Add 48786 from ibiblio

5 files changed, 7920 insertions, 8722 deletions

diff --git a/48786/48786-0.txt b/48786-0.txt
index 2fb5ba1..29a14fb 100644
--- a/48786/48786-0.txt
+++ b/48786-0.txt
@@ -1,3426 +1,3038 @@
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Rural Magazine, and Literary Evening

-Fire-Side, Vol. 1 No. 9 (1820), by Various

-

-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most

-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions

-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of

-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at

-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have

-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.

-

-

-

-Title: The Rural Magazine, and Literary Evening Fire-Side, Vol. 1 No. 9 (1820)

-

-Author: Various

-

-Release Date: April 24, 2015 [EBook #48786]

-

-Language: English

-

-Character set encoding: UTF-8

-

-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RURAL MAGAZINE ***

-

-

-

-

-Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online

-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

-

-

-

-

-

-Transcriber's note: Italic text is denoted by _underscores_.

-

-Small capital text has been replaced with all capitals.

-

-Minor typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected

-without note. Irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have

-been retained as printed.

-

-Mismatched quotes are not fixed if it's not sufficiently clear where

-the missing quote should be placed.

-

-The cover for the eBook version of this book was created by the

-transcriber and is placed in the public domain.

-

-       *       *       *       *       *

-

-

-

-

-  THE

-  RURAL MAGAZINE,

-  AND

-  LITERARY EVENING FIRE-SIDE.

-

-  VOL. I.  PHILADELPHIA, _Ninth Month_, 1820.  _No. 9._

-

-

-

-

-FOR THE RURAL MAGAZINE.

-

-

-THE DESULTORY REMARKER. No. VIII.

-

-                Thou only know'st

-    That dark meandering maze

-    Where wayward Falsehood strays,

-    And, seizing swift the lurking sprite,

-    Forces her forth to shame and light[1]

-

-  [1] Ode to Truth, from Mason's Caractacus.

-

-Man has been in all ages and countries, in a greater or less degree,

-the victim of imposture and superstition. Their origin can every

-where be traced to rude and uncultivated periods of society; but

-subsequent stages of comparative elegance and refinement have also

-ministered to the support of their dominion. Egypt, Greece and

-Rome were successively the seats of learning and science; yet in

-these celebrated regions, the human mind was enveloped in darkness

-and loaded with chains. The Egyptians have this ancient proverb:

-"It is easier to find a deity than a man."--Apotheosis must have

-been carried to an extraordinary length indeed when this was the

-case. Among these deities, Isis was prominently distinguished, and

-universally worshipped. On her statues, these words were impudently

-inscribed: "I am all that has been, that shall be, and none among

-mortals has hitherto taken off my veil!" Who but would blush for

-the credulity which listened with reverential awe to the oracular

-responses at Delphi, a town situate in the neighbourhood of Mount

-Parnassus, believed by every one at that time to be the centre of

-the earth! And concerning this precious object, the wars denominated

-the "_sacred_ wars," were so furiously and destructively waged. The

-Grecians were compelled, under pain of death, rigidly to observe

-the mysteries of Eleusis; and the wisest of the Romans were seen

-consulting the flight of birds and the entrails of animals, for

-infallible prognostics of future events. Where the footsteps of

-_true_ philosophy can be traced, her triumphs have been signal;

-and having found most of these and many other errors exploded, we

-lay claim in this enlightened age and country, to an extraordinary

-exemption from the influence of imposture and superstition. Although

-the darkness and gloom of former ages have in a great degree fled

-at the approach of the light of knowledge, still here and there

-the skirts of a black cloud remain, to indicate the failure of an

-absolute conquest. And the presence of these potent adversaries of

-human happiness, should inculcate the duty on every friend of his

-species of lending his aid in advancing the cause of TRUTH.

-

-Among the reprehensible customs which now obtain in the United

-States, none are more affrontful to the good sense of the community,

-and few more pernicious in their effects on youth and inexperience,

-than LOTTERIES, and the disgusting advertisements connected with

-them, which daily appear in the public journals. The funds which

-constitute a lottery, are principally derived from the pockets of

-those whose straitened circumstances, prompt them to grasp at the

-glittering phantoms, paraded before their eyes by professional

-jugglers.--Their minds become unsettled; a love of idleness and

-extravagance is excited; and their attention diverted from the true

-sources of prosperity--industry, frugality and sound morals. This

-cautionary advice may be deduced from the best and brightest of

-books; "Make not haste to be rich."[2] Experience and observation

-unite in confirming its wisdom. We need but contemplate the

-consequences, which have almost universally resulted to those who

-have been so _fortunate_ as to draw large prizes! Nine times perhaps

-out of ten, bankruptcy and ruin have trodden close on the heels of

-the dissipation and thoughtlessness they have occasioned. Lotteries

-are made by legislation, (which ought to be much better employed,)

-a species of legalized gambling, altogether destitute, in every

-point of view, of the slightest recommendation, to the countenance

-and patronage of the public. Being thus prejudicial to individual

-and social happiness, is it not to be lamented, that respectable

-editors instead of branding it as they ought, with its proper

-characteristics; should, to augment the profits of their papers,

-give to this system of deception, the widest circulation, among all

-classes of readers. These gentlemen should remember, that pecuniary

-sacrifices should sometimes be made at the shrine of virtue.

-

-  [2] Proverbs ch. xxviii. 22d verse.

-

-Another source of imposture may be traced to the venders of QUACK

-MEDICINES. Few persons are, perhaps, aware of the amount of this

-tax, levied by unprincipled charlatans, on the afflicted and

-credulous portion of the community. But it is not their money

-only that is sacrificed, but frequently their constitutions and

-their lives. He, whose constant companions have long been Pain and

-Disease, is easily persuaded to listen to the confident promises of

-impudent pretenders to medical science. He indulges the flattering

-but false anticipation of returning health, until his symptoms

-assume an incurable character, and nature gives him the "signal

-for retreat." It is not to be expected, that for all the multiform

-shapes which vice is constantly assuming, remedies can be furnished

-by statutory provision. For many evils, and some of them of a

-positively mischievous character, no other cure can be relied on

-with certainty, than the virtue and intelligence of the public. In

-proportion as these shall be cultivated, will be the augmentation

-of social enjoyment, and the increasing splendour of the orb of

-truth.

-

-It has been observed by an eminent writer, that although all

-argument is against the existence of GHOSTS, all opinion is in its

-favour.--The celebrated JOHN WESLEY, it is said, believed in them;

-and EDWARD CAVE asserted confidently, though he avoided dwelling

-on the subject, that he had himself seen an apparition.--The

-story of Mrs. VEAL, prefixed to Drelincourt on Death, though not

-conclusive, tended to strengthen such opinions. Few of those who

-held them, were countenanced by stronger evidence than that detailed

-in the following authentic narrative. In the earlier periods of

-the settlement of Pennsylvania, public houses of entertainment

-were few and distant from each other. A farmer, who resided in

-Montgomery then Philadelphia county, was returning from market at

-a late hour, of a cold winter night. As he was passing a meeting

-house, he discovered through the interstices of the door, a light

-which proceeded from a fire-place; there having been public worship

-held there during the preceding day. Having dismounted and hitched

-his horse, he proceeded to the door, and having opened it, beheld

-a large fire burning, a man laying before it, and between this

-mysterious personage and the door, a coffin! He instinctively shrunk

-back, as the time, the place, and the circumstances he witnessed,

-were well calculated to produce considerable excitement.--Summoning

-his resolution, however, he advanced to the fire-place, where he

-found a person asleep, and a new coffin along side of him. The man

-informed him, that being a joiner, he was employed to make a coffin

-for a relation who died a few miles above, and that he was taking

-it up from Germantown where he resided. It appeared that they had

-both turned in with the same object, to warm themselves; and the

-honest farmer was pleased to find the spectral apparition subside

-into a sober reality. How fortunate would it be if on all occasions,

-investigation were equally honest and determined. Then, indeed,

-would error and falsehood frequently be forced to "SHAME AND LIGHT."

-                                                                 ☞

-

-

-

-

-FOR THE RURAL MAGAZINE.

-

-THE VILLAGE TEACHER.

-

-

-My favourite occupation between school hours, during the Spring

-and Summer, is GARDENING. The munificence of some village Lorenzo

-has bequeathed, for the use of the schoolmaster, several acres of

-ground, well situated for tillage or ornamental purposes. Since

-I have been the incumbent, I have taken much pains to improve it

-by surrounding the chief part with hedges of cedar and thorn, and

-planting a good selection of fruit and forest trees. The lower part

-of the field is in grass, and a winding gravel walk leads from one

-group of trees to another. Here, according to their various tastes

-and habits, may be seen the magnolias of our own and the southern

-states, the walnut, the locust, the elm, the tulip tree, and the

-different varieties of pine, and larch, and fir, which it has been

-my study to arrange so as to diversify the view, and exhibit as

-much as my slender means would allow, the great families into which

-the vegetable kingdom is divided. A brook as clear as crystal

-babbles along through an adjoining lot, and enters mine towards the

-lower end. I have conducted it to a natural hollow in the ground,

-and have thus, at a trifling expense, formed a fish-pond, which adds

-greatly to the beauty of my little domain, and furnishes me not only

-with wholesome food for my own and my friends' tables, but is well

-suited, from the natural moisture of its banks, for the cultivation

-of many of our beautiful ferns and aquatic plants. The middle of

-the lot I have planted with the various fruit trees in which our

-climate is so rich, if, indeed, it may not challenge a competition

-in this respect with the world. The upper and smaller portion of the

-lot, I have appropriated to what is called gardening in the stricter

-sense of the word. In marking out the walks, I have endeavoured to

-follow, as nearly as I could, what the painters, perhaps a little

-fantastically, call the line of beauty, so as to have but few sharp

-corners or square beds. At the prominent angles and the centres

-of the beds, are planted the Rhododendron; the two Kalmias; the

-scarlet, the tri-coloured and the flowering Azaleas; the Clethra

-and the Philadelphus, mingling with the most beautiful of the

-domesticated foreign shrubbery--the different Roses, Honeysuckles,

-and Jessamines. Underneath, and among this shrubbery, are seen

-the blue and scarlet Lobelias, the native Lily, the Gerardia, the

-Arethusa, the Orchis, the Bartsia, the Epigea, and all those

-beautiful flowers that spring up in our woods and meadows, and so

-frequently bloom and die unseen or unappropriated. These native

-flowers make a fine show and not an unfavourable comparison even

-with those beauties of Europe and the East that I have been able to

-collect and arrange by their side.

-

-I have been thus particular and egotistical in describing my garden,

-perhaps from vanity, but partly from a wish that the plan may be

-followed. Our native shrubbery and flowers are not surpassed in

-beauty and splendour by those of any region in the temperate zone,

-and many of them in magnificence of foliage and colours are truly

-tropical. They are sought for abroad with great eagerness, and form

-an indispensable part of every gentleman's collection. I wish it

-were more the custom for our farmers and cottagers to domesticate

-them in their gardens and around their houses.--They improve

-materially by cultivation, and new varieties are frequently formed.

-What can be a more beautiful ornament to the front of a farm-house,

-or a neat white-washed cottage, than a Sweet-briar, winding between

-the windows and over the door? or the Carolina Passion flower, the

-Alleghany Vine, the Clematis, or the scarlet Trumpet flower? These

-rural decorations add more than one would imagine, who had not tried

-them, to the innocent pleasures of a family; they have no small

-influence in forming the taste of children; they form a favourite

-retreat for the birds; and they fling over the whole country an air

-of peace, and contentment, and innocent enjoyment, which no one,

-who has not travelled in the more beautiful and retired parts of

-England, can fully appreciate.

-

-I recollect once in riding through the valley of Chester county with

-some foreign gentlemen, that they were struck with the nakedness and

-rudeness of the farm-houses. It appeared to them the most beautiful

-region they had ever seen, and they exclaimed, with one voice, that

-the inhabitants did not seem worthy of possessing it. On the side

-of some sloping hill and in front of a lawn as smooth as velvet, or

-laden with the riches of the harvest, would be seen a barn and a

-house that looked as if the master and horse had changed lodgings,

-both of rude unhewn stone, without a single tree, or shrub, or a

-trailing vine, for shade or ornament. Such an insensibility to the

-beauties of rural decoration, in a region where every thing seems

-calculated to call out and quicken the taste, is unnatural, and can

-only arise from sordid habits or ignorance.

-

-If these hasty remarks should call the attention of our farmers to

-the subject, and induce them to devote some of their leisure hours

-to the ornamenting of their grounds, I shall be richly rewarded;

-and I can promise to them also a rich reward.--Their houses will be

-more cool and healthful, and they will find that by encouraging in

-their children a taste for gardening, and for observing the native

-beauties of our forests, their fondness for the innocent pleasures

-of home and for reading will be increased, together with that

-unambitious ease and industry which form the distinguishing traits

-in the character of a virtuous peasantry.

-

-I began this paper with a design to eulogise the art of gardening,

-and investigate its effects on the mind. I have been diverted,

-however, from my purpose, and must, in a future number, resume the

-disquisition.

-

-

-

-

-FOR THE RURAL MAGAZINE.

-

-THE AFRICAN PEOPLE.

-

-

-It does not appear that sufficient consideration is given to the

-case of those black people, who have been rendered free by or under

-the laws of the states and old provinces, from the earliest period.

-We have established in the city and county of Philadelphia, in

-Pennsylvania, _a system professing to be for the universal education

-of the poor_, at the public expense, to which the black people, by

-the taxes upon their real property, consumption taxes, and all the

-taxes of the whites (except the little personal or occupation tax,)

-actually contribute. It cannot be denied, that many of them are as

-truly among the poor, as the most and least poor of the white heads

-of families, whose children are admitted to this _constitutional_

-and legal provision. The blacks also pay all the consumption duties

-on imported foreign articles, so far as they consume them.

-

-We ought to consider the very low state of the proper blacks in

-Africa, where their uncivilized condition has long been most

-unhappily made worse by the neighbourhood of the four Saracen or

-Moorish piratical States of Barbary, devoted to military plunder,

-the slavery of the whites and blacks, and the imposter superstitions

-of Mahomet, sacrilegiously pretending to add himself to the Almighty

-in the government of his church and his earth. Besides these, the

-slave dealers of the world have resorted to the African ports and

-islands, and have combined with powerful, avaricious, and inhuman

-princes and dealers, in that country, to make out a course of slave

-traffic with every nation, in whose system of industry African

-slaves are more profitable and efficient than white labourers. From

-the islands of Bourbon, Mauritius and Madagascar, round by the Cape

-of Good Hope and up to the Saracen or Moorish kingdom of Morocco,

-this system has long prevailed. It is unhappily true, that the

-great collection of proper Negro districts of Africa, remain now

-in the darkest state of irreligion, immorality and incivilization.

-It is also true, that this is so rooted in their system, that the

-actual transfer, since the year 1620, of a number of Africans

-to this country now amounting, with their descendants, to about

-one million and a half of the unmixed and mixed breeds, is to be

-considered as _a great and complicated dispensation of Divine

-Providence_, drawing that numerous people into the bosom and body of

-an enlightened nation, averse to the traffic, from the date of the

-_first_ act of Virginia of 1778, _abolishing the slave trade_, to

-the present consummation of that prohibition, under the laws of the

-Union. We have gone, _first_ in Pennsylvania, one step further by

-our act of 1780, which, while it unhappily recognized _the slavery

-of all the living_, instead of emancipating three or four thousand

-at the public expense, or at the expense of the holders, confined

-its operation to establishing the freedom of those who should be

-_thereafter_ born of the slaves held and continuing to be held among

-us.

-

-In order, so far as in us lies, humbly to justify and bless the

-dispensation of Providence, which has drawn these people out of the

-gloomy abyss of the human family in the vast African black-peopled

-district, stained as it unhappily partially is even by the awful

-cannibal practice, and by human sacrifices, let us, of Pennsylvania,

-who have been first to make their native American _posterity_

-free, be the most distinguished, _in justice to their submissive

-and patient early labours in forming our fair old province_, in

-dispensing to them the benefits of that religious, moral, scholastic

-and professional education, without which they cannot live in the

-good hopes of this their earthly residence or of the world beyond

-the grave.--It is well understood, that our city and county school

-system is not practically and effectually extended to the poor black

-people. An appeal is respectfully made to the friends of religion,

-morals, useful knowledge, and general industry, whether we ought not

-to dispense to them a more generous, just and civilized freedom.

-If we mean to avoid arguments against the gradual and ultimate

-abolition of slavery, let us endeavour to instruct them in all those

-things, which will enable them to labour with advantage, to get

-their own living in the progressive station on this continent, to

-which it has pleased God to suffer them to be transferred. To the

-black people themselves, it is proper to recommend a very modest and

-good conduct in all things, without which _they_ cannot succeed, nor

-can the endeavours of _their best friends_ be availing and effectual.

-

-_A Friend of all the Poor._

-

-

-

-

-FOR THE RURAL MAGAZINE.

-

-ON GIMCRACKERY.

-

-

-The invention of new instruments and machines is among the noblest

-exertions of the human faculties. It is said to be considered by

-some philosophers as the most striking distinguishing character

-between our species and the brute creation, that man is a

-_tool-making_ animal. He is certainly the only one who selects his

-instruments with care and adapts them to his purposes, by altering

-their shape and structure. At any rate, the temporal advantages

-which we possess over the beasts, are universally, perhaps,

-obtained through this medium. As this is the case, one might suppose

-that they who invent and improve these engines of superiority,

-would receive the homage of their fellow men to their talents and

-thanks for their benefit to the human race. Why, then, what is

-called Gimcrackery should fall into disrepute, is an inquiry of some

-curiosity.

-

-We cannot well deny the truth of the very common remark, that

-inventors are very apt to fail of realizing, by their ingenuity, a

-solid provision for life; nor can we well avoid concluding, that

-of the many contrivances daily offered to the public, that the

-probability of any one becoming permanently useful is very small

-indeed. When we consider, however, that the great mass of these

-inventions are designed for the attainment of wealth, and that such

-an amount of skill and ingenuity are employed, the above conclusions

-cannot fail to appear singular. One would think inventors could not,

-with these acknowledged talents, well fail of at least securing

-their own independence, although their schemes may not be profitable

-to others. If, however, we analyse the motives by which such persons

-are guided, we shall find, I think, some explanation.

-

-There are few if any men who are not more or less influenced by a

-desire of some species of fame or distinction, although, in many

-of the common situations of life, this does not interfere with the

-pursuit of wealth, and only shows itself in moments of relaxation

-from the toils of necessity. For one who wishes to signalize himself

-in his trade or profession, and who is swayed by that desire as a

-ruling passion, there are probably many who seek to gratify their

-pride, by the pursuit of eminence in other things. People aim at

-distinction in conversational wit, in politics, philosophy or even

-drinking or gaming; while the hours devoted to business are guided

-by the wish for property alone, undisturbed by the love of fame.

-In the persons of whom we are speaking, this feeling, inseparable

-from the nature of man, has a powerful influence on their serious

-business. They are not to get wealth only, but distinction, by their

-talents; and I question much whether they are not more under the

-influence of a wish for the latter than the former. Praise is most

-generally, at least in this instance, gained by a single exertion,

-and by the study of a short time. The invention once made, and its

-applicability rendered plausible, all further contemplation of the

-subject is accompanied by an exulting hope that fills and occupies

-the mind. But applying either inventions or any other means to the

-common business of life, is a more monotonous, common-place labour,

-that affords no high and exhilarating excitement to persevere. The

-consequence too often is that the inventor quits one hopeful scheme

-before it is half reduced to practice, to fly to something still

-more new; showing by this that he is fonder of the act of inventing

-than of making money by the results. Of this preference of fame to

-wealth, a striking instance is often afforded by those illiterate

-persons who follow this pursuit. These often voluntarily abstain

-from studying the scientific labours of their predecessors, of which

-I have known instances, in order to preserve the originality of

-their projects, though frequently at the expense of their perfection

-and utility. If, then, the larger portion of the labour of these men

-is devoted to the attainment of celebrity, they can hardly quarrel

-with results of their own making, nor expect fortune to come to

-their hands unsought.

-

-Persons who wish to acquire wealth, or, in fact, to achieve any

-permanent end, are generally obliged to use steady perseverance, and

-to apply all the talents they are masters of for a length of time.

-Precisely the same is the case with inventors. That inventor meets

-with very extraordinary success indeed, who is not obliged, in the

-application of his plans to a useful purpose, to employ prudence

-and economy, and all those qualities which enable a man to conduct

-business to advantage and to influence the minds of others. Hence it

-is that inventions so often lie for a length of years, forgotten or

-neglected, till some one of less originality, but more perseverence,

-influence and mercantile calculation, carries them into effect with

-advantage.

-

-The want of being acquainted with the efforts and discoveries of

-predecessors is the cause of prodigious waste of time and talent.

-Hence the thousand schemes for perpetual motion, and a variety of

-other attempts scarce less extravagant, because made with equal

-ignorance. And, in fact, there is a strong tendency in having

-acquired the knowledge of the labours of others, to clip the wings

-of invention, and render men of learning much less apt to attempt

-novelties than while they knew less.

-

-Extravagance in pecuniary matters is another frequent cause of the

-ruin of ingenious artists and of those who trust in them. This is

-shown, both in imprudently investing considerable sums of money

-without a reasonable probability of a return, and in the general

-lavish style in which such men often live and experiment.

-

-In fact, to turn inventions to advantage, requires the singling

-out of one good, feasible plan, mercantile prudence in calculating

-probabilities, and mercantile economy in the conduct of the

-business, together with perseverence enough to prevent marring one

-scheme by prematurely beginning another. These qualities are so

-rarely found in combination with mechanical originality, or, indeed

-with that restless versatility which keeps men on the search for its

-productions, that it will perhaps always continue to be generally

-the case; that one man shall invent and persuade another to make

-experimental trials, but a third, and one totally unconnected with

-either, if any one, shall reap the increase.

-

-  S. C.

-

-

-

-

-FOR THE RURAL MAGAZINE.

-

-THE PRODUCTIONS OF THE EARTH.

-

-

-No subject can more deeply interest the planters and farmers of

-this country. Our merchants can export every American production

-without duty, tax or impediment. We have all the benefits of a

-foreign, coasting, and interior trade, free as to our own laws, and

-the national government are constantly engaged in negotiations and

-regulations calculated to soften or remove the inconveniences of

-foreign monopolies in commerce and navigation. Such measures are

-pending now with Britain and France.

-

-When trade has exhausted its power to find a profitable market,

-abroad or at home, the conversion of our unsaleable surplus produce

-into new forms, commonly denominated _domestic manufactures_,

-becomes an object of reasonable consideration. It is well known,

-that the cultivated soil and the bowels of the earth give us the

-following principal objects as the fruits of the culture of the

-land, or as its spontaneous productions. 1, Hemp; 2, Flax; 3, Wool;

-4, Iron; 5, Silk; 6, Hides and Skins; 7, Sugar; 8, Indigo, Woad,

-Madder; 9, Grass; 10, Grain; 11, Wood; 12, Tobacco, and 13, Cotton.

-Such has long been the unforced state of our manufacturing industry,

-that in 1797, in 1810, and in 1819, we did not export any surplus

-or quantity, however small, of the first eight of those valuable

-productions. Our manufacturers, without the war or double, or

-present duties, bought at home and worked up the whole. The returns

-of exports prove, that we did not ship any part of several of

-those articles, and if we shipped a little of some, we imported a

-greater weight and value of the same kinds of foreign produce or raw

-materials.

-

-Of the 9th article, Grass or Hay, we shipped very little, screwed

-into compact bundles for the West Indies.

-

-Of the 10th, Grain, with some Fruit and Molasses, we have a brewery

-and distillery, a cider and general liquor manufacture, equal to

-forty millions of gallons, and requiring a quantity of produce equal

-to the value of sixteen millions of bushels of grain, of which above

-seven-eighth parts are drawn from our own lands. This is equal to

-the value of seven millions of barrels of flour, and we did not

-ship to foreign countries, in 1819, more than 750,000 barrels. It

-is plain, that the liquor manufactories of the United States (to

-which we are adding wine, worth to France 100,000,000 dollars,)

-are a very principal support of our agriculture.--We also make of

-grain, quantities of starch, hair-powder, sizing, paste, ship bread,

-wafers and vermicelli, hominy, firmity, soft bread, pastry and

-other preparations of grain. It is converted into fatted cattle,

-hogs and poultry. Ingenuity is and should be on the stretch to

-employ and profitably consume grain. Pork and beef maintain better

-prices abroad than the grain (or meal thereof,) with which we feed

-cattle and hogs. The prohibition of spirits, and the distillation of

-molasses, in St. Domingo, will cut off our supply of molasses.

-

-Of the 11th article, Wood, we have now one manufacture (our sea

-vessels, coasters, river and other boats,) worth 40 or 50 millions

-of dollars. We manufacture, for exportation, from 120 to 180

-millions of staves, heading, hoops, boards, scantling, plank, and

-we have an immense cooperage for foreign and domestic sale and

-use. Besides buildings, fences, cabinet ware, carriages, ploughs,

-harrows, handspikes, turnery, boxes, cases, faggots, cord-wood, &c.

-&c., to a vast amount, profiting the owners and clearers of wood

-lands.

-

-12. Tobacco, of which we manufacture nearly all we consume, and

-fabricate as much for exportation, probably, as we import in a

-manufactured state for our consumption. We could manufacture a

-quantity of tobacco equal to the supply shipped by all Europe.

-

-Of Cotton, we are supposed to manufacture 30,000,000 of pounds,

-shipping above three times that weight to foreign countries. We

-yearly increase in the goodness, fineness, utility, variety and

-value of our cotton manufactures. The looms of the United States

-were, in A. D. 1810, 325,000, of which North Carolina and Virginia,

-cotton and wool states, had the most, being each nearly 41,000

-looms. The water and steam are well established, and work lower than

-the cheapest hand looms of Europe or Asia.

-

-The plain instruction, of these genuine facts, to our planters

-and farmers, is, to encourage household manufactures, and all

-other manufactures on the estates, at the doors, in the townships,

-villages, and counties in which they live, consuming raw materials,

-building materials, food for man and beast, fuel, drinks, and other

-productions of the earth. This system of adjacent manufactures saves

-all the cost of transportation of our productions to the sea-ports,

-and the expense of carrying foreign goods from the sea-ports to the

-interior, more profitable than canals and turnpike roads.

-

-Every judicious member of the agricultural body must be a friend

-to the freedom and encouragement of our foreign commerce, as

-affording a constant and sure market for a considerable portion of

-the productions of the earth. But, that manufactures afford also

-a very great and sure market for a larger variety, quantity and

-value of our landed productions, is no less manifest and certain.

-The nail mill, the paper mill, the screw mill, the brewery, the

-spinning and weaving mills, the calico printing mill, the pottery,

-and many other works and arts to fabricate useful necessary supplies

-out of our raw materials, will (including all our manufactures) be

-worth, in the whole of 1820, more than five times the value of our

-exported goods for sale in foreign countries. Let every farmer,

-planter, iron-master, &c., therefore, encourage manufactures in his

-household, on his estate, and in his neighbourhood, as the surest

-method of making a profitable home demand, without the expense

-of transportation, for the fruits of his labour, and the natural

-productions of his forests, mines and quarries. We purposely avoid

-to urge forcing and protecting duties, referring only to those

-existing, which have been ordained principally for the purpose

-of raising the requisite public revenue. We do not interfere in

-the agitation of the question about protecting duties. We believe

-the cheapness of produce and labour and improved machinery and

-labour-saving processes, will occasion manufactures to prosper and

-increase, and thus to support the growers of produce and the owners

-of the land, beyond even our free and valuable trade. To this, the

-duties laid for revenue, for defence, and for the encouragement of

-agriculture, will materially contribute; such as the impost upon

-East India cotton goods, of 27½ to 62½ and even 80 and 90 per

-cent., as made entirely of foreign cotton, rival to our cotton,

-flax, hemp, wool and silk.

-

-

-

-

-FOR THE RURAL MAGAZINE.

-

-EXTRACTED FROM THE MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS OF C. E.

-

-

-     _On the increase of the Domestic Sugar of the United States._

-

-It would seem to be a great acquisition to our country, if we could

-produce from our own soil whatever sugar might be necessary for

-our own consumption, without having recourse to foreign Islands

-or nations; it will therefore be satisfactory, I apprehend, to all

-lovers of their country to find that we are already making rapid

-advances, as will appear to any person who attentively weighs the

-following items of information, collected at different times from

-our public newspapers; from whence it may be inferred, that before

-many years have expired a supply sufficient for our own use will be

-furnished within our own territories.

-

-1812, January 10--Albert Gallatin, Esq. then Secretary of the

-Treasury, informed the Committee of Ways and Means, in a letter,

-that the Western States were then entirely supplied with salt of

-domestic produce; and that they consumed annually seven millions of

-pounds of sugar, made from the Sugar Maple tree, which, says he, is

-nearly all they use. Now, if in 1812 the _Western_ States produced

-7,000,000 pounds of sugar from such trees, it is probable that in

-1820, _they_ would produce not less than 10,000,000 in a year. If to

-this we add what is yielded in the states of Vermont, New York, and

-Pennsylvania, it seems likely that the whole amount of such sugar,

-now made annually in the United States, is not less than 15 millions

-of pounds.

-

-By a publication in a late newspaper, it appears that there were

-exported from New Orleans, in six months preceding 1st May, 1820,

-15,652 hogsheads of sugar; all this no doubt was of their own growth

-and produced from the Sugar Cane. I am informed by a dealer in

-sugar, that the sugar hogsheads of New Orleans do not average less

-than 1000 pounds to each hogshead, making, in six months, 15,652,000

-pounds, and in the whole year probably 20,000,000 pounds; total of

-sugar from the Sugar tree and Cane, 35,000,000 pounds annually.

-This exhibits a very rapid increase in the amount of sugar made,

-as I think Secretary Gallatin, in an older communication, not 20

-years ago, stated that New Orleans at that time exported only about

-2,000,000 of pounds of sugar.

-

-The supply now furnished as above will probably be greatly augmented

-in future years, from the same sources.

-

-Add to these the prospect of sugar to be raised or produced from the

-Cane in Carolina and Georgia, as may be collected from the following

-items, selected from the newspapers also, viz.

-

-In 1814, Thomas Spalding made on Sapelo Island, in lat. 31½, as

-much as 95 hogsheads of excellent sugar, equal to Jamaica, from

-Canes he had planted there.

-

-In 1815, Major Butler, on his plantation in South Carolina, produced

-by the labour of seventeen hands, off of 85 acres of land, 140,000

-pounds of sugar, and 75 hogsheads of molasses.

-

-Also, John M'Queen, off of 18 acres, had 20,000 Canes per acre,

-worked by five or six hands; 5,000 Canes, the produce of one quarter

-of an acre, yielded 600 gallons of juice, which boiled down made

-672 pounds sugar, and may lose 50 pounds in draining, leaving 622

-pounds; or per acre, of sugar, 2,488 pounds.

-

-Again, as to the Sugar Maple tree, or as some say it is more

-properly styled, "The Sugar Tree;" in 1815, 64,000 pounds of sugar

-were made in the town of Plattsburgh, Clinton county, New York. In

-1818, 22,000 pounds were made by 80 families, in one township in

-Bradford county, Pennsylvania, which is on an average 275 pounds to

-each family.

-

-There can be little doubt but that arrangements might be made by

-some of the merchants of Philadelphia, to procure a regular supply

-of the best Sugar Tree sugar, for the accommodation of such persons

-as are religiously scrupulous of using sugar made from the Cane,

-which is produced by the labour of slaves.

-

-I have seen Maple sugar with which sufficient pains had been taken

-in the making and draining, that was as handsome in its appearance

-and as well tasted and good in every respect, I thought, as any West

-India sugar I had ever seen, and when refined equal to any loaf

-sugar. Of which, I remember H. D. of this city, merchant, since

-deceased, about the year 1789, sent some boxes as a present to

-general Washington, then president of the United States, residing in

-New York.

-

-Near twenty years ago, when little domestic sugar was made in the

-United States, I computed from the duties paid, that the whole

-consumption of sugar annually in our country, then, was about

-ten pounds for every individual, on an average. There are now, I

-suppose, ten millions of inhabitants in the United States, who, at

-the above ratio, would consume annually 100,000,000 pounds sugar, of

-which we now make 35,000,000 lbs. per annum, as above calculated.

-

-Last winter there was an account in some of the newspapers, that

-a person in Virginia had obtained a patent for making sugar from

-wheat, rye or Indian corn; that it was good sugar, and that each

-bushel yielded fifteen pounds. I have heard no more of it, but

-if well founded, this would be the greatest acquisition of all,

-because, in every part of our country, sugar, without the use

-of slaves, could be made in the greatest abundance, and might

-beneficially supplant the practice of making so much pernicious

-whiskey, in places remote from sea-ports.

-

-From what has been now stated, there seems to be scarce room for a

-doubt, but that in a few years, we can be supplied from domestic

-sources with all the sugar we shall want for our own consumption.

-

-By an account of Joseph Cooper's native Grape Vine, published in

-your Rural Magazine, No. 7, page 247 as little doubt can exist but

-that with proper care by the farmers, our country may also be

-supplied with good wine, sufficient for our own use, and probably

-with more profit to the growers, than they can find by pursuing the

-old beaten track of adhering almost entirely to grain which is now

-so low in price.

-

-The southern and western parts of our territories would, probably,

-with proper encouragement, yield all the coffee and silk we might be

-able to consume.

-

-All these, and many other objects of culture, are proper for the

-attention, recommendation and encouragement of state legislatures,

-of agricultural societies, and of all patriotic members of society.

-Thus we may become, in time, really independent; and from the extent

-of our country, and the variety of its climates, come to consider

-our own dominions as a world of our own, producing nearly all that

-is necessary for the use of man, as Sir George Staunton, in his

-Embassy, says the Chinese consider their vast extensive empire. This

-consideration, probably, makes them in a great measure, regardless

-of foreign trade.

-

-  C. E.

-

-

-

-

-FOR THE RURAL MAGAZINE.

-

-ENCOURAGEMENT FOR FARMERS ON POOR LAND.

-

-

-It is believed, that many productions possess a delicacy in their

-qualities, when raised on light soils, which they have not, when

-grown on rich and fat soils. The wool produced on the poor South

-Down soils of Great Britain is far superior to the wool raised on

-the rich alluvion lands of Lincolnshire in that country. The wines

-produced among the gravels and pebbles of the _Medoc_ district near

-Bordeaux are much superior to the wines produced on the _palus_ or

-alluvion lands between the two rivers Lot and Garonne in the same

-vicinity. The Tesamum produces the most delicate oil from light

-soils. This suggestion is worthy of consideration and experiment

-in respect to animals, fruits, grains, and gardeners and farmers'

-vegetables.

-

-

-

-

-From the July No. of the North American Review.

-

-

-     _Letters écrites d'Italie en 1812 et 13, à M. Charles Pictet,

-     l'un des Rédacteurs de la Bibliothéque Britannique par Fréderic

-     Sullin de Chateauvieux. A Paris et à Genéve._ 1816, 2 vols.

-     12mo. pp. 576.

-

-Perhaps there are none of our natural advantages which it still

-remains for us fully to appreciate and avail ourselves of, so much

-as those which respect the agriculture of our country.

-

-Without running into all the errors of the economists or adopting

-their entire theory, we trust that we may assert the paramount

-importance of this pursuit, particularly to the United States. To

-every country it affords at least a partial, and often a complete

-subsistence for its population; it gives a constant and healthful

-employment to sometimes more than half and never less than a fifth

-of the community; its profits though not so large, are more certain

-than those in other employments of captal; and while it replaces the

-annual advance invested, a surplus profit has accrued, which can be

-employed as private interest and the public good may require.[3]

-But in the United States the cultivation of the soil has these

-and many more advantages; nay, it is intimately connected with our

-national character, because it powerfully acts upon the morals

-and constitution of our citizens. If it be true, that the torch

-of liberty has always burned with a purer and brighter lustre on

-the mountains than on the plains, it is still more true, that the

-sentiments of honour and integrity more generally animate the rough

-but manly form of the farmer, than the debilitated body of the

-artisan. There is in that primitive and honourable occupation, the

-culture of the earth, something which, while it pours into the lap

-of the state an increase beyond every other employment, gives us

-more than the fabled stone, not only a subsistence, but a placid

-feeling of contentment; not only creates the appetite to enjoy, but

-guarantees its continuance by a robust constitution, fortified with

-the safeguards of temperance and virtue.

-

-  [3] 'Farmers and country labourers, on the contrary, may enjoy

-  completely the whole funds destined for their own subsistence,

-  and yet augment at the same time the revenue and wealth of their

-  society. Over and above what is destined for their own subsistence,

-  their industry annually affords a neat produce, of which the

-  augmentation necessarily augments the revenue and wealth of their

-  society.' _Smith's Wealth of Nations,_ Vol. 111. p. 178.

-

-  'Farmers and country labourers, indeed, over and above the stock

-  which maintains and employs them, reproduce annually a neat produce,

-  a free rent to the landlord.' _Ibid_, p. 186.

-

-The anxiety of our countrymen to possess in fee a spot of ground

-however small, and the consequent paucity of leases, is a fact no

-less curious than it is solitary. This is not the case, or at least

-in any considerable degree, in any other country. Such indeed in

-Britain were formerly those small proprietors called franklins, who

-possessed a keen spirit of independence and a determined opposition

-to oppression; feelings which, with the alienation of their farms,

-have gradually departed from the breasts of their descendants.

-

-Notwithstanding, however, the ease with which the pride of

-independent possession may be gratified, it is not the less true

-that agriculture, instead of being a favoured, has been a degraded

-and unpopular pursuit; that instead of cherishing every motive

-which might lead to its honourable extension, we have endeavoured

-gradually to weaken its legitimate efforts. It is indeed a singular

-inquiry, why the cultivation of the soil among us should have been

-so little encouraged, when every state in Europe, since the peace

-of Aix-la-Chapelle, has turned its most assiduous attention to

-this most important department of domestic economy, and ultimately

-borrowed from it the resources which have carried them through the

-prodigious conflicts of the last generation.

-

-There have been many causes, certainly not all of equal efficacy,

-which have co-operated against the interests of agriculture. But

-there is a prominent one to which we can but just allude. During

-a very considerable period, since the peace of '83, the peculiar

-situation of Europe has afforded opportunities for commercial

-enterprise too tempting to be resisted.--American merchants

-received, in the lapse of a very few years, the most astonishing

-accessions of wealth; and fortunes, ordinarily the fruit of a

-laborious life, and never the portion of many, were amassed with

-unparalleled rapidity, and by large numbers. Our domestic prosperity

-more than equalled the extension of our trade. It was then that the

-compting-houses of our merchants were filled with youth from the

-country, who forsook the slower but surer emoluments of agriculture,

-for the mushroom but unsubstantial fortunes of commerce; nay, who

-preferred the meanest drudgery behind the counter of a retail

-dealer, to the manly and invigorating toil of the cultivator of

-his paternal acres. Unfortunately this spirit of migration was

-encouraged by too great a success in trade. Feelings of vulgar

-pride contracted in town caused the manual labour of the farmer

-to be regarded as degrading; this unworthy sentiment spread with

-baleful influence, and when the compting-houses became overstocked

-and afforded no longer a resource, it was no uncommon thing to see

-a young man with no qualifications but a little bad Latin picked up

-at a miserable village school, forsake a large and fertile farm and

-apprentice himself to a poor country attorney.

-

-Another cause of the depressed state of agriculture, mentioned in

-late publication,[4] is the constant emigration to the west. There

-must necessarily be a tendency to a most empoverishing system of

-cultivation, where people feel that after having extracted all

-the richness of the soil, they may throw it up and remove to a

-country, which offers them an untouched surface, and needs no

-artificial aid of composts or manure. The land, besides suffering

-from negligence consequent on the prospect of departure, will be

-worn out by successive crops, and long be rendered unfit for the

-most valuable dispositions of the agriculturist. Indeed we have been

-informed, that in many instances, when the land is almost ruined

-by the continued culture of tobacco, it is sold by the planter to

-some enterprizing and laborious individual, who may restore it by

-his patience and attention, while he himself removes to another

-spot, where the same wretched system of exhaustion may again be

-renewed.--There are other causes we might mention, such as the

-unwieldy size of our farms, and particularly the want of a regular

-enlightened farming system. But we cannot now stop to enter on these

-topics, but may notice them hereafter.

-

-  [4] Letters on the Eastern States.

-

-If then agriculture be so important an item in a nation's resources,

-affording such subsistence to its population, and a surplus

-capital to be employed in the various objects of national industry

-and enterprise, it would seem to follow, that nothing but very

-imperious circumstances should induce any government to repress its

-vigour, or palsy the exertions of those devoted to it. Immediately

-connected with such an attempt was the late bill before Congress,

-establishing a new tariff of duties. But why go back to a bill

-which was rejected? We answer, that it is not to be forgotten that

-private interest is one of the most powerful incentives to action,

-that the manufacturing interest is large and increasing, that one

-defeat will not discourage its partisans, and lastly, extraordinary

-as the fact may seem, that the bill in question, fraught with such

-varied evil, was thrown out by a majority of only _one_ vote in the

-senate. The tendency of this project was not only to introduce an

-unequal system of taxation, but first, by the destruction of a large

-part of our foreign commerce, to diminish very materially the market

-for our home products, and secondly, to divert a large portion of

-agricultural industry into the service of the loom and spinning

-jenny.

-

-But it will be asked, are manufactures then to be entirely

-neglected? Most certainly not. Still there is a certain limit, in

-a newly settled country with a thin population, beyond which their

-establishment is not only useless to government, but a burden to

-the people. It is undoubtedly true that the manufacture of articles

-of immediate necessity or very general circulation ought to be

-encouraged by a wise and provident people; but it ordinarily happens

-that these need no extraordinary patronage; their extended use

-soon gives a facility to the artist, which enables him to enter

-into competition with the foreigner, provided the raw material is

-to be found at home in any tolerable abundance. Thus we find that

-hats were manufactured in the colonies at a very early period;

-together with household furniture, saddlery, &c. they have long

-since ceased to be an article of importation. It is necessary for

-the well-being and security of a nation, that certain articles,

-should be manufactured within its limits, such as gunpowder, coarse

-clothing, and some others of a similar discription.--But the moment

-people attempt to force by means of high duties on foreign imports

-the production of a commodity, which, by reason of the extravagance

-of the wages of labour and other causes, must necessarily be sold at

-a much greater price than the imported one, their conduct would seem

-no less an affront to common sense, than a solecism in political

-economy.

-

-The United States possess a very restricted capital; and as the

-tilling of the soil requires comparatively much fewer advances than

-any other department of industry, that capital became immediately

-invested in agriculture. Land, cheap, and fertile, constituted

-a fund which gave a certain profit. And as the productions of

-the labour of more than five eighths of our population went to

-purchase foreign articles either of luxury or necessity, a great and

-profitable intercourse was constantly maintained with Europe. Under

-an equitable system of foreign duties, arising from this commerce,

-the expenses of government were defrayed, our debt gradually

-extinguished, and by a powerful but necessary re-action our

-agriculture improved and extended. But the tariff bill restricted a

-large and valuable commerce principally with Britain. It is not to

-be supposed that, while we refused the broadcloths and hardware of

-England, she would still continue to buy the same proportion of our

-cotton and tobacco. Our market then for these articles would be so

-far lost; and if we now feel the effects of a diminished demand for

-our produce in consequence of the establishment of peace in Europe,

-how can it be thought a wise policy to suffer other embarrassments

-and losses, by excluding ourselves entirely from every foreign port

-where we might calculate upon its sale? Where then is our produce

-to find a vent? For assuredly the most enthusiastic friend of

-domestic manufactures could never imagine, that the most extensive

-establishment of them could ever give an adequate consumption for

-the present amount of our agricultural productions.

-

-The bill then imposing heavy duties on foreign articles, besides

-diminishing the number of the cultivators of the soil, would in some

-degree operate as a tax on its fruits, because, while the price of

-manufactures was enormously increased, the value of produce would

-be more than proportionally diminished. For the cultivator, not

-only deprived of the benefit of a competition between the domestic

-and foreign consumer in the sale of his articles, is obliged to

-purchase those of his neighbour, at any price which his cupidity

-and the tariff may determine. The expenses of the state being still

-the same and its usual resources dried up, a general but unequal

-system of taxation would be adopted, which in fact, the farmer

-bending under the weight of this partial policy, is less able to

-pay whatever contribution may be levied. These assertions are by

-no means novel, they are mere corollaries from the plainest and

-most undoubted principles of political economy. Dr. Adam Smith, the

-great father of the science, and all whose views on this subject,

-though not acted upon in a country whose domestic policy was too

-firmly established to be changed without a most serious revolution,

-ought to have great weight with us in the adoption of any permanent

-system, speaks in this decided manner in his "Wealth of Nations,"

-vol. iii. p. 201. "It is thus that every system which endeavours,

-either by extraordinary encouragements, to draw towards a particular

-species of industry a greater share of the capital of the society,

-than what would naturally go to it; or by extraordinary restraints,

-to force from particular species of industry some share of the

-capital which would otherwise be employed in it; is in reality

-subversive of the great purpose which it means to promote. It

-retards instead of accelerating the progress of the society towards

-real wealth and greatness; and diminishes instead of increasing

-the real value of the annual produce of its land and labour. All

-systems either of preference or restraint therefore, being thus

-completely taken away, the obvious and simple system of natural

-liberty establishes itself of its own accord. Every man, as long as

-he does not violate the laws of justice, is left perfectly free to

-pursue his own interest his own way, and to bring both his industry

-and capital into competition with those of any other man or order of

-men." M. Say, a man no less remarkable for his practical knowledge

-of manufacturing industry, than his profound acquaintance with every

-branch of economical science, has given his marked disapprobation

-of that system which we are discussing. "Lorsqu'au travers de cette

-marche naturelle des choses," says he, "l'autorité se montre et dit:

-le produit, qu'on veut créer, celui qui donne les meilleurs profits,

-et par conséquent celui qui est le plus recherché, n'est pas celui

-qui convient, il faut qu'on s'occupe de tel autre; elle dirige

-évidemment une partie de la production vers un genre, dont le besoin

-se fait sentir davantage." Traité d'Economic Politique, tom. i. p.

-168. We can only refer to pages 172 and 201 for the expansion of

-these ideas. It is thus we find that the arguments adduced in favour

-of this system neither accord with the convictions of fact nor the

-suggestions of reason. Whenever the increasing capital devoted to

-the land can no longer be profitably employed, then manufactures

-will flourish and the surplus profits of agriculture be legitimately

-devoted to their support.

-

-During the late war, the prospect of large gains caused by the

-extravagant price of all European commodities, caused many persons

-in our country to embark their fortunes in cotton and woollen

-factories.--These factories were brought into being by a temporary

-and unnatural state of things. On the return of the peace of 1814,

-many of these manufacturing establishments came of necessity to an

-end. Some establishments remain and ought to succeed, because they

-prove that the profits of their capital may enter into competition

-with that employed in agriculture. In this case the transfer is not

-only natural but conducive to national wealth.

-

-But we are asked to patronise manufactures at the expense of

-agriculture, on the ground of our being rendered really more

-independent by them. This is, however, but an attempt to conceal

-private interest under the garb of patriotism,[5] and ought at least

-to awaken suspicion. We are not to be called _dependant_ merely

-because a state of war might give rise to many inconveniences. We

-can do without silks or broadcloths while we possess the real means

-of sustenance and defence. But these factories once established,

-say the advocates of this interest, the citizens ought to support

-them in their present languishing condition, and therefore ought

-not to buy, even at a much less price, foreign articles in

-preference to our own. The force and propriety of such reasoning

-would appear to be similar to that of a gardener, who having in

-winter devoted himself to the cultivation of flowers, &c., by means

-of artificial heat, should in the spring apply for an act of the

-municipal authority, forbidding all persons to pluck a daisy or

-violet in the field, and requiring them to resort to his hot-house.

-So far from there being a necessity for any interference on the

-part of government, we believe we may assert that our manufactures

-never were so flourishing as since the peace. It is true that

-many establishments have been broken up and much capital sunk,

-but it is a fact that those factories which are in the hands of

-individuals, have generally been successful, while those conducted

-by incorporated companies wanting the circumspection and prudence

-of private interest, have as often become bankrupt. In the western

-states this branch of business has greatly improved, and recent

-information enables us to affirm, that the profits which are now

-realised are nearly as large as those during the war. In the east,

-we might cite an instance, which must put down all cavil on this

-subject. The cotton factory at Waltham near Boston, begun when

-manufactures were by no means in so promising a situation as at

-present, is a triumphant answer to every one who demands additional

-encouragement for the loom, and a new tax on his brethren to extend

-its operations.

-

-  [5] "Qui est-ce qui solicite des prohibitions ou de forts droits

-  d'entrée dans un état? ce sont les producteurs de la denrée dont il

-  s'agit de prohiber la concurrance, et non pas les consommateurs.

-  Ils disent, c'est pour l'intérêt de l'état; mais il est clair

-  que c'est pour le leur uniquement.--N'est-ce pas la même chose,

-  continuent-ils, et ce que nous gagnons n'est-il pas autant de

-  gagné pour notre pays? point de tout:--ce que vous gagnez de cette

-  manière est tiré de la poche de votre voisin, d'un habitant du même

-  pays; et si l'on pouvait compter l'excédant de dépense fait par les

-  consommateurs, en consequence de votre monopole, on trouverait qu'il

-  surpasse le gain que le monopole vous a valu." Traité d'Economie

-  Politique par Jean-Baptiste Say, tom. i. p. 203.

-

-But we hasten to return from our wanderings, and to introduce our

-readers to the work, of which we have prefixed the title to this

-article. It is in the form of letters addressed to Professor Pictet

-of Geneva, from various places in Italy, and contains the author's

-remarks upon that country. He dwells not on the palaces of Venice,

-neither worships at the altar of Roman genius in the Pantheon,

-but taking his silent way through the fields, he describes that

-which gave birth to both: he informs us of the processes of Italian

-farming, of the effects of irrigation, and of the general state

-of Italian agriculture. And, in our opinion, he has shewn as much

-taste in the execution of his design, as those travellers who have

-employed themselves upon inquiries commonly thought as interesting,

-but certainly not as useful. M. de Chateauvieux appears to be an

-enthusiastic admirer of the subject on which he writes, as well

-as to have a practical knowledge of all its details. His book is

-very little known among us, though it has lately been translated

-in England, and formerly occupied the attention of a celebrated

-critical journal of that country. It is our intention in this

-article to put our readers in mind of its existence.

-

-The author divides Italy into three regions, distinguished by

-their different systems of cultivation.--The first extends from

-mount Cenis and the Alps of Suza to the shores of the Adriatic.

-The fertility of Lombardy is proved by the constant succession of

-its crops, and to this province he has given the name of "Pays de

-Culture par assolement," or the district of culture by rotation of

-crops. The second of the regions reposes on the southern declivity

-of the Appenines, from the frontiers of Provence to the boundaries

-of Calabria. This is called the District of Olive trees, or, by

-an association somewhat forced, of Canaanitish culture. The third

-region is that of _Malaria_, or patriarchal cultivation, from a

-supposed resemblance, which we are still less able to enter into,

-between the shepherds of the older and the present time. It is found

-from Pisa to Terracina, and comprehends the plain between the sea

-and the first ridge of the Appenines.

-

-Lombardy has been often called the garden of Europe, and seems

-abundantly entitled to the appellation. The soil is not only rich

-and alluvial, but deep and perfectly level. The climate is humid,

-and the system of irrigation supplies water to almost every field.

-These circumstances, united to the heat of a southern sun, cause a

-most rapid and luxurious vegetation. Nothing can be more important

-in the economy of a farm than the situation of the farm-house

-and its out-buildings. In this respect our American farmers are

-lamentably deficient, and though we would not recommend as a model

-the one described by de Chateauvieux as common in Lombardy, still we

-think it would afford some valuable hints. The buildings raised on

-the four sides of a square, present on one side a central elevation

-of two stories. The lower part for the farmer, the upper story for

-his grain. Adjoining this, at each end, is a stable plastered so

-as not to let the dust descend, for the cows and oxen; the other

-three sides of the square are enclosed by a sort of portico, open

-within and supported by columns, which serves as a depository for

-straw, hay, &c.--This structure is about twenty-four feet broad, and

-fifteen high. Half the court is paved, the remainder is used for

-threshing out the corn, which, in the primitive way, is still done

-by horses. The place for manure is outside of the court. This plan

-presents the most space with the least building, and assures the

-preservation of every product.

-

-The farms in Lombardy are small, and do not often contain sixty

-arpents;[6] notwithstanding M. de Chateauvieux asserts against

-Arthur Young, that they bring more to market than the large farms,

-and that there is no country in the world which can dispose of so

-large a portion of its productions as Piedmont. If the fact be so,

-it may possibly arise from the peculiar character of the persons

-who cultivate the land.--Our author, however, remarks, that this

-system of small farms can never take place till the advances of

-capital have carried agriculture to its highest point. Lombardy is

-cultivated by a species of farmers, called _metayers_. They pay a

-small fixed rent, valued at one half the produce of the meadow,

-or forty francs the arpent. The clover belongs to them entirely;

-the crops of wheat, Indian corn, and flax, and the wine and silk

-are equally divided between them and their landlord. The latter

-advances nothing but the taxes, and of course must find such an

-arrangement singularly advantageous. Father and son continue the

-same engagement, without the formality of a lease or any registry

-of the contract. M. Say regards this system as unfavourable to

-agriculture, and in his treatise on Political Economy, book ii.

-chap. 9, vol. 2, says, "il y a des cultivateurs qui n'ont rien, et

-auxquels le propriétaire fournit le capital avec la terre: on les

-appelle des Métayers. Ils rendent communément au propriétaire la

-moitié du produit brut. Ce genre de culture appartient à un état peu

-avancé de l'agriculture, et il est le plus défavorable de tout aux

-améliorations des terres; car celui des deux, du proprietaire ou du

-fermier, qui ferait l'améliarition à ses frais, admettrait l'autre à

-jouir gratuitement de la moitié de l'interêt de ses avances."

-

-  [6] An arpent is to an acre nearly as five to four.

-

-(To be concluded in next Number.)

-

-

-

-

-POTATOES.

-

-

-MR. SOUTHWICK,

-

-I have stated in my former communications, the result of my

-experience in the cultivation of potatoes. So long as I practised

-setting my crop with small potatoes, the cullings of my potato bins,

-my crops degenerated, grew less and less for several years, and

-finally run entirely out.--I changed my practice, and the result has

-been a continued improvement for near ten years, both in quantity

-and quality. My practice has been to select the largest, soundest,

-and best potatoes for seed, to cut them into 4 quarters, and plant

-4 pieces in each hill in a square of about 9 inches. The results

-have been every way satisfactory. My potatoes have been large,

-constantly improving in size, earlier, better, and more abundant

-from year to year. I have never been nice enough to weigh my seed,

-to ascertain exactly whether a potato of one ounce or two ounces be

-as perfect a root as one of 6 or 12 ounces. My experience both in

-planting and in distillation has left on my mind a strong impression

-that small unripe seed is very improper, and very unprofitable. I

-am aware that many farmers hold firmly that small seed potatoes are

-as good as large ones; but I also know that I have sold potatoes to

-these men at 5 and 6 shillings per bushel, and some of them have

-been convinced that good seed was an object even at those prices.

-In the south I am aware that it is the practice almost uniformly to

-plant small sweet potatoes. But I am fully persuaded it is an error.

-To this cause I think may be justly attributed the decrease and

-deterioration in the crops of this valuable root.

-

-_Middlesex, August 3, 1820._

-

-  [_Plough Boy._

-

-

-

-

-ECONOMY IN FUEL.

-

-

-While economy is the order of the day, it may not be amiss to point

-out an item of which it is believed a general ignorance prevails. It

-is well known to philosophers that when water commences to boil in

-the open air no additional fire can make it any hotter. A contrary

-opinion prevails, and those employed in cooking victuals, in order

-to accelerate the operation think that they cannot make the fire

-too intense. The fuel added for this purpose is, in fact, not only

-a wanton waste, but by causing a violent ebulition, it forces from

-the victuals, with the steam its finest flavour. How much fuel in

-families might be saved if, in cooking, no more were used than to

-keep the water that is used just at the boiling point, and it is

-certain the victuals would be the better for it.

-

-  [_Ib._

-

-

-

-

-MAKING CIDER.

-

-

-     Directions for making sweet, clear Cider, that shall retain its

-     fine vinous flavour, and keep good for a long time in casks,

-     like wine.

-

-It is of importance in making cider, that the mill, the press, and

-all the materials be sweet and clean, and the straw clear from

-must. To make good cider, fruit should be ripe, (but not rotten)

-and when the apples are ground, if the juice is left in the pummice

-twenty-four hours, the cider will be richer, softer, and higher

-coloured; if fruit is all of the same kind, it is generally thought

-that the cider will be better; as the fermentation will certainly be

-more regular, which is of importance. The gathering and grinding of

-the apples, the pressing out of the juice, is a mere manual labour,

-performed with very little skill in the operation; but here the

-great art of making good cider commences; for as soon as the juice

-is pressed out, nature begins to work a wonderful change in it.

-The juice of fruit, if left to itself, will undergo three distinct

-fermentations, all of which change the quality and nature of this

-fluid. The first is the vinous; the second the acid, which makes it

-hard and prepares it for vinegar; by the third it becomes putrid.

-The first fermentation is the only one the juice of apples should

-undergo, to make good cider. It is this operation that separates the

-juice from the filth, and leaves it a clear, sweet, vinous liquor.

-To preserve it in this state is the grand secret; this is done by

-fumigating it with sulphur, which checks any further fermentation,

-and preserves it in its fine vinous state. It is to be wished that

-all cider makers would make a trial of this method; it is attended

-with no expense, and but little trouble, and will have the desired

-effect.

-

-I would recommend that the juice as it comes from the press, be

-placed in open headed casks or vats: in this situation it is most

-likely to undergo a proper fermentation, and the person attending

-may with correctness ascertain when this fermentation ceases; this

-is of great importance, and must be particularly attended to. The

-fermentation is attended with a hissing noise, bubbles rising to

-the surface and there forming a soft spongy crust over the liquor.

-When this crust begins to crack, and white froth appears in the

-cracks level with the surface of the head, the fermentation is about

-stopping. At this time the liquor is in a fine, genuine, clear

-state, and must be drawn off immediately into clean casks: and this

-is the time to fumigate it with sulphur. To do this, take a strip of

-canvas or rag, about 2 inches broad and twelve long; dip this into

-melted sulphur, and when a few pails of worked cider are put into

-the cask, set this match on fire and hold it in the cask, till it

-is consumed, then bung the cask and shake it, that the liquor may

-incorporate with and retain the fumes; after this fill the cask and

-bung it up. The cider should be racked off again the latter part

-of February or first of March; and if not as clear as you wish it,

-put in isinglass to fine it, and stir it well; then put the cask

-in a cool place, where it will not be disturbed, for the fining to

-settle. Cider prepared in this manner will keep sweet for years.

-

-It is certainly of great importance to the people of America to

-cultivate the fruit that is natural to the soil of their country,

-and to make the most of the fruit which the soil produces;

-especially, when its produce is an article of value and of great

-consumption in this country.

-

-  A LOVER OF GOOD CIDER.

-

-_Am. D. Adv._]

-

-

-

-

-CABBAGES FOR CATTLE.

-

-_Extract of a Letter._

-

-

-Having been in England, I have had an opportunity of observing many

-improvements in agriculture, which, if I were to see them adopted

-here, would give me the sincerest pleasure. Among the number of

-them, I think the culture of cabbages for fattening of cattle stands

-in the first rank. From strong soils, it may fairly be questioned

-whether any kind of winter provision can be raised of such weight

-and quality per acre, as the larger kind of cabbages. For cows, they

-surpass all other kinds of vegetables, and probably some method may

-be thought of, by which they may be conveniently preserved through

-our long winters. The colewort cabbage used to be in most esteem,

-but I understand that a variety of the large red kind is coming into

-use, and bids fair to drive out the Scotch drumhead, it being much

-more hardy. They are exceedingly well adapted to wet land, and will

-prove very productive where turnips cannot be raised to any good

-purpose. It is, unquestionably, a crop of far more use and value

-than the mangel wurzel, which has, in England, within these few

-years, been in such fashionable culture.

-

-In England and Scotland, I have seen the _parings of potatoes_

-planted as seed; and at the same time I was told that they yielded

-quite as plentifully as cuttings with three eyes, or even whole

-potatoes.

-

-I never had an opportunity of witnessing the result, but it may be

-worth while for some experimental agriculturist to plant some in

-this way, in order to prove or shew the fallacy of the assertion. I

-should recommend that they cut the parings about two-tenths of an

-inch in thickness, as those parings which I saw planted always had

-the eye left in them entire, and the root of the germ not in the

-least wounded.

-

-  [_St. John's paper._

-

-

-

-

-PRESENT STATE OF POMPEII.

-

-From William's Travels in Italy, Greece, &c.

-

-

-Pompeii, which was entombed in a softer substance, is getting

-daily disencumbered, and a very considerable part of this Grecian

-city is unveiled. We entered by the Appian way, through a narrow

-street of marble tombs, beautifully executed, with the names of

-the deceased plain and legible. We looked into the columbary below

-that of Marius Arius Diomedes, and perceived jars containing the

-ashes of the dead, with a small lamp at the side of each. Arriving

-at the gate, we perceived a sentry box in which the skeleton of a

-soldier was found with a lamp in its hand: proceeding up the street

-beyond the gate, we went into several streets, and entered what

-is called a coffee house, the marks of cups being visible on the

-stone; we came likewise to a tavern, and found the sign (not a very

-decent one) near the entrance. The streets are lined with public

-buildings and private houses, most of which have their original

-painted decorations fresh and entire. The pavement of the streets

-is much worn by carriage wheels, and holes are cut through the side

-stones, for the purpose of fastening animals in the market place;

-and in certain situations are placed stepping stones, which give us

-rather unfavourable ideas of the state of the streets. We passed

-two beautiful little temples; went into a surgeon's house, in the

-operation room of which chirurgical instruments were found; entered

-an ironmonger's shop, where an anvil and hammer were discovered; a

-sculptor's and a baker's shop, in the latter of which may be seen

-an oven and grinding mills, like old Scotch querns. We examined

-likewise an oilman's shop, and a wine shop lately opened, where

-money was found in the till; a school in which was a small pulpit

-with steps up to it, in the middle of the apartment; a great

-theatre; a temple of justice; an amphitheatre, about 220 feet in

-length; various temples; a barrack for soldiers, the columns of

-which are scribbled with their names and jests; wells, cisterns,

-seats, tricliniums, beautiful Mosaic; altars, inscriptions,

-fragments of statues, and many other curious remains of antiquity.

-Among the most remarkable objects were an ancient wall, with a part

-of a still more ancient marble freze built in it as a common stone;

-and a stream which has flowed under this once subterraneous city,

-long before its burial; pipes of Terra Cotta to convey the water

-to the different streets; stocks for prisoners, in one of which a

-skeleton was found. All these things incline one almost to look for

-the inhabitants, and wonder at the desolate silence of the place.

-

-The houses in general are very low, and the rooms are small, I

-should think not above ten feet high. Every house is provided with

-a well and a cistern. Every thing seems to be in proportion; the

-principal streets do not appear to exceed 16 feet in width, with

-side pavements of about three feet; some of the subordinate streets

-are from 6 to 10 feet wide, with side pavements in proportion; these

-are occasionally high, and are reached by steps. The columns of

-the barracks are about 15 feet in height; they are made of tuffa

-with stucco; one third of the shaft is smoothly plastered, the rest

-fluted to the capital. The walls of the houses are often painted

-red, and some of them have borders and antique ornaments, masks,

-and imitations of marbles, but in general poorly executed. I have

-observed, on the walls of an eating room, various kinds of food and

-game tolerably represented; one _woman's_ apartment was adorned

-with subjects relative to love; and a _man's_ with pictures of a

-martial character. Considering that the whole has been under ground

-upwards of seventeen centuries, it is certainly surprizing that

-they should be as fresh as at the period of their burial. The whole

-extent of the city, not half of which is excavated, may be about

-four miles. It is said that Murat employed no less than 2000 men in

-clearing Pompeii, and that Madame Murat attended the excavations in

-person every week. The present government have not retained above

-100.

-

-After visiting this extraordinary place, which certainly is the most

-interesting of all the wonders of Naples, we examined the museum of

-antiquities at Purtici. The collections of ancient paintings are

-curious and instructing, some of them containing exquisite pieces of

-art; one room is filled with representations of fruit and flowers,

-well painted and freely handled; some grapes in particular are

-remarkable for execution, quite transparent, with the touches of

-light on them judiciously placed to give effect and clearness. A

-second room contains various ornaments painted in a masterly manner,

-and with considerable ingenuity in the design. A third is covered

-with various animals and birds. Another apartment is filled with

-landscapes, but these are all extremely bad, having no perspective,

-nor any truth of colouring: indeed it would seem that the ancient

-painters had never given their mind to that delightful branch of

-the art. One landscape, however, with all its faults, interested me

-greatly, and that was a view of ancient Puteoli, (now Pozzuolo,)

-about six miles from Naples, supposed to have been painted before

-St. Paul landed there. The picture is, of course, very different

-from the present state of the city, but still a likeness may be

-traced, if we keep in view the site of the various temples and other

-objects, the foundations of which are still visible.

-

-Among the innumerable pictures which are crowded in several rooms, I

-shall mention the following, which, on slight examination, appeared

-to be among the best: _Sophonisba drinking the juice of Hemlock_,

-admirable in expression; _an Infant Hercules strangling Serpents_;

-_Jove_; _Leda and the Swan_; _the Graces_; _a Venus_; _Education

-of Bacchus_; _a Medusa's Head_:--these are all slight, but it is

-that slightness which conveys character and refinement of taste; a

-_Theseus_ as large as life, in a fine attitude and good expression:

-Two allegorical figures, representing the river _Nile and Egypt_;

-_the Education of Achilles_; _a beautiful Female suckling an

-aged Man_, (corresponding to the Roman Charity,) most delicately

-expressed: An _Academy of Music_, the figures small, exquisitely

-painted; harps and flageolets are the only instruments. Among the

-curious pictures is the interior of a school, in which the master is

-represented flogging a boy, who is upon another boy's back; so that

-the practice of _horsing_ is sanctioned by very ancient authority.

-Our attention was likewise attracted by a shoemaker's and a cook's

-shop; these last are but indifferently designed and painted; a

-Wilkie or an Allan would smile at such productions. All these

-are in fresco, on stucco grounds, and with a considerable polish

-on the surface. It does not seem that any glazing colours have

-been used, the effect being produced entirely by body colour. The

-ancients, however, as Pliny informs us, had a dark, yet transparent

-mixture, which they laid over their highly finished works, to give

-the delusion required. From the freshness and clearness of the

-colouring, they seem to have had the advantage of painting in oil,

-so far, at least, as durability is of advantage.

-

-The museum at Portici likewise contains many statues and busts of

-considerable merit; besides a great variety of culinary articles,

-and specimens, of calcined barley, beans, paste for bread, part

-of a roll, mustard-seed, straw, rye, pine tops, figs, cloth like

-tinder, fish nets, with corks attached to them, spunge, soap, rings,

-earrings, combs, thimbles, looking-glasses of polished metal, and

-a variety of emblems of luxury and taste, admirably executed. We

-examined them all with the keenest interest, though the impression

-would have been more gratifying, had they been left in the ancient

-towns in which they were discovered.

-

-

-

-

-From the Pennsylvania Gazette, Nov. 18, 1736.

-

-WASTE OF LIFE.

-

-BY. DR. FRANKLIN.

-

-

-Anergus was a gentleman of a good estate, he was bred to no

-business, and could not contrive how to waste his hours agreeably;

-he had no relish for any of the proper works of life, nor any taste

-at all for the improvements of the mind; he spent generally ten

-hours of the four and twenty in bed; he dozed away two or three

-more on his couch, and as many were dissolved in good liquor every

-evening, if he met with company of his own humour. Five or six of

-the rest he sauntered away with much indolence: the chief business

-of them was to contrive his meals, and to feed his fancy beforehand,

-with the promise of a dinner and supper; not that he was so very a

-glutton, or so entirely devoted to appetite; but chiefly because he

-knew not how to employ his thoughts better, he let them rove about

-the sustenance of his body. Thus he had made a shift to wear off

-ten years since the paternal estate fell into his hands: and yet,

-according to the abuse of words in our day, he was called a man of

-virtue, because he was scarce ever known to be quite drunk, nor was

-his nature much inclined to lewdness.

-

-One evening, as he was musing alone, his thoughts happened to take

-a most unusual turn, for they cast a glance backward, and began to

-reflect on his manner of life. He bethought himself what a number

-of living beings had been made a sacrifice to support his carcase,

-and how much corn and wine had been mingled with those offerings. He

-had not quite lost all the arithmetic that he learned when he was

-a boy, and he set himself to compute what he had devoured since he

-came to the age of man.

-

-"About a dozen feathered creatures, small and great, have one week

-with another (said he) given up their lives to prolong mine, which

-in ten years amounts to at least six thousand.

-

-"Fifty sheep have been sacrificed in a year, with half a hecatomb

-of black cattle, that I might have the choicest part offered weekly

-upon my table. Thus a thousand beasts out of the flock and the

-herd have been slain in ten years' time to feed me, besides what

-the forest has supplied me with. Many hundreds of fishes have, in

-all their varieties, been robbed of life for my repast, and of the

-smaller fry as many thousands.

-

-"A measure of corn would hardly afford fine flour enough for a

-month's provision, and this arises to above six score bushels; and

-many hogsheads of ale and wine, and other liquors, have passed

-through this body of mine, this wretched strainer of meat and drink.

-

-"And what have I done all this time for God or _man_? What a vast

-profusion of good things upon a useless life, and a worthless liver!

-There is not the meanest creature among all these which I have

-devoured, but hath answered the end of its creation better than I.

-It was made to support human nature, and it hath done so. Every crab

-and oyster I have eat, and every grain of corn I have devoured, hath

-filled up its place in the rank of beings with more propriety and

-honour than I have done: O shameful waste of life and time!"

-

-In short, he carried on his moral reflections with so just and

-severe a force of reason, as constrained him to change his whole

-course of life, to break off his follies at once, and to apply

-himself to gain some useful knowledge, when he was more than thirty

-years of age; he lived many following years with the character of

-a worthy man, and an excellent Christian; he performed the kind

-offices of a good neighbour at home, and made a shining figure as a

-patriot in the senate-house; he died with a peaceful conscience, and

-the tears of his country were dropped upon his tomb.

-

-The world, that knew the whole series of his life, stood amazed at

-the mighty change. They beheld him as a wonder of reformation, while

-he himself confessed and adored the divine power and mercy, which

-had transformed him from a brute to a man.

-

-But this was a single instance; and we may almost venture to write

-MIRACLE upon it. Are there not numbers of both sexes among our young

-gentry, in this degenerate age, whose lives thus run to utter waste,

-without the least tendency to usefulness!

-

-When I meet with persons of such a worthless character as this, it

-brings to my mind some scraps of Horace,

-

-    Nos numerus sumus, & fruges consumere nati.

-    ----Alcinoique Juventus

-    Cui pulchrum fuit in Medios dormire dies, &c.

-

-PARAPHRASE.

-

-    There are a number of us creep

-    Into this world, to eat and sleep;

-    And know no reason why they're born,

-    But merely to consume the corn,

-    Devour the cattle, fowl, and fish,

-    And leave behind an empty dish:

-    Though crows and ravens do the same,

-    Unlucky birds of hateful name;

-    Ravens or crows might fill their places,

-    And swallow corn and carcases.

-    Then, if their tombstone, when they die,

-    Ben't taught to flatter and to lie,

-    There's nothing better will be said,

-    _Than that they've eat up all their bread,  }

-    Drank all their drink, and gone to bed._    }

-

-There are other fragments of that heathen poet, which occur on such

-occasions; one in the first of his satires, the other in the first

-of his epistles, which seem to represent life only as a season of

-luxury.

-

-    ----Exacto contentus tempore vitæ

-    Cedat uti convivia statur----

-    Lusisti satus, edisti satis atque babisti;

-    Tempus abire tibi.

-

-Which may be thus put into English:

-

-    Life's but a feast; and when we die

-    Horace would say, if he were by,

-    Friend, thou hast eat and drank enough,

-    'Tis time now to be marching off:

-    Then like a well-fed guest depart,

-    With cheerful looks, and ease at heart;

-    Bid all your friends good night, and say,

-    _You've done the business of the day._

-

-

-

-

-LESSONS ON THRIFT.

-

-Published for general benefit, by a Member of the Save-all Club.

-

-

-The caprice of men at different periods has delighted to make much

-of some darling qualities idolized as virtues, while others, which

-could not be mistaken for vices, have been tacitly scorned as only

-fit to occupy grovelling minds, and avert reproach from those who

-could not aspire to praise.

-

-Among the latter we discover Frugality. What writer has ever

-thought of making his hero an economist? With a disposition to

-avoid unnecessary expense, it has long been assumed that a sordid

-and despicable parsimony must invariably be found, and the world

-has been accustomed to bestow its tenderest sympathies on the gay,

-florid, open-hearted rake, who having manifested a disposition to

-give, where he had nothing of his own to bestow, ruined those honest

-tradesmen who were credulous enough to trust him, and qualified

-himself for genteel society by visiting the King's Bench or the

-Fleet; while the man who disdained to be generous at the expense

-of others, who would not affect splendour which his means were

-inadequate to sustain, in fine, who denied himself enjoyments for

-which he could not honestly pay, has been treated with unsparing

-ridicule as a mean and pitiful plodder. Our citizens and traders

-have wisely joined to laugh this character out of countenance, and

-to applaud the swindling pleasantries of a profligate. Let them look

-to the effects of this--let them look to their legers, and see if

-they have not been merry _at their own expense_.

-

-If there be any truth in the remark dropped by one of the greatest

-ornaments of British literature, that "it would be well if fewer

-possessed the superfluities, and more the comforts of life;" in

-times like the present, it is desirable that mankind should be

-weaned from the admiration of that which ought never to have been

-defended--that madness and dishonesty should no longer be depicted

-as the gracefully irregular flow of youthful gayety; and that the

-modest virtues which find a friend in the author of "Lessons on

-Thrift," should be recalled from that exile to which they were

-doomed by sordid dissipation and unreflecting folly.

-

-But we must explain, as we proceed, to guard against mistake or

-representation. We do not wish to return to that enviable state,

-which we suppose some of our radical neighbours contemplate, when

-they talk of a "state of nature;" namely, that in which the first

-inhabitants of this island found themselves embowered in their

-native woods. We do not sigh for that economical simplicity which,

-according to Richard de Cirencester, made blue paint, applied to

-the human body, a substitute for clothing; nor do we even lift

-our voices against that most effeminate piece of luxury, as it

-was considered by some at the commencement of Queen Elizabeth's

-reign--the introduction of _chimneys to houses_. The votaries of

-luxury may think that, in the last instance, we make but a very

-slight concession; but the frightful effects of that departure

-from old English habits was once thought very alarming. We read

-in Hollingshed:--"Now have we many chimneys; and yet our tender

-limbs complain of rheums, catarrhs, and pozes; then had we none but

-reredosses, and our heads did never ache. For as the smoke in those

-days was supposed to be a sufficient hardening for the timber of the

-house, so it was reputed a far better medicine to keep the good man

-and his family from the quack or poze, wherewith, as then, very few

-were acquainted."

-

-With all our reverence for economy, assuredly there are

-practitioners of the present day whom we would prefer to _Dr.

-Smoke_; even though calling in the former, we must submit to the

-inconvenience of offering a fee. We do not sigh for the return of

-those golden days, when our wise progenitors made the same aperture

-act the double part of a window and a chimney, and when a log of

-wood was considered an excellent pillow; but sometimes when our

-reluctant hands are a little embarrassed to find the expected fee,

-or our purses feel most _awkwardly convenient_ for the pocket, after

-settling the lengthened bill, we do regret that those who prescribe

-for us, when indisposed, must at the same time prescribe for their

-own horses and carriages, and that the period is gone by when a

-sufferer could hope for relief from the pill of a pedestrian.

-

-Our author, to show the evil effects of luxury and extravagance,

-even in a national point of view, gives the following narrative:

-

-"The Seven United Provinces were at the height of their power and

-prosperity about 1650, before England, recovering from a destructive

-civil war, began to reclaim the dominion of the ocean.

-

-"But in their successful periods the private virtues had also their

-share, and parsimony, as usual produced wealth and industry. In a

-conversation at Rotterdam this subject was discussed; and as the

-parties mostly imputed the decline of their republic to political

-causes, an opulent merchant said, that if the company would dine

-with him on such a day, he would convince them that there were other

-causes more in their power.

-

-"The invitation was accepted, and it was hoped that the merchant

-would explain his sentiments, by which they might improve their

-speculations in commerce over a glass of wine, after an elegant

-repast as he was accustomed to give. But what was their surprise to

-find nothing on the table but salted herrings and table beer! They

-ate, however, a morsel in silence and dissatisfaction, which the

-master seemed not to observe, praying them repeatedly to eat and

-push the glass. At length, when they began to look at their watches,

-the master ordered in the dinner. At this word they brightened up,

-when in came a leg of mutton, boiled with turnips, and a pot or two

-of strong beer. This dish was little more satisfactory than the

-other, as they expected very different fare in such a magnificent

-house. There was, however, a great sacrifice of conscience and

-veracity in praising the mutton and the beer. But some yawned,

-and half the _gigot_ remained even among a numerous company, when

-the master, seeing their distress, nodded unnoticed to an old

-hoary-headed domestic, who alone had appeared along with the mutton,

-and who stood respectfully at the sideboard to serve the bread

-or the beer. He went out, and the company was left to a languid

-conversation; their eyes saying more than their tongues.

-

-"On a sudden the folding doors opened, and a train of twelve

-servants entered, bearing on massy plate the choicest fish, flesh,

-fowl, all the delicacies of the season. Two without livery took

-their places behind their master; the others in splendid uniform

-behind the guests. The number of wines presented was computed

-at fifteen, and even the richest guests were astonished at the

-splendour and variety of the festival.

-

-"When an equal dessert was served, and the wine began to circulate,

-a prudent and wary guest thought it was time to request our opulent

-merchant to explain his sentiments, as he had promised. All were

-fixed in mute attention when he made this memorable answer:

-'Gentlemen, my sentiments are already explained; the lesson is

-already given. When our ancestors were gradually rising to wealth

-under the yoke of Burgundy, Austria, Spain, their frugality was

-contented with our first dish, and they even blessed the inventor.

-In their second period, when the noble house of Orange, when Maurice

-of Nassau was establishing our power in the East and West Indies,

-and commercial wealth began to overflow all our ports and canals,

-still habits of prudence occasioned economy, and our rich senators

-dined on plain mutton, and drank wholesome beer. The dinner I have

-had the honour to give you is a very moderate specimen of our

-present existence. Add the luxury and pomp of houses, furniture

-and equipages, and judge, as you well can, of the difference of

-expense--a difference which, I would venture to say, would have,

-even for one year, been regarded as a fortune by our bearded

-ancestors.'"

-

-

-

-

-BEAUTIES OF THE MICROSCOPE.

-

-

-Nothing can be more curious than the appearance exhibited by

-_mouldiness_, when viewed through a microscope. If looked at by the

-naked eye, it seems nothing but an irregular tissue of filaments;

-but the magnifying glass shows it to be a forest of small plants,

-which derive their nourishment from the moist substance which

-serves them as a base. The stems of these plants may be plainly

-distinguish; and sometimes their buds, some shut and some open.

-They have much similarity to mushrooms, the tops of which, when

-they come to maturity, emit an exceedingly fine dust which is their

-seed. Mushrooms, it is well known, are the growth of a single

-night; but those in miniature, of which we are speaking, seem to

-come to perfection in a much less space of time than that; hence we

-account for the extraordinary progress which mouldiness makes in a

-few hours. Another curious observation of the same kind is, that

-M. Ahlefeld, seeing some stones covered with a sort of dust, had

-the curiosity to examine it with a microscope, and he found that it

-consisted of small microscopic mushrooms, raised on pedicles, the

-heads of which, round the middle, were turned up at the edges. They

-were striated also from the centre to the circumference, as certain

-kinds of mushrooms are. He further remarked, that they contained,

-above their upper covering, a multitude of small grains shaped like

-cherries somewhat flattened, which he suspected were the seeds; and

-finally he observed, among the forest of mushrooms, several small

-red insects, which probably fed upon them.

-

-The _lycoperdon_, or puff-ball, is a plant of the fungus kind, which

-grows in the form of a tubercle, covered with small grains, very

-like chagreen. If pressed, it bursts, and emits an exceedingly fine

-kind of dust, which flies off under the appearance of smoke. If some

-of the dust be examined with the microscope, it appears to consist

-of perfectly round globules, of an orange colour, the diameter of

-which is only about the 1-50th part of the thickness of a hair,

-so that each grain of this dust is but the 1-125000th part of a

-globule, equal in diameter to the breadth of a hair.

-

-The _farina of flowers_ is found to be regularly and uniformly

-organized in each kind of plant. In the mallow, for example, each

-grain is an opaque ball, covered over with small points. The farina

-of the tulip, and of most of the liliaceous kind of flowers, bears a

-striking resemblance to the seeds of a cucumber: that of the poppy

-is very like grains of barley, with a longitudinal groove in them.

-

-There are certain plants, the leaves of which seem to be pierced

-with a multitude of small holes. Of this kind is the _hypericum_, or

-St. John's wort. Now, if a fragment of this be viewed with a good

-microscope, the supposed holes are found to be vesicles, contained

-in the thickness of the leaf, and covered with an extremely thin

-membrane; and these are thought to be the receptacles which contain

-the essential and aromatic oil peculiar to the plant.

-

-The view exhibited by those plants which have down, such as borage,

-nettles, &c. is exceedingly curious.--When examined by a microscope,

-they appear to be covered with spikes. Those of borage are, for

-the most part, bent so as to form an elbow; and though really very

-close, they appear by the microscope, to be at a considerable

-distance from each other. The entire appearance is very similar to

-that of the skin of the porcupine.

-

-If a needle be viewed through a microscope, though exceedingly fine,

-it is well known the point will appear quite blunt, more like a peg,

-broken at the end, than a sharp pointed steel needle. The edge of

-the finest set razor, when seen through a microscope, will appear

-more like the back of a penknife, full of irregularities, than what

-it really is. In these respects the works of art, when carried to

-the highest pitch of perfection, will not bear to be compared with

-the operations of nature. The latter, exposed to the microscope,

-instead of losing their lustre and high polish, appear so much the

-more beautiful and perfect in regularity and order. When the eyes

-of a fly are illuminated by means of a lamp or candle, and viewed

-through this instrument, each of them shows an image of the taper

-with a precision and vivacity which nothing can equal.

-

-There are two kinds of _sand_, viz. the calcareous and the

-vitrifiable: the former, examined with a microscope, resembles

-large irregular fragments of rock; but the latter appears like so

-many rough diamonds. In some instances, the particles of sand seem

-to be highly polished and brilliant, like an assemblage of diamonds,

-rubies, and emeralds.

-

-Charcoal is a fine object for the microscope. It is found full of

-pores, regularly arranged, and passing through its whole length.

-

-  [_English Magazine._

-

-

-

-

-The following melancholy letter alludes to Accum's "Treatise on

-Adulterations of Food and Culinary Poisons."

-

-From Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine.

-

-

-LETTER

-

-_From an elderly Gentlewoman to Mr. Christopher North._

-

-My dear Mr. North--I much fear that this is the last letter you

-will ever receive from your old friend. "I'm wearin' awa, Kit!

-to the land o' the leal!" and that, too, under the influence

-of a complication of disorders, which have been undermining my

-constitution (originally a sound and stout one) for upwards of half

-a century. Look to yourself my much respected lad--and think no more

-of your rheumatism. That, believe me, is a mere trifle; but think

-of what you have been doing, since the peace of 1763, (in that year

-were you born,) in the eating and drinking way, and tremble. I know,

-my dear Kit, that you never were a gormandizer, nor a sot; neither

-surely was I--but it matters not--the most abstemious of us all

-have gone through fearful trials, and I have not skill in figures

-to cast up the poisonous contents of my hapless stomach for nearly

-threescore years. You would not know me now; I had not the slightest

-suspicion of myself in the looking-glass this morning. Such a face!

-so wan and wobegone! No such person drew Priam's curtains at dead of

-night, or could have told him half his Troy was burned.

-

-Well--hear me come to the point. I remember now, perfectly well,

-that I have been out of sorts all my lifetime; and the causes

-of my continual illness have this day been revealed to me. May

-my melancholy fate be a warning to you, and all your clear

-contributors, a set of men whom the world could ill spare at this

-crisis. Mr. Editor--I HAVE BEEN POISONED.

-

-You must know that I became personally acquainted a few weeks ago,

-quite accidentally, with that distinguished chymist, well known in

-our metropolis by the name of "Death in the Pot."[7] He volunteered

-a visit to me at breakfast, last Thursday, and I accepted him. Just

-as I had poured out the first cup of tea, and was extending it

-graciously towards him, he looked at me, and with a low, hoarse,

-husky voice, like Mr. Kean's, asked me if I were not excessively

-ill? I had not had the least suspicion of being so--but there was

-a terrible something in "Death in the Pot's" face which told me I

-was a dead woman. I immediately got up--I mean strove to get up, to

-ring the bell for a clergyman--but I fainted away. On awaking from

-my swoon, I beheld "Death in the Pot" still staring with his fateful

-eyes--and croaking out, half in soliloquy, half in tête-a-tête,

-"There is not a life in London worth ten year's purchase." I

-implored him to speak plainly, and for God's sake not to look at

-me so malagrugorously--and plainly enough he did then speak to be

-sure--"Mrs. TROLLOPE, YOU ARE POISONED."

-

-  [7] Frederick Accum, Operative Chymist, &c.

-

-"Who," cried I out convulsively, "who has perpetrated the foul

-deed? On whose guilty head will lie my innocent blood? Has it been

-from motives of private revenge? Speak, Mr. Accum[8]--speak! Have

-you any proofs of a conspiracy?" "Yes, Madam, I have proofs,

-damning proofs. Your wine merchant, your brewer, your baker, your

-confectioner, your grocer, aye, your very butcher, are in league

-against you; and, Mrs. Trollope, YOU ARE POISONED!"--"When!--Oh!

-when was the fatal dose administered? Would an emetic be of no

-avail? Could you not yet administer a----" But here my voice was

-choked, and nothing was audible, Mr. North, but the sighs and sobs

-of your poor Trollope.

-

-  [8] Death in the Pot.

-

-At last I became more composed--and Mr. Accum asked me what was, in

-general, the first thing I did on rising from bed in the morning.

-Alas! I felt that it was no time for delicacy, and I told him at

-once, that it was to take off a bumper of brandy for a complaint

-in my stomach. He asked to look at the bottle. I brought it forth

-from the press in my own number, that tall square tower-like bottle,

-Mr. North, so green to the eye and smooth to the grasp. You know

-the bottle well--it belonged to my mother before me. He put it to

-his nose--he poured out a driblet into a teaspoon as cautiously as

-if it had been the black drop--he tasted it--and again repeated

-these terrible words, "Mrs. TROLLOPE, YOU ARE POISONED. It has,"

-he continued, "a peculiar disagreeable smell, like the breath of

-habitual drunkards." "Oh! thought I, has it come to this! The smell

-ever seemed to my unsuspecting soul most fragrant and delicious."

-"Death in the Pot" then told me, that the liquid I had been

-innocently drinking every morn for thirty years was not brandy at

-all, but a vile distillation of British molasses over wine lees,

-rectified over quick lime, and mixed with saw-dust. And this a sad,

-solitary, unsuspecting spinster had been imbibing as brandy for so

-many years! A gleam of comfort now shot across my brain--I told

-Mr. Accum that I had, during my whole life, been in the habit of

-taking a smallish glass of Hollands before going to bed, which I

-fain hoped might have the effect of counteracting the bad effects

-of the forgery that had been committed against me. I produced the

-bottle--the white globular one you know. "Death in the Pot" tried

-and tasted--and alas! instead of Hollands, pronounced it vile

-British malt spirit, fined by a solution of sub-acetate of lead, and

-then a solution of alum--and strengthened with grains of paradise,

-Guinea pepper, capsicum, and other acrid and aromatic substances.

-These are learned words--but they made a terrible impression upon

-my memory. Mr. Accum is a most amiable man, I well believe--but he

-is a stranger to pity. "Mrs. Trollope, YOU HAVE BEEN POISONED," was

-all he would utter. Had the brandy and Hollands been genuine, there

-would have been no harm--but they were _imitation_, and "YOU ARE

-POISONED."

-

-Feeling myself very faint, I asked, naturally enough for a woman in

-my situation, for a glass of wine. It was brought--but Mr. Accum was

-at hand to snatch the deadly draught from my lips. He tasted what

-used to be called my genuine old port,

-

-    "And in the scowl of heaven his face,

-    Grew black as he was sipping."

-

-"It is spoiled elder wine--rendered astringent by oak-wood,

-saw-dust, and the husks of filberts--lead and arsenic, madam,

-are----" but my ears tingled, and I heard no more. I confessed to

-the amount of six glasses a day of this hellish liquor--pardon my

-warmth--and that such had been my allowance for many years. My

-thirst was now intolerable, and I beseeched a glass of beer. It

-came, and "Death in the Pot" detected at once the murderous designs

-of the brewer. Coculus indicus, Spanish juice, hartshorn shavings,

-orange powder, copperas, opium, tobacco, nux vomica--such were the

-shocking words he kept repeating to himself--and then again, "Mrs.

-TROLLOPE IS POISONED."--"May I not have a single cup of tea, Mr.

-Accum," I asked imploringly, and the chymist shook his head. He

-then opened the tea-caddy, and emptying its contents, rubbed my

-best green tea between his hard horny palms. "Sloe-leaves, and

-white-thorn leaves, madam, coloured with Dutch pink, and with the

-fine green bloom of verdigris! Much, in the course of your regular

-life, you must have swallowed!" "Might I try the coffee?" Oh! Mr.

-North, Mr. North, you know my age, and never once, during my whole

-existence, have I tasted coffee. I have been deluded by pease and

-beans, sand, gravel, and vegetable powder! Mr. Accum called it

-sham coffee, most infamous stuff, and unfit for human food! Alas!

-the day that I was born! In despair I asked for a glass of water,

-and just as the sparkling beverage was about to touch my pale

-quivering lips, my friend, for I must call him so in spite of every

-thing, interfered, and tasting it, squirted out of his mouth, with

-a most alarming countenance. "It comes out of a lead cistern--it

-is a deadly poison." Here I threw myself on my knees before this

-inexorable man, and cried, "Mr. Death in the Pot, is there in

-heaven, on earth, or the waters under the earth, any one particle of

-matter that is not impregnated with death? What means this desperate

-mockery? For mercy's sake give me the very smallest piece of bread

-and cheese, or I can support myself no longer. Are we, or are we

-not, to have a morsel of breakfast this day?" He cut off about an

-inch long piece of cheese from that identical double Gloucester that

-you yourself, Mr. North, chose for me, on your last visit to London,

-and declared that it had been rendered most poisonous by the anotta

-used to colour it. "There is here, Mrs. Trollope, a quantity of

-red lead--Have you, madam, never experienced after devouring half

-a pound of this cheese, an indescribable pain in the region of the

-abdomen and of the stomach, accompanied with a feeling of tension,

-which occasioned much restlessness, anxiety, and repugnance to food?

-Have you never felt, after a Welsh rabbit of it, a very violent

-cholic?" "Yes! yes!--often, often!" I exclaimed. "And did you use

-pepper and mustard?" "I did even so." "Let me see the castors." I

-rose from my knees--and brought them out. He puffed out a little

-pepper into the palm of his hand, and went on as usual. "This,

-madam, is spurious pepper altogether--it is made up of oil cakes,

-(the residue of linseed, from which the oil has been pressed,)

-common clay, and, perhaps, a small portion of Cayenne pepper,

-(itself probably artificial or adulterated,) to make it pungent. But

-now for the mustard"--at this juncture the servant maid came in, and

-I told her that I was poisoned--she set up a prodigious scream, and

-Mr. Accum let fall the mustard pot on the carpet. But it is needless

-for me to prolong the shocking narrative. They assisted me to get

-into bed, from which I never more expect to rise. My eyes have been

-opened, and I see the horrors of my situation. I now remember the

-most excruciating cholic, and divers other pangs which I thought

-nothing of at the time, but which must have been the effect of the

-deleterious solids and liquids which I was daily introducing into

-my stomach.--It appears that I have never, so much as once, either

-eat or drank a real thing--that is, a thing being what it pretended

-to be. Oh! the weight of lead and copper that has passed thro' my

-body! Oh! too, the gravel and the sand! But is impossible to deceive

-me now. This very evening some bread was brought to me--Bread! I

-cried out indignantly--Take the vile deception out of my sight.

-Yes, my dear Kit, it was a villanous loaf of clay and alum! But

-my resolution is fixed, and I hope to die in peace. Henceforth, I

-shall not allow one particle of matter to descend into my stomach!

-Already I feel myself "of the earth, earthy."--Mr. Accum seldom

-leaves my bedside--and yesterday brought with him several eatables

-and drinkables, which he assured me he had analyzed, subjected to

-the test-act, and found them to be conformists. But I have no trust

-in chymistry. His quarter-loaf looked like a chip cut off the corner

-of a stone block. It was a manifest _sham loaf_. After being deluded

-in my Hollands, bit in my brandy, and having found my muffins a

-mockery, never more shall I be thrown off my guard. I am waxing

-weaker and weaker--so farewell! Bewildering indeed has been the

-destiny of

-

-  SUSANNA TROLLOPE.

-

-P.S.--I have opened my mistress' letter to add, that she died this

-evening about a quarter past eight, in excruciating torments.

-

-  SALLY ROGERS.

-

-

-

-

-VARIATION OF THE NEEDLE.

-

-

-It is thought by some surveyors that a change has taken place in

-the variation of the needle, and that the power of attraction is

-returning to the east or right hand. For my own satisfaction, I have

-for some years past been endeavouring to ascertain the truth of the

-fact, and my observations for the last ten years past require only

-20' to be added to strike the former object. It is well known that

-formerly surveyors made an allowance to the west or left hand, of

-one degree, for every 10 or 11 years for variation, and it now comes

-short 40' of the common allowance, so that from the result of my

-observations it appears evidently that the variation is not on the

-return, but still increasing, but so slow and variable every year,

-that it cannot be ascertained, unless by a series of experiments. To

-corroborate the following observations, I would remark, that I have

-lately read (I think in the Encyclopædia) of a curious gentlemen in

-London, who with a nice instrument, monthly for a number of years,

-made observations upon the variation, and he seldom found the needle

-cut the same degree and minutes, but varying sometimes to the right,

-others to the left: sometimes more, sometimes less, which shows that

-the attractive power is variable.

-

-On the 18th of July, 1810, an object on the North mountain, 3 and a

-half miles off, bore

-

-                    N. 61° 00' W.

-

-  8th July, 1811, the same

-  object bore          60  50

-

-  14th July, 1812, do. 60  50

-

-  10th July, 1813, do. 60  50

-

-  8th July, 1814, do.  61  10

-

-  12th July, 1815, do. 61  15

-

-  13th July, 1816, do. 61  15

-

-  15th July, 1817, do. 61  15

-

-  14th July, 1818, do. 61  30

-

-  15th July, 1819, do. 61  25

-

-  10th July, 1820, do. 61  20

-

-From whatever cause the variation of the needle arises, it evidently

-is affected by a something within our earth; but whether from the

-motion of two attractive poles, or four, as has been maintained by

-great men, or whether by a concentric globe of elementary particles

-composed of electricity and refined iron, adjusted and organized

-in a particular way, are all hypotheses. The phenomenon of the

-dipping needle is a curiosity, and sufficient to satisfy us that

-the power of attraction is about the centre of the earth, for let

-a needle be truly balanced on a centre pin in our latitude, then

-give it the polarity necessary, the north end will dip about fifty

-degrees;--move it to the equator it will become again level;--carry

-it still southward, the south end will dip.

-

-When effects are obvious, man more curious than wise,

-endeavours to search out the cause, and in some things we may

-be successful,--others are beyond our knowledge, and hid in the

-mysteries of Nature's God.

-

-  JOHN KING.

-

-_Mercersburgh, (Penn.)_ } _July 18, 1820._ }

-

-

-

-

-COMPARATIVE MORALITY OF DIFFERENT COUNTIES IN ENGLAND AND WALES.

-

-

-The following interesting table is copied from Mr. Myers' "New

-System of Geography," a work now publishing in monthly parts, and

-which, from the manner of its execution, promises to supply an

-important desideratum, in that branch of literature, created by the

-recent political changes upon the continent of Europe.

-

-     A Table, showing the proportion which the number of persons

-     committed to prison in each county of England and Wales, bears

-     to the whole population; and thus illustrating the influence of

-     local circumstances on the morals of the people. The average of

-     the commitments is taken for thirteen years, viz. from 1805 to

-     1817, inclusive, and the population, as stated in the returns of

-     1811.

-

-  _Counties._     _One in_

-

-  Anglesea,      18,522

-  Bedford,        2,623

-  Berks,          1,618

-  Brecon,         3,384

-  Bucks,          2,562

-  Cambridge,      2,386

-  Cardigan,      13,612

-  Caermarthen,    7,343

-  Caernarvon,     9,867

-  Chester,        1,638

-  Cornwall,       5,287

-  Cumberland,     3,904

-  Denbigh,        7,077

-  Derby,          3,435

-  Devon,          1,996

-  Dorset,         2,292

-  Durham,         4,337

-  Essex,          1,435

-  Flint,          8,399

-  Glamorgan,      4,551

-  Gloucester,     1,834

-  Hants,          1,230

-  Hereford,       1,438

-  Herts,          1,636

-  Huntingdon,     1,431

-  Kent,           1,385

-  Lancaster,      1,083

-  Leicester,      2,161

-  Lincoln,        2,164

-  Merioneth,     13,377

-  Middlesex,        588

-  Monmouth,       2,469

-  Mongomery,      3,534

-  Norfolk,        1,809

-  Northamton,     2,405

-  Northumberland, 3,037

-  Nottingham,     1,694

-  Oxford,         2,151

-  Pembroke,       5,669

-  Radnor,         3,672

-  Rutland,        2,696

-  Salop,          2,263

-  Stafford,       1,938

-  Somerset,       1,369

-  Suffolk,        1,731

-  Surrey,         1,261

-  Sussex,         2,422

-  Warwick,          989

-  Westmoreland,   5,642

-  Wilts,          1,969

-  Worcester,      1,668

-  York,           3,002

-

-For the whole of England, the proportion is 1 in 1,483; for Wales, 1

-in 6,213; and for both England and Wales, 1 in 1,554.

-

-

-

-

-FRENCH WOMEN.

-

-From Sketches of French Manners and Customs.

-

-

-The women do not, as in England, employ themselves solely in

-household and nursery affairs, but they mix themselves in all

-the cares of their husbands, and assist them in their trade and

-business, whatever it may be.--Thus they are constantly found in the

-counting houses and shops; and they know as much, and often more,

-of the details of a trade, than their husbands. In Dieppe, every

-variety of shop and trade had a woman assisting in it, who, from her

-appearance, might generally be considered as the mistress of the

-family. At a blacksmith's shop, for instance, I saw a neatly dressed

-woman, with a very clean cap shoeing a horse; and, passing a second

-time, I saw her filing at a vice. I expressed my astonishment to the

-neighbours, but they seemed rather disposed to laugh at me, than

-to join in my laugh at the woman. I learnt that she was a widow,

-and thus kept up her husband's trade, to rear a large family. In

-Paris, I complimented a pretty wife of an eminent bookseller for

-her knowledge of the prices of paper, printing, and engraving, in

-which she several times corrected errors of her husband. I remarked,

-that the French ladies must have great talents thus to learn a

-trade in the honey moon, which had employed their husbands during

-an apprenticeship of seven years; and that I supposed she would be

-equally expert at any other trade, if, on becoming a widow, she

-married a husband in some other line. "Ah! Monsieur," said she, "we

-endeavour to assist our spouses in every way in our power;--it is

-our only pleasure; their cares are our cares, and their interests

-are ours; and, if it is our calamity to become widows, and we meet

-with another good husband, we do the best we can for him also."

-

-

-

-

-LIFE.

-

-

-When I look upon the tombs of the great, every emotion of envy

-dies; when I read the epitaphs of the beautiful, every inordinate

-desire forsakes me; when I meet with the grief of parents upon a

-tombstone, my heart melts with compassion; when I see the tombs of

-the parents themselves, I feel how vain it is to grieve for those

-whom we must quickly follow; when I behold rival kings lying side by

-side, or the holy men who divided the world with their contests and

-disputes, I reflect with sorrow and astonishment on the frivolous

-competitions, factions, and debates of mankind; when I read the

-several dates of the tombs,--of some who died yesterday, and some

-six hundred years ago, I am reminded of that day when all mankind

-will be contemporaries, and make their appearance together.

-

-  ADDISON.

-

-

-

-

-STATISTICS OF EUROPE.

-

-From a French paper.

-

-

-Europe contains in superfices, 153,559 square geographic miles,

-of 15 to a degree, or only 1116 of the continental superfices

-of the whole earth. Its population is estimated at 180 millions

-and a half; which gives, one with another, 1177 inhabitants to

-each square geographic mile. It should always be remembered, that

-this population is very unequally divided; for if in the lowest

-countries, for example, we reckon 4550 inhabitants to a square mile,

-Russia contains but 447; Sweden, 362; and Norway only 118.

-

-Europe contains 17 nations: 1st nations, speaking the dialect

-derived from the Latin language, 61 millions; 2d, Teutonic nations,

-54 millions; 3d, Sclavonian, 46 millions; 4th, Celts, 3,720,000;

-5th, Tartars, 3,500,000; 6th, Magvans, 5,250,000; 7th, Greeks,

-2,100,000; 8th, Finns, 1,800,000; 9th, Cimmerians, 1,610,000; 10th,

-Basques, 630,000; 11h, Arnauts, 300,000; 12th, Maltese, 80,000;

-13th, Circassians, 8,000; 14th, Samoides, 2,100; 15th, Jews,

-2,660,000; 16th, Gipsies, 340,000; and 17th, Armenians, 150,000.

-

-The Roman Catholics are in number about 100 millions; the

-Protestants of different communions about 42 millions; the

-schismatic Greeks, 32 millions; the Mennonists 240,000; the

-Methodists 190,000; the Unitarians 50,000; the Quakers 40,000; the

-Mohammedans 2,630,000; the Jews 2,600,000; and the Herrnhutters

-(Moravians) 40,000.

-

-In classing out each state according to its superfices, its

-population, its ordinary revenues, and the contributive proportion

-of each individual towards the public burdens, we find that they

-should occupy the following order.

-

-_Superfices._--1st, Russia; 2d, Sweden; 3d, Austria; 4th, France;

-5th, Turkey; 6th, Spain; 7th, Great Britain; 8th, Prussia; 9th,

-Germany; 10th, Denmark; 11th, the Two Sicilies; 12th, Portugal;

-13th, Sardinia; 14th, the Netherlands; 15th, Switzerland; 16th, the

-Ecclesiastical States; and 17th, Tuscany, &c.

-

-_Population._--1st, Russia; second, France; 3d, Austria; 4th, Great

-Britain; 5th, Germany; 6th, Spain; 7th, Prussia; 8th, Turkey; 9th,

-the Two Sicilies; 10th, the Netherlands; 11th, Sardinia; 12th,

-Portugal; 13th, Sweden; 14th, the Ecclesiastial States; 15th,

-Switzerland; 16th, Denmark; 17th, Tuscany, &c.

-

-_Revenue._--1st, Great Britain; 2d, France; 3d, Russia; 4th,

-Austria; 5th, Germany; 6th, the Netherlands; 7th, Prussia; 8th,

-Spain; 9th, Turkey; 10th, Portugal; 11th, the Two Sicilies; 12th,

-Sardinia; 13th, Sweden; 14th, Denmark; 15th, the Ecclesiastical

-States; 16th, Tuscany; and 17th, Switzerland, &c.

-

-_Contributive Portion on each Individual towards the public

-charges._---This last calculation is the most curious. It

-demonstrates what each individual pays annually one with

-another,--namely, in England, 52f. 5c.; in the Netherlands, 38f.

-5c.; in France, 19f. 71c.; in Germany, 16f. 6c.; in Russia, 15f.

-88c.; in Denmark, 14f 60c; Portugal, 13f. 85c.; in Spain, 17f. 60c;

-in Sardinia, 12f. 5c; in Austria, 11f. 68c.; in the Ecclesiastical

-States, 9f. 40c. in Sweden, 9f. 31c. in Tuscany, 9f. 12c; in Turkey,

-9f. 4c.; in the Two Sicilies, 7f. 97c.; and in Switzerland, 5f. 47c.

-This last is the weakest of all European states.

-

-

-

-

-MISCELLANY.

-

-

-_Mode of engraving union steel and then transferring the same to

-steel or other metals._--This invention deservedly demands while

-it receives the admiration of every lover of the Fine Arts; and

-at the same time it presents the means of perpetuating whatever

-is beautiful in the art of engraving, and will probably produce

-a general refinement in the state of the public by furnishing

-engravings of the most beautiful kinds, at the same cost as those of

-inferior execution.

-

-This invention promises to be of great advantage to some of our

-manufacturers, particularly that of pottery, which may now be

-embellished with beautiful engravings, so as to place the successful

-competition of other nations at a more distant period. It may also

-be applied with great advantage to _calico_ printing, by producing

-entire new patterns upon the cylinders from which they are printed,

-an object of great importance to our manufacturing interest. These

-are among its obvious applications; but as a means of rendering

-forgery _impracticable_, it claims the attention of statesmen and

-the gratitude of philanthropists, who shudder at the hundreds of

-victims which are now immolated to the laws by the facility with

-which they may be violated.

-

-The association of Mr. Charles Heath with the American inventors is

-a fortunate circumstance, as it affords a pledge, that all which

-is exquisite in art will be combined with the ingenious mechanical

-inventions of Mr. Perkins, and the perseverance of Mr. Fairman;

-and the means of conferring every desirable perfection on various

-applications of the Siderographic process.

-

-

-_Great Britain and the U. States._--(A Contrast.)--A correspondent

-observes, that from an article in the last Inquirer, taken from a

-London paper, it is computed that the expense of the approaching

-coronation of his Britannic Majesty, George IV., will exceed eight

-hundred thousand pounds sterling.

-

-This, at $4 44 cents the pound sterling, amounts to the moderate sum

-of three millions five hundred and fifty two thousand dollars, of

-the currency of the United States.

-

-This sum would pay the salaries of the President of the U. States

-for a succession of _one hundred and forty-two years_,--and leave a

-balance of two thousand dollars remaining.

-

-  [_Richmond Com._

-

-

-_English Churn._--An improvement has been made in England in the

-construction of the dasher of the churn, which "is made to turn on

-a pivot, fixed in the lower end of the handle, and consists of two

-pieces set crosswise, so as to form four wings, diagonally shaped,

-and something similar to those of a windmill. Let the wings be about

-two inches wide, proportioned in length to the dimensions of the

-churn, and of such a level as gives them an inclination of about

-forty-five degrees.

-

-The pivot on which the wings turn to be of iron, otherwise it will

-soon wear out."

-

-The above plan is more efficacious than any other, and requires the

-operation to be moderately performed lest the butter come too soon,

-and therefore become swetted.

-

-

-_Watermelon Sirup._--Those of our readers who may not be acquainted

-with the fact, but yet are friendly to domestic economy, are

-informed, that one gallon of watermelon-juice will, by boiling,

-afford one pint of pure sirup, preferable either to honey or

-molasses, for domestic or medical purposes. The trial is easily

-made, and the expense trifling.

-

-

-_Patent Churn._--A churn has been invented by a young man in

-Vermont, which answers every purpose with a very trifling labour. It

-stands perpendicularly, and is perfectly tight.--The operation is

-performed by a person sitting near the churn and working the machine

-by each hand, as you work a pump. The dasher is turned by means of

-two leather straps, which are fastened at one end of the upright

-cylinder, and passing each once round it in opposite directions, are

-fastened at the other end of the handle on each side of the upright.

-So that the stroke with one hand turns the dasher once round, and

-that with the other turns it back.

-

-

-_Socrates._--One day when Alcibiades was boasting of his wealth

-and the great estates in his possession, (which generally blow

-up the pride of young people of quality,) Socrates carried him

-to a geographical map, and asked him to find Attica. It was so

-small, it could scarcely be discerned upon the draft; he found it,

-however, though with some difficulty. But, upon being desired to

-point out his own estate there--"It is too small," says he, "to be

-distinguished in so little a space."

-

-"See then," replied Socrates, "how much you are affected about an

-imperceptible point of the earth."

-

-

-_Georgetown, (Ky.) August 3._--A white crow was lately shot by

-Col. Rhodes Thompson, at his residence, on Elkhorn, about two and

-a half miles from this town. It was examined by several scientific

-gentlemen, and pronounced to be of the crow species; it resembled

-the common black crow in every thing but its colour, which was of a

-dingy white.--Col. Thompson had observed it for some time among a

-flock of black crows, and had ascertained its note to be the same as

-theirs.

-

-

-_Scotch Adventurers._--The character which the Scotch have acquired,

-beyond almost any other people, for the art of pushing their fortune

-abroad, was never perhaps more singularly illustrated than by the

-following anecdote, which Dr. Anderson relates in his "Bee," on the

-authority of a baronet of scientific eminence.

-

-The Russians and Turks, in the war of 1739, having diverted

-themselves long enough in the contest, agreed to treat for peace.

-The commisioners, for this purpose, were marshal Gen. Keith, on

-the part of Russia, and the grand vizier on that of the Turks.

-These personages met, and carried on their negotiations by means

-of interpreters. When all was concluded, they rose to separate:

-the marshal made his bow, with his hat in his hand, and the vizier

-his salam, with his turban on his head. But when these ceremonies

-of taking leave were over, the vizier turned suddenly, and coming

-up to marshal Keith, took him cordially by the hand, and in the

-broadest Scotch dialect, declared warmly that it made him "unco

-happy to meet a countryman in his exalted station." Keith started

-with astonishment, eager for an explanation of the mystery, when

-the vizier added, "Dinna be surprised, mon, I'm o' the same country

-wi' yoursel'. I mind weel seeing you and your brother, when boys,

-passin by to the school at Kirkaldy; my father, Sir, was _bellman

-of Kirkaldy_." What more extraordinary can be imagined, than to

-behold in the plenipotentiaries of two mighty nations, two foreign

-adventurers, natives of the same mountainous territory; nay, of the

-very same village!--What indeed more extraordinary, unless it be the

-spectacle of a Scotchman turned Turk for the sake of honours, held

-on the tenure of a caprice from which even Scotch prudence can be no

-guarantee!

-

-

-_Garrick._--Mr. Twiss, a romancing traveller, was talking of a

-church he had seen in Spain which was a mile and a half long. "Bless

-me, (cried Garrick,) how broad was it?" "About ten yards," said

-Twiss. "This is, you'll observe, gentlemen, (said Garrick to the

-company,) not a round lie, but differs from his other stories, which

-are generally as broad as they are long."

-

-

-_Franklin Donation Fund._--The trustees of the fund established by

-Dr. Franklin, for the benefit of young married mechanics, in Boston,

-give notice, that they will make loans, in sums not exceeding 200

-dollars to one individual, on the terms prescribed by Dr. Franklin,

-viz.

-

-"The applicant must be a married mechanic, under the age of 25

-years, who has faithfully served an apprenticeship of five years

-at least, in the town of Boston. He must produce a certificate of

-his moral character, from at least two respectable citizens of said

-town, who are willing to become bound with him, to the trustees, for

-the repayment of the sum loaned, by annual instalments of 10 per

-cent. with interest annually, at the rate of 5 per cent."

-

-

-_Flour._--Flour has recently been sold at Cincinnati for $2.25 per

-bbl. "good money." The crops of grain have been exceedingly heavy in

-the western country.

-

-

-_Herculaneum Manuscripts._--Sir Humphrey Davy has had great success

-in unrolling the manuscripts of Herculaneum and Pompeii. In a short

-time the contents of each roll will be known, as well as its title,

-which is generally found in the interiour.

-

-

-_Whaling!_--It would seem by the following articles from the Boston

-Patriot, that the invention of the torpedo by the late Robert

-Fulton, to destroy enemies' ships in the late war, is about to be

-made use of for another valuable purpose, viz. blowing up whales!

-

-"It was hardly to have been expected, that these destructive engines

-should have been adopted in the prosecution of one of the most

-thriving branches of business in which navigation is now employed.

-Yet, we are informed that a vessel has recently been fitted at New

-Bedford, bound on a whaling cruise, with an apparatus on board for

-the purpose of taking whales by _blowing them up_.

-

-"Torpedoes, of arrow form, are thrown from a gun on board the

-vessel, which are calculated to sink into the body of the whale, and

-there explode. As the experiment has not yet been fully tested, we

-think its success, to say, the least, is problematical."

-

-

-_New York school fund, &c._--We have a long and interesting

-statement in the New York papers, of the funds set apart for

-literary purposes. They chiefly consist of bonds and mortgages, for

-money loaned, a considerable quantity of bank stocks, and sundry

-valuable tracts of land. The amounts are as follows:

-

-The fund for the support of "common schools" is equal to $1,232,908,

-and its annual product about $78,964.

-

-The fund for the "promotion of literature" amounts to $201,439,

-and its income is $5,288. This fund is divided among the colleges,

-in proportion to their scholars. Both of these funds are on the

-increase as to value and product.

-

-Besides,--the occasional grants of the legislature for literary

-purposes since 1790, amounts to $1,189,056. And the general

-aggregate of appropriations, for the last thirty years, including

-escheated lands, schools lots, fees, &c., but excluding the annual

-revenue derived from the permanent funds, is estimated to amount to

-3,000,000 of dollars!

-

-

-_Premiums._--At a meeting of the Merino Society in London, 12th

-May, after awarding the prizes to the best show of sheep and

-superfine broadcloth, the premium of ten guineas for worsted yarn,

-was adjudged to Mr. J. Head, of Kirkstall, near Leeds, for one

-pound of wool spun by a newly invented machine, which was superior

-in fineness to any heretofore seen, and peculiarly adapted for the

-finest bombazeens, &c. It produced 95 hanks of 530 yards each in

-length, equal to 30 miles and 400 yards, to a pound of wool.

-

-

-_Salt mines of Meurthe._--The researches for the discovery of rock

-salt, which commenced in July last, at Moyenire, in the department

-of La Meurthe, in France, are carried on to advantage. After

-exploring to the depth of 200 feet, and reaching the first layer,

-which is 11 feet in thickness, the workmen had to perforate a bed

-of gypsum and clay of five hundred and forty-six feet, when they

-came to a second stratum of salt, eight feet in thickness. It is

-intended to remove the researches to two other neighbouring points,

-to ascertain the breadth and magnitude of the whole bed. The two

-points form a triangle nearly equilateral, each side of which may

-be about 6 or 700 toises in length. One of these points is the city

-of Vic, and the other to the south of it. On this latter point they

-have already pierced to the depth of 26 feet of vegetable earth:

-the orifice of each bore is 3½ inches, which constantly fills

-up with fresh water. The salt of the first bed is extremely white,

-and transparent as rock crystal. It is likewise very pure, and free

-from every noxious or terrene substance. The second appears to be

-intermixed with gypseous or argillaceous substance, but a very

-small proportion. This salt is brown, not unlike a clouded flint;

-both the kinds are very compact, well crystallized, the fractures

-cubical, and the saline taste superior to that of any salt obtained

-by evaporation. It contains but very little of muriate of magnesia,

-or of sulphate of lime.

-

-

-_More silver!_--We have the following account of the discovery of

-a silver mine, in a paper printed at Salem, Indiana, July 10.--"We

-have been informed by gentlemen of credibility, that there has been

-a silver mine lately discovered in the late purchase in this state.

-The circumstances relating to it are these: A few months ago, a

-gentleman near the boundary line, was informed by an Indian, that

-there was a mine of this kind somewhere, but refused to tell him

-where it was, unless the man would pay him fifty dollars, a horse,

-a gun and several blankets, which the man did, and was taken to the

-place, and brought away several pounds of the ore. He has since, we

-are told, brought away about 300 pounds. He refuses to tell where

-it is, but says there is at least three wagon loads already cast

-into bars by the Indians, which he intends to bring away. We have

-seen (so have several citizens of Salem) some of the ore, and should

-suppose it at least two-thirds silver. The ore is so pure that it

-can be drawn out with the hammer into bars of almost any size, and

-it is thought by some to be sufficiently pure in its natural state.

-From the representation of it, the mine is inexhaustible, and in a

-situation difficult to be discovered."

-

-

-

-

-DIED,

-

-

-In England, on the 19th June, at his house, Spring-grove, near

-Hounslow, the venerable president of the Royal Society, the Right

-Hon. Sir JOSEPH BANKS, G. C. B. &c. &c. &c. The loss to science by

-the demise of this excellent man and liberal patron will be long and

-severely felt. Sir Joseph had been for a long time labouring under a

-most distressing illness; for some years he had been deprived of the

-use of his lower extremities, and rendered so feeble as to be lifted

-from his room to his carriage. He possessed a princely fortune, of

-which he assigned a large portion to the encouragement of science,

-particularly natural history, private and public charities, and

-domestic hospitality.--Also, on the 31st May, I. BRADLEY, the

-Yorkshire giant:--when dead he measured nine feet in length, and

-three feet over the shoulders.

-

-

-

-

-FOR THE RURAL MAGAZINE.

-

-Of JOHN LOGAN, the author of the following touching stanzas, it is

-well observed by his biographer CHALMERS, that it would be difficult

-to produce, from the whole range of English poetry, any thing more

-exquisitely tender and pathetic, than some of his productions.--He

-died in London, December, 1788, in the fortieth year of his age.

-His end is described as edifying. When he became too weak to hold a

-book, we are told he employed his time in hearing such young persons

-as visited him read the Scriptures.

-

-  I.

-

-

-

-

-THE BRAES OF YARROW.

-

-

-    "Thy braes were bonny, Yarrow stream!

-      When first on them I met my lover,

-    Thy braes how dreary, Yarrow stream!

-      When now thy waves his body cover!

-    For ever now, O Yarrow stream!

-      Thou art to me a stream of sorrow;

-    For never on thy banks shall I

-      Behold my love, the flower of Yarrow.

-

-    "He promised me a milk-white steed,

-      To bear me to his father's bowers;

-    He promised me a little page,

-      To 'squire me to his father's towers;

-    He promised me a wedding ring,--

-      The wedding day was fix'd to-morrow;--

-    Now he is wedded to his grave,

-      Alas, his watery grave, in Yarrow!

-

-    "Sweet were his words when last we met;

-      My passion I as freely told him!

-    Clasp'd in his arms, I little thought

-      That I should never more behold him!

-    Scarce was he gone, I saw his ghost;

-      It vanish'd with a shriek of sorrow;

-    Thrice did the water-wraith ascend,

-      And gave a doleful groan thro' Yarrow!

-

-    "His mother from the window look'd,

-      With all the longing of a mother;

-    His little sister weeping walk'd

-      The green-wood path to meet her brother:

-    They sought him east, they sought him west,

-      They sought him all the forest through;

-    They only saw the cloud of night,

-      They only heard the roar of Yarrow!

-

-    "No longer from thy window look,

-      Thou hast no son, thou tender mother;

-    No longer walk thou lovely maid;

-      Alas, thou hast no more a brother!

-    No longer seek him east or west,

-      And search no more the forest through;

-    For wandering in the night so dark,

-      He fell a lifeless corse in Yarrow.

-

-    "The tear shall never leave my cheek,

-      No other youth shall be my marrow;[9]

-    I'll seek thy body in the stream,

-      And then with thee I'll sleep in Yarrow."

-    The tear did never leave her cheek,

-      No other youth became her marrow;

-    She found his body in the stream,

-      And now with him she sleeps in Yarrow.

-

-  [9] Mate.

-

-

-

-

-THE IVY.

-

-From Barton's Poems.

-

-

-    Dost thou not love, in the season of spring,

-      To twine thee a flowery wreath,

-    And to see the beautiful birch-tree fling

-      It shade on the grass beneath?

-    Its glossy leaf and its silvery stem;

-    Oh! dost thou not love to look on them?

-

-    And dost thou not love, when leaves are greenest,

-      And summer has just begun,

-    When in the silence of moon light thou leanest,

-      Where glist'ning waters run,

-    To see, by that gentle and peaceful beam,

-    The willow bend down to the sparkling stream?

-

-    And oh! in a lovely autumnal day,

-      When leaves are changing before thee,

-    Do not nature's charms, as they slowly decay,

-      Shed their own mild influence o'er thee?

-    And hast thou not felt, as thou stood'st to gaze,

-    The touching lesson such scene displays?

-

-    It should be thus at an age like thine:

-      And it has been thus with me;

-    When the freshness of feeling and heart were mine,

-      As they never more can be:

-    Yet think not I ask thee to pity my lot,

-    Perhaps I see beauty where thou dost not.

-

-    Hast thou seen in winter's stormiest day,

-      The trunk of a blighted oak,

-    Not dead, but sinking in slow decay,

-      Beneath time's resistless stroke,

-    Round which a luxuriant Ivy had grown,

-    And wreath'd it with verdure no longer its own?

-

-    Perchance thou hast seen this sight, and then,

-      As I, at thy years might do,

-    Pass'd carelessly by, nor turn'd again

-      That scathed wreck to view;

-    But now I can draw, from that mould'ring tree,

-    Thoughts which are soothing and dear to me,

-

-    O smile not! nor think it a worthless thing,

-      If it be with instruction fraught;

-    That which will closest and longest cling,

-      Is alone worth a serious thought!

-    Should aught be unlovely which thus can shed

-    Grace on the dying, and leaves not the dead?

-

-    Now, in thy youth, beseech of HIM

-      Who giveth, upbraiding not,

-    That his light in thy heart become not dim,

-      And his love be unforgot;

-    And thy God, in the darkest of days, will be,

-    Greenness, and beauty, and strength to thee?

-

-

-

-

-TO A COUNTRY GIRL,

-

-Who expressed a wish to lead a town life.

-

-

-    Sweet Mary, sigh not for the town,

-      Where vice and folly reign;

-    Spurn not the humble homespun gown

-      That suits the rural plain.

-

-    In ev'ry street the city's glare

-      Doth simple hearts betray:

-    And simple hearts, who wander there,

-      Are sure to lose their way.

-

-    The tradesman plays his wily part,

-      To take the stranger in:

-    The profligate displays his art,

-      The modest maid to win:

-

-    He lures her to perdition's brink

-      By ev'ry treach'rous scheme,

-    Then leaves the hapless wretch to sink

-      In pleasure's guilty stream!

-

-    The flaunting crowd, that seem so gay,

-      May please you for a while;

-    But joy with these doth rarely stay,

-      Or sweet contentment's smile.

-

-    The splendid dome that proudly rears

-      Its gilded roof on high,

-    Full oft conceals pale Envy's tears,

-      And Disappointment's sigh.

-

-    There foul Ambition loves to dwell,

-      False Pride, and lust of Fame,

-    There Malice and Revenge rebel

-      Against the good man's name.

-

-    Ah! little do you know, sweet maid,

-      What are the city spoils,

-    Where villains ply the canting trade,

-      And fraud is drest in smiles.

-

-    Then, Mary, sigh no more to rove,

-      Or change your native fields,

-    The rural walk, the verdant grove,

-      For all the city yields.

-

-    And when some swain of soul sincere,

-      Shall seek your love to gain,

-    Trust to his faith, nor ever fear,

-      That you shall trust in vain.

-

-    So shall your rustic life be spent,

-      With every blessing crown'd,

-    Within your doors, shall sweet Content,

-      And faithful Love be found.

-

-    And when your infant offspring rise,

-      A mother's smile to greet,

-    The joy that sparkles in their eyes,

-      Shall your own bliss complete!

-

-    Your tide of life, thus even flowing,

-      Will ebb at last, 'tis true;

-    When calm, with Hope your bosom glowing,

-      You'll bid the world adieu!

-

-  [_P. Boy._

-

-

-

-

-     The following stanzas are from the pen of the poet Montgomery.

-     They have never before appeared in print; we having been

-     favoured with them by a friend who received them from the poet.

-     They evince, as indeed do all Mr. M.'s writings, that he is not

-     only a good poet, but a good man.

-

-  [_Catskill Recorder._

-

-

-ON PRAYER.

-

-    Prayer is the soul's sincere desire,

-      Utter'd or unexpressed;

-    The motion of a hidden fire,

-      That trembles in the breast.

-

-    Prayer is the burden of a sigh,

-      The falling of a tear;

-    The upward glancing of an eye,

-      When none but God is near.

-

-    Prayer is the simplest form of speech.

-      That infant lips can try;

-    Prayer the sublimest strains that reach.

-      The Majesty on high.

-

-    Prayer is the Christian's vital breath,

-      The Christian's native air;

-    His watchword at the gates of death,

-      He enters Heaven with prayer.

-

-    Prayer is the contrite sinner's voice.

-      Returning from his ways;

-    While angels in their songs rejoice.

-      And cry, "Behold he prays."

-

-    In prayer on earth, the saints are one--

-      In word, in deed, in mind;

-    When with the Father and the Son

-      Sweet fellowship they find.

-

-    Nor prayer is made on earth alone,

-      The Holy Spirit pleads;

-    And Jesus on the eternal throne,

-      For sinners interceds.

-

-    O! Thou, by whom we come to God,

-      The life, the truth, the way,

-    The path of prayer thyself hast trod--

-      Lord, teach us how to pray!

-

-

-

-

-BANK NOTE EXCHANGE,

-

-At PHILADELPHIA--_Aug. 29th, 1820._

-

-                                       Per cent Disc't.

-

-  U. S. BRANCH BANK Notes,                1½

-

-  RHODE ISLAND--generally,               1

-

-  CONNECTICUT--generally,                2

-

-  MASSACHUSETTS--Boston,                 1

-          Country generally,           4-5

-

-  NEW JERSEY--generally,              par.

-

-  PENNSYLVANIA--Farmer's Bank, of }

-  Lancaster; Easton; Montgomery   }   par.

-  County; Chester                 }

-  County, at Westchester,         }

-  New Hope; Northampton,                 1

-  Susquehanna Bridge Company,            2½

-  York; Chambersburg,                    2

-  Northumberland; Union;     }          17

-  Columbia Bank, at Milton,  }

-  Centre,                               17½

-  Meadville.                            60

-  Farmers & Mechanics' Bank  }          25

-  at Pittsburg,              }

-

-  DELAWARE--generally,                par.

-  Commercial Bank of Del.             par.

-  Branch of ditto at Milford,            4

-  Laurel Bank,                          50

-

-  MARYLAND--Baltimore Banks,               ½

-  Baltimore City Bank,                   5

-  Annapolis; Hagerstown,               2-2½

-

-  VIRGINIA--Country generally,         2-2½

-  N. W. Bank, at Wheeling,               8

-

-  COLUMBIA DISTRICT--Mech. Bank  }       3

-  of Alexandria,                 }

-  Country generally,                     1

-

-  NORTH CAROLINA--State Bank at   }      4

-  Raleigh, and Branches,          }

-  Cape Fear; Newbern,                    4½

-

-  SOUTH CAROLINA--State Banks, generally, 2

-

-  GEORGIA--State Banks, generally,       3

-  Augusta Bridge Company,               75

-

-  TENNESSEE--Few sales at any price.

-

-  KENTUCKY--Kentucky Bank, and   }      30

-  Branches,                      }

-

-  OHIO--Marietta; Steubenville          12½

-  Bank of Chillicothe,                   5

-  Country generally,                 20-50

-

-

-

-

-RAIN GUAGE AT PHILADELPHIA.

-

-                                 In. hun.

-  July 27,        Shower,         0. 11

-  28 & 29,        Rain,           0. 32

-  30,             do.             0. 36

-  31,             do.             0. 35

-  Aug. 1,         Rain,           0. 50

-  5,              Shower,         0. 20

-  11,             do.             0. 07

-  14,             Rain,           0. 48

-  15,             do.             0. 46

-  16,             do.             0. 20

-  17,             Shower,         0. 07

-

-

-

-

-PRICES CURRENT.--_Aug. 29, 1820._

-

-                                 Per       D.C.        D.C.

-

-  Beef. Philad. Mess, (pl.)      _bbl._    13.00

-  Butter, Fresh                  _lb._      0.12   "   0.20

-  Cotton Yarn, No. 10,           _lb._      0.36

-  Cotton, (Louisiana)              "        0.18   "   0.22

-  Flax, Clean, (scarce)            "        0.16   "   0.18

-  Firewood, Hickory,             _cord_,    5.00   "   6.00

-            Oak,                   "        3.50   "   4.00

-  Flour--Wheat, P. S. F.         _bbl._     4.50

-         Rye,                      "        2.75

-         Corn Meal,                         3.00

-  Grain--Wheat,                  _bush._    0.85   "   0.90

-         Rye,                      "        0.45   "   0.55

-         Corn, Pa.                          0.48   "   0.58

-         Oats,                     "        0.20   "   0.30

-  Hams--Jersey,                  _lb._      0.11   "   0.13

-  Leather--Sole,                 _lb._      0.24   "   0.30

-           Upper, undrs'd.       _side_,    2.75   "   3.50

-  Plaster of Paris,              _ton_,     4.75   "   5.00

-  Wool--Merino, Clean,           _lb._      0.75

-        Do. in Grease,             "        0.40

-        Common,                    "        0.50

-

-☞ Should any of our subscribers wish any particular

-articles noticed in the above Prices Current, he will have it

-attended to.

-

-

-

-

-STATE OF THE THERMOMETER.

-

-            9 o'cl.  12 o'cl.  3 o'cl.

-  July 24,    71       73       76

-       25,    74       73       81

-       26,    79       82       83

-       27,    79       83       81

-       28,    79       81       83

-       29,    79       81       78

-       31,    78       84       81

-  Aug.  1,    79       82       83

-        2,    75       78       81

-        3,    77       78       80

-        4,    77       78       81

-        5,    77       79       78

-        7,    74       77       75

-        8,    73       77       79

-        9,    75       79       83

-       10,    79       83       87

-       11,    81       85       89

-       12,    84       89       92

-       14,    76       79       79

-       15,    74       74       78

-       16,    73       75       76

-       17,    74       79       81

-       18,    73       75       77

-       19,    71       76       76

-       21,    73       75       76

-       22,    74       78       79

-       23,    75       77       80

-       24,    74       76       76

-       25,    75       78       80

-       26,    77       --       --

-

-

-

-

-ERRATA.

-

-In our last Number, page 320, for "John Byron," read JOHN BYROM.

-

-In page 317, under the head "Rules for Milking Cows," for "ten

-gallons of milk at a time," read TEN QUARTS, &c.

-

-

-

-

-PHILADELPHIA,

-

-PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY

-

-RICHARDS & CALEB JOHNSON,

-

-_No. 31, Market Street_,

-

-At $3.00 per annum.

-

-

-GRIGGS & DICKINSON, _Printers--Whitehall._

-

-

-

-

-

-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Rural Magazine, and Literary

-Evening Fire-Side, Vol. 1 No. 9 , by Various

-

-*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RURAL MAGAZINE ***

-

-***** This file should be named 48786-0.txt or 48786-0.zip *****

-This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:

-        http://www.gutenberg.org/4/8/7/8/48786/

-

-Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online

-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

-

-

-Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions

-will be renamed.

-

-Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no

-one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation

-(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without

-permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,

-set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to

-copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to

-protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project

-Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you

-charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you

-do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the

-rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose

-such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and

-research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do

-practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is

-subject to the trademark license, especially commercial

-redistribution.

-

-

-

-*** START: FULL LICENSE ***

-

-THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

-PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

-

-To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free

-distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work

-(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project

-Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project

-Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at

-  www.gutenberg.org/license.

-

-

-Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm

-electronic works

-

-1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm

-electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to

-and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property

-(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all

-the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy

-all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.

-If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project

-Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the

-terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or

-entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

-

-1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be

-used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who

-agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few

-things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works

-even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See

-paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project

-Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement

-and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic

-works.  See paragraph 1.E below.

-

-1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"

-or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project

-Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the

-collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an

-individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are

-located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from

-copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative

-works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg

-are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project

-Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by

-freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of

-this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with

-the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by

-keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project

-Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.

-

-1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern

-what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in

-a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check

-the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement

-before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or

-creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project

-Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning

-the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United

-States.

-

-1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

-

-1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate

-access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently

-whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the

-phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project

-Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,

-copied or distributed:

-

-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with

-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or

-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included

-with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

-

-1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived

-from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is

-posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied

-and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees

-or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work

-with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the

-work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1

-through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the

-Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or

-1.E.9.

-

-1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted

-with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution

-must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional

-terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked

-to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the

-permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

-

-1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm

-License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this

-work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

-

-1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this

-electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without

-prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with

-active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project

-Gutenberg-tm License.

-

-1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,

-compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any

-word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or

-distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than

-"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version

-posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),

-you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a

-copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon

-request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other

-form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm

-License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

-

-1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

-performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works

-unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

-

-1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing

-access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided

-that

-

-- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from

-     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method

-     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is

-     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he

-     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the

-     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments

-     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you

-     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax

-     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and

-     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the

-     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to

-     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."

-

-- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies

-     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he

-     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm

-     License.  You must require such a user to return or

-     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium

-     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of

-     Project Gutenberg-tm works.

-

-- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any

-     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the

-     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days

-     of receipt of the work.

-

-- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free

-     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

-

-1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm

-electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set

-forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from

-both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael

-Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the

-Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

-

-1.F.

-

-1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable

-effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread

-public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm

-collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic

-works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain

-"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or

-corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual

-property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a

-computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by

-your equipment.

-

-1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right

-of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project

-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project

-Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project

-Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all

-liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal

-fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT

-LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE

-PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE

-TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE

-LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR

-INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH

-DAMAGE.

-

-1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a

-defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can

-receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a

-written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you

-received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with

-your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with

-the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a

-refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity

-providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to

-receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy

-is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further

-opportunities to fix the problem.

-

-1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth

-in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER

-WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO

-WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

-

-1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

-warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.

-If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the

-law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be

-interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by

-the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any

-provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

-

-1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the

-trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone

-providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance

-with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,

-promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,

-harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,

-that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do

-or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm

-work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any

-Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

-

-

-Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

-

-Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of

-electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers

-including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists

-because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from

-people in all walks of life.

-

-Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

-assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's

-goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will

-remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project

-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure

-and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.

-To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

-and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4

-and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org

-

-

-Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive

-Foundation

-

-The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit

-501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the

-state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal

-Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification

-number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg

-Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent

-permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

-

-The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.

-Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered

-throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at 809

-North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887.  Email

-contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the

-Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

-

-For additional contact information:

-     Dr. Gregory B. Newby

-     Chief Executive and Director

-     gbnewby@pglaf.org

-

-Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg

-Literary Archive Foundation

-

-Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide

-spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of

-increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be

-freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest

-array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations

-($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt

-status with the IRS.

-

-The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating

-charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United

-States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a

-considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up

-with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations

-where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To

-SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any

-particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate

-

-While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we

-have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition

-against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who

-approach us with offers to donate.

-

-International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make

-any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from

-outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

-

-Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation

-methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other

-ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.

-To donate, please visit:  www.gutenberg.org/donate

-

-

-Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic

-works.

-

-Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm

-concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared

-with anyone.  For forty years, he produced and distributed Project

-Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

-

-Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed

-editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.

-unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily

-keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

-

-Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:

-

-     www.gutenberg.org

-

-This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,

-including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary

-Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to

-subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.

-

+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 48786 ***
+
+Transcriber's note: Italic text is denoted by _underscores_.
+
+Small capital text has been replaced with all capitals.
+
+Minor typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected
+without note. Irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have
+been retained as printed.
+
+Mismatched quotes are not fixed if it's not sufficiently clear where
+the missing quote should be placed.
+
+The cover for the eBook version of this book was created by the
+transcriber and is placed in the public domain.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+  THE
+  RURAL MAGAZINE,
+  AND
+  LITERARY EVENING FIRE-SIDE.
+
+  VOL. I.  PHILADELPHIA, _Ninth Month_, 1820.  _No. 9._
+
+
+
+
+FOR THE RURAL MAGAZINE.
+
+
+THE DESULTORY REMARKER. No. VIII.
+
+                Thou only know'st
+    That dark meandering maze
+    Where wayward Falsehood strays,
+    And, seizing swift the lurking sprite,
+    Forces her forth to shame and light[1]
+
+  [1] Ode to Truth, from Mason's Caractacus.
+
+Man has been in all ages and countries, in a greater or less degree,
+the victim of imposture and superstition. Their origin can every
+where be traced to rude and uncultivated periods of society; but
+subsequent stages of comparative elegance and refinement have also
+ministered to the support of their dominion. Egypt, Greece and
+Rome were successively the seats of learning and science; yet in
+these celebrated regions, the human mind was enveloped in darkness
+and loaded with chains. The Egyptians have this ancient proverb:
+"It is easier to find a deity than a man."--Apotheosis must have
+been carried to an extraordinary length indeed when this was the
+case. Among these deities, Isis was prominently distinguished, and
+universally worshipped. On her statues, these words were impudently
+inscribed: "I am all that has been, that shall be, and none among
+mortals has hitherto taken off my veil!" Who but would blush for
+the credulity which listened with reverential awe to the oracular
+responses at Delphi, a town situate in the neighbourhood of Mount
+Parnassus, believed by every one at that time to be the centre of
+the earth! And concerning this precious object, the wars denominated
+the "_sacred_ wars," were so furiously and destructively waged. The
+Grecians were compelled, under pain of death, rigidly to observe
+the mysteries of Eleusis; and the wisest of the Romans were seen
+consulting the flight of birds and the entrails of animals, for
+infallible prognostics of future events. Where the footsteps of
+_true_ philosophy can be traced, her triumphs have been signal;
+and having found most of these and many other errors exploded, we
+lay claim in this enlightened age and country, to an extraordinary
+exemption from the influence of imposture and superstition. Although
+the darkness and gloom of former ages have in a great degree fled
+at the approach of the light of knowledge, still here and there
+the skirts of a black cloud remain, to indicate the failure of an
+absolute conquest. And the presence of these potent adversaries of
+human happiness, should inculcate the duty on every friend of his
+species of lending his aid in advancing the cause of TRUTH.
+
+Among the reprehensible customs which now obtain in the United
+States, none are more affrontful to the good sense of the community,
+and few more pernicious in their effects on youth and inexperience,
+than LOTTERIES, and the disgusting advertisements connected with
+them, which daily appear in the public journals. The funds which
+constitute a lottery, are principally derived from the pockets of
+those whose straitened circumstances, prompt them to grasp at the
+glittering phantoms, paraded before their eyes by professional
+jugglers.--Their minds become unsettled; a love of idleness and
+extravagance is excited; and their attention diverted from the true
+sources of prosperity--industry, frugality and sound morals. This
+cautionary advice may be deduced from the best and brightest of
+books; "Make not haste to be rich."[2] Experience and observation
+unite in confirming its wisdom. We need but contemplate the
+consequences, which have almost universally resulted to those who
+have been so _fortunate_ as to draw large prizes! Nine times perhaps
+out of ten, bankruptcy and ruin have trodden close on the heels of
+the dissipation and thoughtlessness they have occasioned. Lotteries
+are made by legislation, (which ought to be much better employed,)
+a species of legalized gambling, altogether destitute, in every
+point of view, of the slightest recommendation, to the countenance
+and patronage of the public. Being thus prejudicial to individual
+and social happiness, is it not to be lamented, that respectable
+editors instead of branding it as they ought, with its proper
+characteristics; should, to augment the profits of their papers,
+give to this system of deception, the widest circulation, among all
+classes of readers. These gentlemen should remember, that pecuniary
+sacrifices should sometimes be made at the shrine of virtue.
+
+  [2] Proverbs ch. xxviii. 22d verse.
+
+Another source of imposture may be traced to the venders of QUACK
+MEDICINES. Few persons are, perhaps, aware of the amount of this
+tax, levied by unprincipled charlatans, on the afflicted and
+credulous portion of the community. But it is not their money
+only that is sacrificed, but frequently their constitutions and
+their lives. He, whose constant companions have long been Pain and
+Disease, is easily persuaded to listen to the confident promises of
+impudent pretenders to medical science. He indulges the flattering
+but false anticipation of returning health, until his symptoms
+assume an incurable character, and nature gives him the "signal
+for retreat." It is not to be expected, that for all the multiform
+shapes which vice is constantly assuming, remedies can be furnished
+by statutory provision. For many evils, and some of them of a
+positively mischievous character, no other cure can be relied on
+with certainty, than the virtue and intelligence of the public. In
+proportion as these shall be cultivated, will be the augmentation
+of social enjoyment, and the increasing splendour of the orb of
+truth.
+
+It has been observed by an eminent writer, that although all
+argument is against the existence of GHOSTS, all opinion is in its
+favour.--The celebrated JOHN WESLEY, it is said, believed in them;
+and EDWARD CAVE asserted confidently, though he avoided dwelling
+on the subject, that he had himself seen an apparition.--The
+story of Mrs. VEAL, prefixed to Drelincourt on Death, though not
+conclusive, tended to strengthen such opinions. Few of those who
+held them, were countenanced by stronger evidence than that detailed
+in the following authentic narrative. In the earlier periods of
+the settlement of Pennsylvania, public houses of entertainment
+were few and distant from each other. A farmer, who resided in
+Montgomery then Philadelphia county, was returning from market at
+a late hour, of a cold winter night. As he was passing a meeting
+house, he discovered through the interstices of the door, a light
+which proceeded from a fire-place; there having been public worship
+held there during the preceding day. Having dismounted and hitched
+his horse, he proceeded to the door, and having opened it, beheld
+a large fire burning, a man laying before it, and between this
+mysterious personage and the door, a coffin! He instinctively shrunk
+back, as the time, the place, and the circumstances he witnessed,
+were well calculated to produce considerable excitement.--Summoning
+his resolution, however, he advanced to the fire-place, where he
+found a person asleep, and a new coffin along side of him. The man
+informed him, that being a joiner, he was employed to make a coffin
+for a relation who died a few miles above, and that he was taking
+it up from Germantown where he resided. It appeared that they had
+both turned in with the same object, to warm themselves; and the
+honest farmer was pleased to find the spectral apparition subside
+into a sober reality. How fortunate would it be if on all occasions,
+investigation were equally honest and determined. Then, indeed,
+would error and falsehood frequently be forced to "SHAME AND LIGHT."
+                                                                 ☞
+
+
+
+
+FOR THE RURAL MAGAZINE.
+
+THE VILLAGE TEACHER.
+
+
+My favourite occupation between school hours, during the Spring
+and Summer, is GARDENING. The munificence of some village Lorenzo
+has bequeathed, for the use of the schoolmaster, several acres of
+ground, well situated for tillage or ornamental purposes. Since
+I have been the incumbent, I have taken much pains to improve it
+by surrounding the chief part with hedges of cedar and thorn, and
+planting a good selection of fruit and forest trees. The lower part
+of the field is in grass, and a winding gravel walk leads from one
+group of trees to another. Here, according to their various tastes
+and habits, may be seen the magnolias of our own and the southern
+states, the walnut, the locust, the elm, the tulip tree, and the
+different varieties of pine, and larch, and fir, which it has been
+my study to arrange so as to diversify the view, and exhibit as
+much as my slender means would allow, the great families into which
+the vegetable kingdom is divided. A brook as clear as crystal
+babbles along through an adjoining lot, and enters mine towards the
+lower end. I have conducted it to a natural hollow in the ground,
+and have thus, at a trifling expense, formed a fish-pond, which adds
+greatly to the beauty of my little domain, and furnishes me not only
+with wholesome food for my own and my friends' tables, but is well
+suited, from the natural moisture of its banks, for the cultivation
+of many of our beautiful ferns and aquatic plants. The middle of
+the lot I have planted with the various fruit trees in which our
+climate is so rich, if, indeed, it may not challenge a competition
+in this respect with the world. The upper and smaller portion of the
+lot, I have appropriated to what is called gardening in the stricter
+sense of the word. In marking out the walks, I have endeavoured to
+follow, as nearly as I could, what the painters, perhaps a little
+fantastically, call the line of beauty, so as to have but few sharp
+corners or square beds. At the prominent angles and the centres
+of the beds, are planted the Rhododendron; the two Kalmias; the
+scarlet, the tri-coloured and the flowering Azaleas; the Clethra
+and the Philadelphus, mingling with the most beautiful of the
+domesticated foreign shrubbery--the different Roses, Honeysuckles,
+and Jessamines. Underneath, and among this shrubbery, are seen
+the blue and scarlet Lobelias, the native Lily, the Gerardia, the
+Arethusa, the Orchis, the Bartsia, the Epigea, and all those
+beautiful flowers that spring up in our woods and meadows, and so
+frequently bloom and die unseen or unappropriated. These native
+flowers make a fine show and not an unfavourable comparison even
+with those beauties of Europe and the East that I have been able to
+collect and arrange by their side.
+
+I have been thus particular and egotistical in describing my garden,
+perhaps from vanity, but partly from a wish that the plan may be
+followed. Our native shrubbery and flowers are not surpassed in
+beauty and splendour by those of any region in the temperate zone,
+and many of them in magnificence of foliage and colours are truly
+tropical. They are sought for abroad with great eagerness, and form
+an indispensable part of every gentleman's collection. I wish it
+were more the custom for our farmers and cottagers to domesticate
+them in their gardens and around their houses.--They improve
+materially by cultivation, and new varieties are frequently formed.
+What can be a more beautiful ornament to the front of a farm-house,
+or a neat white-washed cottage, than a Sweet-briar, winding between
+the windows and over the door? or the Carolina Passion flower, the
+Alleghany Vine, the Clematis, or the scarlet Trumpet flower? These
+rural decorations add more than one would imagine, who had not tried
+them, to the innocent pleasures of a family; they have no small
+influence in forming the taste of children; they form a favourite
+retreat for the birds; and they fling over the whole country an air
+of peace, and contentment, and innocent enjoyment, which no one,
+who has not travelled in the more beautiful and retired parts of
+England, can fully appreciate.
+
+I recollect once in riding through the valley of Chester county with
+some foreign gentlemen, that they were struck with the nakedness and
+rudeness of the farm-houses. It appeared to them the most beautiful
+region they had ever seen, and they exclaimed, with one voice, that
+the inhabitants did not seem worthy of possessing it. On the side
+of some sloping hill and in front of a lawn as smooth as velvet, or
+laden with the riches of the harvest, would be seen a barn and a
+house that looked as if the master and horse had changed lodgings,
+both of rude unhewn stone, without a single tree, or shrub, or a
+trailing vine, for shade or ornament. Such an insensibility to the
+beauties of rural decoration, in a region where every thing seems
+calculated to call out and quicken the taste, is unnatural, and can
+only arise from sordid habits or ignorance.
+
+If these hasty remarks should call the attention of our farmers to
+the subject, and induce them to devote some of their leisure hours
+to the ornamenting of their grounds, I shall be richly rewarded;
+and I can promise to them also a rich reward.--Their houses will be
+more cool and healthful, and they will find that by encouraging in
+their children a taste for gardening, and for observing the native
+beauties of our forests, their fondness for the innocent pleasures
+of home and for reading will be increased, together with that
+unambitious ease and industry which form the distinguishing traits
+in the character of a virtuous peasantry.
+
+I began this paper with a design to eulogise the art of gardening,
+and investigate its effects on the mind. I have been diverted,
+however, from my purpose, and must, in a future number, resume the
+disquisition.
+
+
+
+
+FOR THE RURAL MAGAZINE.
+
+THE AFRICAN PEOPLE.
+
+
+It does not appear that sufficient consideration is given to the
+case of those black people, who have been rendered free by or under
+the laws of the states and old provinces, from the earliest period.
+We have established in the city and county of Philadelphia, in
+Pennsylvania, _a system professing to be for the universal education
+of the poor_, at the public expense, to which the black people, by
+the taxes upon their real property, consumption taxes, and all the
+taxes of the whites (except the little personal or occupation tax,)
+actually contribute. It cannot be denied, that many of them are as
+truly among the poor, as the most and least poor of the white heads
+of families, whose children are admitted to this _constitutional_
+and legal provision. The blacks also pay all the consumption duties
+on imported foreign articles, so far as they consume them.
+
+We ought to consider the very low state of the proper blacks in
+Africa, where their uncivilized condition has long been most
+unhappily made worse by the neighbourhood of the four Saracen or
+Moorish piratical States of Barbary, devoted to military plunder,
+the slavery of the whites and blacks, and the imposter superstitions
+of Mahomet, sacrilegiously pretending to add himself to the Almighty
+in the government of his church and his earth. Besides these, the
+slave dealers of the world have resorted to the African ports and
+islands, and have combined with powerful, avaricious, and inhuman
+princes and dealers, in that country, to make out a course of slave
+traffic with every nation, in whose system of industry African
+slaves are more profitable and efficient than white labourers. From
+the islands of Bourbon, Mauritius and Madagascar, round by the Cape
+of Good Hope and up to the Saracen or Moorish kingdom of Morocco,
+this system has long prevailed. It is unhappily true, that the
+great collection of proper Negro districts of Africa, remain now
+in the darkest state of irreligion, immorality and incivilization.
+It is also true, that this is so rooted in their system, that the
+actual transfer, since the year 1620, of a number of Africans
+to this country now amounting, with their descendants, to about
+one million and a half of the unmixed and mixed breeds, is to be
+considered as _a great and complicated dispensation of Divine
+Providence_, drawing that numerous people into the bosom and body of
+an enlightened nation, averse to the traffic, from the date of the
+_first_ act of Virginia of 1778, _abolishing the slave trade_, to
+the present consummation of that prohibition, under the laws of the
+Union. We have gone, _first_ in Pennsylvania, one step further by
+our act of 1780, which, while it unhappily recognized _the slavery
+of all the living_, instead of emancipating three or four thousand
+at the public expense, or at the expense of the holders, confined
+its operation to establishing the freedom of those who should be
+_thereafter_ born of the slaves held and continuing to be held among
+us.
+
+In order, so far as in us lies, humbly to justify and bless the
+dispensation of Providence, which has drawn these people out of the
+gloomy abyss of the human family in the vast African black-peopled
+district, stained as it unhappily partially is even by the awful
+cannibal practice, and by human sacrifices, let us, of Pennsylvania,
+who have been first to make their native American _posterity_
+free, be the most distinguished, _in justice to their submissive
+and patient early labours in forming our fair old province_, in
+dispensing to them the benefits of that religious, moral, scholastic
+and professional education, without which they cannot live in the
+good hopes of this their earthly residence or of the world beyond
+the grave.--It is well understood, that our city and county school
+system is not practically and effectually extended to the poor black
+people. An appeal is respectfully made to the friends of religion,
+morals, useful knowledge, and general industry, whether we ought not
+to dispense to them a more generous, just and civilized freedom.
+If we mean to avoid arguments against the gradual and ultimate
+abolition of slavery, let us endeavour to instruct them in all those
+things, which will enable them to labour with advantage, to get
+their own living in the progressive station on this continent, to
+which it has pleased God to suffer them to be transferred. To the
+black people themselves, it is proper to recommend a very modest and
+good conduct in all things, without which _they_ cannot succeed, nor
+can the endeavours of _their best friends_ be availing and effectual.
+
+_A Friend of all the Poor._
+
+
+
+
+FOR THE RURAL MAGAZINE.
+
+ON GIMCRACKERY.
+
+
+The invention of new instruments and machines is among the noblest
+exertions of the human faculties. It is said to be considered by
+some philosophers as the most striking distinguishing character
+between our species and the brute creation, that man is a
+_tool-making_ animal. He is certainly the only one who selects his
+instruments with care and adapts them to his purposes, by altering
+their shape and structure. At any rate, the temporal advantages
+which we possess over the beasts, are universally, perhaps,
+obtained through this medium. As this is the case, one might suppose
+that they who invent and improve these engines of superiority,
+would receive the homage of their fellow men to their talents and
+thanks for their benefit to the human race. Why, then, what is
+called Gimcrackery should fall into disrepute, is an inquiry of some
+curiosity.
+
+We cannot well deny the truth of the very common remark, that
+inventors are very apt to fail of realizing, by their ingenuity, a
+solid provision for life; nor can we well avoid concluding, that
+of the many contrivances daily offered to the public, that the
+probability of any one becoming permanently useful is very small
+indeed. When we consider, however, that the great mass of these
+inventions are designed for the attainment of wealth, and that such
+an amount of skill and ingenuity are employed, the above conclusions
+cannot fail to appear singular. One would think inventors could not,
+with these acknowledged talents, well fail of at least securing
+their own independence, although their schemes may not be profitable
+to others. If, however, we analyse the motives by which such persons
+are guided, we shall find, I think, some explanation.
+
+There are few if any men who are not more or less influenced by a
+desire of some species of fame or distinction, although, in many
+of the common situations of life, this does not interfere with the
+pursuit of wealth, and only shows itself in moments of relaxation
+from the toils of necessity. For one who wishes to signalize himself
+in his trade or profession, and who is swayed by that desire as a
+ruling passion, there are probably many who seek to gratify their
+pride, by the pursuit of eminence in other things. People aim at
+distinction in conversational wit, in politics, philosophy or even
+drinking or gaming; while the hours devoted to business are guided
+by the wish for property alone, undisturbed by the love of fame.
+In the persons of whom we are speaking, this feeling, inseparable
+from the nature of man, has a powerful influence on their serious
+business. They are not to get wealth only, but distinction, by their
+talents; and I question much whether they are not more under the
+influence of a wish for the latter than the former. Praise is most
+generally, at least in this instance, gained by a single exertion,
+and by the study of a short time. The invention once made, and its
+applicability rendered plausible, all further contemplation of the
+subject is accompanied by an exulting hope that fills and occupies
+the mind. But applying either inventions or any other means to the
+common business of life, is a more monotonous, common-place labour,
+that affords no high and exhilarating excitement to persevere. The
+consequence too often is that the inventor quits one hopeful scheme
+before it is half reduced to practice, to fly to something still
+more new; showing by this that he is fonder of the act of inventing
+than of making money by the results. Of this preference of fame to
+wealth, a striking instance is often afforded by those illiterate
+persons who follow this pursuit. These often voluntarily abstain
+from studying the scientific labours of their predecessors, of which
+I have known instances, in order to preserve the originality of
+their projects, though frequently at the expense of their perfection
+and utility. If, then, the larger portion of the labour of these men
+is devoted to the attainment of celebrity, they can hardly quarrel
+with results of their own making, nor expect fortune to come to
+their hands unsought.
+
+Persons who wish to acquire wealth, or, in fact, to achieve any
+permanent end, are generally obliged to use steady perseverance, and
+to apply all the talents they are masters of for a length of time.
+Precisely the same is the case with inventors. That inventor meets
+with very extraordinary success indeed, who is not obliged, in the
+application of his plans to a useful purpose, to employ prudence
+and economy, and all those qualities which enable a man to conduct
+business to advantage and to influence the minds of others. Hence it
+is that inventions so often lie for a length of years, forgotten or
+neglected, till some one of less originality, but more perseverence,
+influence and mercantile calculation, carries them into effect with
+advantage.
+
+The want of being acquainted with the efforts and discoveries of
+predecessors is the cause of prodigious waste of time and talent.
+Hence the thousand schemes for perpetual motion, and a variety of
+other attempts scarce less extravagant, because made with equal
+ignorance. And, in fact, there is a strong tendency in having
+acquired the knowledge of the labours of others, to clip the wings
+of invention, and render men of learning much less apt to attempt
+novelties than while they knew less.
+
+Extravagance in pecuniary matters is another frequent cause of the
+ruin of ingenious artists and of those who trust in them. This is
+shown, both in imprudently investing considerable sums of money
+without a reasonable probability of a return, and in the general
+lavish style in which such men often live and experiment.
+
+In fact, to turn inventions to advantage, requires the singling
+out of one good, feasible plan, mercantile prudence in calculating
+probabilities, and mercantile economy in the conduct of the
+business, together with perseverence enough to prevent marring one
+scheme by prematurely beginning another. These qualities are so
+rarely found in combination with mechanical originality, or, indeed
+with that restless versatility which keeps men on the search for its
+productions, that it will perhaps always continue to be generally
+the case; that one man shall invent and persuade another to make
+experimental trials, but a third, and one totally unconnected with
+either, if any one, shall reap the increase.
+
+  S. C.
+
+
+
+
+FOR THE RURAL MAGAZINE.
+
+THE PRODUCTIONS OF THE EARTH.
+
+
+No subject can more deeply interest the planters and farmers of
+this country. Our merchants can export every American production
+without duty, tax or impediment. We have all the benefits of a
+foreign, coasting, and interior trade, free as to our own laws, and
+the national government are constantly engaged in negotiations and
+regulations calculated to soften or remove the inconveniences of
+foreign monopolies in commerce and navigation. Such measures are
+pending now with Britain and France.
+
+When trade has exhausted its power to find a profitable market,
+abroad or at home, the conversion of our unsaleable surplus produce
+into new forms, commonly denominated _domestic manufactures_,
+becomes an object of reasonable consideration. It is well known,
+that the cultivated soil and the bowels of the earth give us the
+following principal objects as the fruits of the culture of the
+land, or as its spontaneous productions. 1, Hemp; 2, Flax; 3, Wool;
+4, Iron; 5, Silk; 6, Hides and Skins; 7, Sugar; 8, Indigo, Woad,
+Madder; 9, Grass; 10, Grain; 11, Wood; 12, Tobacco, and 13, Cotton.
+Such has long been the unforced state of our manufacturing industry,
+that in 1797, in 1810, and in 1819, we did not export any surplus
+or quantity, however small, of the first eight of those valuable
+productions. Our manufacturers, without the war or double, or
+present duties, bought at home and worked up the whole. The returns
+of exports prove, that we did not ship any part of several of
+those articles, and if we shipped a little of some, we imported a
+greater weight and value of the same kinds of foreign produce or raw
+materials.
+
+Of the 9th article, Grass or Hay, we shipped very little, screwed
+into compact bundles for the West Indies.
+
+Of the 10th, Grain, with some Fruit and Molasses, we have a brewery
+and distillery, a cider and general liquor manufacture, equal to
+forty millions of gallons, and requiring a quantity of produce equal
+to the value of sixteen millions of bushels of grain, of which above
+seven-eighth parts are drawn from our own lands. This is equal to
+the value of seven millions of barrels of flour, and we did not
+ship to foreign countries, in 1819, more than 750,000 barrels. It
+is plain, that the liquor manufactories of the United States (to
+which we are adding wine, worth to France 100,000,000 dollars,)
+are a very principal support of our agriculture.--We also make of
+grain, quantities of starch, hair-powder, sizing, paste, ship bread,
+wafers and vermicelli, hominy, firmity, soft bread, pastry and
+other preparations of grain. It is converted into fatted cattle,
+hogs and poultry. Ingenuity is and should be on the stretch to
+employ and profitably consume grain. Pork and beef maintain better
+prices abroad than the grain (or meal thereof,) with which we feed
+cattle and hogs. The prohibition of spirits, and the distillation of
+molasses, in St. Domingo, will cut off our supply of molasses.
+
+Of the 11th article, Wood, we have now one manufacture (our sea
+vessels, coasters, river and other boats,) worth 40 or 50 millions
+of dollars. We manufacture, for exportation, from 120 to 180
+millions of staves, heading, hoops, boards, scantling, plank, and
+we have an immense cooperage for foreign and domestic sale and
+use. Besides buildings, fences, cabinet ware, carriages, ploughs,
+harrows, handspikes, turnery, boxes, cases, faggots, cord-wood, &c.
+&c., to a vast amount, profiting the owners and clearers of wood
+lands.
+
+12. Tobacco, of which we manufacture nearly all we consume, and
+fabricate as much for exportation, probably, as we import in a
+manufactured state for our consumption. We could manufacture a
+quantity of tobacco equal to the supply shipped by all Europe.
+
+Of Cotton, we are supposed to manufacture 30,000,000 of pounds,
+shipping above three times that weight to foreign countries. We
+yearly increase in the goodness, fineness, utility, variety and
+value of our cotton manufactures. The looms of the United States
+were, in A. D. 1810, 325,000, of which North Carolina and Virginia,
+cotton and wool states, had the most, being each nearly 41,000
+looms. The water and steam are well established, and work lower than
+the cheapest hand looms of Europe or Asia.
+
+The plain instruction, of these genuine facts, to our planters
+and farmers, is, to encourage household manufactures, and all
+other manufactures on the estates, at the doors, in the townships,
+villages, and counties in which they live, consuming raw materials,
+building materials, food for man and beast, fuel, drinks, and other
+productions of the earth. This system of adjacent manufactures saves
+all the cost of transportation of our productions to the sea-ports,
+and the expense of carrying foreign goods from the sea-ports to the
+interior, more profitable than canals and turnpike roads.
+
+Every judicious member of the agricultural body must be a friend
+to the freedom and encouragement of our foreign commerce, as
+affording a constant and sure market for a considerable portion of
+the productions of the earth. But, that manufactures afford also
+a very great and sure market for a larger variety, quantity and
+value of our landed productions, is no less manifest and certain.
+The nail mill, the paper mill, the screw mill, the brewery, the
+spinning and weaving mills, the calico printing mill, the pottery,
+and many other works and arts to fabricate useful necessary supplies
+out of our raw materials, will (including all our manufactures) be
+worth, in the whole of 1820, more than five times the value of our
+exported goods for sale in foreign countries. Let every farmer,
+planter, iron-master, &c., therefore, encourage manufactures in his
+household, on his estate, and in his neighbourhood, as the surest
+method of making a profitable home demand, without the expense
+of transportation, for the fruits of his labour, and the natural
+productions of his forests, mines and quarries. We purposely avoid
+to urge forcing and protecting duties, referring only to those
+existing, which have been ordained principally for the purpose
+of raising the requisite public revenue. We do not interfere in
+the agitation of the question about protecting duties. We believe
+the cheapness of produce and labour and improved machinery and
+labour-saving processes, will occasion manufactures to prosper and
+increase, and thus to support the growers of produce and the owners
+of the land, beyond even our free and valuable trade. To this, the
+duties laid for revenue, for defence, and for the encouragement of
+agriculture, will materially contribute; such as the impost upon
+East India cotton goods, of 27½ to 62½ and even 80 and 90 per
+cent., as made entirely of foreign cotton, rival to our cotton,
+flax, hemp, wool and silk.
+
+
+
+
+FOR THE RURAL MAGAZINE.
+
+EXTRACTED FROM THE MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS OF C. E.
+
+
+     _On the increase of the Domestic Sugar of the United States._
+
+It would seem to be a great acquisition to our country, if we could
+produce from our own soil whatever sugar might be necessary for
+our own consumption, without having recourse to foreign Islands
+or nations; it will therefore be satisfactory, I apprehend, to all
+lovers of their country to find that we are already making rapid
+advances, as will appear to any person who attentively weighs the
+following items of information, collected at different times from
+our public newspapers; from whence it may be inferred, that before
+many years have expired a supply sufficient for our own use will be
+furnished within our own territories.
+
+1812, January 10--Albert Gallatin, Esq. then Secretary of the
+Treasury, informed the Committee of Ways and Means, in a letter,
+that the Western States were then entirely supplied with salt of
+domestic produce; and that they consumed annually seven millions of
+pounds of sugar, made from the Sugar Maple tree, which, says he, is
+nearly all they use. Now, if in 1812 the _Western_ States produced
+7,000,000 pounds of sugar from such trees, it is probable that in
+1820, _they_ would produce not less than 10,000,000 in a year. If to
+this we add what is yielded in the states of Vermont, New York, and
+Pennsylvania, it seems likely that the whole amount of such sugar,
+now made annually in the United States, is not less than 15 millions
+of pounds.
+
+By a publication in a late newspaper, it appears that there were
+exported from New Orleans, in six months preceding 1st May, 1820,
+15,652 hogsheads of sugar; all this no doubt was of their own growth
+and produced from the Sugar Cane. I am informed by a dealer in
+sugar, that the sugar hogsheads of New Orleans do not average less
+than 1000 pounds to each hogshead, making, in six months, 15,652,000
+pounds, and in the whole year probably 20,000,000 pounds; total of
+sugar from the Sugar tree and Cane, 35,000,000 pounds annually.
+This exhibits a very rapid increase in the amount of sugar made,
+as I think Secretary Gallatin, in an older communication, not 20
+years ago, stated that New Orleans at that time exported only about
+2,000,000 of pounds of sugar.
+
+The supply now furnished as above will probably be greatly augmented
+in future years, from the same sources.
+
+Add to these the prospect of sugar to be raised or produced from the
+Cane in Carolina and Georgia, as may be collected from the following
+items, selected from the newspapers also, viz.
+
+In 1814, Thomas Spalding made on Sapelo Island, in lat. 31½, as
+much as 95 hogsheads of excellent sugar, equal to Jamaica, from
+Canes he had planted there.
+
+In 1815, Major Butler, on his plantation in South Carolina, produced
+by the labour of seventeen hands, off of 85 acres of land, 140,000
+pounds of sugar, and 75 hogsheads of molasses.
+
+Also, John M'Queen, off of 18 acres, had 20,000 Canes per acre,
+worked by five or six hands; 5,000 Canes, the produce of one quarter
+of an acre, yielded 600 gallons of juice, which boiled down made
+672 pounds sugar, and may lose 50 pounds in draining, leaving 622
+pounds; or per acre, of sugar, 2,488 pounds.
+
+Again, as to the Sugar Maple tree, or as some say it is more
+properly styled, "The Sugar Tree;" in 1815, 64,000 pounds of sugar
+were made in the town of Plattsburgh, Clinton county, New York. In
+1818, 22,000 pounds were made by 80 families, in one township in
+Bradford county, Pennsylvania, which is on an average 275 pounds to
+each family.
+
+There can be little doubt but that arrangements might be made by
+some of the merchants of Philadelphia, to procure a regular supply
+of the best Sugar Tree sugar, for the accommodation of such persons
+as are religiously scrupulous of using sugar made from the Cane,
+which is produced by the labour of slaves.
+
+I have seen Maple sugar with which sufficient pains had been taken
+in the making and draining, that was as handsome in its appearance
+and as well tasted and good in every respect, I thought, as any West
+India sugar I had ever seen, and when refined equal to any loaf
+sugar. Of which, I remember H. D. of this city, merchant, since
+deceased, about the year 1789, sent some boxes as a present to
+general Washington, then president of the United States, residing in
+New York.
+
+Near twenty years ago, when little domestic sugar was made in the
+United States, I computed from the duties paid, that the whole
+consumption of sugar annually in our country, then, was about
+ten pounds for every individual, on an average. There are now, I
+suppose, ten millions of inhabitants in the United States, who, at
+the above ratio, would consume annually 100,000,000 pounds sugar, of
+which we now make 35,000,000 lbs. per annum, as above calculated.
+
+Last winter there was an account in some of the newspapers, that
+a person in Virginia had obtained a patent for making sugar from
+wheat, rye or Indian corn; that it was good sugar, and that each
+bushel yielded fifteen pounds. I have heard no more of it, but
+if well founded, this would be the greatest acquisition of all,
+because, in every part of our country, sugar, without the use
+of slaves, could be made in the greatest abundance, and might
+beneficially supplant the practice of making so much pernicious
+whiskey, in places remote from sea-ports.
+
+From what has been now stated, there seems to be scarce room for a
+doubt, but that in a few years, we can be supplied from domestic
+sources with all the sugar we shall want for our own consumption.
+
+By an account of Joseph Cooper's native Grape Vine, published in
+your Rural Magazine, No. 7, page 247 as little doubt can exist but
+that with proper care by the farmers, our country may also be
+supplied with good wine, sufficient for our own use, and probably
+with more profit to the growers, than they can find by pursuing the
+old beaten track of adhering almost entirely to grain which is now
+so low in price.
+
+The southern and western parts of our territories would, probably,
+with proper encouragement, yield all the coffee and silk we might be
+able to consume.
+
+All these, and many other objects of culture, are proper for the
+attention, recommendation and encouragement of state legislatures,
+of agricultural societies, and of all patriotic members of society.
+Thus we may become, in time, really independent; and from the extent
+of our country, and the variety of its climates, come to consider
+our own dominions as a world of our own, producing nearly all that
+is necessary for the use of man, as Sir George Staunton, in his
+Embassy, says the Chinese consider their vast extensive empire. This
+consideration, probably, makes them in a great measure, regardless
+of foreign trade.
+
+  C. E.
+
+
+
+
+FOR THE RURAL MAGAZINE.
+
+ENCOURAGEMENT FOR FARMERS ON POOR LAND.
+
+
+It is believed, that many productions possess a delicacy in their
+qualities, when raised on light soils, which they have not, when
+grown on rich and fat soils. The wool produced on the poor South
+Down soils of Great Britain is far superior to the wool raised on
+the rich alluvion lands of Lincolnshire in that country. The wines
+produced among the gravels and pebbles of the _Medoc_ district near
+Bordeaux are much superior to the wines produced on the _palus_ or
+alluvion lands between the two rivers Lot and Garonne in the same
+vicinity. The Tesamum produces the most delicate oil from light
+soils. This suggestion is worthy of consideration and experiment
+in respect to animals, fruits, grains, and gardeners and farmers'
+vegetables.
+
+
+
+
+From the July No. of the North American Review.
+
+
+     _Letters écrites d'Italie en 1812 et 13, à M. Charles Pictet,
+     l'un des Rédacteurs de la Bibliothéque Britannique par Fréderic
+     Sullin de Chateauvieux. A Paris et à Genéve._ 1816, 2 vols.
+     12mo. pp. 576.
+
+Perhaps there are none of our natural advantages which it still
+remains for us fully to appreciate and avail ourselves of, so much
+as those which respect the agriculture of our country.
+
+Without running into all the errors of the economists or adopting
+their entire theory, we trust that we may assert the paramount
+importance of this pursuit, particularly to the United States. To
+every country it affords at least a partial, and often a complete
+subsistence for its population; it gives a constant and healthful
+employment to sometimes more than half and never less than a fifth
+of the community; its profits though not so large, are more certain
+than those in other employments of captal; and while it replaces the
+annual advance invested, a surplus profit has accrued, which can be
+employed as private interest and the public good may require.[3]
+But in the United States the cultivation of the soil has these
+and many more advantages; nay, it is intimately connected with our
+national character, because it powerfully acts upon the morals
+and constitution of our citizens. If it be true, that the torch
+of liberty has always burned with a purer and brighter lustre on
+the mountains than on the plains, it is still more true, that the
+sentiments of honour and integrity more generally animate the rough
+but manly form of the farmer, than the debilitated body of the
+artisan. There is in that primitive and honourable occupation, the
+culture of the earth, something which, while it pours into the lap
+of the state an increase beyond every other employment, gives us
+more than the fabled stone, not only a subsistence, but a placid
+feeling of contentment; not only creates the appetite to enjoy, but
+guarantees its continuance by a robust constitution, fortified with
+the safeguards of temperance and virtue.
+
+  [3] 'Farmers and country labourers, on the contrary, may enjoy
+  completely the whole funds destined for their own subsistence,
+  and yet augment at the same time the revenue and wealth of their
+  society. Over and above what is destined for their own subsistence,
+  their industry annually affords a neat produce, of which the
+  augmentation necessarily augments the revenue and wealth of their
+  society.' _Smith's Wealth of Nations,_ Vol. 111. p. 178.
+
+  'Farmers and country labourers, indeed, over and above the stock
+  which maintains and employs them, reproduce annually a neat produce,
+  a free rent to the landlord.' _Ibid_, p. 186.
+
+The anxiety of our countrymen to possess in fee a spot of ground
+however small, and the consequent paucity of leases, is a fact no
+less curious than it is solitary. This is not the case, or at least
+in any considerable degree, in any other country. Such indeed in
+Britain were formerly those small proprietors called franklins, who
+possessed a keen spirit of independence and a determined opposition
+to oppression; feelings which, with the alienation of their farms,
+have gradually departed from the breasts of their descendants.
+
+Notwithstanding, however, the ease with which the pride of
+independent possession may be gratified, it is not the less true
+that agriculture, instead of being a favoured, has been a degraded
+and unpopular pursuit; that instead of cherishing every motive
+which might lead to its honourable extension, we have endeavoured
+gradually to weaken its legitimate efforts. It is indeed a singular
+inquiry, why the cultivation of the soil among us should have been
+so little encouraged, when every state in Europe, since the peace
+of Aix-la-Chapelle, has turned its most assiduous attention to
+this most important department of domestic economy, and ultimately
+borrowed from it the resources which have carried them through the
+prodigious conflicts of the last generation.
+
+There have been many causes, certainly not all of equal efficacy,
+which have co-operated against the interests of agriculture. But
+there is a prominent one to which we can but just allude. During
+a very considerable period, since the peace of '83, the peculiar
+situation of Europe has afforded opportunities for commercial
+enterprise too tempting to be resisted.--American merchants
+received, in the lapse of a very few years, the most astonishing
+accessions of wealth; and fortunes, ordinarily the fruit of a
+laborious life, and never the portion of many, were amassed with
+unparalleled rapidity, and by large numbers. Our domestic prosperity
+more than equalled the extension of our trade. It was then that the
+compting-houses of our merchants were filled with youth from the
+country, who forsook the slower but surer emoluments of agriculture,
+for the mushroom but unsubstantial fortunes of commerce; nay, who
+preferred the meanest drudgery behind the counter of a retail
+dealer, to the manly and invigorating toil of the cultivator of
+his paternal acres. Unfortunately this spirit of migration was
+encouraged by too great a success in trade. Feelings of vulgar
+pride contracted in town caused the manual labour of the farmer
+to be regarded as degrading; this unworthy sentiment spread with
+baleful influence, and when the compting-houses became overstocked
+and afforded no longer a resource, it was no uncommon thing to see
+a young man with no qualifications but a little bad Latin picked up
+at a miserable village school, forsake a large and fertile farm and
+apprentice himself to a poor country attorney.
+
+Another cause of the depressed state of agriculture, mentioned in
+late publication,[4] is the constant emigration to the west. There
+must necessarily be a tendency to a most empoverishing system of
+cultivation, where people feel that after having extracted all
+the richness of the soil, they may throw it up and remove to a
+country, which offers them an untouched surface, and needs no
+artificial aid of composts or manure. The land, besides suffering
+from negligence consequent on the prospect of departure, will be
+worn out by successive crops, and long be rendered unfit for the
+most valuable dispositions of the agriculturist. Indeed we have been
+informed, that in many instances, when the land is almost ruined
+by the continued culture of tobacco, it is sold by the planter to
+some enterprizing and laborious individual, who may restore it by
+his patience and attention, while he himself removes to another
+spot, where the same wretched system of exhaustion may again be
+renewed.--There are other causes we might mention, such as the
+unwieldy size of our farms, and particularly the want of a regular
+enlightened farming system. But we cannot now stop to enter on these
+topics, but may notice them hereafter.
+
+  [4] Letters on the Eastern States.
+
+If then agriculture be so important an item in a nation's resources,
+affording such subsistence to its population, and a surplus
+capital to be employed in the various objects of national industry
+and enterprise, it would seem to follow, that nothing but very
+imperious circumstances should induce any government to repress its
+vigour, or palsy the exertions of those devoted to it. Immediately
+connected with such an attempt was the late bill before Congress,
+establishing a new tariff of duties. But why go back to a bill
+which was rejected? We answer, that it is not to be forgotten that
+private interest is one of the most powerful incentives to action,
+that the manufacturing interest is large and increasing, that one
+defeat will not discourage its partisans, and lastly, extraordinary
+as the fact may seem, that the bill in question, fraught with such
+varied evil, was thrown out by a majority of only _one_ vote in the
+senate. The tendency of this project was not only to introduce an
+unequal system of taxation, but first, by the destruction of a large
+part of our foreign commerce, to diminish very materially the market
+for our home products, and secondly, to divert a large portion of
+agricultural industry into the service of the loom and spinning
+jenny.
+
+But it will be asked, are manufactures then to be entirely
+neglected? Most certainly not. Still there is a certain limit, in
+a newly settled country with a thin population, beyond which their
+establishment is not only useless to government, but a burden to
+the people. It is undoubtedly true that the manufacture of articles
+of immediate necessity or very general circulation ought to be
+encouraged by a wise and provident people; but it ordinarily happens
+that these need no extraordinary patronage; their extended use
+soon gives a facility to the artist, which enables him to enter
+into competition with the foreigner, provided the raw material is
+to be found at home in any tolerable abundance. Thus we find that
+hats were manufactured in the colonies at a very early period;
+together with household furniture, saddlery, &c. they have long
+since ceased to be an article of importation. It is necessary for
+the well-being and security of a nation, that certain articles,
+should be manufactured within its limits, such as gunpowder, coarse
+clothing, and some others of a similar discription.--But the moment
+people attempt to force by means of high duties on foreign imports
+the production of a commodity, which, by reason of the extravagance
+of the wages of labour and other causes, must necessarily be sold at
+a much greater price than the imported one, their conduct would seem
+no less an affront to common sense, than a solecism in political
+economy.
+
+The United States possess a very restricted capital; and as the
+tilling of the soil requires comparatively much fewer advances than
+any other department of industry, that capital became immediately
+invested in agriculture. Land, cheap, and fertile, constituted
+a fund which gave a certain profit. And as the productions of
+the labour of more than five eighths of our population went to
+purchase foreign articles either of luxury or necessity, a great and
+profitable intercourse was constantly maintained with Europe. Under
+an equitable system of foreign duties, arising from this commerce,
+the expenses of government were defrayed, our debt gradually
+extinguished, and by a powerful but necessary re-action our
+agriculture improved and extended. But the tariff bill restricted a
+large and valuable commerce principally with Britain. It is not to
+be supposed that, while we refused the broadcloths and hardware of
+England, she would still continue to buy the same proportion of our
+cotton and tobacco. Our market then for these articles would be so
+far lost; and if we now feel the effects of a diminished demand for
+our produce in consequence of the establishment of peace in Europe,
+how can it be thought a wise policy to suffer other embarrassments
+and losses, by excluding ourselves entirely from every foreign port
+where we might calculate upon its sale? Where then is our produce
+to find a vent? For assuredly the most enthusiastic friend of
+domestic manufactures could never imagine, that the most extensive
+establishment of them could ever give an adequate consumption for
+the present amount of our agricultural productions.
+
+The bill then imposing heavy duties on foreign articles, besides
+diminishing the number of the cultivators of the soil, would in some
+degree operate as a tax on its fruits, because, while the price of
+manufactures was enormously increased, the value of produce would
+be more than proportionally diminished. For the cultivator, not
+only deprived of the benefit of a competition between the domestic
+and foreign consumer in the sale of his articles, is obliged to
+purchase those of his neighbour, at any price which his cupidity
+and the tariff may determine. The expenses of the state being still
+the same and its usual resources dried up, a general but unequal
+system of taxation would be adopted, which in fact, the farmer
+bending under the weight of this partial policy, is less able to
+pay whatever contribution may be levied. These assertions are by
+no means novel, they are mere corollaries from the plainest and
+most undoubted principles of political economy. Dr. Adam Smith, the
+great father of the science, and all whose views on this subject,
+though not acted upon in a country whose domestic policy was too
+firmly established to be changed without a most serious revolution,
+ought to have great weight with us in the adoption of any permanent
+system, speaks in this decided manner in his "Wealth of Nations,"
+vol. iii. p. 201. "It is thus that every system which endeavours,
+either by extraordinary encouragements, to draw towards a particular
+species of industry a greater share of the capital of the society,
+than what would naturally go to it; or by extraordinary restraints,
+to force from particular species of industry some share of the
+capital which would otherwise be employed in it; is in reality
+subversive of the great purpose which it means to promote. It
+retards instead of accelerating the progress of the society towards
+real wealth and greatness; and diminishes instead of increasing
+the real value of the annual produce of its land and labour. All
+systems either of preference or restraint therefore, being thus
+completely taken away, the obvious and simple system of natural
+liberty establishes itself of its own accord. Every man, as long as
+he does not violate the laws of justice, is left perfectly free to
+pursue his own interest his own way, and to bring both his industry
+and capital into competition with those of any other man or order of
+men." M. Say, a man no less remarkable for his practical knowledge
+of manufacturing industry, than his profound acquaintance with every
+branch of economical science, has given his marked disapprobation
+of that system which we are discussing. "Lorsqu'au travers de cette
+marche naturelle des choses," says he, "l'autorité se montre et dit:
+le produit, qu'on veut créer, celui qui donne les meilleurs profits,
+et par conséquent celui qui est le plus recherché, n'est pas celui
+qui convient, il faut qu'on s'occupe de tel autre; elle dirige
+évidemment une partie de la production vers un genre, dont le besoin
+se fait sentir davantage." Traité d'Economic Politique, tom. i. p.
+168. We can only refer to pages 172 and 201 for the expansion of
+these ideas. It is thus we find that the arguments adduced in favour
+of this system neither accord with the convictions of fact nor the
+suggestions of reason. Whenever the increasing capital devoted to
+the land can no longer be profitably employed, then manufactures
+will flourish and the surplus profits of agriculture be legitimately
+devoted to their support.
+
+During the late war, the prospect of large gains caused by the
+extravagant price of all European commodities, caused many persons
+in our country to embark their fortunes in cotton and woollen
+factories.--These factories were brought into being by a temporary
+and unnatural state of things. On the return of the peace of 1814,
+many of these manufacturing establishments came of necessity to an
+end. Some establishments remain and ought to succeed, because they
+prove that the profits of their capital may enter into competition
+with that employed in agriculture. In this case the transfer is not
+only natural but conducive to national wealth.
+
+But we are asked to patronise manufactures at the expense of
+agriculture, on the ground of our being rendered really more
+independent by them. This is, however, but an attempt to conceal
+private interest under the garb of patriotism,[5] and ought at least
+to awaken suspicion. We are not to be called _dependant_ merely
+because a state of war might give rise to many inconveniences. We
+can do without silks or broadcloths while we possess the real means
+of sustenance and defence. But these factories once established,
+say the advocates of this interest, the citizens ought to support
+them in their present languishing condition, and therefore ought
+not to buy, even at a much less price, foreign articles in
+preference to our own. The force and propriety of such reasoning
+would appear to be similar to that of a gardener, who having in
+winter devoted himself to the cultivation of flowers, &c., by means
+of artificial heat, should in the spring apply for an act of the
+municipal authority, forbidding all persons to pluck a daisy or
+violet in the field, and requiring them to resort to his hot-house.
+So far from there being a necessity for any interference on the
+part of government, we believe we may assert that our manufactures
+never were so flourishing as since the peace. It is true that
+many establishments have been broken up and much capital sunk,
+but it is a fact that those factories which are in the hands of
+individuals, have generally been successful, while those conducted
+by incorporated companies wanting the circumspection and prudence
+of private interest, have as often become bankrupt. In the western
+states this branch of business has greatly improved, and recent
+information enables us to affirm, that the profits which are now
+realised are nearly as large as those during the war. In the east,
+we might cite an instance, which must put down all cavil on this
+subject. The cotton factory at Waltham near Boston, begun when
+manufactures were by no means in so promising a situation as at
+present, is a triumphant answer to every one who demands additional
+encouragement for the loom, and a new tax on his brethren to extend
+its operations.
+
+  [5] "Qui est-ce qui solicite des prohibitions ou de forts droits
+  d'entrée dans un état? ce sont les producteurs de la denrée dont il
+  s'agit de prohiber la concurrance, et non pas les consommateurs.
+  Ils disent, c'est pour l'intérêt de l'état; mais il est clair
+  que c'est pour le leur uniquement.--N'est-ce pas la même chose,
+  continuent-ils, et ce que nous gagnons n'est-il pas autant de
+  gagné pour notre pays? point de tout:--ce que vous gagnez de cette
+  manière est tiré de la poche de votre voisin, d'un habitant du même
+  pays; et si l'on pouvait compter l'excédant de dépense fait par les
+  consommateurs, en consequence de votre monopole, on trouverait qu'il
+  surpasse le gain que le monopole vous a valu." Traité d'Economie
+  Politique par Jean-Baptiste Say, tom. i. p. 203.
+
+But we hasten to return from our wanderings, and to introduce our
+readers to the work, of which we have prefixed the title to this
+article. It is in the form of letters addressed to Professor Pictet
+of Geneva, from various places in Italy, and contains the author's
+remarks upon that country. He dwells not on the palaces of Venice,
+neither worships at the altar of Roman genius in the Pantheon,
+but taking his silent way through the fields, he describes that
+which gave birth to both: he informs us of the processes of Italian
+farming, of the effects of irrigation, and of the general state
+of Italian agriculture. And, in our opinion, he has shewn as much
+taste in the execution of his design, as those travellers who have
+employed themselves upon inquiries commonly thought as interesting,
+but certainly not as useful. M. de Chateauvieux appears to be an
+enthusiastic admirer of the subject on which he writes, as well
+as to have a practical knowledge of all its details. His book is
+very little known among us, though it has lately been translated
+in England, and formerly occupied the attention of a celebrated
+critical journal of that country. It is our intention in this
+article to put our readers in mind of its existence.
+
+The author divides Italy into three regions, distinguished by
+their different systems of cultivation.--The first extends from
+mount Cenis and the Alps of Suza to the shores of the Adriatic.
+The fertility of Lombardy is proved by the constant succession of
+its crops, and to this province he has given the name of "Pays de
+Culture par assolement," or the district of culture by rotation of
+crops. The second of the regions reposes on the southern declivity
+of the Appenines, from the frontiers of Provence to the boundaries
+of Calabria. This is called the District of Olive trees, or, by
+an association somewhat forced, of Canaanitish culture. The third
+region is that of _Malaria_, or patriarchal cultivation, from a
+supposed resemblance, which we are still less able to enter into,
+between the shepherds of the older and the present time. It is found
+from Pisa to Terracina, and comprehends the plain between the sea
+and the first ridge of the Appenines.
+
+Lombardy has been often called the garden of Europe, and seems
+abundantly entitled to the appellation. The soil is not only rich
+and alluvial, but deep and perfectly level. The climate is humid,
+and the system of irrigation supplies water to almost every field.
+These circumstances, united to the heat of a southern sun, cause a
+most rapid and luxurious vegetation. Nothing can be more important
+in the economy of a farm than the situation of the farm-house
+and its out-buildings. In this respect our American farmers are
+lamentably deficient, and though we would not recommend as a model
+the one described by de Chateauvieux as common in Lombardy, still we
+think it would afford some valuable hints. The buildings raised on
+the four sides of a square, present on one side a central elevation
+of two stories. The lower part for the farmer, the upper story for
+his grain. Adjoining this, at each end, is a stable plastered so
+as not to let the dust descend, for the cows and oxen; the other
+three sides of the square are enclosed by a sort of portico, open
+within and supported by columns, which serves as a depository for
+straw, hay, &c.--This structure is about twenty-four feet broad, and
+fifteen high. Half the court is paved, the remainder is used for
+threshing out the corn, which, in the primitive way, is still done
+by horses. The place for manure is outside of the court. This plan
+presents the most space with the least building, and assures the
+preservation of every product.
+
+The farms in Lombardy are small, and do not often contain sixty
+arpents;[6] notwithstanding M. de Chateauvieux asserts against
+Arthur Young, that they bring more to market than the large farms,
+and that there is no country in the world which can dispose of so
+large a portion of its productions as Piedmont. If the fact be so,
+it may possibly arise from the peculiar character of the persons
+who cultivate the land.--Our author, however, remarks, that this
+system of small farms can never take place till the advances of
+capital have carried agriculture to its highest point. Lombardy is
+cultivated by a species of farmers, called _metayers_. They pay a
+small fixed rent, valued at one half the produce of the meadow,
+or forty francs the arpent. The clover belongs to them entirely;
+the crops of wheat, Indian corn, and flax, and the wine and silk
+are equally divided between them and their landlord. The latter
+advances nothing but the taxes, and of course must find such an
+arrangement singularly advantageous. Father and son continue the
+same engagement, without the formality of a lease or any registry
+of the contract. M. Say regards this system as unfavourable to
+agriculture, and in his treatise on Political Economy, book ii.
+chap. 9, vol. 2, says, "il y a des cultivateurs qui n'ont rien, et
+auxquels le propriétaire fournit le capital avec la terre: on les
+appelle des Métayers. Ils rendent communément au propriétaire la
+moitié du produit brut. Ce genre de culture appartient à un état peu
+avancé de l'agriculture, et il est le plus défavorable de tout aux
+améliorations des terres; car celui des deux, du proprietaire ou du
+fermier, qui ferait l'améliarition à ses frais, admettrait l'autre à
+jouir gratuitement de la moitié de l'interêt de ses avances."
+
+  [6] An arpent is to an acre nearly as five to four.
+
+(To be concluded in next Number.)
+
+
+
+
+POTATOES.
+
+
+MR. SOUTHWICK,
+
+I have stated in my former communications, the result of my
+experience in the cultivation of potatoes. So long as I practised
+setting my crop with small potatoes, the cullings of my potato bins,
+my crops degenerated, grew less and less for several years, and
+finally run entirely out.--I changed my practice, and the result has
+been a continued improvement for near ten years, both in quantity
+and quality. My practice has been to select the largest, soundest,
+and best potatoes for seed, to cut them into 4 quarters, and plant
+4 pieces in each hill in a square of about 9 inches. The results
+have been every way satisfactory. My potatoes have been large,
+constantly improving in size, earlier, better, and more abundant
+from year to year. I have never been nice enough to weigh my seed,
+to ascertain exactly whether a potato of one ounce or two ounces be
+as perfect a root as one of 6 or 12 ounces. My experience both in
+planting and in distillation has left on my mind a strong impression
+that small unripe seed is very improper, and very unprofitable. I
+am aware that many farmers hold firmly that small seed potatoes are
+as good as large ones; but I also know that I have sold potatoes to
+these men at 5 and 6 shillings per bushel, and some of them have
+been convinced that good seed was an object even at those prices.
+In the south I am aware that it is the practice almost uniformly to
+plant small sweet potatoes. But I am fully persuaded it is an error.
+To this cause I think may be justly attributed the decrease and
+deterioration in the crops of this valuable root.
+
+_Middlesex, August 3, 1820._
+
+  [_Plough Boy._
+
+
+
+
+ECONOMY IN FUEL.
+
+
+While economy is the order of the day, it may not be amiss to point
+out an item of which it is believed a general ignorance prevails. It
+is well known to philosophers that when water commences to boil in
+the open air no additional fire can make it any hotter. A contrary
+opinion prevails, and those employed in cooking victuals, in order
+to accelerate the operation think that they cannot make the fire
+too intense. The fuel added for this purpose is, in fact, not only
+a wanton waste, but by causing a violent ebulition, it forces from
+the victuals, with the steam its finest flavour. How much fuel in
+families might be saved if, in cooking, no more were used than to
+keep the water that is used just at the boiling point, and it is
+certain the victuals would be the better for it.
+
+  [_Ib._
+
+
+
+
+MAKING CIDER.
+
+
+     Directions for making sweet, clear Cider, that shall retain its
+     fine vinous flavour, and keep good for a long time in casks,
+     like wine.
+
+It is of importance in making cider, that the mill, the press, and
+all the materials be sweet and clean, and the straw clear from
+must. To make good cider, fruit should be ripe, (but not rotten)
+and when the apples are ground, if the juice is left in the pummice
+twenty-four hours, the cider will be richer, softer, and higher
+coloured; if fruit is all of the same kind, it is generally thought
+that the cider will be better; as the fermentation will certainly be
+more regular, which is of importance. The gathering and grinding of
+the apples, the pressing out of the juice, is a mere manual labour,
+performed with very little skill in the operation; but here the
+great art of making good cider commences; for as soon as the juice
+is pressed out, nature begins to work a wonderful change in it.
+The juice of fruit, if left to itself, will undergo three distinct
+fermentations, all of which change the quality and nature of this
+fluid. The first is the vinous; the second the acid, which makes it
+hard and prepares it for vinegar; by the third it becomes putrid.
+The first fermentation is the only one the juice of apples should
+undergo, to make good cider. It is this operation that separates the
+juice from the filth, and leaves it a clear, sweet, vinous liquor.
+To preserve it in this state is the grand secret; this is done by
+fumigating it with sulphur, which checks any further fermentation,
+and preserves it in its fine vinous state. It is to be wished that
+all cider makers would make a trial of this method; it is attended
+with no expense, and but little trouble, and will have the desired
+effect.
+
+I would recommend that the juice as it comes from the press, be
+placed in open headed casks or vats: in this situation it is most
+likely to undergo a proper fermentation, and the person attending
+may with correctness ascertain when this fermentation ceases; this
+is of great importance, and must be particularly attended to. The
+fermentation is attended with a hissing noise, bubbles rising to
+the surface and there forming a soft spongy crust over the liquor.
+When this crust begins to crack, and white froth appears in the
+cracks level with the surface of the head, the fermentation is about
+stopping. At this time the liquor is in a fine, genuine, clear
+state, and must be drawn off immediately into clean casks: and this
+is the time to fumigate it with sulphur. To do this, take a strip of
+canvas or rag, about 2 inches broad and twelve long; dip this into
+melted sulphur, and when a few pails of worked cider are put into
+the cask, set this match on fire and hold it in the cask, till it
+is consumed, then bung the cask and shake it, that the liquor may
+incorporate with and retain the fumes; after this fill the cask and
+bung it up. The cider should be racked off again the latter part
+of February or first of March; and if not as clear as you wish it,
+put in isinglass to fine it, and stir it well; then put the cask
+in a cool place, where it will not be disturbed, for the fining to
+settle. Cider prepared in this manner will keep sweet for years.
+
+It is certainly of great importance to the people of America to
+cultivate the fruit that is natural to the soil of their country,
+and to make the most of the fruit which the soil produces;
+especially, when its produce is an article of value and of great
+consumption in this country.
+
+  A LOVER OF GOOD CIDER.
+
+_Am. D. Adv._]
+
+
+
+
+CABBAGES FOR CATTLE.
+
+_Extract of a Letter._
+
+
+Having been in England, I have had an opportunity of observing many
+improvements in agriculture, which, if I were to see them adopted
+here, would give me the sincerest pleasure. Among the number of
+them, I think the culture of cabbages for fattening of cattle stands
+in the first rank. From strong soils, it may fairly be questioned
+whether any kind of winter provision can be raised of such weight
+and quality per acre, as the larger kind of cabbages. For cows, they
+surpass all other kinds of vegetables, and probably some method may
+be thought of, by which they may be conveniently preserved through
+our long winters. The colewort cabbage used to be in most esteem,
+but I understand that a variety of the large red kind is coming into
+use, and bids fair to drive out the Scotch drumhead, it being much
+more hardy. They are exceedingly well adapted to wet land, and will
+prove very productive where turnips cannot be raised to any good
+purpose. It is, unquestionably, a crop of far more use and value
+than the mangel wurzel, which has, in England, within these few
+years, been in such fashionable culture.
+
+In England and Scotland, I have seen the _parings of potatoes_
+planted as seed; and at the same time I was told that they yielded
+quite as plentifully as cuttings with three eyes, or even whole
+potatoes.
+
+I never had an opportunity of witnessing the result, but it may be
+worth while for some experimental agriculturist to plant some in
+this way, in order to prove or shew the fallacy of the assertion. I
+should recommend that they cut the parings about two-tenths of an
+inch in thickness, as those parings which I saw planted always had
+the eye left in them entire, and the root of the germ not in the
+least wounded.
+
+  [_St. John's paper._
+
+
+
+
+PRESENT STATE OF POMPEII.
+
+From William's Travels in Italy, Greece, &c.
+
+
+Pompeii, which was entombed in a softer substance, is getting
+daily disencumbered, and a very considerable part of this Grecian
+city is unveiled. We entered by the Appian way, through a narrow
+street of marble tombs, beautifully executed, with the names of
+the deceased plain and legible. We looked into the columbary below
+that of Marius Arius Diomedes, and perceived jars containing the
+ashes of the dead, with a small lamp at the side of each. Arriving
+at the gate, we perceived a sentry box in which the skeleton of a
+soldier was found with a lamp in its hand: proceeding up the street
+beyond the gate, we went into several streets, and entered what
+is called a coffee house, the marks of cups being visible on the
+stone; we came likewise to a tavern, and found the sign (not a very
+decent one) near the entrance. The streets are lined with public
+buildings and private houses, most of which have their original
+painted decorations fresh and entire. The pavement of the streets
+is much worn by carriage wheels, and holes are cut through the side
+stones, for the purpose of fastening animals in the market place;
+and in certain situations are placed stepping stones, which give us
+rather unfavourable ideas of the state of the streets. We passed
+two beautiful little temples; went into a surgeon's house, in the
+operation room of which chirurgical instruments were found; entered
+an ironmonger's shop, where an anvil and hammer were discovered; a
+sculptor's and a baker's shop, in the latter of which may be seen
+an oven and grinding mills, like old Scotch querns. We examined
+likewise an oilman's shop, and a wine shop lately opened, where
+money was found in the till; a school in which was a small pulpit
+with steps up to it, in the middle of the apartment; a great
+theatre; a temple of justice; an amphitheatre, about 220 feet in
+length; various temples; a barrack for soldiers, the columns of
+which are scribbled with their names and jests; wells, cisterns,
+seats, tricliniums, beautiful Mosaic; altars, inscriptions,
+fragments of statues, and many other curious remains of antiquity.
+Among the most remarkable objects were an ancient wall, with a part
+of a still more ancient marble freze built in it as a common stone;
+and a stream which has flowed under this once subterraneous city,
+long before its burial; pipes of Terra Cotta to convey the water
+to the different streets; stocks for prisoners, in one of which a
+skeleton was found. All these things incline one almost to look for
+the inhabitants, and wonder at the desolate silence of the place.
+
+The houses in general are very low, and the rooms are small, I
+should think not above ten feet high. Every house is provided with
+a well and a cistern. Every thing seems to be in proportion; the
+principal streets do not appear to exceed 16 feet in width, with
+side pavements of about three feet; some of the subordinate streets
+are from 6 to 10 feet wide, with side pavements in proportion; these
+are occasionally high, and are reached by steps. The columns of
+the barracks are about 15 feet in height; they are made of tuffa
+with stucco; one third of the shaft is smoothly plastered, the rest
+fluted to the capital. The walls of the houses are often painted
+red, and some of them have borders and antique ornaments, masks,
+and imitations of marbles, but in general poorly executed. I have
+observed, on the walls of an eating room, various kinds of food and
+game tolerably represented; one _woman's_ apartment was adorned
+with subjects relative to love; and a _man's_ with pictures of a
+martial character. Considering that the whole has been under ground
+upwards of seventeen centuries, it is certainly surprizing that
+they should be as fresh as at the period of their burial. The whole
+extent of the city, not half of which is excavated, may be about
+four miles. It is said that Murat employed no less than 2000 men in
+clearing Pompeii, and that Madame Murat attended the excavations in
+person every week. The present government have not retained above
+100.
+
+After visiting this extraordinary place, which certainly is the most
+interesting of all the wonders of Naples, we examined the museum of
+antiquities at Purtici. The collections of ancient paintings are
+curious and instructing, some of them containing exquisite pieces of
+art; one room is filled with representations of fruit and flowers,
+well painted and freely handled; some grapes in particular are
+remarkable for execution, quite transparent, with the touches of
+light on them judiciously placed to give effect and clearness. A
+second room contains various ornaments painted in a masterly manner,
+and with considerable ingenuity in the design. A third is covered
+with various animals and birds. Another apartment is filled with
+landscapes, but these are all extremely bad, having no perspective,
+nor any truth of colouring: indeed it would seem that the ancient
+painters had never given their mind to that delightful branch of
+the art. One landscape, however, with all its faults, interested me
+greatly, and that was a view of ancient Puteoli, (now Pozzuolo,)
+about six miles from Naples, supposed to have been painted before
+St. Paul landed there. The picture is, of course, very different
+from the present state of the city, but still a likeness may be
+traced, if we keep in view the site of the various temples and other
+objects, the foundations of which are still visible.
+
+Among the innumerable pictures which are crowded in several rooms, I
+shall mention the following, which, on slight examination, appeared
+to be among the best: _Sophonisba drinking the juice of Hemlock_,
+admirable in expression; _an Infant Hercules strangling Serpents_;
+_Jove_; _Leda and the Swan_; _the Graces_; _a Venus_; _Education
+of Bacchus_; _a Medusa's Head_:--these are all slight, but it is
+that slightness which conveys character and refinement of taste; a
+_Theseus_ as large as life, in a fine attitude and good expression:
+Two allegorical figures, representing the river _Nile and Egypt_;
+_the Education of Achilles_; _a beautiful Female suckling an
+aged Man_, (corresponding to the Roman Charity,) most delicately
+expressed: An _Academy of Music_, the figures small, exquisitely
+painted; harps and flageolets are the only instruments. Among the
+curious pictures is the interior of a school, in which the master is
+represented flogging a boy, who is upon another boy's back; so that
+the practice of _horsing_ is sanctioned by very ancient authority.
+Our attention was likewise attracted by a shoemaker's and a cook's
+shop; these last are but indifferently designed and painted; a
+Wilkie or an Allan would smile at such productions. All these
+are in fresco, on stucco grounds, and with a considerable polish
+on the surface. It does not seem that any glazing colours have
+been used, the effect being produced entirely by body colour. The
+ancients, however, as Pliny informs us, had a dark, yet transparent
+mixture, which they laid over their highly finished works, to give
+the delusion required. From the freshness and clearness of the
+colouring, they seem to have had the advantage of painting in oil,
+so far, at least, as durability is of advantage.
+
+The museum at Portici likewise contains many statues and busts of
+considerable merit; besides a great variety of culinary articles,
+and specimens, of calcined barley, beans, paste for bread, part
+of a roll, mustard-seed, straw, rye, pine tops, figs, cloth like
+tinder, fish nets, with corks attached to them, spunge, soap, rings,
+earrings, combs, thimbles, looking-glasses of polished metal, and
+a variety of emblems of luxury and taste, admirably executed. We
+examined them all with the keenest interest, though the impression
+would have been more gratifying, had they been left in the ancient
+towns in which they were discovered.
+
+
+
+
+From the Pennsylvania Gazette, Nov. 18, 1736.
+
+WASTE OF LIFE.
+
+BY. DR. FRANKLIN.
+
+
+Anergus was a gentleman of a good estate, he was bred to no
+business, and could not contrive how to waste his hours agreeably;
+he had no relish for any of the proper works of life, nor any taste
+at all for the improvements of the mind; he spent generally ten
+hours of the four and twenty in bed; he dozed away two or three
+more on his couch, and as many were dissolved in good liquor every
+evening, if he met with company of his own humour. Five or six of
+the rest he sauntered away with much indolence: the chief business
+of them was to contrive his meals, and to feed his fancy beforehand,
+with the promise of a dinner and supper; not that he was so very a
+glutton, or so entirely devoted to appetite; but chiefly because he
+knew not how to employ his thoughts better, he let them rove about
+the sustenance of his body. Thus he had made a shift to wear off
+ten years since the paternal estate fell into his hands: and yet,
+according to the abuse of words in our day, he was called a man of
+virtue, because he was scarce ever known to be quite drunk, nor was
+his nature much inclined to lewdness.
+
+One evening, as he was musing alone, his thoughts happened to take
+a most unusual turn, for they cast a glance backward, and began to
+reflect on his manner of life. He bethought himself what a number
+of living beings had been made a sacrifice to support his carcase,
+and how much corn and wine had been mingled with those offerings. He
+had not quite lost all the arithmetic that he learned when he was
+a boy, and he set himself to compute what he had devoured since he
+came to the age of man.
+
+"About a dozen feathered creatures, small and great, have one week
+with another (said he) given up their lives to prolong mine, which
+in ten years amounts to at least six thousand.
+
+"Fifty sheep have been sacrificed in a year, with half a hecatomb
+of black cattle, that I might have the choicest part offered weekly
+upon my table. Thus a thousand beasts out of the flock and the
+herd have been slain in ten years' time to feed me, besides what
+the forest has supplied me with. Many hundreds of fishes have, in
+all their varieties, been robbed of life for my repast, and of the
+smaller fry as many thousands.
+
+"A measure of corn would hardly afford fine flour enough for a
+month's provision, and this arises to above six score bushels; and
+many hogsheads of ale and wine, and other liquors, have passed
+through this body of mine, this wretched strainer of meat and drink.
+
+"And what have I done all this time for God or _man_? What a vast
+profusion of good things upon a useless life, and a worthless liver!
+There is not the meanest creature among all these which I have
+devoured, but hath answered the end of its creation better than I.
+It was made to support human nature, and it hath done so. Every crab
+and oyster I have eat, and every grain of corn I have devoured, hath
+filled up its place in the rank of beings with more propriety and
+honour than I have done: O shameful waste of life and time!"
+
+In short, he carried on his moral reflections with so just and
+severe a force of reason, as constrained him to change his whole
+course of life, to break off his follies at once, and to apply
+himself to gain some useful knowledge, when he was more than thirty
+years of age; he lived many following years with the character of
+a worthy man, and an excellent Christian; he performed the kind
+offices of a good neighbour at home, and made a shining figure as a
+patriot in the senate-house; he died with a peaceful conscience, and
+the tears of his country were dropped upon his tomb.
+
+The world, that knew the whole series of his life, stood amazed at
+the mighty change. They beheld him as a wonder of reformation, while
+he himself confessed and adored the divine power and mercy, which
+had transformed him from a brute to a man.
+
+But this was a single instance; and we may almost venture to write
+MIRACLE upon it. Are there not numbers of both sexes among our young
+gentry, in this degenerate age, whose lives thus run to utter waste,
+without the least tendency to usefulness!
+
+When I meet with persons of such a worthless character as this, it
+brings to my mind some scraps of Horace,
+
+    Nos numerus sumus, & fruges consumere nati.
+    ----Alcinoique Juventus
+    Cui pulchrum fuit in Medios dormire dies, &c.
+
+PARAPHRASE.
+
+    There are a number of us creep
+    Into this world, to eat and sleep;
+    And know no reason why they're born,
+    But merely to consume the corn,
+    Devour the cattle, fowl, and fish,
+    And leave behind an empty dish:
+    Though crows and ravens do the same,
+    Unlucky birds of hateful name;
+    Ravens or crows might fill their places,
+    And swallow corn and carcases.
+    Then, if their tombstone, when they die,
+    Ben't taught to flatter and to lie,
+    There's nothing better will be said,
+    _Than that they've eat up all their bread,  }
+    Drank all their drink, and gone to bed._    }
+
+There are other fragments of that heathen poet, which occur on such
+occasions; one in the first of his satires, the other in the first
+of his epistles, which seem to represent life only as a season of
+luxury.
+
+    ----Exacto contentus tempore vitæ
+    Cedat uti convivia statur----
+    Lusisti satus, edisti satis atque babisti;
+    Tempus abire tibi.
+
+Which may be thus put into English:
+
+    Life's but a feast; and when we die
+    Horace would say, if he were by,
+    Friend, thou hast eat and drank enough,
+    'Tis time now to be marching off:
+    Then like a well-fed guest depart,
+    With cheerful looks, and ease at heart;
+    Bid all your friends good night, and say,
+    _You've done the business of the day._
+
+
+
+
+LESSONS ON THRIFT.
+
+Published for general benefit, by a Member of the Save-all Club.
+
+
+The caprice of men at different periods has delighted to make much
+of some darling qualities idolized as virtues, while others, which
+could not be mistaken for vices, have been tacitly scorned as only
+fit to occupy grovelling minds, and avert reproach from those who
+could not aspire to praise.
+
+Among the latter we discover Frugality. What writer has ever
+thought of making his hero an economist? With a disposition to
+avoid unnecessary expense, it has long been assumed that a sordid
+and despicable parsimony must invariably be found, and the world
+has been accustomed to bestow its tenderest sympathies on the gay,
+florid, open-hearted rake, who having manifested a disposition to
+give, where he had nothing of his own to bestow, ruined those honest
+tradesmen who were credulous enough to trust him, and qualified
+himself for genteel society by visiting the King's Bench or the
+Fleet; while the man who disdained to be generous at the expense
+of others, who would not affect splendour which his means were
+inadequate to sustain, in fine, who denied himself enjoyments for
+which he could not honestly pay, has been treated with unsparing
+ridicule as a mean and pitiful plodder. Our citizens and traders
+have wisely joined to laugh this character out of countenance, and
+to applaud the swindling pleasantries of a profligate. Let them look
+to the effects of this--let them look to their legers, and see if
+they have not been merry _at their own expense_.
+
+If there be any truth in the remark dropped by one of the greatest
+ornaments of British literature, that "it would be well if fewer
+possessed the superfluities, and more the comforts of life;" in
+times like the present, it is desirable that mankind should be
+weaned from the admiration of that which ought never to have been
+defended--that madness and dishonesty should no longer be depicted
+as the gracefully irregular flow of youthful gayety; and that the
+modest virtues which find a friend in the author of "Lessons on
+Thrift," should be recalled from that exile to which they were
+doomed by sordid dissipation and unreflecting folly.
+
+But we must explain, as we proceed, to guard against mistake or
+representation. We do not wish to return to that enviable state,
+which we suppose some of our radical neighbours contemplate, when
+they talk of a "state of nature;" namely, that in which the first
+inhabitants of this island found themselves embowered in their
+native woods. We do not sigh for that economical simplicity which,
+according to Richard de Cirencester, made blue paint, applied to
+the human body, a substitute for clothing; nor do we even lift
+our voices against that most effeminate piece of luxury, as it
+was considered by some at the commencement of Queen Elizabeth's
+reign--the introduction of _chimneys to houses_. The votaries of
+luxury may think that, in the last instance, we make but a very
+slight concession; but the frightful effects of that departure
+from old English habits was once thought very alarming. We read
+in Hollingshed:--"Now have we many chimneys; and yet our tender
+limbs complain of rheums, catarrhs, and pozes; then had we none but
+reredosses, and our heads did never ache. For as the smoke in those
+days was supposed to be a sufficient hardening for the timber of the
+house, so it was reputed a far better medicine to keep the good man
+and his family from the quack or poze, wherewith, as then, very few
+were acquainted."
+
+With all our reverence for economy, assuredly there are
+practitioners of the present day whom we would prefer to _Dr.
+Smoke_; even though calling in the former, we must submit to the
+inconvenience of offering a fee. We do not sigh for the return of
+those golden days, when our wise progenitors made the same aperture
+act the double part of a window and a chimney, and when a log of
+wood was considered an excellent pillow; but sometimes when our
+reluctant hands are a little embarrassed to find the expected fee,
+or our purses feel most _awkwardly convenient_ for the pocket, after
+settling the lengthened bill, we do regret that those who prescribe
+for us, when indisposed, must at the same time prescribe for their
+own horses and carriages, and that the period is gone by when a
+sufferer could hope for relief from the pill of a pedestrian.
+
+Our author, to show the evil effects of luxury and extravagance,
+even in a national point of view, gives the following narrative:
+
+"The Seven United Provinces were at the height of their power and
+prosperity about 1650, before England, recovering from a destructive
+civil war, began to reclaim the dominion of the ocean.
+
+"But in their successful periods the private virtues had also their
+share, and parsimony, as usual produced wealth and industry. In a
+conversation at Rotterdam this subject was discussed; and as the
+parties mostly imputed the decline of their republic to political
+causes, an opulent merchant said, that if the company would dine
+with him on such a day, he would convince them that there were other
+causes more in their power.
+
+"The invitation was accepted, and it was hoped that the merchant
+would explain his sentiments, by which they might improve their
+speculations in commerce over a glass of wine, after an elegant
+repast as he was accustomed to give. But what was their surprise to
+find nothing on the table but salted herrings and table beer! They
+ate, however, a morsel in silence and dissatisfaction, which the
+master seemed not to observe, praying them repeatedly to eat and
+push the glass. At length, when they began to look at their watches,
+the master ordered in the dinner. At this word they brightened up,
+when in came a leg of mutton, boiled with turnips, and a pot or two
+of strong beer. This dish was little more satisfactory than the
+other, as they expected very different fare in such a magnificent
+house. There was, however, a great sacrifice of conscience and
+veracity in praising the mutton and the beer. But some yawned,
+and half the _gigot_ remained even among a numerous company, when
+the master, seeing their distress, nodded unnoticed to an old
+hoary-headed domestic, who alone had appeared along with the mutton,
+and who stood respectfully at the sideboard to serve the bread
+or the beer. He went out, and the company was left to a languid
+conversation; their eyes saying more than their tongues.
+
+"On a sudden the folding doors opened, and a train of twelve
+servants entered, bearing on massy plate the choicest fish, flesh,
+fowl, all the delicacies of the season. Two without livery took
+their places behind their master; the others in splendid uniform
+behind the guests. The number of wines presented was computed
+at fifteen, and even the richest guests were astonished at the
+splendour and variety of the festival.
+
+"When an equal dessert was served, and the wine began to circulate,
+a prudent and wary guest thought it was time to request our opulent
+merchant to explain his sentiments, as he had promised. All were
+fixed in mute attention when he made this memorable answer:
+'Gentlemen, my sentiments are already explained; the lesson is
+already given. When our ancestors were gradually rising to wealth
+under the yoke of Burgundy, Austria, Spain, their frugality was
+contented with our first dish, and they even blessed the inventor.
+In their second period, when the noble house of Orange, when Maurice
+of Nassau was establishing our power in the East and West Indies,
+and commercial wealth began to overflow all our ports and canals,
+still habits of prudence occasioned economy, and our rich senators
+dined on plain mutton, and drank wholesome beer. The dinner I have
+had the honour to give you is a very moderate specimen of our
+present existence. Add the luxury and pomp of houses, furniture
+and equipages, and judge, as you well can, of the difference of
+expense--a difference which, I would venture to say, would have,
+even for one year, been regarded as a fortune by our bearded
+ancestors.'"
+
+
+
+
+BEAUTIES OF THE MICROSCOPE.
+
+
+Nothing can be more curious than the appearance exhibited by
+_mouldiness_, when viewed through a microscope. If looked at by the
+naked eye, it seems nothing but an irregular tissue of filaments;
+but the magnifying glass shows it to be a forest of small plants,
+which derive their nourishment from the moist substance which
+serves them as a base. The stems of these plants may be plainly
+distinguish; and sometimes their buds, some shut and some open.
+They have much similarity to mushrooms, the tops of which, when
+they come to maturity, emit an exceedingly fine dust which is their
+seed. Mushrooms, it is well known, are the growth of a single
+night; but those in miniature, of which we are speaking, seem to
+come to perfection in a much less space of time than that; hence we
+account for the extraordinary progress which mouldiness makes in a
+few hours. Another curious observation of the same kind is, that
+M. Ahlefeld, seeing some stones covered with a sort of dust, had
+the curiosity to examine it with a microscope, and he found that it
+consisted of small microscopic mushrooms, raised on pedicles, the
+heads of which, round the middle, were turned up at the edges. They
+were striated also from the centre to the circumference, as certain
+kinds of mushrooms are. He further remarked, that they contained,
+above their upper covering, a multitude of small grains shaped like
+cherries somewhat flattened, which he suspected were the seeds; and
+finally he observed, among the forest of mushrooms, several small
+red insects, which probably fed upon them.
+
+The _lycoperdon_, or puff-ball, is a plant of the fungus kind, which
+grows in the form of a tubercle, covered with small grains, very
+like chagreen. If pressed, it bursts, and emits an exceedingly fine
+kind of dust, which flies off under the appearance of smoke. If some
+of the dust be examined with the microscope, it appears to consist
+of perfectly round globules, of an orange colour, the diameter of
+which is only about the 1-50th part of the thickness of a hair,
+so that each grain of this dust is but the 1-125000th part of a
+globule, equal in diameter to the breadth of a hair.
+
+The _farina of flowers_ is found to be regularly and uniformly
+organized in each kind of plant. In the mallow, for example, each
+grain is an opaque ball, covered over with small points. The farina
+of the tulip, and of most of the liliaceous kind of flowers, bears a
+striking resemblance to the seeds of a cucumber: that of the poppy
+is very like grains of barley, with a longitudinal groove in them.
+
+There are certain plants, the leaves of which seem to be pierced
+with a multitude of small holes. Of this kind is the _hypericum_, or
+St. John's wort. Now, if a fragment of this be viewed with a good
+microscope, the supposed holes are found to be vesicles, contained
+in the thickness of the leaf, and covered with an extremely thin
+membrane; and these are thought to be the receptacles which contain
+the essential and aromatic oil peculiar to the plant.
+
+The view exhibited by those plants which have down, such as borage,
+nettles, &c. is exceedingly curious.--When examined by a microscope,
+they appear to be covered with spikes. Those of borage are, for
+the most part, bent so as to form an elbow; and though really very
+close, they appear by the microscope, to be at a considerable
+distance from each other. The entire appearance is very similar to
+that of the skin of the porcupine.
+
+If a needle be viewed through a microscope, though exceedingly fine,
+it is well known the point will appear quite blunt, more like a peg,
+broken at the end, than a sharp pointed steel needle. The edge of
+the finest set razor, when seen through a microscope, will appear
+more like the back of a penknife, full of irregularities, than what
+it really is. In these respects the works of art, when carried to
+the highest pitch of perfection, will not bear to be compared with
+the operations of nature. The latter, exposed to the microscope,
+instead of losing their lustre and high polish, appear so much the
+more beautiful and perfect in regularity and order. When the eyes
+of a fly are illuminated by means of a lamp or candle, and viewed
+through this instrument, each of them shows an image of the taper
+with a precision and vivacity which nothing can equal.
+
+There are two kinds of _sand_, viz. the calcareous and the
+vitrifiable: the former, examined with a microscope, resembles
+large irregular fragments of rock; but the latter appears like so
+many rough diamonds. In some instances, the particles of sand seem
+to be highly polished and brilliant, like an assemblage of diamonds,
+rubies, and emeralds.
+
+Charcoal is a fine object for the microscope. It is found full of
+pores, regularly arranged, and passing through its whole length.
+
+  [_English Magazine._
+
+
+
+
+The following melancholy letter alludes to Accum's "Treatise on
+Adulterations of Food and Culinary Poisons."
+
+From Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine.
+
+
+LETTER
+
+_From an elderly Gentlewoman to Mr. Christopher North._
+
+My dear Mr. North--I much fear that this is the last letter you
+will ever receive from your old friend. "I'm wearin' awa, Kit!
+to the land o' the leal!" and that, too, under the influence
+of a complication of disorders, which have been undermining my
+constitution (originally a sound and stout one) for upwards of half
+a century. Look to yourself my much respected lad--and think no more
+of your rheumatism. That, believe me, is a mere trifle; but think
+of what you have been doing, since the peace of 1763, (in that year
+were you born,) in the eating and drinking way, and tremble. I know,
+my dear Kit, that you never were a gormandizer, nor a sot; neither
+surely was I--but it matters not--the most abstemious of us all
+have gone through fearful trials, and I have not skill in figures
+to cast up the poisonous contents of my hapless stomach for nearly
+threescore years. You would not know me now; I had not the slightest
+suspicion of myself in the looking-glass this morning. Such a face!
+so wan and wobegone! No such person drew Priam's curtains at dead of
+night, or could have told him half his Troy was burned.
+
+Well--hear me come to the point. I remember now, perfectly well,
+that I have been out of sorts all my lifetime; and the causes
+of my continual illness have this day been revealed to me. May
+my melancholy fate be a warning to you, and all your clear
+contributors, a set of men whom the world could ill spare at this
+crisis. Mr. Editor--I HAVE BEEN POISONED.
+
+You must know that I became personally acquainted a few weeks ago,
+quite accidentally, with that distinguished chymist, well known in
+our metropolis by the name of "Death in the Pot."[7] He volunteered
+a visit to me at breakfast, last Thursday, and I accepted him. Just
+as I had poured out the first cup of tea, and was extending it
+graciously towards him, he looked at me, and with a low, hoarse,
+husky voice, like Mr. Kean's, asked me if I were not excessively
+ill? I had not had the least suspicion of being so--but there was
+a terrible something in "Death in the Pot's" face which told me I
+was a dead woman. I immediately got up--I mean strove to get up, to
+ring the bell for a clergyman--but I fainted away. On awaking from
+my swoon, I beheld "Death in the Pot" still staring with his fateful
+eyes--and croaking out, half in soliloquy, half in tête-a-tête,
+"There is not a life in London worth ten year's purchase." I
+implored him to speak plainly, and for God's sake not to look at
+me so malagrugorously--and plainly enough he did then speak to be
+sure--"Mrs. TROLLOPE, YOU ARE POISONED."
+
+  [7] Frederick Accum, Operative Chymist, &c.
+
+"Who," cried I out convulsively, "who has perpetrated the foul
+deed? On whose guilty head will lie my innocent blood? Has it been
+from motives of private revenge? Speak, Mr. Accum[8]--speak! Have
+you any proofs of a conspiracy?" "Yes, Madam, I have proofs,
+damning proofs. Your wine merchant, your brewer, your baker, your
+confectioner, your grocer, aye, your very butcher, are in league
+against you; and, Mrs. Trollope, YOU ARE POISONED!"--"When!--Oh!
+when was the fatal dose administered? Would an emetic be of no
+avail? Could you not yet administer a----" But here my voice was
+choked, and nothing was audible, Mr. North, but the sighs and sobs
+of your poor Trollope.
+
+  [8] Death in the Pot.
+
+At last I became more composed--and Mr. Accum asked me what was, in
+general, the first thing I did on rising from bed in the morning.
+Alas! I felt that it was no time for delicacy, and I told him at
+once, that it was to take off a bumper of brandy for a complaint
+in my stomach. He asked to look at the bottle. I brought it forth
+from the press in my own number, that tall square tower-like bottle,
+Mr. North, so green to the eye and smooth to the grasp. You know
+the bottle well--it belonged to my mother before me. He put it to
+his nose--he poured out a driblet into a teaspoon as cautiously as
+if it had been the black drop--he tasted it--and again repeated
+these terrible words, "Mrs. TROLLOPE, YOU ARE POISONED. It has,"
+he continued, "a peculiar disagreeable smell, like the breath of
+habitual drunkards." "Oh! thought I, has it come to this! The smell
+ever seemed to my unsuspecting soul most fragrant and delicious."
+"Death in the Pot" then told me, that the liquid I had been
+innocently drinking every morn for thirty years was not brandy at
+all, but a vile distillation of British molasses over wine lees,
+rectified over quick lime, and mixed with saw-dust. And this a sad,
+solitary, unsuspecting spinster had been imbibing as brandy for so
+many years! A gleam of comfort now shot across my brain--I told
+Mr. Accum that I had, during my whole life, been in the habit of
+taking a smallish glass of Hollands before going to bed, which I
+fain hoped might have the effect of counteracting the bad effects
+of the forgery that had been committed against me. I produced the
+bottle--the white globular one you know. "Death in the Pot" tried
+and tasted--and alas! instead of Hollands, pronounced it vile
+British malt spirit, fined by a solution of sub-acetate of lead, and
+then a solution of alum--and strengthened with grains of paradise,
+Guinea pepper, capsicum, and other acrid and aromatic substances.
+These are learned words--but they made a terrible impression upon
+my memory. Mr. Accum is a most amiable man, I well believe--but he
+is a stranger to pity. "Mrs. Trollope, YOU HAVE BEEN POISONED," was
+all he would utter. Had the brandy and Hollands been genuine, there
+would have been no harm--but they were _imitation_, and "YOU ARE
+POISONED."
+
+Feeling myself very faint, I asked, naturally enough for a woman in
+my situation, for a glass of wine. It was brought--but Mr. Accum was
+at hand to snatch the deadly draught from my lips. He tasted what
+used to be called my genuine old port,
+
+    "And in the scowl of heaven his face,
+    Grew black as he was sipping."
+
+"It is spoiled elder wine--rendered astringent by oak-wood,
+saw-dust, and the husks of filberts--lead and arsenic, madam,
+are----" but my ears tingled, and I heard no more. I confessed to
+the amount of six glasses a day of this hellish liquor--pardon my
+warmth--and that such had been my allowance for many years. My
+thirst was now intolerable, and I beseeched a glass of beer. It
+came, and "Death in the Pot" detected at once the murderous designs
+of the brewer. Coculus indicus, Spanish juice, hartshorn shavings,
+orange powder, copperas, opium, tobacco, nux vomica--such were the
+shocking words he kept repeating to himself--and then again, "Mrs.
+TROLLOPE IS POISONED."--"May I not have a single cup of tea, Mr.
+Accum," I asked imploringly, and the chymist shook his head. He
+then opened the tea-caddy, and emptying its contents, rubbed my
+best green tea between his hard horny palms. "Sloe-leaves, and
+white-thorn leaves, madam, coloured with Dutch pink, and with the
+fine green bloom of verdigris! Much, in the course of your regular
+life, you must have swallowed!" "Might I try the coffee?" Oh! Mr.
+North, Mr. North, you know my age, and never once, during my whole
+existence, have I tasted coffee. I have been deluded by pease and
+beans, sand, gravel, and vegetable powder! Mr. Accum called it
+sham coffee, most infamous stuff, and unfit for human food! Alas!
+the day that I was born! In despair I asked for a glass of water,
+and just as the sparkling beverage was about to touch my pale
+quivering lips, my friend, for I must call him so in spite of every
+thing, interfered, and tasting it, squirted out of his mouth, with
+a most alarming countenance. "It comes out of a lead cistern--it
+is a deadly poison." Here I threw myself on my knees before this
+inexorable man, and cried, "Mr. Death in the Pot, is there in
+heaven, on earth, or the waters under the earth, any one particle of
+matter that is not impregnated with death? What means this desperate
+mockery? For mercy's sake give me the very smallest piece of bread
+and cheese, or I can support myself no longer. Are we, or are we
+not, to have a morsel of breakfast this day?" He cut off about an
+inch long piece of cheese from that identical double Gloucester that
+you yourself, Mr. North, chose for me, on your last visit to London,
+and declared that it had been rendered most poisonous by the anotta
+used to colour it. "There is here, Mrs. Trollope, a quantity of
+red lead--Have you, madam, never experienced after devouring half
+a pound of this cheese, an indescribable pain in the region of the
+abdomen and of the stomach, accompanied with a feeling of tension,
+which occasioned much restlessness, anxiety, and repugnance to food?
+Have you never felt, after a Welsh rabbit of it, a very violent
+cholic?" "Yes! yes!--often, often!" I exclaimed. "And did you use
+pepper and mustard?" "I did even so." "Let me see the castors." I
+rose from my knees--and brought them out. He puffed out a little
+pepper into the palm of his hand, and went on as usual. "This,
+madam, is spurious pepper altogether--it is made up of oil cakes,
+(the residue of linseed, from which the oil has been pressed,)
+common clay, and, perhaps, a small portion of Cayenne pepper,
+(itself probably artificial or adulterated,) to make it pungent. But
+now for the mustard"--at this juncture the servant maid came in, and
+I told her that I was poisoned--she set up a prodigious scream, and
+Mr. Accum let fall the mustard pot on the carpet. But it is needless
+for me to prolong the shocking narrative. They assisted me to get
+into bed, from which I never more expect to rise. My eyes have been
+opened, and I see the horrors of my situation. I now remember the
+most excruciating cholic, and divers other pangs which I thought
+nothing of at the time, but which must have been the effect of the
+deleterious solids and liquids which I was daily introducing into
+my stomach.--It appears that I have never, so much as once, either
+eat or drank a real thing--that is, a thing being what it pretended
+to be. Oh! the weight of lead and copper that has passed thro' my
+body! Oh! too, the gravel and the sand! But is impossible to deceive
+me now. This very evening some bread was brought to me--Bread! I
+cried out indignantly--Take the vile deception out of my sight.
+Yes, my dear Kit, it was a villanous loaf of clay and alum! But
+my resolution is fixed, and I hope to die in peace. Henceforth, I
+shall not allow one particle of matter to descend into my stomach!
+Already I feel myself "of the earth, earthy."--Mr. Accum seldom
+leaves my bedside--and yesterday brought with him several eatables
+and drinkables, which he assured me he had analyzed, subjected to
+the test-act, and found them to be conformists. But I have no trust
+in chymistry. His quarter-loaf looked like a chip cut off the corner
+of a stone block. It was a manifest _sham loaf_. After being deluded
+in my Hollands, bit in my brandy, and having found my muffins a
+mockery, never more shall I be thrown off my guard. I am waxing
+weaker and weaker--so farewell! Bewildering indeed has been the
+destiny of
+
+  SUSANNA TROLLOPE.
+
+P.S.--I have opened my mistress' letter to add, that she died this
+evening about a quarter past eight, in excruciating torments.
+
+  SALLY ROGERS.
+
+
+
+
+VARIATION OF THE NEEDLE.
+
+
+It is thought by some surveyors that a change has taken place in
+the variation of the needle, and that the power of attraction is
+returning to the east or right hand. For my own satisfaction, I have
+for some years past been endeavouring to ascertain the truth of the
+fact, and my observations for the last ten years past require only
+20' to be added to strike the former object. It is well known that
+formerly surveyors made an allowance to the west or left hand, of
+one degree, for every 10 or 11 years for variation, and it now comes
+short 40' of the common allowance, so that from the result of my
+observations it appears evidently that the variation is not on the
+return, but still increasing, but so slow and variable every year,
+that it cannot be ascertained, unless by a series of experiments. To
+corroborate the following observations, I would remark, that I have
+lately read (I think in the Encyclopædia) of a curious gentlemen in
+London, who with a nice instrument, monthly for a number of years,
+made observations upon the variation, and he seldom found the needle
+cut the same degree and minutes, but varying sometimes to the right,
+others to the left: sometimes more, sometimes less, which shows that
+the attractive power is variable.
+
+On the 18th of July, 1810, an object on the North mountain, 3 and a
+half miles off, bore
+
+                    N. 61° 00' W.
+
+  8th July, 1811, the same
+  object bore          60  50
+
+  14th July, 1812, do. 60  50
+
+  10th July, 1813, do. 60  50
+
+  8th July, 1814, do.  61  10
+
+  12th July, 1815, do. 61  15
+
+  13th July, 1816, do. 61  15
+
+  15th July, 1817, do. 61  15
+
+  14th July, 1818, do. 61  30
+
+  15th July, 1819, do. 61  25
+
+  10th July, 1820, do. 61  20
+
+From whatever cause the variation of the needle arises, it evidently
+is affected by a something within our earth; but whether from the
+motion of two attractive poles, or four, as has been maintained by
+great men, or whether by a concentric globe of elementary particles
+composed of electricity and refined iron, adjusted and organized
+in a particular way, are all hypotheses. The phenomenon of the
+dipping needle is a curiosity, and sufficient to satisfy us that
+the power of attraction is about the centre of the earth, for let
+a needle be truly balanced on a centre pin in our latitude, then
+give it the polarity necessary, the north end will dip about fifty
+degrees;--move it to the equator it will become again level;--carry
+it still southward, the south end will dip.
+
+When effects are obvious, man more curious than wise,
+endeavours to search out the cause, and in some things we may
+be successful,--others are beyond our knowledge, and hid in the
+mysteries of Nature's God.
+
+  JOHN KING.
+
+_Mercersburgh, (Penn.)_ } _July 18, 1820._ }
+
+
+
+
+COMPARATIVE MORALITY OF DIFFERENT COUNTIES IN ENGLAND AND WALES.
+
+
+The following interesting table is copied from Mr. Myers' "New
+System of Geography," a work now publishing in monthly parts, and
+which, from the manner of its execution, promises to supply an
+important desideratum, in that branch of literature, created by the
+recent political changes upon the continent of Europe.
+
+     A Table, showing the proportion which the number of persons
+     committed to prison in each county of England and Wales, bears
+     to the whole population; and thus illustrating the influence of
+     local circumstances on the morals of the people. The average of
+     the commitments is taken for thirteen years, viz. from 1805 to
+     1817, inclusive, and the population, as stated in the returns of
+     1811.
+
+  _Counties._     _One in_
+
+  Anglesea,      18,522
+  Bedford,        2,623
+  Berks,          1,618
+  Brecon,         3,384
+  Bucks,          2,562
+  Cambridge,      2,386
+  Cardigan,      13,612
+  Caermarthen,    7,343
+  Caernarvon,     9,867
+  Chester,        1,638
+  Cornwall,       5,287
+  Cumberland,     3,904
+  Denbigh,        7,077
+  Derby,          3,435
+  Devon,          1,996
+  Dorset,         2,292
+  Durham,         4,337
+  Essex,          1,435
+  Flint,          8,399
+  Glamorgan,      4,551
+  Gloucester,     1,834
+  Hants,          1,230
+  Hereford,       1,438
+  Herts,          1,636
+  Huntingdon,     1,431
+  Kent,           1,385
+  Lancaster,      1,083
+  Leicester,      2,161
+  Lincoln,        2,164
+  Merioneth,     13,377
+  Middlesex,        588
+  Monmouth,       2,469
+  Mongomery,      3,534
+  Norfolk,        1,809
+  Northamton,     2,405
+  Northumberland, 3,037
+  Nottingham,     1,694
+  Oxford,         2,151
+  Pembroke,       5,669
+  Radnor,         3,672
+  Rutland,        2,696
+  Salop,          2,263
+  Stafford,       1,938
+  Somerset,       1,369
+  Suffolk,        1,731
+  Surrey,         1,261
+  Sussex,         2,422
+  Warwick,          989
+  Westmoreland,   5,642
+  Wilts,          1,969
+  Worcester,      1,668
+  York,           3,002
+
+For the whole of England, the proportion is 1 in 1,483; for Wales, 1
+in 6,213; and for both England and Wales, 1 in 1,554.
+
+
+
+
+FRENCH WOMEN.
+
+From Sketches of French Manners and Customs.
+
+
+The women do not, as in England, employ themselves solely in
+household and nursery affairs, but they mix themselves in all
+the cares of their husbands, and assist them in their trade and
+business, whatever it may be.--Thus they are constantly found in the
+counting houses and shops; and they know as much, and often more,
+of the details of a trade, than their husbands. In Dieppe, every
+variety of shop and trade had a woman assisting in it, who, from her
+appearance, might generally be considered as the mistress of the
+family. At a blacksmith's shop, for instance, I saw a neatly dressed
+woman, with a very clean cap shoeing a horse; and, passing a second
+time, I saw her filing at a vice. I expressed my astonishment to the
+neighbours, but they seemed rather disposed to laugh at me, than
+to join in my laugh at the woman. I learnt that she was a widow,
+and thus kept up her husband's trade, to rear a large family. In
+Paris, I complimented a pretty wife of an eminent bookseller for
+her knowledge of the prices of paper, printing, and engraving, in
+which she several times corrected errors of her husband. I remarked,
+that the French ladies must have great talents thus to learn a
+trade in the honey moon, which had employed their husbands during
+an apprenticeship of seven years; and that I supposed she would be
+equally expert at any other trade, if, on becoming a widow, she
+married a husband in some other line. "Ah! Monsieur," said she, "we
+endeavour to assist our spouses in every way in our power;--it is
+our only pleasure; their cares are our cares, and their interests
+are ours; and, if it is our calamity to become widows, and we meet
+with another good husband, we do the best we can for him also."
+
+
+
+
+LIFE.
+
+
+When I look upon the tombs of the great, every emotion of envy
+dies; when I read the epitaphs of the beautiful, every inordinate
+desire forsakes me; when I meet with the grief of parents upon a
+tombstone, my heart melts with compassion; when I see the tombs of
+the parents themselves, I feel how vain it is to grieve for those
+whom we must quickly follow; when I behold rival kings lying side by
+side, or the holy men who divided the world with their contests and
+disputes, I reflect with sorrow and astonishment on the frivolous
+competitions, factions, and debates of mankind; when I read the
+several dates of the tombs,--of some who died yesterday, and some
+six hundred years ago, I am reminded of that day when all mankind
+will be contemporaries, and make their appearance together.
+
+  ADDISON.
+
+
+
+
+STATISTICS OF EUROPE.
+
+From a French paper.
+
+
+Europe contains in superfices, 153,559 square geographic miles,
+of 15 to a degree, or only 1116 of the continental superfices
+of the whole earth. Its population is estimated at 180 millions
+and a half; which gives, one with another, 1177 inhabitants to
+each square geographic mile. It should always be remembered, that
+this population is very unequally divided; for if in the lowest
+countries, for example, we reckon 4550 inhabitants to a square mile,
+Russia contains but 447; Sweden, 362; and Norway only 118.
+
+Europe contains 17 nations: 1st nations, speaking the dialect
+derived from the Latin language, 61 millions; 2d, Teutonic nations,
+54 millions; 3d, Sclavonian, 46 millions; 4th, Celts, 3,720,000;
+5th, Tartars, 3,500,000; 6th, Magvans, 5,250,000; 7th, Greeks,
+2,100,000; 8th, Finns, 1,800,000; 9th, Cimmerians, 1,610,000; 10th,
+Basques, 630,000; 11h, Arnauts, 300,000; 12th, Maltese, 80,000;
+13th, Circassians, 8,000; 14th, Samoides, 2,100; 15th, Jews,
+2,660,000; 16th, Gipsies, 340,000; and 17th, Armenians, 150,000.
+
+The Roman Catholics are in number about 100 millions; the
+Protestants of different communions about 42 millions; the
+schismatic Greeks, 32 millions; the Mennonists 240,000; the
+Methodists 190,000; the Unitarians 50,000; the Quakers 40,000; the
+Mohammedans 2,630,000; the Jews 2,600,000; and the Herrnhutters
+(Moravians) 40,000.
+
+In classing out each state according to its superfices, its
+population, its ordinary revenues, and the contributive proportion
+of each individual towards the public burdens, we find that they
+should occupy the following order.
+
+_Superfices._--1st, Russia; 2d, Sweden; 3d, Austria; 4th, France;
+5th, Turkey; 6th, Spain; 7th, Great Britain; 8th, Prussia; 9th,
+Germany; 10th, Denmark; 11th, the Two Sicilies; 12th, Portugal;
+13th, Sardinia; 14th, the Netherlands; 15th, Switzerland; 16th, the
+Ecclesiastical States; and 17th, Tuscany, &c.
+
+_Population._--1st, Russia; second, France; 3d, Austria; 4th, Great
+Britain; 5th, Germany; 6th, Spain; 7th, Prussia; 8th, Turkey; 9th,
+the Two Sicilies; 10th, the Netherlands; 11th, Sardinia; 12th,
+Portugal; 13th, Sweden; 14th, the Ecclesiastial States; 15th,
+Switzerland; 16th, Denmark; 17th, Tuscany, &c.
+
+_Revenue._--1st, Great Britain; 2d, France; 3d, Russia; 4th,
+Austria; 5th, Germany; 6th, the Netherlands; 7th, Prussia; 8th,
+Spain; 9th, Turkey; 10th, Portugal; 11th, the Two Sicilies; 12th,
+Sardinia; 13th, Sweden; 14th, Denmark; 15th, the Ecclesiastical
+States; 16th, Tuscany; and 17th, Switzerland, &c.
+
+_Contributive Portion on each Individual towards the public
+charges._---This last calculation is the most curious. It
+demonstrates what each individual pays annually one with
+another,--namely, in England, 52f. 5c.; in the Netherlands, 38f.
+5c.; in France, 19f. 71c.; in Germany, 16f. 6c.; in Russia, 15f.
+88c.; in Denmark, 14f 60c; Portugal, 13f. 85c.; in Spain, 17f. 60c;
+in Sardinia, 12f. 5c; in Austria, 11f. 68c.; in the Ecclesiastical
+States, 9f. 40c. in Sweden, 9f. 31c. in Tuscany, 9f. 12c; in Turkey,
+9f. 4c.; in the Two Sicilies, 7f. 97c.; and in Switzerland, 5f. 47c.
+This last is the weakest of all European states.
+
+
+
+
+MISCELLANY.
+
+
+_Mode of engraving union steel and then transferring the same to
+steel or other metals._--This invention deservedly demands while
+it receives the admiration of every lover of the Fine Arts; and
+at the same time it presents the means of perpetuating whatever
+is beautiful in the art of engraving, and will probably produce
+a general refinement in the state of the public by furnishing
+engravings of the most beautiful kinds, at the same cost as those of
+inferior execution.
+
+This invention promises to be of great advantage to some of our
+manufacturers, particularly that of pottery, which may now be
+embellished with beautiful engravings, so as to place the successful
+competition of other nations at a more distant period. It may also
+be applied with great advantage to _calico_ printing, by producing
+entire new patterns upon the cylinders from which they are printed,
+an object of great importance to our manufacturing interest. These
+are among its obvious applications; but as a means of rendering
+forgery _impracticable_, it claims the attention of statesmen and
+the gratitude of philanthropists, who shudder at the hundreds of
+victims which are now immolated to the laws by the facility with
+which they may be violated.
+
+The association of Mr. Charles Heath with the American inventors is
+a fortunate circumstance, as it affords a pledge, that all which
+is exquisite in art will be combined with the ingenious mechanical
+inventions of Mr. Perkins, and the perseverance of Mr. Fairman;
+and the means of conferring every desirable perfection on various
+applications of the Siderographic process.
+
+
+_Great Britain and the U. States._--(A Contrast.)--A correspondent
+observes, that from an article in the last Inquirer, taken from a
+London paper, it is computed that the expense of the approaching
+coronation of his Britannic Majesty, George IV., will exceed eight
+hundred thousand pounds sterling.
+
+This, at $4 44 cents the pound sterling, amounts to the moderate sum
+of three millions five hundred and fifty two thousand dollars, of
+the currency of the United States.
+
+This sum would pay the salaries of the President of the U. States
+for a succession of _one hundred and forty-two years_,--and leave a
+balance of two thousand dollars remaining.
+
+  [_Richmond Com._
+
+
+_English Churn._--An improvement has been made in England in the
+construction of the dasher of the churn, which "is made to turn on
+a pivot, fixed in the lower end of the handle, and consists of two
+pieces set crosswise, so as to form four wings, diagonally shaped,
+and something similar to those of a windmill. Let the wings be about
+two inches wide, proportioned in length to the dimensions of the
+churn, and of such a level as gives them an inclination of about
+forty-five degrees.
+
+The pivot on which the wings turn to be of iron, otherwise it will
+soon wear out."
+
+The above plan is more efficacious than any other, and requires the
+operation to be moderately performed lest the butter come too soon,
+and therefore become swetted.
+
+
+_Watermelon Sirup._--Those of our readers who may not be acquainted
+with the fact, but yet are friendly to domestic economy, are
+informed, that one gallon of watermelon-juice will, by boiling,
+afford one pint of pure sirup, preferable either to honey or
+molasses, for domestic or medical purposes. The trial is easily
+made, and the expense trifling.
+
+
+_Patent Churn._--A churn has been invented by a young man in
+Vermont, which answers every purpose with a very trifling labour. It
+stands perpendicularly, and is perfectly tight.--The operation is
+performed by a person sitting near the churn and working the machine
+by each hand, as you work a pump. The dasher is turned by means of
+two leather straps, which are fastened at one end of the upright
+cylinder, and passing each once round it in opposite directions, are
+fastened at the other end of the handle on each side of the upright.
+So that the stroke with one hand turns the dasher once round, and
+that with the other turns it back.
+
+
+_Socrates._--One day when Alcibiades was boasting of his wealth
+and the great estates in his possession, (which generally blow
+up the pride of young people of quality,) Socrates carried him
+to a geographical map, and asked him to find Attica. It was so
+small, it could scarcely be discerned upon the draft; he found it,
+however, though with some difficulty. But, upon being desired to
+point out his own estate there--"It is too small," says he, "to be
+distinguished in so little a space."
+
+"See then," replied Socrates, "how much you are affected about an
+imperceptible point of the earth."
+
+
+_Georgetown, (Ky.) August 3._--A white crow was lately shot by
+Col. Rhodes Thompson, at his residence, on Elkhorn, about two and
+a half miles from this town. It was examined by several scientific
+gentlemen, and pronounced to be of the crow species; it resembled
+the common black crow in every thing but its colour, which was of a
+dingy white.--Col. Thompson had observed it for some time among a
+flock of black crows, and had ascertained its note to be the same as
+theirs.
+
+
+_Scotch Adventurers._--The character which the Scotch have acquired,
+beyond almost any other people, for the art of pushing their fortune
+abroad, was never perhaps more singularly illustrated than by the
+following anecdote, which Dr. Anderson relates in his "Bee," on the
+authority of a baronet of scientific eminence.
+
+The Russians and Turks, in the war of 1739, having diverted
+themselves long enough in the contest, agreed to treat for peace.
+The commisioners, for this purpose, were marshal Gen. Keith, on
+the part of Russia, and the grand vizier on that of the Turks.
+These personages met, and carried on their negotiations by means
+of interpreters. When all was concluded, they rose to separate:
+the marshal made his bow, with his hat in his hand, and the vizier
+his salam, with his turban on his head. But when these ceremonies
+of taking leave were over, the vizier turned suddenly, and coming
+up to marshal Keith, took him cordially by the hand, and in the
+broadest Scotch dialect, declared warmly that it made him "unco
+happy to meet a countryman in his exalted station." Keith started
+with astonishment, eager for an explanation of the mystery, when
+the vizier added, "Dinna be surprised, mon, I'm o' the same country
+wi' yoursel'. I mind weel seeing you and your brother, when boys,
+passin by to the school at Kirkaldy; my father, Sir, was _bellman
+of Kirkaldy_." What more extraordinary can be imagined, than to
+behold in the plenipotentiaries of two mighty nations, two foreign
+adventurers, natives of the same mountainous territory; nay, of the
+very same village!--What indeed more extraordinary, unless it be the
+spectacle of a Scotchman turned Turk for the sake of honours, held
+on the tenure of a caprice from which even Scotch prudence can be no
+guarantee!
+
+
+_Garrick._--Mr. Twiss, a romancing traveller, was talking of a
+church he had seen in Spain which was a mile and a half long. "Bless
+me, (cried Garrick,) how broad was it?" "About ten yards," said
+Twiss. "This is, you'll observe, gentlemen, (said Garrick to the
+company,) not a round lie, but differs from his other stories, which
+are generally as broad as they are long."
+
+
+_Franklin Donation Fund._--The trustees of the fund established by
+Dr. Franklin, for the benefit of young married mechanics, in Boston,
+give notice, that they will make loans, in sums not exceeding 200
+dollars to one individual, on the terms prescribed by Dr. Franklin,
+viz.
+
+"The applicant must be a married mechanic, under the age of 25
+years, who has faithfully served an apprenticeship of five years
+at least, in the town of Boston. He must produce a certificate of
+his moral character, from at least two respectable citizens of said
+town, who are willing to become bound with him, to the trustees, for
+the repayment of the sum loaned, by annual instalments of 10 per
+cent. with interest annually, at the rate of 5 per cent."
+
+
+_Flour._--Flour has recently been sold at Cincinnati for $2.25 per
+bbl. "good money." The crops of grain have been exceedingly heavy in
+the western country.
+
+
+_Herculaneum Manuscripts._--Sir Humphrey Davy has had great success
+in unrolling the manuscripts of Herculaneum and Pompeii. In a short
+time the contents of each roll will be known, as well as its title,
+which is generally found in the interiour.
+
+
+_Whaling!_--It would seem by the following articles from the Boston
+Patriot, that the invention of the torpedo by the late Robert
+Fulton, to destroy enemies' ships in the late war, is about to be
+made use of for another valuable purpose, viz. blowing up whales!
+
+"It was hardly to have been expected, that these destructive engines
+should have been adopted in the prosecution of one of the most
+thriving branches of business in which navigation is now employed.
+Yet, we are informed that a vessel has recently been fitted at New
+Bedford, bound on a whaling cruise, with an apparatus on board for
+the purpose of taking whales by _blowing them up_.
+
+"Torpedoes, of arrow form, are thrown from a gun on board the
+vessel, which are calculated to sink into the body of the whale, and
+there explode. As the experiment has not yet been fully tested, we
+think its success, to say, the least, is problematical."
+
+
+_New York school fund, &c._--We have a long and interesting
+statement in the New York papers, of the funds set apart for
+literary purposes. They chiefly consist of bonds and mortgages, for
+money loaned, a considerable quantity of bank stocks, and sundry
+valuable tracts of land. The amounts are as follows:
+
+The fund for the support of "common schools" is equal to $1,232,908,
+and its annual product about $78,964.
+
+The fund for the "promotion of literature" amounts to $201,439,
+and its income is $5,288. This fund is divided among the colleges,
+in proportion to their scholars. Both of these funds are on the
+increase as to value and product.
+
+Besides,--the occasional grants of the legislature for literary
+purposes since 1790, amounts to $1,189,056. And the general
+aggregate of appropriations, for the last thirty years, including
+escheated lands, schools lots, fees, &c., but excluding the annual
+revenue derived from the permanent funds, is estimated to amount to
+3,000,000 of dollars!
+
+
+_Premiums._--At a meeting of the Merino Society in London, 12th
+May, after awarding the prizes to the best show of sheep and
+superfine broadcloth, the premium of ten guineas for worsted yarn,
+was adjudged to Mr. J. Head, of Kirkstall, near Leeds, for one
+pound of wool spun by a newly invented machine, which was superior
+in fineness to any heretofore seen, and peculiarly adapted for the
+finest bombazeens, &c. It produced 95 hanks of 530 yards each in
+length, equal to 30 miles and 400 yards, to a pound of wool.
+
+
+_Salt mines of Meurthe._--The researches for the discovery of rock
+salt, which commenced in July last, at Moyenire, in the department
+of La Meurthe, in France, are carried on to advantage. After
+exploring to the depth of 200 feet, and reaching the first layer,
+which is 11 feet in thickness, the workmen had to perforate a bed
+of gypsum and clay of five hundred and forty-six feet, when they
+came to a second stratum of salt, eight feet in thickness. It is
+intended to remove the researches to two other neighbouring points,
+to ascertain the breadth and magnitude of the whole bed. The two
+points form a triangle nearly equilateral, each side of which may
+be about 6 or 700 toises in length. One of these points is the city
+of Vic, and the other to the south of it. On this latter point they
+have already pierced to the depth of 26 feet of vegetable earth:
+the orifice of each bore is 3½ inches, which constantly fills
+up with fresh water. The salt of the first bed is extremely white,
+and transparent as rock crystal. It is likewise very pure, and free
+from every noxious or terrene substance. The second appears to be
+intermixed with gypseous or argillaceous substance, but a very
+small proportion. This salt is brown, not unlike a clouded flint;
+both the kinds are very compact, well crystallized, the fractures
+cubical, and the saline taste superior to that of any salt obtained
+by evaporation. It contains but very little of muriate of magnesia,
+or of sulphate of lime.
+
+
+_More silver!_--We have the following account of the discovery of
+a silver mine, in a paper printed at Salem, Indiana, July 10.--"We
+have been informed by gentlemen of credibility, that there has been
+a silver mine lately discovered in the late purchase in this state.
+The circumstances relating to it are these: A few months ago, a
+gentleman near the boundary line, was informed by an Indian, that
+there was a mine of this kind somewhere, but refused to tell him
+where it was, unless the man would pay him fifty dollars, a horse,
+a gun and several blankets, which the man did, and was taken to the
+place, and brought away several pounds of the ore. He has since, we
+are told, brought away about 300 pounds. He refuses to tell where
+it is, but says there is at least three wagon loads already cast
+into bars by the Indians, which he intends to bring away. We have
+seen (so have several citizens of Salem) some of the ore, and should
+suppose it at least two-thirds silver. The ore is so pure that it
+can be drawn out with the hammer into bars of almost any size, and
+it is thought by some to be sufficiently pure in its natural state.
+From the representation of it, the mine is inexhaustible, and in a
+situation difficult to be discovered."
+
+
+
+
+DIED,
+
+
+In England, on the 19th June, at his house, Spring-grove, near
+Hounslow, the venerable president of the Royal Society, the Right
+Hon. Sir JOSEPH BANKS, G. C. B. &c. &c. &c. The loss to science by
+the demise of this excellent man and liberal patron will be long and
+severely felt. Sir Joseph had been for a long time labouring under a
+most distressing illness; for some years he had been deprived of the
+use of his lower extremities, and rendered so feeble as to be lifted
+from his room to his carriage. He possessed a princely fortune, of
+which he assigned a large portion to the encouragement of science,
+particularly natural history, private and public charities, and
+domestic hospitality.--Also, on the 31st May, I. BRADLEY, the
+Yorkshire giant:--when dead he measured nine feet in length, and
+three feet over the shoulders.
+
+
+
+
+FOR THE RURAL MAGAZINE.
+
+Of JOHN LOGAN, the author of the following touching stanzas, it is
+well observed by his biographer CHALMERS, that it would be difficult
+to produce, from the whole range of English poetry, any thing more
+exquisitely tender and pathetic, than some of his productions.--He
+died in London, December, 1788, in the fortieth year of his age.
+His end is described as edifying. When he became too weak to hold a
+book, we are told he employed his time in hearing such young persons
+as visited him read the Scriptures.
+
+  I.
+
+
+
+
+THE BRAES OF YARROW.
+
+
+    "Thy braes were bonny, Yarrow stream!
+      When first on them I met my lover,
+    Thy braes how dreary, Yarrow stream!
+      When now thy waves his body cover!
+    For ever now, O Yarrow stream!
+      Thou art to me a stream of sorrow;
+    For never on thy banks shall I
+      Behold my love, the flower of Yarrow.
+
+    "He promised me a milk-white steed,
+      To bear me to his father's bowers;
+    He promised me a little page,
+      To 'squire me to his father's towers;
+    He promised me a wedding ring,--
+      The wedding day was fix'd to-morrow;--
+    Now he is wedded to his grave,
+      Alas, his watery grave, in Yarrow!
+
+    "Sweet were his words when last we met;
+      My passion I as freely told him!
+    Clasp'd in his arms, I little thought
+      That I should never more behold him!
+    Scarce was he gone, I saw his ghost;
+      It vanish'd with a shriek of sorrow;
+    Thrice did the water-wraith ascend,
+      And gave a doleful groan thro' Yarrow!
+
+    "His mother from the window look'd,
+      With all the longing of a mother;
+    His little sister weeping walk'd
+      The green-wood path to meet her brother:
+    They sought him east, they sought him west,
+      They sought him all the forest through;
+    They only saw the cloud of night,
+      They only heard the roar of Yarrow!
+
+    "No longer from thy window look,
+      Thou hast no son, thou tender mother;
+    No longer walk thou lovely maid;
+      Alas, thou hast no more a brother!
+    No longer seek him east or west,
+      And search no more the forest through;
+    For wandering in the night so dark,
+      He fell a lifeless corse in Yarrow.
+
+    "The tear shall never leave my cheek,
+      No other youth shall be my marrow;[9]
+    I'll seek thy body in the stream,
+      And then with thee I'll sleep in Yarrow."
+    The tear did never leave her cheek,
+      No other youth became her marrow;
+    She found his body in the stream,
+      And now with him she sleeps in Yarrow.
+
+  [9] Mate.
+
+
+
+
+THE IVY.
+
+From Barton's Poems.
+
+
+    Dost thou not love, in the season of spring,
+      To twine thee a flowery wreath,
+    And to see the beautiful birch-tree fling
+      It shade on the grass beneath?
+    Its glossy leaf and its silvery stem;
+    Oh! dost thou not love to look on them?
+
+    And dost thou not love, when leaves are greenest,
+      And summer has just begun,
+    When in the silence of moon light thou leanest,
+      Where glist'ning waters run,
+    To see, by that gentle and peaceful beam,
+    The willow bend down to the sparkling stream?
+
+    And oh! in a lovely autumnal day,
+      When leaves are changing before thee,
+    Do not nature's charms, as they slowly decay,
+      Shed their own mild influence o'er thee?
+    And hast thou not felt, as thou stood'st to gaze,
+    The touching lesson such scene displays?
+
+    It should be thus at an age like thine:
+      And it has been thus with me;
+    When the freshness of feeling and heart were mine,
+      As they never more can be:
+    Yet think not I ask thee to pity my lot,
+    Perhaps I see beauty where thou dost not.
+
+    Hast thou seen in winter's stormiest day,
+      The trunk of a blighted oak,
+    Not dead, but sinking in slow decay,
+      Beneath time's resistless stroke,
+    Round which a luxuriant Ivy had grown,
+    And wreath'd it with verdure no longer its own?
+
+    Perchance thou hast seen this sight, and then,
+      As I, at thy years might do,
+    Pass'd carelessly by, nor turn'd again
+      That scathed wreck to view;
+    But now I can draw, from that mould'ring tree,
+    Thoughts which are soothing and dear to me,
+
+    O smile not! nor think it a worthless thing,
+      If it be with instruction fraught;
+    That which will closest and longest cling,
+      Is alone worth a serious thought!
+    Should aught be unlovely which thus can shed
+    Grace on the dying, and leaves not the dead?
+
+    Now, in thy youth, beseech of HIM
+      Who giveth, upbraiding not,
+    That his light in thy heart become not dim,
+      And his love be unforgot;
+    And thy God, in the darkest of days, will be,
+    Greenness, and beauty, and strength to thee?
+
+
+
+
+TO A COUNTRY GIRL,
+
+Who expressed a wish to lead a town life.
+
+
+    Sweet Mary, sigh not for the town,
+      Where vice and folly reign;
+    Spurn not the humble homespun gown
+      That suits the rural plain.
+
+    In ev'ry street the city's glare
+      Doth simple hearts betray:
+    And simple hearts, who wander there,
+      Are sure to lose their way.
+
+    The tradesman plays his wily part,
+      To take the stranger in:
+    The profligate displays his art,
+      The modest maid to win:
+
+    He lures her to perdition's brink
+      By ev'ry treach'rous scheme,
+    Then leaves the hapless wretch to sink
+      In pleasure's guilty stream!
+
+    The flaunting crowd, that seem so gay,
+      May please you for a while;
+    But joy with these doth rarely stay,
+      Or sweet contentment's smile.
+
+    The splendid dome that proudly rears
+      Its gilded roof on high,
+    Full oft conceals pale Envy's tears,
+      And Disappointment's sigh.
+
+    There foul Ambition loves to dwell,
+      False Pride, and lust of Fame,
+    There Malice and Revenge rebel
+      Against the good man's name.
+
+    Ah! little do you know, sweet maid,
+      What are the city spoils,
+    Where villains ply the canting trade,
+      And fraud is drest in smiles.
+
+    Then, Mary, sigh no more to rove,
+      Or change your native fields,
+    The rural walk, the verdant grove,
+      For all the city yields.
+
+    And when some swain of soul sincere,
+      Shall seek your love to gain,
+    Trust to his faith, nor ever fear,
+      That you shall trust in vain.
+
+    So shall your rustic life be spent,
+      With every blessing crown'd,
+    Within your doors, shall sweet Content,
+      And faithful Love be found.
+
+    And when your infant offspring rise,
+      A mother's smile to greet,
+    The joy that sparkles in their eyes,
+      Shall your own bliss complete!
+
+    Your tide of life, thus even flowing,
+      Will ebb at last, 'tis true;
+    When calm, with Hope your bosom glowing,
+      You'll bid the world adieu!
+
+  [_P. Boy._
+
+
+
+
+     The following stanzas are from the pen of the poet Montgomery.
+     They have never before appeared in print; we having been
+     favoured with them by a friend who received them from the poet.
+     They evince, as indeed do all Mr. M.'s writings, that he is not
+     only a good poet, but a good man.
+
+  [_Catskill Recorder._
+
+
+ON PRAYER.
+
+    Prayer is the soul's sincere desire,
+      Utter'd or unexpressed;
+    The motion of a hidden fire,
+      That trembles in the breast.
+
+    Prayer is the burden of a sigh,
+      The falling of a tear;
+    The upward glancing of an eye,
+      When none but God is near.
+
+    Prayer is the simplest form of speech.
+      That infant lips can try;
+    Prayer the sublimest strains that reach.
+      The Majesty on high.
+
+    Prayer is the Christian's vital breath,
+      The Christian's native air;
+    His watchword at the gates of death,
+      He enters Heaven with prayer.
+
+    Prayer is the contrite sinner's voice.
+      Returning from his ways;
+    While angels in their songs rejoice.
+      And cry, "Behold he prays."
+
+    In prayer on earth, the saints are one--
+      In word, in deed, in mind;
+    When with the Father and the Son
+      Sweet fellowship they find.
+
+    Nor prayer is made on earth alone,
+      The Holy Spirit pleads;
+    And Jesus on the eternal throne,
+      For sinners interceds.
+
+    O! Thou, by whom we come to God,
+      The life, the truth, the way,
+    The path of prayer thyself hast trod--
+      Lord, teach us how to pray!
+
+
+
+
+BANK NOTE EXCHANGE,
+
+At PHILADELPHIA--_Aug. 29th, 1820._
+
+                                       Per cent Disc't.
+
+  U. S. BRANCH BANK Notes,                1½
+
+  RHODE ISLAND--generally,               1
+
+  CONNECTICUT--generally,                2
+
+  MASSACHUSETTS--Boston,                 1
+          Country generally,           4-5
+
+  NEW JERSEY--generally,              par.
+
+  PENNSYLVANIA--Farmer's Bank, of }
+  Lancaster; Easton; Montgomery   }   par.
+  County; Chester                 }
+  County, at Westchester,         }
+  New Hope; Northampton,                 1
+  Susquehanna Bridge Company,            2½
+  York; Chambersburg,                    2
+  Northumberland; Union;     }          17
+  Columbia Bank, at Milton,  }
+  Centre,                               17½
+  Meadville.                            60
+  Farmers & Mechanics' Bank  }          25
+  at Pittsburg,              }
+
+  DELAWARE--generally,                par.
+  Commercial Bank of Del.             par.
+  Branch of ditto at Milford,            4
+  Laurel Bank,                          50
+
+  MARYLAND--Baltimore Banks,               ½
+  Baltimore City Bank,                   5
+  Annapolis; Hagerstown,               2-2½
+
+  VIRGINIA--Country generally,         2-2½
+  N. W. Bank, at Wheeling,               8
+
+  COLUMBIA DISTRICT--Mech. Bank  }       3
+  of Alexandria,                 }
+  Country generally,                     1
+
+  NORTH CAROLINA--State Bank at   }      4
+  Raleigh, and Branches,          }
+  Cape Fear; Newbern,                    4½
+
+  SOUTH CAROLINA--State Banks, generally, 2
+
+  GEORGIA--State Banks, generally,       3
+  Augusta Bridge Company,               75
+
+  TENNESSEE--Few sales at any price.
+
+  KENTUCKY--Kentucky Bank, and   }      30
+  Branches,                      }
+
+  OHIO--Marietta; Steubenville          12½
+  Bank of Chillicothe,                   5
+  Country generally,                 20-50
+
+
+
+
+RAIN GUAGE AT PHILADELPHIA.
+
+                                 In. hun.
+  July 27,        Shower,         0. 11
+  28 & 29,        Rain,           0. 32
+  30,             do.             0. 36
+  31,             do.             0. 35
+  Aug. 1,         Rain,           0. 50
+  5,              Shower,         0. 20
+  11,             do.             0. 07
+  14,             Rain,           0. 48
+  15,             do.             0. 46
+  16,             do.             0. 20
+  17,             Shower,         0. 07
+
+
+
+
+PRICES CURRENT.--_Aug. 29, 1820._
+
+                                 Per       D.C.        D.C.
+
+  Beef. Philad. Mess, (pl.)      _bbl._    13.00
+  Butter, Fresh                  _lb._      0.12   "   0.20
+  Cotton Yarn, No. 10,           _lb._      0.36
+  Cotton, (Louisiana)              "        0.18   "   0.22
+  Flax, Clean, (scarce)            "        0.16   "   0.18
+  Firewood, Hickory,             _cord_,    5.00   "   6.00
+            Oak,                   "        3.50   "   4.00
+  Flour--Wheat, P. S. F.         _bbl._     4.50
+         Rye,                      "        2.75
+         Corn Meal,                         3.00
+  Grain--Wheat,                  _bush._    0.85   "   0.90
+         Rye,                      "        0.45   "   0.55
+         Corn, Pa.                          0.48   "   0.58
+         Oats,                     "        0.20   "   0.30
+  Hams--Jersey,                  _lb._      0.11   "   0.13
+  Leather--Sole,                 _lb._      0.24   "   0.30
+           Upper, undrs'd.       _side_,    2.75   "   3.50
+  Plaster of Paris,              _ton_,     4.75   "   5.00
+  Wool--Merino, Clean,           _lb._      0.75
+        Do. in Grease,             "        0.40
+        Common,                    "        0.50
+
+☞ Should any of our subscribers wish any particular
+articles noticed in the above Prices Current, he will have it
+attended to.
+
+
+
+
+STATE OF THE THERMOMETER.
+
+            9 o'cl.  12 o'cl.  3 o'cl.
+  July 24,    71       73       76
+       25,    74       73       81
+       26,    79       82       83
+       27,    79       83       81
+       28,    79       81       83
+       29,    79       81       78
+       31,    78       84       81
+  Aug.  1,    79       82       83
+        2,    75       78       81
+        3,    77       78       80
+        4,    77       78       81
+        5,    77       79       78
+        7,    74       77       75
+        8,    73       77       79
+        9,    75       79       83
+       10,    79       83       87
+       11,    81       85       89
+       12,    84       89       92
+       14,    76       79       79
+       15,    74       74       78
+       16,    73       75       76
+       17,    74       79       81
+       18,    73       75       77
+       19,    71       76       76
+       21,    73       75       76
+       22,    74       78       79
+       23,    75       77       80
+       24,    74       76       76
+       25,    75       78       80
+       26,    77       --       --
+
+
+
+
+ERRATA.
+
+In our last Number, page 320, for "John Byron," read JOHN BYROM.
+
+In page 317, under the head "Rules for Milking Cows," for "ten
+gallons of milk at a time," read TEN QUARTS, &c.
+
+
+
+
+PHILADELPHIA,
+
+PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY
+
+RICHARDS & CALEB JOHNSON,
+
+_No. 31, Market Street_,
+
+At $3.00 per annum.
+
+
+GRIGGS & DICKINSON, _Printers--Whitehall._
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Rural Magazine, and Literary
+Evening Fire-Side, Vol. 1 No. 9 , by Various
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 48786 ***
diff --git a/48786/48786-h/48786-h.htm b/48786-h/48786-h.htm
index bda2f38..94a80ff 100644
--- a/48786/48786-h/48786-h.htm
+++ b/48786-h/48786-h.htm
@@ -1,5296 +1,4882 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"

-    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">

-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">

-  <head>

-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />

-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />

-    <title>

-      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Rural Magazine, and Literary Evening Fire-Side, Vol. 1 No. 9 (1820) by Various.

-    </title>

-    <link rel="coverpage" href="images/coverpage.jpg"/>

-    <style type="text/css">

-

-body {

-    margin-left: 10%;

-    margin-right: 10%;

-}

-

-    h1,h2,h3 {

-    text-align: center; /* all headings centered */

-    clear: both;

-}

-

-p {

-    margin-top: .51em;

-    text-align: justify;

-    margin-bottom: .49em;

-    text-indent: 1em;

-}

-

-.noind {text-indent: 0em;}

-

-.s05    {font-size:.5em;}

-

-hr {

-    width: 45%;

-    margin-top: 2em;

-    margin-bottom: 2em;

-    margin-left: 27.5%;

-    margin-right: 27.5%;

-    clear: both;

-}

-

-hr.tb   {width: 25%;

-         margin-left: 37.5%;

-         margin-right: 37.5%;}

-

-hr.chap {width: 45%}

-

-table {

-    margin-left: auto;

-    margin-right: auto;

-}

-

-.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */

-    /*  visibility: hidden;  */

-    position: absolute;

-    left: 92%;

-    font-size: smaller;

-    font-style: normal;

-    text-align: right;

-} /* page numbers */

-

-blockquote {

-    margin-left: 5%;

-    margin-right: 5%;

-    font-size: 90%;

-}

-

-

-.bb       {border-bottom: solid 2px;}

-

-.bt       {border-top: solid 2px;}

-

-.center   {text-align: center;}

-

-.right   {text-align: right;}

-

-.smcap    {font-variant: small-caps;}

-

-.caption  {font-weight: bold;}

-

-.space-above {   margin-top: 3em; }

-

-.hanging {margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;  font-size: 15px;}

-

-.sig {   text-align: right;   margin-right: 5%;  }

-

-.sig1 {   text-align: right;   margin-right: 55%;  }

-

-

-/* Footnotes */

-

-.footnote         {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;}

-

-.footnote .label  {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;}

-

-.fnanchor {

-    vertical-align: super;

-    font-size: 55%;

-    text-decoration:

-    none;

-}

-

-/* Poetry */

- .poetry {margin: auto; text-align: center}

-

- .poem {

-    margin: auto 5%;

-    display: inline-block;

-    text-align: left

- }

-

- .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;}

-

- .poem span.i0     {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}

- .poem span.i2     {display: block; margin-left: 1em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}

- .poem span.i12    {display: block; margin-left: 6em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}

-

-@media handheld

-{

-  .poetry

-  {

-    display: block;

-    margin-left: 1.5em;

-  }

-}

-

-/* Transcriber's notes */

-.tn {background-color: #E6E6FA;

-    color: black;

-     font-size:smaller;

-	 border: dashed 1px;

-     padding:0.5em;

-     margin-bottom:5em;

-     font-family:sans-serif, serif; }

-

-@media handheld /* Place this at the end of the CSS */

-{

-  body

-  {

-    margin: 0;

-    padding: 0;

-    width: 95%;

-  }

-

-  .block-contents

-  {

-    display: block;

-    margin-left: 1.5em;

-  }

-  .poem

-  {

-    display: block;

-    margin-left: 1.5em;

-  }

-}

-

-    </style>

-  </head>

-<body>

-

-

-<pre>

-

-The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Rural Magazine, and Literary Evening

-Fire-Side, Vol. 1 No. 9 (1820), by Various

-

-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most

-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions

-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of

-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at

-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have

-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.

-

-

-

-Title: The Rural Magazine, and Literary Evening Fire-Side, Vol. 1 No. 9 (1820)

-

-Author: Various

-

-Release Date: April 24, 2015 [EBook #48786]

-

-Language: English

-

-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1

-

-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RURAL MAGAZINE ***

-

-

-

-

-Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online

-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

-

-

-

-

-

-

-</pre>

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-

-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[321]</a></span></p>

-

-

-<h1><span class="s05">THE</span><br />

-

-RURAL MAGAZINE,<br />

-

-<span class="s05">AND</span><br />

-

-LITERARY EVENING FIRE-SIDE.</h1>

-

-<p class="center"><strong><span class="smcap">Vol. I.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Philadelphia</span>, <i>Ninth Month</i>, 1820.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>No. 9.</i></strong></p>

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-

-

-<p class="center">FOR THE RURAL MAGAZINE.</p>

-

-

-<h2>THE DESULTORY REMARKER.</h2>

-<h3>No. VIII.</h3>

-

-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i12">Thou only know'st<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">That dark meandering maze<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Where wayward Falsehood strays,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">And, seizing swift the lurking sprite,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Forces her forth to shame and light<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a><br /></span>

-</div></div>

-

-<p>Man has been in all ages and countries,

-in a greater or less degree, the

-victim of imposture and superstition.

-Their origin can every where be traced

-to rude and uncultivated periods

-of society; but subsequent stages of

-comparative elegance and refinement

-have also ministered to the support

-of their dominion. Egypt, Greece

-and Rome were successively the

-seats of learning and science; yet in

-these celebrated regions, the human

-mind was enveloped in darkness and

-loaded with chains. The Egyptians

-have this ancient proverb: "It is easier

-to find a deity than a man."&mdash;Apotheosis

-must have been carried

-to an extraordinary length indeed

-when this was the case. Among

-these deities, Isis was prominently

-distinguished, and universally worshipped.

-On her statues, these words

-were impudently inscribed: "I am

-all that has been, that shall be, and

-none among mortals has hitherto taken

-off my veil!" Who but would

-blush for the credulity which listened

-with reverential awe to the oracular

-responses at Delphi, a town situate

-in the neighbourhood of Mount

-Parnassus, believed by every one at

-that time to be the centre of the earth!

-And concerning this precious object,

-the wars denominated the "<em>sacred</em>

-wars," were so furiously and destructively

-waged. The Grecians were

-compelled, under pain of death, rigidly

-to observe the mysteries of Eleusis;

-and the wisest of the Romans

-were seen consulting the flight of

-birds and the entrails of animals, for

-infallible prognostics of future events.

-Where the footsteps of <em>true</em> philosophy

-can be traced, her triumphs have

-been signal; and having found most

-of these and many other errors exploded,

-we lay claim in this enlightened

-age and country, to an extraordinary

-exemption from the influence

-of imposture and superstition.

-Although the darkness and gloom of

-former ages have in a great degree

-fled at the approach of the light of

-knowledge, still here and there the

-skirts of a black cloud remain, to indicate

-the failure of an absolute conquest.

-And the presence of these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[322]</a></span>

-potent adversaries of human happiness,

-should inculcate the duty on

-every friend of his species of lending

-his aid in advancing the cause of

-<span class="smcap">TRUTH</span>.</p>

-

-<p>Among the reprehensible customs

-which now obtain in the United States,

-none are more affrontful to the good

-sense of the community, and few more

-pernicious in their effects on youth

-and inexperience, than <span class="smcap">LOTTERIES</span>,

-and the disgusting advertisements

-connected with them, which daily appear

-in the public journals. The

-funds which constitute a lottery, are

-principally derived from the pockets

-of those whose straitened circumstances,

-prompt them to grasp at the

-glittering phantoms, paraded before

-their eyes by professional jugglers.&mdash;Their

-minds become unsettled; a

-love of idleness and extravagance is

-excited; and their attention diverted

-from the true sources of prosperity&mdash;industry,

-frugality and sound morals.

-This cautionary advice may be deduced

-from the best and brightest of

-books; "Make not haste to be

-rich."<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> Experience and observation

-unite in confirming its wisdom. We

-need but contemplate the consequences,

-which have almost universally

-resulted to those who have been

-so <em>fortunate</em> as to draw large prizes!

-Nine times perhaps out of ten, bankruptcy

-and ruin have trodden close

-on the heels of the dissipation and

-thoughtlessness they have occasioned.

-Lotteries are made by legislation,

-(which ought to be much better employed,)

-a species of legalized gambling,

-altogether destitute, in every

-point of view, of the slightest recommendation,

-to the countenance and

-patronage of the public. Being thus

-prejudicial to individual and social

-happiness, is it not to be lamented,

-that respectable editors instead of

-branding it as they ought, with its

-proper characteristics; should, to

-augment the profits of their papers,

-give to this system of deception, the

-widest circulation, among all classes

-of readers. These gentlemen should

-remember, that pecuniary sacrifices

-should sometimes be made at the

-shrine of virtue.</p>

-

-<p>Another source of imposture may

-be traced to the venders of <span class="smcap">QUACK

-MEDICINES</span>. Few persons are, perhaps,

-aware of the amount of this

-tax, levied by unprincipled charlatans,

-on the afflicted and credulous

-portion of the community. But it is

-not their money only that is sacrificed,

-but frequently their constitutions

-and their lives. He, whose constant

-companions have long been Pain and

-Disease, is easily persuaded to listen

-to the confident promises of impudent

-pretenders to medical science.

-He indulges the flattering but false

-anticipation of returning health, until

-his symptoms assume an incurable

-character, and nature gives him the

-"signal for retreat." It is not to be

-expected, that for all the multiform

-shapes which vice is constantly assuming,

-remedies can be furnished by

-statutory provision. For many evils,

-and some of them of a positively mischievous

-character, no other cure can

-be relied on with certainty, than the

-virtue and intelligence of the public.

-In proportion as these shall be cultivated,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[323]</a></span>

-will be the augmentation of social

-enjoyment, and the increasing

-splendour of the orb of truth.</p>

-

-<p>It has been observed by an eminent

-writer, that although all argument

-is against the existence of

-GHOSTS, all opinion is in its favour.&mdash;The

-celebrated <span class="smcap">John Wesley</span>, it is

-said, believed in them; and <span class="smcap">Edward

-Cave</span> asserted confidently, though he

-avoided dwelling on the subject, that

-he had himself seen an apparition.&mdash;The

-story of Mrs. <span class="smcap">Veal</span>, prefixed to

-Drelincourt on Death, though not

-conclusive, tended to strengthen such

-opinions. Few of those who held

-them, were countenanced by stronger

-evidence than that detailed in the following

-authentic narrative. In the

-earlier periods of the settlement of

-Pennsylvania, public houses of entertainment

-were few and distant from

-each other. A farmer, who resided

-in Montgomery then Philadelphia

-county, was returning from market

-at a late hour, of a cold winter night.

-As he was passing a meeting house,

-he discovered through the interstices

-of the door, a light which proceeded

-from a fire-place; there having been

-public worship held there during the

-preceding day. Having dismounted

-and hitched his horse, he proceeded to

-the door, and having opened it, beheld

-a large fire burning, a man laying

-before it, and between this mysterious

-personage and the door, a coffin! He

-instinctively shrunk back, as the time,

-the place, and the circumstances he

-witnessed, were well calculated to

-produce considerable excitement.&mdash;Summoning

-his resolution, however,

-he advanced to the fire-place, where

-he found a person asleep, and a new

-coffin along side of him. The man

-informed him, that being a joiner, he

-was employed to make a coffin for a

-relation who died a few miles above,

-and that he was taking it up from

-Germantown where he resided. It

-appeared that they had both turned in

-with the same object, to warm themselves;

-and the honest farmer was

-pleased to find the spectral apparition

-subside into a sober reality. How fortunate

-would it be if on all occasions,

-investigation were equally honest and

-determined. Then, indeed, would

-error and falsehood frequently be

-forced to "<span class="smcap">SHAME AND LIGHT</span>."</p>

-

-<p class="sig"><strong><big>&#9758;</big></strong></p>

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-

-<p class="center">FOR THE RURAL MAGAZINE.</p>

-

-<h2>THE VILLAGE TEACHER.</h2>

-

-

-<p>My favourite occupation between

-school hours, during the Spring and

-Summer, is <span class="smcap">GARDENING</span>. The munificence

-of some village Lorenzo has

-bequeathed, for the use of the schoolmaster,

-several acres of ground, well

-situated for tillage or ornamental

-purposes. Since I have been the

-incumbent, I have taken much pains

-to improve it by surrounding the chief

-part with hedges of cedar and thorn,

-and planting a good selection of fruit

-and forest trees. The lower part of

-the field is in grass, and a winding

-gravel walk leads from one group of

-trees to another. Here, according to

-their various tastes and habits, may

-be seen the magnolias of our own

-and the southern states, the walnut,

-the locust, the elm, the tulip tree, and

-the different varieties of pine, and

-larch, and fir, which it has been my

-study to arrange so as to diversify the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[324]</a></span>

-view, and exhibit as much as my slender

-means would allow, the great families

-into which the vegetable kingdom

-is divided. A brook as clear as

-crystal babbles along through an adjoining

-lot, and enters mine towards

-the lower end. I have conducted it

-to a natural hollow in the ground,

-and have thus, at a trifling expense,

-formed a fish-pond, which adds greatly

-to the beauty of my little domain,

-and furnishes me not only with wholesome

-food for my own and my friends'

-tables, but is well suited, from the natural

-moisture of its banks, for the

-cultivation of many of our beautiful

-ferns and aquatic plants. The middle

-of the lot I have planted with the

-various fruit trees in which our climate

-is so rich, if, indeed, it may not

-challenge a competition in this respect

-with the world. The upper

-and smaller portion of the lot, I have

-appropriated to what is called gardening

-in the stricter sense of the

-word. In marking out the walks, I

-have endeavoured to follow, as nearly

-as I could, what the painters, perhaps

-a little fantastically, call the line

-of beauty, so as to have but few sharp

-corners or square beds. At the prominent

-angles and the centres of the

-beds, are planted the Rhododendron;

-the two Kalmias; the scarlet, the

-tri-coloured and the flowering Azaleas;

-the Clethra and the Philadelphus,

-mingling with the most beautiful

-of the domesticated foreign shrubbery&mdash;the

-different Roses, Honeysuckles,

-and Jessamines. Underneath,

-and among this shrubbery, are

-seen the blue and scarlet Lobelias,

-the native Lily, the Gerardia, the

-Arethusa, the Orchis, the Bartsia,

-the Epigea, and all those beautiful

-flowers that spring up in our woods

-and meadows, and so frequently

-bloom and die unseen or unappropriated.

-These native flowers make

-a fine show and not an unfavourable

-comparison even with those beauties

-of Europe and the East that I have

-been able to collect and arrange by

-their side.</p>

-

-<p>I have been thus particular and

-egotistical in describing my garden,

-perhaps from vanity, but partly from

-a wish that the plan may be followed.

-Our native shrubbery and flowers are

-not surpassed in beauty and splendour

-by those of any region in the temperate

-zone, and many of them in magnificence

-of foliage and colours are

-truly tropical. They are sought for

-abroad with great eagerness, and form

-an indispensable part of every gentleman's

-collection. I wish it were

-more the custom for our farmers and

-cottagers to domesticate them in their

-gardens and around their houses.&mdash;They

-improve materially by cultivation,

-and new varieties are frequently

-formed. What can be a more beautiful

-ornament to the front of a farm-house,

-or a neat white-washed cottage,

-than a Sweet-briar, winding between

-the windows and over the door?

-or the Carolina Passion flower, the

-Alleghany Vine, the Clematis, or the

-scarlet Trumpet flower? These rural

-decorations add more than one

-would imagine, who had not tried

-them, to the innocent pleasures of a

-family; they have no small influence

-in forming the taste of children; they

-form a favourite retreat for the birds;

-and they fling over the whole country

-an air of peace, and contentment,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[325]</a></span>

-and innocent enjoyment, which no

-one, who has not travelled in the more

-beautiful and retired parts of England,

-can fully appreciate.</p>

-

-<p>I recollect once in riding through

-the valley of Chester county with some

-foreign gentlemen, that they were

-struck with the nakedness and rudeness

-of the farm-houses. It appeared

-to them the most beautiful region

-they had ever seen, and they exclaimed,

-with one voice, that the inhabitants

-did not seem worthy of possessing

-it. On the side of some sloping

-hill and in front of a lawn as smooth

-as velvet, or laden with the riches of

-the harvest, would be seen a barn and

-a house that looked as if the master

-and horse had changed lodgings, both

-of rude unhewn stone, without a single

-tree, or shrub, or a trailing vine, for

-shade or ornament. Such an insensibility

-to the beauties of rural decoration,

-in a region where every thing

-seems calculated to call out and

-quicken the taste, is unnatural, and

-can only arise from sordid habits or

-ignorance.</p>

-

-<p>If these hasty remarks should call

-the attention of our farmers to the

-subject, and induce them to devote

-some of their leisure hours to the ornamenting

-of their grounds, I shall

-be richly rewarded; and I can promise

-to them also a rich reward.&mdash;Their

-houses will be more cool and

-healthful, and they will find that by

-encouraging in their children a taste

-for gardening, and for observing the

-native beauties of our forests, their

-fondness for the innocent pleasures of

-home and for reading will be increased,

-together with that unambitious

-ease and industry which form the

-distinguishing traits in the character

-of a virtuous peasantry.</p>

-

-<p>I began this paper with a design

-to eulogise the art of gardening, and

-investigate its effects on the mind. I

-have been diverted, however, from

-my purpose, and must, in a future

-number, resume the disquisition.</p>

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-

-<p class="center">FOR THE RURAL MAGAZINE.</p>

-

-<h2>THE AFRICAN PEOPLE.</h2>

-

-

-<p>It does not appear that sufficient

-consideration is given to the case of

-those black people, who have been

-rendered free by or under the laws

-of the states and old provinces, from

-the earliest period. We have established

-in the city and county of Philadelphia,

-in Pennsylvania, <em>a system

-professing to be for the universal education

-of the poor</em>, at the public expense,

-to which the black people, by

-the taxes upon their real property,

-consumption taxes, and all the taxes

-of the whites (except the little personal

-or occupation tax,) actually

-contribute. It cannot be denied, that

-many of them are as truly among

-the poor, as the most and least poor

-of the white heads of families, whose

-children are admitted to this <em>constitutional</em>

-and legal provision. The

-blacks also pay all the consumption

-duties on imported foreign articles,

-so far as they consume them.</p>

-

-<p>We ought to consider the very low

-state of the proper blacks in Africa,

-where their uncivilized condition has

-long been most unhappily made worse

-by the neighbourhood of the four Saracen

-or Moorish piratical States of

-Barbary, devoted to military plunder,

-the slavery of the whites and blacks,

-and the imposter superstitions of

-Mahomet, sacrilegiously pretending

-to add himself to the Almighty in

-the government of his church and his

-earth. Besides these, the slave dealers

-of the world have resorted to the

-African ports and islands, and have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[326]</a></span>

-combined with powerful, avaricious,

-and inhuman princes and dealers, in

-that country, to make out a course of

-slave traffic with every nation, in

-whose system of industry African

-slaves are more profitable and efficient

-than white labourers. From

-the islands of Bourbon, Mauritius

-and Madagascar, round by the Cape

-of Good Hope and up to the Saracen

-or Moorish kingdom of Morocco,

-this system has long prevailed. It is

-unhappily true, that the great collection

-of proper Negro districts of Africa,

-remain now in the darkest state of

-irreligion, immorality and incivilization.

-It is also true, that this is so

-rooted in their system, that the actual

-transfer, since the year 1620, of a

-number of Africans to this country

-now amounting, with their descendants,

-to about one million and a half

-of the unmixed and mixed breeds, is

-to be considered as <em>a great and complicated

-dispensation of Divine Providence</em>,

-drawing that numerous people

-into the bosom and body of an enlightened

-nation, averse to the traffic,

-from the date of the <em>first</em> act of

-Virginia of 1778, <em>abolishing the slave

-trade</em>, to the present consummation

-of that prohibition, under the laws of

-the Union. We have gone, <em>first</em> in

-Pennsylvania, one step further by our

-act of 1780, which, while it unhappily

-recognized <em>the slavery of all the

-living</em>, instead of emancipating three

-or four thousand at the public expense,

-or at the expense of the holders,

-confined its operation to establishing

-the freedom of those who should

-be <em>thereafter</em> born of the slaves held

-and continuing to be held among us.</p>

-

-<p>In order, so far as in us lies, humbly

-to justify and bless the dispensation

-of Providence, which has drawn

-these people out of the gloomy abyss

-of the human family in the vast African

-black-peopled district, stained as

-it unhappily partially is even by the

-awful cannibal practice, and by human

-sacrifices, let us, of Pennsylvania,

-who have been first to make

-their native American <em>posterity</em> free,

-be the most distinguished, <em>in justice

-to their submissive and patient early

-labours in forming our fair old province</em>,

-in dispensing to them the benefits

-of that religious, moral, scholastic

-and professional education, without

-which they cannot live in the good

-hopes of this their earthly residence

-or of the world beyond the grave.&mdash;It

-is well understood, that our city

-and county school system is not practically

-and effectually extended to the

-poor black people. An appeal is

-respectfully made to the friends of

-religion, morals, useful knowledge,

-and general industry, whether we

-ought not to dispense to them a more

-generous, just and civilized freedom.

-If we mean to avoid arguments

-against the gradual and ultimate

-abolition of slavery, let us endeavour

-to instruct them in all those things,

-which will enable them to labour with

-advantage, to get their own living in

-the progressive station on this continent,

-to which it has pleased God to

-suffer them to be transferred. To the

-black people themselves, it is proper

-to recommend a very modest and

-good conduct in all things, without

-which <em>they</em> cannot succeed, nor can

-the endeavours of <em>their best friends</em>

-be availing and effectual.</p>

-

-<p class="sig"><i>A Friend of all the Poor.</i></p>

-

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-

-<p class="center">FOR THE RURAL MAGAZINE.</p>

-

-<h3>ON GIMCRACKERY.</h3>

-

-

-<p>The invention of new instruments

-and machines is among the noblest

-exertions of the human faculties. It

-is said to be considered by some philosophers

-as the most striking distinguishing

-character between our

-species and the brute creation, that

-man is a <em>tool-making</em> animal. He is

-certainly the only one who selects his

-instruments with care and adapts

-them to his purposes, by altering

-their shape and structure. At any

-rate, the temporal advantages which

-we possess over the beasts, are universally,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[327]</a></span>

-perhaps, obtained through

-this medium. As this is the case,

-one might suppose that they who invent

-and improve these engines of

-superiority, would receive the homage

-of their fellow men to their talents

-and thanks for their benefit to

-the human race. Why, then, what

-is called Gimcrackery should fall into

-disrepute, is an inquiry of some curiosity.</p>

-

-<p>We cannot well deny the truth of

-the very common remark, that inventors

-are very apt to fail of realizing,

-by their ingenuity, a solid provision

-for life; nor can we well avoid concluding,

-that of the many contrivances

-daily offered to the public, that

-the probability of any one becoming

-permanently useful is very small indeed.

-When we consider, however,

-that the great mass of these inventions

-are designed for the attainment

-of wealth, and that such an amount

-of skill and ingenuity are employed,

-the above conclusions cannot fail to

-appear singular. One would think

-inventors could not, with these acknowledged

-talents, well fail of at

-least securing their own independence,

-although their schemes may

-not be profitable to others. If, however,

-we analyse the motives by which

-such persons are guided, we shall

-find, I think, some explanation.</p>

-

-<p>There are few if any men who are

-not more or less influenced by a desire

-of some species of fame or distinction,

-although, in many of the

-common situations of life, this does

-not interfere with the pursuit of

-wealth, and only shows itself in moments

-of relaxation from the toils of

-necessity. For one who wishes to

-signalize himself in his trade or profession,

-and who is swayed by that

-desire as a ruling passion, there are

-probably many who seek to gratify

-their pride, by the pursuit of eminence

-in other things. People aim

-at distinction in conversational wit, in

-politics, philosophy or even drinking

-or gaming; while the hours devoted

-to business are guided by the wish

-for property alone, undisturbed by

-the love of fame. In the persons of

-whom we are speaking, this feeling,

-inseparable from the nature of man,

-has a powerful influence on their serious

-business. They are not to get

-wealth only, but distinction, by their

-talents; and I question much whether

-they are not more under the influence

-of a wish for the latter than the former.

-Praise is most generally, at

-least in this instance, gained by a single

-exertion, and by the study of a

-short time. The invention once

-made, and its applicability rendered

-plausible, all further contemplation

-of the subject is accompanied by an

-exulting hope that fills and occupies

-the mind. But applying either inventions

-or any other means to the

-common business of life, is a more

-monotonous, common-place labour,

-that affords no high and exhilarating

-excitement to persevere. The consequence

-too often is that the inventor

-quits one hopeful scheme before it is

-half reduced to practice, to fly to

-something still more new; showing

-by this that he is fonder of the act of

-inventing than of making money by

-the results. Of this preference of

-fame to wealth, a striking instance is

-often afforded by those illiterate persons

-who follow this pursuit. These

-often voluntarily abstain from studying

-the scientific labours of their predecessors,

-of which I have known instances,

-in order to preserve the originality

-of their projects, though frequently

-at the expense of their perfection

-and utility. If, then, the

-larger portion of the labour of these

-men is devoted to the attainment of

-celebrity, they can hardly quarrel

-with results of their own making, nor

-expect fortune to come to their hands

-unsought.</p>

-

-<p>Persons who wish to acquire wealth,

-or, in fact, to achieve any permanent

-end, are generally obliged to use

-steady perseverance, and to apply all

-the talents they are masters of for a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[328]</a></span>

-length of time. Precisely the same

-is the case with inventors. That inventor

-meets with very extraordinary

-success indeed, who is not obliged, in

-the application of his plans to a useful

-purpose, to employ prudence and

-economy, and all those qualities which

-enable a man to conduct business to

-advantage and to influence the minds

-of others. Hence it is that inventions

-so often lie for a length of years, forgotten

-or neglected, till some one of

-less originality, but more perseverence,

-influence and mercantile calculation,

-carries them into effect with

-advantage.</p>

-

-<p>The want of being acquainted with

-the efforts and discoveries of predecessors

-is the cause of prodigious

-waste of time and talent. Hence the

-thousand schemes for perpetual motion,

-and a variety of other attempts

-scarce less extravagant, because made

-with equal ignorance. And, in fact,

-there is a strong tendency in having

-acquired the knowledge of the labours

-of others, to clip the wings of

-invention, and render men of learning

-much less apt to attempt novelties

-than while they knew less.</p>

-

-<p>Extravagance in pecuniary matters

-is another frequent cause of the ruin

-of ingenious artists and of those who

-trust in them. This is shown, both

-in imprudently investing considerable

-sums of money without a reasonable

-probability of a return, and in the general

-lavish style in which such men

-often live and experiment.</p>

-

-<p>In fact, to turn inventions to advantage,

-requires the singling out of one

-good, feasible plan, mercantile prudence

-in calculating probabilities, and

-mercantile economy in the conduct

-of the business, together with perseverence

-enough to prevent marring

-one scheme by prematurely beginning

-another. These qualities are

-so rarely found in combination with

-mechanical originality, or, indeed

-with that restless versatility which

-keeps men on the search for its productions,

-that it will perhaps always

-continue to be generally the case;

-that one man shall invent and persuade

-another to make experimental

-trials, but a third, and one totally unconnected

-with either, if any one,

-shall reap the increase.</p>

-

-<p class="sig">

-S. C.<br />

-</p>

-

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-

-<p class="center">FOR THE RURAL MAGAZINE.</p>

-

-<h3>THE PRODUCTIONS OF THE EARTH.</h3>

-

-

-<p>No subject can more deeply interest

-the planters and farmers of this

-country. Our merchants can export

-every American production without

-duty, tax or impediment. We have

-all the benefits of a foreign, coasting,

-and interior trade, free as to our own

-laws, and the national government

-are constantly engaged in negotiations

-and regulations calculated to

-soften or remove the inconveniences

-of foreign monopolies in commerce

-and navigation. Such measures are

-pending now with Britain and France.</p>

-

-<p>When trade has exhausted its power

-to find a profitable market, abroad

-or at home, the conversion of our unsaleable

-surplus produce into new

-forms, commonly denominated <em>domestic

-manufactures</em>, becomes an object

-of reasonable consideration. It

-is well known, that the cultivated soil

-and the bowels of the earth give us

-the following principal objects as the

-fruits of the culture of the land, or

-as its spontaneous productions. 1,

-Hemp; 2, Flax; 3, Wool; 4, Iron;

-5, Silk; 6, Hides and Skins; 7, Sugar;

-8, Indigo, Woad, Madder; 9,

-Grass; 10, Grain; 11, Wood; 12,

-Tobacco, and 13, Cotton. Such has

-long been the unforced state of our

-manufacturing industry, that in 1797,

-in 1810, and in 1819, we did not export

-any surplus or quantity, however

-small, of the first eight of those valuable

-productions. Our manufacturers,

-without the war or double, or

-present duties, bought at home and

-worked up the whole. The returns

-of exports prove, that we did not ship

-any part of several of those articles,

-and if we shipped a little of some,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[329]</a></span>

-we imported a greater weight and

-value of the same kinds of foreign

-produce or raw materials.</p>

-

-<p>Of the 9th article, Grass or Hay,

-we shipped very little, screwed into

-compact bundles for the West Indies.</p>

-

-<p>Of the 10th, Grain, with some

-Fruit and Molasses, we have a brewery

-and distillery, a cider and general

-liquor manufacture, equal to forty

-millions of gallons, and requiring a

-quantity of produce equal to the value

-of sixteen millions of bushels of

-grain, of which above seven-eighth

-parts are drawn from our own lands.

-This is equal to the value of seven

-millions of barrels of flour, and we

-did not ship to foreign countries, in

-1819, more than 750,000 barrels. It

-is plain, that the liquor manufactories

-of the United States (to which we

-are adding wine, worth to France

-100,000,000 dollars,) are a very principal

-support of our agriculture.&mdash;We

-also make of grain, quantities of

-starch, hair-powder, sizing, paste, ship

-bread, wafers and vermicelli, hominy,

-firmity, soft bread, pastry and other

-preparations of grain. It is converted

-into fatted cattle, hogs and poultry.

-Ingenuity is and should be on

-the stretch to employ and profitably

-consume grain. Pork and beef maintain

-better prices abroad than the

-grain (or meal thereof,) with which

-we feed cattle and hogs. The prohibition

-of spirits, and the distillation of

-molasses, in St. Domingo, will cut off

-our supply of molasses.</p>

-

-<p>Of the 11th article, Wood, we have

-now one manufacture (our sea vessels,

-coasters, river and other boats,) worth

-40 or 50 millions of dollars. We

-manufacture, for exportation, from

-120 to 180 millions of staves, heading,

-hoops, boards, scantling, plank,

-and we have an immense cooperage

-for foreign and domestic sale and use.

-Besides buildings, fences, cabinet

-ware, carriages, ploughs, harrows,

-handspikes, turnery, boxes, cases, faggots,

-cord-wood, &amp;c. &amp;c., to a vast

-amount, profiting the owners and

-clearers of wood lands.</p>

-

-<p>12. Tobacco, of which we manufacture

-nearly all we consume, and

-fabricate as much for exportation,

-probably, as we import in a manufactured

-state for our consumption.

-We could manufacture a quantity of

-tobacco equal to the supply shipped

-by all Europe.</p>

-

-<p>Of Cotton, we are supposed to manufacture

-30,000,000 of pounds, shipping

-above three times that weight to

-foreign countries. We yearly increase

-in the goodness, fineness, utility,

-variety and value of our cotton

-manufactures. The looms of the

-United States were, in A. D. 1810,

-325,000, of which North Carolina

-and Virginia, cotton and wool states,

-had the most, being each nearly

-41,000 looms. The water and steam

-are well established, and work lower

-than the cheapest hand looms of Europe

-or Asia.</p>

-

-<p>The plain instruction, of these genuine

-facts, to our planters and farmers,

-is, to encourage household manufactures,

-and all other manufactures

-on the estates, at the doors, in the

-townships, villages, and counties in

-which they live, consuming raw materials,

-building materials, food for

-man and beast, fuel, drinks, and other

-productions of the earth. This system

-of adjacent manufactures saves

-all the cost of transportation of our

-productions to the sea-ports, and the

-expense of carrying foreign goods

-from the sea-ports to the interior,

-more profitable than canals and turnpike

-roads.</p>

-

-<p>Every judicious member of the

-agricultural body must be a friend to

-the freedom and encouragement of

-our foreign commerce, as affording a

-constant and sure market for a considerable

-portion of the productions

-of the earth. But, that manufactures

-afford also a very great and sure

-market for a larger variety, quantity

-and value of our landed productions,

-is no less manifest and certain.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[330]</a></span>

-The nail mill, the paper mill,

-the screw mill, the brewery, the

-spinning and weaving mills, the calico

-printing mill, the pottery, and

-many other works and arts to fabricate

-useful necessary supplies out of

-our raw materials, will (including all

-our manufactures) be worth, in the

-whole of 1820, more than five times

-the value of our exported goods for

-sale in foreign countries. Let every

-farmer, planter, iron-master, &amp;c.,

-therefore, encourage manufactures in

-his household, on his estate, and in his

-neighbourhood, as the surest method

-of making a profitable home demand,

-without the expense of transportation,

-for the fruits of his labour, and the

-natural productions of his forests,

-mines and quarries. We purposely

-avoid to urge forcing and protecting

-duties, referring only to those existing,

-which have been ordained principally

-for the purpose of raising the requisite

-public revenue. We do not interfere

-in the agitation of the question

-about protecting duties. We

-believe the cheapness of produce and

-labour and improved machinery and

-labour-saving processes, will occasion

-manufactures to prosper and increase,

-and thus to support the growers of

-produce and the owners of the land, beyond

-even our free and valuable trade.

-To this, the duties laid for revenue, for

-defence, and for the encouragement

-of agriculture, will materially contribute;

-such as the impost upon East

-India cotton goods, of 27<sup><small>1</small></sup>&frasl;<sub><small>2</small></sub> to 62<sup><small>1</small></sup>&frasl;<sub><small>2</small></sub> and

-even 80 and 90 per cent., as made entirely

-of foreign cotton, rival to our

-cotton, flax, hemp, wool and silk.</p>

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-

-<p class="center">FOR THE RURAL MAGAZINE.</p>

-

-<h2>EXTRACTED FROM

-THE MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS OF C. E.</h2>

-

-<blockquote>

-<p class="center"><i>On the increase of the Domestic Sugar

-of the United States.</i></p></blockquote>

-

-<p>It would seem to be a great acquisition

-to our country, if we could

-produce from our own soil whatever

-sugar might be necessary for our own

-consumption, without having recourse

-to foreign Islands or nations; it will

-therefore be satisfactory, I apprehend,

-to all lovers of their country to

-find that we are already making rapid

-advances, as will appear to any

-person who attentively weighs the

-following items of information, collected

-at different times from our

-public newspapers; from whence it

-may be inferred, that before many

-years have expired a supply sufficient

-for our own use will be furnished

-within our own territories.</p>

-

-<p>1812, January 10&mdash;Albert Gallatin,

-Esq. then Secretary of the Treasury,

-informed the Committee of Ways and

-Means, in a letter, that the Western

-States were then entirely supplied

-with salt of domestic produce; and

-that they consumed annually seven

-millions of pounds of sugar, made

-from the Sugar Maple tree, which,

-says he, is nearly all they use. Now,

-if in 1812 the <em>Western</em> States produced

-7,000,000 pounds of sugar from

-such trees, it is probable that in 1820,

-<em>they</em> would produce not less than

-10,000,000 in a year. If to this we add

-what is yielded in the states of Vermont,

-New York, and Pennsylvania, it

-seems likely that the whole amount

-of such sugar, now made annually in

-the United States, is not less than 15

-millions of pounds.</p>

-

-<p>By a publication in a late newspaper,

-it appears that there were exported

-from New Orleans, in six

-months preceding 1st May, 1820,

-15,652 hogsheads of sugar; all this

-no doubt was of their own growth

-and produced from the Sugar Cane.

-I am informed by a dealer in sugar,

-that the sugar hogsheads of New

-Orleans do not average less than 1000

-pounds to each hogshead, making, in

-six months, 15,652,000 pounds, and

-in the whole year probably 20,000,000

-pounds; total of sugar from the Sugar

-tree and Cane, 35,000,000 pounds

-annually. This exhibits a very rapid

-increase in the amount of sugar made,

-as I think Secretary Gallatin, in an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[331]</a></span>

-older communication, not 20 years

-ago, stated that New Orleans at that

-time exported only about 2,000,000

-of pounds of sugar.</p>

-

-<p>The supply now furnished as above

-will probably be greatly augmented

-in future years, from the same

-sources.</p>

-

-<p>Add to these the prospect of sugar

-to be raised or produced from the

-Cane in Carolina and Georgia, as may

-be collected from the following items,

-selected from the newspapers also,

-viz.</p>

-

-<p>In 1814, Thomas Spalding made

-on Sapelo Island, in lat. 31<sup><small>1</small></sup>&frasl;<sub><small>2</small></sub>, as much

-as 95 hogsheads of excellent sugar,

-equal to Jamaica, from Canes he had

-planted there.</p>

-

-<p>In 1815, Major Butler, on his plantation

-in South Carolina, produced

-by the labour of seventeen hands, off

-of 85 acres of land, 140,000 pounds

-of sugar, and 75 hogsheads of molasses.</p>

-

-<p>Also, John M'Queen, off of 18

-acres, had 20,000 Canes per acre,

-worked by five or six hands; 5,000

-Canes, the produce of one quarter of

-an acre, yielded 600 gallons of juice,

-which boiled down made 672 pounds

-sugar, and may lose 50 pounds in

-draining, leaving 622 pounds; or per

-acre, of sugar, 2,488 pounds.</p>

-

-<p>Again, as to the Sugar Maple tree,

-or as some say it is more properly

-styled, "The Sugar Tree;" in 1815,

-64,000 pounds of sugar were made

-in the town of Plattsburgh, Clinton

-county, New York. In 1818, 22,000

-pounds were made by 80 families, in

-one township in Bradford county,

-Pennsylvania, which is on an average

-275 pounds to each family.</p>

-

-<p>There can be little doubt but that

-arrangements might be made by some

-of the merchants of Philadelphia, to

-procure a regular supply of the best

-Sugar Tree sugar, for the accommodation

-of such persons as are religiously

-scrupulous of using sugar

-made from the Cane, which is produced

-by the labour of slaves.</p>

-

-<p>I have seen Maple sugar with

-which sufficient pains had been taken

-in the making and draining, that was

-as handsome in its appearance and as

-well tasted and good in every respect,

-I thought, as any West India sugar

-I had ever seen, and when refined

-equal to any loaf sugar. Of which,

-I remember H. D. of this city, merchant,

-since deceased, about the year

-1789, sent some boxes as a present

-to general Washington, then president

-of the United States, residing in

-New York.</p>

-

-<p>Near twenty years ago, when little

-domestic sugar was made in the United

-States, I computed from the duties

-paid, that the whole consumption

-of sugar annually in our country,

-then, was about ten pounds for every

-individual, on an average. There

-are now, I suppose, ten millions of

-inhabitants in the United States, who,

-at the above ratio, would consume

-annually 100,000,000 pounds sugar,

-of which we now make 35,000,000 lbs.

-per annum, as above calculated.</p>

-

-<p>Last winter there was an account in

-some of the newspapers, that a person

-in Virginia had obtained a patent

-for making sugar from wheat, rye or

-Indian corn; that it was good sugar,

-and that each bushel yielded fifteen

-pounds. I have heard no more of it,

-but if well founded, this would be the

-greatest acquisition of all, because,

-in every part of our country, sugar,

-without the use of slaves, could be

-made in the greatest abundance, and

-might beneficially supplant the practice

-of making so much pernicious

-whiskey, in places remote from sea-ports.</p>

-

-<p>From what has been now stated,

-there seems to be scarce room for a

-doubt, but that in a few years, we can

-be supplied from domestic sources

-with all the sugar we shall want for

-our own consumption.</p>

-

-<p>By an account of Joseph Cooper's

-native Grape Vine, published in your

-Rural Magazine, No. 7, page 247

-as little doubt can exist but that with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[332]</a></span>

-proper care by the farmers, our country

-may also be supplied with good

-wine, sufficient for our own use, and

-probably with more profit to the

-growers, than they can find by pursuing

-the old beaten track of adhering

-almost entirely to grain which is

-now so low in price.</p>

-

-<p>The southern and western parts

-of our territories would, probably,

-with proper encouragement, yield all

-the coffee and silk we might be able

-to consume.</p>

-

-<p>All these, and many other objects

-of culture, are proper for the attention,

-recommendation and encouragement

-of state legislatures, of agricultural

-societies, and of all patriotic

-members of society. Thus we may

-become, in time, really independent;

-and from the extent of our country,

-and the variety of its climates, come

-to consider our own dominions as a

-world of our own, producing nearly

-all that is necessary for the use of

-man, as Sir George Staunton, in his

-Embassy, says the Chinese consider

-their vast extensive empire. This

-consideration, probably, makes them

-in a great measure, regardless of foreign

-trade.</p>

-

-<p class="sig">

-C. E.<br />

-</p>

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-

-

-<p class="center">FOR THE RURAL MAGAZINE.</p>

-

-<h2>ENCOURAGEMENT FOR FARMERS

-ON POOR LAND.</h2>

-

-

-<p>It is believed, that many productions

-possess a delicacy in their qualities,

-when raised on light soils,

-which they have not, when grown

-on rich and fat soils. The wool produced

-on the poor South Down soils

-of Great Britain is far superior to the

-wool raised on the rich alluvion lands

-of Lincolnshire in that country. The

-wines produced among the gravels

-and pebbles of the <em>Medoc</em> district near

-Bordeaux are much superior to the

-wines produced on the <em>palus</em> or alluvion

-lands between the two rivers

-Lot and Garonne in the same vicinity.

-The Tesamum produces the

-most delicate oil from light soils.

-This suggestion is worthy of consideration

-and experiment in respect

-to animals, fruits, grains, and gardeners

-and farmers' vegetables.</p>

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-

-<h2>From the July No. of the North American Review.</h2>

-

-

-<blockquote>

-

-<p class="hanging"><i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Letters écrites d'Italie en 1812 et 13,

-à M. Charles Pictet, l'un des Rédacteurs

-de la Bibliothéque Britannique

-par Fréderic Sullin de Chateauvieux.

-A Paris et à Genéve.</i>

-1816, 2 vols. 12mo. pp. 576.</p></blockquote>

-

-<p>Perhaps there are none of our natural

-advantages which it still remains

-for us fully to appreciate and avail

-ourselves of, so much as those which

-respect the agriculture of our country.</p>

-

-<p>Without running into all the errors

-of the economists or adopting their

-entire theory, we trust that we may

-assert the paramount importance of

-this pursuit, particularly to the United

-States. To every country it affords

-at least a partial, and often a

-complete subsistence for its population;

-it gives a constant and healthful

-employment to sometimes more

-than half and never less than a fifth

-of the community; its profits though

-not so large, are more certain than

-those in other employments of captal;

-and while it replaces the annual advance

-invested, a surplus profit has accrued,

-which can be employed as private

-interest and the public good may

-require.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> But in the United States

-the cultivation of the soil has these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[333]</a></span>

-and many more advantages; nay, it

-is intimately connected with our national

-character, because it powerfully

-acts upon the morals and constitution

-of our citizens. If it be

-true, that the torch of liberty has

-always burned with a purer and

-brighter lustre on the mountains than

-on the plains, it is still more true,

-that the sentiments of honour and

-integrity more generally animate the

-rough but manly form of the farmer,

-than the debilitated body of the artisan.

-There is in that primitive and

-honourable occupation, the culture

-of the earth, something which, while

-it pours into the lap of the state an

-increase beyond every other employment,

-gives us more than the fabled

-stone, not only a subsistence,

-but a placid feeling of contentment;

-not only creates the appetite to enjoy,

-but guarantees its continuance

-by a robust constitution, fortified with

-the safeguards of temperance and

-virtue.</p>

-

-<p>The anxiety of our countrymen

-to possess in fee a spot of ground

-however small, and the consequent

-paucity of leases, is a fact no less

-curious than it is solitary. This is

-not the case, or at least in any considerable

-degree, in any other country.

-Such indeed in Britain were

-formerly those small proprietors called

-franklins, who possessed a keen

-spirit of independence and a determined

-opposition to oppression; feelings

-which, with the alienation of

-their farms, have gradually departed

-from the breasts of their descendants.</p>

-

-<p>Notwithstanding, however, the ease

-with which the pride of independent

-possession may be gratified, it is not

-the less true that agriculture, instead

-of being a favoured, has been a degraded

-and unpopular pursuit; that

-instead of cherishing every motive

-which might lead to its honourable

-extension, we have endeavoured gradually

-to weaken its legitimate efforts.

-It is indeed a singular inquiry,

-why the cultivation of the soil

-among us should have been so little

-encouraged, when every state in

-Europe, since the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle,

-has turned its most assiduous

-attention to this most important

-department of domestic economy,

-and ultimately borrowed from

-it the resources which have carried

-them through the prodigious conflicts

-of the last generation.</p>

-

-<p>There have been many causes,

-certainly not all of equal efficacy,

-which have co-operated against the

-interests of agriculture. But there

-is a prominent one to which we can

-but just allude. During a very considerable

-period, since the peace of

-'83, the peculiar situation of Europe

-has afforded opportunities for commercial

-enterprise too tempting to

-be resisted.&mdash;American merchants

-received, in the lapse of a very few

-years, the most astonishing accessions

-of wealth; and fortunes, ordinarily

-the fruit of a laborious life, and never

-the portion of many, were amassed

-with unparalleled rapidity, and by

-large numbers. Our domestic prosperity

-more than equalled the extension

-of our trade. It was then that

-the compting-houses of our merchants

-were filled with youth from the

-country, who forsook the slower but

-surer emoluments of agriculture, for

-the mushroom but unsubstantial fortunes

-of commerce; nay, who preferred

-the meanest drudgery behind

-the counter of a retail dealer, to the

-manly and invigorating toil of the

-cultivator of his paternal acres. Unfortunately

-this spirit of migration was

-encouraged by too great a success in

-trade. Feelings of vulgar pride contracted

-in town caused the manual

-labour of the farmer to be regarded

-as degrading; this unworthy sentiment

-spread with baleful influence,

-and when the compting-houses became

-overstocked and afforded no

-longer a resource, it was no uncommon

-thing to see a young man with

-no qualifications but a little bad Latin

-picked up at a miserable village<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[334]</a></span>

-school, forsake a large and fertile

-farm and apprentice himself to a poor

-country attorney.</p>

-

-<p>Another cause of the depressed

-state of agriculture, mentioned in

-late publication,<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> is the constant emigration

-to the west. There must necessarily

-be a tendency to a most empoverishing

-system of cultivation,

-where people feel that after having

-extracted all the richness of the soil,

-they may throw it up and remove

-to a country, which offers them an

-untouched surface, and needs no artificial

-aid of composts or manure.

-The land, besides suffering from negligence

-consequent on the prospect

-of departure, will be worn out by successive

-crops, and long be rendered

-unfit for the most valuable dispositions

-of the agriculturist. Indeed

-we have been informed, that in many

-instances, when the land is almost

-ruined by the continued culture of

-tobacco, it is sold by the planter to

-some enterprizing and laborious individual,

-who may restore it by his

-patience and attention, while he himself

-removes to another spot, where

-the same wretched system of exhaustion

-may again be renewed.&mdash;There

-are other causes we might

-mention, such as the unwieldy size

-of our farms, and particularly the

-want of a regular enlightened farming

-system. But we cannot now stop

-to enter on these topics, but may notice

-them hereafter.</p>

-

-<p>If then agriculture be so important

-an item in a nation's resources, affording

-such subsistence to its population,

-and a surplus capital to be

-employed in the various objects of

-national industry and enterprise, it

-would seem to follow, that nothing

-but very imperious circumstances

-should induce any government to repress

-its vigour, or palsy the exertions

-of those devoted to it. Immediately

-connected with such an attempt

-was the late bill before Congress,

-establishing a new tariff of

-duties. But why go back to a bill

-which was rejected? We answer,

-that it is not to be forgotten that

-private interest is one of the most

-powerful incentives to action, that

-the manufacturing interest is large

-and increasing, that one defeat will

-not discourage its partisans, and lastly,

-extraordinary as the fact may seem,

-that the bill in question, fraught with

-such varied evil, was thrown out by

-a majority of only <em>one</em> vote in the senate.

-The tendency of this project

-was not only to introduce an unequal

-system of taxation, but first, by the

-destruction of a large part of our foreign

-commerce, to diminish very

-materially the market for our home

-products, and secondly, to divert a

-large portion of agricultural industry

-into the service of the loom and

-spinning jenny.</p>

-

-<p>But it will be asked, are manufactures

-then to be entirely neglected?

-Most certainly not. Still there

-is a certain limit, in a newly settled

-country with a thin population, beyond

-which their establishment is not

-only useless to government, but a

-burden to the people. It is undoubtedly

-true that the manufacture of articles

-of immediate necessity or very

-general circulation ought to be encouraged

-by a wise and provident

-people; but it ordinarily happens

-that these need no extraordinary patronage;

-their extended use soon

-gives a facility to the artist, which

-enables him to enter into competition

-with the foreigner, provided the raw

-material is to be found at home in

-any tolerable abundance. Thus we

-find that hats were manufactured in

-the colonies at a very early period;

-together with household furniture,

-saddlery, &amp;c. they have long since

-ceased to be an article of importation.

-It is necessary for the well-being

-and security of a nation, that certain

-articles, should be manufactured

-within its limits, such as gunpowder,

-coarse clothing, and some others of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[335]</a></span>

-similar discription.&mdash;But the moment

-people attempt to force by means

-of high duties on foreign imports the

-production of a commodity, which,

-by reason of the extravagance of

-the wages of labour and other causes,

-must necessarily be sold at a much

-greater price than the imported one,

-their conduct would seem no less

-an affront to common sense, than a

-solecism in political economy.</p>

-

-<p>The United States possess a very

-restricted capital; and as the tilling

-of the soil requires comparatively

-much fewer advances than any

-other department of industry, that

-capital became immediately invested

-in agriculture. Land, cheap, and fertile,

-constituted a fund which gave

-a certain profit. And as the productions

-of the labour of more than

-five eighths of our population went

-to purchase foreign articles either of

-luxury or necessity, a great and profitable

-intercourse was constantly

-maintained with Europe. Under an

-equitable system of foreign duties,

-arising from this commerce, the expenses

-of government were defrayed,

-our debt gradually extinguished, and

-by a powerful but necessary re-action

-our agriculture improved and extended.

-But the tariff bill restricted a

-large and valuable commerce principally

-with Britain. It is not to be

-supposed that, while we refused the

-broadcloths and hardware of England,

-she would still continue to buy

-the same proportion of our cotton

-and tobacco. Our market then for

-these articles would be so far lost;

-and if we now feel the effects of a

-diminished demand for our produce

-in consequence of the establishment

-of peace in Europe, how can it be

-thought a wise policy to suffer other

-embarrassments and losses, by excluding

-ourselves entirely from every

-foreign port where we might calculate

-upon its sale? Where then is

-our produce to find a vent? For assuredly

-the most enthusiastic friend

-of domestic manufactures could never

-imagine, that the most extensive

-establishment of them could ever

-give an adequate consumption for

-the present amount of our agricultural

-productions.</p>

-

-<p>The bill then imposing heavy duties

-on foreign articles, besides diminishing

-the number of the cultivators

-of the soil, would in some degree

-operate as a tax on its fruits,

-because, while the price of manufactures

-was enormously increased,

-the value of produce would be more

-than proportionally diminished. For

-the cultivator, not only deprived of

-the benefit of a competition between

-the domestic and foreign consumer

-in the sale of his articles, is obliged

-to purchase those of his neighbour,

-at any price which his cupidity and

-the tariff may determine. The expenses

-of the state being still the

-same and its usual resources dried

-up, a general but unequal system of

-taxation would be adopted, which in

-fact, the farmer bending under the

-weight of this partial policy, is less

-able to pay whatever contribution

-may be levied. These assertions are

-by no means novel, they are mere

-corollaries from the plainest and most

-undoubted principles of political economy.

-Dr. Adam Smith, the great

-father of the science, and all whose

-views on this subject, though not

-acted upon in a country whose domestic

-policy was too firmly established

-to be changed without a most

-serious revolution, ought to have great

-weight with us in the adoption of

-any permanent system, speaks in this

-decided manner in his "Wealth of

-Nations," vol. iii. p. 201. "It is thus

-that every system which endeavours,

-either by extraordinary encouragements,

-to draw towards a particular

-species of industry a greater share of

-the capital of the society, than what

-would naturally go to it; or by extraordinary

-restraints, to force from

-particular species of industry some

-share of the capital which would

-otherwise be employed in it; is in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[336]</a></span>

-reality subversive of the great purpose

-which it means to promote. It

-retards instead of accelerating the

-progress of the society towards real

-wealth and greatness; and diminishes

-instead of increasing the real value

-of the annual produce of its land and

-labour. All systems either of preference

-or restraint therefore, being

-thus completely taken away, the obvious

-and simple system of natural liberty

-establishes itself of its own accord.

-Every man, as long as he does

-not violate the laws of justice, is left

-perfectly free to pursue his own interest

-his own way, and to bring both

-his industry and capital into competition

-with those of any other man or

-order of men." M. Say, a man no

-less remarkable for his practical

-knowledge of manufacturing industry,

-than his profound acquaintance

-with every branch of economical

-science, has given his marked disapprobation

-of that system which we

-are discussing. "Lorsqu'au travers

-de cette marche naturelle des choses,"

-says he, "l'autorité se montre et dit:

-le produit, qu'on veut créer, celui

-qui donne les meilleurs profits, et

-par conséquent celui qui est le plus

-recherché, n'est pas celui qui convient,

-il faut qu'on s'occupe de tel

-autre; elle dirige évidemment une

-partie de la production vers un genre,

-dont le besoin se fait sentir davantage."

-Traité d'Economic Politique,

-tom. i. p. 168. We can only refer

-to pages 172 and 201 for the expansion

-of these ideas. It is thus we

-find that the arguments adduced in

-favour of this system neither accord

-with the convictions of fact nor the

-suggestions of reason. Whenever

-the increasing capital devoted to the

-land can no longer be profitably employed,

-then manufactures will flourish

-and the surplus profits of agriculture

-be legitimately devoted to

-their support.</p>

-

-<p>During the late war, the prospect

-of large gains caused by the extravagant

-price of all European commodities,

-caused many persons in our

-country to embark their fortunes in

-cotton and woollen factories.&mdash;These

-factories were brought into being by

-a temporary and unnatural state of

-things. On the return of the peace

-of 1814, many of these manufacturing

-establishments came of necessity

-to an end. Some establishments

-remain and ought to succeed, because

-they prove that the profits of

-their capital may enter into competition

-with that employed in agriculture.

-In this case the transfer

-is not only natural but conducive to

-national wealth.</p>

-

-<p>But we are asked to patronise manufactures

-at the expense of agriculture,

-on the ground of our being

-rendered really more independent by

-them. This is, however, but an attempt

-to conceal private interest under

-the garb of patriotism,<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> and

-ought at least to awaken suspicion.

-We are not to be called <em>dependant</em>

-merely because a state of war might

-give rise to many inconveniences. We

-can do without silks or broadcloths

-while we possess the real means of

-sustenance and defence. But these

-factories once established, say the

-advocates of this interest, the citizens

-ought to support them in their present

-languishing condition, and therefore

-ought not to buy, even at a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[337]</a></span>

-much less price, foreign articles in

-preference to our own. The force

-and propriety of such reasoning would

-appear to be similar to that of a gardener,

-who having in winter devoted

-himself to the cultivation of flowers,

-&amp;c., by means of artificial heat,

-should in the spring apply for an

-act of the municipal authority, forbidding

-all persons to pluck a daisy or

-violet in the field, and requiring them

-to resort to his hot-house. So far

-from there being a necessity for any

-interference on the part of government,

-we believe we may assert that

-our manufactures never were so flourishing

-as since the peace. It is true

-that many establishments have been

-broken up and much capital sunk,

-but it is a fact that those factories

-which are in the hands of individuals,

-have generally been successful,

-while those conducted by incorporated

-companies wanting the circumspection

-and prudence of private interest,

-have as often become bankrupt.

-In the western states this

-branch of business has greatly improved,

-and recent information enables

-us to affirm, that the profits

-which are now realised are nearly as

-large as those during the war. In

-the east, we might cite an instance,

-which must put down all cavil on

-this subject. The cotton factory at

-Waltham near Boston, begun when

-manufactures were by no means in so

-promising a situation as at present,

-is a triumphant answer to every one

-who demands additional encouragement

-for the loom, and a new tax on

-his brethren to extend its operations.</p>

-

-<p>But we hasten to return from our

-wanderings, and to introduce our

-readers to the work, of which we

-have prefixed the title to this article.

-It is in the form of letters addressed

-to Professor Pictet of Geneva, from

-various places in Italy, and contains the

-author's remarks upon that country.

-He dwells not on the palaces of Venice,

-neither worships at the altar of

-Roman genius in the Pantheon, but

-taking his silent way through the

-fields, he describes that which gave

-birth to both: he informs us of the

-processes of Italian farming, of the

-effects of irrigation, and of the general

-state of Italian agriculture. And,

-in our opinion, he has shewn as much

-taste in the execution of his design,

-as those travellers who have employed

-themselves upon inquiries commonly

-thought as interesting, but

-certainly not as useful. M. de Chateauvieux

-appears to be an enthusiastic

-admirer of the subject on which

-he writes, as well as to have a practical

-knowledge of all its details. His

-book is very little known among us,

-though it has lately been translated

-in England, and formerly occupied

-the attention of a celebrated critical

-journal of that country. It is our intention

-in this article to put our readers

-in mind of its existence.</p>

-

-<p>The author divides Italy into three

-regions, distinguished by their different

-systems of cultivation.&mdash;The first

-extends from mount Cenis and the

-Alps of Suza to the shores of the

-Adriatic. The fertility of Lombardy

-is proved by the constant succession

-of its crops, and to this province he

-has given the name of "Pays de Culture

-par assolement," or the district

-of culture by rotation of crops. The

-second of the regions reposes on the

-southern declivity of the Appenines,

-from the frontiers of Provence to the

-boundaries of Calabria. This is called

-the District of Olive trees, or, by

-an association somewhat forced, of

-Canaanitish culture. The third region

-is that of <i>Malaria</i>, or patriarchal

-cultivation, from a supposed resemblance,

-which we are still less

-able to enter into, between the shepherds

-of the older and the present

-time. It is found from Pisa to Terracina,

-and comprehends the plain

-between the sea and the first ridge of

-the Appenines.</p>

-

-<p>Lombardy has been often called

-the garden of Europe, and seems

-abundantly entitled to the appellation.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[338]</a></span>

-The soil is not only rich and

-alluvial, but deep and perfectly level.

-The climate is humid, and the

-system of irrigation supplies water

-to almost every field. These circumstances,

-united to the heat of a

-southern sun, cause a most rapid and

-luxurious vegetation. Nothing can

-be more important in the economy

-of a farm than the situation of the

-farm-house and its out-buildings. In

-this respect our American farmers

-are lamentably deficient, and though

-we would not recommend as a model

-the one described by de Chateauvieux

-as common in Lombardy,

-still we think it would afford some

-valuable hints. The buildings raised

-on the four sides of a square, present

-on one side a central elevation of

-two stories. The lower part for the

-farmer, the upper story for his grain.

-Adjoining this, at each end, is a

-stable plastered so as not to let the

-dust descend, for the cows and oxen;

-the other three sides of the square

-are enclosed by a sort of portico,

-open within and supported by columns,

-which serves as a depository

-for straw, hay, &amp;c.&mdash;This structure

-is about twenty-four feet broad, and

-fifteen high. Half the court is paved,

-the remainder is used for threshing

-out the corn, which, in the primitive

-way, is still done by horses. The

-place for manure is outside of the

-court. This plan presents the most

-space with the least building, and

-assures the preservation of every product.</p>

-

-<p>The farms in Lombardy are small,

-and do not often contain sixty arpents;<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>

-notwithstanding M. de Chateauvieux

-asserts against Arthur

-Young, that they bring more to market

-than the large farms, and that

-there is no country in the world

-which can dispose of so large a portion

-of its productions as Piedmont.

-If the fact be so, it may possibly arise

-from the peculiar character of the

-persons who cultivate the land.&mdash;Our

-author, however, remarks, that

-this system of small farms can never

-take place till the advances of capital

-have carried agriculture to its

-highest point. Lombardy is cultivated

-by a species of farmers, called

-<em>metayers</em>. They pay a small fixed

-rent, valued at one half the produce

-of the meadow, or forty francs the

-arpent. The clover belongs to them

-entirely; the crops of wheat, Indian

-corn, and flax, and the wine and

-silk are equally divided between

-them and their landlord. The latter

-advances nothing but the taxes,

-and of course must find such an arrangement

-singularly advantageous.

-Father and son continue the same

-engagement, without the formality of

-a lease or any registry of the contract.

-M. Say regards this system as unfavourable

-to agriculture, and in his

-treatise on Political Economy, book

-ii. chap. 9, vol. 2, says, "il y a des

-cultivateurs qui n'ont rien, et auxquels

-le propriétaire fournit le capital

-avec la terre: on les appelle des

-Métayers. Ils rendent communément

-au propriétaire la moitié du

-produit brut. Ce genre de culture

-appartient à un état peu avancé de

-l'agriculture, et il est le plus défavorable

-de tout aux améliorations

-des terres; car celui des deux, du

-proprietaire ou du fermier, qui ferait

-l'améliarition à ses frais, admettrait

-l'autre à jouir gratuitement de la moitié

-de l'interêt de ses avances."</p>

-

-<p class="center">(To be concluded in next Number.)</p>

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-

-<h2>POTATOES.</h2>

-

-<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Southwick</span>,</p>

-

-<p>I have stated in my former communications,

-the result of my experience

-in the cultivation of potatoes.

-So long as I practised setting my crop

-with small potatoes, the cullings of

-my potato bins, my crops degenerated,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[339]</a></span>

-grew less and less for several

-years, and finally run entirely out.&mdash;I

-changed my practice, and the result

-has been a continued improvement

-for near ten years, both in quantity

-and quality. My practice has been

-to select the largest, soundest, and

-best potatoes for seed, to cut them

-into 4 quarters, and plant 4 pieces

-in each hill in a square of about 9

-inches. The results have been every

-way satisfactory. My potatoes have

-been large, constantly improving in

-size, earlier, better, and more abundant

-from year to year. I have never

-been nice enough to weigh my seed,

-to ascertain exactly whether a potato

-of one ounce or two ounces be as perfect

-a root as one of 6 or 12 ounces.

-My experience both in planting and in

-distillation has left on my mind a

-strong impression that small unripe

-seed is very improper, and very unprofitable.

-I am aware that many

-farmers hold firmly that small seed

-potatoes are as good as large ones;

-but I also know that I have sold potatoes

-to these men at 5 and 6 shillings

-per bushel, and some of them

-have been convinced that good seed

-was an object even at those prices.

-In the south I am aware that it is

-the practice almost uniformly to plant

-small sweet potatoes. But I am fully

-persuaded it is an error. To this

-cause I think may be justly attributed

-the decrease and deterioration in

-the crops of this valuable root.</p>

-

-<p><i>Middlesex, August 3, 1820.</i></p>

-

-<p class="sig">

-[<i>Plough Boy.</i><br />

-</p>

-

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-

-<h2>ECONOMY IN FUEL.</h2>

-

-

-<p>While economy is the order of the

-day, it may not be amiss to point out

-an item of which it is believed a general

-ignorance prevails. It is well

-known to philosophers that when water

-commences to boil in the open

-air no additional fire can make it any

-hotter. A contrary opinion prevails,

-and those employed in cooking victuals,

-in order to accelerate the operation

-think that they cannot make

-the fire too intense. The fuel added

-for this purpose is, in fact, not only

-a wanton waste, but by causing a violent

-ebulition, it forces from the victuals,

-with the steam its finest flavour.

-How much fuel in families might be

-saved if, in cooking, no more were

-used than to keep the water that is

-used just at the boiling point, and it

-is certain the victuals would be the

-better for it.</p>

-

-<p class="sig">

-[<i>Ib.</i><br />

-</p>

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-

-

-<h2>MAKING CIDER.</h2>

-

-

-<blockquote>

-

-<p>Directions for making sweet, clear Cider, that shall

-retain its fine vinous flavour, and keep good for a

-long time in casks, like wine.</p></blockquote>

-

-<p>It is of importance in making cider,

-that the mill, the press, and all the

-materials be sweet and clean, and the

-straw clear from must. To make

-good cider, fruit should be ripe, (but

-not rotten) and when the apples are

-ground, if the juice is left in the pummice

-twenty-four hours, the cider will

-be richer, softer, and higher coloured;

-if fruit is all of the same kind, it

-is generally thought that the cider will

-be better; as the fermentation will

-certainly be more regular, which is

-of importance. The gathering and

-grinding of the apples, the pressing

-out of the juice, is a mere manual labour,

-performed with very little skill

-in the operation; but here the great

-art of making good cider commences;

-for as soon as the juice is pressed out,

-nature begins to work a wonderful

-change in it. The juice of fruit, if left

-to itself, will undergo three distinct

-fermentations, all of which change the

-quality and nature of this fluid. The

-first is the vinous; the second the acid,

-which makes it hard and prepares it

-for vinegar; by the third it becomes

-putrid. The first fermentation is the

-only one the juice of apples should

-undergo, to make good cider. It is

-this operation that separates the juice

-from the filth, and leaves it a clear,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[340]</a></span>

-sweet, vinous liquor. To preserve it

-in this state is the grand secret; this

-is done by fumigating it with sulphur,

-which checks any further fermentation,

-and preserves it in its fine vinous

-state. It is to be wished that all cider

-makers would make a trial of this method;

-it is attended with no expense,

-and but little trouble, and will have

-the desired effect.</p>

-

-<p>I would recommend that the juice

-as it comes from the press, be placed

-in open headed casks or vats: in this

-situation it is most likely to undergo

-a proper fermentation, and the person

-attending may with correctness ascertain

-when this fermentation ceases;

-this is of great importance, and must

-be particularly attended to. The fermentation

-is attended with a hissing

-noise, bubbles rising to the surface

-and there forming a soft spongy crust

-over the liquor. When this crust begins

-to crack, and white froth appears

-in the cracks level with the surface of

-the head, the fermentation is about

-stopping. At this time the liquor is

-in a fine, genuine, clear state, and

-must be drawn off immediately into

-clean casks: and this is the time to

-fumigate it with sulphur. To do this,

-take a strip of canvas or rag, about 2

-inches broad and twelve long; dip

-this into melted sulphur, and when a

-few pails of worked cider are put into

-the cask, set this match on fire and

-hold it in the cask, till it is consumed,

-then bung the cask and shake it, that

-the liquor may incorporate with and

-retain the fumes; after this fill the

-cask and bung it up. The cider

-should be racked off again the latter

-part of February or first of March;

-and if not as clear as you wish it, put

-in isinglass to fine it, and stir it well;

-then put the cask in a cool place,

-where it will not be disturbed, for the

-fining to settle. Cider prepared in

-this manner will keep sweet for years.</p>

-

-<p>It is certainly of great importance

-to the people of America to cultivate

-the fruit that is natural to the soil of

-their country, and to make the most

-of the fruit which the soil produces;

-especially, when its produce is an article

-of value and of great consumption

-in this country.</p>

-

-<p class="sig">

-<span class="smcap">A Lover of Good Cider.</span><br />

-</p>

-

-<p><i>Am. D. Adv.</i>]</p>

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-

-<h2>CABBAGES FOR CATTLE.</h2>

-

-<p class="center"><i>Extract of a Letter.</i></p>

-

-

-<p>Having been in England, I have had

-an opportunity of observing many improvements

-in agriculture, which, if

-I were to see them adopted here,

-would give me the sincerest pleasure.

-Among the number of them, I think

-the culture of cabbages for fattening

-of cattle stands in the first rank. From

-strong soils, it may fairly be questioned

-whether any kind of winter provision

-can be raised of such weight and

-quality per acre, as the larger kind of

-cabbages. For cows, they surpass all

-other kinds of vegetables, and probably

-some method may be thought of,

-by which they may be conveniently

-preserved through our long winters.

-The colewort cabbage used to be in

-most esteem, but I understand that a

-variety of the large red kind is coming

-into use, and bids fair to drive out the

-Scotch drumhead, it being much

-more hardy. They are exceedingly

-well adapted to wet land, and will

-prove very productive where turnips

-cannot be raised to any good purpose.

-It is, unquestionably, a crop of far

-more use and value than the mangel

-wurzel, which has, in England, within

-these few years, been in such fashionable

-culture.</p>

-

-<p>In England and Scotland, I have

-seen the <em>parings of potatoes</em> planted

-as seed; and at the same time I was

-told that they yielded quite as plentifully

-as cuttings with three eyes, or

-even whole potatoes.</p>

-

-<p>I never had an opportunity of witnessing

-the result, but it may be worth

-while for some experimental agriculturist

-to plant some in this way, in

-order to prove or shew the fallacy of

-the assertion. I should recommend<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[341]</a></span>

-that they cut the parings about two-tenths

-of an inch in thickness, as those

-parings which I saw planted always

-had the eye left in them entire, and

-the root of the germ not in the least

-wounded.</p>

-

-<p class="sig">

-[<i>St. John's paper.</i><br />

-</p>

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-

-<h2>PRESENT STATE OF POMPEII.</h2>

-

-<p class="center">From William's Travels in Italy, Greece, &amp;c.</p>

-

-

-<p>Pompeii, which was entombed in a

-softer substance, is getting daily disencumbered,

-and a very considerable

-part of this Grecian city is unveiled.

-We entered by the Appian way,

-through a narrow street of marble

-tombs, beautifully executed, with the

-names of the deceased plain and legible.

-We looked into the columbary

-below that of Marius Arius Diomedes,

-and perceived jars containing the ashes

-of the dead, with a small lamp at the

-side of each. Arriving at the gate,

-we perceived a sentry box in which

-the skeleton of a soldier was found

-with a lamp in its hand: proceeding

-up the street beyond the gate, we went

-into several streets, and entered what

-is called a coffee house, the marks

-of cups being visible on the stone; we

-came likewise to a tavern, and found

-the sign (not a very decent one) near

-the entrance. The streets are lined

-with public buildings and private

-houses, most of which have their original

-painted decorations fresh and

-entire. The pavement of the streets

-is much worn by carriage wheels, and

-holes are cut through the side stones,

-for the purpose of fastening animals

-in the market place; and in certain

-situations are placed stepping stones,

-which give us rather unfavourable

-ideas of the state of the streets. We

-passed two beautiful little temples;

-went into a surgeon's house, in the

-operation room of which chirurgical

-instruments were found; entered an

-ironmonger's shop, where an anvil

-and hammer were discovered; a

-sculptor's and a baker's shop, in the

-latter of which may be seen an oven

-and grinding mills, like old Scotch

-querns. We examined likewise an

-oilman's shop, and a wine shop lately

-opened, where money was found in

-the till; a school in which was a small

-pulpit with steps up to it, in the middle

-of the apartment; a great theatre;

-a temple of justice; an amphitheatre,

-about 220 feet in length; various

-temples; a barrack for soldiers,

-the columns of which are scribbled

-with their names and jests; wells,

-cisterns, seats, tricliniums, beautiful

-Mosaic; altars, inscriptions, fragments

-of statues, and many other

-curious remains of antiquity. Among

-the most remarkable objects were

-an ancient wall, with a part of a still

-more ancient marble freze built in it

-as a common stone; and a stream

-which has flowed under this once subterraneous

-city, long before its burial;

-pipes of Terra Cotta to convey the

-water to the different streets; stocks

-for prisoners, in one of which a skeleton

-was found. All these things

-incline one almost to look for the

-inhabitants, and wonder at the desolate

-silence of the place.</p>

-

-<p>The houses in general are very low,

-and the rooms are small, I should

-think not above ten feet high. Every

-house is provided with a well and a

-cistern. Every thing seems to be in

-proportion; the principal streets do

-not appear to exceed 16 feet in width,

-with side pavements of about three

-feet; some of the subordinate streets

-are from 6 to 10 feet wide, with side

-pavements in proportion; these are

-occasionally high, and are reached by

-steps. The columns of the barracks

-are about 15 feet in height; they are

-made of tuffa with stucco; one third

-of the shaft is smoothly plastered, the

-rest fluted to the capital. The walls

-of the houses are often painted red,

-and some of them have borders and

-antique ornaments, masks, and imitations

-of marbles, but in general poorly

-executed. I have observed, on the

-walls of an eating room, various kinds

-of food and game tolerably represented;

-one <em>woman's</em> apartment was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[342]</a></span>

-adorned with subjects relative to love;

-and a <em>man's</em> with pictures of a martial

-character. Considering that the whole

-has been under ground upwards of

-seventeen centuries, it is certainly

-surprizing that they should be as fresh

-as at the period of their burial. The

-whole extent of the city, not half of

-which is excavated, may be about four

-miles. It is said that Murat employed

-no less than 2000 men in clearing

-Pompeii, and that Madame Murat

-attended the excavations in person

-every week. The present government

-have not retained above 100.</p>

-

-<p>After visiting this extraordinary

-place, which certainly is the most interesting

-of all the wonders of Naples,

-we examined the museum of antiquities

-at Purtici. The collections of

-ancient paintings are curious and instructing,

-some of them containing

-exquisite pieces of art; one room is

-filled with representations of fruit and

-flowers, well painted and freely handled;

-some grapes in particular are

-remarkable for execution, quite transparent,

-with the touches of light on

-them judiciously placed to give effect

-and clearness. A second room contains

-various ornaments painted in a

-masterly manner, and with considerable

-ingenuity in the design. A third

-is covered with various animals and

-birds. Another apartment is filled

-with landscapes, but these are all extremely

-bad, having no perspective,

-nor any truth of colouring: indeed it

-would seem that the ancient painters

-had never given their mind to that delightful

-branch of the art. One landscape,

-however, with all its faults, interested

-me greatly, and that was a

-view of ancient Puteoli, (now Pozzuolo,)

-about six miles from Naples,

-supposed to have been painted before

-St. Paul landed there. The picture

-is, of course, very different from the

-present state of the city, but still a

-likeness may be traced, if we keep in

-view the site of the various temples

-and other objects, the foundations of

-which are still visible.</p>

-

-<p>Among the innumerable pictures

-which are crowded in several rooms,

-I shall mention the following, which,

-on slight examination, appeared to be

-among the best: <i>Sophonisba drinking

-the juice of Hemlock</i>, admirable in expression;

-<i>an Infant Hercules strangling

-Serpents</i>; <i>Jove</i>; <i>Leda and the

-Swan</i>; <i>the Graces</i>; <i>a Venus</i>; <i>Education

-of Bacchus</i>; <i>a Medusa's Head</i>:&mdash;these

-are all slight, but it is that

-slightness which conveys character

-and refinement of taste; a <i>Theseus</i>

-as large as life, in a fine attitude and

-good expression: Two allegorical figures,

-representing the river <i>Nile

-and Egypt</i>; <i>the Education of Achilles</i>;

-<i>a beautiful Female suckling an

-aged Man</i>, (corresponding to the

-Roman Charity,) most delicately expressed:

-An <i>Academy of Music</i>, the

-figures small, exquisitely painted;

-harps and flageolets are the only instruments.

-Among the curious pictures

-is the interior of a school, in

-which the master is represented flogging

-a boy, who is upon another boy's

-back; so that the practice of <em>horsing</em>

-is sanctioned by very ancient authority.

-Our attention was likewise attracted

-by a shoemaker's and a cook's

-shop; these last are but indifferently

-designed and painted; a Wilkie or an

-Allan would smile at such productions.

-All these are in fresco, on

-stucco grounds, and with a considerable

-polish on the surface. It does

-not seem that any glazing colours

-have been used, the effect being produced

-entirely by body colour. The

-ancients, however, as Pliny informs

-us, had a dark, yet transparent mixture,

-which they laid over their highly

-finished works, to give the delusion

-required. From the freshness and

-clearness of the colouring, they seem

-to have had the advantage of painting

-in oil, so far, at least, as durability is

-of advantage.</p>

-

-<p>The museum at Portici likewise

-contains many statues and busts of

-considerable merit; besides a great

-variety of culinary articles, and specimens,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[343]</a></span>

-of calcined barley, beans, paste

-for bread, part of a roll, mustard-seed,

-straw, rye, pine tops, figs, cloth like

-tinder, fish nets, with corks attached

-to them, spunge, soap, rings, earrings,

-combs, thimbles, looking-glasses

-of polished metal, and a variety of

-emblems of luxury and taste, admirably

-executed. We examined them

-all with the keenest interest, though

-the impression would have been more

-gratifying, had they been left in the

-ancient towns in which they were discovered.</p>

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-

-<p class="center">From the Pennsylvania Gazette, Nov. 18, 1736.</p>

-

-<h2>WASTE OF LIFE.</h2>

-

-<p class="center">BY. DR. FRANKLIN.</p>

-

-

-<p>Anergus was a gentleman of a

-good estate, he was bred to no business,

-and could not contrive how to

-waste his hours agreeably; he had no

-relish for any of the proper works of

-life, nor any taste at all for the improvements

-of the mind; he spent

-generally ten hours of the four and

-twenty in bed; he dozed away two

-or three more on his couch, and as

-many were dissolved in good liquor

-every evening, if he met with company

-of his own humour. Five or six

-of the rest he sauntered away with

-much indolence: the chief business

-of them was to contrive his meals,

-and to feed his fancy beforehand, with

-the promise of a dinner and supper;

-not that he was so very a glutton, or

-so entirely devoted to appetite; but

-chiefly because he knew not how to

-employ his thoughts better, he let

-them rove about the sustenance of

-his body. Thus he had made a shift

-to wear off ten years since the paternal

-estate fell into his hands: and yet,

-according to the abuse of words in

-our day, he was called a man of virtue,

-because he was scarce ever

-known to be quite drunk, nor was his

-nature much inclined to lewdness.</p>

-

-<p>One evening, as he was musing

-alone, his thoughts happened to take

-a most unusual turn, for they cast a

-glance backward, and began to reflect

-on his manner of life. He bethought

-himself what a number of living beings

-had been made a sacrifice to support

-his carcase, and how much corn

-and wine had been mingled with those

-offerings. He had not quite lost all

-the arithmetic that he learned when

-he was a boy, and he set himself to

-compute what he had devoured since

-he came to the age of man.</p>

-

-<p>"About a dozen feathered creatures,

-small and great, have one week

-with another (said he) given up their

-lives to prolong mine, which in ten

-years amounts to at least six thousand.</p>

-

-<p>"Fifty sheep have been sacrificed

-in a year, with half a hecatomb of

-black cattle, that I might have the

-choicest part offered weekly upon

-my table. Thus a thousand beasts

-out of the flock and the herd have

-been slain in ten years' time to feed

-me, besides what the forest has supplied

-me with. Many hundreds of

-fishes have, in all their varieties, been

-robbed of life for my repast, and of

-the smaller fry as many thousands.</p>

-

-<p>"A measure of corn would hardly

-afford fine flour enough for a month's

-provision, and this arises to above six

-score bushels; and many hogsheads

-of ale and wine, and other liquors,

-have passed through this body of

-mine, this wretched strainer of meat

-and drink.</p>

-

-<p>"And what have I done all this

-time for God or <em>man</em>? What a vast

-profusion of good things upon a useless

-life, and a worthless liver! There

-is not the meanest creature among all

-these which I have devoured, but

-hath answered the end of its creation

-better than I. It was made to support

-human nature, and it hath done

-so. Every crab and oyster I have

-eat, and every grain of corn I have

-devoured, hath filled up its place in

-the rank of beings with more propriety

-and honour than I have done: O

-shameful waste of life and time!"</p>

-

-<p>In short, he carried on his moral

-reflections with so just and severe a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[344]</a></span>

-force of reason, as constrained him to

-change his whole course of life, to

-break off his follies at once, and to apply

-himself to gain some useful

-knowledge, when he was more than

-thirty years of age; he lived many

-following years with the character of

-a worthy man, and an excellent Christian;

-he performed the kind offices

-of a good neighbour at home, and

-made a shining figure as a patriot in

-the senate-house; he died with a

-peaceful conscience, and the tears of

-his country were dropped upon his

-tomb.</p>

-

-<p>The world, that knew the whole

-series of his life, stood amazed at the

-mighty change. They beheld him

-as a wonder of reformation, while he

-himself confessed and adored the divine

-power and mercy, which had

-transformed him from a brute to a

-man.</p>

-

-<p>But this was a single instance; and

-we may almost venture to write <span class="smcap">MIRACLE</span>

-upon it. Are there not numbers

-of both sexes among our young

-gentry, in this degenerate age, whose

-lives thus run to utter waste, without

-the least tendency to usefulness!</p>

-

-<p>When I meet with persons of such

-a worthless character as this, it brings

-to my mind some scraps of Horace,</p>

-

-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">Nos numerus sumus, &amp; fruges consumere nati.<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash;Alcinoique Juventus<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Cui pulchrum fuit in Medios dormire dies, &amp;c.<br /></span>

-</div></div>

-

-<p class="center">PARAPHRASE.</p>

-

-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">There are a number of us creep<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Into this world, to eat and sleep;<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">And know no reason why they're born,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">But merely to consume the corn,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Devour the cattle, fowl, and fish,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">And leave behind an empty dish:<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Though crows and ravens do the same,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Unlucky birds of hateful name;<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Ravens or crows might fill their places,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">And swallow corn and carcases.<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Then, if their tombstone, when they die,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Ben't taught to flatter and to lie,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">There's nothing better will be said,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0"><em>Than that they've eat up all their bread,</em>  }<br /></span>

-<span class="i0"><em>Drank all their drink, and gone to bed.</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;}<br /></span>

-</div></div>

-

-<p>There are other fragments of that

-heathen poet, which occur on such

-occasions; one in the first of his satires,

-the other in the first of his epistles,

-which seem to represent life only

-as a season of luxury.</p>

-

-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash;Exacto contentus tempore vitæ<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Cedat uti convivia statur&mdash;&mdash;<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Lusisti satus, edisti satis atque babisti;<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Tempus abire tibi.<br /></span>

-</div></div>

-

-<p>Which may be thus put into English:</p>

-

-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">Life's but a feast; and when we die<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Horace would say, if he were by,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Friend, thou hast eat and drank enough,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">'Tis time now to be marching off:<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Then like a well-fed guest depart,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">With cheerful looks, and ease at heart;<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Bid all your friends good night, and say,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0"><em>You've done the business of the day.</em><br /></span>

-</div></div>

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-

-<h2>LESSONS ON THRIFT.</h2>

-

-<p class="center">Published for general benefit, by a Member

-of the Save-all Club.</p>

-

-

-<p>The caprice of men at different

-periods has delighted to make much

-of some darling qualities idolized as

-virtues, while others, which could not

-be mistaken for vices, have been tacitly

-scorned as only fit to occupy grovelling

-minds, and avert reproach

-from those who could not aspire to

-praise.</p>

-

-<p>Among the latter we discover Frugality.

-What writer has ever thought

-of making his hero an economist?

-With a disposition to avoid unnecessary

-expense, it has long been assumed

-that a sordid and despicable parsimony

-must invariably be found, and

-the world has been accustomed to

-bestow its tenderest sympathies on

-the gay, florid, open-hearted rake,

-who having manifested a disposition

-to give, where he had nothing of his

-own to bestow, ruined those honest

-tradesmen who were credulous

-enough to trust him, and qualified

-himself for genteel society by visiting

-the King's Bench or the Fleet;

-while the man who disdained to be

-generous at the expense of others,

-who would not affect splendour which

-his means were inadequate to sustain,

-in fine, who denied himself enjoyments

-for which he could not honestly

-pay, has been treated with unsparing

-ridicule as a mean and pitiful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[345]</a></span>

-plodder. Our citizens and traders

-have wisely joined to laugh this character

-out of countenance, and to applaud

-the swindling pleasantries of a

-profligate. Let them look to the effects

-of this&mdash;let them look to their

-legers, and see if they have not been

-merry <em>at their own expense</em>.</p>

-

-<p>If there be any truth in the remark

-dropped by one of the greatest

-ornaments of British literature, that

-"it would be well if fewer possessed

-the superfluities, and more the comforts

-of life;" in times like the present,

-it is desirable that mankind

-should be weaned from the admiration

-of that which ought never to

-have been defended&mdash;that madness

-and dishonesty should no longer be

-depicted as the gracefully irregular

-flow of youthful gayety; and that the

-modest virtues which find a friend in

-the author of "Lessons on Thrift,"

-should be recalled from that exile to

-which they were doomed by sordid

-dissipation and unreflecting folly.</p>

-

-<p>But we must explain, as we proceed,

-to guard against mistake or representation.

-We do not wish to

-return to that enviable state, which

-we suppose some of our radical

-neighbours contemplate, when they

-talk of a "state of nature;" namely,

-that in which the first inhabitants of

-this island found themselves embowered

-in their native woods. We do

-not sigh for that economical simplicity

-which, according to Richard de

-Cirencester, made blue paint, applied

-to the human body, a substitute

-for clothing; nor do we even lift our

-voices against that most effeminate

-piece of luxury, as it was considered

-by some at the commencement of

-Queen Elizabeth's reign&mdash;the introduction

-of <em>chimneys to houses</em>. The

-votaries of luxury may think that, in

-the last instance, we make but a very

-slight concession; but the frightful

-effects of that departure from old

-English habits was once thought very

-alarming. We read in Hollingshed:&mdash;"Now

-have we many chimneys;

-and yet our tender limbs complain of

-rheums, catarrhs, and pozes; then

-had we none but reredosses, and our

-heads did never ache. For as the

-smoke in those days was supposed to

-be a sufficient hardening for the timber

-of the house, so it was reputed a

-far better medicine to keep the good

-man and his family from the quack or

-poze, wherewith, as then, very few

-were acquainted."</p>

-

-<p>With all our reverence for economy,

-assuredly there are practitioners

-of the present day whom we would

-prefer to <em>Dr. Smoke</em>; even though

-calling in the former, we must submit

-to the inconvenience of offering a

-fee. We do not sigh for the return

-of those golden days, when our wise

-progenitors made the same aperture

-act the double part of a window and

-a chimney, and when a log of wood

-was considered an excellent pillow;

-but sometimes when our reluctant

-hands are a little embarrassed to find

-the expected fee, or our purses feel

-most <em>awkwardly convenient</em> for the

-pocket, after settling the lengthened

-bill, we do regret that those who prescribe

-for us, when indisposed, must

-at the same time prescribe for their

-own horses and carriages, and that

-the period is gone by when a sufferer

-could hope for relief from the pill

-of a pedestrian.</p>

-

-<p>Our author, to show the evil effects

-of luxury and extravagance, even in a

-national point of view, gives the following

-narrative:</p>

-

-<p>"The Seven United Provinces

-were at the height of their power

-and prosperity about 1650, before

-England, recovering from a destructive

-civil war, began to reclaim the

-dominion of the ocean.</p>

-

-<p>"But in their successful periods

-the private virtues had also their

-share, and parsimony, as usual produced

-wealth and industry. In a conversation

-at Rotterdam this subject

-was discussed; and as the parties

-mostly imputed the decline of their

-republic to political causes, an opulent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[346]</a></span>

-merchant said, that if the company

-would dine with him on such a

-day, he would convince them that

-there were other causes more in their

-power.</p>

-

-<p>"The invitation was accepted, and

-it was hoped that the merchant would

-explain his sentiments, by which they

-might improve their speculations in

-commerce over a glass of wine, after

-an elegant repast as he was accustomed

-to give. But what was their

-surprise to find nothing on the table

-but salted herrings and table beer!

-They ate, however, a morsel in silence

-and dissatisfaction, which the master

-seemed not to observe, praying them

-repeatedly to eat and push the glass.

-At length, when they began to look

-at their watches, the master ordered

-in the dinner. At this word they

-brightened up, when in came a leg of

-mutton, boiled with turnips, and a pot

-or two of strong beer. This dish was

-little more satisfactory than the other,

-as they expected very different fare

-in such a magnificent house. There

-was, however, a great sacrifice of

-conscience and veracity in praising

-the mutton and the beer. But some

-yawned, and half the <em>gigot</em> remained

-even among a numerous company,

-when the master, seeing their distress,

-nodded unnoticed to an old hoary-headed

-domestic, who alone had appeared

-along with the mutton, and

-who stood respectfully at the sideboard

-to serve the bread or the beer.

-He went out, and the company was

-left to a languid conversation; their

-eyes saying more than their tongues.</p>

-

-<p>"On a sudden the folding doors

-opened, and a train of twelve servants

-entered, bearing on massy plate the

-choicest fish, flesh, fowl, all the delicacies

-of the season. Two without livery

-took their places behind their

-master; the others in splendid uniform

-behind the guests. The number of

-wines presented was computed at fifteen,

-and even the richest guests were

-astonished at the splendour and variety

-of the festival.</p>

-

-<p>"When an equal dessert was served,

-and the wine began to circulate,

-a prudent and wary guest thought it

-was time to request our opulent merchant

-to explain his sentiments, as he

-had promised. All were fixed in

-mute attention when he made this

-memorable answer: 'Gentlemen,

-my sentiments are already explained;

-the lesson is already given. When

-our ancestors were gradually rising

-to wealth under the yoke of Burgundy,

-Austria, Spain, their frugality was

-contented with our first dish, and they

-even blessed the inventor. In their

-second period, when the noble house

-of Orange, when Maurice of Nassau

-was establishing our power in the

-East and West Indies, and commercial

-wealth began to overflow all our

-ports and canals, still habits of prudence

-occasioned economy, and our

-rich senators dined on plain mutton,

-and drank wholesome beer. The

-dinner I have had the honour to give

-you is a very moderate specimen of

-our present existence. Add the luxury

-and pomp of houses, furniture

-and equipages, and judge, as you well

-can, of the difference of expense&mdash;a

-difference which, I would venture to

-say, would have, even for one year,

-been regarded as a fortune by our

-bearded ancestors.'"</p>

-

-

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-<h2>BEAUTIES OF THE MICROSCOPE.</h2>

-

-

-<p>Nothing can be more curious than

-the appearance exhibited by <em>mouldiness</em>,

-when viewed through a microscope.

-If looked at by the naked

-eye, it seems nothing but an irregular

-tissue of filaments; but the magnifying

-glass shows it to be a forest of

-small plants, which derive their nourishment

-from the moist substance

-which serves them as a base. The

-stems of these plants may be plainly

-distinguish; and sometimes their

-buds, some shut and some open. They

-have much similarity to mushrooms,

-the tops of which, when they come

-to maturity, emit an exceedingly fine

-dust which is their seed. Mushrooms,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[347]</a></span>

-it is well known, are the

-growth of a single night; but those

-in miniature, of which we are speaking,

-seem to come to perfection in a

-much less space of time than that;

-hence we account for the extraordinary

-progress which mouldiness makes

-in a few hours. Another curious observation

-of the same kind is, that M. Ahlefeld,

-seeing some stones covered

-with a sort of dust, had the curiosity to

-examine it with a microscope, and he

-found that it consisted of small microscopic

-mushrooms, raised on pedicles,

-the heads of which, round the middle,

-were turned up at the edges. They

-were striated also from the centre to

-the circumference, as certain kinds

-of mushrooms are. He further remarked,

-that they contained, above

-their upper covering, a multitude of

-small grains shaped like cherries

-somewhat flattened, which he suspected

-were the seeds; and finally

-he observed, among the forest of

-mushrooms, several small red insects,

-which probably fed upon them.</p>

-

-<p>The <i>lycoperdon</i>, or puff-ball, is a

-plant of the fungus kind, which grows

-in the form of a tubercle, covered

-with small grains, very like chagreen.

-If pressed, it bursts, and emits an exceedingly

-fine kind of dust, which

-flies off under the appearance of

-smoke. If some of the dust be examined

-with the microscope, it appears

-to consist of perfectly round

-globules, of an orange colour, the diameter

-of which is only about the

-1-50th part of the thickness of a hair,

-so that each grain of this dust is but

-the 1-125000th part of a globule,

-equal in diameter to the breadth of a

-hair.</p>

-

-<p>The <i>farina of flowers</i> is found to

-be regularly and uniformly organized

-in each kind of plant. In the mallow,

-for example, each grain is an opaque

-ball, covered over with small points.

-The farina of the tulip, and of most

-of the liliaceous kind of flowers,

-bears a striking resemblance to the

-seeds of a cucumber: that of the

-poppy is very like grains of barley,

-with a longitudinal groove in them.</p>

-

-<p>There are certain plants, the leaves

-of which seem to be pierced with a

-multitude of small holes. Of this

-kind is the <i>hypericum</i>, or St. John's

-wort. Now, if a fragment of this be

-viewed with a good microscope, the

-supposed holes are found to be vesicles,

-contained in the thickness of the

-leaf, and covered with an extremely

-thin membrane; and these are thought

-to be the receptacles which contain

-the essential and aromatic oil peculiar

-to the plant.</p>

-

-<p>The view exhibited by those plants

-which have down, such as borage, nettles,

-&amp;c. is exceedingly curious.&mdash;When

-examined by a microscope,

-they appear to be covered with spikes.

-Those of borage are, for the most

-part, bent so as to form an elbow;

-and though really very close, they appear

-by the microscope, to be at a

-considerable distance from each other.

-The entire appearance is very similar

-to that of the skin of the porcupine.</p>

-

-<p>If a needle be viewed through a

-microscope, though exceedingly fine,

-it is well known the point will appear

-quite blunt, more like a peg, broken

-at the end, than a sharp pointed steel

-needle. The edge of the finest set

-razor, when seen through a microscope,

-will appear more like the back

-of a penknife, full of irregularities,

-than what it really is. In these respects

-the works of art, when carried to the

-highest pitch of perfection, will not

-bear to be compared with the operations

-of nature. The latter, exposed

-to the microscope, instead of losing

-their lustre and high polish, appear

-so much the more beautiful and perfect

-in regularity and order. When

-the eyes of a fly are illuminated by

-means of a lamp or candle, and viewed

-through this instrument, each of

-them shows an image of the taper

-with a precision and vivacity which

-nothing can equal.</p>

-

-<p>There are two kinds of <em>sand</em>, viz.

-the calcareous and the vitrifiable: the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[348]</a></span>

-former, examined with a microscope,

-resembles large irregular fragments

-of rock; but the latter appears like

-so many rough diamonds. In some

-instances, the particles of sand seem

-to be highly polished and brilliant,

-like an assemblage of diamonds, rubies,

-and emeralds.</p>

-

-<p>Charcoal is a fine object for the

-microscope. It is found full of

-pores, regularly arranged, and passing

-through its whole length.</p>

-

-<p class="sig">

-[<i>English Magazine.</i><br />

-</p>

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-

-

-<p class="center">The following melancholy letter alludes to

-Accum's "Treatise on Adulterations of Food

-and Culinary Poisons."</p>

-

-<p class="center">From Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine.</p>

-

-<h2>LETTER</h2>

-

-<p class="center"><i>From an elderly Gentlewoman to

-Mr. Christopher North.</i></p>

-

-

-<p>My dear Mr. North&mdash;I much fear

-that this is the last letter you will ever

-receive from your old friend. "I'm

-wearin' awa, Kit! to the land o' the

-leal!" and that, too, under the influence

-of a complication of disorders,

-which have been undermining my

-constitution (originally a sound and

-stout one) for upwards of half a century.

-Look to yourself my much

-respected lad&mdash;and think no more of

-your rheumatism. That, believe me,

-is a mere trifle; but think of what you

-have been doing, since the peace of

-1763, (in that year were you born,)

-in the eating and drinking way, and

-tremble. I know, my dear Kit, that

-you never were a gormandizer, nor a

-sot; neither surely was I&mdash;but it matters

-not&mdash;the most abstemious of us

-all have gone through fearful trials,

-and I have not skill in figures to cast

-up the poisonous contents of my hapless

-stomach for nearly threescore

-years. You would not know me now;

-I had not the slightest suspicion of

-myself in the looking-glass this morning.

-Such a face! so wan and wobegone!

-No such person drew Priam's

-curtains at dead of night, or

-could have told him half his Troy

-was burned.</p>

-

-<p>Well&mdash;hear me come to the point.

-I remember now, perfectly well, that

-I have been out of sorts all my lifetime;

-and the causes of my continual

-illness have this day been revealed to

-me. May my melancholy fate be a

-warning to you, and all your clear contributors,

-a set of men whom the world

-could ill spare at this crisis. Mr.

-Editor&mdash;<span class="smcap">I have been poisoned.</span></p>

-

-<p>You must know that I became personally

-acquainted a few weeks ago,

-quite accidentally, with that distinguished

-chymist, well known in our

-metropolis by the name of "Death in

-the Pot."<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> He volunteered a visit to

-me at breakfast, last Thursday, and I

-accepted him. Just as I had poured

-out the first cup of tea, and was extending

-it graciously towards him, he

-looked at me, and with a low, hoarse,

-husky voice, like Mr. Kean's, asked

-me if I were not excessively ill? I had

-not had the least suspicion of being so&mdash;but

-there was a terrible something

-in "Death in the Pot's" face which

-told me I was a dead woman. I immediately

-got up&mdash;I mean strove to

-get up, to ring the bell for a clergyman&mdash;but

-I fainted away. On awaking

-from my swoon, I beheld "Death

-in the Pot" still staring with his fateful

-eyes&mdash;and croaking out, half in

-soliloquy, half in tête-a-tête, "There

-is not a life in London worth ten year's

-purchase." I implored him to speak

-plainly, and for God's sake not to look

-at me so malagrugorously&mdash;and plainly

-enough he did then speak to be

-sure&mdash;"Mrs. <span class="smcap">Trollope, you are

-poisoned.</span>"</p>

-

-<p>"Who," cried I out convulsively,

-"who has perpetrated the foul deed?

-On whose guilty head will lie my innocent

-blood? Has it been from motives

-of private revenge? Speak,

-Mr. Accum<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>&mdash;speak! Have you any<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[349]</a></span>

-proofs of a conspiracy?" "Yes, Madam,

-I have proofs, damning proofs.

-Your wine merchant, your brewer,

-your baker, your confectioner, your

-grocer, aye, your very butcher, are

-in league against you; and, Mrs.

-Trollope, <span class="smcap">YOU ARE POISONED!</span>"&mdash;"When!&mdash;Oh!

-when was the fatal

-dose administered? Would an emetic

-be of no avail? Could you not yet administer

-a&mdash;&mdash;" But here my voice

-was choked, and nothing was audible,

-Mr. North, but the sighs and sobs of

-your poor Trollope.</p>

-

-<p>At last I became more composed&mdash;and

-Mr. Accum asked me what was,

-in general, the first thing I did on rising

-from bed in the morning. Alas!

-I felt that it was no time for delicacy,

-and I told him at once, that it was to

-take off a bumper of brandy for a complaint

-in my stomach. He asked to

-look at the bottle. I brought it forth

-from the press in my own number,

-that tall square tower-like bottle, Mr.

-North, so green to the eye and smooth

-to the grasp. You know the bottle

-well&mdash;it belonged to my mother before

-me. He put it to his nose&mdash;he

-poured out a driblet into a teaspoon as

-cautiously as if it had been the black

-drop&mdash;he tasted it&mdash;and again repeated

-these terrible words, "Mrs. <span class="smcap">Trollope,

-you are poisoned.</span> It has," he

-continued, "a peculiar disagreeable

-smell, like the breath of habitual

-drunkards." "Oh! thought I, has it

-come to this! The smell ever seemed

-to my unsuspecting soul most fragrant

-and delicious." "Death in the Pot"

-then told me, that the liquid I had

-been innocently drinking every morn

-for thirty years was not brandy at all,

-but a vile distillation of British molasses

-over wine lees, rectified over

-quick lime, and mixed with saw-dust.

-And this a sad, solitary, unsuspecting

-spinster had been imbibing as brandy

-for so many years! A gleam of comfort

-now shot across my brain&mdash;I told

-Mr. Accum that I had, during my

-whole life, been in the habit of taking

-a smallish glass of Hollands before

-going to bed, which I fain hoped

-might have the effect of counteracting

-the bad effects of the forgery that had

-been committed against me. I produced

-the bottle&mdash;the white globular

-one you know. "Death in the Pot"

-tried and tasted&mdash;and alas! instead of

-Hollands, pronounced it vile British

-malt spirit, fined by a solution of sub-acetate

-of lead, and then a solution of

-alum&mdash;and strengthened with grains

-of paradise, Guinea pepper, capsicum,

-and other acrid and aromatic substances.

-These are learned words&mdash;but

-they made a terrible impression

-upon my memory. Mr. Accum is a

-most amiable man, I well believe&mdash;but

-he is a stranger to pity. "Mrs.

-Trollope, <span class="smcap">YOU HAVE BEEN POISONED</span>,"

-was all he would utter. Had the

-brandy and Hollands been genuine,

-there would have been no harm&mdash;but

-they were <em>imitation</em>, and "<span class="smcap">YOU ARE

-POISONED</span>."</p>

-

-<p>Feeling myself very faint, I asked,

-naturally enough for a woman in my

-situation, for a glass of wine. It was

-brought&mdash;but Mr. Accum was at hand

-to snatch the deadly draught from my

-lips. He tasted what used to be called

-my genuine old port,</p>

-

-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">"And in the scowl of heaven his face,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Grew black as he was sipping."<br /></span>

-</div></div>

-

-<p>"It is spoiled elder wine&mdash;rendered

-astringent by oak-wood, saw-dust, and

-the husks of filberts&mdash;lead and arsenic,

-madam, are&mdash;&mdash;" but my ears

-tingled, and I heard no more. I confessed

-to the amount of six glasses a

-day of this hellish liquor&mdash;pardon my

-warmth&mdash;and that such had been my

-allowance for many years. My thirst

-was now intolerable, and I beseeched

-a glass of beer. It came, and "Death

-in the Pot" detected at once the murderous

-designs of the brewer. Coculus

-indicus, Spanish juice, hartshorn

-shavings, orange powder, copperas,

-opium, tobacco, nux vomica&mdash;such

-were the shocking words he kept

-repeating to himself&mdash;and then again,

-"Mrs. <span class="smcap">Trollope is poisoned</span>."&mdash;"May

-I not have a single cup of tea,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[350]</a></span>

-Mr. Accum," I asked imploringly,

-and the chymist shook his head. He

-then opened the tea-caddy, and emptying

-its contents, rubbed my best

-green tea between his hard horny

-palms. "Sloe-leaves, and white-thorn

-leaves, madam, coloured with

-Dutch pink, and with the fine green

-bloom of verdigris! Much, in the

-course of your regular life, you must

-have swallowed!" "Might I try the

-coffee?" Oh! Mr. North, Mr. North,

-you know my age, and never once, during

-my whole existence, have I tasted

-coffee. I have been deluded by pease

-and beans, sand, gravel, and vegetable

-powder! Mr. Accum called it sham

-coffee, most infamous stuff, and unfit

-for human food! Alas! the day that

-I was born! In despair I asked for a

-glass of water, and just as the sparkling

-beverage was about to touch my

-pale quivering lips, my friend, for I

-must call him so in spite of every

-thing, interfered, and tasting it, squirted

-out of his mouth, with a most

-alarming countenance. "It comes

-out of a lead cistern&mdash;it is a deadly

-poison." Here I threw myself on my

-knees before this inexorable man, and

-cried, "Mr. Death in the Pot, is there

-in heaven, on earth, or the waters under

-the earth, any one particle of matter

-that is not impregnated with death?

-What means this desperate mockery?

-For mercy's sake give me the very

-smallest piece of bread and cheese, or

-I can support myself no longer. Are

-we, or are we not, to have a morsel

-of breakfast this day?" He cut off

-about an inch long piece of cheese

-from that identical double Gloucester

-that you yourself, Mr. North, chose

-for me, on your last visit to London,

-and declared that it had been rendered

-most poisonous by the anotta used

-to colour it. "There is here, Mrs.

-Trollope, a quantity of red lead&mdash;Have

-you, madam, never experienced

-after devouring half a pound of this

-cheese, an indescribable pain in the

-region of the abdomen and of the stomach,

-accompanied with a feeling of

-tension, which occasioned much restlessness,

-anxiety, and repugnance to

-food? Have you never felt, after a

-Welsh rabbit of it, a very violent cholic?"

-"Yes! yes!&mdash;often, often!"

-I exclaimed. "And did you use

-pepper and mustard?" "I did even

-so." "Let me see the castors." I

-rose from my knees&mdash;and brought

-them out. He puffed out a little

-pepper into the palm of his hand, and

-went on as usual. "This, madam,

-is spurious pepper altogether&mdash;it is

-made up of oil cakes, (the residue of

-linseed, from which the oil has been

-pressed,) common clay, and, perhaps,

-a small portion of Cayenne pepper,

-(itself probably artificial or adulterated,)

-to make it pungent. But now

-for the mustard"&mdash;at this juncture

-the servant maid came in, and I told

-her that I was poisoned&mdash;she set up a

-prodigious scream, and Mr. Accum

-let fall the mustard pot on the carpet.

-But it is needless for me to prolong

-the shocking narrative. They assisted

-me to get into bed, from which I

-never more expect to rise. My eyes

-have been opened, and I see the horrors

-of my situation. I now remember

-the most excruciating cholic, and

-divers other pangs which I thought

-nothing of at the time, but which must

-have been the effect of the deleterious

-solids and liquids which I was

-daily introducing into my stomach.&mdash;It

-appears that I have never, so much

-as once, either eat or drank a real

-thing&mdash;that is, a thing being what it

-pretended to be. Oh! the weight of

-lead and copper that has passed thro'

-my body! Oh! too, the gravel and

-the sand! But is impossible to deceive

-me now. This very evening

-some bread was brought to me&mdash;Bread!

-I cried out indignantly&mdash;Take

-the vile deception out of my

-sight. Yes, my dear Kit, it was a

-villanous loaf of clay and alum! But

-my resolution is fixed, and I hope to

-die in peace. Henceforth, I shall not

-allow one particle of matter to descend

-into my stomach! Already I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[351]</a></span>

-feel myself "of the earth, earthy."&mdash;Mr.

-Accum seldom leaves my bedside&mdash;and

-yesterday brought with him

-several eatables and drinkables, which

-he assured me he had analyzed, subjected

-to the test-act, and found them

-to be conformists. But I have no trust

-in chymistry. His quarter-loaf looked

-like a chip cut off the corner of a

-stone block. It was a manifest <em>sham

-loaf</em>. After being deluded in my

-Hollands, bit in my brandy, and having

-found my muffins a mockery,

-never more shall I be thrown off my

-guard. I am waxing weaker and

-weaker&mdash;so farewell! Bewildering

-indeed has been the destiny of</p>

-

-<p class="sig">

-<span class="smcap">Susanna Trollope.</span><br />

-</p>

-

-<p>P.S.&mdash;I have opened my mistress'

-letter to add, that she died this evening

-about a quarter past eight, in excruciating

-torments.</p>

-

-<p class="sig">

-<span class="smcap">Sally Rogers.</span><br />

-</p>

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-

-

-<h2>VARIATION OF THE NEEDLE.</h2>

-

-

-<p>It is thought by some surveyors

-that a change has taken place in the

-variation of the needle, and that the

-power of attraction is returning to

-the east or right hand. For my own

-satisfaction, I have for some years

-past been endeavouring to ascertain

-the truth of the fact, and my observations

-for the last ten years past require

-only 20' to be added to strike

-the former object. It is well known

-that formerly surveyors made an allowance

-to the west or left hand, of

-one degree, for every 10 or 11 years

-for variation, and it now comes short

-40' of the common allowance, so

-that from the result of my observations

-it appears evidently that the

-variation is not on the return, but still

-increasing, but so slow and variable

-every year, that it cannot be ascertained,

-unless by a series of experiments.

-To corroborate the following

-observations, I would remark, that I

-have lately read (I think in the Encyclopædia)

-of a curious gentlemen

-in London, who with a nice instrument,

-monthly for a number of years,

-made observations upon the variation,

-and he seldom found the needle cut

-the same degree and minutes, but

-varying sometimes to the right, others

-to the left: sometimes more, sometimes

-less, which shows that the attractive

-power is variable.</p>

-

-<p>On the 18th of July, 1810, an object

-on the North mountain, 3 and a

-half miles off, bore</p>

-

-

-<div class="center">

-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="needle">

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="center" colspan="2">N. 61° 00' W.</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">8th July, 1811,</td><td align="left">the same object bore</td><td align="center">60</td><td align="center">50</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">14th July, 1812,</td><td align="center">do.</td><td align="center">60</td><td align="center">50</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">10th July, 1813,</td><td align="center">do.</td><td align="center">60</td><td align="center">50</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">8th July, 1814,</td><td align="center">do.</td><td align="center">61</td><td align="center">10</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">12th July, 1815,</td><td align="center">do.</td><td align="center">61</td><td align="center">15</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">13th July, 1816,</td><td align="center">do.</td><td align="center">61</td><td align="center">15</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">15th July, 1817,</td><td align="center">do.</td><td align="center">61</td><td align="center">15</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">14th July, 1818,</td><td align="center">do.</td><td align="center">61</td><td align="center">30</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">15th July, 1819,</td><td align="center">do.</td><td align="center">61</td><td align="center">25</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">10th July, 1820,</td><td align="center">do.</td><td align="center">61</td><td align="center">20</td></tr>

-</table></div>

-<p>From whatever cause the variation

-of the needle arises, it evidently is

-affected by a something within our

-earth; but whether from the motion

-of two attractive poles, or four, as has

-been maintained by great men, or

-whether by a concentric globe of elementary

-particles composed of electricity

-and refined iron, adjusted and

-organized in a particular way, are all

-hypotheses. The phenomenon of the

-dipping needle is a curiosity, and sufficient

-to satisfy us that the power of

-attraction is about the centre of the

-earth, for let a needle be truly balanced

-on a centre pin in our latitude,

-then give it the polarity necessary,

-the north end will dip about fifty degrees;&mdash;move

-it to the equator it will

-become again level;&mdash;carry it still

-southward, the south end will dip.</p>

-

-<p>When effects are obvious, man

-more curious than wise, endeavours

-to search out the cause, and in some

-things we may be successful,&mdash;others

-are beyond our knowledge, and hid

-in the mysteries of Nature's God.</p>

-

-<p class="sig">

-<span class="smcap">John King.</span><br />

-</p>

-

-<p class="sig1"><i>Mercersburgh, (Penn.)</i> }<br />

-<i>July 18, 1820.</i>        }</p>

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-

-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[352]</a></span></p>

-

-

-

-

-<h2>COMPARATIVE MORALITY OF DIFFERENT

-COUNTIES IN ENGLAND

-AND WALES.</h2>

-

-

-<p>The following interesting table is

-copied from Mr. Myers' "New System

-of Geography," a work now

-publishing in monthly parts, and

-which, from the manner of its execution,

-promises to supply an important

-desideratum, in that branch of literature,

-created by the recent political

-changes upon the continent of

-Europe.</p>

-

-<blockquote>

-

-<p>A Table, showing the proportion which

-the number of persons committed to

-prison in each county of England and

-Wales, bears to the whole population;

-and thus illustrating the influence of local

-circumstances on the morals of the

-people. The average of the commitments

-is taken for thirteen years, viz.

-from 1805 to 1817, inclusive, and the

-population, as stated in the returns of

-1811.</p></blockquote>

-

-

-<div class="center">

-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="prisoners">

-<tr><td align="left"><i>Counties.</i></td><td align="right"><i>One in</i></td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Anglesea,</td><td align="right">18,522</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Bedford,</td><td align="right">2,623</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Berks,</td><td align="right">1,618</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Brecon,</td><td align="right">3,384</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Bucks,</td><td align="right">2,562</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Cambridge,</td><td align="right">2,386</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Cardigan,</td><td align="right">13,612</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Caermarthen,</td><td align="right">7,343</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Caernarvon,</td><td align="right">9,867</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Chester,</td><td align="right">1,638</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Cornwall,</td><td align="right">5,287</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Cumberland,</td><td align="right">3,904</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Denbigh,</td><td align="right">7,077</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Derby,</td><td align="right">3,435</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Devon,</td><td align="right">1,996</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Dorset,</td><td align="right">2,292</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Durham,</td><td align="right">4,337</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Essex,</td><td align="right">1,435</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Flint,</td><td align="right">8,399</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Glamorgan,</td><td align="right">4,551</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Gloucester,</td><td align="right">1,834</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Hants,</td><td align="right">1,230</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Hereford,</td><td align="right">1,438</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Herts,</td><td align="right">1,636</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Huntingdon,</td><td align="right">1,431</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Kent,</td><td align="right">1,385</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Lancaster,</td><td align="right">1,083</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Leicester,</td><td align="right">2,161</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Lincoln,</td><td align="right">2,164</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Merioneth,</td><td align="right">13,377</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Middlesex,</td><td align="right">588</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Monmouth,</td><td align="right">2,469</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Mongomery,</td><td align="right">3,534</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Norfolk,</td><td align="right">1,809</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Northamton,</td><td align="right">2,405</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Northumberland,</td><td align="right">3,037</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Nottingham,</td><td align="right">1,694</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Oxford,</td><td align="right">2,151</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Pembroke,</td><td align="right">5,669</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Radnor,</td><td align="right">3,672</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Rutland,</td><td align="right">2,696</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Salop,</td><td align="right">2,263</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Stafford,</td><td align="right">1,938</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Somerset,</td><td align="right">1,369</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Suffolk,</td><td align="right">1,731</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Surrey,</td><td align="right">1,261</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Sussex,</td><td align="right">2,422</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Warwick,</td><td align="right">989</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Westmoreland,</td><td align="right">5,642</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Wilts,</td><td align="right">1,969</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Worcester,</td><td align="right">1,668</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">York,</td><td align="right">3,002</td></tr>

-</table></div>

-<p>For the whole of England, the

-proportion is 1 in 1,483; for Wales,

-1 in 6,213; and for both England

-and Wales, 1 in 1,554.</p>

-

-

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-<h2>FRENCH WOMEN.</h2>

-

-<p class="center">From Sketches of French Manners and Customs.</p>

-

-

-<p>The women do not, as in England,

-employ themselves solely in household

-and nursery affairs, but they mix

-themselves in all the cares of their

-husbands, and assist them in their

-trade and business, whatever it may

-be.&mdash;Thus they are constantly found

-in the counting houses and shops;

-and they know as much, and often

-more, of the details of a trade, than

-their husbands. In Dieppe, every

-variety of shop and trade had a woman

-assisting in it, who, from her

-appearance, might generally be considered

-as the mistress of the family.

-At a blacksmith's shop, for instance,

-I saw a neatly dressed woman, with a

-very clean cap shoeing a horse; and,

-passing a second time, I saw her

-filing at a vice. I expressed my astonishment

-to the neighbours, but

-they seemed rather disposed to laugh

-at me, than to join in my laugh at the

-woman. I learnt that she was a

-widow, and thus kept up her husband's

-trade, to rear a large family.

-In Paris, I complimented a pretty wife

-of an eminent bookseller for her

-knowledge of the prices of paper,

-printing, and engraving, in which

-she several times corrected errors of

-her husband. I remarked, that the

-French ladies must have great talents

-thus to learn a trade in the honey

-moon, which had employed their

-husbands during an apprenticeship

-of seven years; and that I supposed

-she would be equally expert at any

-other trade, if, on becoming a widow,

-she married a husband in some other

-line. "Ah! Monsieur," said she,

-"we endeavour to assist our spouses

-in every way in our power;&mdash;it is our

-only pleasure; their cares are our

-cares, and their interests are ours;

-and, if it is our calamity to become

-widows, and we meet with another

-good husband, we do the best we

-can for him also."</p>

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-<h2>LIFE.</h2>

-

-<p>When I look upon the tombs of

-the great, every emotion of envy

-dies; when I read the epitaphs of

-the beautiful, every inordinate desire

-forsakes me; when I meet with

-the grief of parents upon a tombstone,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[353]</a></span>

-my heart melts with compassion;

-when I see the tombs of the parents

-themselves, I feel how vain it is to

-grieve for those whom we must

-quickly follow; when I behold rival

-kings lying side by side, or the holy

-men who divided the world with their

-contests and disputes, I reflect with

-sorrow and astonishment on the frivolous

-competitions, factions, and debates

-of mankind; when I read the several

-dates of the tombs,&mdash;of some who

-died yesterday, and some six hundred

-years ago, I am reminded of that

-day when all mankind will be contemporaries,

-and make their appearance

-together.</p>

-

-<p class="sig">

-<span class="smcap">Addison.</span><br />

-</p>

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-

-

-<h2>STATISTICS OF EUROPE.</h2>

-

-<h3>From a French paper.</h3>

-

-

-<p>Europe contains in superfices,

-153,559 square geographic miles, of

-15 to a degree, or only 1116 of the

-continental superfices of the whole

-earth. Its population is estimated at

-180 millions and a half; which gives,

-one with another, 1177 inhabitants to

-each square geographic mile. It

-should always be remembered, that

-this population is very unequally divided;

-for if in the lowest countries,

-for example, we reckon 4550 inhabitants

-to a square mile, Russia contains

-but 447; Sweden, 362; and Norway

-only 118.</p>

-

-<p>Europe contains 17 nations: 1st

-nations, speaking the dialect derived

-from the Latin language, 61 millions;

-2d, Teutonic nations, 54 millions; 3d,

-Sclavonian, 46 millions; 4th, Celts,

-3,720,000; 5th, Tartars, 3,500,000;

-6th, Magvans, 5,250,000; 7th, Greeks,

-2,100,000; 8th, Finns, 1,800,000;

-9th, Cimmerians, 1,610,000; 10th,

-Basques, 630,000; 11h, Arnauts,

-300,000; 12th, Maltese, 80,000;

-13th, Circassians, 8,000; 14th, Samoides,

-2,100; 15th, Jews, 2,660,000;

-16th, Gipsies, 340,000; and 17th, Armenians,

-150,000.</p>

-

-<p>The Roman Catholics are in number

-about 100 millions; the Protestants

-of different communions about

-42 millions; the schismatic Greeks,

-32 millions; the Mennonists 240,000;

-the Methodists 190,000; the Unitarians

-50,000; the Quakers 40,000;

-the Mohammedans 2,630,000; the

-Jews 2,600,000; and the Herrnhutters

-(Moravians) 40,000.</p>

-

-<p>In classing out each state according

-to its superfices, its population, its ordinary

-revenues, and the contributive

-proportion of each individual towards

-the public burdens, we find that they

-should occupy the following order.</p>

-

-<p><i>Superfices.</i>&mdash;1st, Russia; 2d, Sweden;

-3d, Austria; 4th, France; 5th,

-Turkey; 6th, Spain; 7th, Great Britain;

-8th, Prussia; 9th, Germany;

-10th, Denmark; 11th, the Two Sicilies;

-12th, Portugal; 13th, Sardinia;

-14th, the Netherlands; 15th, Switzerland;

-16th, the Ecclesiastical

-States; and 17th, Tuscany, &amp;c.</p>

-

-<p><i>Population.</i>&mdash;1st, Russia; second,

-France; 3d, Austria; 4th, Great

-Britain; 5th, Germany; 6th, Spain;

-7th, Prussia; 8th, Turkey; 9th, the

-Two Sicilies; 10th, the Netherlands;

-11th, Sardinia; 12th, Portugal; 13th,

-Sweden; 14th, the Ecclesiastial States;

-15th, Switzerland; 16th, Denmark;

-17th, Tuscany, &amp;c.</p>

-

-<p><i>Revenue.</i>&mdash;1st, Great Britain; 2d,

-France; 3d, Russia; 4th, Austria;

-5th, Germany; 6th, the Netherlands;

-7th, Prussia; 8th, Spain; 9th, Turkey;

-10th, Portugal; 11th, the Two

-Sicilies; 12th, Sardinia; 13th, Sweden;

-14th, Denmark; 15th, the Ecclesiastical

-States; 16th, Tuscany;

-and 17th, Switzerland, &amp;c.</p>

-

-<p><i>Contributive Portion on each Individual

-towards the public charges.</i>&mdash;-This

-last calculation is the most curious.

-It demonstrates what each individual

-pays annually one with another,&mdash;namely,

-in England, 52f. 5c.; in

-the Netherlands, 38f. 5c.; in France,

-19f. 71c.; in Germany, 16f. 6c.; in

-Russia, 15f. 88c.; in Denmark, 14f

-60c; Portugal, 13f. 85c.; in Spain,

-17f. 60c; in Sardinia, 12f. 5c; in

-Austria, 11f. 68c.; in the Ecclesiastical<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[354]</a></span>

-States, 9f. 40c. in Sweden, 9f. 31c.

-in Tuscany, 9f. 12c; in Turkey, 9f.

-4c.; in the Two Sicilies, 7f. 97c.;

-and in Switzerland, 5f. 47c. This last

-is the weakest of all European states.</p>

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-

-<h2>MISCELLANY.</h2>

-

-

-<p><i>Mode of engraving union steel and

-then transferring the same to steel or

-other metals.</i>&mdash;This invention deservedly

-demands while it receives the admiration

-of every lover of the Fine

-Arts; and at the same time it presents

-the means of perpetuating whatever

-is beautiful in the art of engraving,

-and will probably produce a general

-refinement in the state of the

-public by furnishing engravings of the

-most beautiful kinds, at the same cost

-as those of inferior execution.</p>

-

-<p>This invention promises to be of

-great advantage to some of our manufacturers,

-particularly that of pottery,

-which may now be embellished with

-beautiful engravings, so as to place

-the successful competition of other

-nations at a more distant period. It

-may also be applied with great advantage

-to <em>calico</em> printing, by producing

-entire new patterns upon the cylinders

-from which they are printed,

-an object of great importance to our

-manufacturing interest. These are

-among its obvious applications; but

-as a means of rendering forgery <em>impracticable</em>,

-it claims the attention of

-statesmen and the gratitude of philanthropists,

-who shudder at the hundreds

-of victims which are now immolated

-to the laws by the facility

-with which they may be violated.</p>

-

-<p>The association of Mr. Charles

-Heath with the American inventors

-is a fortunate circumstance, as it affords

-a pledge, that all which is exquisite

-in art will be combined with

-the ingenious mechanical inventions

-of Mr. Perkins, and the perseverance

-of Mr. Fairman; and the means of

-conferring every desirable perfection

-on various applications of the Siderographic

-process.</p>

-

-

-<p><i>Great Britain and the U. States.</i>&mdash;(A

-Contrast.)&mdash;A correspondent observes,

-that from an article in the last

-Inquirer, taken from a London paper,

-it is computed that the expense of the

-approaching coronation of his Britannic

-Majesty, George IV., will exceed

-eight hundred thousand pounds sterling.</p>

-

-<p>This, at $4 44 cents the pound

-sterling, amounts to the moderate sum

-of three millions five hundred and fifty

-two thousand dollars, of the currency

-of the United States.</p>

-

-<p>This sum would pay the salaries of

-the President of the U. States for a

-succession of <em>one hundred and forty-two

-years</em>,&mdash;and leave a balance of

-two thousand dollars remaining.</p>

-

-<p class="sig">

-[<i>Richmond Com.</i><br />

-</p>

-

-

-<p><i>English Churn.</i>&mdash;An improvement

-has been made in England in the construction

-of the dasher of the churn,

-which "is made to turn on a pivot,

-fixed in the lower end of the handle,

-and consists of two pieces set crosswise,

-so as to form four wings, diagonally

-shaped, and something similar

-to those of a windmill. Let the wings

-be about two inches wide, proportioned

-in length to the dimensions of the

-churn, and of such a level as gives

-them an inclination of about forty-five

-degrees.</p>

-

-<p>The pivot on which the wings turn

-to be of iron, otherwise it will soon

-wear out."</p>

-

-<p>The above plan is more efficacious

-than any other, and requires the operation

-to be moderately performed

-lest the butter come too soon, and

-therefore become swetted.</p>

-

-

-<p><i>Watermelon Sirup.</i>&mdash;Those of our

-readers who may not be acquainted

-with the fact, but yet are friendly to

-domestic economy, are informed, that

-one gallon of watermelon-juice will,

-by boiling, afford one pint of pure

-sirup, preferable either to honey or

-molasses, for domestic or medical

-purposes. The trial is easily made,

-and the expense trifling.</p>

-

-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[355]</a></span></p>

-

-

-<p><i>Patent Churn.</i>&mdash;A churn has been

-invented by a young man in Vermont,

-which answers every purpose with a

-very trifling labour. It stands perpendicularly,

-and is perfectly tight.&mdash;The

-operation is performed by a person

-sitting near the churn and working

-the machine by each hand, as you

-work a pump. The dasher is turned

-by means of two leather straps, which

-are fastened at one end of the upright

-cylinder, and passing each once round

-it in opposite directions, are fastened

-at the other end of the handle on each

-side of the upright. So that the stroke

-with one hand turns the dasher once

-round, and that with the other turns it

-back.</p>

-

-

-<p><i>Socrates.</i>&mdash;One day when Alcibiades

-was boasting of his wealth and the

-great estates in his possession, (which

-generally blow up the pride of young

-people of quality,) Socrates carried

-him to a geographical map, and asked

-him to find Attica. It was so small,

-it could scarcely be discerned upon

-the draft; he found it, however,

-though with some difficulty. But,

-upon being desired to point out his

-own estate there&mdash;"It is too small,"

-says he, "to be distinguished in so

-little a space."</p>

-

-<p>"See then," replied

-Socrates, "how much you are affected

-about an imperceptible point of

-the earth."</p>

-

-

-<p><i>Georgetown, (Ky.) August 3.</i>&mdash;A

-white crow was lately shot by Col.

-Rhodes Thompson, at his residence,

-on Elkhorn, about two and a half

-miles from this town. It was examined

-by several scientific gentlemen,

-and pronounced to be of the crow

-species; it resembled the common

-black crow in every thing but its colour,

-which was of a dingy white.&mdash;Col.

-Thompson had observed it for

-some time among a flock of black

-crows, and had ascertained its note to

-be the same as theirs.</p>

-

-

-<p><i>Scotch Adventurers.</i>&mdash;The character

-which the Scotch have acquired,

-beyond almost any other people, for

-the art of pushing their fortune abroad,

-was never perhaps more singularly

-illustrated than by the following anecdote,

-which Dr. Anderson relates in

-his "Bee," on the authority of a baronet

-of scientific eminence.</p>

-

-<p>The Russians and Turks, in the

-war of 1739, having diverted themselves

-long enough in the contest,

-agreed to treat for peace. The commisioners,

-for this purpose, were

-marshal Gen. Keith, on the part of

-Russia, and the grand vizier on that

-of the Turks. These personages

-met, and carried on their negotiations

-by means of interpreters. When

-all was concluded, they rose to separate:

-the marshal made his bow,

-with his hat in his hand, and the vizier

-his salam, with his turban on

-his head. But when these ceremonies

-of taking leave were over, the

-vizier turned suddenly, and coming

-up to marshal Keith, took him cordially

-by the hand, and in the broadest

-Scotch dialect, declared warmly

-that it made him "unco happy to

-meet a countryman in his exalted station."

-Keith started with astonishment,

-eager for an explanation of the

-mystery, when the vizier added,

-"Dinna be surprised, mon, I'm o'

-the same country wi' yoursel'. I

-mind weel seeing you and your brother,

-when boys, passin by to the

-school at Kirkaldy; my father, Sir,

-was <em>bellman of Kirkaldy</em>." What

-more extraordinary can be imagined,

-than to behold in the plenipotentiaries

-of two mighty nations, two foreign

-adventurers, natives of the same

-mountainous territory; nay, of the

-very same village!&mdash;What indeed

-more extraordinary, unless it be the

-spectacle of a Scotchman turned

-Turk for the sake of honours, held

-on the tenure of a caprice from which

-even Scotch prudence can be no guarantee!</p>

-

-

-<p><i>Garrick.</i>&mdash;Mr. Twiss, a romancing

-traveller, was talking of a church he

-had seen in Spain which was a mile

-and a half long. "Bless me, (cried

-Garrick,) how broad was it?" "About<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[356]</a></span>

-ten yards," said Twiss. "This is,

-you'll observe, gentlemen, (said Garrick

-to the company,) not a round lie,

-but differs from his other stories,

-which are generally as broad as they

-are long."</p>

-

-

-<p><i>Franklin Donation Fund.</i>&mdash;The

-trustees of the fund established by

-Dr. Franklin, for the benefit of young

-married mechanics, in Boston, give

-notice, that they will make loans, in

-sums not exceeding 200 dollars to

-one individual, on the terms prescribed

-by Dr. Franklin, viz.</p>

-

-<p>"The applicant must be a married

-mechanic, under the age of 25 years,

-who has faithfully served an apprenticeship

-of five years at least, in the

-town of Boston. He must produce

-a certificate of his moral character,

-from at least two respectable citizens

-of said town, who are willing to become

-bound with him, to the trustees,

-for the repayment of the sum loaned,

-by annual instalments of 10 per cent.

-with interest annually, at the rate of

-5 per cent."</p>

-

-

-<p><i>Flour.</i>&mdash;Flour has recently been

-sold at Cincinnati for $2.25 per bbl.

-"good money." The crops of grain

-have been exceedingly heavy in the

-western country.</p>

-

-

-<p><i>Herculaneum Manuscripts.</i>&mdash;Sir

-Humphrey Davy has had great success

-in unrolling the manuscripts of

-Herculaneum and Pompeii. In a

-short time the contents of each roll will

-be known, as well as its title, which

-is generally found in the interiour.</p>

-

-

-<p><i>Whaling!</i>&mdash;It would seem by the

-following articles from the Boston

-Patriot, that the invention of the torpedo

-by the late Robert Fulton, to

-destroy enemies' ships in the late war,

-is about to be made use of for another

-valuable purpose, viz. blowing

-up whales!</p>

-

-<p>"It was hardly to have been expected,

-that these destructive engines

-should have been adopted in the prosecution

-of one of the most thriving

-branches of business in which navigation

-is now employed. Yet, we are

-informed that a vessel has recently

-been fitted at New Bedford, bound

-on a whaling cruise, with an apparatus

-on board for the purpose of taking

-whales by <em>blowing them up</em>.</p>

-

-<p>"Torpedoes, of arrow form, are

-thrown from a gun on board the vessel,

-which are calculated to sink into

-the body of the whale, and there explode.

-As the experiment has not

-yet been fully tested, we think its

-success, to say, the least, is problematical."</p>

-

-

-<p><i>New York school fund, &amp;c.</i>&mdash;We

-have a long and interesting statement

-in the New York papers, of the funds

-set apart for literary purposes. They

-chiefly consist of bonds and mortgages,

-for money loaned, a considerable

-quantity of bank stocks, and sundry

-valuable tracts of land. The amounts

-are as follows:</p>

-

-<p>The fund for the support of "common

-schools" is equal to $1,232,908,

-and its annual product about $78,964.</p>

-

-<p>The fund for the "promotion of

-literature" amounts to $201,439, and

-its income is $5,288. This fund is

-divided among the colleges, in proportion

-to their scholars. Both of

-these funds are on the increase as to

-value and product.</p>

-

-<p>Besides,&mdash;the occasional grants of

-the legislature for literary purposes

-since 1790, amounts to $1,189,056.

-And the general aggregate of appropriations,

-for the last thirty years, including

-escheated lands, schools lots,

-fees, &amp;c., but excluding the annual

-revenue derived from the permanent

-funds, is estimated to amount to

-3,000,000 of dollars!</p>

-

-

-<p><i>Premiums.</i>&mdash;At a meeting of the

-Merino Society in London, 12th May,

-after awarding the prizes to the best

-show of sheep and superfine broadcloth,

-the premium of ten guineas

-for worsted yarn, was adjudged to Mr.

-J. Head, of Kirkstall, near Leeds, for

-one pound of wool spun by a newly

-invented machine, which was superior

-in fineness to any heretofore seen,

-and peculiarly adapted for the finest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[357]</a></span>

-bombazeens, &amp;c. It produced 95

-hanks of 530 yards each in length,

-equal to 30 miles and 400 yards, to a

-pound of wool.</p>

-

-

-<p><i>Salt mines of Meurthe.</i>&mdash;The researches

-for the discovery of rock

-salt, which commenced in July last,

-at Moyenire, in the department of

-La Meurthe, in France, are carried

-on to advantage. After exploring to

-the depth of 200 feet, and reaching

-the first layer, which is 11 feet in

-thickness, the workmen had to perforate

-a bed of gypsum and clay of

-five hundred and forty-six feet, when

-they came to a second stratum of

-salt, eight feet in thickness. It is intended

-to remove the researches to

-two other neighbouring points, to ascertain

-the breadth and magnitude of

-the whole bed. The two points form

-a triangle nearly equilateral, each side

-of which may be about 6 or 700 toises

-in length. One of these points is the

-city of Vic, and the other to the south

-of it. On this latter point they have

-already pierced to the depth of 26

-feet of vegetable earth: the orifice of

-each bore is 3<sup><small>1</small></sup>&frasl;<sub><small>2</small></sub> inches, which constantly

-fills up with fresh water. The

-salt of the first bed is extremely white,

-and transparent as rock crystal. It

-is likewise very pure, and free from

-every noxious or terrene substance.

-The second appears to be intermixed

-with gypseous or argillaceous substance,

-but a very small proportion.

-This salt is brown, not unlike a clouded

-flint; both the kinds are very

-compact, well crystallized, the fractures

-cubical, and the saline taste superior

-to that of any salt obtained by

-evaporation. It contains but very

-little of muriate of magnesia, or of

-sulphate of lime.</p>

-

-

-<p><i>More silver!</i>&mdash;We have the following

-account of the discovery of a

-silver mine, in a paper printed at Salem,

-Indiana, July 10.&mdash;"We have

-been informed by gentlemen of credibility,

-that there has been a silver

-mine lately discovered in the late purchase

-in this state. The circumstances

-relating to it are these: A few

-months ago, a gentleman near the

-boundary line, was informed by an

-Indian, that there was a mine of this

-kind somewhere, but refused to tell

-him where it was, unless the man

-would pay him fifty dollars, a horse, a

-gun and several blankets, which the

-man did, and was taken to the place,

-and brought away several pounds of

-the ore. He has since, we are told,

-brought away about 300 pounds. He

-refuses to tell where it is, but says

-there is at least three wagon loads already

-cast into bars by the Indians,

-which he intends to bring away. We

-have seen (so have several citizens of

-Salem) some of the ore, and should

-suppose it at least two-thirds silver.

-The ore is so pure that it can be

-drawn out with the hammer into bars

-of almost any size, and it is thought

-by some to be sufficiently pure in its

-natural state. From the representation

-of it, the mine is inexhaustible,

-and in a situation difficult to be discovered."</p>

-

-

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-<h2>DIED,</h2>

-

-

-<p>In England, on the 19th June, at his

-house, Spring-grove, near Hounslow,

-the venerable president of the Royal

-Society, the Right Hon. Sir <span class="smcap">Joseph

-Banks</span>, G. C. B. &amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c. The

-loss to science by the demise of this

-excellent man and liberal patron will

-be long and severely felt. Sir Joseph

-had been for a long time labouring

-under a most distressing illness; for

-some years he had been deprived of

-the use of his lower extremities, and

-rendered so feeble as to be lifted from

-his room to his carriage. He possessed

-a princely fortune, of which he

-assigned a large portion to the encouragement

-of science, particularly

-natural history, private and public

-charities, and domestic hospitality.&mdash;Also,

-on the 31st May, <span class="smcap">I. Bradley</span>,

-the Yorkshire giant:&mdash;when dead he

-measured nine feet in length, and

-three feet over the shoulders.</p>

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-

-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[358]</a></span></p>

-

-

-

-

-<p class="center">FOR THE RURAL MAGAZINE.</p>

-

-<p>Of <span class="smcap">John Logan</span>, the author of the following

-touching stanzas, it is well observed by his

-biographer <span class="smcap">Chalmers</span>, that it would be difficult

-to produce, from the whole range of English

-poetry, any thing more exquisitely tender

-and pathetic, than some of his productions.&mdash;He

-died in London, December, 1788, in the

-fortieth year of his age. His end is described

-as edifying. When he became too weak to

-hold a book, we are told he employed his

-time in hearing such young persons as visited

-him read the Scriptures.</p>

-

-<p class="sig">

-I.<br />

-</p>

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-

-

-<h2>THE BRAES OF YARROW.</h2>

-

-

-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">"Thy braes were bonny, Yarrow stream!<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">When first on them I met my lover,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Thy braes how dreary, Yarrow stream!<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">When now thy waves his body cover!<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">For ever now, O Yarrow stream!<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">Thou art to me a stream of sorrow;<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">For never on thy banks shall I<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">Behold my love, the flower of Yarrow.<br /></span>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">"He promised me a milk-white steed,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">To bear me to his father's bowers;<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">He promised me a little page,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">To 'squire me to his father's towers;<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">He promised me a wedding ring,&mdash;<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">The wedding day was fix'd to-morrow;&mdash;<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Now he is wedded to his grave,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">Alas, his watery grave, in Yarrow!<br /></span>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">"Sweet were his words when last we met;<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">My passion I as freely told him!<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Clasp'd in his arms, I little thought<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">That I should never more behold him!<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Scarce was he gone, I saw his ghost;<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">It vanish'd with a shriek of sorrow;<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Thrice did the water-wraith ascend,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">And gave a doleful groan thro' Yarrow!<br /></span>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">"His mother from the window look'd,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">With all the longing of a mother;<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">His little sister weeping walk'd<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">The green-wood path to meet her brother:<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">They sought him east, they sought him west,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">They sought him all the forest through;<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">They only saw the cloud of night,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">They only heard the roar of Yarrow!<br /></span>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">"No longer from thy window look,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">Thou hast no son, thou tender mother;<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">No longer walk thou lovely maid;<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">Alas, thou hast no more a brother!<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">No longer seek him east or west,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">And search no more the forest through;<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">For wandering in the night so dark,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">He fell a lifeless corse in Yarrow.<br /></span>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">"The tear shall never leave my cheek,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">No other youth shall be my marrow;<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a><br /></span>

-<span class="i0">I'll seek thy body in the stream,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">And then with thee I'll sleep in Yarrow."<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">The tear did never leave her cheek,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">No other youth became her marrow;<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">She found his body in the stream,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">And now with him she sleeps in Yarrow.<br /></span>

-</div></div>

-

-

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-

-<h2>THE IVY.</h2>

-

-<p class="center">From Barton's Poems.</p>

-

-

-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">Dost thou not love, in the season of spring,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">To twine thee a flowery wreath,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">And to see the beautiful birch-tree fling<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">It shade on the grass beneath?<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Its glossy leaf and its silvery stem;<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Oh! dost thou not love to look on them?<br /></span>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">And dost thou not love, when leaves are greenest,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">And summer has just begun,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">When in the silence of moon light thou leanest,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">Where glist'ning waters run,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">To see, by that gentle and peaceful beam,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">The willow bend down to the sparkling stream?<br /></span>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">And oh! in a lovely autumnal day,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">When leaves are changing before thee,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Do not nature's charms, as they slowly decay,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">Shed their own mild influence o'er thee?<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">And hast thou not felt, as thou stood'st to gaze,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">The touching lesson such scene displays?<br /></span>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">It should be thus at an age like thine:<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">And it has been thus with me;<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">When the freshness of feeling and heart were mine,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">As they never more can be:<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Yet think not I ask thee to pity my lot,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Perhaps I see beauty where thou dost not.<br /></span>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">Hast thou seen in winter's stormiest day,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">The trunk of a blighted oak,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Not dead, but sinking in slow decay,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">Beneath time's resistless stroke,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Round which a luxuriant Ivy had grown,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">And wreath'd it with verdure no longer its own?<br /></span>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">Perchance thou hast seen this sight, and then,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">As I, at thy years might do,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Pass'd carelessly by, nor turn'd again<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">That scathed wreck to view;<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">But now I can draw, from that mould'ring tree,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Thoughts which are soothing and dear to me,<br /></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[359]</a></span>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">O smile not! nor think it a worthless thing,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">If it be with instruction fraught;<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">That which will closest and longest cling,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">Is alone worth a serious thought!<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Should aught be unlovely which thus can shed<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Grace on the dying, and leaves not the dead?<br /></span>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">Now, in thy youth, beseech of HIM<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">Who giveth, upbraiding not,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">That his light in thy heart become not dim,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">And his love be unforgot;<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">And thy God, in the darkest of days, will be,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Greenness, and beauty, and strength to thee?<br /></span>

-</div></div>

-

-

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-<h2>TO A COUNTRY GIRL,</h2>

-

-<p class="center">Who expressed a wish to lead a town life.</p>

-

-

-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">Sweet Mary, sigh not for the town,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">Where vice and folly reign;<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Spurn not the humble homespun gown<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">That suits the rural plain.<br /></span>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">In ev'ry street the city's glare<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">Doth simple hearts betray:<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">And simple hearts, who wander there,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">Are sure to lose their way.<br /></span>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">The tradesman plays his wily part,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">To take the stranger in:<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">The profligate displays his art,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">The modest maid to win:<br /></span>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">He lures her to perdition's brink<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">By ev'ry treach'rous scheme,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Then leaves the hapless wretch to sink<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">In pleasure's guilty stream!<br /></span>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">The flaunting crowd, that seem so gay,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">May please you for a while;<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">But joy with these doth rarely stay,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">Or sweet contentment's smile.<br /></span>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">The splendid dome that proudly rears<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">Its gilded roof on high,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Full oft conceals pale Envy's tears,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">And Disappointment's sigh.<br /></span>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">There foul Ambition loves to dwell,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">False Pride, and lust of Fame,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">There Malice and Revenge rebel<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">Against the good man's name.<br /></span>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">Ah! little do you know, sweet maid,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">What are the city spoils,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Where villains ply the canting trade,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">And fraud is drest in smiles.<br /></span>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">Then, Mary, sigh no more to rove,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">Or change your native fields,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">The rural walk, the verdant grove,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">For all the city yields.<br /></span>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">And when some swain of soul sincere,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">Shall seek your love to gain,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Trust to his faith, nor ever fear,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">That you shall trust in vain.<br /></span>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">So shall your rustic life be spent,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">With every blessing crown'd,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Within your doors, shall sweet Content,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">And faithful Love be found.<br /></span>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">And when your infant offspring rise,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">A mother's smile to greet,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">The joy that sparkles in their eyes,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">Shall your own bliss complete!<br /></span>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">Your tide of life, thus even flowing,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">Will ebb at last, 'tis true;<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">When calm, with Hope your bosom glowing,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">You'll bid the world adieu!<br /></span>

-</div></div>

-

-<p class="sig">

-[<i>P. Boy.</i><br />

-</p>

-

-<blockquote>

-<p>The following stanzas are from the pen of

-the poet Montgomery. They have never before

-appeared in print; we having been favoured

-with them by a friend who received them

-from the poet. They evince, as indeed do

-all Mr. M.'s writings, that he is not only a

-good poet, but a good man.</p></blockquote>

-

-<p class="sig">

-[<i>Catskill Recorder.</i><br />

-</p>

-

-

-<h2>ON PRAYER.</h2>

-

-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">Prayer is the soul's sincere desire,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">Utter'd or unexpressed;<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">The motion of a hidden fire,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">That trembles in the breast.<br /></span>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">Prayer is the burden of a sigh,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">The falling of a tear;<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">The upward glancing of an eye,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">When none but God is near.<br /></span>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">Prayer is the simplest form of speech.<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">That infant lips can try;<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">Prayer the sublimest strains that reach.<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">The Majesty on high.<br /></span>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">Prayer is the Christian's vital breath,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">The Christian's native air;<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">His watchword at the gates of death,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">He enters Heaven with prayer.<br /></span>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">Prayer is the contrite sinner's voice.<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">Returning from his ways;<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">While angels in their songs rejoice.<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">And cry, "Behold he prays."<br /></span>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">In prayer on earth, the saints are one&mdash;<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">In word, in deed, in mind;<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">When with the Father and the Son<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">Sweet fellowship they find.<br /></span>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">Nor prayer is made on earth alone,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">The Holy Spirit pleads;<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">And Jesus on the eternal throne,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">For sinners interceds.<br /></span>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<span class="i0">O! Thou, by whom we come to God,<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">The life, the truth, the way,<br /></span>

-<span class="i0">The path of prayer thyself hast trod&mdash;<br /></span>

-<span class="i2">Lord, teach us how to pray!<br /></span>

-</div></div>

-

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-

-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[360]</a></span></p>

-

-

-

-<h2>BANK NOTE EXCHANGE,</h2>

-

-<p class="center">At <span class="smcap">Philadelphia</span>&mdash;<i>Aug. 29th, 1820.</i></p>

-

-<div class="center">

-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="bank note exchange">

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">Per cent Disc't.</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">U. S. Branch Bank</span> Notes,</td><td align="right"><sup><small>1</small></sup>&frasl;<sub><small>2</small></sub></td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Rhode Island</span>&mdash;generally,</td><td align="right">1</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Connecticut</span>&mdash;generally,</td><td align="right">2</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Massachusetts</span>&mdash;Boston,</td><td align="right">1</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Country generally,</td><td align="right">4-5</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">New Jersey</span>&mdash;generally,</td><td align="right">par.</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Pennsylvania</span>&mdash;Farmer's Bank, of</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Lancaster; Easton; Montgomery County; Chester County, at Westchester,</td><td align="right">par.</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;New Hope; Northampton,</td><td align="right">1</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Susquehanna Bridge Company,</td><td align="right">2<sup><small>1</small></sup>&frasl;<sub><small>2</small></sub></td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;York; Chambersburg,</td><td align="right">2</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Northumberland; Union; Columbia Bank, at Milton,</td><td align="right">17</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Centre,</td><td align="right">17<sup><small>1</small></sup>&frasl;<sub><small>2</small></sub></td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Meadville.</td><td align="right">60</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Farmers &amp; Mechanics' Bank at Pittsburg,</td><td align="right">25</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Delaware</span>&mdash;generally,</td><td align="right">par.</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Commercial Bank of Del.</td><td align="right">par.</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Branch of ditto at Milford,</td><td align="right">4</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Laurel Bank,</td><td align="right">50</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Maryland</span>&mdash;Baltimore Banks,</td><td align="right"><sup><small>1</small></sup>&frasl;<sub><small>2</small></sub></td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Baltimore City Bank,</td><td align="right">5</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Annapolis; Hagerstown,</td><td align="right">2-2<sup><small>1</small></sup>&frasl;<sub><small>2</small></sub></td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="smcap">Virginia</span>&mdash;Country generally,</td><td align="right">2-2<sup><small>1</small></sup>&frasl;<sub><small>2</small></sub></td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;N. W. Bank, at Wheeling,</td><td align="right">8</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Columbia District</span>&mdash;Mech. Bank of Alexandria,</td><td align="right">3</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Country generally,</td><td align="right">1</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">North Carolina</span>&mdash;State Bank at Raleigh, and Branches,</td><td align="right">4</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cape Fear; Newbern,</td><td align="right">4<sup><small>1</small></sup>&frasl;<sub><small>2</small></sub></td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">South Carolina</span>&mdash;State Banks, generally,</td><td align="right">2</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Georgia</span>&mdash;State Banks, generally,</td><td align="right">3</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Augusta Bridge Company,</td><td align="right">75</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Tennessee</span>&mdash;Few sales at any price.</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Kentucky</span>&mdash;Kentucky Bank, and Branches,</td><td align="right">30</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Ohio</span>&mdash;Marietta; Steubenville</td><td align="right">12<sup><small>1</small></sup>&frasl;<sub><small>2</small></sub></td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bank of Chillicothe,</td><td align="right">5</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Country generally,</td><td align="right">20-50</td></tr>

-</table></div>

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-

-<h2>RAIN GUAGE AT PHILADELPHIA.</h2>

-

-

-<div class="center">

-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="rain guage">

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">In. hun.</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">July</td><td align="left">27,</td><td align="left">Shower,</td><td align="left">0. 11</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">28 &amp; 29,</td><td align="left">Rain,</td><td align="left">0. 32</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">30,</td><td align="left">do.</td><td align="left">0. 36</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">31,</td><td align="left">do.</td><td align="left">0. 35</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Aug.</td><td align="left">1,</td><td align="left">Rain,</td><td align="left">0. 50</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">5,</td><td align="left">Shower,</td><td align="left">0. 20</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">11,</td><td align="left">do.</td><td align="left">0. 07</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">14,</td><td align="left">Rain,</td><td align="left">0. 48</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">15,</td><td align="left">do.</td><td align="left">0. 46</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">16,</td><td align="left">do.</td><td align="left">0. 20</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">17,</td><td align="left">Shower,</td><td align="left">0. 07</td></tr>

-</table></div>

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-

-

-<h2>PRICES CURRENT.&mdash;<i>Aug. 29, 1820.</i></h2>

-

-<div class="center">

-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="prices">

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">Per</td><td align="left">D.C.</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">D.C.</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Beef. Philad. Mess, (pl.)</td><td align="center"><i>bbl.</i></td><td align="right">13.00</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Butter, Fresh</td><td align="center"><i>lb.</i></td><td align="left">0.12</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">0.20</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Cotton Yarn, No. 10,</td><td align="center"><i>lb.</i></td><td align="right">0.36</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Cotton, (Louisiana)</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">0.18</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">0.22</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Flax, Clean, (scarce)</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">0.16</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">0.18</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Firewood, Hickory,</td><td align="center"><i>cord</i>,</td><td align="left">5.00</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">6.00</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oak,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">3.50</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">4.00</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Flour&mdash;Wheat, P. S. F.</td><td align="center"><i>bbl.</i></td><td align="right">4.50</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Rye,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">2.75</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Corn Meal,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">3.00</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Grain&mdash;Wheat,</td><td align="center"><i>bush.</i></td><td align="left">0.85</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">0.90</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Rye,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">0.45</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">0.55</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Corn, Pa.</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">0.48</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">0.58</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oats,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">0.20</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">0.30</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Hams&mdash;Jersey,</td><td align="center"><i>lb.</i></td><td align="left">0.11</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">0.13</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Leather&mdash;Sole,</td><td align="center"><i>lb.</i></td><td align="left">0.24</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">0.30</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Upper, undrs'd.</td><td align="center"><i>side</i>,</td><td align="left">2.75</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">3.50</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Plaster of Paris,</td><td align="center"><i>ton</i>,</td><td align="left">4.75</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">5.00</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">Wool&mdash;Merino, Clean,</td><td align="center"><i>lb.</i></td><td align="right">0.75</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do. in Grease,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">0.40</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Common,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">0.50</td></tr>

-</table></div>

-

-<p><big><strong>&#9758;</strong></big> Should any of our subscribers wish any

-particular articles noticed in the above Prices

-Current, he will have it attended to.</p>

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-

-

-<h2>STATE OF THE THERMOMETER.</h2>

-

-

-<div class="center">

-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="thermometer">

-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">9 o'cl.</td><td align="right">12 o'cl.</td><td align="right">3 o'cl.</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="right">July</td><td align="right">24,</td><td align="right">71</td><td align="right">73</td><td align="right">76</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">25,</td><td align="right">74</td><td align="right">73</td><td align="right">81</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">26,</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">82</td><td align="right">83</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">27,</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">83</td><td align="right">81</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">28,</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">81</td><td align="right">83</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">29,</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">81</td><td align="right">78</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">31,</td><td align="right">78</td><td align="right">84</td><td align="right">81</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="right">Aug.</td><td align="right">1,</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">82</td><td align="right">83</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">2,</td><td align="right">75</td><td align="right">78</td><td align="right">81</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">3,</td><td align="right">77</td><td align="right">78</td><td align="right">80</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">4,</td><td align="right">77</td><td align="right">78</td><td align="right">81</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">5,</td><td align="right">77</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">78</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">7,</td><td align="right">74</td><td align="right">77</td><td align="right">75</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">8,</td><td align="right">73</td><td align="right">77</td><td align="right">79</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">9,</td><td align="right">75</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">83</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">10,</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">83</td><td align="right">87</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">11,</td><td align="right">81</td><td align="right">85</td><td align="right">89</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">12,</td><td align="right">84</td><td align="right">89</td><td align="right">92</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">14,</td><td align="right">76</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">79</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">15,</td><td align="right">74</td><td align="right">74</td><td align="right">78</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">16,</td><td align="right">73</td><td align="right">75</td><td align="right">76</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">17,</td><td align="right">74</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">81</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">18,</td><td align="right">73</td><td align="right">75</td><td align="right">77</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">19,</td><td align="right">71</td><td align="right">76</td><td align="right">76</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">21,</td><td align="right">73</td><td align="right">75</td><td align="right">76</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">22,</td><td align="right">74</td><td align="right">78</td><td align="right">79</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">23,</td><td align="right">75</td><td align="right">77</td><td align="right">80</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">24,</td><td align="right">74</td><td align="right">76</td><td align="right">76</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">25,</td><td align="right">75</td><td align="right">78</td><td align="right">80</td></tr>

-<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">26,</td><td align="right">77</td><td align="right">&mdash;</td><td align="right">&mdash;</td></tr>

-</table></div>

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-

-<h2>ERRATA.</h2>

-

-<p>In our last Number, page 320, for "John

-Byron," read <span class="smcap">John Byrom</span>.</p>

-

-<p>In page 317, under the head "Rules for

-Milking Cows," for "ten gallons of milk at

-a time," read <span class="smcap">TEN QUARTS</span>, &amp;c.</p>

-

-

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-

-<p class="center">PHILADELPHIA,</p>

-

-<p class="center">

-PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY<br />

-RICHARDS &amp; CALEB JOHNSON,<br />

-<i>No. 31, Market Street</i>,<br />

-At $3.00 per annum.<br />

-</p>

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-

-<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Griggs &amp; Dickenson</span>, <i>Printers&mdash;Whitehall</i>.</p>

-

-<hr class="chap" />

-

-

-<h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-

-<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Ode to Truth, from Mason's Caractacus.</p></div>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-

-<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Proverbs ch. xxviii. 22d verse.</p></div>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-

-<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> 'Farmers and country labourers, on the

-contrary, may enjoy completely the whole

-funds destined for their own subsistence,

-and yet augment at the same time the

-revenue and wealth of their society. Over

-and above what is destined for their own

-subsistence, their industry annually affords

-a neat produce, of which the augmentation

-necessarily augments the revenue

-and wealth of their society.' <cite>Smith's Wealth

-of Nations,</cite> Vol. 111. p. 178.

-</p>

-<p>

-'Farmers and country labourers, indeed,

-over and above the stock which

-maintains and employs them, reproduce

-annually a neat produce, a free rent to

-the landlord.' <i>Ibid</i>, p. 186.</p></div>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-

-<p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Letters on the Eastern States.</p></div>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-

-<p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> "Qui est-ce qui solicite des prohibitions

-ou de forts droits d'entrée dans un

-état? ce sont les producteurs de la denrée

-dont il s'agit de prohiber la concurrance,

-et non pas les consommateurs. Ils

-disent, c'est pour l'intérêt de l'état; mais

-il est clair que c'est pour le leur uniquement.&mdash;N'est-ce

-pas la même chose,

-continuent-ils, et ce que nous gagnons

-n'est-il pas autant de gagné pour notre

-pays? point de tout:&mdash;ce que vous gagnez

-de cette manière est tiré de la poche

-de votre voisin, d'un habitant du même

-pays; et si l'on pouvait compter l'excédant

-de dépense fait par les consommateurs,

-en consequence de votre monopole,

-on trouverait qu'il surpasse le gain que

-le monopole vous a valu." Traité d'Economie

-Politique par Jean-Baptiste Say,

-tom. i. p. 203.</p></div>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-

-<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> An arpent is to an acre nearly as five

-to four.</p></div>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-

-<p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Frederick Accum, Operative Chymist,

-&amp;c.</p></div>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-

-<p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Death in the Pot.</p></div>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-

-<p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Mate.</p></div>

-

-<div class="tn"><h3>Transcriber's note:</h3>

-<p>Minor typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected without note. Irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have been retained as printed.</p>

-

-<p>Mismatched quotes are not fixed if it's not sufficiently clear where the missing quote should be placed.</p>

-

-<p>The cover for the eBook version of this book was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</p>

-

-</div>

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-<pre>

-

-

-

-

-

-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Rural Magazine, and Literary

-Evening Fire-Side, Vol. 1 No. 9 (1820), by Various

-

-*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RURAL MAGAZINE ***

-

-***** This file should be named 48786-h.htm or 48786-h.zip *****

-This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:

-        http://www.gutenberg.org/4/8/7/8/48786/

-

-Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online

-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

-

-

-Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions

-will be renamed.

-

-Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no

-one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation

-(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without

-permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,

-set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to

-copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to

-protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project

-Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you

-charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you

-do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the

-rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose

-such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and

-research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do

-practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is

-subject to the trademark license, especially commercial

-redistribution.

-

-

-

-*** START: FULL LICENSE ***

-

-THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

-PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

-

-To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free

-distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work

-(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project

-Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project

-Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at

-  www.gutenberg.org/license.

-

-

-Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm

-electronic works

-

-1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm

-electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to

-and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property

-(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all

-the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy

-all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.

-If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project

-Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the

-terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or

-entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

-

-1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be

-used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who

-agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few

-things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works

-even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See

-paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project

-Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement

-and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic

-works.  See paragraph 1.E below.

-

-1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"

-or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project

-Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the

-collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an

-individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are

-located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from

-copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative

-works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg

-are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project

-Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by

-freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of

-this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with

-the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by

-keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project

-Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.

-

-1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern

-what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in

-a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check

-the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement

-before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or

-creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project

-Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning

-the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United

-States.

-

-1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

-

-1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate

-access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently

-whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the

-phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project

-Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,

-copied or distributed:

-

-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with

-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or

-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included

-with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

-

-1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived

-from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is

-posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied

-and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees

-or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work

-with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the

-work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1

-through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the

-Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or

-1.E.9.

-

-1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted

-with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution

-must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional

-terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked

-to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the

-permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

-

-1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm

-License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this

-work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

-

-1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this

-electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without

-prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with

-active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project

-Gutenberg-tm License.

-

-1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,

-compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any

-word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or

-distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than

-"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version

-posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),

-you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a

-copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon

-request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other

-form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm

-License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

-

-1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

-performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works

-unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

-

-1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing

-access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided

-that

-

-- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from

-     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method

-     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is

-     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he

-     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the

-     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments

-     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you

-     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax

-     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and

-     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the

-     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to

-     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."

-

-- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies

-     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he

-     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm

-     License.  You must require such a user to return or

-     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium

-     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of

-     Project Gutenberg-tm works.

-

-- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any

-     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the

-     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days

-     of receipt of the work.

-

-- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free

-     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

-

-1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm

-electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set

-forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from

-both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael

-Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the

-Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

-

-1.F.

-

-1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable

-effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread

-public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm

-collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic

-works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain

-"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or

-corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual

-property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a

-computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by

-your equipment.

-

-1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right

-of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project

-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project

-Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project

-Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all

-liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal

-fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT

-LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE

-PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE

-TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE

-LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR

-INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH

-DAMAGE.

-

-1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a

-defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can

-receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a

-written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you

-received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with

-your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with

-the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a

-refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity

-providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to

-receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy

-is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further

-opportunities to fix the problem.

-

-1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth

-in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER

-WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO

-WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

-

-1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

-warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.

-If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the

-law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be

-interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by

-the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any

-provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

-

-1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the

-trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone

-providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance

-with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,

-promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,

-harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,

-that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do

-or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm

-work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any

-Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

-

-

-Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

-

-Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of

-electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers

-including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists

-because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from

-people in all walks of life.

-

-Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

-assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's

-goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will

-remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project

-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure

-and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.

-To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

-and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4

-and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org

-

-

-Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive

-Foundation

-

-The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit

-501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the

-state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal

-Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification

-number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg

-Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent

-permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

-

-The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.

-Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered

-throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at 809

-North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887.  Email

-contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the

-Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

-

-For additional contact information:

-     Dr. Gregory B. Newby

-     Chief Executive and Director

-     gbnewby@pglaf.org

-

-Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg

-Literary Archive Foundation

-

-Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide

-spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of

-increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be

-freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest

-array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations

-($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt

-status with the IRS.

-

-The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating

-charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United

-States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a

-considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up

-with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations

-where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To

-SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any

-particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate

-

-While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we

-have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition

-against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who

-approach us with offers to donate.

-

-International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make

-any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from

-outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

-

-Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation

-methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other

-ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.

-To donate, please visit:  www.gutenberg.org/donate

-

-

-Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic

-works.

-

-Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm

-concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared

-with anyone.  For forty years, he produced and distributed Project

-Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

-

-Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed

-editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.

-unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily

-keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

-

-Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:

-

-     www.gutenberg.org

-

-This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,

-including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary

-Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to

-subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.

-

-

-

-</pre>

-

-</body>

-</html>

+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" />
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Rural Magazine, and Literary Evening Fire-Side, Vol. 1 No. 9 (1820) by Various.
+    </title>
+    <link rel="coverpage" href="images/coverpage.jpg"/>
+    <style type="text/css">
+
+body {
+    margin-left: 10%;
+    margin-right: 10%;
+}
+
+    h1,h2,h3 {
+    text-align: center; /* all headings centered */
+    clear: both;
+}
+
+p {
+    margin-top: .51em;
+    text-align: justify;
+    margin-bottom: .49em;
+    text-indent: 1em;
+}
+
+.noind {text-indent: 0em;}
+
+.s05    {font-size:.5em;}
+
+hr {
+    width: 45%;
+    margin-top: 2em;
+    margin-bottom: 2em;
+    margin-left: 27.5%;
+    margin-right: 27.5%;
+    clear: both;
+}
+
+hr.tb   {width: 25%;
+         margin-left: 37.5%;
+         margin-right: 37.5%;}
+
+hr.chap {width: 45%}
+
+table {
+    margin-left: auto;
+    margin-right: auto;
+}
+
+.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */
+    /*  visibility: hidden;  */
+    position: absolute;
+    left: 92%;
+    font-size: smaller;
+    font-style: normal;
+    text-align: right;
+} /* page numbers */
+
+blockquote {
+    margin-left: 5%;
+    margin-right: 5%;
+    font-size: 90%;
+}
+
+
+.bb       {border-bottom: solid 2px;}
+
+.bt       {border-top: solid 2px;}
+
+.center   {text-align: center;}
+
+.right   {text-align: right;}
+
+.smcap    {font-variant: small-caps;}
+
+.caption  {font-weight: bold;}
+
+.space-above {   margin-top: 3em; }
+
+.hanging {margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;  font-size: 15px;}
+
+.sig {   text-align: right;   margin-right: 5%;  }
+
+.sig1 {   text-align: right;   margin-right: 55%;  }
+
+
+/* Footnotes */
+
+.footnote         {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;}
+
+.footnote .label  {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;}
+
+.fnanchor {
+    vertical-align: super;
+    font-size: 55%;
+    text-decoration:
+    none;
+}
+
+/* Poetry */
+ .poetry {margin: auto; text-align: center}
+
+ .poem {
+    margin: auto 5%;
+    display: inline-block;
+    text-align: left
+ }
+
+ .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;}
+
+ .poem span.i0     {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+ .poem span.i2     {display: block; margin-left: 1em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+ .poem span.i12    {display: block; margin-left: 6em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+
+@media handheld
+{
+  .poetry
+  {
+    display: block;
+    margin-left: 1.5em;
+  }
+}
+
+/* Transcriber's notes */
+.tn {background-color: #E6E6FA;
+    color: black;
+     font-size:smaller;
+	 border: dashed 1px;
+     padding:0.5em;
+     margin-bottom:5em;
+     font-family:sans-serif, serif; }
+
+@media handheld /* Place this at the end of the CSS */
+{
+  body
+  {
+    margin: 0;
+    padding: 0;
+    width: 95%;
+  }
+
+  .block-contents
+  {
+    display: block;
+    margin-left: 1.5em;
+  }
+  .poem
+  {
+    display: block;
+    margin-left: 1.5em;
+  }
+}
+
+    </style>
+  </head>
+<body>
+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 48786 ***</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[321]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h1><span class="s05">THE</span><br />
+
+RURAL MAGAZINE,<br />
+
+<span class="s05">AND</span><br />
+
+LITERARY EVENING FIRE-SIDE.</h1>
+
+<p class="center"><strong><span class="smcap">Vol. I.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Philadelphia</span>, <i>Ninth Month</i>, 1820.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>No. 9.</i></strong></p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+<p class="center">FOR THE RURAL MAGAZINE.</p>
+
+
+<h2>THE DESULTORY REMARKER.</h2>
+<h3>No. VIII.</h3>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i12">Thou only know'st<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That dark meandering maze<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where wayward Falsehood strays,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And, seizing swift the lurking sprite,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Forces her forth to shame and light<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Man has been in all ages and countries,
+in a greater or less degree, the
+victim of imposture and superstition.
+Their origin can every where be traced
+to rude and uncultivated periods
+of society; but subsequent stages of
+comparative elegance and refinement
+have also ministered to the support
+of their dominion. Egypt, Greece
+and Rome were successively the
+seats of learning and science; yet in
+these celebrated regions, the human
+mind was enveloped in darkness and
+loaded with chains. The Egyptians
+have this ancient proverb: "It is easier
+to find a deity than a man."&mdash;Apotheosis
+must have been carried
+to an extraordinary length indeed
+when this was the case. Among
+these deities, Isis was prominently
+distinguished, and universally worshipped.
+On her statues, these words
+were impudently inscribed: "I am
+all that has been, that shall be, and
+none among mortals has hitherto taken
+off my veil!" Who but would
+blush for the credulity which listened
+with reverential awe to the oracular
+responses at Delphi, a town situate
+in the neighbourhood of Mount
+Parnassus, believed by every one at
+that time to be the centre of the earth!
+And concerning this precious object,
+the wars denominated the "<em>sacred</em>
+wars," were so furiously and destructively
+waged. The Grecians were
+compelled, under pain of death, rigidly
+to observe the mysteries of Eleusis;
+and the wisest of the Romans
+were seen consulting the flight of
+birds and the entrails of animals, for
+infallible prognostics of future events.
+Where the footsteps of <em>true</em> philosophy
+can be traced, her triumphs have
+been signal; and having found most
+of these and many other errors exploded,
+we lay claim in this enlightened
+age and country, to an extraordinary
+exemption from the influence
+of imposture and superstition.
+Although the darkness and gloom of
+former ages have in a great degree
+fled at the approach of the light of
+knowledge, still here and there the
+skirts of a black cloud remain, to indicate
+the failure of an absolute conquest.
+And the presence of these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[322]</a></span>
+potent adversaries of human happiness,
+should inculcate the duty on
+every friend of his species of lending
+his aid in advancing the cause of
+<span class="smcap">TRUTH</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Among the reprehensible customs
+which now obtain in the United States,
+none are more affrontful to the good
+sense of the community, and few more
+pernicious in their effects on youth
+and inexperience, than <span class="smcap">LOTTERIES</span>,
+and the disgusting advertisements
+connected with them, which daily appear
+in the public journals. The
+funds which constitute a lottery, are
+principally derived from the pockets
+of those whose straitened circumstances,
+prompt them to grasp at the
+glittering phantoms, paraded before
+their eyes by professional jugglers.&mdash;Their
+minds become unsettled; a
+love of idleness and extravagance is
+excited; and their attention diverted
+from the true sources of prosperity&mdash;industry,
+frugality and sound morals.
+This cautionary advice may be deduced
+from the best and brightest of
+books; "Make not haste to be
+rich."<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> Experience and observation
+unite in confirming its wisdom. We
+need but contemplate the consequences,
+which have almost universally
+resulted to those who have been
+so <em>fortunate</em> as to draw large prizes!
+Nine times perhaps out of ten, bankruptcy
+and ruin have trodden close
+on the heels of the dissipation and
+thoughtlessness they have occasioned.
+Lotteries are made by legislation,
+(which ought to be much better employed,)
+a species of legalized gambling,
+altogether destitute, in every
+point of view, of the slightest recommendation,
+to the countenance and
+patronage of the public. Being thus
+prejudicial to individual and social
+happiness, is it not to be lamented,
+that respectable editors instead of
+branding it as they ought, with its
+proper characteristics; should, to
+augment the profits of their papers,
+give to this system of deception, the
+widest circulation, among all classes
+of readers. These gentlemen should
+remember, that pecuniary sacrifices
+should sometimes be made at the
+shrine of virtue.</p>
+
+<p>Another source of imposture may
+be traced to the venders of <span class="smcap">QUACK
+MEDICINES</span>. Few persons are, perhaps,
+aware of the amount of this
+tax, levied by unprincipled charlatans,
+on the afflicted and credulous
+portion of the community. But it is
+not their money only that is sacrificed,
+but frequently their constitutions
+and their lives. He, whose constant
+companions have long been Pain and
+Disease, is easily persuaded to listen
+to the confident promises of impudent
+pretenders to medical science.
+He indulges the flattering but false
+anticipation of returning health, until
+his symptoms assume an incurable
+character, and nature gives him the
+"signal for retreat." It is not to be
+expected, that for all the multiform
+shapes which vice is constantly assuming,
+remedies can be furnished by
+statutory provision. For many evils,
+and some of them of a positively mischievous
+character, no other cure can
+be relied on with certainty, than the
+virtue and intelligence of the public.
+In proportion as these shall be cultivated,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[323]</a></span>
+will be the augmentation of social
+enjoyment, and the increasing
+splendour of the orb of truth.</p>
+
+<p>It has been observed by an eminent
+writer, that although all argument
+is against the existence of
+GHOSTS, all opinion is in its favour.&mdash;The
+celebrated <span class="smcap">John Wesley</span>, it is
+said, believed in them; and <span class="smcap">Edward
+Cave</span> asserted confidently, though he
+avoided dwelling on the subject, that
+he had himself seen an apparition.&mdash;The
+story of Mrs. <span class="smcap">Veal</span>, prefixed to
+Drelincourt on Death, though not
+conclusive, tended to strengthen such
+opinions. Few of those who held
+them, were countenanced by stronger
+evidence than that detailed in the following
+authentic narrative. In the
+earlier periods of the settlement of
+Pennsylvania, public houses of entertainment
+were few and distant from
+each other. A farmer, who resided
+in Montgomery then Philadelphia
+county, was returning from market
+at a late hour, of a cold winter night.
+As he was passing a meeting house,
+he discovered through the interstices
+of the door, a light which proceeded
+from a fire-place; there having been
+public worship held there during the
+preceding day. Having dismounted
+and hitched his horse, he proceeded to
+the door, and having opened it, beheld
+a large fire burning, a man laying
+before it, and between this mysterious
+personage and the door, a coffin! He
+instinctively shrunk back, as the time,
+the place, and the circumstances he
+witnessed, were well calculated to
+produce considerable excitement.&mdash;Summoning
+his resolution, however,
+he advanced to the fire-place, where
+he found a person asleep, and a new
+coffin along side of him. The man
+informed him, that being a joiner, he
+was employed to make a coffin for a
+relation who died a few miles above,
+and that he was taking it up from
+Germantown where he resided. It
+appeared that they had both turned in
+with the same object, to warm themselves;
+and the honest farmer was
+pleased to find the spectral apparition
+subside into a sober reality. How fortunate
+would it be if on all occasions,
+investigation were equally honest and
+determined. Then, indeed, would
+error and falsehood frequently be
+forced to "<span class="smcap">SHAME AND LIGHT</span>."</p>
+
+<p class="sig"><strong><big>&#9758;</big></strong></p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p class="center">FOR THE RURAL MAGAZINE.</p>
+
+<h2>THE VILLAGE TEACHER.</h2>
+
+
+<p>My favourite occupation between
+school hours, during the Spring and
+Summer, is <span class="smcap">GARDENING</span>. The munificence
+of some village Lorenzo has
+bequeathed, for the use of the schoolmaster,
+several acres of ground, well
+situated for tillage or ornamental
+purposes. Since I have been the
+incumbent, I have taken much pains
+to improve it by surrounding the chief
+part with hedges of cedar and thorn,
+and planting a good selection of fruit
+and forest trees. The lower part of
+the field is in grass, and a winding
+gravel walk leads from one group of
+trees to another. Here, according to
+their various tastes and habits, may
+be seen the magnolias of our own
+and the southern states, the walnut,
+the locust, the elm, the tulip tree, and
+the different varieties of pine, and
+larch, and fir, which it has been my
+study to arrange so as to diversify the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[324]</a></span>
+view, and exhibit as much as my slender
+means would allow, the great families
+into which the vegetable kingdom
+is divided. A brook as clear as
+crystal babbles along through an adjoining
+lot, and enters mine towards
+the lower end. I have conducted it
+to a natural hollow in the ground,
+and have thus, at a trifling expense,
+formed a fish-pond, which adds greatly
+to the beauty of my little domain,
+and furnishes me not only with wholesome
+food for my own and my friends'
+tables, but is well suited, from the natural
+moisture of its banks, for the
+cultivation of many of our beautiful
+ferns and aquatic plants. The middle
+of the lot I have planted with the
+various fruit trees in which our climate
+is so rich, if, indeed, it may not
+challenge a competition in this respect
+with the world. The upper
+and smaller portion of the lot, I have
+appropriated to what is called gardening
+in the stricter sense of the
+word. In marking out the walks, I
+have endeavoured to follow, as nearly
+as I could, what the painters, perhaps
+a little fantastically, call the line
+of beauty, so as to have but few sharp
+corners or square beds. At the prominent
+angles and the centres of the
+beds, are planted the Rhododendron;
+the two Kalmias; the scarlet, the
+tri-coloured and the flowering Azaleas;
+the Clethra and the Philadelphus,
+mingling with the most beautiful
+of the domesticated foreign shrubbery&mdash;the
+different Roses, Honeysuckles,
+and Jessamines. Underneath,
+and among this shrubbery, are
+seen the blue and scarlet Lobelias,
+the native Lily, the Gerardia, the
+Arethusa, the Orchis, the Bartsia,
+the Epigea, and all those beautiful
+flowers that spring up in our woods
+and meadows, and so frequently
+bloom and die unseen or unappropriated.
+These native flowers make
+a fine show and not an unfavourable
+comparison even with those beauties
+of Europe and the East that I have
+been able to collect and arrange by
+their side.</p>
+
+<p>I have been thus particular and
+egotistical in describing my garden,
+perhaps from vanity, but partly from
+a wish that the plan may be followed.
+Our native shrubbery and flowers are
+not surpassed in beauty and splendour
+by those of any region in the temperate
+zone, and many of them in magnificence
+of foliage and colours are
+truly tropical. They are sought for
+abroad with great eagerness, and form
+an indispensable part of every gentleman's
+collection. I wish it were
+more the custom for our farmers and
+cottagers to domesticate them in their
+gardens and around their houses.&mdash;They
+improve materially by cultivation,
+and new varieties are frequently
+formed. What can be a more beautiful
+ornament to the front of a farm-house,
+or a neat white-washed cottage,
+than a Sweet-briar, winding between
+the windows and over the door?
+or the Carolina Passion flower, the
+Alleghany Vine, the Clematis, or the
+scarlet Trumpet flower? These rural
+decorations add more than one
+would imagine, who had not tried
+them, to the innocent pleasures of a
+family; they have no small influence
+in forming the taste of children; they
+form a favourite retreat for the birds;
+and they fling over the whole country
+an air of peace, and contentment,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[325]</a></span>
+and innocent enjoyment, which no
+one, who has not travelled in the more
+beautiful and retired parts of England,
+can fully appreciate.</p>
+
+<p>I recollect once in riding through
+the valley of Chester county with some
+foreign gentlemen, that they were
+struck with the nakedness and rudeness
+of the farm-houses. It appeared
+to them the most beautiful region
+they had ever seen, and they exclaimed,
+with one voice, that the inhabitants
+did not seem worthy of possessing
+it. On the side of some sloping
+hill and in front of a lawn as smooth
+as velvet, or laden with the riches of
+the harvest, would be seen a barn and
+a house that looked as if the master
+and horse had changed lodgings, both
+of rude unhewn stone, without a single
+tree, or shrub, or a trailing vine, for
+shade or ornament. Such an insensibility
+to the beauties of rural decoration,
+in a region where every thing
+seems calculated to call out and
+quicken the taste, is unnatural, and
+can only arise from sordid habits or
+ignorance.</p>
+
+<p>If these hasty remarks should call
+the attention of our farmers to the
+subject, and induce them to devote
+some of their leisure hours to the ornamenting
+of their grounds, I shall
+be richly rewarded; and I can promise
+to them also a rich reward.&mdash;Their
+houses will be more cool and
+healthful, and they will find that by
+encouraging in their children a taste
+for gardening, and for observing the
+native beauties of our forests, their
+fondness for the innocent pleasures of
+home and for reading will be increased,
+together with that unambitious
+ease and industry which form the
+distinguishing traits in the character
+of a virtuous peasantry.</p>
+
+<p>I began this paper with a design
+to eulogise the art of gardening, and
+investigate its effects on the mind. I
+have been diverted, however, from
+my purpose, and must, in a future
+number, resume the disquisition.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p class="center">FOR THE RURAL MAGAZINE.</p>
+
+<h2>THE AFRICAN PEOPLE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>It does not appear that sufficient
+consideration is given to the case of
+those black people, who have been
+rendered free by or under the laws
+of the states and old provinces, from
+the earliest period. We have established
+in the city and county of Philadelphia,
+in Pennsylvania, <em>a system
+professing to be for the universal education
+of the poor</em>, at the public expense,
+to which the black people, by
+the taxes upon their real property,
+consumption taxes, and all the taxes
+of the whites (except the little personal
+or occupation tax,) actually
+contribute. It cannot be denied, that
+many of them are as truly among
+the poor, as the most and least poor
+of the white heads of families, whose
+children are admitted to this <em>constitutional</em>
+and legal provision. The
+blacks also pay all the consumption
+duties on imported foreign articles,
+so far as they consume them.</p>
+
+<p>We ought to consider the very low
+state of the proper blacks in Africa,
+where their uncivilized condition has
+long been most unhappily made worse
+by the neighbourhood of the four Saracen
+or Moorish piratical States of
+Barbary, devoted to military plunder,
+the slavery of the whites and blacks,
+and the imposter superstitions of
+Mahomet, sacrilegiously pretending
+to add himself to the Almighty in
+the government of his church and his
+earth. Besides these, the slave dealers
+of the world have resorted to the
+African ports and islands, and have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[326]</a></span>
+combined with powerful, avaricious,
+and inhuman princes and dealers, in
+that country, to make out a course of
+slave traffic with every nation, in
+whose system of industry African
+slaves are more profitable and efficient
+than white labourers. From
+the islands of Bourbon, Mauritius
+and Madagascar, round by the Cape
+of Good Hope and up to the Saracen
+or Moorish kingdom of Morocco,
+this system has long prevailed. It is
+unhappily true, that the great collection
+of proper Negro districts of Africa,
+remain now in the darkest state of
+irreligion, immorality and incivilization.
+It is also true, that this is so
+rooted in their system, that the actual
+transfer, since the year 1620, of a
+number of Africans to this country
+now amounting, with their descendants,
+to about one million and a half
+of the unmixed and mixed breeds, is
+to be considered as <em>a great and complicated
+dispensation of Divine Providence</em>,
+drawing that numerous people
+into the bosom and body of an enlightened
+nation, averse to the traffic,
+from the date of the <em>first</em> act of
+Virginia of 1778, <em>abolishing the slave
+trade</em>, to the present consummation
+of that prohibition, under the laws of
+the Union. We have gone, <em>first</em> in
+Pennsylvania, one step further by our
+act of 1780, which, while it unhappily
+recognized <em>the slavery of all the
+living</em>, instead of emancipating three
+or four thousand at the public expense,
+or at the expense of the holders,
+confined its operation to establishing
+the freedom of those who should
+be <em>thereafter</em> born of the slaves held
+and continuing to be held among us.</p>
+
+<p>In order, so far as in us lies, humbly
+to justify and bless the dispensation
+of Providence, which has drawn
+these people out of the gloomy abyss
+of the human family in the vast African
+black-peopled district, stained as
+it unhappily partially is even by the
+awful cannibal practice, and by human
+sacrifices, let us, of Pennsylvania,
+who have been first to make
+their native American <em>posterity</em> free,
+be the most distinguished, <em>in justice
+to their submissive and patient early
+labours in forming our fair old province</em>,
+in dispensing to them the benefits
+of that religious, moral, scholastic
+and professional education, without
+which they cannot live in the good
+hopes of this their earthly residence
+or of the world beyond the grave.&mdash;It
+is well understood, that our city
+and county school system is not practically
+and effectually extended to the
+poor black people. An appeal is
+respectfully made to the friends of
+religion, morals, useful knowledge,
+and general industry, whether we
+ought not to dispense to them a more
+generous, just and civilized freedom.
+If we mean to avoid arguments
+against the gradual and ultimate
+abolition of slavery, let us endeavour
+to instruct them in all those things,
+which will enable them to labour with
+advantage, to get their own living in
+the progressive station on this continent,
+to which it has pleased God to
+suffer them to be transferred. To the
+black people themselves, it is proper
+to recommend a very modest and
+good conduct in all things, without
+which <em>they</em> cannot succeed, nor can
+the endeavours of <em>their best friends</em>
+be availing and effectual.</p>
+
+<p class="sig"><i>A Friend of all the Poor.</i></p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p class="center">FOR THE RURAL MAGAZINE.</p>
+
+<h3>ON GIMCRACKERY.</h3>
+
+
+<p>The invention of new instruments
+and machines is among the noblest
+exertions of the human faculties. It
+is said to be considered by some philosophers
+as the most striking distinguishing
+character between our
+species and the brute creation, that
+man is a <em>tool-making</em> animal. He is
+certainly the only one who selects his
+instruments with care and adapts
+them to his purposes, by altering
+their shape and structure. At any
+rate, the temporal advantages which
+we possess over the beasts, are universally,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[327]</a></span>
+perhaps, obtained through
+this medium. As this is the case,
+one might suppose that they who invent
+and improve these engines of
+superiority, would receive the homage
+of their fellow men to their talents
+and thanks for their benefit to
+the human race. Why, then, what
+is called Gimcrackery should fall into
+disrepute, is an inquiry of some curiosity.</p>
+
+<p>We cannot well deny the truth of
+the very common remark, that inventors
+are very apt to fail of realizing,
+by their ingenuity, a solid provision
+for life; nor can we well avoid concluding,
+that of the many contrivances
+daily offered to the public, that
+the probability of any one becoming
+permanently useful is very small indeed.
+When we consider, however,
+that the great mass of these inventions
+are designed for the attainment
+of wealth, and that such an amount
+of skill and ingenuity are employed,
+the above conclusions cannot fail to
+appear singular. One would think
+inventors could not, with these acknowledged
+talents, well fail of at
+least securing their own independence,
+although their schemes may
+not be profitable to others. If, however,
+we analyse the motives by which
+such persons are guided, we shall
+find, I think, some explanation.</p>
+
+<p>There are few if any men who are
+not more or less influenced by a desire
+of some species of fame or distinction,
+although, in many of the
+common situations of life, this does
+not interfere with the pursuit of
+wealth, and only shows itself in moments
+of relaxation from the toils of
+necessity. For one who wishes to
+signalize himself in his trade or profession,
+and who is swayed by that
+desire as a ruling passion, there are
+probably many who seek to gratify
+their pride, by the pursuit of eminence
+in other things. People aim
+at distinction in conversational wit, in
+politics, philosophy or even drinking
+or gaming; while the hours devoted
+to business are guided by the wish
+for property alone, undisturbed by
+the love of fame. In the persons of
+whom we are speaking, this feeling,
+inseparable from the nature of man,
+has a powerful influence on their serious
+business. They are not to get
+wealth only, but distinction, by their
+talents; and I question much whether
+they are not more under the influence
+of a wish for the latter than the former.
+Praise is most generally, at
+least in this instance, gained by a single
+exertion, and by the study of a
+short time. The invention once
+made, and its applicability rendered
+plausible, all further contemplation
+of the subject is accompanied by an
+exulting hope that fills and occupies
+the mind. But applying either inventions
+or any other means to the
+common business of life, is a more
+monotonous, common-place labour,
+that affords no high and exhilarating
+excitement to persevere. The consequence
+too often is that the inventor
+quits one hopeful scheme before it is
+half reduced to practice, to fly to
+something still more new; showing
+by this that he is fonder of the act of
+inventing than of making money by
+the results. Of this preference of
+fame to wealth, a striking instance is
+often afforded by those illiterate persons
+who follow this pursuit. These
+often voluntarily abstain from studying
+the scientific labours of their predecessors,
+of which I have known instances,
+in order to preserve the originality
+of their projects, though frequently
+at the expense of their perfection
+and utility. If, then, the
+larger portion of the labour of these
+men is devoted to the attainment of
+celebrity, they can hardly quarrel
+with results of their own making, nor
+expect fortune to come to their hands
+unsought.</p>
+
+<p>Persons who wish to acquire wealth,
+or, in fact, to achieve any permanent
+end, are generally obliged to use
+steady perseverance, and to apply all
+the talents they are masters of for a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[328]</a></span>
+length of time. Precisely the same
+is the case with inventors. That inventor
+meets with very extraordinary
+success indeed, who is not obliged, in
+the application of his plans to a useful
+purpose, to employ prudence and
+economy, and all those qualities which
+enable a man to conduct business to
+advantage and to influence the minds
+of others. Hence it is that inventions
+so often lie for a length of years, forgotten
+or neglected, till some one of
+less originality, but more perseverence,
+influence and mercantile calculation,
+carries them into effect with
+advantage.</p>
+
+<p>The want of being acquainted with
+the efforts and discoveries of predecessors
+is the cause of prodigious
+waste of time and talent. Hence the
+thousand schemes for perpetual motion,
+and a variety of other attempts
+scarce less extravagant, because made
+with equal ignorance. And, in fact,
+there is a strong tendency in having
+acquired the knowledge of the labours
+of others, to clip the wings of
+invention, and render men of learning
+much less apt to attempt novelties
+than while they knew less.</p>
+
+<p>Extravagance in pecuniary matters
+is another frequent cause of the ruin
+of ingenious artists and of those who
+trust in them. This is shown, both
+in imprudently investing considerable
+sums of money without a reasonable
+probability of a return, and in the general
+lavish style in which such men
+often live and experiment.</p>
+
+<p>In fact, to turn inventions to advantage,
+requires the singling out of one
+good, feasible plan, mercantile prudence
+in calculating probabilities, and
+mercantile economy in the conduct
+of the business, together with perseverence
+enough to prevent marring
+one scheme by prematurely beginning
+another. These qualities are
+so rarely found in combination with
+mechanical originality, or, indeed
+with that restless versatility which
+keeps men on the search for its productions,
+that it will perhaps always
+continue to be generally the case;
+that one man shall invent and persuade
+another to make experimental
+trials, but a third, and one totally unconnected
+with either, if any one,
+shall reap the increase.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+S. C.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p class="center">FOR THE RURAL MAGAZINE.</p>
+
+<h3>THE PRODUCTIONS OF THE EARTH.</h3>
+
+
+<p>No subject can more deeply interest
+the planters and farmers of this
+country. Our merchants can export
+every American production without
+duty, tax or impediment. We have
+all the benefits of a foreign, coasting,
+and interior trade, free as to our own
+laws, and the national government
+are constantly engaged in negotiations
+and regulations calculated to
+soften or remove the inconveniences
+of foreign monopolies in commerce
+and navigation. Such measures are
+pending now with Britain and France.</p>
+
+<p>When trade has exhausted its power
+to find a profitable market, abroad
+or at home, the conversion of our unsaleable
+surplus produce into new
+forms, commonly denominated <em>domestic
+manufactures</em>, becomes an object
+of reasonable consideration. It
+is well known, that the cultivated soil
+and the bowels of the earth give us
+the following principal objects as the
+fruits of the culture of the land, or
+as its spontaneous productions. 1,
+Hemp; 2, Flax; 3, Wool; 4, Iron;
+5, Silk; 6, Hides and Skins; 7, Sugar;
+8, Indigo, Woad, Madder; 9,
+Grass; 10, Grain; 11, Wood; 12,
+Tobacco, and 13, Cotton. Such has
+long been the unforced state of our
+manufacturing industry, that in 1797,
+in 1810, and in 1819, we did not export
+any surplus or quantity, however
+small, of the first eight of those valuable
+productions. Our manufacturers,
+without the war or double, or
+present duties, bought at home and
+worked up the whole. The returns
+of exports prove, that we did not ship
+any part of several of those articles,
+and if we shipped a little of some,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[329]</a></span>
+we imported a greater weight and
+value of the same kinds of foreign
+produce or raw materials.</p>
+
+<p>Of the 9th article, Grass or Hay,
+we shipped very little, screwed into
+compact bundles for the West Indies.</p>
+
+<p>Of the 10th, Grain, with some
+Fruit and Molasses, we have a brewery
+and distillery, a cider and general
+liquor manufacture, equal to forty
+millions of gallons, and requiring a
+quantity of produce equal to the value
+of sixteen millions of bushels of
+grain, of which above seven-eighth
+parts are drawn from our own lands.
+This is equal to the value of seven
+millions of barrels of flour, and we
+did not ship to foreign countries, in
+1819, more than 750,000 barrels. It
+is plain, that the liquor manufactories
+of the United States (to which we
+are adding wine, worth to France
+100,000,000 dollars,) are a very principal
+support of our agriculture.&mdash;We
+also make of grain, quantities of
+starch, hair-powder, sizing, paste, ship
+bread, wafers and vermicelli, hominy,
+firmity, soft bread, pastry and other
+preparations of grain. It is converted
+into fatted cattle, hogs and poultry.
+Ingenuity is and should be on
+the stretch to employ and profitably
+consume grain. Pork and beef maintain
+better prices abroad than the
+grain (or meal thereof,) with which
+we feed cattle and hogs. The prohibition
+of spirits, and the distillation of
+molasses, in St. Domingo, will cut off
+our supply of molasses.</p>
+
+<p>Of the 11th article, Wood, we have
+now one manufacture (our sea vessels,
+coasters, river and other boats,) worth
+40 or 50 millions of dollars. We
+manufacture, for exportation, from
+120 to 180 millions of staves, heading,
+hoops, boards, scantling, plank,
+and we have an immense cooperage
+for foreign and domestic sale and use.
+Besides buildings, fences, cabinet
+ware, carriages, ploughs, harrows,
+handspikes, turnery, boxes, cases, faggots,
+cord-wood, &amp;c. &amp;c., to a vast
+amount, profiting the owners and
+clearers of wood lands.</p>
+
+<p>12. Tobacco, of which we manufacture
+nearly all we consume, and
+fabricate as much for exportation,
+probably, as we import in a manufactured
+state for our consumption.
+We could manufacture a quantity of
+tobacco equal to the supply shipped
+by all Europe.</p>
+
+<p>Of Cotton, we are supposed to manufacture
+30,000,000 of pounds, shipping
+above three times that weight to
+foreign countries. We yearly increase
+in the goodness, fineness, utility,
+variety and value of our cotton
+manufactures. The looms of the
+United States were, in A. D. 1810,
+325,000, of which North Carolina
+and Virginia, cotton and wool states,
+had the most, being each nearly
+41,000 looms. The water and steam
+are well established, and work lower
+than the cheapest hand looms of Europe
+or Asia.</p>
+
+<p>The plain instruction, of these genuine
+facts, to our planters and farmers,
+is, to encourage household manufactures,
+and all other manufactures
+on the estates, at the doors, in the
+townships, villages, and counties in
+which they live, consuming raw materials,
+building materials, food for
+man and beast, fuel, drinks, and other
+productions of the earth. This system
+of adjacent manufactures saves
+all the cost of transportation of our
+productions to the sea-ports, and the
+expense of carrying foreign goods
+from the sea-ports to the interior,
+more profitable than canals and turnpike
+roads.</p>
+
+<p>Every judicious member of the
+agricultural body must be a friend to
+the freedom and encouragement of
+our foreign commerce, as affording a
+constant and sure market for a considerable
+portion of the productions
+of the earth. But, that manufactures
+afford also a very great and sure
+market for a larger variety, quantity
+and value of our landed productions,
+is no less manifest and certain.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[330]</a></span>
+The nail mill, the paper mill,
+the screw mill, the brewery, the
+spinning and weaving mills, the calico
+printing mill, the pottery, and
+many other works and arts to fabricate
+useful necessary supplies out of
+our raw materials, will (including all
+our manufactures) be worth, in the
+whole of 1820, more than five times
+the value of our exported goods for
+sale in foreign countries. Let every
+farmer, planter, iron-master, &amp;c.,
+therefore, encourage manufactures in
+his household, on his estate, and in his
+neighbourhood, as the surest method
+of making a profitable home demand,
+without the expense of transportation,
+for the fruits of his labour, and the
+natural productions of his forests,
+mines and quarries. We purposely
+avoid to urge forcing and protecting
+duties, referring only to those existing,
+which have been ordained principally
+for the purpose of raising the requisite
+public revenue. We do not interfere
+in the agitation of the question
+about protecting duties. We
+believe the cheapness of produce and
+labour and improved machinery and
+labour-saving processes, will occasion
+manufactures to prosper and increase,
+and thus to support the growers of
+produce and the owners of the land, beyond
+even our free and valuable trade.
+To this, the duties laid for revenue, for
+defence, and for the encouragement
+of agriculture, will materially contribute;
+such as the impost upon East
+India cotton goods, of 27<sup><small>1</small></sup>&frasl;<sub><small>2</small></sub> to 62<sup><small>1</small></sup>&frasl;<sub><small>2</small></sub> and
+even 80 and 90 per cent., as made entirely
+of foreign cotton, rival to our
+cotton, flax, hemp, wool and silk.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p class="center">FOR THE RURAL MAGAZINE.</p>
+
+<h2>EXTRACTED FROM
+THE MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS OF C. E.</h2>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="center"><i>On the increase of the Domestic Sugar
+of the United States.</i></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>It would seem to be a great acquisition
+to our country, if we could
+produce from our own soil whatever
+sugar might be necessary for our own
+consumption, without having recourse
+to foreign Islands or nations; it will
+therefore be satisfactory, I apprehend,
+to all lovers of their country to
+find that we are already making rapid
+advances, as will appear to any
+person who attentively weighs the
+following items of information, collected
+at different times from our
+public newspapers; from whence it
+may be inferred, that before many
+years have expired a supply sufficient
+for our own use will be furnished
+within our own territories.</p>
+
+<p>1812, January 10&mdash;Albert Gallatin,
+Esq. then Secretary of the Treasury,
+informed the Committee of Ways and
+Means, in a letter, that the Western
+States were then entirely supplied
+with salt of domestic produce; and
+that they consumed annually seven
+millions of pounds of sugar, made
+from the Sugar Maple tree, which,
+says he, is nearly all they use. Now,
+if in 1812 the <em>Western</em> States produced
+7,000,000 pounds of sugar from
+such trees, it is probable that in 1820,
+<em>they</em> would produce not less than
+10,000,000 in a year. If to this we add
+what is yielded in the states of Vermont,
+New York, and Pennsylvania, it
+seems likely that the whole amount
+of such sugar, now made annually in
+the United States, is not less than 15
+millions of pounds.</p>
+
+<p>By a publication in a late newspaper,
+it appears that there were exported
+from New Orleans, in six
+months preceding 1st May, 1820,
+15,652 hogsheads of sugar; all this
+no doubt was of their own growth
+and produced from the Sugar Cane.
+I am informed by a dealer in sugar,
+that the sugar hogsheads of New
+Orleans do not average less than 1000
+pounds to each hogshead, making, in
+six months, 15,652,000 pounds, and
+in the whole year probably 20,000,000
+pounds; total of sugar from the Sugar
+tree and Cane, 35,000,000 pounds
+annually. This exhibits a very rapid
+increase in the amount of sugar made,
+as I think Secretary Gallatin, in an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[331]</a></span>
+older communication, not 20 years
+ago, stated that New Orleans at that
+time exported only about 2,000,000
+of pounds of sugar.</p>
+
+<p>The supply now furnished as above
+will probably be greatly augmented
+in future years, from the same
+sources.</p>
+
+<p>Add to these the prospect of sugar
+to be raised or produced from the
+Cane in Carolina and Georgia, as may
+be collected from the following items,
+selected from the newspapers also,
+viz.</p>
+
+<p>In 1814, Thomas Spalding made
+on Sapelo Island, in lat. 31<sup><small>1</small></sup>&frasl;<sub><small>2</small></sub>, as much
+as 95 hogsheads of excellent sugar,
+equal to Jamaica, from Canes he had
+planted there.</p>
+
+<p>In 1815, Major Butler, on his plantation
+in South Carolina, produced
+by the labour of seventeen hands, off
+of 85 acres of land, 140,000 pounds
+of sugar, and 75 hogsheads of molasses.</p>
+
+<p>Also, John M'Queen, off of 18
+acres, had 20,000 Canes per acre,
+worked by five or six hands; 5,000
+Canes, the produce of one quarter of
+an acre, yielded 600 gallons of juice,
+which boiled down made 672 pounds
+sugar, and may lose 50 pounds in
+draining, leaving 622 pounds; or per
+acre, of sugar, 2,488 pounds.</p>
+
+<p>Again, as to the Sugar Maple tree,
+or as some say it is more properly
+styled, "The Sugar Tree;" in 1815,
+64,000 pounds of sugar were made
+in the town of Plattsburgh, Clinton
+county, New York. In 1818, 22,000
+pounds were made by 80 families, in
+one township in Bradford county,
+Pennsylvania, which is on an average
+275 pounds to each family.</p>
+
+<p>There can be little doubt but that
+arrangements might be made by some
+of the merchants of Philadelphia, to
+procure a regular supply of the best
+Sugar Tree sugar, for the accommodation
+of such persons as are religiously
+scrupulous of using sugar
+made from the Cane, which is produced
+by the labour of slaves.</p>
+
+<p>I have seen Maple sugar with
+which sufficient pains had been taken
+in the making and draining, that was
+as handsome in its appearance and as
+well tasted and good in every respect,
+I thought, as any West India sugar
+I had ever seen, and when refined
+equal to any loaf sugar. Of which,
+I remember H. D. of this city, merchant,
+since deceased, about the year
+1789, sent some boxes as a present
+to general Washington, then president
+of the United States, residing in
+New York.</p>
+
+<p>Near twenty years ago, when little
+domestic sugar was made in the United
+States, I computed from the duties
+paid, that the whole consumption
+of sugar annually in our country,
+then, was about ten pounds for every
+individual, on an average. There
+are now, I suppose, ten millions of
+inhabitants in the United States, who,
+at the above ratio, would consume
+annually 100,000,000 pounds sugar,
+of which we now make 35,000,000 lbs.
+per annum, as above calculated.</p>
+
+<p>Last winter there was an account in
+some of the newspapers, that a person
+in Virginia had obtained a patent
+for making sugar from wheat, rye or
+Indian corn; that it was good sugar,
+and that each bushel yielded fifteen
+pounds. I have heard no more of it,
+but if well founded, this would be the
+greatest acquisition of all, because,
+in every part of our country, sugar,
+without the use of slaves, could be
+made in the greatest abundance, and
+might beneficially supplant the practice
+of making so much pernicious
+whiskey, in places remote from sea-ports.</p>
+
+<p>From what has been now stated,
+there seems to be scarce room for a
+doubt, but that in a few years, we can
+be supplied from domestic sources
+with all the sugar we shall want for
+our own consumption.</p>
+
+<p>By an account of Joseph Cooper's
+native Grape Vine, published in your
+Rural Magazine, No. 7, page 247
+as little doubt can exist but that with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[332]</a></span>
+proper care by the farmers, our country
+may also be supplied with good
+wine, sufficient for our own use, and
+probably with more profit to the
+growers, than they can find by pursuing
+the old beaten track of adhering
+almost entirely to grain which is
+now so low in price.</p>
+
+<p>The southern and western parts
+of our territories would, probably,
+with proper encouragement, yield all
+the coffee and silk we might be able
+to consume.</p>
+
+<p>All these, and many other objects
+of culture, are proper for the attention,
+recommendation and encouragement
+of state legislatures, of agricultural
+societies, and of all patriotic
+members of society. Thus we may
+become, in time, really independent;
+and from the extent of our country,
+and the variety of its climates, come
+to consider our own dominions as a
+world of our own, producing nearly
+all that is necessary for the use of
+man, as Sir George Staunton, in his
+Embassy, says the Chinese consider
+their vast extensive empire. This
+consideration, probably, makes them
+in a great measure, regardless of foreign
+trade.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+C. E.<br />
+</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+<p class="center">FOR THE RURAL MAGAZINE.</p>
+
+<h2>ENCOURAGEMENT FOR FARMERS
+ON POOR LAND.</h2>
+
+
+<p>It is believed, that many productions
+possess a delicacy in their qualities,
+when raised on light soils,
+which they have not, when grown
+on rich and fat soils. The wool produced
+on the poor South Down soils
+of Great Britain is far superior to the
+wool raised on the rich alluvion lands
+of Lincolnshire in that country. The
+wines produced among the gravels
+and pebbles of the <em>Medoc</em> district near
+Bordeaux are much superior to the
+wines produced on the <em>palus</em> or alluvion
+lands between the two rivers
+Lot and Garonne in the same vicinity.
+The Tesamum produces the
+most delicate oil from light soils.
+This suggestion is worthy of consideration
+and experiment in respect
+to animals, fruits, grains, and gardeners
+and farmers' vegetables.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<h2>From the July No. of the North American Review.</h2>
+
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p class="hanging"><i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Letters écrites d'Italie en 1812 et 13,
+à M. Charles Pictet, l'un des Rédacteurs
+de la Bibliothéque Britannique
+par Fréderic Sullin de Chateauvieux.
+A Paris et à Genéve.</i>
+1816, 2 vols. 12mo. pp. 576.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Perhaps there are none of our natural
+advantages which it still remains
+for us fully to appreciate and avail
+ourselves of, so much as those which
+respect the agriculture of our country.</p>
+
+<p>Without running into all the errors
+of the economists or adopting their
+entire theory, we trust that we may
+assert the paramount importance of
+this pursuit, particularly to the United
+States. To every country it affords
+at least a partial, and often a
+complete subsistence for its population;
+it gives a constant and healthful
+employment to sometimes more
+than half and never less than a fifth
+of the community; its profits though
+not so large, are more certain than
+those in other employments of captal;
+and while it replaces the annual advance
+invested, a surplus profit has accrued,
+which can be employed as private
+interest and the public good may
+require.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> But in the United States
+the cultivation of the soil has these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[333]</a></span>
+and many more advantages; nay, it
+is intimately connected with our national
+character, because it powerfully
+acts upon the morals and constitution
+of our citizens. If it be
+true, that the torch of liberty has
+always burned with a purer and
+brighter lustre on the mountains than
+on the plains, it is still more true,
+that the sentiments of honour and
+integrity more generally animate the
+rough but manly form of the farmer,
+than the debilitated body of the artisan.
+There is in that primitive and
+honourable occupation, the culture
+of the earth, something which, while
+it pours into the lap of the state an
+increase beyond every other employment,
+gives us more than the fabled
+stone, not only a subsistence,
+but a placid feeling of contentment;
+not only creates the appetite to enjoy,
+but guarantees its continuance
+by a robust constitution, fortified with
+the safeguards of temperance and
+virtue.</p>
+
+<p>The anxiety of our countrymen
+to possess in fee a spot of ground
+however small, and the consequent
+paucity of leases, is a fact no less
+curious than it is solitary. This is
+not the case, or at least in any considerable
+degree, in any other country.
+Such indeed in Britain were
+formerly those small proprietors called
+franklins, who possessed a keen
+spirit of independence and a determined
+opposition to oppression; feelings
+which, with the alienation of
+their farms, have gradually departed
+from the breasts of their descendants.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding, however, the ease
+with which the pride of independent
+possession may be gratified, it is not
+the less true that agriculture, instead
+of being a favoured, has been a degraded
+and unpopular pursuit; that
+instead of cherishing every motive
+which might lead to its honourable
+extension, we have endeavoured gradually
+to weaken its legitimate efforts.
+It is indeed a singular inquiry,
+why the cultivation of the soil
+among us should have been so little
+encouraged, when every state in
+Europe, since the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle,
+has turned its most assiduous
+attention to this most important
+department of domestic economy,
+and ultimately borrowed from
+it the resources which have carried
+them through the prodigious conflicts
+of the last generation.</p>
+
+<p>There have been many causes,
+certainly not all of equal efficacy,
+which have co-operated against the
+interests of agriculture. But there
+is a prominent one to which we can
+but just allude. During a very considerable
+period, since the peace of
+'83, the peculiar situation of Europe
+has afforded opportunities for commercial
+enterprise too tempting to
+be resisted.&mdash;American merchants
+received, in the lapse of a very few
+years, the most astonishing accessions
+of wealth; and fortunes, ordinarily
+the fruit of a laborious life, and never
+the portion of many, were amassed
+with unparalleled rapidity, and by
+large numbers. Our domestic prosperity
+more than equalled the extension
+of our trade. It was then that
+the compting-houses of our merchants
+were filled with youth from the
+country, who forsook the slower but
+surer emoluments of agriculture, for
+the mushroom but unsubstantial fortunes
+of commerce; nay, who preferred
+the meanest drudgery behind
+the counter of a retail dealer, to the
+manly and invigorating toil of the
+cultivator of his paternal acres. Unfortunately
+this spirit of migration was
+encouraged by too great a success in
+trade. Feelings of vulgar pride contracted
+in town caused the manual
+labour of the farmer to be regarded
+as degrading; this unworthy sentiment
+spread with baleful influence,
+and when the compting-houses became
+overstocked and afforded no
+longer a resource, it was no uncommon
+thing to see a young man with
+no qualifications but a little bad Latin
+picked up at a miserable village<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[334]</a></span>
+school, forsake a large and fertile
+farm and apprentice himself to a poor
+country attorney.</p>
+
+<p>Another cause of the depressed
+state of agriculture, mentioned in
+late publication,<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> is the constant emigration
+to the west. There must necessarily
+be a tendency to a most empoverishing
+system of cultivation,
+where people feel that after having
+extracted all the richness of the soil,
+they may throw it up and remove
+to a country, which offers them an
+untouched surface, and needs no artificial
+aid of composts or manure.
+The land, besides suffering from negligence
+consequent on the prospect
+of departure, will be worn out by successive
+crops, and long be rendered
+unfit for the most valuable dispositions
+of the agriculturist. Indeed
+we have been informed, that in many
+instances, when the land is almost
+ruined by the continued culture of
+tobacco, it is sold by the planter to
+some enterprizing and laborious individual,
+who may restore it by his
+patience and attention, while he himself
+removes to another spot, where
+the same wretched system of exhaustion
+may again be renewed.&mdash;There
+are other causes we might
+mention, such as the unwieldy size
+of our farms, and particularly the
+want of a regular enlightened farming
+system. But we cannot now stop
+to enter on these topics, but may notice
+them hereafter.</p>
+
+<p>If then agriculture be so important
+an item in a nation's resources, affording
+such subsistence to its population,
+and a surplus capital to be
+employed in the various objects of
+national industry and enterprise, it
+would seem to follow, that nothing
+but very imperious circumstances
+should induce any government to repress
+its vigour, or palsy the exertions
+of those devoted to it. Immediately
+connected with such an attempt
+was the late bill before Congress,
+establishing a new tariff of
+duties. But why go back to a bill
+which was rejected? We answer,
+that it is not to be forgotten that
+private interest is one of the most
+powerful incentives to action, that
+the manufacturing interest is large
+and increasing, that one defeat will
+not discourage its partisans, and lastly,
+extraordinary as the fact may seem,
+that the bill in question, fraught with
+such varied evil, was thrown out by
+a majority of only <em>one</em> vote in the senate.
+The tendency of this project
+was not only to introduce an unequal
+system of taxation, but first, by the
+destruction of a large part of our foreign
+commerce, to diminish very
+materially the market for our home
+products, and secondly, to divert a
+large portion of agricultural industry
+into the service of the loom and
+spinning jenny.</p>
+
+<p>But it will be asked, are manufactures
+then to be entirely neglected?
+Most certainly not. Still there
+is a certain limit, in a newly settled
+country with a thin population, beyond
+which their establishment is not
+only useless to government, but a
+burden to the people. It is undoubtedly
+true that the manufacture of articles
+of immediate necessity or very
+general circulation ought to be encouraged
+by a wise and provident
+people; but it ordinarily happens
+that these need no extraordinary patronage;
+their extended use soon
+gives a facility to the artist, which
+enables him to enter into competition
+with the foreigner, provided the raw
+material is to be found at home in
+any tolerable abundance. Thus we
+find that hats were manufactured in
+the colonies at a very early period;
+together with household furniture,
+saddlery, &amp;c. they have long since
+ceased to be an article of importation.
+It is necessary for the well-being
+and security of a nation, that certain
+articles, should be manufactured
+within its limits, such as gunpowder,
+coarse clothing, and some others of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[335]</a></span>
+similar discription.&mdash;But the moment
+people attempt to force by means
+of high duties on foreign imports the
+production of a commodity, which,
+by reason of the extravagance of
+the wages of labour and other causes,
+must necessarily be sold at a much
+greater price than the imported one,
+their conduct would seem no less
+an affront to common sense, than a
+solecism in political economy.</p>
+
+<p>The United States possess a very
+restricted capital; and as the tilling
+of the soil requires comparatively
+much fewer advances than any
+other department of industry, that
+capital became immediately invested
+in agriculture. Land, cheap, and fertile,
+constituted a fund which gave
+a certain profit. And as the productions
+of the labour of more than
+five eighths of our population went
+to purchase foreign articles either of
+luxury or necessity, a great and profitable
+intercourse was constantly
+maintained with Europe. Under an
+equitable system of foreign duties,
+arising from this commerce, the expenses
+of government were defrayed,
+our debt gradually extinguished, and
+by a powerful but necessary re-action
+our agriculture improved and extended.
+But the tariff bill restricted a
+large and valuable commerce principally
+with Britain. It is not to be
+supposed that, while we refused the
+broadcloths and hardware of England,
+she would still continue to buy
+the same proportion of our cotton
+and tobacco. Our market then for
+these articles would be so far lost;
+and if we now feel the effects of a
+diminished demand for our produce
+in consequence of the establishment
+of peace in Europe, how can it be
+thought a wise policy to suffer other
+embarrassments and losses, by excluding
+ourselves entirely from every
+foreign port where we might calculate
+upon its sale? Where then is
+our produce to find a vent? For assuredly
+the most enthusiastic friend
+of domestic manufactures could never
+imagine, that the most extensive
+establishment of them could ever
+give an adequate consumption for
+the present amount of our agricultural
+productions.</p>
+
+<p>The bill then imposing heavy duties
+on foreign articles, besides diminishing
+the number of the cultivators
+of the soil, would in some degree
+operate as a tax on its fruits,
+because, while the price of manufactures
+was enormously increased,
+the value of produce would be more
+than proportionally diminished. For
+the cultivator, not only deprived of
+the benefit of a competition between
+the domestic and foreign consumer
+in the sale of his articles, is obliged
+to purchase those of his neighbour,
+at any price which his cupidity and
+the tariff may determine. The expenses
+of the state being still the
+same and its usual resources dried
+up, a general but unequal system of
+taxation would be adopted, which in
+fact, the farmer bending under the
+weight of this partial policy, is less
+able to pay whatever contribution
+may be levied. These assertions are
+by no means novel, they are mere
+corollaries from the plainest and most
+undoubted principles of political economy.
+Dr. Adam Smith, the great
+father of the science, and all whose
+views on this subject, though not
+acted upon in a country whose domestic
+policy was too firmly established
+to be changed without a most
+serious revolution, ought to have great
+weight with us in the adoption of
+any permanent system, speaks in this
+decided manner in his "Wealth of
+Nations," vol. iii. p. 201. "It is thus
+that every system which endeavours,
+either by extraordinary encouragements,
+to draw towards a particular
+species of industry a greater share of
+the capital of the society, than what
+would naturally go to it; or by extraordinary
+restraints, to force from
+particular species of industry some
+share of the capital which would
+otherwise be employed in it; is in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[336]</a></span>
+reality subversive of the great purpose
+which it means to promote. It
+retards instead of accelerating the
+progress of the society towards real
+wealth and greatness; and diminishes
+instead of increasing the real value
+of the annual produce of its land and
+labour. All systems either of preference
+or restraint therefore, being
+thus completely taken away, the obvious
+and simple system of natural liberty
+establishes itself of its own accord.
+Every man, as long as he does
+not violate the laws of justice, is left
+perfectly free to pursue his own interest
+his own way, and to bring both
+his industry and capital into competition
+with those of any other man or
+order of men." M. Say, a man no
+less remarkable for his practical
+knowledge of manufacturing industry,
+than his profound acquaintance
+with every branch of economical
+science, has given his marked disapprobation
+of that system which we
+are discussing. "Lorsqu'au travers
+de cette marche naturelle des choses,"
+says he, "l'autorité se montre et dit:
+le produit, qu'on veut créer, celui
+qui donne les meilleurs profits, et
+par conséquent celui qui est le plus
+recherché, n'est pas celui qui convient,
+il faut qu'on s'occupe de tel
+autre; elle dirige évidemment une
+partie de la production vers un genre,
+dont le besoin se fait sentir davantage."
+Traité d'Economic Politique,
+tom. i. p. 168. We can only refer
+to pages 172 and 201 for the expansion
+of these ideas. It is thus we
+find that the arguments adduced in
+favour of this system neither accord
+with the convictions of fact nor the
+suggestions of reason. Whenever
+the increasing capital devoted to the
+land can no longer be profitably employed,
+then manufactures will flourish
+and the surplus profits of agriculture
+be legitimately devoted to
+their support.</p>
+
+<p>During the late war, the prospect
+of large gains caused by the extravagant
+price of all European commodities,
+caused many persons in our
+country to embark their fortunes in
+cotton and woollen factories.&mdash;These
+factories were brought into being by
+a temporary and unnatural state of
+things. On the return of the peace
+of 1814, many of these manufacturing
+establishments came of necessity
+to an end. Some establishments
+remain and ought to succeed, because
+they prove that the profits of
+their capital may enter into competition
+with that employed in agriculture.
+In this case the transfer
+is not only natural but conducive to
+national wealth.</p>
+
+<p>But we are asked to patronise manufactures
+at the expense of agriculture,
+on the ground of our being
+rendered really more independent by
+them. This is, however, but an attempt
+to conceal private interest under
+the garb of patriotism,<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> and
+ought at least to awaken suspicion.
+We are not to be called <em>dependant</em>
+merely because a state of war might
+give rise to many inconveniences. We
+can do without silks or broadcloths
+while we possess the real means of
+sustenance and defence. But these
+factories once established, say the
+advocates of this interest, the citizens
+ought to support them in their present
+languishing condition, and therefore
+ought not to buy, even at a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[337]</a></span>
+much less price, foreign articles in
+preference to our own. The force
+and propriety of such reasoning would
+appear to be similar to that of a gardener,
+who having in winter devoted
+himself to the cultivation of flowers,
+&amp;c., by means of artificial heat,
+should in the spring apply for an
+act of the municipal authority, forbidding
+all persons to pluck a daisy or
+violet in the field, and requiring them
+to resort to his hot-house. So far
+from there being a necessity for any
+interference on the part of government,
+we believe we may assert that
+our manufactures never were so flourishing
+as since the peace. It is true
+that many establishments have been
+broken up and much capital sunk,
+but it is a fact that those factories
+which are in the hands of individuals,
+have generally been successful,
+while those conducted by incorporated
+companies wanting the circumspection
+and prudence of private interest,
+have as often become bankrupt.
+In the western states this
+branch of business has greatly improved,
+and recent information enables
+us to affirm, that the profits
+which are now realised are nearly as
+large as those during the war. In
+the east, we might cite an instance,
+which must put down all cavil on
+this subject. The cotton factory at
+Waltham near Boston, begun when
+manufactures were by no means in so
+promising a situation as at present,
+is a triumphant answer to every one
+who demands additional encouragement
+for the loom, and a new tax on
+his brethren to extend its operations.</p>
+
+<p>But we hasten to return from our
+wanderings, and to introduce our
+readers to the work, of which we
+have prefixed the title to this article.
+It is in the form of letters addressed
+to Professor Pictet of Geneva, from
+various places in Italy, and contains the
+author's remarks upon that country.
+He dwells not on the palaces of Venice,
+neither worships at the altar of
+Roman genius in the Pantheon, but
+taking his silent way through the
+fields, he describes that which gave
+birth to both: he informs us of the
+processes of Italian farming, of the
+effects of irrigation, and of the general
+state of Italian agriculture. And,
+in our opinion, he has shewn as much
+taste in the execution of his design,
+as those travellers who have employed
+themselves upon inquiries commonly
+thought as interesting, but
+certainly not as useful. M. de Chateauvieux
+appears to be an enthusiastic
+admirer of the subject on which
+he writes, as well as to have a practical
+knowledge of all its details. His
+book is very little known among us,
+though it has lately been translated
+in England, and formerly occupied
+the attention of a celebrated critical
+journal of that country. It is our intention
+in this article to put our readers
+in mind of its existence.</p>
+
+<p>The author divides Italy into three
+regions, distinguished by their different
+systems of cultivation.&mdash;The first
+extends from mount Cenis and the
+Alps of Suza to the shores of the
+Adriatic. The fertility of Lombardy
+is proved by the constant succession
+of its crops, and to this province he
+has given the name of "Pays de Culture
+par assolement," or the district
+of culture by rotation of crops. The
+second of the regions reposes on the
+southern declivity of the Appenines,
+from the frontiers of Provence to the
+boundaries of Calabria. This is called
+the District of Olive trees, or, by
+an association somewhat forced, of
+Canaanitish culture. The third region
+is that of <i>Malaria</i>, or patriarchal
+cultivation, from a supposed resemblance,
+which we are still less
+able to enter into, between the shepherds
+of the older and the present
+time. It is found from Pisa to Terracina,
+and comprehends the plain
+between the sea and the first ridge of
+the Appenines.</p>
+
+<p>Lombardy has been often called
+the garden of Europe, and seems
+abundantly entitled to the appellation.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[338]</a></span>
+The soil is not only rich and
+alluvial, but deep and perfectly level.
+The climate is humid, and the
+system of irrigation supplies water
+to almost every field. These circumstances,
+united to the heat of a
+southern sun, cause a most rapid and
+luxurious vegetation. Nothing can
+be more important in the economy
+of a farm than the situation of the
+farm-house and its out-buildings. In
+this respect our American farmers
+are lamentably deficient, and though
+we would not recommend as a model
+the one described by de Chateauvieux
+as common in Lombardy,
+still we think it would afford some
+valuable hints. The buildings raised
+on the four sides of a square, present
+on one side a central elevation of
+two stories. The lower part for the
+farmer, the upper story for his grain.
+Adjoining this, at each end, is a
+stable plastered so as not to let the
+dust descend, for the cows and oxen;
+the other three sides of the square
+are enclosed by a sort of portico,
+open within and supported by columns,
+which serves as a depository
+for straw, hay, &amp;c.&mdash;This structure
+is about twenty-four feet broad, and
+fifteen high. Half the court is paved,
+the remainder is used for threshing
+out the corn, which, in the primitive
+way, is still done by horses. The
+place for manure is outside of the
+court. This plan presents the most
+space with the least building, and
+assures the preservation of every product.</p>
+
+<p>The farms in Lombardy are small,
+and do not often contain sixty arpents;<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>
+notwithstanding M. de Chateauvieux
+asserts against Arthur
+Young, that they bring more to market
+than the large farms, and that
+there is no country in the world
+which can dispose of so large a portion
+of its productions as Piedmont.
+If the fact be so, it may possibly arise
+from the peculiar character of the
+persons who cultivate the land.&mdash;Our
+author, however, remarks, that
+this system of small farms can never
+take place till the advances of capital
+have carried agriculture to its
+highest point. Lombardy is cultivated
+by a species of farmers, called
+<em>metayers</em>. They pay a small fixed
+rent, valued at one half the produce
+of the meadow, or forty francs the
+arpent. The clover belongs to them
+entirely; the crops of wheat, Indian
+corn, and flax, and the wine and
+silk are equally divided between
+them and their landlord. The latter
+advances nothing but the taxes,
+and of course must find such an arrangement
+singularly advantageous.
+Father and son continue the same
+engagement, without the formality of
+a lease or any registry of the contract.
+M. Say regards this system as unfavourable
+to agriculture, and in his
+treatise on Political Economy, book
+ii. chap. 9, vol. 2, says, "il y a des
+cultivateurs qui n'ont rien, et auxquels
+le propriétaire fournit le capital
+avec la terre: on les appelle des
+Métayers. Ils rendent communément
+au propriétaire la moitié du
+produit brut. Ce genre de culture
+appartient à un état peu avancé de
+l'agriculture, et il est le plus défavorable
+de tout aux améliorations
+des terres; car celui des deux, du
+proprietaire ou du fermier, qui ferait
+l'améliarition à ses frais, admettrait
+l'autre à jouir gratuitement de la moitié
+de l'interêt de ses avances."</p>
+
+<p class="center">(To be concluded in next Number.)</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<h2>POTATOES.</h2>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Southwick</span>,</p>
+
+<p>I have stated in my former communications,
+the result of my experience
+in the cultivation of potatoes.
+So long as I practised setting my crop
+with small potatoes, the cullings of
+my potato bins, my crops degenerated,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[339]</a></span>
+grew less and less for several
+years, and finally run entirely out.&mdash;I
+changed my practice, and the result
+has been a continued improvement
+for near ten years, both in quantity
+and quality. My practice has been
+to select the largest, soundest, and
+best potatoes for seed, to cut them
+into 4 quarters, and plant 4 pieces
+in each hill in a square of about 9
+inches. The results have been every
+way satisfactory. My potatoes have
+been large, constantly improving in
+size, earlier, better, and more abundant
+from year to year. I have never
+been nice enough to weigh my seed,
+to ascertain exactly whether a potato
+of one ounce or two ounces be as perfect
+a root as one of 6 or 12 ounces.
+My experience both in planting and in
+distillation has left on my mind a
+strong impression that small unripe
+seed is very improper, and very unprofitable.
+I am aware that many
+farmers hold firmly that small seed
+potatoes are as good as large ones;
+but I also know that I have sold potatoes
+to these men at 5 and 6 shillings
+per bushel, and some of them
+have been convinced that good seed
+was an object even at those prices.
+In the south I am aware that it is
+the practice almost uniformly to plant
+small sweet potatoes. But I am fully
+persuaded it is an error. To this
+cause I think may be justly attributed
+the decrease and deterioration in
+the crops of this valuable root.</p>
+
+<p><i>Middlesex, August 3, 1820.</i></p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+[<i>Plough Boy.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<h2>ECONOMY IN FUEL.</h2>
+
+
+<p>While economy is the order of the
+day, it may not be amiss to point out
+an item of which it is believed a general
+ignorance prevails. It is well
+known to philosophers that when water
+commences to boil in the open
+air no additional fire can make it any
+hotter. A contrary opinion prevails,
+and those employed in cooking victuals,
+in order to accelerate the operation
+think that they cannot make
+the fire too intense. The fuel added
+for this purpose is, in fact, not only
+a wanton waste, but by causing a violent
+ebulition, it forces from the victuals,
+with the steam its finest flavour.
+How much fuel in families might be
+saved if, in cooking, no more were
+used than to keep the water that is
+used just at the boiling point, and it
+is certain the victuals would be the
+better for it.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+[<i>Ib.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+<h2>MAKING CIDER.</h2>
+
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>Directions for making sweet, clear Cider, that shall
+retain its fine vinous flavour, and keep good for a
+long time in casks, like wine.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>It is of importance in making cider,
+that the mill, the press, and all the
+materials be sweet and clean, and the
+straw clear from must. To make
+good cider, fruit should be ripe, (but
+not rotten) and when the apples are
+ground, if the juice is left in the pummice
+twenty-four hours, the cider will
+be richer, softer, and higher coloured;
+if fruit is all of the same kind, it
+is generally thought that the cider will
+be better; as the fermentation will
+certainly be more regular, which is
+of importance. The gathering and
+grinding of the apples, the pressing
+out of the juice, is a mere manual labour,
+performed with very little skill
+in the operation; but here the great
+art of making good cider commences;
+for as soon as the juice is pressed out,
+nature begins to work a wonderful
+change in it. The juice of fruit, if left
+to itself, will undergo three distinct
+fermentations, all of which change the
+quality and nature of this fluid. The
+first is the vinous; the second the acid,
+which makes it hard and prepares it
+for vinegar; by the third it becomes
+putrid. The first fermentation is the
+only one the juice of apples should
+undergo, to make good cider. It is
+this operation that separates the juice
+from the filth, and leaves it a clear,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[340]</a></span>
+sweet, vinous liquor. To preserve it
+in this state is the grand secret; this
+is done by fumigating it with sulphur,
+which checks any further fermentation,
+and preserves it in its fine vinous
+state. It is to be wished that all cider
+makers would make a trial of this method;
+it is attended with no expense,
+and but little trouble, and will have
+the desired effect.</p>
+
+<p>I would recommend that the juice
+as it comes from the press, be placed
+in open headed casks or vats: in this
+situation it is most likely to undergo
+a proper fermentation, and the person
+attending may with correctness ascertain
+when this fermentation ceases;
+this is of great importance, and must
+be particularly attended to. The fermentation
+is attended with a hissing
+noise, bubbles rising to the surface
+and there forming a soft spongy crust
+over the liquor. When this crust begins
+to crack, and white froth appears
+in the cracks level with the surface of
+the head, the fermentation is about
+stopping. At this time the liquor is
+in a fine, genuine, clear state, and
+must be drawn off immediately into
+clean casks: and this is the time to
+fumigate it with sulphur. To do this,
+take a strip of canvas or rag, about 2
+inches broad and twelve long; dip
+this into melted sulphur, and when a
+few pails of worked cider are put into
+the cask, set this match on fire and
+hold it in the cask, till it is consumed,
+then bung the cask and shake it, that
+the liquor may incorporate with and
+retain the fumes; after this fill the
+cask and bung it up. The cider
+should be racked off again the latter
+part of February or first of March;
+and if not as clear as you wish it, put
+in isinglass to fine it, and stir it well;
+then put the cask in a cool place,
+where it will not be disturbed, for the
+fining to settle. Cider prepared in
+this manner will keep sweet for years.</p>
+
+<p>It is certainly of great importance
+to the people of America to cultivate
+the fruit that is natural to the soil of
+their country, and to make the most
+of the fruit which the soil produces;
+especially, when its produce is an article
+of value and of great consumption
+in this country.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">A Lover of Good Cider.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><i>Am. D. Adv.</i>]</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<h2>CABBAGES FOR CATTLE.</h2>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Extract of a Letter.</i></p>
+
+
+<p>Having been in England, I have had
+an opportunity of observing many improvements
+in agriculture, which, if
+I were to see them adopted here,
+would give me the sincerest pleasure.
+Among the number of them, I think
+the culture of cabbages for fattening
+of cattle stands in the first rank. From
+strong soils, it may fairly be questioned
+whether any kind of winter provision
+can be raised of such weight and
+quality per acre, as the larger kind of
+cabbages. For cows, they surpass all
+other kinds of vegetables, and probably
+some method may be thought of,
+by which they may be conveniently
+preserved through our long winters.
+The colewort cabbage used to be in
+most esteem, but I understand that a
+variety of the large red kind is coming
+into use, and bids fair to drive out the
+Scotch drumhead, it being much
+more hardy. They are exceedingly
+well adapted to wet land, and will
+prove very productive where turnips
+cannot be raised to any good purpose.
+It is, unquestionably, a crop of far
+more use and value than the mangel
+wurzel, which has, in England, within
+these few years, been in such fashionable
+culture.</p>
+
+<p>In England and Scotland, I have
+seen the <em>parings of potatoes</em> planted
+as seed; and at the same time I was
+told that they yielded quite as plentifully
+as cuttings with three eyes, or
+even whole potatoes.</p>
+
+<p>I never had an opportunity of witnessing
+the result, but it may be worth
+while for some experimental agriculturist
+to plant some in this way, in
+order to prove or shew the fallacy of
+the assertion. I should recommend<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[341]</a></span>
+that they cut the parings about two-tenths
+of an inch in thickness, as those
+parings which I saw planted always
+had the eye left in them entire, and
+the root of the germ not in the least
+wounded.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+[<i>St. John's paper.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<h2>PRESENT STATE OF POMPEII.</h2>
+
+<p class="center">From William's Travels in Italy, Greece, &amp;c.</p>
+
+
+<p>Pompeii, which was entombed in a
+softer substance, is getting daily disencumbered,
+and a very considerable
+part of this Grecian city is unveiled.
+We entered by the Appian way,
+through a narrow street of marble
+tombs, beautifully executed, with the
+names of the deceased plain and legible.
+We looked into the columbary
+below that of Marius Arius Diomedes,
+and perceived jars containing the ashes
+of the dead, with a small lamp at the
+side of each. Arriving at the gate,
+we perceived a sentry box in which
+the skeleton of a soldier was found
+with a lamp in its hand: proceeding
+up the street beyond the gate, we went
+into several streets, and entered what
+is called a coffee house, the marks
+of cups being visible on the stone; we
+came likewise to a tavern, and found
+the sign (not a very decent one) near
+the entrance. The streets are lined
+with public buildings and private
+houses, most of which have their original
+painted decorations fresh and
+entire. The pavement of the streets
+is much worn by carriage wheels, and
+holes are cut through the side stones,
+for the purpose of fastening animals
+in the market place; and in certain
+situations are placed stepping stones,
+which give us rather unfavourable
+ideas of the state of the streets. We
+passed two beautiful little temples;
+went into a surgeon's house, in the
+operation room of which chirurgical
+instruments were found; entered an
+ironmonger's shop, where an anvil
+and hammer were discovered; a
+sculptor's and a baker's shop, in the
+latter of which may be seen an oven
+and grinding mills, like old Scotch
+querns. We examined likewise an
+oilman's shop, and a wine shop lately
+opened, where money was found in
+the till; a school in which was a small
+pulpit with steps up to it, in the middle
+of the apartment; a great theatre;
+a temple of justice; an amphitheatre,
+about 220 feet in length; various
+temples; a barrack for soldiers,
+the columns of which are scribbled
+with their names and jests; wells,
+cisterns, seats, tricliniums, beautiful
+Mosaic; altars, inscriptions, fragments
+of statues, and many other
+curious remains of antiquity. Among
+the most remarkable objects were
+an ancient wall, with a part of a still
+more ancient marble freze built in it
+as a common stone; and a stream
+which has flowed under this once subterraneous
+city, long before its burial;
+pipes of Terra Cotta to convey the
+water to the different streets; stocks
+for prisoners, in one of which a skeleton
+was found. All these things
+incline one almost to look for the
+inhabitants, and wonder at the desolate
+silence of the place.</p>
+
+<p>The houses in general are very low,
+and the rooms are small, I should
+think not above ten feet high. Every
+house is provided with a well and a
+cistern. Every thing seems to be in
+proportion; the principal streets do
+not appear to exceed 16 feet in width,
+with side pavements of about three
+feet; some of the subordinate streets
+are from 6 to 10 feet wide, with side
+pavements in proportion; these are
+occasionally high, and are reached by
+steps. The columns of the barracks
+are about 15 feet in height; they are
+made of tuffa with stucco; one third
+of the shaft is smoothly plastered, the
+rest fluted to the capital. The walls
+of the houses are often painted red,
+and some of them have borders and
+antique ornaments, masks, and imitations
+of marbles, but in general poorly
+executed. I have observed, on the
+walls of an eating room, various kinds
+of food and game tolerably represented;
+one <em>woman's</em> apartment was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[342]</a></span>
+adorned with subjects relative to love;
+and a <em>man's</em> with pictures of a martial
+character. Considering that the whole
+has been under ground upwards of
+seventeen centuries, it is certainly
+surprizing that they should be as fresh
+as at the period of their burial. The
+whole extent of the city, not half of
+which is excavated, may be about four
+miles. It is said that Murat employed
+no less than 2000 men in clearing
+Pompeii, and that Madame Murat
+attended the excavations in person
+every week. The present government
+have not retained above 100.</p>
+
+<p>After visiting this extraordinary
+place, which certainly is the most interesting
+of all the wonders of Naples,
+we examined the museum of antiquities
+at Purtici. The collections of
+ancient paintings are curious and instructing,
+some of them containing
+exquisite pieces of art; one room is
+filled with representations of fruit and
+flowers, well painted and freely handled;
+some grapes in particular are
+remarkable for execution, quite transparent,
+with the touches of light on
+them judiciously placed to give effect
+and clearness. A second room contains
+various ornaments painted in a
+masterly manner, and with considerable
+ingenuity in the design. A third
+is covered with various animals and
+birds. Another apartment is filled
+with landscapes, but these are all extremely
+bad, having no perspective,
+nor any truth of colouring: indeed it
+would seem that the ancient painters
+had never given their mind to that delightful
+branch of the art. One landscape,
+however, with all its faults, interested
+me greatly, and that was a
+view of ancient Puteoli, (now Pozzuolo,)
+about six miles from Naples,
+supposed to have been painted before
+St. Paul landed there. The picture
+is, of course, very different from the
+present state of the city, but still a
+likeness may be traced, if we keep in
+view the site of the various temples
+and other objects, the foundations of
+which are still visible.</p>
+
+<p>Among the innumerable pictures
+which are crowded in several rooms,
+I shall mention the following, which,
+on slight examination, appeared to be
+among the best: <i>Sophonisba drinking
+the juice of Hemlock</i>, admirable in expression;
+<i>an Infant Hercules strangling
+Serpents</i>; <i>Jove</i>; <i>Leda and the
+Swan</i>; <i>the Graces</i>; <i>a Venus</i>; <i>Education
+of Bacchus</i>; <i>a Medusa's Head</i>:&mdash;these
+are all slight, but it is that
+slightness which conveys character
+and refinement of taste; a <i>Theseus</i>
+as large as life, in a fine attitude and
+good expression: Two allegorical figures,
+representing the river <i>Nile
+and Egypt</i>; <i>the Education of Achilles</i>;
+<i>a beautiful Female suckling an
+aged Man</i>, (corresponding to the
+Roman Charity,) most delicately expressed:
+An <i>Academy of Music</i>, the
+figures small, exquisitely painted;
+harps and flageolets are the only instruments.
+Among the curious pictures
+is the interior of a school, in
+which the master is represented flogging
+a boy, who is upon another boy's
+back; so that the practice of <em>horsing</em>
+is sanctioned by very ancient authority.
+Our attention was likewise attracted
+by a shoemaker's and a cook's
+shop; these last are but indifferently
+designed and painted; a Wilkie or an
+Allan would smile at such productions.
+All these are in fresco, on
+stucco grounds, and with a considerable
+polish on the surface. It does
+not seem that any glazing colours
+have been used, the effect being produced
+entirely by body colour. The
+ancients, however, as Pliny informs
+us, had a dark, yet transparent mixture,
+which they laid over their highly
+finished works, to give the delusion
+required. From the freshness and
+clearness of the colouring, they seem
+to have had the advantage of painting
+in oil, so far, at least, as durability is
+of advantage.</p>
+
+<p>The museum at Portici likewise
+contains many statues and busts of
+considerable merit; besides a great
+variety of culinary articles, and specimens,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[343]</a></span>
+of calcined barley, beans, paste
+for bread, part of a roll, mustard-seed,
+straw, rye, pine tops, figs, cloth like
+tinder, fish nets, with corks attached
+to them, spunge, soap, rings, earrings,
+combs, thimbles, looking-glasses
+of polished metal, and a variety of
+emblems of luxury and taste, admirably
+executed. We examined them
+all with the keenest interest, though
+the impression would have been more
+gratifying, had they been left in the
+ancient towns in which they were discovered.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p class="center">From the Pennsylvania Gazette, Nov. 18, 1736.</p>
+
+<h2>WASTE OF LIFE.</h2>
+
+<p class="center">BY. DR. FRANKLIN.</p>
+
+
+<p>Anergus was a gentleman of a
+good estate, he was bred to no business,
+and could not contrive how to
+waste his hours agreeably; he had no
+relish for any of the proper works of
+life, nor any taste at all for the improvements
+of the mind; he spent
+generally ten hours of the four and
+twenty in bed; he dozed away two
+or three more on his couch, and as
+many were dissolved in good liquor
+every evening, if he met with company
+of his own humour. Five or six
+of the rest he sauntered away with
+much indolence: the chief business
+of them was to contrive his meals,
+and to feed his fancy beforehand, with
+the promise of a dinner and supper;
+not that he was so very a glutton, or
+so entirely devoted to appetite; but
+chiefly because he knew not how to
+employ his thoughts better, he let
+them rove about the sustenance of
+his body. Thus he had made a shift
+to wear off ten years since the paternal
+estate fell into his hands: and yet,
+according to the abuse of words in
+our day, he was called a man of virtue,
+because he was scarce ever
+known to be quite drunk, nor was his
+nature much inclined to lewdness.</p>
+
+<p>One evening, as he was musing
+alone, his thoughts happened to take
+a most unusual turn, for they cast a
+glance backward, and began to reflect
+on his manner of life. He bethought
+himself what a number of living beings
+had been made a sacrifice to support
+his carcase, and how much corn
+and wine had been mingled with those
+offerings. He had not quite lost all
+the arithmetic that he learned when
+he was a boy, and he set himself to
+compute what he had devoured since
+he came to the age of man.</p>
+
+<p>"About a dozen feathered creatures,
+small and great, have one week
+with another (said he) given up their
+lives to prolong mine, which in ten
+years amounts to at least six thousand.</p>
+
+<p>"Fifty sheep have been sacrificed
+in a year, with half a hecatomb of
+black cattle, that I might have the
+choicest part offered weekly upon
+my table. Thus a thousand beasts
+out of the flock and the herd have
+been slain in ten years' time to feed
+me, besides what the forest has supplied
+me with. Many hundreds of
+fishes have, in all their varieties, been
+robbed of life for my repast, and of
+the smaller fry as many thousands.</p>
+
+<p>"A measure of corn would hardly
+afford fine flour enough for a month's
+provision, and this arises to above six
+score bushels; and many hogsheads
+of ale and wine, and other liquors,
+have passed through this body of
+mine, this wretched strainer of meat
+and drink.</p>
+
+<p>"And what have I done all this
+time for God or <em>man</em>? What a vast
+profusion of good things upon a useless
+life, and a worthless liver! There
+is not the meanest creature among all
+these which I have devoured, but
+hath answered the end of its creation
+better than I. It was made to support
+human nature, and it hath done
+so. Every crab and oyster I have
+eat, and every grain of corn I have
+devoured, hath filled up its place in
+the rank of beings with more propriety
+and honour than I have done: O
+shameful waste of life and time!"</p>
+
+<p>In short, he carried on his moral
+reflections with so just and severe a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[344]</a></span>
+force of reason, as constrained him to
+change his whole course of life, to
+break off his follies at once, and to apply
+himself to gain some useful
+knowledge, when he was more than
+thirty years of age; he lived many
+following years with the character of
+a worthy man, and an excellent Christian;
+he performed the kind offices
+of a good neighbour at home, and
+made a shining figure as a patriot in
+the senate-house; he died with a
+peaceful conscience, and the tears of
+his country were dropped upon his
+tomb.</p>
+
+<p>The world, that knew the whole
+series of his life, stood amazed at the
+mighty change. They beheld him
+as a wonder of reformation, while he
+himself confessed and adored the divine
+power and mercy, which had
+transformed him from a brute to a
+man.</p>
+
+<p>But this was a single instance; and
+we may almost venture to write <span class="smcap">MIRACLE</span>
+upon it. Are there not numbers
+of both sexes among our young
+gentry, in this degenerate age, whose
+lives thus run to utter waste, without
+the least tendency to usefulness!</p>
+
+<p>When I meet with persons of such
+a worthless character as this, it brings
+to my mind some scraps of Horace,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Nos numerus sumus, &amp; fruges consumere nati.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash;Alcinoique Juventus<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cui pulchrum fuit in Medios dormire dies, &amp;c.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="center">PARAPHRASE.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">There are a number of us creep<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Into this world, to eat and sleep;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And know no reason why they're born,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But merely to consume the corn,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Devour the cattle, fowl, and fish,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And leave behind an empty dish:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Though crows and ravens do the same,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Unlucky birds of hateful name;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ravens or crows might fill their places,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And swallow corn and carcases.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then, if their tombstone, when they die,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ben't taught to flatter and to lie,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">There's nothing better will be said,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><em>Than that they've eat up all their bread,</em>  }<br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><em>Drank all their drink, and gone to bed.</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;}<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>There are other fragments of that
+heathen poet, which occur on such
+occasions; one in the first of his satires,
+the other in the first of his epistles,
+which seem to represent life only
+as a season of luxury.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash;Exacto contentus tempore vitæ<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cedat uti convivia statur&mdash;&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lusisti satus, edisti satis atque babisti;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Tempus abire tibi.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Which may be thus put into English:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Life's but a feast; and when we die<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Horace would say, if he were by,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Friend, thou hast eat and drank enough,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'Tis time now to be marching off:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then like a well-fed guest depart,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With cheerful looks, and ease at heart;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bid all your friends good night, and say,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><em>You've done the business of the day.</em><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<h2>LESSONS ON THRIFT.</h2>
+
+<p class="center">Published for general benefit, by a Member
+of the Save-all Club.</p>
+
+
+<p>The caprice of men at different
+periods has delighted to make much
+of some darling qualities idolized as
+virtues, while others, which could not
+be mistaken for vices, have been tacitly
+scorned as only fit to occupy grovelling
+minds, and avert reproach
+from those who could not aspire to
+praise.</p>
+
+<p>Among the latter we discover Frugality.
+What writer has ever thought
+of making his hero an economist?
+With a disposition to avoid unnecessary
+expense, it has long been assumed
+that a sordid and despicable parsimony
+must invariably be found, and
+the world has been accustomed to
+bestow its tenderest sympathies on
+the gay, florid, open-hearted rake,
+who having manifested a disposition
+to give, where he had nothing of his
+own to bestow, ruined those honest
+tradesmen who were credulous
+enough to trust him, and qualified
+himself for genteel society by visiting
+the King's Bench or the Fleet;
+while the man who disdained to be
+generous at the expense of others,
+who would not affect splendour which
+his means were inadequate to sustain,
+in fine, who denied himself enjoyments
+for which he could not honestly
+pay, has been treated with unsparing
+ridicule as a mean and pitiful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[345]</a></span>
+plodder. Our citizens and traders
+have wisely joined to laugh this character
+out of countenance, and to applaud
+the swindling pleasantries of a
+profligate. Let them look to the effects
+of this&mdash;let them look to their
+legers, and see if they have not been
+merry <em>at their own expense</em>.</p>
+
+<p>If there be any truth in the remark
+dropped by one of the greatest
+ornaments of British literature, that
+"it would be well if fewer possessed
+the superfluities, and more the comforts
+of life;" in times like the present,
+it is desirable that mankind
+should be weaned from the admiration
+of that which ought never to
+have been defended&mdash;that madness
+and dishonesty should no longer be
+depicted as the gracefully irregular
+flow of youthful gayety; and that the
+modest virtues which find a friend in
+the author of "Lessons on Thrift,"
+should be recalled from that exile to
+which they were doomed by sordid
+dissipation and unreflecting folly.</p>
+
+<p>But we must explain, as we proceed,
+to guard against mistake or representation.
+We do not wish to
+return to that enviable state, which
+we suppose some of our radical
+neighbours contemplate, when they
+talk of a "state of nature;" namely,
+that in which the first inhabitants of
+this island found themselves embowered
+in their native woods. We do
+not sigh for that economical simplicity
+which, according to Richard de
+Cirencester, made blue paint, applied
+to the human body, a substitute
+for clothing; nor do we even lift our
+voices against that most effeminate
+piece of luxury, as it was considered
+by some at the commencement of
+Queen Elizabeth's reign&mdash;the introduction
+of <em>chimneys to houses</em>. The
+votaries of luxury may think that, in
+the last instance, we make but a very
+slight concession; but the frightful
+effects of that departure from old
+English habits was once thought very
+alarming. We read in Hollingshed:&mdash;"Now
+have we many chimneys;
+and yet our tender limbs complain of
+rheums, catarrhs, and pozes; then
+had we none but reredosses, and our
+heads did never ache. For as the
+smoke in those days was supposed to
+be a sufficient hardening for the timber
+of the house, so it was reputed a
+far better medicine to keep the good
+man and his family from the quack or
+poze, wherewith, as then, very few
+were acquainted."</p>
+
+<p>With all our reverence for economy,
+assuredly there are practitioners
+of the present day whom we would
+prefer to <em>Dr. Smoke</em>; even though
+calling in the former, we must submit
+to the inconvenience of offering a
+fee. We do not sigh for the return
+of those golden days, when our wise
+progenitors made the same aperture
+act the double part of a window and
+a chimney, and when a log of wood
+was considered an excellent pillow;
+but sometimes when our reluctant
+hands are a little embarrassed to find
+the expected fee, or our purses feel
+most <em>awkwardly convenient</em> for the
+pocket, after settling the lengthened
+bill, we do regret that those who prescribe
+for us, when indisposed, must
+at the same time prescribe for their
+own horses and carriages, and that
+the period is gone by when a sufferer
+could hope for relief from the pill
+of a pedestrian.</p>
+
+<p>Our author, to show the evil effects
+of luxury and extravagance, even in a
+national point of view, gives the following
+narrative:</p>
+
+<p>"The Seven United Provinces
+were at the height of their power
+and prosperity about 1650, before
+England, recovering from a destructive
+civil war, began to reclaim the
+dominion of the ocean.</p>
+
+<p>"But in their successful periods
+the private virtues had also their
+share, and parsimony, as usual produced
+wealth and industry. In a conversation
+at Rotterdam this subject
+was discussed; and as the parties
+mostly imputed the decline of their
+republic to political causes, an opulent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[346]</a></span>
+merchant said, that if the company
+would dine with him on such a
+day, he would convince them that
+there were other causes more in their
+power.</p>
+
+<p>"The invitation was accepted, and
+it was hoped that the merchant would
+explain his sentiments, by which they
+might improve their speculations in
+commerce over a glass of wine, after
+an elegant repast as he was accustomed
+to give. But what was their
+surprise to find nothing on the table
+but salted herrings and table beer!
+They ate, however, a morsel in silence
+and dissatisfaction, which the master
+seemed not to observe, praying them
+repeatedly to eat and push the glass.
+At length, when they began to look
+at their watches, the master ordered
+in the dinner. At this word they
+brightened up, when in came a leg of
+mutton, boiled with turnips, and a pot
+or two of strong beer. This dish was
+little more satisfactory than the other,
+as they expected very different fare
+in such a magnificent house. There
+was, however, a great sacrifice of
+conscience and veracity in praising
+the mutton and the beer. But some
+yawned, and half the <em>gigot</em> remained
+even among a numerous company,
+when the master, seeing their distress,
+nodded unnoticed to an old hoary-headed
+domestic, who alone had appeared
+along with the mutton, and
+who stood respectfully at the sideboard
+to serve the bread or the beer.
+He went out, and the company was
+left to a languid conversation; their
+eyes saying more than their tongues.</p>
+
+<p>"On a sudden the folding doors
+opened, and a train of twelve servants
+entered, bearing on massy plate the
+choicest fish, flesh, fowl, all the delicacies
+of the season. Two without livery
+took their places behind their
+master; the others in splendid uniform
+behind the guests. The number of
+wines presented was computed at fifteen,
+and even the richest guests were
+astonished at the splendour and variety
+of the festival.</p>
+
+<p>"When an equal dessert was served,
+and the wine began to circulate,
+a prudent and wary guest thought it
+was time to request our opulent merchant
+to explain his sentiments, as he
+had promised. All were fixed in
+mute attention when he made this
+memorable answer: 'Gentlemen,
+my sentiments are already explained;
+the lesson is already given. When
+our ancestors were gradually rising
+to wealth under the yoke of Burgundy,
+Austria, Spain, their frugality was
+contented with our first dish, and they
+even blessed the inventor. In their
+second period, when the noble house
+of Orange, when Maurice of Nassau
+was establishing our power in the
+East and West Indies, and commercial
+wealth began to overflow all our
+ports and canals, still habits of prudence
+occasioned economy, and our
+rich senators dined on plain mutton,
+and drank wholesome beer. The
+dinner I have had the honour to give
+you is a very moderate specimen of
+our present existence. Add the luxury
+and pomp of houses, furniture
+and equipages, and judge, as you well
+can, of the difference of expense&mdash;a
+difference which, I would venture to
+say, would have, even for one year,
+been regarded as a fortune by our
+bearded ancestors.'"</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2>BEAUTIES OF THE MICROSCOPE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Nothing can be more curious than
+the appearance exhibited by <em>mouldiness</em>,
+when viewed through a microscope.
+If looked at by the naked
+eye, it seems nothing but an irregular
+tissue of filaments; but the magnifying
+glass shows it to be a forest of
+small plants, which derive their nourishment
+from the moist substance
+which serves them as a base. The
+stems of these plants may be plainly
+distinguish; and sometimes their
+buds, some shut and some open. They
+have much similarity to mushrooms,
+the tops of which, when they come
+to maturity, emit an exceedingly fine
+dust which is their seed. Mushrooms,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[347]</a></span>
+it is well known, are the
+growth of a single night; but those
+in miniature, of which we are speaking,
+seem to come to perfection in a
+much less space of time than that;
+hence we account for the extraordinary
+progress which mouldiness makes
+in a few hours. Another curious observation
+of the same kind is, that M. Ahlefeld,
+seeing some stones covered
+with a sort of dust, had the curiosity to
+examine it with a microscope, and he
+found that it consisted of small microscopic
+mushrooms, raised on pedicles,
+the heads of which, round the middle,
+were turned up at the edges. They
+were striated also from the centre to
+the circumference, as certain kinds
+of mushrooms are. He further remarked,
+that they contained, above
+their upper covering, a multitude of
+small grains shaped like cherries
+somewhat flattened, which he suspected
+were the seeds; and finally
+he observed, among the forest of
+mushrooms, several small red insects,
+which probably fed upon them.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>lycoperdon</i>, or puff-ball, is a
+plant of the fungus kind, which grows
+in the form of a tubercle, covered
+with small grains, very like chagreen.
+If pressed, it bursts, and emits an exceedingly
+fine kind of dust, which
+flies off under the appearance of
+smoke. If some of the dust be examined
+with the microscope, it appears
+to consist of perfectly round
+globules, of an orange colour, the diameter
+of which is only about the
+1-50th part of the thickness of a hair,
+so that each grain of this dust is but
+the 1-125000th part of a globule,
+equal in diameter to the breadth of a
+hair.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>farina of flowers</i> is found to
+be regularly and uniformly organized
+in each kind of plant. In the mallow,
+for example, each grain is an opaque
+ball, covered over with small points.
+The farina of the tulip, and of most
+of the liliaceous kind of flowers,
+bears a striking resemblance to the
+seeds of a cucumber: that of the
+poppy is very like grains of barley,
+with a longitudinal groove in them.</p>
+
+<p>There are certain plants, the leaves
+of which seem to be pierced with a
+multitude of small holes. Of this
+kind is the <i>hypericum</i>, or St. John's
+wort. Now, if a fragment of this be
+viewed with a good microscope, the
+supposed holes are found to be vesicles,
+contained in the thickness of the
+leaf, and covered with an extremely
+thin membrane; and these are thought
+to be the receptacles which contain
+the essential and aromatic oil peculiar
+to the plant.</p>
+
+<p>The view exhibited by those plants
+which have down, such as borage, nettles,
+&amp;c. is exceedingly curious.&mdash;When
+examined by a microscope,
+they appear to be covered with spikes.
+Those of borage are, for the most
+part, bent so as to form an elbow;
+and though really very close, they appear
+by the microscope, to be at a
+considerable distance from each other.
+The entire appearance is very similar
+to that of the skin of the porcupine.</p>
+
+<p>If a needle be viewed through a
+microscope, though exceedingly fine,
+it is well known the point will appear
+quite blunt, more like a peg, broken
+at the end, than a sharp pointed steel
+needle. The edge of the finest set
+razor, when seen through a microscope,
+will appear more like the back
+of a penknife, full of irregularities,
+than what it really is. In these respects
+the works of art, when carried to the
+highest pitch of perfection, will not
+bear to be compared with the operations
+of nature. The latter, exposed
+to the microscope, instead of losing
+their lustre and high polish, appear
+so much the more beautiful and perfect
+in regularity and order. When
+the eyes of a fly are illuminated by
+means of a lamp or candle, and viewed
+through this instrument, each of
+them shows an image of the taper
+with a precision and vivacity which
+nothing can equal.</p>
+
+<p>There are two kinds of <em>sand</em>, viz.
+the calcareous and the vitrifiable: the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[348]</a></span>
+former, examined with a microscope,
+resembles large irregular fragments
+of rock; but the latter appears like
+so many rough diamonds. In some
+instances, the particles of sand seem
+to be highly polished and brilliant,
+like an assemblage of diamonds, rubies,
+and emeralds.</p>
+
+<p>Charcoal is a fine object for the
+microscope. It is found full of
+pores, regularly arranged, and passing
+through its whole length.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+[<i>English Magazine.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+<p class="center">The following melancholy letter alludes to
+Accum's "Treatise on Adulterations of Food
+and Culinary Poisons."</p>
+
+<p class="center">From Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine.</p>
+
+<h2>LETTER</h2>
+
+<p class="center"><i>From an elderly Gentlewoman to
+Mr. Christopher North.</i></p>
+
+
+<p>My dear Mr. North&mdash;I much fear
+that this is the last letter you will ever
+receive from your old friend. "I'm
+wearin' awa, Kit! to the land o' the
+leal!" and that, too, under the influence
+of a complication of disorders,
+which have been undermining my
+constitution (originally a sound and
+stout one) for upwards of half a century.
+Look to yourself my much
+respected lad&mdash;and think no more of
+your rheumatism. That, believe me,
+is a mere trifle; but think of what you
+have been doing, since the peace of
+1763, (in that year were you born,)
+in the eating and drinking way, and
+tremble. I know, my dear Kit, that
+you never were a gormandizer, nor a
+sot; neither surely was I&mdash;but it matters
+not&mdash;the most abstemious of us
+all have gone through fearful trials,
+and I have not skill in figures to cast
+up the poisonous contents of my hapless
+stomach for nearly threescore
+years. You would not know me now;
+I had not the slightest suspicion of
+myself in the looking-glass this morning.
+Such a face! so wan and wobegone!
+No such person drew Priam's
+curtains at dead of night, or
+could have told him half his Troy
+was burned.</p>
+
+<p>Well&mdash;hear me come to the point.
+I remember now, perfectly well, that
+I have been out of sorts all my lifetime;
+and the causes of my continual
+illness have this day been revealed to
+me. May my melancholy fate be a
+warning to you, and all your clear contributors,
+a set of men whom the world
+could ill spare at this crisis. Mr.
+Editor&mdash;<span class="smcap">I have been poisoned.</span></p>
+
+<p>You must know that I became personally
+acquainted a few weeks ago,
+quite accidentally, with that distinguished
+chymist, well known in our
+metropolis by the name of "Death in
+the Pot."<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> He volunteered a visit to
+me at breakfast, last Thursday, and I
+accepted him. Just as I had poured
+out the first cup of tea, and was extending
+it graciously towards him, he
+looked at me, and with a low, hoarse,
+husky voice, like Mr. Kean's, asked
+me if I were not excessively ill? I had
+not had the least suspicion of being so&mdash;but
+there was a terrible something
+in "Death in the Pot's" face which
+told me I was a dead woman. I immediately
+got up&mdash;I mean strove to
+get up, to ring the bell for a clergyman&mdash;but
+I fainted away. On awaking
+from my swoon, I beheld "Death
+in the Pot" still staring with his fateful
+eyes&mdash;and croaking out, half in
+soliloquy, half in tête-a-tête, "There
+is not a life in London worth ten year's
+purchase." I implored him to speak
+plainly, and for God's sake not to look
+at me so malagrugorously&mdash;and plainly
+enough he did then speak to be
+sure&mdash;"Mrs. <span class="smcap">Trollope, you are
+poisoned.</span>"</p>
+
+<p>"Who," cried I out convulsively,
+"who has perpetrated the foul deed?
+On whose guilty head will lie my innocent
+blood? Has it been from motives
+of private revenge? Speak,
+Mr. Accum<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>&mdash;speak! Have you any<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[349]</a></span>
+proofs of a conspiracy?" "Yes, Madam,
+I have proofs, damning proofs.
+Your wine merchant, your brewer,
+your baker, your confectioner, your
+grocer, aye, your very butcher, are
+in league against you; and, Mrs.
+Trollope, <span class="smcap">YOU ARE POISONED!</span>"&mdash;"When!&mdash;Oh!
+when was the fatal
+dose administered? Would an emetic
+be of no avail? Could you not yet administer
+a&mdash;&mdash;" But here my voice
+was choked, and nothing was audible,
+Mr. North, but the sighs and sobs of
+your poor Trollope.</p>
+
+<p>At last I became more composed&mdash;and
+Mr. Accum asked me what was,
+in general, the first thing I did on rising
+from bed in the morning. Alas!
+I felt that it was no time for delicacy,
+and I told him at once, that it was to
+take off a bumper of brandy for a complaint
+in my stomach. He asked to
+look at the bottle. I brought it forth
+from the press in my own number,
+that tall square tower-like bottle, Mr.
+North, so green to the eye and smooth
+to the grasp. You know the bottle
+well&mdash;it belonged to my mother before
+me. He put it to his nose&mdash;he
+poured out a driblet into a teaspoon as
+cautiously as if it had been the black
+drop&mdash;he tasted it&mdash;and again repeated
+these terrible words, "Mrs. <span class="smcap">Trollope,
+you are poisoned.</span> It has," he
+continued, "a peculiar disagreeable
+smell, like the breath of habitual
+drunkards." "Oh! thought I, has it
+come to this! The smell ever seemed
+to my unsuspecting soul most fragrant
+and delicious." "Death in the Pot"
+then told me, that the liquid I had
+been innocently drinking every morn
+for thirty years was not brandy at all,
+but a vile distillation of British molasses
+over wine lees, rectified over
+quick lime, and mixed with saw-dust.
+And this a sad, solitary, unsuspecting
+spinster had been imbibing as brandy
+for so many years! A gleam of comfort
+now shot across my brain&mdash;I told
+Mr. Accum that I had, during my
+whole life, been in the habit of taking
+a smallish glass of Hollands before
+going to bed, which I fain hoped
+might have the effect of counteracting
+the bad effects of the forgery that had
+been committed against me. I produced
+the bottle&mdash;the white globular
+one you know. "Death in the Pot"
+tried and tasted&mdash;and alas! instead of
+Hollands, pronounced it vile British
+malt spirit, fined by a solution of sub-acetate
+of lead, and then a solution of
+alum&mdash;and strengthened with grains
+of paradise, Guinea pepper, capsicum,
+and other acrid and aromatic substances.
+These are learned words&mdash;but
+they made a terrible impression
+upon my memory. Mr. Accum is a
+most amiable man, I well believe&mdash;but
+he is a stranger to pity. "Mrs.
+Trollope, <span class="smcap">YOU HAVE BEEN POISONED</span>,"
+was all he would utter. Had the
+brandy and Hollands been genuine,
+there would have been no harm&mdash;but
+they were <em>imitation</em>, and "<span class="smcap">YOU ARE
+POISONED</span>."</p>
+
+<p>Feeling myself very faint, I asked,
+naturally enough for a woman in my
+situation, for a glass of wine. It was
+brought&mdash;but Mr. Accum was at hand
+to snatch the deadly draught from my
+lips. He tasted what used to be called
+my genuine old port,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"And in the scowl of heaven his face,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Grew black as he was sipping."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>"It is spoiled elder wine&mdash;rendered
+astringent by oak-wood, saw-dust, and
+the husks of filberts&mdash;lead and arsenic,
+madam, are&mdash;&mdash;" but my ears
+tingled, and I heard no more. I confessed
+to the amount of six glasses a
+day of this hellish liquor&mdash;pardon my
+warmth&mdash;and that such had been my
+allowance for many years. My thirst
+was now intolerable, and I beseeched
+a glass of beer. It came, and "Death
+in the Pot" detected at once the murderous
+designs of the brewer. Coculus
+indicus, Spanish juice, hartshorn
+shavings, orange powder, copperas,
+opium, tobacco, nux vomica&mdash;such
+were the shocking words he kept
+repeating to himself&mdash;and then again,
+"Mrs. <span class="smcap">Trollope is poisoned</span>."&mdash;"May
+I not have a single cup of tea,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[350]</a></span>
+Mr. Accum," I asked imploringly,
+and the chymist shook his head. He
+then opened the tea-caddy, and emptying
+its contents, rubbed my best
+green tea between his hard horny
+palms. "Sloe-leaves, and white-thorn
+leaves, madam, coloured with
+Dutch pink, and with the fine green
+bloom of verdigris! Much, in the
+course of your regular life, you must
+have swallowed!" "Might I try the
+coffee?" Oh! Mr. North, Mr. North,
+you know my age, and never once, during
+my whole existence, have I tasted
+coffee. I have been deluded by pease
+and beans, sand, gravel, and vegetable
+powder! Mr. Accum called it sham
+coffee, most infamous stuff, and unfit
+for human food! Alas! the day that
+I was born! In despair I asked for a
+glass of water, and just as the sparkling
+beverage was about to touch my
+pale quivering lips, my friend, for I
+must call him so in spite of every
+thing, interfered, and tasting it, squirted
+out of his mouth, with a most
+alarming countenance. "It comes
+out of a lead cistern&mdash;it is a deadly
+poison." Here I threw myself on my
+knees before this inexorable man, and
+cried, "Mr. Death in the Pot, is there
+in heaven, on earth, or the waters under
+the earth, any one particle of matter
+that is not impregnated with death?
+What means this desperate mockery?
+For mercy's sake give me the very
+smallest piece of bread and cheese, or
+I can support myself no longer. Are
+we, or are we not, to have a morsel
+of breakfast this day?" He cut off
+about an inch long piece of cheese
+from that identical double Gloucester
+that you yourself, Mr. North, chose
+for me, on your last visit to London,
+and declared that it had been rendered
+most poisonous by the anotta used
+to colour it. "There is here, Mrs.
+Trollope, a quantity of red lead&mdash;Have
+you, madam, never experienced
+after devouring half a pound of this
+cheese, an indescribable pain in the
+region of the abdomen and of the stomach,
+accompanied with a feeling of
+tension, which occasioned much restlessness,
+anxiety, and repugnance to
+food? Have you never felt, after a
+Welsh rabbit of it, a very violent cholic?"
+"Yes! yes!&mdash;often, often!"
+I exclaimed. "And did you use
+pepper and mustard?" "I did even
+so." "Let me see the castors." I
+rose from my knees&mdash;and brought
+them out. He puffed out a little
+pepper into the palm of his hand, and
+went on as usual. "This, madam,
+is spurious pepper altogether&mdash;it is
+made up of oil cakes, (the residue of
+linseed, from which the oil has been
+pressed,) common clay, and, perhaps,
+a small portion of Cayenne pepper,
+(itself probably artificial or adulterated,)
+to make it pungent. But now
+for the mustard"&mdash;at this juncture
+the servant maid came in, and I told
+her that I was poisoned&mdash;she set up a
+prodigious scream, and Mr. Accum
+let fall the mustard pot on the carpet.
+But it is needless for me to prolong
+the shocking narrative. They assisted
+me to get into bed, from which I
+never more expect to rise. My eyes
+have been opened, and I see the horrors
+of my situation. I now remember
+the most excruciating cholic, and
+divers other pangs which I thought
+nothing of at the time, but which must
+have been the effect of the deleterious
+solids and liquids which I was
+daily introducing into my stomach.&mdash;It
+appears that I have never, so much
+as once, either eat or drank a real
+thing&mdash;that is, a thing being what it
+pretended to be. Oh! the weight of
+lead and copper that has passed thro'
+my body! Oh! too, the gravel and
+the sand! But is impossible to deceive
+me now. This very evening
+some bread was brought to me&mdash;Bread!
+I cried out indignantly&mdash;Take
+the vile deception out of my
+sight. Yes, my dear Kit, it was a
+villanous loaf of clay and alum! But
+my resolution is fixed, and I hope to
+die in peace. Henceforth, I shall not
+allow one particle of matter to descend
+into my stomach! Already I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[351]</a></span>
+feel myself "of the earth, earthy."&mdash;Mr.
+Accum seldom leaves my bedside&mdash;and
+yesterday brought with him
+several eatables and drinkables, which
+he assured me he had analyzed, subjected
+to the test-act, and found them
+to be conformists. But I have no trust
+in chymistry. His quarter-loaf looked
+like a chip cut off the corner of a
+stone block. It was a manifest <em>sham
+loaf</em>. After being deluded in my
+Hollands, bit in my brandy, and having
+found my muffins a mockery,
+never more shall I be thrown off my
+guard. I am waxing weaker and
+weaker&mdash;so farewell! Bewildering
+indeed has been the destiny of</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">Susanna Trollope.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>P.S.&mdash;I have opened my mistress'
+letter to add, that she died this evening
+about a quarter past eight, in excruciating
+torments.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">Sally Rogers.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+<h2>VARIATION OF THE NEEDLE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>It is thought by some surveyors
+that a change has taken place in the
+variation of the needle, and that the
+power of attraction is returning to
+the east or right hand. For my own
+satisfaction, I have for some years
+past been endeavouring to ascertain
+the truth of the fact, and my observations
+for the last ten years past require
+only 20' to be added to strike
+the former object. It is well known
+that formerly surveyors made an allowance
+to the west or left hand, of
+one degree, for every 10 or 11 years
+for variation, and it now comes short
+40' of the common allowance, so
+that from the result of my observations
+it appears evidently that the
+variation is not on the return, but still
+increasing, but so slow and variable
+every year, that it cannot be ascertained,
+unless by a series of experiments.
+To corroborate the following
+observations, I would remark, that I
+have lately read (I think in the Encyclopædia)
+of a curious gentlemen
+in London, who with a nice instrument,
+monthly for a number of years,
+made observations upon the variation,
+and he seldom found the needle cut
+the same degree and minutes, but
+varying sometimes to the right, others
+to the left: sometimes more, sometimes
+less, which shows that the attractive
+power is variable.</p>
+
+<p>On the 18th of July, 1810, an object
+on the North mountain, 3 and a
+half miles off, bore</p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="needle">
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="center" colspan="2">N. 61° 00' W.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">8th July, 1811,</td><td align="left">the same object bore</td><td align="center">60</td><td align="center">50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">14th July, 1812,</td><td align="center">do.</td><td align="center">60</td><td align="center">50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">10th July, 1813,</td><td align="center">do.</td><td align="center">60</td><td align="center">50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">8th July, 1814,</td><td align="center">do.</td><td align="center">61</td><td align="center">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">12th July, 1815,</td><td align="center">do.</td><td align="center">61</td><td align="center">15</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">13th July, 1816,</td><td align="center">do.</td><td align="center">61</td><td align="center">15</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">15th July, 1817,</td><td align="center">do.</td><td align="center">61</td><td align="center">15</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">14th July, 1818,</td><td align="center">do.</td><td align="center">61</td><td align="center">30</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">15th July, 1819,</td><td align="center">do.</td><td align="center">61</td><td align="center">25</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">10th July, 1820,</td><td align="center">do.</td><td align="center">61</td><td align="center">20</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p>From whatever cause the variation
+of the needle arises, it evidently is
+affected by a something within our
+earth; but whether from the motion
+of two attractive poles, or four, as has
+been maintained by great men, or
+whether by a concentric globe of elementary
+particles composed of electricity
+and refined iron, adjusted and
+organized in a particular way, are all
+hypotheses. The phenomenon of the
+dipping needle is a curiosity, and sufficient
+to satisfy us that the power of
+attraction is about the centre of the
+earth, for let a needle be truly balanced
+on a centre pin in our latitude,
+then give it the polarity necessary,
+the north end will dip about fifty degrees;&mdash;move
+it to the equator it will
+become again level;&mdash;carry it still
+southward, the south end will dip.</p>
+
+<p>When effects are obvious, man
+more curious than wise, endeavours
+to search out the cause, and in some
+things we may be successful,&mdash;others
+are beyond our knowledge, and hid
+in the mysteries of Nature's God.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">John King.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="sig1"><i>Mercersburgh, (Penn.)</i> }<br />
+<i>July 18, 1820.</i>        }</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[352]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>COMPARATIVE MORALITY OF DIFFERENT
+COUNTIES IN ENGLAND
+AND WALES.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The following interesting table is
+copied from Mr. Myers' "New System
+of Geography," a work now
+publishing in monthly parts, and
+which, from the manner of its execution,
+promises to supply an important
+desideratum, in that branch of literature,
+created by the recent political
+changes upon the continent of
+Europe.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p>A Table, showing the proportion which
+the number of persons committed to
+prison in each county of England and
+Wales, bears to the whole population;
+and thus illustrating the influence of local
+circumstances on the morals of the
+people. The average of the commitments
+is taken for thirteen years, viz.
+from 1805 to 1817, inclusive, and the
+population, as stated in the returns of
+1811.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="prisoners">
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Counties.</i></td><td align="right"><i>One in</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Anglesea,</td><td align="right">18,522</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Bedford,</td><td align="right">2,623</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Berks,</td><td align="right">1,618</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Brecon,</td><td align="right">3,384</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Bucks,</td><td align="right">2,562</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Cambridge,</td><td align="right">2,386</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Cardigan,</td><td align="right">13,612</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Caermarthen,</td><td align="right">7,343</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Caernarvon,</td><td align="right">9,867</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Chester,</td><td align="right">1,638</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Cornwall,</td><td align="right">5,287</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Cumberland,</td><td align="right">3,904</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Denbigh,</td><td align="right">7,077</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Derby,</td><td align="right">3,435</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Devon,</td><td align="right">1,996</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Dorset,</td><td align="right">2,292</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Durham,</td><td align="right">4,337</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Essex,</td><td align="right">1,435</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Flint,</td><td align="right">8,399</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Glamorgan,</td><td align="right">4,551</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Gloucester,</td><td align="right">1,834</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Hants,</td><td align="right">1,230</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Hereford,</td><td align="right">1,438</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Herts,</td><td align="right">1,636</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Huntingdon,</td><td align="right">1,431</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Kent,</td><td align="right">1,385</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Lancaster,</td><td align="right">1,083</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Leicester,</td><td align="right">2,161</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Lincoln,</td><td align="right">2,164</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Merioneth,</td><td align="right">13,377</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Middlesex,</td><td align="right">588</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Monmouth,</td><td align="right">2,469</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Mongomery,</td><td align="right">3,534</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Norfolk,</td><td align="right">1,809</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Northamton,</td><td align="right">2,405</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Northumberland,</td><td align="right">3,037</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Nottingham,</td><td align="right">1,694</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Oxford,</td><td align="right">2,151</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Pembroke,</td><td align="right">5,669</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Radnor,</td><td align="right">3,672</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Rutland,</td><td align="right">2,696</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Salop,</td><td align="right">2,263</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Stafford,</td><td align="right">1,938</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Somerset,</td><td align="right">1,369</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Suffolk,</td><td align="right">1,731</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Surrey,</td><td align="right">1,261</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Sussex,</td><td align="right">2,422</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Warwick,</td><td align="right">989</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Westmoreland,</td><td align="right">5,642</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Wilts,</td><td align="right">1,969</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Worcester,</td><td align="right">1,668</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">York,</td><td align="right">3,002</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p>For the whole of England, the
+proportion is 1 in 1,483; for Wales,
+1 in 6,213; and for both England
+and Wales, 1 in 1,554.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2>FRENCH WOMEN.</h2>
+
+<p class="center">From Sketches of French Manners and Customs.</p>
+
+
+<p>The women do not, as in England,
+employ themselves solely in household
+and nursery affairs, but they mix
+themselves in all the cares of their
+husbands, and assist them in their
+trade and business, whatever it may
+be.&mdash;Thus they are constantly found
+in the counting houses and shops;
+and they know as much, and often
+more, of the details of a trade, than
+their husbands. In Dieppe, every
+variety of shop and trade had a woman
+assisting in it, who, from her
+appearance, might generally be considered
+as the mistress of the family.
+At a blacksmith's shop, for instance,
+I saw a neatly dressed woman, with a
+very clean cap shoeing a horse; and,
+passing a second time, I saw her
+filing at a vice. I expressed my astonishment
+to the neighbours, but
+they seemed rather disposed to laugh
+at me, than to join in my laugh at the
+woman. I learnt that she was a
+widow, and thus kept up her husband's
+trade, to rear a large family.
+In Paris, I complimented a pretty wife
+of an eminent bookseller for her
+knowledge of the prices of paper,
+printing, and engraving, in which
+she several times corrected errors of
+her husband. I remarked, that the
+French ladies must have great talents
+thus to learn a trade in the honey
+moon, which had employed their
+husbands during an apprenticeship
+of seven years; and that I supposed
+she would be equally expert at any
+other trade, if, on becoming a widow,
+she married a husband in some other
+line. "Ah! Monsieur," said she,
+"we endeavour to assist our spouses
+in every way in our power;&mdash;it is our
+only pleasure; their cares are our
+cares, and their interests are ours;
+and, if it is our calamity to become
+widows, and we meet with another
+good husband, we do the best we
+can for him also."</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2>LIFE.</h2>
+
+<p>When I look upon the tombs of
+the great, every emotion of envy
+dies; when I read the epitaphs of
+the beautiful, every inordinate desire
+forsakes me; when I meet with
+the grief of parents upon a tombstone,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[353]</a></span>
+my heart melts with compassion;
+when I see the tombs of the parents
+themselves, I feel how vain it is to
+grieve for those whom we must
+quickly follow; when I behold rival
+kings lying side by side, or the holy
+men who divided the world with their
+contests and disputes, I reflect with
+sorrow and astonishment on the frivolous
+competitions, factions, and debates
+of mankind; when I read the several
+dates of the tombs,&mdash;of some who
+died yesterday, and some six hundred
+years ago, I am reminded of that
+day when all mankind will be contemporaries,
+and make their appearance
+together.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+<span class="smcap">Addison.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+<h2>STATISTICS OF EUROPE.</h2>
+
+<h3>From a French paper.</h3>
+
+
+<p>Europe contains in superfices,
+153,559 square geographic miles, of
+15 to a degree, or only 1116 of the
+continental superfices of the whole
+earth. Its population is estimated at
+180 millions and a half; which gives,
+one with another, 1177 inhabitants to
+each square geographic mile. It
+should always be remembered, that
+this population is very unequally divided;
+for if in the lowest countries,
+for example, we reckon 4550 inhabitants
+to a square mile, Russia contains
+but 447; Sweden, 362; and Norway
+only 118.</p>
+
+<p>Europe contains 17 nations: 1st
+nations, speaking the dialect derived
+from the Latin language, 61 millions;
+2d, Teutonic nations, 54 millions; 3d,
+Sclavonian, 46 millions; 4th, Celts,
+3,720,000; 5th, Tartars, 3,500,000;
+6th, Magvans, 5,250,000; 7th, Greeks,
+2,100,000; 8th, Finns, 1,800,000;
+9th, Cimmerians, 1,610,000; 10th,
+Basques, 630,000; 11h, Arnauts,
+300,000; 12th, Maltese, 80,000;
+13th, Circassians, 8,000; 14th, Samoides,
+2,100; 15th, Jews, 2,660,000;
+16th, Gipsies, 340,000; and 17th, Armenians,
+150,000.</p>
+
+<p>The Roman Catholics are in number
+about 100 millions; the Protestants
+of different communions about
+42 millions; the schismatic Greeks,
+32 millions; the Mennonists 240,000;
+the Methodists 190,000; the Unitarians
+50,000; the Quakers 40,000;
+the Mohammedans 2,630,000; the
+Jews 2,600,000; and the Herrnhutters
+(Moravians) 40,000.</p>
+
+<p>In classing out each state according
+to its superfices, its population, its ordinary
+revenues, and the contributive
+proportion of each individual towards
+the public burdens, we find that they
+should occupy the following order.</p>
+
+<p><i>Superfices.</i>&mdash;1st, Russia; 2d, Sweden;
+3d, Austria; 4th, France; 5th,
+Turkey; 6th, Spain; 7th, Great Britain;
+8th, Prussia; 9th, Germany;
+10th, Denmark; 11th, the Two Sicilies;
+12th, Portugal; 13th, Sardinia;
+14th, the Netherlands; 15th, Switzerland;
+16th, the Ecclesiastical
+States; and 17th, Tuscany, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p><i>Population.</i>&mdash;1st, Russia; second,
+France; 3d, Austria; 4th, Great
+Britain; 5th, Germany; 6th, Spain;
+7th, Prussia; 8th, Turkey; 9th, the
+Two Sicilies; 10th, the Netherlands;
+11th, Sardinia; 12th, Portugal; 13th,
+Sweden; 14th, the Ecclesiastial States;
+15th, Switzerland; 16th, Denmark;
+17th, Tuscany, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p><i>Revenue.</i>&mdash;1st, Great Britain; 2d,
+France; 3d, Russia; 4th, Austria;
+5th, Germany; 6th, the Netherlands;
+7th, Prussia; 8th, Spain; 9th, Turkey;
+10th, Portugal; 11th, the Two
+Sicilies; 12th, Sardinia; 13th, Sweden;
+14th, Denmark; 15th, the Ecclesiastical
+States; 16th, Tuscany;
+and 17th, Switzerland, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p><i>Contributive Portion on each Individual
+towards the public charges.</i>&mdash;-This
+last calculation is the most curious.
+It demonstrates what each individual
+pays annually one with another,&mdash;namely,
+in England, 52f. 5c.; in
+the Netherlands, 38f. 5c.; in France,
+19f. 71c.; in Germany, 16f. 6c.; in
+Russia, 15f. 88c.; in Denmark, 14f
+60c; Portugal, 13f. 85c.; in Spain,
+17f. 60c; in Sardinia, 12f. 5c; in
+Austria, 11f. 68c.; in the Ecclesiastical<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[354]</a></span>
+States, 9f. 40c. in Sweden, 9f. 31c.
+in Tuscany, 9f. 12c; in Turkey, 9f.
+4c.; in the Two Sicilies, 7f. 97c.;
+and in Switzerland, 5f. 47c. This last
+is the weakest of all European states.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<h2>MISCELLANY.</h2>
+
+
+<p><i>Mode of engraving union steel and
+then transferring the same to steel or
+other metals.</i>&mdash;This invention deservedly
+demands while it receives the admiration
+of every lover of the Fine
+Arts; and at the same time it presents
+the means of perpetuating whatever
+is beautiful in the art of engraving,
+and will probably produce a general
+refinement in the state of the
+public by furnishing engravings of the
+most beautiful kinds, at the same cost
+as those of inferior execution.</p>
+
+<p>This invention promises to be of
+great advantage to some of our manufacturers,
+particularly that of pottery,
+which may now be embellished with
+beautiful engravings, so as to place
+the successful competition of other
+nations at a more distant period. It
+may also be applied with great advantage
+to <em>calico</em> printing, by producing
+entire new patterns upon the cylinders
+from which they are printed,
+an object of great importance to our
+manufacturing interest. These are
+among its obvious applications; but
+as a means of rendering forgery <em>impracticable</em>,
+it claims the attention of
+statesmen and the gratitude of philanthropists,
+who shudder at the hundreds
+of victims which are now immolated
+to the laws by the facility
+with which they may be violated.</p>
+
+<p>The association of Mr. Charles
+Heath with the American inventors
+is a fortunate circumstance, as it affords
+a pledge, that all which is exquisite
+in art will be combined with
+the ingenious mechanical inventions
+of Mr. Perkins, and the perseverance
+of Mr. Fairman; and the means of
+conferring every desirable perfection
+on various applications of the Siderographic
+process.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Great Britain and the U. States.</i>&mdash;(A
+Contrast.)&mdash;A correspondent observes,
+that from an article in the last
+Inquirer, taken from a London paper,
+it is computed that the expense of the
+approaching coronation of his Britannic
+Majesty, George IV., will exceed
+eight hundred thousand pounds sterling.</p>
+
+<p>This, at $4 44 cents the pound
+sterling, amounts to the moderate sum
+of three millions five hundred and fifty
+two thousand dollars, of the currency
+of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>This sum would pay the salaries of
+the President of the U. States for a
+succession of <em>one hundred and forty-two
+years</em>,&mdash;and leave a balance of
+two thousand dollars remaining.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+[<i>Richmond Com.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<p><i>English Churn.</i>&mdash;An improvement
+has been made in England in the construction
+of the dasher of the churn,
+which "is made to turn on a pivot,
+fixed in the lower end of the handle,
+and consists of two pieces set crosswise,
+so as to form four wings, diagonally
+shaped, and something similar
+to those of a windmill. Let the wings
+be about two inches wide, proportioned
+in length to the dimensions of the
+churn, and of such a level as gives
+them an inclination of about forty-five
+degrees.</p>
+
+<p>The pivot on which the wings turn
+to be of iron, otherwise it will soon
+wear out."</p>
+
+<p>The above plan is more efficacious
+than any other, and requires the operation
+to be moderately performed
+lest the butter come too soon, and
+therefore become swetted.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Watermelon Sirup.</i>&mdash;Those of our
+readers who may not be acquainted
+with the fact, but yet are friendly to
+domestic economy, are informed, that
+one gallon of watermelon-juice will,
+by boiling, afford one pint of pure
+sirup, preferable either to honey or
+molasses, for domestic or medical
+purposes. The trial is easily made,
+and the expense trifling.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[355]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p><i>Patent Churn.</i>&mdash;A churn has been
+invented by a young man in Vermont,
+which answers every purpose with a
+very trifling labour. It stands perpendicularly,
+and is perfectly tight.&mdash;The
+operation is performed by a person
+sitting near the churn and working
+the machine by each hand, as you
+work a pump. The dasher is turned
+by means of two leather straps, which
+are fastened at one end of the upright
+cylinder, and passing each once round
+it in opposite directions, are fastened
+at the other end of the handle on each
+side of the upright. So that the stroke
+with one hand turns the dasher once
+round, and that with the other turns it
+back.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Socrates.</i>&mdash;One day when Alcibiades
+was boasting of his wealth and the
+great estates in his possession, (which
+generally blow up the pride of young
+people of quality,) Socrates carried
+him to a geographical map, and asked
+him to find Attica. It was so small,
+it could scarcely be discerned upon
+the draft; he found it, however,
+though with some difficulty. But,
+upon being desired to point out his
+own estate there&mdash;"It is too small,"
+says he, "to be distinguished in so
+little a space."</p>
+
+<p>"See then," replied
+Socrates, "how much you are affected
+about an imperceptible point of
+the earth."</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Georgetown, (Ky.) August 3.</i>&mdash;A
+white crow was lately shot by Col.
+Rhodes Thompson, at his residence,
+on Elkhorn, about two and a half
+miles from this town. It was examined
+by several scientific gentlemen,
+and pronounced to be of the crow
+species; it resembled the common
+black crow in every thing but its colour,
+which was of a dingy white.&mdash;Col.
+Thompson had observed it for
+some time among a flock of black
+crows, and had ascertained its note to
+be the same as theirs.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Scotch Adventurers.</i>&mdash;The character
+which the Scotch have acquired,
+beyond almost any other people, for
+the art of pushing their fortune abroad,
+was never perhaps more singularly
+illustrated than by the following anecdote,
+which Dr. Anderson relates in
+his "Bee," on the authority of a baronet
+of scientific eminence.</p>
+
+<p>The Russians and Turks, in the
+war of 1739, having diverted themselves
+long enough in the contest,
+agreed to treat for peace. The commisioners,
+for this purpose, were
+marshal Gen. Keith, on the part of
+Russia, and the grand vizier on that
+of the Turks. These personages
+met, and carried on their negotiations
+by means of interpreters. When
+all was concluded, they rose to separate:
+the marshal made his bow,
+with his hat in his hand, and the vizier
+his salam, with his turban on
+his head. But when these ceremonies
+of taking leave were over, the
+vizier turned suddenly, and coming
+up to marshal Keith, took him cordially
+by the hand, and in the broadest
+Scotch dialect, declared warmly
+that it made him "unco happy to
+meet a countryman in his exalted station."
+Keith started with astonishment,
+eager for an explanation of the
+mystery, when the vizier added,
+"Dinna be surprised, mon, I'm o'
+the same country wi' yoursel'. I
+mind weel seeing you and your brother,
+when boys, passin by to the
+school at Kirkaldy; my father, Sir,
+was <em>bellman of Kirkaldy</em>." What
+more extraordinary can be imagined,
+than to behold in the plenipotentiaries
+of two mighty nations, two foreign
+adventurers, natives of the same
+mountainous territory; nay, of the
+very same village!&mdash;What indeed
+more extraordinary, unless it be the
+spectacle of a Scotchman turned
+Turk for the sake of honours, held
+on the tenure of a caprice from which
+even Scotch prudence can be no guarantee!</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Garrick.</i>&mdash;Mr. Twiss, a romancing
+traveller, was talking of a church he
+had seen in Spain which was a mile
+and a half long. "Bless me, (cried
+Garrick,) how broad was it?" "About<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[356]</a></span>
+ten yards," said Twiss. "This is,
+you'll observe, gentlemen, (said Garrick
+to the company,) not a round lie,
+but differs from his other stories,
+which are generally as broad as they
+are long."</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Franklin Donation Fund.</i>&mdash;The
+trustees of the fund established by
+Dr. Franklin, for the benefit of young
+married mechanics, in Boston, give
+notice, that they will make loans, in
+sums not exceeding 200 dollars to
+one individual, on the terms prescribed
+by Dr. Franklin, viz.</p>
+
+<p>"The applicant must be a married
+mechanic, under the age of 25 years,
+who has faithfully served an apprenticeship
+of five years at least, in the
+town of Boston. He must produce
+a certificate of his moral character,
+from at least two respectable citizens
+of said town, who are willing to become
+bound with him, to the trustees,
+for the repayment of the sum loaned,
+by annual instalments of 10 per cent.
+with interest annually, at the rate of
+5 per cent."</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Flour.</i>&mdash;Flour has recently been
+sold at Cincinnati for $2.25 per bbl.
+"good money." The crops of grain
+have been exceedingly heavy in the
+western country.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Herculaneum Manuscripts.</i>&mdash;Sir
+Humphrey Davy has had great success
+in unrolling the manuscripts of
+Herculaneum and Pompeii. In a
+short time the contents of each roll will
+be known, as well as its title, which
+is generally found in the interiour.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Whaling!</i>&mdash;It would seem by the
+following articles from the Boston
+Patriot, that the invention of the torpedo
+by the late Robert Fulton, to
+destroy enemies' ships in the late war,
+is about to be made use of for another
+valuable purpose, viz. blowing
+up whales!</p>
+
+<p>"It was hardly to have been expected,
+that these destructive engines
+should have been adopted in the prosecution
+of one of the most thriving
+branches of business in which navigation
+is now employed. Yet, we are
+informed that a vessel has recently
+been fitted at New Bedford, bound
+on a whaling cruise, with an apparatus
+on board for the purpose of taking
+whales by <em>blowing them up</em>.</p>
+
+<p>"Torpedoes, of arrow form, are
+thrown from a gun on board the vessel,
+which are calculated to sink into
+the body of the whale, and there explode.
+As the experiment has not
+yet been fully tested, we think its
+success, to say, the least, is problematical."</p>
+
+
+<p><i>New York school fund, &amp;c.</i>&mdash;We
+have a long and interesting statement
+in the New York papers, of the funds
+set apart for literary purposes. They
+chiefly consist of bonds and mortgages,
+for money loaned, a considerable
+quantity of bank stocks, and sundry
+valuable tracts of land. The amounts
+are as follows:</p>
+
+<p>The fund for the support of "common
+schools" is equal to $1,232,908,
+and its annual product about $78,964.</p>
+
+<p>The fund for the "promotion of
+literature" amounts to $201,439, and
+its income is $5,288. This fund is
+divided among the colleges, in proportion
+to their scholars. Both of
+these funds are on the increase as to
+value and product.</p>
+
+<p>Besides,&mdash;the occasional grants of
+the legislature for literary purposes
+since 1790, amounts to $1,189,056.
+And the general aggregate of appropriations,
+for the last thirty years, including
+escheated lands, schools lots,
+fees, &amp;c., but excluding the annual
+revenue derived from the permanent
+funds, is estimated to amount to
+3,000,000 of dollars!</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Premiums.</i>&mdash;At a meeting of the
+Merino Society in London, 12th May,
+after awarding the prizes to the best
+show of sheep and superfine broadcloth,
+the premium of ten guineas
+for worsted yarn, was adjudged to Mr.
+J. Head, of Kirkstall, near Leeds, for
+one pound of wool spun by a newly
+invented machine, which was superior
+in fineness to any heretofore seen,
+and peculiarly adapted for the finest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[357]</a></span>
+bombazeens, &amp;c. It produced 95
+hanks of 530 yards each in length,
+equal to 30 miles and 400 yards, to a
+pound of wool.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Salt mines of Meurthe.</i>&mdash;The researches
+for the discovery of rock
+salt, which commenced in July last,
+at Moyenire, in the department of
+La Meurthe, in France, are carried
+on to advantage. After exploring to
+the depth of 200 feet, and reaching
+the first layer, which is 11 feet in
+thickness, the workmen had to perforate
+a bed of gypsum and clay of
+five hundred and forty-six feet, when
+they came to a second stratum of
+salt, eight feet in thickness. It is intended
+to remove the researches to
+two other neighbouring points, to ascertain
+the breadth and magnitude of
+the whole bed. The two points form
+a triangle nearly equilateral, each side
+of which may be about 6 or 700 toises
+in length. One of these points is the
+city of Vic, and the other to the south
+of it. On this latter point they have
+already pierced to the depth of 26
+feet of vegetable earth: the orifice of
+each bore is 3<sup><small>1</small></sup>&frasl;<sub><small>2</small></sub> inches, which constantly
+fills up with fresh water. The
+salt of the first bed is extremely white,
+and transparent as rock crystal. It
+is likewise very pure, and free from
+every noxious or terrene substance.
+The second appears to be intermixed
+with gypseous or argillaceous substance,
+but a very small proportion.
+This salt is brown, not unlike a clouded
+flint; both the kinds are very
+compact, well crystallized, the fractures
+cubical, and the saline taste superior
+to that of any salt obtained by
+evaporation. It contains but very
+little of muriate of magnesia, or of
+sulphate of lime.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>More silver!</i>&mdash;We have the following
+account of the discovery of a
+silver mine, in a paper printed at Salem,
+Indiana, July 10.&mdash;"We have
+been informed by gentlemen of credibility,
+that there has been a silver
+mine lately discovered in the late purchase
+in this state. The circumstances
+relating to it are these: A few
+months ago, a gentleman near the
+boundary line, was informed by an
+Indian, that there was a mine of this
+kind somewhere, but refused to tell
+him where it was, unless the man
+would pay him fifty dollars, a horse, a
+gun and several blankets, which the
+man did, and was taken to the place,
+and brought away several pounds of
+the ore. He has since, we are told,
+brought away about 300 pounds. He
+refuses to tell where it is, but says
+there is at least three wagon loads already
+cast into bars by the Indians,
+which he intends to bring away. We
+have seen (so have several citizens of
+Salem) some of the ore, and should
+suppose it at least two-thirds silver.
+The ore is so pure that it can be
+drawn out with the hammer into bars
+of almost any size, and it is thought
+by some to be sufficiently pure in its
+natural state. From the representation
+of it, the mine is inexhaustible,
+and in a situation difficult to be discovered."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2>DIED,</h2>
+
+
+<p>In England, on the 19th June, at his
+house, Spring-grove, near Hounslow,
+the venerable president of the Royal
+Society, the Right Hon. Sir <span class="smcap">Joseph
+Banks</span>, G. C. B. &amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c. The
+loss to science by the demise of this
+excellent man and liberal patron will
+be long and severely felt. Sir Joseph
+had been for a long time labouring
+under a most distressing illness; for
+some years he had been deprived of
+the use of his lower extremities, and
+rendered so feeble as to be lifted from
+his room to his carriage. He possessed
+a princely fortune, of which he
+assigned a large portion to the encouragement
+of science, particularly
+natural history, private and public
+charities, and domestic hospitality.&mdash;Also,
+on the 31st May, <span class="smcap">I. Bradley</span>,
+the Yorkshire giant:&mdash;when dead he
+measured nine feet in length, and
+three feet over the shoulders.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[358]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="center">FOR THE RURAL MAGAZINE.</p>
+
+<p>Of <span class="smcap">John Logan</span>, the author of the following
+touching stanzas, it is well observed by his
+biographer <span class="smcap">Chalmers</span>, that it would be difficult
+to produce, from the whole range of English
+poetry, any thing more exquisitely tender
+and pathetic, than some of his productions.&mdash;He
+died in London, December, 1788, in the
+fortieth year of his age. His end is described
+as edifying. When he became too weak to
+hold a book, we are told he employed his
+time in hearing such young persons as visited
+him read the Scriptures.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">
+I.<br />
+</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+<h2>THE BRAES OF YARROW.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Thy braes were bonny, Yarrow stream!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">When first on them I met my lover,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thy braes how dreary, Yarrow stream!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">When now thy waves his body cover!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For ever now, O Yarrow stream!<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Thou art to me a stream of sorrow;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For never on thy banks shall I<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Behold my love, the flower of Yarrow.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"He promised me a milk-white steed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To bear me to his father's bowers;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He promised me a little page,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To 'squire me to his father's towers;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He promised me a wedding ring,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The wedding day was fix'd to-morrow;&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Now he is wedded to his grave,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Alas, his watery grave, in Yarrow!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Sweet were his words when last we met;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">My passion I as freely told him!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Clasp'd in his arms, I little thought<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That I should never more behold him!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Scarce was he gone, I saw his ghost;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">It vanish'd with a shriek of sorrow;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thrice did the water-wraith ascend,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And gave a doleful groan thro' Yarrow!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"His mother from the window look'd,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">With all the longing of a mother;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His little sister weeping walk'd<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The green-wood path to meet her brother:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They sought him east, they sought him west,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">They sought him all the forest through;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They only saw the cloud of night,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">They only heard the roar of Yarrow!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"No longer from thy window look,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Thou hast no son, thou tender mother;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">No longer walk thou lovely maid;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Alas, thou hast no more a brother!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">No longer seek him east or west,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And search no more the forest through;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For wandering in the night so dark,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">He fell a lifeless corse in Yarrow.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The tear shall never leave my cheek,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">No other youth shall be my marrow;<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a><br /></span>
+<span class="i0">I'll seek thy body in the stream,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And then with thee I'll sleep in Yarrow."<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The tear did never leave her cheek,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">No other youth became her marrow;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">She found his body in the stream,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And now with him she sleeps in Yarrow.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<h2>THE IVY.</h2>
+
+<p class="center">From Barton's Poems.</p>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Dost thou not love, in the season of spring,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To twine thee a flowery wreath,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And to see the beautiful birch-tree fling<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">It shade on the grass beneath?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Its glossy leaf and its silvery stem;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Oh! dost thou not love to look on them?<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And dost thou not love, when leaves are greenest,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And summer has just begun,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When in the silence of moon light thou leanest,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Where glist'ning waters run,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To see, by that gentle and peaceful beam,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The willow bend down to the sparkling stream?<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And oh! in a lovely autumnal day,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">When leaves are changing before thee,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Do not nature's charms, as they slowly decay,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Shed their own mild influence o'er thee?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And hast thou not felt, as thou stood'st to gaze,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The touching lesson such scene displays?<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">It should be thus at an age like thine:<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And it has been thus with me;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When the freshness of feeling and heart were mine,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">As they never more can be:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Yet think not I ask thee to pity my lot,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Perhaps I see beauty where thou dost not.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Hast thou seen in winter's stormiest day,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The trunk of a blighted oak,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Not dead, but sinking in slow decay,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Beneath time's resistless stroke,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Round which a luxuriant Ivy had grown,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And wreath'd it with verdure no longer its own?<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Perchance thou hast seen this sight, and then,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">As I, at thy years might do,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Pass'd carelessly by, nor turn'd again<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That scathed wreck to view;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But now I can draw, from that mould'ring tree,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thoughts which are soothing and dear to me,<br /></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[359]</a></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">O smile not! nor think it a worthless thing,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">If it be with instruction fraught;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That which will closest and longest cling,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Is alone worth a serious thought!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Should aught be unlovely which thus can shed<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Grace on the dying, and leaves not the dead?<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Now, in thy youth, beseech of HIM<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Who giveth, upbraiding not,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That his light in thy heart become not dim,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And his love be unforgot;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And thy God, in the darkest of days, will be,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Greenness, and beauty, and strength to thee?<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2>TO A COUNTRY GIRL,</h2>
+
+<p class="center">Who expressed a wish to lead a town life.</p>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Sweet Mary, sigh not for the town,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Where vice and folly reign;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Spurn not the humble homespun gown<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That suits the rural plain.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">In ev'ry street the city's glare<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Doth simple hearts betray:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And simple hearts, who wander there,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Are sure to lose their way.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The tradesman plays his wily part,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To take the stranger in:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The profligate displays his art,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The modest maid to win:<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">He lures her to perdition's brink<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">By ev'ry treach'rous scheme,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then leaves the hapless wretch to sink<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In pleasure's guilty stream!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The flaunting crowd, that seem so gay,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">May please you for a while;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But joy with these doth rarely stay,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Or sweet contentment's smile.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The splendid dome that proudly rears<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Its gilded roof on high,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Full oft conceals pale Envy's tears,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And Disappointment's sigh.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">There foul Ambition loves to dwell,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">False Pride, and lust of Fame,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">There Malice and Revenge rebel<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Against the good man's name.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Ah! little do you know, sweet maid,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">What are the city spoils,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Where villains ply the canting trade,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And fraud is drest in smiles.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Then, Mary, sigh no more to rove,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Or change your native fields,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The rural walk, the verdant grove,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">For all the city yields.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And when some swain of soul sincere,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Shall seek your love to gain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Trust to his faith, nor ever fear,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That you shall trust in vain.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">So shall your rustic life be spent,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">With every blessing crown'd,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Within your doors, shall sweet Content,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And faithful Love be found.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And when your infant offspring rise,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">A mother's smile to greet,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The joy that sparkles in their eyes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Shall your own bliss complete!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Your tide of life, thus even flowing,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Will ebb at last, 'tis true;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When calm, with Hope your bosom glowing,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">You'll bid the world adieu!<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="sig">
+[<i>P. Boy.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>The following stanzas are from the pen of
+the poet Montgomery. They have never before
+appeared in print; we having been favoured
+with them by a friend who received them
+from the poet. They evince, as indeed do
+all Mr. M.'s writings, that he is not only a
+good poet, but a good man.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="sig">
+[<i>Catskill Recorder.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h2>ON PRAYER.</h2>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Prayer is the soul's sincere desire,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Utter'd or unexpressed;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The motion of a hidden fire,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That trembles in the breast.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Prayer is the burden of a sigh,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The falling of a tear;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The upward glancing of an eye,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">When none but God is near.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Prayer is the simplest form of speech.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That infant lips can try;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Prayer the sublimest strains that reach.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The Majesty on high.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Prayer is the Christian's vital breath,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The Christian's native air;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">His watchword at the gates of death,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">He enters Heaven with prayer.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Prayer is the contrite sinner's voice.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Returning from his ways;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">While angels in their songs rejoice.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And cry, "Behold he prays."<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">In prayer on earth, the saints are one&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">In word, in deed, in mind;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">When with the Father and the Son<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Sweet fellowship they find.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Nor prayer is made on earth alone,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The Holy Spirit pleads;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And Jesus on the eternal throne,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">For sinners interceds.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">O! Thou, by whom we come to God,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The life, the truth, the way,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The path of prayer thyself hast trod&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Lord, teach us how to pray!<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[360]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<h2>BANK NOTE EXCHANGE,</h2>
+
+<p class="center">At <span class="smcap">Philadelphia</span>&mdash;<i>Aug. 29th, 1820.</i></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="bank note exchange">
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">Per cent Disc't.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">U. S. Branch Bank</span> Notes,</td><td align="right"><sup><small>1</small></sup>&frasl;<sub><small>2</small></sub></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Rhode Island</span>&mdash;generally,</td><td align="right">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Connecticut</span>&mdash;generally,</td><td align="right">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Massachusetts</span>&mdash;Boston,</td><td align="right">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Country generally,</td><td align="right">4-5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">New Jersey</span>&mdash;generally,</td><td align="right">par.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Pennsylvania</span>&mdash;Farmer's Bank, of</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Lancaster; Easton; Montgomery County; Chester County, at Westchester,</td><td align="right">par.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;New Hope; Northampton,</td><td align="right">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Susquehanna Bridge Company,</td><td align="right">2<sup><small>1</small></sup>&frasl;<sub><small>2</small></sub></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;York; Chambersburg,</td><td align="right">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Northumberland; Union; Columbia Bank, at Milton,</td><td align="right">17</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Centre,</td><td align="right">17<sup><small>1</small></sup>&frasl;<sub><small>2</small></sub></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Meadville.</td><td align="right">60</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Farmers &amp; Mechanics' Bank at Pittsburg,</td><td align="right">25</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Delaware</span>&mdash;generally,</td><td align="right">par.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Commercial Bank of Del.</td><td align="right">par.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Branch of ditto at Milford,</td><td align="right">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Laurel Bank,</td><td align="right">50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Maryland</span>&mdash;Baltimore Banks,</td><td align="right"><sup><small>1</small></sup>&frasl;<sub><small>2</small></sub></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Baltimore City Bank,</td><td align="right">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Annapolis; Hagerstown,</td><td align="right">2-2<sup><small>1</small></sup>&frasl;<sub><small>2</small></sub></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="smcap">Virginia</span>&mdash;Country generally,</td><td align="right">2-2<sup><small>1</small></sup>&frasl;<sub><small>2</small></sub></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;N. W. Bank, at Wheeling,</td><td align="right">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Columbia District</span>&mdash;Mech. Bank of Alexandria,</td><td align="right">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Country generally,</td><td align="right">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">North Carolina</span>&mdash;State Bank at Raleigh, and Branches,</td><td align="right">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cape Fear; Newbern,</td><td align="right">4<sup><small>1</small></sup>&frasl;<sub><small>2</small></sub></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">South Carolina</span>&mdash;State Banks, generally,</td><td align="right">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Georgia</span>&mdash;State Banks, generally,</td><td align="right">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Augusta Bridge Company,</td><td align="right">75</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Tennessee</span>&mdash;Few sales at any price.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Kentucky</span>&mdash;Kentucky Bank, and Branches,</td><td align="right">30</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Ohio</span>&mdash;Marietta; Steubenville</td><td align="right">12<sup><small>1</small></sup>&frasl;<sub><small>2</small></sub></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bank of Chillicothe,</td><td align="right">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Country generally,</td><td align="right">20-50</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<h2>RAIN GUAGE AT PHILADELPHIA.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="rain guage">
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">In. hun.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">July</td><td align="left">27,</td><td align="left">Shower,</td><td align="left">0. 11</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">28 &amp; 29,</td><td align="left">Rain,</td><td align="left">0. 32</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">30,</td><td align="left">do.</td><td align="left">0. 36</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">31,</td><td align="left">do.</td><td align="left">0. 35</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Aug.</td><td align="left">1,</td><td align="left">Rain,</td><td align="left">0. 50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">5,</td><td align="left">Shower,</td><td align="left">0. 20</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">11,</td><td align="left">do.</td><td align="left">0. 07</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">14,</td><td align="left">Rain,</td><td align="left">0. 48</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">15,</td><td align="left">do.</td><td align="left">0. 46</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">16,</td><td align="left">do.</td><td align="left">0. 20</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">17,</td><td align="left">Shower,</td><td align="left">0. 07</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+<h2>PRICES CURRENT.&mdash;<i>Aug. 29, 1820.</i></h2>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="prices">
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="left">Per</td><td align="left">D.C.</td><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">D.C.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Beef. Philad. Mess, (pl.)</td><td align="center"><i>bbl.</i></td><td align="right">13.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Butter, Fresh</td><td align="center"><i>lb.</i></td><td align="left">0.12</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">0.20</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Cotton Yarn, No. 10,</td><td align="center"><i>lb.</i></td><td align="right">0.36</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Cotton, (Louisiana)</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">0.18</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">0.22</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Flax, Clean, (scarce)</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">0.16</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">0.18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Firewood, Hickory,</td><td align="center"><i>cord</i>,</td><td align="left">5.00</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">6.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oak,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">3.50</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">4.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Flour&mdash;Wheat, P. S. F.</td><td align="center"><i>bbl.</i></td><td align="right">4.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Rye,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">2.75</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Corn Meal,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">3.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Grain&mdash;Wheat,</td><td align="center"><i>bush.</i></td><td align="left">0.85</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">0.90</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Rye,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">0.45</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">0.55</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Corn, Pa.</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">0.48</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">0.58</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oats,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">0.20</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">0.30</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Hams&mdash;Jersey,</td><td align="center"><i>lb.</i></td><td align="left">0.11</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">0.13</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Leather&mdash;Sole,</td><td align="center"><i>lb.</i></td><td align="left">0.24</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">0.30</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Upper, undrs'd.</td><td align="center"><i>side</i>,</td><td align="left">2.75</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">3.50</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Plaster of Paris,</td><td align="center"><i>ton</i>,</td><td align="left">4.75</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">5.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Wool&mdash;Merino, Clean,</td><td align="center"><i>lb.</i></td><td align="right">0.75</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do. in Grease,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">0.40</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Common,</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">0.50</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><big><strong>&#9758;</strong></big> Should any of our subscribers wish any
+particular articles noticed in the above Prices
+Current, he will have it attended to.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+<h2>STATE OF THE THERMOMETER.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="thermometer">
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">9 o'cl.</td><td align="right">12 o'cl.</td><td align="right">3 o'cl.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">July</td><td align="right">24,</td><td align="right">71</td><td align="right">73</td><td align="right">76</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">25,</td><td align="right">74</td><td align="right">73</td><td align="right">81</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">26,</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">82</td><td align="right">83</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">27,</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">83</td><td align="right">81</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">28,</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">81</td><td align="right">83</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">29,</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">81</td><td align="right">78</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">31,</td><td align="right">78</td><td align="right">84</td><td align="right">81</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">Aug.</td><td align="right">1,</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">82</td><td align="right">83</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">2,</td><td align="right">75</td><td align="right">78</td><td align="right">81</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">3,</td><td align="right">77</td><td align="right">78</td><td align="right">80</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">4,</td><td align="right">77</td><td align="right">78</td><td align="right">81</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">5,</td><td align="right">77</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">78</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">7,</td><td align="right">74</td><td align="right">77</td><td align="right">75</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">8,</td><td align="right">73</td><td align="right">77</td><td align="right">79</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">9,</td><td align="right">75</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">83</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">10,</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">83</td><td align="right">87</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">11,</td><td align="right">81</td><td align="right">85</td><td align="right">89</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">12,</td><td align="right">84</td><td align="right">89</td><td align="right">92</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">14,</td><td align="right">76</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">79</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">15,</td><td align="right">74</td><td align="right">74</td><td align="right">78</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">16,</td><td align="right">73</td><td align="right">75</td><td align="right">76</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">17,</td><td align="right">74</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">81</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">18,</td><td align="right">73</td><td align="right">75</td><td align="right">77</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">19,</td><td align="right">71</td><td align="right">76</td><td align="right">76</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">21,</td><td align="right">73</td><td align="right">75</td><td align="right">76</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">22,</td><td align="right">74</td><td align="right">78</td><td align="right">79</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">23,</td><td align="right">75</td><td align="right">77</td><td align="right">80</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">24,</td><td align="right">74</td><td align="right">76</td><td align="right">76</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">25,</td><td align="right">75</td><td align="right">78</td><td align="right">80</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">26,</td><td align="right">77</td><td align="right">&mdash;</td><td align="right">&mdash;</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<h2>ERRATA.</h2>
+
+<p>In our last Number, page 320, for "John
+Byron," read <span class="smcap">John Byrom</span>.</p>
+
+<p>In page 317, under the head "Rules for
+Milking Cows," for "ten gallons of milk at
+a time," read <span class="smcap">TEN QUARTS</span>, &amp;c.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p class="center">PHILADELPHIA,</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY<br />
+RICHARDS &amp; CALEB JOHNSON,<br />
+<i>No. 31, Market Street</i>,<br />
+At $3.00 per annum.<br />
+</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Griggs &amp; Dickenson</span>, <i>Printers&mdash;Whitehall</i>.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+<h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Ode to Truth, from Mason's Caractacus.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Proverbs ch. xxviii. 22d verse.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> 'Farmers and country labourers, on the
+contrary, may enjoy completely the whole
+funds destined for their own subsistence,
+and yet augment at the same time the
+revenue and wealth of their society. Over
+and above what is destined for their own
+subsistence, their industry annually affords
+a neat produce, of which the augmentation
+necessarily augments the revenue
+and wealth of their society.' <cite>Smith's Wealth
+of Nations,</cite> Vol. 111. p. 178.
+</p>
+<p>
+'Farmers and country labourers, indeed,
+over and above the stock which
+maintains and employs them, reproduce
+annually a neat produce, a free rent to
+the landlord.' <i>Ibid</i>, p. 186.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Letters on the Eastern States.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> "Qui est-ce qui solicite des prohibitions
+ou de forts droits d'entrée dans un
+état? ce sont les producteurs de la denrée
+dont il s'agit de prohiber la concurrance,
+et non pas les consommateurs. Ils
+disent, c'est pour l'intérêt de l'état; mais
+il est clair que c'est pour le leur uniquement.&mdash;N'est-ce
+pas la même chose,
+continuent-ils, et ce que nous gagnons
+n'est-il pas autant de gagné pour notre
+pays? point de tout:&mdash;ce que vous gagnez
+de cette manière est tiré de la poche
+de votre voisin, d'un habitant du même
+pays; et si l'on pouvait compter l'excédant
+de dépense fait par les consommateurs,
+en consequence de votre monopole,
+on trouverait qu'il surpasse le gain que
+le monopole vous a valu." Traité d'Economie
+Politique par Jean-Baptiste Say,
+tom. i. p. 203.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> An arpent is to an acre nearly as five
+to four.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Frederick Accum, Operative Chymist,
+&amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Death in the Pot.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Mate.</p></div>
+
+<div class="tn"><h3>Transcriber's note:</h3>
+<p>Minor typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected without note. Irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have been retained as printed.</p>
+
+<p>Mismatched quotes are not fixed if it's not sufficiently clear where the missing quote should be placed.</p>
+
+<p>The cover for the eBook version of this book was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 48786 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/48786/48786-h/images/coverpage.jpg b/48786-h/images/coverpage.jpg
index edf5f23..edf5f23 100644
--- a/48786/48786-h/images/coverpage.jpg
+++ b/48786-h/images/coverpage.jpg
diff --git a/48786/48786-0.zip b/48786/48786-0.zip
deleted file mode 100644
index b4a07e4..0000000
--- a/48786/48786-0.zip
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/48786/48786-h.zip b/48786/48786-h.zip
deleted file mode 100644
index faac891..0000000
--- a/48786/48786-h.zip
+++ /dev/null