governor Ninian Edwards induced
+the Kentucky printer Matthew Duncan to settle there, and probably in
+May of that year Duncan founded a weekly newspaper, _The Illinois
+Herald_.
+
+The earliest Illinois imprint in the Library of Congress, listed as
+number 4 in Cecil K. Byrd's definitive bibliography, is _Laws of
+the Territory of Illinois, Revised and Digested under the Authority
+of the Legislature. By Nathaniel Pope_, published by Duncan in two
+volumes dated June 2 and July 4, 1815. Nathaniel Pope (1784-1850), who
+prepared this earliest digest of Illinois statutes, went to Kaskaskia
+upon being appointed secretary of the newly authorized Illinois
+Territory and did important organizational work there in the spring
+of 1809 before Governor Edwards' arrival. On December 24, 1814, the
+legislature decreed that Pope should receive $300 "for revising the
+laws of this Territory making an index to the same, and superintending
+the printing thereof."[73] The work he produced was to a large extent
+based on an 1807 revision of the laws of the Indiana Territory, from
+which Illinois had recently been separated.[74]
+
+[Illustration: (_Laws of the Territory of Illinois, Revised and
+Digested under the Authority of the Legislature. By Nathaniel Pope_)]
+
+Even though it paid him for his labor and authorized printing,
+the Illinois Legislature never enacted Pope's digest into law.
+Nevertheless, the work had a certain importance, as explained by its
+20th-century editor, Francis S. Philbrick:
+
+     "The first thing that anyone will notice who opens
+     this volume is that Pope began the practice of
+     topical-alphabetical arrangement to which the lawyers of
+     Illinois have now been accustomed for more than a hundred
+     years. At the time of its appearance the work's importance
+     was increased by the fact that it collected, so far as
+     deemed consistent and still in force, the laws of 1812,
+     1813, and 1814. These enactments--though presumably all
+     accessible in manuscript, for a time, at the county seats,
+     and in many newspapers--had not all appeared in book form;
+     nor did they so appear until fifteen years ago [i. e., in
+     1920-21]."[75]
+
+The Library of Congress set of two rebound volumes is seriously
+imperfect, with numerous missing leaves replaced in facsimile. The
+volumes were purchased in June 1902 from the Statute Law Book Company
+in Washington together with a volume of Illinois session laws of
+1817-18 for a combined price of $225.
+
+[Footnote 73: See _Collections of the Illinois State Historical
+Library_, vol. 25, 1950, p. 178.]
+
+[Footnote 74: Ibid., vol. 28, 1938, p. xviii.]
+
+[Footnote 75: Ibid., p. xxi.]
+
+
+
+
+Arkansas
+
+
+[Illustration: (_Laws of the Territory of Arkansas: Comprising the
+Organic Laws of the Territories of Missouri and Arkansas, with the
+Amendments and Supplements Annexed; All Laws of a General Nature
+Passed by the General Assembly of the Territory of Missouri, at the
+Session Held in 1818; Together with the Laws Passed by the General
+Assembly of the Territory of Arkansas, at the Sessions in 1819 and
+1820._)]
+
+William E. Woodruff, the first Arkansas printer, was a Long Islander
+who served his apprenticeship at Sag Harbor with Alden Spooner, nephew
+of the early Vermont printer of that name. Woodruff transported
+printing equipment purchased at Franklin, Tenn., to the Post of
+Arkansas, and there, on November 20, 1819, he began to publish _The
+Arkansas Gazette_. He later moved his press to Little Rock, where the
+newspaper has continued to the present day.[76]
+
+In his _History and Bibliography of American Newspapers 1690-1820_
+(Worcester, Mass., 1947) Clarence S. Brigham locates the only complete
+file of early issues of the _Gazette_ at the Library of Congress.
+It must be reported here, regretfully, that the Library released
+these along with later issues for exchange in July 1953 as part of a
+space-saving operation, after making microfilm copies for retention.
+Subsequently the same file, extending from 1819 to 1875, was described
+at length under item 649 in Edward Eberstadt and Sons' Catalog 134
+(Americana) issued in 1954.
+
+Two copies of the first book published in Arkansas, printed by
+Woodruff at the Post of Arkansas and dated 1821, now share the
+distinction of being the earliest specimens of Arkansas printing in
+the Library. The fact that Arkansas officially separated from the
+Missouri Territory in July 1819 helps to explain the title of this
+book: _Laws of the Territory of Arkansas: Comprising the Organic
+Laws of the Territories of Missouri and Arkansas, with the Amendments
+and Supplements Annexed; All Laws of a General Nature Passed by the
+General Assembly of the Territory of Missouri, at the Session Held in
+1818; Together with the Laws Passed by the General Assembly of the
+Territory of Arkansas, at the Sessions in 1819 and 1820_.
+
+In the initial issue of the _Gazette_ Woodruff claimed to have
+established his press entirely at his own expense. His imprint on
+these _Laws_ discloses his eventual employment as official "printer to
+the Territory," and among the resolutions of the new general assembly
+to be found in this volume is that of April 1, 1820, appointing
+Woodruff to the position. A resolution of the assembly, approved
+October 25, 1820, directs how official documents printed by him were
+to be distributed:
+
+     RESOLVED ... That the governor be, and he is hereby,
+     authorized to have printed in pamphlet form, a sufficient
+     number of copies of the laws of the present general
+     assembly, and all laws of a general nature passed by the
+     general assembly of Missouri, in eighteen hundred and
+     nineteen, and also the laws passed by the governor and
+     judges of this territory, which have not been repealed
+     by this general assembly; and to distribute such laws on
+     application of those entitled to copies, in the manner
+     herein-after provided, to wit: To the governor and
+     secretary each one copy; to the judges of circuit and
+     county courts, to the clerk of superior court, to the
+     sheriff of each county, to every justice of the peace, to
+     every constable, to the prosecuting attorney in behalf of
+     the United States, and circuit or county court prosecuting
+     attornies, to the territorial auditor, to the territorial
+     treasurer, to the coroner of each county, to every member
+     of the general assembly, each one copy: _Provided_, it
+     shall be the duty of every officer, on his or their going
+     out of office, to deliver the copy of the laws with
+     [which][77] he shall have been furnished, in pursuance of
+     this resolution, to his successor in office.
+
+     _Resolved also_, That a sufficient number of copies shall
+     be sent, by order of the governor, to the care of the
+     several clerks of each county, in this territory, whose
+     duty it shall be to distribute one copy to every officer or
+     person allowed one in the foregoing part of this resolution.
+
+     _Resolved also_, That the governor be, and he is hereby,
+     authorized to draw on the territorial treasurer for the
+     amount of expenses arising thereon, which are not otherwise
+     provided for by law.
+
+The two copies in possession of the Library of Congress carry no marks
+of previous ownership. One was recorded in the _Catalogue of Additions
+to the Library of Congress Since December, 1833_, dated December 1,
+1834.[78] Whether this was the copy which retains a late 19th-century
+bookplate or the copy which the Library had rebound in 1914 is
+uncertain.
+
+[Footnote 76: See _Wilderness to Statehood with William E. Woodruff_
+(Eureka Springs, Ark., 1961); Rollo G. Silver, _The American Printer
+1787-1825_ (Charlottesville, 1967), p. 140.]
+
+[Footnote 77: Brackets in text.]
+
+[Footnote 78: Page 12 (combined entry: "Laws of Arkansas, &c., &c.,
+1818 to 1821, 1823, and 1825").]
+
+
+
+
+Hawaii
+
+
+[Illustration: (Hawaiian Primer, printed by Elisha Loomis.)]
+
+Hawaii's first printer was a young American named Elisha Loomis,
+previously employed as a printer's apprentice at Canandaigua, N.Y. He
+arrived at Hawaii with a group of Boston missionaries in 1820; but use
+of the printing press that he brought with him had to be delayed owing
+to the lack of a written Hawaiian language, which the missionaries
+proceeded to devise. At a special ceremony held at Honolulu on
+January 7, 1822, a few copies of the earliest Hawaiian imprint were
+struck off: a broadside captioned "Lesson I." Its text was afterwards
+incorporated in a printed primer of the Hawaiian language.[79]
+
+Loomis printed 500 copies of the primer in January, and in September
+1822 he printed 2,000 copies of a second edition. The latter edition
+is the fifth recorded Hawaiian imprint,[80] as well as the earliest to
+be found among the Library of Congress holdings. In 16 pages, without
+a title page or an imprint statement, it opens with a section headed
+"THE ALPHABET" and includes lists of syllables, lists of words, and
+elementary Hawaiian readings of a religious character consistent with
+their missionary purpose.
+
+The Library's copy is shelved in a special Hawaiiana Collection in the
+Rare Book Division. Bound with it is another rare primer in only four
+pages, captioned "KA BE-A-BA," which Loomis printed in 1824.[81] The
+small volume is in a black, half leather binding, with an old Library
+of Congress bookplate marked "Smithsonian Deposit." Since the final
+text page is date-stamped "1 Aug., 1858," the volume was probably
+received or bound by the Smithsonian Institution in that year. The
+Smithsonian transferred most of its book collection to the Library
+of Congress in 1866-67 and has continued to deposit in the Library
+quantities of material which it receives largely in exchange for its
+own publications. The Hawaiian rarities in this particular volume were
+cataloged at the Library in 1918.
+
+[Footnote 79: See T. M. Spaulding, "The First Printing in Hawaii,"
+_The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America_, vol. 50,
+1956, p. 313-327; R. E. Lingenfelter, _Presses of the Pacific Islands
+1817-1867_ (Los Angeles, 1967), p. 33-44.]
+
+[Footnote 80: See H. R. Ballou and G. R. Carter, "The History of
+the Hawaiian Mission Press, with a Bibliography of the Earlier
+Publications," _Papers of the Hawaiian Historical Society_, no. 14,
+1908, p. [9]-44.]
+
+[Footnote 81: The penciled note on p. [1], "Second Ed. Spelling Book,"
+would appear to identify it with no. 10 in the Ballou and Carter
+bibliography.]
+
+
+
+
+Wisconsin
+
+
+[Illustration: Green-Bay Intelligencer. VOL. I. NAVARINO, WEDNESDAY
+DECEMBER 11, 1833. NO. 1.]
+
+"With a handful of brevier and an ounce or two of printer's ink"--as
+he later recollected--Wisconsin's first printer managed to produce
+1,000 lottery tickets at Navarino, now the city of Green Bay, in
+1827. The printer was Albert G. Ellis, who had previously worked
+as an apprentice at Herkimer, N.Y. He could not undertake regular
+printing at Navarino before obtaining a printing press in 1833; then,
+in partnership with another young New Yorker named John V. Suydam, he
+began to publish the _Green-Bay Intelligencer_.[82]
+
+The first issue of this newspaper, dated December 11, 1833, is the
+oldest example of Wisconsin printing known to survive, and it is
+represented in the Library of Congress collections. Neatly printed in
+fine type on a small sheet, the four-page issue shows professional
+competence. The publishers apologize for the type they use and
+for the necessity, owing to limited patronage, of commencing the
+_Intelligencer_ on a semimonthly basis. Their front page features
+an Indian story entitled "The Red Head," chosen from some "fabulous
+tales ... politely furnished us by a gentleman of this place, who
+received them from the mouths of the native narrators." Inclusion of
+the story accords with a stated editorial policy of giving faithful
+descriptions of the character and manners of the natives. Some
+articles in this issue concern proposed improvements on the Fox and
+Wisconsin Rivers that would open navigation between Green Bay and the
+upper Mississippi. And the question where to locate the capital of an
+anticipated Territory of Wisconsin is another topic of the day. The
+Territory was not actually created until 1836.
+
+Aside from its obviously having been detached from a bound volume,
+there is no visible evidence of the Library of Congress copy's past
+history. It does not figure in _A Check List of American Newspapers in
+the Library of Congress_ (Washington, 1901); but it is registered in
+the union list, _American Newspapers 1821-1936_ (New York, 1937).
+
+The Library of Congress also owns the only known copy of
+_Kikinawadendamoiwewin or almanac, wa aiongin obiboniman debeniminang
+iesos, 1834_, printed at Green Bay on the _Intelligencer_ press. Its
+14 leaves, printed on one side only, are within an original paper
+cover bearing the manuscript title "Chippewa Almanac." A document
+held by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin reveals that in
+1834 the Catholic mission at Green Bay charged "the Menominee Nation
+of Indians" for "an Indian Almanac rendered by signs equally useful
+to those among the Natives who are unable to read their language,
+published at Green Bay, 150 copies, $18"; and that the bill went
+unpaid.[83] Since the almanac was intended for use in the year 1834,
+it was likely printed before the end of 1833; yet there is no evidence
+to suggest that it predates the _Intelligencer_. At the suggestion of
+Douglas C. McMurtrie, the Library purchased its unique copy from the
+Rosenbach Company for "$375.00 less usual discount" in 1931.
+
+[Footnote 82: See Douglas C. McMurtrie, _Early Printing in Wisconsin_
+(Seattle, 1931).]
+
+[Footnote 83: See Douglas C. McMurtrie, _The First Known Wisconsin
+Imprint_ (Chicago, 1934).]
+
+
+
+
+California
+
+
+[Illustration: _Conclusion of General Vallejo's message to the
+Governor of Alta California, which was printed on a press that had
+been shipped from Boston via Hawaii._]
+
+As early as 1830 Agust�n V. Zamorano, executive secretary of the
+Mexican territory of Alta California, was using limited printing
+equipment to produce official letterheads. Zamorano later became
+proprietor of California's first regular printing press, which was
+shipped from Boston (via Hawaii) and set up at Monterey about July
+1834. While he controlled this press--that is, until the uprising in
+November 1836--Zamorano appears to have employed two printers, whose
+names are unknown.[84]
+
+Under the revolutionary government the same press continued in
+operation at Monterey and at Sonoma, and the earliest California
+printing in the Library of Congress is the first known Sonoma
+issue: _Ecspocision_ [sic] _que hace el comdanante_ [sic] _general
+interino de la Alta California al gobernador de la misma_. It is a
+small pamphlet having 21 pages of text, preceded by a leaf bearing a
+woodcut of an eagle. The text is dated from Sonoma, August 17, 1837,
+and signed by Mariano G. Vallejo, beneath whose printed name is a
+manuscript flourish.
+
+Don Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo (1807-90) held the highest military
+office of Alta California at the time of writing, his headquarters
+then being at Sonoma. In his communication to the Governor, he
+advocates certain commercial reforms summarized as follows in Hubert
+Howe Bancroft's _History of the Pacific States of North America_ (San
+Francisco, 1882-90):
+
+     His plan was to prohibit all coasting trade by foreign
+     vessels, and to transfer the custom-house from Monterey
+     to San Francisco. In defence of the first, he adduced the
+     well known practice on the part of traders of presenting
+     themselves at Monterey with a few cheap articles for
+     inspection, afterward taking on board from secure
+     hiding-places the valuable part of the cargo, to be sold
+     at other ports. Thus the revenue was grossly defrauded,
+     leaving the government without funds. By the change
+     proposed not only would smuggling cease and the revenues
+     be augmented, but Californians would be encouraged to
+     become owners of coasting vessels or to build up a system
+     of inland communication by mule-trains.... The transfer
+     of the custom-house was advocated on the ground of San
+     Francisco's natural advantages, the number and wealth of
+     the establishments tributary to the bay, and the importance
+     of building up the northern frontier as a matter of foreign
+     policy.[85]
+
+General Vallejo was his own printer. In a manuscript "Historia de
+California" he says of his pamphlet, "I wrote the attached statement
+of which I sent the original to the governor of the State and which
+I printed immediately in the small printing office that I had in
+Sonoma and of which I was the only employee; I had the printed copies
+distributed throughout all parts of California and furthermore I gave
+some copies to the captains of merchant ships that were going to ports
+in the United States of America."[86]
+
+The Library of Congress copy shows that the general left something
+to be desired as a printer, some pages being so poorly inked
+as to be scarcely legible. This copy--one of but four known to
+bibliographers--was previously in the possession of A. B. Thompson of
+San Francisco, and the Library purchased it from him in February 1904
+for $15.
+
+[Footnote 84: See George L. Harding, _Don Agustin V. Zamorano_
+(Los Angeles, 1934), p. 178-210; Herbert Fahey, _Early Printing in
+California_ (San Francisco, 1956); H. P. Hoyt, "The Sandwich Island
+Story of California's First Printing Press," _California Historical
+Society Quarterly_, vol. 35 (1956), p. 193-204.]
+
+[Footnote 85: Vol. 16 (1886), p. 87-88.]
+
+[Footnote 86: Quoted from Herbert Fahey, _Early Printing in
+California_, p. 27.]
+
+
+
+
+Kansas
+
+
+[Illustration: (_The Annual Register of Indian Affairs Within the
+Indian (or Western) Territory. Published by Isaac M'Coy. Shawanoe
+Baptist Mission House, Ind. Ter. January 1, 1835_)]
+
+By introducing printing at the Shawanoe mission station in the Indian
+Territory in March 1834, Jotham Meeker became the first printer of
+what is now Kansas. He had learned his trade at Cincinnati and for
+some years had served as a Baptist missionary and printer among
+various Indian tribes.
+
+The Library of Congress' earliest example of Kansas printing is the
+first number of _The Annual Register of Indian Affairs Within the
+Indian (or Western) Territory. Published by Isaac M'Coy. Shawanoe
+Baptist Mission House, Ind. Ter. January 1, 1835_. Isaac McCoy
+(1784-1846), publisher of four numbers of the _Annual Register_
+between 1835 and 1838, was a prominent Baptist missionary, who also
+served as an Indian agent and strongly advocated the colonization of
+western Indians in a separate state. In this work he gives an account
+of the several mission stations operated by various denominations in
+the Indian Territory.
+
+The following passage from the first number of the _Annual Register_
+deals with the printer:
+
+     At the Shawanoe station is a printing press in operation,
+     under the management of Jotham Meeker, Missionary for the
+     Ottawas.
+
+     Mr. Meeker has invented a plan of writing (not like that of
+     Mr. Guess, the Cherokee), by which, Indians of any tribe
+     may learn to read in their own language in a few days. The
+     first experiment was made with a sprightly Chippewa boy,
+     wholly ignorant of letters, and of the English language.
+     He studied three hours each day for nine days; at the
+     expiration of which time there was put into his hands a
+     writing of about twenty lines, of the contents of which
+     he had no knowledge. After looking over it a few minutes,
+     without the aid of an instructer, the boy read off the
+     writing, to the unspeakable satisfaction of the teacher.
+
+     Upon this plan elementary school books have been prepared,
+     and printed, viz.--In Delaware, two; in Shawanoe, two; in
+     Putawatomie, one; and two in Otoe, besides a considerable
+     number of Hymns, &c. The design succeeds well.[87]
+
+Jotham Meeker's surviving journal, from which extracts have been
+published,[88] affords an interesting view of his work from December
+15, 1834, when McCoy brought him the manuscript, until January 17,
+1835, when he wrote, "Finish Br. M'Coy's Ann. Reg. a work of 52 pages,
+including the Cover. 1000 copies."
+
+Another source of information about the _Annual Register_ is Isaac
+McCoy's book, _History of Baptist Indian Missions_ (Washington, New
+York, and Utica, 1840), wherein he states,
+
+     I published it [the first number] at my own cost, and
+     circulated it gratuitously. One was sent to each member
+     of Congress, and to each principal man in the executive
+     departments of Government.[89]
+
+Under the circumstances it is not surprising that three copies have
+made their way into the Library of Congress collections. On their
+respective title pages they are addressed in manuscript to "Hon
+Nathaniel Silsbee U.S. Sen," "Hon Jno. Cramer H. Reprs. U S," and "Hon
+Lucius Lyon H.R.U.S."
+
+[Footnote 87: P. 24.]
+
+[Footnote 88: In Douglas C. McMurtrie and Albert H. Allen, _Jotham
+Meeker Pioneer Printer of Kansas_ (Chicago, 1930), p. 45-126.]
+
+[Footnote 89: P. 481.]
+
+
+
+
+New Mexico
+
+
+The first press of New Mexico was imported overland from the United
+States in 1834 to print _El Crep�sculo de la libertad_, a short-lived
+newspaper supporting the election of its editor, Antonio Barreiro, to
+the Mexican congress. It was operating at Santa Fe by August 1834 with
+Ram�n Abreu as proprietor and with Jes�s Mar�a Baca as printer,[90]
+the latter having learned his trade in Durango, Mexico.[91]
+
+A broadside in the Library of Congress collections appears to be a
+genuine copy of the earliest extant issue of this press. Entitled
+_Lista de los ciudadanos que deberan componer los jurados de imprenta,
+formada por el Ayuntamiento de este capital_, it lists, in accordance
+with Mexican law, 90 men qualified to be jurors in cases of what
+the law terms "denuncias de los escritos."[92] The broadside is
+dated August 14, 1834, signed by "Juan Gallego, precidente--Domingo
+Fernandez, secretario," and carries the Ram�n Abreu imprint. This copy
+must be one of 48 discovered in 1942 in a parcel marked "Benjamin
+Read Papers" at the New Mexico Historical Society. Benjamin Read
+(1853-1927) was an attorney who served in the New Mexico Legislature
+and who published a number of works on the State's history.[93]
+Before the find in 1942 only a single copy of the broadside was
+located. The authenticity of these 48 copies has been questioned,
+but in the opinion of the late collector Thomas W. Streeter they are
+originals.[94] The Library obtained its copy by exchange from Edward
+Eberstadt & Sons in May 1951.
+
+The Library also has the only known copy of New Mexico's first book,
+issued by the same press and dated 1834: _Cuaderno de ortografia.
+Dedicado a los ni�os de los se�ores Martines de Taos._ A metal cut
+on its title page, oddly depicting a moose, has been traced to
+a contemporary Boston specimen book, which also displays a pica
+type identical or very similar to that used in early New Mexican
+imprints.[95] Authorship of the book has been attributed to Antonio
+Jos� Mart�nez (1793-1867), the parish priest in Taos, who arranged to
+have the press and the printer move there in 1835. From 1826 to 1856
+Mart�nez taught reading, writing, and arithmetic in his parish,[96]
+and he undoubtedly had this work printed for the use of his own
+pupils. It is divided into three sections: "De las letras," "De los
+diptongos, uso de letras mayusculas, acentos y signos de institucion
+para las citas," and "De la puntuacion de la clausula."[97] The copy
+of this small book is soiled and worn from much thumbing. Penciled on
+an inner page in an early, childlike hand is the name "Jesus Maria
+Baldez." The Library purchased the book in 1931 from Aaron Flacks, a
+Chicago bookseller, for $350 on the same day that it purchased its
+earliest Wisconsin almanac (see p. 53, above) and likewise through the
+intervention of Douglas C. McMurtrie.
+
+[Illustration: (_Lista de los ciudadanos que deberan componer los
+jurados de imprenta, formada por el Ayuntamiento de este capital_)]
+
+[Footnote 90: See Roby Wentz, _Eleven Western Presses_ (Los Angeles,
+1956), p. 11-13.]
+
+[Footnote 91: See his obituary in _The Daily New Mexican_ (Santa Fe),
+April 21, 1876.]
+
+[Footnote 92: Quoted from _Coleccion de ordenes y decretos de la
+Soberana junta provisional y soberanos Congresos generales de la
+nacion mexicana_, vol. 4, 1829, p. 179.]
+
+[Footnote 93: See obituary in _New Mexico Historical Review_, vol. 2,
+1927, p. 394-397.]
+
+[Footnote 94: See no. 61 in his _Americana--Beginnings_ (Morristown,
+N.J., 1952).]
+
+[Footnote 95: See _New Mexico Historical Review_, vol. 12, 1937, p.
+13.]
+
+[Footnote 96: Ibid., p. 5.]
+
+[Footnote 97: It is reproduced in its entirety in Douglas C.
+McMurtrie's _The First Printing in New Mexico_ (Chicago, 1929).]
+
+
+
+
+Oklahoma
+
+
+[Illustration: (_Istutsi in Naktsokv. Or The Child's Book._ By Rev.
+John Fleming.)]
+
+When the Cherokee Nation migrated from Georgia to the newly formed
+Indian Territory, John Fisher Wheeler, who had been head printer of
+the Cherokee Press at New Echota, proceeded to the Union Mission
+Station on the Grand River, near the present location of Mazie,
+Okla. There the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
+supplied him with a new press on which in August 1835 he did the
+first Oklahoma printing. Wheeler had served his apprenticeship at
+Huntsville, Ala.[98]
+
+One of two or three extant copies of the third recorded issue
+of Oklahoma's first press is present in the Library of Congress
+collections: _Istutsi in naktsokv. Or The Child's Book. By Rev.
+John Fleming. Missionary of the American Board of Commissioners for
+Foreign Missions._ Printed before October 31, 1835, in an edition of
+500 copies, it is a 24-page primer with text in the Creek language
+rendered in the Pickering alphabet and with woodcut illustrations
+of animals and other subjects. A Creek Indian named James Perryman
+or Pvhos Haco ("Grass Crazy") assisted with the translation.[99]
+Fleming's work among the Indians has earned for him a notice in
+the _Dictionary of American Biography_, where his "chief claim to
+remembrance" is said to be "that he was the first to reduce to writing
+the Muskoki or Creek language, which was a task of peculiar difficulty
+on account of the numerous and puzzling combinations of consonants
+involved."
+
+The Library of Congress obtained the rare copy of its earliest
+Oklahoma imprint through the Smithsonian Deposit (see p. 52, above) in
+1878.
+
+[Footnote 98: See Lester Hargrett, _Oklahoma Imprints 1835-1890_ (New
+York, 1951), p. ix-x, 1-2.]
+
+[Footnote 99: Ibid., no. 3.]
+
+
+
+
+Iowa
+
+
+[Illustration: Du Buque Visitor. "TRUTH OUR GUIDE, THE PUBLIC GOOD OUR
+AIM." VOL. I. DU BUQUE (LEAD MINES) WISCONSIN TERRITORY, WEDNESDAY,
+JANUARY 18, 1837. NO. 37]
+
+The initial issue of the weekly _Du Buque Visitor_, dated May 11,
+1836, is the oldest example of Iowa printing. John King, the first
+proprietor of this four-page newssheet, acquired the press on which it
+was printed at Chillicothe, Ohio. He employed William Cary Jones of
+Chillicothe to "perform the duties of foreman in the printing office
+... and likewise such other duties in superintending the publication
+of the newspaper as may be required,"[100] and he employed the
+Virginia-born printer Andrew Keesecker, lately of Galena, Ill., to be
+the principal typesetter.
+
+The earliest Iowa printing represented in the Library of Congress is
+its partial file of the _Du Buque Visitor_, extending from January 18
+to May 17, 1837.[101] On December 21, 1836, the proprietorship had
+passed to W. W. Chapman, an attorney, and with the issue of February
+1, 1837, William H. Turner became the owner. The paper maintained a
+high standard throughout these changes, its issues justly displaying
+the motto: "Truth our guide, the public good our aim." A reduction
+in the size of certain issues furnishes evidence of the customary
+difficulty of operating a pioneer press. As the March 15 issue
+explains, "Within the last two months, so large an addition has been
+made to the subscription list of the Visitor, that our stock of paper
+of the usual size is exhausted, and we are constrained to issue, for
+a week or two, a smaller sheet. By the first boat from St. Louis we
+shall receive our spring and summer supply."
+
+The Library's file dates from the period when Iowa still belonged to
+the Wisconsin Territory. An editorial from the Library's earliest
+issue advocates independent status:
+
+
+     DIVISION OF WISCONSIN TERRITORY
+
+     It gives us pleasure to see that Genl. Jones, our
+     delegate in congress, has introduced into the house
+     of representatives a resolution, "to inquire into the
+     expediency of establishing a seperate [sic] territorial
+     government for that section of the present territory of
+     Wisconsin which lies west of the Mississippi river," and
+     the same resolution has been introduced into the senate of
+     the United States by Dr. Linn of Missouri.
+
+     We sincerely hope that these resolutions will be acted
+     upon, and sanctioned by congress--if sanctioned, they will
+     have a most important bearing upon the future interest and
+     prosperity of the people on this side of the Mississippi.
+     Yes, we would rejoice that the 'Father of Waters' should
+     be the boundary to a new territory. The present territory
+     of Wisconsin, is much too large, and embraces too many
+     conflicting interests--the people on the east side of
+     the Mississippi are jealous of those on the west side,
+     and the west, of those on the east. Why not, under these
+     circumstances, give to the people on each side of the
+     Mississippi separate territorial governments? We believe
+     that such a measure would be highly satisfactory to the
+     people throughout the whole of Wisconsin territory.
+
+     The reasons for dividing the present territory of Wisconsin
+     are, in our opinion, well founded, for unless the people
+     governed can be united--unless their representatives
+     legislate for the good of the whole territory, there will
+     not be satisfaction--there will not be harmony, & the
+     government instituted to protect the rights of the people,
+     will become an engine in the hands of one part to oppress
+     the other.
+
+     It is, or should be, the policy of the United States,
+     in the establishment of temporary governments over her
+     territories, to adopt the best and most judicious means of
+     guarding the happiness, liberty, and property of her foster
+     children, so that when they enter the great family of the
+     Union, that they may be worthy of that exalted station.
+
+[Illustration: (Newspaper ads)]
+
+From later in 1837 the Library possesses _Iowa News_, which replaced
+the _Du Buque Visitor_ after its expiration in May, in an imperfect
+file extending from June 17 (the third number) to December 23. The
+Library also has the _Wisconsin Territorial Gazette and Burlington
+Advertiser_, printed at Burlington, in another incomplete file from
+July 10 to December 2. The Library's three files of very early Iowa
+newspapers have a common provenance, as most issues of each file
+are addressed in manuscript to the Department of State, which was
+in charge of Territorial affairs until 1873. These newspapers were
+transferred to the Library of Congress sometime before the end of the
+19th century.[102]
+
+[Footnote 100: The full contract is quoted in Alexander Moffit's
+article, "Iowa Imprints Before 1861," in _The Iowa Journal of History
+and Politics_, vol. 36, 1938, p. 152-205. For a biography of Jones,
+see William Coyle, ed. _Ohio Authors and Their Books_ (Cleveland,
+1962, p. 346).]
+
+[Footnote 101: Vol. 1, nos. 37-52; no. 47 wanting. The May 10 and May
+17 issues are both numbered 52.]
+
+[Footnote 102: They are recorded in _A Check List of American
+Newspapers in the Library of Congress_ (1901).
+
+In the Library's Broadside Collection (portfolio 19, no. 34) is a
+printed notice of the Des Moines Land Company, with text dated from
+Des Moines, September 4, 1837. This item cannot have been printed at
+Des Moines, since printing did not reach there until 1849. It is not
+listed in Alexander Moffit's "A Checklist of Iowa Imprints 1837-1860,"
+in _The Iowa Journal of History and Politics_, vol. 36 1938, p. 3-95.]
+
+
+
+
+Idaho
+
+
+The first printing in Idaho--in fact, in the entire Pacific
+Northwest--was done in 1839 at the Lapwai mission station, by the
+Clearwater River, in what is now Nez Perce County. The printer was
+Edwin Oscar Hall, originally of New York, who on orders of the
+American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions brought to this
+wilderness site the same small press he had taken to the Hawaiian
+Islands in 1835.[103]
+
+Henry Harmon Spalding (1804-74), the missionary who had requested
+this press, was the author of its first issue in Idaho, an eight-page
+primer of the native language with an English title: _Nez-Perces
+First Book: Designed for Children and New Beginners_. In May 1839
+Hall printed 400 copies, of which no complete examples are known
+to survive. An alphabet of Roman letters that Spalding utilized to
+convey the Indian language proved to be impractical, and in August
+the original edition was replaced by a revised 20-page edition of 500
+copies with the same title.
+
+The Library of Congress acquired this edition, then thought to be
+the first Idaho book, in 1911. A few years later the bibliographer
+Wilberforce Eames discovered pages of the earlier edition used as
+reinforcements in the paper covers of the later one,[104] and on
+February 18, 1922, another interested bibliographer, Howard M. Ballou,
+wrote to the Librarian of Congress:
+
+     I have had your copy at the Library of Congress examined by
+     a friend who reports that she can distinguish that pages 5
+     and 6 are pasted in the front cover.
+
+     If you will have the covers of the Nez Perces First Book
+     soaked apart you will find you possess four pages of this
+     original Oregon book.
+
+(By Oregon, of course, he meant the Oregon country at large rather
+than the present State.) The Library did soak apart the covers and
+found that it had two copies of the original leaf paged 5 and 6. One
+of them, released for exchange in October 1948, subsequently joined
+two other original leaves to form an almost complete copy in the Coe
+Collection at Yale University.[105]
+
+[Illustration: _A page from the original edition of the_ Nez Perces
+First Book.]
+
+The Library made its fortunate acquisition with a bid of $7.50 at a
+Philadelphia auction sale conducted by Stan V. Henkels on May 23-24,
+1911. The item[106] was among a group of books from the library of
+Horatio E. Hale (1817-96), who served as philologist with the famed
+Wilkes Expedition of 1838-42. He probably obtained his copy about
+1841, the year the expedition reached Oregon.
+
+[Footnote 103: See Roby Wentz, _Eleven Western Presses_ (Los Angeles,
+1956), p. 23-26.]
+
+[Footnote 104: See _The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society_,
+vol. 23, 1922, p. 45-46.]
+
+[Footnote 105: See no. 73 (note) in Thomas W. Streeter's
+_Americana--Beginnings_ (Morristown, N.J., 1952).]
+
+[Footnote 106: No. 588 in the sale catalog.]
+
+
+
+
+Oregon
+
+
+[Illustration: Oregon Spectator. "Westward the Star of Empire takes
+its way." Vol. I Oregon City, (Oregon Ter.) Thursday, May 28, 1846.
+No. 9.]
+
+Medare G. Foisy performed the first Oregon printing in 1845 with type
+owned by the Catholic mission at St. Paul. Apparently without the
+benefit of a permanent press, he printed at least two official forms,
+and there is evidence that he produced tickets for an election held on
+June 3, 1845. Foisy was a French Canadian who had worked at the Lapwai
+mission press for Henry Harmon Spalding (see p. 63, above) during the
+fall and winter of 1844-45.[107]
+
+Later certain forward-looking settlers organized the Oregon Printing
+Association, obtained a printing press, hired a printer named John
+Fleming, who had migrated to Oregon from Ohio,[108] and founded the
+_Oregon Spectator_ at Oregon City on February 5, 1846. This was the
+earliest English-language newspaper in North America west of the
+Missouri River.[109] The earliest Oregon printing in the Library of
+Congress is the ninth semimonthly number of the _Oregon Spectator_,
+dated May 28, 1846. It is a small four-page sheet presently bound
+with 15 other numbers of the _Spectator_ through May 13, 1847. All
+bear the newspaper's motto: "Westward the Star of Empire takes its
+way." When this ninth number was printed, the Oregon Country was still
+jointly occupied by the United States and Great Britain. Shortly
+after, on June 15, 1846, the U.S. Senate ratified the Oregon Treaty,
+whereby the Oregon Country was divided at the 49th parallel. News of
+the ratification as reported in the New York _Gazette and Times_ of
+June 19 reached Honolulu in time to be printed in the _Polynesian_
+of August 29, and the information was reprinted from that paper in
+the November 12 issue of the _Spectator_, which is included in the
+Library's file.
+
+The issue of May 28 has a decidedly political emphasis because of
+impending local elections, and among its articles is an amusing
+account of a meeting at which several inexperienced candidates proved
+embarrassingly "backward about speaking." The difficulty of obtaining
+information for the paper is illustrated by a section headed "Foreign
+News," consisting of a letter from Peter Ogden, Governor of Fort
+Vancouver, in which he gives a brief account of the political upheaval
+in Britain over the Corn Law question. He cites as the source of
+his information a letter he received via "an express ... from [Fort]
+Nesqually." He concludes, "In three or four days hence we shall
+receive newspapers, and I trust further particulars." The last page of
+this issue is given entirely to the printing of an installment of "An
+Act to establish Courts, and prescribe their powers and duties," which
+had been passed by the provisional legislature.
+
+In addition to its small volume of issues from 1846 and 1847, the
+Library of Congress has an incomplete volume of _Spectator_ issues
+from September 12, 1850, to January 27, 1852, when the paper had a
+larger format and appeared weekly. Evidence for the provenance of the
+earlier volume is the inscription, "J. B. McClurg & C.," on the issue
+of December 24, 1846, designating a Honolulu firm which carried this
+advertisement in the same _Spectator_:
+
+             J. B. McClurg & Co.
+               SHIP CHANDLERS,
+            GENERAL AND COMMISSION
+                 MERCHANTS.
+
+    JAMES B. McCLURG,   }
+    ALEXANDER G. ABELL, } HONOLULU, OAHU,
+    HENRY CHEVER.       } SANDWICH ISLANDS.
+
+Several issues in the later volume are addressed either to the "State
+Department" or to "Hon. Daniel Webster," who was Secretary of State
+at the time. The Library's _A Check List of American Newspapers_,
+published in 1901, records holdings only for December 12, 1850, to
+February 27, 1851, but all of the _Spectator_ issues look as if they
+have been in the Library from an early date.
+
+[Illustration: (Rules for House-Wives.)]
+
+[Footnote 107: See nos. 1-2 in George N. Belknap's _Oregon Imprints
+1845-1870_ (Eugene, Ore. [1968]).]
+
+[Footnote 108: See _The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society_,
+vol. 3, 1902, p. 343.]
+
+[Footnote 109: See Roby Wentz, _Eleven Western Presses_ (Los Angeles,
+1956), p. 27-30.]
+
+
+
+
+Utah
+
+
+[Illustration: (_Ordinances, Passed by the Legislative Council of
+Great Salt Lake City, and Ordered to be Printed_)]
+
+Brigham Young's nephew Brigham Hamilton Young was the first printer
+within the present boundaries of Utah. A manuscript "Journal History"
+of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints records that on
+January 22, 1849, "Brigham H. Young and Thomas Bullock were engaged
+in setting type for the fifty cent bills, paper currency. This was
+the first typesetting in the [Salt Lake] Valley. The bills were to be
+printed on the press made by Truman O. Angell."[110]
+
+The Law Library of the Library of Congress keeps in a small manila
+envelope a remarkable group of five very early examples of Utah
+printing, some of which must have been issued in 1850. The one
+that seems to be the earliest has the title _Ordinances, Passed by
+the Legislative Council of Great Salt Lake City, and Ordered to be
+Printed_. This piece--like the others without indication of place or
+date of printing--may be assigned to a press from Boston which reached
+Salt Lake City in August of 1849 and supplanted the original homemade
+press. Listed as number 3 in Douglas C. McMurtrie's _The Beginnings of
+Printing in Utah, with a Bibliography of the Issues of the Utah Press
+1849-1860_ (Chicago, 1931), it is a four-page leaflet containing nine
+ordinances passed between February 24 and December 29, 1849. Among
+them are a "Penalty for Riding Horses Without Leave, Driving Cattle
+Off the Feeding Range, &c." and "An Ordinance Creating an Office for
+the Recording of 'Marks and Brands' on Horses, Mules, Cattle, and All
+Other Stock."
+
+A 34-page pamphlet entitled _Constitution of the State of Deseret_
+(not in McMurtrie; Sabin 98220) is obviously from the same press.
+Appended to the constitution, which was approved November 20, 1849,
+are several ordinances passed between March 9, 1849, and March 28,
+1850. Another issue of this press (not in McMurtrie or Sabin) is
+a slightly mutilated three-page leaflet: _Rules and Regulations
+for the Governing of Both Houses of the General Asse{mbly} of the
+State of Deseret, When in Joint Session; and for Each Respective
+House, When in Separate Session. Adopted by the Senate and House of
+Representatives, December 2, 1850._ Of unspecified date is a single
+leaf, unrecorded and apparently unique, captioned _Standing Committees
+of the House_. Finally, there is among these imprints a copy of the
+80-page _Ordinances. Passed by the General Assembly of the State of
+Deseret_, known as the "Compilation of 1851" and listed as number 8 by
+McMurtrie, who writes, "A copy of the 1851 volume in the library of
+the Church Historian's Office was used in 1919 for making a reprint,
+but the original has since disappeared.[111] A copy is said to be in
+private ownership in California." The latter is undoubtedly the one
+now in the Library of Congress.
+
+The only one of these extremely rare imprints to show marks of
+previous ownership is the "Compilation of 1851." It was autographed by
+Phinehas Richards, who served both as representative and as senator in
+the provisional legislature of the state of Deseret. Whether the other
+four pieces also belonged to him is not clear; in any event all five
+came into the hands of his son, Franklin Dewey Richards (1821-99),
+who for half a century was an Apostle of the Church of Jesus Christ
+of Latter-Day Saints, becoming president of the Apostles' Quorum, and
+who served as Church Historian for the last 10 years of his life.[112]
+A Library of Congress purchase order dated October 31, 1940, reveals
+that these imprints were contained in a bound volume labeled "Laws of
+Utah--F. D. Richards"; that by agreement the Library had them removed
+from the volume and subsequently returned it to Mr. Frank S. Richards,
+in care of the San Francisco bookseller John Howell; and that the
+price paid for the detached items was $1,600. Frank S. Richards, an
+attorney residing in Piedmont, Calif., is a great-grandson of Franklin
+Dewey Richards, most of whose books he has given to the Bancroft
+Library of the University of California.
+
+[Footnote 110: Quoted from Wendell J. Ashton, _Voice in the West,
+Biography of a Pioneer Newspaper_ (New York, 1950), p. 367, note
+17. This book is about Utah's first newspaper, the _Deseret News_,
+established June 15, 1850, of which the earliest original issue in the
+Library of Congress is dated May 31, 1851.]
+
+[Footnote 111: It is now available again at the Church Historian's
+Office. Another copy is in the Harvard Law Library.]
+
+[Footnote 112: See Franklin L. West, _Life of Franklin D. Richards_
+(Salt Lake City [1924]).]
+
+
+
+
+Minnesota
+
+
+[Illustration (_Minnesota Chronicle and Register_ St. Paul, Minnesota
+Territory, Saturday, August 25, 1819. Vol. 1 No. 1)]
+
+Minnesota's first printer was James Madison Goodhue of Hebron, N.H.
+An Amherst College graduate, he had abandoned a legal career to run a
+pioneer newspaper at Lancaster, Wis. Shortly after the establishment
+of the Minnesota Territory, he moved his printing equipment to St.
+Paul, and on April 28, 1849, he founded his weekly newspaper, _The
+Minnesota Pioneer_. It is reported that even though he brought along
+two printers, Goodhue himself worked both as compositor and pressman,
+and further that the printing press he used at Lancaster and St. Paul
+was the same on which Iowa's first printing had been performed.[113]
+The Library of Congress' scattered file of this first Minnesota
+newspaper contains just one 1849 issue, dated October 25.
+
+Taking precedence as the Library's earliest example of Minnesota
+printing is the first issue, dated August 25, 1849, of another
+St. Paul paper, the _Minnesota Chronicle and Register_, which
+resulted from the merger of two early rivals of the _Pioneer_. In an
+introductory editorial the proprietors, James Hughes and John Phillips
+Owens, make certain claims on behalf of this paper:
+
+     Our union bases us upon a foundation which renders our
+     permanent success beyond a contingency. The combining
+     of the two offices places us in possession of probably
+     the best and most complete printing establishment on
+     the Mississippi, above St. Louis. These advantages,
+     with our practical experience in the art, the aid of
+     health and a free good will, and a moderate share of the
+     other requisites, we hope will enable us to give the
+     Chronicle and Register a place in the front rank of well
+     executed, useful and instructive newspapers.... We have
+     two new Washington Printing Presses, with all the recent
+     improvements attached. We defy any establishment in the
+     Union to produce superior pieces of machinery in the way of
+     Hand Presses. Our assortment of book and job type is also
+     of the newest and handsomest styles, and comprises larger
+     quantities and greater varieties than can be found this
+     side of St. Louis. And we are happy to announce we have
+     more coming.
+
+They also make an interesting statement of editorial policy:
+
+     The Chronicle and Register have each a reputatation [sic]
+     at home and abroad, gained during the few months of their
+     separate existence. The views of the respective editors
+     in regard to general politics, and the relation they bear
+     upon these matters to our present administrations, National
+     and Territorial, has been a matter of no concealment on
+     the part of either. And were it not for one reason, we
+     would here let this subject rest. But the ground Minnesota
+     at present occupies is neutral. We have no vote in the
+     Legislative councils of the Nation, no vote for President.
+     Why should we then divide and distract our people upon
+     questions that they have no voice in determining? Why array
+     each other in separate bands as Whigs and Democrats when
+     such a course can only show the relative strength of the
+     two parties, without adding one iota to the prosperity and
+     welfare of either? The measures of one or the other of the
+     great parties of the country will receive the sanction
+     of the next Congress, and no thanks to Minnesota for her
+     votes. We as citizens, and as whigs, are willing to leave
+     it for the future to determine which of these parties are
+     to sway the destinies of our Territory.
+
+The Library has eight issues of the _Chronicle and Register_ from
+the year 1849, as well as later ones through February 17, 1851, all
+bearing its motto: "The greatest good for the greatest number."
+Many of the earlier issues are addressed to John M. Clayton, who
+was Secretary of State until July 1850, and some later issues are
+addressed to his successor, Daniel Webster. (The Library's file of
+_The Minnesota Pioneer_ also has a State Department provenance.)
+
+[Illustration: (Short newspaper items)]
+
+In addition the Library of Congress owns three official publications
+printed by James Madison Goodhue in 1849: _Message from the Governor
+of Minnesota Territory to the Two Houses of the Legislative Assembly,
+at the Commencement of the First Session, September 4, 1849_;
+_Rules for the Government of the Council of Minnesota Territory,
+and Joint Rules of the Council and House, Adopted at a Session of
+the Legislature, Commenced September 3, 1849_; and _Message of the
+Governor, in Relation to a Memorial from Half-Breeds of Pembina_.[114]
+On September 5, the day after it authorized Goodhue to do its
+printing, the newly formed legislature ordered the first two of these
+titles printed in editions of 500 and 100 copies, respectively.[115]
+The Library copies of both pamphlets are unbound, without marks of
+personal ownership. The first is an older acquisition of undetermined
+origin; the second a 1940 purchase from the Rosenbach Company in New
+York, at $165. The third title was ordered printed in 300 copies on
+October 1, 1849, the day the Governor's message was delivered.[116]
+It is a four-page leaflet, one of 73 rare American imprints that the
+printing historian Douglas C. McMurtrie sold to the Library for $600
+in 1935.
+
+[Footnote 113: See M. W. Berthel, _Horns of Thunder, the Life and
+Times of James M. Goodhue, Including Selections from his Writings_
+(St. Paul, 1948).]
+
+[Footnote 114: These are nos. 18, 66, and 23 in Esther Jerabek's _A
+Bibliography of Minnesota Territorial Documents_ (St. Paul, 1936).
+Unrecorded in this bibliography are two early pamphlets printed by
+the _Chronicle and Register_: _Courts of Record in the Territory of
+Minnesota; Approved Nov. 1, 1849--Took Effect Dec. 1, 1849_ and _Law
+of the Territory of Minnesota; Relative to the Powers and Duties of
+Justices. Approved November First, 1849--Took Effect December First,
+1849_. The Library's copies are inscribed to Elisha Whittlesey,
+comptroller, U. S. Treasury Department.]
+
+[Footnote 115: See _Journal of the Council During the First Session
+of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Minnesota_ (St. Paul,
+1850), p. 23.]
+
+[Footnote 116: Ibid., p. 51.]
+
+
+
+
+Washington
+
+
+[Illustration: (_Acts of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory
+of Washington, Passed at the Second Regular Session, Begun and Held
+at Olympia, December 4, 1854, in the Seventy-Ninth Year of American
+Independence_)]
+
+[Illustration: (_Acts of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of
+Washington, ..._ continued)]
+
+The earliest recorded example of Washington printing is the first
+number of _The Columbian_, published at Olympia on September 11, 1852.
+The founders of this newspaper were James W. Wiley and Thornton F.
+McElroy, who purchased a press on which the Portland _Oregonian_ had
+for a short time been printed and which before that saw service in
+California.[117]
+
+In 1853 the Territory of Washington was created from the northern part
+of the Territory of Oregon, and on April 17, 1854, the new Territorial
+legislature elected James W. Wiley to be Washington's first official
+printer. The earliest specimen of Washington printing held by the
+Library of Congress appears to be the following example of his work,
+printed at Olympia in 1855: _Acts of the Legislative Assembly of the
+Territory of Washington, Passed at the Second Regular Session, Begun
+and Held at Olympia, December 4, 1854, in the Seventy-Ninth Year
+of American Independence_. It includes an act passed at the second
+session, on February 1, 1855, specifying the size and distribution of
+the original edition:
+
+     Sec. 1. _Be it enacted by the Legislative Assembly of the
+     Territory of Washington_, That the Public Printer be, and
+     is hereby required to print in pamphlet form, six hundred
+     copies of the laws of the present session, and a like
+     number of the laws of the last session of the Legislative
+     Assembly....
+
+     Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the Secretary of the
+     territory to forward to each county auditor in the
+     territory fifteen copies of the laws of each session for
+     the use of the county officers, and two copies for each
+     member of the Legislative Assembly, and to each officer of
+     the Legislative Assembly, one copy of said laws.
+
+The Library owns three copies of this 75-page official document, all
+acquired probably during the last quarter of the 19th century. They
+are in old Library bindings and bear no marks of prior ownership.
+
+Among the Library's collections are five other Olympia imprints of
+the same year but from the press of the second official printer,
+George B. Goudy, who was elected on January 27, 1855. One of these, a
+work of more than 500 pages, the Library also holds in three copies:
+_Statutes of the Territory of Washington: Being the Code Passed by
+the Legislative Assembly, At Their First Session Begun and Held at
+Olympia, February 27th, 1854. Also, Containing the Declaration of
+Independence, the Constitution of the United States, the Organic Act
+of Washington Territory, the Donation Laws, &C., &C._ The others are
+_Journal of the Council of the Territory of Washington: Together With
+the Memorials and Joint Resolutions of the First Session of {the}
+Legislative Assembly ..._; _Journal of the House of Representatives
+of the Territory of Washington: Together With the Memorials and Joint
+Resolutions of the First Session of the Legislative Assembly ..._;
+_Journal of the Council of the Territory of Washington, During the
+Second Session of the legislative Assembly ..._; and _Journal of the
+House of Representatives of the Territory of Washington: Being the
+Second Session of the Legislative Assembly ..._.
+
+Most official printing in the Territories was paid for by the Federal
+Government, and copies of many publications were sent to Washington,
+D.C., to meet certain administrative requirements. In some copies now
+at the Library of Congress visible evidence to this effect remains,
+as in the above-mentioned Council and House journals for the second
+legislative session, both inscribed to "Library State Dept." Although
+the Department of State continued to exercise broad supervision over
+the Territories at this period, supervision of their official printing
+was assigned, as it had been since 1842, to the Treasury Department.
+The cover or halftitle now bound in at the end of the above-mentioned
+House journal for the first legislative session bears notations
+made in the office of the Treasury Department's first comptroller,
+who exercised this particular responsibility.[118] One is a barely
+legible record in pencil: "Recd Oct 14/56 in letter of Sec Mason of
+Augt 26/56"; and another is in ink: "Finding enclosed to Sec Mason
+March 31/57." These notations refer to correspondence between the
+comptroller and the secretary of the Territory of Washington about
+remuneration for printing. Part of the correspondence is still
+retained at the National Archives (in Record Group 217).
+
+[Footnote 117: See Roby Wentz, _Eleven Western Presses_ (Los Angeles,
+1956), p. 35-38.]
+
+[Footnote 118: See W. A. Katz, "Tracing Western Territorial Imprints
+Through the National Archives," _The Papers of the Bibliographical
+Society of America_, vol. 59 (1965), p. 1-11. Two Minnesota documents
+inscribed to the comptroller are cited in footnote no. 2 on page 69.]
+
+
+
+
+Nebraska
+
+
+[Illustration: (_Laws, Resolutions and Memorials, Passed at the
+Regular Session of the First General Assembly of the Territory of
+Nebraska, Convened at Omaha City, on the 16th Day of January, Anno
+Domini, 1855. Together with the Constitution of the United States, the
+Organic Law, and the Proclamations Issued in the Organization of the
+Territorial Government_)]
+
+Scholarly investigation has revealed that a supposed early instance
+of Nebraska printing--the Mormon _General Epistle_ "written at Winter
+Quarters, Omaha Nation, west bank of Missouri River, near Council
+Bluffs, North America, and signed December 23d, 1847"--actually issued
+from a St. Louis press.[119] The Library of Congress copy of this
+imprint is consequently disqualified for discussion here, as are also
+the Library's three issues of the _Omaha Arrow_, beginning with the
+initial number dated July 28, 1854, since these issues were printed in
+Iowa, at Council Bluffs, before Omaha acquired its own press.
+
+Nebraska printing begins in fact with the 16th number of the _Nebraska
+Palladium_, issued at Bellevue on November 15, 1854. Previously issued
+at St. Mary's, Iowa, the paper takes pride in introducing printing
+to the newly formed Territory of Nebraska and identifies the men
+responsible:
+
+     The first printers in our office, and who have set up
+     the present number, are natives of three different
+     states--Ohio, Virginia, and Massachusetts, namely: Thomas
+     Morton, foreman, Columbus, Ohio (but Mr. Morton was born in
+     England); A. D. Long, compositor, Virginia; Henry M. Reed,
+     apprentice, Massachusetts.[120]
+
+The first Nebraska books were printed at Omaha by the Territorial
+printers Sherman & Strickland in 1855, and they are represented in the
+Library of Congress collections: _Laws, Resolutions and Memorials,
+Passed at the Regular Session of the First General Assembly of the
+Territory of Nebraska, Convened at Omaha City, on the 16th Day of
+January, Anno Domini, 1855. Together with the Constitution of the
+United States, the Organic Law, and the Proclamations Issued in the
+Organization of the Territorial Government; Journal of the Council at
+the First Regular Session of the General Assembly, of the Territory
+of Nebraska, Begun and Held at Omaha City, Commencing on Tuesday the
+Sixteenth Day January, A. D. 1855, and Ending on the Sixteenth Day of
+March, A. D. 1855_; and _Journal of the House of Representatives, of
+the First Regular Session of the General Assembly of the Territory
+of Nebraska ..._. These three official publications record quite
+fully the work of the first Nebraska Legislature, which consisted of
+a council of 13 and a house of 26 members. From later in the same
+year the Library owns still another Sherman & Strickland imprint:
+_Annual Message of Mark W. Izard, Governor of the Territory of
+Nebraska, Addressed to the Legislative Assembly, December 18, 1855_.
+The Governor delivered this address at the convening of the second
+legislature.
+
+The press on which these four books were printed had been transported
+to Omaha from Ohio, and it was used to produce the initial number
+of the _Omaha Nebraskan_, January 17, 1855.[121] On March 13, with
+the approval of a joint resolution which may be read in the _Laws,
+Resolutions and Memorials_, John H. Sherman and Joseph B. Strickland
+became the official printers of the Territory; and "An Act to provide
+for Printing and Distributing the Laws of Nebraska Territory," also
+approved on March 13, stipulated that a thousand copies of the
+laws and resolutions of the first legislature be printed. Two of
+the thousand copies are listed as a "present" in _Additions Made
+to the Library of Congress, Since the First Day of November, 1855.
+November 1, 1856_ (Washington, 1856).[122] They are still on the
+Library shelves, along with a third copy received by transfer from
+another Government agency in 1911. The Library received its copy of
+the _Journal of the Council_ in 1867 and its copy of the _Journal of
+the House of Representatives_ probably not much later in the 19th
+century.[123] The Statute Law Book Company sold the Library Governor
+Izard's _Annual Message_ for $22 in October 1935.
+
+[Footnote 119: See no. 65 in Thomas W. Streeter's
+_Americana--Beginnings_ (Morristown, N.J., 1952). The Library of
+Congress possesses one copy, not two as here reported.]
+
+[Footnote 120: Quoted from Douglas C. McMurtrie's "Pioneer Printing in
+Nebraska" in _National Printer Journalist_, vol. 50, no. 1 (January
+1932), p. 20-21, 76-78.]
+
+[Footnote 121: Ibid., p. 76.]
+
+[Footnote 122: P. 99.]
+
+[Footnote 123: The latter title is indicated as wanting in a
+collective entry for Council and House journals in the _Catalogue of
+Books Added to the Library of Congress, from December 1, 1866, to
+December 1, 1867_ (Washington, 1868), p. 282.]
+
+
+
+
+South Dakota
+
+
+In 1858 the Dakota Land Company sent out from St. Paul to Sioux
+Falls a newspaper editor named Samuel J. Albright, a printer named
+J. W. Barnes, and a printing press which Albright later insisted was
+the original Goodhue press (see above, p. 68), despite conflicting
+accounts of its history. If his testimony is correct, the same press
+introduced printing in Iowa, Minnesota, and South Dakota. It appears
+to have been first used at Sioux Falls to print a small election
+notice dated September 20, 1858; in the following summer, it was used
+to print South Dakota's first newspaper, _The Democrat_.[124]
+
+Establishment of the Territory of Dakota in 1861 attracted a second
+Dakota press to the new Territorial capital at Yankton. The earliest
+Dakota, or South Dakota, printing in the Library of Congress is from
+the newspaper associated with that press, _The Dakotian_, first
+published on June 6, 1861, by Frank M. Ziebach and William Freney
+of Sioux City, Iowa. The Library's earliest holding is the 13th
+number, which is dated April 1, 1862, and exhibits the paper's motto:
+"'Let all the Ends thou aims't at, be thy Country's, thy God's and
+Truth's.'--_Wolsey._" This number follows upon a transfer of the
+editorship and proprietorship to Josiah C. Trask of Kansas, who
+announces,
+
+     We have secured the interest which Mr. ZIEBACH, the former
+     publisher of this paper, held in the office, and have made
+     extensive additions for book work, &c.--We are now engaged
+     in executing the incidental printing of the Legislative
+     Assembly of this Territory under peculiar disadvantages;
+     yet we believe it will compare favorably with the work of
+     many older Territories. We are prepared to execute any
+     style of printing to the satisfaction of patrons.
+
+By using fine print, Trask was able to present much material in this
+four-page issue. Among its contents are the text of the Governor's
+message to the first Territorial legislature and several U.S. laws
+passed by the first session of the 37th Congress. The lead editorial,
+"What We Mean to Do," contains the following statement of policy
+regarding the Civil War:
+
+     At present, there is no room for disagreement in politics.
+     So far as our knowledge extends, all parties join heartily
+     in an indorsement of the truly patriotic and conservative
+     course adopted by the President in the management of
+     this war. He is not a patriot who will allow any slight
+     disagreement te [sic] turn him from a straightforward
+     opposition to the ambitious men who are now heading a
+     Rebellion to destroy the fairest Government ever known.
+     Until this war is ended by a suppression of the Rebellion,
+     unless a change is forced upon us, we shall walk with men
+     of ALL parties, in an earnest, honest purpose to do what we
+     can to strengthen the arms of ABRAHAM LINCOLN, in whatever
+     acts he may deem best for the people who have called him to
+     his present proud position. In this determination we feel
+     that all our patrons will sustain us.
+
+The editorial concludes with an appeal to support the paper:
+
+     Few persons can know the expense and care requisite for
+     a publication like this so far West. We feel that our
+     Territory cannot support more than one or two papers. One
+     of these must be at the Capital, and we shall endeavor
+     to make this one worthy the support of all. We expect to
+     receive pecuniary encouragement from men of all parties and
+     all parts. After a few weeks, when we are better acquainted
+     and our paper is better known, we shall ask for the
+     assistance which will be due us from those whom we labor to
+     benefit.
+
+A Library of Congress bound volume contains an incomplete but
+substantial run of _The Dakotian_ from April 1, 1862, to December 17,
+1864, without any marks of provenance. In addition the Library owns
+a file of South Dakota's third newspaper, _The Dakota Republican_,
+beginning with volume 1, number 31, published at Vermillion on April
+5, 1862. This newspaper has for its motto "Our Country If Right, If
+Wrong, God Forgive, But Our Country Still!" The Library's issue of
+April 12, 1862, is inscribed "Wm H James"--this would be William
+Hartford James of Dakota City, Nebr., who served as Acting Governor
+of Nebraska in 1871-1872--and some of its 1868 and 1869 issues are
+inscribed "Dept of State." All of these papers are accounted for
+in _A Check List of American Newspapers in the Library of Congress_
+(1901).
+
+[Illustration: (_The Dakotian_)]
+
+From the year 1862 the Library also possesses four books printed at
+Yankton all bearing the imprint of Josiah C. Trask, Public Printer:
+_Council Journal of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of
+Dakota, to which is Prefixed a List of the Members and Officers of
+the Council, With Their Residence, Post-Office Address, Occupation,
+Age, &c._; _House Journal of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory
+of Dakota, to which is Prefixed a List of the Members and Officers
+of the House_ ...; _General Laws, and Memorials and Resolutions
+of the Territory of Dakota, Passed at the First Session of the
+Legislative Assembly, Commenced at the Town of Yankton, March 17, and
+Concluded May 15, 1862. To Which are Prefixed a Brief Description
+of the Territory and its Government, the Constitution of the United
+States, the Declaration of Independence, and the Act of Organizing
+the Territory_; and _Private Laws of the Territory of Dakota, Passed
+at the First Session of the Legislative Assembly_....[125] Single
+copies of the Council and House journals were in the Library by
+1877. The Library has four copies of the _General Laws_ and _Private
+Laws_, bound together as issued; two copies are probably 19th-century
+accessions, the third came from the Department of Interior in 1900,
+and the fourth was transferred from an unspecified Government agency
+in 1925.
+
+[Footnote 124: See Douglas C. McMurtrie, _The Beginnings of the Press
+in South Dakota_ (Iowa City, Iowa, 1933). On the disputed history of
+the Goodhue press, see M. W. Berthel, _Horns of Thunder_ (St. Paul,
+1948), p. 26, note 3.]
+
+[Footnote 125: These are nos. 7, 9, 4, and 5, respectively, in Albert
+H. Allen's _Dakota Imprints 1858-1889_ (New York, 1947).]
+
+
+
+
+Nevada
+
+
+[Illustration: _Joseph T. Goodman, editor of the_ Territorial
+Enterprise. _Courtesy of the New York Public Library._]
+
+Nevada owes its first printing to W. L. Jernegan, who in partnership
+with Alfred James established a weekly newspaper, the _Territorial
+Enterprise_, at Genoa, then in western Utah Territory, on December
+18, 1858. Jernegan had transported his printing equipment across the
+Sierras from Yolo County, Calif.[126]
+
+The earliest Nevada imprint in the Library of Congress dates
+from 1862, the year after Nevada's establishment as a separate
+Territory: _Second Annual Message of Governor James W. Nye, to the
+Legislature of Nevada Territory, November 13, 1862. Together with
+Reports of Territorial Auditor, Treasurer, and Superintendent of
+Public Instruction._ Printed at Carson City by J. T. Goodman & Co.,
+Territorial printers, this publication has 48 pages, not including
+the title page printed on its yellow wrapper. Joseph T. Goodman was
+not only involved with official printing at this time, but he was
+also editing the _Territorial Enterprise_, which was then located
+at Virginia City and had become a daily paper. He is perhaps best
+remembered for launching Mark Twain on a literary career when he
+employed him as a reporter in August 1862.[127]
+
+Governor Nye's _Second Annual Message_ covers an important period of
+national history. Strongly pro-Union, it gives an optimistic account
+of the year's events in the Civil War and bestows high praise on
+Lincoln's preliminary Emancipation Proclamation of September 22,
+1862: "As an engine of war, its formidability is a powerful warrant
+of early peace, and as a measure of humanity, the enlightened world
+receives it with acclamations of unbounded joy." Part of the message
+concerns expected consequences from a bill recently passed by Congress
+authorizing construction of a Pacific Railroad, which would profoundly
+affect life in Nevada:
+
+     No State nor Territory will derive such inestimable
+     advantage from the road as the Territory of Nevada.
+     Situated, as we are, in what, during a great portion of
+     the year, is an almost inaccessible isolation of wealth;
+     with mountains covered with perpetual snow frowning down
+     directly upon us at the west, and with a series of ranges,
+     difficult to cross, at the east of us, with a wilderness
+     fit only for the original inhabitants of the waste,
+     stretching away a thousand miles, and intervening between
+     us and the frontier of agricultural enterprise; and with no
+     means of receiving the common necessaries of life, except
+     through the expensive freightage of tediously traveling
+     trains of wagons; the value of the road to us will be
+     beyond calculation.
+
+The inscription "Library Depr State" on the Library of Congress copy
+indicates it must have been submitted to the Department of State,
+which in 1862 was still in charge of the United States Territories.
+A date stamp on its wrapper suggests that it was transferred to the
+Library of Congress by December 1900, while a stamp on page 2 reveals
+that it was in custody of the Library's Division of Documents in
+September 1907.
+
+[Footnote 126: See Richard E. Lingenfelter, _The Newspapers of Nevada_
+(San Francisco, 1964), p. 47-49.]
+
+[Footnote 127: See Ivan Benson, _Mark Twain's Western Years_ (Stanford
+University, Calif. [1938]), chapters 4-6.]
+
+
+
+
+Arizona
+
+
+[Illustration: (_The Weekly Arizonian_)]
+
+Printing began in Arizona with the establishment of _The Weekly
+Arizonian_, at the mining town of Tubac, on March 3, 1859. The Santa
+Rita Mining Company, which owned this newspaper, had imported the
+first press from Cincinnati, and the first printers are said to have
+been employees of the company named Jack Sims and George Smithson.[128]
+
+The Library of Congress file of the _Arizonian_ starts with the issue
+of August 18, 1859, the earliest example of Arizona printing now held
+by the Library. The paper had removed from Tubac to Tucson shortly
+before that date under rather dramatic circumstances. Edward E. Cross,
+its first editor, vigorously opposed a movement in favor of separating
+Arizona from New Mexico and organizing it as an independent territory.
+In attacking population statistics put forward by Sylvester Mowry, the
+leader of that movement, Cross impugned Mowry's character, whereupon
+Mowry challenged him to a duel, which was fought with rifles on July
+8 without injury to either party. Mowry subsequently purchased the
+printing press and moved it to Tucson. Under a new editor, J. Howard
+Wells, the _Arizonian_'s positions were completely reversed.[129]
+
+The issue of August 18 supports the candidacy of Sylvester Mowry
+for delegate to Congress, in an election scheduled for September
+1. In view of past events it was understandable that the paper
+should encourage a heavy vote, not only to demonstrate the unity of
+Arizonians desiring Territorial status, but also to indicate the
+extent of the population. The following short article relates to the
+recurrent topic of numbers:
+
+
+     A SLIGHT MISTAKE
+
+     We understand Col. Bonneville says he has taken the names
+     of all the Americans, between the Rio Grande and the Santa
+     Cruz, and they number only one hundred and eighty. Come and
+     pay us a longer visit, Colonel, and count again. There are
+     nearly that number in and around Tucson alone, and there
+     are a good many of us that dislike to be denationalized
+     in so summary a manner. The Overland Mail Company alone,
+     employs some seventy five Americans, between here and the
+     Rio Grande, and they justly think, they have a right to be
+     included, as well as the farmers living on the San Pedro
+     and the Miembres rivers, it is hardly fair to leave them
+     out. It is nearly as bad as cutting down the Americans on
+     the Gila and Colorado to twelve. When there are ten times
+     that number. Try it again Colonel, for evidently there is a
+     slight mistake, some where.
+
+In the same issue is a notice illustrating the production difficulties
+characteristic of a frontier press:
+
+     We have to apologize to the readers of the Arizonian, for
+     the delay in issuing this our regular number; the detention
+     has been unavoidably caused, by the indisposition of our
+     printer. We hope it may not occur again, and will not as
+     far as lays in our power to prevent it.
+
+When examined as recently as 1932, a Library of Congress binding
+contained 10 issues of the _Arizonian_ from the year 1859, beginning
+July 14; however, that early issue has been missing from the binding
+at least since 1948. One mark of provenance occurs among the remaining
+issues: an inscription on the issue of August 18, the upper half of
+which has been cut away but which unquestionably reads, "Gov Rencher."
+The recipient was Abraham Rencher (1798-1883), a distinguished North
+Carolinian who was serving as Governor of the Territory of New Mexico
+in 1859. By whatever route, these issues reached the Library early
+enough to be recorded in _A Check List of American Newspapers in the
+Library of Congress_ (1901).
+
+[Illustration: (Column from _Arizonian_)]
+
+[Footnote 128: See Douglas C. McMurtrie, _The Beginnings of Printing
+in Arizona_ (Chicago, 1937), p. 31, note 9.]
+
+[Footnote 129: See Estelle Lutrell, _Newspapers and Periodicals of
+Arizona 1859-1911_ (Tucson, 1950), p. 7-8, 63-64. For more on Cross
+and Mowry, see Jo Ann Schmitt, _Fighting Editors_ (San Antonio, 1958),
+p. 1-21.]
+
+
+
+
+Colorado
+
+
+The earliest examples of Colorado printing are the first numbers of
+two competing newspapers, which were issued at Denver on April 23,
+1859, only about 20 minutes apart.[130] Taking precedence was the
+_Rocky Mountain News_, published by William N. Byers & Co. and printed
+with equipment purchased in Nebraska. Its printers were John L. Dailey
+of Ohio, a member of the company, and W. W. Whipple of Michigan.[131]
+
+The Library of Congress recently acquired its earliest example of
+Colorado printing, a broadside entitled _Laws and Regulations of the
+Miners of the Gregory Diggings District_, attributed to the Byers &
+Co. press. Printed sometime after July 16, 1859, it is one of but
+two located copies of the first extant Colorado imprint other than
+a newspaper or newspaper extra.[132] The laws, passed at miners'
+meetings on June 8 and July 16, apply to the district named for John
+Gregory, whose successful prospecting helped to stimulate the famous
+Pike's Peak gold rush. They were placed in historical context by Peter
+C. Schank, assistant chief of the American-British Law Division in the
+Library of Congress, in an article announcing this acquisition:
+
+     the laws themselves are intrinsically valuable because they
+     served as a model for much succeeding legislation, not only
+     for other mining districts, but for State and national
+     enactments as well. Despite the promulgation of California
+     district laws 10 years earlier, the Gregory laws, perhaps
+     because of the district's fame, the presence of prospectors
+     with previous experience in other mining areas, and the
+     imminent adoption of the first national mining statute, had
+     a unique influence on the development of mining law in this
+     country.[133]
+
+The lower margin of the Library's copy is inscribed, "Favor of Stiles
+E Mills, July 20th 1863." Neither the identity of Mr. Mills nor the
+intervening provenance has been established. In recent years this
+copy belonged to Thomas W. Streeter (1883-1965) of Morristown, N. J.,
+owner of the most important private library of Americana assembled
+during the 20th century. The Library of Congress paid $2,800 for the
+broadside at that portion of the Streeter sale held by Parke-Bernet
+Galleries on April 23-24, 1968.[134]
+
+Previously the Library's first example of Colorado printing was the
+second issue of a small newspaper sheet, _The Western Mountaineer_,
+published at Golden City on December 14, 1859. This newspaper was
+printed on the same press, actually the first to reach Colorado, that
+under different ownership had lost the close race to print the first
+newspaper at Denver. Gold is a prominent topic in this particular
+issue, which includes an interesting account of the prospector,
+George Andrew Jackson, based on information he himself supplied.
+The Library's copy seems to have been detached from a bound volume,
+probably before its listing in _A Check List of American Newspapers
+in the Library of Congress_ (1901). Penciled on its front page are
+the name "Lewis Cass [Esquire?]" and what appears to be another name
+beginning with "Amos." Lewis Cass was Secretary of State at the time
+of publication.
+
+[Illustration: (_Laws and Regulations of the Miners of the Gregory
+Diggings District_)]
+
+[Footnote 130: See Douglas C. McMurtrie and Albert H. Allen, _Early
+Printing in Colorado_ (Denver, 1935).]
+
+[Footnote 131: See _History of the City of Denver, Arapahoe County,
+and Colorado_ (Chicago, 1880), p. 395 and 641.]
+
+[Footnote 132: See no. 68 in Thomas W. Streeter's
+_Americana--Beginnings_ (Morristown, N.J., 1952).]
+
+[Footnote 133: U.S. Library of Congress, _The Quarterly Journal of the
+Library of Congress_, vol. 26 (1969), p. 229.]
+
+[Footnote 134: It is described under no. 2119 in _The Celebrated
+Collection of Americana Formed by the Late Thomas Winthrop Streeter_
+(New York, 1966-69), vol. 4.]
+
+
+
+
+Wyoming
+
+
+The oldest relics of Wyoming printing are June and July 1863 issues
+of the _Daily Telegraph_, published at Fort Bridger in what was then
+the Territory of Utah. The printer and publisher of this newspaper was
+Hiram Brundage, telegraph operator at the Fort, who had previously
+been associated with the Fort Kearney _Herald_ in the Territory of
+Nebraska.[135] No printing is known to have been performed in Wyoming
+between 1863 and 1867, with the possible exception of a disputed
+imprint dated 1866,[136] and the first permanent Wyoming press dates
+from the founding of the _Cheyenne Leader_ in September 1867.
+
+The earliest example of Wyoming printing in the Library of Congress
+is a 24-page pamphlet printed at Green River by "Freeman & Bro.,
+book and job printers" in 1868: _A Vocabulary of the Snake, or,
+Sho-Sho-Nay Dialect by Joseph A. Gebow, Interpreter. Second Edition,
+Revised and Improved, January 1st, 1864._ It was printed on the press
+of the _Frontier Index_, a migratory newspaper which commenced when
+the Freemans bought out the Fort Kearney _Herald_ in Nebraska. This
+press moved westward from place to place as the Union Pacific Railroad
+penetrated into southern Wyoming, and it stopped at Green River for
+about two months in 1868.[137]
+
+The first edition of Gebow's _Vocabulary_ was printed at Salt Lake
+City in 1859, and the first printing of the second edition at Camp
+Douglas, Utah, in 1864. The vocabulary proper is prefaced only by the
+following statement:
+
+     Mr. Joseph A. Gebow, having been a resident in the
+     Mountains for nearly twenty years, has had ample
+     opportunity of acquiring the language of the several tribes
+     of Indians, and offers this sample of Indian Literature,
+     hoping it may beguile many a tedious hour to the trader,
+     the trapper, and to any one who feels an interest in the
+     language of the Aborigines of the Mountains.
+
+Even for those unfamiliar with the native dialect, the words and
+phrases in English can be beguiling. Among the phrases chosen for
+translation are "Go slow, friend, don't get mad" and "You done wrong."
+
+[Illustration: (_A Vocabulary of the Snake, or, Sho-Sho-Nay Dialect by
+Joseph A. Gebow, Interpreter. Second Edition, Revised and Improved,
+January 1st, 1864._)]
+
+The present Library of Congress copy is inscribed to the Smithsonian
+Institution, and to judge from a date stamp it was added to the
+Smithsonian Library by May 1870. Later it was transferred to the
+Library of Congress through the Smithsonian Deposit (see above,
+p. 52). It is in an old library binding with the original printed
+wrappers bound in.
+
+[Footnote 135: See Douglas C. McMurtrie, _Early Printing in Wyoming
+and the Black Hills_ (Hattiesburg, Miss., 1943), p. 9-10.]
+
+[Footnote 136: Ibid., p. 10, note 1.]
+
+[Footnote 137: Ibid., p. 39. On p. 48 McMurtrie argues that the
+pamphlet was printed in the month of October.]
+
+
+
+
+Montana
+
+
+Authorities do not agree on when or by whom Montana's first printing
+was undertaken. It was either at Bannack or Virginia City, both
+gold-mining towns, probably in October 1863.[138]
+
+The earliest Montana imprints in the Library of Congress were printed
+at Virginia City in 1866 by John P. Bruce, who owned _The Montana
+Democrat_ and was designated Public Printer. Of these, the first may
+be an eight-page pamphlet, _Reports of the Auditor, Treasurer, and
+Indian Commissioner, of the Territory of Montana_. The latest document
+incorporated in the text is dated February 22, 1866, and the pamphlet
+was printed in the office of _The Montana Democrat_ probably not long
+after that date. Most likely the second Montana imprint in the Library
+is the _Message of Governor Thomas Francis Meagher, to the Legislature
+of Montana Territory, Delivered on the 6th Day of March, 1866_. Three
+thousand copies were ordered, according to a printed note on the
+eighth and final page of this work. Neither of these two imprints
+bears any mark of provenance, and both appear to have entered the
+Library before the turn of the century.
+
+Another early example of Montana printing in the Library is the 22d
+number, dated April 12, 1866, of _The Montana Democrat_, a sizable
+four-page sheet displaying the paper's motto: "Be faithful in all
+accepted trusts." It is addressed in pencil to the State Department.
+From about the same time the Library can boast two copies of _Laws
+of the Teritory_ [sic] _of Montana, Passed at the Second Session of
+the Legislature, 1866. Beginning March 5, 1866, and Ending April 14,
+1866_, a work of 54 pages. Although copy one is imperfect, lacking
+pages 49-54, it is of interest for the penciled inscription on its
+title page: "President Johnson."
+
+[Illustration: (REPORT OF THE AUDITOR OF THE TERRITORY OF MONTANA.)]
+
+The Library of Congress also owns three copies of a celebrated Montana
+book published at Virginia City in the same year by the proprietors
+of _The Montana Post_ press, S. W. Tilton & Co.: _The Vigilantes of
+Montana, or Popular Justice in the Rocky Mountains. Being a Correct
+and Impartial Narrative of the Chase, Trial, Capture and Execution
+of Henry Plummer's Road Agent Band, Together With Accounts of the
+Lives and Crimes of Many of the Robbers and Desperadoes, the Whole
+Being Interspersed With Sketches of Life in the Mining Camps of the
+"Far West;" Forming the Only Reliable Work on the Subject Ever
+Offered the Public._ The author, Prof. Thos. J. Dimsdale, was an
+Englishman who served Virginia City as a teacher and as editor of
+the _Post_, where his work originally appeared in installments. This
+first edition in book form contains 228 pages of text. The Library
+date-stamped copy one in 1874. Copy two was deposited for copyright
+in 1882, the year that D. W. Tilton put out a second edition. Copy
+three bears the signature of Henry Gannett (1846-1914), geographer
+of the U.S. Geological Survey and at the time of his death president
+of the National Geographic Society. It contains a "War Service
+Library" bookplate and an "American Library Association Camp Library"
+borrower's card (unused). The Library of Congress received the copy
+from an unknown source in 1925.[139]
+
+[Footnote 138: See Douglas C. McMurtrie, _Pioneer Printing in Montana_
+(Iowa City, Iowa, 1932); the Introduction to McMurtrie's _Montana
+Imprints 1864-1880_ (Chicago, 1937); and Roby Wentz, _Eleven Western
+Presses_ (Los Angeles, 1956), p. 49-51.]
+
+[Footnote 139: Three Virginia City imprints dated 1866 are excluded
+from the present account. One of them (McMurtrie 19) cannot have been
+issued before January 10, 1867. The others (McMurtrie 130 and 131)
+were actually printed in Maine according to McMurtrie's bibliography.
+None of the Library of Congress copies of these imprints has a notable
+provenance.]
+
+
+
+
+North Dakota
+
+
+[Illustration: FRONTIER SCOUT. Capt. E. G. Adams, Editor. LIBERTY AND
+UNION. Lieut. C. H. Champney, Publisher Vol. 1. FORT RICE, D. T.,
+AUGUST 10, 1865 No. 9.]
+
+As early as 1853 a printing press is said to have been at the St.
+Joseph mission station, site of the present town of Walhalla, but
+there is no evidence that the press was actually used there. The first
+confirmed North Dakota printing was done on a press which Company I
+of the 30th Wisconsin Volunteers brought to Fort Union in June 1864.
+In July of that year a small newspaper, the _Frontier Scout_, made
+its appearance at the fort, and extant issues name the Company as
+"proprietors" and identify (Robert) Winegar and (Ira F.) Goodwin, both
+from Eau Claire but otherwise unknown, as publishers.[140] Possibly
+antedating the _Frontier Scout_ is a rare broadside notice which
+either issued from the same press (not before June 17) or else could
+be the first extant Montana imprint.[141]
+
+With its early North Dakota newspapers the Library of Congress has a
+facsimile reprint of the _Frontier Scout_, volume 1, number 2 (the
+first extant issue), dated July 14, 1864. The Library's earliest
+original specimen of North Dakota printing is a copy of the _Frontier
+Scout_, volume 1, number 9 in a new series of issues at the paper's
+second location, Fort Rice. Dated August 10, 1865, this issue names
+Capt. E. G. Adams as editor and Lt. C. H. Champney as publisher. The
+Library's copy is printed on a four-page sheet of blue-ruled notebook
+paper.
+
+The contents of the August 10 issue are almost entirely from the pen
+of Captain Adams, who saw fit to run the statement: "Every article in
+the paper is original and sees the light for the first time." A long
+poem about Columbus, which he entitled "San Salvador," occupies most
+of the front page. More interesting is a second-page editorial headed
+"Indian Impolicy," rebuking the authorities in Washington for not
+allowing General Sully a free hand in his current operations against
+the Indians (whom the editor calls "these miserable land-pirates").
+From this issue one gains an impression that Fort Rice must have been
+a dreary post. The following is under date of August 6 in a section
+captioned "Local Items":
+
+     By the Big Horn and Spray [vessels] the Q. M. Dept. at Fort
+     Rice receive 4500 sacks of corn. The Mail arrives. The
+     wolves are howling on all sides tonight; we can see them,
+     some of them are as large as year old calves. The first cat
+     arrives at Fort Rice. There are so many rats and mice here
+     it is a great field for feline missionaries.
+
+The Library of Congress obtained its copy of this issue of the
+_Frontier Scout_ through an exchange with the South Dakota Historical
+Society in November 1939.
+
+[Footnote 140: See Douglas C. McMurtrie, "Pioneer Printing in North
+Dakota," _North Dakota Historical Quarterly_, vol. 6, 1931-32, p.
+221-230.]
+
+[Footnote 141: See no. 2036 in _The Celebrated Collection of Americana
+Formed by the Late Thomas Winthrop Streeter_ (New York, 1966-69), vol.
+4.]
+
+
+
+
+Alaska
+
+
+Printing is not known to have been undertaken by the Russians in
+Alaska,[142] nor can a broadside notice of 1854 printed by an English
+searching party aboard H.M.S. _Plover_ at Point Barrow[143] be
+properly considered as Alaskan printing. The first printing in Alaska
+evidently followed its transfer to United States rule on October 18,
+1867.
+
+Despite the absence of a bibliography or trustworthy history of early
+Alaskan printing, it seems safe to say that the earliest imprints
+were the orders issued by the Military District of Alaska beginning
+with General Orders No. 1, dated October 29, 1867.[144] The District
+headquarters were at Sitka. There is no statement on the orders about
+place of printing, but it is difficult to imagine how they could
+have been printed elsewhere than Alaska and still have served their
+immediate purpose.
+
+The earliest Alaskan printing in the Library of Congress is a series
+of general orders dating from April 11, 1868, to July 1, 1870. These
+orders, printed as small sheets and leaflets, are mostly of a routine
+character, the majority reporting courts-martial held at Sitka. In
+the General Orders No. 1, of April 11, 1868, Jefferson C. Davis
+announces his assumption of command of the Department of Alaska, which
+superseded the Military District of Alaska on March 18, 1868, and he
+names the members of his departmental staff. The orders are printed on
+different kinds of paper, including blue-ruled, and many of them carry
+official signatures in manuscript. General Orders No. 13, of December
+31, 1868, is stamped: "Received Adjutant Gen'ls Office Apr 6 1870."
+The whole series is bound into a volume, now destitute of both covers,
+which was weeded from the Army War College Library sometime after
+World War II. The National War College transferred it to the Library
+of Congress in or about 1953.
+
+Since the facts surrounding the Army press have yet to be documented,
+it may be well to consider the civilian printing of Alaska also.
+This apparently began with the initial issue of _The Alaskan Times_,
+dated April 23, 1869, and printed on a press obtained from San
+Francisco.[145] The _Times_ ceased publication in 1870. Apart from
+the general orders of 1868-70, the earliest Alaskan printing in the
+Library is its file of _The Sitka Post_ beginning with the second
+issue, dated November 5, 1876. The _Post_, published in a small
+six-page format on the 5th and 20th of each month, was the second
+newspaper to be printed in Alaska. Neither the _Times_ nor the _Post_
+identifies its printer.
+
+Featured in the November 5 issue is "The Cavalry Fight at Brandy
+Station," an extract from L. P. Brockett's _The Camp, the Battle
+Field, and the Hospital_ (Philadelphia, 1866). Following this is
+a forceful editorial on "The Indian Campaign," which advocates
+committing a greater number of U.S. troops to the war against the
+Sioux. Certain advertisements in this issue are noteworthy because
+they relate to the paper itself. One is on the fourth page:
+
+     We wish to call the Attention of all BUSINESS MEN who
+     intend to Trade in Alaska to the fact that The Sitka Post
+     is the Only Newspaper PUBLISHED in the TERRITORY. It is
+     devoted entirely to the Interests of ALASKA; will never
+     be made the organ of any party [o]r ring, political,
+     commercial, or otherwise; and will make it its object to
+     give the news of the TERRITORY. ALL ENTERPRISING MEN who
+     wish to bring their BUSINESS before the Public of Alaska
+     Territory cannot do better than by ADVERTISING in The Sitka
+     Post.
+
+Another appears on the last page:
+
+     MEN OF ENTERPRISE! TAKE NOTICE! The SITKA POST Is the
+     only Paper printed in Alaska. It is the best medium of
+     Advertising. It circulates in Sitka, Wrangel, Stikeen,
+     Kodiak; Portland, Oregon; San Francisco, Cal; Baltimore,
+     Md, and Washington, D. C. Send your Advertisements to J. J.
+     Daly Editor, Sitka Post, Sitka, A.
+
+And there is a brief appeal at the end of the last page:
+
+     Wanted--More subscribers and contributors to this paper.
+
+[Illustration: (Orders issued by the Military District of Alaska)]
+
+The Library of Congress file of the _Post_ is in an old Library
+binding and extends from number 2 without break to the 14th and final
+number, dated June 5, 1877. The first page in the volume bears a
+Library date stamp of 1877. Also on the first page is the signature
+"M. Baker," preceded by the words "Purchased by" in a different hand.
+Thus the file was apparently assembled by Marcus Baker (1849-1903), a
+noted cartographer and writer on Alaska who was employed from 1873 to
+1886 by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. Some issues are addressed
+in pencil to individual subscribers, three of whom can be positively
+identified from company muster rolls at the National Archives as
+members of the 4th Artillery, U.S. Army, stationed at Sitka. They
+are "Ord[nance] Serg[ean]t [George] Go[l]kell"; "H[enry] Train," a
+corporal in Company G; and "W[illiam] J. Welch," a bugler in Company G.
+
+[Footnote 142: See Valerian Lada-Mocarski, "Earliest Russian Printing
+in the United States," in _Homage to a Bookman; Essays ... Written for
+Hans P. Kraus_ (Berlin, 1967), p. 231-233.]
+
+[Footnote 143: See no. 3525 in _The Celebrated Collection of Americana
+Formed by the Late Thomas Winthrop Streeter_ (New York, 1966-69), vol.
+6.]
+
+[Footnote 144: See ibid., no. 3531.]
+
+[Footnote 145: Photostat copy in the Library of Congress examined.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's Notes
+
+The images have not been cleaned up in order to keep the worn look
+of the old documents. The texts within the images have not been
+transcribed with the exception of some titles. Image descriptions,
+added for convenience, are within parentheses below the images.
+Captions found in the original book are not enclosed in parentheses.
+
+All [sic] notes were from the original book.
+
+Retained spelling variations found in the original book.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Pioneer Imprints From Fifty States, by 
+Roger J. Trienens
+
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+
+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's Pioneer Imprints From Fifty States, by Roger J. Trienens
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
+other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
+the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
+to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
+
+
+
+Title: Pioneer Imprints From Fifty States
+
+Author: Roger J. Trienens
+
+Release Date: April 26, 2015 [EBook #48794]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PIONEER IMPRINTS FROM FIFTY STATES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Diane Monico, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 594px;">
+<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="594" height="800" alt="cover" />
+</div>
+
+<h1>PIONEER<br />
+IMPRINTS<br />
+<small>FROM FIFTY STATES</small></h1>
+
+
+<p class="ph2"><span class="smcap">by Roger J. Trienens</span></p>
+
+<p class="ph3"><i>Descriptive Cataloging Division, Processing Department</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="ph3">LIBRARY OF CONGRESS<br />
+WASHINGTON<br />
+1973
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="r5" />
+<div class="center">
+<p class="card"><small>
+Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data<br />
+<br />
+Trienens, Roger J.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pioneer imprints from fifty States.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Includes bibliographical references.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">1. Printing&mdash;History&mdash;United States. 2. United</span><br />
+States. Library of Congress. 3. Bibliography&mdash;Early<br />
+printed books. I. United States. Library<br />
+of Congress. II. Title.<br />
+<br />
+Z208.T75&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 686.2'0973&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 72-10069<br />
+ISBN 0-84444-0038-6<br />
+</small></p>
+</div>
+<hr class="r5" />
+
+<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Cover</span>: <i>A standard tray (case) of type. Frequency of a letter's use determined
+the size and position of the letter compartment.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">
+<small>For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office</small><br />
+<small>Washington, D.C. 20402.&mdash;Price $4.25</small><br />
+<small>Stock Number 3000-0059</small><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2><a name="Preface" id="Preface">Preface</a></h2>
+
+
+<p><i>Pioneer Imprints From Fifty States</i> will enable
+readers to view the Library of Congress collections
+from an unaccustomed angle. It takes
+for its subject the Library's earliest examples
+of printing from within present-day boundaries
+of each State in the Union, providing for each
+in turn 1) a brief statement about the origin
+of printing; 2) identification of the Library's
+earliest examples&mdash;among them broadsides,
+newspapers, individual laws, almanacs, primers,
+and longer works; and 3) information, if available,
+about the provenance of these rarities.</p>
+
+<p>Each of the 50 sections may be consulted independently.
+To those who read it through,
+however, <i>Pioneer Imprints</i> will give some idea
+of the movement of printers and presses across
+the Nation, as well as insight into the nature
+and history of the Library's holdings.</p>
+
+<p>The author wishes to express his indebtedness
+to Frederick R. Goff, Chief of the Library
+of Congress Rare Book Division from 1945 to
+1972, who has been constantly helpful and
+encouraging; to Thomas R. Adams, Librarian
+of the John Carter Brown Library, Providence,
+R.I., who read the first 13 sections before their
+publication under the title "The Library's Earliest
+Colonial Imprints" in the <i>Quarterly Journal
+of the Library of Congress</i> for July 1967;
+and to Marcus A. McCorison, Director and
+Librarian of the American Antiquarian Society,
+Worcester, Mass., who read the manuscript of
+the later sections. These scholars cannot, of
+course, be held responsible for any errors or
+faults in this bibliographical investigation. The
+author's indebtedness to printed sources is revealed
+to some extent by notes appearing at
+the end of each section. He is obliged for
+much of his information to the staffs of the
+Library of Congress, the National Archives, and
+the Smithsonian Institution, as well as to the
+following correspondents: Alfred L. Bush,
+Curator, Princeton Collections of Western
+Americana, Princeton University Library; G.
+Glenn Clift, Assistant Director, Kentucky Historical
+Society; James H. Dowdy, Archivist, St.
+Mary's Seminary, Baltimore; Caroline Dunn,
+Librarian, William Henry Smith Memorial
+Library, Indianapolis; Joyce Eakin, Librarian,
+U.S. Army Military History Research Collection,
+Carlisle Barracks, Pa.; Arthur Perrault,
+Librarian, Advocates' Library, Montreal; P. W.
+Filby, Librarian, Maryland Historical Society;
+Lilla M. Hawes, Director, Georgia Historical
+Society; Earl E. Olson, Assistant Church Historian,
+the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day
+Saints, Salt Lake City; and Frank S. Richards,
+Piedmont, Calif.</p>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Contents" id="Contents">Contents</a></h2>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="8" cellspacing="0" summary="toc">
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><i><a href="#Page_1">1</a></i></span></td><td align="left"><i> Massachusetts</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><i><a href="#Page_3">3</a></i></span></td><td align="left"><i> Virginia</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><i><a href="#Page_4">4</a></i></span></td><td align="left"><i> Maryland</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><i><a href="#Page_5">5</a></i></span></td><td align="left"><i> Pennsylvania</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><i><a href="#Page_6">6</a></i></span></td><td align="left"><i> New York</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><i><a href="#Page_8">8</a></i></span></td><td align="left"><i> Connecticut</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_10">10</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> New Jersey</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_12">12</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Rhode Island</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_14">14</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> South Carolina</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_16">16</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> North Carolina</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_18">18</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> New Hampshire</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_20">20</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Delaware</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_21">21</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Georgia</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_23">23</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Louisiana</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_25">25</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Vermont</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_27">27</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Florida</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_29">29</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Maine</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_30">30</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Kentucky</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_32">32</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> West Virginia</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_34">34</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Tennessee</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_36">36</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Ohio</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_38">38</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Michigan</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_39">39</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Mississippi</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_41">41</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Indiana</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_43">43</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Alabama</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_44">44</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Missouri</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_46">46</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Texas</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_48">48</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Illinois</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_50">50</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Arkansas</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_52">52</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Hawaii</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_53">53</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Wisconsin</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_54">54</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> California</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_56">56</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Kansas</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_58">58</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> New Mexico</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_60">60</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Oklahoma</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_61">61</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Iowa</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_63">63</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Idaho</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_64">64</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Oregon</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_66">66</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Utah</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_68">68</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Minnesota</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_70">70</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Washington</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_72">72</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Nebraska</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_74">74</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> South Dakota</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_76">76</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Nevada</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_78">78</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Arizona</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_80">80</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Colorado</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_82">82</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Wyoming</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_83">83</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Montana</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_85">85</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> North Dakota</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i><a href="#Page_86">86</a></i></td><td align="left"><i> Alaska</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+<p class="ph1">PIONEER<br />
+IMPRINTS</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;">
+<img src="images/i007.jpg" width="200" height="108" alt="The Lapwai press, brought to Idaho in 1839 to
+produce the first book printed in the Northwest&mdash;an Indian primer.
+Courtesy of the Oregon Historical Society. See page 63." />
+<div class="caption"><i>The Lapwai press, brought to Idaho in 1839 to
+produce the first book printed in the Northwest&mdash;an Indian primer.
+Courtesy of the Oregon Historical Society.<small><br /> See page <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</small></i></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Massachusetts" id="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>Stephen Daye, the first printer of English-speaking
+North America, established his press
+at Cambridge late in 1638 or early in 1639
+and printed the famed <i>Bay Psalm Book</i> there
+in 1640. This volume of 295 pages is the first
+substantial book and the earliest extant example
+of printing from what is now the
+United States. Mrs. Adrian Van Sinderen of
+Washington, Conn., deposited an original copy
+of the <i>Bay Psalm Book</i> in the Library of Congress
+at a formal ceremony held in the Librarian's
+Office on May 2, 1966. Mrs. Van
+Sinderen retained ownership of the book during
+her lifetime; it became the Library's property
+upon her death, April 29, 1968.</p>
+
+<p>The book is properly entitled <i>The Whole
+Booke of Psalmes Faithfully Translated into
+English Metre</i>. Of 11 extant copies this was
+the last in private hands, and it filled the most
+serious single gap in the Library's collection
+of early American printing. It is an imperfect
+copy, lacking its title page and 18 leaves.
+Bound in calfskin, it is one of the five copies in
+an original binding.</p>
+
+<p>Zolt�n Haraszti's authoritative study <i>The
+Enigma of the Bay Psalm Book</i> (Chicago,
+1956) includes information about all the surviving
+copies. Mrs. Van Sinderen's copy was
+one of five that were collected by scholarly
+Thomas Prince of Boston (1687-1758), who
+bequeathed his extensive library to Old South
+Church. It was from the church that the Cambridge
+wool merchant and Bible collector
+George Livermore obtained it in 1849. By an
+exchange agreement between Livermore and
+the prominent bookseller Henry Stevens, 12
+leaves were removed from the volume to complete
+another copy, which Stevens sold to James
+Lenox in 1855 and which now belongs to the
+New York Public Library. Livermore's collection,
+deposited at Harvard after his death, was
+auctioned in 1894 in Boston, his <i>Bay Psalm
+Book</i> realizing $425 and going to Mrs. Van
+Sinderen's father, Alfred Tredway White of
+Brooklyn.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 439px;">
+<img src="images/i009.jpg" width="439" height="600" alt="Richard Mather's The Summe of Certain Sermons upon
+Genes: 15.6, printed at Cambridge in 1652" />
+<div class="caption">(Richard Mather's <i>The Summe of Certain Sermons upon
+Genes: 15.6</i>, printed at Cambridge in 1652)</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Before 1966 the earliest Massachusetts imprint,
+as well as the earliest imprint of the
+Nation, in the Library was Richard Mather's
+<i>The Summe of Certain Sermons upon Genes:
+15.6</i>, printed at Cambridge in 1652. Its author
+was the progenitor of the powerful Mather
+family of New England divines, and he was
+among the translators contributing to the <i>Bay
+Psalm Book</i>. Its printer, Samuel Green, operated
+the first Massachusetts printing press
+after Stephen Daye's son Matthew died in
+1649, Stephen having retired from the press<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span>
+in 1647. Mather's book contains his revised
+notes for sermons preached at Dorchester.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i010.jpg" width="600" height="523" alt="Bay Psalm Book" />
+<div class="caption">(<i>Bay Psalm Book</i>)</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Library of Congress copy&mdash;one of four
+extant&mdash;is inscribed by an early hand, "James
+Blake his Booke." In the mid-19th century this
+copy apparently came into the possession of
+Henry Stevens, whereupon it was bound in
+full morocco by Francis Bedford at London;
+and it presumably belonged to the extensive
+collection of Mather family books that Stevens
+sold in 1866 to George Brinley, of Hartford,
+Conn.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> The Library of Congress obtained the
+volume with a $90 bid at the first sale of
+Brinley's great library of Americana, held at
+New York in March 1879.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> See Wyman W. Parker, <i>Henry Stevens of Vermont</i>
+(Amsterdam, 1963), p. 267-268.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Virginia" id="Virginia">Virginia</a></h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 344px;">
+<img src="images/i011.jpg" width="344" height="600" alt="A Collection of All the Acts of Assembly Now in
+Force, in the Colony of Virginia (1733) printed by William Parks" />
+<div class="caption">(<i>A Collection of All the Acts of Assembly Now in
+Force, in the Colony of Virginia</i> (1733) printed by William Parks)</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>A press that William Nuthead started at Jamestown
+in 1682 was quickly suppressed, and
+nothing of its output has survived. It was
+William Parks who established at Williamsburg
+in 1730 Virginia's first permanent press.
+Here Parks issued the earliest Virginia imprint
+now represented in the Library of Congress:
+<i>A Collection of All the Acts of Assembly Now
+in Force, in the Colony of Virginia</i> (1733).
+Printing of this book may have begun as early
+as 1730. In a monograph on William Parks,
+Lawrence C. Wroth cites evidence "in the
+form of a passage from Markland's <i>Typographia</i>,
+which indicates that its printing was
+one of the first things undertaken after Parks
+had set up his Williamsburg press."<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p>Two Library of Congress copies of this imposing
+folio&mdash;one of them seriously defective&mdash;are
+housed in the Law Library; while yet
+another copy, which is especially prized, is
+kept with the Jefferson Collection in the Rare
+Book Division since it belonged to the library
+which Thomas Jefferson sold to the Congress
+in 1815.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> The 1815 bookplate of the Library
+of Congress is preserved in this rebound copy,
+and Jefferson's secret mark of ownership can
+be seen&mdash;his addition of his other initial to
+printed signatures I and T. A previous owner
+wrote "Robert [?] Lewis law Book" on a
+flyleaf at the end, following later acts bound
+into the volume and extending through the year
+1742. He may well have been the same Robert
+Lewis (1702-65) who served in the House of
+Burgesses from 1744 to 1746.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Library possesses the only known copy
+of another early Virginia imprint bearing the
+same date: Charles Leslie's <i>A Short and Easy
+Method with the Deists. The Fifth Edition</i>....
+Printed and sold by William Parks, at his
+Printing-Offices, in Williamsburg and Annapolis,
+1733. Inasmuch as an advertisement for this
+publication in the <i>Maryland Gazette</i> for May
+17-24, 1734, is headed "Lately Publish'd," it
+was most likely printed early in 1734 but dated
+old style, and so it probably followed the publication
+of the <i>Acts of Assembly</i>. The Library
+purchased the unique copy for $8 at the second
+Brinley sale, held in March 1880.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>William Parks, Printer and Journalist of England
+and Colonial America</i> (Richmond, 1926), p.
+15.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> No. 1833 in U.S. Library of Congress, <i>Catalogue
+of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Compiled
+with Annotations by E. Millicent Sowerby</i> (Washington,
+1952-59).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> See Sarah Travers Lewis (Scott) Anderson's
+<i>Lewises, Meriwethers and Their Kin</i> (Richmond,
+1938), p. 61-62.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Maryland" id="Maryland">Maryland</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>After departing from Virginia, William
+Nuthead set up the first Maryland press at
+St. Mary's City sometime before August 31,
+1685. This press continued in operation until
+a few years after Nuthead's widow removed
+it to Annapolis about 1695; yet nothing more
+survives from it than a single broadside and
+some printed blank forms.</p>
+
+<p>In 1700 Thomas Reading began to operate
+a second press at Annapolis, and his output
+in that year included a collection of laws which
+is the earliest Maryland imprint now represented
+in the Library of Congress. Since the
+Library's is the only extant copy, it is particularly
+regrettable that its title page and considerable
+portions of the text are lacking.
+Catalogers have supplied it with the title:
+<i>A Complete Body of the Laws of Maryland</i>.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
+
+<p>The copy was formerly in the possession of
+the lawyer and diplomat John Bozman Kerr
+(1809-78). It might not have survived to this
+day were it not for his awareness of its importance,
+as shown in his flyleaf inscription:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>? would this have been printed in M<sup>d</sup> at so early
+a period as 1700&mdash;in M<sup>d</sup> or elsewhere in the Colonies&mdash;It
+is dedicated to Mr Wm Bladen father,
+it is presumed, of Gov<sup>r</sup> Tho<sup>s</sup> Bladen, of whom
+<i>Pope</i>, the Poet, speaks so harshly&mdash;Having given
+much attention to M<sup>d</sup> History I know no book&mdash;calculated
+to throw more light upon <i>manners</i> &amp;
+<i>customs</i> than this printed copy of the body of M<sup>d</sup>
+Law in 1700&mdash;The language of the early acts of
+assembly was much modified in 1715 &amp; 1722&mdash;<i>Here</i>
+the Exact words are preserved as in the
+original acts&mdash;Unless in some old collection in
+England, five thousand dollars would not procure
+a like copy&mdash;Many years ago there was Extant, in
+MS, in Charles Co Court records, as I have been
+told, a similar collection&mdash;This <i>printed</i> copy is "the
+schedule annexed to 1699. c 46 &amp; the act of 1700.
+c 8&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sept 22<sup>d</sup> 1858</span></p>
+
+<p class="author">
+John Bozman Kerr&mdash;of Easton, M<sup>d</sup><br />
+Law Office, no. 30. St. Pauls St. Balt<sup>o</sup><br />
+</p></div>
+
+<p>William Bladen, to whom the book is dedicated,
+was then clerk of the Upper House and
+had been instrumental in bringing Thomas
+Reading to Maryland. In fact, the records indicate
+that he assumed the role of publisher.
+If John Bozman Kerr had had access to the
+proceedings of the Lower House for the year
+1700, he would have been most interested to
+find there Bladen's written proposal:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>That if the house are desirous the body of Laws
+should be printed soe that every person might easily
+have them in their houses without being troubled
+to goe to the County Court house to have recourse
+thereto.</p>
+
+<p>That the house made [sic] an Order for printeing
+thereof and that every County be Oblidged to take
+one faire Coppy endorsed and Titled to be bound
+up handsomely and that for the encouragement of
+the undertaker each County pay him therefore
+2000<sup>lbs</sup> of Tob<sup>o</sup> upon delivery the said booke of
+Laws....</p></div>
+
+<p>This was approved on May 9.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> The printing
+was not wholly satisfactory, for on May 17
+of the next year an errata list was ordered
+printed.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i012.jpg" width="500" height="466" alt="John Bozman Kerr, from Genealogical Notes of the
+Chamberlaine Family of Maryland (Baltimore, 1880)." />
+<div class="caption"><i>John Bozman Kerr</i>, <i>from</i> Genealogical Notes of the
+Chamberlaine Family of Maryland (<i>Baltimore, 1880</i>).</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> It is no. 7 in Lawrence C. Wroth's <i>A History of
+Printing in Colonial Maryland</i> (Baltimore, 1922).
+Besides listing it in his bibliography, Wroth discusses
+the book at length on p. 22-26.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> <i>Archives of Maryland</i>, vol. 24 (1904), p. 83-84.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Ibid., p. 198.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Pennsylvania" id="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>Like William Nuthead, William Bradford
+introduced printing in more than one Colony,
+and he began his American career by establishing
+the first Pennsylvania press at Philadelphia
+in 1685. Here that same year he printed
+<i>Good Order Established in Pennsilvania &amp;
+New-Jersey in America</i>, the earliest Pennsylvania
+imprint in the Library of Congress
+and the second known example of Bradford's
+press. The author, Thomas Budd, was a successful
+Quaker immigrant, who settled first
+at Burlington, N.J., and later at Philadelphia.
+He intended his description of the two Colonies
+to stimulate further immigration, and he
+printed this statement on the title page verso:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>It is to be noted, that the Government of these
+Countries is so settled by Concessions, and such
+care taken by the establishment of certain fundamental
+Laws, by which every Man's Liberty and
+Property, both as Men and Christians, are preserved;
+so that none shall be hurt in his Person,
+Estate or Liberty for his Religious Perswasion or
+Practice in Worship towards God.</p></div>
+
+<p>Because neither place nor printer is named
+in the book, it was long thought to have been
+printed at London, but typographical comparisons
+made during the latter part of the 19th
+century demonstrated conclusively that it issued
+from William Bradford's press.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 438px;">
+<img src="images/i013.jpg" width="438" height="600" alt="The 19th-century bookseller Henry Stevens." />
+<div class="caption"><i>The 19th-century bookseller Henry Stevens.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Library of Congress copy was bound at
+London by William Pratt for the bookseller
+Henry Stevens. F. J. Shepard traces this much
+of its later provenance in his introduction to
+a reprint issued in Cleveland in 1902:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>A copy in full levant morocco, by Pratt, belonging
+to John A. Rice of Chicago, was sold in March,
+1870, to Sabin &amp; Sons for $155. The same copy
+fetched $150 at the sale of the library of William
+Menzies of New York (1875),<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> when it was described
+in Sabin's catalogue as "one of the rarest of
+books relating to Pennsylvania." It was again,
+presumably, the same copy which at the sale in
+New York of S. L. M. Barlow's books in 1889
+brought $400, although it was still incorrectly described
+as printed in London. After passing through
+the hands of two dealers and one collector, it
+reached Dodd, Mead &amp; Co., who advertised it in
+their November, 1900, catalogue for $700, and sold
+it at that price to a private collector whose name
+is not given.</p></div>
+
+<p>The copy was among several Americana from
+the library of C. H. Chubbock, a Boston collector,<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a>
+which were sold at auction by C. F. Libbie
+&amp; Co. on February 23 and 24, 1904, the Library
+of Congress obtaining it for $600.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Sabin's catalog is dated 1875, but the sale did
+not occur until November 1876.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> See <i>American Book-Prices Current</i>, vol. 10
+(1904), p. vii.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="New_York" id="New_York">New York</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>William Bradford moved from Pennsylvania
+to New York in the spring of 1693, but what
+was the first product of his New York press has
+not been established.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> The Library of Congress
+owns two Bradford imprints from this period,
+neither containing any indication of the place
+of publication. Nevertheless, both are listed in
+Wilberforce Eames' bibliography of early
+New York imprints.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> One of them, entitled
+<i>New-England's Spirit of Persecution Transmitted
+to Pennsilvania, and the Pretended
+Quaker Found Persecuting the True Christian-Quaker,
+in the Tryal of Peter Boss, George
+Keith, Thomas Budd, and William Bradford,
+at the Sessions Held at Philadelphia the
+Nineth, Tenth and Twelfth Days of December,
+1692. Giving an Account of the Most Arbitrary
+Procedure of That Court</i>, has been conjectured
+to be the first New York imprint
+(Eames 1). Eames states that the work
+"seems to be the joint production of George
+Keith and Thomas Budd, including Bradford's
+own account of the trial. As it mentions the
+next Court Session of March, 1693, it could
+hardly have been printed before May...." He
+confesses that Bradford may have printed it at
+Philadelphia. The Library of Congress purchased
+its copy&mdash;one of six recorded in the
+National Union Catalog&mdash;for $50 at the November
+1876 auction of the library of Americana
+formed by a New York collector, William
+Menzies.</p>
+
+<p>The other Bradford imprint conjecturally
+assigned to New York is Governor Benjamin
+Fletcher's proclamation of April 29, 1693,
+prohibiting "the <i>Breaking of the LORDS
+DAY</i>, all <i>Prophane Swearing, Cursing,
+Drunkenness, Idleness</i> and <i>unlawful Gaming</i>,
+and all manner of <i>Prophaneness</i> whatsoever"
+(Eames 9). Eames gives no reason why this
+broadside should be listed as a later imprint.
+An eminent New Yorker, Stuyvesant Fish, presented
+the unique copy to the Library of Congress
+in 1915 and in an accompanying letter
+to the Librarian told how it had come into his
+possession:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>The broadside now sent you was given me by
+Mrs. Fish's mother, the late Mrs. William Henry
+Anthon, with the statement that she had found it
+among the papers left by her brother-in-law, Professor
+Charles Edward Anthon (b. Dec. 6, 1823;
+d. June 7, 1885). The latter was much given to
+collecting coins, manuscripts, &amp;c., but no effort of
+mine has enabled me to learn where, when or how
+he became possessed of the paper.</p></div>
+
+<p>In view of the uncertain assignment of these
+two imprints to New York, the Library's
+earliest imprints naming New York as the
+place of publication should also be mentioned.
+<i>A Catalogue of Fees Established by the Governour
+and Council at the Humble Request of
+the Assembly</i> (New-York, William Bradford,
+1693) is an 11-page work printed sometime
+after September 20, 1693. The Library's
+copy, like others, is appended to Bradford's
+printing of <i>The Laws &amp; Acts of the General
+Assembly</i> (New-York, 1694), which in Eames'
+opinion was itself probably begun in 1693, perhaps
+as early as July or August. Among the
+owners of the volume containing these early
+imprints was the bibliographer Charles R.
+Hildeburn, who gave the following history
+in a note prefixed to an 1894 facsimile edition
+of <i>The Laws &amp; Acts</i>:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>This [copy], lacking a title-page, was formerly
+part of a volume of laws and other folio tracts
+printed by Bradford between 1694 and 1710, which
+was bought at a sale at Bangs's, in New-York, about
+ten years ago, by the late Dr. George H. Moore, for
+$26. In 1890 Dr. Moore sold the volume as he
+bought it for $1750 to the writer, who, having supplied
+the title-page in facsimile, sold so much of
+"the Laws of 1694 as issued" as it contained to the
+late Mr. Tower for $600. The volume then passed
+by the gift of Mr. Towers's widow, with the Tower
+collection, to the Historical society of Pennsylvania,
+and, having been replaced by a perfect copy ...,
+was sold to Dodd, Meade &amp; Company, of New-York
+for $400. From the firm last mentioned it was purchased
+by Mr. [Abram C.] Bernheim.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Now in a full morocco binding by Bradstreet's,
+the volume contains the bookplates of Abram
+C. Bernheim, who lectured on New York history
+at Columbia College, Henry C. Bernheim,
+and Russell Benedict. At the New York auction<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>
+of Judge Benedict's library in 1922 Halstead
+H. Frost, Jr., purchased it for $3,000;
+yet in 1926 at an auction by the same house
+of "Rare Americana including the collection
+of the late A. R. Turner, Jr. and selections
+from the collection of the late Charles A.
+Munn," the same copy drew only $1,800. In
+1931 the Library of Congress obtained it from
+the firm of Lathrop C. Harper for $2,929.55,
+and it was duly noted in the subsequent annual
+report as "the most precious acquisition of the
+year by the law library."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 411px;">
+<img src="images/i015.jpg" width="411" height="600" alt="A Catalogue of Fees Established by the Governour
+and Council at the Humble Request of the Assembly (New-York,
+William Bradford, 1693)" />
+<div class="caption"><i>A Catalogue of Fees Established by the Governour
+and Council at the Humble Request of the Assembly</i> (New-York,
+William Bradford, 1693)</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Alexander J. Wall, Jr., "William Bradford,
+Colonial Printer," <i>Proceedings of the American
+Antiquarian Society</i>, 1963, vol. 73, p. 368.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> <i>The First Year of Printing in New-York</i> (New
+York, 1928).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> P. clvii. The facsimile was made from the Bernheim
+copy, which apart from its missing title page
+was considered to be the best preserved.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Connecticut" id="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>Thomas Short, who learned his trade at Boston,
+became Connecticut's first printer when he
+went to New London to do the official printing
+for the Colony in 1709.</p>
+
+<p>The Library of Congress owns two Thomas
+Short imprints dated 1710, and one of them
+is believed to be the first book printed in Connecticut:
+<i>The Necessity of Judgment, and
+Righteousness in a Land. A Sermon, Preached
+at the General Court of Election, at Hartford
+in the Colony of Connecticut, on May 11th.
+1710. By Eliphalet Adams, Pastor of the
+Church in New-London</i>. Eliphalet Adams was
+an influential clergyman whose 43 years of
+service at New London had just begun in
+1709. The work is an election sermon, of a
+type delivered annually at the opening of certain
+New England legislatures. Although not
+especially worthy of remembrance, it manages
+to suggest the ceremony of the occasion. Adams
+closes his sermon by addressing the Governor,
+Deputy Governor, and magistrates, next turning
+to the assembled clergy, and finally concluding:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>Shall I now turn my self to the <i>General Assembly
+of the Colony at present met together</i>. And even
+here I may promise my self an easie Reception, while
+I plead for <i>Judgment</i> &amp; <i>Righteousness</i>. The welfare
+of the Country is in a great measure Intrusted
+in your hands and it is indeed a matter Worthy of
+your best Thoughts and chiefest cares. It should
+be Ingraven, if not upon the Walls of your House,
+yet upon each of your Hearts, <i>Ne quid Detrimenti
+Respublica Capiat</i>, <i>Let the Common-wealth receive
+no damage</i>. It is in your power partly to
+frame Laws for the Direction &amp; Government of the
+people of the Land. Now too much care cannot be
+taken, that they may be strictly agreable to the
+standing Rules of Justice &amp; Equity, that they may
+not prove a grievance in stead of an advantage to
+the Subject; If the Rule be crooked, how shall our
+manners be Regular?...<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The Library of Congress copy, in a 19th-century
+morocco binding, contains no evidence of
+provenance, but it was undoubtedly in the Library's
+possession by 1878, for the title is listed
+in the Library catalog published that year.
+Another copy sold at auction in 1920 for
+$1,775, which was the largest amount ever paid
+for a Connecticut imprint.<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Library's other Connecticut imprint
+with a date of 1710 is entitled <i>A Confession
+of Faith Owned and Consented to by the
+Elders and Messengers of the Churches in the
+Colony of Connecticut in New-England, Assembled
+by Delegation at Saybrook September
+9th. 1708</i>.... Herein is the historic Saybrook
+Platform, whereby individual congregations of
+the Colony submitted to the firmer control of
+synods. There exists documentary evidence
+that the printing of this book did not begin
+until late in 1710, and apparently it was not
+completed until 1711.<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> Elizabeth Short, the
+printer's widow, was paid �50 in 1714 for
+binding all 2,000 copies in calfskin and birchwood
+covers.<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> The Library's copy retains the
+original binding. Of further interest is the
+evidence supplied by the Library's bookplate
+that the volume formerly belonged to Peter
+Force, the American historian and archivist,
+whose notable collection was obtained through
+a special Congressional appropriation in 1867.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 540px;">
+<img src="images/i017.jpg" width="540" height="600" alt="Peter Force. Lithograph from life by Charles Fenderich." />
+<div class="caption"><i>Peter Force. Lithograph from life by Charles Fenderich.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> P. 30-31.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> See <i>Papers of the Bibliographical Society of
+America</i>, vol. 27 (1934), p. 4.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> W. DeLoss Love, <i>Thomas Short the First
+Printer of Connecticut</i> ([Hartford] 1901), p. 35-38;
+Thomas W. Streeter, <i>Americana&mdash;Beginnings</i> (Morristown,
+N.J., 1952), p. 25-26.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Love, p. 37-38.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="New_Jersey" id="New_Jersey">New Jersey</a></h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 390px;">
+<img src="images/i018.jpg" width="390" height="600" alt="Anno Regni Georgii Regis Magn� Britanni�, Franci�
+&amp; Hiberni� decimo, ..." />
+<div class="caption"><i>Anno Regni Georgii Regis Magn� Britanni�, Franci�
+&amp; Hiberni� decimo, at a Session of the General Assembly of the Colony
+of New Jersey, begun the twenty fourth Day of September, Anno Domini
+1723. and continued by Adjournments to the 30th Day of November
+following, at which time the following Acts were Published</i>. Printed
+by William Bradford in the City of Perth-Amboy, 1723.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>In 1723 William Bradford is thought by some
+to have transported a press from New York to
+Perth Amboy, then the capital of New Jersey,
+to print paper currency for the Colony.<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> If
+this is true he was the first New Jersey printer,
+although printing was not established there on
+a permanent basis until three decades later. In
+any event, in 1723 Bradford produced the first
+book with a New Jersey imprint: <i>Anno Regni
+Georgii Regis Magnae Britanniae, Franciae &amp;
+Hiberniae decimo, at a Session of the General
+Assembly of the Colony of New Jersey, begun
+the twenty fourth Day of September, Anno
+Domini 1723. and continued by Adjournments
+to the 30th Day of November following</i>....</p>
+
+<p>Douglas C. McMurtrie distinguishes three
+variant issues of the edition in <i>A Further Note
+on the New Jersey Acts of 1723</i> (Somerville,
+N.J., 1935); but the Library of Congress copy,
+containing 30 numbered and four unnumbered
+pages, represents a fourth variant. It is one of
+two issues (the other bearing a New York
+imprint) in which the type for the later pages
+was reset.</p>
+
+<p>In the section on paper money, which has a
+prominent place in the New Jersey laws, is an
+interesting sidelight on printing history: the
+text of an oath to be administered to the printer
+upon his delivery of the bills to those authorized
+to sign them, requiring him to declare</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>That from the time the Letters were set, and fit
+to be put in the Press for Printing the Bills of Credit
+now by me delivered to you, until the same Bills
+were printed, and the Letters unset and put in the
+Boxes again, I went at no time out of the Room
+in which the said Letters were, without Locking
+them up, so as they could not be come at, without
+Violence, a false Key, or other Art then unknown
+to me; and therefore to the best of my Knowledge
+no Copies were printed off but in my Presence; and
+that all the Blotters and other Papers whatever,
+Printed by the said Letters, which set for printing
+the said Bills, to the best of my Knowledge are here
+Delivered to you together with the Stamps for the
+Indents, and Arms.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Library of Congress copy is bound in
+the midst of a folio volume of early New
+Jersey laws and ordinances that C. S. Hook
+of Atlantic City, a dealer in old law books,
+sold to the Library in 1925 for $2,337.50.
+Though dilapidated, the volume retains its
+original calf binding, and the names of two
+early owners are inscribed on its front flyleaf:
+"M<sup>r</sup> Bard" and "John Wright Esq:<sup>r</sup>" The
+former may well be the same Peter Bard, a
+Huguenot immigrant, who served as member<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>
+of the Council from 1720 to 1734 and who
+was one of those authorized to sign the above-mentioned
+bills.</p>
+
+<p>Some authorities doubt that Bradford would
+have moved a press to New Jersey for only a
+short time and think it more likely that he
+actually printed the acts of 1723 in New York.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a>
+In that case the earliest New Jersey imprint
+in the Library of Congress would be an 18-page
+pamphlet containing an act passed on
+June 3, 1757, which James Parker printed at
+Woodbridge on the first permanent press in
+the Colony: ... <i>A Supplementary Act to the
+Act, Entitled, An Act for Better Settling and
+Regulating the Militia of this Colony of New-Jersey;
+for the Repelling Invasions, and Suppressing
+Insurrections and Rebellions; As</i> [sic]
+<i>also, for Continuing Such Parts and Clauses of
+the Said Laws, as are not Altered or Amended
+by This Act</i>. The Library's copy, inscribed
+"Capt. Monrow" on its title page, probably
+belonged originally to John Monrow, a resident
+of Burlington County.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> The Central Book Company
+of New York sold it to the Library for
+$150 in 1939.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> See Lawrence C. Wroth, <i>The Colonial Printer</i>
+(Portland, Maine, 1938), p. 34-36.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> See Streeter, <i>Americana&mdash;Beginnings</i>, no. 21,
+where this view is attributed to R. W. G. Vail.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> See <i>Archives of the State of New Jersey</i>, 1st
+series, vol. 10 (1886), p. 15 and 17; H. Stanley
+Craig, <i>Burlington County, New Jersey, Marriages</i>,
+Merchantville, N.J. (1937), p. 159.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Rhode_Island" id="Rhode_Island">Rhode Island</a></h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i020.jpg" width="600" height="511" alt="Benjamin Franklin's Rhode-Island Almanack
+for the Year 1728" />
+<div class="caption">(Benjamin Franklin's <i>Rhode-Island Almanack
+for the Year 1728</i>)</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>After a stay in prison resulting from his publishing
+activities in Boston, James Franklin,
+elder brother of Benjamin, chose to settle at
+Newport, where he established the first Rhode
+Island press in 1727.</p>
+
+<p>When the Library of Congress acquired its
+unique copy of Franklin's <i>Rhode-Island Almanack
+for the Year 1728</i> in 1879, it was thought
+to be the earliest book printed in Rhode Island.
+Not until 1953, when copies of two religious
+tracts by John Hammett came to light, was it
+relegated to third place. Those two tracts were
+printed before July 25, 1727, while Franklin's
+pseudonymous preface to his almanac is dated
+August 30 of that year.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>Although it may no longer be regarded as
+the first Rhode Island book, this small almanac
+nevertheless is of exceptional interest. Four
+years before Benjamin Franklin inaugurated
+<i>Poor Richard's Almanack</i> his elder brother presented
+himself in this wise:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>Tho' I have not given you my <i>proper Name</i>, yet
+I assure you I have had one the greatest part of half
+an hundred Years; and I know of no Necessity for
+parting with it at this Time, since I presume my
+Almanack will answer all the Ends design'd without
+that Expence. So, wishing you a happy new Year;
+bid you adieu.</p>
+
+<p class="author"><i>Poor</i> ROBIN</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>James Franklin strove to make his almanac
+entertaining, and he did not refrain from injecting
+anticlerical gibes or a bit of ribaldry.
+He obviously relished such pithy sayings as
+"More religion than honesty" and "If you cannot
+bite, never show your Teeth."</p>
+
+<p>The Library of Congress purchased its
+unique copy for $35 at the Brinley sale of
+1879. It then had seven leaves and seemed to
+lack an eighth leaf at the end. Much later,
+George Winship, librarian of the John Carter
+Brown Library, reported a curious happening
+in an article that he contributed to <i>The Providence
+Sunday Journal</i>, November 19, 1911:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>A few weeks ago some one noticed that a leaf
+which was bound at the end of a book in the Boston
+Public Library had nothing whatever to do
+with that book. It was apparently a leaf of an old
+almanac, and after some research Alfred B. Page
+of the Massachusetts Historical Society Library
+was successful in identifying it, not only as the
+last leaf of the almanac for 1728, which was
+printed in Newport toward the end of the preceding
+year, but as the identical leaf which originally
+formed a part of the copy now belonging to the
+Library of Congress.</p>
+
+<p>The officials in Washington sent their book to
+Boston to make certain of the identification, and
+in return they have been presented with the missing
+member, so long separated from its proper
+body. On its way back to Washington, this precious
+little waif is making a visit to the State of its origin,
+and will be for a few days on exhibition at the John
+Carter Brown Library, in company with various of
+its contemporary rivals, predecessors and followers.</p></div>
+
+<p>A reprint of the almanac with an introduction
+by Mr. Winship, signing himself as Philohistoricus,
+was published at this time. And
+while at Boston the copy was encased in a
+variegated morocco binding by the Hathaway
+Book Binding Company on Beacon Street.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> See <i>Rhode Island History</i>, vol. 12 (1953), p.
+33-43, 105-109.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="South_Carolina" id="South_Carolina">South Carolina</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>Printing commenced in South Carolina in 1731
+when three competing printers migrated to
+Charleston: George Webb, Eleazer Phillips, Jr.,
+and Thomas Whitmarsh. They were attracted
+by an offer of monetary aid that the government
+announced in order to secure a printer
+for the Colony.</p>
+
+<p>The earliest Library of Congress copies of
+South Carolina imprints issued from the press
+of Lewis Timothy (otherwise Louis Timoth�e),
+a Frenchman trained in Holland and
+subsequently employed by Benjamin Franklin
+at Philadelphia. Through an arrangement with
+Franklin he took over the press of Thomas
+Whitmarsh after the latter's death in 1733,
+Webb having either died or departed from
+Charleston and Phillips having died in 1732.
+The Library has three Lewis Timothy imprints
+dated 1736: Josiah Smith's sermon, <i>The Character
+and Duty of Minister and People</i>; the
+session laws for November 15, 1733-May 29,
+1736, entitled <i>Acts Passed by the General
+Assembly of South-Carolina</i>; and Nicholas
+Trott's compilation of <i>The Laws of the Province
+of South-Carolina</i>. The sermon, advertised
+in <i>The South-Carolina Gazette</i> for May 22,
+1736, as just published, was completed first.
+Still earlier printing, however, is contained in
+the first volume of Trott's <i>Laws</i>, though the
+volume was not completed until September
+1736. Timothy began to print the laws shortly
+after November 15, 1734, and the first sheets
+were ready in May 1735.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p>
+
+<p>This publication in two folio volumes is a
+landmark of Colonial printing; it was Timothy's
+most ambitious undertaking by far, one
+he carried out with remarkable taste and skill.
+The title page, printed in black and red, is
+particularly striking. Nicholas Trott, the editor,
+was a learned jurist who played a leading
+role in South Carolina's affairs, becoming
+chief justice in 1703. In the preface he sets
+forth his guiding purpose in compiling the
+<i>Laws</i>:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>Thus I have endeavoured as much as in me lies,
+and have spared for no Pains, to make this Work not
+only useful, but plain and easy, even to the meanest
+Capacity, wherein if I have obtained my End, I shall
+not think my Labour ill bestowed: For as every
+Man is a Debtor to his Country, and we are not born
+only for our selves, so I tho't I could not do a more
+useful Service for the Province in which it has
+pleased God to cast my Lot for several years past,
+than to make such an <i>Edition</i> of the Laws, as
+might be of general Use to all the Inhabitants
+thereof; that so every one being acquainted with
+the Laws of the Place, may readily give Obedience
+to the same; in which (next to their religious Duties
+to GOD) not only their Duty, but also their Safety
+and happiness doth consist.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Library of Congress owns three copies
+of this rare book, all lacking some pages. The
+copy most distinguished in its provenance bears
+on its title page the signature of William Bull,
+Jr., five times Acting Governor of South
+Carolina between 1760 and 1775. Also on this
+title page is the late 18th-century signature of
+one Thomas Parker. Another copy is inscribed
+"Thomas Farr jun<sup>r</sup>. [another hand:] of St.
+Andrew's Parish 12<sup>th</sup>. May 1773"; and in the
+following century it was given "With Edward
+Logan's kind regards to James Parker Esq. 18
+Feb 1868." Thomas Farr can be identified as
+a merchant,<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> but the later names have not
+been traced. The third Library copy retains
+no marks of previous ownership.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 391px;">
+<img src="images/i023.jpg" width="391" height="600" alt="Nicholas Trott's compilation of The Laws of the
+Province of South-Carolina." />
+<div class="caption">(Nicholas Trott's compilation of <i>The Laws of the
+Province of South-Carolina</i>.)</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Douglas C. McMurtrie, <i>The First Decade of
+Printing in the Royal Province of South Carolina</i>
+(London, 1933).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> A. S. Salley, ed., <i>Marriage Notices in The
+South-Carolina Gazette and Its Successors</i> (Baltimore,
+1965), p. 21.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="North_Carolina" id="North_Carolina">North Carolina</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>The first printer active in North Carolina was
+James Davis, a native of Virginia, who probably
+received his training from William Parks
+at Williamsburg.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> Davis settled at New Bern
+in 1749, and in the same year he began printing
+<i>The Journal of the House of Burgesses</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The earliest North Carolina imprint in the
+Library of Congress, printed by Davis in 1751,
+is carefully described in its title, <i>A Collection
+of All the Public Acts of Assembly, of the
+Province of North-Carolina: Now in Force
+and Use. Together with the Titles of all such
+Laws as are Obsolete, Expired, or Repeal'd.
+And also, an exact Table of the Titles of the
+Acts in Force, Revised by Commissioners appointed
+by an Act of the General Assembly
+of the said Province, for that Purpose; and Examined
+with the Records, and Confirmed in full
+Assembly</i>.</p>
+
+<p>This collection is sometimes called "Swann's
+Revisal" after the commissioner William
+Swann, who did a major part of the editing
+and wrote the dedication to Governor Gabriel
+Johnston. One of the acts, passed on March
+7, 1746, begins with the preamble, "Whereas
+for Want of the Laws of this Province
+being Revised and Printed, the Magistrates
+are often at a Loss how to discharge their
+Duty, and the People transgress many of them
+through Want of knowing the same...."
+These words reflect not only a shortage of
+copies, but also the need to rectify discrepancies
+in the manuscript copies by publishing a uniform
+text.</p>
+
+<p>Davis did not complete the volume until
+about November 15, 1751, when he advertised
+it in his newspaper, <i>The North-Carolina
+Gazette</i>. Four distinct issues of the edition can
+be identified;<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> and of these, the Library of
+Congress owns both the third, in which the
+laws of 1751 and 1752 (not shown in the
+table) are added, and the fourth, which is
+like the third but with a title page dated 1752
+and a new table.</p>
+
+<p>The Library's copy of the third issue bears
+on the title page the signature of Michael
+Payne, a resident of Edenton, N.C., who
+served in the State legislature during the
+1780's. The Library purchased it in 1936 from
+Richard Dillard Dixon of Edenton for $500.
+The copy of the fourth issue is signed "Will
+Cumming" in an early hand, and it is inscribed
+to Samuel F. Phillips, who was Solicitor
+General of the United States from 1872 to
+1885 and who appears to have been the latest
+owner of the book before its addition to the
+Library in 1876.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 381px;">
+<img src="images/i025.jpg" width="381" height="600" alt="A Collection of All the Public Acts of Assembly, of
+the Province of North-Carolina ... Printed by James Davis in 1751." />
+<div class="caption">(<i>A Collection of All the Public Acts of Assembly, of
+the Province of North-Carolina: Now in Force and Use. Together with
+the Titles of all such Laws as are Obsolete, Expired, or Repeal'd. And
+also, an exact Table of the Titles of the Acts in Force, Revised by
+Commissioners appointed by an Act of the General Assembly of the said
+Province, for that Purpose; and Examined with the Records, and
+Confirmed in full Assembly</i>. Printed by James Davis in 1751.)</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> See W. S. Powell's introduction to <i>The Journal
+of the House of Burgesses, of the Province of North-Carolina,
+1749</i> (Raleigh, 1949), p. vii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Douglas C. McMurtrie, <i>Eighteenth Century
+North Carolina Imprints</i> (Chapel Hill, 1938), p. 50.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="New_Hampshire" id="New_Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 403px;">
+<img src="images/i026.jpg" width="403" height="600" alt="Nathaniel Ames' An Astronomical Diary:
+or, An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord
+Christ, 1757, Printed by Daniel Fowle, 1756." />
+<div class="caption">(Nathaniel Ames' <i>An Astronomical Diary:
+or, An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord
+Christ, 1757</i> Printed by Daniel Fowle, 1756.)</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Boston printer Daniel Fowle felt himself
+unjustly punished by the Massachusetts Assembly
+for supposedly printing an objectionable
+pamphlet in 1754. He consequently removed to
+Portsmouth in New Hampshire and started
+that Colony's first press in 1756.</p>
+
+<p>The first New Hampshire book, preceded
+only by issues of <i>The New-Hampshire Gazette</i>,
+was printed by Fowle in the same year.
+It is Nathaniel Ames' <i>An Astronomical Diary:
+or, An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord
+Christ, 1757</i>. The Library of Congress owns
+one of four known copies of a singularly interesting
+later issue or state of the edition, featuring
+on its next-to-last page a historical note
+printed within an ornamental border: "<i>The
+first</i> Printing Press <i>set up in</i> Portsmouth New
+Hampshire, <i>was on August</i> 1756; <i>the</i> Gazette
+<i>publish'd the 7th of October; and this</i> Almanack
+<i>November following</i>."</p>
+
+<p>Almanacs written by Nathaniel Ames of
+Dedham, Mass., were bestsellers in mid-18th
+century America. This almanack for the year
+1757, evidently reprinted from the Boston
+edition, is a somber one reflecting recent set-backs
+in England's conflict with France. A
+verse on the title page strikes the keynote:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4"><span class="smcap">Minorca's</span> gone! <span class="smcap">Oswego</span> too is lost!<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Review the Cause: or <span class="smcap">Britain</span> pays the Cost:<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">These sad <span class="smcap">Events</span> have silenced my Muse ...<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The rebound Library of Congress copy, which
+bears no marks of previous ownership, is listed
+in the Library catalog of 1878 and presumably
+was obtained not long before then.</p>
+
+<p>At about the same time the Library acquired
+and similarly rebound two other Daniel Fowle
+imprints of undetermined provenance, both of
+which are dated 1756 but were published later
+than the almanac. There is some question
+whether one of them, Jonathan Parsons' <i>Good
+News from a Far Country</i>, was begun at Boston
+or at Portsmouth. In any event, Fowle placed
+the following notice in the November 4, 1756,
+issue of his <i>Gazette</i>: "Good News from a far
+country: in seven discourses by Rev. Jonathan
+Parsons is soon to be published. Five of the
+sermons have already been set up and lack of
+paper prevents completion until a supply of
+paper arrives from London which is probable
+at an early date." Not until April 1757 did
+Fowle advertise the book for sale.<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> The other
+imprint dated 1756 is Samuel Langdon's <i>The
+Excellency of the Word of God, in the Mouth
+of a Faithful Minister</i>,<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> a sermon delivered on
+November 3 and also delayed in printing for
+lack of suitable paper. Both books were probably
+completed in the early months of 1757 but
+dated old style. There is a noticeable difference
+between the paper on which they are printed
+and the crude paper of the almanac, such as
+Fowle used for his newspaper.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> See <i>Proceedings of the American Antiquarian
+Society</i>, 1915, new series, vol. 25, p. 329.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> A Library of Congress stamp on this copy is
+dated 1876.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Delaware" id="Delaware">Delaware</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>James Adams of Londonderry, Ireland, after
+working more than seven years with Franklin
+and Hall in Philadelphia, established Delaware's
+first press at Wilmington in 1761.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 395px;">
+<img src="images/i028.jpg" width="395" height="600" alt="The Wilmington
+Almanack, or Ephemeries, for the Year
+of Our Lord, 1762. By Thomas Fox, Philom." />
+<div class="caption">(<i>The Wilmington
+Almanack, or Ephemeries</i>, <i>for the Year
+of Our Lord, 1762. By Thomas Fox, Philom</i>.)</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Library of Congress possesses one of
+two extant imprints out of four that Adams
+is known to have issued at Wilmington in
+the latter part of that year: <i>The Wilmington
+Almanack, or Ephemeries</i> [sic], <i>for the Year
+of Our Lord, 1762 ... By Thomas Fox,
+Philom</i>.<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> Copies, according to the title page,
+were also "to be had, in <i>Philadelphia</i>, of William
+Falkner." The publication is the first in
+an annual series of "Wilmington Almanacs,"
+all printed by Adams, that were prepared for
+the years 1762 to 1794.</p>
+
+<p>The otherwise unknown author, Thomas
+Fox (possibly a pseudonym), brings himself to
+the reader's attention in this statement:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>Kind Reader,</p>
+
+<p>Having for some Years observed those Almanacks
+published in America; and having formerly, in
+Europe, learned the Use of Mr. Thomas Street's
+Tables, with some others, and being willing to
+crowd in among the rest, I have calculated an
+Almanack for the Year 1762....</p></div>
+
+<p>More interesting than the colorless prose and
+verse selections accompanying the astronomical
+tables are the printer's advertisements, such
+as the following notice near the end of the
+book:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bibles</span>, Testaments, Psalters, Spelling-Books,
+Primers, Merchants blank Books, Writing-Paper,
+Ink, all Sorts of Blanks, <i>viz.</i>, Bills of Lading, Kerry
+Bills, Penal Bills, Bills of Sale, Arbitration Bonds,
+Apprentices Indentures, Bonds with and without
+Judgment, to be sold at the Printing-Office in
+Wilmington.&mdash;Also, very good Lampblack.</p>
+
+<p>* * * Ready money for clean Linen Rags, at the
+above Office.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Library's copy of the almanac has been
+detached from a bound volume and bears no
+evidence of early ownership. It was acquired
+by exchange from Dodd, Mead &amp; Company in
+1908, at a valuation of $15.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> No. 3 in Evald Rink, <i>Printing in Delaware
+1761-1800</i> (Wilmington, 1969).</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Georgia" id="Georgia">Georgia</a></h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 416px;">
+<img src="images/i029.jpg" width="416" height="600" alt="An Act to Prevent Stealing of
+Horses and Neat Cattle; and for the More Effectual
+Discovery and Punishment of Such Persons
+as Shall Unlawfully Brand, Mark, or Kill
+the Same. Printed by James Johnston." />
+<div class="caption">(<i>An Act to Prevent Stealing of
+Horses and Neat Cattle; and for the More Effectual
+Discovery and Punishment of Such Persons
+as Shall Unlawfully Brand, Mark, or Kill
+the Same.</i> Printed by James Johnston.)</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>An act for the provision of printing, passed
+by the Georgia Legislature on March 4, 1762,
+stated that "<i>James Johnston</i>, lately arrived in
+this province from <i>Great-Britain</i>, recommended
+as a person regularly bred to and well
+skilled in the art and mystery of printing, hath
+offered to set up a printing press in the town
+of <i>Savannah</i>." Employed to print the Colony's
+statutes, Johnston had readied the first Georgia
+press by April 7, 1763, when he began to publish
+his newspaper, <i>The Georgia Gazette</i>.</p>
+
+<p>From the year 1763 the Library of Congress
+owns several official imprints bound up in a
+volume of Georgia laws enacted from 1755 to
+1770 and one unofficial imprint, <i>The South-Carolina
+and Georgia Almanack, for the Year
+of Our Lord, 1764 ... By John Tobler, Esq.</i>
+This almanac, which the distinguished collector
+Wymberley Jones De Renne gave the Library
+in 1907, was published by December 8, 1763,
+and probably printed very shortly before. The
+earliest of Johnston's many official imprints,
+predating all his other work except <i>The
+Georgia Gazette</i>, are thought to be two acts
+advertised in that paper on June 2, 1763. They
+are entitled <i>An Act to Prevent Stealing of
+Horses and Neat Cattle; and for the More Effectual
+Discovery and Punishment of Such Persons
+as Shall Unlawfully Brand, Mark, or Kill
+the Same</i> and <i>An Act for Ascertaining the
+Qualifications of Jurors, and for Establishing
+the Method of Balloting and Summoning of
+Jurors in the Province of Georgia</i>. They had
+been passed on March 27, 1759, and April 24,
+1760, and were printed in folio in four and
+six pages, respectively. Both acts are represented
+in the Library of Congress bound volume of
+early Georgia laws. Only two other copies of
+each are known to be extant.</p>
+
+<p>Various owners inscribed their name in this
+book. Joseph Stiles, who operated the Vale
+Royal Plantation near Savannah from 1806
+until his death in 1838, owned at least the latter
+part of it, where his signature and that of
+his son, the evangelist Joseph C. Stiles, may be
+seen. Another owner of the same part was
+John C. Nicholl (1793-1863), a prominent
+lawyer and jurist who served as mayor of
+Savannah in 1836 and 1837. A later owner
+of the entire volume was a certain S. H. McIntire,
+not known to have any Savannah connections,
+who inscribed it in June 1878. The
+Library of Congress purchased it in June 1909
+from the Statute Law Book Company of Washington,
+D.C. for $2,500.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Louisiana" id="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 453px;">
+<img src="images/i031.jpg" width="453" height="600" alt="EXTRAIT De R�gistres, des Audiances du Conseil
+Sup�rieur, de la Province de la Lo�isiane. Du 7. May 1765. ENTRE
+L'ABBE DE L'ISLE DIEU, Vicaire G�n�ral du Dioc�se de Qu�bec, &amp; de
+cette Province, Demandeur en Requ�te, le Procureur G�n�ral du Roi,
+joint." />
+<div class="caption">(EXTRAIT De R�gistres, des Audiances du Conseil
+Sup�rieur, de la Province de la Lo�isiane. Du 7. May 1765. ENTRE
+L'ABBE DE L'ISLE DIEU, Vicaire G�n�ral du Dioc�se de Qu�bec, &amp; de
+cette Province, Demandeur en Requ�te, le Procureur G�n�ral du Roi,
+joint.)</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Only after printing penetrated the Thirteen
+Colonies did the French printer Denis Braud
+carry the art to Louisiana. His earliest known
+work, an official broadside concerning the transfer
+of Louisiana from French to Spanish ownership,
+was printed at New Orleans in 1764.</p>
+
+<p>The earliest Louisiana imprint in the Library
+of Congress is the second extant example of
+Louisiana printing. The Library's unique copy
+is a four-page, folio-sized document signed by
+Garic, clerk of the Superior Council of Louisiana,
+and headed, "EXTRAIT De R�gistres, des
+Audiances du Conseil Sup�rieur, de la Province
+de la Lo�isiane. Du 7. May 1765. ENTRE
+L'ABBE DE L'ISLE DIEU, Vicaire G�n�ral du
+Dioc�se de Qu�bec, &amp; de cette Province, Demandeur
+en Requ�te, le Procureur G�n�ral du
+Roi, joint." It is a decree restricting the activities
+of the Capuchin friar Hilaire Genoveaux
+and suppressing a catechism circulated by him
+which apparently had also been printed at New
+Orleans. The title of the catechism, as preserved
+in the text of the decree, is <i>Catechisme pour la
+Province de la Lo�isianne, &amp;c. R�dig� par le
+R. P. Hilaire, Protonotaire du St. Si�ge &amp;
+Sup�rieur G�n�ral de la Mission des Capucins
+en ladite Province, pour �tre seul enseign� dans
+sadite Mission</i>. The contemporary importance
+of the surviving document lay in its connection
+with a far-reaching struggle between the Jesuit
+and Franciscan orders over ecclesiastical authority
+in Louisiana. Although it contains no imprint
+statement naming place of publication or
+printer, typographical features of the document
+serve to identify it as the work of Denis Braud.<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></p>
+
+<p>That this unique copy belonged to an official
+archive&mdash;presumably that of the Superior
+Council of Louisiana&mdash;the following manuscript
+additions make apparent. There is first
+a notation: "Joint a la lettre de M. Aubry,
+Command. a la Louisianne du 7. May 1765."
+(Aubry had succeeded d'Abbadie as commandant,
+or governor, after the latter's death
+in February 1765.) A second column in manuscript
+contains the same date as a filing guide
+and this descriptive title: "Arrest du Conseil
+Superieur de la Louisianne portant deffense au
+Pere Hilaire Capucin de simississer [<i>i. e.</i>
+s'immiscer] dans aucune Jurisdiction Ecclesiastique
+autre que celle qui lui est permise par
+son seul titre de superieur de la mission des
+RR. PP. Capucins de cette Colonie." At the
+end of the column is a cross reference: "Voyez
+les lettres de M. l'Abbe de LIsle Dieu Vicaire
+g[e]n[er]al de M. de Quebek en 1759 et 1760
+et sa Correspond. a ce sujet."</p>
+
+<p>The subsequent history of this document has
+not been traced before October 17, 1905, when
+C. F. Libbie &amp; Co auctioned it off with the
+library of Israel T. Hunt, a Boston physician.
+The Library of Congress was able to obtain it
+on that date for $10.45.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> See Douglas C. McMurtrie, <i>Early Printing in
+New Orleans</i> (New Orleans, 1929), p. 25-26 and
+88. McMurtrie mistakenly locates the original at
+the New York Public Library, which owns a photostat
+copy.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Vermont" id="Vermont">Vermont</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>Formed as an independent republic in 1777,
+Vermont in the next year appointed the
+brothers Alden and Judah Padock Spooner of
+Connecticut to be her official printers. Publications
+under their imprint were issued at
+Dresden, before and later named Hanover, in
+1778 and 1779; but in February 1779 this
+town, along with 15 others east of the Connecticut
+River, returned to the jurisdiction of
+New Hampshire. The earliest printing from
+within the present borders of Vermont came
+from the town of Westminster, where Judah
+Padock Spooner and Timothy Green, son of the
+State Printer of Connecticut, undertook the
+official printing late in 1780.</p>
+
+<p>The Library of Congress possesses three
+Dresden imprints dated 1779. The first two
+listed here name Alden Spooner as printer,
+while the third names both brothers. They are
+Ira Allen's <i>A Vindication of the Conduct of
+the General Assembly of the State of Vermont,
+Held at Windsor in October 1778, Against
+Allegations and Remarks of the Protesting
+Members, With Observations on Their Proceedings
+at a Convention Held at Cornish, on
+the 9th Day of December 1778</i>; Ethan Allen's
+<i>A Vindication of the Opposition of the Inhabitants
+of Vermont to the Government of
+New-York, and of Their Right to Form into
+an Independent State. Humbly Submitted to
+the Consideration of the Impartial World</i>; and
+<i>Acts and Laws of the State of Vermont, in
+America</i>. The earliest of the three would appear
+to be Ira Allen's 48-page <i>Vindication</i>,
+known from a printer's bill of February 10,
+1779, to have been produced by then in 450
+copies.<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> The Library's rebound copy is inscribed
+"from y<sup>e</sup> author" beneath its imprint statement,
+and at the head of the title page is written,
+"Nath<sup>l</sup> Peabody<sup>s</sup> Book." Nathaniel Peabody
+(1741-1823), a New Hampshire legislator,
+served as a delegate to the Continental Congress
+in 1779 and 1780. His book was ultimately
+listed in the <i>Catalogue of Books Added
+to the Library of Congress During the Year
+1871</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 506px;">
+<img src="images/i033.jpg" width="506" height="600" alt="Ira Allen (1751-1814), miniature attributed to
+Edward G. Malbone, ca. 1795-1798. Courtesy of the
+Robert Hull Fleming Museum, the University of
+Vermont, Burlington." />
+<div class="caption"><i>Ira Allen (1751-1814), miniature attributed to
+Edward G. Malbone, ca. 1795-1798. Courtesy of the
+Robert Hull Fleming Museum, the University of
+Vermont, Burlington.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Library holds the other two Dresden
+imprints in duplicate. A copy of the <i>Acts and
+Laws</i> was formerly in the Hazard Pamphlets,
+acquired with the collection of Peter Force (see
+p. 8, above). Ebenezer Hazard (1744-1817)
+was an early collector of Americana. The two
+copies of Ethan Allen's <i>Vindication</i>, both
+printed on blue paper, are in the Hazard
+Pamphlets, volume 47, number 3, and in
+Colonial Pamphlets, volume 19, number 6. The
+latter pamphlet volume originally formed part<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>
+of Thomas Jefferson's library, obtained by the
+Congress in 1815 (see p. 3, above).<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></p>
+
+<p>The earliest example of printing from
+present-day Vermont in the Library is a document
+printed by Judah Padock Spooner at
+Westminster in 1781<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a>: <i>Acts and Laws, Passed
+by the General Assembly of the Representatives
+of the State of Vermont, at their Session at
+Windsor, April 1781</i>. In four pages, it contains
+only "An Act for the Purpose of emitting
+a Sum of Money, and directing the Redemption
+of the same." The Act provides for a land tax,
+stating in justification that "The Land is the
+great Object of the present War, and receives
+the most solid Protection of any Estate, a very
+large Part of which has hitherto paid no Part
+of the great Cost arisen in defending it, whilst
+the Blood and Treasure of the Inhabitants of
+the State has been spent to protect it, who
+many of them owned but a very small part
+thereof."</p>
+
+<p>The Library of Congress copy bears the following
+inscription: "Secry's Office 10<sup>th</sup> August
+1785. The preceding is a true Copy of an Act
+passed by the Legislature of the State of Vermont
+April 14<sup>th</sup> 1781&mdash;Attest Micah Townsend,
+Secry." Although a loyalist, Micah Townsend
+served as secretary of state in Vermont
+from October 1781 until 1789.<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> The Library's
+copy also bears the autograph of a private
+owner, Henry Stevens of Barnet, Vt., first
+president of the Vermont Historical Society.
+After his death in 1867, his son Henry Stevens,
+the bookseller, wrote that he left his home
+"full of books and historical manuscripts, the
+delight of his youth, the companions of his
+manhood, and the solace of his old age."<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> To
+judge from its present library binding, this thin
+volume has been in the Library of Congress
+collections since the 19th century.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> See no. 12 in Marcus A. McCorison's <i>Vermont
+Imprints 1778-1820</i> (Worcester, 1963).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> No. 3146 in U.S. Library of Congress, <i>Catalogue
+of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Compiled
+with Annotations by E. Millicent Sowerby</i> (Washington,
+1952-59). See also no. 498.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Imprint information supplied in McCorison, no.
+47.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> See Chilton Williamson, <i>Vermont in Quandary</i>
+(Montpelier, 1949), p. 133. On Townsend's divulging
+secret intelligence to the British in April
+1781, see J. B. Wilbur, <i>Ira Allen</i> (Boston and New
+York, 1928), p. 183-186.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> See W. W. Parker, <i>Henry Stevens of Vermont</i>
+(Amsterdam, 1963), p. 21.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Florida" id="Florida">Florida</a></h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i035.jpg" width="600" height="116" alt="FLORIDA GAZETTE. &quot; &quot;Vol. I. ST. AUGUSTINE,
+(E. F.) SATURDAY, JULY 28, 1821. No. 3." />
+<div class="caption">FLORIDA GAZETTE. VOL. I. ST. AUGUSTINE,
+(E. F.) SATURDAY, JULY 28, 1821. No. 3.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Dr. William Charles Wells, one of many
+American loyalists who took refuge in Florida,
+introduced printing at St. Augustine in 1783.
+There he published a loyalist paper, <i>The East-Florida
+Gazette</i>, under the imprint of his elder
+brother, the Charleston printer John Wells, and
+with the assistance of a pressman named
+Charles Wright. Apart from two books of 1784
+bearing John Wells' imprint and a document
+printed at Amelia Island in 1817 during the
+Spanish rule, no other Florida publications
+survive from the years preceding United States
+acquisition of the territory.<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></p>
+
+<p>Richard W. Edes, grandson of the Boston
+printer Benjamin Edes, reestablished printing
+at St. Augustine, issuing the first number of
+his weekly paper, the <i>Florida Gazette</i>, on the
+day of the transfer of Florida's administration,
+July 14, 1821. The Library of Congress holds
+10 issues, constituting the best surviving file of
+this paper. The earliest Florida printing in the
+Library is the third issue, published July 28
+and the earliest issue extant. This happens to
+be a very curious example of printing. Of its
+four pages the second is half blank and the
+third is totally blank, the following explanation
+being given:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="center">TO OUR PATRONS.</p>
+
+<p>We are under the disagreeable necessity of issuing
+this number of the Gazette, in its present form, owing
+to a very lengthy advertisement, (occupying
+seven columns) being ordered out the moment the
+paper was ready for the Press. It being a personal
+controversy between Mr. <i>William Robertson</i>, and
+Messrs. <i>Hernandez, Kingsley</i> and <i>Yonge</i>, Esquires,
+and a reply to Mr. Hernandez's publication of last
+week, our readers would not have found it very
+interesting. Its publication was countermanded on
+account of an amicable arrangement being made by
+the parties about one o'clock this day.</p>
+
+<p>We hope this will be a sufficient apology to our
+subscribers for the manner in which the Paper
+appears, as it is impossible for it to be issued this
+day in any other way, being short of hands. We
+pledge ourselves another instance of the kind shall
+never occur&mdash;and assure the public we feel much
+aggrieved at the imposition. The advertisement of
+Mr. Wm. Robertson, headed "<i>Caution</i>" and the
+reply by J. M. Hernandez, Esq. will be discontinued
+after this week, and no further altercation between
+the parties will be permitted thro' the medium of
+this Press.</p></div>
+
+<p>The printed portions of this early issue include
+an installment of a "Historical Sketch of
+Florida," extracts from various newspapers, and
+among others the printer's own advertisements:
+"COMMERCIAL BLANKS, For Sale at this
+Office. <i>Also</i>, Blank Deeds, Mortgages, &amp;c. &amp;c."
+"Blank Bills of Lading, For Sale at the Gazette
+Office" and "BOOK AND JOB PRINTING,
+Of every description, executed at this Office."
+In this century the Library bound the 10 issues
+into a single volume. Those dated November
+24 and December 1 are addressed in ink to the
+Department of State at Washington.</p>
+
+<p>From the same year the Library of Congress
+holds 13 issues of <i>The Floridian</i>, published at
+Pensacola beginning August 18, some of which
+are also addressed to the Department of State.
+From this year, too, the Library possesses
+<i>Ordinances, by Major-General Andrew Jackson,
+Governor of the Provinces of the Floridas,
+Exercising the Powers of the Captain-General,
+and of the Intendant of the Island of Cuba,
+Over the Said Provinces, and of the Governors
+of Said Provinces Respectively</i>, printed at St.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>
+Augustine by Edes. This pamphlet-sized volume
+was advertised as "just published" in the
+September 15 issue of the <i>Florida Gazette</i>; and
+the Library's copy, one of two extant,<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> was
+autographed twice by "John Rodman Esquire"
+at St. Augustine. Since he once added the
+designation "Collector" to his name, he is
+readily identified as the person who placed the
+following announcement in the November 24
+issue of the <i>Gazette</i>: "JOHN RODMAN, Attorney
+&amp; Counsellor at Law, May be consulted
+on professional business, at his Office in the
+Custom-House."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 192px;">
+<img src="images/i036.jpg" width="192" height="600" alt="Florida Gazette ads" />
+<div class="caption">(Florida Gazette ads)</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> See Douglas C. McMurtrie, "The Beginnings of
+Printing in Florida," in <i>The Florida Historical Quarterly</i>,
+vol. 23 (1944-45), p. [63]-96.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> See no. 36 in Thomas W. Streeter's <i>Americana&mdash;Beginnings</i>
+(Morristown, N.J., 1952).</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Maine" id="Maine">Maine</a></h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i037.jpg" width="600" height="252" alt="The Falmouth Gazette and Weekly Advertiser
+(No. 2.) Saturday, January 8, 1785. (Vol. 1.)" />
+<div class="caption"><i>The Falmouth Gazette and Weekly Advertiser</i>
+(No. 2.) Saturday, January 8, 1785. (Vol. 1.)</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Benjamin Titcomb and Thomas B. Wait introduced
+printing in the District of Maine, then
+part of Massachusetts, with the first issue of
+<i>The Falmouth Gazette and Weekly Advertiser</i>,
+dated January 1, 1785. Titcomb was a native
+of Falmouth, now Portland, who had gained
+his experience at Newburyport, and Wait was
+formerly employed at Boston.<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Library of Congress possesses nine issues
+of <i>The Falmouth Gazette</i> from this first year of
+printing in Maine. Of these the earliest is a
+partly mutilated copy of the second issue, dated
+January 8 and featuring a moralistic essay "On
+Entrance into Life, and the Conduct of early
+Manhood." This issue contains one piece of
+news, relayed from a Boston paper, that has
+importance for American printing history,
+namely, the arrival in this country from Ireland,
+"that land of gudgeons," of Mathew Carey,
+destined to become a leading printer and publisher
+at Philadelphia. Since the Library of
+Congress copy is inscribed "Mess<sup>rs</sup> Adams &amp;
+Nourse printers," it is interesting to note that
+one of the Falmouth news items was reprinted
+in their Boston paper, <i>The Independent Chronicle</i>,
+for January 20. Similarly, the Library's
+copy of the August 13 issue of the <i>Gazette</i> is
+addressed in manuscript to the famous printer
+Isaiah Thomas at Worcester, and it retains his
+editorial markings for the reprinting of two
+sections&mdash;a news item and a poem on atheism&mdash;that
+subsequently appeared in the September 1
+and September 8 issues of <i>Thomas's Massachusetts
+Spy; or, The Worcester Gazette</i>. It was
+largely by means of just such borrowing
+amongst themselves that most early American
+newspapers were put together.</p>
+
+<p>Four of the Library's nine issues, including
+the Isaiah Thomas copy, were purchased from
+Goodspeed's Book Shop for $13.50 in 1939.
+Four of the remaining five, including the very
+earliest, appear from their physical condition
+to have a common provenance. The five were
+listed initially in the 1936 edition of <i>A Checklist
+of American Eighteenth-Century Newspapers
+in the Library of Congress</i>.<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> See R. Webb Noyes, <i>A Bibliography of Maine
+Imprints to 1820</i> (Stonington, Maine, 1930), p. 7.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> The preface to this edition is dated June 1, 1935.
+A sixth issue of the <i>Gazette</i> (March 5) listed here
+was later replaced by a better copy from the 1939
+purchase.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Kentucky" id="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>The printing history of Kentucky begins with
+the August 11, 1787, issue of a Lexington
+newspaper, <i>The Kentucke Gazette</i>. John Bradford
+of Fauquier County, Va., established this
+paper in partnership with his younger brother,
+Fielding. They purchased their press at Philadelphia
+in the spring of 1787 and transported
+it to Lexington by way of Pittsburgh, where
+the first press to cross the Alleghenies had been
+active since the preceding summer.<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a></p>
+
+<p>The earliest Kentucky imprint in the Library
+of Congress is <i>The Kentucke Gazette</i> for March
+1, 1788. Like five other issues of the paper,
+available at the Library in facsimile, this
+original issue opens with "Extracts from the
+journals of a convention begun and held for
+the district of Kentucky at Danville in the
+county of Mercer on the 17th day of September
+1787." The extracts are resolutions looking
+towards the separation of Kentucky from Virginia,
+and the following one accounts for their
+publication in this paper:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>[Resolved]<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> That full opportunity may be given
+to the good people of exercising their right of suffrage
+on an occasion so interesting to them, each of
+the officers so holding elections, shall continue the
+same from day to day, for five days including the
+first day, and shall cause these resolutions to be read
+immediately preceeding the opening of the election
+at the door of the courthouse, or other convenient
+place; and that Mr. Bradford be requested to publish
+the same in his Kentucky Gazette, six weeks successively,
+immediately preceeding the time of holding
+said elections.</p></div>
+
+<p>At a time for important decisions <i>The Kentucke
+Gazette</i> served as a means of airing
+different opinions on statehood, independence,
+and constitutional questions. A long second
+portion of this March 1 issue is an essay on
+liberty and equality signed by "Republicus."
+Critical of certain sections of the proposed
+Federal Constitution, he opposes a bicameral
+legislature, fears undue influence of the Congress
+over State elections, and denounces any
+condoning of slavery. The remainder of the
+issue includes an announcement of the ice
+breaking up on the Ohio River, a report of
+an Indian raid, and an advertisement in this
+vein: "I have been told that a certain Jordan
+Harris asserted in a public and very positive
+manner, that I had acknowledged myself a liar
+and a scoundrel in a letter to maj. Crittenden."
+The writer, Humphrey Marshall, concludes
+that if said letter is published, "the public will
+then see who is the liar and the scoundrel."
+This early issue bears the name of the subscriber
+Richard Eastin, one of the first justices
+of the peace in Jefferson County.<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Library's only other examples of Kentucky
+printing from 1788 are eight additional
+issues of the <i>Gazette</i>, for November 8 through
+December 27, which have been detached from
+a bound volume and are still joined together.
+These belonged to Walter Carr, who was
+serving as a magistrate in Fayette County by
+1792 and who in 1799 attended the convention
+to form the second constitution of Kentucky.<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a>
+Nothing more can be ascertained about the
+acquisition of these holdings than that the
+March 1 issue is first listed in the 1912 edition
+and that the later issues are first listed in the
+1936 edition of <i>A Checklist of American
+Eighteenth-Century Newspapers in the Library
+of Congress</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 379px;">
+<a href="images/i039g.jpg">
+<img src="images/i039.jpg" width="379" height="600" alt="THE KENTUCKE GAZETTE, March 1, 1788." />
+</a><div class="caption">(THE KENTUCKE GAZETTE, March 1, 1788.)<br />
+<small>[Click image for larger view.]</small></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> See J. Winston Coleman, Jr., <i>John Bradford,
+Esq.</i> (Lexington, Ky., 1950).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Brackets in text.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> J. Stoddard Johnston, <i>Memorial History of
+Louisville</i> (Chicago and New York [pref. 1896]),
+vol. 2, p. 3.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> C. R. Staples, <i>The History of Pioneer Lexington</i>
+(Lexington, 1939), p. 78 and 151.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="West_Virginia" id="West_Virginia">West Virginia</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>Late in 1790 Nathaniel Willis, grandfather of
+the writer Nathaniel Parker Willis, established
+at Shepherdstown the first press within the
+present boundaries of West Virginia. For some
+years he had published <i>The Independent
+Chronicle</i> at Boston, and earlier in 1790 he
+had been printing at Winchester, Va. At Shepherdstown
+Willis published <i>The Potowmac
+Guardian, and Berkeley Advertiser</i> from November
+1790 at least through December 1791.<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a>
+By April 1792 he had moved to Martinsburg,
+where he continued publishing his newspaper
+under the same title.</p>
+
+<p>The earliest example of West Virginia printing
+in the Library of Congress is a broadside
+printed at Martinsburg in 1792. Entitled
+<i>Charter of the Town of Woodstock</i> [Pa.], it
+consists of the printed text of a legal document
+in the name of one John Hopwood and dated
+November 8, 1791. The preamble of the document
+reveals its nature:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>Whereas I John Hopwood, of Fayette-County, and
+Commonwealth of <i>Pennsylvania</i>, have surveyed and
+laid out into convenient lots or parcels, for the
+purpose of erecting a Town thereon, the quantity of
+two hundred acres of land, being part of the tract of
+land on which I now live, situate in Union Township,
+and County aforesaid, on the great road leading
+from the Town of Union to Fort Cumberland, on
+the River Potowmack; and for the purpose of encouraging
+the settlement, growth, and prosperity of
+the said Town, as laid out agreeable to a plan and
+survey thereof, hereunto annexed and recorded, together
+with this instrument of writing, have determined
+to grant and confirm to all persons, who
+shall purchase or become proprietors of any lot or
+lots in the said Town, and to their heirs and assigns,
+certain privileges, benefits, and advantages herein
+after expressed and specified....</p></div>
+
+<p>Access of the proposed town to the Potomac
+River is the clue to why this broadside relating
+to an otherwise remote location in Pennsylvania
+should have been printed in this part
+of West Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Charter</i> is the third recorded West Virginia
+imprint apart from newspaper issues, and
+the Library of Congress has the only known
+copy. Written on the verso is: Col. Morr[&mdash;&mdash;]
+And other early hands have written there,
+"Hopwoods deeds" and "no body will have his
+Lotts."</p>
+
+<p>At the Anderson Galleries sale of Americana
+held at New York on November 9, 1927, the
+presumed same copy of the <i>Charter</i> was sold
+from the library of Arthur DeLisle, M.D.
+(1851-1925), librarian of the Advocates' Library
+in Montreal.<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> It fetched $11. The Library
+of Congress obtained it in October 1935 from
+the Aldine Book Shop in Brooklyn for $35.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 380px;">
+<a href="images/i041g.jpg">
+<img src="images/i041.jpg" width="380" height="600" alt="Charter of the Town of Woodstock." />
+</a><div class="caption">(Charter of the Town of Woodstock.)<br />
+<small>[Click on image for larger view.]</small></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> The latest extant Shepherdstown issue of <i>The
+Potowmac Guardian</i>, for December 27, 1791, is
+reported in Clarence S. Brigham, <i>Additions and
+Corrections to History and Bibliography of American
+Newspapers 1690-1820</i> (Worcester, Mass.,
+1961), p. 50.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> According to his obituary in the Montreal newspaper
+<i>La Presse</i>, December 22, 1925, Arthur DeLisle
+obtained a degree in medicine but never practiced
+that profession. "M. DeLisle s'int�ressait vivement
+� toutes les choses de l'histoire et, par des recherches
+patientes et continues il fit de la biblioth�que du
+Barreau ce qu'elle est aujourd'hui, l'enrichissant sans
+cesse de livres et de documents pr�cieux relatifs �
+l'histoire du droit, ainsi qu'� la biographie des juges
+et des avocats de Montr�al depuis 1828."</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Tennessee" id="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>The printers George Roulstone and Robert
+Ferguson introduced the first Tennessee printing
+at Hawkins Court House, now Rogersville,
+with the November 5, 1791, issue of <i>The
+Knoxville Gazette</i>. Both men came to the
+Tennessee country, or Southwest Territory, by
+way of North Carolina. Their newspaper remained
+at Hawkins Court House until October
+1792, while Knoxville, chosen as the seat of
+the Territorial government, was being constructed.</p>
+
+<p>The earliest Tennessee imprint in the Library
+of Congress is probably the eight-page official
+publication entitled <i>Acts and Ordinances of the
+Governor and Judges, of the Territory of the
+United States of America South of the River
+Ohio</i>, which according to Douglas C. McMurtrie
+"was certainly printed by Roulstone at
+Knoxville in 1793, though it bears no imprint
+to this effect."<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> Its contents, relating principally
+to the definition of separate judicial districts
+within the Territory, are dated from June 11,
+1792, to March 21, 1793, and the printing
+could have been accomplished soon after the
+latter date.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 339px;">
+<img src="images/i042.jpg" width="339" height="600" alt="Patch-repairs help to preserve not only the title page
+but the first page of the text, which is printed on
+the verso." />
+<div class="caption"><i>Patch-repairs help to preserve not only the title page
+but the first page of the text, which is printed on
+the verso.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Library of Congress copy is one of those
+afterwards prefixed to and issued with a much
+more extensive work printed by Roulstone in
+1794: <i>Acts Passed at the First Session of the
+General Assembly of the Territory of the
+United States of America, South of the River
+Ohio, Began and Held at Knoxville, on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>
+Monday the Twenty-Fifth Day of August,
+M,DCC,XCIV</i>. The Library's volume lost its
+1794 title page at an early date, and it is the
+exposed second leaf, the title page of 1793,
+that bears the inscription, "Theodorick Bland
+June 1st 1799." Theodorick Bland (1777-1846)
+was to be chancellor of Maryland for
+many years. His correspondence preserved by
+the Maryland Historical Society reveals that he
+practiced law in Tennessee from 1798 to 1801.
+From such evidence as its Library of Congress
+bookplate, the volume would appear to have
+entered the Library around the late 1870's.</p>
+
+<p>The earliest dated example of Tennessee
+printing in the Library is the <i>Knoxville Gazette</i>
+for June 1, 1793, issued a month after Ferguson
+retired from the paper. The issue begins with
+a lengthy selection by Benjamin Franklin,
+which is prefaced in this way:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>Messrs. <i>Printers</i>,</p>
+
+<p>I beg you to publish in your next number of the
+Knoxville Gazette, the following extracts, from a
+narrative of the massacres in Lancaster county,
+Pennsylvania; of a number of friendly Indians, by
+persons unknown; written by the late Dr. <i>Benjamin
+Franklin</i>, whose many benevolent acts, will immortalize
+his memory, and published in a British Magazine,<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a>
+in April 1764.</p>
+
+<p class="author">
+I am your obedient servant,<br />
+W.B.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The subscriber was undoubtedly William
+Blount, the Territorial Governor appointed by
+President Washington in 1790, who perhaps
+hoped that the sympathy towards Indians expressed
+by Franklin might temper public reaction
+against Indian raids figuring so large
+in the local news. Readers of the same June 1
+issue learned of such crimes as the scalping of
+a child near Nashville, and they may have
+been moved by the following paragraph which
+the editor interjected in the news reports:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>The Creek nation must be destroyed, or the south
+western frontiers, from the mouth of St. Mary's to
+the western extremities of Kentucky and Virginia,
+will be incessantly harassed by them; and now is
+the time. [<i>Delenda est Carthago.</i>]<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Both this issue and the June 15 issue, the
+sole Library of Congress holdings of the
+<i>Gazette</i> for the year 1793, are inscribed
+"Claiborne Watkins, esq<sup>r</sup>." They probably belonged
+to the person of that name residing in
+Washington County, Va., who served as a
+presidential elector in 1792.<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> <i>Early Printing in Tennessee</i> (Chicago, 1933),
+p. 21.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> <i>The Gentleman's Magazine.</i> Franklin's <i>A Narrative
+of the Late Massacres</i> was published separately
+at Philadelphia in the same year.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Brackets in text. Several issues carried this paragraph.
+See William Rule, ed. <i>Standard History of
+Knoxville, Tennessee</i> (Chicago, 1900), p. 74.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> See <i>Calendar of Virginia State Papers</i>, vol. 6
+(1886), p. 140.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Ohio" id="Ohio">Ohio</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>William Maxwell of New York, after failing
+to establish himself at Lexington, Ky., moved
+on to Cincinnati in the Northwest Territory
+and thereby became the first Ohio printer. His
+work at Cincinnati began with the November
+9, 1793, issue of his newspaper, <i>The Centinel
+of the North-Western Territory</i>.<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a></p>
+
+<p>The earliest known Ohio book, also printed
+by Maxwell, is the earliest example of Ohio
+printing to be found at the Library of Congress:
+<i>Laws of the Territory of the United
+States North-West of the Ohio: Adopted and
+Made by the Governour and Judges, in Their
+Legislative Capacity, at a Session Begun on
+Friday, the XXIX Day of May, One Thousand,
+Seven Hundred and Ninety-Five, and Ending
+on Tuesday the Twenty-Fifth Day of August
+Following</i>.... Dated 1796, "Maxwell's Code,"
+as this book is sometimes called, was not the
+first publication of Northwest Territory laws,
+others having been printed at Philadelphia in
+1792 and 1794.</p>
+
+<p>The printer set forth a "Proposal" concerning
+the forthcoming work in the <i>Centinel</i> of
+July 25, 1795:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>W. Maxwell being appointed by the legislature
+to print for them 200 copies of their laws, he thinks
+it would be greatly conducive towards the instruction
+and common benefit of all the citizens to extend
+the impression to 1000 copies.... The price, in
+boards, to subscribers, will be at the rate of nineteen
+cents for every 50 pages, and to non-subscribers,
+thirty cents.<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 412px;">
+<img src="images/i044.jpg" width="412" height="600" alt="Pages from the first book printed in Ohio." />
+<div class="caption"><i>Pages from the first book printed in Ohio.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>He completed the volume in 225 pages, with
+numerous printed sidenotes that make it easy
+to consult. An incidental reference to printing
+occurs in a law for land partition (p. 185-197)
+which states that land proprietors "may subscribe
+a writing, and publish the same in one
+or more of the public News-papers printed in
+the Territory, in the State of Kentucky, and
+at the seat of government of the United States,
+for twelve successive weeks" in order to announce
+the appointment of commissioners to
+divide their property into lots. Subsequently,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>
+advertisements were to be placed in the newspapers
+for six weeks to announce a balloting
+or drawing for the subdivided lots.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 411px;">
+<img src="images/i045.jpg" width="411" height="600" alt="Northwest Territory Laws" />
+<div class="caption">(Northwest Territory Laws)</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Library of Congress owns two copies of
+this Cincinnati imprint. One, lacking the title
+page and final leaf, is bound in a volume of
+unknown provenance, possibly obtained about
+1912, containing four early editions of Northwest
+Territory laws. The other is a separate
+copy, lacking the last three leaves. This more
+interesting copy has two inscriptions on its
+title page, the words written uppermost posing
+some difficulty: "Ex Biblioth[eca] Sem[inari]i
+[&mdash;&mdash;] S[anc]ti Sulp[icii] Baltimoriensis"; but
+they make clear that this copy once belonged
+to the Sulpician seminary founded at Baltimore
+in 1791 and now named St. Mary's Seminary.
+A number of similarly inscribed books still
+retained by the seminary were once part of a
+special faculty library that merged with the
+regular seminary library about 1880. Many
+books from the faculty library bear signatures
+of individual priests who were their original
+owners. Thus the second inscription "Dilhet"
+refers to Jean Dilhet (1753-1811), a Sulpician
+who spent nine years in this country and was
+assigned to the pastorate of Raisin River (then
+in the Northwest Territory, in what is now
+Monroe County, Mich.) from 1798 to 1804.
+During 1804 and 1805 he worked in Detroit
+with Father Richard, who later established a
+press there (see next section).<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> Its absence
+from the Library's early catalogs implies that
+the present copy was acquired sometime after
+1875. Two date stamps indicate that the Library
+had it rebound twice, in 1904 and 1947.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> See Douglas C. McMurtrie, <i>Pioneer Printing in
+Ohio</i> (Cincinnati, 1943).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> Quoted from Historical Records Survey, American
+Imprints Inventory, no. 17, <i>A Check List of Ohio
+Imprints 1796-1820</i> (Columbus, 1941), p. 21.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> See the short biography of Dilhet in the preface
+to his <i>Etat de l'�glise catholique ou Dioc�se des Etats-Unis
+de l'Am�rique septentrionale.... Translated
+and annotated by Rev. P. W. Browne</i> (Washington,
+D.C., 1922).</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Michigan" id="Michigan">Michigan</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>In 1796 John McCall, the earliest printer active
+in Michigan, issued at Detroit a 16-page Act
+of Congress relating to Indian affairs. Apart
+from blank forms printed on the same press
+before its removal to Canada in 1800, no other
+specimens of Michigan printing survive antedating
+the press that Father Gabriel Richard,
+the influential Sulpician priest, established at
+Detroit in 1809.</p>
+
+<p>Entry number 2 in the <i>Preliminary Check
+List of Michigan Imprints 1796-1850</i> (Detroit,
+1942)<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> describes a 12-page publication said to
+exist in a unique copy at the Library of Congress:
+<i>To the Honourable the Senate and House
+of Representatives of the United States. Memorial
+of the citizens of the United States,
+situated north of an east and west line, extending
+thro' the southward bend of Lake Michigan,
+and by the Act of Congress of 30th April 1802
+attached to, and made part of the Indiana Territory ...</i>
+([Detroit? 1802?]). This entry is,
+in bibliographical parlance, a ghost. Actually,
+the Library of Congress possesses the work only
+as a negative photostat of a manuscript document
+which is preserved at the National
+Archives.<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a></p>
+
+<p>The earliest <i>bona fide</i> Michigan imprint in
+the Library of Congress is <i>L'Ame penitente ou
+Le nouveau pensez-y-bien; consideration sur les
+ve'rite's eternelles, avec des histoires &amp; des
+exemples ...</i> printed at Detroit in 1809. The
+printer, James M. Miller, of Utica, N. Y., was
+the first of three operators of Father Richard's
+press. This particular imprint is the fourth item
+in a standard bibliography of the press, which
+calls it "the first book of more than 24 pages
+printed in Detroit or Michigan."<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> As a matter
+of fact, it is a very substantial work of 220
+pages, albeit in a small duodecimo format. It
+is a reprint of a devotional book first published
+in France in the 18th century and attributed to
+a prolific Jesuit author, Barth�lemy Baudrand
+(1701-87). As head of the Catholic Church in
+the area, Father Richard wanted to make such
+religious literature available to the largely
+French-speaking inhabitants.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 411px;">
+<img src="images/i046.jpg" width="411" height="600" alt="L'AME PENITENTE OU
+LE NOUVEAU PENSEZ-Y-BIEN; CONSIDERATION SUR LES
+VE'RITE'S ETERNELLES, Avec des Histoires &amp; des
+Exemples ... printed by James M. Miller at Detroit in 1809." />
+<div class="caption">(<i>L'AME PENITENTE OU
+LE NOUVEAU PENSEZ-Y-BIEN; CONSIDERATION SUR LES
+VE'RITE'S ETERNELLES, Avec des Histoires &amp; des
+Exemples ...</i> printed by James M. Miller at Detroit in 1809.)</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Library of Congress copy of <i>L'Ame
+penitente</i>, in a speckled calf binding of uncertain
+date, was obtained through a 1954 exchange
+with Edward Eberstadt &amp; Sons. It had
+been offered in one of the bookselling firm's
+catalogs earlier that year for $500.<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Historical Records Survey, American Imprints
+Inventory, no. 52.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> The original is in Record Group 46 at the National
+Archives; the Library's photostat is in the
+Manuscript Division. The imaginary imprint recurs
+as no. 3168 in <i>American Bibliography, a Preliminary
+Checklist for 1802</i>, comp. by Ralph R.
+Shaw and Richard H. Shoemaker (New York,
+1958).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> A. H. Greenly, <i>A Bibliography of Father
+Richard's Press in Detroit</i> (Ann Arbor, 1955).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Catalogue 134, no. 392. Two years later the
+same firm offered another copy for $750, in its
+Catalogue 138, no. 428.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Mississippi" id="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>Mississippi's first printer was Andrew Marschalk
+of New York, an Army lieutenant stationed
+at Walnut Hills, close to the eventual
+site of Vicksburg.<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> There, probably in 1798, he
+attracted attention by printing a ballad on a
+small press he had acquired in London. At the
+request of Governor Winthrop Sargent, Marschalk
+undertook in 1799 to print the laws of
+Mississippi Territory, and for that purpose he
+built a larger press at Natchez. Late in 1799
+a second printer, Ben M. Stokes, purchased this
+press from Marschalk and soon commenced a
+weekly paper, <i>The Mississippi Gazette</i>. On May
+5, 1800, James Green, a printer from Baltimore,
+introduced a rival paper at Natchez,
+<i>Green's Impartial Observer</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The Library of Congress earliest Mississippi
+imprint was designed to controvert remarks by
+"The Friend of the People" in <i>Green's Impartial
+Observer</i> for November 1, 1800. It is a
+small broadside "From the Office of J. Green"
+that would seem to corroborate the printer's
+impartiality, at least in this particular dispute.
+Captioned "To the Public," dated November 8,
+1800, and signed by eight members of the new
+Territorial House of Representatives, it refers
+to "an exaggerated estimate of the supposed
+expence attending the second grade of Government";
+and it continues, "We therefore consider
+it our duty to counteract the nefarious and
+factious designs of the persons concerned" in
+the anonymous article. Mississippi's second
+grade of Territorial government had come
+about in 1800 with the creation of a legislature
+to enact the laws, theretofore enacted by the
+Governor and three judges. The authors of this
+broadside itemize the maximum annual expenses
+for operating the legislature, concluding
+with a comparison of the total estimates: their
+$2,870 as opposed to the $15,050 of "The
+Friend of the People."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 411px;">
+<img src="images/i047.jpg" width="411" height="600" alt="&quot;To the Public,&quot; dated November 8, 1800" />
+<div class="caption">("To the Public," dated November 8, 1800)</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>In addition the Library of Congress has a
+lengthy rebuttal to the November 8 statement
+on a broadside also captioned "To the Public,"
+dated at Natchez "November 15th, 1809" (a
+misprint for 1800), and signed "The Friend
+of the People." The writer begins:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>Fellow-Citizens,</p>
+
+<p>Of all the extraordinary performances I ever
+beheld, the late hand-bill, signed by eight members
+of our house of representatives, is the <i>most</i> extraordinary&mdash;and
+I doubt not that it will be considered
+by the country at large as the legitimate offspring of
+the subscribers; being replete with that unauthorized
+assumption of power, and those round assertions so
+truly characteristic&mdash;propagated for the avowed purpose
+of 'undeceiving the people' in a matter of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>
+the first moment, and yet not containing one
+authenticated fact for them to found an opinion on&mdash;but
+resting all upon their mere <i>dictum</i>, penetrating
+into future events, and proclaiming what
+<i>shall be</i> the decisions of legislators not yet elected.</p></div>
+
+<p>His argument against his opponents' cost estimates
+touches upon certain fundamental issues,
+such as the threat of an aristocratic rule if the
+stipend for legislators is indeed kept very low.
+Towards the end he notes an instance of
+intimidation:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>One thing more I would observe&mdash;a very threatening
+letter has been written to the printer denouncing
+vengeance on him, if he does not deliver up the
+author of "<i>the friend of the people</i>"&mdash;this I take to
+be an attempt to frighten and preclude further
+investigation, but it will be of little avail when the
+interests of my fellow citizens are so deeply
+concerned.</p></div>
+
+<p>That James Green, although not named, is the
+printer of this second broadside can be demonstrated
+by typographical comparison with the
+January 24 and February 21, 1801 issues of
+<i>Green's Impartial Observer</i>, available at the
+Library of Congress.</p>
+
+<p>The two broadsides cited are the only copies
+recorded in Douglas C. McMurtrie's <i>A Bibliography
+of Mississippi Imprints 1798-1830</i>
+(Beauvoir Community, Miss., 1945).<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> They
+bear manuscript notations, in an identical hand,
+that suggest use in an official archive; and the
+earlier broadside is stated to be "from M<sup>r</sup>
+Banks, Nov<sup>r</sup> 12<sup>th</sup> 1800." Sutton Bankes, one
+of the eight signers, is presumably referred to
+here. The second broadside has, besides a brief
+caption in this hand, a more elegantly written
+address: "His Excellency Winthrop Sergent
+Bellemont." Bellemont was one of Governor
+Sargent's residences near Natchez.</p>
+
+<p>It is interesting that at the time Governor
+Sargent expressed himself privately on the
+earlier broadside as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>They [the members of the House of Representatives]
+are undoubtedly the proper Guardians of their own
+honour and Conduct, but nevertheless, will not take
+it amiss, in a Communication intended only for
+themselves, that I should observe it has always been
+Considered derogatory to the Dignity of Public
+Bodies, to notice anonymous writings, in the style
+and Manner of the Hand Bills,&mdash;it opens a broad
+Avenue to Retort and Satire, with many other
+obvious and unpleasant Consequences.<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> See Douglas C. McMurtrie, <i>Pioneer Printing in
+Mississippi</i> (Atlanta, 1932); and Charles S. Sydnor,
+"The Beginning of Printing in Mississippi,"
+<i>The Journal of Southern History</i>, vol. 1, 1935, p.
+[49]-55.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> Nos. 11 and 12.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> From letter dated November 12, 1800, in <i>The
+Mississippi Territorial Archives</i>, compiled and
+edited by Dunbar Rowland, vol. 1 (1905), p.
+301-302.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Indiana" id="Indiana">Indiana</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>Elihu Stout, whose family moved from New
+Jersey to Kentucky in 1793, probably learned
+printing as an apprentice to Kentucky's first
+printer, John Bradford. He is known to have
+been in Bradford's employ at Lexington in
+1798, and later he worked at Nashville. Invited
+by Governor William Henry Harrison to do
+the official printing for the Indiana Territory,
+Stout settled at Vincennes and began publishing
+his newspaper, the <i>Indiana Gazette</i>, on July
+31, 1804.<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Library of Congress' Indiana holdings
+begin with a copy of the second known imprint
+excepting newspaper issues, printed by Stout
+late in 1804: <i>Laws for the Government of the
+District of Louisiana, Passed by the Governor
+and Judges of the Indiana Territory, at Their
+First Session, Uegun</i> [sic] <i>and Held at Vincennes,
+on Monday the First Day of October,
+1804</i>.<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> In March 1804 Congress had divided
+the lands of the Louisiana Purchase into two
+parts, the southern part becoming the Territory
+of Orleans (ultimately the State of Louisiana),
+the northern and larger part becoming the
+District of Louisiana. As explained in the preamble
+to the first law in this collection, "the
+Governor and Judges of the Indiana Territory
+[were] authorized by an act of Congress to
+make Laws for the District of Louisiana." They
+possessed this special authority from March
+1804 until March 1805.</p>
+
+<p>Fifteen laws make up the 136-page work.
+They are written in plain language, and the
+10th, "Entitled a law, respecting Slaves," is a
+particularly engrossing social document. To
+illustrate, its second provision is</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>That no slave shall go from the tenements of his
+master, or other person with whom he lives without
+a pass, or some letter or token, whereby it may
+appear that he is proceeding by authority from his
+master, employer or overseer, if he does it shall be
+lawful for any person to apprehend and carry him
+before a justice of the peace to be by his order
+punished with stripes, or not, in his discretion.</p></div>
+
+<p>A subsequent compilation of laws made after
+the District became the Territory of Louisiana
+is described on p. <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, below.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 371px;">
+<img src="images/i049.jpg" width="371" height="600" alt="Laws for the Government of the
+District of Louisiana, Passed by the Governor
+and Judges of the Indiana Territory, at Their
+First Session, Uegun and Held at Vincennes,
+on Monday the First Day of October,
+1804. Printed by Elihu Stout late in 1804." />
+<div class="caption">(<i>Laws for the Government of the
+District of Louisiana, Passed by the Governor
+and Judges of the Indiana Territory, at Their
+First Session, Uegun and Held at Vincennes,
+on Monday the First Day of October,
+1804</i>. Printed by Elihu Stout late in 1804.)</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Library has handsomely rebound its
+copy in ruby morocco. Formerly it must have
+been in a wretched state, evidenced by the
+extreme marginal deterioration of its now laminated
+pages. It contains the signature of James<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>
+Mackay (1759-1822), a Scottish fur trader,
+surveyor, and explorer who was later remembered
+at St. Louis as "the first English speaking
+white man who ever came west of the Mississippi
+river," and who was appointed "Commandant
+of the territory of Upper Louisiana"
+in 1803.<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> When the territory passed from
+Spanish to American rule in 1804, he became
+a judge of the Court of Quarter Sessions,<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> in
+which capacity he would have needed the
+volume of laws. The Library's copy is one of
+six unrelated volumes that were purchased together
+for $750 from the Statute Law Book
+Company of Washington, D.C., in 1905.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> See V. C. (H.) Knerr, <i>Elihu Stout, Indiana's
+First Printer</i> (ACRL microcard series, no. 48;
+Rochester, N.Y., 1955).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> No. 2 in C. K. Byrd and H. H. Peckham, <i>A
+Bibliography of Indiana Imprints 1804-1853</i> (Indianapolis,
+1955).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> W. S. Bryan and Robert Rose, <i>A History of the
+Pioneer Families of Missouri</i> (St. Louis, 1876), p.
+173-174.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> <i>Missouri Historical Society Collections</i>, vol. 4,
+no. 1 (1912), p. 20.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Alabama" id="Alabama">Alabama</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>The earliest extant Alabama imprint is thought
+to be <i>The Declaration of the American Citizens
+on the Mobile, with Relation to the British
+Aggressions. September, 1807</i>, which was
+printed "on the Mobile" at an unspecified date.
+No one has yet identified the printer of this
+five-page statement inspired by the <i>Chesapeake-Leopard</i>
+naval engagement. The next surviving
+evidence is a bail bond form dated February
+24, 1811, and printed at St. Stephens by P. J.
+Forster, who is reported to have worked previously
+at Philadelphia.<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a></p>
+
+<p>A second St. Stephens printer, Thomas
+Eastin, founded a newspaper called <i>The
+Halcyon</i> sometime in 1815, after Alabama
+newspapers had already appeared at Fort Stoddert
+(1811), Huntsville (1812), and Mobile
+(1813). Eastin had formerly worked at Nashville,
+at Alexandria, La., and at Natchez in
+association with Mississippi's first printer,
+Andrew Marschalk.<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> His work at St. Stephens
+included a 16-page pamphlet, which is among
+the three or four earliest Alabama imprints
+other than newspaper issues<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> and is the first
+specimen of Alabama printing in the Library
+of Congress. Headed "To the Citizens of Jackson
+County," it is signed by Joseph P. Kennedy
+and has on its final page the imprint, "St.
+Stephens (M.T.) Printed by Tho. Eastin. 1815."
+Here "M.T." denotes the Mississippi Territory,
+which in 1817 divided into the Alabama Territory
+and the State of Mississippi. St. Stephens
+was an early county seat of Washington County,
+now part of Alabama, whereas Jackson County,
+to whose inhabitants the author addresses himself,
+lies within the present Mississippi borders.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/i051.jpg" width="500" height="473" alt="James Madison, President of the U&mdash;States&mdash;&mdash;
+&quot;St. Stephens (M.T.) Printed by Tho. Eastin. 1815.&quot;" />
+<div class="caption"><i>James Madison, President of the U&mdash;States&mdash;&mdash;</i><br />
+"St. Stephens (M.T.)<br /> Printed by Tho. Eastin. 1815."</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Joseph Pulaski Kennedy wrote this pamphlet
+after an election in which he ran unsuccessfully
+against William Crawford of Alabama to represent
+Jackson County in the Territorial legislature.<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a>
+His stated purpose is to refute "malicious
+falsehoods ... industriously circulated"
+against him before the election, foremost
+among them the charge that but for him
+Mobile Point "would never have been retaken";
+and he summarizes his actions as an
+officer "in the command of the Choctaws of the
+United States" during the dangerous final stage
+of the War of 1812 when the town of Mobile
+nearly fell into British hands.</p>
+
+<p>The only recorded copy of this little-known
+pamphlet is inscribed to "James Madison
+President of the U States." It owes its preservation
+to its inclusion among the Madison Papers
+in possession of the Library of Congress.<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Copies of both imprints are described under
+nos. 1548 and 1549 in <i>The Celebrated Collection
+of Americana Formed by the Late Thomas Winthrop
+Streeter</i> (New York, 1966-69), vol. 3. <i>The Declaration</i>
+was reprinted in <i>The Magazine of History,
+with Notes and Queries</i>, extra no. 8 (1925), p.
+[45]-55.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> See Douglas C. McMurtrie, <i>A Brief History of
+the First Printing in the State of Alabama</i> (Birmingham,
+1931), p. 6.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> No. 4 in Historical Records Survey. American
+Imprints Inventory, no. 8, <i>Check List of Alabama
+Imprints, 1807-1840</i> (Birmingham, 1939); no. 3
+in the section, "Books, Pamphlets, etc." in R. C.
+Ellison, <i>A Check List of Alabama Imprints 1807-1870</i>
+(University, Ala., 1946).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> See Cyril E. Cain, <i>Four Centuries on the Pascagoula</i>
+([State College? Miss., 1953-62]), vol. 2,
+p. 8-9 (naming Crawford only).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> It is in vol. 78, leaf 22. This volume, containing
+printed material only, is in the Rare Book Division.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Missouri" id="Missouri">Missouri</a></h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i052.jpg" width="600" height="552" alt="Some of the subjects covered in The Laws
+of the Territory of Louisiana." />
+<div class="caption"><i>Some of the subjects covered in</i> The Laws
+of the Territory of Louisiana.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Joseph Charless, with a background of printing
+experience in his native Ireland, in Pennsylvania,
+and in Kentucky, became the first
+man to establish a printing press west of the
+Mississippi River. Meriwether Lewis, Governor
+of the Territory of Louisiana, was instrumental
+in bringing Charless to St. Louis, the Territorial
+capital, and there the printer launched his
+weekly newspaper, the <i>Missouri Gazette</i>, on
+July 12, 1808.<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> His awareness of his place in
+history is demonstrated by a copy of <i>Charless'
+Missouri &amp; Illinois Almanac, for 1818</i>, printed
+in 1817, which the State Department Library
+transferred to the Library of Congress in
+August 1962. It is inscribed: "A tribute of
+respect from the first Press that ever crossed
+the Mississippi."<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a></p>
+
+<p>The earliest example of Missouri printing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>
+in the Library of Congress is <i>The Laws of the
+Territory of Louisiana. Comprising All Those
+Which Are Now in Force Within the Same</i>,
+printed at St. Louis by Charless with the imprint
+date 1808. Besides newspaper issues this
+was long thought to be the first Missouri imprint.
+A document of April 29, 1809, appearing
+on p. 373 proves that it was not completed
+until after that date, however, and recent authorities
+have relegated it to second or third
+place in terms of publication date.<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a></p>
+
+<p>Consisting of 376 numbered pages with a
+58-page index, the book is a compilation of
+the laws of 1804 and 1806-08. Those of 1804
+carry over from the compilation for the District
+of Louisiana, which is the Library's earliest
+Indiana imprint, and the same law on slavery
+quoted on p. 41, above, is among those reprinted.
+Typical of the later laws is "An Act
+Concerning Strays," from which the following
+section is presented for its incidental reference
+to printing:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>Sec. 4. Every person taking up a stray horse, mare
+or colt, shall within two months after the same is
+appraised, provided the owner shall not have claimed
+his property during that time, transmit to the
+printer of some public newspaper printed within
+this territory, a particular description of such stray
+or strays and the appraisment thereof, together with
+the district and place of residence certified by the
+clerk, or by the justice before whom such stray was
+appraised, to be inserted in such paper three weeks
+succesively, for the advertising of which the printer
+shall receive his usual and stated price for inserting
+advertisements in his newspaper.</p></div>
+
+<p>In 1809 the <i>Missouri Gazette</i> was still the
+only newspaper available to print these advertisements.</p>
+
+<p>The Library of Congress must have obtained
+its copy of this book during the final quarter
+of the 19th century, when the "Law Department"
+stamp on the title page was in use.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> See David Kaser, <i>Joseph Charless, Printer in the
+Western Country</i> (Philadelphia [1963]). A printed
+form, surviving in a copy dated in manuscript July 8,
+1808, may have been printed by Charless at St.
+Louis; see no. 1836 in <i>The Celebrated Collection of
+Americana Formed by the Late Thomas Winthrop
+Streeter</i> (New York, 1966-69), vol. 3.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> See U.S. Library of Congress, <i>Quarterly Journal
+of Current Acquisitions</i>, vol. 20 (1962-63), p. 199
+and plate facing p. 197.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> See Kaser, <i>Joseph Charless</i>, p. 71-74; V. A.
+Perotti, <i>Important Firsts in Missouri Imprints,
+1808-1858</i> (Kansas City, 1967), p. 1-4.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Texas" id="Texas">Texas</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>Aaron Mower of Philadelphia set the type for
+volume 1, number 1, of the <i>Gaceta de Texas</i>,
+dated "Nacogdoches, 25 de Mayo, de 1813,"
+which is preserved at the National Archives
+and is the earliest evidence of printing activity
+in Texas. A political dispute forced the removal
+of Mower's press and type from Nacogdoches
+to Natchitoches, in Louisiana, where this Spanish-language
+newspaper was actually printed
+and issued.<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> Other transient presses operated
+briefly at Galveston in 1817, at Nacogdoches
+in 1819, and at San Antonio de Bexar in 1823.<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a></p>
+
+<p>The permanent establishment of Texas printing
+dates from September 1829, when Godwin
+B. Cotten introduced a press at San Felipe and
+founded the <i>Texas Gazette</i>. In March 1832 he
+relocated at Brazoria. D. W. Anthony purchased
+both the press and the paper in the
+summer of 1832, and until July 1833 he continued
+to publish the paper at Brazoria under
+a new name, <i>The Constitutional Advocate and
+Texas Public Advertiser</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The earliest Texas printing in the Library
+of Congress is the number of the paper dated
+June 15, 1833, which offers news only from
+the United States and from overseas. "From
+the City of Mexico," writes Anthony, "we have
+heard nothing this week, except mere disjointed
+rumors from the interior. By the arrival
+of the next mail at San Felipe, we may reasonably
+expect that some certain intelligence will
+be received, of what the legislatures have done."
+Gathering news was one problem; he reveals
+another in the following paragraph:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>We are glad to be able at length, to present the
+ADVOCATE to our readers, on a sheet of its accustomed
+size. We stated before, that its being diminished
+two columns lately, was the consequence
+of a mistake made by our merchant in filling our
+order for paper. We now have an ample supply, and
+of excellent quality, so that we shall have no more
+apologies to offer on that score. These things, however,
+cost money, and that in hand, which we hope
+our good friends will not altogether forget.</p></div>
+
+<p>Among the advertisements is the usual "JOB
+PRINTING DONE AT THIS OFFICE" and
+also an announcement of the "CONSTITUTION
+OF TEXAS, With or without the
+Memorial, For Sale at this Office and at the
+stores of W. C. White, San Felipe: David
+Ayres, Montville: and T. W. Moore, Harrisburg."
+Anthony printed these historic documents
+shortly after the Texas convention held
+at San Felipe in April, and the <i>Advocate</i> began
+to carry this advertisement on May 11, 1833.<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Library's copy of the four-page newspaper
+has been removed from a bound volume.
+Since it is inscribed "Intelligencer, W. C.," it
+was obviously sent to the office of the <i>National
+Intelligencer</i> at Washington City, as the capital
+was then called. It is slightly mutilated: an
+item has been cut from an outer column,
+affecting the third and fourth pages. There is
+no record of the issue in <i>A Check List of
+American Newspapers in the Library of Congress</i>
+(1901), but its location does appear in
+the union list, <i>American Newspapers 1821-1936</i>
+(1937).</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 414px;">
+
+<a href="images/i055g.jpg"><img src="images/i055.jpg" width="414" height="600" alt="Last page of The Constitutional Advocate and Texas
+Public Advertiser, June 15, 1833." />
+</a><div class="caption"><i>Last page of</i> The Constitutional Advocate and Texas
+Public Advertiser, <i>June 15, 1833</i>.<br />
+<small>[Click on image for larger view.]</small></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> See Clarence S. Brigham, <i>History and Bibliography
+of American Newspapers 1690-1820</i> (Worcester,
+1947), p. [1069].</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> A reliable survey of early Texas printing is in
+Thomas W. Streeter's <i>Bibliography of Texas 1795-1845</i>
+(Cambridge [Mass.] 1955-60), pt. 1, vol. 1,
+p. xxxi-lxi.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> See nos. 40 and 41 in Streeter's <i>Bibliography of
+Texas</i>.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Illinois" id="Illinois">Illinois</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>Illinois' first printing took place at Kaskaskia,
+the no longer existent Territorial capital. In
+1814 Governor Ninian Edwards induced the
+Kentucky printer Matthew Duncan to settle
+there, and probably in May of that year Duncan
+founded a weekly newspaper, <i>The Illinois
+Herald</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The earliest Illinois imprint in the Library
+of Congress, listed as number 4 in Cecil K.
+Byrd's definitive bibliography, is <i>Laws of the
+Territory of Illinois, Revised and Digested
+under the Authority of the Legislature. By
+Nathaniel Pope</i>, published by Duncan in two
+volumes dated June 2 and July 4, 1815.
+Nathaniel Pope (1784-1850), who prepared
+this earliest digest of Illinois statutes, went to
+Kaskaskia upon being appointed secretary of
+the newly authorized Illinois Territory and
+did important organizational work there in the
+spring of 1809 before Governor Edwards' arrival.
+On December 24, 1814, the legislature
+decreed that Pope should receive $300 "for
+revising the laws of this Territory making an
+index to the same, and superintending the
+printing thereof."<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> The work he produced was
+to a large extent based on an 1807 revision of
+the laws of the Indiana Territory, from which
+Illinois had recently been separated.<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i056c.jpg" width="600" height="572" alt="Laws of the Territory of Illinois, Revised and
+Digested under the Authority of the Legislature. By Nathaniel Pope" />
+<div class="caption">(<i>Laws of the Territory of Illinois, Revised and
+Digested under the Authority of the Legislature. By Nathaniel Pope</i>)</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Even though it paid him for his labor and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>
+authorized printing, the Illinois Legislature
+never enacted Pope's digest into law. Nevertheless,
+the work had a certain importance, as
+explained by its 20th-century editor, Francis
+S. Philbrick:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"The first thing that anyone will notice who opens
+this volume is that Pope began the practice of topical-alphabetical
+arrangement to which the lawyers
+of Illinois have now been accustomed for more than
+a hundred years. At the time of its appearance the
+work's importance was increased by the fact that it
+collected, so far as deemed consistent and still in
+force, the laws of 1812, 1813, and 1814. These
+enactments&mdash;though presumably all accessible in
+manuscript, for a time, at the county seats, and in
+many newspapers&mdash;had not all appeared in book
+form; nor did they so appear until fifteen years
+ago [i. e., in 1920-21]."<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The Library of Congress set of two rebound
+volumes is seriously imperfect, with numerous
+missing leaves replaced in facsimile. The volumes
+were purchased in June 1902 from the
+Statute Law Book Company in Washington
+together with a volume of Illinois session laws
+of 1817-18 for a combined price of $225.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> See <i>Collections of the Illinois State Historical
+Library</i>, vol. 25, 1950, p. 178.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Ibid., vol. 28, 1938, p. xviii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> Ibid., p. xxi.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Arkansas" id="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 347px;">
+<img src="images/i058.jpg" width="347" height="600" alt="Laws of the Territory of Arkansas: Comprising the
+Organic Laws of the Territories of Missouri and Arkansas..." />
+<div class="caption">(<i>Laws of the Territory of Arkansas: Comprising the
+Organic Laws of the Territories of Missouri and Arkansas, with the
+Amendments and Supplements Annexed; All Laws of a General Nature
+Passed by the General Assembly of the Territory of Missouri, at the
+Session Held in 1818; Together with the Laws Passed by the General
+Assembly of the Territory of Arkansas, at the Sessions in 1819 and
+1820.</i>)</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>William E. Woodruff, the first Arkansas
+printer, was a Long Islander who served his
+apprenticeship at Sag Harbor with Alden
+Spooner, nephew of the early Vermont printer
+of that name. Woodruff transported printing
+equipment purchased at Franklin, Tenn., to
+the Post of Arkansas, and there, on November
+20, 1819, he began to publish <i>The Arkansas
+Gazette</i>. He later moved his press to Little
+Rock, where the newspaper has continued to
+the present day.<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a></p>
+
+<p>In his <i>History and Bibliography of American
+Newspapers 1690-1820</i> (Worcester, Mass.,
+1947) Clarence S. Brigham locates the only
+complete file of early issues of the <i>Gazette</i> at
+the Library of Congress. It must be reported
+here, regretfully, that the Library released these
+along with later issues for exchange in July
+1953 as part of a space-saving operation, after
+making microfilm copies for retention. Subsequently
+the same file, extending from 1819
+to 1875, was described at length under item
+649 in Edward Eberstadt and Sons' Catalog 134
+(Americana) issued in 1954.</p>
+
+<p>Two copies of the first book published in
+Arkansas, printed by Woodruff at the Post of
+Arkansas and dated 1821, now share the distinction
+of being the earliest specimens of
+Arkansas printing in the Library. The fact that
+Arkansas officially separated from the Missouri
+Territory in July 1819 helps to explain the
+title of this book: <i>Laws of the Territory of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>
+Arkansas: Comprising the Organic Laws of the
+Territories of Missouri and Arkansas, with the
+Amendments and Supplements Annexed; All
+Laws of a General Nature Passed by the General
+Assembly of the Territory of Missouri, at
+the Session Held in 1818; Together with the
+Laws Passed by the General Assembly of the
+Territory of Arkansas, at the Sessions in 1819
+and 1820</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In the initial issue of the <i>Gazette</i> Woodruff
+claimed to have established his press entirely
+at his own expense. His imprint on these <i>Laws</i>
+discloses his eventual employment as official
+"printer to the Territory," and among the
+resolutions of the new general assembly to be
+found in this volume is that of April 1, 1820,
+appointing Woodruff to the position. A resolution
+of the assembly, approved October 25,
+1820, directs how official documents printed
+by him were to be distributed:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Resolved</span> ... That the governor be, and he is
+hereby, authorized to have printed in pamphlet form,
+a sufficient number of copies of the laws of the
+present general assembly, and all laws of a general
+nature passed by the general assembly of Missouri,
+in eighteen hundred and nineteen, and also the laws
+passed by the governor and judges of this territory,
+which have not been repealed by this general assembly;
+and to distribute such laws on application
+of those entitled to copies, in the manner herein-after
+provided, to wit: To the governor and secretary
+each one copy; to the judges of circuit and
+county courts, to the clerk of superior court, to the
+sheriff of each county, to every justice of the peace,
+to every constable, to the prosecuting attorney in
+behalf of the United States, and circuit or county
+court prosecuting attornies, to the territorial auditor,
+to the territorial treasurer, to the coroner of each
+county, to every member of the general assembly, each
+one copy: <i>Provided</i>, it shall be the duty of every officer,
+on his or their going out of office, to deliver
+the copy of the laws with [which]<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> he shall have
+been furnished, in pursuance of this resolution, to
+his successor in office.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved also</i>, That a sufficient number of copies
+shall be sent, by order of the governor, to the care
+of the several clerks of each county, in this territory,
+whose duty it shall be to distribute one copy
+to every officer or person allowed one in the foregoing
+part of this resolution.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved also</i>, That the governor be, and he is
+hereby, authorized to draw on the territorial treasurer
+for the amount of expenses arising thereon,
+which are not otherwise provided for by law.</p></div>
+
+<p>The two copies in possession of the Library
+of Congress carry no marks of previous ownership.
+One was recorded in the <i>Catalogue of
+Additions to the Library of Congress Since
+December, 1833</i>, dated December 1, 1834.<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a>
+Whether this was the copy which retains a
+late 19th-century bookplate or the copy which
+the Library had rebound in 1914 is uncertain.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> See <i>Wilderness to Statehood with William E.
+Woodruff</i> (Eureka Springs, Ark., 1961); Rollo G.
+Silver, <i>The American Printer 1787-1825</i> (Charlottesville,
+1967), p. 140.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> Brackets in text.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Page 12 (combined entry: "Laws of Arkansas,
+&amp;c., &amp;c., 1818 to 1821, 1823, and 1825").</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Hawaii" id="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 381px;">
+<img src="images/i060.jpg" width="381" height="600" alt="Hawaiian Primer, printed by Elisha Loomis." />
+<div class="caption">(Hawaiian Primer, printed by Elisha Loomis.)</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Hawaii's first printer was a young American
+named Elisha Loomis, previously employed as
+a printer's apprentice at Canandaigua, N.Y. He
+arrived at Hawaii with a group of Boston
+missionaries in 1820; but use of the printing
+press that he brought with him had to be delayed
+owing to the lack of a written Hawaiian
+language, which the missionaries proceeded to
+devise. At a special ceremony held at Honolulu
+on January 7, 1822, a few copies of the earliest
+Hawaiian imprint were struck off: a broadside
+captioned "Lesson I." Its text was afterwards
+incorporated in a printed primer of the Hawaiian
+language.<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a></p>
+
+<p>Loomis printed 500 copies of the primer in
+January, and in September 1822 he printed
+2,000 copies of a second edition. The latter
+edition is the fifth recorded Hawaiian imprint,<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a>
+as well as the earliest to be found among the
+Library of Congress holdings. In 16 pages,
+without a title page or an imprint statement,
+it opens with a section headed "THE ALPHABET"
+and includes lists of syllables, lists of
+words, and elementary Hawaiian readings of a
+religious character consistent with their missionary
+purpose.</p>
+
+<p>The Library's copy is shelved in a special
+Hawaiiana Collection in the Rare Book Division.
+Bound with it is another rare primer in
+only four pages, captioned "KA BE-A-BA,"
+which Loomis printed in 1824.<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> The small
+volume is in a black, half leather binding, with
+an old Library of Congress bookplate marked
+"Smithsonian Deposit." Since the final text
+page is date-stamped "1 Aug., 1858," the volume
+was probably received or bound by the
+Smithsonian Institution in that year. The
+Smithsonian transferred most of its book collection
+to the Library of Congress in 1866-67
+and has continued to deposit in the Library
+quantities of material which it receives largely
+in exchange for its own publications. The
+Hawaiian rarities in this particular volume
+were cataloged at the Library in 1918.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> See T. M. Spaulding, "The First Printing in
+Hawaii," <i>The Papers of the Bibliographical Society
+of America</i>, vol. 50, 1956, p. 313-327; R. E.
+Lingenfelter, <i>Presses of the Pacific Islands 1817-1867</i>
+(Los Angeles, 1967), p. 33-44.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> See H. R. Ballou and G. R. Carter, "The History
+of the Hawaiian Mission Press, with a Bibliography
+of the Earlier Publications," <i>Papers of the Hawaiian
+Historical Society</i>, no. 14, 1908, p. [9]-44.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> The penciled note on p. [1], "Second Ed. Spelling
+Book," would appear to identify it with no. 10
+in the Ballou and Carter bibliography.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Wisconsin" id="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i061.jpg" width="600" height="79" alt="Green-Bay Intelligencer. VOL. I. NAVARINO, WEDNESDAY
+DECEMBER 11, 1833. NO. 1." />
+<div class="caption">Green-Bay Intelligencer. VOL. I. NAVARINO, WEDNESDAY
+DECEMBER 11, 1833. NO. 1.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>"With a handful of brevier and an ounce or
+two of printer's ink"&mdash;as he later recollected&mdash;Wisconsin's
+first printer managed to produce
+1,000 lottery tickets at Navarino, now the city
+of Green Bay, in 1827. The printer was Albert
+G. Ellis, who had previously worked as an
+apprentice at Herkimer, N.Y. He could not
+undertake regular printing at Navarino before
+obtaining a printing press in 1833; then, in
+partnership with another young New Yorker
+named John V. Suydam, he began to publish
+the <i>Green-Bay Intelligencer</i>.<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a></p>
+
+<p>The first issue of this newspaper, dated
+December 11, 1833, is the oldest example of
+Wisconsin printing known to survive, and it
+is represented in the Library of Congress collections.
+Neatly printed in fine type on a small
+sheet, the four-page issue shows professional
+competence. The publishers apologize for the
+type they use and for the necessity, owing to
+limited patronage, of commencing the <i>Intelligencer</i>
+on a semimonthly basis. Their front
+page features an Indian story entitled "The Red
+Head," chosen from some "fabulous tales ...
+politely furnished us by a gentleman of this
+place, who received them from the mouths of
+the native narrators." Inclusion of the story
+accords with a stated editorial policy of giving
+faithful descriptions of the character and manners
+of the natives. Some articles in this issue
+concern proposed improvements on the Fox
+and Wisconsin Rivers that would open navigation
+between Green Bay and the upper Mississippi.
+And the question where to locate the
+capital of an anticipated Territory of Wisconsin
+is another topic of the day. The Territory was
+not actually created until 1836.</p>
+
+<p>Aside from its obviously having been detached
+from a bound volume, there is no visible
+evidence of the Library of Congress copy's past
+history. It does not figure in <i>A Check List of
+American Newspapers in the Library of Congress</i>
+(Washington, 1901); but it is registered
+in the union list, <i>American Newspapers 1821-1936</i>
+(New York, 1937).</p>
+
+<p>The Library of Congress also owns the only
+known copy of <i>Kikinawadendamoiwewin or
+almanac, wa aiongin obiboniman debeniminang
+iesos, 1834</i>, printed at Green Bay on the <i>Intelligencer</i>
+press. Its 14 leaves, printed on one side
+only, are within an original paper cover bearing
+the manuscript title "Chippewa Almanac." A
+document held by the State Historical Society of
+Wisconsin reveals that in 1834 the Catholic
+mission at Green Bay charged "the Menominee
+Nation of Indians" for "an Indian Almanac
+rendered by signs equally useful to those among
+the Natives who are unable to read their language,
+published at Green Bay, 150 copies,
+$18"; and that the bill went unpaid.<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> Since the
+almanac was intended for use in the year 1834,
+it was likely printed before the end of 1833;
+yet there is no evidence to suggest that it
+predates the <i>Intelligencer</i>. At the suggestion of
+Douglas C. McMurtrie, the Library purchased
+its unique copy from the Rosenbach Company
+for "$375.00 less usual discount" in 1931.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> See Douglas C. McMurtrie, <i>Early Printing in
+Wisconsin</i> (Seattle, 1931).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> See Douglas C. McMurtrie, <i>The First Known
+Wisconsin Imprint</i> (Chicago, 1934).</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="California" id="California">California</a></h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 334px;">
+<img src="images/i062.jpg" width="334" height="600" alt="Conclusion of General Vallejo's message to the
+Governor of Alta California, which was printed on a
+press that had been shipped from Boston via Hawaii." />
+<div class="caption"><i>Conclusion of General Vallejo's message to the
+Governor of Alta California, which was printed on a
+press that had been shipped from Boston via Hawaii.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>As early as 1830 Agust�n V. Zamorano, executive
+secretary of the Mexican territory of Alta
+California, was using limited printing equipment
+to produce official letterheads. Zamorano
+later became proprietor of California's first
+regular printing press, which was shipped from
+Boston (via Hawaii) and set up at Monterey
+about July 1834. While he controlled this
+press&mdash;that is, until the uprising in November
+1836&mdash;Zamorano appears to have employed
+two printers, whose names are unknown.<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a></p>
+
+<p>Under the revolutionary government the
+same press continued in operation at Monterey
+and at Sonoma, and the earliest California
+printing in the Library of Congress is the first
+known Sonoma issue: <i>Ecspocision</i> [sic] <i>que
+hace el comdanante</i> [sic] <i>general interino de la
+Alta California al gobernador de la misma</i>. It
+is a small pamphlet having 21 pages of text,
+preceded by a leaf bearing a woodcut of an
+eagle. The text is dated from Sonoma, August
+17, 1837, and signed by Mariano G. Vallejo,
+beneath whose printed name is a manuscript
+flourish.</p>
+
+<p>Don Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo (1807-90)
+held the highest military office of Alta California
+at the time of writing, his headquarters<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span>
+then being at Sonoma. In his communication
+to the Governor, he advocates certain commercial
+reforms summarized as follows in Hubert
+Howe Bancroft's <i>History of the Pacific States
+of North America</i> (San Francisco, 1882-90):</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>His plan was to prohibit all coasting trade by
+foreign vessels, and to transfer the custom-house
+from Monterey to San Francisco. In defence of the
+first, he adduced the well known practice on the part
+of traders of presenting themselves at Monterey with
+a few cheap articles for inspection, afterward taking
+on board from secure hiding-places the valuable part
+of the cargo, to be sold at other ports. Thus the
+revenue was grossly defrauded, leaving the government
+without funds. By the change proposed not
+only would smuggling cease and the revenues be
+augmented, but Californians would be encouraged to
+become owners of coasting vessels or to build up a
+system of inland communication by mule-trains....
+The transfer of the custom-house was advocated on
+the ground of San Francisco's natural advantages,
+the number and wealth of the establishments tributary
+to the bay, and the importance of building up
+the northern frontier as a matter of foreign policy.<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>General Vallejo was his own printer. In a
+manuscript "Historia de California" he says of
+his pamphlet, "I wrote the attached statement
+of which I sent the original to the governor of
+the State and which I printed immediately in
+the small printing office that I had in Sonoma
+and of which I was the only employee; I had
+the printed copies distributed throughout all
+parts of California and furthermore I gave
+some copies to the captains of merchant ships
+that were going to ports in the United States
+of America."<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Library of Congress copy shows that
+the general left something to be desired as a
+printer, some pages being so poorly inked as
+to be scarcely legible. This copy&mdash;one of but
+four known to bibliographers&mdash;was previously
+in the possession of A. B. Thompson of San
+Francisco, and the Library purchased it from
+him in February 1904 for $15.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> See George L. Harding, <i>Don Agustin V. Zamorano</i>
+(Los Angeles, 1934), p. 178-210; Herbert
+Fahey, <i>Early Printing in California</i> (San Francisco,
+1956); H. P. Hoyt, "The Sandwich Island
+Story of California's First Printing Press," <i>California
+Historical Society Quarterly</i>, vol. 35 (1956),
+p. 193-204.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> Vol. 16 (1886), p. 87-88.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> Quoted from Herbert Fahey, <i>Early Printing in
+California</i>, p. 27.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Kansas" id="Kansas">Kansas</a></h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 387px;">
+<img src="images/i064.jpg" width="387" height="600" alt="The Annual Register of Indian Affairs Within the
+Indian (or Western) Territory. Published by Isaac M'Coy. Shawanoe
+Baptist Mission House, Ind. Ter. January 1, 1835" />
+<div class="caption">(<i>The Annual Register of Indian Affairs Within the
+Indian (or Western) Territory. Published by Isaac M'Coy. Shawanoe
+Baptist Mission House, Ind. Ter. January 1, 1835</i>)</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>By introducing printing at the Shawanoe mission
+station in the Indian Territory in March
+1834, Jotham Meeker became the first printer
+of what is now Kansas. He had learned his
+trade at Cincinnati and for some years had
+served as a Baptist missionary and printer
+among various Indian tribes.</p>
+
+<p>The Library of Congress' earliest example of
+Kansas printing is the first number of <i>The
+Annual Register of Indian Affairs Within the
+Indian (or Western) Territory. Published by
+Isaac M'Coy. Shawanoe Baptist Mission House,
+Ind. Ter. January 1, 1835</i>. Isaac McCoy (1784-1846),
+publisher of four numbers of the
+<i>Annual Register</i> between 1835 and 1838, was
+a prominent Baptist missionary, who also
+served as an Indian agent and strongly advocated
+the colonization of western Indians in a
+separate state. In this work he gives an account
+of the several mission stations operated by
+various denominations in the Indian Territory.</p>
+
+<p>The following passage from the first number
+of the <i>Annual Register</i> deals with the printer:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>At the Shawanoe station is a printing press in
+operation, under the management of Jotham Meeker,
+Missionary for the Ottawas.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Meeker has invented a plan of writing (not
+like that of Mr. Guess, the Cherokee), by which,
+Indians of any tribe may learn to read in their own
+language in a few days. The first experiment was
+made with a sprightly Chippewa boy, wholly ignorant
+of letters, and of the English language. He
+studied three hours each day for nine days; at the
+expiration of which time there was put into his
+hands a writing of about twenty lines, of the contents
+of which he had no knowledge. After looking
+over it a few minutes, without the aid of an instructer,
+the boy read off the writing, to the unspeakable
+satisfaction of the teacher.</p>
+
+<p>Upon this plan elementary school books have
+been prepared, and printed, viz.&mdash;In Delaware, two;
+in Shawanoe, two; in Putawatomie, one; and two
+in Otoe, besides a considerable number of Hymns,
+&amp;c. The design succeeds well.<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Jotham Meeker's surviving journal, from which
+extracts have been published,<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> affords an interesting
+view of his work from December 15,
+1834, when McCoy brought him the manuscript,
+until January 17, 1835, when he wrote,
+"Finish Br. M'Coy's Ann. Reg. a work of 52
+pages, including the Cover. 1000 copies."</p>
+
+<p>Another source of information about the
+<i>Annual Register</i> is Isaac McCoy's book, <i>History
+of Baptist Indian Missions</i> (Washington, New
+York, and Utica, 1840), wherein he states,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>I published it [the first number] at my own
+cost, and circulated it gratuitously. One was sent to
+each member of Congress, and to each principal man
+in the executive departments of Government.<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>Under the circumstances it is not surprising
+that three copies have made their way into
+the Library of Congress collections. On their
+respective title pages they are addressed in
+manuscript to "Hon Nathaniel Silsbee U.S.
+Sen," "Hon Jno. Cramer H. Reprs. U S," and
+"Hon Lucius Lyon H.R.U.S."</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> P. 24.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> In Douglas C. McMurtrie and Albert H. Allen,
+<i>Jotham Meeker Pioneer Printer of Kansas</i> (Chicago,
+1930), p. 45-126.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> P. 481.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="New_Mexico" id="New_Mexico">New Mexico</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>The first press of New Mexico was imported
+overland from the United States in 1834 to
+print <i>El Crep�sculo de la libertad</i>, a short-lived
+newspaper supporting the election of its editor,
+Antonio Barreiro, to the Mexican congress. It
+was operating at Santa Fe by August 1834 with
+Ram�n Abreu as proprietor and with Jes�s
+Mar�a Baca as printer,<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> the latter having
+learned his trade in Durango, Mexico.<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a></p>
+
+<p>A broadside in the Library of Congress collections
+appears to be a genuine copy of the
+earliest extant issue of this press. Entitled
+<i>Lista de los ciudadanos que deberan componer
+los jurados de imprenta, formada por el
+Ayuntamiento de este capital</i>, it lists, in accordance
+with Mexican law, 90 men qualified
+to be jurors in cases of what the law terms
+"denuncias de los escritos."<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> The broadside is
+dated August 14, 1834, signed by "Juan
+Gallego, precidente&mdash;Domingo Fernandez, secretario,"
+and carries the Ram�n Abreu imprint.
+This copy must be one of 48 discovered in
+1942 in a parcel marked "Benjamin Read
+Papers" at the New Mexico Historical Society.
+Benjamin Read (1853-1927) was an attorney
+who served in the New Mexico Legislature
+and who published a number of works on the
+State's history.<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> Before the find in 1942 only
+a single copy of the broadside was located.
+The authenticity of these 48 copies has been
+questioned, but in the opinion of the late
+collector Thomas W. Streeter they are originals.<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a>
+The Library obtained its copy by exchange
+from Edward Eberstadt &amp; Sons in May
+1951.</p>
+
+<p>The Library also has the only known copy
+of New Mexico's first book, issued by the same
+press and dated 1834: <i>Cuaderno de ortografia.
+Dedicado a los ni�os de los se�ores Martines
+de Taos.</i> A metal cut on its title page, oddly
+depicting a moose, has been traced to a contemporary
+Boston specimen book, which also
+displays a pica type identical or very similar
+to that used in early New Mexican imprints.<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a>
+Authorship of the book has been attributed to
+Antonio Jos� Mart�nez (1793-1867), the parish
+priest in Taos, who arranged to have the
+press and the printer move there in 1835.
+From 1826 to 1856 Mart�nez taught reading,
+writing, and arithmetic in his parish,<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> and he
+undoubtedly had this work printed for the
+use of his own pupils. It is divided into three
+sections: "De las letras," "De los diptongos, uso
+de letras mayusculas, acentos y signos de institucion
+para las citas," and "De la puntuacion
+de la clausula."<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> The copy of this small book
+is soiled and worn from much thumbing. Penciled
+on an inner page in an early, childlike
+hand is the name "Jesus Maria Baldez." The
+Library purchased the book in 1931 from
+Aaron Flacks, a Chicago bookseller, for $350
+on the same day that it purchased its earliest
+Wisconsin almanac (see p. 53, above) and
+likewise through the intervention of Douglas
+C. McMurtrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 355px;">
+<img src="images/i067.jpg" width="355" height="600" alt="Lista de los ciudadanos que deberan componer los
+jurados de imprenta, formada por el Ayuntamiento de este capital" />
+<div class="caption">(<i>Lista de los ciudadanos que deberan componer los
+jurados de imprenta, formada por el Ayuntamiento de este capital</i>)</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> See Roby Wentz, <i>Eleven Western Presses</i> (Los
+Angeles, 1956), p. 11-13.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> See his obituary in <i>The Daily New Mexican</i>
+(Santa Fe), April 21, 1876.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> Quoted from <i>Coleccion de ordenes y decretos de
+la Soberana junta provisional y soberanos Congresos
+generales de la nacion mexicana</i>, vol. 4, 1829, p.
+179.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> See obituary in <i>New Mexico Historical Review</i>,
+vol. 2, 1927, p. 394-397.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> See no. 61 in his <i>Americana&mdash;Beginnings</i> (Morristown,
+N.J., 1952).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> See <i>New Mexico Historical Review</i>, vol. 12,
+1937, p. 13.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> Ibid., p. 5.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> It is reproduced in its entirety in Douglas C.
+McMurtrie's <i>The First Printing in New Mexico</i>
+(Chicago, 1929).</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Oklahoma" id="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i068.jpg" width="600" height="398" alt="Istutsi in Naktsokv. Or The Child's Book.
+By Rev. John Fleming." />
+<div class="caption">(<i>Istutsi in Naktsokv. Or The Child's Book.</i>
+By Rev. John Fleming.)</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>When the Cherokee Nation migrated from
+Georgia to the newly formed Indian Territory,
+John Fisher Wheeler, who had been head
+printer of the Cherokee Press at New Echota,
+proceeded to the Union Mission Station on
+the Grand River, near the present location of
+Mazie, Okla. There the American Board of
+Commissioners for Foreign Missions supplied
+him with a new press on which in August
+1835 he did the first Oklahoma printing.
+Wheeler had served his apprenticeship at
+Huntsville, Ala.<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a></p>
+
+<p>One of two or three extant copies of the
+third recorded issue of Oklahoma's first press
+is present in the Library of Congress collections:
+<i>Istutsi in naktsokv. Or The Child's Book.
+By Rev. John Fleming. Missionary of the
+American Board of Commissioners for Foreign
+Missions.</i> Printed before October 31, 1835, in
+an edition of 500 copies, it is a 24-page primer
+with text in the Creek language rendered in
+the Pickering alphabet and with woodcut illustrations
+of animals and other subjects. A
+Creek Indian named James Perryman or Pvhos
+Haco ("Grass Crazy") assisted with the translation.<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a>
+Fleming's work among the Indians has
+earned for him a notice in the <i>Dictionary of
+American Biography</i>, where his "chief claim to
+remembrance" is said to be "that he was the
+first to reduce to writing the Muskoki or Creek
+language, which was a task of peculiar difficulty
+on account of the numerous and puzzling
+combinations of consonants involved."</p>
+
+<p>The Library of Congress obtained the rare
+copy of its earliest Oklahoma imprint through
+the Smithsonian Deposit (see p. 52, above) in
+1878.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> See Lester Hargrett, <i>Oklahoma Imprints 1835-1890</i>
+(New York, 1951), p. ix-x, 1-2.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> Ibid., no. 3.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Iowa" id="Iowa">Iowa</a></h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i069.jpg" width="600" height="122" alt="Du Buque Visitor. &quot;TRUTH OUR GUIDE, THE PUBLIC GOOD OUR
+AIM.&quot; VOL. I. DU BUQUE (LEAD MINES) WISCONSIN TERRITORY, WEDNESDAY,
+JANUARY 18, 1837. NO. 37" />
+<div class="caption">Du Buque Visitor. "TRUTH OUR GUIDE, THE PUBLIC GOOD OUR
+AIM." VOL. I. DU BUQUE (LEAD MINES) WISCONSIN TERRITORY, WEDNESDAY,
+JANUARY 18, 1837. NO. 37</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The initial issue of the weekly <i>Du Buque
+Visitor</i>, dated May 11, 1836, is the oldest
+example of Iowa printing. John King, the first
+proprietor of this four-page newssheet, acquired
+the press on which it was printed at Chillicothe,
+Ohio. He employed William Cary Jones of
+Chillicothe to "perform the duties of foreman
+in the printing office ... and likewise such
+other duties in superintending the publication
+of the newspaper as may be required,"<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> and
+he employed the Virginia-born printer Andrew
+Keesecker, lately of Galena, Ill., to be the
+principal typesetter.</p>
+
+<p>The earliest Iowa printing represented in
+the Library of Congress is its partial file of the
+<i>Du Buque Visitor</i>, extending from January 18
+to May 17, 1837.<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> On December 21, 1836, the
+proprietorship had passed to W. W. Chapman,
+an attorney, and with the issue of February 1,
+1837, William H. Turner became the owner.
+The paper maintained a high standard throughout
+these changes, its issues justly displaying
+the motto: "Truth our guide, the public good
+our aim." A reduction in the size of certain
+issues furnishes evidence of the customary
+difficulty of operating a pioneer press. As the
+March 15 issue explains, "Within the last two
+months, so large an addition has been made to
+the subscription list of the Visitor, that our
+stock of paper of the usual size is exhausted,
+and we are constrained to issue, for a week or
+two, a smaller sheet. By the first boat from St.
+Louis we shall receive our spring and summer
+supply."</p>
+
+<p>The Library's file dates from the period when
+Iowa still belonged to the Wisconsin Territory.
+An editorial from the Library's earliest issue
+advocates independent status:</p>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Division of Wisconsin Territory</span></p>
+
+<p>It gives us pleasure to see that Genl. Jones, our
+delegate in congress, has introduced into the house
+of representatives a resolution, "to inquire into the
+expediency of establishing a seperate [sic] territorial
+government for that section of the present
+territory of Wisconsin which lies west of the Mississippi
+river," and the same resolution has been
+introduced into the senate of the United States by
+Dr. Linn of Missouri.</p>
+
+<p>We sincerely hope that these resolutions will be
+acted upon, and sanctioned by congress&mdash;if sanctioned,
+they will have a most important bearing upon
+the future interest and prosperity of the people on
+this side of the Mississippi. Yes, we would rejoice
+that the 'Father of Waters' should be the boundary
+to a new territory. The present territory of Wisconsin,
+is much too large, and embraces too many conflicting
+interests&mdash;the people on the east side of the
+Mississippi are jealous of those on the west side, and
+the west, of those on the east. Why not, under these
+circumstances, give to the people on each side of
+the Mississippi separate territorial governments? We
+believe that such a measure would be highly satisfactory
+to the people throughout the whole of Wisconsin
+territory.</p>
+
+<p>The reasons for dividing the present territory of
+Wisconsin are, in our opinion, well founded, for
+unless the people governed can be united&mdash;unless
+their representatives legislate for the good of the
+whole territory, there will not be satisfaction&mdash;there
+will not be harmony, &amp; the government instituted
+to protect the rights of the people, will become an
+engine in the hands of one part to oppress the other.</p>
+
+<p>It is, or should be, the policy of the United States,
+in the establishment of temporary governments over
+her territories, to adopt the best and most judicious
+means of guarding the happiness, liberty, and property
+of her foster children, so that when they enter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>
+the great family of the Union, that they may be
+worthy of that exalted station.</p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 201px;">
+<img src="images/i070.jpg" width="201" height="800" alt="Newspaper ads" />
+<div class="caption">(Newspaper ads)</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>From later in 1837 the Library possesses
+<i>Iowa News</i>, which replaced the <i>Du Buque
+Visitor</i> after its expiration in May, in an imperfect
+file extending from June 17 (the third
+number) to December 23. The Library also
+has the <i>Wisconsin Territorial Gazette and
+Burlington Advertiser</i>, printed at Burlington,
+in another incomplete file from July 10 to
+December 2. The Library's three files of very
+early Iowa newspapers have a common provenance,
+as most issues of each file are addressed
+in manuscript to the Department of State,
+which was in charge of Territorial affairs until
+1873. These newspapers were transferred to
+the Library of Congress sometime before the
+end of the 19th century.<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> The full contract is quoted in Alexander Moffit's
+article, "Iowa Imprints Before 1861," in <i>The Iowa
+Journal of History and Politics</i>, vol. 36, 1938, p. 152-205.
+For a biography of Jones, see William Coyle,
+ed. <i>Ohio Authors and Their Books</i> (Cleveland,
+1962, p. 346).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> Vol. 1, nos. 37-52; no. 47 wanting. The May 10
+and May 17 issues are both numbered 52.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> They are recorded in <i>A Check List of American
+Newspapers in the Library of Congress</i> (1901).</p>
+<p>
+In the Library's Broadside Collection (portfolio
+19, no. 34) is a printed notice of the Des Moines
+Land Company, with text dated from Des Moines,
+September 4, 1837. This item cannot have been
+printed at Des Moines, since printing did not reach
+there until 1849. It is not listed in Alexander
+Moffit's "A Checklist of Iowa Imprints 1837-1860,"
+in <i>The Iowa Journal of History and Politics</i>, vol. 36
+1938, p. 3-95.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Idaho" id="Idaho">Idaho</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>The first printing in Idaho&mdash;in fact, in the
+entire Pacific Northwest&mdash;was done in 1839
+at the Lapwai mission station, by the Clearwater
+River, in what is now Nez Perce County.
+The printer was Edwin Oscar Hall, originally
+of New York, who on orders of the American
+Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
+brought to this wilderness site the same small
+press he had taken to the Hawaiian Islands in
+1835.<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a></p>
+
+<p>Henry Harmon Spalding (1804-74), the
+missionary who had requested this press, was
+the author of its first issue in Idaho, an eight-page
+primer of the native language with an
+English title: <i>Nez-Perces First Book: Designed
+for Children and New Beginners</i>. In May 1839
+Hall printed 400 copies, of which no complete
+examples are known to survive. An alphabet
+of Roman letters that Spalding utilized to convey
+the Indian language proved to be impractical,
+and in August the original edition was
+replaced by a revised 20-page edition of 500
+copies with the same title.</p>
+
+<p>The Library of Congress acquired this edition,
+then thought to be the first Idaho book,
+in 1911. A few years later the bibliographer
+Wilberforce Eames discovered pages of the
+earlier edition used as reinforcements in the
+paper covers of the later one,<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> and on February
+18, 1922, another interested bibliographer,
+Howard M. Ballou, wrote to the Librarian of
+Congress:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>I have had your copy at the Library of Congress
+examined by a friend who reports that she can
+distinguish that pages 5 and 6 are pasted in the
+front cover.</p>
+
+<p>If you will have the covers of the Nez Perces First
+Book soaked apart you will find you possess four
+pages of this original Oregon book.</p></div>
+
+<p>(By Oregon, of course, he meant the Oregon
+country at large rather than the present State.)
+The Library did soak apart the covers and
+found that it had two copies of the original
+leaf paged 5 and 6. One of them, released for
+exchange in October 1948, subsequently joined
+two other original leaves to form an almost
+complete copy in the Coe Collection at Yale
+University.<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 448px;">
+<img src="images/i071.jpg" width="448" height="600" alt="A page from the original edition of the Nez Perces
+First Book." />
+<div class="caption"><i>A page from the original edition of the</i> Nez Perces
+First Book.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Library made its fortunate acquisition
+with a bid of $7.50 at a Philadelphia auction
+sale conducted by Stan V. Henkels on May
+23-24, 1911. The item<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> was among a group
+of books from the library of Horatio E. Hale
+(1817-96), who served as philologist with
+the famed Wilkes Expedition of 1838-42. He
+probably obtained his copy about 1841, the
+year the expedition reached Oregon.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> See Roby Wentz, <i>Eleven Western Presses</i> (Los
+Angeles, 1956), p. 23-26.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> See <i>The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical
+Society</i>, vol. 23, 1922, p. 45-46.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> See no. 73 (note) in Thomas W. Streeter's
+<i>Americana&mdash;Beginnings</i> (Morristown, N.J., 1952).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> No. 588 in the sale catalog.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Oregon" id="Oregon">Oregon</a></h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i072.jpg" width="600" height="254" alt="Oregon Spectator. &quot;Westward the Star of Empire takes
+its way.&quot; Vol. I Oregon City, (Oregon Ter.) Thursday, May 28, 1846.
+No. 9." />
+<div class="caption">Oregon Spectator. "Westward the Star of Empire takes
+its way." Vol. I Oregon City, (Oregon Ter.) Thursday, May 28, 1846.
+No. 9.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Medare G. Foisy performed the first Oregon
+printing in 1845 with type owned by the
+Catholic mission at St. Paul. Apparently without
+the benefit of a permanent press, he printed
+at least two official forms, and there is evidence
+that he produced tickets for an election held
+on June 3, 1845. Foisy was a French Canadian
+who had worked at the Lapwai mission press
+for Henry Harmon Spalding (see p. 63, above)
+during the fall and winter of 1844-45.<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a></p>
+
+<p>Later certain forward-looking settlers organized
+the Oregon Printing Association, obtained
+a printing press, hired a printer named
+John Fleming, who had migrated to Oregon
+from Ohio,<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a> and founded the <i>Oregon Spectator</i>
+at Oregon City on February 5, 1846. This was
+the earliest English-language newspaper in
+North America west of the Missouri River.<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a>
+The earliest Oregon printing in the Library
+of Congress is the ninth semimonthly number
+of the <i>Oregon Spectator</i>, dated May 28, 1846.
+It is a small four-page sheet presently bound
+with 15 other numbers of the <i>Spectator</i> through
+May 13, 1847. All bear the newspaper's motto:
+"Westward the Star of Empire takes its way."
+When this ninth number was printed, the
+Oregon Country was still jointly occupied by
+the United States and Great Britain. Shortly
+after, on June 15, 1846, the U.S. Senate ratified
+the Oregon Treaty, whereby the Oregon Country
+was divided at the 49th parallel. News of
+the ratification as reported in the New York
+<i>Gazette and Times</i> of June 19 reached Honolulu
+in time to be printed in the <i>Polynesian</i>
+of August 29, and the information was reprinted
+from that paper in the November 12
+issue of the <i>Spectator</i>, which is included in the
+Library's file.</p>
+
+<p>The issue of May 28 has a decidedly political
+emphasis because of impending local elections,
+and among its articles is an amusing account
+of a meeting at which several inexperienced
+candidates proved embarrassingly "backward
+about speaking." The difficulty of obtaining
+information for the paper is illustrated by a
+section headed "Foreign News," consisting of
+a letter from Peter Ogden, Governor of Fort
+Vancouver, in which he gives a brief account
+of the political upheaval in Britain over the
+Corn Law question. He cites as the source of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>
+his information a letter he received via "an
+express ... from [Fort] Nesqually." He concludes,
+"In three or four days hence we shall
+receive newspapers, and I trust further particulars."
+The last page of this issue is given
+entirely to the printing of an installment of
+"An Act to establish Courts, and prescribe their
+powers and duties," which had been passed by
+the provisional legislature.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to its small volume of issues
+from 1846 and 1847, the Library of Congress
+has an incomplete volume of <i>Spectator</i> issues
+from September 12, 1850, to January 27, 1852,
+when the paper had a larger format and appeared
+weekly. Evidence for the provenance
+of the earlier volume is the inscription, "J. B.
+McClurg &amp; C.," on the issue of December 24,
+1846, designating a Honolulu firm which carried
+this advertisement in the same <i>Spectator</i>:</p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="ship">
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="3">J. B. McClurg &amp; Co.<br />
+SHIP CHANDLERS,<br />
+GENERAL AND COMMISSION<br />
+MERCHANTS.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">JAMES B. McCLURG,<br />
+ALEXANDER G. ABELL,<br />
+HENRY CHEVER.</td>
+<td align="left" rowspan="3"><span style="font-size: 3em;">}</span></td>
+<td align="left" rowspan="3">HONOLULU, OAHU,<br />
+SANDWICH ISLANDS.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Several issues in the later volume are addressed
+either to the "State Department" or to "Hon.
+Daniel Webster," who was Secretary of State
+at the time. The Library's <i>A Check List of
+American Newspapers</i>, published in 1901, records
+holdings only for December 12, 1850,
+to February 27, 1851, but all of the <i>Spectator</i>
+issues look as if they have been in the Library
+from an early date.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 415px;">
+<img src="images/i073.jpg" width="415" height="600" alt="Rules for House-Wives." />
+<div class="caption">(Rules for House-Wives.)</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> See nos. 1-2 in George N. Belknap's <i>Oregon
+Imprints 1845-1870</i> (Eugene, Ore. [1968]).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> See <i>The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society</i>,
+vol. 3, 1902, p. 343.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> See Roby Wentz, <i>Eleven Western Presses</i> (Los
+Angeles, 1956), p. 27-30.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Utah" id="Utah">Utah</a></h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 338px;">
+<img src="images/i074.jpg" width="338" height="600" alt="Ordinances, Passed by the Legislative Council of
+Great Salt Lake City, and Ordered to be Printed" />
+<div class="caption">(<i>Ordinances, Passed by the Legislative Council of
+Great Salt Lake City, and Ordered to be Printed</i>)</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Brigham Young's nephew Brigham Hamilton
+Young was the first printer within the present
+boundaries of Utah. A manuscript "Journal
+History" of the Church of Jesus Christ of
+Latter-Day Saints records that on January 22,
+1849, "Brigham H. Young and Thomas Bullock
+were engaged in setting type for the fifty cent
+bills, paper currency. This was the first typesetting
+in the [Salt Lake] Valley. The bills
+were to be printed on the press made by
+Truman O. Angell."<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Law Library of the Library of Congress
+keeps in a small manila envelope a remarkable
+group of five very early examples of Utah
+printing, some of which must have been issued
+in 1850. The one that seems to be the earliest
+has the title <i>Ordinances, Passed by the Legislative
+Council of Great Salt Lake City, and
+Ordered to be Printed</i>. This piece&mdash;like the
+others without indication of place or date of
+printing&mdash;may be assigned to a press from
+Boston which reached Salt Lake City in August
+of 1849 and supplanted the original homemade
+press. Listed as number 3 in Douglas C. McMurtrie's
+<i>The Beginnings of Printing in Utah,
+with a Bibliography of the Issues of the Utah
+Press 1849-1860</i> (Chicago, 1931), it is a four-page
+leaflet containing nine ordinances passed
+between February 24 and December 29, 1849.
+Among them are a "Penalty for Riding Horses
+Without Leave, Driving Cattle Off the Feeding
+Range, &amp;c." and "An Ordinance Creating an
+Office for the Recording of 'Marks and Brands'
+on Horses, Mules, Cattle, and All Other Stock."</p>
+
+<p>A 34-page pamphlet entitled <i>Constitution
+of the State of Deseret</i> (not in McMurtrie;
+Sabin 98220) is obviously from the same press.
+Appended to the constitution, which was approved
+November 20, 1849, are several ordinances
+passed between March 9, 1849, and
+March 28, 1850. Another issue of this press
+(not in McMurtrie or Sabin) is a slightly
+mutilated three-page leaflet: <i>Rules and Regulations
+for the Governing of Both Houses of
+the General Asse{mbly} of the State of Deseret,
+When in Joint Session; and for Each Respective
+House, When in Separate Session. Adopted
+by the Senate and House of Representatives,
+December 2, 1850.</i> Of unspecified date is a
+single leaf, unrecorded and apparently unique,
+captioned <i>Standing Committees of the House</i>.
+Finally, there is among these imprints a copy
+of the 80-page <i>Ordinances. Passed by the General
+Assembly of the State of Deseret</i>, known
+as the "Compilation of 1851" and listed as
+number 8 by McMurtrie, who writes, "A copy
+of the 1851 volume in the library of the Church
+Historian's Office was used in 1919 for making
+a reprint, but the original has since disappeared.<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a>
+A copy is said to be in private ownership
+in California." The latter is undoubtedly
+the one now in the Library of Congress.</p>
+
+<p>The only one of these extremely rare imprints
+to show marks of previous ownership is
+the "Compilation of 1851." It was autographed
+by Phinehas Richards, who served both as
+representative and as senator in the provisional
+legislature of the state of Deseret. Whether the
+other four pieces also belonged to him is not
+clear; in any event all five came into the hands
+of his son, Franklin Dewey Richards (1821-99),
+who for half a century was an Apostle of
+the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints,
+becoming president of the Apostles' Quorum,
+and who served as Church Historian for the
+last 10 years of his life.<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> A Library of Congress
+purchase order dated October 31, 1940, reveals
+that these imprints were contained in a bound
+volume labeled "Laws of Utah&mdash;F. D. Richards";
+that by agreement the Library had them removed
+from the volume and subsequently
+returned it to Mr. Frank S. Richards, in care
+of the San Francisco bookseller John Howell;
+and that the price paid for the detached items
+was $1,600. Frank S. Richards, an attorney
+residing in Piedmont, Calif., is a great-grandson
+of Franklin Dewey Richards, most of whose
+books he has given to the Bancroft Library of
+the University of California.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> Quoted from Wendell J. Ashton, <i>Voice in the
+West, Biography of a Pioneer Newspaper</i> (New
+York, 1950), p. 367, note 17. This book is about
+Utah's first newspaper, the <i>Deseret News</i>, established
+June 15, 1850, of which the earliest original
+issue in the Library of Congress is dated May 31,
+1851.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> It is now available again at the Church Historian's
+Office. Another copy is in the Harvard
+Law Library.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> See Franklin L. West, <i>Life of Franklin D.
+Richards</i> (Salt Lake City [1924]).</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Minnesota" id="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i076.jpg" width="600" height="91" alt="Minnesota Chronicle and Register St. Paul,
+Minnesota Territory, Saturday, August 25, 1819. Vol. 1 No. 1" />
+<div class="caption">(<i>Minnesota Chronicle and Register</i> St. Paul,
+Minnesota Territory, Saturday, August 25, 1819. Vol. 1 No. 1)</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Minnesota's first printer was James Madison
+Goodhue of Hebron, N.H. An Amherst College
+graduate, he had abandoned a legal career
+to run a pioneer newspaper at Lancaster, Wis.
+Shortly after the establishment of the Minnesota
+Territory, he moved his printing equipment
+to St. Paul, and on April 28, 1849, he
+founded his weekly newspaper, <i>The Minnesota
+Pioneer</i>. It is reported that even though he
+brought along two printers, Goodhue himself
+worked both as compositor and pressman, and
+further that the printing press he used at
+Lancaster and St. Paul was the same on which
+Iowa's first printing had been performed.<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a> The
+Library of Congress' scattered file of this first
+Minnesota newspaper contains just one 1849
+issue, dated October 25.</p>
+
+<p>Taking precedence as the Library's earliest
+example of Minnesota printing is the first
+issue, dated August 25, 1849, of another St.
+Paul paper, the <i>Minnesota Chronicle and Register</i>,
+which resulted from the merger of two
+early rivals of the <i>Pioneer</i>. In an introductory
+editorial the proprietors, James Hughes and
+John Phillips Owens, make certain claims on
+behalf of this paper:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>Our union bases us upon a foundation which
+renders our permanent success beyond a contingency.
+The combining of the two offices places us in possession
+of probably the best and most complete
+printing establishment on the Mississippi, above St.
+Louis. These advantages, with our practical experience
+in the art, the aid of health and a free good will,
+and a moderate share of the other requisites, we
+hope will enable us to give the Chronicle and
+Register a place in the front rank of well executed,
+useful and instructive newspapers.... We have two
+new Washington Printing Presses, with all the recent
+improvements attached. We defy any establishment
+in the Union to produce superior pieces of machinery
+in the way of Hand Presses. Our assortment
+of book and job type is also of the newest and handsomest
+styles, and comprises larger quantities and
+greater varieties than can be found this side of
+St. Louis. And we are happy to announce we have
+more coming.</p></div>
+
+<p>They also make an interesting statement of
+editorial policy:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>The Chronicle and Register have each a reputatation
+[sic] at home and abroad, gained during the
+few months of their separate existence. The views
+of the respective editors in regard to general politics,
+and the relation they bear upon these matters to our
+present administrations, National and Territorial, has
+been a matter of no concealment on the part of
+either. And were it not for one reason, we would
+here let this subject rest. But the ground Minnesota
+at present occupies is neutral. We have no vote in
+the Legislative councils of the Nation, no vote for
+President. Why should we then divide and distract
+our people upon questions that they have no voice
+in determining? Why array each other in separate
+bands as Whigs and Democrats when such a course
+can only show the relative strength of the two
+parties, without adding one iota to the prosperity
+and welfare of either? The measures of one or the
+other of the great parties of the country will receive
+the sanction of the next Congress, and no thanks
+to Minnesota for her votes. We as citizens, and as
+whigs, are willing to leave it for the future to determine
+which of these parties are to sway the
+destinies of our Territory.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Library has eight issues of the <i>Chronicle
+and Register</i> from the year 1849, as well as
+later ones through February 17, 1851, all bearing
+its motto: "The greatest good for the
+greatest number." Many of the earlier issues
+are addressed to John M. Clayton, who was
+Secretary of State until July 1850, and some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>
+later issues are addressed to his successor,
+Daniel Webster. (The Library's file of <i>The
+Minnesota Pioneer</i> also has a State Department
+provenance.)</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 288px;">
+<img src="images/i077.jpg" width="288" height="800" alt="Short newspaper items" />
+<div class="caption">(Short newspaper items)</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>In addition the Library of Congress owns
+three official publications printed by James
+Madison Goodhue in 1849: <i>Message from the
+Governor of Minnesota Territory to the Two
+Houses of the Legislative Assembly, at the
+Commencement of the First Session, September
+4, 1849</i>; <i>Rules for the Government of the
+Council of Minnesota Territory, and Joint
+Rules of the Council and House, Adopted at
+a Session of the Legislature, Commenced September
+3, 1849</i>; and <i>Message of the Governor,
+in Relation to a Memorial from Half-Breeds of
+Pembina</i>.<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a> On September 5, the day after it
+authorized Goodhue to do its printing, the
+newly formed legislature ordered the first two
+of these titles printed in editions of 500 and
+100 copies, respectively.<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a> The Library copies
+of both pamphlets are unbound, without marks
+of personal ownership. The first is an older
+acquisition of undetermined origin; the second
+a 1940 purchase from the Rosenbach Company
+in New York, at $165. The third title was
+ordered printed in 300 copies on October 1,
+1849, the day the Governor's message was
+delivered.<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a> It is a four-page leaflet, one of 73
+rare American imprints that the printing historian
+Douglas C. McMurtrie sold to the
+Library for $600 in 1935.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> See M. W. Berthel, <i>Horns of Thunder, the Life
+and Times of James M. Goodhue, Including Selections
+from his Writings</i> (St. Paul, 1948).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> These are nos. 18, 66, and 23 in Esther Jerabek's
+<i>A Bibliography of Minnesota Territorial Documents</i>
+(St. Paul, 1936). Unrecorded in this bibliography
+are two early pamphlets printed by the <i>Chronicle and
+Register</i>: <i>Courts of Record in the Territory of Minnesota;
+Approved Nov. 1, 1849&mdash;Took Effect Dec. 1,
+1849</i> and <i>Law of the Territory of Minnesota; Relative
+to the Powers and Duties of Justices. Approved November
+First, 1849&mdash;Took Effect December First,
+1849</i>. The Library's copies are inscribed to
+Elisha Whittlesey, comptroller, U. S. Treasury Department.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> See <i>Journal of the Council During the First
+Session of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory
+of Minnesota</i> (St. Paul, 1850), p. 23.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> Ibid., p. 51.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Washington" id="Washington">Washington</a></h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 387px;">
+<img src="images/i078.jpg" width="387" height="600" alt="Acts of the Legislative
+Assembly of the Territory of Washington,
+Passed at the Second Regular Session, Begun
+and Held at Olympia, December 4, 1854, in
+the Seventy-Ninth Year of American Independence" />
+<div class="caption">(<i>Acts of the Legislative
+Assembly of the Territory of Washington,
+Passed at the Second Regular Session, Begun
+and Held at Olympia, December 4, 1854, in
+the Seventy-Ninth Year of American Independence</i>)</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 374px;">
+<img src="images/i079.jpg" width="374" height="600" alt="Acts of the Legislative
+Assembly of the Territory of Washington, ... continued" />
+<div class="caption">(<i>Acts of the Legislative
+Assembly of the Territory of Washington, ...</i> continued)</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The earliest recorded example of Washington
+printing is the first number of <i>The Columbian</i>,
+published at Olympia on September 11, 1852.
+The founders of this newspaper were James
+W. Wiley and Thornton F. McElroy, who purchased
+a press on which the Portland <i>Oregonian</i>
+had for a short time been printed and which
+before that saw service in California.<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a></p>
+
+<p>In 1853 the Territory of Washington was
+created from the northern part of the Territory
+of Oregon, and on April 17, 1854, the new
+Territorial legislature elected James W. Wiley
+to be Washington's first official printer. The
+earliest specimen of Washington printing held
+by the Library of Congress appears to be the
+following example of his work, printed at
+Olympia in 1855: <i>Acts of the Legislative
+Assembly of the Territory of Washington,
+Passed at the Second Regular Session, Begun
+and Held at Olympia, December 4, 1854, in
+the Seventy-Ninth Year of American Independence</i>.
+It includes an act passed at the second
+session, on February 1, 1855, specifying
+the size and distribution of the original edition:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>Sec. 1. <i>Be it enacted by the Legislative Assembly
+of the Territory of Washington</i>, That the Public
+Printer be, and is hereby required to print in
+pamphlet form, six hundred copies of the laws of the
+present session, and a like number of the laws of the
+last session of the Legislative Assembly....</p>
+
+<p>Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the Secretary of the
+territory to forward to each county auditor in the
+territory fifteen copies of the laws of each session
+for the use of the county officers, and two copies for
+each member of the Legislative Assembly, and to
+each officer of the Legislative Assembly, one copy of
+said laws.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Library owns three copies of this 75-page
+official document, all acquired probably during
+the last quarter of the 19th century. They are
+in old Library bindings and bear no marks of
+prior ownership.</p>
+
+<p>Among the Library's collections are five
+other Olympia imprints of the same year but
+from the press of the second official printer,
+George B. Goudy, who was elected on January
+27, 1855. One of these, a work of more than
+500 pages, the Library also holds in three
+copies: <i>Statutes of the Territory of Washington:
+Being the Code Passed by the Legislative
+Assembly, At Their First Session Begun and
+Held at Olympia, February 27th, 1854. Also,
+Containing the Declaration of Independence,
+the Constitution of the United States, the Organic
+Act of Washington Territory, the Donation
+Laws, &amp;C., &amp;C.</i> The others are <i>Journal of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>
+the Council of the Territory of Washington:
+Together With the Memorials and Joint Resolutions
+of the First Session of {the} Legislative
+Assembly ...</i>; <i>Journal of the House of Representatives
+of the Territory of Washington:
+Together With the Memorials and Joint Resolutions
+of the First Session of the Legislative
+Assembly ...</i>; <i>Journal of the Council of the
+Territory of Washington, During the Second
+Session of the legislative Assembly ...</i>; and
+<i>Journal of the House of Representatives of the
+Territory of Washington: Being the Second
+Session of the Legislative Assembly ...</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Most official printing in the Territories was
+paid for by the Federal Government, and
+copies of many publications were sent to Washington,
+D.C., to meet certain administrative
+requirements. In some copies now at the Library
+of Congress visible evidence to this effect
+remains, as in the above-mentioned Council and
+House journals for the second legislative session,
+both inscribed to "Library State Dept."
+Although the Department of State continued
+to exercise broad supervision over the Territories
+at this period, supervision of their official
+printing was assigned, as it had been since
+1842, to the Treasury Department. The cover
+or halftitle now bound in at the end of the
+above-mentioned House journal for the first
+legislative session bears notations made in the
+office of the Treasury Department's first comptroller,
+who exercised this particular responsibility.<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a>
+One is a barely legible record in pencil:
+"Recd Oct 14/56 in letter of Sec Mason of
+Augt 26/56"; and another is in ink: "Finding
+enclosed to Sec Mason March 31/57." These
+notations refer to correspondence between the
+comptroller and the secretary of the Territory
+of Washington about remuneration for printing.
+Part of the correspondence is still retained
+at the National Archives (in Record Group
+217).</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> See Roby Wentz, <i>Eleven Western Presses</i> (Los
+Angeles, 1956), p. 35-38.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> See W. A. Katz, "Tracing Western Territorial
+Imprints Through the National Archives," <i>The
+Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America</i>,
+vol. 59 (1965), p. 1-11. Two Minnesota documents
+inscribed to the comptroller are cited in footnote no.
+2 on page 69.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Nebraska" id="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 380px;">
+<img src="images/i080.jpg" width="380" height="600" alt="Laws, Resolutions and Memorials, Passed at the
+Regular Session of the First General Assembly of the Territory of
+Nebraska, Convened at Omaha City, on the 16th Day of January, Anno
+Domini, 1855. Together with the Constitution of the United States, the
+Organic Law, and the Proclamations Issued in the Organization of the
+Territorial Government" />
+<div class="caption">(<i>Laws, Resolutions and Memorials, Passed at the
+Regular Session of the First General Assembly of the Territory of
+Nebraska, Convened at Omaha City, on the 16th Day of January, Anno
+Domini, 1855. Together with the Constitution of the United States, the
+Organic Law, and the Proclamations Issued in the Organization of the
+Territorial Government</i>)</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Scholarly investigation has revealed that a supposed
+early instance of Nebraska printing&mdash;the
+Mormon <i>General Epistle</i> "written at Winter
+Quarters, Omaha Nation, west bank of Missouri
+River, near Council Bluffs, North America, and
+signed December 23d, 1847"&mdash;actually issued
+from a St. Louis press.<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a> The Library of Congress
+copy of this imprint is consequently disqualified
+for discussion here, as are also the
+Library's three issues of the <i>Omaha Arrow</i>,
+beginning with the initial number dated July
+28, 1854, since these issues were printed in
+Iowa, at Council Bluffs, before Omaha acquired
+its own press.</p>
+
+<p>Nebraska printing begins in fact with the
+16th number of the <i>Nebraska Palladium</i>, issued
+at Bellevue on November 15, 1854. Previously
+issued at St. Mary's, Iowa, the paper takes pride
+in introducing printing to the newly formed
+Territory of Nebraska and identifies the men
+responsible:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>The first printers in our office, and who have set
+up the present number, are natives of three different
+states&mdash;Ohio, Virginia, and Massachusetts,
+namely: Thomas Morton, foreman, Columbus, Ohio
+(but Mr. Morton was born in England); A. D. Long,
+compositor, Virginia; Henry M. Reed, apprentice,
+Massachusetts.<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The first Nebraska books were printed at
+Omaha by the Territorial printers Sherman &amp;
+Strickland in 1855, and they are represented in
+the Library of Congress collections: <i>Laws,
+Resolutions and Memorials, Passed at the Regular
+Session of the First General Assembly
+of the Territory of Nebraska, Convened at
+Omaha City, on the 16th Day of January,
+Anno Domini, 1855. Together with the Constitution
+of the United States, the Organic
+Law, and the Proclamations Issued in the
+Organization of the Territorial Government;
+Journal of the Council at the First Regular
+Session of the General Assembly, of the
+Territory of Nebraska, Begun and Held at
+Omaha City, Commencing on Tuesday the
+Sixteenth Day January, A. D. 1855, and Ending
+on the Sixteenth Day of March, A. D. 1855</i>;
+and <i>Journal of the House of Representatives,
+of the First Regular Session of the General
+Assembly of the Territory of Nebraska ...</i>.
+These three official publications record quite
+fully the work of the first Nebraska Legislature,
+which consisted of a council of 13 and a house
+of 26 members. From later in the same year
+the Library owns still another Sherman &amp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>
+Strickland imprint: <i>Annual Message of Mark
+W. Izard, Governor of the Territory of Nebraska,
+Addressed to the Legislative Assembly,
+December 18, 1855</i>. The Governor delivered
+this address at the convening of the second
+legislature.</p>
+
+<p>The press on which these four books were
+printed had been transported to Omaha from
+Ohio, and it was used to produce the initial
+number of the <i>Omaha Nebraskan</i>, January 17,
+1855.<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a> On March 13, with the approval of a
+joint resolution which may be read in the <i>Laws,
+Resolutions and Memorials</i>, John H. Sherman
+and Joseph B. Strickland became the official
+printers of the Territory; and "An Act to provide
+for Printing and Distributing the Laws
+of Nebraska Territory," also approved on
+March 13, stipulated that a thousand copies of
+the laws and resolutions of the first legislature
+be printed. Two of the thousand copies are
+listed as a "present" in <i>Additions Made to the
+Library of Congress, Since the First Day of
+November, 1855. November 1, 1856</i> (Washington,
+1856).<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a> They are still on the Library
+shelves, along with a third copy received by
+transfer from another Government agency in
+1911. The Library received its copy of the
+<i>Journal of the Council</i> in 1867 and its copy of
+the <i>Journal of the House of Representatives</i>
+probably not much later in the 19th century.<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a>
+The Statute Law Book Company sold the
+Library Governor Izard's <i>Annual Message</i> for
+$22 in October 1935.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> See no. 65 in Thomas W. Streeter's <i>Americana&mdash;Beginnings</i>
+(Morristown, N.J., 1952). The Library
+of Congress possesses one copy, not two as here
+reported.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> Quoted from Douglas C. McMurtrie's "Pioneer
+Printing in Nebraska" in <i>National Printer Journalist</i>,
+vol. 50, no. 1 (January 1932), p. 20-21, 76-78.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> Ibid., p. 76.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> P. 99.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> The latter title is indicated as wanting in a collective
+entry for Council and House journals in the
+<i>Catalogue of Books Added to the Library of Congress,
+from December 1, 1866, to December 1,
+1867</i> (Washington, 1868), p. 282.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="South_Dakota" id="South_Dakota">South Dakota</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>In 1858 the Dakota Land Company sent out
+from St. Paul to Sioux Falls a newspaper editor
+named Samuel J. Albright, a printer named
+J. W. Barnes, and a printing press which
+Albright later insisted was the original Goodhue
+press (see above, p. <a href="#Page_68">68</a>), despite conflicting
+accounts of its history. If his testimony
+is correct, the same press introduced printing
+in Iowa, Minnesota, and South Dakota. It
+appears to have been first used at Sioux Falls
+to print a small election notice dated September
+20, 1858; in the following summer, it was used
+to print South Dakota's first newspaper, <i>The
+Democrat</i>.<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a></p>
+
+<p>Establishment of the Territory of Dakota in
+1861 attracted a second Dakota press to the
+new Territorial capital at Yankton. The earliest
+Dakota, or South Dakota, printing in the
+Library of Congress is from the newspaper
+associated with that press, <i>The Dakotian</i>, first
+published on June 6, 1861, by Frank M.
+Ziebach and William Freney of Sioux City,
+Iowa. The Library's earliest holding is the 13th
+number, which is dated April 1, 1862, and exhibits
+the paper's motto: "'Let all the Ends
+thou aims't at, be thy Country's, thy God's and
+Truth's.'&mdash;<i>Wolsey.</i>" This number follows upon
+a transfer of the editorship and proprietorship
+to Josiah C. Trask of Kansas, who announces,</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>We have secured the interest which Mr. ZIEBACH,
+the former publisher of this paper, held in
+the office, and have made extensive additions for
+book work, &amp;c.&mdash;We are now engaged in executing
+the incidental printing of the Legislative Assembly
+of this Territory under peculiar disadvantages;
+yet we believe it will compare favorably with
+the work of many older Territories. We are prepared
+to execute any style of printing to the satisfaction
+of patrons.</p></div>
+
+<p>By using fine print, Trask was able to present
+much material in this four-page issue. Among
+its contents are the text of the Governor's
+message to the first Territorial legislature and
+several U.S. laws passed by the first session of
+the 37th Congress. The lead editorial, "What
+We Mean to Do," contains the following statement
+of policy regarding the Civil War:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>At present, there is no room for disagreement in
+politics. So far as our knowledge extends, all parties
+join heartily in an indorsement of the truly patriotic
+and conservative course adopted by the President
+in the management of this war. He is not a
+patriot who will allow any slight disagreement te
+[sic] turn him from a straightforward opposition
+to the ambitious men who are now heading a Rebellion
+to destroy the fairest Government ever
+known. Until this war is ended by a suppression of
+the Rebellion, unless a change is forced upon us, we
+shall walk with men of ALL parties, in an earnest,
+honest purpose to do what we can to strengthen the
+arms of ABRAHAM LINCOLN, in whatever acts
+he may deem best for the people who have called
+him to his present proud position. In this determination
+we feel that all our patrons will sustain us.</p></div>
+
+<p>The editorial concludes with an appeal to support
+the paper:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>Few persons can know the expense and care
+requisite for a publication like this so far West.
+We feel that our Territory cannot support more than
+one or two papers. One of these must be at the
+Capital, and we shall endeavor to make this one
+worthy the support of all. We expect to receive
+pecuniary encouragement from men of all parties
+and all parts. After a few weeks, when we are better
+acquainted and our paper is better known, we shall
+ask for the assistance which will be due us from
+those whom we labor to benefit.</p></div>
+
+<p>A Library of Congress bound volume contains
+an incomplete but substantial run of <i>The
+Dakotian</i> from April 1, 1862, to December 17,
+1864, without any marks of provenance. In
+addition the Library owns a file of South
+Dakota's third newspaper, <i>The Dakota Republican</i>,
+beginning with volume 1, number 31,
+published at Vermillion on April 5, 1862. This
+newspaper has for its motto "Our Country If
+Right, If Wrong, God Forgive, But Our Country
+Still!" The Library's issue of April 12, 1862,
+is inscribed "Wm H James"&mdash;this would be
+William Hartford James of Dakota City, Nebr.,
+who served as Acting Governor of Nebraska
+in 1871-1872&mdash;and some of its 1868 and 1869
+issues are inscribed "Dept of State." All of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>
+these papers are accounted for in <i>A Check List
+of American Newspapers in the Library of
+Congress</i> (1901).</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 251px;">
+<img src="images/i083.jpg" width="251" height="1200" alt="The Dakotian" />
+<div class="caption">(<i>The Dakotian</i>)</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>From the year 1862 the Library also possesses
+four books printed at Yankton all bearing the
+imprint of Josiah C. Trask, Public Printer:
+<i>Council Journal of the Legislative Assembly of
+the Territory of Dakota, to which is Prefixed
+a List of the Members and Officers of the
+Council, With Their Residence, Post-Office
+Address, Occupation, Age, &amp;c.</i>; <i>House Journal
+of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of
+Dakota, to which is Prefixed a List of the
+Members and Officers of the House</i> ...; <i>General
+Laws, and Memorials and Resolutions of
+the Territory of Dakota, Passed at the First
+Session of the Legislative Assembly, Commenced
+at the Town of Yankton, March 17,
+and Concluded May 15, 1862. To Which are
+Prefixed a Brief Description of the Territory
+and its Government, the Constitution of the
+United States, the Declaration of Independence,
+and the Act of Organizing the Territory</i>; and
+<i>Private Laws of the Territory of Dakota, Passed
+at the First Session of the Legislative Assembly</i>....<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a>
+Single copies of the Council and
+House journals were in the Library by 1877.
+The Library has four copies of the <i>General
+Laws</i> and <i>Private Laws</i>, bound together as
+issued; two copies are probably 19th-century
+accessions, the third came from the Department
+of Interior in 1900, and the fourth was transferred
+from an unspecified Government agency
+in 1925.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> See Douglas C. McMurtrie, <i>The Beginnings of
+the Press in South Dakota</i> (Iowa City, Iowa, 1933).
+On the disputed history of the Goodhue press, see
+M. W. Berthel, <i>Horns of Thunder</i> (St. Paul, 1948),
+p. 26, note 3.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> These are nos. 7, 9, 4, and 5, respectively, in
+Albert H. Allen's <i>Dakota Imprints 1858-1889</i> (New
+York, 1947).</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Nevada" id="Nevada">Nevada</a></h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 382px;">
+<img src="images/i084.jpg" width="382" height="600" alt="Joseph T. Goodman, editor of the Territorial
+Enterprise. Courtesy of the New York Public Library." />
+<div class="caption"><i>Joseph T. Goodman, editor of the</i> Territorial
+Enterprise. <i>Courtesy of the New York Public Library.</i></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Nevada owes its first printing to W. L.
+Jernegan, who in partnership with Alfred
+James established a weekly newspaper, the
+<i>Territorial Enterprise</i>, at Genoa, then in western
+Utah Territory, on December 18, 1858.
+Jernegan had transported his printing equipment
+across the Sierras from Yolo County,
+Calif.<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a></p>
+
+<p>The earliest Nevada imprint in the Library
+of Congress dates from 1862, the year after
+Nevada's establishment as a separate Territory:
+<i>Second Annual Message of Governor James
+W. Nye, to the Legislature of Nevada Territory,
+November 13, 1862. Together with Reports of
+Territorial Auditor, Treasurer, and Superintendent
+of Public Instruction.</i> Printed at Carson
+City by J. T. Goodman &amp; Co., Territorial printers,
+this publication has 48 pages, not including
+the title page printed on its yellow wrapper.
+Joseph T. Goodman was not only involved with
+official printing at this time, but he was also
+editing the <i>Territorial Enterprise</i>, which was
+then located at Virginia City and had become
+a daily paper. He is perhaps best remembered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span>
+for launching Mark Twain on a literary career
+when he employed him as a reporter in August
+1862.<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a></p>
+
+<p>Governor Nye's <i>Second Annual Message</i>
+covers an important period of national history.
+Strongly pro-Union, it gives an optimistic account
+of the year's events in the Civil War
+and bestows high praise on Lincoln's preliminary
+Emancipation Proclamation of September
+22, 1862: "As an engine of war, its formidability
+is a powerful warrant of early peace, and
+as a measure of humanity, the enlightened
+world receives it with acclamations of unbounded
+joy." Part of the message concerns
+expected consequences from a bill recently
+passed by Congress authorizing construction of
+a Pacific Railroad, which would profoundly
+affect life in Nevada:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>No State nor Territory will derive such inestimable
+advantage from the road as the Territory of
+Nevada. Situated, as we are, in what, during a
+great portion of the year, is an almost inaccessible
+isolation of wealth; with mountains covered with
+perpetual snow frowning down directly upon us
+at the west, and with a series of ranges, difficult to
+cross, at the east of us, with a wilderness fit only for
+the original inhabitants of the waste, stretching away
+a thousand miles, and intervening between us and
+the frontier of agricultural enterprise; and with no
+means of receiving the common necessaries of life,
+except through the expensive freightage of tediously
+traveling trains of wagons; the value of the road to
+us will be beyond calculation.</p></div>
+
+<p>The inscription "Library Depr State" on the
+Library of Congress copy indicates it must
+have been submitted to the Department of
+State, which in 1862 was still in charge of the
+United States Territories. A date stamp on its
+wrapper suggests that it was transferred to the
+Library of Congress by December 1900, while
+a stamp on page 2 reveals that it was in
+custody of the Library's Division of Documents
+in September 1907.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> See Richard E. Lingenfelter, <i>The Newspapers of
+Nevada</i> (San Francisco, 1964), p. 47-49.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> See Ivan Benson, <i>Mark Twain's Western Years</i>
+(Stanford University, Calif. [1938]), chapters 4-6.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Arizona" id="Arizona">Arizona</a></h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a href="images/i086g.jpg">
+<img src="images/i086.jpg" width="600" height="266" alt="The Weekly Arizonian" />
+</a><div class="caption">(<i>The Weekly Arizonian</i>)<br />
+<small>[Click on image for larger view.]</small></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Printing began in Arizona with the establishment
+of <i>The Weekly Arizonian</i>, at the mining
+town of Tubac, on March 3, 1859. The Santa
+Rita Mining Company, which owned this newspaper,
+had imported the first press from Cincinnati,
+and the first printers are said to have
+been employees of the company named Jack
+Sims and George Smithson.<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Library of Congress file of the <i>Arizonian</i>
+starts with the issue of August 18, 1859, the
+earliest example of Arizona printing now held
+by the Library. The paper had removed from
+Tubac to Tucson shortly before that date under
+rather dramatic circumstances. Edward E. Cross,
+its first editor, vigorously opposed a movement
+in favor of separating Arizona from New
+Mexico and organizing it as an independent
+territory. In attacking population statistics put
+forward by Sylvester Mowry, the leader of that
+movement, Cross impugned Mowry's character,
+whereupon Mowry challenged him to a duel,
+which was fought with rifles on July 8 without
+injury to either party. Mowry subsequently
+purchased the printing press and moved it to
+Tucson. Under a new editor, J. Howard Wells,
+the <i>Arizonian</i>'s positions were completely reversed.<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a></p>
+
+<p>The issue of August 18 supports the candidacy
+of Sylvester Mowry for delegate to Congress,
+in an election scheduled for September
+1. In view of past events it was understandable
+that the paper should encourage a heavy vote,
+not only to demonstrate the unity of Arizonians
+desiring Territorial status, but also to indicate
+the extent of the population. The following
+short article relates to the recurrent topic of
+numbers:</p>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="center">A SLIGHT MISTAKE</p>
+
+<p>We understand Col. Bonneville says he has taken
+the names of all the Americans, between the Rio
+Grande and the Santa Cruz, and they number only
+one hundred and eighty. Come and pay us a longer
+visit, Colonel, and count again. There are nearly that
+number in and around Tucson alone, and there are
+a good many of us that dislike to be denationalized
+in so summary a manner. The Overland Mail Company
+alone, employs some seventy five Americans,
+between here and the Rio Grande, and they justly
+think, they have a right to be included, as well as the
+farmers living on the San Pedro and the Miembres
+rivers, it is hardly fair to leave them out. It is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span>
+nearly as bad as cutting down the Americans on
+the Gila and Colorado to twelve. When there are
+ten times that number. Try it again Colonel, for evidently
+there is a slight mistake, some where.</p></div>
+
+<p>In the same issue is a notice illustrating the
+production difficulties characteristic of a frontier
+press:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>We have to apologize to the readers of the
+Arizonian, for the delay in issuing this our regular
+number; the detention has been unavoidably caused,
+by the indisposition of our printer. We hope it may
+not occur again, and will not as far as lays in our
+power to prevent it.</p></div>
+
+<p>When examined as recently as 1932, a
+Library of Congress binding contained 10 issues
+of the <i>Arizonian</i> from the year 1859, beginning
+July 14; however, that early issue has been
+missing from the binding at least since 1948.
+One mark of provenance occurs among the
+remaining issues: an inscription on the issue
+of August 18, the upper half of which has
+been cut away but which unquestionably reads,
+"Gov Rencher." The recipient was Abraham
+Rencher (1798-1883), a distinguished North
+Carolinian who was serving as Governor of
+the Territory of New Mexico in 1859. By whatever
+route, these issues reached the Library
+early enough to be recorded in <i>A Check List
+of American Newspapers in the Library of
+Congress</i> (1901).</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 265px;">
+<img src="images/i087.jpg" width="265" height="600" alt="Column from Arizonian" />
+<div class="caption">(Column from <i>Arizonian</i>)</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> See Douglas C. McMurtrie, <i>The Beginnings of
+Printing in Arizona</i> (Chicago, 1937), p. 31, note 9.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> See Estelle Lutrell, <i>Newspapers and Periodicals
+of Arizona 1859-1911</i> (Tucson, 1950), p. 7-8,
+63-64. For more on Cross and Mowry, see Jo Ann
+Schmitt, <i>Fighting Editors</i> (San Antonio, 1958), p.
+1-21.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Colorado" id="Colorado">Colorado</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>The earliest examples of Colorado printing
+are the first numbers of two competing newspapers,
+which were issued at Denver on April
+23, 1859, only about 20 minutes apart.<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a> Taking
+precedence was the <i>Rocky Mountain News</i>,
+published by William N. Byers &amp; Co. and
+printed with equipment purchased in Nebraska.
+Its printers were John L. Dailey of Ohio, a
+member of the company, and W. W. Whipple
+of Michigan.<a name="FNanchor_131_131" id="FNanchor_131_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Library of Congress recently acquired
+its earliest example of Colorado printing, a
+broadside entitled <i>Laws and Regulations of the
+Miners of the Gregory Diggings District</i>, attributed
+to the Byers &amp; Co. press. Printed sometime
+after July 16, 1859, it is one of but two
+located copies of the first extant Colorado
+imprint other than a newspaper or newspaper
+extra.<a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a> The laws, passed at miners' meetings on
+June 8 and July 16, apply to the district named
+for John Gregory, whose successful prospecting
+helped to stimulate the famous Pike's Peak
+gold rush. They were placed in historical context
+by Peter C. Schank, assistant chief of the
+American-British Law Division in the Library
+of Congress, in an article announcing this
+acquisition:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>the laws themselves are intrinsically valuable because
+they served as a model for much succeeding
+legislation, not only for other mining districts, but
+for State and national enactments as well. Despite
+the promulgation of California district laws 10 years
+earlier, the Gregory laws, perhaps because of the
+district's fame, the presence of prospectors with
+previous experience in other mining areas, and the
+imminent adoption of the first national mining
+statute, had a unique influence on the development
+of mining law in this country.<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a></p></div>
+
+<p>The lower margin of the Library's copy is
+inscribed, "Favor of Stiles E Mills, July 20th
+1863." Neither the identity of Mr. Mills nor
+the intervening provenance has been established.
+In recent years this copy belonged to
+Thomas W. Streeter (1883-1965) of Morristown,
+N. J., owner of the most important
+private library of Americana assembled during
+the 20th century. The Library of Congress paid
+$2,800 for the broadside at that portion of the
+Streeter sale held by Parke-Bernet Galleries
+on April 23-24, 1968.<a name="FNanchor_134_134" id="FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a></p>
+
+<p>Previously the Library's first example of
+Colorado printing was the second issue of a
+small newspaper sheet, <i>The Western Mountaineer</i>,
+published at Golden City on December
+14, 1859. This newspaper was printed on the
+same press, actually the first to reach Colorado,
+that under different ownership had lost the
+close race to print the first newspaper at Denver.
+Gold is a prominent topic in this particular
+issue, which includes an interesting account of
+the prospector, George Andrew Jackson, based
+on information he himself supplied. The
+Library's copy seems to have been detached
+from a bound volume, probably before its listing
+in <i>A Check List of American Newspapers
+in the Library of Congress</i> (1901). Penciled
+on its front page are the name "Lewis Cass
+[Esquire?]" and what appears to be another
+name beginning with "Amos." Lewis Cass was
+Secretary of State at the time of publication.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 421px;">
+<a href="images/i089g.jpg">
+<img src="images/i089.jpg" width="421" height="600" alt="Laws and Regulations of the
+Miners of the Gregory Diggings District" />
+</a><div class="caption">(<i>Laws and Regulations of the
+Miners of the Gregory Diggings District</i>)<br />
+<small>[Click image for larger view]</small></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> See Douglas C. McMurtrie and Albert H. Allen,
+<i>Early Printing in Colorado</i> (Denver, 1935).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> See <i>History of the City of Denver, Arapahoe
+County, and Colorado</i> (Chicago, 1880), p. 395 and
+641.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> See no. 68 in Thomas W. Streeter's <i>Americana&mdash;Beginnings</i>
+(Morristown, N.J., 1952).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_133_133" id="Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> U.S. Library of Congress, <i>The Quarterly Journal
+of the Library of Congress</i>, vol. 26 (1969), p. 229.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_134_134" id="Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> It is described under no. 2119 in <i>The Celebrated
+Collection of Americana Formed by the Late
+Thomas Winthrop Streeter</i> (New York, 1966-69),
+vol. 4.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Wyoming" id="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>The oldest relics of Wyoming printing are
+June and July 1863 issues of the <i>Daily Telegraph</i>,
+published at Fort Bridger in what was
+then the Territory of Utah. The printer and
+publisher of this newspaper was Hiram Brundage,
+telegraph operator at the Fort, who had
+previously been associated with the Fort Kearney
+<i>Herald</i> in the Territory of Nebraska.<a name="FNanchor_135_135" id="FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a> No
+printing is known to have been performed in
+Wyoming between 1863 and 1867, with the
+possible exception of a disputed imprint dated
+1866,<a name="FNanchor_136_136" id="FNanchor_136_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a> and the first permanent Wyoming press
+dates from the founding of the <i>Cheyenne
+Leader</i> in September 1867.</p>
+
+<p>The earliest example of Wyoming printing
+in the Library of Congress is a 24-page pamphlet
+printed at Green River by "Freeman &amp;
+Bro., book and job printers" in 1868: <i>A Vocabulary
+of the Snake, or, Sho-Sho-Nay Dialect
+by Joseph A. Gebow, Interpreter. Second Edition,
+Revised and Improved, January 1st, 1864.</i>
+It was printed on the press of the <i>Frontier
+Index</i>, a migratory newspaper which commenced
+when the Freemans bought out the
+Fort Kearney <i>Herald</i> in Nebraska. This press
+moved westward from place to place as the
+Union Pacific Railroad penetrated into southern
+Wyoming, and it stopped at Green River for
+about two months in 1868.<a name="FNanchor_137_137" id="FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a></p>
+
+<p>The first edition of Gebow's <i>Vocabulary</i> was
+printed at Salt Lake City in 1859, and the first
+printing of the second edition at Camp Douglas,
+Utah, in 1864. The vocabulary proper is prefaced
+only by the following statement:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>Mr. Joseph A. Gebow, having been a resident
+in the Mountains for nearly twenty years, has had
+ample opportunity of acquiring the language of the
+several tribes of Indians, and offers this sample of
+Indian Literature, hoping it may beguile many a
+tedious hour to the trader, the trapper, and to any
+one who feels an interest in the language of the
+Aborigines of the Mountains.</p></div>
+
+<p>Even for those unfamiliar with the native
+dialect, the words and phrases in English can
+be beguiling. Among the phrases chosen for
+translation are "Go slow, friend, don't get
+mad" and "You done wrong."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 382px;">
+<img src="images/i090.jpg" width="382" height="600" alt="A Vocabulary of the Snake, or, Sho-Sho-Nay Dialect
+by Joseph A. Gebow, Interpreter. Second Edition, Revised and Improved,
+January 1st, 1864." />
+<div class="caption">(<i>A Vocabulary of the Snake, or, Sho-Sho-Nay Dialect
+by Joseph A. Gebow, Interpreter. Second Edition, Revised and Improved,
+January 1st, 1864.</i>)</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The present Library of Congress copy is
+inscribed to the Smithsonian Institution, and
+to judge from a date stamp it was added to
+the Smithsonian Library by May 1870. Later
+it was transferred to the Library of Congress
+through the Smithsonian Deposit (see above,
+p. 52). It is in an old library binding with
+the original printed wrappers bound in.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> See Douglas C. McMurtrie, <i>Early Printing in
+Wyoming and the Black Hills</i> (Hattiesburg, Miss.,
+1943), p. 9-10.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> Ibid., p. 10, note 1.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> Ibid., p. 39. On p. 48 McMurtrie argues that
+the pamphlet was printed in the month of October.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Montana" id="Montana">Montana</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>Authorities do not agree on when or by whom
+Montana's first printing was undertaken. It was
+either at Bannack or Virginia City, both gold-mining
+towns, probably in October 1863.<a name="FNanchor_138_138" id="FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a></p>
+
+<p>The earliest Montana imprints in the Library
+of Congress were printed at Virginia City in
+1866 by John P. Bruce, who owned <i>The Montana
+Democrat</i> and was designated Public
+Printer. Of these, the first may be an eight-page
+pamphlet, <i>Reports of the Auditor, Treasurer,
+and Indian Commissioner, of the Territory of
+Montana</i>. The latest document incorporated in
+the text is dated February 22, 1866, and the
+pamphlet was printed in the office of <i>The
+Montana Democrat</i> probably not long after
+that date. Most likely the second Montana imprint
+in the Library is the <i>Message of Governor
+Thomas Francis Meagher, to the Legislature of
+Montana Territory, Delivered on the 6th Day
+of March, 1866</i>. Three thousand copies were
+ordered, according to a printed note on the
+eighth and final page of this work. Neither of
+these two imprints bears any mark of provenance,
+and both appear to have entered the
+Library before the turn of the century.</p>
+
+<p>Another early example of Montana printing
+in the Library is the 22d number, dated April
+12, 1866, of <i>The Montana Democrat</i>, a sizable
+four-page sheet displaying the paper's motto:
+"Be faithful in all accepted trusts." It is addressed
+in pencil to the State Department.
+From about the same time the Library can
+boast two copies of <i>Laws of the Teritory</i> [sic]
+<i>of Montana, Passed at the Second Session of
+the Legislature, 1866. Beginning March 5,
+1866, and Ending April 14, 1866</i>, a work of
+54 pages. Although copy one is imperfect,
+lacking pages 49-54, it is of interest for the
+penciled inscription on its title page: "President
+Johnson."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 367px;">
+<img src="images/i091.jpg" width="367" height="600" alt="REPORT OF THE AUDITOR OF THE TERRITORY OF MONTANA." />
+<div class="caption">(REPORT OF THE AUDITOR OF THE TERRITORY OF MONTANA.)</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Library of Congress also owns three
+copies of a celebrated Montana book published
+at Virginia City in the same year by the proprietors
+of <i>The Montana Post</i> press, S. W.
+Tilton &amp; Co.: <i>The Vigilantes of Montana, or
+Popular Justice in the Rocky Mountains. Being
+a Correct and Impartial Narrative of the Chase,
+Trial, Capture and Execution of Henry Plummer's
+Road Agent Band, Together With Accounts
+of the Lives and Crimes of Many of the
+Robbers and Desperadoes, the Whole Being
+Interspersed With Sketches of Life in the Mining
+Camps of the "Far West;" Forming the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>
+Only Reliable Work on the Subject Ever
+Offered the Public.</i> The author, Prof. Thos. J.
+Dimsdale, was an Englishman who served Virginia
+City as a teacher and as editor of the
+<i>Post</i>, where his work originally appeared in
+installments. This first edition in book form
+contains 228 pages of text. The Library date-stamped
+copy one in 1874. Copy two was
+deposited for copyright in 1882, the year that
+D. W. Tilton put out a second edition. Copy
+three bears the signature of Henry Gannett
+(1846-1914), geographer of the U.S. Geological
+Survey and at the time of his death president
+of the National Geographic Society. It
+contains a "War Service Library" bookplate
+and an "American Library Association Camp
+Library" borrower's card (unused). The Library
+of Congress received the copy from an unknown
+source in 1925.<a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_138_138" id="Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> See Douglas C. McMurtrie, <i>Pioneer Printing in
+Montana</i> (Iowa City, Iowa, 1932); the Introduction
+to McMurtrie's <i>Montana Imprints 1864-1880</i> (Chicago,
+1937); and Roby Wentz, <i>Eleven Western
+Presses</i> (Los Angeles, 1956), p. 49-51.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_139_139" id="Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> Three Virginia City imprints dated 1866 are
+excluded from the present account. One of them
+(McMurtrie 19) cannot have been issued before
+January 10, 1867. The others (McMurtrie 130 and
+131) were actually printed in Maine according to
+McMurtrie's bibliography. None of the Library of
+Congress copies of these imprints has a notable
+provenance.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="North_Dakota" id="North_Dakota">North Dakota</a></h2>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/i093.jpg" width="600" height="203" alt="FRONTIER SCOUT. Capt. E. G. Adams, Editor. LIBERTY AND
+UNION. Lieut. C. H. Champney, Publisher Vol. 1. FORT RICE, D. T.,
+AUGUST 10, 1865 No. 9." />
+<div class="caption">FRONTIER SCOUT. Capt. E. G. Adams, Editor. LIBERTY AND
+UNION. Lieut. C. H. Champney, Publisher Vol. 1. FORT RICE, D. T.,
+AUGUST 10, 1865 No. 9.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>As early as 1853 a printing press is said to have
+been at the St. Joseph mission station, site of
+the present town of Walhalla, but there is no
+evidence that the press was actually used there.
+The first confirmed North Dakota printing was
+done on a press which Company I of the 30th
+Wisconsin Volunteers brought to Fort Union
+in June 1864. In July of that year a small
+newspaper, the <i>Frontier Scout</i>, made its appearance
+at the fort, and extant issues name
+the Company as "proprietors" and identify
+(Robert) Winegar and (Ira F.) Goodwin,
+both from Eau Claire but otherwise unknown,
+as publishers.<a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a> Possibly antedating the <i>Frontier
+Scout</i> is a rare broadside notice which either
+issued from the same press (not before June
+17) or else could be the first extant Montana
+imprint.<a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a></p>
+
+<p>With its early North Dakota newspapers
+the Library of Congress has a facsimile reprint
+of the <i>Frontier Scout</i>, volume 1, number 2
+(the first extant issue), dated July 14, 1864.
+The Library's earliest original specimen of
+North Dakota printing is a copy of the <i>Frontier
+Scout</i>, volume 1, number 9 in a new
+series of issues at the paper's second location,
+Fort Rice. Dated August 10, 1865, this issue
+names Capt. E. G. Adams as editor and Lt. C.
+H. Champney as publisher. The Library's copy
+is printed on a four-page sheet of blue-ruled
+notebook paper.</p>
+
+<p>The contents of the August 10 issue are
+almost entirely from the pen of Captain Adams,
+who saw fit to run the statement: "Every article
+in the paper is original and sees the light for
+the first time." A long poem about Columbus,
+which he entitled "San Salvador," occupies
+most of the front page. More interesting is a
+second-page editorial headed "Indian Impolicy,"
+rebuking the authorities in Washington
+for not allowing General Sully a free hand
+in his current operations against the Indians
+(whom the editor calls "these miserable land-pirates").
+From this issue one gains an impression
+that Fort Rice must have been a dreary
+post. The following is under date of August 6
+in a section captioned "Local Items":</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>By the Big Horn and Spray [vessels] the Q. M.
+Dept. at Fort Rice receive 4500 sacks of corn.
+The Mail arrives. The wolves are howling on all
+sides tonight; we can see them, some of them are
+as large as year old calves. The first cat arrives at
+Fort Rice. There are so many rats and mice here it
+is a great field for feline missionaries.</p></div>
+
+<p>The Library of Congress obtained its copy
+of this issue of the <i>Frontier Scout</i> through an
+exchange with the South Dakota Historical
+Society in November 1939.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> See Douglas C. McMurtrie, "Pioneer Printing in
+North Dakota," <i>North Dakota Historical Quarterly</i>,
+vol. 6, 1931-32, p. 221-230.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> See no. 2036 in <i>The Celebrated Collection of
+Americana Formed by the Late Thomas Winthrop
+Streeter</i> (New York, 1966-69), vol. 4.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="Alaska" id="Alaska">Alaska</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>Printing is not known to have been undertaken
+by the Russians in Alaska,<a name="FNanchor_142_142" id="FNanchor_142_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a> nor can a broadside
+notice of 1854 printed by an English searching
+party aboard H.M.S. <i>Plover</i> at Point Barrow<a name="FNanchor_143_143" id="FNanchor_143_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a>
+be properly considered as Alaskan printing.
+The first printing in Alaska evidently followed
+its transfer to United States rule on October
+18, 1867.</p>
+
+<p>Despite the absence of a bibliography or
+trustworthy history of early Alaskan printing,
+it seems safe to say that the earliest imprints
+were the orders issued by the Military District
+of Alaska beginning with General Orders No.
+1, dated October 29, 1867.<a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a> The District headquarters
+were at Sitka. There is no statement
+on the orders about place of printing, but it is
+difficult to imagine how they could have been
+printed elsewhere than Alaska and still have
+served their immediate purpose.</p>
+
+<p>The earliest Alaskan printing in the Library
+of Congress is a series of general orders dating
+from April 11, 1868, to July 1, 1870. These
+orders, printed as small sheets and leaflets, are
+mostly of a routine character, the majority
+reporting courts-martial held at Sitka. In the
+General Orders No. 1, of April 11, 1868,
+Jefferson C. Davis announces his assumption
+of command of the Department of Alaska,
+which superseded the Military District of
+Alaska on March 18, 1868, and he names the
+members of his departmental staff. The orders
+are printed on different kinds of paper, including
+blue-ruled, and many of them carry official
+signatures in manuscript. General Orders No.
+13, of December 31, 1868, is stamped: "Received
+Adjutant Gen'ls Office Apr 6 1870." The
+whole series is bound into a volume, now
+destitute of both covers, which was weeded
+from the Army War College Library sometime
+after World War II. The National War College
+transferred it to the Library of Congress in or
+about 1953.</p>
+
+<p>Since the facts surrounding the Army press
+have yet to be documented, it may be well to
+consider the civilian printing of Alaska also.
+This apparently began with the initial issue
+of <i>The Alaskan Times</i>, dated April 23, 1869,
+and printed on a press obtained from San
+Francisco.<a name="FNanchor_145_145" id="FNanchor_145_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a> The <i>Times</i> ceased publication in
+1870. Apart from the general orders of 1868-70,
+the earliest Alaskan printing in the Library
+is its file of <i>The Sitka Post</i> beginning with the
+second issue, dated November 5, 1876. The
+<i>Post</i>, published in a small six-page format on
+the 5th and 20th of each month, was the second
+newspaper to be printed in Alaska. Neither
+the <i>Times</i> nor the <i>Post</i> identifies its printer.</p>
+
+<p>Featured in the November 5 issue is "The
+Cavalry Fight at Brandy Station," an extract
+from L. P. Brockett's <i>The Camp, the Battle
+Field, and the Hospital</i> (Philadelphia, 1866).
+Following this is a forceful editorial on "The
+Indian Campaign," which advocates committing
+a greater number of U.S. troops to the
+war against the Sioux. Certain advertisements
+in this issue are noteworthy because they relate
+to the paper itself. One is on the fourth page:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>We wish to call the Attention of all BUSINESS
+MEN who intend to Trade in Alaska to the fact
+that The Sitka Post is the Only Newspaper PUBLISHED
+in the TERRITORY. It is devoted entirely
+to the Interests of ALASKA; will never be made
+the organ of any party [o]r ring, political, commercial,
+or otherwise; and will make it its object to give
+the news of the TERRITORY. ALL ENTERPRISING
+MEN who wish to bring their BUSINESS before
+the Public of Alaska Territory cannot do better
+than by ADVERTISING in The Sitka Post.</p></div>
+
+<p>Another appears on the last page:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>MEN OF ENTERPRISE! TAKE NOTICE! The
+SITKA POST Is the only Paper printed in Alaska.
+It is the best medium of Advertising. It circulates
+in Sitka, Wrangel, Stikeen, Kodiak; Portland, Oregon;
+San Francisco, Cal; Baltimore, Md, and Washington,
+D. C. Send your Advertisements to J. J.
+Daly Editor, Sitka Post, Sitka, A.</p></div>
+
+<p>And there is a brief appeal at the end of the
+last page:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>Wanted&mdash;More subscribers and contributors to
+this paper.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 421px;">
+<img src="images/i095.jpg" width="421" height="600" alt="Orders issued by the Military District of Alaska" />
+<div class="caption">(Orders issued by the Military District of Alaska)</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Library of Congress file of the <i>Post</i> is in
+an old Library binding and extends from number
+2 without break to the 14th and final
+number, dated June 5, 1877. The first page in
+the volume bears a Library date stamp of 1877.
+Also on the first page is the signature "M.
+Baker," preceded by the words "Purchased by"
+in a different hand. Thus the file was apparently
+assembled by Marcus Baker (1849-1903), a
+noted cartographer and writer on Alaska who
+was employed from 1873 to 1886 by the U.S.
+Coast and Geodetic Survey. Some issues are
+addressed in pencil to individual subscribers,
+three of whom can be positively identified
+from company muster rolls at the National
+Archives as members of the 4th Artillery, U.S.
+Army, stationed at Sitka. They are "Ord[nance]
+Serg[ean]t [George] Go[l]kell"; "H[enry]
+Train," a corporal in Company G; and
+"W[illiam] J. Welch," a bugler in Company G.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_142_142" id="Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> See Valerian Lada-Mocarski, "Earliest Russian
+Printing in the United States," in <i>Homage to a
+Bookman; Essays ... Written for Hans P. Kraus</i>
+(Berlin, 1967), p. 231-233.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_143_143" id="Footnote_143_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> See no. 3525 in <i>The Celebrated Collection of
+Americana Formed by the Late Thomas Winthrop
+Streeter</i> (New York, 1966-69), vol. 6.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_144_144" id="Footnote_144_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> See ibid., no. 3531.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> Photostat copy in the Library of Congress
+examined.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p class="transnote"><b>Transcriber's Notes</b><br />
+<br />
+The images have not been cleaned up in order to keep the worn look
+of the old documents. The texts within the images have not been
+transcribed with the exception of some titles. Image descriptions,
+added for convenience, are within parentheses below the images.
+Captions found in the original book are not enclosed in parentheses.<br />
+<br />
+All [sic] notes were from the original book.<br />
+<br />
+Retained spelling variations found in the original book.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Pioneer Imprints From Fifty States, by 
+Roger J. Trienens
+
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+</body>
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author	nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org>	2025-02-27 12:51:46 -0800
committer	nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org>	2025-02-27 12:51:46 -0800
commit	22dd58ccc6479542ec71bfd580b7dcf166376442 (patch)
tree	642a107cbd37631807aef38b4bde809c187e8598