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| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-27 13:08:12 -0800 |
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+<title>
+ The Project Gutenberg eBook of The travels of Pedro de Cieza de Léon, A.D. 1532-50,
+contained in the first part of his Chronicle of Peru (1864).
+</title>
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The travels of Pedro de Cieza de Léon,
+A.D. 1532-50, contained in the first pa, by Pedro de Cieza de Leon
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: The travels of Pedro de Cieza de Léon, A.D. 1532-50,
+ contained in the first part of his Chronicle of Peru
+
+Author: Pedro de Cieza de Leon
+
+Translator: Clements R. Markham
+
+Release Date: April 23, 2015 [EBook #48770]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRONICLES OF PERU (PART 1) ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Josep Cols Canals, Chuck Greif and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/cover_lg.jpg">
+<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="274" height="450" alt="cover image not
+available" title="" /></a>
+</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""
+style="border: 2px black solid;;margin:auto auto;max-width:50%;
+padding:1%;">
+<tr><td><p>Every attempt has been made to replicate the original as printed.</p>
+<p>Some typographical errors have been corrected;
+<a href="#transcrib">a list follows the text</a>.</p>
+<p class="c"><a href="#TABLE_OF_CONTENTS"><b>Table of Contents.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#INTRODUCTION"><b>Introduction.</b></a><br />
+<a href="#PROLOGUE"><b>Prologue</b></a><br />
+<a href="#INDEX"><b>Index:</b></a><small>
+<b><a href="#ind-A">A</a>,
+<a href="#ind-B">B</a>,
+<a href="#ind-C">C</a>,
+<a href="#ind-D">D</a>,
+<a href="#ind-E">E</a>,
+<a href="#ind-F">F</a>,
+<a href="#ind-G">G</a>,
+<a href="#ind-H">H</a>,
+<a href="#ind-I-i">I</a>,
+<a href="#ind-J">J</a>,
+<a href="#ind-L">L</a>,
+<a href="#ind-M">M</a>,
+<a href="#ind-N">N</a>,
+<a href="#ind-O">O</a>,
+<a href="#ind-P">P</a>,
+<a href="#ind-Q">Q</a>,
+<a href="#ind-R">R</a>,
+<a href="#ind-S">S</a>,
+<a href="#ind-T">T</a>,
+<a href="#ind-U">U</a>,
+<a href="#ind-V-i">V</a>,
+<a href="#ind-W">W</a>,
+<a href="#ind-X-i">X</a>,
+<a href="#ind-Y">Y</a>,
+<a href="#ind-Z">Z</a></b></small></p>
+<p class="c">(etext transcriber's note)</p></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<h2>REPORT FOR 1864.</h2>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> Council have great pleasure in being able to report to the Members
+of the Hakluyt Society that, during the last year, a considerable
+increase has been made to their numbers. At the same time the list of
+subscribers has been carefully revised, and has been cleared of a great
+many names of members who disregard the applications made to them for
+the payment of their arrears. The number of Members is now 224, and the
+balance in the Banker’s hands is £431:17:3. The arrears due to the
+Society amount to £290:17:0, while there are no outstanding debts of any
+kind.</p>
+
+<p>Thus the funds of the Society are in a prosperous condition, and several
+Editors have, since the issue of the last annual Report, undertaken
+works of great value and rarity. The Council, therefore, congratulate
+the Members on the satisfactory state of the Society’s affairs; but they
+would also remind them that a large addition to the number of the
+subscribers is very desirable, and that the power of doing full justice
+to the authors whose works are reproduced in the Society’s volumes,
+depends upon the support which is received from those who are interested
+in this very important branch of literature.</p>
+
+<p>Since the last General Meeting, the two following volumes have been
+delivered to members:—</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>1. “Mirabilia Descripta.” “Or the wonders of the East, by Friar
+Jordanus (circa 1330).” Translated from the Latin original, with
+the addition of a commentary by Colonel Henry Yule, C.B., late of
+the Royal Engineers (Bengal).</p>
+
+<p>2. “The Travels of Ludovico di Varthema in Egypt, Syria, Arabia
+Deserta and Arabia Felix, in Persia, India, and Ethiopia (<small>A.D.</small> 1503
+to 1508).” Translated from the original Italian edition of 1510,
+with a preface, by John Winter Jones, Esq., F.S.A.; and edited with
+Notes and an Introduction by the Rev. George Percy Badger.</p></div>
+
+<p>The following work is in the hands of the printer, and will be delivered
+to Members in the course of the autumn:—</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“The Travels of Pedro de Cieza de Leon, from the gulf of Darien to
+the city of La Plata, contained in the first part of the Chronicle
+of Peru, which treats of the boundaries and description of
+provinces, founding of new cities, rites and customs of the
+Indians, and other strange things worthy to be known (Antwerp
+1554).” Translated and edited, with Notes and an Introduction, by
+Clements R. Markham, Esq.</p></div>
+
+<p>And the following works have been undertaken by Editors, one of which
+will be issued as the second volume for the present year:—</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>1. “The Travels of Josafa Barbaro and Ambrogio Contarini in Tana
+and Persia.” Translated from Ramusio by E. A. Roy, Esq., and edited
+by Viscount Strangford.</p>
+
+<p>2. “The Narrative of Pascual de Andagoya, containing the earliest
+notice of Peru.” Translated and edited, with Notes, by Clements R.
+Markham, Esq.</p>
+
+<p>3. “The Discovery and Conquest of the Canary Islands by Bethencourt
+in 1402-25.” Translated and edited by Captain J. G. Goodenough,
+R.N.</p>
+
+<p>4. “The Voyage of Vasco de Gama round the Cape of Good Hope in
+1497,” now first translated from a contemporaneous manuscript,
+accompanied by other documents, forming a monograph on the life of
+De Gama. To be translated and edited by Richard Garnett, Esq., of
+the British Museum.</p>
+
+<p>5. “The Three Voyages of Sir Martin Frobisher,” with a selection of
+his letters now in the State Paper Office. Edited by Rear-Admiral
+R. Collinson, R.N., C.B.</p>
+
+<p>6. “Cathay, and the road thither.” A collection of all minor
+notices of China, previous to the sixteenth century; to be
+translated and edited, with Notes and an Introduction, by Colonel
+Henry Yule, C.B.</p>
+
+<p>7. “The Fifth Letter of Hernan Cortes, describing his Voyage to
+Honduras in 1525-26,” to be translated and edited by William
+Stirling, Esq., M.P.</p>
+
+<p>8. “The Voyage and Travailes of John Hughen van Linschoten into the
+East or Portugales Indies from <small>A.D.</small> 1576-92,” to be reprinted from
+the English translation of 1598, and edited by the Rev. G. P.
+Badger.</p>
+
+<p>9. “Description of Africa and of the notable things in it, by John
+Leo Africanus.” To be translated from Ramusio, and edited, with
+Notes and an Introduction, by Dr. Henry Barth, C.B., Hon. Corr.
+Mem. F.R.G.S.</p></div>
+
+<p>The following Six Members retire from the Council:—</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li> Commodore Cracroft, R.N., C.B.</li>
+<li> John Forster, Esq.</li>
+<li> Dr. Hodgkin.</li>
+<li> Sir Erskine Perry.</li>
+<li> Major General Sir Henry Rawlinson, K.C.B.</li>
+<li> Lord Broughton.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Of this number, the three following are proposed for re-election, viz:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li> Sir Erskine Perry.</li>
+<li> Major General Sir Henry Rawlinson, K.C.B.</li>
+<li> The Right Hon. Lord Broughton.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>And the names of the following gentlemen are proposed for election:—</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li> Viscount Strangford.</li>
+<li> General C. Fox.</li>
+<li> Rear-Admiral R. Collinson, C.B.</li>
+<li> Captain Sherard Osborn, R.N., C.B.</li>
+<li> Rev. G. P. Badger.</li>
+<li> John W. Kaye, Esq.</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary=""
+style="font-size:90%;">
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="4">STATEMENT OF THE ACCOUNTS OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE YEAR 1863-64.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Balance at Banker’s at last Audit</td><td align="right" class="rt"> £357 10 0</td><td class="bl">Mr. J. E. Richard, for Paper</td><td align="right" class="rt"> £35 2 0</td></tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td></td><td class="bl">Mr. Richards, for Printing</td><td align="right" class="rt"> 175 11 0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Received by Banker during the year</td><td align="right" class="rt"> 341 5 3</td><td class="bl">Transcriptions</td><td align="right" class="rt"> 21 17 0</td></tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td></td><td class="bl">Mr. Stanford, for a Map</td><td align="right" class="rt"> 29 7 6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Petty Cash in hand at last Audit</td><td align="right" class="rt"> 1 16 0</td><td class="bl">Charge at Hull, on £2:2 (Bank of England)</td><td align="right" class="rt"> 0 0 6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Petty Cash received in July 1864</td><td align="right" class="rt"> 10 0 0</td><td class="bl">Gratuity to Agent’s Foreman </td><td align="right" class="rt"> 5 0 0</td></tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td class="bl">Expended in Petty Cash</td><td align="right" class="rt"> 5 0 7</td></tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td class="bl"> </td><td class="bt"> £271 18 7</td></tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td class="bl">Present Balance at Banker’s</td><td align="right" class="rt"> 431 17 3</td></tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td class="bl">Present Balance in Petty Cash </td><td align="right" class="rt">6 15 5</td></tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td align="right" class="btb">£710 11 3</td><td class="bl"> </td><td align="right" class="btb"> £710 11 3</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4" align="center"> </td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4" align="center">
+Examined and approved July 15th, 1864.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4" align="right" class="r">CHARLES BAGOT PHILLIMORE.<br />
+WILLIAM NEVILLE STURT.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<h2>THE<br />
+HAKLUYT SOCIETY.</h2>
+
+<p class="cb">President.</p>
+
+<p class="cm">SIR RODERICK IMPEY MURCHISON, K.C.B., G.C.St.S., F.R.S., F.R.G.S, D.C.L.
+Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. St. Petersburg, Corr. Mem. Inst. Fr., &c. &c.</p>
+
+<p class="cb">Vice-Presidents.</p>
+
+<p class="cm">
+<span class="smcap">Rear-Admiral</span> C. R. DRINKWATER BETHUNE, C.B.<br />
+<span class="smcap">The Right Hon.</span> SIR DAVID DUNDAS, M.P.</p>
+
+<p class="cb">Council.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><span class="smcap">Rev.</span> G. P. BADGER, F.R.G.S.</li>
+<li>J. BARROW, <span class="smcap">Esq.</span>, F.R.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Rt. Hon.</span> LORD BROUGHTON.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Rear-Admiral</span> R. COLLINSON, C.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sir</span> HENRY ELLIS, K.H., F.R.S.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">General</span> C. FOX.</li>
+<li>R. W. GREY, <span class="smcap">Esq.</span></li>
+<li>JOHN WINTER JONES, <span class="smcap">Esq.</span>, F.S.A.</li>
+<li>JOHN W. KAYE, <span class="smcap">Esq.</span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">His Excellency the Count de</span> LAVRADIO.</li>
+<li>R. H. MAJOR, <span class="smcap">Esq.</span>, F.S.A.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sir</span> CHARLES NICHOLSON, <span class="smcap">Bart.</span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Captain</span> SHERARD OSBORN, R.N., C.B.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Sir</span> ERSKINE PERRY.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Major-General Sir</span> HENRY C. RAWLINSON, K.C.B.</li>
+<li>WILLIAM STIRLING, <span class="smcap">Esq.</span>, M.P.</li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Viscount</span> STRANGFORD.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="c"><b>Honorary Secretary</b>—C. R. MARKHAM, <span class="smcap">Esq.</span></p>
+
+<p class="c"><b>Bankers</b>—<span class="smcap">Messrs.</span> RANSOM, BOUVERIE, <span class="smcap">and Co., 1, Pall Mall East</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="nind"><span class="letra">
+<img src="images/engt.png"
+alt="T"
+width="40"
+height="38"
+/></span>
+<span class="eng">he Hakluyt Society</span>, which is established for the purpose of printing
+rare or unpublished Voyages and Travels, aims at opening by this means,
+an easier access to the sources of a branch of knowledge, which yields
+to none in importance, and is superior to most in agreeable variety. The
+narratives of travellers and navigators make us acquainted with the
+earth, its inhabitants and productions; they exhibit the growth of
+intercourse among mankind, with its effects on civilization, and, while
+instructing, they at the same time awaken attention, by recounting the
+toils and adventures of those who first explored unknown and distant
+regions.</p>
+
+<p>The advantage of an Association of this kind, consists not merely in its
+system of literary co-operation, but also in its economy. The
+acquirements, taste, and discrimination of a number of individuals, who
+feel an interest in the same pursuit, are thus brought to act in
+voluntary combination, and the ordinary charges of publication are also
+avoided, so that the volumes produced are distributed among the Members
+(who can alone obtain them) at little more than the cost of printing and
+paper. The Society expends the whole of its funds in the preparation of
+works for the Members; and since the cost of each copy varies inversely
+as the whole number of copies printed, it is obvious that the members
+are gainers individually by the prosperity of the Society, and the
+consequent vigour of its operations.</p>
+
+<p><i>New Members have</i>, at present, <i>the privilege of purchasing the
+complete set of the publications of the Society for previous years for
+thirteen guineas, but have not the power of selecting any particular
+volume</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The Members are requested to bear in mind that the power of the Council
+to make advantageous arrangements, will depend, in a great measure, on
+the prompt payment of the subscriptions, which are payable in advance on
+the 1st of January, and are received by <span class="smcap">Mr. Richards</span>, 37, Great Queen
+Street, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, who is the Society’s agent for the
+delivery of its volumes. Post Office Orders should be made payable to
+<span class="smcap">Mr. Thomas Richards</span>, at the <i>West Central Office, High Holborn</i>.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="WORKS_ALREADY_ISSUED" id="WORKS_ALREADY_ISSUED"></a>WORKS ALREADY ISSUED.</h2>
+
+<p class="cm">
+<b>1—The Observations of Sir Richard Hawkins, Knt.</b><br />
+<br />
+In his Voyage into the South Sea in 1593. Reprinted from the edition of<br />
+1622, and edited by Capt. <span class="smcap">C. R. Drinkwater Bethune</span>, R.N., C.B.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>2—Select Letters of Columbus.</b><br />
+<br />
+With Original Documents relating to the Discovery of the New World. Translated<br />
+and Edited by <span class="smcap">R. H. Major</span>, Esq., of the British Museum.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>3—The Discoverie of the Empire of Guiana</b>,<br />
+<br />
+By Sir Walter Ralegh, Knt. Edited, with copious Explanatory Notes, and a<br />
+Biographical Memoir, by <span class="smcap">Sir Robert H. Schomburgk</span>, Phil. D., etc.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>4—Sir Francis Drake his Voyage, 1595</b>,<br />
+<br />
+By Thomas Maynarde, together with the Spanish Account of Drake’s attack<br />
+on Puerto Rico, Edited from the Original MSS., by <span class="smcap">W. D. Cooley</span>, Esq.<br />
+<br />
+<b>5—Narratives of Early Voyages</b><br />
+<br />
+Undertaken for the Discovery of a Passage to Cathaia and India, by the North-west,<br />
+with Selections from the Records of the worshipful Fellowship of the<br />
+Merchants of London, trading into the East Indies; and from MSS. in the<br />
+Library of the British Museum, now first published by <span class="smcap">Thomas Rundall</span>, Esq.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>6—The Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britannia</b>,<br />
+<br />
+Expressing the Cosmographie and Commodities of the Country, together with<br />
+the manners and Customs of the people, gathered and observed as well by<br />
+those who went first thither as collected by William Strachey, Gent., the first<br />
+Secretary of the Colony; now first Edited from the original manuscript in the<br />
+British Museum, by <span class="smcap">R. H. Major</span>, Esq., of the British Museum.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>7—Divers Voyages touching the Discovery of America</b><br />
+<br />
+And the Islands adjacent, collected and published by Richard Hakluyt,<br />
+Prebendary of Bristol in the year 1582. Edited, with Notes and an introduction,<br />
+by <span class="smcap">John Winter Jones</span>, Esq., of the British Museum.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>8—A Collection of Documents on Japan.</b><br />
+<br />
+With a Commentary by <span class="smcap">Thomas Rundall, Esq.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>9—The Discovery and Conquest of Florida</b>,<br />
+<br />
+By Don Ferdinando de Soto. Translated out of Portuguese by Richard<br />
+Hakluyt; and Edited, with notes and an introduction, by <span class="smcap">W. B. Rye</span>, Esq.,<br />
+of the British Museum.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>10—Notes upon Russia</b>,<br />
+<br />
+Being a Translation from the Earliest Account of that Country, entitled Rerum<br />
+Muscoviticarum Commentarii, by the Baron Sigismund von Herberstein,<br />
+Ambassador from the Court of Germany to the Grand Prince Vasiley Ivanovich,<br />
+in the years 1517 and 1526. Two Volumes. Translated and Edited, with<br />
+Notes and an Introduction, by <span class="smcap">R. H. Major</span>, Esq., of the British Museum.<br />
+Vol. I.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>11—The Geography of Hudson’s Bay.</b><br />
+<br />
+Being the Remarks of Captain W. Coats, in many Voyages to that locality,<br />
+between the years 1727 and 1751. With an Appendix, containing Extracts<br />
+from the Log of Captain Middleton on his Voyage for the Discovery of the<br />
+North-west Passage, in H.M.S. “Furnace,” in 1741-2. Edited by <span class="smcap">John<br />
+Barrow</span>, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>12—Notes upon Russia.</b> Vol. 2.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>13—Three Voyages by the North-east</b>,<br />
+<br />
+Towards Cathay and China, undertaken by the Dutch in the years 1594, 1595,<br />
+and 1596, with their Discovery of Spitzbergen, their residence of ten months in<br />
+Novaya Zemlya, and their safe return in two open boats. By Gerrit de Veer.<br />
+Edited by <span class="smcap">C. T. Beke</span>, Esq., Ph.D., F.S.A.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>14-15—The History of the Great and Mighty Kingdom of China and<br />
+the Situation Thereof.</b><br />
+<br />
+Compiled by the Padre Juan Gonzalez de Mendoza. And now Reprinted<br />
+from the Early Translation of R. Parke. Edited by <span class="smcap">Sir George T.<br />
+Staunton</span>, Bart. With an Introduction by <span class="smcap">R. H. Major</span>, Esq. 2 vols.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>16—The World Encompassed by Sir Francis Drake.</b><br />
+<br />
+Being his next Voyage to that to Nombre de Dios. Collated, with an<br />
+unpublished Manuscript of Francis Fletcher, Chaplain to the Expedition.<br />
+With Appendices illustrative of the same Voyage, and Introduction by <span class="smcap">W. S.<br />
+W. Vaux</span>, Esq., M.A.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>17—The History of the Tartar Conquerors who Subdued China.</b><br />
+<br />
+From the French of the Père D’Orleans, 1688. Translated and Edited by the<br />
+<span class="smcap">Earl of Ellesmere</span>. With an Introduction by <span class="smcap">R. H. Major</span>, Esq.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>18—A Collection of Early Documents on Spitzbergen and Greenland</b>,<br />
+<br />
+Consisting of: a Translation from the German of F. Martin’s important work<br />
+on Spitzbergen, now very rare; a Translation from Isaac de la Peyrère’s<br />
+Relation de Groenland; and a rare piece entitled “God’s Power and Providence<br />
+showed in the miraculous preservation and deliverance of eight<br />
+Englishmen left by mischance in Greenland, anno 1630, nine moneths and<br />
+twelve days, faithfully reported by Edward Pelham.” Edited, with Notes, by<br />
+<span class="smcap">Adam White</span>, Esq., of the British Museum.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>19—The Voyage of Sir Henry Middleton to Bantam and the Maluco Islands.</b><br />
+<br />
+From the rare Edition of 1606. Edited by <span class="smcap">Bolton Corney</span>, Esq.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>20—Russia at the Close of the Sixteenth Century.</b><br />
+<br />
+Comprising “The Russe Commonwealth” by Dr. Giles Fletcher, and Sir<br />
+Jerome Horsey’s Travels, now first printed entire from his manuscript in the<br />
+British Museum. Edited by <span class="smcap">E. A. Bond</span>, Esq., of the British Museum.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>21—The Travels of Girolamo Benzoni in America, in 1542-56.</b><br />
+<br />
+Translated and Edited by <span class="smcap">Admiral W. H. Smith</span>, F.R.S., F.S.A.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>22—India in the Fifteenth Century.</b><br />
+<br />
+Being a Collection of Narratives of Voyages to India in the century preceding<br />
+the Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope; from Latin, Persian,<br />
+Russian, and Italian Sources, now first translated into English. Edited, with<br />
+an Introduction by R. H. Major Esq., F.S.A.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>23—Narrative of a Voyage to the West Indies and Mexico</b>,<br />
+<br />
+In the years 1599-1602, with Maps and Illustrations. By Samuel Champlain.<br />
+Translated from the original and unpublished Manuscript, with a Biographical<br />
+Notice and Notes by Alice Wilmere. Edited by <span class="smcap">Norton Shaw</span>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>24—Expeditions into the Valley of the Amazons</b><br />
+<br />
+During the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries: containing the Journey of<br />
+Gonzalo Pizarro, from the Royal Commentaries of Garcilasso Inca de la Vega;<br />
+the Voyage of Francisco de Orellana, from the General History of Herrera;<br />
+and the Voyage of Cristoval de Acuna, from an exceedingly scarce narrative<br />
+written by himself in 1641. Edited and Translated by <span class="smcap">Clements R.<br />
+Markham</span>, Esq.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>25—Early Indications of Australia.</b><br />
+<br />
+A Collection of Documents shewing the Early Discoveries of Australia to the<br />
+time of Captain Cook. Edited by <span class="smcap">R. H. Major</span>, Esq., of the British<br />
+Museum, F.S.A.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>26—The Embassy of Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo to the Court of Timour, 1403-6.</b><br />
+<br />
+Translated, for the first time, with Notes, a Preface, and an Introductory Life<br />
+of Timour Beg. By <span class="smcap">Clements R. Markham</span>, Esq.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>27—Henry Hudson the Navigator.</b><br />
+<br />
+The Original Documents in which his career is recorded. Collected, partly<br />
+Translated, and Annotated, with an Introduction by <span class="smcap">George Asher</span>, LL.D.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>28—The Expedition of Ursua and Aguirre</b>,<br />
+<br />
+In search of El Dorado and Omagua, <small>A.D.</small> 1560-61, Translated from the<br />
+“Sexta Noticia Historial” of Fray Pedro Simon, by <span class="smcap">W. Bollaert</span>, Esq.;<br />
+with an Introduction by <span class="smcap">Clements R. Markham</span>, Esq.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>29—The Life and Acts of Don Alonzo Enriquez de Guzman.</b><br />
+<br />
+Translated from a Manuscript in the National Library at Madrid, and edited,<br />
+with Notes and an Introduction, by <span class="smcap">Clements R. Markham</span>, Esq.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>30—Discoveries of the World by Galvano.</b><br />
+<br />
+From their first original unto the year of our Lord 1555. Reprinted, with the<br />
+original Portuguese text, and edited by <span class="smcap">Vice-Admiral Bethune</span>, C.B.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>31—Marvels described by Friar Jordanus</b>,<br />
+<br />
+Of the Order of Preachers, native of Severac, and Bishop of Columbum; from<br />
+a parchment manuscript of the Fourteenth Century, in Latin, the text of which<br />
+has recently been Translated and Edited by <span class="smcap">Colonel H. Yule</span>, C.B.,<br />
+F.R.G.S., late of H.M. Bengal Engineers.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>32—The Travels of Ludovico di Varthema.</b><br />
+<br />
+In Syria, Arabia, Persia, India, etc., during the Sixteenth Century. Translated<br />
+by <span class="smcap">J. Winter Jones</span>, Esq., F.S.A., and edited, with Notes and an Introduction,<br />
+by the <span class="smcap">Rev. George Percy Badger</span>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<b>33—The Travels of Cieza de Leon in 1532-50</b><br />
+<br />
+From the Gulf of Darien to the City of La Plata, contained in the first part of<br />
+his Chronicle of Peru (Antwerp 1554). Translated and edited, with Notes<br />
+and an Introduction, by <span class="smcap">Clements R. Markham</span>, Esq.<br />
+</p>
+
+<h2><a name="OTHER_WORKS_UNDERTAKEN_BY_EDITORS" id="OTHER_WORKS_UNDERTAKEN_BY_EDITORS"></a>OTHER WORKS UNDERTAKEN BY EDITORS.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquott"><p>The Travels of Josafa Barbaro and Ambrogio Contarini in Tana and
+Persia. Translated from Ramusio by <span class="smcap">E. A. Roy</span>, Esq., and edited,
+with an Introduction, by <span class="smcap">Viscount Strangford</span>.</p>
+
+<p>The Narrative of Pascual de Andagoya, containing the earliest
+notice of Peru. Translated and edited, with Notes, by <span class="smcap">Clements R.
+Markham</span>, Esq.</p>
+
+<p>The Discovery and Conquest of the Canary Islands, by Bethencourt in
+1402-25. Translated and edited by Captain <span class="smcap">J. G. Goodenough</span>, R.N.,
+F.R.G.S.</p>
+
+<p>The Voyage of Vasco de Gama round the Cape of Good Hope in 1497,
+now first Translated from a cotemporaneous manuscript, accompanied
+by other documents, forming a monograph on the life of De Gama. To
+be translated and edited by <span class="smcap">Richard Garnett</span>, Esq., of the British
+Museum.</p>
+
+<p>The Three Voyages of Sir Martin Frobisher, with a selection from
+his Letters now in the State Paper Office. Edited by <span class="smcap">Rear-Admiral
+R. Collinson</span>, R.N., C.B.</p>
+
+<p>Cathay and the Road Thither. A collection of all minor notices of
+China, previous to the Sixteenth Century. Translated and edited by
+<span class="smcap">Colonel H. Yule</span>, C.B.</p>
+
+<p>The Fifth Letter of Hernan Cortes, describing his Voyage to
+Honduras in 1525-26. Translated and edited by <span class="smcap">William Stirling</span>,
+Esq., M.P.</p>
+
+<p>John Huigen van Linschoten. Discourse of a Voyage unto the East
+Indies; to be reprinted from the English translation of 1598, and
+edited by the Rev. <span class="smcap">G. P. Badger</span>, F.R.G.S.</p>
+
+<p>Description of Africa and of the Notable Things in it, by John Leo
+Africanus. To be translated from Ramusio, and edited, with Notes
+and an Introduction, by Dr. <span class="smcap">H. Barth</span>, C.B., Hon. Corr. Mem.
+F.R.G.S.</p></div>
+
+<h2><a name="WORKS_SUGGESTED_TO_THE_COUNCIL_FOR_PUBLICATION" id="WORKS_SUGGESTED_TO_THE_COUNCIL_FOR_PUBLICATION"></a>WORKS SUGGESTED TO THE COUNCIL FOR PUBLICATION.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquott"><p>Voyages of Alvaro de Mandana and Pedro Fernandez de Quiros in the
+South Seas, to be translated from Suarez de Figueroa’s “Hechos del
+Marques de Cañete,” and Torquemada’s “Monarquia Indiana.”</p>
+
+<p>Inedited Letters, etc., of Sir Thomas Roe during his Embassy to
+India.</p>
+
+<p>The Travels of Duarte Barbosa in the East, to be translated from
+the Portuguese.</p>
+
+<p>The Voyage of John Saris to India and Japan in 1611-13, from a
+manuscript copy of his Journal, dated 1617.</p>
+
+<p>Pigasetta’s Narrative of the Voyage of Magalhaens, to be translated
+from the Italian text, edited by Amoretti.</p>
+
+<p>The Topografia Christiana of Cosmas Indicopleustes.</p>
+
+<p>Bernhard de Breydenbach, 1483-84, <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> Travels in the Holy Land.</p>
+
+<p>Felix Fabri, 1483. Wanderings in the Holy Land, Egypt, etc.</p>
+
+<p>Voyage of Du Quesne to the East Indies in 1692, from a manuscript
+Journal by M. C. * * * *</p>
+
+<p>El Edrisi’s Geography.</p>
+
+<p>Narrative of Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine, concerning the
+land called New France, discovered by him in the name of his
+Majesty: written at Dieppe, 1524 <small>A.D.</small></p>
+
+<p>Voyage made by Captain Jaques Cartier in 1535 and 1536 to the isles
+of Canada, Hochlega, and Saguenay.</p>
+
+<p>Nicolo and Antonio Zeno. Their Voyages to Frisland, Estotiland,
+Vinland, Engroenland, etc.</p>
+
+<p>De Morga. Sucesos en las Islas Filipinas.</p>
+
+<p>Ca da Mosto. Voyages along the Western Coast of Africa in 1454:
+translated from the Italian text of 1507.</p>
+
+<p>J. dos Santos. The History of Eastern Ethiopia. 1607.</p>
+
+<p>Joam de Castro. Account of a Voyage made by the Portuguese in 1541,
+from the city of Goa to Suez.</p>
+
+<p>Caterino Zeno. A Journey to the empire of Persia, in the time of
+Uzun Hassan.</p>
+
+<p>John and Sebastian Cabot. Their Voyages to America.</p>
+
+<p>Willoughby and Chancellor. Their Voyages to the North-east.</p>
+
+<p>Icelandic Sagas narrating the Discovery of America.</p></div>
+
+<h2><a name="LAWS_OF_THE_HAKLUYT_SOCIETY" id="LAWS_OF_THE_HAKLUYT_SOCIETY"></a>LAWS OF THE HAKLUYT SOCIETY.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquott80">
+<p>I. The object of this Society shall be to print, for distribution among
+its members, rare and valuable Voyages, Travels, Naval Expeditions, and
+other geographical records, from an early period to the beginning of the
+eighteenth century.</p>
+
+<p>II. The Annual Subscription shall be One Guinea, payable in advance on
+the 1st January.</p>
+
+<p>III. Each member of the Society, having paid his Subscription, shall be
+entitled to a copy of every work produced by the Society, and to vote at
+the general meetings within the period subscribed for; and if he do not
+signify, before the close of the year, his wish to resign, he shall be
+considered as a member for the succeeding year.</p>
+
+<p>IV. The management of the Society’s affairs shall be vested in a Council
+consisting of twenty-one members, viz., a President, two
+Vice-Presidents, a Secretary, and seventeen ordinary members, to be
+elected annually; but vacancies occurring between the general meetings
+shall be filled up by the Council.</p>
+
+<p>V. A General Meeting of the Subscribers shall be held annually. The
+Secretary’s Report on the condition and proceedings of the Society shall
+be then read, and the Meeting shall proceed to elect the Council for the
+ensuing year.</p>
+
+<p>VI. At each Annual Election, fix of the old Council shall retire, of
+whom three shall be eligible for re-election.</p>
+
+<p>VII. The Council shall meet every month, excepting August, September,
+October, and November, for the dispatch of business, three forming a
+quorum, including the Secretary, and the Chairman having a casting vote.</p>
+
+<p>VIII. Gentlemen preparing and editing works for the Society, shall
+receive twenty-five copies of such works respectively, and an additional
+twenty-five copies if the work is also translated.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="RULES_FOR_THE_DELIVERY_OF_THE_SOCIETYS_VOLUMES" id="RULES_FOR_THE_DELIVERY_OF_THE_SOCIETYS_VOLUMES"></a>RULES FOR THE DELIVERY OF THE SOCIETY’S VOLUMES.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquott80">
+<p>I. The Society’s productions will be delivered without any charge,
+within three miles of the General Post Office.</p>
+
+<p>II. They will be forwarded to any place beyond that limit, the Society
+paying the cost of booking, but not of carriage; nor will it be
+answerable in this case for any loss or damage.</p>
+
+<p>III. They will be delivered by the Society’s agent, <span class="smcap">Mr. Thos. Richards</span>,
+37, Great Queen Street, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, to persons having written
+authority of subscribers to receive them.</p>
+
+<p>IV. They will be sent to the Society’s correspondents or agents in the
+principal towns throughout the kingdom; and care shall be taken that the
+charge for carriage be as moderate as possible.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="LIST_OF_MEMBERS" id="LIST_OF_MEMBERS"></a>LIST OF MEMBERS<br />
+OF<br />
+THE HAKLUYT SOCIETY.</h2>
+
+<ul>
+<li> Admiralty (The), <i>2 copies</i>.</li>
+<li> All Souls College, Oxford.</li>
+<li> Allport, Franklin, Esq., 156, Leadenhall-street.</li>
+<li> Alston, Commander A. H.</li>
+<li> Antiquaries, the Society of.</li>
+<li> Army and Navy Club, 13, St. James’s-square.</li>
+<li> Arrowsmith, John, Esq. 35, Hereford-square, South Kensington.</li>
+<li> Asher, A., Berlin.</li>
+<li> Asiatic Society of Calcutta.</li>
+<li> Astor Library, New York.</li>
+<li> Athenæum Club, The, Pall Mall.</li>
+<li> Athenæum Library, Boston, U.S.</li>
+<li> Badger, Rev. George Percy, F.R.G.S., 7, Dawson-place, Bayswater.</li>
+<li> Baikie, Dr., Glasgow.</li>
+<li> Bank of England Library and Literary Association.</li>
+<li> Baring, Thomas George, Esq., M.P., 21, Lowndes-square.</li>
+<li> Barlersque, C., Esq., Bordeaux.</li>
+<li> Barrow, J., Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., 17, Hanover-terrace, Regent’s Park.</li>
+<li> Batho, J. A., Esq., 49, Upper Charlotte-street, Fitzroy-square.</li>
+<li> Beke, Charles T., Esq., Phil. D., F.S.A., Bekesbourne, Canterbury.</li>
+<li> Bell, Reverend Thomas, Berbice.</li>
+<li> Benzon, E. L. S., Esq., Sheffield.</li>
+<li> Berlin, The Royal Library of.</li>
+<li> Bethune, Rear-Admiral C. R. Drinkwater, C.B., 4, Cromwell-road.</li>
+<li> Bibliothèque Impériale, Paris.</li>
+<li> Birmingham Library (The)</li>
+<li> Blackie, Dr. Walter G., Villafield, Glasgow.</li>
+<li> Boston Public Library, U.S.</li>
+<li> Bowring, Sir John, LL.D., Athenæum Club.</li>
+<li> Brevoort, J. C., Esq., New York.</li>
+<li> British Museum (<i>copies presented</i>)</li>
+<li> Brockhaus, F. A., Esq., Leipzig.</li>
+<li> Brodhead, J. R., Esq., New York.</li>
+<li> Broome, Major A.</li>
+<li> Broughton, Lord, 42, Berkeley-square.</li>
+<li> Brown, J. A., Esq., Newcastle-place, Clerkenwell.</li>
+<li> Brown, John Carter, Esq., Providence, Rhode Island.</li>
+<li> Brown, R., Esq., Sydney Mines, Cape Breton.</li>
+<li> Brown, W. H., Esq., Chester.</li>
+<li> Bruce, John, Esq., F.S.A., 5, Upper Gloucester-street, Dorset-square.</li>
+<li> Bunbury, E. H., Esq., 35, St. James’s-street.</li>
+<li> Cambridge University Library.</li>
+<li> Campkin, Henry, Esq., F.S.A., Reform Club, Pall Mall.</li>
+<li> Canada, The Parliament Library.</li>
+<li> Cannon, Charles, Esq., British Museum.</li>
+<li> Carlisle, The Right Hon. the Earl of, the Castle, Dublin.</li>
+<li> Carlton Club, Pall Mall.</li>
+<li> Cartwright, Henry, Esq., Her Majesty’s Gaol, Gloucester.</li>
+<li> Cautley, Sir Proby, K.C.B., India Office.</li>
+<li> Chatfield, Frederick, Esq., 12, Pall Mall.</li>
+<li> Chauncey, Henry C., Esq., New York.</li>
+<li> Christie, Jonathan Henry, Esq., 9, Stanhope-street, Hyde-park-gardens.</li>
+<li> Churchill, Lord Alfred S., M.P., F.R.G.S., 16, Rutland Gate.</li>
+<li> Churton, The Ven. Archdeacon, Creyke, Easingwold, Yorkshire.</li>
+<li> Collinson, Rear-Admiral, C.B., The Haven, Ealing.</li>
+<li> Colonial Office (The).</li>
+<li> Congress, Library of the, United States.</li>
+<li> Cooper, Lieut.-Colonel E. H., 36, Hertford-street.</li>
+<li> Cotton, R. W., Esq., Barnstaple.</li>
+<li> Cracroft, Commodore, R.N., C.B., H.M.S. <i>Aboukir</i>, West Indies.</li>
+<li> Crowninshield, F. B., Esq., New York (per Mr. Stevens).</li>
+<li> Cunard, Edward, Esq., New York.</li>
+<li> Dalrymple, Arthur, Esq., F.S.A., Norwich.</li>
+<li> Deane, C., Esq., Boston.</li>
+<li> Deedes, Henry, Esq., India Office, S.W.</li>
+<li> Dilke, Sir C. Wentworth, Bart., 76, Sloane-street.</li>
+<li> Dilke, C. W., Esq., 76, Sloane-street.</li>
+<li> Dry, Thos., Esq., 25, Lincoln’s Inn Fields.</li>
+<li> Ducie, Earl of, 1, Belgrave-square, S.W.</li>
+<li> Dundas, Rt. Hon. Sir David, M.P., 13, King’s Bench Walk, Temple.</li>
+<li> Dundas, George, Esq., 9, Charlotte-square, Edinburgh.</li>
+<li> Dundas, John, Esq., 25, St. Andrew’s-square, Edinburgh.</li>
+<li> Duprat, M. B., Paris.</li>
+<li> Ellis, Sir Henry, K.H., F.R.S., 24, Bedford-square.</li>
+<li> Emmet, Dr. Addis, New York.</li>
+<li> Fletcher, Wm. Younger, Esq., British Museum.</li>
+<li> Foreign Office (The).</li>
+<li> Forster, John, Esq., Palace Gate House, Hyde Park Gate, W.</li>
+<li> Fox, General, 8, Grosvenor-square.</li>
+<li> Francis, Charles John, Esq., 7, St. Paul’s Grove, Canonbury.</li>
+<li> Franklin, Lady, Upper Grove Lodge, Kensington.</li>
+<li> Freer, W. E., Esq.</li>
+<li> Garnett, Richard, Esq., British Museum.</li>
+<li> Gayangos, Don Pascuel de, Madrid.</li>
+<li> Gladdish, William, Esq., Gravesend.</li>
+<li> Glasgow College.</li>
+<li> Goodenough Capt. J. G., R.N., F.R.G.S., 43, St. George’s-square, S.W.</li>
+<li> Grey, R. W., Esq., 47, Belgrave-square.</li>
+<li> Griffith, and Farran, Messrs., 21, Ludgate-street.</li>
+<li> Grinnell, Cornelius, Esq., F.R.G.S., 180, Piccadilly.</li>
+<li> Guise, W. V., Esq., Elmore-court, Gloucester.</li>
+<li> Hall, Rear Admiral, C.B., 48, Phillimore-gardens, Campden Hill.</li>
+<li> Harcourt, Egerton, Esq., Whitwell Park, York.</li>
+<li> Hardinge, Captain E., R.N., F.R.G.S., 32, Hyde Park Square.</li>
+<li> Harker, Turner James, Esq., 10, Northampton Park, Islington.</li>
+<li> Harris, Captain H., 35, Gloucester-terrace, Bayswater.</li>
+<li> Hawkins, Edward, Esq., 6, Lower Berkeley-street, Portman-square.</li>
+<li> Herold, A. L., Rue Richelieu, 67, Paris.</li>
+<li> Hodgkin, Thomas, Esq., M.D., 35, Bedford-square.</li>
+<li> Hollond, R., Esq., 64, Cumberland-street.</li>
+<li> Holmes, James, Esq., 4, New Ormond-street, Foundling.</li>
+<li> Home Office (The), Whitehall.</li>
+<li> Horner, Rev. J. S. H., Wells Park, Somersetshire.</li>
+<li> Hull Subscription Library.</li>
+<li> India Office, <i>20 copies</i>.</li>
+<li> Johnson, W., Esq., R.N., F.R.G.S., North Grove House, Southsea.</li>
+<li> Jones, J. Winter, Esq., F.S.A., British Museum.</li>
+<li> Jones, W. Bence, Esq., Lisselan, co. Cork.</li>
+<li> Kaye, John W., Esq., India Office.</li>
+<li> Kellett, Rear-Admiral, C.B., Clonacody, Clonmel.</li>
+<li> Kennedy, Robert Lenox, Esq., New York.</li>
+<li> Lavradio, His Excellency the Count de, 12, Gloucester-pl., Portman-sq.</li>
+<li> L’Ecole Normale, Montreal.</li>
+<li> Lee, George, Esq., 15, Piccadilly.</li>
+<li> Lenox, J., Esq., New York.</li>
+<li> Lilford, Lord, Lilford Hall, Oundle, Northamptonshire.</li>
+<li> Liverpool Free Public Library.</li>
+<li> Logan, A. J., Esq., Singapore.</li>
+<li> London Institution, Finsbury Circus.</li>
+<li> London Library, 12, St. James’s-square.</li>
+<li> Lott, Capt. E. G., 159, Parliament-street, Liverpool.</li>
+<li> Lowe, Right Hon. Robert, M.P., 34, Lowndes-square.</li>
+<li> Loyes, Edw., Esq., 33, Paternoster-row.</li>
+<li> Lynch, Thomas Kerr, Esq., 31, Cleveland-square, W.</li>
+<li> M’Calmont, Robert, Esq., 87, Eaton-square.</li>
+<li> Mackenzie, John W., Esq., Edinburgh.</li>
+<li> McClintock, Capt. Sir Leopold, R.N., F.R.G.S., <i>H.M.S. Aurora</i>.</li>
+<li> Macready, W. C., Esq., Sherborne House, Dorset.</li>
+<li> Madras Literary Society.</li>
+<li> Maguire, Captain Rochfort, R.N., <i>H.M.S. Galatea</i>.</li>
+<li> Major, R. H., Esq., F.S.A., British Museum.</li>
+<li> Malcolm, W. Elphinstone, Esq., Burnfoot, Langholm, Carlisle.</li>
+<li> Mantell, Walter, Esq., New Zealand.</li>
+<li> Markham, Clements R., Esq., 21, Eccleston-square, S.W.</li>
+<li> Massie, Admiral T. L., R.N., Chester.</li>
+<li> Melbourne, Public Library of, per Mr. Guillaume.</li>
+<li> Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey, K.C.B., F.R.S., &c., 16, Belgrave-square.</li>
+<li> Murphy, Hon. C. H., New York.</li>
+<li> Murray, John, Esq., F.R.G.S., Albemarle-street.</li>
+<li> Newcastle-upon-Tyne Literary and Scientific Institute.</li>
+<li> New York State Library.</li>
+<li> Nicholson, Sir Charles, Bart., F.R.G.S., 19, Portland-place, W.</li>
+<li> Norris, Edwin, Esq., Sec. Asiatic Society, 5, New Burlington-street.</li>
+<li> Oriental Club, Hanover-square.</li>
+<li> Osborn, Captain Sherard, R.N., C.B., F.R.G.S., <i>H.M.S. Royal Sovereign</i>.</li>
+<li> Ouvry, F., Esq., F.S.A., 66, Lincoln’s Inn Fields.</li>
+<li> Paine, W. Dunkley, Esq., Cockshutt Hill, Reigate.</li>
+<li> Peabody Institute, Baltimore, U.S.</li>
+<li> Peacock, George, Esq., Starcross, near Exeter.</li>
+<li> Peacock, Septimus, Esq., Alexandria.</li>
+<li> Pennsylvania Historical Society.</li>
+<li> Perry, Sir Erskine, 36, Eaton-place.</li>
+<li> Petit, Rev. J. Louis, The Uplands, Shiffnal.</li>
+<li> Petit, Miss, 9, New-square, Lincoln’s Inn.</li>
+<li> Phillimore, Charles B., Esq., F.R.G.S., 25, Upper Berkeley-street.</li>
+<li> Plowden, W. H. Chicheley, Esq., F.R.S.</li>
+<li> Porcher, Captain Edwin, R.N., F.R.G.S., 50, Montague-square.</li>
+<li> Portland, His Grace the Duke of.</li>
+<li> Potts, Captain H. H., 1, Somerfield-terrace, Maidstone.</li>
+<li> Powis, Earl of, 45, Berkeley-square.</li>
+<li> Prescott, Admiral Sir Henry, K.C.B., Senior United Service Club.</li>
+<li> Rawlinson, Major-General Sir H., K.C.B., 1, Hill-street, Berkeley-square.</li>
+<li> Reed, F. J., Esq., 34, Bedford-square.</li>
+<li> Richard, John E., Esq., Wandsworth, Surrey.</li>
+<li> Richardson, Sir John, M.D., F.R.S., Grasmere, Westmoreland.</li>
+<li> Richardson, Ralph, Esq., Cranford, Exmouth.</li>
+<li> Riggs, G. W., Esq., Washington, U.S.</li>
+<li> Royal Geographical Society, 15, Whitehall-place (<i>copies presented</i>).</li>
+<li> Royal Naval College, Portsmouth.</li>
+<li> Royal Society, Burlington House.</li>
+<li> Rowsell, E. P., Esq., 29, Finsbury-circus.</li>
+<li> Rushout, The Hon. Miss, 26, Onslow-square, Brompton.</li>
+<li> Ryder, Commodore Alfred, R.N., Coast Guard Office, Admiralty.</li>
+<li> Rye, W. B., Esq., British Museum.</li>
+<li> Seymour, George, Esq., 12, Sussex-square.</li>
+<li> Sheffield, Earl of, 20, Portland-place.</li>
+<li> Simpson, Lieutenant.</li>
+<li> Smith, Edmund, Esq., Hull.</li>
+<li> Smith, George, Esq., 21, Russell-square.</li>
+<li> Smith, J., Esq. (Messrs. Smith and Elder.)</li>
+<li> Somers, Earl, 33, Princes-gate, Hyde Park.</li>
+<li> Sotheby, Mrs., Kingston.</li>
+<li> Spottiswoode, William, Esq., F.R.S., 50, Grosvenor-place.</li>
+<li> Stanford, Mr. E., Charing cross.</li>
+<li> St. Andrew’s University.</li>
+<li> St. David’s, the Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of, Abergwili, Carmarthen.</li>
+<li> Stevens, H., Esq., Boston, United States.</li>
+<li> Stirling, Wm., Esq., M.P., of Keir, 128, Park-street.</li>
+<li> Strangford, Viscount, 58, Cumberland-street.</li>
+<li> Stuart, Alexander, Esq., New York.</li>
+<li> Stuart, R. L., Esq., New York.</li>
+<li> Stubbs, Commander, Edward, R.N., Royal Naval College, Portsmouth.</li>
+<li> Sturt, W. Neville, Esq., India Office.</li>
+<li> Taylor, John George, Esq., H.M. Consul at Diabekir.</li>
+<li> Thomas, Luke, Esq., Carlton-villa, Blackheath Park.</li>
+<li> Tolstoy, George, Esq., St. Petersburgh.</li>
+<li> Toronto University.</li>
+<li> Trade, the Board of, Whitehall.</li>
+<li> Traveller’s Club, 106, Pall Mall.</li>
+<li> Trinity College, Cambridge.</li>
+<li> Trinity Corporation, Tower Hill.</li>
+<li> Turnour, Capt. Nicholas, R.N., <i>H.M.S. Clio</i>, Pacific.</li>
+<li> Union Society, Oxford.</li>
+<li> United Service Institution, Scotland Yard.</li>
+<li> Van de Weyer, His Excellency M. Sylvain, 3, Grosvenor-square.</li>
+<li> Victoria Library and Reading Rooms, Hong Kong.</li>
+<li> Vienna Royal Imperial Library.</li>
+<li> Vivian, Geo., Esq., 11, Upper Grosvenor-street.</li>
+<li> Van Ryckevorsel, H., Consul de Venezuela, Conseiller à la Régence de Rotterdam.</li>
+<li> Waite, Henry, Esq., 68, Old Broad-street.</li>
+<li> Wales, George Washington, Esq., Boston, U.S.</li>
+<li> Walpole, Lieut. the Hon. Frederick, R.N., Long Stratton, Norfolk.</li>
+<li> Watkinson Library, Hertford, Connecticut, U.S.</li>
+<li> Watts, Thomas, Esq., British Museum.</li>
+<li> Webb Captain John Sydney, 24, Manchester-square, W.</li>
+<li> Webb, William Frederick, Esq., Newstead Abbey.</li>
+<li> Whewell, the Rev. W., D.D., Master of Trinity College, Cambridge.</li>
+<li> Whiteman, J. C. Esq., Theydon Grove, Epping.</li>
+<li> Wilcox, R. Wilson, Esq., Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital, Moorfields.</li>
+<li> Wilkinson, John, Esq., 3, Wellington-street, Strand.</li>
+<li> Williams, T., Esq., Northumberland-house, Strand.</li>
+<li> Wilson, Edward S., Esq., Hull.</li>
+<li> Woodd, Basil T., Esq., M.P., Conyngham Hall, Knaresborough.</li>
+<li> Wright, H., Esq., Cheltenham.</li>
+<li> Young, Allen, Esq., R.N.R., Riversdale, Twickenham.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h2>WORKS ISSUED BY<br /><br />
+<span class="eng">T h e H a k l u y t S o c i e t y.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="cb">
+THE TRAVELS OF<br />
+PEDRO DE CIEZA DE LEON.<br />
+<br />
+<small>M.DCCC.LXIV.</small><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/ill_map_sml.jpg" width="280" height="500" alt="MAP OF PERU, QUITO & NEW GRANADA" title="" />
+<br />
+<span class="caption">MAP OF PERU, QUITO & NEW GRANADA</span><br />
+
+<span class="enlargeimage"><a href="images/ill_map_lg.jpg">(larger view 250k)</a>
+<a href="images/ill_map_huge.jpg">(largest view 2mb)</a></span>
+
+</div>
+
+<h1>
+<small><small><small>THE</small></small></small><br />
+<br />
+T R A V E L S<br />
+<br />
+<small><small><small>OF</small></small></small><br />
+<br />
+PEDRO DE CIEZA DE LEON,<br />
+<br />
+<small><small><small>A.D.</small> 1532-50,<br />
+<br />
+<small>CONTAINED IN THE</small><br />
+<br />
+<span class="eng">First Part of his Chronicle of Peru.</span></small></small></h1>
+
+<p class="cb"><small>TRANSLATED AND EDITED,<br />
+<br />
+WITH NOTES AND AN INTRODUCTION,<br />
+<br />
+BY</small></p>
+
+<p class="c">CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM, F.S.A., F.R.G.S.,<br />
+<br />
+<small><small>AUTHOR OF “CUZCO AND LIMA,” “TRAVELS IN PERU AND INDIA,” AND A<br />
+“QUICHUA GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY.”</small></small><br />
+<br />
+LONDON:<br />
+PRINTED FOR THE HAKLUYT SOCIETY.<br />
+<br />
+M.DCCC.LXIV.<br />
+<br /><br /><small>LONDON: T. RICHARDS, 37, GREAT QUEEN STREET.</small></p>
+
+<h2>COUNCIL<br /><br />
+OF<br /><br />
+THE HAKLUYT SOCIETY.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquott80"><p class="hang">SIR RODERICK IMPEY MURCHISON, K.C.B., G.C.St.S., F.R.S., D.C.L.,
+Corr. Mem. Inst. F., Hon. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. St. Petersburg, etc.,
+etc., <span class="smcap">President</span>.</p></div>
+
+<ul>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Rear-Admiral</span> C. R. DRINKWATER BETHUNE, C.B. <span class="smcap">Vice-President</span>.<br />
+<span class="smcap">The Rt. Hon. Sir</span> DAVID DUNDAS, M.P. <span class="smcap">Vice-President</span>.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Rev.</span> G. P. BADGER, F.R.G.S.</li>
+
+<li>J. BARROW, <span class="smcap">Esq.</span>, F.R.S.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Rt. Hon.</span> LORD BROUGHTON.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Rear-Admiral</span> R. COLLINSON, C.B.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Sir</span> HENRY ELLIS, K.H., F.R.S.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">General</span> C. FOX.</li>
+
+<li>R. W. GREY, <span class="smcap">Esq.</span></li>
+
+<li>JOHN WINTER JONES, <span class="smcap">Esq.</span>, F.S.A.</li>
+
+<li>JOHN W. KAYE, <span class="smcap">Esq.</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">His Excellency the</span> COUNT DE LAVRADIO.</li>
+
+<li>R. H. MAJOR, <span class="smcap">Esq.</span>, F.S.A.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Sir</span> CHARLES NICHOLSON, <span class="smcap">Bart.</span></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Captain</span> SHERARD OSBORN, R.N., C. B.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Sir</span> ERSKINE PERRY.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Major-General Sir</span> HENRY C. RAWLINSON, K.C.B.</li>
+
+<li>WILLIAM STIRLING, <span class="smcap">Esq.</span>, M.P.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Viscount</span> STRANGFORD.</li>
+
+<li> </li>
+<li>CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM, <i>Esq.</i>, F.S.A., <span class="smcap">Honorary Secretary</span>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h2><a name="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS" id="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS"></a>TABLE OF CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""
+style="margin: auto 10% auto 10%;">
+
+<tr><td> </td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><small>PAGE</small></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#INTRODUCTION"><span class="smcap">Introduction</span></a></p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#INTRODUCTION">i</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#dedication">Dedication</a></p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#dedication">l</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#PROLOGUE">Prologue</a></p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_004">4</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top" colspan="2"><p class="c"><span class="smcap">The Travels of Pedro de Cieza de Leon.</span></p></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_I"><span class="smcap">Chap. I.</span></a>—Which treats of the discovery of the Indies, of some other
+things which were done when they were first discovered, and of
+the present state of affairs</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_011">11</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_II"><span class="smcap">Chap. II.</span></a>—Of the city of Panama, and of its founding, and why it is
+treated of first, before other matters</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_014">14</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_III"><span class="smcap">Chap. III.</span></a>—Of the ports between Panama and the land of Peru, of the
+distances between them, and of their latitudes</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_019">19</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV"><span class="smcap">Chap. IV.</span></a>—Describes the navigation as far as the Callao of Lima,
+which is the port of the City of the Kings</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_022">22</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_V"><span class="smcap">Chap. V.</span></a>—Of the ports and rivers on the coast, from the City of the
+Kings to the province of Chile, and their latitudes, with other matters
+connected with the navigation of these seas</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_027">27</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI"><span class="smcap">Chap. VI.</span></a>—How the city of San Sebastian was founded in the bay of
+Uraba; and of the native Indians in that neighbourhood</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_032">32</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII"><span class="smcap">Chap. VII.</span></a>—How the barb is made so poisonous, with which the Indians
+of Carthagena and Santa Martha have killed so many Spaniards</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_038">38</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII"><span class="smcap">Chap. VIII.</span></a>—In which other customs of the Indians subject to the city
+of Uraba are described</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_039">39</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_IX"><span class="smcap">Chap. IX.</span></a>—Of the road between the city of San Sebastian and the city
+of Antioquia, and of the wild beasts, forests, rivers, and other things
+in the way; and how and in what season it can be passed</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_040">40</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_X"><span class="smcap">Chap. X.</span></a>—Of the grandeur of the mountains of Abibe, and of the
+admirable and useful timber which grows there</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_043">43</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XI"><span class="smcap">Chap. XI.</span></a>—Of the cacique Nutibara, and of his territory: and of
+other caciques subject to the city of Antioquia</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_046">46</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XII"><span class="smcap">Chap. XII.</span></a>—Of the customs of these Indians, of their arms, and of
+the ceremonies they perform; and who the founder of the city of
+Antioquia was</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_049">49</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIII"><span class="smcap">Chap. XIII.</span></a>—Of the description of the province of Popayan, and the
+reason why the natives of it are so wild, and those of Peru so gentle</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_054">54</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIV"><span class="smcap">Chap. XIV.</span></a>—Containing an account of the road between the city of
+Antioquia and the town of Anzerma, and of the region which lies
+on either side of it</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_056">56</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XV"><span class="smcap">Chap. XV.</span></a>—Of the customs of the Indians of this land, and of the forests
+that must be traversed in order to reach the town of Anzerma</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_059">59</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVI"><span class="smcap">Chap. XVI.</span></a>—Of the customs of the Caciques and Indians in the
+neighbourhood of the town of Anzerma, of the founding of that town,
+and who its founder was</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_062">62</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVII"><span class="smcap">Chap. XVII.</span></a>—Concerning the provinces and towns between the city of
+Antioquia and the town of Arma; and of the customs of the natives</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_066">66</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVIII"><span class="smcap">Chap. XVIII.</span></a>—Of the province of Arma, of the customs of the natives,
+and of other notable things</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_069">69</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIX"><span class="smcap">Chap. XIX.</span></a>—The sacrifices offered up by these Indians, and what
+great butchers they are in the matter of eating human flesh</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_071">71</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XX"><span class="smcap">Chap. XX.</span></a>—Of the province of Paucura, and of the manners and
+customs of the natives</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_074">74</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXI"><span class="smcap">Chap. XXI.</span></a>—Of the Indians of Pozo, and how valiant they are, and
+how dreaded by the neighbouring tribes</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_076">76</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXII"><span class="smcap">Chap. XXII.</span></a>—Of the province of Picara, and of the chiefs of it</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_080">80</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXIII"><span class="smcap">Chap. XXIII.</span></a>—Of the province of Carrapa, and of what there is to be
+said concerning it</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_082">82</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXIV"><span class="smcap">Chap. XXIV.</span></a>—Of the province of Quinbaya, and of the customs of
+the chiefs. Also concerning the foundation of the city of Cartago,
+and who was its founder</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_085">85</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXV"><span class="smcap">Chap. XXV.</span></a>—In which the subject of the preceding chapter is continued;
+respecting what relates to the city of Cartago, and its foundation,
+and respecting the animal called <i>chucha</i></p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_090">90</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXVI"><span class="smcap">Chap. XXVI.</span></a>—Which touches upon the provinces in this great and
+beautiful valley, up to the city of Cali</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_093">93</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXVII"><span class="smcap">Chap. XXVII.</span></a>—Of the situation of the city of Cali, of the Indians in
+its vicinity, and concerning the founder</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_099">99</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXVIII"><span class="smcap">Chap. XXVIII.</span></a>—Of the villages and chiefs of Indians who are within
+the jurisdiction of this city of Cali</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_100">100</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXIX"><span class="smcap">Chap. XXIX.</span></a>—In which the matter relating to the city of Cali is concluded;
+and concerning other Indians inhabiting the mountains near
+the port which they call Buenaventura</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_104">104</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXX"><span class="smcap">Chap. XXX.</span></a>—In which the road is described from the city of Cali to
+that of Popayan, and concerning the villages of Indians that lie
+between them</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_107">107</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXXI"><span class="smcap">Chap. XXXI.</span></a>—Concerning the river of Santa Martha, and of the
+things which are met with on its banks</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_111">111</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXXII"><span class="smcap">Chap. XXXII.</span></a>—In which the account of the villages and chiefs subject
+to the city of Popayan is concluded; and what there is to be said
+until the boundary of Popayan is passed</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_114">114</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXXIII"><span class="smcap">Chap. XXXIII.</span></a>—In which an account is given of what there is between
+Popayan and the city of Pasto; and what there is to be said concerning
+the natives of the neighbouring districts</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_118">118</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXXIV"><span class="smcap">Chap. XXXIV.</span></a>—In which the account of what there is in this country
+is concluded, as far as the boundary of Pasto</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_122">122</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXXV"><span class="smcap">Chap. XXXV.</span></a>—Of the notable fountains and rivers in these provinces,
+and how they make salt of good quality by a very curious
+artifice</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_124">124</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXXVI"><span class="smcap">Chap. XXXVI.</span></a>—Which contains the description and appearance of
+the kingdom of Peru from the city of Quito to the town of La Plata,
+a distance of more than seven hundred leagues</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_128">128</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXXVII"><span class="smcap">Chap. XXXVII.</span></a>—Of the villages and provinces between the town
+of Pasto and the city of Quito</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_131">131</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXXVIII"><span class="smcap">Chap. XXXVIII.</span></a>—In which it is stated who were the Kings Yncas,
+and how they ruled over Peru</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_135">135</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXXIX"><span class="smcap">Chap. XXXIX.</span></a>—Of other villages and buildings between Carangue
+and the city of Quito: and of the robbery which the people of Otabalo
+are said to have committed on those of Carangue</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_137">137</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XL"><span class="smcap">Chap. XL.</span></a>—Of the situation of the city of San Francisco del Quito, of
+its foundation, and who it was who founded it</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_140">140</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XLI"><span class="smcap">Chap. XLI.</span></a>—Concerning the villages beyond Quito as far as the royal
+palaces of Tumebamba, and of some customs of the natives</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_145">145</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XLII"><span class="smcap">Chap. XLII.</span></a>—Of the other villages between Llacta-cunga and Riobamba;
+and of what passed between the Adelantado Don Pedro de
+Alvarado and the Marshal Don Diego de Almagro</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_153">153</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XLIII"><span class="smcap">Chap. XLIII.</span></a>—Which treats of what there is to be said concerning the
+other Indian villages as far as the buildings of Tumebamba</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_160">160</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XLIV"><span class="smcap">Chap. XLIV.</span></a>—Concerning the grandeur of the rich palaces of Tumebamba,
+and of the province of the Cañaris</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_164">164</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XLV"><span class="smcap">Chap. XLV.</span></a>—Concerning the road which leads from the province of
+Quito to the coast of the South Sea, and the bounds of the city of
+Puerto Viejo</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_170">170</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XLVI"><span class="smcap">Chap. XLVI.</span></a>—In which an account is given of certain things relating
+to the province of Puerto Viejo; and also concerning the equinoctial
+line</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_172">172</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XLVII"><span class="smcap">Chap. XLVII.</span></a>—Treating of the question whether the Indians of this
+province were conquered by the Yncas or not; and concerning the death
+which they inflicted on certain captains of Tupac Ynca Yupanqui</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_177">177</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XLVIII"><span class="smcap">Chap. XLVIII.</span></a>—How these Indians were conquered by Huayna
+Ceapac, and how they conversed with the devil, sacrificed to him, and
+buried women alive with the bodies of their chiefs</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_179">179</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XLIX"><span class="smcap">Chap. XLIX.</span></a>—</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_181">181</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_L"><span class="smcap">Chap. L.</span></a>—How in ancient tunes the Indians of Manta worshipped an
+emerald as their God; and of other things concerning these Indians</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_182">182</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LI"><span class="smcap">Chap. LI.</span></a>—In which the account of the Indians of Puerto Viejo is
+finished; and concerning the founding of that city, and who was its
+founder</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_186">186</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LII"><span class="smcap">Chap. LII.</span></a>—Of the wells which there are at the point of Santa Elena;
+of the story they tell respecting the arrival of giants in those parts;
+and of the tar which is found there</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_188">188</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LIV"><span class="smcap">Chap. LIV.</span></a><a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—Concerning the foundation of the city of Guayaquil; and
+how certain of the natives put the captains of Huayna Ceapac to
+death</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_192">192</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LIV"><span class="smcap">Chap. LIV.</span></a>—Of the island of Puna, and of that of La Plata; and
+concerning the admirable root called sarsaparilla, which is so useful for
+all diseases</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_198">198</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LVI"><span class="smcap">Chap. LVI.</span></a>—How the city of Santiago de Guayaquil was founded and
+settled, of some Indian villages which are subject to it, and concerning
+other things until its boundary is passed</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_201">201</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LVII"><span class="smcap">Chap. LVII.</span></a>—Of the Indian villages between the buildings of Tumebamba
+and the city of Loxa, and concerning the founding of that
+city</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_204">204</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LVIII"><span class="smcap">Chap. LVIII.</span></a>—Concerning the provinces between Tamboblanco and
+the city of San Miguel, the first city founded by the Christian
+Spaniards in Peru; and what there is to be said of the natives</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_209">209</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LIX"><span class="smcap">Chap. LIX.</span></a>—In which the narrative is continued down to the foundation
+of the city of San Miguel, and who was the founder. Also of the
+difference of the seasons in this kingdom of Peru, which is a notable
+thing; and how it does not rain along the whole length of these plains,
+which are on the coast of the South Sea</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_212">212</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LX"><span class="smcap">Chap. LX.</span></a>—Concerning the road which the Yncas ordered to be made
+along these coast valleys, with buildings and depôts like those in the
+mountains; and why these Indians are called Yuncas</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_210">210</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LXI"><span class="smcap">Chap. LXI.</span></a>—How these Yuncas were very superstitious, and how they
+were divided into nations and lineages</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_219">219</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LXII"><span class="smcap">Chap. LXII.</span></a>—How the Indians of these valleys and of other parts of
+the country believe that souls leave the bodies, and do not die; and
+why they desired their wives to be buried with them</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_221">221</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LXIII"><span class="smcap">Chap. LXIII.</span></a>—How they buried their dead, and how they mourned
+for them, at the performance of their obsequies</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_225">225</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LXIV"><span class="smcap">Chap. LXIV.</span></a>—</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_230">230</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LXV"><span class="smcap">Chap. LXV.</span></a>—How they have a custom of naming children, in most of
+these provinces, and how they sought after sorceries and charms</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_230">230</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LXVI"><span class="smcap">Chap. LXVI.</span></a>—Of the fertility of the land in these coast valleys, and
+of the many fruits and roots they contain. Also concerning their
+excellent system of irrigating the fields</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_233">233</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LXVII"><span class="smcap">Chap. LXVII.</span></a>—Of the road from San Miguel to Truxillo, and of the
+valleys between those cities</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_238">238</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LXVIII"><span class="smcap">Chap. LXVIII.</span></a>—In which the same road is followed as has been treated
+of in the former chapter, until the city of Truxillo is reached</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_240">240</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LXIX"><span class="smcap">Chap. LXIX.</span></a>—Of the founding of the city of Truxillo, and who was
+the founder</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_244">244</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LXX"><span class="smcap">Chap. LXX.</span></a>—Of the other valleys and villages along the coast road,
+as far as the City of the Kings</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_245">245</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LXXI"><span class="smcap">Chap. LXXI.</span></a>—Of the situation of the City of Kings, of its founding,
+and who was the founder</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_248">248</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LXXII"><span class="smcap">Chap. LXXII.</span></a>—Of the valley of Pachacamac, and of the very ancient
+temple in it, and how it was reverenced by the Yncas</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_251">251</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LXXIII"><span class="smcap">Chap. LXXIII.</span></a>—Of the valleys between Pachacamac and the fortress
+of Huarco, and of a notable thing which is done in the valley of
+Huarco</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_255">255</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LXXIV"><span class="smcap">Chap. LXXIV.</span></a>—Of the great province of Chincha, and how much it
+was valued in ancient times</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_260">260</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LXXV"><span class="smcap">Chap. LXXV.</span></a>—Of the other valleys, as far as the province of Tarapaca</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_263">263</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LXXVI"><span class="smcap">Chap. LXXVI.</span></a>—Of the founding of the city of Arequipa, how it was
+founded, and who was its founder</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_267">267</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LXXVII"><span class="smcap">Chap. LXXVII.</span></a>—In which it is declared how that, beyond the province
+of Huancabamba, there is that of Caxamarca, and other large
+and very populous provinces</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_269">269</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LXXVIII"><span class="smcap">Chap. LXXVIII.</span></a>—Of the foundation of the city of the frontier, who was
+its founder, and of some customs of the Indians in the province</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_277">277</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LXXIX"><span class="smcap">Chap. LXXIX.</span></a>—Which treats of the foundation of the city of Leon de
+Huanuco, and who was its founder</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_282">282</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LXXX"><span class="smcap">Chap. LXXX.</span></a>—Of the situation of this city, of the fertility of its
+fields, and of the customs of its inhabitants; also concerning a beautiful
+edifice or palace of the Yncas at Huanuco</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_283">283</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LXXXI"><span class="smcap">Chap. LXXXI.</span></a>—Of what there is to be said concerning the country
+from Caxamarca to the valley of Xauxa; and of the district of Guamachuco,
+which borders on Caxamarca</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_287">287</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LXXXII"><span class="smcap">Chap. LXXXII.</span></a>—In which it is told how the Yncas ordered that the
+storehouses should be well provided, and how these were kept in
+readiness for the troops</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_290">290</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LXXXIII"><span class="smcap">Chap. LXXXIII.</span></a>—Of the lake of Bombon, and how it is supposed to
+be the source of the great river of La Plata</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_294">294</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LXXXIV"><span class="smcap">Chap. LXXXIV.</span></a>—Which treats of the valley of Xauxa, and of its
+inhabitants, and relates how great a place it was in times past</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_297">297</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LXXXV"><span class="smcap">Chap. LXXXV.</span></a>—In which the road is described from Xauxa to the
+city of Guamanga, and what there is worthy of note on the road</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_301">301</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LXXXVI"><span class="smcap">Chap. LXXXVI.</span></a>—Which treats of the reason why the city of Guamanga
+was founded, its provinces having been at first partly under the
+jurisdiction of Cuzco, and partly under that of the City of the
+Kings</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_304">304</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LXXXVII"><span class="smcap">Chap. LXXXVII.</span></a>—Of the founding of the city of Guamanga, and
+who was its founder</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_307">307</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LXXXVIII"><span class="smcap">Chap. LXXXVIII.</span></a>—In which some things are related concerning the
+natives of the districts near this city</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_310">310</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_LXXXIX"><span class="smcap">Chap. LXXXIX.</span></a>—Of the great buildings in the province of Vilcas,
+which are beyond the city of Guamanga</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_312">312</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XC"><span class="smcap">Chap. XC.</span></a>—Of the province of Andahuaylas, and what is to be seen as
+far as the valley of Xaquixaguana</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_319">319</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XCI"><span class="smcap">Chap. XCI.</span></a>—Of the river of Apurimac, of the valley of Xaquixaguana,
+of the causeway which passes over it, and of what else there is to
+relate until the city of Cuzco is reached</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_319">319</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XCII"><span class="smcap">Chap. XCII.</span></a>—Of the manner in which the city of Cuzco is built, of
+the four royal roads which lead from it, of the grand edifices it contained,
+and who was its founder</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_322">322</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XCIII"><span class="smcap">Chap. XCIII.</span></a>—In which the things of this city of Cuzco are described
+more in detail</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_330">330</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XCIV"><span class="smcap">Chap. XCIV.</span></a>—Which treats of the valley of Yucay and of the strong
+fortress at Tambo, and of part of the province of Cunti-suyu</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_331">331</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XCV"><span class="smcap">Chap. XCV.</span></a>—Of the forests of the Andes, of their great thickness, of
+the huge snakes which are bred in them, and of the evil customs of the
+Indians who live in the interior of these forests</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_336">336</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#NOTE_TO_CHAPTER_XCV"><span class="smcap">Note to Chap. XCV.</span></a>—On the river Purús, a tributary of the Amazon.
+By Mr. Richard Spruce</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_339">339</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XCVI"><span class="smcap">Chap. XCVI.</span></a>—How the Indians carry herbs or roots in their mouths,
+and concerning the herb called coca, which they raise in many parts
+of this kingdom</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_352">352</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XCVII"><span class="smcap">Chap. XCVII.</span></a>—Of the road from Cuzco to the city of La Paz; and of
+the villages, until the Indians called Canches are passed</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_353">353</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XCVIII"><span class="smcap">Chap. XCVIII.</span></a>—Of the provinces of Canas, and of Ayavire</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_356">356</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_XCIX"><span class="smcap">Chap. XCIX.</span></a>—Of the great district which is inhabited by the
+<i>Collas</i>, of the appearance of the land where their villages are built,
+and how the <i>Mitimaes</i> were stationed to supply them with provisions</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_359">359</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_C"><span class="smcap">Chap. C.</span></a>—Of what is said concerning the origin of these Collas, of
+their appearance, and how they buried their dead</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_362">362</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_CI"><span class="smcap">Chap. CI.</span></a>—How these Indians perform their annual ceremonies, and of
+the temples they had in ancient times</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_366">366</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_CII"><span class="smcap">Chap. CII.</span></a>—Of the ancient ruins at Pucara, of the former greatness of
+Hatun-colla, of the village called Azangaro, and of other things which
+are here related</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_368">368</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_CII"><span class="smcap">Chap. CII.</span></a>—Of the great lake which is within the province of the
+Collao, of its depth, and of the temple of Titicaca</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_370">370</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_CIV"><span class="smcap">Chap. CIV.</span></a>—In which the narrative continues, and the villages are
+described as far as Tiahuanaco</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_372">372</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_CV"><span class="smcap">Chap. CV.</span></a>—Of the village of Tiahuanaco, and the great and ancient
+edifices which are to be seen there</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_374">374</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_CVI"><span class="smcap">Chap. CVI.</span></a>—Of the founding of the city called of Our Lady of Peace,
+who was its founder, and of the road thence to the town of Plata</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_380">380</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_CVII"><span class="smcap">Chap. CVII.</span></a>—Of the founding of the town of Plata, which is situated
+in the province of Charcas</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_382">382</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_CVIII"><span class="smcap">Chap. CVIII.</span></a>—Of the riches in Porco, and how there are large veins
+of silver near that town</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_385">385</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_CIX"><span class="smcap">Chap. CIX.</span></a>—How they discovered the mines of Potosi, whence they
+have taken riches such as have never been seen or heard of in other
+times; and how, as the metal does not run, the Indians get it by the
+invention of the <i>huayras</i></p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_386">386</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_CX"><span class="smcap">Chap. CX.</span></a>—There was the richest market in the world at this hill of
+Potosi, at the time when these mines were prosperous</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_390">390</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_CXI"><span class="smcap">Chap. CXI.</span></a>—Of the sheep, <i>huanacus</i>, and <i>vicuñas</i>, which they have
+in most parts of the mountains of Peru</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_392">392</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_CXII"><span class="smcap">Chap. CXII.</span></a>—Of a tree called <i>molle</i>, and of other herbs and roots in
+this kingdom of Peru</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_395">395</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_CXIII"><span class="smcap">Chap. CXIII.</span></a>—How there are large salt lakes and baths in this
+kingdom; and how the land is suited for the growth of olives
+and other fruits of Spain, and for some animals and birds of that
+country</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_399">399</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_CXIV"><span class="smcap">Chap. CXIV.</span></a>—How the native Indians of this kingdom were great
+masters of the arts of working in silver and of building: and how
+they had excellent dyes for their fine cloths</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_403">403</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_CXV"><span class="smcap">Chap. CXV.</span></a>—How there are great mines in most parts of this kingdom</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_406">406</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_CXVI"><span class="smcap">Chap. CXVI.</span></a>—How many nations of these Indians make war one upon
+the other, and how the lords and chiefs oppress the poorer people</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_407">407</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_CXVII"><span class="smcap">Chap. CXVII.</span></a>—In which certain things are declared concerning the
+Indians; and what fell out between a clergyman and one of them, in
+a village of this kingdom</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_411">411</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_CXVIII"><span class="smcap">Chap. CXVIII.</span></a>—How, when a chief near the town of Anzerma wished
+to become a Christian, he saw the devils visibly, who wished to deter
+him from his good intention by their terrors</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_415">415</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_CXIX"><span class="smcap">Chap. CXIX.</span></a>—How mighty wonders have been clearly seen in the
+discovery of these Indies, how our Sovereign Lord God desires to watch
+over the Spaniards, and how He chastises those who are cruel to the
+Indians</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_418">418</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_CXX"><span class="smcap">Chap. CXX.</span></a>—Of the dioceses in this kingdom of Peru, who are the
+bishops of them, and of the Royal Chancellery in the City of the
+Kings</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_424">424</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#CHAPTER_CXXI"><span class="smcap">Chap. CXXI.</span></a>—Of the monasteries which have been founded in Peru,
+from the date of its discovery down to the present year 1550</p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_426">426</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><p class="hangtoc"><a href="#INDEX">Index</a></p></td><td align="right" valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_429">429</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION.</h2>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> work of Pedro de Cieza de Leon is, in many respects, one of the most
+remarkable literary productions of the age of Spanish conquest in
+America. Written by a man who had passed his life in the camp from early
+boyhood, it is conceived on a plan which would have done credit to the
+most thoughtful scholar, and is executed with care, judgment, and
+fidelity. But before examining the work itself, I will give some account
+of its author—of whom, however, little is known, beyond what can be
+gathered from his own incidental statements in the course of his
+narrative.</p>
+
+<p>Cieza de Leon is believed to have been born in the year 1519 in the city
+of Seville, where he passed the first fourteen years of his life. It has
+been conjectured that his father was a native of Leon,<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> in the north
+of Spain, but absolutely nothing is known of his parentage.</p>
+
+<p>In 1532, at the extraordinarily early age of fourteen, young Pedro
+embarked at Seville, and set out to seek his fortunes in the New World.
+At that time scarcely a year elapsed without seeing an expedition fitted
+out, to undertake some new discovery or conquest. Seville and Cadiz
+were crowded with adventurers, all eagerly seeking for a passage to that
+marvellous land beyond the setting sun. It was, indeed, a time of wild
+excitement. Every ship that returned from the Indies might, and not a
+few did, bring tidings of the discovery of new and powerful empires
+before undreamt of. People of all ages and of every grade in society
+flocked to the sea ports, and took ship for the Indies; excited beyond
+control by the accounts of those inexhaustible riches and fabulous
+glories, which penetrated to every village in Spain. Among the leaders
+of these expeditions there were some honourable knights, with courteous
+manners and cultivated minds, such as Diego de Alvarado, Garcilasso de
+la Vega, and Lorenzo de Aldana.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> But the majority were either coarse
+and avaricious adventurers, or disappointed courtiers, like that young
+scamp Alonzo Enriquez de Guzman, whom I introduced to the notice of the
+<span class="smcap">Hakluyt Society</span> in 1862. Cieza de Leon, at the time of his embarkation,
+was a mere boy, too young to be classed under any of these heads. His
+character was destined to be formed in a rough and savage school, and it
+is most remarkable that so fine a fellow as our author really was,
+should have been produced amidst the horrors of the Spanish American
+conquest. Humane, generous, full of noble sympathies, observant, and
+methodical; he was bred amidst scenes of cruelty, pillage, and wanton
+destruction, which were calculated to produce a far different character.
+Considering the circumstances in which he was placed from early
+boyhood, his book is certainly a most extraordinary, as well as an
+inestimable result of his labours and military services.</p>
+
+<p>It does not appear in what fleet our boy soldier set out from Spain; but
+judging from the date, and from the company in which we find him
+immediately on landing in America, I consider it more than probable that
+he sailed from his native land in one of the ships which formed the
+expeditionary fleet of Don Pedro de Heredia.</p>
+
+<p>Heredia, who had already served with distinction on the coast of Tierra
+Firme, had obtained a grant of the government of all the country,
+between the river Magdalena and the gulf of Darien, from Charles V. He
+was a native of Madrid, where, having had his nostrils slit in a street
+brawl, he had killed three of the men who had treated him with this
+indignity. Forced to leave his native country, he took refuge in San
+Domingo, and a relation had interest enough to get him appointed as
+lieutenant to Garcia de Lerma, in an expedition to Santa Martha; whence
+he returned to Spain. He was a man of considerable ability, judgment,
+and determination, was respected by his own followers, and had already
+had some experience in Indian warfare. His lieutenant was Francisco de
+Cesar, one of the most dashing officers of the time.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+<p>Heredia’s expedition, which consisted of one galleon and two caravels,
+carrying in all about a hundred men, sailed from Cadiz in the end of
+1532. They first touched at San Domingo, where Heredia took on board
+more recruits, forty-seven horses, and some leathern cuirasses, which
+had been prepared as a protection against the poisoned arrows of the
+Indians. On the 14th of January 1533 the expedition entered the bay of
+Carthagena,<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> on the main land of South America, where the
+disembarkation of the Spaniards was bravely contested by the natives. In
+no part of Spanish America did the Indians more resolutely defend their
+homes, than along the coast of the Tierra Firme, as it was called; and
+young Cieza de Leon saw some very rough service on his first landing in
+the new world. Eventually Heredia succeeded in founding the city of
+Carthagena, of which he was the first governor, and in establishing a
+firm footing in the surrounding country: and for some three or four
+years the future author continued to serve under him. In 1535 Cieza de
+Leon accompanied Heredia’s brother Alonzo to the gulf of Darien or
+Uraba, where a settlement was formed called San Sebastian de Buena
+Vista.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, a judge, named Pedro Vadillo, was sent to Carthagena to
+examine into the proceedings of Heredia, with full powers from the
+<i>Audiencia</i> of San Domingo; and he threw the governor into prison. His
+violent proceedings were disapproved in Spain, and another lawyer was
+sent out to sit in judgment on the judge. The licentiate Vadillo, who
+seems to have been better fitted for a soldier than for a judge,
+resolved to perform some service, or make some discovery in the
+interval, the importance of which, in a military point of view, should
+secure oblivion for his misconduct as a lawyer. He, therefore, organised
+a force of four hundred Spaniards at San Sebastian de Uraba, and,
+setting out early in 1538, crossed the mountains of Abibe, and advanced
+up the valley of the Cauca.</p>
+
+<p>Cieza de Leon, then in his nineteenth year, accompanied Vadillo in this
+bold adventure as a private soldier. It was now upwards of five years
+since he first landed in the new world, the whole of which time had been
+spent by him in severe and dangerous service in the province of
+Carthagena. At an age when most boys are at school, this lad had been
+sharing in all the hardships and perils of seasoned veterans; and even
+then he was gifted with powers of observation far beyond his years, as
+is proved by his very interesting account of the Indians of Uraba.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>
+Amongst other things he tells us that the women of Uraba are the
+prettiest and most loveable of any that he had seen in the Indies.</p>
+
+<p>The expedition of Vadillo was one of those desperate undertakings which,
+common as they were in the history of those times, still fill us with
+astonishment. Young Cieza de Leon took his share in the dangers and
+privations which were encountered, and which none but men endowed with
+extraordinary bravery and fortitude could have overcome.</p>
+
+<p>After marching over a low forest covered plain, the explorers had to
+cross the mountains of Abibe, “where the roads were assuredly most
+difficult and wearisome, while the roots were such that they entangled
+the feet of both men and horses. At the highest part of the mountains
+there was a very laborious ascent, and a still more dangerous descent on
+the other side.” At this point many of the horses fell over the
+precipices and were dashed to pieces, and even some of the men were
+killed, while others were so much injured that they were left behind in
+the forests, awaiting their deaths in great misery. On one occasion our
+young soldier was posted as a sentry on the banks of a stream whence
+some kind of centipede dropped from a branch, and bit him in the neck.
+He adds that he passed the most painful and wearisome night he ever
+experienced in his life. At length Vadillo’s gallant little band
+completed their march over the terrible mountains of Abibe, and entered
+the pleasant valleys ruled by the cacique Nutibara. Thence the bold
+licentiate marched up the valley of the Cauca.</p>
+
+<p>In this march the Spaniards suffered terribly from want of proper food,
+the difficulties of the road, and the constant attacks of the Indians.
+They clamoured for a retreat to the coast, but this did not suit the
+views of Vadillo, who knew that imprisonment probably awaited him at
+Carthagena; and, when the discontent of his men became formidable, he
+drew his sword and rushed alone into the woods, crying out that, let who
+would go back, he should press on till he met with better fortune. The
+troops were ashamed to desert him, and eventually they reached Cali, in
+the upper part of the Cauca valley. Here at length he was abandoned by
+all his followers, and went on almost alone to Popayan, whence he
+returned to Spain.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p>
+
+<p>The followers of Vadillo joined those of Lorenzo de Aldana,<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> who was
+then governing Popayan for Pizarro, and many of them returned down the
+valley of the Cauca again with an officer named Jorge de Robledo, who
+was commissioned to conquer and settle the country discovered by
+Vadillo. Among this number was our author, who witnessed the subjugation
+of the cannibal tribes of the Cauca, the foundation of several so-called
+cities, and the perpetration of much cruelty. He received a
+<i>repartimiento</i> of Indians in the province of Arma, for his services.
+Robledo returned to Spain, and came back with the title of marshal, and
+the grant of the government of a country with ill-defined limits, in
+1546. The fierce and unscrupulous Sebastian de Belalcazar was then
+governor of Popayan. He claimed the territory which Robledo had
+occupied, and when that officer refused to retire, he surprised him at a
+place called Picara on the 1st of October, 1546, took him prisoner, and
+hung him, in spite of the entreaties of the unfortunate knight to be
+beheaded like a gentleman.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> The cannibal Indians are said to have
+eaten the body. Cieza de Leon, who had served under Robledo for several
+years, makes the following remark on his death, in recapitulating the
+fate which overtook all the conquerors who were cruel to the natives:
+“The marshal Don Jorge Robledo consented to allow great harm to be done
+to the Indians in the province of Pozo, and caused many to be killed
+with cross-bows and dogs. And God permitted that he should be sentenced
+to death in the same place, and have for his tomb the bellies of
+Indians.”<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> Our young author joined the service of Belalcazar, on the
+death of Robledo.</p>
+
+<p>Cieza de Leon began to write a journal of some kind, which formed the
+material for his future work, in the year 1541 at Cartago, in the Cauca
+valley, when serving under Robledo. He tells us that “as he noted the
+many great and strange things that are to be seen in this new world of
+the Indies, there came upon him a strong desire to write an account of
+some of them, as well those which he had seen with his own eyes, as
+those he had heard of from persons of good repute.”<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> He was then
+twenty-two years of age, and from that time he seems to have persevered,
+in spite of many difficulties, in keeping a careful record of all he saw
+and heard. “Oftentimes,” he says, “when the other soldiers were
+reposing, I was tiring myself by writing. Neither fatigue, nor the
+ruggedness of the country, nor the mountains and rivers, nor intolerable
+hunger and suffering, have ever been sufficient to obstruct my two
+duties, namely writing and following my flag and my captain without
+fault.”<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p>
+
+<p>In 1547 the President Gasca landed in Peru, and marched against Gonzalo
+Pizarro, who was in open rebellion at Cuzco. All loyal officers were
+called upon to join the royal standard, and troops at Popayan were
+hurried south with this object. Cieza de Leon, now a stout young man at
+arms, was among them.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> By this time he was a veteran of sixteen years
+service, with his intellect matured and sharpened in a rough and trying
+school, and every faculty on the alert. His habit of careful observation
+with a fixed object, and the practical life he was leading, render his
+remarks, on all he saw during this march, of the greatest value. Mr.
+Prescott says of him that “his testimony, always good, becomes for these
+events of more than usual value.”<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> The reinforcements from Popayan
+marched by Pasto and Quito to Tumebamba, then down to the sea-shore, and
+along the coast to Lima, then across the Andes again, by Xauxa and
+Guamanga, until they joined the army of the president Gasca in the
+valley of Andahuaylas.</p>
+
+<p>Thus Cieza de Leon had the opportunity of seeing a very extensive and
+varied tract of country. Nothing escaped his observation. The ruins of
+palaces and store-houses, the great Ynca roads, the nature of the
+country, the products, the natural phenomena, the method of irrigation,
+the traditions,—all were carefully noted down by this indefatigable and
+intelligent young observer. He was present at the final rout of Gonzalo
+Pizarro, and at the subsequent trial and execution of that chief, and of
+his fierce old lieutenant Carbajal.<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> He afterwards went to Cuzco, and
+to the valleys to the eastward, and, in the year 1549, he undertook a
+journey to the silver-yielding province of Charcas, with the sole object
+“of learning all that was worthy of notice,”<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> under the special
+auspices of the President Gasca himself, who supplied him with letters
+of introduction. In travelling over the Collao, and along the shores of
+lake Titicaca, he tells us that “he stopped to write all that deserved
+mention concerning the Indians;”<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> and at Tiahuanaco “he wandered over
+all the ruins, writing down what he saw.”<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> He then visited the silver
+mines of Porco and Potosi, and returned to Lima, by way of Arequipa and
+the coast. At Lima our author finished writing his notes on the 8th of
+September, 1550, and sailed for Spain, after having passed seventeen
+years of his life in the Indies.</p>
+
+<p>The first part of his intended work was published at Seville in 1553;
+and the author died in about 1560. We may gather from his writings that
+he was humane and generous in his dealings with the Indians, indignant
+at the acts of cruelty and oppression which he was forced to witness,
+that he was in the habit of weighing the value of conflicting evidence
+in collecting his information,<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> and that fuller reliance may be
+placed on his statements, than upon those of almost any other writer of
+the period. It is very much to be regretted that so little is known of
+the life of this remarkable man, beyond what he incidentally tells us
+himself.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p>
+
+<p>The young author commences his first part with a dedication to Philip
+II, in which, while dwelling on the grandeur and importance of his
+subject, he modestly says that he, an unlearned soldier, has undertaken
+it, because others of more learning were too much occupied in the wars
+to write. He began to take notes because no one else was writing
+anything concerning what had occurred, and he reflected that “time
+destroys the memory of events, in such sort that soon there is no
+knowledge of what has passed.” In his prologue he gives a full and
+detailed account of the four parts of his Chronicle, only the first of
+which has reached us. They were to contain respectively the geography,
+the early history, the conquest, and the civil wars of Peru. “The first
+part,” he says, “treats of the division of the provinces of Peru, as
+well towards the sea as inland, with the longitudes and latitudes. It
+contains a description of the provinces; an account of the new cities
+founded by the Spaniards, with the names of the founders, and the time
+when they were founded; an account of the ancient rites and customs of
+the native Indians, and other strange things very different from those
+of our country, which are worthy of note.” It is this part, the only one
+that was ever printed, which is now placed, for the first time in a
+translated form, in the hands of Members of the <span class="smcap">Hakluyt Society</span>.</p>
+
+<p>The work opens with a description of Panama; which is followed by a very
+accurate notice of all the anchorages and headlands along the west coast
+of South America, from that port to the southern part of Chile. Cieza de
+Leon seems to have taken much pains in collecting accurate information
+for the use of future navigators. “I have myself,” he says, “been in
+most of the ports and rivers which I have now described, and I have
+taken much trouble to ascertain the correctness of what is here written,
+having communicated with the dexterous and expert pilots who know the
+navigation of these ports, and who took the altitudes in my presence. I
+have taken no little trouble to ascertain the truth, and I have examined
+the new charts made by the pilots who discovered this sea.” He appears
+also to have collected reports from mariners who had sailed through the
+straits of Magellan, but they were lost, together with other papers and
+journals, which were stolen in the confusion consequent on the battle of
+Xaquixaguana.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> The sailing directions of Cieza de Leon for the west
+coast of South America are among the earliest attempts of the kind.
+Information of the same sort is given in Dampier’s voyages; and these
+were the rude forerunners of the complete works of Admiral Fitz Roy, and
+other modern surveyors.</p>
+
+<p>Having given the reader a clear idea of the coast of the great newly
+discovered empire of the Yncas, Cieza de Leon lands him in the gulf of
+Darien, and conducts him up the valley of the Cauca to Popayan.<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> This
+portion of his narrative is the more important, because no other writer
+has since given so complete an account of the Cauca valley. Cieza de
+Leon is still the best authority concerning this region, notwithstanding
+that more than three hundred years have elapsed since he wrote. It is
+true that Restrepo, in the beginning of this century, published a
+valuable memoir on Antioquia; and that such travellers as Cochrane,
+Mollien, and Holton have written accounts of Cali and Cartago, in the
+upper part of the valley of Cauca; but our author still stands alone in
+having given a full description of the whole length of this little-known
+valley. He not only describes the manners and customs of the aboriginal
+tribes, which all appear to have been addicted to cannibalism, but adds
+many very interesting pieces of information, such as a notice of the
+different kinds of bees, of the various methods of obtaining salt, and
+of the prevailing forms of animal and vegetable life.</p>
+
+<p>From Popayan the reader is conveyed by this very pleasant companion
+along the great plateau of the Andes, by Pasto, Quito, and Riobamba, to
+Tumebamba, and Loxa.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> Here, again, as indeed throughout the work, the
+nature of the country, the distances, the manners and customs of the
+natives, the climate, the staple products, and the animals to be met
+with, are all carefully noted. There are also descriptions of several
+ruined edifices, and a glowing account of the great road of the
+Yncas.<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> In this section, too, there is an excellent general sketch of
+the principal geographical features of Peru,<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> and some information
+respecting the origin and rise of the Ynca dynasty.<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p>
+
+<p>The chapters relating to the emeralds of Manta, the giants on point
+Santa Elena, the island of Puna, and the city of Guayaquil, are derived
+from hearsay, as our author does not appear to have visited that part of
+the country; but he was careful to sift his authorities, and to weigh
+their value,<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> and in this, as in many other respects, he is far
+superior to most of the writers of his time. His chapter on the
+equator<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> shows that questions of geographical science attracted the
+attention of the young soldier; while his careful notes in connection
+with the absence of rain on the Peruvian coast,<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> are evidence that he
+was not unmindful of the natural phenomena of the strange land which he
+was exploring.</p>
+
+<p>After traversing the valley of the Cauca, and the Cordillera of the
+Andes from Popayan to Loxa, Cieza de Leon descends to the Peruvian
+coast, and describes the sandy deserts, and every intervening fertile
+valley from Tumbez to Tarapaca.<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> Here again we have interesting
+accounts of the manners and customs of the natives, especially of the
+method of burying their dead; descriptions of ruins, of works of
+irrigation, and of the great coast road of the Yncas; and notices of the
+fruits, trees, and animals.</p>
+
+<p>Having completed a survey of the coast valleys, Cieza de Leon returns to
+the Cordillera of the Andes, and describes the country from Caxamarca,
+by way of Huanuco, Xauxa, Guamanga, Andahuaylas, and Abancay, to
+Cuzco,<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> the capital of the empire of the Yncas. After devoting two
+chapters to the city of Cuzco,<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> he then gives an account of the
+lovely valleys and interminable tropical forests to the eastward;<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a>
+and completes his extensive travels by a description of the cold region
+of the Collao, the shores of lake Titicaca, the imposing ruins of
+Tiahuanaco, and the silver-yielding provinces of Plata and Potosi. The
+interest of the latter part of this remarkable work is enhanced by the
+discussion of such points in physical geography as the drainage of lake
+Titicaca, and by information respecting the silver mines, the animals of
+the llama tribe found in Peru, the vegetable products of the country,
+and the progress of the Indians in the arts of building, weaving, dying,
+and working in silver, stone, and clay.</p>
+
+<p>Such is a brief sketch of the contents of Cieza de Leon’s chronicle.
+Bearing evident marks of honesty of purpose, and skill in the selection
+of materials, on the part of its author, it is at the same time written
+by one who examined almost every part of the empire of the Yncas, within
+a few years of the conquest. It is, therefore, a work of the greatest
+possible value to the student of early South American history, and has
+always stood very high as an authority, in the estimation of modern
+historians. Among these, Mr. Prescott bears strong testimony to the
+merits of Cieza de Leon.<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></p>
+
+<p>The first part of the Chronicle of Peru, by Pedro de Cieza de Leon, was
+published at Seville (folio) by Martin Clement in 1553. A second
+edition, in duodecimo, was printed at Antwerp by the famous publisher
+Jean Steeltz, in 1554; and a third edition, translated into Italian by
+Augustino di Gravalis, appeared at Rome, from the press of Valerius
+Dorigius (octavo) in 1555. A copy of the first Seville edition, which
+is in black letter, fetched £10 at Lord Stuart de Rothesay’s sale a few
+years ago.</p>
+
+<p>It would appear that the author completed the second and third parts of
+his Chronicle before his death, if not the fourth, and Mr. Rich found
+them at Madrid in manuscript;<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> but they have never been printed. The
+disappearance of the second part is by far the greatest loss that has
+been sustained by South American literature, since the burning of Blas
+Valera’s manuscript, when Lord Essex sacked Cadiz. It contained an
+account of the government of the Yncas, described their customs, laws,
+temples, and roads, and related the traditions connected with their
+origin and history. There can be no doubt that it was written, because
+Cieza de Leon, in his first part, frequently refers to special passages
+in it for further information. Our author had peculiar advantages for
+writing the history of ancient Peruvian civilisation. He was in Peru so
+soon after the conquest, that he had opportunities of conversing with
+many of the advisers and generals of the greatest of the Yncas; while
+his habits of careful observation, his caution, and his sound judgment
+on points unconnected with his religion, rendered him more fit to record
+the history of the Yncas, than even Garcilasso de la Vega, or any
+subsequent chronicler. For these reasons the loss of his second part can
+never be sufficiently deplored.</p>
+
+<p>Before leaving my author to the reader’s judgment, it will be well to
+give some general idea of the great empire of the Yncas, as it appeared
+in the days when Cieza de Leon first gazed upon its snowy mountains, and
+at the same time to offer some account of what is known concerning the
+people who inhabited it. Such a sketch will form a fitting introduction
+to the agreeable chapters of the young Spaniard; and will, I trust,
+stimulate, in some degree, the interest with which they will be read.</p>
+
+<p>There is scarcely any country in the world which presents so great a
+variety of aspects as that region, stretching from the Ancasmayu to the
+Maule, which once formed the empire of the Yncas. Within these wide
+limits there are snowy mountain peaks second only to the Himalayas in
+height; cold plains and bleak hills where a tough grass is the only
+vegetation; temperate valleys covered with corn fields and willow
+groves; others filled with richest sub-tropical vegetation; vast plains
+forming one interminable primeval forest traversed by navigable rivers;
+trackless sandy deserts; and fertile stretches of field and fruit garden
+on the Pacific coast. Cieza de Leon properly divides this region into
+four great divisions:—the uninhabitable frozen plains and mountain
+peaks, the temperate valleys and plains which intersect the Andes, the
+great primeval forests, and the deserts and valleys of the coast. It is
+a land of surpassing grandeur, and exceeding beauty. The snowy peaks of
+the Andes, upwards of twenty thousand feet above the sea, may be seen
+from the deserts of sand which fringe the coast, rising in their majesty
+from the plains, and towering up into a cloudless sky. In the northern
+and central part of this Peruvian cordillera, the mountain ranges are
+broken up into profound ravines and abysses, producing scenery of
+unequalled splendour. At one glance of the eye a series of landscapes
+may here be taken in, representing every climate on the globe. On the
+steep sides of one mountain are the snowy wilds and bleak ridges of the
+Arctic regions, the cold pastures of northern Scotland, the corn fields
+and groves of central Europe, the orange trees and vineyards of Italy,
+and the palms and sugar canes of the tropics. But it is in the lovely
+ravines which lead from the eastern slopes of the Andes to the virgin
+forests of the interior that nature has been most profusely decked with
+all the charms that can please the eye, and enriched with overflowing
+vegetable and mineral wealth. The forests here abound in those beautiful
+chinchona trees, the fragrance and beauty of whose flowers are almost
+forgotten because of the inestimable value of their bark. Slender and
+delicate palms and tree ferns of many kinds, matted creepers, and giant
+buttressed trees clothe the steep hill sides; and cascades and torrents
+unite to form rivers, whose sands sparkle with gold. Whether it be in
+these forest-covered valleys, in the stupendous ravines of the
+Cordillera, on the frozen heights, or amidst the sandy wildernesses of
+the coast, the scenery is ever on a scale either of sublime grandeur or
+of exquisite beauty. Rich, indeed, was the prize which the hardy
+comrades of Cieza de Leon won for the Castilian crown.</p>
+
+<p>In contemplating this glorious region, one of the first thoughts that
+naturally suggests itself is that the early inhabitants must have been,
+to a great extent, isolated and shut out from all intercourse with their
+neighbours, by the almost insuperable obstacles which the nature of the
+country presents to locomotion; and this remark is equally applicable to
+every part of a country which is unequalled in the variety of its
+climates and of its general features. The spread of the empire of the
+Yncas is, considering all the circumstances, the most remarkable
+occurrence in the history of the American race; and one of its results
+was the destruction of all former land marks of tribe or creed, and the
+reduction of the numerous ancient nations of the Cordillera and the
+coast to one great family under one head, by a process not unlike that
+which takes place on the acquisition of every new province by modern
+France. Hence the great difficulty of obtaining any clear idea of the
+condition of the various tribes which inhabited Peru, at a date anterior
+to the Ynca conquests and annexations. A careful study of the subject,
+however, enables us at least to distinguish a few leading facts—namely
+that the region, which afterwards formed the empire of the Yncas, was
+originally peopled by a number of distinct nations, speaking different
+languages, and slowly advancing on independent paths of very gradual
+progress, though all bearing a strong family likeness to each other. I
+will briefly state what I have been able to gather respecting these
+aboriginal tribes, commencing with the Quichuas, that imperial race
+which eventually, under its renowned Yncas, swallowed up all the
+others.</p>
+
+<p>In the central part of the Peruvian Cordillera, round the city of Cuzco,
+the country consists of cool but temperate plains and warm genial
+valleys. On the plains there were clumps of <i>molle</i> trees,<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> and crops
+of <i>quinoa</i>,<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> <i>ocas</i>,<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> and potatoes, while large flocks of llamas
+browsed on the coarse tufts of <i>ychu</i> grass. In the valleys the rich and
+abundant fields of maize were fringed by rows of delicious fruit
+trees—the chirimoya,<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> the paccay, the palta,<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> the lucuma, and the
+granadilla. This region was called in the native language—Quichua, and
+the inhabitants were Quichuas.<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a></p>
+
+<p>The eventual predominance of these Quichuas may probably be accounted
+for by the superiority of the climate and natural conformation of their
+native country. While their neighbours, on the one hand, had to struggle
+painfully with the encroaching vigour of tropical forests, and, on the
+other, with the hardships of a sterile and half frozen alpine plateau,
+or with the isolation of small villages surrounded by trackless sandy
+deserts, the Quichuas were enjoying a warm though healthy climate, and
+reaping abundance from a fertile soil. They were placed in a position
+which was most advantageous for the complete development of all the
+civilisation of which that great family of mankind, to which they
+belong, are capable.</p>
+
+<p>And they attained to that degree of civilisation by very slow and
+gradual advances. Many things, and especially the character of the
+people, lead to the belief that cycles of ages must have elapsed before
+these Quichuas were in a position to establish a superiority over their
+neighbours, and assume the position of an imperial people.</p>
+
+<p>The Quichuas were a fine, well-developed race, of short stature. They
+were square shouldered, and broad chested, with small hands and feet,
+and a comparatively large head. The hair is black and long, and usually
+plaited into numerous minute plaits, and they have little or no beard.
+The eyes are horizontal with arched brows, the forehead high but
+somewhat receding, the nose aquiline and large, the lips thick, cheek
+bones rather high, and chin small. These people were gentle, hospitable,
+and obedient. They were good fathers and husbands, patient, industrious,
+intelligent, and sociable, and loved to live together in villages,
+rather than in scattered huts.<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> The women, when young, were
+exceedingly pretty and well shaped, and they held an honourable and
+respected place in society. The mass of the people were either farmers
+or shepherds. Each family had a piece of land apportioned to it by the
+State, often in well-built terraces up the sides of the mountains, on
+which the members either hoed and ploughed the soil, and raised crops of
+gourds, maize, potatoes, <i>ocas</i>, or <i>quinoa</i>; or they cultivated fruit
+trees; or, again, they tended flocks of llamas on the pasture lands,
+according to the situation of their little patrimonies. Their
+habitations were of stone or mud, covered with admirable thatched
+roofs,<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> they wove warm cloth from llama wool, made earthenware and
+stone vessels, manufactured tasteful ornaments of gold and silver, and
+used hoes, rakes, rude ploughs, and other simple agricultural
+implements.</p>
+
+<p>One important test of the capacity of a people for civilisation is their
+ability to domesticate animals. The inferiority of the African, as
+compared with the Hindu, is demonstrated by the latter having
+domesticated the elephant and made it the useful and hard-working
+companion of man; while the former, during the thousands of years that
+he has inhabited the African continent, has never achieved any such
+result, and has merely destroyed the elephant for the sake of his ivory
+tusks. Now, in the case of the Quichuas, although their domesticated
+animals were few, they comprised all that were capable of domestication
+within the limits of their country. During the three centuries that
+Europeans have since been masters of Peru, not a single indigenous
+quadruped or bird has been added to the list. The domesticated animals
+of the Quichuas were the llama, the alpaca, a dog, the <i>ccoy</i> or guinea
+pig, and a duck. Besides these they tamed, as pets, the monkey, the
+parrot, the toucan,<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> a kind of gull frequenting the lakes of the
+Andes, a hawk, and several finches. The llama and alpaca do not exist in
+a wild state at all, and the variety in the colours of their fleeces
+seems to be a sign of long domestication. The huanacu and vicuña, the
+wild species of their family, have fleeces of a uniform and unalterable
+colour, and it probably took an incalculable period<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> to change the
+wild into the domesticated form. The llama served the Quichuas as a
+beast of burden, its flesh supplied them with food, its fleece with
+clothing, and its hide with thongs and sandals. The finer fleece of the
+alpaca was reserved for the use of the sovereign and his nobles.<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a>
+Guinea pigs ran in hundreds about the huts, they were used as food, and
+the variety of their colours points out the length of time during which
+they had been in a domesticated state. The <i>alco</i> or dog was the
+companion of the Quichua shepherds; and the duck was bred in their
+homesteads for food, and for the sake of the feathers, which often
+formed a fringe for the women’s <i>llicllas</i> or mantles.</p>
+
+<p>These simple Quichua farmers and shepherds seem to have kept many
+festivals, and other observances handed down to them by their fathers. A
+half philosophic sun worship was enjoined by their superiors, but the
+people retained an ancient habit of deifying and making household gods
+of their llamas, their corn, and their fruit. Their seasons of sowing
+and of harvest were celebrated by dancing and singing, and their songs,
+some of which have been preserved, were lively and graceful: but the
+<i>chicha</i> bowl flowed far too freely. A barbarous rite of burial was
+practised by these people in common with nearly all South American
+tribes, and is described in many places by Cieza de Leon; and they held
+the <i>malquis</i> or mummies of their dead in superstitious veneration.</p>
+
+<p>The productiveness of the soil and the increasing prosperity of the
+people had, in the course of time, given rise to a governing class of
+<i>Curacas</i> and nobles, to a caste of <i>Umus</i> and <i>Huaca-camayocs</i>, or
+priests and diviners, and eventually to a despotic sovereign or <i>Ynca</i>,
+with a privileged royal family. This upper class had leisure, was
+exempted from ordinary toil, acquired numerous artificial wants, and
+therefore gradually developed that higher civilisation in the Quichua
+nation which eventually enabled it to spread its conquests over an
+immense region, and to consolidate a great and well organised empire.</p>
+
+<p>The advances in civilisation of this upper class were by no means
+contemptible. The ruins at Cuzco, and in the neighbourhood, bear witness
+to their marvellous skill in masonry. Their buildings were massive,
+indeed Cyclopean, but the huge stones were cut and put in their places
+with extraordinary accuracy; and, although the general effect is plain
+and sombre, there was frequently some attempt at ornamentation. Such
+were the rows of recesses with sides sloping inwards, the cornices, and
+the occasional serpents and other figures carved in relief on the
+stones. The roofs, though merely of thatch, were thick and durable, and
+so artistically finished as to give a very pleasing effect to the
+buildings.<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the furniture of their dwellings and the clothing of their persons
+the Ynca nobles had reached a high degree of refinement. Their pottery
+is especially remarkable, and the Peruvian potter gratified the taste of
+his employers by moulding vessels into every form in nature, from which
+he could take a model. Professor Wilson, who has carefully examined
+several collections of ancient Peruvian pottery, says—“Some of the
+specimens are purposely grotesque, and by no means devoid of true comic
+fancy; while, in the greater number, the endless variety of combinations
+of animate and inanimate forms, ingeniously rendered subservient to the
+requirements of utility, exhibit fertility of thought in the designer,
+and a lively perceptive faculty in those for whom he wrought.”<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> Many
+of these vessels, moulded into forms to represent animals and fruits,
+were used as <i>conopas</i> or household gods; others were for the service of
+the temple; others for interment with the <i>malquis</i> or mummies, and
+others for the use of the Yncas and their nobles. The common people used
+vessels of simple form. The Yncas also had drinking cups of gold and
+silver, beaten out very fine, and representing llamas, or human heads.
+Vessels of copper also, and plates and vases of stone with serpents
+carved round them in relief, are of frequent occurrence, as well as
+golden bracelets and breast-plates, and mirrors of silver or polished
+stone. Their knives and other cutting instruments were of copper,
+hardened with tin or silica.<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> Their clothing consisted of cloth woven
+from the wool of the llama, alpaca, and vicuña; the latter as fine as
+silk and undyed, for its own rich chestnut colour was sufficiently
+becoming. They had attained to great proficiency in the art of weaving
+and dyeing. Tasteful designs were woven in the cloth, which was dyed
+flesh colour, yellow, gray, blue, green, and black; for they knew the
+art of fixing dyes extracted from vegetable substances, so that the
+cloth will never fade.<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> They ornamented their robes, tunics, rugs,
+and blankets with fringes, borders of feathers, and also by sowing on
+them rows of thin gold and silver plates, sometimes square, at others
+cut into the shape of leaves and flowers. They also adorned wooden seats
+and couches, by covering them with these thin plates of gold and silver.
+The interior of a hall in the palace of an Ynca was thus filled with
+articles of luxury. The great doors, with the sides gradually
+approaching, were often ornamented with a cornice, and finished above
+with a huge stone lintel. The walls of solid masonry, beautifully cut
+and polished, had small square windows,<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> and deep recesses of the
+same size, at intervals. The walls were hung with rich vicuña cloth
+fringed with bezants of gold and silver, or with llama cloth dyed with
+bright colours, and woven into tasteful patterns. The niches were filled
+with gold and silver statues, and with vases moulded into the shape of
+llamas, birds, and fruit. The floors were soft with rich carpets and
+rugs, and the seats and couches were plated with gold. Numerous small
+chambers opened on the great halls, and the baths were fitted up with
+metal spouts in the form of serpents, from which the water flowed into
+stone basins.<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a></p>
+
+<p>The intellectual advancement of the Quichua people had kept pace with
+the increase in their material comforts; and their religious belief,
+their literary culture, their discoveries in the sciences of astronomy
+and mechanics, and their administrative talent, if not of a very high
+order, at least prove very clearly that they were not incapable of
+attaining a respectable rank amongst civilised nations. During the last
+two centuries of their existence as an independent people, their
+progress was very rapid.</p>
+
+<p>The religion of the Yncas and their nobles was, as is well known, a
+worship of the celestial bodies, and especially of the sun; that of the
+cultivators and shepherds a reverence for every object in nature—for
+their llamas, for their corn, for their fruits, for hills and streams,
+and above all for the <i>malquis</i> or mummies of their dead. To all these,
+sacrifices of the fruits of the earth were made. The more spiritual
+worship of the men of leisure was combined with complicated ceremonial
+observances, gorgeous temples, and an influential caste of priests, wise
+men, and virgins. The worship of the sun, and the great importance
+attached to its apparent course, as connected with the seasons of sowing
+and reaping, led to the acquirement of some astronomical knowledge, but
+there is no evidence that any great progress was made in this direction.
+The Chibchas of Bogota and the Aztecs of Mexico were in advance of the
+Quichuas in astronomical science. The Yncas knew the difference between
+the solar and lunar year, they had introduced intercalary days to
+reconcile that difference, and they observed the periods of the
+solstices and equinoxes. They also watched and recorded the courses of
+some of the stars, and of comets. They had a complete system of
+numerals, perfectly balanced pairs of scales have been found in Peruvian
+tombs, and their administrators must have been in the habit of making
+and recording very complicated revenue accounts. Their year was divided
+into twelve months, and great periodical festivals celebrated the
+periods of the solstices and equinoxes.<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> The proficiency of the
+Quichuas in mechanical science was of a high order, as is attested by
+their magnificent roads and aqueducts, and by the conveyance of
+Cyclopean blocks of stone for their buildings.</p>
+
+<p>The language of the Quichuas was carefully cultivated during many
+centuries by the <i>Haravecs</i> or bards in their love ditties and songs of
+triumph, and by the <i>Amautas</i> or wise men, whose duty it was to preserve
+the traditions of the people, and to prepare the rituals for the worship
+of the Deity; and their literary productions in prose and verse were
+preserved by means of the <i>quipus</i>. The Quichua was a highly polished
+language, and the student who may turn his attention to the history of
+the South American races, will find in this rich and copious tongue many
+ancient fragments of prose and poetry which will convince him of the
+civilisation of the ancient Peruvians.<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> It is true that they had not
+discovered the use of letters, but it must be remembered that they were
+completely isolated and precluded from exchanging ideas with the other
+races of mankind. If no communication, direct or indirect, had existed
+between Phœnicia and the other countries of the old world, how many
+of them would, by their own unassisted genius, have discovered the use
+of letters. Would the Tamils and Canarese of India? Would the Malays of
+the islands? It may well be doubted; and, after all, the <i>quipus</i>,
+though a clumsy, were not altogether an inefficient substitute.<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a></p>
+
+<p>But it is in their administrative arrangements that the intellectual
+progress of the Yncas is most strikingly displayed. Theirs was the most
+enlightened despotism that ever existed. The Ynca claimed to be
+<i>Yntip-churi</i> or “child of sun,” but his not less glorious title was
+<i>Huaccha-cuyac</i> or “friend of the poor.” His duty was to superintend the
+comfort and happiness of the people, and to take care that no family was
+without a <i>topu</i> or plot of ground sufficient for his maintenance. The
+net produce of the land was divided into three equal parts, one for the
+cultivators, the second for religious and charitable purposes, and the
+third for the Ynca and his government; including the clothing and
+maintenance of the nobles, and of soldiers, miners, potters, weavers,
+and other artizans. <i>Curacas</i> or chiefs were placed over the different
+districts, with subordinate officers under them, and a minute
+supervision was exercised over all matters connected with revenue and
+judicial administration. Crime was almost unknown.<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a></p>
+
+<p>Such were the <span class="smcap">Quichuas</span>, the representative people of the Peruvian Andes.
+To the eastward of their original territory, in the virgin forests which
+are traversed by the tributaries of the Amazon, dwelt the <span class="smcap">Antis</span> and
+<span class="smcap">Chunchos</span>, who wandered about in search of food, through the interminable
+wilderness of matted vegetation. They never seem to have made any
+progress; what they are now, such they were centuries ago: the nature of
+the country renders advancement impossible. Moreover they probably
+belong to the great Tupi-Guarani race of Brazil, and are distinct from
+the Peruvian tribes. To the south of the Quichuas, on either side of the
+upper valley of the Vilcamayu, were the wild shepherd tribes called
+<span class="smcap">Asancatus</span>, <span class="smcap">Asillus</span>, <span class="smcap">Cavinas</span>, <span class="smcap">Canas</span>, and <span class="smcap">Canches</span>.<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> But still further
+south, beyond the Vilcañota range of mountains, there was a great
+people, almost rivalling the Quichuas, who seem to have made some
+progress in civilisation, in the face of formidable natural
+difficulties. These were the <span class="smcap">Collas</span> or <span class="smcap">Aymaras</span>.</p>
+
+<p>In the southern part of Peru the Cordillera of the Andes is divided into
+two chains. That to the eastward, containing the peaks of Illimani and
+Yllampu, consists of rocks of Silurian formation mixed with granite, and
+the peaks themselves are said to be fossiliferous to their summits. The
+other range to the westward is chiefly volcanic, and contains the famous
+volcano of Misti, and the glorious peaks of Chuquibamba and Chacani.
+Between these two chains of mountains there are lofty plateaux, never
+less than twelve thousand feet above the sea, the drainage of which
+flows into the great lake of Titicaca. Here there are no deep temperate
+valleys and ravines, nothing but bleak plains covered with coarse tufts
+of grass, with occasional patches of potatoe, quinoa, and oca. The
+climate is very severe, and the only trees, which are few and far
+between, are the stunted crooked <i>queñua</i> (<i>Polylepis villosa</i>) and the
+dark leaved <i>ccolli</i> (<i>Buddleia coriacea</i>). In some places a low shrubby
+<i>Baccharis</i> is met with, which serves as fuel. This region, known as the
+Collao, was inhabited by the Aymara nation.</p>
+
+<p>These Aymaras had to contend against a rigorous climate and an
+unproductive soil; they had none of the advantages enjoyed by their
+Quichua neighbours, and had consequently made slower advances in
+civilisation, but they were apparently an offshoot from the same common
+stock. The descendants of the Aymaras are shorter and more thick-set
+than those of the Quichuas, and their features are coarser and less
+regular. Cieza de Leon says that they flattened their skulls in infancy.
+They wore woollen cloths and square caps, and the women had hoods like
+those of a friar.<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> The land was too cold for maize, and the people
+lived on potatoes and ocas, which they preserved by drying them in the
+sun and then freezing them, for winter use. In this state they were
+called <i>chuñus</i>. There were large flocks of llamas and alpacas, and wild
+vicuñas on the unfrequented heights. The Aymaras lived in stone huts
+roofed with straw, which were built close together in villages, with the
+potatoe, oca, and quinoa fields around them.<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> Cieza de Leon states
+that the Collao was once very populous, and the numerous vestiges of
+former cultivation up the terraced sides of the mountains, bear witness
+to the truth of his assertion. The people were ruled by chiefs who were
+treated with great respect, and carried about in litters.</p>
+
+<p>There is a mystery about the civilisation of the ancient Aymaras, which
+cannot now be solved. The origin and history of the extensive unfinished
+ruins at Tiahuanaco, near the southern shore of lake Titicaca, will for
+ever remain a secret; but there can be no doubt that a people who could
+form so magnificent a design, convey such huge blocks of stone from
+great distances, hew out the enormous monolithic doorways, and carve
+them with such minuteness of ornamental detail, must have been numerous,
+and civilised.<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> There are also remains of Aymara burial places in
+various parts of the Collao, especially on the peninsula of Sillustani,
+which consist of towers of hewn masonry.<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> We learn from Cieza de Leon
+that the Aymaras observed the movements of the sun and moon, and divided
+their year into ten months. He considered them to be a very intelligent
+people. He gives an account of their funeral ceremonies,<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> and a very
+interesting description of a harvest home among the Aymaras,<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> and
+states that they were often engaged in civil wars.<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> The Aymara
+language, which is still in common use on the banks of lake Titicaca,
+though identical with Quichua in grammatical construction, has a
+distinct vocabulary.<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> It is worthy of remark, however, that though
+the first few numerals in Aymara are indigenous, all the higher numbers
+are borrowed from the Quichua.<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> Next to the Quichuas, the Aymaras
+were by far the most important and civilised people in the Peruvian
+Andes; and though their climate and soil was against them, there is some
+ground for the opinion that their civilisation, such as it was, boasts
+of an origin more ancient than that of the Quichuas. But all such
+speculations are mere conjecture.</p>
+
+<p>In the rich valleys and on the grassy mountain sides of the Central
+Peruvian Andes, to the westward of the Quichuas, dwelt three nations
+which were called by their future conquerors—the <span class="smcap">Chancas</span>, <span class="smcap">Pocras</span>, and
+<span class="smcap">Huancas</span>.<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> They inhabited the districts now known as Abancay,
+Andahuaylas, Guamanga, and Xauxa. Little or nothing is known of their
+history anterior to their absorption into the empire of the Yncas, and
+if they had a distinct language, it must have been either very barbarous
+or very closely allied to Quichua, for no vestige of it has
+survived.<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> All the ruins which might have enabled us to form an idea
+of their skill in building, such as the temple of Huarivilca in the
+valley of Xauxa,<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> have entirely disappeared. It appears, however,
+that they were very fierce and warlike, that each village had a
+fortress, and that they made a desperate struggle for independence
+before they were finally subjugated by the Quichuas.<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a></p>
+
+<p>North of Xauxa, the valleys and plateaux of the Cordillera were
+inhabited by the <span class="smcap">Conchucos</span>, and by the Indians of Huamachuco, Caxamarca,
+Chachapoyas, and Bracamoras. This brings us to the frontier of Quito.
+The tribes of northern Peru are also said to have been warlike, and to
+have been incessantly engaged in feuds with each other.<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> They are
+described as intelligent industrious agriculturists, with some knowledge
+of the courses of the heavenly bodies, and the same customs of burying
+their dead and worshipping <i>huacas</i> in the form of stones or other
+natural objects, as prevailed among the masses of the Quichua
+people.<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a></p>
+
+<p>We now come to the inhabitants of the numerous isolated fertile tracts
+on the Pacific coast, who were all known by the Yncas, as <span class="smcap">Yuncas</span> or
+“dwellers in the warm valleys.”<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Peruvian coast has been, geologically speaking, recently upheaved
+from the sea. It is a narrow strip of land, averaging a breadth of from
+ten to forty miles, confined on one side by the ocean, on the other by
+the magnificent Andes, which rise abruptly from the plains. The whole of
+this region consists of sandy desert, intersected by ranges of rocky
+hills, except where a stream flows down from the mountains to the sea,
+and forms an oasis of verdure and fertility. These pleasant valleys are
+in some parts of the coast of frequent occurrence, and are only
+separated by narrow strips of sand; while in others the trackless
+deserts extend for nearly a hundred miles without a break. It scarcely
+ever rains on the Peruvian coast, but a heavy dew, during part of the
+year, falls on the valleys.</p>
+
+<p>The most ancient traces of the American race have been found on the
+Pacific coast, in the shape of <i>middings</i> or refuse heaps, similar to
+those in Denmark. These <i>middings</i>, which have been examined by Mr.
+Spruce at Chanduy and Amotape, consist of fragments of pottery, sea
+shells, and crystal quartz cutting instruments.<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> They are the
+remains of a very ancient people of what is called, in European
+archæology, the stone age; and they suggest the possible existence of
+man in South America, contemporaneously with the post-pleistocene fossil
+vicuña of Corocoro. Be this how it may, there can be no doubt that the
+coast valleys of Peru had been inhabited for many centuries by Indian
+communities, which had made gradual progress in the improvement of their
+condition. Every part of these valleys, which could be reached by
+irrigation, was very fertile. Where irrigation ceased the desert
+commenced. The irrigated parts contained fields of cotton, of yucas, of
+maize, of aji pepper, of sweet potatoes, and of gourds; which were
+shaded by fruit trees festooned with passion flowers,<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> and by groves
+of algoroba (<i>Prosopis horrida</i>), of a sort of willow, and of the
+beautiful <i>suchi</i> (<i>Plumieria</i>). The most important traces of ancient
+civilisation are met with in the most extensive valleys, where the
+population was denser than in the smaller and more isolated oases.</p>
+
+<p>The ancient works of irrigation in these valleys, now in ruins, excite
+the admiration of civil engineers who come to Peru to draw up schemes
+for imitating them.<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> Every square foot of land was under cultivation,
+none was wasted even for the sites of villages and temples, which were
+always built on the verge of the desert, or on the rocky spurs of the
+maritime cordillera, overlooking the algoroba woods, the groves of
+fruit trees, and the rising crops.<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> The fields were carefully
+manured, as well as watered by means of irrigating channels. In the
+valley of the Chilca they raised crops of Indian corn by putting two
+sardine heads into each hole with the grain, and thus the fish served
+for manuring the crops as well as for food.<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> The guano on the islands
+off the coast was also utilised as manure.<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> The houses were built of
+huge <i>adobes</i>, or bricks baked in the sun, with flat roofs of reed,
+plastered with mud; and the people were clothed in cotton dresses, which
+were very skilfully woven.<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a> Their pottery was quite equal to that of
+the Quichuas, but at the same time clearly original in design; the
+vessels being made to imitate shells, fruit, fish, and other objects,
+which were familiar to the natives of the coast.</p>
+
+<p>The great ruins at Caxamarquilla, at Pachacamac,<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> and of the Gran
+Chimu near Truxillo,<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> still afford evidence of the civilisation of
+the Yunca Indians, and of the wealth and power of their chiefs. The
+people were warlike, and the tribe inhabiting the Chincha valley is even
+said to have made incursions far into the heart of the Andes.<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> In the
+valley of the Rimac there are mounds or artificial hills of immense
+size, which appear to have been intended to afford protection against
+their enemies to the feudal lords; and to serve as a place of retreat
+for their retainers. A collection of ruins is almost always found at
+their feet, which formed the village of the tribe. Cieza de Leon gives a
+detailed account of the manners and customs of these Yunca chiefs, and
+of their subjects.<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> Nearly every valley had its independent chief and
+separate tribe; although some of the more powerful chiefs, such as the
+Grand Chimu, the Chuqui-mancu of the Rimac, and the Lord of Chincha, had
+extended their dominion over several valleys. The language of the coast
+was quite distinct from Quichua.<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a></p>
+
+<p>In many parts of the coast the aboriginal Indians have been exterminated
+by Spanish cruelty, in others they have disappeared through frequent
+crosses with negroes, in others they have entirely lost, with their
+native language, all traces of the distinctive character which once
+marked their ancestors. It is exceedingly important, therefore, to
+obtain authentic information concerning any of the coast tribes which
+have retained their language and national characteristics; and the
+memoranda collected by Mr. Spruce at Piura, on this subject, which will
+be found in the accompanying note, contain some particulars of great
+interest.<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a></p>
+
+<p>It will be natural to inquire whether a race, which had for centuries
+inhabited the valleys on the Pacific coast, had habitually navigated the
+ocean which was always in sight; and we find that they occasionally did
+venture to sea for fish, and that they undertook coasting voyages. The
+crooked algorobas, the willows, and fruit trees, afforded no suitable
+timber for boat-building; but the Yuncas supplied the place of timber by
+going afloat on inflated sealskins.<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> In this way they passed to and
+fro from the shore to the Guano islands, and, according to Acosta, they
+even went on long voyages to the westward.<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a></p>
+
+<p>The kingdom of Quito, which eventually formed the most northern province
+of the empire of the Yncas, consists of a series of lofty plateaux from
+which rise the towering peaks of Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, and Chanduy;
+while both to the east and west a rich tropical vegetation fills the
+ravines which gradually subside on one side into the valley of the
+Amazon, and on the other into the Pacific coast. This region was
+inhabited by several aboriginal tribes, the most important of which were
+the <span class="smcap">Cañaris</span>, the <span class="smcap">Puruaes</span>, and the <span class="smcap">Caras</span>. Velasco relates that the Caras,
+after having been settled for about two hundred years on the coast of
+Esmeraldas, marched up the Andes and established themselves at Quito,
+where they were ruled by a succession of sovereigns called <i>Scyris</i>,
+until the country was conquered by the Yncas. These Caras are said to
+have been little advanced in architecture, but to have been dexterous in
+weaving fabrics of cotton and llama wool, and to have excelled as
+lapidaries. A great emerald in the head-dress was the distinguishing
+mark of the reigning Scyri.</p>
+
+<p>But all this information respecting the early inhabitants of Quito, and
+more of the same sort, is derived from Velasco, who wrote only in the
+end of the last century. In truth, there are scarcely any reliable facts
+in the history of the people of Quito, previous to their subjugation by
+the Yncas, and all the remains of roads and buildings confessedly date
+from the times of Ynca domination.<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> Cieza de Leon gives some account
+of the inhabitants of the Quitenian Andes.<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></p>
+
+<p>The principal aboriginal nations which inhabited the great empire of the
+Yncas have now been passed in review. In the temperate valleys of
+central Peru were the <span class="smcap">Quichuas</span>, the most powerful and civilised of all.
+To the eastward of them were the savage <span class="smcap">Antis</span> and <span class="smcap">Chunchos</span> in the great
+tropical forests. To the south were the wild shepherd tribes of <span class="smcap">Canas</span>,
+<span class="smcap">Canches</span>, and others; and still further south were the more civilised
+<span class="smcap">Aymaras</span>, struggling against the difficulties of a rigorous climate. To
+the westward of Cuzco were the warlike <span class="smcap">Chancas</span>, <span class="smcap">Pocras</span>, <span class="smcap">Huancas</span>, and
+other tribes; and on the coast were numerous tribes known to the Yncas
+by the collective name of <span class="smcap">Yuncas</span>. Finally, in the kingdom of Quito,
+among others of less note, were the nations of <span class="smcap">Caras</span>, <span class="smcap">Puruaes</span>, and
+<span class="smcap">Cañaris</span>.</p>
+
+<p>About three centuries before the arrival of Pizarro in Peru, the
+civilised and populous nation of Quichuas, feeling their superiority,
+began to make permanent and rapid conquests over the surrounding tribes
+in every direction. The date of the first commencement of these
+conquests cannot now be ascertained. Many centuries must have elapsed,
+and a long succession of Yncas must have reigned at Cuzco before an
+aggressive policy became the leading feature of their government; and
+there can be little doubt that their civilisation was indigenous, and
+not derived from any foreign source. The traditional Manco Ccapac may or
+may not have been the first Ynca, but there is no good reason for
+supposing that he was a foreigner; and I am decidedly of opinion that
+the Quichua civilisation is more likely to have required a period
+represented by the hundred Yncas of Montesinos, than by the dozen of
+Garcilasso de la Vega, for its full development.<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> But all the early
+traditions are probably fictitious, and the first really historical
+personage we meet with is the great conqueror Huiraccocha Ynca. This
+prince is frequently mentioned by Cieza de Leon,<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> and from his time
+the narrative of Ynca rule is clear and I think trustworthy. It was
+gathered, by our author and others, from the mouths of the old Ynca
+statesmen and generals, who told what they had themselves seen, and what
+they had heard from their sires and grandsires. It would appear,
+however, that, even before the time of Huiraccocha, the Quichuas had
+already extended their sway into some of the tropical valleys inhabited
+by the Antis and Chunchos, had subjugated the Canas and Canches, and,
+taking advantage of the civil wars of the Aymaras, had annexed the wide
+plains of the Collao and of Charcas, and the campiña of Arequipa.</p>
+
+<p>The reigns of the last five Yncas were very long, and when the mummy of
+Huira-ccocha was discovered by the Corregidor Ondegardo,<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> it was
+found to be that of a very old man. We are justified, therefore, in
+placing his reign in the end of the thirteenth and beginning of the
+fourteenth century, contemporary with Edward I. of England.</p>
+
+<p>Huira-ccocha organised an army, and, after having defeated the united
+forces of the Chancas, Pocras and Huancas, in the great battle of
+Yahuar-pampa, annexed the whole of the central part of the Peruvian
+Andes to his dominions.<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> The generals of his son and successor
+Pachacutec conquered the rich valleys of Xauxa and Caxamarca,<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> and
+the coast districts inhabited by the Yuncas.<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> Pachacutec’s son, the
+Ynca Yupanqui, made extensive conquests in the rich forest-covered
+tropical plains to the eastward of Cuzco, which were completed by his
+son Tupac Ynca Yupanqui.<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> The latter monarch extended his dominions
+as far as Tucuman and Chile on the south, and to the extreme limit of
+the kingdom of Quito on the north. Lastly, the famous Huayna Ccapac,
+during a long reign, consolidated and brought into subjection this vast
+empire.<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a></p>
+
+<p>These conquests, extending over a period of about two centuries and a
+half or more, were not achieved without much hard fighting and stubborn
+resistance on the part of the invaded nations. This was especially the
+case with the Yuncas of the Pacific coast. The Yncas, however, succeeded
+in permanently establishing their power more by conciliation than by
+force of arms; and though their disciplined troops, wielding
+battle-axes, clubs and spears,<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> did good execution on the day of
+battle; yet the liberal treatment of the vanquished, and their
+experience of the benefits of Ynca rule, were far more efficacious
+agents in giving security to the new government.<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> At the same time,
+in cases of treachery or revolt, the Yncas were capable of terrible
+severity, as in the case of the slaughter at Yahuar-ccocha, described by
+Cieza de Leon, which was perpetrated under orders from Huayna
+Ccapac.<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a></p>
+
+<p>During this period of conquest the Quichuas probably made more rapid
+progress in civilisation than they had done during many previous
+centuries. By becoming the dominant race over a vast region, their views
+became enlarged, their wants increased, and they learnt many things
+from communication with their conquered neighbours. Instead of being
+confined to the products of their native valleys, the Quichuas now
+obtained gold<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a> and their beloved coca leaf<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a> from the eastern
+forests; increased supplies of silver and copper from the country of the
+Aymaras; emeralds from Quito; fish from the Pacific Ocean; aji pepper,
+cotton fabrics, and an improved system of irrigation from the coast
+valleys. They also learnt from the vanquished the use of many medicinal
+herbs and vegetable dyes.</p>
+
+<p>They had become an imperial race, and Cuzco was henceforward an imperial
+city,<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> to which the chiefs and retainers of a hundred tribes, all
+distinguished by peculiar head-dresses,<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> flocked to do homage to
+their common sovereign. Then it was that great palaces were erected.
+Then the famous fortress, with its Cyclopean stones, rose on the
+Sacsahuaman hill.<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> Then the Ccuri-cancha blazed forth in its almost
+fabulous splendour.<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a> In short, all the works of the Yncas of
+imperial magnificence or importance date from this period of busy
+conquest, and some of them, such as the fortress of Ollantay-tambo, were
+in course of construction when the Spaniards arrived, and they remain
+unfinished. At this time, too, those wonderful lines of road were
+constructed, running from Cuzco east, west, north, and south, overcoming
+every natural obstacle, and affording the means of rapid communication
+from the capital to the extreme frontiers of the empire.<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a> There were
+<i>tampus</i> or lodgings at short intervals, and public buildings for
+officials, for storing tribute, and for collecting necessaries for an
+army, were erected in almost every valley along the line of the roads.</p>
+
+<p>The organisation of every branch of the government of this great empire
+displays extraordinary administrative ability on the part of the Yncas.
+Perhaps their most remarkable institution was the system of <i>mitimaes</i>
+or colonists, which is fully explained by Cieza de Leon.<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> Combined
+with their policy of superseding all local idioms by the rich and
+cultivated Quichua,<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a> this system of <i>mitimaes</i> would soon have
+cemented the numerous conquered nations and tribes into one people,
+speaking one language.</p>
+
+<p>If good government consists in promoting the happiness and comfort of a
+people, and in securing them from oppression; if a civilising government
+is one which brings the means of communication and of irrigating land to
+the highest possible state of efficiency, and makes steady advances in
+all the arts,—then the government of the Yncas may fairly lay claim to
+those titles. The roads, irrigating channels, and other public works of
+the Yncas were superior to anything of the kind that then existed in
+Europe. Their architecture is grand and imposing. Their pottery and
+ornamental work is little inferior to that of Greeks and Etruscans. They
+were skilled workers in gold, silver, copper, bronze, and stone. Their
+language was rich, polished, and elegant. Their laws showed an earnest
+solicitude for the welfare of those who were to live under them. Above
+all, their enlightened toleration, for the existence of which there are
+the clearest proofs, is a feature in their rule which, in one point of
+view at least, and that a most important one, raises them above their
+contemporaries in every part of the world.<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a></p>
+
+<p>Cieza de Leon bears testimony to the excellence of the government of the
+Yncas. The intelligent young soldier seems to have been astonished at
+the order and regularity, the beneficence and forethought which
+prevailed in the government of that empire which had just been shattered
+by his cruel countrymen. He says that the Yncas ruled with such wisdom
+that few in the world ever excelled them;<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> and, in another place, he
+comes to the conclusion that “if the ancient polity had been preserved,
+it would not have failed to bring the Indians nearer to the way of good
+living and conversation; for few nations in the world have had a better
+government than the Yncas.”<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a></p>
+
+<p>But our author came to Peru fifteen years after the seizure of Atahualpa
+by Pizarro, and, short as the interval was, a terrible devastation had
+spread over the length and breadth of the land. Over and over again
+Cieza de Leon mentions the destruction of the people. In every valley he
+entered, they had been killed by the Spaniards by thousands, and their
+buildings reduced to ruins.<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a> In many districts the whole population
+had been exterminated. In one place he says—“Nearly all these valleys
+are now almost deserted, having once been so densely peopled, as is well
+known to many persons.” He heard of misery and cruelty in every part of
+the land. He saw the palaces and store houses of the Yncas in ruins, the
+flocks slaughtered, the grand roads destroyed, and the posts for
+pointing the way in the deserts used for fire wood.<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a> His barbarian
+countrymen pulled down the great works of irrigation,<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a> and turned
+thousands of acres of fertile land into desert.</p>
+
+<p>These sights excited the indignation of the humane and observant man at
+arms, who in this, as in many other respects, proved his superiority of
+head and heart over his brutal companions. Cieza de Leon felt warmly for
+the wrongs of the Indians, and devotes a chapter to show how God
+chastises those who are cruel to them.<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> But he was so steeped in the
+superstition of his age and country that all the simple rites of the
+Indians appeared to him to be the work of the devil, and in every
+harmless ceremony he saw the cloven feet. He tells us that the old men
+of every tribe in the Indies conversed with the enemy of mankind, and he
+mocks at their burying food with their dead for the journey to the other
+world, “as if hell was so very far off.”<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a> The whole population of
+America was destined, according to our author, to eternal torments in
+the next world; yet it is unjust to blame him for asserting a belief
+which is held at the present day, and by the most tolerant church in
+Christendom.<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a></p>
+
+<p>When uninfluenced by religious prejudices, he writes with an
+impartiality which does him the highest credit. He laments over the
+condition of the Indians, deplores the wanton destruction of their
+public works, and condemns the barbarity of the Spaniards. His
+superstitious folly is the result of his education, his merits are all
+his own. In arrangement, in trustworthiness, in accuracy, and in the
+value of his observations, the work of Cieza de Leon stands higher than
+that of any contemporary chronicler: and these qualities in his book are
+enhanced by the romantic life and noble disposition of its author. Cieza
+de Leon will, I think, be found an agreeable companion over a country of
+no common interest, at a most important period of its history; and so I
+consign him to the favourable attention of the members of the <span class="smcap">Hakluyt
+Society</span>.</p>
+
+<h1><small>F I R S T P A R T<br />
+<br />
+<small><i>OF THE</i></small></small><br />
+<br />
+CHRONICLE OF PERU:</h1>
+
+<p class="c"><i>Which treats of the boundaries of provinces, their</i><br />
+description, the founding of new cities, the rites and customs<br />
+of the Indians, and other strange things worthy to<br />
+be known.<br />
+<br /><small>
+<i>Written by</i></small><br />
+<br />
+PEDRO DE CIEZA DE LEON.<br />
+<br /><small>
+A NATIVE OF SEVILLE.</small><br />
+<br />
+<img src="images/colophon.png" width="150" height="149" alt="colophon" title="" />
+<br /><br />
+IN ANTWERP,<br />
+IN THE HOUSE OF <i>JEAN STEELTZ</i>.<br />
+<br />
+<small>M.D.LIIII.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Con privilegio.</i></small><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_001" id="page_001"></a>{1}</span>
+<a name="dedication" id="dedication"></a> </p>
+
+<p class="c">TO THE MOST HIGH AND MOST PUISSANT<br /> LORD DON PHILIP, PRINCE OF THE<br />
+SPAINS, OUR LORD.</p>
+
+<p class="nind"><i>Most high and most puissant Lord</i>,—</p>
+
+<p><i>AS not only the notable deeds of many very brave men, but also numerous
+events worthy of perpetual memory in different provinces, have remained
+in the shades of oblivion for want of writers who will record them, and
+of historians who will narrate them; I, therefore, having crossed over
+to the New World, where I have passed the greater part of my time
+serving your Majesty in wars and discoveries, in which service I have
+always taken much delight, have determined to undertake the history of
+the events in the great and memorable kingdom of Peru. I went to it by
+land from the province of Carthagena, where, and in the province of
+Popayan, I was for many years. After I had been in your Majesty’s
+service in that last war, which ended in the overthrow of the rebels and
+tyrants, I thought over the great wealth of Peru, the wonderful things
+in its provinces, the stirring events of its early history and of more
+recent times, and how much there was both in the one and the other
+period which was worthy of note. Then it was that I resolved to take up
+my pen and accomplish the desire I had conceived to perform a signal
+service for your Highness, holding it to be certain that your Highness
+would receive it without noticing the weakness of my powers, but rather
+judging my intention, and, in your royal clemency, receiving the will<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_002" id="page_002"></a>{2}</span>
+with which I offer this book to your Highness. It treats of that great
+kingdom of Peru of which God has made you Lord. I do not fail to
+consider, O most serene and gracious Lord, that to describe the
+wonderful things of this great kingdom of Peru would require one who
+could write like Titus Livius, or Valerius, or some other of the great
+writers that have appeared in the world, and that even they would find
+some difficulty in the task. For who can enumerate the mighty things of
+Peru? the lofty mountains and profound valleys over which we went
+conquering and discovering? the numerous rivers of such size and depth?
+the variety of provinces, with so many different things in each? the
+tribes, with all their strange customs, rites, and ceremonies? so many
+birds, animals, trees, fishes, all unknown? Besides all these things,
+who can worthily describe the unheard-of labours which a handful of
+Spaniards passed through in this vast country? Who can imagine the
+events of those wars and discoveries, extending over sixteen hundred
+leagues of country? the hunger, thirst, death, terrors, and fatigue
+which were suffered? Concerning all these things there is so much to
+relate, that any writer would be tired out in writing it. For this
+cause, most puissant Lord, I have collected the most important events
+which I myself saw or heard, into this history. I have not the audacity
+to place it before the judgment of an unkind world, but I entertain the
+hope that your Highness will protect and defend it as a thing belonging
+to yourself, so that I may freely dare to walk under your protection.
+For many writers, fearing the same thing, have sought for Princes of
+great note to whom they might dedicate their works, and some of these
+works have never been read by any one, being so fantastic and absurd.
+But what I have written here is concerning true and important things,
+both pleasant and useful, which have happened in our time; and I
+dedicate my work to the greatest and most powerful Prince in the world,
+who is your Highness. The attempt savours of temerity in so unlearned a
+man, but others of more learning are too much<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_003" id="page_003"></a>{3}</span> occupied in the wars to
+write. Oftentimes, when the other soldiers were reposing, I was tiring
+myself by writing. Neither fatigue nor the ruggedness of the country,
+nor the mountains and rivers, nor intolerable hunger and suffering, have
+ever been sufficient to obstruct my two duties, namely, writing and
+following my flag and my captain without fault. Having written this work
+under such difficulties, and it being dedicated to your Highness, it
+seems to me that my readers ought to pardon any faults which, in their
+judgments, they may find in it. If they refuse to pardon these faults,
+it must suffice for me that I have written the truth, for this is what I
+have most carefully sought after. Much that I have written I saw with my
+own eyes, and I travelled over many countries in order to learn more
+concerning them. Those things which I did not see, I took great pains to
+inform myself of, from persons of</i></p>
+
+<p class="c">
+<i>good repute, both Christians and Indians. I pray to Almighty<br />
+God that, as He was served by giving to your Highness<br />
+so great and rich a kingdom as Peru, He will<br />
+leave you to live and reign for many<br />
+happy years, with increase of<br />
+many other kingdoms<br />
+and lordships.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_004" id="page_004"></a>{4}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="PROLOGUE" id="PROLOGUE"></a>PROLOGUE<br />
+<small>BY THE</small><br />
+AUTHOR,<br /><small>
+IN WHICH HE ANNOUNCES THE INTENTION OF THE WORK, AND ITS DIVISIONS.</small></h2>
+
+<p class="nind">I <small>SET</small> out from Spain, where I was born and bred, at such a tender age
+that I was scarcely thirteen complete years old when I sailed; and I
+spent more than seventeen years in the Indies, many of them in the
+discovery and conquest of new provinces, others in new settlements, and
+in travelling over different countries. As I noted the many great and
+strange things that are to be seen in this new world of the Indies,
+there came upon me a strong desire to write an account of some of them,
+as well those which I had seen with my own eyes as those which I had
+heard of from persons of good repute. But when I considered my small
+stock of learning I put aside my desire, holding it to be a vain thing;
+for I remembered that it was for learned doctors to write histories,
+throwing light upon them by their learning and judgment, while those who
+are not learned would be presumptuous even if they thought of writing.
+I, therefore, passed some time without giving heed to my former
+intentions. At last the Almighty God, who can do anything, favoured me
+with His divine grace, and awoke in me the memory of what I had before
+forgotten. Taking heart, I then determined to spend some part of my life
+in writing history, to which resolution I was moved by the following
+considerations.</p>
+
+<p>The first was, that in all parts where I had been, no one was<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_005" id="page_005"></a>{5}</span> engaged
+in writing anything concerning what had occurred; and time destroys the
+memory of events in such sort that soon there is no knowledge of what
+has passed.</p>
+
+<p>The next was, that both ourselves and these Indians draw our origin from
+our ancestors Adam and Eve, and that the Son of God descended from the
+heaven to the earth for all men, and, clothed in our humanity, received
+a cruel death on the cross to redeem us and free us from the power of
+the devil, which devil had, for so long a time, held these people
+captive by God’s permission; and that it was right that the world should
+know in what manner so great a multitude of tribes, as there is in these
+Indies, was brought into the bosom of the holy mother church by the
+exertions of Spaniards. These exertions were such that no other nation
+in the world could have endured them. Thus God chose us for so great a
+work, before any other nation.</p>
+
+<p>Another consideration was, that in future times it ought to be known how
+greatly the royal crown of Castille was enlarged, and how, when the
+invincible Emperor was our King and Lord, the rich and abundant kingdoms
+of New Spain and Peru were settled, and other islands and vast provinces
+were discovered.</p>
+
+<p>I beseech all learned and benevolent men to look upon my work with
+justice, for they know that the malice and murmuring of the ignorant and
+stupid are such that they never fail to find fault. Thus it is that
+many, fearing the rabid envy of these scorpions, consider it better to
+be called cowards than to allow their works to see the light.</p>
+
+<p>But I will not desist from my intention, valuing more the favour of the
+few and learned, than caring for the evil which the many foolish readers
+may bring upon me.</p>
+
+<p>I also wrote this work that those, who learn from it the great services
+which many noble knights and youths have done for the royal crown of
+Spain, may be led to emulate their examples; and, at the same time, by
+noting how others committed treasons, robberies, and other evil deeds,
+and suffered famous punishments for them, that they may profit by these
+examples, and loyally serve their natural king and lord.</p>
+
+<p>For the reasons which I have now set forth, I undertook the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_006" id="page_006"></a>{6}</span> present
+work, for the better understanding of which I have divided it into four
+parts, in the following manner.</p>
+
+<p>The first part treats of the division of the provinces of Peru, as well
+towards the sea as inland, with the longitudes and latitudes. It
+contains a description of all these provinces, an account of the new
+cities founded by the Spaniards, with the names of the founders, and the
+time when they were founded; an account of the ancient rites and customs
+of the native Indians, and other strange things very different from
+those of our country, which are worthy of note.<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the second part, I shall treat of the government of the Yucas
+Yupanquis, who were the ancient kings of Peru, and of their great deeds
+and policy, how many of them there were, and their names. I shall
+describe the superb and magnificent temples which they built, the roads
+of wonderful size which they made, and other great things that were
+found in this kingdom. I shall also give an account in this book of what
+the Indians say concerning the deluge, and how the Yncas magnify the
+grandeur of their origin.</p>
+
+<p>In the third part I shall relate the discovery and conquest of this
+great kingdom of Peru, and the constancy of the Marquis Don Francisco
+Pizarro; the hardships suffered by the Christians when thirteen of them
+with the same Marquis (God permitting) discovered the country; how the
+said Don Francisco Pizarro was nominated governor by his Majesty, and
+entered Peru; and how, with one hundred and sixty Spaniards, he captured
+Atahualpa. In this third part I shall also treat of the arrival of the
+Adelantado Don Pedro de Alvarado, and of the agreement made between him
+and the governor Don Francisco Pizarro. I shall, in like manner, give an
+account of the notable things which happened in various parts of this
+kingdom, of the rebellion of the Indians, and of the causes which led to
+it; of the cruel and perfidious war that the same Indians waged against
+the Spaniards<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_007" id="page_007"></a>{7}</span> who were in the great city of Cuzco, and of the death of
+some Spanish and Indian captains. This third part will end with the
+return of the Adelantado Don Diego de Almagro from Chile, and his entry
+into the city of Cuzco by force of arms, the captain Hernando Pizarro,
+Knight of the order of Santiago, being there as chief justice.</p>
+
+<p>The fourth part is more important than the three which precede it. It
+will be divided into five books, and will be entitled “The Civil Wars of
+Peru:” in which will be related stranger things than ever passed before
+in any other part of the world, among so small a number of people of the
+same nation.</p>
+
+<p>The first book of these civil wars treats of the war of Las Salinas, and
+gives an account of the imprisonment of the captain Don Hernando Pizarro
+by the Adelantado Don Diego de Almagro; it relates how the city of Cuzco
+was made to receive Almagro as governor, and the causes of the war
+between the governors Pizarro and Almagro. It describes the treaties and
+interviews between them until the dispute was placed in the hands of an
+umpire, the oaths they each took, and the commissions and letters they
+each had received from his Majesty; the sentence that was given, the
+return of the Adelantado to Cuzco, and how, with great fury and enmity,
+he fought the battle of Las Salinas, which is half a league from Cuzco.
+It relates also the march of the captain Lorenzo de Aldana to the
+provinces of Quito and Popayan, and the discoveries of the captains
+Gonzalo Pizarro, Pedro de Candia, Alonzo de Alvarado, and others. I
+conclude with the return of Hernando Pizarro to Spain.</p>
+
+<p>The second book is called “The War of Chupas.” It will treat of several
+discoveries and conquests; of the conspiracy of the men of Chile in the
+City of the Kings to kill the Marquis Don Francisco Pizarro, and of his
+death. It will then relate how Don Diego de Almagro, son of the
+Adelantado, was received as governor by the greater part of the kingdom;
+how the captain Alonzo de Alvarado, who was captain and chief justice of
+his Majesty for the Marquis Pizarro in Chachapoyas, rose against him,
+and how Pero Alvarez, Holguin, Gomez de Tordoya, and others, did the
+same in Cuzco; how the licentiate Christoval<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_008" id="page_008"></a>{8}</span> Vaca de Castro arrived
+from Spain as governor, and how there was discord among the men of
+Chile. I shall relate how, after some of the captains had killed each
+other, the cruel battle of Chupas was fought near Guamanga, and how the
+governor Vaca de Castro went to Cuzco and cut off the head of the youth
+Don Diego. This will conclude the second book.</p>
+
+<p>The third book will be entitled “The Civil War of Quito.” The writing of
+it will be very difficult, and it will treat of various important
+events. There will be an account of how the new laws were promulgated in
+Spain, and of the consequent meetings and consultations in Peru, until
+Gonzalo Pizarro was received in the city of Cuzco as procurator and
+captain general. It will relate what occurred in the City of the Kings
+until the viceroy was seized by the judges and sent to sea; the entry of
+Gonzalo Pizarro into the city, where he was received as governor; his
+chase of the viceroy; and how the viceroy was conquered and killed on
+the plain of Añaquito. I shall also give an account, in this book, of
+the events which took place in Cuzco, in Charcas, and in other parts; of
+the rising of Diego Centeno on the part of the king and of Alonzo de
+Toro and Francisco de Carbajal on the part of Gonzalo Pizarro, until
+that constant worthy, Diego Centeno, was constrained to hide in secret
+places, and his master of the camp, Lope de Mendoza, was killed; also of
+what passed between the captains Pedro de Hinojosa, Juan de Yllanes,
+Melchior Verdugo, and the others who were in Tierra Firme; and of how
+the Adelantado Belalcazar put the marshal Don Jorge Robledo to death in
+the village of Pozo. I shall then recount how the Emperor our Lord, in
+his great clemency and kindness, sent out a pardon to all who should
+submit and enter his royal service; how the licentiate Pedro de la Gasca
+was appointed president, and how he arrived in Tierra Firme; the policy
+by which he drew the captains, who were there, into the service of the
+king; the return of Gonzalo Pizarro to the City of the Kings; the
+cruelties which were committed there by him and his captains; how a
+general assembly was convoked to determine who should go as procurators
+general to Spain; and the delivery of the fleet to the president. Here I
+shall conclude this book.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_009" id="page_009"></a>{9}</span></p>
+
+<p>The fourth book will be entitled “The War of Huarina.” It will treat of
+the enterprise of the captain Diego Centeno; how he entered the city of
+Cuzco with the few men whom he had been able to induce to join him; how
+Lorenzo de Aldana sailed from Panama and arrived at the City of the
+Kings; and how many captains left Gonzalo Pizarro, and passed over to
+the service of the king. I shall also treat of what passed between Diego
+Centeno and Alonzo de Mendoza, until they gave battle to Gonzalo Pizarro
+on the plain of Huarina. I shall relate how the captain Diego Centeno
+was defeated, how many of his captains and followers were killed or
+taken prisoners, and how Gonzalo Pizarro entered the city of Cuzco.</p>
+
+<p>The fifth book, containing the war of Xaquixaguana, treats of the
+arrival of the president Pedro de la Gasca in the valley of Xauxa; of
+the preparations made by him when he heard that Diego Centeno was
+defeated; of his march to Xaquixaguana, where Gonzalo Pizarro gave him
+battle; it relates how the president and the troops of the king were
+victorious; and how Gonzalo Pizarro was defeated and put to death in the
+same valley; how the president arrived at Cuzco and proclaimed the
+tyrants to be traitors; how he retired to a village called Huaynarima,
+where he divided the greater part of the provinces of this kingdom among
+persons selected by himself; and how he went thence to Lima, and
+established the Royal Audience.</p>
+
+<p>Having completed these books, which form the fourth part of my work, I
+shall add two Commentaries. The first will treat of the events in Peru,
+from the founding of the Audience to the departure of the president. The
+second, will give an account of the president’s arrival in Tierra Firme;
+of the murder of the Bishop of Nicaragua by the Contreras; of how the
+Contreras, with tyrannical intentions, entered the city of Panama and
+stole great quantities of gold and silver, of how the citizens gave them
+battle outside the town, defeated and put them to death, and recovered
+the treasure. I shall conclude with an account of the insurrection at
+Cuzco, relating how the marshal Alonzo de Alvarado was sent by the
+judges to punish the rebels, and how the illustrious and politic worthy,
+Don Antonio de Mendoza, entered this kingdom as viceroy.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_010" id="page_010"></a>{10}</span></p>
+
+<p>And if this history is not written with the elegance and learning that
+science gives to letters, it will at least be truthful, and each event
+will be duly noted with brevity, while evil deeds will be commented upon
+with moderation.</p>
+
+<p>I truly believe that others would have performed this work with more
+satisfaction to the reader, being more learned than I am. But, if my
+good intentions and my endeavours to do my best are considered, it is
+just, at all events, that I should be favourably received. The ancient
+Diodorus Siculus says in his prologue, that mankind owes a great deal to
+authors, for, through their labours, the deeds of men live for many
+ages; and he, therefore, calls Cicero the witness of time, the master of
+life, the light of truth. What I ask, in return for my labour, is that,</p>
+
+<p class="c">
+although these writings may be devoid of elegance, they<br />
+may be received with favour, because they are<br />
+accompanied with truth. I submit my work<br />
+to the judgment of the learned and<br />
+virtuous; and I beg that<br />
+others will content<br />
+themselves<br />
+with<br />
+merely reading it, without attempting<br />
+to judge what they<br />
+do not understand.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_011" id="page_011"></a>{11}</span></p>
+
+<h1><a name="THE_TRAVELS_OF" id="THE_TRAVELS_OF"></a><small><small>THE TRAVELS OF</small></small><br />
+PEDRO DE CIEZA DE LEON.</h1>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Which treats of the discovery of the Indies, of some other things which
+were done when they were first discovered, and of the present state of
+affairs.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">F<small>OURTEEN</small> hundred and ninety-two years had passed away since the Princess
+of life, the glorious virgin Mary our Lady, begot the only-begotten Son
+of God, and the Catholic kings Don Fernando and Dona Isabel of glorious
+memory were reigning in Spain, when the illustrious Christoval Colon set
+forth with three caravels and ninety Spaniards, whom the said kings
+ordered to serve under him. After sailing twelve hundred leagues to the
+westward over the wide ocean, he discovered the island of Española,
+where now stands the city of Santo Domingo. Then also were discovered
+the islands of Cuba, and of San Juan de Puerto Rico, Yucatan, Tierra
+Firme, New Spain, the provinces of Guatemala and Nicaragua, and many
+other islands and kingdoms as far as Florida; and afterwards the great
+kingdom of Peru, Rio de la Plata, and the strait of Magellanes. Yet so
+many years had elapsed during which this vast expanse of land was
+unknown in Spain, nor was there any rumour concerning it!</p>
+
+<p>The judicious reader will reflect through what amount of labour, hunger,
+thirst, terror, danger, and death the Spaniards<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_012" id="page_012"></a>{12}</span> must have passed in
+these navigations and discoveries, and what waste of blood and lives
+they must have entailed. And all was held as good service by the
+Catholic kings, as well as by his royal Majesty the invincible Cæsar Don
+Carlos the fifth Emperor of that name, our king and lord; because the
+doctrine of Jesus Christ and the preaching of His holy gospel has thus
+been extended, and our holy faith exalted. The will both of the said
+Catholic kings and of his Majesty has been, and is, that great care
+should be taken in the conversion of the natives of all these provinces
+and kingdoms, for this was their principal aim; and that the governors,
+captains, and discoverers should display their Christian zeal by such
+treatment of the Indians as their religion enjoins. But notwithstanding
+that this is and was the desire of his Majesty, some of the governors
+and captains have basely committed many cruelties and outrages on the
+Indians. In their turn the Indians, to defend themselves, rose in arms
+and killed many Christians and some of the captains, which was the
+reason that they suffered torments, were burnt, and put to other cruel
+deaths. I hold that, as the dealings of God are always just, it must be
+that his divine justice permitted that these people, so far distant from
+Spain, should suffer so many evils from the Spaniards, for their sins
+and for those of their ancestors, which must have been many, as they
+were without faith. Nor do I affirm that all the Christians ill-treated
+the Indians; for I have seen many temperate and God fearing men treat
+them well, curing and bleeding them when they were ill, and performing
+other charitable acts. And the goodness and mercy of God (which permits
+no evil without extracting some good from it) have also secured great
+blessings out of these ills, by bringing so many people to the knowledge
+of our holy Catholic faith, and placing them in the road to salvation.
+When his Majesty was informed of the ills which the Indians suffered, he
+thought it good to appoint viceroys and audiences,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_013" id="page_013"></a>{13}</span> with presidents and
+judges for their better government; and thus the sufferings of the
+Indians have ceased, and no Spaniards, of what rank soever, can oppress
+them now. Besides the bishops, monks, seculars, and friars who went with
+the Spaniards, there were a sufficient number provided to teach the
+doctrine of the holy faith to the Indians and to administer the
+sacraments to them. In the audiences there are learned men of great
+piety, who punish those Spaniards that oppress the Indians in any way;
+so that now there is no one who can ill-treat them, and, in the greater
+part of these kingdoms, they are as much masters of their own estates
+and persons as are the Spaniards themselves. Each village is moderately
+assessed with the amount to be paid as tribute. I remember that, when I
+was in the province of Xauxa a few years ago, the Indians said to me
+with much satisfaction: “This is a happy time, like the days of Tupac
+Ynca Yupanqui;” a king of ancient times, whose memory they hold in great
+veneration. Certain of this, we Christians ought to rejoice and give
+thanks to our Lord God that, in so great a country, so distant from our
+Spain and from all Europe, there is such justice and such good
+government, with churches and houses for prayer in all parts, where
+Almighty God is praised and worshipped; and the devil abused and defied,
+while the places which had been set apart for his glorification, are
+pulled down, and crosses, the signs of our salvation, raised in their
+stead. The idols and images were broken, and the devils fled away with
+fear and trembling. The holy gospel is preached, and spreads powerfully
+from east to west, and from north to south, that all nations may know
+and worship our Lord God.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_014" id="page_014"></a>{14}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the city of Panama, and of its founding, and why it is treated of
+first, before other matters.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">B<small>EFORE</small> I begin to treat of the affairs of the kingdom of Peru, I desire
+to give some account of what is known of the origin of these races of
+the Indies or New World, especially of the natives of Peru, according to
+what they say that they heard from their old men, although this is a
+secret which God alone can certainly know. But as my principal intention
+is, in this first part, to describe the land of Peru, and to relate the
+events connected with the foundation of its cities, I will leave the
+account of the origin of the people (that is, what they themselves say
+respecting their origin, and what we may conjecture) until I come to the
+second part, where this portion of the subject will be fully treated of.</p>
+
+<p>In the present part, as I have said, I shall treat of the foundation of
+many cities; and I consider that if, in times past, Dido, in founding
+Carthage, perpetuated her name, and Romulus gave his name to Rome, and
+Alexander to Alexandria, with how much more reason should the fame and
+glory of his Majesty be perpetuated in future ages; for in this great
+kingdom of Peru many great and rich cities have been founded in his
+royal name, to which his Majesty has given laws, and he has enabled the
+people to live quietly and peacefully. But, without counting these
+cities in Peru, the city of Panama was founded in the province of Tierra
+Firme, called Castilla del Oro, and I shall commence with it, although
+there are others in this kingdom of more importance. My reason for
+beginning with Panama is, that the captains who set forth to discover
+Peru started from that city. Thence I shall go to the port of Uraba,
+which is in the province of Carthagena, not very far from the great
+river of Darien; and I shall then give an account of the Indian
+villages, and of the Spanish<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_015" id="page_015"></a>{15}</span> settlements from this place to the town of
+Plata, and establishment of Potosi on the southern boundary of Peru, a
+distance of, I should say, more than twelve hundred leagues of road,
+which I travelled over by land, and saw, examined, and knew the things
+which I describe in this history. And I noted everything with much care
+and diligence, in order that I might be able to write with that truth
+which is due from me, and without any mixture of inaccuracies.</p>
+
+<p>I say, then, that the city of Panama is built near the South Sea, and
+eighteen leagues from Nombre de Dios, which is near the North Sea.<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a>
+It is of small extent, by reason of a lake which confines it on one
+side, and the city is considered unhealthy on account of the evil
+vapours which rise from this lake. It is built with the streets running
+due east and west; so that when the sun rises no one can walk in any of
+the streets, because there is no shade whatever; and this is felt very
+much as the heat is intense; and the sun is so prejudicial to health,
+that if a man is exposed to its rays even for a few hours he will be
+attacked with a fatal illness, and this has happened to many. Half a
+league from the sea there are good and healthy sites, where the city
+might have been built at first; but as the houses have a high price, on
+account of the great expense of building them, the site has not been
+changed, although the inhabitants are aware of the notorious harm which
+all must receive from living in so unhealthy a place. The first
+conquerors are now all dead; and the present inhabitants do not expect
+to remain long, only think of becoming rich, and care little for the
+public good. A river flows near this city, which rises in certain hills;
+and there are many others, on the banks of which the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_016" id="page_016"></a>{16}</span> Spaniards have
+their farms, where they have planted many trees from Spain, as oranges,
+citrons, and figs. Besides these there are other fruits belonging to the
+country, such as fragrant pines and plantains, many excellent
+<i>guavas</i>,<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a> <i>caymitos</i>,<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a> <i>aguacates</i>,<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a> and other fruits. In
+the plains there are large herds of cattle, for the country is well
+adapted for breeding them. The rivers contain much gold, and at the time
+that the city was founded they obtained a great quantity.</p>
+
+<p>Panama is well supplied with provisions, being situated between two
+seas,—that is to say, the North Sea, by which the ships of Spain come
+to Nombre de Dios; and the South Sea, by which ships sail from Panama to
+all the ports of Peru. The country round this city yields neither wheat
+nor barley; but the owners of farms raise much maize, and they bring
+plenty of flour from Spain and Peru. There is much fish in all the
+rivers and also in the sea, though different from those on the coast of
+Spain.<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a> On the sea-shore, close to the houses of the city, they find
+great quantities of very small mussels (<i>almejas</i>), which they call
+<i>chucha</i>; and I believe that, at the time of the first settlement, the
+city remained on this site because the Spaniards felt themselves safe
+from hunger on account of these mussels. In the rivers there are great
+quantities of alligators, which are so large and fierce that it is
+wonderful to see them. In the river of Cenu I have seen many very large
+ones, and have eaten the eggs which they deposit on the shore. We found
+one of these large alligators in the river which they call San Jorge,
+when we went with Captain Alonzo de Caceres to discover the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_017" id="page_017"></a>{17}</span> province of
+Urute. It was so monstrously large as to measure more than twenty-five
+feet in length; and when we killed it with our lances, it was a grand
+thing to witness its bravery. Being very hungry we ate some of the
+flesh; but it is bad, and has a disagreeable smell. These alligators
+have eaten many Spaniards, horses, and Indians, when passing over the
+land from one river to another.</p>
+
+<p>There are few natives in the neighbourhood of Panama, for nearly all
+have been destroyed by the evil treatment they received from the
+Spaniards and by sickness. The city is inhabited by many merchants from
+all parts, who trade here and in Nombre de Dios; for there is much
+traffic, and the place might almost be compared with the city of Venice.
+Very often ships come to Panama from the South Sea to discharge cargoes
+of gold and silver; and the number of vessels is very great that arrive
+at Nombre de Dios, bringing much merchandise, which is transported to
+Panama by canoes up the river Chagres, and thence over five leagues of
+road. Near the city the sea forms a large bay, and the vessels come into
+the port with the tide. The anchorage is very good for small vessels.
+Panama was founded by Pedrarias de Avila, who was governor of Tierra
+Firme, in the name of the invincible Cæsar Don Carlos, the august King
+of Spain, our lord, in the year 1520. It is in about 8° north of the
+equinoctial line.<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a> It has a good port, into which the vessels enter
+with the ebb tide until they are high and dry. The ebb and flow of this
+sea is great, so that the shore remains uncovered at low water for a
+distance of half a league; and vessels anchored in three fathoms at low
+water, are in seven fathoms when the tide comes up.<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_018" id="page_018"></a>{18}</span></p>
+
+<p>In this chapter I have treated of the city of Panama. In the following I
+shall describe the harbours and rivers along the coast as far as Chile,
+for this plan will give much precision to the work.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_019" id="page_019"></a>{19}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the ports between Panama and the land of Peru, of the distances between them, and of their latitudes.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">I<small>T</small> is known to all the world how the Spaniards, aided by God, have
+prosperously gained and made themselves masters of this new world, which
+is called the Indies. These Indies include so many and such great
+kingdoms and provinces, that it causes wonder even to think of them; and
+their discovery and conquest have been successful, as all who live in
+this age well know. I have sometimes thought that, when one people and
+nation succeeds another, as time rolls on the first is forgotten; and
+that the same fate may overtake us as has befallen others, which may God
+forefend: but these kingdoms and provinces were discovered in the time
+of the most Christian and illustrious Charles, the ever august Emperor
+of the Romans, and our lord and king, who has taken and still takes so
+much care for the conversion of the Indians. For this reason I believe
+that Spain will ever retain these possessions, and that all who live in
+them will ever acknowledge the kings of Spain as their masters.</p>
+
+<p>In this chapter I desire to explain to those who may read my work the
+manner of navigating by points and degrees from Panama to Peru. The time
+for navigating is during the months of January, February, and March,
+because in this season there are always fresh breezes from the north,
+and the vessels make short passages; while during the rest of the year
+the south winds prevail along the coast of Peru.<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a> Thus the vessels
+finish their voyages before the south winds set in. Ships can also sail
+in August and September, but not with the same ease as in the season
+before mentioned; for if some few vessels sail in these months, they
+make very<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_020" id="page_020"></a>{20}</span> long and difficult passages. The south wind is prevalent for
+a long time along this coast from Chile to near Tumbez, which is
+favourable for a voyage from Peru to Tierra Firme, Nicaragua, and other
+ports; but very difficult for vessels going to Peru. Sailing from
+Panama, vessels first sight the islands called “of the Pearls,” which
+are barely in 8°.<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a> These islands consist of twenty-five or thirty,
+clustering round one which is the largest of all. They were formerly
+inhabited by Indian natives, but now there are none. The owners of these
+islands have Negroes and Indians of Nicaragua and Cubagua, who watch the
+flocks and sow the seeds, for the land is fertile. They have also
+obtained a great quantity of rich pearls, whence the islands take their
+name. From these islands vessels work for the point of Carachine, which
+is ten leagues to the E.S.E.; and when they sight it, the land is high
+and woody. It is in 8⅓°.<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a> From this point the coast runs S.E.¼S. to
+Puerto de Piñas for eight leagues, which is in 6¼°.<a name="FNanchor_131_131" id="FNanchor_131_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a> Here the land
+is high, forest covered, and rugged. Thence the coast trends S.¼E. to
+Cape Corrientes; and following the same course vessels arrive at the
+island of Palms, so called from the quantities of those trees which grow
+on it. It is little more than a league and a half round, it has rivers
+of fresh water, and used to be inhabited. This island is twenty-five
+leagues from Cape Corrientes, in 4⅓°. From this point the coast runs in
+the same direction to the port of Buenaventura, which is a little more
+than three leagues from the island. The entrance to the bay is in
+3⅔°,<a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a> and close to it there is a high peaked island. The country is
+covered with forests, and many great rivers, rising in the mountains,
+fall into the sea, by one of which vessels approach the town and port of
+Buenaventura. The pilot who may take a vessel in, should know the river
+well, or he will have much trouble, as was the case with me and many
+others who employed new pilots. Thence the coast runs<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_021" id="page_021"></a>{21}</span> W. ¼ S. to the
+island called Gorgona, which is twenty-five leagues from this bay. This
+part of the coast is low, and overrun with mangroves and other dense
+bushes. Many large rivers flow into the sea, the principal one being the
+river of San Juan, the banks of which are inhabited by wild people, who
+build their houses on great stages raised on forked poles. These Indians
+are very rich in gold, and their country, which is fertile, is traversed
+by rivers washing down abundance of this metal. But it is so swampy and
+full of lagoons, that it is impossible to conquer it without an
+expenditure of many lives and much trouble.</p>
+
+<p>The island of Gorgona is high, and it never ceases to rain and thunder
+there, so that it seems as if the elements were fighting. It is two
+leagues round, covered with forest, and has streams of very good water.
+There are many turkeys, pheasants, cats, and great serpents, besides
+night birds, on the island. It seems that it has never been inhabited.
+The Marquis Don Francisco Pizarro, with thirteen Spanish Christians, his
+companions, was many days on this island, and suffered much from hunger
+and exposure, until at last God was well served by the discovery of the
+provinces of Peru. This island of Gorgona is in 3°,<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a> and thence the
+coast trends W.S.W. to the island of Gallo. All this coast is low and
+woody, and many rivers here fall into the sea. The island of Gallo is
+small, scarcely a league round, and is in 2°<a name="FNanchor_134_134" id="FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a>of the equator. Thence
+the coast turns S.W. to the point of Mangroves,<a name="FNanchor_135_135" id="FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a> which is a little
+under eight leagues from Gallo. Thence the coast runs S.W. to the bay of
+Santiago, where it forms a creek, and an anchorage called Sardinas. Here
+is the mouth of the great and rapid river of Santiago, where the
+government of the Marquis Don Francisco Pizarro commenced. This
+roadstead is twenty-five leagues from the point of Mangroves. Here
+vessels have their bows in eighty fathoms and their stems nearly<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_022" id="page_022"></a>{22}</span>
+aground, and sometimes they are in ninety fathoms at one moment, and in
+two at another; but these inequalities, which are caused by the fury of
+the river, are not dangers, nor do they prevent vessels from going in
+and out at pleasure. The coast then runs west towards the Cape of San
+Francisco, which is ten leagues from the roadstead. This cape is high
+land, and near it there are some brown and white ravines. It is 1° N. of
+the equator.<a name="FNanchor_136_136" id="FNanchor_136_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a> Thence the coast runs S.W. to the point of Passaos,
+which is on the equinoctial line.<a name="FNanchor_137_137" id="FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a> Between these two points four
+rivers fall into the sea, called the Quiximies,<a name="FNanchor_138_138" id="FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a> which are very
+large. They form a tolerable port, where vessels can take in fresh water
+and firewood.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Describes the navigation as far as the Callao of Lima, which is the
+port of the City of the Kings.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">I <small>HAVE</small> now described, though briefly, the way by which this South Sea is
+navigated as far as the Quiximies, which is in the land of Peru. It will
+now be well to continue the route until we arrive at the City of the
+Kings. Leaving then the cape of Passaos, the coast trends to the S. ¼ W.
+as far as Puerto Viejo, and before reaching it there is the bay of
+Caraquez, which vessels enter without any danger. Its conveniences are
+such that ships of even one thousand tons may be careened here, and it
+is easy to enter and sail out, except that there are some rocky islands
+at its mouth, but there are no obstructions beyond those which meet the
+eye. Near Puerto Viejo, and two leagues inland, is the city of Santiago,
+and two leagues to the south of the port there is a<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_023" id="page_023"></a>{23}</span> round hill called
+Monte Cristo. This Puerto Viejo is 1° S.<a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a> of the equator. Five
+leagues further on in the same direction is the cape of San Lorenzo, and
+three leagues beyond this cape, to the south-west, is the island which
+is called La Plata, a league and a half long. Here, in ancient times,
+the natives of the main land held their sacrificial festivals, and
+killed many lambs and sheep, and some children, whose blood was offered
+to their devils and idols, figures carved in stone which were objects of
+worship. The Marquis Don Francisco Pizarro, with his thirteen
+companions, during their voyage of discovery, landed on this island and
+found some silver and jewels, and many robes and dresses of cloth richly
+embroidered. From that time to this the island has remained with the
+name which it now bears. Following the coast line to the S. ¼ E. we come
+next to the point of Santa Elena. Before reaching this point there are
+two places, the one called Callo and the other Calango,<a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a> where ships
+touch, and take in wood and water. The distance from the point of San
+Lorenzo to that of Santa Elena is fifteen leagues. There is a creek on
+the north side of the latter point, where there is good anchorage.<a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a>
+At the distance of a cross-bow shot from the point there is a fountain
+of bitumen, which appears to be natural tar. Of this, and of the wells
+made by the giants on this point, I shall give an account further on,
+which will be well worth hearing.<a name="FNanchor_142_142" id="FNanchor_142_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a></p>
+
+<p>From this point of Santa Elena vessels go to the river of Tumbez, a
+distance of twenty-eight leagues. The river bears from the point S. ¼
+E., and between them there is another great inlet. To the N.E. of the
+river of Tumbez there is an island which is more than ten leagues
+round,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_024" id="page_024"></a>{24}</span> and it has been very rich and populous, so that the natives
+rivalled those of Tumbez and of other parts of the main land. There were
+great wars and many battles between them, so that time and the arrival
+of the Spaniards have greatly diminished the number of the islanders.
+The island is very fertile and well wooded. It is the property of his
+Majesty. There is a rumour that a great sum of gold and silver was
+buried there in ancient times. The Indians say that these islanders were
+given to idolatry, and were very vicious, many of them committing the
+abominable offence, and being guilty of other great sins. Near this
+island of Puna there is another further out, called Santa Clara. This
+island has neither inhabitants, wood, nor water; but the ancient people
+of Puna had their cemeteries on it, and performed sacrifices. They have
+placed on the heights, where they built their altars, great quantities
+of gold, and silver, and fine ornaments dedicated to their gods. When
+the Spaniards arrived, these treasures were concealed (so the Indians
+say) in places where they could not be found.<a name="FNanchor_143_143" id="FNanchor_143_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a></p>
+
+<p>The river of Tumbez flows through a country which is thickly inhabited.
+Near the sea there is a fortress, a very strong and handsome structure,
+built by the Yncas, kings of Cuzco and lords of all Peru, in which they
+had great store of treasure. There was also a temple of the Sun, and a<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_025" id="page_025"></a>{25}</span>
+house of Mamacunas,<a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a> which means principal women of the virgins
+dedicated to the service of the temple. These women lived according to
+rules almost the same as those of the vestal virgins of Rome. The
+edifices are now in a ruinous state, though their remains show how great
+they once were. The mouth of the river of Tumbez is in 4° S.<a name="FNanchor_145_145" id="FNanchor_145_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a> Thence
+the coast trends S.W. to Cape Blanco,<a name="FNanchor_146_146" id="FNanchor_146_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a> distant fifteen leagues,<a name="FNanchor_147_147" id="FNanchor_147_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a>
+and then towards the island of Lobos.<a name="FNanchor_148_148" id="FNanchor_148_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a> Between Cape Blanco and the
+island of Lobos there is a point called Pariña, which runs out into the
+sea almost as far as the former point.<a name="FNanchor_149_149" id="FNanchor_149_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a> From point Pariña the coast
+runs S.W. to Payta. From Tumbez towards the south, the coast is without
+trees, and if there are any hills they are naked, and rocky. The rest of
+the coast is a sandy desert, and few rivers fall into the sea. Payta is
+a little more than eight leagues<a name="FNanchor_150_150" id="FNanchor_150_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a> from Cape Pariña; it is a good
+port, where ships refit, in 5° S.<a name="FNanchor_151_151" id="FNanchor_151_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a> From the island of Lobos (just
+mentioned) the distance to Payta will be about five leagues. Following
+the coast we come to Punta del Aguja,<a name="FNanchor_152_152" id="FNanchor_152_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a> and between it and the island
+there is a large inlet. This point is in 6° S. To the south of it there
+are two islands called Lobos, from the great number of seals, and all
+vessels can pass between them and the main land.<a name="FNanchor_153_153" id="FNanchor_153_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a> From Punta de
+Aguja the coast trends S.W.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_026" id="page_026"></a>{26}</span> to a port called Casma. The coast runs S.W.
+to Malabrigo,<a name="FNanchor_154_154" id="FNanchor_154_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a> where vessels can only lie in fair weather, and ten
+leagues further south is the reef of Truxillo, a bad port, with no other
+shelter than the buoys of the anchors. Vessels sometimes touch here for
+provisions. Two leagues inland is the city of Truxillo. From this port,
+which is in 7⅔°, vessels go to the port of Guañape,<a name="FNanchor_155_155" id="FNanchor_155_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a> seven leagues
+from Truxillo, in 8⅓°. More to the south is the port of Santa, where
+vessels touch, and near which there is a great river with very good
+water.<a name="FNanchor_156_156" id="FNanchor_156_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a> All the coast is without trees (as I said a little way
+back), sandy, and broken with craggy rocks. Santa is in 9°. Five leagues
+further on is Ferrol,<a name="FNanchor_157_157" id="FNanchor_157_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a> a secure port, but without fuel or water.
+Another six leagues brings us to Casma, where there is a river and
+plenty of wood, so that vessels can put in for supplies. It is in
+10°.<a name="FNanchor_158_158" id="FNanchor_158_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a> From Casma the coast runs south to the islets of Huara, and
+further on is Guarmay, where there is a river.<a name="FNanchor_159_159" id="FNanchor_159_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a> Another six leagues
+takes us to Huara, where vessels can take in all the salt they require,
+for there is enough to supply Italy and all Spain, and even then it
+would not be exhausted.<a name="FNanchor_160_160" id="FNanchor_160_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a> Thence the coast trends south to the island
+of Lima. Half way, a little nearer Lima than the islets of Huara,<a name="FNanchor_161_161" id="FNanchor_161_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a>
+there is an island called Salmerina, nine or ten leagues from the land.
+The island of Lima forms the shelter to Callao, which is the port of
+Lima.<a name="FNanchor_162_162" id="FNanchor_162_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a> The<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_027" id="page_027"></a>{27}</span> port is very safe. Callao, which (as I have said) is the
+port of the City of Kings, is in 12⅓°.<a name="FNanchor_163_163" id="FNanchor_163_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2>
+<p class="hhead">Of the ports and rivers on the coast, from the City of the Kings to the
+province of Chile, and of their latitudes, with other matters connected
+with the navigation of these seas.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">I <small>HAVE</small> myself been in most of the ports and rivers which I have now
+described, and I have taken much trouble to ascertain the correctness of
+what is here written, having communicated with the dexterous and expert
+pilots who know the navigation of these ports, and who took the
+altitudes in my presence. In this chapter I shall continue my
+description of the coast, with its ports and rivers from Lima until we
+arrive at the province of Chile. But I am unable to describe the coast
+down to the straits of Magellan, having lost a copious narrative which I
+had from a pilot who came in one of the ships sent by the Bishop of
+Plazencia.</p>
+
+<p>When ships sail from the port of the City of the Kings, they shape their
+course south, until they reach the port of Sangalla, which is very good,
+and at first it was considered certain that the City of the Kings would
+have been founded near it. Sangalla is thirty-five leagues from Lima, in
+barely 14° S. of the equinoctial.<a name="FNanchor_164_164" id="FNanchor_164_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a> Near this port there is an island
+called Seal Island. All the coast, from this point, is low,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_028" id="page_028"></a>{28}</span> though in
+some parts there are naked chains of rocky hills, and the whole is a
+sandy desert, on which it has never rained, nor does anything fall
+except a thin mist; but I shall treat of this admirable secret of nature
+further on.<a name="FNanchor_165_165" id="FNanchor_165_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a> Near this Seal Island there are seven or eight other
+small islets, some high and others low, uninhabited, and without wood or
+water, tree, shrub, or anything else, except seals and sand hills. The
+Indians, according to their own account, used to go to these islands to
+make sacrifices, and it is presumed that great treasure is buried on
+them. They are a little more than four leagues from the coast. Further
+on there is another island, also called Seal Island, from the quantity
+of those animals that frequent it, which is 14⅓°.<a name="FNanchor_166_166" id="FNanchor_166_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a></p>
+
+<p>From this island vessels continue the voyage, the coast trending S.W. ¼
+S., and after twelve leagues more they come to a promontory called
+Nasca, which is in 15° less one quarter.<a name="FNanchor_167_167" id="FNanchor_167_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a> There is here shelter for
+ships, but not for boats, as they cannot land. Further on there is
+another point called San Nicolas, in 15⅓°.<a name="FNanchor_168_168" id="FNanchor_168_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a> From this point of San
+Nicolas the coast turns S.W., and after twelve leagues the port of Acari
+is reached, where vessels take in provisions and water, brought from a
+valley which is a little more than five leagues from the port. This port
+of Acari is in 16°.<a name="FNanchor_169_169" id="FNanchor_169_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a> Continuing<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_029" id="page_029"></a>{29}</span> the voyage vessels next arrive off
+the river of Ocona, and further on are the rivers of Camana and Quilca.
+Near the latter river there is a cove, which affords good and secure
+anchorage. It is also called Quilca, and forms the port of the city of
+Arequipa, which is seventeen leagues distant. This port is in 17½°.<a name="FNanchor_170_170" id="FNanchor_170_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a>
+Sailing from Quilca, vessels pass some islets, where the Indians go from
+the main land to fish. Three leagues further on there is another island,
+very close to the shore, and the ships anchor to leeward of it, for from
+this place also goods are sent to the city of Arequipa. It is twelve
+leagues beyond Quilca, in 17½° or more, and is called Chuti.<a name="FNanchor_171_171" id="FNanchor_171_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a>
+Further on there is a great river called Tamboballa, and ten leagues
+more bring us to a point which runs out for a league into the sea, and
+there are three pointed rocks near it.<a name="FNanchor_172_172" id="FNanchor_172_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a> There is a good port,
+sheltered by this point, called Ylo, where a river of very good water,
+having the same name as the port, falls into the sea. Ylo is in
+18⅓°.<a name="FNanchor_173_173" id="FNanchor_173_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a> Thence the coast trends S.¼E., and seven leagues farther on
+there is a promontory, which the mariners called the Hill of the
+Devils.<a name="FNanchor_174_174" id="FNanchor_174_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a> All this coast is dangerous. Further on, about five leagues
+from this point, there is a small river of good water, and ten leagues
+more bring us to another high point and some ravines. Off this point
+there is an islet, and near it is the port of Arica, in 29⅓°.<a name="FNanchor_175_175" id="FNanchor_175_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a> From
+Arica the coast runs S.E. for nine leagues,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_030" id="page_030"></a>{30}</span> where there is a river
+called Pisagua. From this river to the port of Tarapaca the coast trends
+in the same direction a distance of twenty-five leagues. Near Tarapaca
+there is an island a little more than a league round and one and a half
+from the shore, which forms a bay in 21°. This is the port of
+Tarapaca.<a name="FNanchor_176_176" id="FNanchor_176_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a> Thence the coast trends in the same direction, and five
+leagues further on there is a point called Tacama. Passing this point
+vessels come to the port of Mexillones, sixteen leagues further on,
+which is in 22½°.<a name="FNanchor_177_177" id="FNanchor_177_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a> The coast then trends S.S.W. for ninety leagues.
+It is a straight coast, with some points and bays, and in 26° there is a
+good port called Copayapo,<a name="FNanchor_178_178" id="FNanchor_178_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a> with an islet about half a league from
+the shore, and here the inhabited part of the province of Chile
+commences. Further on there is a point of land forming a bay, with two
+rocks in it, and here a river of very good water falls into the sea,
+called Huasco. The point is in 28¼°.<a name="FNanchor_179_179" id="FNanchor_179_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a> Ten leagues further on there
+is another point which affords shelter for ships, but here there is
+neither wood nor water. Near this point is the port of Coquimbo, and
+between it and the point there are seven islands. This port is in
+29½°.<a name="FNanchor_180_180" id="FNanchor_180_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a> Ten leagues further on another point runs out, forming a
+large bay called Atongayo,<a name="FNanchor_181_181" id="FNanchor_181_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a> and five leagues<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_031" id="page_031"></a>{31}</span> beyond is the river of
+Limara. From this river vessels reach a bay after sailing nine leagues,
+where there is a pointed rock, and no fresh water. It is in 30°, and is
+called Choape.<a name="FNanchor_182_182" id="FNanchor_182_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a> Further on, continuing the same course for
+twenty-one leagues, there is a good port called Quintero, in 32°,<a name="FNanchor_183_183" id="FNanchor_183_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a>
+and ten leagues more bring us to the port of Valparaiso, and the city of
+Santiago, which is what we call Chile, in 32⅔°.<a name="FNanchor_184_184" id="FNanchor_184_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a> Continuing the
+voyage we next come to another port called Topocalma, in 34°,<a name="FNanchor_185_185" id="FNanchor_185_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a> and
+twelve leagues further on is the river of Maule. Fourteen leagues
+further on there is another river called Ytata, and twenty-four leagues
+more bring us to a river called Biobio, in 38° nearly.<a name="FNanchor_186_186" id="FNanchor_186_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a> In the same
+direction, after sailing fifteen leagues more, we come to a large island
+five leagues from the shore, which is said to be inhabited. It is called
+Luchengo.<a name="FNanchor_187_187" id="FNanchor_187_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a> Beyond this island there is a bay called Valdivia, where
+there is a great river, the name of which is Ayniledos. The bay of
+Valdivia is in 39⅔°.<a name="FNanchor_188_188" id="FNanchor_188_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a> To the S.S.W. of the port is the Cape of Santa
+Maria in 42⅓° S. This is as far as the coast has been examined and
+described. The pilots say that it then turns S.E. to the straits of
+Magellan. One of the ships which sailed from Spain, belonging to the
+expedition of the Bishop of Palencia, passed through the straits of
+Magellan, and reached the port of Quilca, which is near Arequipa, whence
+she went on to Lima and Panama. She brought a good account of the
+latitude of the strait, and of what happened during the very difficult
+voyage; but I do not insert that narrative here, because, at the time
+when we<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_032" id="page_032"></a>{32}</span> gave battle to Gonzalo Pizarro in the valley of Xaquixaguana,
+five leagues from the city of Cuzco, I had several of my papers and
+journals stolen, and this among the number, which I regret very much. I
+should have wished to conclude my account of the coast with this
+narrative. Receive, therefore, my desire to give this further
+information; for I have taken no little trouble to ascertain the truth,
+and I have examined the new charts made by the pilots who discovered
+this sea.<a name="FNanchor_189_189" id="FNanchor_189_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a></p>
+
+<p>Here I must conclude the portion of my work which treats of the
+navigation of this South Sea. I shall now proceed to give an account of
+the provinces and nations from the port of Uraba to the city of Plata,
+which is a distance of more than 1200 leagues, and I shall describe the
+government of Popayan and the kingdom of Peru.</p>
+
+<p>I shall commence, then, with the port of Uraba, and pass thence to the
+city of Antiochia and to other parts, as will appear presently.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">How the city of San Sebastian was founded in the bay of Uraba;<a name="FNanchor_190_190" id="FNanchor_190_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a> and
+of the native Indians in that neighbourhood.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">I<small>N</small> the year 1509, when Alonzo de Ojeda and Nicuesa were governors of
+Tierra Firme, a town was founded in the province<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_033" id="page_033"></a>{33}</span> of Darien, and was
+named Nuestra Señora del Antigua. Some of the Spaniards, who were among
+the early discoverers, declare that they found the flower of the chiefs
+of the Indians in these parts. At that time, although the province of
+Carthagena was discovered, it was not settled, nor had the Christians
+done more than trade with the Indians, obtaining a quantity of fine gold
+by exchanges. The Governor Ojeda marched to the great town of Turbaco,
+four leagues from Carthagena (which was formerly called Calamar), where
+he fought a great battle with the Indians. Many Christians were killed,
+and among them the captain Juan de la Cosa, a valiant and resolute man.
+In order that his body might not fall into the hands of the Indians, the
+Spaniards retreated to their ships. After this event the Governor Ojeda
+founded a town of Christians in the country called Uraba, and appointed
+as his captain and lieutenant there, Francisco Pizarro, who was
+afterwards governor and marquis. In this city or town of Uraba, this
+captain Francisco Pizarro, suffered from hunger and sickness, and from
+the attacks of the Indians of Uraba. These Indians (as it is said) were
+not natives of this province, their ancient home having been in the
+country which borders on the great river of Darien.<a name="FNanchor_191_191" id="FNanchor_191_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_191_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a> Desiring to
+escape from subjection to the yoke of the Spaniards who treated them so
+ill, they left their homes with their arms, taking their women and
+children with them. Having arrived at Uraba, they attacked the natives
+with great cruelty, killed them all, and made themselves masters of
+their land.</p>
+
+<p>When the governor Ojeda heard of this he entertained hopes of finding
+great riches in that country, and sent his lieutenant Francisco Pizarro
+to form a settlement there, who was the first Christian to enter this
+land. Afterwards these governors Ojeda and Nicuesa came to a disastrous
+end, as is well known among those of that time who<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_034" id="page_034"></a>{34}</span> still survive, and
+Pedrarias came as governor of Tierra Firme, but though there were 200
+Spaniards in the city of Antigua, none of them settled in Uraba.<a name="FNanchor_192_192" id="FNanchor_192_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_192_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a>
+Time passed on,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_035" id="page_035"></a>{35}</span> the governor Pedrarias cut off the head of his
+son-in-law Yasco Nuñez de Balboa,<a name="FNanchor_193_193" id="FNanchor_193_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a> and of Captain Francisco
+Hernandez in Nicaragua, and the Indians of the river Cenu killed the
+captain Bezerra and the Christians who were with him. At last, Don Pedro
+de Heredia came out as governor of Carthagena, and sent his brother the
+captain Alonzo de Heredia with a party of Spaniards to settle in Uraba
+for a second time, calling the city San Sebastian de Buena Vista.<a name="FNanchor_194_194" id="FNanchor_194_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a>
+This city is situated on some small hills clear of trees, and there is
+no thicket near them, except in the marshy ground and on the banks of
+the rivers. But the province is covered with dense forest in many parts,
+and the plains are full of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_036" id="page_036"></a>{36}</span> very large palm trees with thick bark, and
+bearing large <i>palmitos</i>, which are white and very sweet. When the
+Spaniards explored this country, in the time when Alonzo Lopez de Ayala
+was lieutenant to the governor of this city, they ate nothing for many
+days except these <i>palmitos</i>. The wood is so hard and difficult to cut,
+that it took a man half a day before he could cut a tree down and get
+the <i>palmitos</i>, which they ate without bread, and drank much water, so
+that many Spaniards died. Near the town, and on the banks of the river,
+there are many gardens of orange-trees, plaintains, and guavas. There
+are many rivers in the province, which rise in the mountains. In the
+interior there are some Indians and caciques, who used to be very rich
+by reason of their trade with those who lived in the plains beyond the
+mountains, and in the country of Dobaybe. These Indians, who were
+masters of this region, originally came, as I have before said, from the
+other side of the great river of Darien. The lords or caciques are
+obeyed and feared by the Indians, and their women are the prettiest and
+most loveable of any that I have seen in the Indies. They are clean in
+their eating, and have none of the dirty habits of other nations. These
+Indians have small villages, and their houses are like long sheds. They
+sleep in hammocks and use no other sort of bed. Their land is fertile
+and abundantly supplied with provisions, such as well tasted roots.
+There are also herds of small pigs which are good eating, and many great
+tapirs, said by some to be of the shape and form of zebras; abundance of
+turkeys and other birds, plenty of fish in the rivers, and tigers, which
+kill the Indians and commit havoc amongst their beasts. There are also
+very large serpents and other creatures in the dense forests, the names
+of which we know not. Among them are the creatures which we call
+<i>Pericos ligeros</i>,<a name="FNanchor_195_195" id="FNanchor_195_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a> and it is a marvel to see their fierce looks,
+and the torpid lazy way in which they move along.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_037" id="page_037"></a>{37}</span></p>
+
+<p>When the Spaniards occupied the villages of these Indians, they found a
+great quantity of gold in some small baskets, in the form of rich
+ornaments. There were also many other ornaments and chains of fine gold,
+and much cotton cloth. The women wore mantles, which covered them from
+the waist to the feet, and other mantles over their bosoms. They are
+very pretty, and always go about decently dressed and combed. The men go
+naked and barefooted, without other covering than what nature has given
+them; but they have shells or other ornaments, either of bone or of very
+fine gold, suspended by a thread in front of their privates. Some of
+these that I saw, weighed forty to fifty <i>pesos</i> each, some more and
+some less. These Indians are engaged in trade, and take pigs, which are
+native, and different from those in Spain, to sell to other tribes more
+inland.<a name="FNanchor_196_196" id="FNanchor_196_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a> These pigs are smaller than Spanish pigs, and they have a
+navel on their backs,<a name="FNanchor_197_197" id="FNanchor_197_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_197_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a> which must be something which has grown
+there. The Indians also trade with salt and fish, getting in exchange
+their gold, cloth and other articles. Their arms are bows, made of the
+wood of a black palm, a <i>braza</i> long, with very long and sharp arrows,
+anointed with a juice which is so evil and pestilential, that no man who
+is wounded with it so as to draw blood, can live, although it should not
+be as much as would flow from the prick of a pin. Thus few if any who
+have been wounded with this juice, fail to die.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_038" id="page_038"></a>{38}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">How the herb is made so poisonous, with which the Indians of Carthagena
+and Santa Martha have killed so many Spaniards.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">A<small>S</small> this poisonous juice of the Indians of Carthagena and Santa Martha is
+so famous, it seems well to give an account here of the way it is made,
+which is as follows. This juice is composed of many things. I
+investigated and became acquainted with the principal ingredients in the
+province of Carthagena, in a village called Bahayre, from a cacique or
+lord, whose name was Macavin. He showed me some short roots, of a yellow
+colour and disagreeable smell, and told me that they were dug up on the
+sea shore, near the trees which we call <i>mansanillos</i>,<a name="FNanchor_198_198" id="FNanchor_198_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a> and pieces
+were cut from the roots of that pestiferous tree. They then burnt these
+pieces in earthen pots, and made them into a paste. After this was done,
+they sought for certain ants, as big as the beetles of Spain, which are
+very black and evil, and which, by merely biting a man, cause terrible
+pain. This happened when we were journeying on the expedition with the
+licentiate Juan de Vadillo; for one of the soldiers was bitten by an
+ant, and suffered so much pain that at last he lost all feeling, and
+even had three or four bad attacks of fever, until the poison had run
+its course. They also seek for certain very large spiders, and for
+certain hairy worms, creatures which I shall not soon forget; for one
+day, when I was guarding a river in the forests called Abibe, under the
+branch of a tree, one of these worms bit me in the neck, and I passed
+the most painful and wearisome night I have ever experienced in my life.
+They also make the poison of the wings of a bat, and the head and tail
+of a fish which is very poisonous, adding toads and the tails of
+serpents, together with certain small<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_039" id="page_039"></a>{39}</span> apples, which appear in colour
+and smell to be the same as those of Spain. Some of those recently
+arrived in these parts, on landing, eat these apples without knowing
+that they are poisonous. I knew one Juan Agraz (whom I have lately seen
+in the city of San Francisco de Quito), who, when he came from Spain,
+and landed on the coast of Santa Martha, ate ten or a dozen of these
+apples, and I heard him swear that in colour and smell they could not be
+better, except that they have a milk which becomes poison. Other roots
+and herbs form ingredients of this juice, and when they want to make it,
+they prepare a great fire in a place far from their houses, and take
+some slave girl whom they do not value, and make her watch the pots, and
+attend to the brewing of the poison; but the smell kills the person who
+thus makes the juice, at least so I have heard.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">In which other customs of the Indians subject to the city of Uraba are
+described.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">W<small>ITH</small> this evil juice the Indians anoint the points of their arrows, and
+they are so dexterous in the use of these arrows, and draw their bows
+with such force, that it has often happened that they have transfixed a
+horse, or the knight who is riding, the arrow entering on one side and
+coming out on the other. They wear cotton for defensive armour, the
+moisture of that country not being suitable for cuirasses. However, with
+all these difficulties, and in spite of the country being so forbidding,
+foot soldiers have overrun it with nothing but swords and shields, and
+ten or twelve Spaniards are as good as 100 or 200 Indians. These Indians
+have no temples nor any form of worship, and nothing has been discovered
+concerning their religion as yet, except that they certainly talk with
+the devil, and do<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_040" id="page_040"></a>{40}</span> him all the honour they can, for they hold him in
+great veneration. He appears to them (as I have been told by one of
+themselves) in frightful and terrible visions, which cause them much
+alarm. The sons inherit their fathers’ property, if they are born of the
+principal wife, and they marry the daughters of their sisters. Their
+chiefs have many wives. When a chief dies, all his servants and friends
+assemble in his house in the night, without any light; but they have a
+great quantity of their wine made from maize, which they continue
+drinking while they mourn for the dead. After they have completed their
+ceremonies and sorceries, they inter the body with its arms and
+treasures, plenty of food, and jugs of <i>chicha</i>, together with a few
+live women. The devil gives them to understand that, in the place to
+which they go, they will come to life in another kingdom which he has
+prepared for them, and that it is necessary to take food with them for
+the journey. As if hell was so very far off!</p>
+
+<p>This city of San Sebastian was founded by Alonzo de Heredia, brother of
+the Adelantado Don Pedro de Heredia, governor for his majesty of the
+province of Carthagena, as I have said before.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the road between the city of San Sebastian and the city of Antioquia,
+and of the wild beasts, forests, rivers, and other things in the way;
+and how and in what season it can be passed.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">I <small>found</small> myself in this city of San Sebastian de Buena Vista in the year
+1536, and in 1537 the licentiate Juan de Vadillo, Juez de
+Residencia,<a name="FNanchor_199_199" id="FNanchor_199_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a> and at that time governor of Carthagena,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_041" id="page_041"></a>{41}</span> set out from
+it with one of the finest armies that had been seen in Tierra Firme. We
+were the first Spaniards who opened a road from the North to the South
+Sea. I journeyed from this town of Uraba as far as the town of Plata, at
+the furthest extremity of Peru, and made a point of seeing all the
+provinces on my road, that I might be better able to note down what was
+worthy of remark. I will, therefore, relate from this place forward all
+that I saw, without desiring to exaggerate or depreciate anything, and
+of this my readers may receive my assurance.</p>
+
+<p>I say, then, that on leaving San Sebastian de Buena Vista, which is the
+port of Uraba, to go to the city of Antioquia, the road runs by the
+coast for five leagues as far as the banks of a small river called Rio
+Verde, whence the distance to the city of Antioquia is forty-eight
+leagues. The whole country, from this river to certain mountains called
+Abibe, of which I shall speak presently, is flat, but covered with very
+dense forests, and traversed by many rivers. The district near the road
+is uninhabited, as the natives have retired to a distance from it. After
+reaching Rio Verde, the road keeps close to the banks of the river, the
+rest of the country being very densely covered with forest; and to pass
+safely, it is necessary to travel in January, February, March, or April.
+After April the rains set in, and the rivers are swollen and rapid, so
+that even if it is possible to pass at all, it is at the cost of much
+danger and difficulty. At all times those who travel by this road must
+take good guides, and must understand how to cross the rivers. In all
+these forests there are great herds of pigs, sometimes more than a
+thousand together, counting their young ones, and they make a great
+noise, so that those who travel with good dogs will not be in want of
+food. There are also great tapirs, lions, bears, and tigers. In the
+trees are to be seen the most beautifully marked wild cats that can be
+found in the world, and large monkeys, that<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_042" id="page_042"></a>{42}</span> make such a noise that,
+from a distance, those who are new to the country would think they were
+pigs. When the Spaniards pass under the trees where the monkeys are,
+these creatures break off branches, and throw them down, making faces
+all the time. The rivers are so full of fish that with any net a great
+haul may be drawn. When we were going with the Captain Jorge Robledo
+from Antioquia to Carthagena, we saw so many fish that we could kill
+them with sticks. On the trees near the rivers, there is a creature
+called <i>yguana</i>, which looks like a serpent, or like one of the large
+lizards of Spain, except that it has a larger head and longer tail, but
+in colour and shape it is exactly like. When skinned and roasted these
+creatures are as good to eat as rabbits; to my mind they are even
+better, especially the females, which have many eggs. But those who are
+not accustomed to them would be so frightened at the sight of them, that
+they would have no desire to eat them. No one can say for certain
+whether they are fish or flesh, for we see them run down the trees into
+the water, where they are quite at home; and they are also found in the
+interior, where there are no rivers. There are other creatures called
+<i>Hicoteas</i>,<a name="FNanchor_200_200" id="FNanchor_200_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a> like turtles, which are also good eating. There are
+many turkeys, pheasants, and parrots of all kinds, as well as
+<i>Guacamayas</i>,<a name="FNanchor_201_201" id="FNanchor_201_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a> with very bright plumage; some small eagles, pigeons,
+partridges, doves, besides night-birds and other birds of prey. In these
+forests there are very large snakes. I must here relate a circumstance
+which I hold to be certainly true, for it is attested by many men who
+are worthy of belief. It is that when the Lieutenant Juan Greciano was
+travelling by this road, by order of the licentiate Santa Cruz, in
+search of the licentiate Juan de Vadillo, in company with certain
+Spaniards, among whom were Manuel de Peralta, Pedro de Barros, and Pedro
+Ximon, they met with a snake or serpent,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_043" id="page_043"></a>{43}</span> which was so large that it
+measured more than twenty feet in length, and of great girth. Its head
+was a clear red, its eyes green and protruding, and, when they saw it,
+it levelled its head to strike at them, and, indeed, gave Pedro Ximon
+such a blow that he died. They found an entire deer in its belly; and I
+heard it said that some of the Spaniards, owing to the hunger they felt,
+ate the deer and even a part of the snake. There are other snakes, not
+so large as this one, which make a noise when they walk like the sound
+of bells. If these snakes bite a man they kill him. The Indians say that
+there are many other kinds of serpents and wild animals in these
+forests, which I do not describe as I have not seen them. There are
+abundance of the palm-trees of Uraba, and many wild fruits.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the grandeur of the mountains of Abibe, and of the admirable and
+useful timber which grows there.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">H<small>AVING</small> crossed these low forest covered plains, the way leads up a broad
+chain of mountains called Abibe.<a name="FNanchor_202_202" id="FNanchor_202_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a> This mountain-chain extends to the
+west, over many provinces and uninhabited tracts. Its length is
+uncertain, but its breadth is in some places twenty leagues: in others
+much more, and in others a little less. The roads by which the Indians
+crossed this wild chain of mountains (for many parts of it are
+inhabited) were so bad and difficult, that horses neither can nor ever
+will be able to pass over them. The Captain Francisco Cesar, was the
+first Spaniard who crossed this<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_044" id="page_044"></a>{44}</span> range of mountains, and with much
+trouble he came to the valley of Guaco, which is on the other side. The
+roads are assuredly most difficult and wearisome, for they are full of
+evil places and thickets, while the roots are such that they entangle
+the feet of both men and horses. At the highest part of the mountains
+there is a very laborious ascent, and a still more dangerous descent on
+the other side. When we descended with the licentiate Juan de Vadillo,
+there being several very steep declivities, we made a sort of wall with
+ropes and stakes filled in with earth, so that the horses might be able
+to pass without danger, and although this contrivance was of some use,
+yet many horses fell over and were dashed to pieces. Even among the
+Spaniards some were killed, and others were so much injured that they
+were unable longer to proceed, and remained in the forests, awaiting
+their deaths in great misery concealed by the brushwood, so that those
+who remained whole might not see them and carry them forward. Some of
+the horses, too, were so much exhausted that they could not go on, and
+many Negroes either fled or died. Certainly, we who passed over these
+mountains were in very evil case, seeing that we suffered the hardships
+that I have just described. There are no inhabitants whatever in the
+higher parts of the mountains, or if there are, they live at a distance
+from the road by which we traversed them; but in the valleys which run
+up into these mountains there are many Indians, who possess much gold.
+The rivers which descend from this range towards the west, bring down
+great store of gold. Nearly all the year round it rains, and the trees
+are always dropping water from their leaves. There is no fodder for the
+horses, except some small long prickly leaves, inside which grow small
+<i>palmitos</i>, which are very bitter; and I have been myself in such
+straits with weariness and hunger, that I have eaten them. As it is
+always raining, and the Spanish travellers are constantly wet, the whole
+of them would certainly die if they<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_045" id="page_045"></a>{45}</span> had no fire. But the giver of
+blessings, who is Christ our God and Lord, displays his power
+everywhere, and thinks it good to be merciful and to afford us a remedy
+for all our ills. Although there is no want of fire-wood in these
+mountains, yet it is so wet that if the fire was lighted it would go
+out. To provide for this want there are certain tall trees, something
+like an ash, the wood of which is white and very dry: when this wood is
+cut up and set fire to, it burns like candlewood, and does not go out
+until it is consumed by the flames. We owe our lives entirely to the
+discovery of this wood. Where the Indians are settled there are plenty
+of supplies of fruit and fish, besides great store of brightly dyed
+cotton mantles. Here the evil root of Uraba is not found, and the
+Indians have no other arms than palm lances, clubs, and darts. They make
+bridges over the numerous rivers with stout creepers, which are like
+roots growing on the trees, and are as strong as hempen ropes. They make
+a great rope by twisting several of these together and throw it across
+the river, fastening each end securely to the trees, of which there are
+many near the banks. Several more are secured in the same way, and thus
+a bridge is formed. The Indians and their wives pass across; but they
+are so dangerous that I should very much prefer walking over the bridge
+of Alcantara. Notwithstanding this, and in spite of the danger, the
+Indians, as I have said, go over laden, with their women and children,
+with as little fear as if they were on firm land. All these Indians of
+the mountains are subject to a great and powerful cacique, called
+Nutibara. Having passed these mountains, there is a very pretty valley
+where there is no forest, but naked hills: and the Indians have their
+roads on the plain and sides of the hills.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_046" id="page_046"></a>{46}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the cacique Nutibara, and of his territory: and of other caciques
+subject to the city of Antioquia.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">W<small>HEN</small> we entered this valley with the Licentiate Juan de Vadillo, it was
+scattered over with very large houses of wood thatched with straw, and
+the fields were full of all kinds of food. In the hills several
+delightful rivers rise, whose banks were covered with many kinds of
+fruit trees, with very tall slender palm trees, thorny, with a bunch of
+fruit called <i>Pixibaes</i> growing at the top. They make both bread and
+wine from this fruit, and when the tree is cut down, they take from it a
+good-sized <i>palmito</i>, which is both sweet and wholesome. There are also
+many trees which we call <i>aguacates</i>, <i>guavas</i>, <i>guayavas</i>, and very
+fragrant pines.</p>
+
+<p>The lord or king of this country was one named Nutibara, son of
+Anunaybe. He had a brother called Quinuchu, who was then his lieutenant
+over the Indians that lived in the mountains of Abibe (which we had just
+crossed) and in other parts. This lieutenant supplied his lord with many
+pigs, fish, birds, and other things from that land, and sent him gold
+and apparel as tribute. When the lord went to war, he was followed by
+many people with their arms. When he travelled through the country, he
+sat on a litter inlaid with gold, which was borne on the shoulders of
+his principal men. He had many wives. Near the door of his house, and
+the same thing was done at the houses of his captains, there were many
+heads of his enemies whom he had eaten, which were kept there as
+trophies. All the natives of this country eat human flesh. There are
+many large burial places which must needs be very rich. They had, in the
+first place, a great house or temple dedicated to the Devil. At the time
+that the Captain Francisco Cesar entered the valley, the natives rose in
+arms near that house or temple, thinking that,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_047" id="page_047"></a>{47}</span> as his followers were
+such bad christians they might easily kill them. Thus, more than 20,00
+Indians came out to war with much noise; but, although the Spanish party
+numbered no more than twenty-nine or thirty horse, they showed so bold a
+front that the Indians fled after the battle had lasted a long time,
+leaving the field in possession of the christians, and on this occasion
+Cesar certainly showed himself to be worthy of so great a name. Those
+who may write respecting Carthagena will have plenty to say of this
+captain; but it will not behove me to write more concerning him than is
+necessary for the clearness of my narrative.<a name="FNanchor_203_203" id="FNanchor_203_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_203_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a> If the Spaniards who
+entered this valley with Cesar were not numerous, they<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_048" id="page_048"></a>{48}</span> certainly all
+became rich, and got plenty of gold; but, afterwards, when we came, the
+Indians concealed their gold by the advice of the devil, as they
+themselves affirm. Before these Indians gave battle to Captain Cesar,
+they took their gold to the temple which they had built (according to
+their own account) in honour of the devil; and, when the Spaniards came
+there, digging in a certain part, they found a vault with the entrance
+towards the setting sun, in which there were many vases full of very
+fine ornaments of gold, altogether more than 21 quintals,<a name="FNanchor_204_204" id="FNanchor_204_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_204_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a> worth
+upwards of 40,00 ducats. They related that further on there was another
+house that contained more treasure, and they also stated that they found
+others still more rich in the valley. Afterwards, when we arrived with
+Vadillo, we found the burial places opened, and the house or temple
+burnt. An Indian woman, who belonged to one Baptista Zimbron, said to me
+that after Cesar returned to Carthagena, all the lords of these valleys
+assembled and performed sacrifices, when the devil appeared in the form
+of a very fierce tiger, (which in their language is called <i>guaca</i>), and
+said that those christians had come from the other side of the sea, and
+that soon many more would arrive to occupy and take possession of the
+land, and that they must prepare for war. He then disappeared, and the
+Indians began to prepare, first taking a great quantity of treasure out
+of the burial places.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_049" id="page_049"></a>{49}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the customs of these Indians, of their arms, and of the ceremonies
+they perform; and who the founder of the city of Antioquia was.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> inhabitants of these valleys are brave amongst themselves, and much
+feared by their neighbours. The men go naked and barefooted, and merely
+wear a narrow band fastened to a girdle round the waist. Their hair is
+worn very long. Their arms are darts, long lances of black palm, slings,
+and two-handed clubs, called <i>Macanas</i>.<a name="FNanchor_205_205" id="FNanchor_205_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_205_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a> The women wear a mantle
+from the waist downwards of bright coloured cotton cloth. The lords,
+when they marry, make a sort of sacrifice to their gods. They assemble
+in a house to the number of about twelve, where the prettiest girls have
+already been assembled, and choose those they desire most. The son of
+the chosen woman inherits the lordship, and if there is no son, the son
+of the lord’s sister inherits. These people border on a province called
+Tatabe, which is thickly inhabited by rich and warlike Indians, whose
+customs are the same as those of their neighbours. Their houses are
+built over very large trees, and are made of many stout poles, each
+house having more than two hundred of them, and the coverings of these
+great houses consist of palm leaves. Many Indians live in one house,
+with their wives and children. These nations extend to the westward as
+far as the South Sea, and to the east they border on the great river of
+Darien. All their country is mountainous, very rugged, and fearful to
+pass through. Near this country they say there is that grandeur and
+wealth of the Dabaybe which is so celebrated in Terra Firme.<a name="FNanchor_206_206" id="FNanchor_206_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_206_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a> In<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_050" id="page_050"></a>{50}</span>
+another part of the country, over which Nutibara is lord, there are some
+Indians living in a certain valley called Nore, which is very fertile.
+Near this valley is now built the city of Antioquia. In ancient times
+there was a large population in these valleys, as we judged from the
+edifices and burial places, of which there are many well worth seeing,
+being so large as to appear like small hills.</p>
+
+<p>These Indians, though they speak the same language as those of Guaca,
+were always engaged in wars with them, so that the number of both
+nations has greatly diminished, for they eat all those that are
+captured, and place their heads before the doors of their houses. They
+go naked like the others, except that the chiefs sometimes cover
+themselves with a long mantle of coloured cotton. The women are covered
+with small mantles of the same material. Before passing on, I wish to
+relate a truly strange and wondrous thing. The second time that we
+returned through these valleys, when the city of Antioquia was founded
+near the hills which overhang them, I heard it said that the lords or
+caciques of the valley of Nore collected all the women they could find
+from the land of their enemies, took them home, and used them as if they
+had been their own. If any children were born, they were reared with
+much care until they reached the age of twelve or thirteen, and, being
+then plump and healthy, these caciques ate them with much appetite, not
+considering that they were of their own flesh and blood. In this way
+they had many women solely to bring forth children, which were
+afterwards to be eaten: and this is the greatest of all the sins that
+these people commit. I saw myself what occurred between one of these
+chiefs and the licentiate Juan de Vadillo, who is now in Spain, and if
+he is asked respecting what I now write, he will say that it is true. It
+is that, when I and my comrades<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_051" id="page_051"></a>{51}</span> entered these valleys, a chief named
+Nabonuco came to us peaceably, and brought with him three women. When
+night came on, two of them laid down on a mat, and the other across it
+to serve as a pillow. The Indian then made his bed on the bodies of
+these women, and took another pretty woman by the hand. When the
+licentiate Juan de Vadillo saw this proceeding, he asked the Indian
+chief why he had brought that other woman whom he held by the hand. The
+chief replied, in a gentle voice, looking him in the face, that he was
+going to eat her. On hearing this, Vadillo was astonished, and said,
+“What! are you going to eat your own wife?” The chief, raising his
+voice, replied, “Yes, truly; and I will also eat the child she bears
+me.” This happened in the valley of Nore. I have heard this licentiate
+Juan de Vadillo sometimes say, that he had heard from some old Indians,
+that when the natives of Nore go to war, they make slaves of their
+prisoners, and marry them to their own relations and neighbours, and
+that the children thus born are eaten; and that afterwards, when these
+slaves are too old to have any more children, they eat them also. In
+truth, as these Indians have no faith, I am not astonished at this.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to these wars, when we discovered the valleys, we found so many
+human heads at the doors of the chiefs’ houses, that it seemed as if
+each one had been a butcher’s shop. When one of the chiefs dies, the
+people mourn for many days, cut off the hair of his wives, kill those
+who were most beloved, and raise a tomb the size of a small hill, with
+an opening towards the rising sun. Within this great tomb they make a
+large vault, and here they put the body, wrapped in cloths, and the gold
+and arms the dead man had used when alive. They then take the most
+beautiful of his wives and some servant lads, make them drunk with wine
+made with maize, and bury them alive in that vault, in order that the
+chief may go down to hell with companions.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_052" id="page_052"></a>{52}</span></p>
+
+<p>This city of Antioquia is situated in a valley between the famous,
+notable, and rich rivers of Darien and of Santa Martha, for these
+valleys are between the two Cordilleras.<a name="FNanchor_207_207" id="FNanchor_207_207"></a><a href="#Footnote_207_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a> The position of the city
+is very good, with wide plains, near a small river. Many other rivers
+flow near it, which rise in the Cordilleras, and many springs of sweet
+and limpid water. All the rivers are full of very fine gold, and their
+banks are shaded by many kinds of fruit-trees. Antioquia is surrounded
+by extensive provinces, inhabited by Indians, very rich in gold, who use
+small scales to weigh it; but they are all great eaters of human flesh,
+and when they take each other prisoners, they show no mercy. One day I
+saw in Antioquia, when we founded it in some hills where Captain Jorge
+Robledo first fixed the site (which was afterwards<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_053" id="page_053"></a>{53}</span> changed by Captain
+Juan Cabrera to the site where the city now stands), while walking in a
+field of maize, four Indians close to me, who met another, and killed
+him with their clubs. They then drank his blood and eat his entrails by
+mouthfuls. They have no arrows, nor do they use any other arms than the
+above. I have never seen any temple or house of worship, except that
+which was burnt in the valley of Guaca. They all talk with the devil;
+and in each village there are two or three old men who are adepts in the
+evil art of conversing with him, and they announce what he desires to be
+done. They do not entirely attain to a belief in the immortality of the
+soul. The water and all that the earth produces is referred to nature,
+although they well know there is a Creator, but their belief is false,
+as I shall relate presently.</p>
+
+<p>The city of Antioquia was founded and settled by the Captain Jorge
+Robledo, in the name of his Majesty the Emperor Charles, King of Spain
+and of the Indies, our lord, and by order of the Adelantado Don
+Sebastian de Belalcazar, his governor and captain-general of the
+province of Popayan, in the year of the nativity of our Lord 1541. This
+city is in 7° of the equinoctial,<a name="FNanchor_208_208" id="FNanchor_208_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_208_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a> on the north side.<a name="FNanchor_209_209" id="FNanchor_209_209"></a><a href="#Footnote_209_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_054" id="page_054"></a>{54}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIII" id="CHAPTER_XIII"></a>CHAPTER XIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the description of the province of Popayan, and the reason why the
+natives of it are so wild, and those of Peru so gentle.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">A<small>S</small> the captains from Peru discovered and settled in this province of
+Popayan, they speak of it as a part of, and one with, that land of Peru;
+but I cannot consider it in that light, because the people, the land,
+and all other things in it are different.</p>
+
+<p>This province was called Popayan from the city of Popayan, which is in
+it. It is 200 leagues long, little more or less, and thirty or forty
+broad, in some parts more, and in others, less. On one side it has the
+coast of the South Sea, and some very high rugged mountains to the
+westward. On the other side are the main Cordilleras of the Andes; and
+between these mountains rise many rivers, some of them, being very
+large, forming broad valleys. One of these, which is the largest in all
+this land, is the great river of Santa Martha. The towns of Pasto,
+Popayan, and Timana are included in this government, and the city of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_055" id="page_055"></a>{55}</span>
+Cali, near the port of Buenaventura; besides the towns of Anzerma,
+Cartago, Arma, Antioquia, and others which were founded after I left the
+country. In this province some parts are cold and others hot, some
+healthy and others pestilential. In some parts it rains much, in others
+little. In some parts the Indians are cannibals, in others not. On one
+side it borders on the new kingdom of New Granada, on the other, on the
+kingdom of Peru. To the west, it is bounded by the government of the
+river of San Juan; to the north, by that of Carthagena.</p>
+
+<p>Many have wondered how it is that these Indians, having their dwellings
+in positions exposed to invasion, and, except in Pasto, the country
+being neither too hot nor too cold, but in all things convenient for
+conquest, should be so untameable and obstinate; while those in Peru,
+with their forest-covered valleys, snowy mountains, and greater numbers,
+are so gentle and submissive. To this I would answer that the Indians of
+the government of Popayan are, and always have been, in a state of
+confusion, and they have never been ruled by a chief whom they feared.
+They are lazy and idle, and, above all, they detest being under
+subjection to any one, which is a sufficient cause for resisting the
+yoke of strangers. Another reason is to be found in the fertility of the
+soil, while in some parts there are dense forests, cane brakes, and
+other fastnesses; so that when the Spaniards press on these Indians,
+they burn their houses, which are of wood and straw, and retreat for a
+league or two, making other dwellings within three or four days, and
+sowing as much maize as they require, which they reap within four
+months. If they are still pursued, they once more abandon their homes,
+and retreat; for wherever they go they find a fertile land ready to
+supply them with its fruits, so that war or peace are in their own
+hands; and they never want for food. The Peruvians, on the contrary, are
+docile because they have more understanding, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_056" id="page_056"></a>{56}</span> because they were
+subject to the Kings Yncas, to whom they paid tribute, and whom they
+always served. In this condition they were born; and if any did not wish
+to obey, they were constrained to do so, for the land of Peru is full of
+mountainous tracts and snowy plains. If, therefore, they were to fly
+from their homes to these wilds, they could not live, for the land does
+not yield fruit, so that they must serve in order to live, which is
+quite sufficient reason to resolve the doubt.</p>
+
+<p>I now propose to pass on, giving a particular account of the provinces
+of this government, and of the Spanish cities which have been founded in
+it, and stating who were the founders. From the city of Antioquia there
+are two roads, one to go to the town of Anzerma, and the other to go to
+the city of Cartago; and before I relate what is worthy of notice on the
+road to Cartago and Arma, I will give an account of the town of Anzerma,
+and then return to do the same by the other route.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIV" id="CHAPTER_XIV"></a>CHAPTER XIV.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Containing an account of the road between the city of Antioquia and the
+town of Anzerma, and of the region which lies on either side of it.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">S<small>TARTING</small> from the city of Antioquia and travelling towards the town of
+Anzerma, one sees the rich and famous hill of Buritica, whence such a
+vast quantity of gold has been taken in times past. The distance from
+Antioquia to Anzerma is seventy leagues, and the road is very rough,
+with naked hills and few trees. The greater part is inhabited by
+Indians, but their houses are a long way from the road. After leaving
+Antioquia one comes to a small hill called Corome, which is in a little
+valley where there used to be a populous village of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_057" id="page_057"></a>{57}</span> Indians; but since
+the Spaniards came as conquerors, the Indians have greatly diminished in
+numbers. This village had many rich gold mines, and also streams whence
+they could obtain gold. There are few fruit trees, and the maize yields
+small crops. The Indians are the same as those we had already met with,
+in language and customs. Further on there is a settlement on the top of
+a great hill, where there used to be a village of large houses inhabited
+by miners, who became very rich by collecting gold. The neighbouring
+caciques had their houses here also, and their servants obtained a great
+quantity of gold. From this hill came the greater part of the riches
+which were found at Cenu in the burial places, and I saw very fine gold
+in abundance taken from them, before we went to the discovery of Urute
+with the Captain Alonzo de Caceres.</p>
+
+<p>When we discovered this village, with the Licentiate Juan de Vadillo, I
+remember that a priest who accompanied the expedition, named Francisco
+de Frias, found a <i>Totuma</i>, which is a sort of large glazed earthen jug,
+full of earth, and he sorted very large grains of gold out of it. We
+also saw here the sources whence they extract the gold, and the tools
+with which they work. When the Captain Jorge de Robledo founded the city
+of Antioquia, he went to see these gold washings, and they washed a lump
+of earth, extracting a quantity of very fine grains which one of the
+miners affirmed to be gold, but another said it was not gold, but what
+we call marcasite. As we were on a journey we could not stop to examine
+further. When the Spaniards entered this village the Indians burnt it,
+and they have shown no desire to settle there again. I recollect that a
+soldier named Toribio, going to seek for food, found a stone in a river
+as big as a man’s head, covered with veins of gold which penetrated from
+one side of the stone to the other: and when he saw it, he put it on his
+shoulders to carry it to the camp. As he was going up a hill, he met a
+small Indian dog, and when<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_058" id="page_058"></a>{58}</span> he saw it he turned to kill it for food,
+dropping the stone which rolled back again into the river. Toribio
+killed the dog, thinking it worth more than gold, such was his hunger,
+and thus the stone remained in the river where it was before. In another
+river I saw a negro, belonging to the Captain Jorge Robledo, wash large
+grains of gold out of a lump of earth. In fine, if the people were more
+docile and better conditioned, and not such eaters of human food: and if
+our governors and captains were more pious and had not ill-treated them,
+this province would be very rich.</p>
+
+<p>Near this village, which is on the top of a hill called Buritica, a
+small river rises and flows through a valley where there is a mining
+establishment formed by the same captain, Jorge Robledo, and called
+Santa Fé, which is subject to the city of Antioquia. The mines have been
+found to be very rich near the great river of Santa Martha, which flows
+close by the establishment, and during the summer the Indians and
+Negroes get much wealth from the banks, and hereafter, when there are
+more Negroes, they will procure more gold. There is also another
+settlement near the beforementioned village, called Xundabe, inhabited
+by Indians with the same language and customs. Further on there is
+another village called Caramanta, the name of the cacique or lord of
+which is Cauroma.<a name="FNanchor_210_210" id="FNanchor_210_210"></a><a href="#Footnote_210_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_059" id="page_059"></a>{59}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XV" id="CHAPTER_XV"></a>CHAPTER XV.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the customs of the Indians of this land, and of the forests that must
+be traversed in order to reach the town of Anzerma.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> people of this province are warlike, and their language is different
+from the others we had met with. The country is covered in all parts by
+dense forests, and a broad river flows through it, swelled by many
+streams and fountains where they make salt—a truly wonderful and
+prodigious fact: and of it, as well as of many other things in this
+province, I will speak presently, when the narrative affords a suitable
+place. There is a small lake in the valley where they make very white
+salt. The Lords or Caciques and their Captains have very large houses,
+and near the doors there are stout canes that grow in these parts, on
+the tops of which are placed many heads of their enemies. When they go
+to war, they take sharp knives made of reeds or flint, or of the bark of
+canes, which they can also make very sharp, and with these they cut off
+the heads of their captives. To others they give most terrible deaths,
+cutting off their limbs, eating them, and placing their heads on the
+tops of canes. Amongst these canes they place certain boards on which
+they carve the figure of a devil, very fierce, and in human form, with
+other idols and figures of cats which they worship. When they require
+water or sunshine for their crops, they seek aid from these idols. Those
+who are set apart for that purpose talk with the devil, and are great
+sorcerers and magicians. They believe in and watch for signs and
+prodigies, and preserve those superstitions which the devil suggests:
+such is the power he has over these Indians—God our Lord permitting it
+for their sins, or for some other reason known to himself. They said,
+when we first discovered the country with the Licentiate Juan de
+Vadillo, that their chief, named Cauroma, had many idols of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_060" id="page_060"></a>{60}</span> very fine
+gold: and they say that there is such abundance of that metal, that the
+chief can get as much as he likes from a certain river.</p>
+
+<p>These Indians are great butchers in the matter of eating human flesh.
+Near the doors of their houses there are small open spaces where they
+have their places of sepulture, according to the custom of their
+country, consisting of very deep vaults, with their openings facing the
+east. When a chief dies, they place him in one of these vaults with much
+mourning, putting his arms and clothes, the gold he possessed, and some
+food, with the body. From this circumstance we conjecture that the
+Indians certainly gave some credit to the thought that the soul leaves
+the body.</p>
+
+<p>The country is well supplied with provisions, and fertile, yielding
+crops of maize and edible roots. There are scarcely any fruit trees.</p>
+
+<p>To the eastward of this province there is another called Cartama, which
+is the limit of the discoveries of Sebastian de Belalcazar. The Indians
+are rich in gold, have small houses, and all go naked and barefooted,
+without anything more than a small band, with which they cover their
+shame. The women wear small mantles of cotton from the waist downwards,
+but are otherwise uncovered.</p>
+
+<p>Beyond the province of Cartama there is a forest, extending more than
+seven leagues, and very dense; and here we suffered much from hunger and
+cold when we went with Vadillo; and I may truly affirm that in all my
+life I never suffered such hunger as during that journey, although I
+have served in some expeditions of discovery in which we underwent great
+hardships. We found ourselves in so sad a plight in these dense forests,
+where the sun could not penetrate, without roads, or guides, nor any one
+to tell us whether we were far from or near any inhabited part, that we
+were inclined to return to Carthagena. It was a great thing for us to
+find that wood which I described as growing in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_061" id="page_061"></a>{61}</span> mountains of Abibe,
+for with it we could make a fire, as it will always burn whenever it is
+required to do so. By the help of God, and with the aid of our own arms,
+with which we forced a way, we got through these forests, in which we
+left several Spaniards dead from hunger, and many horses. Beyond, there
+is a small valley clear of trees, and a little farther on we came to a
+large and beautiful valley, very populous, with the houses all new, and
+close to each other. Some of them were very large, and the fields were
+full of maize crops and edible roots. Afterwards, the inhabitants of
+this valley left their old home, fleeing from the cruelties of the
+Spaniards, and took refuge in some wild and lofty mountains, which
+overhang the valley called Cima. Two leagues and a half beyond this
+valley, there is another small one, formed by a spur which runs out from
+the Cordillera; and here the town of Anzerma is founded, which was first
+called the city of Santa Ana de los Cavalleros. It is built between two
+small rivers, on a rising ground, which is covered with beautiful trees,
+and fruit trees both of Europe and of the country, and excellent crops
+of beans. The city overlooks all the district, being the highest part of
+the rising ground, and no people can approach without being first seen
+from the town. On all sides it is surrounded by great villages, ruled
+over by many caciques or lords, who are all friendly to each other. The
+villages are close together, and the houses are divided from each other
+by short spaces.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_062" id="page_062"></a>{62}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVI" id="CHAPTER_XVI"></a>CHAPTER XVI.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the customs of the Caciques and Indians in the neighbourhood of the
+town of Anzerma, of the founding of that town, and who its founder was.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> place on which the town of Anzerma is built is called by the natives
+Umbra, and when the Adelantado Sebastian de Belalcazar entered this
+province, as he had no interpreter, he could understand none of its
+secrets. He heard the Indians, when they saw salt, call it <i>Anzer</i>, and
+this is true, for among them it has no other name; and this is the
+reason that from that time, in speaking of the place, they have called
+it Anzerma, and have given this name to the town. Four leagues to the
+westward, there is a village which, though not very large, is inhabited
+by many Indians, as it has large houses and broad lands. In the road to
+it there is a small river, and it is a league from the great and rich
+river of Santa Martha. These Indians had for their captain and chief a
+well-disposed man named Ciricha. He has, or had when I saw the place, a
+very large house at the entrance of the village, and many others in
+different parts. Near the large house there is a small court surrounded
+by the canes I have already described as having seen in Caramanta, and
+on the top of each was the head of an Indian who had been eaten. The
+chief had many wives. These Indians have the same language and customs
+as those of Caramanta, but are even greater butchers and eaters of human
+flesh.</p>
+
+<p>That the difficulties of the discovery of this country may be known, I
+desire to relate what happened in this village, at the time when we
+entered it with the licentiate Juan de Vadillo. As the stores of maize
+had been carried off, we neither found that nor anything else to eat,
+and it was more than a year since we had eaten meat, except that of the
+horses that had died, and of a few dogs. We even had no<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_063" id="page_063"></a>{63}</span> salt, such was
+the misery we endured. At this time twenty-five or thirty soldiers set
+out to procure, or, to speak more plainly, to rob whatever they could
+find, and, near the great river they came upon some people who fled, for
+fear of being seen and taken prisoners by us. Here the soldiers found a
+great pot full of cooked flesh, and they were so hungry that they
+thought of nothing but eating it, supposing it was the flesh of
+creatures called <i>cuis</i>,<a name="FNanchor_211_211" id="FNanchor_211_211"></a><a href="#Footnote_211_211" class="fnanchor">[211]</a> because some came out of the pot. As soon
+as they had well eaten, one of them took out of the pot a hand with its
+fingers and nails, and they also found pieces of the feet and other
+parts of a man. When the Spaniards saw these things, they were troubled
+at having eaten of such meat, and the sight of the fingers and hands
+caused them much sorrow; but they returned to the camp, from which they
+had set out half dead with hunger.</p>
+
+<p>Many small rivers rise in the mountains near this village, where much
+very rich gold has been taken by these Indians and by Negroes. These
+Indians are friends and allies of those of Caramanta, but they were
+always at war with their other neighbours. There is a strong position in
+the village, which they garrison in time of war. They go naked and
+barefooted, and the women wear small mantles, and are good looking—some
+of them beautiful. Further on is the district of Sopia, and between
+these two places there flows a river rich in gold, where the Spaniards
+have established some farms. The people of the last named district also
+go naked. The houses are like those of other Indians, and within them
+there are great sepulchres where they bury their dead. They have no
+idols nor house of worship that we saw. They talk with the devil. They
+marry their nieces, and sometimes<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_064" id="page_064"></a>{64}</span> their sisters, and the son of the
+principal wife inherits the lordship; for all these Indians, if they are
+chiefs, have many wives. If a chief has no son, the son of his sister
+succeeds. This district borders on the province of Cartama, in going to
+which the great river is crossed. On the other side is the province of
+Pozo, of which we shall have to treat further on. To the east of Anzerma
+there are other large villages, full of fruit gardens and cultivated
+fields, whose chiefs are friendly. They are all allies, although at
+times there is enmity and war amongst them. They are not such butchers
+and eaters of human flesh as the others whom I have described. The
+caciques are very rich, and before the Spaniards came, they went about
+in hammocks and litters. They have many wives, who, considering that
+they are Indians, are beautiful. They wear handsome coloured mantles of
+cotton.</p>
+
+<p>The men go naked, but the principal chiefs cover themselves with a large
+mantle. The women are dressed as I have before said, they comb out their
+hair, and wear very beautiful necklaces made of pieces of fine gold, and
+ear-rings. They also slit their nostrils and insert pieces of gold in
+the opening, some large and others small. The chiefs had many drinking
+cups of gold, and mantles, both for themselves and their wives,
+garnished with pieces of gold, some round and others in the shape of
+stars. They call the devil Xixarama, and the Spaniards Tamaraca. Some of
+them are great sorcerers and herb doctors. Their daughters are married
+after they have ceased to be virgins, and they do not hold virginity to
+be a thing of any estimation. When they marry they use no kind of
+ceremony. When their chiefs die in a part of this province called Tauya,
+they place their bodies in hammocks and light fires all round. Holes are
+dug beneath, into which the melted fat drops, and when the body is half
+burnt, the relations come and make great lamentations, drinking their
+wine, and reciting their songs of praise to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_065" id="page_065"></a>{65}</span> their gods according to
+their custom, and as they have been taught by their elders. This being
+done, they wrap the bodies in shrouds, and keep them for several years
+uninterred. When they are thoroughly dried up, they put them into
+sepulchres which they make in their houses. In the other provinces, when
+a chief dies, they make a very deep sepulchre in the lofty parts of the
+mountains, and, after much lamentation, they put the body in it, wrapped
+in many rich cloths, with arms on one side and plenty of food on the
+other, great jars of wine, plumes, and gold ornaments. At his feet they
+bury some of his most beloved and beautiful women alive; holding it for
+certain that he will come to life, and make use of what they have placed
+round him.</p>
+
+<p>These Indians use darts, lances, and clubs, some of black palm wood, and
+others of a white wood which grows in those parts. We did not see any
+house of worship in their country. When they talk with the devil, they
+say that it becomes dark, and that one who is chosen from the rest
+speaks for the others. The country, where these people have their
+villages, consists of very lofty mountains without any trees. To the
+westward there is a vast forest called Cima, and further on, towards the
+South Sea, there are many Indians and large villages; and it seems
+certain that the great river of Darien<a name="FNanchor_212_212" id="FNanchor_212_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_212_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a> rises there.</p>
+
+<p>This town of Anzerma was founded by the captain Jorge Robledo in the
+name of his Majesty, the Adelantado Don Francisco Pizarro being governor
+and captain-general of all these provinces: although it is true that
+Lorenzo de Aldana, the lieutenant-general for Don Francisco Pizarro in
+the city of Cali, named the municipality, and appointed as alcaldes Suer
+de Nava and Martin de Amoroto, and as alguazil-mayor Ruy Venegas, and
+sent Robledo to people this city, now called a town, ordering him to
+call it Santa Anna de los Caballeros. Thus some credit for the
+foundation of Anzerma may, for these reasons, be given to Lorenzo de
+Aldana.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_066" id="page_066"></a>{66}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVII" id="CHAPTER_XVII"></a>CHAPTER XVII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Concerning the provinces and towns between the city of Antiochia and the
+town of Arma; and of the customs of the natives.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">H<small>ERE</small> I will cease from following the road which I had commenced, and,
+returning to the city of Antiochia, I will give an account of the road
+which leads thence to the town of Arma, and even as far as the city of
+Cartago. After setting out from the city of Antiochia to go to the town
+of Arma, the great river of Santa Martha is reached, a journey of twelve
+leagues.<a name="FNanchor_213_213" id="FNanchor_213_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_213_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a> To cross the river there is a boat, or at least there is
+no want of materials for making one. There are few Indians on the banks
+of the river, and the villages are small, for the inhabitants have
+retired to a distance from the road. After travelling for some leagues a
+village is reached, which used to be very large. It was called the
+“<i>Pueblo llano</i>,” but when the Spaniards entered the country, the
+natives fled to certain mountains which were little more than two
+leagues distant. The Indians are small, and they use arrows, which must
+have been brought from the other side of the Andes, for the natives of
+those parts have them. They are great traders, and their principal
+article of trade is salt. They go naked, the women wearing very small
+cloths from the belly to the thighs. They are rich in gold, and their
+rivers contain abundance of that metal. Their habits and customs are
+like those of the neighbouring tribes. Beyond this village there is
+another called Mugia, where there is a great quantity of salt, and many
+traders carry it over the mountains and obtain in exchange great sums of
+gold, cotton cloths, and other things which they<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_067" id="page_067"></a>{67}</span> require. Further on I
+shall treat of this salt, how it is obtained, and how they carry it.</p>
+
+<p>Beyond Mugia, towards the east, is the valley of Aburra, to go to which
+it is necessary to cross the Andes, which is done very easily as there
+is little forest, and the journey only takes one day. We discovered this
+valley with captain Jorge Robledo, but we only saw a few small villages,
+different from those we had already passed, and not so rich. When we
+entered this valley of Aburra, the detestation we conceived for the
+natives was such that we hung them and their women to the boughs of
+trees by their hair, and, amidst grievous moans, we left their bodies
+there, while their souls went down to hell. The land is very fertile in
+this valley of Aburra, and several rivers flow through it. Further on
+there is a very large ancient road, and others by which the people
+communicate with those to the eastward, which are numerous and great,
+but we heard of them by common report, and did not know them from
+personal inspection. We next arrived at a village called Cenasura, which
+is rich, and it is believed that there are here some very rich burial
+places. The Indians are fine men; they go naked like the others, and
+resemble them in their habits. At the village of Blanco, some distance
+beyond Cenasura, we left the great river on the right hand, in order to
+go to the town of Arma.</p>
+
+<p>There are many other rivers on this route, which I do not enumerate,
+because they have not all got names. Near Cenasura there is a river
+flowing over a very stony bed, and nearly a day’s journey along its
+banks, on the left hand, there is a large and very populous district
+concerning which I shall presently write. These districts were at first
+placed under the city of Cartago (the great river forming the boundary)
+by Captain Jorge Robledo, who discovered them; but as the Indians were
+so untameable, and opposed to service at Cartago, the adelantado
+Belalcazar, governor for his Majesty, ordered that these villages should
+be separated<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_068" id="page_068"></a>{68}</span> from Cartago, and that a town of Spaniards should be
+founded in the midst of them. This was done, and the town was formed by
+Miguel Muñoz, in the name of his Majesty, the adelantado Don Sebastian
+de Belalcazar being governor of the province, in the year 1542. It was
+first founded on a hill at the entrance of the province of Arma, but the
+war which the natives carried on against the Spaniards was so fierce
+that, for this reason, and because there was little room to sow crops
+and establish farms, it was removed a little more than two leagues
+nearer the great river. The site is twenty-three leagues from the city
+of Cartago, twelve from the town of Anzerma, and one from the great
+river, on a plain between two small rivers, and is surrounded by great
+palm trees, which are different from those I have already described,
+though more useful, for very savoury <i>palmitos</i> are taken from them, and
+their fruit is also savoury, for when it is broken with stones, milk
+flows out, and they even make a kind of cream and butter from it, which
+they use for lighting lamps.<a name="FNanchor_214_214" id="FNanchor_214_214"></a><a href="#Footnote_214_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a> I have seen that which I now relate,
+and it all comes within my own experience. The site of this town is
+considered rather unhealthy, but the land is very fertile. A <i>fanega</i> of
+maize yields a hundredfold and more, and they sow the maize twice a
+year, and other produce yields in the same proportion. Up to the present
+time no wheat has been sown, so that I cannot affirm whether it will
+yield a harvest or not. The mines are richer on the great river, which
+is a league from this town, than in other parts, for if Negroes are set
+to work, a day will not pass without each man giving two or three ducats
+to his master. As time wears on, this will come to be among the richest
+districts of the Indies.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>repartimiento</i><a name="FNanchor_215_215" id="FNanchor_215_215"></a><a href="#Footnote_215_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a> of Indians which I received for my<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_069" id="page_069"></a>{69}</span> services
+was in the neighbourhood of this city. I could wish to use my pen at
+more length on this subject (but the state of affairs will not permit
+it), principally because many of my companions, the discoverers and
+conquerors who set out with me from Carthagena, are without Indians, or
+only possess those which they have had to pay for, which is certainly no
+small grievance.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVIII" id="CHAPTER_XVIII"></a>CHAPTER XVIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the province of Arma, of the customs of the natives, and of other
+notable things.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HIS</small> province of Arma, whence the town took its name, is very large and
+populous, and the richest in this part of the country; it contains
+twenty thousand Indians capable of bearing arms, not counting women and
+children, or did so when I wrote this, which was at the time when
+Christian Spaniards first entered the country. Their houses are large
+and round, made of long poles and beams, which curve upwards from the
+ground, and the roof is of straw. In these houses there are several
+divisions, partitioned off by reeds, and many people live in them. The
+province is about ten leagues long, by six or seven broad, a little more
+or less, broken up into rugged mountain ranges without forest. The
+valleys are like orchards, being full of all kinds of fruit trees, such
+as are found in this country, besides a very delicious fruit of a brown
+colour, called <i>pitahaya</i>.<a name="FNanchor_216_216" id="FNanchor_216_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_216_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a> This fruit has the peculiarity of making
+the urine of those who eat it, even though it be only one, of the colour
+of blood. In the hills there is another fruit which I take to be very
+curious, called <i>vuillas</i>.<a name="FNanchor_217_217" id="FNanchor_217_217"></a><a href="#Footnote_217_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a> It is small, and has a pleasant smell.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_070" id="page_070"></a>{70}</span></p>
+
+<p>Some rivers rise in the mountains, and one of them, called the river of
+Arma, is troublesome to cross in the winter. The others are not large,
+but, from their appearance I certainly think that in time they will get
+as much gold from them as they do iron out of Biscay. Those who may read
+this, and have, like me, visited the country, will not consider this
+statement fabulous. The Indians have their workshops on the banks of the
+rivers, and they are continually waging cruel wars against each other.
+The languages of the Indians differ in many parts, and almost in every
+hamlet there is a distinct language. They were, and are, marvellously
+rich in gold, and if these natives of the province of Arma were as
+intelligent and docile as those of Peru, I will be bound to say that
+their mines would not fail to yield more than 500,00 <i>pesos de oro</i>.
+They have, or once had, many rich ornaments of this metal, which is so
+fine as to reach to at least nineteen <i>quilates</i>.<a name="FNanchor_218_218" id="FNanchor_218_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_218_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a> When they go to
+war they wear crowns with beautiful plumes, with plates on their
+breasts, armlets, and many other ornaments.</p>
+
+<p>When we discovered them, the first time we entered the province with the
+captain Jorge Robledo, I remember we saw armed Indians covered with gold
+from head to foot, and the place where we first saw them is called to
+this day “<i>Loma de los Armados</i>.” Their houses are built on the level
+places at the foot of the hills, which are very rugged. They have large
+fortresses built of stout canes pulled up by the roots, which are placed
+in rows by twenties, like a street, and in the centre they have, or had,
+when I saw the place, a high platform, well built of the same canes,
+with steps up to it, where they offered sacrifices.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_071" id="page_071"></a>{71}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIX" id="CHAPTER_XIX"></a>CHAPTER XIX.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">The sacrifices offered up by these Indians, and what great butchers they
+are in the matter of eating human flesh.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> arms used by these Indians are darts, lances, slings, and
+blow-pipes. They are great lovers of noise, and when they go to war they
+take drums, flutes, and other instruments. They are deceitful and word
+breakers, nor will they keep the peace they have promised. Of the war
+they waged with the Spaniards I will treat in its proper place. Very
+great is the dominion that the devil, enemy of the human race, is
+allowed by God to have over this people, by reason of their sins, and
+often is he visibly amongst them. On the above-mentioned platform they
+have many cords fastened in the manner of a net, each forty <i>brazas</i>
+long, and we made use of these ropes for sandals. On the top of the
+platform they fastened the Indians whom they took in war by the
+shoulders, and cut out their hearts, which they offered to their gods or
+to the devil, in whose honour they made these sacrifices. Presently,
+without any long delay, they eat those whom they had thus killed. I saw
+no house of worship, but in the houses of the chiefs there were chambers
+well covered with mats and much ornamented. I saw one of these chapels
+in Paucora, as will be mentioned further on. In the furthest end of it
+there was a recess containing many clay vessels for incense, in which
+they burnt certain small herbs instead of incense. I saw these plants in
+the land of a lord of this province named Yayo, and they were so small
+as hardly to rise above the ground; some had a very black, and others a
+white flower; their smell resembled that of verbena. These, with other
+resins, they burnt before their idols. After they have performed these
+and other superstitious rites, the devil comes. They relate that he
+appears in the form of an Indian, with very<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_072" id="page_072"></a>{72}</span> bright eyes, and gives
+replies to the priests or ministers, to questions they ask him,
+concerning what they wish to know. Up to this time there are no
+clergymen or friars in any of these provinces, for the Indians are so
+evil disposed, and such butchers, that many of them have eaten the
+knights who possessed <i>encomiendas</i><a name="FNanchor_219_219" id="FNanchor_219_219"></a><a href="#Footnote_219_219" class="fnanchor">[219]</a> amongst them; yet, when they go
+to the Spanish settlements, they put aside their Gentile customs and
+vanities, and conform to our religion, receiving the water of baptism.
+And, God permitting, some chiefs of the provinces of this government
+have turned Christians, and abhor the devil, eschewing their former evil
+works.</p>
+
+<p>The people of this province of Arma are of middle height, and all dark
+coloured, insomuch that in colour all the Indian men and women of these
+parts (where there is such a multitude of people as scarcely to be
+numbered, and so wide an extent of country) appear as if they were all
+children of one father and mother. The women of these Indians are the
+ugliest and dirtiest that I have seen in all these parts. Both men and
+women go naked, except that, to conceal their shame, they put a bit of
+cloth in front, a <i>palmo</i> broad, and a <i>palmo</i> and a half long, with
+which they cover themselves in front; for the rest they go quite naked.
+Some of the women go shorn, as do their husbands.</p>
+
+<p>The fruits and other provisions they have are maize and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_073" id="page_073"></a>{73}</span> <i>yucas</i>,<a name="FNanchor_220_220" id="FNanchor_220_220"></a><a href="#Footnote_220_220" class="fnanchor">[220]</a>
+besides many other nourishing roots, some <i>guayavas</i>,<a name="FNanchor_221_221" id="FNanchor_221_221"></a><a href="#Footnote_221_221" class="fnanchor">[221]</a>
+<i>paltas</i>,<a name="FNanchor_222_222" id="FNanchor_222_222"></a><a href="#Footnote_222_222" class="fnanchor">[222]</a> and palms of the <i>Pixiuares</i>. The chiefs marry those
+women they most fancy, keeping one of them as the principal wife. The
+other Indians marry daughters and sisters of their neighbours without
+any order, and few find their wives to be virgins. The chiefs may have
+many wives, other men have one, two, or three, according to their means.
+When they die, the chiefs are buried in their houses, or on the heights
+of the mountains with the usual ceremonies and mourning. The sons
+succeed their fathers in the chieftainship, and in their houses and
+lands. Failing a son, the heir is the son of the sister, and not of the
+brother. Further on I will relate the reason of this custom of the
+nephew who is son of the sister, and not he who is son of the brother,
+inheriting, in the greater part of these provinces, according to what I
+have heard from many of the natives. The Indians are so fond of eating
+human flesh, that they have been seen to take women on the point of
+bringing forth, quickly open their bellies with knives of stone or cane,
+and take out the child; then, having made a great fire, they toast and
+eat it, together with the mother, and all is done with such rapidity
+that it is a thing to marvel at. For these sins, and for others that
+these Indians commit, Divine Providence has ordained that, though they
+are so widely separated from our region of Spain as to make it appear
+almost impossible to go from the one place to the other, yet that roads
+and ways over the mighty ocean should be opened to these lands, where
+only ten or fifteen Christians together conquer and subdue one thousand
+to ten thousand of these Indians. I do not believe, however, that this
+arises from our merits, for we are indeed great sinners; but because God
+chooses to punish these people by our means, and therefore permits these
+events to happen as they do.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_074" id="page_074"></a>{74}</span></p>
+
+<p>But to return to our narrative: these Indians have no belief, so far as
+I can make out, nor do they understand more of God’s will than the devil
+tells them. The command which the chiefs have over their people extends
+no further than that the Indians build the houses for the chiefs, till
+their fields, give them as many of their women as they want, and wash
+gold out of the rivers for them, with which they trade with their
+neighbours. The chiefs select their captains in the wars, and accompany
+them in battle. In all things these Indians show little constancy. They
+are ashamed of nothing, nor do they know what virtue is, while in malice
+they are very cunning one against the other.</p>
+
+<p>Beyond this province, to the eastward, are the mountains which are
+called Andes, broken up into rugged peaks. On the other side the Indians
+say there is a beautiful valley through which a river flows, and where
+(according to the stories of these natives of Arma) there are great
+riches and many Indians. In all these parts the women bring forth
+without the assistance of midwives, and after bringing forth they go to
+wash in a river, doing the same to their offspring, nor do they suffer
+any evil consequence from so doing; and fifty of these women suffer less
+pain in bringing forth than one of our nation.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XX" id="CHAPTER_XX"></a>CHAPTER XX.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the province of Paucura, and of the manners and customs of the
+natives.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">B<small>EYOND</small> the great province of Arma there is another, called Paucura,
+which contained five or six thousand Indians when we first entered it
+with the Captain Jorge Robledo. The language of the Indians in this
+province differs from that of Arma. The customs of the people are<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_075" id="page_075"></a>{75}</span> the
+same, except that these are a better disposed race, and that the women
+wear a small mantle to cover a certain part of their bodies, and the men
+do the same. This province is very fertile for the growth of maize and
+other products. They are not so rich in gold as those in their rear, nor
+are their houses so large, nor is the country so rough. A river flows
+through the province, but it has few tributary streams. Close to the
+house of the principal chief, whose name was Pimana, there was a wooden
+idol, the size of a tall man. Its face was turned towards the rising
+sun, and its arms were spread out. Every Tuesday the Indians sacrificed
+to the devil in this province of Paucura, and the same was done in that
+of Arma, according to what the Indians told us; but I was unable to
+learn whether the victims were their own countrymen, or prisoners taken
+in war. Among the houses of the chiefs they have stout canes planted in
+a circle so as to form a cage, from which those who are put in cannot
+possibly escape. The captives taken in war are put into this cage and
+very well fed, and when they are fat, they are taken out on days of
+festivity, killed with great cruelty, and eaten. I saw several of these
+cages, or prisons, in the province of Arma. It is worthy of note, that
+when they wish to kill any of these unfortunates, with the intention of
+eating them, they make them kneel down and bow their heads, and then
+give them a blow on the back of the neck with such effect that they
+never speak again. I have seen what I describe, and the victim never
+speaks, even to ask for mercy; nay, some even laugh when they are
+killed, which is a very marvellous thing, but it proceeds more from
+bestiality than from courage. The heads of those who are eaten are stuck
+on the points of the canes. Passing this province, we reached a lofty
+plain, which is well peopled and covered with large houses. This
+district is called Pozo, and the people speak the same language, and
+have the same customs as those of Arma.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_076" id="page_076"></a>{76}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXI" id="CHAPTER_XXI"></a>CHAPTER XXI.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the Indians of Pozo, and how valiant they are, and how dreaded by the
+neighbouring tribes.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HERE</small> were three chiefs in this province when we entered it with the
+Captain Jorge Robledo. These, with their followers, were and are the
+most valiant and bold Indians in all these provinces. Their territory is
+bounded on one side by the great river, on another by the provinces of
+Carapa and Picara, concerning which I will speak presently, and on a
+third by Paucura, of which I have already treated. These Indians of Pozo
+are not on friendly terms with any of their neighbours. Their origin is
+derived, according to their own account, from certain Indians who in
+ancient times came from the province of Arma, and, seeing how fertile
+the soil of this country of Pozo was, settled there. Their language and
+customs are the same as those of Arma. The chiefs have very large and
+lofty circular houses, and ten or fifteen persons live in them,
+according to the number of the family. At the doors of the houses there
+are great pallisades and other defences, made of stout canes, between
+which there are large boards covered with reeds, so that none of the
+mounted Spaniards could pass them. From the summit of the table land
+these Indians watched all the roads to see who was coming. The men are
+better disposed than those of Arma, and the women are large and ugly,
+although there are some who are pretty. But in truth I saw very few
+such. Within the houses of the chiefs, near the entrances, there was a
+row of idols, about fifteen or twenty in number, and each the size of a
+man. Their faces were made of wax, and moulded into the form and shape
+of that of the devil. They say that sometimes, when they called him, the
+devil entered into the bodies of these wooden idols, and answered them
+from within. The heads are like<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_077" id="page_077"></a>{77}</span> the skulls of corpses. When the chiefs
+die they bury them within the houses, in great sepulchres, and place by
+the bodies great vases of wine made from maize, with their arms and
+gold, and the ornaments they valued most. They also bury many women
+alive with them, according to the manner of those tribes whose countries
+we had already passed through. I remember that, in the province of Arma,
+the second time that Captain Jorge Robledo passed through it, we went,
+by his order—one Antonio Pimentel and myself—to examine a burial place
+in the village of a chief named Yayo, in which we found more than two
+hundred small pieces of gold, which in that country they call
+<i>chagnaletas</i>, but as a horrible smell came from the bodies, we went
+away without getting all that was there.</p>
+
+<p>If all the gold that is buried in Peru, and in these countries, was
+collected, it would be impossible to count it, so great would be the
+quantity, and the Spaniards have yet got little compared with what
+remains. When I was in Cuzco, receiving an account of the Yncas from the
+principal natives, I heard it said by Paullu Ynca and others, that if
+all the treasure in the <i>huacas</i>, which are their burial places, was
+collected together, that which the Spaniards had already taken would
+look very small, and they compared it to a drop taken out of a great
+vase of water. In order to make the comparison more striking, they took
+a large measure of maize, and, dropping one grain out of it, they said,
+“The Christians have found that; the rest is so concealed, that we
+ourselves do not know the place of it.” So vast are the treasures that
+are lost in these parts. If the Spaniards had not come, all the gold in
+the country would certainly have been offered to the devil, or buried
+with the dead, for the Indians neither want it, nor seek it for any
+other purpose. They do not pay any wages with it to their men of war,
+nor do they want it except as ornaments when alive, and to be placed by
+their sides when dead. Therefore, it seems to me that we are bound to
+bring them to a knowledge of our holy<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_078" id="page_078"></a>{78}</span> Catholic faith, without showing
+them that our only wish is to fill our pockets.<a name="FNanchor_223_223" id="FNanchor_223_223"></a><a href="#Footnote_223_223" class="fnanchor">[223]</a></p>
+
+<p>These Indians and their women go naked like all the rest. They are very
+laborious, and when they sow or dig the land, they hold the club for
+hoeing in one hand, and the lance for fighting in the other. The chiefs
+are more respected by the Indians than in other parts. The sons inherit
+the chieftainship, and in their default the nephews.</p>
+
+<p>The province of Picara is distant two leagues, that of Paucura a league
+and a half, and that of Carrapa about the same. All these provinces had
+three times as many Indians, yet the Indians of Pozo waged cruel war
+upon them one after the other, and all feared them and desired their
+friendship. A large body went forth from their villages, leaving
+sufficient for their defence, and carried many musical instruments, such
+as drums and flutes. Thus they marched against their enemies, taking
+cords with them to bind their prisoners. Arriving at the place where the
+enemy awaited them, they set up loud shouts, and closed upon them,
+killing, taking prisoners, and burning houses. In all these wars the
+Indians of Pozo were always the most valiant, and so their neighbours
+confess. But they are as great butchers in eating human food as those of
+Arma, for one day I saw them eat more than a hundred men and women whom
+they had taken in war. They marched with us, when the adelantado Don
+Sebastian de Belalcazar was subduing the provinces of Picara and
+Paucura, which had rebelled, and at that time the name of the chief of
+this town of Pozo was Perequito. In the inroads which we made, these
+Indians of Pozo killed the other Indians as if they were rabbits, and
+hunted out those who were concealed near the banks of the river, without
+letting one escape.</p>
+
+<p>One Rodrigo Alonzo, I, and two other Christians, being<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_079" id="page_079"></a>{79}</span> in the province
+of Paucura, went in chase of certain Indians, and on entering a village
+there came out the freshest and prettiest Indian girl I have ever seen
+in all these provinces. When we saw her we called her, but as soon as
+she heard us, she shrieked as if she had seen the devil, and ran towards
+the Indians of Pozo, thinking it better to be killed and eaten by them
+than to fall into our hands. And so it was that one of those Indians,
+who were our allies, before we could prevent him, gave her a cruel blow
+on her head, while another came up and beheaded her with a stone knife.
+The girl, when they approached her, knelt down and awaited her doom,
+which they gave her. They then drank her blood, and ate her heart and
+entrails raw, carrying off the head and limbs to eat on the following
+night.</p>
+
+<p>I saw two other Indians, who killed those of Paucura, and the victims
+laughed pleasantly, just as if they had not been the men who were to
+die. In fine, all the Indians of these parts have the custom of eating
+human flesh. The Indians of Pozo are very rich in gold, and near their
+village there are mines on the banks of the great river which passes
+near.</p>
+
+<p>In this place the adelantado Don Sebastian de Belalcazar and his captain
+and lieutenant-general Francisco Hernandez Giron<a name="FNanchor_224_224" id="FNanchor_224_224"></a><a href="#Footnote_224_224" class="fnanchor">[224]</a> captured the
+marshal Don Jorge Robledo, and cut off his head, besides putting others
+to death. And that they might not have to carry the bodies of the
+marshal and the others to Arma, the Indians ate them. Nevertheless they
+burnt a house over the remains of the bodies.<a name="FNanchor_225_225" id="FNanchor_225_225"></a><a href="#Footnote_225_225" class="fnanchor">[225]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_080" id="page_080"></a>{80}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXII" id="CHAPTER_XXII"></a>CHAPTER XXII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the province of Picara, and of the chiefs of it.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">L<small>EAVING</small> Pozo, and travelling to the eastward, the great and very
+populous province of Picara is reached. The names of the principal
+chiefs of this province, when we discovered it, were Picara,
+Chusquruqua, Sanguitama, Chambiriqua, Ancora, Aupirimi, and others.
+Their language and customs resemble those of Paucura. This province
+extends to certain mountains which give rise to rivers of very limpid
+and sweet water. The rivers are said to be rich in gold. The country is
+broken up into rugged mountains, like that which we had already passed;
+but it is so populous that all the hills and valleys are under
+cultivation, in so much that the sight of so many crops causes pleasure
+and contentment. In all parts there are plantations of fruit trees. The
+people have few houses, because they have been burnt in their wars. The
+province contained more than ten or twelve thousand Indians capable of
+bearing arms when we first entered it; and they go naked, for neither
+they nor their women wear more than a small cloth between the legs; and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_081" id="page_081"></a>{81}</span>
+in all other matters, whether of eating, drinking, or marrying, they
+have the same customs as those whom we had already seen.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, when the chiefs die, their bodies are placed in large and deep
+tombs, accompanied by many live women, and adorned by all they possessed
+of most value when living, according to the general custom of the other
+Indians of these parts. At the entrances of the houses of the caciques
+there are small platforms surrounded by stout canes, on the tops of
+which are stuck the heads of their enemies; and this is a horrid thing
+to see, as there are many of them, looking fierce with long hair, and
+their faces painted in such sort as to appear like those of devils. In
+the lower part of the canes there are holes through which the wind can
+pass, and when it blows, there is a noise which sounds like the music of
+devils. Nor is human flesh distasteful to these Indians, any more than
+to those of Pozo, for when we first entered their country with the
+captain Don Jorge Robledo, more than four thousand of these natives of
+Picara marched with us, and killed and ate as many as three hundred
+hostile Indians. They affirm that, on the other side of the mountains to
+the eastward of this province, which are the Cordilleras of the Andes,
+there is a great, rich, and populous valley called Arbi. I do not know
+whether it has been discovered, nor did I hear more than this rumour
+concerning it. The Indians of Picara have great stakes, as sharp as if
+they were of iron, made of a black palm wood, which they fix in holes
+along the roads, and subtilely cover with straw and grass. When they are
+at war with the Spaniards they fix so many of these stakes that it is
+very troublesome to get through the country, and many soldiers have been
+staked in the legs and feet. Some of these Indians have bows and arrows,
+but they are not dexterous in their use, and do little harm with them.
+They have slings with which they throw stones with<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_082" id="page_082"></a>{82}</span> great force. The men
+are of middle height, the women the same, and some of them good looking.
+Leaving this province, in the direction of the city of Cartago, we next
+came to the province of Carrapa, which is not very distant, and is rich
+and populous.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIII" id="CHAPTER_XXIII"></a>CHAPTER XXIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the province of Carrapa, and of what there is to be said concerning
+it.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> province of Carrapa is twelve leagues from the city of Cartago,
+situated in a very rugged mountainous country, and the Cordillera of the
+Andes rises above it. The houses of the natives are small and very low,
+made of canes, and thatched with other small and delicate canes, of
+which there are many in these parts. Some of the houses of the chiefs
+are large, but others not. When the Christian Spaniards first entered
+the country there were five of these chiefs. The principal amongst them
+was called Yrrua, who, in former years, had entered the country by
+force, and ruled over all men like a powerful tyrant. Among the
+mountains there are some little valleys and open spaces well watered by
+numerous rivers and springs, but the water is not so wholesome as that
+of the rivers we had passed. The men are very large, with long visages,
+and the women are robust. These people are very rich in gold, for they
+had very large pieces, and beautiful vases, out of which they drank
+their wine made of maize. Those who drink this liquor soon lose their
+senses, yet the Indians are so vicious that they will sometimes drink an
+<i>arroba</i> at one sitting, not at one draught, but by taking many pulls.
+Their bellies being full<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_083" id="page_083"></a>{83}</span> of this beverage, it provokes vomiting, and
+they throw up as much as they like. Many of them hold the cup out of
+which to drink in one hand, and<a name="FNanchor_226_226" id="FNanchor_226_226"></a><a href="#Footnote_226_226" class="fnanchor">[226]</a>.... They are not great eaters, but
+all the Indians we met with are generally addicted to excessive
+drinking.</p>
+
+<p>When a chief dies without children, his principal wife succeeds, and
+when she dies the nephew of the deceased chief inherits; if he is the
+son of a sister.<a name="FNanchor_227_227" id="FNanchor_227_227"></a><a href="#Footnote_227_227" class="fnanchor">[227]</a> They have no temples nor houses of worship; but
+the devil talks to some of them occasionally, as he does with Indians of
+other tribes.</p>
+
+<p>They bury their dead within their houses, in great vaults, accompanied
+by living women, food, and many valuables<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_084" id="page_084"></a>{84}</span> possessed by the deceased, as
+is the custom with their neighbours.</p>
+
+<p>When any of these Indians feel ill, they make great sacrifices for their
+health in the manner which they have learnt from their ancestors, all in
+honour of the accursed devil. He, God permitting it, lets them know that
+all things are in his hands, and that he is superior to all others. Not
+but that they are aware of a God, sole creator of the whole world, for
+the Almighty does not permit the devil to assume this dignity, from
+which he is so widely separated. Yet they believe many evil things,
+although I learned from themselves that they are sometimes at issue with
+the devil, when they hate him, and see through his lies and falseness.
+For their sins, however, they are so subject to his will that they are
+unable to escape from the prisons of deceitfulness. They are blind, like
+other gentile people of more knowledge and understanding, until the
+light of the sacred Evangelist’s words enters into their hearts. The
+Christians who settle in these Indies should never fail to instruct the
+natives in true doctrine, otherwise I know not how they will fare when
+they and the Indians appear before the Divine throne, on the day of
+judgment.</p>
+
+<p>The principal chiefs marry their nieces, and sometimes their sisters,
+and they have many wives. They eat the Indians whom they capture, like
+all the other tribes. When they go to war, they wear very rich pieces of
+gold, with great crowns, and large bracelets of gold on their wrists.
+Great and valuable banners are carried before them. I saw one which was
+given as a present to the captain Don Jorge Robledo, the first time we
+entered this province, which weighed upwards of three thousand <i>pesos</i>,
+and a golden vase worth two hundred and ninety <i>pesos</i>, besides two
+other loads of this metal, consisting of ornaments of many shapes. The
+banner was a long narrow cloth fastened to a wand, and covered with
+small pieces of gold to imitate stars. In<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_085" id="page_085"></a>{85}</span> this province there are also
+many fruit trees, and some deer, <i>guadaquinajes</i>, and other game,
+besides many edible roots.</p>
+
+<p>Leaving this province, we came to that of Quinbaya, in which the city of
+Cartago is situated. Cartago is twenty-two leagues from the town of
+Arma. Between the province of Carrapa and that of Quinbaya, there is a
+very large and desert valley, of which the tyrant I have just spoken of
+was lord; he whose name was Urrua, and who ruled in Carrapa. The war
+between him and the natives of Quinbaya was very fierce; and he also
+forced many in Carrapa to leave their country when he took possession of
+it. It is rumoured that there are great sepulchres in this valley, of
+chiefs who are buried there.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIV" id="CHAPTER_XXIV"></a>CHAPTER XXIV.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the province of Quinbaya, and of the customs of the chiefs. Also
+concerning the foundation of the city of Cartago, and who was its
+founder.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> province of Quinbaya is fifteen leagues long by ten broad, from the
+Rio Grande to the snowy mountains of the Andes. It is populous
+throughout its whole extent, and the country is not so rugged as that
+through which we had passed. It contains extensive and dense cane
+brakes, which cannot be penetrated without great labour, and this
+province, with its rivers, is full of these cane brakes. In no part of
+the Indies have I seen or heard of any place where there are so many
+canes as in this province, but it pleased God, our Lord, that this
+country should have a superabundance of canes, that the people might not
+have much trouble in making their houses. The snowy mountains, which
+are<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_086" id="page_086"></a>{86}</span> a part of the great chain of the Andes, are seven leagues from the
+villages of this province. In the highest parts of them there is a
+volcano which, on a clear day, may be seen to send forth great
+quantities of smoke, and many rivers rise in these mountains, which
+irrigate the land. The chief rivers are the Tacurumbi, the Cegue, which
+passes close to the city, and there are many others which cannot be
+counted for number. When the freshes come down in the winter season, the
+Indians have bridges of canes fastened together with reeds, and strongly
+secured to trees on either side. All the rivers are very full of gold.
+When I was there in the year 1547 they got more than fifteen thousand
+<i>pesos</i> worth in three months, and the largest gang of labourers
+consists of three or four Negroes and some Indians. Valleys are formed
+along the courses of the rivers, and though the banks are densely lined
+with canes, there are many fruit trees of the country, and large
+plantations of <i>Pixiuare</i> palms.</p>
+
+<p>In these rivers there are fountains of healing water, and it is a
+marvellous thing to see their manner of rising in the midst of the
+rivers, for which thanks be to God our Lord. Further on I will devote a
+chapter to these fountains, for it is a matter well worthy of note. The
+men of this province are well disposed, and of good countenances; the
+women the same, and very amorous. Their houses are small, and roofed
+with the leaves of canes. There are now many fruit trees and other
+plants which the Spaniards cultivate, both from Spain, and of the
+country. The chiefs are very liberal; they have many wives, and are all
+friendly, and in alliance with each other. They do not eat human flesh,
+except on very great occasions, and the chiefs alone were very rich in
+gold. Of all the things that were to be seen, the most notable were
+their jewels of gold and great vases out of which they drink their wine.
+I saw one, which a cacique named Tacurumbi gave to the captain Don Jorge
+Robledo, which<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_087" id="page_087"></a>{87}</span> would contain two <i>azumbres</i>,<a name="FNanchor_228_228" id="FNanchor_228_228"></a><a href="#Footnote_228_228" class="fnanchor">[228]</a> of water. The same
+cacique gave another to Miguel Muñoz which was still larger and more
+valuable. The arms of these Indians are lances and darts, and certain
+<i>estolicas</i>,<a name="FNanchor_229_229" id="FNanchor_229_229"></a><a href="#Footnote_229_229" class="fnanchor">[229]</a> which they throw with great force, a mischievous
+weapon. They are intelligent and observant, and some of them are great
+magicians. They assemble to make feasts for their pleasure, and when
+they have drunk, a squadron of women is placed on one side, and another
+on the other; the men are placed in the same way, and they pass
+backwards and forwards, chanting the word <i>Batatabati, Batatabati</i>,
+which means “we play.” Thus, with darts and wands, the game begins,
+which ends in the wounding of many, and the death of some. They twist
+their hair into great wheels, and thus they wear it when they go to war.
+They have been a fierce and encroaching people, until justice was
+executed upon the old chiefs. When they assembled for their feasts and
+games in an open space, all the Indians gathered together, and two of
+them made a noise with drums. One then began to dance, and all the rest
+followed, each with his cup of wine in his hand, for they drank, danced,
+and sang all at the same time. Their songs consisted of a recitation of
+their deeds, and of the deeds of their ancestors. They have no creed,
+and they converse with the devil, like all the rest of the Indians.</p>
+
+<p>When they are ill they bathe many times, at which times they themselves
+relate that they see awful visions. And, in treating of this subject, I
+will here relate what happened in this province of Quinbaya in the year
+1547. At the time when the viceroy, Blasco Nuñez Vela, was embarrassed
+by<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_088" id="page_088"></a>{88}</span> the movements of Gonzalo Pizarro and his followers, a great
+pestilence spread over the whole kingdom of Peru, which began on the
+other side of Cuzco, and pervaded the whole country. People without
+number died. The illness consisted of a headache accompanied by raging
+fever, and presently the pain passed from the head to the left ear, when
+it became so great that the patient did not last more than two or three
+days. The pestilence reached this province. Now there is a river, about
+half a league from the city of Cartago, called Consota, and near it
+there is a small lake where they make salt from the water of a spring.
+Many Indian women were one day assembled there, making salt for the
+households of their lords, when they saw a tall man with his belly open
+and bowels hanging out, holding two boys by the hand. When he came to
+the women, he said, “I promise you that I have to kill all the women of
+the Christians, and all those of your people, and it shall be done
+presently.” As it was day time the Indian women showed no fear, but
+related the occurrence in a laughing way when they went to their homes.
+In another village of the neighbourhood, called Giraldo Gilestopiña,
+they saw the same figure on horseback, galloping over all the hills and
+mountains like the wind. In a few days the pestilence and ear-ache came
+on in such a manner, that most of the people died, the Spaniards losing
+their Indians bound to service, so that few or none were left; in
+addition to which such terror prevailed that the very Spaniards seemed
+to be fearful and afraid. Many women and boys affirmed that they saw the
+dead with their own eyes walking again. These people well understand
+that there is something in man besides the mortal body, though they do
+not hold that it is a soul, but rather some kind of transfiguration.
+They also think that all bodies will rise again; but the devil has given
+them to understand that it will be in a place where there will be great
+ease and pleasure, and this is the reason<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_089" id="page_089"></a>{89}</span> that they place great
+quantities of wine and maize, fish, and other things in their
+sepulchres, together with the arms of the deceased, as if these could
+free him from the pains of hell. The custom among them is that the son
+succeeds the father, and, failing sons, the nephew being the son of a
+sister. In ancient times these Indians were not natives of Quinbaya, but
+they invaded the country many times, killing the inhabitants, who could
+not have been few, judging from the remains of their works, for all the
+dense cane brakes seem once to have been peopled and tilled, as well as
+the mountainous parts, where there are trees as big round as two
+bullocks. From these facts I conjecture that a very long period of time
+has elapsed since these Indians first peopled the Indies.<a name="FNanchor_230_230" id="FNanchor_230_230"></a><a href="#Footnote_230_230" class="fnanchor">[230]</a> The
+climate of the province is very salubrious, so that the Spaniards, who
+have settled in it, neither suffer from heat nor from cold.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_090" id="page_090"></a>{90}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXV" id="CHAPTER_XXV"></a>CHAPTER XXV.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">In which the subject of the preceding chapter is continued; respecting
+what relates to the city of Cartago, and its foundation; and respecting
+the animal called <i>chucha</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HESE</small> cane brakes, of which I have already spoken, are so close and
+thick, that if a man is not well acquainted with the country, he would
+lose himself, and be unable to get out of them. Amongst the canes there
+are many tall <i>ceybas</i>, with many wide-spreading branches, and other
+trees of different sorts which, as I do not know their names, I am
+unable to give them here. In the depths of these cane brakes there are
+great caves or cavities where bees make their hives, and make honeycombs
+which are as good as those of Spain. There are some bees which are
+little bigger than mosquitos, and at the entrance of their hives, after
+they have been well closed, they insert a tube apparently of wax, and
+half a finger long, by which they enter to do their work, their little
+wings laden with what they have collected from the flowers. The honey of
+this kind of bees is a little sour, and they do not get more than a
+<i>quartillo</i> of honey from each hive. There is another species of bees,
+which are black and rather larger, those just mentioned being white. The
+opening which the black bees make to get into the tree, is of wax
+wrapped round with a mixture that becomes harder than stone. Their honey
+is, without comparison, better than that of the white bees, and each
+hive contains more than three <i>azumbres</i>.<a name="FNanchor_231_231" id="FNanchor_231_231"></a><a href="#Footnote_231_231" class="fnanchor">[231]</a> There are other bees
+larger than those of Spain, but none of them sting. When, however, they
+take the hive, the bees surround the man who is cutting the tree down,
+and stick to his hair and beard. Of the large hives of the last-named
+bees, there are some weighing half an <i>arroba</i>,<a name="FNanchor_232_232" id="FNanchor_232_232"></a><a href="#Footnote_232_232" class="fnanchor">[232]</a> and their honey is
+much the best<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_091" id="page_091"></a>{91}</span> of all. I got some of these, and I saw more taken by
+Pedro de Velasco, a settler at Cartago.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the above products, there is a fruit in this province called
+<i>Caymito</i>,<a name="FNanchor_233_233" id="FNanchor_233_233"></a><a href="#Footnote_233_233" class="fnanchor">[233]</a> as large as a nectarine. It is black inside, and has
+some very small pips, and a milk which sticks so closely to the beard
+and hands that it takes some time to get it off. There is another fruit
+like very savoury cherries, besides <i>aguacates</i>,<a name="FNanchor_234_234" id="FNanchor_234_234"></a><a href="#Footnote_234_234" class="fnanchor">[234]</a> <i>guavas</i>,<a name="FNanchor_235_235" id="FNanchor_235_235"></a><a href="#Footnote_235_235" class="fnanchor">[235]</a> and
+<i>guayavas</i>,<a name="FNanchor_236_236" id="FNanchor_236_236"></a><a href="#Footnote_236_236" class="fnanchor">[236]</a> and some as sour as lemons, with a good smell and
+flavour.</p>
+
+<p>The cane brakes, being very dense, become the haunts of many animals.
+There are great lions, and an animal like a small fox, with a long tail
+and short feet of a grey colour, and the head of a fox. I once saw one
+of these creatures which had seven young ones near it. Directly it was
+frightened, or heard a noise, it opened a bag which nature has placed on
+its belly, put its young inside, and fled so swiftly that I was
+astonished at its agility, being so small, and running so rapidly with
+such a weight. They call this creature <i>chucha</i>.<a name="FNanchor_237_237" id="FNanchor_237_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_237_237" class="fnanchor">[237]</a> There are also
+small and very poisonous serpents, many deer, and some rabbits, besides
+<i>guadaquinajes</i>,<a name="FNanchor_238_238" id="FNanchor_238_238"></a><a href="#Footnote_238_238" class="fnanchor">[238]</a> which are a little larger than hares, and whose
+flesh is very good and savoury. There are many other things to relate,
+but I desist because they would appear trifling.</p>
+
+<p>The city of Cartago is situated on a smooth plain, between<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_092" id="page_092"></a>{92}</span> two small
+streams, seven leagues from the great river of Santa Martha, and near
+another small stream, the water of which is drunk by the Spaniards.</p>
+
+<p>This river is always crossed by a bridge of those canes which I have
+already mentioned. The city has very difficult approaches on both sides,
+and bad roads, for in the winter time the mud is deep. It rains all the
+year round, and the lightning is great, thunderbolts sometimes falling.
+This city is so well guarded, that the inhabitants cannot easily be
+robbed.</p>
+
+<p>The founder of the city was the same captain Don Jorge Robledo who
+peopled the others which we had passed, in the name of the majesty of
+the Emperor Don Carlos, our lord, the Adelantado Don Francisco Pizarro
+being governor of all these provinces, in the year of our Lord 1540. It
+is called Cartago, because all the settlers and conquerors who
+accompanied Robledo had set out from Carthagena, and this is the reason
+that this name was adopted.</p>
+
+<p>Now that I have arrived at this city of Cartago, I will go on to give an
+account of the great and spacious valley where the city of Cali is
+seated, and that of Popayan, towards which we journeyed through the cane
+brakes until we reached a plain traversed by a great river called La
+Vieja. This river is crossed with much difficulty in the winter time; it
+is four leagues from the city. After crossing the river in <i>balsas</i> and
+canoes, the two roads unite, one coming from Cartago, and the other from
+Anzerma. From Anzerma to Cali the distance is fifty leagues, and from
+Cartago to Cali a little more than forty-five leagues.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_093" id="page_093"></a>{93}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXVI" id="CHAPTER_XXVI"></a>CHAPTER XXVI.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Which touches upon the provinces in this great and beautiful valley, up
+to the city of Cali.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">F<small>ROM</small> the city of Popayan this valley begins to spread out like a level
+plain between the chains of mountains, and is twelve leagues broad, more
+or less. In some parts it is narrower, and in others broader, and the
+river which flows through it becomes so narrow that neither boat, nor
+<i>balsa</i>, nor anything else can pass, by reason of the fury of the
+stream, and of the stones which come down in it. Boats are upset and go
+to the bottom, and thus many Spaniards and Indians have been drowned and
+much merchandise lost, for the rapidity of the stream is such that they
+have no time to get on land.</p>
+
+<p>All this valley, from the city of Cali to these rapids, was formerly
+very populous, and covered with very large and beautiful villages, the
+houses being close together and of great size. These villages of Indians
+have wasted away and been destroyed by time and war; for, when the
+Captain Don Sebastian de Belalcazar, who was the first captain to
+discover and conquer this valley, made his entry, the Indians were bent
+on war, and fought with the Spaniards many times to defend their land,
+and escape from slavery. Owing to these wars, and to the famine which
+arose on account of the seeds not having been sown, nearly all the
+Indians died. There was another reason which led to their rapid
+extermination. The Captain Belalcazar founded, in the midst of the
+Indian villages in this plain, the city of Cali, which he afterwards
+rebuilt on its present site. The natives were so determined not to hold
+any friendship with the Spaniards (believing their yoke to be heavy)
+that they would neither sow nor cultivate the land; and from this cause
+there was such scarcity that the greater part of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_094" id="page_094"></a>{94}</span> inhabitants died.
+When the Spaniards abandoned the first site, the hill tribes came down
+in great numbers, and, falling upon the unfortunates who were sick and
+dying of hunger, soon killed and ate all those who survived. These are
+the reasons why the people of this valley are so reduced that scarcely
+any are left. On one side of the river, towards the east, is the
+Cordillera of the Andes, and on the other side there is a larger and
+more beautiful valley called Neyva, through which flows the other branch
+of the great river of Santa Martha.<a name="FNanchor_239_239" id="FNanchor_239_239"></a><a href="#Footnote_239_239" class="fnanchor">[239]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the skirts of the mountains there are many villages of Indians of
+different nations and customs, who are very barbarous, and who all eat
+human flesh, which they hold to be very delicious. On the highest parts
+of the mountains there are some small valleys which form the province of
+Buga. The natives of these valleys are brave warriors; and they watched
+the Spaniards who came to their country, and killed Cristoval de Ayala,
+without any fear.</p>
+
+<p>When he, of whom I have spoken, was killed, his goods were sold in the
+market at excessive prices. A sow was sold for 1600 <i>pesos</i>, together
+with a small pig. Sucking pigs went for 500 <i>pesos</i>, and a Peruvian
+sheep (llama) for 280 <i>pesos</i>. I saw these sums paid to one Andres
+Gomez, now a citizen of Cartago, by Pedro Romero of Anzerma. The 1600
+<i>pesos</i> for the sow and the pig were paid by the Adelantado Don
+Sebastian de Belalcazar, out of the goods of the Marshal Don Jorge
+Robledo. I even saw that very sow eaten at a banquet which was given on
+the day we arrived at the city of Cali with Vadillo. Juan Pacheco, a
+conqueror who is now in Spain, bought a pig for 220 <i>pesos</i>, and knives
+were sold for 15 <i>pesos</i>. I heard Jeronimo Luis Texelo say that, when he
+went on the expedition with the Captain Miguel Muñoz, which is known as
+that of La Vieja, he bought a shoemaker’s knife for 30<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_095" id="page_095"></a>{95}</span> <i>pesos</i>, and
+shoes went for 8 <i>pesos</i> of gold. A sheet of paper was sold in Cali for
+30 <i>pesos</i>. I might relate other facts of this kind to the glory of the
+Spaniards, as showing how cheap they held money, for if they required
+anything they thought nothing of it. They bought pigs in the sow’s
+belly, before they were born, for 100 <i>pesos</i> and more.</p>
+
+<p>I would now request the judicious reader to reflect on and wonder at
+what countries were discovered and settled between the year 1526 and the
+present year 1547: and, thinking upon this, he will see how great are
+the deserts of the discoverers and conquerors who have laboured so
+greatly in this work; and what reason his Majesty has to give thanks to
+those who passed through those labours, and served loyally without
+butchering the Indians. Those, however, who have been butchers are
+deserving of punishment, in my opinion. When this province was
+discovered they bought a horse for 300 or 400 <i>pesos</i>, and even now
+there are those who have not yet paid their old debts, and who, covered
+with wounds received in the service, are shut up in prison until they
+can pay the debts demanded by their creditors.</p>
+
+<p>On the other side of the Cordillera is the other valley which I have
+already mentioned, where the town of Neyva was founded. Towards the west
+there are still more villages and Indians in the mountains, but I have
+already given the reason why those in the plains nearly all died. The
+villages of the mountains extend to the shores of the South Sea, and
+stretch away far to the south. Their houses, like those I described in
+Tatabe, are built on trees like granaries; they are large, and contain
+many inhabitants. The land of these Indians is very fertile and
+prolific, and well supplied with swine and tapirs, and other game, such
+as turkeys, parrots, pheasants, and abundance of fish. The rivers are
+not poor in gold, indeed we can affirm that they are very rich in that
+metal. Near these villages flows the great river of Darien,<a name="FNanchor_240_240" id="FNanchor_240_240"></a><a href="#Footnote_240_240" class="fnanchor">[240]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_096" id="page_096"></a>{96}</span> very
+famous on account of the city which was founded near it. All these
+Indians also eat human flesh. Some of them use bows and arrows, and
+others staves, clubs, darts, and long lances. Towards the north of Cali
+there is another province, bordering on that of Anzerma, the natives of
+which are called Chancos. They are so big that they look like small
+giants, with broad shoulders, robust frames, and great strength. Their
+faces are large and heads narrow; for in this province, in that of
+Quinbaya, and in other parts of the Indies, when a baby is born, they
+force the head into the shape they may choose; thus some grow up without
+an occiput, others with a raised forehead, and others with a very long
+head. This is done when the child is just born, by means of certain
+small boards fastened with ligatures. The women are treated in the same
+way. The Chancos, both men and women, go naked and barefooted, with only
+a cloth between the legs, made, not of cotton, but of bark, taken from a
+tree and made very fine and soft, about a yard long, and two <i>palmos</i>
+broad. They fight with great lances and darts; and occasionally they
+leave their province to wage war with their neighbours of Anzerma. When
+the Marshal Robledo entered Cartago for the last time (which he ought
+not to have done), that he might be received as the lieutenant of the
+Judge Miguel Diaz Armendariz, certain Spaniards were sent to guard the
+road between Anzerma and the city of Cali. These men encountered certain
+of these Chancos, who had come down to kill a Christian who was going to
+take some goats to Cali, and one or two of the Indians were killed. The
+Spaniards were astonished at their great size.</p>
+
+<p>In the hills and valleys which sweep down from the Cordillera to the
+westward, there are many Indian villages, extending to the vicinity of
+the city of Cali, and bordering on the district of the Barbacoas. The
+natives have their villages scattered over the hills, the houses being
+grouped in tens and fifteens, sometimes more, sometimes less. They call<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_097" id="page_097"></a>{97}</span>
+these Indians Gorrones, because, when the city of Cali was founded in
+the valley, they called the fish <i>gorron</i>, and these Indians came in
+laden with them, calling out, “<i>gorron! gorron!</i>” Not knowing their
+correct name, the Spaniards named them after the fish they carried,
+<i>Gorrones</i>: just in the same way as they named the Indians of Anzerma
+after the salt, which in their language is <i>anzer</i>. The houses of these
+Indians are large and round, and roofed with straw. They have few fruit
+trees, but plenty of gold of four or five <i>quilates</i>, though little of
+the finer sort. Some rivers of fresh water flow near their villages.
+Near the doors of their houses they keep, from motives of pride, many
+feet of the Indians whom they have killed, and many hands. They preserve
+the insides, that they may lose nothing, and hang them up in rows like
+sausages in great quantities, and the heads and entire quarters are also
+kept. When we came to these villages with the Licentiate Juan de
+Vadillo, a negro belonging to Juan de Cespedes, seeing these bowels, and
+thinking they were really sausages, would have eaten them if they had
+not been hard and dry from time and smoke. Outside the houses they have
+many heads placed in rows, entire legs, arms, and other parts of bodies,
+in such abundance as to be hardly credible. If I had not myself seen
+what I write, and did not know that there are now many people in Spain
+who have also seen it, I would not venture to state that these men are
+such butchers of other men for the sole purpose of eating them; but we
+know for certain that these Gorrones are great butchers in the matter of
+eating human flesh. They have no idols, nor did I see any house of
+worship, but it is publicly known that some of them converse with the
+devil. Neither priests nor friars have gone amongst them, as they have
+in Peru and other parts of the Indies, for fear of being killed.</p>
+
+<p>These Indians are separated from the valley of the great river by a
+distance of two or three leagues, but they go<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_098" id="page_098"></a>{98}</span> down to fish in the great
+river and in the lagoons, returning with great store of fish. They are
+of middling stature, and fit for little work. I only saw the men wearing
+cloths, but the women are dressed in large cotton mantles. Their dead
+are wrapped in many of these mantles, which are about three yards long
+and two broad, and fastened by cords. Between the mantles they put
+golden ornaments, and then bury the bodies in deep tombs. This province
+is within the jurisdiction of the city of Cali. In the ravine of the
+river there is a village, which is not very large, owing to the wars
+which have destroyed the population. Near it there is a great lake
+formed by the overflow of the river, but which is drained when the river
+is low. In this lake the Indians kill a vast quantity of very savoury
+fish, which they give to travellers, and with which they trade in the
+cities of Cartago and Cali, and in other parts. Besides the quantity
+they thus dispose of, or eat themselves, they have great deposits for
+sale to the Indians of the mountains, and great jars of grease taken
+from the fish. When we were engaged in exploring with the licentiate
+Juan de Vadillo, we arrived at this village very short of food, and
+found some fish. Afterwards, when we came to found the town of Anzerma
+with captain Robledo, we found enough fish here to load two ships.</p>
+
+<p>This province of the Gorrones is very fertile, and yields plenty of
+maize and other things. There are many deer, <i>guadaquinajes</i>, other wild
+beasts, and birds in the woods. But the great valley of Cali, once so
+fertile, is now a desert of grassy land, yielding no profit to any but
+the deer and other animals who graze in it, for the Christians are not
+in sufficient numbers to occupy such extensive tracts.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_099" id="page_099"></a>{99}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXVII" id="CHAPTER_XXVII"></a>CHAPTER XXVII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the situation of the city of Cali, of the Indians in its vicinity,
+and concerning the founder.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>O</small> reach the city of Cali it is necessary to cross a small river called
+the Rio Frio, which is full of weeds and flags. This river is very cold,
+because it comes down from the mountains, and, flowing through a part of
+the valley, loses itself in the great river. Beyond this river the road
+leads over extensive plains, where there are many small and very fleet
+deer. The Spaniards have their grazing farms in the plains, where their
+servants live, and look after the estates. The Indians come from their
+villages in the mountains to sow and reap the maize in the plains. Near
+the farms many very pretty water-courses flow through and irrigate the
+fields, besides some small rivers of good water. Many orange, lime,
+lemon, pomegranate and banana trees have been planted along these rivers
+and water-courses, besides excellent sugar-canes. There are also
+pine-apples, <i>guayavas</i>,<a name="FNanchor_241_241" id="FNanchor_241_241"></a><a href="#Footnote_241_241" class="fnanchor">[241]</a> <i>guavas</i>,<a name="FNanchor_242_242" id="FNanchor_242_242"></a><a href="#Footnote_242_242" class="fnanchor">[242]</a> <i>guanavanas</i>,<a name="FNanchor_243_243" id="FNanchor_243_243"></a><a href="#Footnote_243_243" class="fnanchor">[243]</a>
+<i>paltas</i>,<a name="FNanchor_244_244" id="FNanchor_244_244"></a><a href="#Footnote_244_244" class="fnanchor">[244]</a> and other fruits in great abundance. There are Spanish
+melons and legumes, but wheat has not yet been introduced, though I am
+told they have it in the valley of Lile, which is five leagues from the
+city; neither have they planted vines as yet, though the land is as well
+adapted for them as that of Spain.</p>
+
+<p>The city of Cali is situated a league from the great river, near a small
+river of particularly good water, which rises in the overhanging
+mountains. Its banks are bordered with pleasant gardens, where there are
+plenty of the fruits and vegetables just mentioned. The city is built on
+a level platform; and, if it was not for the heat, it would be one of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_100" id="page_100"></a>{100}</span>
+the best sites I have seen in any part of the Indies, for it wants
+nothing to make it excellent. The Indians and caciques who serve the
+Spaniards holding <i>encomiendas</i>,<a name="FNanchor_245_245" id="FNanchor_245_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_245_245" class="fnanchor">[245]</a> live in the mountains. When I left
+the place there were twenty-three citizens who had Indians, and there
+are never wanting Spaniards who are travelling from one part to the
+other, looking after their affairs. This city of Cali was founded by
+captain Miguel Muñoz in the name of his Majesty, the Adelantado Don
+Francisco Pizarro being governor of Peru, in the year 1537; though, as I
+said before, it was first founded by the captain Sebastian de Belalcazar
+in the country of the Gorrones. And some say that the municipality of
+the city obliged Miguel Muñoz to remove the settlement to its present
+site, whence it appears that the honour of founding the city is in
+dispute between Belalcazar and the municipality, for the conquerors, who
+composed the citizens, declare that it was not known whether Miguel
+Muñoz acted of his own accord or not.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXVIII" id="CHAPTER_XXVIII"></a>CHAPTER XXVIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the villages and chiefs of Indians who are within the jurisdiction of
+this city of Cali.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">O<small>N</small> the western side of this city, towards the mountains, there are many
+villages of Indians, who are very docile, a simple people void of
+malice. Amongst these villages there is a small valley closed in by
+mountains. The valley is level, and is always sown with maize and yucas,
+besides having plantations of fruit trees, and of the palms called
+<i>pixinares</i>. The houses in this valley are very large, round, lofty, and
+supported on straight poles. There were six chiefs when I entered this
+valley, who were held in small<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_101" id="page_101"></a>{101}</span> estimation by the Indians, many of whom
+are always in the houses of Spaniards. Through the centre of this
+valley, which is called Lile, a river flows, and is fed by many streams
+coming from the mountains. The banks of this river are well covered with
+fruit trees, amongst which there is one which is very delicious and
+fragrant called <i>granadilla</i>.<a name="FNanchor_246_246" id="FNanchor_246_246"></a><a href="#Footnote_246_246" class="fnanchor">[246]</a></p>
+
+<p>Near this valley there was a village, the chief of which was the most
+powerful and respected of all the chiefs of the neighbourhood. His name
+was Petecuy. In the centre of his village there was a great and lofty
+round wooden house, with a door in the centre. The light was admitted by
+four windows in the upper part, and the roof was of straw. As one
+entered through the door, there was a long board stretching from one end
+of the house to the other, on which many human bodies were placed in
+rows, being those of men who had been defeated and taken in war. They
+were all cut open, and this is done with stone knives, after which they
+eat the flesh, stuff the skins with ashes, and place them on the board
+in such sort as to appear like living men. In the hands of some they
+placed lances, and in those of others darts or clubs. Besides these
+bodies, there is a great abundance of arms and legs collected together
+in the great house, insomuch that it was fearful to see them, thus
+contemplating so sad a spectacle, and reflecting that all had been
+killed and eaten by their neighbours as if they had been beasts of the
+field. But these Indians gloried in the sight, saying that their fathers
+and ancestors taught them to act thus. Not content with natural food,
+they turned their bellies into the tombs of their neighbours. But now
+they do not eat human flesh as they used to do; the Spirit of heaven has
+shone upon them; they have come to a knowledge of their blindness, and
+many of them have become Christians. There is hope that more will turn
+to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_102" id="page_102"></a>{102}</span> our holy faith day by day, with the help and mediation of God our
+Redeemer and Lord.</p>
+
+<p>An Indian, native of a village called Veache (in this province),
+formerly in the <i>repartimiento</i> of the captain Don Jorge Robledo, when I
+asked him why they had such a number of dead bodies in this house,
+replied that it was to show the grandeur of the lord of the valley, and
+that not only was it the custom to preserve the bodies, but also to
+collect the arms of enemies, and hang them to the beams of the house as
+memorials. He also said that when the people were asleep the devil often
+entered into the bodies which were stuffed with ashes, and assumed so
+fearful and terrible a form that some persons died of mere terror.</p>
+
+<p>The dead Indians, whose bodies this lord preserved as trophies, in the
+manner already described, were mostly natives of the wide valley of
+Cali, for, as I have stated before, there were villages containing
+thousands of Indians in that valley, who never ceased to wage war with
+those of the mountains, nor, during most of their time, did they ever
+think of anything else.</p>
+
+<p>These Indians have no other arms than those which are used by their
+neighbours. They generally go naked, though now most of them have shirts
+and mantles of cotton, and their women also wear cotton clothes. Both
+men and women have their noses pierced, and wear a sort of twisted nails
+in them of gold, about the thickness of a finger, called <i>caricuris</i>.
+They also wear necklaces of fine gold, rarely worked, and ear-rings of
+twisted gold. Their former dress consisted of a small cloth in front,
+and another over the shoulders, the women covering themselves from the
+waist downwards with a cotton mantle. When their chiefs die, they make
+large and deep tombs inside their houses, into which they put a good
+supply of food, arms, and gold, with the bodies. They have no religion
+whatever, so far as we could understand, nor did we see any house of
+worship.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_103" id="page_103"></a>{103}</span> When any of them fell sick, they bathed, and for some
+illnesses they used certain herbs, the virtue whereof cures them. It is
+a public and well-known fact that those who are chosen by the devil
+converse with him. I have not heard that either these Indians, or those
+we have left behind, practise the abominable crime, but if, by the
+advice of the devil, any Indian commits this crime, it is thought little
+of, and they call him a woman. They marry their nieces, and some chiefs
+marry their sisters. The son of the principal wife inherits the
+chiefship and property of the father. Some of them are magicians, and
+above all they are very dirty.</p>
+
+<p>Beyond this village, of which Petecuy was chief, there are many others,
+the natives of which are all friends and allies. These villages are
+short distances from each other. The houses are large and round, with
+roofs of straw. Their customs are the same as those of the Indians I
+have already described. At first they entered into a war with the
+Spaniards, and underwent severe punishment, insomuch that they have
+never rebelled since. They have now taken more to Christianity than any
+of the other tribes; go dressed in shirts, and serve those who have
+become their masters with good will.</p>
+
+<p>Beyond this province, towards the south, there is another called Timbas,
+in which there are three or four chiefs. It is situated amongst rugged
+mountains containing some valleys where they have their villages, and
+the land is well covered with crops, fruit trees, palms, and other
+things. Their arms are darts and lances. They have been much addicted to
+the invasion and subjection of their neighbours, and they are not yet
+entirely tamed, being established in a very inaccessible country. Being
+warlike and valiant, they have killed many Spaniards, and done much
+harm. Their customs and language differ but slightly from the others.
+Further on there are other tribes which extend as far as the sea, all
+having the same language and customs.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_104" id="page_104"></a>{104}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIX" id="CHAPTER_XXIX"></a>CHAPTER XXIX.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">In which the matter relating to the city of Cali is concluded; and
+concerning other Indians inhabiting the mountains near the port which
+they call Buenaventura.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">B<small>ESIDES</small> these provinces, there are many other Indian tribes under the
+jurisdiction of the city of Cali, who dwell in the most rugged and
+inaccessible mountains in the world. Amongst these wilds there are some
+valleys which are very fertile, and which yield all manner of fruit.
+There are also many wild animals, especially great tigers, which kill
+many Indians and Spaniards who go to, and come from the sea coast, every
+day. The houses of the Indians in these mountains are rather small, and
+roofed with leaves of palm trees, of which there are many in the
+forests. These houses are surrounded by stout and very long poles
+forming a wall, which are put up as a defence against the tigers. The
+arms, dress, and customs of these Indians are neither more nor less than
+those of the valley of Lile, and their language leaves me under the
+impression that they are the same people. They are strong and powerful
+men. They have always been at peace from the time that they declared
+their allegiance to his Majesty, and are very friendly to the Spaniards,
+so that, although Christians are always passing through their villages,
+they have not killed nor harmed any up to the present time; on the
+contrary, as soon as they see them, they give them food to eat. The port
+of Buenaventura is three days’ journey from the villages of these
+Indians, all the way through thickets of palm trees, and rocky brokenup
+country, and is thirty leagues from the city of Cali. I shall not give a
+chapter on this port, because I have nothing more to say of it than that
+it was founded by Juan Ladrillo under the direction of the Adelantado
+Don Pascual de Andagoya, and that afterwards it was abandoned, owing to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_105" id="page_105"></a>{105}</span>
+the absence of this Andagoya, arising from disputes between him and the
+Adelantado Belalcazar respecting the boundaries of their governments.
+Finally, Belalcazar took Andagoya,<a name="FNanchor_247_247" id="FNanchor_247_247"></a><a href="#Footnote_247_247" class="fnanchor">[247]</a> and sent him prisoner to Spain.
+Then the <i>Cabildo</i> of Cali arranged that six or seven of the citizens
+should always reside in the port, in order that, when the ships arrived
+from New Spain and Nicaragua, they might see that the merchandise was
+landed, and provide houses to receive it. These residents are paid at
+the cost of the merchants, and among them there is a captain who has no
+power to pronounce judgments, but only to hear cases and forward them to
+the city of Cali for decision. These remarks seem sufficient to give the
+reader a knowledge of how the port of Buenaventura was first
+established.<a name="FNanchor_248_248" id="FNanchor_248_248"></a><a href="#Footnote_248_248" class="fnanchor">[248]</a> The only means of conveying merchandise from the port
+to the city of Cali is by the aid of the Indians of the intervening
+mountains, whose ordinary work is to carry it on their backs, for it is
+impossible to transport it in any other way. If it was desired to make a
+road, I believe that laden beasts could not pass over it on account of
+the ruggedness of the mountains. It is true that there is<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_106" id="page_106"></a>{106}</span> another way,
+practicable for horses and cattle, by the river of Dagua, but they pass
+it in constant peril, and many die by the way, while the rest arrive in
+such sorry condition that they are of no use for many days.</p>
+
+<p>When a ship arrives at the port, the chiefs presently send down as many
+Indians as they can, according to the capacity of their villages, and
+these porters come up by roads and passes with loads weighing three
+<i>arrobas</i> and more, and some of them carry men or women, even when they
+are stout, in chairs made of the bark of trees. In this way they journey
+with their loads, without showing fatigue, and without being overworked.
+If they should receive any pay, they would go off to their homes, but
+all that these poor fellows gain is taken by the <i>encomenderos</i>, though,
+in truth, they pay little tribute. It is said that they come and go
+willingly, but they in reality undergo great labour. When they come into
+the plain, and approach the city of Cali, they go along painfully. I
+have heard the Indians of New Spain highly praised for the great loads
+they carry, but these people between Cali and Buenaventura astonish me;
+and if I had not seen it, and traversed the mountains where they have
+their villages, I could neither believe nor affirm it.</p>
+
+<p>Beyond these Indians there are other lands inhabited by warlike tribes,
+and the river of San Juan, which is marvellously rich, flows through
+them. These people have their houses fastened in trees. There are many
+other rivers, all rich in gold, the banks of which are inhabited by
+Indians, but they cannot be conquered because the land is covered with
+forests which are impenetrable, nor can the rivers be crossed without
+boats. The houses are very large, for each one contains twenty or thirty
+inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p>Amidst these rivers there was a Christian settlement founded, but I will
+say little concerning it because it lasted only a short time. The
+natives killed one Payo Romero, who was there as the lieutenant of the
+Adelantado Andagoya,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_107" id="page_107"></a>{107}</span> for he had received all these rivers from his
+Majesty, with the title of governor of the river of San Juan. The
+Indians deceitfully enticed Payo Romero, and other Christians, on to a
+river in canoes, saying that they wanted to give them plenty of gold,
+and soon so many Indians assembled that they killed all the Spaniards,
+but they took Payo Romero alive, inflicting cruel torments upon him, and
+slicing off his members till he died. They also took two or three women
+alive, and dealt very cruelly with them. Some of the Christians, by
+great good luck, escaped from the cruelty of the Indians. No further
+attempt was made to establish this village, for that land is evil.</p>
+
+<p>I will now relate what there is between this city of Cali and that of
+Popayan.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXX" id="CHAPTER_XXX"></a>CHAPTER XXX.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">In which the road is described from the city of Cali to that of Popayan,
+and concerning the villages of Indians that lie between them.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> distance from the city of Cali to the city of Popayan is twenty-two
+leagues, over a good level road without any forest, although there are
+some zigzag ascents, but they are not rugged nor difficult, like those
+we have left behind. Leaving, then, the city of Cali, the road passes
+through meadows and plains watered by rivers, until one is reached,
+which is not very large, called Xamundi,<a name="FNanchor_249_249" id="FNanchor_249_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_249_249" class="fnanchor">[249]</a> spanned by a bridge of
+stout canes. He who has a horse crosses by a ford without any danger.</p>
+
+<p>Near the source of this river there are Indians whose district, also
+called Xamundi, extends over three or four leagues. The district and
+river take their name from that of a chief. These Indians trade with
+those of the province<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_108" id="page_108"></a>{108}</span> of Timbas, and they collect much gold, which they
+have supplied in great quantity to those who hold them in
+<i>encomienda</i>.<a name="FNanchor_250_250" id="FNanchor_250_250"></a><a href="#Footnote_250_250" class="fnanchor">[250]</a></p>
+
+<p>Five leagues further on, in the same road to Popayan, is the great river
+of Santa Martha, where there are always balsas and canoes, so that it
+can be crossed without danger, and thus the Indian inhabitants go and
+come from one city to the other. The banks of this river were once very
+populous, but the people have been extirpated by time and by the war
+which they waged with the captain Belalcazar, who was the first to
+discover and conquer them. Although he was one cause of their rapid
+destruction, yet another cause of it was their evil custom and accursed
+vice of eating each other. The remains of these tribes and nations
+consist of a diminished race on both banks of the river, who are called
+Aguales, and who are subject to the city of Cali. There are, however,
+many Indians in the mountains on each side, who, on account of the
+difficulty in penetrating their country, and of the troubles in Peru,
+have not yet been subjugated. Concealed and isolated as they are, they
+have yet been seen by the invincible Spaniards, and defeated many times.
+They all go naked, and have the same customs as their neighbours.</p>
+
+<p>After crossing the great river, which is fourteen leagues from the city
+of Popayan, there is a morass about a quarter of a league in extent, and
+beyond it the road is very good, until the river called <i>Ovejas</i> is
+reached. There is much risk to him who attempts to cross this river in
+the winter time, for it is very deep, and the ford is near its mouth,
+where it falls into the great river. Many Spaniards and Indians have
+been drowned here. On the other side of this river there is a smooth
+plain, six leagues in extent, and very good for travelling, and at the
+end of it a river called Piandomo is crossed. Its banks, and the whole
+of this<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_109" id="page_109"></a>{109}</span> plain, were once well peopled, but those whom the fury of the
+war has spared, have retired to a distance from the road, where they
+think they are safer. To the eastward is the province of Guambia, and
+many other chiefs and villages. Beyond the river of Piandomo, there is
+another called Plaza, the banks of which are well peopled, both at its
+sources, and all along its course. Then the great river is again crossed
+by a ford, and from this point to Popayan the whole country is covered
+with beautiful farms, such as in Spain we call <i>alcarias</i> or
+<i>cortijos</i>,<a name="FNanchor_251_251" id="FNanchor_251_251"></a><a href="#Footnote_251_251" class="fnanchor">[251]</a> and here the Spaniards have their flocks. These plains
+are also sown with maize, and it is here that they have begun to sow
+wheat. The land will yield great quantities, for it is well suited to
+its growths. In other parts of this country they reap the maize in five
+or six months, so that they have two crops in the year. They, however,
+only sow it once in the year on this plain, and their harvest is in May
+and June; that of wheat in July and August, as in Spain. All these
+meadows and plains were once very populous, and subject to the lord
+whose name was Popayan, one of the principal chiefs in these provinces.
+Now there are few Indians, owing to the war with the Spaniards, and to
+their custom of eating each other, and also to the great famine, which
+was caused by their not sowing the crops, with the hope that, there
+being no food, the Spaniards would leave their country. There are many
+fruit trees, especially <i>aguacates</i> or pears, which are abundant and
+savoury. The rivers rising in the Cordillera of the Andes flow through
+these plains, and the water is very limpid and sweet. In some of them
+there are signs of gold.</p>
+
+<p>The site of the city is on a high table land, in an excellent situation,
+being the healthiest and most temperate of any in the government of
+Popayan, and even in the greater part of the kingdom of Peru. Truly the
+climate is more<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_110" id="page_110"></a>{110}</span> like Spain than the Andes. There are large houses of
+straw in the city. This city of Popayan is the chief and head of all the
+cities I have described, except that of Uraba, which belongs to the
+government of Carthagena. All the rest are under Popayan, which contains
+a cathedral church, and, as this is the principal and most central city,
+the government is entitled Popayan. To the east is the long chain of the
+Andes; to the west are other mountains which overhang the South Sea, and
+on the other side are the plains which I have described. The city of
+Popayan was founded by the captain Don Sebastian de Belalcazar,<a name="FNanchor_252_252" id="FNanchor_252_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_252_252" class="fnanchor">[252]</a> in
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_111" id="page_111"></a>{111}</span> name of the Emperor Charles, our lord, by authority of the
+Adelantado Don Francisco Pizarro, governor of all Peru, for his Majesty,
+in the year of the Lord 1536.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXI" id="CHAPTER_XXXI"></a>CHAPTER XXXI.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Concerning the river of Santa Martha,<a name="FNanchor_253_253" id="FNanchor_253_253"></a><a href="#Footnote_253_253" class="fnanchor">[253]</a> and of the things which are
+met with on its banks.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">N<small>OW</small> that I have reached the city of Popayan, and described its site,
+neighbourhood, founding, and people, it seems well that I should give an
+account of the river which flows near it, and which is one of the two
+branches which form the great river of Santa Martha. Before treating of
+this river, however, I will relate what I find in the Scriptures
+concerning the four principal rivers mentioned there, which are, first,
+the Ganges, flowing through the East Indies; second, the Nile,
+separating Asia from Africa, and watering the land of Egypt; third and
+fourth, the Tigris and Euphrates, which encircle the two regions of
+Mesopotamia and Cappadocia. These are the four which are said, in the
+Holy Scriptures, to issue out of the earthly paradise. I also find that
+mention is made of three others, which are the river Indus, whence India
+takes its name; the river Danube, being the principal in Europe; and the
+river Tanais, dividing Europe from Asia. Of all these, the greatest is
+the Ganges, concerning which Ptolemy says, in his book of geography,
+that the narrowest part is eight thousand paces,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_112" id="page_112"></a>{112}</span> and the broadest
+twenty thousand paces across. According to this, the broadest part of
+the Ganges is seven leagues across. This is the extreme breadth of the
+largest river in the world, that was known before the discovery of these
+Indies. But now they have found rivers of such strange bigness, that
+they appear more like gulfs of the sea, than rivers which flow through
+the land. This appears from what is stated by many of the Spaniards who
+went with the Adelantado Orellana. They declare that the river which
+flows from Peru into the North Sea (commonly called the Amazons or
+Marañon) is more than a thousand leagues long, and in some parts
+twenty-five broad; and the Rio de la Plata is said by many who have been
+there to be so broad that, in many places, the banks on either side are
+not visible from the centre of the stream, being more than eight leagues
+across. The river of Darien, too, is great, and that of Urapa is no
+smaller, and there are many others of great size in these Indies,
+amongst which is this river of Santa Martha.</p>
+
+<p>The river of Santa Martha is formed by two branches. One of these, which
+flows by the city of Popayan, rises in the great Cordillera of the
+Andes, in some valleys formed by the mountains five or six leagues from
+the city. These valleys were well peopled in former times, and are so to
+this day, though not so thickly, by certain Indians whom they call
+Coconucos, and among these, near a village called Cotara, this river has
+its source, which, as I have before said, is one of the branches of the
+great and rich river of Santa Martha.</p>
+
+<p>The sources of the two branches are forty leagues from each other, and
+the river is so large at the place where they unite, that it has a
+breadth of one league, while, where it enters into the North Sea, near
+the city of Santa Martha, it is seven leagues broad, and its force is so
+great that its waters enter into the waves at last to be converted into
+a<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_113" id="page_113"></a>{113}</span> part of the sea. Many ships have taken in good fresh water from it
+out at sea, for its force is so mighty that it passes for more than four
+leagues into the sea before it mingles with the salt water. It enters
+the sea by many mouths and openings. In the mountain of the Coconucos
+(which I have already said is the birth-place of one of the branches) it
+is like a little brook, but it flows on to the broad valley of Cali,
+receiving streams from mountains on both sides, so that, when it reaches
+the city of Cali, it is so great and powerful that to me it seemed to
+have as much water as the Guadalquivir at Seville. Lower down, when it
+reaches Buritica, near the city of Antiochia, having received many more
+streams, it is still larger. There are provinces and villages of Indians
+from the source of this river to the point where it enters the ocean,
+and such wealth of gold, both in mines and in the possession of the
+Indians, that it cannot be exaggerated, it being so great. The natives
+of these regions are not very intelligent, and they have so many
+languages that, in going amongst them, it was necessary to take many
+interpreters.</p>
+
+<p>All the wealth of the province of Santa Martha, most of that of
+Carthagena, of Nueva Granada, and of the province of Popayan, is near
+this river; and, besides the country which has been discovered near its
+banks, there are rumours of populous districts between the two branches,
+which have yet to be explored. The Indians say that in these districts
+there is great store of riches, and that the Indians who are natives
+possess the mortal herb of Uraba. The Adelantado Don Pedro de Heredia
+passed by the bridge of Brenuco, where, the river flowing in great
+strength, the Indians had made a bridge with trees and strong creepers,
+after the fashion of the bridges I have described already. He went some
+days march by land, but returned, having few horses and Spaniards with
+him. The Adelantado Don Sebastian de Belalcazar also wished to send
+another captain<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_114" id="page_114"></a>{114}</span> by a route more to the eastward, which is less
+dangerous, called the valley of Aburra, to explore the country
+thoroughly between the two branches of this great river. But when he was
+on the road the enterprise was abandoned, in order to send the troops to
+the viceroy Blasco Nuñez Vela, at the time when he was at war with
+Gonzalo Pizarro and his followers.</p>
+
+<p>Returning to the subject of this river of Santa Martha, I would observe
+that, where the two branches unite, a number of islands are formed, some
+of which are inhabited. Near the sea there are many very fierce
+alligators and other great fish, called <i>manatee</i>,<a name="FNanchor_254_254" id="FNanchor_254_254"></a><a href="#Footnote_254_254" class="fnanchor">[254]</a> which are as
+large as a calf, and are born on the beaches and islands. They come out
+to browse when they can do so without danger, and presently return to
+their haunts. About one hundred and twenty leagues below the city of
+Antiochia, that of Mompox has been founded, within the jurisdiction of
+Carthagena, and here they call this river the Cauca. The length of the
+river from its source to the sea is more than four hundred leagues.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXII" id="CHAPTER_XXXII"></a>CHAPTER XXXII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">In which the account of the villages and chiefs subject to the city of
+Popayan is concluded; and what there is to be said until the boundary of
+Popayan is passed.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HIS</small> city of Popayan has many large villages within the boundaries of
+its jurisdiction. Towards the east it has the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_115" id="page_115"></a>{115}</span> populous province of
+Guambia, and others called Guanza, Maluasa, Polindara, Palace, Tembio,
+and Colaza, all thickly peopled. The Indians of these districts have
+much gold of seven <i>quilates</i>, more or less. They also have some fine
+gold, of which they make ornaments, but the quantity is small in
+proportion to the baser kind. They are warlike, and as great butchers as
+those of the provinces of Arma, Pozo, and Antiochia. But as these
+nations have no knowledge of our true God Jesus Christ, it seems that
+little account should be taken of their life and customs. Not that they
+fail to understand all that pleases them and is good in their eyes,
+living cunningly, and compassing the death of each other in their wars.
+And they also had great wars with the Spaniards, without caring to keep
+the peace which they had promised, until at last they were conquered.
+Before they would yield, they preferred to die rather than be subjected,
+such was their hardihood, and they believed that the want of provisions
+would force the Spaniards to leave the country. In truth the Spaniards
+suffered much misery from famine, before they could fully establish
+their new settlement. The natives were the cause of the loss of
+thousands of lives, eating each others’ bodies, and sending their souls
+to hell. At first some care was taken for the conversion of these
+Indians, but they were not supplied with complete knowledge of our holy
+religion, owing to the want of priests. At present things are in better
+order, both as to their treatment and conversion; for his Majesty, with
+great zeal for Christianity, has ordered that they shall be preached to.
+And the lords of the high council of the Indies take great care that
+this order is complied with, and have sent out learned friars of holy
+life and manners, so that, by the favour of God, great fruit will be
+derived from their labours.</p>
+
+<p>Towards the snowy mountains or Cordillera of the Andes, there are many
+valleys thickly inhabited by Indians called<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_116" id="page_116"></a>{116}</span> Coconucos, in whose country
+the great river takes its rise. Their customs are the same as those of
+the Indians we have left behind, except that they do not commit the
+abominable sin of eating human flesh. There are many volcanoes, or fiery
+mouths, in the lofty parts of the mountains, and out of one comes hot
+water, from which they make salt. Their art in making salt is a thing
+well worthy of note, and I promise to give an account of it further on,
+after I have finished what I have to say concerning the town of Pasto.
+Near these Indians there is a village called Zotara, and further on
+another called Guanaca.</p>
+
+<p>To the eastward is the extensive province of the Pacs, who have worked
+so much evil to the Spaniards. It contains seven or eight thousand
+Indians fit for war, who are valiant and dexterous in fighting, with
+fine bodies, and very clean. They have their captains whom they obey,
+and live in valleys surrounded by very rugged mountains through which
+many rivers and streams flow, and in which it is believed there are good
+mines. In fighting, they use stout lances of black palm wood,
+twenty-five <i>palmos</i> long, besides huge stones, which they throw or roll
+down when occasion serves. They have killed so many valiant Spaniards,
+as well captains as soldiers, that it causes sorrow and fear to behold
+what injury these Indians have done, being so few. But there were grave
+faults on the part of those who were killed, in that they held these
+people so cheap, and God permitted that the Spaniards should fall, and
+the Indians be victorious. So things went on until the Adelantado Don
+Sebastian de Belalcazar destroyed their crops, and forced them to make
+peace.</p>
+
+<p>Towards the east is the province of Guachico, and further on are many
+other provinces. To the south is the village of Cochesquio, and the
+small Lagoon, also the district they call Las Barrancas, where there is
+a small village of the same name. Further on are other villages, the
+river called<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_117" id="page_117"></a>{117}</span> Las Juntas, another called Los Capitanes, the great
+province of Masteles, and the district of Patia, which includes a
+beautiful valley watered by a river that is fed by streams flowing from
+the other district. This river carries its waters into the South Sea.
+All these plains and valleys were once thickly peopled, but the natives
+who have survived the wars have retired into the heights and fastnesses
+which overhang them.</p>
+
+<p>Towards the west is the province of Bomba and other villages, whose
+inhabitants trade with each other, besides other districts peopled by
+many Indians, where a town has been founded, and they call them the
+provinces of Chapanchita. All these villages are situated in fertile
+land, and they have a great quantity of gold. In some parts idols have
+been seen, but there is no report of any temple or house of worship
+having been met with. They converse with the devil, and, by his advice,
+they do many things in accordance with his wishes. They have no
+knowledge of the immortality of the soul, but they think that their
+chiefs will return to life, and some believe (as I have been informed)
+that the souls of the dead enter into the bodies of the newly born. They
+perform ceremonies at the burial of their dead, and place them in large
+and deep tombs. With their chiefs they inter some women and all their
+property, besides food and wines. In some parts they burn the bodies
+until they are converted to ashes, and in others they merely preserve
+the dried bodies.</p>
+
+<p>In these provinces there are the same fruits and provisions as in those
+we have left behind, except that there are no <i>pixibae</i> palms, but they
+gather great quantities of potatoes. The people go naked and barefoot
+without more clothes than a small mantle and a few ornaments of gold.
+The women go covered with small mantles of cotton, and wear necklaces of
+small flies made of pure gold, which are very pretty and becoming. As to
+their customs in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_118" id="page_118"></a>{118}</span> matter of marriage, I will not relate anything
+about them because they are childish, and I also pass over other matters
+as being of no importance. Some of the Indians are great magicians and
+sorcerers. We here learnt, also, that there are many herbs, both
+wholesome and harmful, in these parts. All the Indians eat human flesh.
+The province round Popayan was one of the most populous in all Peru, and
+if it had been subjected by the Yncas it would have been the best and
+richest of all.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXIII" id="CHAPTER_XXXIII"></a>CHAPTER XXXIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">In which an account is given of what there is between Popayan and the
+city of Pasto; who was the founder of Pasto; and what there is to be
+said concerning the natives of the neighbouring districts.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> city of Popayan is forty leagues from the town of Pasto, and the
+first village on the road was great and very populous in ancient times,
+as well as when the Spaniards discovered it, and even now it contains
+many Indians. The valley of Patia becomes very narrow at this village,
+and the Indians live in deep and lofty ravines on the western side. The
+Spaniards call the place “El pueblo de la Sal.” It is very rich, and has
+yielded goodly tribute of fine gold to those who have held the
+<i>encomienda</i> here. The natives, in their arms, dress, and customs,
+resemble those of the countries we have already passed, except that they
+do not eat human flesh, and are a little more civilised. They have many
+very fragrant pine-apples, and they trade with the province of
+Chapanchita and with other neighbouring districts. Beyond this village
+is the province of Masteles, which contains, or did contain, more than
+four thousand Indians fit for war. Adjoining it is the province of the
+Abades and the villages of Ysancal and Pangan and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_119" id="page_119"></a>{119}</span> Caquanpas, and that
+they call “Los Chorros,” and Pichilinbuy, also Tuyles and Angayan,
+Pagual, Chuchaldo, and many more. Inland, towards the west, there are
+reports of many more Indian villages and rich mines in districts
+extending as far as the South Sea. The following villages also border on
+the road, namely, Asqual, Mallama, Tucurres, Sapuys, Iles, Gualmatal,
+Funes, Chapal, Males and Piales, Pupiales, Turca, and Cumba. All these
+villages were inhabited by chiefs and Indians called Pastos, and hence
+the town of Pasto has received its name, being as much as to say, “the
+town built in the land of Pasto;” also another tribe of Indians borders
+on the Indians called Pastos, who are known as the Quillacingas, and
+whose villages are to the eastward, and are well peopled. The names of
+their principal villages are Mocondino, Bexendino, Buyzaco,
+Guajanzangua, Mocoxonduque, Quaquanquer, and Macaxamata. Still further
+to the east there is another province, which is somewhat larger and more
+fertile, called Pastoco, and another near a lake on the summit of a
+mountain, where the water is so cold that, though the lake is eight
+leagues long and more than four broad, no fish nor bird can live in it.
+The land, too, produces no maize, nor are there any trees. There is
+another lake near it of the same kind. Further on there are great
+mountains, and the Spaniards do not know what there is on the other side
+of them.</p>
+
+<p>There are other villages on the road to this city, but it seems
+unnecessary to enumerate them, having already mentioned the principal
+ones. With regard to this city of Pasto, I have to say that no city or
+town in the whole government of Popayan has so many Indians subject to
+it, and it even has more than Quito and other places in Peru. Populous
+as the district now is, in ancient times it must have been far more
+populous, for it is most astonishing to see, in all the wide spread
+plains, on the banks of rivers, on the hills and lofty mountains, that
+there is not a part (how rugged<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_120" id="page_120"></a>{120}</span> and inaccessible soever) which does not
+give signs of having been tilled or built over in times past. The
+customs of these Indians, called Quillacingas and Pastos, differ from
+those of the people we have passed, for the Pastos do not eat human
+flesh, either when they fight with the Spaniards or with each other.
+Their arms are stones thrown from the hand, staves like shepherds’
+crooks, and a few badly-made lances. They are a poor-spirited people.
+The chiefs are well-mannered, but the rest of the Indians are
+ill-favoured, as well the men as the women, and all very dirty, but
+gentle and good-tempered. All these Indians are so nasty, that, when
+they louse themselves, they eat the lice as if they had been nuts, and
+their drinking vessels and cooking utensils are very seldom cleaned out.
+They have no creed, nor have idols been seen amongst them, but they
+believe that after death they will come to life again to live in some
+pleasant and delightful place. There are some things amongst these
+Indians that are so secret that God alone can penetrate them. Their
+women go dressed in a narrow cloth which covers them from the bosom to
+the knees, with a smaller one falling over it. These mantles are made
+either of the bark of a tree or of cotton. The men wear a mantle three
+or four <i>varas</i> long, which is passed once round the waist, and then
+over the neck, the end being wrapped round the head. The Quillacingas,
+as well as the Pastos, also wear a cloth between the legs. They wear a
+mantle of cotton, which is broad and flowing, with another over the
+shoulders, the women wearing one which falls over the bosom. The
+Quillacingas converse with the devil. They have neither temple nor
+creed, and when they die the bodies are put into large and deep tombs,
+together with all the property of the deceased, which is not much. If
+the dead man has been a chief, they bury some of his wives and servants
+with him. They also have a custom, which is this (according to what I am
+told): when one of the chiefs<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_121" id="page_121"></a>{121}</span> dies, the surrounding chiefs send two or
+three of their women, who are taken to the tomb and given enough
+maize-wine to make them drunk. As soon as they are insensible they are
+buried in the tomb to keep company with the dead man; so that none of
+these savages die without having twenty persons to keep them company,
+and, besides these people, they put many jars of wine and other
+provisions into the tomb.</p>
+
+<p>When I passed through the country of these Indians, I collected the
+particulars which I now relate with great diligence, making all the
+inquiries I possibly could; and, among other things, I asked why they
+practised such an evil custom, and why, not content with burying their
+own women alive, they sought for more victims from amongst their
+neighbours? I found out that the devil appears in a terrible and
+appalling form (according to their own account), and gives them to
+understand that they will come to life again in a great kingdom which is
+prepared for them, and that they will arrive with more authority if they
+are well attended. They also fall into other sins through the wiles of
+this accursed enemy. God our Lord knows why he allows the devil to
+converse with these people, and to wield such great power over them by
+deceiving them. Now his Divine Majesty is displayed, and many Indians,
+abhorring the devil, have embraced our holy religion. Some of the Pastos
+converse with the devil. When the chiefs die, all possible honour is
+done to their memory; the people mourn for many days, and the same
+things are put into their tombs as I have already stated.</p>
+
+<p>The districts of Pasto yield but little maize, but there are great
+breeding-places for cattle, and especially for pigs, which are raised in
+vast quantities. The country yields much barley, potatoes, and
+<i>xiquimas</i>,<a name="FNanchor_255_255" id="FNanchor_255_255"></a><a href="#Footnote_255_255" class="fnanchor">[255]</a> and there are very<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_122" id="page_122"></a>{122}</span> luscious <i>granadillas</i><a name="FNanchor_256_256" id="FNanchor_256_256"></a><a href="#Footnote_256_256" class="fnanchor">[256]</a> and
+other fruits. In the country of the Quillacingas there is plenty of
+maize and much fruit, except in the neighbourhood of the lake, where the
+people have neither trees nor maize, the land being so cold. These
+Quillacingas are warlike and untameable. There are great rivers of very
+remarkable water in their country, and it is believed that some of them
+contain abundance of gold. One of these rivers flows between Popayan and
+Pasto, called the hot river, which is dangerous and difficult to cross
+in the winter time. They have stout ropes stretched from one bank to the
+other, for crossing it. This river contains the most excellent water I
+have met with in the Indies, or even in Spain. Beyond this river, on the
+road to Pasto, there is a mountain, of which the ascent is three good
+leagues long. The famous chase which Gonzalo Pizarro and his followers
+gave the Viceroy Blasco Nuñez Vela, extended as far as this river.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXIV" id="CHAPTER_XXXIV"></a>CHAPTER XXXIV.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">In which the account of what there is in this country is concluded, as
+far as the boundary of Pasto.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HERE</small> is another rather large river in this country of the Pastos,
+called Ancasmayu,<a name="FNanchor_257_257" id="FNanchor_257_257"></a><a href="#Footnote_257_257" class="fnanchor">[257]</a> which is the point to which the King Huayna
+Ccapac, son of the great captain Tupac Ynca Yupanqui, extended his
+conquests. Having passed the hot river, and the mountain beyond it, the
+road continues over some plains and hills, and crosses a small
+<i>paramo</i>,<a name="FNanchor_258_258" id="FNanchor_258_258"></a><a href="#Footnote_258_258" class="fnanchor">[258]</a> where there was no little cold when I travelled over it.
+Further on there is a high mountain, on the summit of which a volcano
+sends forth quantities of smoke at intervals, and in<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_123" id="page_123"></a>{123}</span> times past, the
+natives say, it threw out volleys of stones. Coming from Popayan, this
+volcano is left on the right-hand side. The town of Pasto is situated in
+a very beautiful valley, through which a river of very sweet and
+wholesome water flows, fed by numerous springs and brooks. This valley
+is called Atris, and was formerly very populous, but the inhabitants
+have now retired to the mountains. It is surrounded by mountains, some
+wooded and others bare, and the Spaniards have their farms and
+hunting-lodges in the valley. The banks of the river are always sown
+with much excellent wheat, barley, and maize, and there is a mill where
+the wheat is ground, for in this town they do not eat maize-bread, owing
+to the abundance of wheat. In the plains there are quantities of deer,
+rabbits, partridges, doves, pigeons, pheasants, and turkeys, and the
+Indians take many in the chase. The land of the Pastos is excessively
+cold, and in summer it is colder than in winter, the same thing
+occurring in the town of the Christians, insomuch that the company of a
+wife is by no means irksome to a husband, nor is plenty of clothes
+disagreeable. The delightful town of Pasto was founded and settled by
+the captain Don Lorenzo de Aldana, in the name of his Majesty, the
+Adelantado Don Francisco Pizarro being his governor and captain-general
+of all the provinces of Peru, in the year of our Lord 1539. The said
+Lorenzo de Aldana was lieutenant-general for the same Don Francisco
+Pizarro in Quito, Pasto, Popayan, Timana, Cali, Anzerma, and Cartago. He
+governed them all, either himself or through lieutenants whom he named,
+and, as is said by many conquerors in these parts, he ordered that the
+natives should be well treated during the whole time that he was in
+command.<a name="FNanchor_259_259" id="FNanchor_259_259"></a><a href="#Footnote_259_259" class="fnanchor">[259]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_124" id="page_124"></a>{124}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXV" id="CHAPTER_XXXV"></a>CHAPTER XXXV.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the notable fountains and rivers in these provinces, and how they
+make salt of good quality by a very curious artifice.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">B<small>EFORE</small> I treat of the kingdom of Peru, or leave the government of
+Popayan, it seems to me well to give some account of the notable
+fountains there are in this land, and of the rivers of water from which
+they make salt, for thus the people are sustained, having no salt pits
+in these parts, and the sea being far distant.</p>
+
+<p>When the licentiate Juan de Vadillo set out from Carthagena, we marched
+over the mountains of Abibe, which are very rugged and difficult to
+cross, so that we passed a time of no little hardship; most of the
+horses died, and we were obliged to leave the greater part of our
+baggage in the road; and, having reached the plain, we found many
+villages,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_125" id="page_125"></a>{125}</span> with great store of fruit trees, and broad rivers. But, as
+the stock of salt which we had brought with us from Carthagena was
+coming to an end, our food being herbs and beans for want of meat,
+except that of horses and a few dogs we caught; we began to feel
+distress, and many, from the want of salt, began to lose their colour,
+and became yellow and thin. We procured some things in the Indian farms,
+but there was only a little black salt mixed with the <i>aji</i> that the
+natives eat, and even this was very scarce, so that he thought himself
+fortunate who could get any. Necessity teaches men notable things, and
+we found a lake in a small mountain, the water of which was black and
+salt. We put a quantity of this water into jars, which gave us a relish
+for our food.</p>
+
+<p>The natives of these provinces take the quantity of water they require
+either from this lake or from others of the same kind, and boil it in
+great jars. As soon as the fire has consumed the greater part of the
+water, black salt remains at the bottom, with which, though not of good
+taste, they season their food, and live without feeling the want that
+would let itself be known if it were not for these fountains.</p>
+
+<p>Divine Providence takes such care of his creatures that, in all parts,
+he gives them what they require; and if men would always consider the
+ways of nature, they would know the obligation they are under to serve
+our true God.</p>
+
+<p>In the province called Cori, which is near the town of Anzerma, there is
+a river which flows with considerable force, and near it there are some
+ponds of salt water, whence the Indians obtain the quantity they
+require, and, making great fires, they place jars of this salt water on
+them, and set the water to boil until from an <i>arroba</i> there is not left
+half an <i>azumbre</i>. Then their experience enables them to convert the
+residue into as pure and excellent salt as is made from the salt-pits of
+Spain. Throughout the districts of Antioquia there are many of these
+fountains, and they<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_126" id="page_126"></a>{126}</span> make so much salt that they take it inland, and
+exchange it for gold, cotton cloth, and other things which they may
+require.</p>
+
+<p>Beyond the great river which flows near the city of Cali, and near that
+of Popayan, towards the north, we discovered a village called Mungia, in
+company with the captain Jorge Robledo, whence we crossed the Cordillera
+of the Andes, and discovered the valley of Aburra and its plains.</p>
+
+<p>In this village of Mungia, and in another called Cenusara, we found some
+other fountains in mountains near a river, and from these fountains the
+natives made so much salt that their houses were full of it, moulded
+into shapes exactly like loaves of sugar. They took this salt by the
+valley of Aburra to the provinces to the eastward, which have not been
+discovered or seen by the Spaniards to this day. This salt has made the
+Indians exceedingly rich.</p>
+
+<p>In the province of Caramanta, which is not very distant from the town of
+Anzerma, there is a fountain which rises out of a river of sweet water,
+and turns some of its water into a vapour resembling smoke, which
+assuredly must arise from there being some metal in that part. The
+Indians make good black salt from this water, and they also say that
+they know of a lake near a great rock, at the foot of which there is the
+same kind of water. They make salt from this water for their chiefs, for
+they say that it makes better and whiter salt than in any other part.</p>
+
+<p>In the province of Anzerma, and in all its districts, there are
+fountains of the same sort, from which they make salt.</p>
+
+<p>In the provinces of Arma, Carrapa, and Picara, they suffer much from the
+want of salt, there being many inhabitants and few of these fountains,
+so that the salt that is brought fetches a high price.</p>
+
+<p>In the city of Cartago every citizen has his apparatus for making salt,
+which is prepared in an Indian village called Consota, a league from the
+city, where a small river flows.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_127" id="page_127"></a>{127}</span> Near the river there is a mountain,
+out of which comes a large spring of very black and thick water. The
+water is taken from this spring and boiled in cauldrons until it is
+nearly all evaporated, when a white-grained salt remains, as good as
+that of Spain. The citizens of that city use no other salt than that
+which is obtained from this spring. Further on there is another village
+called Coyusa, near which flows several rivers of very remarkable water.
+I noticed in them a thing which astonished me not a little. This was
+that certain brackish pools were formed by these streams, and also at
+the source whence they take their rise; and that the Indians, with much
+industry, had certain pipes, made of the stout canes of these parts,
+fixed in them after the manner of ships’ pumps, so that they could pump
+up the quantity of water they required, and make their salt from it.</p>
+
+<p>In the city of Cali there are none of these springs, and the Indians get
+their salt by barter from a province near the sea, called Timbas. Those
+who cannot make the exchange boil fresh water, and mix a certain herb
+with it, by which they make a bad salt of very evil smell. The Spaniards
+who live in this city do not feel the want of salt because the port of
+Buenaventura is near, and vessels arrive there from Peru with large
+blocks of salt.</p>
+
+<p>In the city of Popayan there are some of these fountains, especially
+among the Coconucos, but not so many, nor of such good quality as those
+of Anzerma and Cartago. At Pasto all the salt is obtained by trading,
+and it is better than that of Popayan. I have seen many springs, besides
+those which I have now described, with my own eyes, but it seems to me
+that I have said enough to make the reader understand the manner of
+procuring salt from these springs. Having declared the method of making
+salt in these provinces, I shall now pass on to the great kingdom of
+Peru.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_128" id="page_128"></a>{128}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXVI" id="CHAPTER_XXXVI"></a>CHAPTER XXXVI.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Which contains the description and appearance of the kingdom of Peru
+from the city of Quito to the town of La Plata, a distance of more than
+seven hundred leagues.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">N<small>OW</small> that I have finished what there is to be told respecting the
+province of Popayan, it appears to me that it is time to use my pen in
+giving an account of the notable things that are to be said of Peru,
+commencing from the city of Quito. But, before describing that city, it
+will be convenient to give a sketch of the whole country, which is seven
+hundred leagues long and one hundred in breadth, rather more in some
+parts and less in others.</p>
+
+<p>I do not at present desire to treat of the whole empire over which the
+Kings Yncas ruled, which was more than one thousand two hundred leagues
+long, but I shall confine myself to that part which is understood under
+the name of Peru, from Quito to La Plata.</p>
+
+<p>In this land of Peru there are three desert ranges where men can in no
+wise exist. One of these comprises the <i>montaña</i> (forests) of the Andes,
+full of dense wildernesses, where men cannot, nor ever have lived. The
+second is the mountainous region, extending the whole length of the
+Cordillera of the Andes, which is intensely cold, and its summits are
+covered with eternal snow, so that, in no way, can people live in this
+region, owing to the snow and the cold, and also because there are no
+provisions, all things being destroyed by the snow and by the wind,
+which never ceases to blow. The third range comprises the sandy deserts
+from Tumbez to the other side of Tarapaca, in which there is nothing to
+be seen but sand-hills and the fierce sun which dries them up, without
+water, nor herb, nor tree, nor created thing, except birds, which, by
+the gift of their wings, wander wherever they list. This kingdom, being<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_129" id="page_129"></a>{129}</span>
+so vast, has great deserts, for the reasons I have now given.</p>
+
+<p>The inhabited region is after this fashion. In parts of the mountains of
+the Andes there are ravines and dales, which open out into deep valleys
+of such width as often to form great plains between the mountains, and,
+although the snow falls, it all remains on the higher part. As these
+valleys are closed in, they are not molested by the winds, nor does the
+snow reach them, and the land is so fruitful that all things which are
+sown yield abundantly, and there are trees and many birds and animals.
+The land being so fertile, is well peopled by the natives. They make
+their villages with rows of stones roofed with straw, and live healthily
+and in comfort. Thus the mountains of the Andes form these dales and
+ravines, in which there are populous villages, and rivers of excellent
+water flow near them. Some of these rivers send their waters to the
+South Sea, entering by the sandy deserts which I have mentioned, and the
+humidity of their water gives rise to very beautiful valleys with great
+rows of trees. The valleys are two or three leagues broad, and great
+quantities of <i>algoroba</i><a name="FNanchor_260_260" id="FNanchor_260_260"></a><a href="#Footnote_260_260" class="fnanchor">[260]</a> trees grow in them, which flourish even at
+great distances from any water. Wherever there are groves of trees the
+land is free from sand, and very fertile and abundant. In ancient times
+these valleys were very populous, and still there are Indians in them,
+though not so many as in former days. As it never rains in these sandy
+deserts and valleys of Peru, they do not roof their houses as they do in
+the mountains, but build large houses of <i>adobes</i>,<a name="FNanchor_261_261" id="FNanchor_261_261"></a><a href="#Footnote_261_261" class="fnanchor">[261]</a> with pleasant
+terraced roofs of matting to shade them from the sun, nor do the
+Spaniards use any other roofing than these reed mats. To prepare their
+fields for sowing, they lead channels from the rivers to irrigate the
+valleys, and the channels are so well made, and with so much regularity,
+that all the land is<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_130" id="page_130"></a>{130}</span> irrigated without any waste. This system of
+irrigation makes the valleys very green and cheerful, and they are full
+of the fruit trees both of Spain and of this country. At all times they
+raise good harvests of maize and wheat, and of everything that they sow.
+Thus, although I have described Peru as being formed of three desert
+ridges, yet from them, by the will of God, descend these valleys and
+rivers, without which no man could live. This is the cause why the
+natives were so easily conquered; for, if they rebelled, they would all
+perish of cold and hunger. Except the land which they inhabit, the whole
+country is full of snowy mountains of enormous height, and very
+terrible.</p>
+
+<p>This kingdom, as I have already said, is seven thousand leagues long
+from north to south, but if we include all the country that the Kings
+Yncas had under their dominion, its length would be one thousand two
+hundred leagues of road from north to south on a meridian. Its greatest
+breadth, from east to west, will be little less than one hundred
+leagues, and in other places from forty to sixty, more or less. What I
+say of the length and breadth is to be understood as applied to the
+mountains also, which extend over the whole of this land of Peru. And
+this mighty chain, which is called the Andes, is forty leagues from the
+South Sea in some parts, in others sixty; in some more, and in others
+less. Being so very high, and the greatest heights being towards the
+South Sea, the rivers which flow from them on that side are small
+because their courses are short.</p>
+
+<p>The other chain of mountains, which also extends along the whole length
+of this country, prolongs its spurs into the plains, and ends close to
+the sea in some places, and at others eight or ten leagues from it, more
+or less. The climate of these plains is more hot than cold, and in some
+seasons more so than in others, and the plains are so low, that the sea
+is almost as high as the land. The season of greatest heat is when the
+sun has passed by and reached the tropic<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_131" id="page_131"></a>{131}</span> of capricorn, which is on the
+11th of December, and then it turns again towards the equinoctial line.
+In the mountains, although there are provinces with a warm climate, yet
+the contrary may be said of them, that there is more cold weather than
+hot. So much I have said concerning these provinces, and further on I
+shall add what more there is to be observed concerning them.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXVII" id="CHAPTER_XXXVII"></a>CHAPTER XXXVII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the villages and provinces between the town of Pasto and the city of
+Quito.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">H<small>AVING</small> written what is notable concerning the pleasant town of Pasto, it
+will now be well to continue the journey, by relating what there is on
+the road to the city of Quito.</p>
+
+<p>I said that the town of Pasto was built in the valley of Atris, within
+the territory of the Quillacingas, a shameless people, and they and the
+Pastos are very dirty, and are held in little estimation by their
+neighbours. Leaving the town of Pasto, the road leads to a village of
+the Pastos called Funes, and farther on there is another called Iles.
+Three leagues more bring the traveller to Gualmatan, and another three
+leagues on the road towards Quito bring him to the village of Ipiales.</p>
+
+<p>In all these villages there is little or no maize, the country being
+very cold, and the maize seed very delicate. But they grow plenty of
+potatoes and <i>quinoa</i>,<a name="FNanchor_262_262" id="FNanchor_262_262"></a><a href="#Footnote_262_262" class="fnanchor">[262]</a> besides other products. From Ipiales the
+road leads to a small district called Guaca, but before reaching it the
+road of the Yncas is seen, which is as famous in these parts as that
+which Hannibal made over the Alps when he descended into Italy. Indeed,
+the former ought to be held in more estimation,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_132" id="page_132"></a>{132}</span> as well on account of
+the great lodgings and storehouses along its whole length, as for being
+made in spite of many difficulties over rugged and swampy mountains, so
+that it is a sight marvellous to behold. There is also a river near the
+road, close to which the place is seen where, in former days, the Kings
+Yncas had built a fortress. Here they made war upon the Pastos, and set
+out to conquer them. There is a natural bridge over the river which
+appears artificial. In truth it is a lofty and massive rock, with a hole
+in it, through which the river passes in its fury, and on the top all
+wayfarers can pass at their pleasure. This bridge is called
+<i>Rumichaca</i><a name="FNanchor_263_263" id="FNanchor_263_263"></a><a href="#Footnote_263_263" class="fnanchor">[263]</a> in the language of the Yncas, which is as much as to
+say the “stone bridge.”</p>
+
+<p>Near this bridge there is a fountain of hot water, the heat of which is
+such, that in no wise can any man keep his hand long in it. The land is
+so cold that no one can endure it without great suffering. The Kings
+Yncas intended to have built another fortress near the bridge, and they
+placed faithful guards in order to prevent the troops from returning to
+Cuzco or Quito, for the people held the region of the Pastos to be a
+worthless conquest.</p>
+
+<p>In all these villages there is a fruit called <i>mortuños</i>, which is
+smaller than a sloe, and black. If a man eats many of them he becomes
+giddy and sick, and for a whole day is in great pain. I know this,
+because when we went to give battle to Gonzalo Pizarro, a man named
+Rodrigo de las Peñas came with us, a friend of mine, and ensign to the
+captain Don Pedro de Cabrera. When we reached this village of Guaca, the
+said Rodrigo, having eaten some of these berries, suffered so much that
+we thought he would have died of them.</p>
+
+<p>From the small district of Guaca the road leads to Tusa, which is the
+last village of the Pastos. On the right hand are the mountains which
+overhang the sea of sweet water,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_133" id="page_133"></a>{133}</span> and on the left the height which rises
+from the South Sea. Further on a small hill is reached, where a fortress
+may be seen, built by the Yncas in former days, which must be of no
+small strength for Indian warfare. Beyond this fort and the village of
+Tusa is the river of Mira, which is very warm, and on its banks there is
+plenty of fruit, such as melons, besides game, excellent rabbits,
+pigeons, and partridges. Here they reap large harvests of wheat, barley,
+and maize, for the land is very fertile. From the river there is a
+descent to the great and sumptuous buildings of Carangue, but, before
+arriving at them, the lagoon of Yahuar-cocha<a name="FNanchor_264_264" id="FNanchor_264_264"></a><a href="#Footnote_264_264" class="fnanchor">[264]</a> is seen, which, in our
+language, is as much as to say “the sea of blood.” The Indians say that,
+before the arrival of the Spaniards, the King, Huayna Ccapac, for some
+offence committed by the natives of Carangue and other villages, ordered
+more than twenty thousand to be killed, and their bodies to be thrown
+into this lake. The dead men were so numerous that it looked like a sea
+of blood, for which reason this name was given.<a name="FNanchor_265_265" id="FNanchor_265_265"></a><a href="#Footnote_265_265" class="fnanchor">[265]</a></p>
+
+<p>Further on are the buildings called Carangue, where some say that
+Atahualpa, the son of Huayna Ccapac, was born, for his mother was a
+native of this place. But this is<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_134" id="page_134"></a>{134}</span> certainly not the case, for I
+inquired into the matter with great care, and Atahualpa was born in
+Cuzco. Any other account of his birth is unworthy of credit. These
+buildings of Carangue are in a small square, and within there is a basin
+of cut stone. The palace and lodgings of the Yncas are also of elegant
+stones of great size, and are very neatly fitted without cement, which
+is a thing worthy of no small attention. Formerly there was a temple of
+the sun, and within there were more than two hundred beautiful maidens
+dedicated to the service, who were obliged to preserve their chastity,
+and if any of them failed to do so she was very cruelly punished. Those
+who committed adultery, which was considered a great sacrilege, were
+buried alive. These maidens were carefully watched, and there were also
+priests who performed the sacrifices enjoined by their religion. This
+house of the sun was held in great estimation in the days of the Lords
+Yncas. It was reverenced and guarded, and was full of great vases of
+gold and silver, and of other riches which cannot be quickly enumerated.
+Even the walls were lined with plates of gold and silver. Although it is
+now in a ruinous state, there is enough left to show that it was once a
+magnificent structure. The Yncas maintained a garrison of troops, with
+their officers, in this station, who were here both in time of peace and
+war to put down any rising. Speaking of these Lords Yncas, I will treat
+somewhat of their greatness and power before passing onwards in our
+journey.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_135" id="page_135"></a>{135}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXVIII" id="CHAPTER_XXXVIII"></a>CHAPTER XXXVIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">In which it is stated who were the Kings Yncas, and how they ruled over
+Peru.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">A<small>S</small> I shall often have to treat of the Yncas, and give an account of many
+of their buildings, and of other notable things, it appears to me to be
+appropriate that I should say something concerning them in this place,
+that readers may know who these Yncas were, and not misunderstand their
+importance, or fall into mistakes about them. I, however, have written a
+special book upon them and their deeds, which is very copious.</p>
+
+<p>From the accounts which the Indians of Cuzco have given us, we gather
+that, in ancient times, there were great disorders in all the provinces
+of that kingdom which we now call Peru, and that the natives were so
+savage and stupid as to be beyond belief; for they say that these early
+tribes were bestial, and that many ate human flesh, others taking their
+mothers and daughters for their wives. Besides all this, they committed
+other greater sins, having much intercourse with the devil, whom they
+all served and held in high estimation. They had their castles and forts
+in the mountain fastnesses, and, on very slight provocation, they made
+war upon each other, killing and taking prisoners without mercy.
+Notwithstanding that they committed all these crimes and walked in
+wickedness, they are said to have been given to religion, which is the
+reason why, in many parts of this kingdom, great temples have been found
+where they prayed to, adored, and had interviews with the devil, making
+great sacrifices before their idols. The people of this kingdom lived in
+this manner, and great tyrants rose up in the provinces of Collas, in
+the valleys of the Yuncas, and in other parts, who made fierce wars upon
+each other, and committed many robberies and murders;<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_136" id="page_136"></a>{136}</span> insomuch that
+they caused great calamities, and many castles were destroyed, while the
+devil, the enemy of human nature, rejoiced that so many souls should be
+lost.</p>
+
+<p>While all the provinces of Peru were in this state, two brothers rose
+up, the name of one of whom was Manco Ccapac. The Indians relate great
+marvels and very pleasant fables respecting these men, which may be read
+by any one who pleases, when the book written by me on the subject sees
+the light. This Manco Ccapac founded the city of Cuzco, and established
+laws for the use of the people. He and his descendants were called
+Yncas, a word which signifies lords or kings. They conquered and
+dominated over all the country, from Pasto to Chile, and their banners
+were carried to the south as far as the river Maule, and north to the
+Ancasmayu. These rivers were the boundaries of the empire of these
+Yncas, which was so great, that from one end to the other is a distance
+of one thousand three hundred leagues. The Yncas built great fortresses,
+and in every province they had their captains and governors. They
+performed such great deeds, and ruled with such wisdom, that few in the
+world ever excelled them. They were very intelligent and learned without
+having letters, which had not been invented in these Indies. They
+introduced good customs into all the conquered provinces, and gave
+orders that the people should wear <i>usutas</i> in the place of leathern
+sandals. They thought much of the immortality of the soul, and of other
+secrets of nature. They believed that there was a Creator of all things,
+and they held the sun to be a god, to whom they built great temples;
+but, deceived by the devil, they worshipped among trees and on stones,
+like heathens. In the principal temples they kept a great quantity of
+very beautiful virgins, just as was done in the Temple of Vesta, at
+Rome, and the rules concerning them were almost the same. They chose the
+bravest and most faithful captains they could find to command their
+armies.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_137" id="page_137"></a>{137}</span> They were very astute and artful in turning enemies into
+friends without having resort to war, but they chastised rebels with
+severity and cruelty. But, as I have already said, I have a book
+concerning the Yncas, so that what I have now written will suffice to
+enable those who may read it to understand who these Kings were, and
+their great power, and I will therefore return to my road.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXIX" id="CHAPTER_XXXIX"></a>CHAPTER XXXIX.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of other villages and buildings between Carangue and the city of Quito:
+and of the robbery which the people of Otabalo are said to have
+committed on those of Carangue.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">I<small>N</small> the former chapter I spoke of the great power and dominion which the
+Yncas, Kings of Cuzco, held over all Peru, and it will now be well to
+proceed on our journey.</p>
+
+<p>From the royal station of Carangue the famous road of the Yncas leads to
+the station of Otabalo, which is not, and never has been, very rich or
+important, but on each side of it there are large villages of Indians.
+Those on the west side are called Poritaco, Collaguaso, the Huacas, and
+Cayambes; and near the great river Marañon are the Quijos in a country
+covered with vast forests. It was into this region that Gonzalo Pizarro
+made his way when he went in search of the cinnamon. He was accompanied
+by many valiant Spaniards, and they took with them great store of
+provisions, yet with all this they suffered terrible hardships and much
+hunger. In the fourth part of my work I will give a full account of this
+discovery, and I will relate how they came, by this way, to the great
+river, and how Captain Orellana came down it into the ocean, went to
+Spain, and was named governor of these countries by his Majesty.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_138" id="page_138"></a>{138}</span></p>
+
+<p>Towards the east are the farms of Cotocoyambe and the forests of Yumbo,
+besides many other districts, some of which have not been thoroughly
+explored.</p>
+
+<p>The natives of Otabalo and Carangue are called Guamaraconas (<i>Huayna
+cuna</i><a name="FNanchor_266_266" id="FNanchor_266_266"></a><a href="#Footnote_266_266" class="fnanchor">[266]</a>). The name arose from what was said after the massacre
+ordered by Huana Ccapac in the lake, where most of the men were killed.
+Only boys were left in these villages, and the word means in our
+language “Now you are boys.” The natives of Carangue are very hostile to
+those of Otabalo for the following reason. When the news of the arrival
+of the Spaniards was spread abroad in the provinces of Quito, together
+with the imprisonment of Atahualpa, the people were filled with wonder
+and fear, and were particularly astonished at what they heard concerning
+the swiftness of the horses. Thus they awaited their arrival, thinking,
+that as they had overthrown the Ynca their Lord, they also would be
+subjugated. At this time the Lord of Cayambe had a great quantity of
+treasure in his charge, and he of Otabalo observed that his neighbour
+was in great fear and perturbation for the safety of the precious
+treasure. The chief of Otabalo then called together his people, and,
+selecting those who were most agile and cunning, ordered them to dress
+in shirts and long mantles, and, with wands in their hands, to mount
+their best sheep and to climb up into the heights, so that they could be
+seen by those of Carangue. He, with most of his people and some women,
+in the mean time, fled to Carangue with great demonstrations of fear,
+saying that he was flying from the fury of the Spaniards, who had
+reached his villages on their horses, and that he had left all his
+valuables behind, to escape from their cruelty.</p>
+
+<p>This news caused great terror, and it was received as certain, because
+the Indians, mounted on sheep, could be seen on the hills, so the people
+of Carangue began their<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_139" id="page_139"></a>{139}</span> flight. Otabalo pretended to do the same, but
+he and his people returned to Carangue, and stole all the treasure they
+could find, which was not little. When those of Carangue returned, at
+the end of a few days, the deceit was discovered.</p>
+
+<p>This strange robbery caused much agitation among the people of Carangue,
+and they had several debates among themselves; but, as the captain
+Sebastian de Belalcazar, with the Spaniards, entered the provinces of
+Quito a few days after this occurrence, they dropped their quarrels in
+order to defend themselves. Thus the people of Otabalo retained what
+they had robbed, as is stated by many Indians of these parts, and the
+feud has not ceased amongst them.</p>
+
+<p>From the station of Otabalo the road leads to that of Cochesqui, and
+crosses a snowy pass, where it is so cold that there is some trouble in
+preserving life. From Cochesqui the road passes on to Guallabamba, which
+is four leagues from Quito, and here, the land being low and nearly on
+the equator, it is warm, but not so much so as to prevent it from being
+very populous, and it yields all things necessary for the support of
+man. We who have travelled in these parts know what there is on this
+equinoctial line, which some ancient authors held to be an uninhabitable
+region. Under the line there is winter and summer, and the country is
+thickly inhabited, the crops which are sown yielding abundantly,
+especially wheat and barley.</p>
+
+<p>The road which unites these stations is crossed by several rivers, all
+with bridges, now much out of repair, and there are grand buildings and
+many other things to be seen.</p>
+
+<p>The distance from Guallabamba to Quito is four leagues, and there are
+several houses and farms along the roadside, where the Spaniards have
+their flocks until the plains of Añaquito is reached. Here, in 1545,
+during the month of January, the viceroy Blasco Nuñez Vela arrived with
+a<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_140" id="page_140"></a>{140}</span> company of Spaniards, who followed him, in opposition to those who
+upheld the tyranny. Gonzalo Pizarro, who had seized the government of
+the country, and called himself governor under false colours,
+accompanied by most of the conquerors of Peru, marched out of the city
+of Quito and gave battle to the viceroy. The unfortunate viceroy, and
+many brave knights who were showing their loyalty and desire to serve
+his Majesty, were left dead on the field. Passing this plain of
+Añaquito, the city of Quito is presently reached.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XL" id="CHAPTER_XL"></a>CHAPTER XL.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the situation of the city of San Francisco del Quito, of its
+foundation, and who it was who founded it.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> city of San Francisco del Quito is in the northern province of the
+kingdom of Peru. This province is nearly sixty leagues long from east to
+west, and twenty-five or thirty broad. The city is built amongst ancient
+buildings, which the Yncas, in the days of their power, had ordered to
+be raised in these parts. They were the work of the illustrious and
+powerful Huayna Ccapac, and of the great Tupac, his father, and the
+natives called these royal and noble buildings Quito, whence the city
+took its name.<a name="FNanchor_267_267" id="FNanchor_267_267"></a><a href="#Footnote_267_267" class="fnanchor">[267]</a> The climate is healthy, and more cold than warm.
+There is little or no extent of view from the city, because it is
+situated in a hollow surrounded by high mountains, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_141" id="page_141"></a>{141}</span> level space
+is so confined that there will be some difficulty in building if it is
+desired to enlarge the city, but it could be made very strong if it was
+considered necessary. To the west are the cities of Puerto Viejo, and
+Guayaquil, which are about seventy and eighty leagues distant, and to
+the south are the cities of Loxa and San Miguel, the one one hundred and
+thirty and the other eighty leagues distant. To the east are the forests
+and the sources of the river which is called the fresh water sea,<a name="FNanchor_268_268" id="FNanchor_268_268"></a><a href="#Footnote_268_268" class="fnanchor">[268]</a>
+and to the north is the government of Popayan, which we have just
+passed.</p>
+
+<p>The city of Quito is under the equinoctial line, indeed only seven
+leagues distant from it. The surrounding country appears to be sterile,
+but in reality it is very fertile, and all kinds of cattle are bred in
+it plentifully, besides other provisions, corn and pulse, fruit and
+birds. The country is very pleasant, and particularly resembles Spain in
+its pastures and its climate, for the summer begins in April, and lasts
+until November, and, though it is cold, the land is no more injured by
+it than in Spain.</p>
+
+<p>In the plains they reap a great quantity of wheat and barley, so that
+there is a plentiful supply of provisions in the province, and in time
+it will yield all the fruits of our Spain, for even now they begin to
+grow some of them. The natives are in general more gentle and better
+disposed, and have fewer vices than any of those we have passed, and
+indeed than all the Indians of the greater part of Peru. This, at least,
+is what I myself have seen and understood, although others have formed a
+different opinion. But if they had seen and noted all these people as I
+have done, I hold it for certain that they would be of my way of
+thinking. They are a people of middle height, and very hard workers.
+They live in the same way as the people of the Kings Yncas, except that
+they are not so clever, seeing that they were conquered by them, and now
+live by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_142" id="page_142"></a>{142}</span> rules which were ordered to be observed by the Yncas. For
+in ancient times they were, like their neighbours, badly dressed and
+without industry in the erection of buildings.<a name="FNanchor_269_269" id="FNanchor_269_269"></a><a href="#Footnote_269_269" class="fnanchor">[269]</a></p>
+
+<p>There are many warm valleys where fruit trees and pulses are cultivated
+all the year round. There are also vineyards in these valleys, but as
+the cultivation has only lately commenced, I can only mention the hope
+that they will yield; but they already have large orange and lime trees.
+The pulses of Spain yield abundantly, and all other provisions may be
+had that man requires. There is also a kind of spice, which we call
+cinnamon, brought from the forests to the eastward. It is a fruit, or
+kind of flower, which grows on the very large cinnamon trees, and there
+is nothing in Spain that can be compared with it, unless it be an acorn,
+but it is of a reddish colour inclined to black, and much larger and
+rounder. The taste is very pleasant, like that of real cinnamon, and it
+is only eaten after it has been pounded, for, if it is stewed like real
+cinnamon, it loses the strength of its flavour. It makes a warm cordial,
+as I can affirm from experience, for the natives trade with it, and use
+it in their illnesses, particularly for pains in the bowels and stomach.
+They take it as a drink.<a name="FNanchor_270_270" id="FNanchor_270_270"></a><a href="#Footnote_270_270" class="fnanchor">[270]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_143" id="page_143"></a>{143}</span></p>
+
+<p>They have great store of cotton, which they make into cloth for their
+dresses, and also use it for paying tribute. In the neighbourhood of the
+city of Quito there are many flocks of what we call sheep, but they are
+more like camels. Further on I shall treat of these animals, of their
+shape, and of the different sorts of these sheep of Peru, as we call
+them. There are also many deer, rabbits, partridges, pigeons, doves, and
+other game. Of provisions, besides maize, there are two other products
+which form the principal food of these Indians. One is called potatoe,
+and is a kind of earth nut, which, after it has been boiled, is as
+tender as a cooked chestnut, but it has no more skin than a truffle, and
+it grows under the earth in the same way. This root produces a plant
+exactly like a poppy. The other food is very good, and is called
+<i>quinoa</i>.<a name="FNanchor_271_271" id="FNanchor_271_271"></a><a href="#Footnote_271_271" class="fnanchor">[271]</a> The leaf is like a<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_144" id="page_144"></a>{144}</span> Moorish rush (amaranth?), and the
+plant grows almost to the height of a man, forming a very small seed,
+sometimes white and at others reddish. Of these seeds they make a drink,
+and also eat them cooked, as we do rice.</p>
+
+<p>There are many other seeds and roots, but the natives of Quito, seeing
+the value of wheat and barley, sow one or the other, and eat them, also
+making a drink from the barley.<a name="FNanchor_272_272" id="FNanchor_272_272"></a><a href="#Footnote_272_272" class="fnanchor">[272]</a> As I have said before, all these
+Indians are industrious, although, in some of the provinces, they have a
+different character, as I will relate when we pass through them, for the
+women are made to work in the fields, while their husbands sew and
+weave, and occupy themselves with female work. I have seen, in the
+villages near Cuzco, while the women are ploughing, the men spinning and
+preparing their arms and clothes, work suited to women and not to men.</p>
+
+<p>In the time of the Yncas there was a royal road made by the force and
+labour of men, which began at this city of Quito, and went as far as
+Cuzco, whence another of equal grandeur and magnitude led to the
+province of Chile, which is more than one thousand two hundred leagues
+from Quito. On these roads there were pleasant and beautiful lodgings
+and palaces every three or four leagues, very richly adorned. These
+roads may be compared to that which the Romans made in Spain, and which
+we call the silver road.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_145" id="page_145"></a>{145}</span></p>
+
+<p>I have stopped longer to describe the noteworthy things of Quito than at
+any of the other cities we have left behind, and the reason is that this
+city is the principal place in this part of Peru, and has always been
+much esteemed. To conclude with it, I must add that it was founded and
+settled by captain Sebastian Belalcazar (who was afterwards governor and
+Adelantado of the province of Popayan) in the name of the Emperor, Don
+Carlos our lord, the Adelantado Don Francisco Pizarro being governor and
+captain-general of the kingdoms of Peru and provinces of New Castille,
+in the year of the nativity of our Redeemer Jesus Christ 1534.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLI" id="CHAPTER_XLI"></a>CHAPTER XLI.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Concerning the villages beyond Quito as far as the royal palaces of
+Tumebamba, and of some customs of the natives.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> distance from the city of Quito to the palaces of Tumebamba is
+fifty-three leagues. Soon after leaving the city there is a village
+called Pansaleo, the natives of which differ in some things from their
+neighbours, especially in the fillets or bands round their heads; for by
+these bands the descent of the Indians is known, and the provinces of
+which they are natives.<a name="FNanchor_273_273" id="FNanchor_273_273"></a><a href="#Footnote_273_273" class="fnanchor">[273]</a></p>
+
+<p>These and all the other natives of the kingdom, over a space of more
+than one thousand two hundred leagues, speak the general language of the
+Yncas, being that which<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_146" id="page_146"></a>{146}</span> is used in Cuzco. They generally speak this
+language, because such is the order of the Yncas, and it was a law
+throughout the kingdom that this language should be used. Fathers were
+punished if they neglected to teach it to their sons in their childhood,
+yet, notwithstanding that they speak the language of Cuzco, all these
+tribes had a language of their own which was spoken by their ancestors.
+Thus, those of Pansaleo had a different language from those of Carangue
+and Otabalo. The people of Pansaleo are dressed in shirts without
+sleeves or collars, with openings at the sides for their arms, and above
+for their heads. They also have large mantles of wool or cotton. The
+mantles of the chiefs were very fine, and were dyed with many bright
+colours. For shoes they used certain <i>usutas</i>, made from a root or herb
+called <i>Cabuya</i>,<a name="FNanchor_274_274" id="FNanchor_274_274"></a><a href="#Footnote_274_274" class="fnanchor">[274]</a> which forms great leaves, out of which very useful
+white fibres are drawn, like hemp. Of these they make their <i>usutas</i>, or
+sandals, which serve as shoes, and they wear the ends of these fibres as
+a covering for their heads. Some of the women wear the very graceful
+dress of those of Cuzco, with a long mantle extending from the neck to
+the feet, having holes for the arms. Round the waist they fasten a very
+broad and graceful belt called <i>chumpi</i>, which tightens and secures the
+mantle. Over this they wear another fine mantle falling from the
+shoulders, and coming down so as to cover the feet, called <i>lliella</i>. To
+secure their mantles they wear pins of gold and silver, rather broad at
+one end, called <i>topu</i>. On the head they wear a very graceful band,
+which they call <i>uncha</i>, and the <i>usutas</i>, or sandals, complete their
+attire. In short, the dress of the ladies of Cuzco is the most graceful
+and rich that has been seen up to this time in all the Indies.<a name="FNanchor_275_275" id="FNanchor_275_275"></a><a href="#Footnote_275_275" class="fnanchor">[275]</a>
+They<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_147" id="page_147"></a>{147}</span> are very careful in combing out their hair, and wear it very long.
+In another place I will treat more fully of this dress of the <i>Pallas</i>,
+or ladies of Cuzco.</p>
+
+<p>Between this village of Pansaleo and the city of Quito there are some
+scattered villages here and there among the hills. To the westward are
+the valleys of Uchillo and Langazi, where the land, which is very
+fertile, yields many of those products concerning which I wrote in the
+chapter on the foundation of Quito. The inhabitants are not hostile to
+each other, nor do they eat human flesh, and they are not so wicked as
+some of those in the provinces which we have passed. Formerly they
+adored many idols, according to their own report, but after they were
+conquered by the Kings Yncas, they offered their sacrifices to the sun,
+and worshipped it as a god.</p>
+
+<p>Here a road leads to the forests of Yumbo, where the natives are not so
+serviceable nor so docile as those of Quito, but, on the contrary, proud
+and vicious. They live in a rugged and inaccessible district, which is,
+however, very rich by reason of the warmth and fertility. These people
+also worship the sun, and resemble their neighbours in their habits and
+customs, for, like them, they were subjugated by the great Tupac Ynca
+Yupanqui and his son Huayna Ccapac.</p>
+
+<p>Another road leads towards the rising of the sun, where there is a
+province called Quijos, inhabited by Indians with the same manners and
+customs.</p>
+
+<p>Three leagues beyond Pansaleo are the buildings and village of
+Mulahalo,<a name="FNanchor_276_276" id="FNanchor_276_276"></a><a href="#Footnote_276_276" class="fnanchor">[276]</a> which though now small from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_148" id="page_148"></a>{148}</span> desertion of its
+inhabitants, was, in ancient times, a station where there were lodgings
+for the Yncas and their captains when they travelled on this road, and
+great store of provisions for the troops. On the right hand of the
+village of Mulahalo there is a fiery mouth, or volcano, of which the
+Indians say that, in former times, it threw out great quantities of
+stones and cinders, insomuch that many villages were destroyed by them.
+Some pretend that, before the irruption, infernal visions were seen, and
+trembling voices heard. What these Indians say of the volcano appears to
+be certainly true, for at the time Don Pedro de Alvarado (formerly
+governor of the province of Guatemala) entered Peru with his armed force
+by way of these provinces of Quito, it rained cinders for several days,
+as several Spaniards assert who came with Alvarado. They must have burst
+from some fiery mouth, as there are many in these mountains which would
+yield much sulphur.</p>
+
+<p>A little beyond Mulahalo are the village and great buildings called
+Llacta-cunga, which were as important as those of Quito.<a name="FNanchor_277_277" id="FNanchor_277_277"></a><a href="#Footnote_277_277" class="fnanchor">[277]</a> The
+buildings, though now in ruins, give signs<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_149" id="page_149"></a>{149}</span> of their former grandeur,
+and in some of the walls the niches may be seen where the golden sheep
+and other valuable things which they carved, were kept. The building set
+apart for the Kings Yncas, and the temple of the sun, where they
+performed their sacrifices and superstitions, were especially remarkable
+for these precious things. There were also many virgins here, dedicated
+to the service of the temple, whom they called <i>Mama-cuna</i>. In this
+village the Lords Yncas placed a superintendent, who had charge of the
+collection of tribute in the neighbouring provinces, and stored it here,
+where there were also a great number of <i>Mitimaes</i>.<a name="FNanchor_278_278" id="FNanchor_278_278"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_278_278" class="fnanchor">[278]</a> The Yncas,
+considering that the centre of their dominion was the city of Cuzco,
+whence they promulgated laws, and sent forth their captains to war, and
+that Quito was six hundred leagues distant, while the road to Chile was
+still longer; and considering, also, that all this vast extent of
+country was peopled by barbarous, and some of them very warlike tribes,
+they adopted the following system in order to keep the empire in greater
+security. It was first commenced in the time of King Ynca Yupanqui,
+father of the great Tupac Ynca Yupanqui, and grandfather of Huayna
+Ccapac.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as a province was conquered, ten or twelve thousand men were
+ordered to go there with their wives, but they were always sent to a
+country where the climate resembled that from which they came. If they
+were natives<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_150" id="page_150"></a>{150}</span> of a cold province, they were sent to a cold one; and if
+they came from a warm province, they went to a warm one. These people
+were called <i>Mitimaes</i>,<a name="FNanchor_279_279" id="FNanchor_279_279"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_279_279" class="fnanchor">[279]</a>
+which means Indians who have come from one
+country and gone to another. They received grants of land on which to
+work, and sites on which to build their houses. The Yncas decreed that
+these <i>Mitimaes</i> should always obey the orders of the governors and
+captains who were placed over them, so that if the natives rebelled, the
+<i>Mitimaes</i>, who owed obedience to their captains, would punish them and
+force them into the service of the Yncas; consequently, if there was any
+disturbance among the <i>Mitimaes</i> themselves, they were attacked by the
+natives. By this policy these Lords Yncas kept their empire safe and
+free from rebellion; and the provinces were well supplied with
+provisions, for most of the inhabitants of each were natives of some
+other country. They also adopted another plan, in order that they might
+not be detested by the natives. They never deprived the native caciques
+of their inheritance, and if any one of them was so guilty as to merit
+deprivation, the vacant office was given to his sons or brothers, and
+all men were ordered to obey them. In my book of the Yncas I treat more
+fully of this system of <i>Mitimaes</i> than I am able to do here. To return
+to what I was saying, these Indians, called <i>Mitimaes</i>, in the station
+of Llacta-cunga, were ordered to obey the officer appointed by the Ynca.
+Around the buildings were the farms and villages of the chiefs and
+officers, which were well supplied with provisions.</p>
+
+<p>When the last battle was fought in Peru (which was in the valley of
+Xaquixaguana, where Gonzalo Pizarro was put<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_151" id="page_151"></a>{151}</span> to death) we set out from
+the government of Popayan with the Adelantado Don Sebastian de
+Belalcazar, and little less than two hundred Spaniards, to take the side
+of his Majesty against the tyrants, and some of us arrived at this
+village, for we did not all march along the same road, lest there should
+be difficulty in obtaining food and other necessaries. In one direction
+there were plenty of rabbits, in another pigs, in another fowls, and so
+on with sheep and lambs; and thus all were provided for.</p>
+
+<p>The natives of this village all go about dressed in shirts and mantles,
+each one as richly and gallantly adorned as his means will allow. The
+women also go dressed in the same way as those of Mulahalo, and they
+speak almost the same language. All their houses are of stone, roofed
+with straw, some being large, and others small, according to the rank
+and wealth of the occupants. The captains and lords have many women, but
+there is one principal and legitimate wife, through whom the lordship is
+inherited. They worship the sun, and when the chiefs die, they make
+large tombs in the mountains and plains, where they bury his gold and
+silver jewels, arms, clothes, and live women (not the ugliest) with the
+body, together with plenty of provisions. This custom of thus burying
+the dead is adopted throughout the greater part of the Indies by advice
+of the devil, who gives the people to understand that they will thus be
+well provided for when they arrive in the new country. They make great
+lamentations over their dead, and the women who are not killed, with all
+the servants, are shorn of their hair, and remain for many days in
+constant mourning. After weeping through all the day and night in which
+the death took place, they still continue to weep for a whole year.
+These Indians eat early in the morning, and they eat on the ground
+without troubling themselves much about cloths or napkins. After they
+have eaten their maize, with meat or fish, they pass all the rest of the
+day<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_152" id="page_152"></a>{152}</span> in drinking <i>chicha</i>,<a name="FNanchor_280_280" id="FNanchor_280_280"></a><a href="#Footnote_280_280" class="fnanchor">[280]</a> or wine made from maize, always holding
+the cup in their hands. They are very careful and orderly in their
+festive songs, the men and women holding hands, and going round to the
+sound of a drum. They recount former events in their songs and ditties,
+but they always go on drinking until they are very drunk. [<i>Here follow
+sentences unfit for translation.</i>]<a name="FNanchor_281_281" id="FNanchor_281_281"></a><a href="#Footnote_281_281" class="fnanchor">[281]</a></p>
+
+<p>They believe in the immortality of the soul, and know that there has
+been a Creator of all things in the world, so that in contemplating the
+grandeur of the heavens, the movements of the sun and moon, and other
+marvels, they understand that there was a Creator of them all, but,
+blinded and deceived by the devil, they think that the same devil has
+power over all things. Some, however, seeing his villainy, and that he
+never tells the truth, abhor him, and they obey him more from fear than
+because they believe in his divinity. They hold the sun in great
+reverence, and believe it to be a god. The priests are much esteemed by
+the people.</p>
+
+<p>I shall conclude this chapter by saying that these people of
+Llacta-cunga use lances of palm wood, darts, and slings for fighting.
+The women are very amorous, and some of them are beautiful. There are
+still many <i>Mitimaes</i> here, descended from those who came here when the
+Yncas ruled over these provinces.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_153" id="page_153"></a>{153}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLII" id="CHAPTER_XLII"></a>CHAPTER XLII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the other villages between Llacta-cunga and Riobamba; and of what
+passed between the Adelantado Don Pedro de Alvarado and the Marshal Don
+Diego de Almagro.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">A<small>FTER</small> travelling for some distance beyond Llacta-cunga, along the royal
+road which leads to the great city of Cuzco, the buildings of Muliambato
+are reached, concerning which I have nothing more to say than that they
+are inhabited by Indians of the same nation and customs as those of
+Llacta-cunga. There were ordinary buildings at this station, where
+stores were deposited according to the orders of the officer delegated
+by the Ynca, who obeyed the principal superintendent at Llacta-cunga.
+The chiefs looked to large stations, such as Quito, Tumebamba,
+Caxamarca, Xauxa, Vilcas, or Paria, and others of the same rank for
+orders. These stations were like the seat of a bishopric, or the capital
+of a kingdom, which gave the tone to all the parts, and whence came the
+officers who administered justice, or formed armies in case of war or
+insurrection. Nevertheless affairs of great difficulty or importance
+were not decided upon without a reference to the Kings Yncas. The
+transmission of these references was arranged with such skill and order,
+that the post went from Quito to Cuzco in eight days. Every half-league
+along the road there was a small house, where there were always two
+Indians with their wives. One of these ran with the news that had to be
+transmitted, and, before reaching the next house, he called it out to
+the other runner, who at once set off running the other half-league, and
+this is done with such swiftness that neither mules nor horses could go
+over such rocky ground in a shorter time.<a name="FNanchor_282_282" id="FNanchor_282_282"></a><a href="#Footnote_282_282" class="fnanchor">[282]</a> But, as in the book of
+the Kings Yncas<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_154" id="page_154"></a>{154}</span> (which is the one that, with the help of God, will
+appear after this) I treat fully of these posts, I will not say more
+here, my present intention being merely to make things clear to the
+readers’ understanding.</p>
+
+<p>From Muliambato the road leads to the river called Ambato, where there
+are also buildings which served the same purpose as those already
+described. Three leagues from this place are the splendid buildings of
+Mocha, which are so numerous and so grand, that I was astonished at the
+sight of them; but, now that the Kings Yncas have lost their power, all
+these palaces and buildings, with other grand works of theirs, have
+fallen into ruin, so that the vestiges of some of these edifices alone
+remain. As they are built of very beautiful stone, and as the masonry is
+excellent, they will endure for ages as memorials, without being
+entirely destroyed.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_155" id="page_155"></a>{155}</span></p>
+
+<p>Round Mocha there are several villages where the inhabitants and their
+women all go dressed. Their customs and language are the same as those
+of the Indians we have left behind.</p>
+
+<p>To the westward are the villages of Indians called Sichos, and to the
+east are the Pillaros. All these have great store of provisions, because
+their land is very fertile, and flocks of deer, some sheep of the kind
+called Peruvian, many rabbits, partridges, doves, and other game.
+Besides these, the Spaniards have large herds of cattle in all the
+plains and villages, and they breed extensively by reason of the
+excellent pasture. There are also goats, the country being well suited
+for them; and better swine than in any other part of the Indies, and
+they make as good ham and bacon as in the Sierra Morena.</p>
+
+<p>Leaving Mocha, the great buildings of Riobamba are reached, which are
+not less worthy to be seen than those of Mocha. They are in the province
+of the Puruaes, in the midst of beautiful plains, very similar to those
+of Spain in climate, in the flowers and grasses, and in other things, as
+every one knows who has travelled over them.</p>
+
+<p>For some days the city of Quito was established at Riobamba, before it
+was removed to its present site. But the buildings at Riobamba are more
+memorable for another event. The Adelantado Don Pedro de Alvarado,
+formerly governor of the province of Guatemala, which borders on the
+great kingdom of New Spain, set out with a fleet of ships filled with
+many knights (concerning whom I shall treat fully in the third part of
+this work), and landed on the coast, where the fame of Quito reached the
+Spaniards. They marched inland by difficult and rugged forests, where
+they suffered from hunger and other hardships. I cannot and ought not to
+pass on without saying something concerning the evils and miseries which
+these Spaniards, and all others, suffered in the discovery of these
+Indies, because I hold it<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_156" id="page_156"></a>{156}</span> for very certain that no nation that has ever
+been in the world has passed through so much. It is a thing well worthy
+of note that, in less than sixty years, a navigation so long, and a land
+so vast and so full of different tribes should have been discovered, the
+way leading through dense and dismal forests, and over deserts without
+roads; and that these countries should have been conquered, and more
+than two hundred cities founded in them. Surely those who have done this
+deserve great praise and everlasting fame, far more than my memory knows
+how to imagine, nor my weak hand to write. One thing is very certain,
+that the followers of Alvarado suffered so much on this road from hunger
+and fatigue, that many of them cast aside gold and precious emeralds,
+from want of strength to carry them. As soon as the arrival of the
+Adelantado Don Pedro de Alvarado was known in Cuzco, through evidence
+brought by Gabriel de Rojas,<a name="FNanchor_283_283" id="FNanchor_283_283"></a><a href="#Footnote_283_283" class="fnanchor">[283]</a> the governor, Don Francisco Pizarro,
+although he was occupied in peopling that city with Christians, set out
+to take possession of the coasts of the South Sea; while he ordered his
+companion, the marshal Don Diego de Almago, to march in all haste to the
+province of Quito, place himself at the head of the troops then under
+the orders of his lieutenant, the captain Sebastian de Belalcazar, and
+take every necessary precaution. By hasty marches the diligent marshal
+arrived in the province of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_157" id="page_157"></a>{157}</span> Quito, and took command of the troops that
+he found there, speaking sharply to the captain Belalcazar for having
+left Tangaraca without orders from the governor.</p>
+
+<p>The Adelantado Don Pedro de Alvarado, accompanied by Don Diego de
+Alvarado, Gomez de Alvarado, Alonzo de Alvarado, who is now marshal of
+Peru,<a name="FNanchor_284_284" id="FNanchor_284_284"></a><a href="#Footnote_284_284" class="fnanchor">[284]</a> the captain Garcilasso de la Vega,<a name="FNanchor_285_285" id="FNanchor_285_285"></a><a href="#Footnote_285_285" class="fnanchor">[285]</a> Juan de
+Saavedra,<a name="FNanchor_286_286" id="FNanchor_286_286"></a><a href="#Footnote_286_286" class="fnanchor">[286]</a> and other knights of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_158" id="page_158"></a>{158}</span> high rank, arrived in the
+neighbourhood of the camp of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_159" id="page_159"></a>{159}</span> marshal Don Diego de Almagro. There
+was some danger of a rupture between them; but at last, by the
+intervention of the licentiate Caldera and other prudent persons, it was
+agreed that the Adelantado should leave the fleet of ships he had
+brought, with the arms and troops, in Peru, and that, in consideration
+of the expenses of the expedition, he should receive one hundred
+thousand <i>castellanos</i>.<a name="FNanchor_287_287" id="FNanchor_287_287"></a><a href="#Footnote_287_287" class="fnanchor">[287]</a> This capitulation<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_160" id="page_160"></a>{160}</span> having been agreed to,
+the marshal took the troops into his service, and the Adelantado
+proceeded to the City of the Kings, where the governor Don Francisco
+Pizarro received him with the distinction that was due to so valorous a
+captain as Don Pedro de Alvarado. He received the one hundred thousand
+<i>castellanos</i>, and returned to his government of Guatemala. The
+agreement and capitulation above-mentioned was made and agreed to in the
+buildings of Riobamba, concerning which I am now treating. It was also
+here that the captain Belalcazar, who was afterwards governor of the
+province of Popayan, fought a battle with the Indians, in which, after
+many of them had been killed, the victory remained with the Christians.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLIII" id="CHAPTER_XLIII"></a>CHAPTER XLIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Which treats of what there is to be said concerning the other Indian
+villages as far as the buildings of Tumebamba.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HESE</small> buildings of Riobamba, as I have already said, are in the province
+of the Puruaes, which is one of the best and most populous within the
+jurisdiction of the city of Quito. The men go dressed, as well as the
+women. They have the same customs as their neighbours, but are
+distinguished by the band round their heads. They all wear very long
+hair, and plait it in very small tails. The women do the same. They
+worship the sun, and those who are selected as most fit for such a
+business, converse with the devil. They have other rites and abuses, the
+same as those of the Yncas who conquered them. When a chief dies they
+dig a deep square tomb, into which they put the body, with the arms and
+other effects of the deceased. Some of these tombs are made within the
+houses of the inhabitants. They<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_161" id="page_161"></a>{161}</span> have the same customs as the other
+natives of these parts; that is to say, they bury the most beautiful of
+the women of the deceased with the body. I have been told by the Indians
+that this is done because some among them, who are looked upon as men of
+credit (God permitting that, for their sins and idolatries they may at
+times be deceived by the illusions of the devil), have seen, or thought
+they saw, those who had long been dead walking, adorned with the things
+that were buried with them, and accompanied by their wives who had been
+buried alive. Seeing this, they concluded that where the souls went,
+women and gold should also be sent, and so they do as I have described.
+The reason why the son of the sister inherits, and not the son of the
+brother, I will relate hereafter.</p>
+
+<p>There are many villages in this province of the Puruaes, which I shall
+not further allude to, in order to avoid prolixity. To the east of
+Riobamba there are other villages in the forests near the sources of the
+river Marañon, and the mountain called Tinguragua, round which there are
+also many villages. The inhabitants have the same customs as all the
+others, they wear clothing, and their houses are built of stone. They
+were conquered by the Kings Yncas, and their captains speak the general
+language of Cuzco, although they have their own tongue as well. To the
+westward there is a snowy region thinly inhabited, called Urcolaso. Near
+this land a road leads to the city of Santiago, which is called
+Guayaquil.</p>
+
+<p>Leaving Riobamba, some other buildings are reached, called Cayambe. All
+this country is bare and very cold. Beyond Cayambe are the <i>tampus</i>, or
+lodgings of Teocaxas, situated on a large and bitterly cold plain, where
+the Indian natives fought the battle with the captain Sebastian de
+Belalcazar, which is called Teocaxas. Although it lasted all day, and
+was very obstinately contested, neither party obtained the victory.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_162" id="page_162"></a>{162}</span></p>
+
+<p>Three leagues further on are the important buildings called Tiquisambi,
+which have the forests of Guayaquil on the right, and on the left
+Pomallata, Quizna, Macas, and other regions as far as the great river.
+The road then descends to the buildings of Chanchan, where, the country
+being warm, it is called by the natives <i>Yunca</i>, which means a warm
+land. There being no snow nor cold, the trees grow abundantly, besides
+other things which are not to be had in cold countries. For this reason
+all those who live in warm and genial countries are called <i>Yuncas</i>;
+they have this name now, and will never lose it while they exist,
+although ages should pass away. The distance between these buildings and
+the sumptuous royal edifices of Tumebamba is nearly twenty leagues, the
+whole intervening country being scattered over with depôts and other
+buildings, at intervals of two or three or four leagues. Amongst these
+there are two principal stations, one called Cañaribamba and the other
+Hatuncañari,<a name="FNanchor_288_288" id="FNanchor_288_288"></a><a href="#Footnote_288_288" class="fnanchor">[288]</a> whence the natives and their province took the name of
+Cañaris, as they are now called. Right and left of the road there are
+numerous villages and provinces, which I shall not further mention,
+because the natives, having been conquered by the Kings Yncas, have the
+same customs as all the rest, speak the general language of Cuzco, and
+wear clothes, both men and women. In the order of their marriages, rules
+of inheritance, and custom of burying food, arms, and live women with
+their dead, they are also the same as their neighbours. They all believe
+the sun to be god, but that there was also a Creator of all things,
+whom, in the language of Cuzco, they call <i>Huiracocha<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_163" id="page_163"></a>{163}</span></i>.<a name="FNanchor_289_289" id="FNanchor_289_289"></a><a href="#Footnote_289_289" class="fnanchor">[289]</a> Although
+they now have this belief, they formerly worshipped trees, stones, and
+the moon, being prompted by the devil, our enemy, with whom some of them
+converse, and they obey him in many things. In our time, the wrath of
+God having been raised, the sacred evangel will be preached, and the
+light of faith spread abroad, so that they will abhor the devil. Already
+in many places where he was esteemed and venerated, he is now detested,
+and the temples of the accursed idols are destroyed, insomuch that there
+is no sign of an image, and many Indians have become Christians. There
+are now few villages in Peru without a friar or clergyman who teaches
+the people; and, in order that the Indians may more readily be made to
+understand their errors, and induced to embrace our holy religion, a
+grammar has been made, by which to speak their language, so that the
+priests and Indians may understand each other. The reverend father Don
+Domingo de Santo Tomas has laboured much in this work.<a name="FNanchor_290_290" id="FNanchor_290_290"></a><a href="#Footnote_290_290" class="fnanchor">[290]</a></p>
+
+<p>All along the road there are rivers, some small others larger, and all
+with excellent water. Over some there are bridges to pass from one side
+to the other. In former times, before the Spaniards gained this kingdom,
+there were great quantities of sheep in these mountains of the kind
+peculiar to this country, and a still greater number of <i>huanacos</i> and
+<i>vicuñas</i>. But the Spaniards have slaughtered so many, that now there
+are scarcely any left. No wolves nor other mischievous animals have been
+met with in these parts, except the tigers, which I mentioned in
+describing the forests of Buenaventura, and some small lions. In the
+wooded ravines there are also some snakes, and in all parts there are
+foxes of the country, and other wild creatures. Of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_164" id="page_164"></a>{164}</span> partridges, pigeons,
+doves, and deer, there is abundance, and in the vicinity of Quito there
+are many rabbits. <i>Dantas</i>, or tapirs, are met with in the forests.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLIV" id="CHAPTER_XLIV"></a>CHAPTER XLIV.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Concerning the grandeur of the rich palaces of Tumebamba, and of the
+province of the Cañaris.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">I<small>N</small> some parts of this book I have alluded to the great power of the
+Kings Yncas of Peru, and to their surpassing valour, and how, along a
+distance of more than one thousand two hundred leagues of coast which
+was under their rule, they appointed their delegates and governors, and
+formed many deposits full of all things necessary for their troops. In
+some of these depôts there were lances, in others darts, and in others
+sandals, and so on with other arms and articles of clothing which these
+people use, besides stores of food. Thus, when a chief was lodged in one
+of these depôts with his troops, there was nothing, from the most
+important to the most trifling article, with which they were not
+supplied. If there was any rising in the surrounding districts, they
+were ready to punish it with great severity; for the Yncas were such
+perfect judges, that they did not hesitate to punish even their own
+sons. Besides these depôts and lodgings throughout the kingdom, there
+were palaces and temples of the sun at every ten or twenty leagues along
+the road, where there were priests, <i>Mama-cunas</i>, virgins, and more
+complete supplies than at the other stations. There were also governors,
+or chief captains, appointed by the Ynca, with the <i>Mitimaes</i> and
+Indians bound to service. In the time when there was no war, and when
+the Ynca was not travelling in the neighbourhood, the duty of these<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_165" id="page_165"></a>{165}</span>
+people was to collect the tribute in their districts, and see that all
+necessary supplies were kept in readiness. One of these stations was a
+grand affair, for, when a King died his successor disturbed nothing, but
+rather repaired and improved the place, for each Ynca had his own
+palace, while that of his predecessor was ordered to be preserved as he
+left it.</p>
+
+<p>The famous buildings of Tumebamba are in the province of Cañaris, and
+they were among the richest and most splendid in the whole kingdom of
+Peru.<a name="FNanchor_291_291" id="FNanchor_291_291"></a><a href="#Footnote_291_291" class="fnanchor">[291]</a> Certainly there is nothing which the Indians say of these
+buildings that did not appear to me to be even greater than their
+account, judging by the remains which still exist.</p>
+
+<p>To the westward is the province of Guancavilcas, which borders on the
+cities of Guayaquil and Puerto Viejo, and to the east is the great river
+Marañon, with its forests and some villages.</p>
+
+<p>The buildings of Tumebamba are situated in a plain more than twelve
+leagues in extent, near two small rivers. The climate is cold, and there
+is plenty of game, such as deer, rabbits, partridges, pigeons, and other
+birds.</p>
+
+<p>The temple of the sun is built of stones very cunningly wrought, some of
+them being very large, coarse, and black, and others resembling jasper.
+Some of the Indians pretend that most of the stones of which these
+buildings and the temple of the sun are built, have been brought from
+the great city of Cuzco by order of the King Huayna Ccapac, and of the
+great Tupac Ynca his father, by means of strong ropes. If this be true
+it is a wonderful work, by reason of the great size of the stones and
+the length of the road.<a name="FNanchor_292_292" id="FNanchor_292_292"></a><a href="#Footnote_292_292" class="fnanchor">[292]</a> The doorways of many of the buildings were
+very<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_166" id="page_166"></a>{166}</span> handsome and brightly painted, with several precious stones and
+emeralds let into the stone; and the interior walls of the temple of the
+sun, and of the palaces of the Yncas, were lined with plates of the
+finest gold stamped with many figures. The roofs were of straw, so well
+put on that no fire would consume it, while it would endure for many
+ages.<a name="FNanchor_293_293" id="FNanchor_293_293"></a><a href="#Footnote_293_293" class="fnanchor">[293]</a> Within the buildings there were several bunches of golden
+straw, and sheep, lambs, birds, and many other things were sculptured on
+the walls. Besides all this, they say that there were enormous sums in
+gold preserved in jars and vases, and many rich vestments adorned with
+silver work and beads. In short, I am unable to describe the
+magnificence of these royal palaces of the Yncas. The cloth in the
+store-houses was in such quantity, and so rich, that, had it been
+preserved and not lost, it would have been worth a great treasure. There
+were more than two hundred virgins dedicated to the service of the sun,
+who were very beautiful, and natives of Cañaris, the province governed
+by the chief superintendent of the Ynca, who resided in these buildings.
+They and the priests were well cared for by those who had charge of the
+temple, at the doors of which there were porters. Near the temple and
+the palaces of the Yncas there were many buildings<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_167" id="page_167"></a>{167}</span> used as lodgings for
+the troops, and as store-houses, which were always kept full.</p>
+
+<p>The natives of this province, called Cañaris, are good-looking and well
+grown. They wear their hair very long, so much so, that by that and a
+circular crown of wands, as fine as those of a sieve, the Cañaris may
+easily be known, for they wear this head-dress as a distinguishing
+mark.<a name="FNanchor_294_294" id="FNanchor_294_294"></a><a href="#Footnote_294_294" class="fnanchor">[294]</a></p>
+
+<p>The women also wear their hair very long, and take a turn with it round
+their heads, by which they may be known as easily as their husbands.
+They dress in woollen and cotton cloth, with <i>usutas</i> on their feet,
+which are, as I have said before, like sandals. The women are very
+pretty, amorous, and friendly to the Spaniards. They are great
+labourers, for it is they who dig the land, sow the crops, and reap the
+harvests, while their husbands remain in the houses sewing and weaving,
+adorning their clothes, and performing other feminine offices. When any
+Spanish army passed through their province, the Indians at that time
+being obliged to supply people to carry the baggage of the Spaniards on
+their backs, many of these Cañaris sent their wives and daughters, and
+remained at home themselves. I saw this myself when we marched to join
+the licentiate Gasca, president of his Majesty, for they sent us a
+number of women who carried our baggage.</p>
+
+<p>Some Indians say that this arises from the dearth of men and the great
+abundance of women, owing to the cruelty of Atahualpa to the people of
+this province, when he entered it after having killed the
+captain-general of his brother Huascar at Ambato, whose name was Atoco.
+They affirm<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_168" id="page_168"></a>{168}</span> that, although the men and boys came out with green boughs
+and palm-leaves to seek for mercy, he, with a haughty air and severe
+voice, ordered his captains to kill them all. Thus a great number of men
+and boys were killed, and they say that now there are fifteen times as
+many women as men, and, being so numerous, they have to work as they are
+ordered by their husbands or fathers. The houses of the Cañaris are
+small, and built of stone with straw roofs. The land is very fertile,
+and abounds in provisions and game. The people worship the sun. The
+chiefs marry as many women as they please, but one is always the
+principal wife. Before the marriage takes place, they make a festival,
+and, after eating and drinking at their will, they perform other
+ceremonies according to the custom of the country. The son of the
+principal wife inherits the chiefship, although the chief may have many
+sons by other wives. They place their dead in tombs resembling those
+made by their neighbours, and also bury the women alive, together with
+arms and food. Some of these people are great magicians and sorcerers,
+but they do not practise the abominable crime, nor other sins and
+idolatries; but they certainly reverence the devil, and those who are
+selected for the purpose converse with him. At present the chiefs have
+become Christians, and (when I passed through Tumebamba) the principal
+chief was called Don Fernando. It has pleased our Lord and Redeemer that
+they should be worthy to be called his sons, and to come into the union
+of our holy mother Church; for they hear the sacred evangel, and his
+words bear fruit in them. The temples of these Indians have been
+destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>If the devil now deceives them it is in an underhand way, as happens
+sometimes even to the faithful, and not openly, as was his wont before
+the standard of the cross of Christ was planted in these Indies.</p>
+
+<p>Very great events passed in the time of the Yncas in<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_169" id="page_169"></a>{169}</span> these royal
+buildings of Tumebamba, and many armies have been assembled there for
+important objects. When the King died, the first thing that his
+successor did, after he had taken the royal fringe or crown, was to send
+governors to Quito and Tumebamba, with orders to take possession in his
+name, and to build rich palaces adorned with gold, like those of his
+predecessor. The <i>Orejones</i> of Cuzco (the most learned and noble men in
+the kingdom), say that Ynca Yupanqui, father of the great Tupac Ynca,
+who was the founder of Tumebamba, enjoyed being here more than in any
+other place, and they say the same of Tupac Ynca. They also affirm that
+while Huayna Ccapac was residing here, he heard of the first arrival of
+the Spaniards in the land, when Don Francisco Pizarro reached the coast
+in the ship with thirteen companions, who were the first discoverers of
+Peru; and that he said that, after his days, a strange people would rule
+the land, like those who had arrived in the ship. He must have said this
+at the suggestion of the devil, as well as that the Spaniards would
+return to the country with great power. Now these buildings of Tumebamba
+are in ruins, but it is easy to see how grand they once were.</p>
+
+<p>The province of Cañaris is very broad, and full of many rivers, in which
+there are great riches. In 1544, they discovered such great and rich
+mines in these rivers, that the people of the city of Quito extracted
+more than eight hundred thousand <i>pesos</i> of gold. The quantity of this
+metal was such, that they often took out of the troughs more gold than
+earth. I affirm this, because I spoke with a man who had taken more than
+seven hundred <i>pesos</i> of gold out of a single trough; and besides what
+the Spaniards got, the Indians took an unknown quantity.</p>
+
+<p>In all parts of this province where wheat is sown, it yields abundantly,
+and so also does barley. It is believed also that great vineyards may be
+planted, and that all the fruits<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_170" id="page_170"></a>{170}</span> and pulses of Spain may be grown, as
+well as those of the country.</p>
+
+<p>There is no want of a good site for building a great city. When the
+viceroy Blasco Nuñez Vela passed this way, flying before the tyrannical
+fury of Gonzalo Pizarro and his followers; it is stated that he said
+that, if he should become governor of this kingdom, he would build a
+city on these plains, and divide the Indians among the settlers who
+should establish themselves in it. But, God permitting it for some
+reason which he alone knows, the viceroy was killed, and Gonzalo Pizarro
+ordered the captain Alonzo de Mercadillo to found a city in these parts.
+As, however, the district was within the limits of Quito, he selected
+the province of Chaparra instead, as I will relate presently. The
+distance from the city of San Francisco de Quito to these buildings is
+fifty-five leagues. Here I will leave the royal road, along which we
+have hitherto been travelling, in order to give an account of the
+country in the neighbourhood of the cities of Puerto Viejo and
+Guayaquil; and having done this I will again return to the royal road.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLV" id="CHAPTER_XLV"></a>CHAPTER XLV.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Concerning the road which leads from the province of Quito to the coast
+of the South Sea, and the bounds of the city of Puerto Viejo.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">I <small>have</small> now brought my narrative as far as the buildings of Tumebamba,
+and it is necessary that I should describe the cities of Puerto Viejo
+and Guayaquil, although I would rather go on, both because I have not
+been much in the latter districts, and because the natives are deficient
+in intelligence, and it is difficult to get information from them. Also
+because it seemed to me sufficient that I should conduct<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_171" id="page_171"></a>{171}</span> the reader
+along the royal road; but my obligation to satisfy the curious obliges
+me to give a true account of everything that has come within my
+observation; and I feel certain that this will be agreeable to all
+learned, benevolent, and judicious readers. Thus I make the following
+statements with all the truthfulness and exactness that I am master of.
+Having said so much concerning these provinces, I will then return to
+the royal road.</p>
+
+<p>To go, then, to these cities of Puerto Viejo and Guayaquil, it is
+necessary to take the road from Quito to the coast of the South Sea, and
+I will commence my account at Guaque, which is the beginning of the one
+region and the boundary of the other. From Tumebamba there is no direct
+road to the coast, except in the direction of the city of San Miguel,
+the first settlement made by the Christians in Peru.</p>
+
+<p>In the district of Quito, not very far from Tumebamba, there is a
+province called Chumbo, but before reaching it there are other villages
+of various sizes, inhabited by Indians wearing clothes, with
+good-looking women. There are royal buildings in the villages, as in
+those we have passed, and the people obeyed the Lords Yncas, and used
+the general language which was ordered to be talked in all parts. The
+natives have the same customs as their neighbours, and the same
+religion, worshipping the sun and other gods, and believing in the
+immortality of the soul. They had relations with the devil, and, God
+permitting it for their sins, the evil one had great power over them.
+Now, as the holy faith is preached in every direction, many of them have
+become Christians, and friars are living amongst them, who teach them
+the things concerning the faith.</p>
+
+<p>The natives of these parts have a very well marked sign of distinction,
+by which they may be known of all men. When I was in Cuzco people
+arrived there from all parts, and we knew by their distinguishing marks
+that some came<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_172" id="page_172"></a>{172}</span> from Canchiz, others from Canas, others from Collao,
+others from Huancas, and others from Chachapoyas. This was, assuredly,
+an excellent invention, by means of which, in time of war, they could
+not mistake one tribe for another, and, in time of peace, each man knew
+his own countryman. Without some distinguishing mark, there would be
+many tribes gathered together by order of their chiefs, all of one
+colour, with the same features and appearance, all without beards, the
+same dress, and using one language.</p>
+
+<p>In all these villages there are now churches where they say mass, and
+great care is taken to teach the children their prayers, so that, with
+the help of God, there is hope that things will go on improving.</p>
+
+<p>From this province of Chumbo the road continues for fourteen leagues
+over rugged and sometimes difficult ground, until a river is reached
+where there are always natives with <i>balsas</i> who ferry travellers
+across. This place is called the pass of Huayna Ccapac, and it is said
+to be twelve leagues from the island of Puna. Further on the Indians are
+not so civilised as those we have passed, because some of them were not
+completely subjugated by the Kings Yncas.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLVI" id="CHAPTER_XLVI"></a>CHAPTER XLVI.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">In which an account is given of certain things relating to the province
+of Puerto Viejo; and also concerning the equinoctial line.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> first port in the land of Peru is that of Passaos, and from it and
+the river of Santiago the government of the Marquis Don Francisco
+Pizarro commenced, for to the northward the land falls within the limits
+of the province of San Juan, and thus it may be said that the land to
+the north is within the boundaries of the city of Santiago de<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_173" id="page_173"></a>{173}</span> Puerto
+Viejo, where, being so near the equator, the inhabitants are not very
+healthy.</p>
+
+<p>Touching the equinoctial line, some of the ancient cosmographers were in
+error when they affirmed that the heat was such as to render the country
+lying under it uninhabitable. The fertility of the land, and the
+abundance of all things necessary to sustain man, are manifest to all,
+and, as the equinoctial line is touched upon in several parts of this
+history, I will here give an account of what I have gathered from the
+best cosmographers concerning it. The equinoctial line is an imaginary
+line round the world from east to west, at equal distances from the
+poles of the earth. It is called equinoctial, because the passage of the
+sun across it makes the days and nights equal. This occurs twice in the
+year, namely on the 11th of March and 13th of September. It is to be
+understood, as I have already said, that the opinion of some ancient
+authors was that the country under this equinoctial line was
+uninhabitable. They believed this because, as the sun there sent its
+rays on the earth vertically, the heat must, as they thought, be so
+excessive that none could live. Virgil, Ovid, and other worthies were of
+this opinion. Others held that some part might be inhabitable, following
+Ptolemy, who says, “It does not follow that we should believe the torrid
+zone to be entirely without inhabitants.” Others thought, on the
+contrary, that the climate was not only temperate and moderately warm,
+but very pleasant. This is affirmed by St. Isidore, who says that the
+terrestrial paradise is a temperate and delightful place in the east,
+under the equinoctial line. Experience has now taught us that, not only
+the country exactly under the equinoctial line, but the whole torrid
+zone, from one tropic to the other, is habitable and fertile, by reason
+of the days and nights being almost equal. The coolness of the night
+tempers the heat of the day, and the land has its due season for growing
+and producing its fruits. This is the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_174" id="page_174"></a>{174}</span> natural condition of the country,
+though some parts are different.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians of the province of Santiago de Puerto Viejo are not long
+lived; and, as regards the Spaniards, there are very few old men amongst
+them, though their number has been thinned more by the wars than by
+sickness. From this equinoctial line towards the Arctic Pole, the tropic
+of cancer is distant 420 leagues in 23½°, and the sun arrives there on
+the 11th of June, but never passes beyond it, for it there takes a turn
+towards the equinoctial line again, and reaches it on the 13th of
+September. Then it descends to the tropic of capricorn, another 420
+leagues, and also in 23½°. There is, therefore, a distance of 840
+leagues from tropic to tropic. The ancients called this the Torrid Zone,
+which is as much as to say the parched or toasted land, for the sun
+moves over it all the year.</p>
+
+<p>The natives are of middle height, and have a most fertile land, yielding
+abundance of maize, <i>yucas</i>, <i>aji</i>, potatoes, and many other roots which
+are useful for the support of man. There are also plenty of <i>guavas</i> and
+<i>aguacates</i>, besides <i>tunas</i><a name="FNanchor_295_295" id="FNanchor_295_295"></a><a href="#Footnote_295_295" class="fnanchor">[295]</a> of two kinds, one white and of
+excellent flavour, <i>caymitos</i>, and another fruit they call <i>cerezilla</i>.
+The melons are of two kinds, also, those of Spain and those of the
+country, and there are all sorts of beans and peas. The orange and lemon
+trees abound, also bananas, and pine-apples of excellent flavour. There
+are great quantities of those pigs which (as I said before in speaking
+of the port of Uraba) have the navel on the back, which, however, is not
+really the navel, but some other thing that grows there. As they did not
+find a navel below, they called this excrescence on the back a navel.
+The flesh of these pigs is very savoury. There are also pigs of the
+Spanish breed, and many deer with the most singularly delicate flesh of
+any in Peru. Partridges, doves, pigeons, turkeys, and a vast number of
+other birds<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_175" id="page_175"></a>{175}</span> are found; among them one called <i>Xuta</i>, which is about the
+size of a large duck, and which the Indians rear in their houses. These
+birds are tame and good to eat. There is another bird called
+<i>Maca</i>,<a name="FNanchor_296_296" id="FNanchor_296_296"></a><a href="#Footnote_296_296" class="fnanchor">[296]</a> very little smaller than a cock. It is a beautiful thing to
+see the colours of the plumage of this bird, and the beak, which is
+rather thicker than a finger, is most distinctly divided into two
+colours, yellow and red. In the forests they meet with foxes, bears,
+small lions, and some tigers and serpents, but they all fly from men who
+do not first attack them. There are also night birds of prey, as well
+inland as on the coast, such as condors, and the bird they call
+<i>gallinazo</i>,<a name="FNanchor_297_297" id="FNanchor_297_297"></a><a href="#Footnote_297_297" class="fnanchor">[297]</a> or <i>aura</i>.<a name="FNanchor_298_298" id="FNanchor_298_298"></a><a href="#Footnote_298_298" class="fnanchor">[298]</a> In the wooded ravines and forests
+there are many trees, which are useful for building houses and for other
+purposes. In some of these trees the bees make excellent honeycombs. The
+Indians have fisheries where they kill many fishes, among which are fish
+called <i>bonitos</i>, a bad kind of fish which causes fevers and other evils
+to those who eat it. In all parts of the coast the men are afflicted
+with dark-coloured excrescences, the size of nuts, which grow on the
+forehead, nostrils, and other parts, and, besides being dangerous, they
+are very disfiguring. These bumps are said to be caused by eating a
+certain fish. However this may be, they are common on the coast, and,
+besides the natives, many Spaniards have been afflicted with these
+bumps.</p>
+
+<p>In this coast and territory, subject to the city of Puerto Viejo and to
+that of Guayaquil, there are two kinds of people. From the cape of
+Passaos and river of Santiago to the town of Solango, the men are marked
+in the face, and the mark begins at the root of the ear and descends to
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_176" id="page_176"></a>{176}</span> chin, the breadth being according to each man’s fancy. Some mark
+the greater part of the face, and others less, much after the fashion of
+the Moors. Both men and women wear mantles and shirts of cotton, and
+sometimes of wool. They also wear a few ornaments, such as jewels of
+gold and very small beads, called <i>chaquira</i>.<a name="FNanchor_299_299" id="FNanchor_299_299"></a><a href="#Footnote_299_299" class="fnanchor">[299]</a> In some provinces I
+have myself seen that the people put so high a value on these
+<i>chaquiras</i>, that they will give their weight in gold for them. In the
+province of Quinbaya (where the city of Cartago is situated) certain of
+the chiefs gave more than one thousand five hundred <i>pesos</i> to the
+marshal Robledo for little more than a pound weight of them, but at that
+time they gave two or three hundred <i>pesos</i> for three or four glass
+diamonds. In the matter of selling to Indians we were then pretty safe
+from being deceived by them. It has even happened to me to sell a copper
+axe to an Indian for its weight in gold. But things are now changed, and
+the Indians well understand how to sell what they have, and how to buy
+what they require.</p>
+
+<p>The principal places where the Indians mark their faces in this province
+are Passaos, Xaramixo, Pimpaguace, Peclansemeque, the valley of Xagua,
+Pechonse, Apechigue, Silos, Canilloha, Manta, Sapil, Manaui, Xaraguasa,
+and others. Their houses are of wood, roofed with straw, some small and
+others large, according to the means of the owner.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_177" id="page_177"></a>{177}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLVII" id="CHAPTER_XLVII"></a>CHAPTER XLVII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Treating of the question whether the Indians of this province were
+conquered by the Yncas or not; and concerning the death which they
+inflicted on certain captains of Tupac Ynca Yupanqui.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">M<small>ANY</small> Indians say that the Lords Yncas never conquered, nor were able to
+bring under their yoke, these natives of Puerto Viejo, of whom I am now
+treating, though others affirm the contrary, saying that the Yncas
+subjugated them, and had them under their orders. The latter say that
+Huayna Ccapac came in person to conquer them, and that, having been
+disobedient in some particular, he made a law that they and their
+descendants should have three of their front teeth pulled out in each
+jaw. They add that this custom was preserved for a long time in the
+province of Guancavilcas. In truth, as all vulgar reports are confused,
+and as the common sort can never tell the plain facts, it does not
+astonish me that they should relate these things, for in all things else
+the like reports are spread abroad, and become the talk of the people,
+being in reality mere fables. I make this digression here, that it may
+be borne in mind hereafter, for if things are repeated over and over
+again they become tiresome to the reader. This, therefore, will serve to
+give notice that many of the stories commonly reported among the people,
+concerning events which have happened in Peru, are fables. As regards
+the natives, those who have been curious in trying to learn their
+secrets know that what I say is the case. Concerning the government, and
+the affairs of war and of state which have occurred, I only look upon
+those principal men who were in high positions as authorities. These
+will relate what occurred, and the sayings of the people.</p>
+
+<p>Returning to the thread of my narrative, I have to say<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_178" id="page_178"></a>{178}</span> (according to
+what I have been given to understand by old Indians who were captains
+under Huayna Ccapac), that, in the time of the great Tupac Ynca
+Yupanqui, his father, certain of his captains came, with a force
+collected from the ordinary garrisons of the provinces, and, by their
+politic arts, drew some of the chiefs to the service of Tupac Ynca
+Yupanqui. Many of them went with presents to do him homage, and he
+received them with love and kindness, giving them rich pieces of woollen
+cloth made in Cuzco. When they returned to their provinces, they
+esteemed him so highly for his great valour, that they called him
+father, and honoured him with other titles, his benevolence and love for
+all being such that he acquired perpetual fame among them. In order to
+instruct them in things appertaining to the government of the kingdom,
+he set out in person to visit these provinces, and left governors in
+them who were natives of Cuzco, that they might teach the people more
+civilised customs, and other useful things. But these natives not only
+did not wish to learn from those who remained in their provinces by
+order of Tupac Ynca Yupanqui, in order to indicate to them a better mode
+of life, and to teach them agriculture; but, in payment of the benefits
+they had received, they killed them all, so that not one was left. They
+killed them, although they had done no ill, nor had they been
+tyrannical, so as to merit such treatment. Tupac Ynca heard of this
+great cruelty, but he dissimulated, because, for other important
+reasons, he was unable to chastise those who had so treacherously
+murdered his captains and vassals.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_179" id="page_179"></a>{179}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLVIII" id="CHAPTER_XLVIII"></a>CHAPTER XLVIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">How these Indians were conquered by Huayna Ccapac, and how they
+conversed with the devil, sacrificed to him, and buried women alive with
+the bodies of their chiefs.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">A<small>FTER</small> the events which I have just alluded to as having occurred in the
+provinces near the city of Puerto Viejo, many of the natives relate
+that, in process of time, when the King named Huayna Ccapac was reigning
+in Cuzco, he visited the provinces of Quito in person, and entirely
+subjugated all these Indians. It must be understood that all these
+occurrences in the history of the Indians are written from accounts
+given by the Indians themselves, who, having no letters, made use of a
+curious invention in order that their deeds and history might be
+recorded.<a name="FNanchor_300_300" id="FNanchor_300_300"></a><a href="#Footnote_300_300" class="fnanchor">[300]</a> Although these Indians were subject to Huayna Ccapac, and
+paid tribute in rich emeralds and gold, yet there were no buildings, nor
+depôts, as in the other provinces we have passed through. The reason of
+this is that the country is poor and the villages small, so that the
+<i>Orejones</i> did not wish to live here, and held the country in small
+estimation. The natives of these villages were great sorcerers, and it
+is well known that no people in all Peru were so addicted to sacrifices
+and religious rites. Their priests had charge of the temples, and of the
+service to images which represented their false gods, before whom, at
+stated times, they recited songs and performed ceremonies which they
+learnt from their fathers, from whom they received the ancient customs.</p>
+
+<p>The devil, in frightful shape, appeared to those appointed for this
+accursed office, who were much respected by all the other Indians. Among
+these one gave replies, and heard what the devil had to say, who, in
+order to preserve his credit, appeared in a threatening form.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_180" id="page_180"></a>{180}</span> Thus he
+let them know future events, and no battle or other event has taken
+place amongst ourselves, that the Indians throughout this kingdom have
+not prophesied beforehand. At the same time they never really knew, for
+it is clear, and must be believed, that God alone knows what will come
+to pass. If, therefore, the devil is right in anything, it is because
+his words are equivocal, and will bear many meanings. With his gift of
+subtlety, and his great age, which has given him experience in affairs,
+he speaks to the simple who will hear him; but many of the Gentiles know
+the deceitfulness of his replies. Thus, many of these Indians hold it to
+be certain that the devil is false and wicked, and they obey him more
+from fear than from love. At one time, deceived by the devil himself, at
+others by their own priest, they submit to his service by permission of
+Almighty God. In the temples, or <i>huacas</i>, they gave presents to objects
+which they held to be gods, and offered bloody sacrifices to them. And
+in order to do them more honour, they sacrificed something still more
+noble, namely, the blood of certain Indians, as many affirm. When they
+took any of their neighbours prisoners, with whom they had war or
+enmity, they assembled (as they themselves declare) and, after having
+got drunk with their wine, and also having made the prisoner drunk, the
+chief priest killed him with lancets of stone or copper. They then cut
+off his head, and offered it, with the body, to the accursed devil, the
+enemy of human nature. When any of them were sick, they bathed many
+times, and offered up sacrifices, praying for health.</p>
+
+<p>They mourned for their chiefs when they died, and put the bodies in
+tombs, together with some women alive, and all their most precious
+effects. They were not ignorant of the immortality of the soul, although
+they did not fully understand it. There can be no doubt that, by an
+illusion of the devil, the figures of persons who were dead, perhaps<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_181" id="page_181"></a>{181}</span>
+fathers or relations, appeared to these Indians in the fields in the
+dress they wore when living. By such false apparitions were these poor
+people made to obey the will of the evil one, and for this reason they
+buried people alive, together with the dead, that they may rise again
+with more honour. They held that by so doing they observed the rules of
+their religion, and obeyed their gods, and would go to a very delightful
+and pleasant place surrounded by the food and drink they were accustomed
+to when they were alive in the world.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLIX" id="CHAPTER_XLIX"></a>CHAPTER XLIX.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">(The heading of this chapter is unfit for translation.)</p>
+
+<p class="nind">I<small>N</small> many parts of these Indies the people worshipped the sun, although
+they also believed in a Creator whose seat was in heaven. The worship of
+the sun was either received from the Yncas, or, as in the province of
+Guancavilcas, established from ancient times.</p>
+
+<p>The people of Guancavilcas (so they say) used to pull out three teeth in
+each jaw, the fathers doing it to their children when of very tender
+age, which they thought was no evil, but rather a service very
+acceptable to their gods. They marry in the same way as their
+neighbours. [<i>The remainder of this paragraph is unfit for
+translation.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>The chiefship is inherited by the son (according to the account which
+they gave me), and, failing sons, then the next brother, and, failing
+brothers, the sons of the sisters. There are some women who are good
+looking. Among the Indians of whom I am now treating the best-flavoured
+maize bread is made in all the Indies. It is so good and well kneaded,
+that it is even better than some wheaten bread.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_182" id="page_182"></a>{182}</span></p>
+
+<p>In some villages of these Indians they have a great quantity of skins of
+men full of ashes, the appearance of which is as frightful as those in
+the valley of Lile, near the city of Cali. [<i>The rest of the paragraph
+is unfit for translation.</i>]</p>
+
+<p>They have heard the preaching of many clergymen and friars, and begin to
+understand that our faith is the perfect and true one, and that the
+teaching of the devil is false, so that his deceitful communications
+have ceased. In all parts where the holy evangel is preached, a cross is
+placed at which the devil is terrified and flies away. But it is true
+that the faith impresses itself more on the young than on the old; for
+as the latter are grown old in their vices, they do not cease to commit
+their former sins in secret, and in such sort that the Christians cannot
+detect them. The youths listen to our priests, and follow our Christian
+doctrine, so that in these districts there are good and bad, as in all
+other parts of the world.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_L" id="CHAPTER_L"></a>CHAPTER L.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">How in ancient times the Indians of Manta worshipped an emerald as their
+god; and of other things concerning these Indians.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">I<small>N</small> many histories which I have seen, I have read, if I am not mistaken,
+that in some countries they worshipped God in the form of a bull, in
+others of a cock, in others of a lion, and that there have been a
+thousand superstitions of this kind, which seem to afford matter for
+laughter more than anything else. I will only remark, therefore, that
+the Greeks, among whom there were excellent worthies, whose memory will
+last as long as writing itself, fell into these errors, as also did the
+Egyptians, Bactrians, and Babylonians.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_183" id="page_183"></a>{183}</span> Grave and learned doctors say
+that the Romans had many gods, and that they worshipped those from whom
+they had received benefits, such as Jupiter or Saturn; these gods,
+however, were men and not brutes. These Indians, too, notwithstanding
+that they worshipped the sun and moon, also adored trees and stones, and
+other things suggested by their imaginations. I was informed, at the
+same time, that their priests saw the devil, who communicated perdition
+to their souls. In the important temple of Pachacamac they held a she
+fox in great veneration, and worshipped it. In this province, also, the
+Lord of Manta had an emerald of great size and value, which the people
+and their ancestors held in great veneration. On certain days it was
+publicly displayed, and worshipped as if it contained some deity.<a name="FNanchor_301_301" id="FNanchor_301_301"></a><a href="#Footnote_301_301" class="fnanchor">[301]</a>
+On these occasions if any man or woman was sick, they performed a
+sacrifice, and then came forward to pray to the stone. They affirm that
+the priest, who conversed with the devil, gave them to understand that
+the stone would bring health to them in requital for their offerings,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_184" id="page_184"></a>{184}</span>
+after they and other ministers of the devil had applied to it. People
+who were afflicted with sickness came to Manta from all parts of the
+interior to offer gifts and perform sacrifices; and the Spaniards, who
+first discovered this kingdom, have told me that they found great riches
+in this town of Manta, and that it always yielded more than those which
+bordered on it to the <i>encomienderos</i>. They also say that, although
+threats and menaces have been resorted to to discover where this great
+and rich emerald is concealed, they have never been able to find it, nor
+will the natives betray the place if they are all killed, so great is
+the veneration in which it is held.</p>
+
+<p>This town of Manta is on the coast. In the interior there are more
+villages and more people, and they differ in language from those on the
+coast, but they have the same food. The houses of those inland, called
+<i>Serranos</i>, are of wood and small, the roofs of straw or palm leaves.
+They have some flocks of Peruvian sheep, but not so many as there are in
+Quito or in the province of Cuzco.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Serranos</i><a name="FNanchor_302_302" id="FNanchor_302_302"></a><a href="#Footnote_302_302" class="fnanchor">[302]</a> were not such sorcerers and magicians as the natives
+of the coast, nor were they so wicked in practising the abominable sin.
+There is hope of some gold mines in some of the rivers of these
+mountains, and there is certainly a very rich emerald mine; but although
+many captains have tried to discover it, they have not succeeded, nor
+will the natives tell them where it is. It is true that Captain Olmos is
+said to have known where this mine was, but I think that surely he would
+have told his brothers or some other persons. Certainly the number of
+emeralds that have been brought to Puerto Viejo is very great, and they
+are the best in all the Indies; for though emeralds are more numerous in
+the new kingdom of Granada, they are not so good, so that the best there
+do not equal in value the most ordinary ones here.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_185" id="page_185"></a>{185}</span></p>
+
+<p>The Caraques formed another tribe. They are not labourers, and are less
+intelligent than their neighbours, being a disorderly people, and making
+war for very slight causes. When a child was born they put its head
+between two boards, so that at the age of four or five, the head was
+long and broad, but flat behind. Not content with the heads that God
+gives them, they thus make them into the shapes that please them most.
+They themselves say that they force their heads into these shapes that
+they may be more healthy, and be able to do more work. Some of these
+people, especially those near the village of Colima, to the northward,
+go naked. They relate that Huayna Ccapac arrived here, after having put
+to death the chiefs as far as Colima, where he ordered a fort to be
+built. Seeing that the Indians went naked, he did not go any further,
+but returned, leaving orders to his captains to conquer and subjugate as
+far as the river Santiago.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the Spaniards who came with the Adelantado Don Pedro de Alvarado
+(especially the marshal Alonzo de Alvarado, and the captains Garcilasso
+de la Vega, Juan de Saavedra, and another gentleman named Suer de
+Cangas) told me that when they landed on the coast with the said
+Adelantado Don Pedro, and came to this village, they found many vases
+full of gold, silver, and precious stones, besides a great quantity of
+emeralds, so that they gained much wealth for their valour. But many
+said that the emeralds were of glass; so, to try the question (for some
+considered they might be stones), they determined to beat them with
+hammers, saying that if they were of glass they would soon break, but if
+they were of stone the blows would have no effect. Thus, from want of
+knowledge and experience, they broke many of these emeralds, and
+profited little by having found them. Nor did they enjoy their gold and
+silver, for they suffered much from cold and hunger, and left their
+loads of treasure in the forests.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_186" id="page_186"></a>{186}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LI" id="CHAPTER_LI"></a>CHAPTER LI.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">In which the account of the Indians of Puerto Viejo is finished; and
+concerning the founding of that city, and who was its founder.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">I <small>SHALL</small> be brief in describing what more there is concerning these
+provinces of Puerto Viejo, because the substance of my account of them
+has already been written in the preceding chapter; and I shall then
+return to the palaces of Tumebamba, where I left the main thread of my
+history. I may here observe that, as soon as the Adelantado Don Pedro de
+Alvarado and the marshal Don Diego de Almagro had made their agreement
+on the plains of Riobamba, the Adelantado Don Pedro went to the City of
+the Kings, where he was to receive the hundred thousand <i>castellanos</i>
+which were to be paid for his fleet and armament. Meanwhile the marshal
+Don Diego de Almagro left the captain Sebastian de Belalcazar with
+certain orders respecting the conquest of the province of Quito, and set
+out to establish the settlements on the coast. He then put things in
+order at San Miguel and Chimo, and looked out for a good and convenient
+site for the city of Truxillo, which was afterwards founded by the
+marquis Don Francisco Pizarro.</p>
+
+<p>In all these affairs (as I have been told) the marshal Don Diego de
+Almagro showed himself to be a diligent captain. When he arrived at the
+city of San Miguel it was made known to him that, when the ships which
+came from Tierra Firme, and from the provinces of Nicaragua, Guatemala,
+and New Spain, arrived on the coast of Peru, the crews landed and did
+much harm to the natives of Manta, and of the coast of the province of
+Puerto Viejo. To avoid these evils, and that the natives might be
+watched and protected, he determined to send a captain to select a site
+where a town or city might be founded.</p>
+
+<p>He selected the captain Francisco Pacheco for this duty,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_187" id="page_187"></a>{187}</span> and ordered
+him to set out with the requisite number of followers. Francisco
+Pacheco, in obedience to his orders, started from a village called
+Piquasa, and founded the city of Puerto Viejo in the locality which
+appeared to him most suitable. This was on the day of St. Gregory, the
+12th of March, in the year of the birth of our Redeemer the Lord Jesus
+Christ 1535, and he founded it in the name of the Emperor Don Carlos our
+King and Lord.</p>
+
+<p>While the captain Francisco Pacheco was employed on this service, Pedro
+de Puelles,<a name="FNanchor_303_303" id="FNanchor_303_303"></a><a href="#Footnote_303_303" class="fnanchor">[303]</a> with some Spanish troops, came from Quito (where the
+captain Sebastian de Belalcazar was lieutenant-general for Don Francisco
+Pizarro) to conquer the same coast of the South Sea, and there were some
+misunderstandings between them. When the news reached the governor Don
+Francisco Pizarro, he gave such orders as appeared to him best for the
+service of his Majesty and the good government and protection of the
+Indians; in obedience to which, after the captain Francisco Pacheco had
+conquered these provinces, and marched through them for nearly two
+years, he peopled this city, the captain Pedro de Puelles having
+returned to Quito.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_188" id="page_188"></a>{188}</span></p>
+
+<p>At first the city was called the new town of Puerto Viejo, and it is
+situated in the most convenient and best part of the province, not very
+far from the South Sea. In many districts belonging to this city of
+Puerto Viejo, they make deep holes for the burial of their dead, which
+look more like wells than tombs. When they wish to inter a body, they
+clear out all the loose earth. A large number of Indians then assemble,
+dancing, singing, and mourning, not forgetting to drink, and beating
+drums. After they have done all these things, according to the custom of
+their ancestors, they lower the body down into the deep tomb, and, if he
+is a chief or important person, they bury the most beautiful and beloved
+of his women with him, besides jewels, food, and jars of wine made from
+maize. They then place those thick canes which grow in the country over
+the hole. As these canes are hollow, they take care to fill them with
+that drink made of maize or of roots, which they call <i>acca</i>,<a name="FNanchor_304_304" id="FNanchor_304_304"></a><a href="#Footnote_304_304" class="fnanchor">[304]</a>
+because, being deceived by the devil, they believe (at least so they
+have told me) that the dead man drinks of the liquor they put into the
+canes. This custom of burying arms, treasure, and food with the dead, is
+practised in the greater part of these newly-discovered countries; and
+in many provinces they also bury women and boys alive with them.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LII" id="CHAPTER_LII"></a>CHAPTER LII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the wells which there are at the point of Santa Elena; of the story
+they tell respecting the arrival of giants in those parts; and of the
+tar which is found there.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">A<small>S</small>, at the beginning of this work, I gave a detailed account of all the
+ports on the coast of Peru, from Panama to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_189" id="page_189"></a>{189}</span> confines of Chile, which
+is a great length of coast, it does not appear necessary to repeat them
+here, and for this reason I shall not treat of them. I have also
+described the principal places in this province. There are, however,
+reports concerning giants in Peru, who landed on the coast at the point
+of Santa Elena, within the jurisdiction of this city of Puerto Viejo,
+which require notice. I will relate what I have been told, without
+paying attention to the various versions of the story current among the
+vulgar, who always exaggerate everything. The natives relate the
+following tradition, which had been received from their ancestors from
+very remote times. There arrived on the coast, in boats made of reeds,
+as big as large ships, a party of men of such size that, from the knee
+downwards, their height was as great as the entire height of an ordinary
+man, though he might be of good stature. Their limbs were all in
+proportion to the deformed size of their bodies, and it was a monstrous
+thing to see their heads, with hair reaching to the shoulders. Their
+eyes were as large as small plates. They had no beards, and were dressed
+in the skins of animals, others only in the dress which nature gave
+them, and they had no women with them. When they arrived at this point,
+they made a sort of village, and even now the sites of their houses are
+pointed out. But as they found no water, in order to remedy the want,
+they made some very deep wells, works which are truly worthy of
+remembrance; for such are their magnitude, that they certainly must have
+been executed by very strong men. They dug these wells in the living
+rock until they met with water, and then they lined them with masonry
+from top to bottom in such sort that they will endure for many ages. The
+water in these wells is very good and wholesome, and always so cold that
+it is very pleasant to drink it. Having built their village, and made
+their wells or cisterns where they could drink, these great men, or
+giants, consumed all<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_190" id="page_190"></a>{190}</span> the provisions they could lay their hands upon in
+the surrounding country; insomuch that one of them ate more meat than
+fifty of the natives of the country could. As all the food they could
+find was not sufficient to sustain them, they killed many fish in the
+sea with nets and other gear. They were detested by the natives, because
+in using their women they killed them, and the men also in another way.
+But the Indians were not sufficiently numerous to destroy this new
+people who had come to occupy their lands. They made great leagues
+against them, but met with no success. [<i>The next sentence is unfit for
+translation.</i>] All the natives declare that God our Lord brought upon
+them a punishment in proportion to the enormity of their offence. While
+they were all together, engaged in their accursed ... a fearful and
+terrible fire came down from heaven with a great noise, out of the midst
+of which there issued a shining angel with a glittering sword, with
+which, at one blow, they were all killed, and the fire consumed them.
+There only remained a few bones and skulls, which God allowed to remain
+without being consumed by the fire, as a memorial of this punishment.
+This is what they say concerning these giants, and we believe the
+account because in this neighbourhood they have found, and still find,
+enormous bones. I have heard from Spaniards who have seen part of a
+double tooth, that they judged the whole tooth would have weighed more
+than half a butcher’s pound. They also had seen another piece of a shin
+bone, and it was marvellous to relate how large it was. These men are
+witnesses to the story, and the site of the village may be seen, as well
+as the wells and cisterns made by the giants. I am unable to say from
+what direction they came, because I do not know.<a name="FNanchor_305_305" id="FNanchor_305_305"></a><a href="#Footnote_305_305" class="fnanchor">[305]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_191" id="page_191"></a>{191}</span></p>
+
+<p>In this year 1550, I, being in the City of the Kings, heard that, when
+the most illustrious Don Antonio de Mendoza was viceroy and governor of
+New Spain, they found certain bones of men who must have been even
+larger than these giants. I have also heard that previously they
+discovered, in a most ancient tomb in the city of Mexico, or in some
+other part of that kingdom, certain bones of giants. From all this we
+may gather that, as so many persons saw and affirmed these things, these
+giants really did exist.</p>
+
+<p>At the point of Santa Elena (which, as I have before said, is on the
+coast of Peru within the jurisdiction of the city of Puerto Viejo) there
+is a thing well worthy of note, and this is that there are certain
+wells, or mines, of such excellent tar, that as many ships as require
+caulking might be caulked with it. This tar must be some mineral which
+flows out at this place, and it comes forth very hot. I have not seen
+any other mines of tar in any of the other parts of the Indies which I
+have visited; but I believe that Gonzalo Hernandez de Oviedo, in the
+first part of the general history<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_192" id="page_192"></a>{192}</span> of the Indies, gives an account both
+of this and of others. Nevertheless, as I am not writing concerning the
+Indies generally, but only of the events which have taken place in Peru,
+I do not treat of other parts. With this I shall conclude what I have to
+say concerning the city and province of Puerto Viejo.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LIV" id="CHAPTER_LIV"></a>CHAPTER LIV.<a name="FNanchor_306_306" id="FNanchor_306_306"></a><a href="#Footnote_306_306" class="fnanchor">[306]</a></h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Concerning the foundation of the city of Guayaquil; and how certain of
+the natives put the captains of Huayna Ccapac to death.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">F<small>URTHER</small> on, towards the west, is the city of Guayaquil; and, as soon as
+the boundary of its jurisdiction is crossed, the Indians are
+Guancavilcas—those toothless ones who, from custom, or to honour their
+accursed gods, pulled out their teeth, as I have before said. As I have
+already given an account of their dress and customs, I have no wish to
+repeat it in this chapter.</p>
+
+<p>In the time of Tupac Ynca Yupanqui, lord of Cuzco, these people were
+conquered. The Lord Ynca subjugated them, and, in doing so, he proved
+himself to be a great captain, and won victories and notable trophies,
+displacing the garrisons of the natives, and allowing no armed men in
+any part except those who were posted at stations assigned by himself.
+He then ordered certain of his captains to explore the country, and to
+bring the natives to obedience by kindness and friendship. All these
+captains, as I have said before, were killed by the natives, without one
+being<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_193" id="page_193"></a>{193}</span> left alive. The natives did not at once receive the punishment
+they deserved for killing those who slept in confidence without
+suspecting such treason, because the Ynca was in Cuzco, and his
+governors and delegates had enough to do in their respective
+governments. When Huayna Ccapac succeeded, he showed himself to be as
+brave and valiant a captain as his father, with even more prudence, and
+full of pride at his new power. He set out from Cuzco in great haste,
+accompanied by the principal <i>Orejones</i><a name="FNanchor_307_307" id="FNanchor_307_307"></a><a href="#Footnote_307_307" class="fnanchor">[307]</a> of the two famous tribes of
+that city, called Hanan-Cuzcos, and Hurin-Cuzcos. After having visited
+the sacred temple of Pachacamac, and the garrisons which were stationed
+by his order in the provinces of Xauxa and Caxamarca, and other parts,
+both in the mountains and in the fruitful valleys of the coast, he
+reached Tumbez, where a fortress was built by his order, although some
+Indians say that this edifice is more ancient. The people of the island
+of Puna being hostile to the natives of Tumbez, it was easy for the
+captains of the Ynca to build this fortress while the Indians were
+engaged in their own quarrels. When it was finished Huayna Ccapac
+ordered a temple of the sun to be built, and two hundred virgins, from
+amongst the most beautiful daughters of the chiefs of the province, to
+be collected together in it. In this fortress (which before it was
+ruined, is said to have been a thing worthy of notice) Huayna Ccapac had
+his captain or delegate, with a number of <i>Mitimaes</i>, and stores and
+provisions for their maintenance, as well as for the troops that passed
+that way. They also say that a lion and a very fierce tiger were placed
+in the fortress and ordered to be well guarded. These must have been the
+beasts which made as if they would tear the Captain Pedro de Candia in
+pieces,<a name="FNanchor_308_308" id="FNanchor_308_308"></a><a href="#Footnote_308_308" class="fnanchor">[308]</a> at the time<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_194" id="page_194"></a>{194}</span> when the governor Don Francisco Pizarro, with
+his thirteen companions (who were the discoverers of Peru, as I shall
+relate in the third part of my work) reached this coast. In the fortress
+of Tumbez there were a great number of silversmiths who made vases of
+gold and silver, and many other ornaments both for the service and
+adornment of the temple, which these people considered sacred, and for
+the use of the Ynca himself. They also had to prepare the plates of
+these metals, to line the walls of the temples and palaces. The women,
+who were dedicated to the service of the temple, only understood how to
+spin and weave very fine woollen cloth, which they did with great skill.
+As I shall write very fully and copiously of these things in my second
+part, which will treat of the kingdom of the Yncas in Peru, from Manco
+Ccapac, who was the first, to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_195" id="page_195"></a>{195}</span> Huascar, who was the last, I shall say no
+more in this chapter than is necessary to make the narrative clear. As
+soon, then, as Huayna Ccapac had made himself master of the province of
+the Guancavilcas and of Tumbez, he sent to Tumbala, the lord of Puna, to
+order him to come and do homage. When the lord of the island of
+Puna<a name="FNanchor_309_309" id="FNanchor_309_309"></a><a href="#Footnote_309_309" class="fnanchor">[309]</a> heard what the Ynca’s message conveyed, he was much moved,
+for, being a chief, and having received that dignity from his ancestors,
+he held it to be a great calamity to lose that liberty which is so much
+esteemed by all the nations of the earth, and to receive a stranger as
+sole lord of his island; for he was not only required to serve him, but
+to allow his edifices and fortresses to be built on the island, and to
+give up his most beautiful women, which was what he felt most. Finally,
+however, those of the island consulted one with another touching the
+present calamity, and, considering how small their power was to resist
+that of the Ynca, they agreed that it would be prudent to seek for his
+friendship, and to feign submission. Tumbala then sent messengers to
+Huayna Ccapac with presents, and invited him to visit the island of Puna
+for a few days. The Ynca was satisfied with this humility, and Tumbala,
+with the chiefs of the island, sacrificed to the gods, seeking what they
+should do to escape from the Ynca, who sought to be supreme lord over
+all. It is said that messengers were sent to all the neighbouring
+provinces to try the temper of the people, and to excite them to resist
+Huayna Ccapac. This was done very secretly, and in the meanwhile the
+Ynca went to the island of Puna, where he was honourably received, and
+lodged in buildings which had been prepared for him. The <i>Orejones</i> and
+the chiefs of the island assembled, and showed signs of real and not
+simulated friendship.</p>
+
+<p>As many of the natives of the main land desired to live as their
+ancestors had done, and as a foreign yoke is always<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_196" id="page_196"></a>{196}</span> heavy and
+distasteful, while that of a countryman is easy and light, they
+conspired with the natives of the island of Puna to kill all those who
+came into the country with the Ynca. At that time Huayna Ccapac ordered
+certain of his captains, with a large force, to visit some of the
+villages on the mainland, and to arrange affairs connected with his
+service; and he ordered the islanders to convey them in <i>balsas</i> across
+the sea, and to disembark them in a river whence it would be convenient
+to go to their destination. Having arranged these and other matters on
+the island, Huayna Ccapac returned to Tumbez, or to some place near it.
+The <i>Orejones</i>, noble youths of Cuzco, then got into the <i>balsas</i>, with
+their captains, a large and well-appointed fleet. They were crossing the
+water without suspicion, when the islanders treacherously unfastened the
+cords by which the poles of the <i>balsas</i> were secured, so that the poor
+<i>Orejones</i> fell into the water, where they were all cruelly murdered by
+the islanders with the arms which they had secretly brought with them.
+By killing some and drowning others, they put an end to all the
+<i>Orejones</i>, and nothing was left of them but some mantles and a few of
+their ornaments. As soon as the aggressors had committed these murders,
+their joy was very great, and they talked and complimented each other in
+the <i>balsas</i> to such an extent, that it might have been supposed that
+the Ynca and all his troops were in their power. They enjoyed their
+victory, and appropriated the treasures and ornaments of these people of
+Cuzco, but they finally met a fate very different from their thoughts,
+as I am about to relate. The <i>Orejones</i> who came in the <i>balsas</i> being
+dead, the murderers quickly returned to the place whence they had
+started, to take more people on board. The rest of the <i>Orejones</i>,
+unaware of the trick which had been played on their companions, then
+embarked with their clothes, ornaments, and provisions, and were all
+killed in the same way, so that not one escaped. If any that knew how to
+swim tried to save their lives, they were killed by<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_197" id="page_197"></a>{197}</span> fierce and cruel
+blows, and if they dived, and thus strove to fly from their enemies by
+seeking favour of the fishes that dwell in the depths of the sea, it was
+of no avail, for the islanders, who live much in the sea, employed in
+their fisheries, swim as well as the fishes, and easily overtook the
+fugitives and strangled them. The sea was full of blood, the sign of a
+sad spectacle. As soon as all the <i>Orejones</i> who went in the <i>balsas</i>
+were killed, those of Puna, with the other Indians who had conspired
+with them, returned to the island.</p>
+
+<p>When these events were made known to the King Huayna Ccapac, he was
+enraged and deeply distressed that so many of his nobles should have no
+tombs. In truth they think more of the building and adorning of their
+tombs where they are to be put after death, than of the houses where
+they dwell while living. Presently the Ynca assembled all his remaining
+forces, and resolved to punish the barbarians in such a manner that
+neither resistance nor submission should avail them, for their offence
+was held to be so grave, that it was more necessary to punish with
+severity than to pardon with clemency and humanity. Thus thousands were
+put to death in various ways, and the chiefs who formed the conspiracy
+were impaled or hung.<a name="FNanchor_310_310" id="FNanchor_310_310"></a><a href="#Footnote_310_310" class="fnanchor">[310]</a> After he had inflicted a great and terrible
+punishment on these Indians, Huayna Ccapac ordered that the misfortune
+which had befallen his followers should be recorded in songs, and sung
+in seasons of mourning; for such subjects are recited in their languages
+in elegies. He also ordered a causeway to be made along the river of
+Guayaquil, which, judging from some parts that may still be seen, must
+have been a superb work, but it was never finished. It is called the
+“passage of Huayna Ccapac.” Having inflicted this punishment, he ordered
+that all the natives should obey his governor, who was in the fortress
+of Tumbez, and having<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_198" id="page_198"></a>{198}</span> arranged other matters, the Ynca departed from
+this province. There are other districts and villages within the
+jurisdiction of the city of Guayaquil, but I have nothing to say
+concerning them, except that the manners and dress of the inhabitants
+are the same as those already described, and that their country is the
+same.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LV" id="CHAPTER_LV"></a>CHAPTER LV.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the island of Puna, and of that of La Plata: and concerning the
+admirable root called sarsaparilla, which is so useful for all diseases.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> island of Puna, which is near the port of Tumbez, is little more
+than ten leagues round, yet in former times it was considered an
+important place; for, besides that the inhabitants are great traders,
+and possess in their islands all things needful to sustain human life,
+which are sufficient causes for their wealth, they are held to be
+valiant by their neighbours, and in ancient times they waged fierce wars
+with those of Tumbez and of other provinces. For very slight causes they
+killed each other, and seized their women and children. The great Tupac
+Ynca sent ambassadors to these islanders, proposing that they should be
+his friends and allies; and they, owing to his great fame, heard his
+embassy, but refused to serve him, and they were not entirely subdued
+until the time of Huayna Ccapac, although others say that they had been
+conquered and brought within the rule of the Yncas by Ynca Yupanqui, but
+that they had rebelled; however this may have been, the events connected
+with the murder of the captains, already described, certainly took
+place. These islanders are of middle height, and dark skinned. They
+dress in cotton cloths, both men and women, and wear <i>chaquiras</i> on
+several parts of the body. They also put on pieces of gold in order to
+look smart.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_199" id="page_199"></a>{199}</span></p>
+
+<p>The island is covered with large woods and flowering meadows; and
+abounds in fruit. It yields plenty of maize, <i>yucas</i>, and other edible
+roots, and there are also birds of all kinds, such as parrots,
+<i>guacamayas</i>,<a name="FNanchor_311_311" id="FNanchor_311_311"></a><a href="#Footnote_311_311" class="fnanchor">[311]</a> and of beasts, monkeys, lions, foxes, snakes, and
+many others. When the chiefs die they are lamented by all the people, as
+well men as women, and are interred with great signs of respect,
+according to their custom. They bury the most valuable things, arms, and
+most beautiful women with the deceased, the women being buried alive in
+the tombs to keep their husbands company. They mourn for the dead during
+many days, and shave the heads of the women in the houses, even those
+who are the nearest relations. They are given to religious ceremonies,
+and to the commission of some crimes. The devil had the same power over
+them as he had over other Indians, and some of them conversed with him.</p>
+
+<p>They had their temples in dark and hidden places, and carved the walls
+with horrible pictures. In front of their altars, where they performed
+sacrifices, they killed many animals and some birds; and it is said that
+they even killed slaves or prisoners taken in war, offering up their
+blood to the accursed devil.</p>
+
+<p>In another small island, at no great distance, the natives say that, in
+the time of their ancestors, there was a temple, or <i>huaca</i>, where they
+also worshipped their gods and performed sacrifices. Round the temple
+they had quantities of gold, silver, and other valuable things, such as
+woollen cloths and jewels, which had been offered up at different times.
+It is also said that some of the islanders of Puna committed the
+accursed sin. At present, by the will of God, they are not so bad, or,
+if they are, they do not commit their crimes publicly and openly, for
+there are clergy on the island now, and the natives are aware of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_200" id="page_200"></a>{200}</span>
+blindness in which their fathers lived, and how erroneous was their
+belief. They also know how much they gain by believing our holy catholic
+faith, and by having Jesus Christ, our Redeemer, for their God. Thus, by
+his great goodness and mercy, many have become Christians, and more are
+converted every day.</p>
+
+<p>An herb grows in abundance on this island, and in the province of
+Guayaquil, which is called sarsaparilla because it grows like a bramble
+from its birth, and small leaves grow out of the suckers and other parts
+of the branches.<a name="FNanchor_312_312" id="FNanchor_312_312"></a><a href="#Footnote_312_312" class="fnanchor">[312]</a> The roots of the herb are useful for all
+sicknesses, and especially for <i>bubos</i>, and to mitigate the evil which
+this pestiferous disease causes to man. Those who wish to be cured are
+put in a warm room, well covered up, so that the cold or air can do no
+injury. Then, by merely purging, eating delicate meats, and drinking an
+infusion of this root for some days, without any other remedy, the evil
+is cleared out of the body, and shortly the patient is more healthy than
+he ever was before, and the body is left without any vestige of the
+evil, but remains so perfect that it seems as if it had never been
+ailing. Thus they have truly effected great cures in the town of
+Guayaquil at different times. Many, too, whose bowels are out of order,
+by simply drinking an infusion of these roots, become healthy, and in
+better condition than before they were taken ill. Others suffering from
+<i>bubos</i> are also cured, as well as those with boils or tumours. I take
+it for certain that this is the best root and herb in the world, and the
+most useful, as is proved by the numbers who have been cured by it. This
+sarsaparilla grows in many parts of the Indies, but none is so good or
+efficacious as that which is found on the island of Puna and in the
+province of the city of Guayaquil.<a name="FNanchor_313_313" id="FNanchor_313_313"></a><a href="#Footnote_313_313" class="fnanchor">[313]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_201" id="page_201"></a>{201}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LVI" id="CHAPTER_LVI"></a>CHAPTER LVI.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">How the city of Santiago de Guayaquil was founded and settled, of some
+Indian villages which are subject to it, and concerning other things
+until its boundary is passed.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HAT</small> it may be known how the city of Santiago de Guayaquil was founded,
+it will be necessary to say something concerning it, although, in the
+third part of my work, I shall treat more fully on the subject, in the
+place where the discovery of Quito and conquest of these provinces by
+the captain Don Sebastian Belalcazar is narrated. This officer, having
+full powers from the Adelantado Don Francisco Pizarro, and hearing of
+the province of Guayaquil, determined to found a city within its limits.
+He, therefore, started from San Miguel with a party of Spaniards, and,
+entering the province, induced the natives to come to terms, giving them
+to understand that their natural lord and king was his Majesty. As the
+Indians already knew that San Miguel, Puerto Viejo, and Quito itself,
+were peopled by Christians, many of them came forward to make peace; so
+the captain Sebastian de Belalcazar chose a place which seemed to him
+proper for the site of a city, but he remained there only a few days,
+because it was necessary for him to return to Quito. He left one Diego
+Dasa as captain and alcalde, and it was not long before the Indians
+began to understand the exacting spirit and avarice of the Spaniards,
+their greed for gold and silver, and their desire after pretty women. As
+the Spaniards were also divided amongst themselves, the Indians
+conspired to kill them, and as they<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_202" id="page_202"></a>{202}</span> determined so they acted, the
+Spaniards being very incautious. All were killed except five or six
+soldiers and their chief, Diego Dasa. These, amidst great dangers and
+difficulties, escaped to Quito, but the captain Belalcazar had already
+set out to discover the provinces further to the north, leaving as his
+lieutenant a captain of good lineage, named Juan Diaz. When the news was
+heard in Quito, several Christians returned with the same Diego Dasa and
+the captain Tapia, and had several fights with the Indians, who had
+encouraged and animated each other to defend their persons and property.
+The Spaniards made proposals of peace, but without avail, for the
+natives were full of hatred and animosity. They showed these feelings by
+killing several Christians and horses, and the rest retreated to Quito.
+These events having occurred, the governor Don Francisco Pizarro sent
+the captain Saera to form this settlement. He entered the province
+afresh, with the intention of dividing the villages amongst the
+Spaniards who accompanied him on this conquest, but the governor
+recalled him in great haste to relieve the City of the Kings, which was
+besieged by the Indians. The new city was therefore again abandoned,
+owing to this order of the governor. Some time afterwards the captain
+Francisco de Orellana<a name="FNanchor_314_314" id="FNanchor_314_314"></a><a href="#Footnote_314_314" class="fnanchor">[314]</a> entered the province, by order of the
+Adelantado Don Francisco Pizarro, with a larger force of Spaniards and
+horses. He founded the city of Santiago de Guayaquil in a better
+position, in the name of his Majesty, Don Francisco Pizarro being
+governor and captain-general of Peru, in the year 1537. Many of the
+Guancavilcas Indians serve the Spanish citizens of this city of Santiago
+de Guayaquil; and, besides the city, the towns of Yaquel, Colonche,
+Chanduy, Chongon, Daule, Chonana, and many others are within the limits
+and jurisdiction of the province.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_203" id="page_203"></a>{203}</span> All these places have fertile lands
+well supplied with provisions and abundance of fruit, and in the hollows
+of the trees there is much excellent honey. Near the city there are wide
+open plains, forests, and thickets of tall trees. Rivers of good water
+flow down from the mountains.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians, both men and women, dress in shirts, with cloths between
+their legs. On their heads they wear crowns of very small gold beads,
+called <i>chaquira</i>, and some of silver. The women wear one mantle from
+the waist downwards, and another over their shoulders, and their hair is
+worn very long. In some of these villages the caciques or chiefs fasten
+bits of gold on their teeth. It is said by some of them that when they
+sowed their fields, they sacrificed human blood and the hearts of men to
+him whom they reverenced as god; and that in every village there were
+old Indians who conversed with the devil. When the chiefs were sick, to
+appease the wrath of their gods, and pray for health, they made other
+sacrifices of a superstitious nature, killing men (as I was told), and
+believing that human blood was a grateful offering. In doing these
+things they sounded drums and bells before certain idols shaped like
+lions or tigers, which they worshipped. When any of the chiefs died,
+they made a round tomb with a vaulted roof, and the door towards the
+rising sun. The body was buried with live women, his arms, and other
+things, in the same way as was done by the Indians already described.
+The arms with which these Indians fight are wands, and clubs called
+<i>macanas</i>.<a name="FNanchor_315_315" id="FNanchor_315_315"></a><a href="#Footnote_315_315" class="fnanchor">[315]</a> Most of these Indians have died out and come to an end.
+Those that remain are, by the will of God, becoming Christians, and
+little by little forgetting their evil customs as they embrace our holy
+faith. It now appears to me that I have said enough concerning the
+cities of Puerto Viejo and Guayaquil, so I will return to the royal road
+of the Yncas, which I left after reaching the buildings of Tumebamba.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_204" id="page_204"></a>{204}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LVII" id="CHAPTER_LVII"></a>CHAPTER LVII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the Indian villages between the buildings of Tumebamba and the city
+of Loxa, and concerning the founding of that city.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">S<small>ETTING</small> out from Tumebamba, in the direction of Cuzco, the great road
+passes through the province of the Cañaris, until it reaches Cañaribamba
+and the buildings a little further on. Villages belonging to the same
+province are seen on either hand, and to the eastward there are
+mountains, on the other side of which the country, which is inhabited,
+slopes down towards the river Marañon. Beyond the boundary of these
+Cañaris Indians is the province of the Paltas, in which there are some
+buildings now known as “the stones,” because many are to be seen which
+the Yncas, in the time of their power, had sent to their superintendents
+or delegates. These <i>tampus</i><a name="FNanchor_316_316" id="FNanchor_316_316"></a><a href="#Footnote_316_316" class="fnanchor">[316]</a> were ordered to be built, because the
+province of the Paltas was considered important. They were extensive and
+handsome, the masonry being well executed. The quarry whence the stones
+were brought is near the source of the river of Tumbez. Here the tribute
+was collected, which the natives were obliged to pay to their king and
+lord, or to the governors in his name.</p>
+
+<p>To the westward of these buildings is the city of Puerto Viejo, and to
+the eastward the province of Bracamoros,<a name="FNanchor_317_317" id="FNanchor_317_317"></a><a href="#Footnote_317_317" class="fnanchor">[317]</a> where there are vast
+territories and many rivers, some of them very great and powerful. There
+is hope that by marching for twenty or thirty days, a rich and fertile
+land will be reached. But there are great forests in the way, some of
+them very frightful and dangerous. The Indians go naked, and are not so
+intelligent as those of Peru, nor were they subdued by the Kings Yncas.
+They are not so civilised, nor have they any polity, any<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_205" id="page_205"></a>{205}</span> more than the
+Indians subject to the city of Antioquia, or to the town of Arma, or
+those in the government of Popayan. These Indians of the province of
+Bracamoros resemble those mentioned above in their customs, and they are
+said to be very valiant warriors. Even the very <i>Orejones</i> of Cuzco
+confess that Huayna Ccapac turned and fled before their fury.</p>
+
+<p>The captain Pedro de Vergara was occupied for some years in making
+discoveries and conquests in this region, and founded a settlement in
+it; but the troubles of Peru prevented its complete exploration, and the
+Spaniards entered it two or three times in the course of the civil wars.
+Afterwards the president, Pedro de la Gasca, sent the captain Diego
+Palomino, a citizen of the town of San Miguel, to undertake this
+discovery. When I was in the City of the Kings, certain conquerors
+arrived to give an account of what they had done for the said president
+and the judges. As the doctor Bravo de Seravia, a judge of the Royal
+Audience, is very curious, they gave him a particular account of what
+had been discovered. In truth, any captain who set out in that direction
+with a sufficient force, would bring to light a very rich land, as I
+learn from the reports I have heard. But, although I have heard that the
+captain Diego Palomino settled in those parts, yet I shall say no more,
+as I have not obtained any certain intelligence, and what I have already
+said is sufficient for the understanding of what may have been done.</p>
+
+<p>The distance from the province of Cañaris to the city of Loxa (which is
+also called La Sarza) is seventeen leagues, the whole road being rugged
+or boggy, and half way is the town of the Paltas, as I have already
+said. Soon after leaving the building of “the stones,” an ascent
+commences which lasts a little more than ten leagues. Here it is very
+cold, and at the end of the descent there is another building called
+Tamboblanco, whence the royal road leads to a<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_206" id="page_206"></a>{206}</span> river called Catamaya. On
+the right-hand side, near the same river, is the city of Loxa, which was
+founded by the captain Alonzo de Mercadillo, in the name of his Majesty,
+in the year of our Lord 1546.<a name="FNanchor_318_318" id="FNanchor_318_318"></a><a href="#Footnote_318_318" class="fnanchor">[318]</a></p>
+
+<p>There are numerous villages around the city of Loxa, and the natives
+have almost the same customs as those in the neighbouring districts.
+They wear a particular fringe, or band, on their heads to distinguish
+them. They performed sacrifices, and worshipped the sun as well as other
+more common objects, but, like the other Indians, they believed in a
+Creator of all things. As regards the immortality of the soul, they all
+understand that man is composed of something more than the mere mortal
+body. When their chiefs die, deceived by the devil, in common with all
+the other Indians, they bury women alive with the bodies. Now, however,
+as some of them understand that it profits nothing to persevere in their
+ancient evil practices, they will not kill women by burying them with
+dead bodies, nor are they now so particular in this matter of sepulture.
+Indeed, they laugh at those who still continue the customs which their
+ancestors considered of such importance. Not only do they refrain from
+spending so much time in making these tombs, but, on the approach of
+death, they desire to be interred like Christians in small and humble
+graves. This is done by those who, having been washed in the most holy
+water of baptism, deserve to be called the servants of God and the sheep
+of his pasture. But there are many thousands of old Indians who are now
+as bad as they ever were, and will continue to be so until<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_207" id="page_207"></a>{207}</span> the goodness
+and mercy of God brings them to a true knowledge of his laws. These
+desire their bodies to be placed in secret places, far from the roads
+and villages frequented by Christians, on lofty mountains, or amidst
+snow-covered rocks, wrapped in richly-coloured mantles, with all the
+gold they possess.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the villages subject to the city of Loxa were under the rule of
+the Yncas, ancient lords of Peru, who (as I have said in many parts of
+this history) had their court in the city of Cuzco, which was always the
+capital of these provinces; and, notwithstanding that many of the
+natives were dull and stupid, they abandoned their barbarous ways, and
+became more civilised by contact with the Yncas. The climate of these
+provinces is pleasant and healthy, and in the valleys and on the banks
+of rivers it is more temperate than on the mountains. The cultivated
+part of the mountains is good land, but rather cold, and the snowy rocks
+and desert places are intensely so. There are many <i>guanacos</i> and
+<i>vicuñas</i>, which are like their sheep; and partridges, some a little
+smaller than domestic fowls, and others larger than doves. On the banks
+of the rivers there are flowering shrubs, and many fruit trees of the
+country. The Spaniards have now planted pear, fig, orange, and other
+trees of Spain. In the district of Loxa they also breed large herds of
+swine of the Spanish sort, goats, and sheep, for there is excellent
+pasture and many streams of water flowing in all directions, which
+descend from the mountains. There are hopes that the district may
+contain rich mines of gold and silver, and some have already been
+discovered. The Indians, now that they are secure from the turmoils of
+war, and are the masters of their persons and property, raise many
+Spanish fowls, pigeons, and other birds. Pulses grow well in the
+district.</p>
+
+<p>The natives of the country round Loxa are of middle<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_208" id="page_208"></a>{208}</span> height, and dress
+in shirts and mantles, both men and women. Within the forests, it is
+affirmed by the natives that there are numerous tribes rich in gold, and
+some large rivers. These tribes go naked, both men and women, for the
+country is hotter than Peru, and was never subjugated by the Yncas. The
+captain Alonzo de Mercadillo, with a force of Spaniards, set out in the
+year 1550 to verify these reports.<a name="FNanchor_319_319" id="FNanchor_319_319"></a><a href="#Footnote_319_319" class="fnanchor">[319]</a></p>
+
+<p>The situation of the city of Loxa is the best and most convenient that
+could be found within the province. The <i>repartimientos</i> of Indians held
+by the citizens were first obtained in <i>encomienda</i> by those who were in
+Quito and San Miguel. As the Spaniards who travelled by the royal road,
+to go to Quito and other parts, ran risks from the Indians of
+Carrochamba and Chaparra, this city was founded; and, notwithstanding
+that Gonzalo Pizarro had ordered it to be peopled while he was engaged
+in his rebellion, still the president Pedro de la Gasca, considering
+that it would be for the service of his Majesty that it should not be
+abandoned, approved of its being founded, and after the judgment on
+Gonzalo Pizarro, he gave Indians to the settlers. It appears to me that
+I have now said enough concerning this city, so I shall pass on, and
+treat of the other cities in this kingdom.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_209" id="page_209"></a>{209}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LVIII" id="CHAPTER_LVIII"></a>CHAPTER LVIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Concerning the provinces between Tamboblanco and the city of San Miguel,
+the first city founded by the Christian Spaniards in Peru; and what
+there is to be said of the natives.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">A<small>S</small> I have undertaken in this work to satisfy the reader on all points
+worthy of note concerning the kingdom of Peru, although it will be great
+trouble to me to stop at one place and return to another, still I shall
+not fail to do so when it is necessary. In this place I shall treat of
+the foundation of San Miguel,<a name="FNanchor_320_320" id="FNanchor_320_320"></a><a href="#Footnote_320_320" class="fnanchor">[320]</a> the first city founded by Christian
+Spaniards in Peru, and of the valleys and sandy deserts in this great
+kingdom, leaving the grand road over the mountains once more. I shall
+fully describe these provinces and valleys on the coast, along which
+runs another grand road made by the Kings Yncas, of the same magnitude
+as that in the mountains. I shall give an account of the <i>Yuncas</i>,<a name="FNanchor_321_321" id="FNanchor_321_321"></a><a href="#Footnote_321_321" class="fnanchor">[321]</a>
+and of their great edifices, as well as of the information I obtained
+concerning the secret of its never raining in these valleys and sandy
+deserts, and of the great abundance of things necessary for the support
+of man. Having done all this, I shall return to my mountain road, and
+follow it until I come to the end of this first part. But, before
+descending to the coast, travelling along the same royal mountain road,
+we come to the provinces of Calva and Ayavaca, which have the forests of
+Bracamoros on the east, and the city of San Miguel, of which I shall
+treat presently, on the west.</p>
+
+<p>In the province of Caxas there are great buildings, erected by the
+orders of the Yncas, and formerly occupied by a governor and a number of
+<i>Mitimaes</i>, who had charge of the collection of tribute. Beyond Caxas is
+the province<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_210" id="page_210"></a>{210}</span> of Huancabamba, where there were still larger buildings
+than in Caxas, for here the Yncas had their forces, and amongst the
+buildings there is a great fortress which I saw, but it was then in
+ruins. In Huancabamba there was a temple of the sun, with a number of
+women. The people of the surrounding districts came to worship and offer
+gifts at this temple, and the virgins and priests were held in great
+reverence and esteem. The tribute of the chiefs of all these provinces
+was brought here, and was forwarded to Cuzco when orders came to that
+effect. Beyond Huancabamba there are other buildings and villages, some
+of them under the jurisdiction of Loxa, while the natives of others have
+been granted in <i>encomienda</i> to the citizens of San Miguel. In times
+past these Indians had wars amongst themselves, and for very slight
+causes they killed each other and seized the women. It is even said that
+they went naked, and that some of them ate human flesh, like the natives
+of the province of Popayan. When the Yncas conquered and subjugated
+them, they lost many of these customs, and adopted the polity which they
+now have. Thus their villages were ordered after a different fashion to
+that which had formerly prevailed. They wear clothes made of fine wool
+from their flocks, and now instead of eating human flesh, they detest
+the practice and hold it to be a great sin. Although they are so near
+the tribes of Puerto Viejo and Guayaquil, they do not commit the
+abominable sin. They declare that, before they were subjugated by the
+Ynca Yupanqui and by Tupac Ynca his son, who was father of Huayna
+Ccapac, and grandfather of Atahualpa, they defended their liberties so
+resolutely, that many thousands were killed, and as many of the
+<i>Orejones</i> of Cuzco; but they were so closely pressed that, to escape
+destruction, certain of their chiefs, in the name of the rest, gave in
+their submission to the Lords Yncas. The men of these districts are
+dark, and good looking, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_211" id="page_211"></a>{211}</span> both they and the women clothe themselves
+in the way they learnt from the Yncas, their ancient lords. In some
+parts they wear the hair very long, and in others short and plaited in
+very small plaits. If any hairs grow on the chin, they pull them out,
+and, strange to say, this is done wherever Indians are met with in these
+lands. They all understand the general language of Cuzco, but they also
+have their own particular languages, as I have already said. There used
+to be great flocks of llamas, the sheep of Peru, but now there are very
+few, owing to the way the Spaniards have destroyed them. The clothes of
+these Indians are of llama wool, and also of <i>vicuña</i> wool, which is
+better and finer. There are also some <i>guanacos</i>, which frequent the
+desert heights. Those who cannot get clothes made of wool, use cotton.
+In the valleys and inhabited meadows there are many rivers and small
+brooks, and some fountains with good and wholesome water. In all parts
+there is herbage for flocks and plenty of provisions for man. There are
+priests in most of these districts, who, if they live well and abstain
+from evil, as their religion requires, will reap great fruits. By the
+will of God, this is done in the greater part of the kingdom, and many
+Indian lads have become Christians, who, by their example, attract
+others.</p>
+
+<p>The ancient temples, which are generally called <i>huacas</i>, are now ruined
+and desecrated, the idols are broken, and the devil is thus badly
+wounded in these places. Where he was once, for the sins of men, so
+reverenced and esteemed, the cross is now planted. Truly we Spaniards
+should ever give infinite praise to our Lord God for this.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_212" id="page_212"></a>{212}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LIX" id="CHAPTER_LIX"></a>CHAPTER LIX.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">In which the narrative is continued down to the foundation of the city
+of San Miguel, and who was the founder. Also of the difference of the
+seasons in this kingdom of Peru, which is a notable thing; and how it
+does not rain along the whole length of these plains, which are on the
+coast of the South Sea.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> city of San Miguel is the first that was founded in this kingdom, by
+the marquis Don Francisco Pizarro; and here the first temple was raised
+in honour of God our Lord. To describe the coast valleys, I must begin
+with the valley of Tumbez, through which flows a river which rises (as I
+have before said) in the province of Paltas, and falls into the South
+Sea. The land of this valley of Tumbez is naturally very dry and
+sterile, but it sometimes rains, and showers even extend to near the
+city of San Miguel. But these showers take place in the parts nearest to
+the mountains, and it never rains in the vicinity of the sea coast. The
+valley of Tumbez was formerly thickly peopled and well cultivated, full
+of beautiful fresh watercourses drawn from the river to irrigate the
+land, and yielded maize and other things necessary for the support of
+man, besides plenty of delicious fruit. The ancient chiefs of the
+valley, before they were subjugated by the Yncas, were dreaded and
+obeyed by their subjects in a greater degree than any other chiefs of
+whom I have yet written, as is notorious to all, and they were served
+with much ceremony. They dressed in mantles and shirts, and wore an
+ornament on their heads, consisting of a circlet of wool adorned with
+pieces of gold and silver, and very small beads, called <i>chaquira</i>.
+These Indians were addicted to their religion, and were great
+sacrificers, as is stated at large in my account of the founding of the
+cities of Puerto Viejo and Guayaquil. They are very industrious
+labourers<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_213" id="page_213"></a>{213}</span> in the fields; and carry heavy burdens. They till the ground
+in concert, with beautiful regularity, and raise maize and many kinds of
+well-tasted roots. The maize yields a harvest twice in the year, and the
+beans and peas also come up abundantly when they are sown. Their clothes
+are made of cotton, which they grow in the valley, according to the
+quantity they require. These natives of Tumbez also have a great
+fishery, from which they derive no small profit, for with it, and their
+trade to the mountains, they have always been rich. From this valley of
+Tumbez a journey of two days brings the traveller to the valley of
+Solana, which was thickly peopled in former days, and contained edifices
+and store-houses. The royal road of the Yncas passes through these
+valleys, with pleasant shady trees on either side. Leaving Solana, the
+road next comes to Pocheos, on a river also called Pocheos, though some
+call it the Maycahuilca, because there is a chief or lord of that name
+in the valley. This valley was once very thickly populated indeed, as we
+are led to suppose from the numerous remains of great buildings. These
+buildings, though now in ruins, prove that the valley was as populous as
+the natives describe, and they also show the great estimation in which
+the Kings Yncas held this place, for here there were royal palaces and
+other buildings. Time and wars have so entirely obliterated them that
+nothing can be seen now but vast numbers of great tombs of those dead
+who once cultivated all the fields in this valley. Two more days’
+journey beyond Pocheos bring us to the great and wide valley of Piura,
+where two or three rivers unite, which is the reason why this valley is
+so broad. In it is built the city of San Miguel. Although this city is
+now held in little estimation, the <i>repartimientos</i> being small and
+poor, it is just to remember that it deserves privileges and honour,
+because it was the beginning of all the cities that have since been
+built, and is on the site selected by the brave Spaniards, before the
+great lord Atahualpa<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_214" id="page_214"></a>{214}</span> was seized by them. At first the city was founded
+on the site called Tangarara, which was abandoned on account of its
+unhealthiness. It is now built between two very pleasant level valleys,
+full of trees. It is said to be rather unhealthy, and the people suffer
+in their eyes from the wind and dust of summer and the dampness of
+winter. They say that it never rains in this district, but some dew
+falls from heaven, and, at intervals of a few years, a heavy shower of
+rain comes down. The valley is like that of Tumbez, and there are many
+vines, figs, and other trees of Spain growing in it. This city of San
+Miguel was founded by the Adelantado Don Francisco Pizarro, governor of
+Peru, then called New Castile, in the name of his Majesty, and in the
+year of our Lord 1531.</p>
+
+<p> </p>
+
+<p>Before going any further, it seems well that I should say what I have
+learnt in the matter of there being no rain. In the mountains summer
+commences in April, and lasts during May, June, July, August, and
+September. In October winter begins, and lasts during November,
+December, January, February, and March, so that there is little
+difference in the seasons between this land and our Spain. The fields
+are ploughed in the proper seasons, and the days and nights are almost
+equal. The time when the days increase a little and are longest, is
+during the month of November. But in the coast valleys bordering on the
+South Sea, the seasons are opposite to what I have here described; for
+when it is summer in the mountains it is winter on the coast, where we
+begin the summer in October, lasting till April, and then the winter
+commences. It is truly a strange thing to consider this great difference
+in the same country. What is still more worthy of note is, that you may
+start in the morning from a country where it is raining, and, before
+vespers, you will find yourself in another where it never rains. From
+the beginning of October it<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_215" id="page_215"></a>{215}</span> never rains in any of the coast valleys,
+except in such small showers as scarcely to lay the dust. For this
+reason the inhabitants are dependent upon irrigation, and do not
+cultivate more land than what the rivers can irrigate, for everywhere
+else (by reason of the sterility) not even a blade of grass will grow,
+but all is an intensely dry, stony, or sandy waste, where nothing is
+seen but a tree with few leaves and no fruit. In some parts there are
+thorn bushes and cacti, in others nothing but sand. What they call
+winter on the coast is nothing more than the season when clouds arise,
+which look as if they were charged with plenty of rain, but nothing
+comes of it save a drizzle so light that it barely damps the ground. It
+is a strange thing that though, as I have said, the heavens are well
+charged with clouds, yet it does not rain more than these slight
+showers. At the same time, some days pass during which the sun is not
+seen, being concealed by the thickness of the clouds. As the mountains
+are so high, and the coast valleys so low, it would appear that the
+former attract the clouds to themselves without allowing them to abide
+in the low lands. And when it is the natural time for rain, it falls in
+the mountains, while there is none in the plains, but, on the contrary,
+great heat. On the other hand, the light showers fall on the coast when
+the region of the mountains is clear and rainless.</p>
+
+<p>There is another curious thing, which is that there is only one wind on
+this coast, and that is from the south; and although the wind from that
+quarter is moist and attracts rain in other countries, it is not so
+here, and this wind prevails continually along the coast as far as
+Tumbez. Further up the coast, as there are other winds, it rains, and
+the winds are accompanied by heavy showers. I do not know the natural
+reason for these things, but it is clear that this sterile rainless
+region extends from 4° south of the equinoctial line to beyond the
+tropic of capricorn.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_216" id="page_216"></a>{216}</span></p>
+
+<p>Another thing, very worthy of note, is, that on the equinoctial line in
+some parts it is hot and moist, and in others cold and dry; but this
+land of the coast of Peru is hot and dry, while on either side it rains.
+I have gathered all this from what I have myself seen, and he who can
+assign natural reasons for these things, let him do so. As for me, I
+have said what I saw, and can do no more.<a name="FNanchor_322_322" id="FNanchor_322_322"></a><a href="#Footnote_322_322" class="fnanchor">[322]</a></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LX" id="CHAPTER_LX"></a>CHAPTER LX.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Concerning the road which the Yncas ordered to be made along these coast
+valleys, with buildings and depôts like those in the mountains; and why
+these Indians are called Yuncas.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HAT</small> my writings may be conducted with all possible regularity, I wish,
+before returning, to conclude what there<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_217" id="page_217"></a>{217}</span> is to be said about the
+provinces in the mountains, and to relate what is worthy of remark on
+the coast, which, as I have said in other parts, is important. In this
+place I will give an account of the grand road which the Yncas ordered
+to be made along the coast valleys, which, although now it is in ruins
+in many places, still shows how grand a work it once was, and how great
+was the power of those who ordered it to be made.</p>
+
+<p>Huayna Ccapac, and Tupac Ynca Yupanqui, his father, were those who,
+according to the Indians, descended to the coast and visited all the
+valleys and provinces of the <i>Yuncas</i>, although some say that Ynca
+Yupanqui, the grandfather of Huayna Ccapac and father of Tupac Ynca, was
+the first who saw the coast and traversed its deserts. The Caciques and
+officers, by order of the Yncas, made a road fifteen feet wide through
+these coast valleys, with a strong wall on each side. The whole space of
+this road was smooth and shaded by trees. These trees, in many places,
+spread their branches laden with fruit over the road, and many birds
+fluttered amongst the leaves. In every valley there was a principal
+station for the Yncas, with depôts of provisions for the troops. If
+anything was not ready, a severe punishment was inflicted, and if any of
+those whose duty it was to traverse the road, entered the fields or
+dwellings of the Indians, although the damage they did was small, they
+were ordered to be put to death. The walls on each side extended from
+one place to another, except where the sand drifted so high that the
+Indians could not pave the road with cement, when huge posts, like
+beams, were driven in at regular intervals to point out the way. Care
+was taken to keep the road clean, to renew any part of the walls that
+was out of repair, and to replace any of the posts which might be
+displaced by the wind in the deserts.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_218" id="page_218"></a>{218}</span> This coast road was certainly a
+great work, though not so difficult as that over the mountains.<a name="FNanchor_323_323" id="FNanchor_323_323"></a><a href="#Footnote_323_323" class="fnanchor">[323]</a>
+There were some fortresses and temples of the sun, which I shall mention
+in their proper places. As, in many parts of the work, I shall have to
+use the words <i>Ynca</i> and <i>Yunca</i>, I will satisfy the reader as to the
+meaning of <i>Yunca</i>, as I have already done with regard to <i>Ynca</i>. He
+will understand, then, that the towns and provinces of Peru are situated
+in the manner I have already described, many of them in the openings
+formed by the snowy mountains of the Andes.</p>
+
+<p>All those who live in these mountains are called <i>Serranos</i>, and those
+who inhabit the coast are called <i>Yuncas</i>; and in many parts of the
+mountains where the rivers flow, as the mountains are very high, the
+plains are sheltered and warm, and in some of them there is as much heat
+as there is on the coast. The inhabitants who live in these warm valleys
+and plains, although they are strictly in the mountains, are also called
+<i>Yuncas</i>. Throughout Peru, when they speak of these warm and sheltered
+places between the mountains, they call them <i>Yuncas</i>, and the
+inhabitants have no other name, though they may have in their own
+districts. Thus, those who live in the parts already mentioned, and all
+who live in the coast valleys of Peru, are called <i>Yuncas</i>, because they
+live in a warm land.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_219" id="page_219"></a>{219}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LXI" id="CHAPTER_LXI"></a>CHAPTER LXI.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">How these Yuncas were very superstitious, and how they were divided into
+nations and lineages.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">B<small>EFORE</small> I proceed to describe the valleys of the coast, and the founding
+of the three cities, of the Kings, of Truxillo, and of Arequipa, I will
+here recount a few things, that I may not have to repeat them over
+again, both those I saw myself, and those which I learned from Fray
+Domingo de Santo Tomas. This friar is one of those who understand the
+language well, and he has been a long time among the Indians, teaching
+them the truths of our holy catholic faith. Thus, my account of these
+coast valleys will be founded on what I saw and learned when I travelled
+through them myself, and on the information given me by Fray
+Domingo.<a name="FNanchor_324_324" id="FNanchor_324_324"></a><a href="#Footnote_324_324" class="fnanchor">[324]</a></p>
+
+<p>The native lords of these valleys were, in ancient times, feared and
+obeyed by their subjects, who served them with much ceremony, according
+to their usage. These lords were attended by buffoons and dancers, who
+were always jesting, while others played and sang. They had many wives,
+taking care that they should be the prettiest that could be found. Each
+lord had a great building in his valley, with many <i>adobe</i> pillars,
+extensive terraces, and doorways hung with matting. Round the building
+there was an open space where they had their dances. When the lord ate,
+a great concourse of people assembled, and drank their beverage made
+from maize or from roots.</p>
+
+<p>In these buildings there were porters, whose duty it was to guard the
+doors and see who entered or came out. All were clothed in cotton shirts
+and long mantles, the women as well as the men, except that the dress of
+the women was<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_220" id="page_220"></a>{220}</span> large and broad like a morning gown, with openings at the
+sides for the arms. Some of the lords waged war upon each other, and in
+some parts the people were never able to learn the language of Cuzco.
+Although there were three or four tribes of these Yuncas, they all had
+the same rites and customs. They spent many days and nights at their
+banquets and drinking bouts; and certainly it is marvellous the quantity
+of <i>chicha</i> that these Indians drink, indeed the glass is scarcely ever
+out of their hands. They used to receive the Spaniards with great
+hospitality when they passed near their dwellings, and to treat them
+honourably. Now they do not do so, because, when the Spaniards broke the
+peace, and contended with each other in civil wars, they were detested
+by the Indians on account of the cruel way in which they treated them,
+and also because some of the governors have been guilty of such
+meanness, that the Indians no longer treat those well who pass near
+their dwellings, pretending to think that those are servants whom they
+used to treat as lords. The fault lies in those who have been sent here
+to govern, some of whom have considered that the old order of things was
+bad, and that it was wrong to keep the natives under their ancient
+polity, which, if it had been preserved, would neither have destroyed
+their liberties, nor failed to bring them nearer to the way of good
+living and conversion; for it appears to me that few nations in the
+world had a better government than these Yncas. I approve of nothing in
+the present rule, but rather deplore the extortion, cruel treatment, and
+violent deaths with which the Spaniards have visited these Indians,
+without considering the nobility and great virtue of their nation.</p>
+
+<p>Nearly all the rest of these valleys are now almost deserted, having
+once been so densely peopled, as is well known to many persons.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_221" id="page_221"></a>{221}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LXII" id="CHAPTER_LXII"></a>CHAPTER LXII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">How the Indians of these valleys and of other parts of the country
+believe that souls leave the bodies, and do not die: and why they
+desired their wives to be buried with them.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">M<small>ANY</small> times in this history I have said that, in the greater part of the
+kingdom of Peru, it is a custom much used and observed by all the
+Indians to inter, with their dead, all their precious things, and some
+of the most beautiful and best-beloved of their wives. It appears that
+this custom was observed in other parts of the Indies, from which it may
+be inferred that the devil manages to deceive one set of people in the
+same way as he does another. I was in Cenu, which falls within the
+province of Carthagena, in the year 1535, when so vast a quantity of
+burial places were found on a level plain, near a temple raised in
+honour of the accursed devil, that it was a thing worthy of admiration.
+Some of them were so ancient, that there were tall trees growing on
+them, and they got more than a million from these sepulchres, besides
+what the Indians took, and what was lost in the ground. In other parts
+great treasure has been, and is every day, found in the tombs. It is not
+many years since Juan de la Torre, who was Gonzalo Pizarro’s captain in
+the valley of Yca, which is one of the Peruvian coast valleys, found one
+of these tombs, from which those who entered it affirm that he took more
+than 50,00 dollars.<a name="FNanchor_325_325" id="FNanchor_325_325"></a><a href="#Footnote_325_325" class="fnanchor">[325]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_222" id="page_222"></a>{222}</span></p>
+
+<p>The custom of these Indians, in ordering magnificent and lofty tombs to
+be made, adorned with tiles and vaulted roofs, and in burying with the
+dead all his goods, his wives, great store of victuals, and no small
+quantity of <i>chicha</i> (or wine used by them), with their arms and
+ornaments, leads us to believe that they had some knowledge of the
+immortality of the soul, and of there being more in man than his mortal
+body. Deceived by the devil, they obey his commands, and he (according
+to their own account) gives them to understand that, after death, they
+will be brought to life in another place which is prepared for them,
+where they will eat and drink at their pleasure, as they did before they
+died. In order that they may believe that what he tells them is true,
+and not false and deceitful, he sometimes, when the will of God is
+served by giving him the power and permitting it, takes the form of some
+one of the dead chiefs, and, showing himself in the chief’s proper shape
+and figure, such as he had when in this world, gives them to understand
+that the said chief is in another pleasant world in the form in which
+they there see him. Owing to these<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_223" id="page_223"></a>{223}</span> sayings and illusions of the devil,
+certain of these Indians, holding all these false appearances to be
+realities, take more pains in adorning their sepulchres or tombs than in
+any other thing.</p>
+
+<p>When a chief dies, they bury him with his treasure; and his wives,
+youths, and persons with whom he had much friendship when alive, are
+also buried. From what I have said, it seems that it was the general
+opinion of all these Indians <i>Yuncas</i>, and even of those in the
+territory of this kingdom of Peru, that the souls of the dead did not
+die, but lived for ever, and that they would all meet each other, and
+eat and drink, which is their chief delight.</p>
+
+<p>Holding these opinions for certain, they buried with dead men their most
+beloved wives and most trusted servants, together with all their arms,
+treasures, plumes, and other personal ornaments. Many of the companions
+of a dead chief, for whom there was no room in the tomb, would make
+holes in the fields belonging to him, or in the places where he used
+generally to hold festivals, and there be buried, thinking that his soul
+would pass by these places and take them in his company to do him
+service. And some of the women, in order that their faithful service
+might be held in more esteem, finding that there was delay in completing
+the tomb, would hang themselves up by their own hair, and so kill
+themselves.</p>
+
+<p>We believe that all these things are done, because the accounts of the
+Indians concerning them are confirmed by the contents of the tombs, and
+because, in many parts, the Indians believe in and retain their accursed
+customs. I recollect, when I was in the government of Carthagena, more
+than twelve or thirteen years ago, the licentiate Juan de Vadillo being
+then governor and judge, that a boy came from a village called Pirina,
+and fled to the place where Vadillo then was, because they wanted to
+bury him alive with the chief of the village, who died at that time.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_224" id="page_224"></a>{224}</span></p>
+
+<p>Alaya, who was lord of the greater part of the valley of Xauxa, died
+about two years ago, and they say that a great number of women and
+servants were buried alive with him. If I am not deceived, they told
+this to the president Gasca, and though he gave the other chiefs to
+understand that they had committed a great sin, his discourse was
+without fruit.</p>
+
+<p>All over Peru they call the devil <i>Supay</i>.<a name="FNanchor_326_326" id="FNanchor_326_326"></a><a href="#Footnote_326_326" class="fnanchor">[326]</a> I have heard that he has
+been seen by them many times. They even affirm that in the valley of
+Lile he entered the bodies stuffed with cinders that are there, saying
+many things to the people.</p>
+
+<p>Friar Domingo, who is (as I have already said) a notable searcher into
+these secrets, relates that when a certain person was sent to call Don
+Paullu,<a name="FNanchor_327_327" id="FNanchor_327_327"></a><a href="#Footnote_327_327" class="fnanchor">[327]</a> the son of Huayna Ccapac, whom the people received as Ynca,
+he heard a servant say that, near the fortress of Cuzco, there were loud
+voices crying with a great noise, “Why, Ynca, dost thou not observe the
+customs that thou art bound to observe. Eat and drink,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_225" id="page_225"></a>{225}</span> for soon thou
+must cease to eat and drink.” These voices were heard by him who was
+sent to Don Paullu, during five or six nights. Such are the wiles of the
+devil, and the nooses with which he arms himself, to catch the souls of
+those who esteem sorcerers so highly.</p>
+
+<p>All the chiefs and Indians of the coast valleys have peculiar
+head-dresses, by which one tribe is known from another....<a name="FNanchor_328_328" id="FNanchor_328_328"></a><a href="#Footnote_328_328" class="fnanchor">[328]</a> In our
+time they are abandoning their old rites, and the devil has neither
+influence, nor temple, nor public oracle among them, for they are
+finding out his deceitfulness; so that they are not now so bad as they
+were before they heard the word of the holy gospel. But this will not
+avail if the grace of God does not lessen their eating, drinking, and
+lasciviousness, in which they are engaged day and night without tiring.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LXIII" id="CHAPTER_LXIII"></a>CHAPTER LXIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">How they buried their dead, and how they mourned for them, at the
+performance of their obsequies.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">I<small>N</small> the previous chapter I recounted all there is to be said concerning
+the belief of these Indians in the immortality of the soul, and what the
+enemy of the human race makes them think concerning it. It now seems
+good to me that in this place I should give some account of their mode
+of burying their dead.</p>
+
+<p>In this there are great differences, for in some parts they make holes,
+in others they place their dead on heights, in others on level ground,
+and each nation seeks some new way of making tombs. Certain it is that,
+though I have made many inquiries, and talked with learned and curious<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_226" id="page_226"></a>{226}</span>
+men, I have not been able to ascertain the origin of these Indians, nor
+of their customs.</p>
+
+<p>These Indians, then, have various ways of constructing their tombs. In
+the Collao<a name="FNanchor_329_329" id="FNanchor_329_329"></a><a href="#Footnote_329_329" class="fnanchor">[329]</a> (as I shall relate in its place) they make them in the
+cultivated land in the form of towers, some large and others small, and
+some built with great skill. These towers have their doors opening
+towards the rising sun, and near them (as I will also relate presently)
+they were accustomed to make sacrifices and to burn certain things,
+sprinkling the towers with the blood of lambs and of other animals.</p>
+
+<p>In the district round Cuzco they bury their dead in a sitting posture,
+on certain seats called <i>duhos</i>, dressed and adorned with their most
+precious ornaments.<a name="FNanchor_330_330" id="FNanchor_330_330"></a><a href="#Footnote_330_330" class="fnanchor">[330]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_227" id="page_227"></a>{227}</span></p>
+
+<p>In the province of Xauxa, which is a very important part of these
+kingdoms of Peru, they sew their dead up in fresh sheep skins, with the
+face exposed, and thus they are kept in their own houses. The bodies of
+chiefs and principal men are, at certain seasons of the year, taken out
+by their sons, and carried to the cultivated fields and homesteads in a
+litter with great ceremony, and sacrifices of sheep and lambs, and even
+of women and boys, are offered up. When the archbishop Don Hieronymo de
+Loaysa<a name="FNanchor_331_331" id="FNanchor_331_331"></a><a href="#Footnote_331_331" class="fnanchor">[331]</a> heard of this, he sent strict orders to the Indians of the
+district, and to the clergy who were there teaching the doctrine of the
+church, that all the bodies were to be immediately buried.</p>
+
+<p>In many other provinces, through which I have passed, they bury their
+dead in very deep holes, while in others, as<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_228" id="page_228"></a>{228}</span> those within the
+jurisdiction of the city of Antioquia, they pile up such masses of earth
+in making their tombs, that they look like small hills. A door is left
+through which they pass in the body, the live women, and all the things
+that are buried with it. In Cenu many of the tombs are level and large,
+with courtyards, and others are like rocks or small hills.</p>
+
+<p>In the province of Chincha, which is one of the coast valleys of Peru,
+they bury their dead on beds made of canes.<a name="FNanchor_332_332" id="FNanchor_332_332"></a><a href="#Footnote_332_332" class="fnanchor">[332]</a> In another of these
+valleys, called Runa-huanac,<a name="FNanchor_333_333" id="FNanchor_333_333"></a><a href="#Footnote_333_333" class="fnanchor">[333]</a> they bury their dead sitting. These
+Indians also differ in the way they inter the bodies, some of them
+putting them feet first, and others in a sitting posture.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians of many of these coast valleys have great walls made, where
+the rocks and barren mountains commence, in the way from the valleys to
+the <i>Sierra</i>. In these places each family has its established place for
+burying its dead, where they dig great holes and excavations, with
+closed doors before them. It is certainly a marvellous thing to see the
+great quantity of dead bodies that there are in these sandy and barren
+mountains, with their clothes now worn out and mouldering away with
+time. They call these places, which they hold to be sacred,
+<i>Huaca</i>,<a name="FNanchor_334_334" id="FNanchor_334_334"></a><a href="#Footnote_334_334" class="fnanchor">[334]</a> a<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_229" id="page_229"></a>{229}</span> mournful name. Many have been opened, and the
+Spaniards, when they conquered the country, found a great quantity of
+gold and silver in them. In these valleys the custom is very general of
+burying precious things with the dead, as well as many women and the
+most confidential servants possessed by the chief when alive. In former
+times they used to open the tombs, and renew the clothes and food which
+were placed in them; and when a chief died the principal people of the
+valley assembled, and made great lamentations. Many women cut off their
+hair until none was left, and came forth with drums and flutes, making
+mournful sounds, and singing in those places where the dead chief used
+to make merry, so as to make the hearers weep. Having made their
+lamentations, they offered up more sacrifices, and had superstitious
+communion with the devil. Having done this, and killed some of the
+women, they put them in the tomb, with the treasure and no small
+quantity of food; holding it for certain that they would go to that
+country concerning which the devil had told them. They had, and still
+have, the custom of mourning for the dead before the body is placed in
+the tomb, during four, five, or six days, or ten, according to the
+importance of the deceased, for the greater the lord the more honour do
+they show him, lamenting with much sighing and groaning, and playing sad
+music. They also repeat all that the dead man had done while living, in
+their songs; and if he was valiant they recount his deeds in the midst
+of their lamentations. When they put the body into the tomb, they burn
+some ornaments and cloths near it, and put others with the body.</p>
+
+<p>Many of these ceremonies are now given up, because God no longer permits
+it, and because by degrees these people are finding out the errors of
+their fathers, and how little these vain pomps and honours serve them.
+They are learning that it suffices to inter the bodies in common graves,
+as Christians are interred, without taking anything<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_230" id="page_230"></a>{230}</span> with them other
+than good works. In truth, all other things but serve to please the
+devil, and to send the soul down to hell more heavily weighted.
+Nevertheless, most of the old chiefs order that their bodies are to be
+buried in the manner above described, in secret and hidden places, that
+they may not be seen by the Christians; and that they do this is known
+to us from the talk of the younger men.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LXIV" id="CHAPTER_LXIV"></a>CHAPTER LXIV.<a name="FNanchor_335_335" id="FNanchor_335_335"></a><a href="#Footnote_335_335" class="fnanchor">[335]</a></h2>
+
+<p class="cb">. . . . .
+. . . . .
+. . . . .
+. . . . .
+. . . . .
+. . . . .
+. . . . .</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LXV" id="CHAPTER_LXV"></a>CHAPTER LXV.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">How they have a custom of naming children, in most of these provinces,
+and how they sought after sorceries and charms.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">O<small>NE</small> thing that I observed during the time that I was in these kingdoms
+of Peru was, that they are accustomed to name their children, in most of
+the provinces, when they are fifteen or twenty days old. This name is
+retained until they are ten or twelve years old, when they receive
+another, the relations and friends of the father having previously been
+assembled on a certain day which is set apart for such purposes. They
+dance and drink according to their usual custom, and then one of them,
+who is the oldest and most respected, cuts the hair and nails of the boy
+or girl who receives the new name. The hair and nails are preserved with
+great care. The names which they receive are those of villages, birds,
+plants, or fish.<a name="FNanchor_336_336" id="FNanchor_336_336"></a><a href="#Footnote_336_336" class="fnanchor">[336]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_231" id="page_231"></a>{231}</span></p>
+
+<p>I learnt these particulars because an Indian servant whom I employed was
+called <i>Urco</i>,<a name="FNanchor_337_337" id="FNanchor_337_337"></a><a href="#Footnote_337_337" class="fnanchor">[337]</a> which means sheep; another was called <i>Llama</i>, also
+a name for sheep; and another <i>Piscu</i>, which means a bird. Some of the
+Indians are careful to retain the names of their fathers and
+grandfathers. The chiefs and principal men seek out names according to
+their pleasure. For <i>Atahualpa</i> (the Ynca whom the Spaniards captured in
+the province of Caxamarca) means “a fowl,” and his father was called
+<i>Huayna Ccapac</i>, which signifies “a rich youth.”<a name="FNanchor_338_338" id="FNanchor_338_338"></a><a href="#Footnote_338_338" class="fnanchor">[338]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_232" id="page_232"></a>{232}</span></p>
+
+<p>These Indians hold it to be unlucky for a mother to bring forth two
+babes at once, or when a child is born with any natural defect, such as
+having six fingers on one hand.<a name="FNanchor_339_339" id="FNanchor_339_339"></a><a href="#Footnote_339_339" class="fnanchor">[339]</a> If these things happen, the man and
+his wife become sad, and fast, without eating <i>aji</i><a name="FNanchor_340_340" id="FNanchor_340_340"></a><a href="#Footnote_340_340" class="fnanchor">[340]</a> or drinking
+<i>chicha</i>, which is their wine, and they do other things according to
+their customs, as they have learnt them from their fathers.</p>
+
+<p>These Indians also believe much in signs and wonders. If a star falls,
+the noise they make is prodigious. There are many sorcerers among them,
+and they take great note of the moon and the planets. There are some
+Christians now alive who were with the Marquis Don Francisco Pizarro
+when he seized Atahualpa in the province of Caxamarca, and they saw a
+green sign in the sky, in the middle of the night, as broad as a cubit,
+and as long as a lance. When Atahualpa heard that the Spaniards were
+looking at it, he requested that he also might be allowed to see it; and
+when he beheld it, he became very sad, and continued so during the next
+day. The governor Don Francisco Pizarro asked him why he continued to be
+so sad, and he replied, “I<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_233" id="page_233"></a>{233}</span> have seen a sign in the sky, and I tell you
+that when my father, Huayna Ccapac, died he saw a similar sign.”<a name="FNanchor_341_341" id="FNanchor_341_341"></a><a href="#Footnote_341_341" class="fnanchor">[341]</a>
+Within fifteen days Atahualpa was dead.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LXVI" id="CHAPTER_LXVI"></a>CHAPTER LXVI.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the fertility of the land in these coast valleys, and of the many
+fruits and roots they contain. Also concerning their excellent system of
+irrigating the fields.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">N<small>OW</small> that I have given as brief an account as possible of several things
+connected with our subject, it will be well to return to the valleys,
+treating of each one separately, as I have already done of the provinces
+and villages of the <i>Sierra</i>.<a name="FNanchor_342_342" id="FNanchor_342_342"></a><a href="#Footnote_342_342" class="fnanchor">[342]</a> But first I will say somewhat
+concerning the fruits, other food, and works of irrigation which are to
+be found in them.</p>
+
+<p>All the land of these valleys, which is not reached by the sand, forms
+one of the most fertile and abundant regions in the world, and the one
+best suited for cultivation. I have already mentioned that it does not
+rain, and that the water for irrigation is drawn from the rivers which
+descend from the mountains and fall into the South Sea. In these valleys
+the Indians sow maize,<a name="FNanchor_343_343" id="FNanchor_343_343"></a><a href="#Footnote_343_343" class="fnanchor">[343]</a> which is reaped twice in the year, and
+yields abundantly. In some parts they grow <i>yucas</i>,<a name="FNanchor_344_344" id="FNanchor_344_344"></a><a href="#Footnote_344_344" class="fnanchor">[344]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_234" id="page_234"></a>{234}</span> which are
+useful for making bread and liquor when there is want of maize. They
+also raise sweet potatoes,<a name="FNanchor_345_345" id="FNanchor_345_345"></a><a href="#Footnote_345_345" class="fnanchor">[345]</a> the taste of which is almost the same as
+that of chesnuts, besides potatoes, beans, and other vegetables.</p>
+
+<p>Throughout all the valleys there is also one of the most singular fruits
+I ever saw, called <i>pepinos</i>, of very pleasant smell and taste.<a name="FNanchor_346_346" id="FNanchor_346_346"></a><a href="#Footnote_346_346" class="fnanchor">[346]</a>
+There are great quantities of <i>guayavas</i>,<a name="FNanchor_347_347" id="FNanchor_347_347"></a><a href="#Footnote_347_347" class="fnanchor">[347]</a> <i>guavas</i>,<a name="FNanchor_348_348" id="FNanchor_348_348"></a><a href="#Footnote_348_348" class="fnanchor">[348]</a> and
+<i>paltas</i>,<a name="FNanchor_349_349" id="FNanchor_349_349"></a><a href="#Footnote_349_349" class="fnanchor">[349]</a> which are like pears, <i>guanavanas</i>,<a name="FNanchor_350_350" id="FNanchor_350_350"></a><a href="#Footnote_350_350" class="fnanchor">[350]</a> <i>caymitos</i>,<a name="FNanchor_351_351" id="FNanchor_351_351"></a><a href="#Footnote_351_351" class="fnanchor">[351]</a>
+and the pines of those parts. About the houses of the Indians many dogs
+are seen, which are very different<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_235" id="page_235"></a>{235}</span> from the Spanish kind, and about the
+size of ordinary curs; they call them <i>chonos</i>.<a name="FNanchor_352_352" id="FNanchor_352_352"></a><a href="#Footnote_352_352" class="fnanchor">[352]</a> The Indians breed
+many ducks. In the thickets of these valleys there are <i>algarobas</i>,
+somewhat long and narrow, and not so thick as the pods of beans.<a name="FNanchor_353_353" id="FNanchor_353_353"></a><a href="#Footnote_353_353" class="fnanchor">[353]</a> In
+some parts they make bread of these <i>algarobas</i>, and it is considered
+good. They are very fond of drying such of their fruits and roots as are
+adapted for it, just as we make preserved figs, raisins, and other
+fruits.<a name="FNanchor_354_354" id="FNanchor_354_354"></a><a href="#Footnote_354_354" class="fnanchor">[354]</a> Now there are many great vineyards in these valleys, where
+large harvests of grapes are gathered. No wine has yet been made from
+them, and I cannot, therefore, certify to its quality; but, as the land
+is irrigated, it will probably be weak.<a name="FNanchor_355_355" id="FNanchor_355_355"></a><a href="#Footnote_355_355" class="fnanchor">[355]</a> There are now also
+fig-trees and pomegranates, and I believe, and hold for certain, that
+all the fruits of Spain may be grown here.</p>
+
+<p>Wheat is raised, and it is a beautiful sight to see the fields covered
+with crops, in a region devoid of natural supplies of water. Barley
+grows as well as wheat, and lemons, limes, oranges, and citrons are all
+excellent and plentiful. There are also large banana plantations; and
+besides those which I have already enumerated, there are many other
+luscious fruits which I do not mention, because it seems sufficient to
+enumerate the principal ones.</p>
+
+<p>As the rivers descend from the mountains and flow through these valleys,
+and as some of the valleys are broad, while their whole extent is, or
+was, when the country was<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_236" id="page_236"></a>{236}</span> more thickly populated, covered with flocks,
+they led channels of water in all directions, which is a remarkable
+thing, for these channels were conducted over high and low places, along
+the sides of hills and over them, some in one direction, some in
+another, so that it is a great enjoyment to travel in these valleys, and
+to pass through their orchards and refreshing gardens.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians had, and still have, great works for drawing off the water,
+and making it flow through certain channels. Sometimes it has chanced
+that I have stopped near one of these channels, and before we had
+finished pitching the tent the channel was dry, the water having been
+drawn off in another direction, for it is in the power of the Indians to
+do this at their pleasure. These channels are always very green, and
+there is plenty of grass near them for horses.<a name="FNanchor_356_356" id="FNanchor_356_356"></a><a href="#Footnote_356_356" class="fnanchor">[356]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_237" id="page_237"></a>{237}</span> In the trees and
+bushes many birds fly about; there are pigeons, doves, turkeys,
+pheasants, and some partridges, besides many deer in the thickets. But
+there are no evil things, such as serpents, snakes, and wolves. There
+are, however, many foxes, which are so cunning that, although great care
+is taken to watch the things where the Spaniards or Indians encamp, they
+come to steal, and when they can find nothing better, they make off with
+the bridles or switches for the horses.<a name="FNanchor_357_357" id="FNanchor_357_357"></a><a href="#Footnote_357_357" class="fnanchor">[357]</a> In many parts of the
+valleys there are extensive fields of sweet cane, and they make sugar,
+treacle, and other things from it.</p>
+
+<p>All these Yunca Indians are great labourers, and when they carry loads
+they strip to the skin, until they have<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_238" id="page_238"></a>{238}</span> nothing on save a bit of cloth
+between the legs, and so they run with their loads. They took great care
+in irrigating their land, and also in sowing, which was done by many in
+concert together. I will now speak of the road from the city of San
+Miguel to that of Truxillo.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LXVII" id="CHAPTER_LXVII"></a>CHAPTER LXVII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the road from San Miguel to Truxillo, and of the valleys between
+those cities.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">I<small>N</small> a former chapter I described the foundation of the city of San
+Miguel, the first settlement made by the Spaniards in Peru. I will now
+treat of what there is between this city and Truxillo, the distance
+between the two cities being seventy leagues, a little more or less. On
+setting out from San Miguel there is a distance of twenty-two leagues
+over a sandy waste before reaching the valley of Motupe. The road is
+very wearisome, especially by the route which is now used. There are
+certain little ravines on this road, but, although some streams descend
+from the mountains, they do not reach these ravines, but are lost in the
+sand, in such sort that no use can be made of the water. To go over
+these twenty-two leagues it is necessary to set out in the afternoon,
+and, travelling all night, some springs are reached early in the
+morning, where the traveller can drink, and go on without feeling the
+heat of the sun. It is usual for travellers to carry calabashes of water
+and bottles of wine with them.</p>
+
+<p>In the valley of Motupe the royal road of the Yncas is seen, broad and
+constructed in the manner described in a former chapter. This valley is
+broad and very fertile, and although a good sized river flows down into
+it from the mountains, all the water is lost before reaching the sea.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_239" id="page_239"></a>{239}</span>
+The <i>algarobas</i><a name="FNanchor_358_358" id="FNanchor_358_358"></a><a href="#Footnote_358_358" class="fnanchor">[358]</a> and other trees grow well, on account of the
+moisture which they find under their roots. In the lower part of the
+valley there are villages of Indians, who are supported by water which
+they obtain from deep wells. They get all that they require by
+exchanging one thing for another amongst themselves, for they do not use
+money, nor is any die for coining to be found in these parts. They say
+that there were great buildings for the Yncas in this valley; and the
+people had, and still have, their <i>huacas</i>, or burial-places in the
+barren heights and stony places leading to the <i>Sierra</i>. The late wars
+have reduced the numbers of the Indians, and the buildings have fallen
+into ruins, the present inhabitants living in small huts, built in the
+same way as those described in a former chapter. At certain seasons they
+trade with the people of the <i>Sierra</i>; and in the valley there are great
+fields of cotton, with which they make their clothes.</p>
+
+<p>Four leagues from Motupe is the fresh and beautiful valley of Xayanca,
+which is nearly four leagues broad. A pleasant river flows through it,
+whence they lead channels which serve to irrigate all the land that the
+Indians choose to sow. In former times this valley was thickly peopled,
+like all the others, and it contained great buildings and store-houses
+belonging to the principal chiefs, where their officers were stationed.
+The native chiefs of these valleys were reverenced by their subjects,
+and those who survive still are so. They go about with a retinue of
+servants and women, and have their porters and guards.</p>
+
+<p>From this valley the road leads to that of Tuqueme, which is also large,
+pleasant, and full of trees and bushes. It contains vestiges of
+edifices, which are now ruined and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_240" id="page_240"></a>{240}</span> abandoned. A short journey further
+on brings us to another very beautiful valley called Cinto. And the
+reader is to understand that from valley to valley the way is over sandy
+and parched-up stony wastes, where no living thing is to be seen,
+neither grass nor tree; nothing but a few birds that may be seen flying.
+Those who travel over the broad sandy deserts, and catch sight of the
+valley (although still far off) are much cheered, especially if they are
+on foot, under a hot sun, and suffering from thirst. Men who are new to
+the country should not travel over these wastes, except with good guides
+who know the way.</p>
+
+<p>Further on is the valley of Collique, through which flows a river of the
+same name, so broad that it cannot be forded except in the season when
+it is summer in the <i>Sierra</i>, and winter on the coast. Nevertheless the
+natives are so well practised in the management of irrigation channels
+that, even when it is winter in the <i>Sierra</i>, they sometimes leave the
+main stream dry. This valley, like the others, is broad and full of
+trees, but there is a want of inhabitants, for most of them have been
+carried off by the wars with the Spaniards, and by the evils which these
+wars brought with them.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LXVIII" id="CHAPTER_LXVIII"></a>CHAPTER LXVIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">In which the same road is followed as has been treated of in the former
+chapter, until the city of Truxillo is reached.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">B<small>EYOND</small> the valley of Collique there is another valley called Sana, which
+resembles the others. Further on is the valley of Pacasmayu, which is
+the most fertile and populous of any that I have yet mentioned. The
+natives of this valley, before they were conquered by the Yncas, were
+powerful, and respected by their neighbours, and they had great<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_241" id="page_241"></a>{241}</span> temples
+where they offered sacrifices to their gods. They are all now in ruins.
+In the rocks and hills of the surrounding desert there are a great
+quantity of <i>Huacas</i>, which are the burial-places of these Indians. In
+all these valleys there are clergymen or friars who look after the
+conversion and teaching of the Indians, not permitting them to practise
+their ancient religious customs or usages.</p>
+
+<p>A very fine river flows through this valley of Pacasmayu, whence they
+lead many large channels, sufficient to irrigate all the fields that are
+cultivated by the Indians, and they raise the fruits and roots already
+enumerated. The royal road of the Yncas passes through this valley, as
+it does through all the others, and here there were great buildings for
+the Yncas’ use. The natives tell some ancient traditions of their
+fathers, which, being fables, I shall not write down. The lieutenants of
+the Yncas collected the tribute, and stored it in the buildings which
+were made to receive it, whence it was taken to the chief station in the
+province, the place selected for the residence of the captain-general,
+and where the temple of the sun was erected.</p>
+
+<p>In this valley of Pacasmayu they make a great quantity of cotton cloth;
+the land is suited for breeding cows, still better for pigs and goats,
+and the climate is healthy. I passed through this valley in the month of
+September, in the year 1548, to join the other soldiers who had come
+from the government of Popayan to reinforce the royal camp, and chastise
+the late rebellion. It then appeared to me to be extremely pleasant, and
+I praised God on seeing its freshness, with so many trees and flowers,
+and branches full of a thousand kinds of birds.</p>
+
+<p>Further on is the valley of Chacama,<a name="FNanchor_359_359" id="FNanchor_359_359"></a><a href="#Footnote_359_359" class="fnanchor">[359]</a> not less fertile and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_242" id="page_242"></a>{242}</span> abundant
+than that of Pascamayu, and in addition it contains great quantities of
+sweet cane, of which they make much excellent sugar, and other
+conserves. There is here a Dominican monastery, which the reverend
+father Friar Domingo de Santo Tomas founded.</p>
+
+<p>Four leagues further on is the valley of Chimu,<a name="FNanchor_360_360" id="FNanchor_360_360"></a><a href="#Footnote_360_360" class="fnanchor">[360]</a> which is broad and
+very large, and here the city of Truxillo is built. Some Indians relate
+that, in ancient times, before the Yncas extended their sway so far,
+there was a powerful lord in this valley, who was called <i>Chimu</i>, as the
+valley is now. He did great things, was victorious in many battles, and
+built certain edifices which even now, though so ancient, clearly appear
+to have been very grand. When the Kings Yncas made themselves lords of
+these coast valleys, they held that of Chimu in great estimation, and
+ordered large buildings and pleasure-houses to be erected in it. The
+royal road, built with its walls, also passes through the valley. The
+native chiefs of this valley were always esteemed and held to be rich.
+This is known to be true, for in the tombs of the principal men much
+gold and silver have been found.<a name="FNanchor_361_361" id="FNanchor_361_361"></a><a href="#Footnote_361_361" class="fnanchor">[361]</a> But at present there are few
+Indians in the valley,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_243" id="page_243"></a>{243}</span> most of the land being divided amongst Spaniards
+who are citizens of the new city of Truxillo, to form their estates. The
+sea port, called the roadstead of Truxillo, is not very far from the
+valley, and all along the coast they kill much fish for the supply of
+the city and of the Indians themselves.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_244" id="page_244"></a>{244}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LXIX" id="CHAPTER_LXIX"></a>CHAPTER LXIX.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the founding of the city of Truxillo, and who was the founder.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> city of Truxillo is founded in the valley of Chimu, near a large and
+beautiful river, whence they draw channels by which the Spaniards
+irrigate their orchards and flower gardens. This city of Truxillo is
+situated in a region which is considered healthy, and on all sides it is
+surrounded by estates which the Spaniards call granges and farms, where
+the citizens have their flocks and crops. All the land is irrigated, and
+in all parts there are many vines, fig and pomegranate trees, and other
+fruits of Spain, great abundance of wheat, and many orange trees, and it
+is a pleasant thing to see the flowers. There are also lemons, limes,
+and citrons, besides plenty of excellent fruits of the country, and they
+breed many fowls and rear capons. It may be said that the Spanish
+inhabitants of this city are provided with all they require, having
+abundance of all the things which I have enumerated. There is no want of
+fish, as they have the sea not much more than half a league off. The
+city is built in a level part of the valley, in the midst of a
+refreshing grove of trees. It is well built, with broad streets and a
+large open square.<a name="FNanchor_362_362" id="FNanchor_362_362"></a><a href="#Footnote_362_362" class="fnanchor">[362]</a> The Indians of the <i>Sierra</i> come down from their
+provinces to serve those Spaniards who hold them in <i>encomienda</i>,<a name="FNanchor_363_363" id="FNanchor_363_363"></a><a href="#Footnote_363_363" class="fnanchor">[363]</a>
+and they supply the town with the things they have in their own
+villages. Vessels sail from the port, laden with cotton cloth made by
+the Indians, for sale in other parts. The Adelantado Don Francisco
+Pizarro, governor and captain-general in the kingdoms of Peru, founded
+this city of Truxillo, in the name of the Emperor Charles our Lord, in
+the year of the birth of our Saviour Jesus Christ 1535.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_245" id="page_245"></a>{245}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LXX" id="CHAPTER_LXX"></a>CHAPTER LXX.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the other valleys and villages along the coast road, as far as the
+City of the Kings.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">I<small>N</small> the mountains, before reaching the City of the Kings, are the cities
+of the frontier of Chachapoyas, and that of Leon de Huanuco. I have
+determined that I will say nothing of these until I begin to give an
+account of the villages and provinces in the mountains, which still
+await my notice. I will then write conceiving their foundation, with as
+much brevity as I can, but at present we must pass forward on our road.</p>
+
+<p>The distance from the city of Truxillo to that of the Kings is eighty
+leagues, over sandy deserts and intervening valleys.<a name="FNanchor_364_364" id="FNanchor_364_364"></a><a href="#Footnote_364_364" class="fnanchor">[364]</a> After leaving
+Truxillo the first village is Guanape, being seven leagues on the road.
+This valley was no less noted among the natives in times past for the
+<i>chicha</i> which was brewed there, than Madrigal or San Martin in Castille
+are for the good wine that they yield. In ancient times the valley of
+Guanape was very populous, and was the residence of chiefs, who were
+honourably and well treated by the Yncas after they submitted to their
+rule. The Indians who have survived the wars and troubles are skilful in
+their labour, drawing channels of water from the river to irrigate their
+fields. The remains may be clearly seen of the buildings and
+store-houses erected by the Kings Yncas. There is a useful port at this
+valley, where many of the ships which sail on the South Sea, from Panama
+to Peru, call for supplies.</p>
+
+<p>From Guanape the road leads to the valley of Santa, but before reaching
+it there is a valley with no river, but a small well at which travellers
+quench their thirst. This well may be caused by some river which flows
+through the bowels of the earth. In former days the valley of Santa was
+very<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_246" id="page_246"></a>{246}</span> populous, and there were great chiefs who, at first, even defied
+the Yncas. They say of them that it was more by intrigue and a display
+of friendship than by force of arms, that they were induced to
+acknowledge the Yncas as their lords. Afterwards the Yncas honoured
+them, and held them in great esteem, and the chiefs erected grand
+edifices by order of the Yncas. This valley is one of the largest of any
+we have passed. A great and rapid river flows through it, which is much
+swollen when the season in the <i>Sierra</i> is winter, so that some
+Spaniards have been drowned in crossing from one side to the other.<a name="FNanchor_365_365" id="FNanchor_365_365"></a><a href="#Footnote_365_365" class="fnanchor">[365]</a>
+There are now <i>balsas</i> for crossing in. The valley contained many
+thousands of Indians in former times, but now there are only four
+hundred; and this is a lamentable thing to contemplate. That which I
+most admired, in passing through this valley, was the great number of
+burial-places, and that in all parts of the barren hills above the
+valley there were quantities of tombs made according to the custom of
+the Indians, and full of the bones of the dead. Thus the things that are
+most worthy of notice in the valley are the tombs of the dead and the
+fields which they cultivated when alive. They used to take great
+channels of water from the river, with which they irrigated the land.
+But now there are few Indians, and most of the fields which were once
+cultivated, are converted into woods, ground overgrown with brambles,
+and such dense thickets that, in some places, it is difficult to make a
+way through them. The natives go dressed in shirts and mantles, and the
+women also. They wear a head-dress on their heads to distinguish them
+from other tribes. All the fruits I have already mentioned grow well in
+this valley,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_247" id="page_247"></a>{247}</span> and the pulses of Spain; and the Indians kill much fish.
+The ships sailing along the coast always take in water at the river of
+Santa. And as there are many thickets and few inhabitants, the mosquitos
+swarm in such numbers as to be grievous to those who pass through or
+sleep in this valley.</p>
+
+<p>Two days’ journey further on is the valley of Huambacho, of which I
+shall say no more than that it resembles those already described, that
+there were buildings in it erected by its chiefs, and that the
+inhabitants drew channels of water from the river which flows through
+it, to irrigate their crops.</p>
+
+<p>I went in a day and a-half from this valley to that of Guarmay, which
+was likewise very populous in former days.<a name="FNanchor_366_366" id="FNanchor_366_366"></a><a href="#Footnote_366_366" class="fnanchor">[366]</a> At present they breed
+great quantities of cattle, horses, and pigs in it.</p>
+
+<p>From Guarmay the road leads to Parmonga, which is no less pleasant than
+the other valleys, but I believe that it contains no Indians at all who
+avail themselves of its fertility. If, by chance, a few remain, it must
+be in the upper parts near the foot of the mountains, for we saw nothing
+but trees and wild thickets. There is one thing worth seeing in this
+valley, which is a fine well-built fortress, and it is certainly very
+curious to see how they raised water in channels to irrigate higher
+levels. The buildings were very handsome, and many wild beasts and birds
+were painted on the walls, which are now all in ruins and undermined in
+many places by those who have searched for buried gold and silver. In
+these days the fortress only serves as a witness to that which has
+been.<a name="FNanchor_367_367" id="FNanchor_367_367"></a><a href="#Footnote_367_367" class="fnanchor">[367]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_248" id="page_248"></a>{248}</span></p>
+
+<p>Two leagues from this valley is the river <i>Huaman</i>, a word which, in our
+language, means “falcon,” but it is usually called “the ravine.”<a name="FNanchor_368_368" id="FNanchor_368_368"></a><a href="#Footnote_368_368" class="fnanchor">[368]</a>
+When it rains much in the <i>Sierra</i>, this river is dangerous, and some
+people have been drowned in crossing it. One day’s journey further on
+brings us to the valley of Huara, whence we pass to that of Lima.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LXXI" id="CHAPTER_LXXI"></a>CHAPTER LXXI.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the situation of the City of Kings, of its founding, and who was the
+founder.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> valley of Lima is the largest and broadest of all those of which I
+have written between it and Tumbez; and, as it was large, so it was very
+populous. But now there are few native Indians, for, as the city was
+built on their land, and as their fields and water-courses were taken
+from them, some have now gone to one valley and some to another. If by
+chance some have remained, they continue to irrigate their fields. At
+the time when the Adelantado Don Pedro de Alvarado came to this kingdom,
+the Adelantado Don Francisco Pizarro, who was his Majesty’s governor,
+was in Cuzco; and, while the marshal Don Diego de Almagro was doing
+those things which I mentioned in my chapter on Riobamba, he came down
+to the coast, and determined to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_249" id="page_249"></a>{249}</span> found a city in this valley. At that
+time neither Truxillo, Arequipa, Guamanga, nor any of the other cities
+were commenced. While the governor Don Francisco Pizarro was thinking of
+founding this city, after having inspected Sangallan, and other sites on
+the coast, he one day came with some Spaniards to the place where the
+city now stands, and it appeared to him a convenient site, possessing
+all necessary advantages. He, therefore, soon afterwards laid out a
+plan, and built the city on a level part of the valley, two short
+leagues from the sea. Above this site a river flows from the east, which
+has little water when it is summer in the <i>Sierra</i>, but which is
+somewhat swollen when it is winter. The city is so near the river that a
+strong arm may throw a small stone into it from the <i>plaza</i>, and on that
+side it cannot be enlarged. After Cuzco it is the largest city in the
+whole kingdom of Peru, and the most important.<a name="FNanchor_369_369" id="FNanchor_369_369"></a><a href="#Footnote_369_369" class="fnanchor">[369]</a> It contains very
+fine houses, and some ornamental buildings with towers and terraces. The
+<i>plaza</i> is large<a name="FNanchor_370_370" id="FNanchor_370_370"></a><a href="#Footnote_370_370" class="fnanchor">[370]</a> and the streets broad, and through every street a
+channel of water flows, which is no small convenience. The water from
+these channels serves to irrigate the orchards and gardens, which are
+numerous, refreshing, and delightful. At this time the Court and Royal
+Chancellory is established in the city, for which reason, and because
+all the business of the country is done here, there are always many
+people in the city, and rich shops for the sale of merchandise. In the
+year that I departed from this kingdom there were many inhabitants of
+this city who possessed <i>encomiendas</i> of Indians, and were so rich and
+prosperous, that they valued their estates at 150,00<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_250" id="page_250"></a>{250}</span> ducats and
+upwards. In fine, I left them very rich and prosperous, and ships often
+sail from the port of this city, each carrying 800,00 ducats, and some
+more than a million. I pray to Almighty God that, as it will be for his
+service, for the spread of our holy faith, and for the salvation of our
+souls, he will allow this wealth to increase continually.</p>
+
+<p>On the east side of the city there is a great and lofty hill, on the top
+of which a cross is planted.<a name="FNanchor_371_371" id="FNanchor_371_371"></a><a href="#Footnote_371_371" class="fnanchor">[371]</a> Outside the city there are many farms
+and estates on all sides, where the Spaniards have their flocks and
+pigeon-cotes, vineyards, and refreshing orchards full of the fruits of
+the country, figs, bananas, sugar-canes, melons, oranges, lemons, limes,
+citrons, and beans brought from Spain. All is so good, that no fault can
+be found, but rather thanks should be offered up to the great God our
+Lord, who made all these things. Certainly, if all commotions and wars
+were at an end, this would be one of the best countries in the world to
+pass a life in,<a name="FNanchor_372_372" id="FNanchor_372_372"></a><a href="#Footnote_372_372" class="fnanchor">[372]</a> for we see in it neither hunger, nor pestilence,
+nor rain, nor thunder and lightning, but the heavens are always serene
+and very beautiful. I could have mentioned some other particulars, but
+as it seems to me that I have said enough, I shall pass on, concluding
+by saying that the Adelantado Don Francisco Pizarro, governor and
+captain-general in these kingdoms, founded the city in the name of his
+Majesty the Emperor Charles our lord, in the year of our salvation
+1535.<a name="FNanchor_373_373" id="FNanchor_373_373"></a><a href="#Footnote_373_373" class="fnanchor">[373]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_251" id="page_251"></a>{251}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LXXII" id="CHAPTER_LXXII"></a>CHAPTER LXXII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the valley of Pachacamac, and of the very ancient temple in it, and
+how it was reverenced by the Yncas.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">F<small>OUR</small> leagues from the City of the Kings, travelling down the coast, is
+the valley of Pachacamac, which is very famous among these Indians. This
+valley is fruitful and pleasant, and in it there was one of the grandest
+temples that is to be seen in these parts. They say of it that, although
+the Kings Yncas built many temples besides the temple of Cuzco, and
+enriched them greatly, yet none were equal to this temple of Pachacamac.
+It was built on the top of a small hill, entirely made of earth and
+<i>adobes</i> (bricks baked in the sun). The edifice had many doors, and the
+doors and walls were painted over with wild beasts. Within the temple,
+where they placed the idol, were the priests, who feigned no small
+amount of sanctity. When they performed sacrifices before the people,
+they went with their faces towards the doors and their backs to the
+idols, with their eyes to the ground, and they were filled with a mighty
+trembling. Indeed, their perturbation was so great, according to the
+accounts of those Indians who are still living, that it may almost be
+compared with that of which we read concerning the priests of Apollo
+when the gentiles sought for their vain replies. The Indians further
+relate that they sacrificed animals, and some human blood of persons
+whom they had killed, before the figure of this devil, which, at their
+most solemn festivals, gave replies, and when the people heard them,
+they believed them to be true. In the terraces and lower parts of this
+temple a great sum in gold and silver was buried.</p>
+
+<p>The priests were much reverenced, and the chiefs obeyed them in many of
+the things which they ordered. Near the temple many great buildings were
+erected for the use of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_252" id="page_252"></a>{252}</span> those who came on pilgrimage, and no one was
+considered worthy to be buried in the vicinity of the temple except the
+chiefs, or those who came as pilgrims bringing offerings to the
+temple.<a name="FNanchor_374_374" id="FNanchor_374_374"></a><a href="#Footnote_374_374" class="fnanchor">[374]</a> When the annual festivals of the year were celebrated, a
+great concourse of people assembled, rejoicing to the sound of such
+instruments of music as they use.</p>
+
+<p>When the Lords Yncas, in extending their sway, came to this valley of
+Pachacamac, and saw the grandeur and great antiquity of the temple, and
+the reverence paid to it by all the people in the neighbourhood, they
+knew that it would be very difficult to put aside this feeling, although
+it was their general practice to order temples to the sun to be built in
+all the countries they conquered. They, therefore, agreed with the
+native chiefs and with the ministers of this god or devil, that the
+temple of Pachacamac should continue with the authority and reverence it
+formerly possessed, and that<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_253" id="page_253"></a>{253}</span> the loftiest part should be set aside as a
+temple of the sun. This order of the Yncas having been obeyed, the
+temple of the sun became very rich, and many virgins were placed in it.
+The devil Pachacamac was delighted with this agreement, and they affirm
+that he showed great satisfaction in his replies, seeing that his ends
+were served both by the one party and the other, while the souls of the
+unfortunate simpletons remained in his power.</p>
+
+<p>Some Indians say that this accursed demon Pachacamac still talks with
+the aged people. As he sees that his authority and credit are gone, and
+that many of those who once served him have now formed a contrary
+opinion, he declares that he and the God of whom the Christians preach
+are one, and thus with other false and deceitful words induces some to
+refuse the water of baptism. Nevertheless God, taking pity on the souls
+of these sinners, is served by many coming to His knowledge and calling
+themselves sons of the church. Thus every day some are baptised. The
+temple is now so completely dismantled that the principal edifice is
+gone altogether, and in the place where the devil was once so served and
+adored, a cross is planted to increase his terror, and to be a comfort
+to the faithful.</p>
+
+<p>The name of this devil is intended to signify “creator of the world,”
+for <i>camac</i> means “creator,” and <i>pacha</i>, “the world.” When the governor
+Don Francisco Pizarro (God permitting it) seized Atahualpa in the
+province of Caxamarca, he heard wonderful reports of this temple, and of
+its great riches. He, therefore, sent his brother, the captain Hernando
+Pizarro, with some Spanish troops, with orders to seek out the valley,
+and take all the gold he could find in the accursed temple, with which
+he was to return to Caxamarca. Although the captain Hernando Pizarro
+succeeded in reaching the temple of Pachacamac, it is notorious among
+the people that the priests had already taken away four hundred loads of
+gold, which have never yet appeared, nor do<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_254" id="page_254"></a>{254}</span> any Indians now living know
+where they are. Nevertheless Hernando Pizarro (the first Spanish captain
+who came to this place) found some gold and silver. As time passed on,
+the captain Rodrigo Orgoñez, Francisco de Godoy, and others, took a
+large sum of gold and silver from the burial places. It is considered
+that there is much more, but as the place where it was buried is
+unknown, it was lost. From the time that Hernando Pizarro and his
+Christians entered the temple, the devil has had little power, the idols
+have been destroyed, and the temple and other edifices have fallen into
+ruins. Insomuch that very few Indians now remain in the place. This
+valley is as full of trees as the other valleys, and many cows and other
+stock are reared in the fields, besides mares, from which come some good
+horses.<a name="FNanchor_375_375" id="FNanchor_375_375"></a><a href="#Footnote_375_375" class="fnanchor">[375]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_255" id="page_255"></a>{255}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LXXIII" id="CHAPTER_LXXIII"></a>CHAPTER LXXIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the valleys between Pachacamac and the fortress of Huarco, and of a
+notable thing which is done in the valley of Huarco.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">F<small>ROM</small> this temple of Pachacamac, where the temple is, the road leads to
+Chilca, and at that place there is a thing well worthy of note, for it
+is very strange. It is this,—that neither rain falls from heaven, nor
+does any river or spring flow through the land, and yet the greater part
+of the valley is full of crops of Indian corn, of roots, and of fruit
+trees. It is a marvellous thing to hear what the Indians do in this
+valley. In order to secure the necessary moisture, they make broad and
+very deep holes where they sow their crops, and God is served by their
+growing with the aid of dew alone; but by no means could they make the
+maize grow if they did not put two heads of sardines to each grain,
+these sardines being small fish which they catch with nets in the sea.
+At the time of sowing, these fishes heads are put with the maize in the
+same hole that is made for the grain, and in this manner the grain grows
+and yields abundantly. It is certainly a notable thing that in a land
+where it does not rain, and where nothing but a very fine dew falls,
+people should be able to live at their ease. The water which the natives
+of this village drink is taken from very deep wells, and they catch so
+many sardines in the sea, that the supply is sufficient to maintain all
+the inhabitants, besides using<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_256" id="page_256"></a>{256}</span> many for manuring the crops. There were
+buildings and store-houses of the Yncas in this valley, for their
+reception when they visited the provinces of their kingdom.<a name="FNanchor_376_376" id="FNanchor_376_376"></a><a href="#Footnote_376_376" class="fnanchor">[376]</a></p>
+
+<p>Three leagues beyond Chilca is the valley of Mala, where the devil, for
+men’s sins, completed the evil which had commenced in this land, and
+secured the breaking out of war between the two governors, Don Francisco
+Pizarro and Don Diego de Almagro. First, a number of events took place,
+and at last they left the decision of the dispute (as to which of the
+governments the city of Cuzco belonged) in the hands and power of
+Francisco de Bobadilla, a friar of the order of our Lady of Mercy. After
+a solemn oath had been taken by one captain and by the other, the two
+Adelantados Pizarro and Almagro met, but no result came of the
+interview, and Don Diego de Almagro returned, with great dissimulation,
+to his own troops and captains.<a name="FNanchor_377_377" id="FNanchor_377_377"></a><a href="#Footnote_377_377" class="fnanchor">[377]</a> The umpire Bobadilla then
+pronounced his judgment on the dispute, and declared that which I shall
+write in the fourth part of this history, in the first book, entitled
+“The war of Las Salinas.”<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_257" id="page_257"></a>{257}</span></p>
+
+<p>A fine river, bordered by thickets of trees and bushes, flows through
+this valley of Mala.<a name="FNanchor_378_378" id="FNanchor_378_378"></a><a href="#Footnote_378_378" class="fnanchor">[378]</a></p>
+
+<p>A little more than five leagues beyond the valley of Mala is that of
+Guarco, which is highly spoken of in this kingdom, being large, broad,
+and full of fruit trees.<a name="FNanchor_379_379" id="FNanchor_379_379"></a><a href="#Footnote_379_379" class="fnanchor">[379]</a> Especially there are many <i>guayavas</i>,
+which are very delicious and fragrant, and still more <i>guavas</i>. The
+wheat and maize yield plentifully, and all other things that are sown,
+as well those of the country as the trees of Spain. There are also
+pigeons, doves, and other kinds of birds. The thickets of bushes in this
+valley are very shady, and irrigating channels flow through them. The
+inhabitants say that, in times past, the valley was very populous, and
+that the people contended with their neighbours, and with those of the
+<i>Sierra</i>.</p>
+
+<p>When the Yncas advanced their conquests and extended their sway over all
+the provinces they came in contact with, the natives of this valley had
+no wish to become vassals, seeing that their fathers had left them free.
+They showed great valour, and maintained the war with no less spirit
+than virtue for more than four years, during which time many notable
+things fell out between the combatants. It was a protracted war, and
+although the Ynca himself retired to Cuzco in the summer, on account of
+the heat, his troops continued fighting. On account of the length of the
+war, which the Ynca desired to bring to a close, he came down with his
+nobles to build a new city which he called Cuzco, after his principal
+seat of government. The Indians relate that he ordered that the
+different divisions of the new<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_258" id="page_258"></a>{258}</span> city should have the same names as those
+of Cuzco. Finally, but not until they had fought to the last extremity,
+the natives of the valley of Guarco were subdued, and subjected to the
+yoke of the tyrant king, who had no other right to be their lord than
+that which the fortune of war had given him.<a name="FNanchor_380_380" id="FNanchor_380_380"></a><a href="#Footnote_380_380" class="fnanchor">[380]</a> Having brought the
+enterprise to a successful conclusion, the Ynca returned with his troops
+to Cuzco, and the name of the new city was lost. Nevertheless he ordered
+the most handsome and imposing fortress in the whole kingdom to be
+erected on a high hill commanding the valley, to commemorate his
+victory. It is built on great square slabs, the portals are very well
+made, and the halls and courts are very large. From the upper part of
+this royal house a stone flight of steps leads down to the sea, and the
+waves dash with such force against the base of the edifice, that it
+causes wonder to think how it could have been built with such strength
+and solidity. In its time this fortress was richly adorned with
+paintings, and it contained great treasure in the days of the Kings
+Yncas. Although the building is so strong, and the stones so large,
+there does not appear to be any mortar or other cement by which they
+were joined together. When the edifice was built they say that, on
+reaching the interior of the rock, they made holes with their picks and
+other tools, and filled them with great slabs and stones, and thus it is
+that the building is so strong. Considering that it is built by these
+Indians, the building is worthy of praise, and must cause admiration to
+those who see it, although now it is ruined and deserted. It may still
+be seen to have been a great work in times past. It seems to me that
+both Spaniards<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_259" id="page_259"></a>{259}</span> and Indians should be forbidden, under heavy penalties,
+from doing further injury either to this building or to the remains of
+the fortress at Cuzco; for these two edifices are those which should
+cause most admiration in all Peru, and, as time rolls on, they may even
+be made use of for some good purpose.<a name="FNanchor_381_381" id="FNanchor_381_381"></a><a href="#Footnote_381_381" class="fnanchor">[381]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_260" id="page_260"></a>{260}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LXXIV" id="CHAPTER_LXXIV"></a>CHAPTER LXXIV.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the great province of Chincha, and how much it was valued in ancient
+times.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">A<small>BOUT</small> two leagues beyond the fortress of Guarco is a rather large river
+called Lunahuana, and the valley which it forms is like all the rest.
+Six miles further on is the large and beautiful valley of Chincha, so
+far famed throughout Peru, as well as feared in former days by the other
+natives. When the Marquis Don Francisco Pizarro, with his thirteen
+companions, discovered the coast of this kingdom, it was said on all
+sides that Chincha was the fairest and best part of it. Thus it was
+that, by reason of the fame borne by the place, and without knowing the
+secrets of the soil, he sought from his Majesty the government of a
+territory extending from the river of Santiago or Tempulla to this
+valley of Chincha.<a name="FNanchor_382_382" id="FNanchor_382_382"></a><a href="#Footnote_382_382" class="fnanchor">[382]</a></p>
+
+<p>As to the origin of the Indians of Chincha, they say that, in time past,
+a quantity of them set out under the banner of a valiant captain of
+their own tribe and arrived at this valley of Chincha, where they found
+many inhabitants, but all of such small stature that the tallest was
+barely two cubits high. The new comers being valiant, and the natives
+cowardly and timid, the former gained possession. They also affirm that
+all the natives perished, and that the fathers of the grandfathers of
+men now alive saw their bones in certain tombs which were as small as
+has been described.</p>
+
+<p>These Indians thus became lords of the valley; they<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_261" id="page_261"></a>{261}</span> flourished and
+multiplied, and built their villages close together. They say that they
+heard a certain oracle near a rock, and that they all hold the place to
+be sacred. They call it <i>Chincha</i> and <i>Camay</i>. They constantly made
+sacrifices, and the devil held converse with the older men, and deceived
+them as he did all the other Indians. The principal chiefs of the
+valley, and many other Indians, have now become Christians, and a
+monastery of the glorious Saint Dominic has been founded in the valley.</p>
+
+<p>But to return to our subject. They affirm that the Indians of this
+valley increased so rapidly in numbers and in power, that those of the
+other neighbouring valleys sought friendship and alliance with them as a
+great honour and advantage. Finding themselves so powerful, they are
+said to have set out to rob the provinces of the <i>Sierra</i> at the time
+that the first Yncas were founding the city of Cuzco. They are said to
+have done much mischief in Soras and Lucanas, and to have got as far as
+the great province of the Collao, whence, after having taken great
+spoils, and gained many victories, they returned to their valley. Here
+they and their descendants lived, given up to their pleasures and
+amusements, with over many women, and following the same rites and
+customs as the other tribes. The valley was so populous, that many
+Spaniards say, that when the Marquis conquered it, it contained more
+than 25,00 men. At present, I believe, that there are barely 500, such
+have been the strifes and misfortunes they have gone through. The
+lordship of this valley was also safe and prosperous until the valiant
+Ynca Yupanqui extended his rule in this direction. Wishing to bring the
+chiefs of Chincha under his rule, he sent a captain of his own lineage,
+named Ccapac Ynca Yupanqui, with an army of many <i>Orejones</i> and others,
+who reached the valley, and had several encounters with the natives. Not
+being able to subjugate them, the <i>Orejones</i> passed on; but in the time
+of Tupac Ynca Yupanqui,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_262" id="page_262"></a>{262}</span> father of Huayna Ccapac, they were finally
+conquered, and from that time they obeyed the laws of the Lords Yncas;
+the villages of the valley were ruled by them, and great buildings and
+storehouses were erected for the King. The Yncas did not deprive the
+chiefs of their lordship, but his delegate lived in the valley, and the
+natives were ordered to worship the sun. Thus a temple was built, and
+many virgins and priests to celebrate festivals resided in it. But,
+notwithstanding that this temple of the sun was so pre-eminently
+established, the natives did not cease to worship also in their ancient
+temple of Chinchaycama. The Kings Yncas also sent <i>Mitimaes</i> into this
+great valley, and ordered that, during certain months in the year, the
+native chiefs should reside at the court of Cuzco. The chief of Chincha,
+who is still living, was in most of the wars which were waged during the
+time of Huayna Ccapac. He is a man of ability and good understanding for
+an Indian.</p>
+
+<p>This valley is one of the largest in all Peru, and it is a beautiful
+thing to see its channels of water and groves of trees, and the great
+abundance of fruit, more especially the luscious and fragrant <i>pepinos</i>,
+not like those of Spain, although they bear some resemblance. These are
+yellow when the peel is taken off, and so delicious that it is necessary
+to eat many of them before a man is satisfied. In the thickets there are
+the same birds as have already been mentioned. There are scarcely any
+sheep of the country, because the wars between the Christians have
+caused their destruction. This valley yields plenty of wheat, and they
+cultivate vines which they have planted. The valley yields all the other
+things which have been planted by the Spaniards.</p>
+
+<p>There were an immense quantity of burial-places made on the surrounding
+arid heights. The Spaniards opened many of them, and obtained a great
+quantity of gold. The native Indians were fond of dancing, and the
+chiefs went about<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_263" id="page_263"></a>{263}</span> with much ceremony and parade, and were reverenced by
+their vassals. After the Yncas established their rule, the natives
+copied many customs from them, adopted their dress, and imitated them in
+all other things as their sole lords.</p>
+
+<p>The large population of this great valley has been reduced by the long
+civil wars in Peru, and because many natives have been taken away to
+carry burdens for the Spaniards (as is well known).</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LXXV" id="CHAPTER_LXXV"></a>CHAPTER LXXV.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the other valley, as far as the province of Tarapaca.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">A<small>FTER</small> leaving the beautiful province of Chincha, and travelling over
+sandy wastes, the traveller reaches the refreshing valley of Yca, which
+was not less rich and populous than the others. A river flows through
+it, which, during some months in the year when the season is summer in
+the <i>Sierra</i>, has so little water that the inhabitants of the valley
+feel the want of it. In the days of their prosperity, before they were
+subdued by the Spaniards, and when they enjoyed the government of the
+Yncas, besides the channels with which they irrigated the valley, they
+had one much larger than the rest, brought with great skill from the
+mountains in such wise that it flowed without reducing the quantity of
+water in the river.<a name="FNanchor_383_383" id="FNanchor_383_383"></a><a href="#Footnote_383_383" class="fnanchor">[383]</a> Now that this great channel is destroyed, they
+make deep holes in the bed of the river when it is dry, and thus they
+obtain water to drink, and for watering their crops. In this valley of
+Yca there were great lords in former times who were much feared and
+reverenced. The Yncas ordered palaces and other buildings to be made in
+the valley. The inhabitants had the same<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_264" id="page_264"></a>{264}</span> customs as the other Indians,
+burying live women and great treasure with their dead.</p>
+
+<p>In this valley there are very large woods of <i>algaroba</i> trees, and many
+fruit trees of the kinds already described; besides deer, pigeons,
+doves, and other game. The people breed much cattle.<a name="FNanchor_384_384" id="FNanchor_384_384"></a><a href="#Footnote_384_384" class="fnanchor">[384]</a></p>
+
+<p>From this valley of Yca the road leads to the beautiful rivers and
+valleys of Nasca,<a name="FNanchor_385_385" id="FNanchor_385_385"></a><a href="#Footnote_385_385" class="fnanchor">[385]</a> which were also very populous in times past, and
+the streams were made to irrigate the fields. The late wars destroyed by
+their cruelty (as is well known) all these poor Indians. Some Spaniards
+of credit told me that the greatest harm to the Indians was done during
+the dispute of the two governors Pizarro and Almagro, respecting the
+boundaries of their jurisdictions, which cost so dear, as the reader
+will see in the proper place.</p>
+
+<p>In the principal valley of those of Nasca (which by another name is
+called Caxamalca) there were great edifices built by order of the
+Yncas.<a name="FNanchor_386_386" id="FNanchor_386_386"></a><a href="#Footnote_386_386" class="fnanchor">[386]</a> I have nothing more to say of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_265" id="page_265"></a>{265}</span> natives than that they
+also assert that their ancestors were valiant, and esteemed by the Kings
+of Cuzco. I have heard that the Spaniards took a quantity of treasure
+from the burial-places, or <i>huacas</i>. These valleys being so fertile, as
+I have said, a great quantity of sweet canes have been planted in one of
+them, of which they make much sugar for sale in the cities of this
+kingdom. The great road of the Yncas passes through all these valleys,
+and in some parts of the desert signs may be seen to indicate the road
+that should be taken.</p>
+
+<p>Beyond these valleys of Nasca is that of Acari, and further on are those
+of Ocoña, Camana, and Quilca, in which there are great rivers.<a name="FNanchor_387_387" id="FNanchor_387_387"></a><a href="#Footnote_387_387" class="fnanchor">[387]</a>
+Notwithstanding that at the present time these valleys contain few
+inhabitants, in former times they were populous, but the wars and
+calamities have reduced their numbers of late years until there are now
+few left. These valleys are as fruitful and abundant as the others, and
+are well adapted for breeding stock.</p>
+
+<p>Beyond this valley of Quilca,<a name="FNanchor_388_388" id="FNanchor_388_388"></a><a href="#Footnote_388_388" class="fnanchor">[388]</a> which is the port of the city of
+Arequipa, are those of Chuli, Tambopalla, and Ylo. Further on are the
+rich valleys of Tarapaca. Out of the sea, in the neighbourhood of these
+valleys, rise some islands much frequented by seals. The natives go to
+them in <i>balsas</i>, and bring a great quantity of the dung of birds from<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_266" id="page_266"></a>{266}</span>
+the rocks, to apply to their crops of maize, and they find it so
+efficacious that the land, which formerly was sterile, becomes very rich
+and fruitful. If they cease to use this manure they reap little maize.
+Indeed the people could not be supported if the birds, lodging on the
+rocks round these islands, did not leave that which is afterwards
+collected, and considered so valuable as to become an article of trade
+between the natives.<a name="FNanchor_389_389" id="FNanchor_389_389"></a><a href="#Footnote_389_389" class="fnanchor">[389]</a></p>
+
+<p>It does not appear to me necessary to dwell longer on the things
+concerning these valleys, for I have already written down the principal
+things I saw or was able to obtain notice of. I will conclude,
+therefore, by saying that there are now few natives, and that in ancient
+times there were palaces and store-houses in all the valleys, the
+tribute rendered to the Kings Yncas being conveyed partly to Cuzco,
+partly to Hatuncolla, partly to Vilcas, and partly to Caxamalca. The
+principal grandeur of the Yncas was in the <i>Sierra</i>. I now pass on to
+the valleys of Tarapaca.</p>
+
+<p>It is certain that there are very rich mines in these<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_267" id="page_267"></a>{267}</span> valleys of
+Tarapaca, of white and resplendent silver. Further on, I am told by
+those who have travelled in these parts, there are some deserts which
+extend to the borders of the government of Chile.<a name="FNanchor_390_390" id="FNanchor_390_390"></a><a href="#Footnote_390_390" class="fnanchor">[390]</a> Along all this
+coast they kill fish, some of them good, and the Indians make <i>balsas</i>
+of sealskin for their fishing; and in some parts there are so many seals
+that the noise they make when congregating together is a thing worth
+hearing.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LXXVI" id="CHAPTER_LXXVI"></a>CHAPTER LXXVI.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the founding of the city of Arequipa, how it was founded, and who was
+its founder.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> distance from the City of the Kings to that of Arequipa is one
+hundred and twenty leagues. The city of Arequipa is built in the valley
+of Quilca, fourteen leagues from the sea, in the most healthy and best
+part for building. The situation and climate of this city is so good
+that it is praised as the most healthy in all Peru, and the most
+pleasant. The country yields very good wheat, of which they make
+excellent bread. The jurisdiction of the city extends from Acari to
+Tarapaca, and there are also some villages belonging to it in the
+province of Condesuyo. Hubinas, Chiquiguanita, Quimistaca, and Collaguas
+are villages belonging to this city, which were formerly very populous,
+and possessed many flocks of sheep. The civil wars of the Spaniards have
+now destroyed the greater part both of the natives and of the sheep. The
+Indians who were natives of these mountain villages worshipped the sun,
+and buried their chiefs in great tombs, in the same manner as was
+practised by other Indians. They all go about clothed in shirts and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_268" id="page_268"></a>{268}</span>
+mantles. Ancient royal roads traversed these parts, made for the Kings;
+there were palaces and store-houses, and all the natives gave tribute of
+their crops. This city of Arequipa, being so near a seaport, is well
+supplied with Spanish goods, and most of the treasure which is sent from
+Charcas comes here, and is put on board ships which are generally lying
+off Quilca, to be taken to the city of the Kings.</p>
+
+<p>Some Indians and Christians declare that, opposite to Acari, but very
+far out at sea, there are some large and rich islands, and it is
+publicly reported that much gold is brought from them to trade with the
+natives of this coast. I left Peru in 1550, and in that year the Lords
+of the Royal Audience charged the captain Gomez de Solis with the
+discovery of these islands. It is believed that they must be rich, if
+they exist.</p>
+
+<p>Concerning the founding of the city of Arequipa I have only to say that,
+when it was founded, it was in another place, and that it was removed to
+its present site, as being more convenient.<a name="FNanchor_391_391" id="FNanchor_391_391"></a><a href="#Footnote_391_391" class="fnanchor">[391]</a> Near it there is a
+volcano, which some fear will burst forth and do mischief.<a name="FNanchor_392_392" id="FNanchor_392_392"></a><a href="#Footnote_392_392" class="fnanchor">[392]</a>
+Sometimes there are great earthquakes in this city,<a name="FNanchor_393_393" id="FNanchor_393_393"></a><a href="#Footnote_393_393" class="fnanchor">[393]</a> which the
+Marquis Don Francisco Pizarro founded and settled, in the name of his
+Majesty, in the year of our redemption 1540.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_269" id="page_269"></a>{269}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LXXVII" id="CHAPTER_LXXVII"></a>CHAPTER LXXVII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">In which it is declared how that, beyond the province of Huancabamba,
+there is that of Caxamarca, and other large and very populous provinces.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">I<small>N</small> most of the provinces of this great kingdom the natives imitate each
+other so closely that, in many things, one may say that they all seem to
+be one people; and for this reason I touch briefly upon such matters in
+some parts of my work, because I have treated more fully of them in
+others.</p>
+
+<p>Now that I have finished all I have to say concerning the coast valleys,
+I shall return to the mountains. I have already written an account of
+the villages and edifices from Quito to Loxa, and of the province of
+Huancabamba, where I halted, in order to treat of the foundation of San
+Miguel and of other subjects. Returning now to the former route, it
+seems to me that the distance from Huancabamba to the province of
+Caxamarca is fifty leagues, a little more or less. This province is
+famous as the scene of Atahualpa’s imprisonment, and is noted throughout
+the kingdom for its riches. The natives of Caxamarca state that they
+were much esteemed by their neighbours before the Yncas subdued them,
+and that they had their temples and places of worship in the loftier
+parts of the mountains. Some of them say that they were first subdued by
+the Ynca Yupanqui, others that it was not so, but that his son Tupac
+Ynca Yupanqui first conquered them. Whoever it may have been, it is
+stated positively that before he became lord of Caxamarca, they killed
+the greater part of his troops, and that they were brought under his
+yoke more by intrigues and by soft and winning speeches than by
+force.<a name="FNanchor_394_394" id="FNanchor_394_394"></a><a href="#Footnote_394_394" class="fnanchor">[394]</a> The native<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_270" id="page_270"></a>{270}</span> chiefs of this province were much respected by
+their Indians, and they had many women. One of the wives was the
+principal, and her son, if she had one, succeeded in the lordship. When
+the chiefs died the same customs were observed as have already been
+described. Their wives and riches were buried with them, and there was
+much and long-continued lamentation. Their temples and places of worship
+were much venerated, and the blood of sheep and lambs was offered up as
+sacrifice. They say that the ministers of these temples conversed with
+the devil; and when they celebrated their festivals, they assembled a
+vast concourse of people in a clear open space, and performed dances,
+during which they consumed no small quantity of wine made from maize.
+They all go dressed in mantles and rich tunics, and wear a peculiar
+head-dress as a distinguishing mark, being narrow cords in the manner of
+a fillet.</p>
+
+<p>When the Yncas had subdued this province of Caxamarca, it is said that
+they valued it greatly, and ordered<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_271" id="page_271"></a>{271}</span> palaces and a very grand temple of
+the sun to be built, besides many store-houses. The virgins of the
+temple were employed in weaving very fine cloths, which they dyed with
+better and more perfect colours than can be done in most other parts of
+the world. In this temple there were great riches for its services; and
+on certain days the ministers saw the devil, with whom they had
+intercourse and converse. There were a great number of <i>Mitimaes</i> in
+this province of Caxamarca, obeying the superintendent, who had orders
+to collect tribute and bear rule over the province. The officers in
+charge of store-houses in various parts of the country came to him to
+give an account of their charge, for he was the chief officer in these
+districts, and also bore rule over many of the coast valleys. And
+although the people on the coast had the temples and sanctuaries already
+described by me, and many others, yet many of them came to worship the
+sun, and to offer sacrifices. There are many things worthy of note in
+the palaces of the Yncas, especially some very fine baths, where the
+chiefs bathed when they were lodged in those edifices.<a name="FNanchor_395_395" id="FNanchor_395_395"></a><a href="#Footnote_395_395" class="fnanchor">[395]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_272" id="page_272"></a>{272}</span></p>
+
+<p>Now the province of Caxamarca is much diminished in importance; for when
+Huayna Ccapac, the rightful king of these realms, died in the very year
+that the Marquis Don Francisco Pizarro, with his thirteen companions, by
+the grace of God, discovered this prosperous kingdom, his first-born and
+general heir, Huascar, being the eldest son that he had by his
+legitimate wife the Ccoya (which is the name of the Queen), took the
+fringe and crown of the whole kingdom,<a name="FNanchor_396_396" id="FNanchor_396_396"></a><a href="#Footnote_396_396" class="fnanchor">[396]</a> as soon as his father’s
+death was known in Cuzco. He sent messengers in all directions, with
+orders that, since his father was dead, all men should obey him as sole
+lord. But, during the war of Quito, waged by Huayna Ccapac, the great
+captains Chalcuchima, Quizquiz, Yncla-hualpec, and Rumi-ñaui had been
+engaged, who were very famous, and had intrigued to make another new
+Cuzco in Quito, and to form a kingdom in the northern province, divided
+and separated from Cuzco. They wished to take for their lord a noble and
+very intelligent youth named Atahualpa, who was well beloved by all the
+veteran soldiers and captains, for he had set out with his father from
+Cuzco at a tender age, and marched with the army for<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_273" id="page_273"></a>{273}</span> a long time. Some
+Indians even say that Huayna Ccapac himself, before his death,
+reflecting that the kingdom which he left was so vast as to extend along
+a thousand leagues of coast, determined to leave Quito and his other
+conquests to Atahualpa. However this may be, it is certain that, when
+Atahualpa and his followers knew that Huascar desired them to yield
+obedience to him, they took up arms. It is said, however, that at first,
+by the cunning of one captain Atoco, Atahualpa was made prisoner in the
+province of Tumebamba, and that he escaped by the help of a woman, and
+reached Quito, where he assembled his troops. He gave battle to the
+captain Atoco near Ambato, and the army of Huascar was then defeated, as
+I shall more fully relate in the third part of this work, in which I
+treat of the discovery and conquest of this kingdom. As soon as the
+defeat and death of Atoco were known in Cuzco, the captains Huancauque
+and Yncaroque, with a large force, set out from Cuzco by order of the
+King Huascar, and waged a great war with Atahualpa, to force him to
+yield obedience to the rightful King Huascar. Atahualpa not only refused
+to do this, but sought to obtain the kingdom for himself. Thus there was
+a great struggle, and it is affirmed by the Indians themselves that more
+than 100,00 men were killed in the wars and battles, in which Atahualpa
+was always victorious.<a name="FNanchor_397_397" id="FNanchor_397_397"></a><a href="#Footnote_397_397" class="fnanchor">[397]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_274" id="page_274"></a>{274}</span> At last he came with his army to the
+province of Caxamarca (which is the reason that I treat of his history
+in this<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_275" id="page_275"></a>{275}</span> part), and here he first heard of the strange people who had
+entered the country, and who were then not far off. Thinking it certain
+that it would be very easy to capture them and hold them as his
+servants, he ordered his captain Chalcuchima to march to Cuzco with a
+great army, and either seize or kill his enemy. Meanwhile he himself
+remained in Caxamarca, at which place the governor Don Francisco Pizarro
+arrived, and afterwards those events took place which ended in the
+encounter between the forces of Atahualpa and the Spaniards (who did not
+number more than one hundred and fifty men), the death of many Indians,
+and the imprisonment of Atahualpa. Owing to these troubles, and to the
+length of time that the Christian Spaniards remained there, Caxamarca
+received much damage, and as, for our sins, there have never ceased to
+be civil wars, it has not recovered. It is held in <i>encomienda</i> by the
+captain Melchor Verdugo, a citizen of Truxillo.<a name="FNanchor_398_398" id="FNanchor_398_398"></a><a href="#Footnote_398_398" class="fnanchor">[398]</a> All the edifices
+of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_276" id="page_276"></a>{276}</span> the Yncas and the storehouses are, like the rest, in a ruinous
+condition.</p>
+
+<p>This province of Caxamarca is very fertile, and yields wheat like
+another Sicily. They also breed stock, and raise abundance of maize and
+of edible roots, and of all the fruits which I have mentioned as growing
+in other parts. Besides these, there are falcons, many partridges,
+doves, pigeons, and other game. The natives are well-mannered, peaceful,
+and amongst themselves they have some good customs, so as to pass
+through this life without care. They think little of honour, and are not
+ambitious of having any, but they are hospitable to Christians who pass
+through their province, and give them good food, without doing them any
+evil turn, even when the traveller is solitary. For these and other
+things the Spaniards praise the Indians of Caxamarca. They are very
+ingenious in forming irrigating channels, building houses, cultivating
+the land, breeding stock, and in working gold and silver. They also
+make, with their hands, as good tapestry from the wool of their sheep as
+is to be found in Flanders, and so fine that<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_277" id="page_277"></a>{277}</span> the threads of it look
+like silk, although they are only wool. The women are amorous, and some
+of them are beautiful. They go dressed in the same way as the <i>Pallas</i>,
+or ladies of Cuzco. The temples and <i>huacas</i> are now in ruins, and the
+idols are broken, many of the Indians having become Christians. There
+are always priests and friars among them, teaching them our holy
+Catholic faith.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LXXVIII" id="CHAPTER_LXXVIII"></a>CHAPTER LXXVIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the foundation of the city of the frontier, who was its founder, and
+of some customs of the Indians in the province.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">B<small>EFORE</small> reaching this province of Caxamarca, a road branches off, which
+was also made by order of the Kings Yncas. It leads to the country of
+the Chachapoyas, where the city of the frontier is built. It will be
+necessary to relate how it was founded, and I shall then pass on to
+treat of Huanuco. I hold it to be quite certain that, before the
+Spaniards conquered this country of Peru, the Yncas, who were its
+natural lords, had great wars and made many conquests. The Chachapoyas
+Indians were conquered by them, although they first, in order to defend
+their liberty, and to live in ease and tranquillity, fought with such
+fury that the Yncas fled before them. But the power of the Yncas was so
+great that the Chachapoyas Indians were finally forced to become
+servants to those Kings, who desired to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_278" id="page_278"></a>{278}</span> extend their sway over all
+people.<a name="FNanchor_399_399" id="FNanchor_399_399"></a><a href="#Footnote_399_399" class="fnanchor">[399]</a> As soon as the royal government of the Yncas was
+established, many persons came from Cuzco to secure its continuance, who
+received land to cultivate, and sites for their houses, not very far
+from a hill called Carmenca, close to the present city. As there were
+disturbances in the provinces bordering on Chachapoyas, the Yncas
+ordered frontier garrisons to be established under the command of some
+of the <i>Orejones</i>, to overawe the natives. For this reason there were
+great stores of all the arms used by the Ynca soldiers, to be ready in
+case of need.</p>
+
+<p>These Indians of Chachapoyas are the most fair and good-looking of any
+that I have seen in the Indies, and their women are so beautiful that
+many of them were worthy to be wives of the Yncas, or inmates of the
+temples of the sun. To this day the Indian women of this race are
+exceedingly beautiful, for they are fair and well formed. They go
+dressed in woollen cloths, like their husbands, and on their heads they
+wear a certain fringe, the sign by which they may be known in all parts.
+After they were subjugated by the Yncas, they received the laws and
+customs according to which they lived, from them. They adored the sun
+and other gods, like the rest of the Indians, and resembled them in
+other customs, such as the burial of their dead and conversing with the
+devil.</p>
+
+<p>The marshal Don Alonzo de Alvarado, being a captain<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_279" id="page_279"></a>{279}</span> under the Marquis
+Don Francisco Pizarro, entered this province.<a name="FNanchor_400_400" id="FNanchor_400_400"></a><a href="#Footnote_400_400" class="fnanchor">[400]</a> After he had
+conquered it, and reduced the natives to the service of his Majesty, he
+peopled and founded the city of the frontier in a strong place called
+Levanto, and began to prepare the ground for building with spades and
+pickaxes; but in a few days he removed to another province, which is
+considered healthy, inhabited by the Huancas.<a name="FNanchor_401_401" id="FNanchor_401_401"></a><a href="#Footnote_401_401" class="fnanchor">[401]</a> The Chachapoyas
+Indians and these Huancas serve the citizens of the new city who hold
+<i>encomiendas</i> over them, and the same thing is done in the province
+called Cascayunca, and in others which I refrain from mentioning, as I
+have seen little of them. In all these provinces there were great
+storehouses of the Yncas; the villages are very healthy, and near some
+of them there are rich gold mines. All the natives go about in clothes,
+men as well as women. They sacrificed to their gods, and had great
+flocks of sheep. They made rich and valuable cloth for the Yncas, and
+they still make it, as well as such fine and beautiful tapestry as would
+be highly esteemed anywhere. In many parts of the provinces subject to
+this city, there are trees and fruits like those already described. The
+land is fertile, and wheat and barley yield well, as well as vines,
+fig-trees, and other fruit trees of Spain that have been planted. In
+customs, ceremonies, modes of burial, and sacrifices, the same may be
+said of these Indians as of all the others, for they also buried their
+dead in great tombs, accompanied by live women and their riches.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_280" id="page_280"></a>{280}</span></p>
+
+<p>The Spaniards have farms in the vicinity of the city for their crops and
+animals, where they reap a great quantity of wheat, and the legumes of
+Spain also yield well. The cordillera of the Andes passes to the
+eastward of the city, and to the west is the South Sea. Beyond the woods
+and fastnesses of the Andes is Moyobamba,<a name="FNanchor_402_402" id="FNanchor_402_402"></a><a href="#Footnote_402_402" class="fnanchor">[402]</a> and other very large
+rivers, and some villages of Indians who are less civilised than those I
+have been describing; as I shall repeat in the account of the conquest
+made by the captain Alonzo de Alvarado in Chachapoyas, and by Juan Perez
+de Guevara in the provinces which are situated in the forests. It may be
+held for certain that the land in this part is peopled by the
+descendants of the famous captain Anco-allo, who, owing to the cruelty
+of the captains-general of the Ynca towards him, fled from his native
+country, and went away with those Chancas who desired to follow
+him,<a name="FNanchor_403_403" id="FNanchor_403_403"></a><a href="#Footnote_403_403" class="fnanchor">[403]</a> as I<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_281" id="page_281"></a>{281}</span> shall relate in the second part. Fame relates wonderful
+things of a lake, on the shores of which it is said that the villages of
+these people are built.</p>
+
+<p>In the year of our Lord 1550 there arrived at the city of the frontier
+(the noble cavalier Gomez de Alvarado being then its governor) more than
+two hundred Indians, who related that it was some years since a great
+body of them started from the land where they lived, and travelled over
+many provinces, but that they had fought so many battles that only the
+number of men I have mentioned were left. These Indians declare that to
+the eastward there are vast and populous regions, some of them very rich
+in gold<a name="FNanchor_404_404" id="FNanchor_404_404"></a><a href="#Footnote_404_404" class="fnanchor">[404]</a> and silver. These Indians, with those who were killed, set
+out to seek new lands for their homes, at least so I have heard.<a name="FNanchor_405_405" id="FNanchor_405_405"></a><a href="#Footnote_405_405" class="fnanchor">[405]</a>
+The captain Gomez de Alvarado, the captain Juan Perez de Guevara, and
+others, have demanded the grant of this<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_282" id="page_282"></a>{282}</span> region, and many soldiers have
+waited on the viceroy for permission to follow these captains, if they
+receive a commission to make this discovery.</p>
+
+<p>The city of the frontier was founded and settled by the captain Alonzo
+de Alvarado, in the name of his Majesty, the Adelantado Don Francisco
+Pizarro being his governor of Peru, in the year of our redemption 1536.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LXXIX" id="CHAPTER_LXXIX"></a>CHAPTER LXXIX.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Which treats of the foundation of the city of Leon de Huanuco, and who
+was its founder.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>O</small> describe the founding of the city of Leon de Huanuco, it must be
+understood, first, that when the Marquis Don Francisco Pizarro founded
+the rich City of the Kings in the valleys and deserts of the coasts, all
+the provinces which were then within the jurisdiction of that city had
+to do service, and the citizens held <i>encomiendas</i> over the chiefs. And
+the tyrant Yllatopa, with other Indians of his tribe, waged war against
+the natives of the district, and ruined the villages, so that the
+<i>repartimientos</i> became excessive. At the same time many of the
+conquerors were without any <i>encomienda</i> of Indians. The Marquis was,
+therefore, desirous of gratifying these Spaniards, especially some who
+had followed the Adelantado Don Diego de Almagro, and had afterwards
+become his friends, by giving them Indians. He wished to satisfy those
+who had laboured for his Majesty by giving them some profit from the
+land; and, notwithstanding that the municipality of the City of the
+Kings protested against what they thought might be to their detriment,
+he named the captain Gomez de Alvarado, brother to the Adelantado Don
+Pedro de Alvarado, as his<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_283" id="page_283"></a>{283}</span> lieutenant to found a city in the province
+called Huanuco, with a small force of Spanish soldiers. Thus Gomez de
+Alvarado set out, and, after some encounters with the natives, he
+founded the city of Leon de Huanuco, and named persons to hold offices
+in it. After some years the new city was abandoned on account of the
+general insurrection throughout the kingdom. Pedro Barroso returned to
+build this city again. Finally, with powers from the licentiate
+Cristoval Vaca de Castro, after the bloody battle of Chupas, Pedro de
+Puelles completed the settlement, Juan de Varagas and others having
+previously captured the tyrant Yllatopa. It may, therefore, be said that
+Gomez de Alvarado founded the city, for he gave it the name it now
+bears, and if it was abandoned afterwards, this was more from necessity
+than from inclination. It was founded in the name of his Majesty, by the
+authority of the Marquis Don Francisco Pizarro, his governor and
+captain-general in this kingdom, in the year of the Lord 1539.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LXXX" id="CHAPTER_LXXX"></a>CHAPTER LXXX.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the situation of this city, of the fertility of its fields, and of
+the customs of its inhabitants: also concerning a beautiful edifice or
+palace of the Yncas at Huanuco.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> situation of this city of Leon de Huanuco is good, and is considered
+very healthy. It is praised as a place where the nights and mornings are
+cool, and where men are healthy, owing to a good climate. They reap
+wheat and maize in great abundance, and they also have grapes, figs,
+oranges, lemons, limes, and other fruits of Spain; and of the fruits of
+the country there are many kinds which are excellent. They grow the
+pulses of Spain, and besides all<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_284" id="page_284"></a>{284}</span> these there are large banana
+plantations. Thus it is a prosperous town, and there is hope that it
+will increase every day. They breed many cows, goats, and mares in the
+fields, and have abundance of pigeons, doves, partridges, and other
+birds, as well as falcons to fly at them.<a name="FNanchor_406_406" id="FNanchor_406_406"></a><a href="#Footnote_406_406" class="fnanchor">[406]</a> In the forests there are
+some lions and very large bears, besides other animals. The royal roads
+passed through the villages near this city, and there were store-houses
+of the Yncas, well supplied with provisions.</p>
+
+<p>In Huanuco there was a fine royal edifice, the stones of which were
+large and very accurately set. This palace was the chief place in the
+provinces of the Andes, and near it there was a temple of the sun, with
+many virgins and priests. It was so grand a place in the time of the
+Yncas, that more than 30,00 Indians were set apart solely for its
+service.<a name="FNanchor_407_407" id="FNanchor_407_407"></a><a href="#Footnote_407_407" class="fnanchor">[407]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_285" id="page_285"></a>{285}</span> The overseers of the Indians had charge of the collection
+of tribute, and the people of the surrounding districts assisted the
+work at the palace with their services. When the Kings Yncas ordered
+that the lords of the provinces should appear personally at the court of
+Cuzco, they came. It is said that the Indians of many of these nations
+were hardy and valiant, and that, before the Yncas subjugated them, they
+had many cruel wars, so that the people were scattered and did not know
+each other, except when they gathered together at their assembles and
+festivals. They built fortresses on the heights, and carried on wars
+with each other on very slight provocation. Their temples were in places
+convenient for making sacrifices and performing other superstitious
+rites, and where those could hear the replies of the devil who were set
+apart for that duty. They believed in the immortality of the soul in
+that same blind fashion as is common with all the other Indians. These
+Indians of Huanuco are intelligent, but they answer <i>Yes!</i> to everything
+that is asked of them.<a name="FNanchor_408_408" id="FNanchor_408_408"></a><a href="#Footnote_408_408" class="fnanchor">[408]</a> The chiefs, when they died, were not put
+into their tombs alone, but were accompanied by the most beautiful of
+their wives, as is the custom with all the other tribes. These dead men
+lie with their souls outside their<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_286" id="page_286"></a>{286}</span> bodies, and the women who are buried
+with them in the great vaults await the awful hour of death, holding it
+to be an auspicious and happy thing to go with their husbands and lords,
+and believing that they will soon again have to do them the same service
+as they did in this world. Thus it seemed to them that the sooner they
+departed from this life the sooner they would see their lords and
+husbands in the other. This custom originates, as I have said before on
+other occasions, from the apparition of the devil in the fields and
+houses, in the form of chiefs who had died, accompanied by their wives
+who had been buried alive. There were some sorcerers who watched the
+signs of the stars amongst these Indians.</p>
+
+<p>After these people were conquered by the Yncas they adopted their rites
+and customs. In each of their villages there were royal store-houses,
+and they adopted more decent ways of dressing and ornamenting
+themselves, and spoke the general language of Cuzco in conformity with
+the law and edict of the Kings, which ordered that all their subjects
+should know and speak it.</p>
+
+<p>The Conchucos, the great provinces of Huaylos, Tamara, Bombon, and other
+districts large and small, are under the jurisdiction of this city of
+Leon de Huanuco; they are all very fertile and productive, yielding many
+edible roots which are wholesome and nourishing, and good for the
+sustenance of animal life. In former times there was so great a number
+of flocks of sheep that they could not be counted, but the late wars
+have caused their destruction to such an extent that very few remain.
+The natives preserve them for the sake of their fleeces, from which they
+make their woollen clothing. The houses of these Indians are built of
+stone, and thatched with straw. On their heads they all wear peculiar
+head-dresses of cords, by which they are known. Although the devil has
+had great power over them, I have not heard that they commit the
+abominable<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_287" id="page_287"></a>{287}</span> crime. In truth, however, as in all other parts, there must
+be bad men among them.</p>
+
+<p class="cb">. . . . .
+. . . . .
+. . . . .
+. . . . .
+. . . . .
+. . . . .
+. . . . .</p>
+
+<p>In many parts of this province they find great mines of silver, and when
+the Spaniards begin to work them they will yield largely.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LXXXI" id="CHAPTER_LXXXI"></a>CHAPTER LXXXI.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of what there is to be said concerning the country from Caxamarca to the
+valley of Xauxa; and of the district of Guamachuco, which borders on
+Caxamarca.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">H<small>AVING</small> told all that I was able to gather touching the foundation of the
+cities of the frontier of Chachapoyas and of Leon de Huanuco, I shall
+now return to the royal road, and describe the provinces between
+Caxamarca and the beautiful valley of Xauxa, a distance of eighty
+leagues, a little more or less, all traversed by the royal road of the
+Yncas.</p>
+
+<p>Eleven leagues beyond Caxamarca there is another large province called
+Huamachuco, which was once very populous, and half way on the road to it
+there is a very pleasant and delightful valley. It is surrounded by
+mountains and is therefore cold, but a beautiful river flows through it,
+on the banks of which grow wheat, vines, figs, oranges, lemons, and many
+other plants which have been brought from Spain. In ancient times there
+were buildings for the chiefs in the meadows and dales of this valley,
+and many cultivated fields for them and for the temple of the sun. The
+province of Huamachuco is like that of Caxamarca, and the Indians are of
+the same race, imitating each other in their religion and sacrifices, as
+well as in their clothes and head-dress. In times past there were great
+lords in this province of Huamachuco who were highly favoured by the
+Yncas.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_288" id="page_288"></a>{288}</span> In the principal part of the province there is a great plain,
+where the <i>tampus</i> and royal palaces were built, amongst which there are
+two the thickness of which was twenty-two feet, and the length as much
+as a horse’s gallop, all made of stone, embellished with huge beams,
+over which the straw was laid with much skill. Owing to the late
+troubles the greater part of the population of this province has
+perished. The climate is good, more cold than hot, and the country
+abounds in all things necessary for the sustenance of man. Before the
+Spaniards arrived there were great flocks of sheep in the province of
+Huamachuco, and in the lofty and uninhabited mountains there were other
+wild kinds, called <i>guanacos</i> and <i>vicuñas</i>, which resemble those which
+are domesticated.</p>
+
+<p>They told me that, in this province, the Yncas had a royal chase, and
+the natives were forbidden to enter it for the purpose of killing the
+wild animals, on pain of death. It contained some lions, bears, and
+deer. When the Ynca desired to have a royal hunt, he ordered three
+thousand, four thousand, ten thousand, or twenty thousand Indians to
+surround a wide tract of country, and gradually to converge until they
+could join hands. The game was thus collected in the centre, and it is
+great fun to see the <i>guanacos</i>, how they jump up into the air with
+fright, and run from one side to the other, seeking for a way to get
+out. Another party of Indians then enters the enclosure, armed with
+clubs, and kills the number of animals that the lord requires, often ten
+thousand or fifteen thousand head, such was the abundance of these
+animals.<a name="FNanchor_409_409" id="FNanchor_409_409"></a><a href="#Footnote_409_409" class="fnanchor">[409]</a> They made very precious<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_289" id="page_289"></a>{289}</span> cloth from the wool of the
+vicuñas, for the use of the Ynca, his wives, and children, and to
+ornament the temples. These Indians of Huamachuco are very docile, and
+have almost always been in close alliance with the Spaniards. In times
+past they had their religious superstitions, and worshipped certain
+stones as large as eggs, and others still larger, of different colours,
+which they kept in their <i>huacas</i> in the snowy mountain heights. After
+they were conquered by the Yncas they worshipped the sun, and became
+more civilised, both in their government and in their personal habits.
+In their sacrifices they shed the blood of sheep and lambs, flaying them
+alive without cutting off their heads, and presently cutting out their
+hearts and entrails with great rapidity, to search in them for signs and
+omens; for some of them were sorcerers, who also watched the courses of
+comets, like other heathens. The devil came to the place where they had
+their oracles, with whom it is publicly known that they held converse.
+Now these things have come to an end, their idols are destroyed, and a
+cross has been raised in their stead, to strike terror and dismay into
+our adversary the devil. Some of the Indians, with their wives and
+children, have become Christians, and every day, by reason of the
+preaching of the holy gospel, more<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_290" id="page_290"></a>{290}</span> are converted, for in these
+buildings and edifices there are clergymen who teach the people. The
+royal road of the Yncas goes from the province of Huamachuco to the
+Conchucos, and in Bombon it joins another road equally large. One of
+these roads is said to have been made by order of Tupac Ynca Yupanqui,
+and the other by order of his son Huayna Ccapac.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LXXXII" id="CHAPTER_LXXXII"></a>CHAPTER LXXXII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">In which it is told how the Yncas ordered that the storehouses should be
+well provided, and how these were kept in readiness for the troops.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> royal road of the Yncas goes from this province of Huamachuco to the
+province of the Conchucos, a distance of two short days’ journey, and
+half-way there were buildings and store-houses prepared for the
+reception of the Kings when they travelled this way; for it was their
+custom, when they visited any part of this kingdom, to travel in great
+state, and to be served with all things appertaining to their rank; and
+it is said that, except on occasions when their service required it, the
+Yncas did not travel more than four leagues each day. In order that
+there might be sufficient food to support their retinue, there were
+buildings and store-houses at every four leagues, with great abundance
+of all the provisions that the surrounding districts could supply. The
+lieutenants and overseers who resided at the chief stations in the
+provinces took special care that the natives kept these <i>tampus</i> well
+provisioned. And that one might not have to contribute more of this
+tribute than another, accounts were kept by a kind of knots, called
+<i>quipu</i>, which were understood, and thus there was no fraud. Certainly,
+although to us it may appear confusing<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_291" id="page_291"></a>{291}</span> and obscure, this is a good way
+of keeping accounts, as I will more fully show in the second part.<a name="FNanchor_410_410" id="FNanchor_410_410"></a><a href="#Footnote_410_410" class="fnanchor">[410]</a>
+Between Huamachuco and the Conchucos, although it was two days’ journey,
+there were store-houses and <i>tampus</i> in two places on the road, which is
+always kept very clean. If some of the mountains were rocky, the road
+was made in steps, having great resting places and paved ways, which are
+so strong that they will endure for many ages.</p>
+
+<p>In the Conchucos there were buildings and other things, as in the
+provinces we have passed, and the natives are of middle height. They and
+their wives go dressed, and they wear distinguishing cords or fringes on
+their heads. It is<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_292" id="page_292"></a>{292}</span> said that the Indians of this province were warlike,
+and that the Yncas would have had some trouble in subjugating them if
+they had not always managed to conciliate their enemies by kind deeds
+and friendly speeches. Some of these Indians, on various occasions, have
+killed Spaniards, insomuch that the Marquis Don Francisco Pizarro sent
+the captain Francisco de Chaves<a name="FNanchor_411_411" id="FNanchor_411_411"></a><a href="#Footnote_411_411" class="fnanchor">[411]</a> against them with some Christians,
+who waged a terrible and awful war. Some say that he burnt<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_293" id="page_293"></a>{293}</span> and impaled
+a great number of Indians. At about this time, or a little earlier, the
+general insurrection of all the other provinces took place, when more
+than seven hundred Christian Spaniards were put to cruel deaths by the
+Indians between Cuzco and Quito. God delivered us from the fury of the
+Indians, which is truly fearful when they can effect their desires.
+Howbeit, the Indians said that they fought for their liberty, and to
+escape from the cruel treatment they received from the Spaniards, who
+had become lords of their land and of themselves.<a name="FNanchor_412_412" id="FNanchor_412_412"></a><a href="#Footnote_412_412" class="fnanchor">[412]</a></p>
+
+<p>In this province of the Conchucos there have always been rich mines of
+gold and silver. Sixteen leagues further on is the province of
+Piscobamba, in which there was a stone building for the lords, which was
+rather broad and very long. The people go clothed, as do all the Indians
+who are natives of Piscobamba, and they wear certain small pieces of red
+wool on their heads. Their customs are the same as those of their
+neighbours, and they are now intelligent, docile, and well-disposed
+towards the Christians. The land, where they have their villages, is
+very fertile and prolific, and there are abundant supplies of
+provisions.</p>
+
+<p>Further on is the province of Huaraz, which is eight leagues from
+Piscobamba, over very rugged mountains. Here it is an admirable thing to
+see how the royal road is made to pass over these mountains, always
+broad and level, and in some parts the live rock is cut away to form
+steps and resting-places. The Indians of this province also are of
+middling height, and they are excellent workmen. They worked the silver
+mines, and in former times paid their tribute to the Kings Yncas in
+silver. Among the ancient buildings there is a great fortress in the
+form of a square, with sides measuring one hundred and forty paces, the
+breadth being rather more. On many parts of it faces and human figures<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_294" id="page_294"></a>{294}</span>
+are carved with most skilful workmanship. Some of the Indians say that,
+in token of triumph, the Yncas ordered this memorial to be raised in
+memory of a victory. Others relate that, long before the time of the
+Yncas, there were giants as large as the figures that are carved on the
+stones, but time, and the wars which they carried on with those who are
+now lords of these districts, caused them to disappear without leaving
+any other memorial than these stones.</p>
+
+<p>Beyond this province is that of Pincos, near which a river flows, and
+over it there is a bridge to pass from one side to the other. The
+natives of this province are well made, and, considering that they are
+Indians, of noble bearing. Further on is the great and splendid palace
+of Huanuco, the chief station between this point and Caxamarca, as I
+stated in the chapter where I described the founding of the city of Leon
+de Huanuco.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LXXXIII" id="CHAPTER_LXXXIII"></a>CHAPTER LXXXIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the lake of Bombon, and how it is supposed to be the source of the
+great river of La Plata.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HIS</small> province is strong from its position, and because the natives were
+very warlike. Before the Yncas could conquer them they fought great
+battles with them, until (according to what many of the oldest Indians
+declare) they at length induced them to submit by the use of intrigues
+and presents. There is a lake in the country of these Indians which is
+more than ten leagues round. This land of Bombon is level and very cold,
+and the mountains are some distance from the lake.<a name="FNanchor_413_413" id="FNanchor_413_413"></a><a href="#Footnote_413_413" class="fnanchor">[413]</a> The Indians have
+their villages<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_295" id="page_295"></a>{295}</span> round the lake, with large dykes. These natives of
+Bombon had great numbers of sheep, and, although most of them have been
+destroyed in the late wars, yet some still remain, and in the desert
+heights there are quantities of the wild kinds. There is little maize in
+this country on account of the cold, but there is no want of other
+provision by which the people are sustained. There are some islands and
+rocks in the lake, where the Indians form garrisons in time of war, and
+are thus safe from their enemies. Concerning the water which flows from
+this lake, it is held for certain that it forms the source of the famous
+river of La Plata, because it becomes a powerful river in the valley of
+Xauxa, and further on it is joined by the rivers of Parcos, Vilcas,
+Abancay, Apurimac, and Yucay. Thence it flows to the west, traversing
+many lands, where it receives other rivers which are still unknown to
+us, until it finally reaches Paraguay, the country discovered by those
+Christian Spaniards who first came to the river of La Plata. I myself
+believe, from what I have heard of this great river, that it owes its
+origin to two or three branches, or perhaps more; like the rivers
+Marañon, Santa Martha, Darien, and others in those parts. However this
+may be, in this kingdom of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_296" id="page_296"></a>{296}</span> Peru, we believe that it owes its source to
+the lake of Bombon, which receives the water caused by the melting of
+the snow from the heat of the sun on the desert heights, and of this
+there cannot be little.<a name="FNanchor_414_414" id="FNanchor_414_414"></a><a href="#Footnote_414_414" class="fnanchor">[414]</a></p>
+
+<p>Ten leagues beyond Bombon is the province of Tarma, the inhabitants of
+which were not less warlike than those of Bombon. The climate is here
+more temperate, and much maize and wheat are grown, besides various
+fruits of the country. In former times there were great buildings and
+store-houses of the Kings Yncas in Tarma. The natives and their wives go
+dressed in clothes made from the wool of their sheep, and they adore the
+sun, which they call <i>Mocha</i>. When any of them marry, the friends
+assemble together, and, after drinking, saluting their cheeks, and
+performing other ceremonies, the marriage of the bride and bridegroom is
+complete. When the chiefs die they are buried in the same way as amongst
+all the other tribes, and their women shave their heads and wear black
+cloaks, also anointing their faces with a black ointment, and this state
+of widowhood lasts for a year. When the year is over, as I understood,
+and not before, they may marry again. These people have their annual
+festivals and fasts, which they carefully observe, abstaining from meat
+and salt and from<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_297" id="page_297"></a>{297}</span> sleeping with women. They also ask him who is
+considered most religious, and on the best terms with their gods and
+devils, to fast for a whole year for the benefit of the others. This
+being done, at the time of maize harvest, they assemble and pass some
+days and nights in eating and drinking.</p>
+
+<p class="cb">. . . . .
+. . . . .
+. . . . .
+. . . . .
+. . . . .
+. . . . .
+. . . . .</p>
+
+<p>It is notorious that some of them conversed with the devil in their
+temples, and the devil replied in a terrible voice. From Tarma,
+travelling by the royal road of the Yncas, the traveller reaches the
+great and beautiful valley of Xauxa, which was one of the principal
+districts in Peru.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LXXXIV" id="CHAPTER_LXXXIV"></a>CHAPTER LXXXIV.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Which treats of the valley of Xauxa, and of its inhabitants, and relates
+how great a place it was in times past.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">A <small>RIVER</small> flows through this valley of Xauxa, which is that which I said,
+in the chapter on Bombon, was the source of the river of La Plata. The
+valley is fourteen leagues long, and four to five broad, in some places
+more, in others less.<a name="FNanchor_415_415" id="FNanchor_415_415"></a><a href="#Footnote_415_415" class="fnanchor">[415]</a> It was so populous throughout, that, at the
+time the Spaniards first entered it, they say for certain that it
+contained more than thirty thousand Indians; now I doubt whether it has
+ten thousand. They were divided into three tribes, although all are and
+were known by the name of <i>Huancas</i>.<a name="FNanchor_416_416" id="FNanchor_416_416"></a><a href="#Footnote_416_416" class="fnanchor">[416]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_298" id="page_298"></a>{298}</span> They say that this
+arrangement has existed since the time of Huayna Ccapac, or of his
+father, who divided the lands and settled their boundaries. One of these
+tribes was called Xauxa, whence the valley took its name, and the chief
+Cucixaca. The second was called Maricavilca, over which Huacarapora was
+chief. The third was known as Llacsapallanca, and its chief Alaya. In
+all these parts there are great buildings of the Yncas, but the largest
+edifices were in the principal part of the valley, called Xauxa. Here
+there was a great area covered with strong and well-built stone
+edifices, a house of virgins of the sun, a very rich temple, and many
+store-houses well supplied with provisions. Here there were many workers
+in silver, who made vases of silver and gold for the service of the
+Yncas, and for ornaments in the temple. There were more than eight
+thousand Indians set apart for the service of the temple and palaces.
+These edifices were all of stone, above which there were enormous beams
+covered with long straw. These <i>Huancas</i> had great battles with the
+Yncas before they were conquered, as I will relate in the second part.
+The virgins of the sun were guarded with great vigilance, and if they
+had any intercourse with men they were severely punished.</p>
+
+<p>These Indians relate a very pleasant legend. They affirm that their
+origin is derived from a certain man (whose name I do not recollect) and
+a woman called Urochombe, who came forth out of a fountain called
+Huarivilca. These two were so prolific, that all the <i>Huancas</i> have
+proceeded from them. In memory of this pair the fathers of the present
+inhabitants made a great and high wall, and near it they built a temple,
+to which the Indians all go to worship. It<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_299" id="page_299"></a>{299}</span> may be gathered from this
+that, as these Indians were ignorant of the true faith, God, for their
+sins, allowed the devil to attain great power over them, and, that he
+might secure the perdition of their souls, which is his desire, he made
+them believe these follies and others, such as that they were born from
+stones and lakes and caves; all that they might erect temples in which
+to adore him.</p>
+
+<p>These <i>Huancas</i> know that there is a Creator of all things, whom they
+call Ticeviracocha. They believe in the immortality of the soul. They
+flayed the captives they took in war, making some of the skins into
+drums, and stuffing others with ashes. The Indians go dressed in shirts
+and mantles. The villages had fortresses of stone, like small towers,
+broad at the base and narrow above. Even now they appear, to one seeing
+them from a distance, like the towers of Spain. In ancient times all
+these Indians made wars with each other, but, after they were subjugated
+by the Yncas, they became expert workmen and bred large flocks. Their
+head-dress consisted of a woollen wreath about four fingers broad. They
+fought with slings and lances. Formerly there was a fountain, over
+which, as has been already said, they built a temple, called
+Huarivilca.<a name="FNanchor_417_417" id="FNanchor_417_417"></a><a href="#Footnote_417_417" class="fnanchor">[417]</a> I saw it, and near it there were three or four trees
+called <i>molles</i>,<a name="FNanchor_418_418" id="FNanchor_418_418"></a><a href="#Footnote_418_418" class="fnanchor">[418]</a> like walnut-trees. These trees were considered
+sacred, and near them there was a seat made for the chiefs who came to
+sacrifice, whence some paved steps led to the precincts of the temple.
+Porters were stationed to guard the entrance, where a stone flight of
+steps led down to the fountain already mentioned. Here there is an
+ancient wall of great size built in the form of a triangle. Near these<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_300" id="page_300"></a>{300}</span>
+buildings there is a plain, where the devil, whom they adored, is said
+to have been, and to have conversed with some of them.</p>
+
+<p>These Indians relate another legend which they heard from their
+ancestors, namely, that a great multitude of devils once assembled in
+these parts, and did much damage to the natives, terrifying them with
+their looks. While this was going on five suns appeared in the heavens,
+which, with their brilliant splendour, annoyed the devils, who
+disappeared with loud screams and groans. The devil Huarivilca, who was
+in this place, was never seen again, and all the places where he had
+stood were scorched and burnt. As the Yncas were lords of this valley, a
+grand temple of the sun was built for them, as in other parts, but the
+natives did not cease to offer sacrifices to this Huarivilca. The temple
+of the sun, equally with that of Huarivilca, is now in ruins, and full
+of weeds and abominations; for when the governor Don Francisco Pizarro
+entered the valley, the Indians say that the bishop, Friar Vicente de
+Valverde,<a name="FNanchor_419_419" id="FNanchor_419_419"></a><a href="#Footnote_419_419" class="fnanchor">[419]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_301" id="page_301"></a>{301}</span> broke the idols, and the devil was never again heard in
+that place. I went to see this temple with Don Cristoval, son of the
+chief Alaya, who is now dead, and he showed me the monument. He, as well
+as the other chiefs of the valley, has turned Christian, and there are
+two clergymen and a friar who have charge of the instruction of these
+Indians in our holy catholic faith. This valley of Xauxa is surrounded
+by snowy mountains, and in many parts of them there are ravines where
+the <i>Huancas</i> raise their crops. The City of the Kings was seated in
+this valley before it was removed to the place where it now is, and the
+Spaniards found a great quantity of gold and silver here.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LXXXV" id="CHAPTER_LXXXV"></a>CHAPTER LXXXV.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">In which the road is described from Xauxa to the city of Guamanga, and
+what there is worthy of note on this road.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">I <small>FIND</small> that the distance from this valley of Xauxa to the city of the
+victory of Guamanga is thirty leagues. Going by the royal road, the
+traveller journeys on until certain very ancient edifices, now in ruins,
+are reached, which are on the summit of the heights above the valley.
+Further on is the village of Acos, near a morass full of great rushes.
+Here, also, there were edifices and store-houses of the Yncas, as in all
+the other towns of this kingdom. The natives of Acos live away from the
+royal road, in some very rugged mountains to the eastward. I have
+nothing more to say of them, except that they go dressed in woollen<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_302" id="page_302"></a>{302}</span>
+clothes, and that their houses are of stone thatched with straw. The
+road goes from Acos to the buildings at Pico, then over a hill, the
+descent from which is rugged and would seem difficult, yet the road
+continues to be so broad and smooth, that it almost seems to be passing
+over level ground. Thus it descends to the river which passes by Xauxa,
+where there is a bridge, and the pass is called Angoyaco. Near this
+bridge there is a certain white ravine, whence comes a spring of
+wholesome water. In this pass of Angoyaco there was an edifice of the
+Yncas, where there was a bath of water that was naturally warm and
+convenient for bathing, on account of which all the Lords Yncas valued
+it. Even the Indians of these parts used to wash and bathe in it every
+day, both men and women. In the part where the river flows the valley is
+small, and there are many <i>molle</i><a name="FNanchor_420_420" id="FNanchor_420_420"></a><a href="#Footnote_420_420" class="fnanchor">[420]</a> and other trees. Further on is
+the valley of Picoy, but first another small river is crossed, where
+there is also a bridge, for in winter time this river washes down with
+much fury.</p>
+
+<p>From Picoy the road leads to the buildings of Parcos, erected on the top
+of a hill. The Indians have their abodes in very lofty and rugged
+mountains on either side of these buildings. Before reaching Parcos
+there is a place called Pucara (which in our language means a strong
+thing<a name="FNanchor_421_421" id="FNanchor_421_421"></a><a href="#Footnote_421_421" class="fnanchor">[421]</a>) in a small wilderness, where, in ancient times, as the
+Indians declare, there was a palace of the Yncas and a temple of the
+sun. Many provinces sent their usual tribute to this Pucara, and
+delivered it to the overseer who had charge of the stores, and whose
+duty it was to collect the tribute. In this place there is such a
+quantity of dressed stones that, from a distance, it truly appears like
+some city or towered castle, from which it may be judged that the
+Indians gave it an appropriate name. Among the rocks there is one,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_303" id="page_303"></a>{303}</span> near
+a small river, which is so large that its size is wonderful to behold. I
+saw it, and slept one night under it, and it appeared to me that it had
+a height of two hundred cubits, and a circuit of more than two hundred
+paces. If it was on any dangerous frontier, it might easily be turned
+into an impregnable fortress. This great rock has another notable thing
+connected with it, which is that there are so many caves in it that more
+than a hundred men and some horses might get into them. In this, as in
+other things, our God shows his mighty power. All these roads are full
+of caves, where men and animals can take shelter from the wet and snow.
+The natives of this district have their villages on lofty mountains, as
+I have already said. Their summits are covered with snow during most
+parts of the year. The Indians sow their crops in sheltered spots, like
+valleys, between the mountains. In many parts of these mountains there
+are great veins of silver. The road descends a mountain from Parcos,
+till it reaches a river bearing the same name, where there is a bridge
+built over great blocks of stone. This mountain of Parcos is the place
+where the battle took place between the Indians and the captain
+Morgovejo de Quiñones, and where Gonzalo Pizarro ordered the captain
+Gaspar Rodriguez de Campo-redondo<a name="FNanchor_422_422" id="FNanchor_422_422"></a><a href="#Footnote_422_422" class="fnanchor">[422]</a> to be killed, as I shall relate
+in another part of my work. Beyond this river of Parcos is the station
+of Asangaro, now the <i>repartimiento</i> of Diego Gavilan,<a name="FNanchor_423_423" id="FNanchor_423_423"></a><a href="#Footnote_423_423" class="fnanchor">[423]</a> whence the
+royal road passes on till it reaches the city of San Juan de la Victoria
+de Guamanga.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_304" id="page_304"></a>{304}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LXXXVI" id="CHAPTER_LXXXVI"></a>CHAPTER LXXXVI.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Which treats of the reason why the city of Guamanga was founded, its
+provinces having been at first partly under the jurisdiction of Cuzco,
+and partly under that of the City of the Kings.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">A<small>FTER</small> the war at Cuzco between the Indians and the Spaniards, the King
+Manco Ynca, seeing that he could not recover the city of Cuzco,
+determined to retire into the provinces of Viticos, which are in the
+most retired part of these regions, beyond the great Cordillera of the
+Andes; after having first led the captain Rodrigo Orgoñez a long chase,
+who liberated Ruy Diaz, a captain whom the Ynca had had in his power for
+some days. When it was known that Manco Ynca entertained this intention,
+many of the <i>Orejones</i> of Cuzco (the nobility of that city) wished to
+follow him. Having reached Viticos with a great quantity of treasure,
+collected from various parts, together with his women and retinue, the
+King Manco Ynca established himself in the strongest place he could
+find, whence he sallied forth many times, and in many directions, to
+disturb those parts which were quiet, and to do what harm he could to
+the Spaniards, whom he considered as cruel enemies. They had, indeed,
+seized his inheritance, forcing him to leave his native land, and to
+live in banishment. These and other things were published by Manco Ynca
+and his followers, in the places to which they came for the purpose of
+robbing and doing mischief. As in these provinces no Spanish city had
+been<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_305" id="page_305"></a>{305}</span> built; the natives were given in <i>encomienda</i>, some to citizens of
+Cuzco; and others to those of the City of the Kings. Thus the Indians of
+Manco Ynca were able to do much harm to the Spaniards and to the
+friendly Indians, killing and robbing many of them.</p>
+
+<p>These things rose to such a height that the Marquis Don Francisco
+Pizarro sent captains against Manco Ynca. The factor Yllan Suarez de
+Carbajal,<a name="FNanchor_424_424" id="FNanchor_424_424"></a><a href="#Footnote_424_424" class="fnanchor">[424]</a> by order of the Marquis, set out from Cuzco and sent the
+captain Villa-diego to reconnoitre with a force of Spaniards, for there
+was news that the Ynca was not far distant from the place where he was
+encamped. Notwithstanding that they were without horses (which is the
+most important arm against these Indians), they pressed on because they
+were confident in their strength, and desired to enjoy the spoils of the
+Ynca, thinking that he had his women and treasure with him. They reached
+the summit of a mountain, fatigued and exhausted, when the Ynca, with
+little more than eighty Indians, attacked the Christians, who numbered
+twenty-eight or thirty, and killed the captain Villa-diego, and all his
+men, except two or three, who escaped with the aid of the friendly
+Indians. These fugitives presented themselves to the factor, who deeply
+felt the misfortune. When the Marquis Don Francisco Pizarro heard it, he
+hastily set out from the city of Cuzco with a body of men, who had
+orders to pursue Manco Ynca. But this attempt also failed, for the Ynca
+retreated to his settlement at Viticos, with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_306" id="page_306"></a>{306}</span> heads of the
+Christians.<a name="FNanchor_425_425" id="FNanchor_425_425"></a><a href="#Footnote_425_425" class="fnanchor">[425]</a> Afterwards the captain Gonzalo Pizarro undertook the
+pursuit of the Ynca, and occupied some of his passes and bridges. At
+last, as the evils done by the Indians had been great, the governor Don
+Francisco Pizarro, with the assent of the royal officers who were with
+him, determined to form a settlement between Cuzco and Lima (which is
+the City of the Kings), so as to make the road secure for travellers.
+This city was called “San Juan de la Frontera,” until the licentiate
+Christoval Vaca de Castro, Pizarro’s successor in the government of the
+country, called it “De la Victoria,” after the victory which he gained
+over the men of Chile, on the heights of Chupas.<a name="FNanchor_426_426" id="FNanchor_426_426"></a><a href="#Footnote_426_426" class="fnanchor">[426]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_307" id="page_307"></a>{307}</span> All the villages
+and provinces from the Andes to the South Sea were under the
+jurisdiction either of the city of Cuzco or of that of the Kings, and
+the Indians were granted in <i>encomienda</i> to the citizens of one or other
+of these cities. When, therefore, the governor Don Francisco Pizarro
+determined to build this new city, he ordered that some citizens from
+each of the two cities should come to live in it, so that they might not
+lose their claim to the <i>encomienda</i> of the Indians in that part. The
+province of Xauxa then became the limit of Lima, and Andahuaylas that of
+Cuzco. The new city was founded in the following manner.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LXXXVII" id="CHAPTER_LXXXVII"></a>CHAPTER LXXXVII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the founding of the city of Guamanga, and who was its founder.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">W<small>HEN</small> the marquis Don Francisco Pizarro determined to found a city in
+this province, he did not select the site where it now stands, but chose
+an Indian village called Guamanga, which is the reason why the city
+received the same name.<a name="FNanchor_427_427" id="FNanchor_427_427"></a><a href="#Footnote_427_427" class="fnanchor">[427]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_308" id="page_308"></a>{308}</span> The village was near the great Cordillera
+of the Andes. The marquis left the captain Francisco de Cardenas as his
+lieutenant here. After some time, and from various causes, the city was
+removed to the place where it now stands, which is on a plain, near a
+chain of hills on its south side. Although a small plain half a league
+from the present city, would have been a site more pleasant to the
+inhabitants, yet they were obliged to give it up owing to the want of
+water. Near the city a small stream of very good water flows, at which
+the citizens drink. In this city the best and largest houses in all Peru
+have been built, all of stone, bricks, and tiles, with tall towers, so
+that there is no want of buildings. The <i>plaza</i> is level and very
+large.<a name="FNanchor_428_428" id="FNanchor_428_428"></a><a href="#Footnote_428_428" class="fnanchor">[428]</a> The climate is very healthy, for<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_309" id="page_309"></a>{309}</span> neither the sun nor the
+air do harm, nor is it damp nor hot, but it possesses an excellent and
+most salubrious temperature. The citizens have also built houses where
+they keep their flocks, in the valleys adjoining the city. The largest
+river near the city is called Viñaque, near which there are some great
+and very ancient edifices, which are now in ruins, but appear to have
+stood for many ages.<a name="FNanchor_429_429" id="FNanchor_429_429"></a><a href="#Footnote_429_429" class="fnanchor">[429]</a> When the Indians are asked who built these
+ancient monuments, they reply that a bearded and white people like
+ourselves were the builders, who came to these parts many ages before
+the Yncas began to reign, and formed a settlement here. These, and some
+other ancient edifices in this kingdom do not appear to me to be like
+those which were erected by order of the Yncas; for their buildings were
+square, and those of the Yncas are long and narrow. It is also reported
+that certain letters were found on a tile in these buildings. I neither
+deny nor affirm that, in times past, some other race, possessed of
+judgment and intelligence, made these things, and others which we have
+not seen.</p>
+
+<p>On the banks of this river of Viñaque, and in other adjacent<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_310" id="page_310"></a>{310}</span> parts,
+they reap a great quantity of wheat, of which they make bread as
+excellent as the best that is made in Andalusia.<a name="FNanchor_430_430" id="FNanchor_430_430"></a><a href="#Footnote_430_430" class="fnanchor">[430]</a> They have planted
+some vines, and it is believed that in time there will be many extensive
+vineyards, and most other things that grow in Spain. There is abundance
+of all the fruits of the country, and so many doves that there is no
+other part of the Indies where they are so numerous. In the spring there
+is some difficulty in getting enough fodder for the horses, but, owing
+to attendance from the Indians, this want is not felt. It must be
+understood that at no time do the horses and other beasts feed on straw,
+nor is any use made of what is cut, for neither do the sheep eat it, but
+all are maintained by the grass of the field.</p>
+
+<p>The outlets to this city are good, but in many parts there are so many
+thorns and briars that it is necessary for travellers to be careful,
+whether they go on foot or on horseback. This city of San Juan de la
+Victoria de Guamanga was founded and settled by the marquis Don
+Francisco Pizarro, governor of Peru, in the name of his Majesty, on the
+9th day of the month of January, 1539.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LXXXVIII" id="CHAPTER_LXXXVIII"></a>CHAPTER LXXXVIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">In which some things are related concerning the natives of the districts
+near this city.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">M<small>ANY</small> Indians have been given in <i>encomienda</i> to the citizens of
+Guamanga, and notwithstanding that they are numerous, yet the wars have
+caused the destruction of great numbers. Most of them were <i>Mitimaes</i>,
+who, as I have already said, were Indians transported from one province
+to another, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_311" id="page_311"></a>{311}</span> work of the Kings Yncas. Some of these were <i>Orejones</i>,
+although not of the principal families of Cuzco. To the eastward of this
+city is the great mountain chain of the Andes. To the west is the coast
+of the South Sea. I have named villages which are near the royal road.
+The others have very fertile land round them, and large flocks. All the
+Indians go about clothed. They had temples and places of worship in
+secluded corners, where they performed their sacrifices and vain
+ceremonies. In their burials they practised the same customs as all the
+other Indians, interring live women and treasures with their dead. After
+they were brought under the yoke of the Yncas, they adored the sun, and
+adopted the laws and customs of their conquerors. Originally they were a
+brave race, and so warlike that the Yncas were hard put to it, when they
+invaded their country; insomuch that, in the days of the Ynca Yupanqui,
+after the Soras and Lucanas (provinces inhabited by a robust people) had
+been subdued, these Indians fortified themselves, in great numbers, in
+strong positions. For, to preserve their liberty, and escape servitude
+under a tyrant, they thought little of hunger and long protracted wars.
+Ynca Yupanqui, covetous of the rule over these people, and jealous of
+his own reputation, besieged them closely for more than two years; at
+the end of which time, after they had done all they could, they
+surrendered to the Ynca.</p>
+
+<p>When Gonzalo Pizarro rose in arms, the principal citizens of Guamanga,
+from fear of his captains, and from a desire to serve his Majesty, after
+having raised a standard in his royal name, marched to this same
+stronghold to fortify themselves (as I myself heard from some of them),
+and saw the vestiges of the former war spoken of by the Indians. All
+these Indians wear certain marks by which they are known, and which were
+used by their ancestors. Some of them were much given to omens, and were
+great sorcerers, pretending to predict what would happen in the future,
+on which occasions<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_312" id="page_312"></a>{312}</span> they talked nonsense, as all must do who try to
+foretell what no creature can know; for God alone can tell what is about
+to happen.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LXXXIX" id="CHAPTER_LXXXIX"></a>CHAPTER LXXXIX.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the great buildings in the province of Vilcas, which are beyond the
+city of Guamanga.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> distance from the city of Guamanga to that of Cuzco is sixty
+leagues, a little more or less. On this road is the plain of Chupas,
+where the cruel battle was fought between the governor Vaca de Castro
+and Don Diego de Almagro the Younger. Further on, still following the
+royal road, are the edifices of Vilcas, eleven leagues from Guamanga,
+which, say the natives, was the centre of the dominions of the Yncas;
+for they assert that from Quito to Vilcas is the same distance as from
+Vilcas to Chile, these being the extreme points of the empire. Some
+Spaniards, who have travelled from one end to the other, say the same.
+Ynca Yupanqui ordered these edifices to be built, and his successors
+added to them. The temple of the sun was large and richly ornamented. On
+one part of the plain, towards the point where the sun rises, there was
+a chapel for the lords, made of stone, and surrounded by a low wall,
+which formed a terrace about six feet broad, with other steps upon it,
+on the highest of which there was a seat where the lord stationed
+himself when he said his prayers. This seat was made of a single
+enormous stone, eleven feet long, and seven broad. They say that this
+stone was once set with gold and precious stones, for it was thus that
+they adorned a place held by them in great veneration. On another stone,
+which is not small, in the centre of the open space,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_313" id="page_313"></a>{313}</span> they killed
+animals and young children as sacrifices, whose blood they offered to
+their gods. The Spaniards have found some treasure on these terraces.</p>
+
+<p>By the side of the chapel were the palaces of Tupac Ynca Yupanqui, and
+other great buildings, besides many storehouses where they put the arms
+and fine cloths, with all other things paid as tribute by the Indians of
+provinces within the jurisdiction of Vilcas, which was, I have heard it
+said in other places, as it were the head of the kingdom. Near a small
+hill there were, and still are, more than seven hundred houses, where
+they stored up the maize and other provisions for the soldiers who
+marched that way. In the middle of the great square there was another
+form or seat, where the lord sat to witness the dances and festivals.
+The temple of the sun, which was built of stones fitted one on the other
+with great skill, had two doorways, approached by two flights of stone
+stairs, having, as I counted them, thirty steps apiece. Within this
+temple there were lodgings for the priests and virgins. The <i>Orejones</i>
+and other Indians affirm that the figure of the sun was very rich, and
+that there was great treasure in smaller pieces. These buildings were
+served by more than forty thousand Indians, divided into relays, and
+each chief understood the orders of the governor, who received his power
+from the Ynca. To guard the doorways alone there were forty porters. A
+gentle channel of water, conducted with much skill, flowed through the
+great square, and the lords also had their secret baths both for
+themselves and for their women. What may now be seen of all this are the
+outlines of the buildings, the walls of the chapels, the temple with its
+steps all in ruins, and other ruined buildings. In fine, it once was
+what it now is not, and by what it now is we may judge what it once was.
+Some of the first Spanish conquerors saw this edifice entire and in its
+perfection, as I have myself been told by them.<a name="FNanchor_431_431" id="FNanchor_431_431"></a><a href="#Footnote_431_431" class="fnanchor">[431]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_314" id="page_314"></a>{314}</span></p>
+
+<p>From Vilcas the road passes to Uramarca, which is seven leagues nearer
+Cuzco, and here the great river called Vilcas is crossed, the name being
+given because it is near these buildings. On each side of the river
+there are very large stone pillars made very strong and with very deep
+foundations. From these pillars a bridge of ropes, like those used for
+drawing water with a wheel, is slung across the river. These ropes are
+so strong that horses may pass over with loosened rein, as if they were
+crossing the bridge of Alcantara, or that of Cordova. The bridge was one
+hundred and sixty-six paces long when I passed over it.<a name="FNanchor_432_432" id="FNanchor_432_432"></a><a href="#Footnote_432_432" class="fnanchor">[432]</a> The river
+rises in the province of the Soras, which is very fertile, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_315" id="page_315"></a>{315}</span>
+inhabited by a warlike race. They and the people of Lucanas<a name="FNanchor_433_433" id="FNanchor_433_433"></a><a href="#Footnote_433_433" class="fnanchor">[433]</a> speak
+one language, and go about dressed in woollen cloths. They possessed
+large flocks, and in their provinces there are rich mines of gold and
+silver. The Yncas esteemed the Soras and Lucanas so highly, that their
+provinces were favoured, and the sons of their chiefs resided at the
+court of Cuzco. There are store-houses in these provinces, and great
+numbers of wild flocks in the desert mountains. Returning to the royal
+road, the traveller reaches the buildings of Uramarca, which is a
+village of <i>Mitimaes</i>, for most of the natives were killed in the wars
+of the Yncas.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XC" id="CHAPTER_XC"></a>CHAPTER XC.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the province of Andahuaylas, and of what is to be seen as far as the
+valley of Xaquixaguana.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">W<small>HEN</small> I entered this province of Andahuaylas,<a name="FNanchor_434_434" id="FNanchor_434_434"></a><a href="#Footnote_434_434" class="fnanchor">[434]</a> the chief of it was an
+Indian named Guasco, and the natives were called <i>Chancas</i>. They go
+about dressed in woollen shirts and mantles. In former times they were
+so valiant, that they not only conquered other lands and lordships, but
+extended their dominions so widely that they came near to the city of
+Cuzco. There were fierce encounters between those of the city and these
+<i>Chancas</i>, until, by the valour of the Ynca Yupanqui, the <i>Chancas</i> were
+conquered. The captain Ancoallo,<a name="FNanchor_435_435" id="FNanchor_435_435"></a><a href="#Footnote_435_435" class="fnanchor">[435]</a> so famous in these parts for his
+great bravery, was a native of this province. They relate that he could
+not<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_316" id="page_316"></a>{316}</span> endure to be under the yoke of the Yncas, and under the orders of
+his captains; so, after having performed great deeds in the districts of
+Tarama and Bombon, he penetrated into the depths of the forests, and his
+followers peopled the banks of a lake which is, according to Indian
+statements, down the course of the river of Moyobamba. When I asked
+these <i>Chancas</i> concerning their origin, they told me such another
+legend as did those of Xauxa. They said that their fathers were born in,
+and came out of, a small lake called Soclo-cocha, and conquered the
+country as far as a place called Chuquibamba, where they established
+themselves. After some time they strove with the Quichuas,<a name="FNanchor_436_436" id="FNanchor_436_436"></a><a href="#Footnote_436_436" class="fnanchor">[436]</a> a very
+ancient nation, who were lords of this province of Andahuaylas, and
+conquered their country, which they have been lords of ever since. They
+held the lake out of which they came to be sacred, and it was their
+chief place of worship, where they prayed and made sacrifices. They
+buried their dead in the same way as the other Indians, and believed in
+the immortality of the soul, which they called <i>Sonccon</i>, a word which
+also means “heart.”<a name="FNanchor_437_437" id="FNanchor_437_437"></a><a href="#Footnote_437_437" class="fnanchor">[437]</a> They buried women alive with the bodies of
+their lords, and also treasure and apparel. They had their days set
+apart for solemnising festivals, and places where they held their
+dances. As<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_317" id="page_317"></a>{317}</span> there are priests in this province labouring among the
+Indians, some of them have become Christians, especially among the young
+men.</p>
+
+<p>The captain Diego Maldonado has always held these Indians in
+<i>encomienda</i>.<a name="FNanchor_438_438" id="FNanchor_438_438"></a><a href="#Footnote_438_438" class="fnanchor">[438]</a> They all wear their hair long, and plaited into many
+very small plaits, with some woollen cords which are allowed to fall
+below the chin. Their houses are of stone.<a name="FNanchor_439_439" id="FNanchor_439_439"></a><a href="#Footnote_439_439" class="fnanchor">[439]</a> In the centre of the
+province there were large edifices and store-houses for the chiefs.
+Formerly the Indians in this province of Andahuaylas were very numerous,
+but the wars have reduced them, as they have done the other Indians of
+this kingdom. The province is very long, and contains many large flocks
+of domesticated sheep. The part which is forest is not included within
+the limits of the province. This province is well supplied with
+provisions; it yields wheat, and there are many fruit trees in the warm
+valleys.<a name="FNanchor_440_440" id="FNanchor_440_440"></a><a href="#Footnote_440_440" class="fnanchor">[440]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_318" id="page_318"></a>{318}</span></p>
+
+<p>We were here for many days with the president Gasca, when he marched to
+punish the rebellion of Gonzalo Pizarro,<a name="FNanchor_441_441" id="FNanchor_441_441"></a><a href="#Footnote_441_441" class="fnanchor">[441]</a> and great were the
+sufferings of these Indians from the exactions of the Spaniards. The
+good Indian chief of this valley, Guasco, was very diligent in
+collecting supplies. From this province of Andahuaylas (which the
+Spaniards usually call Andaguaylas) the road leads to the river of
+Abancay, which is nine leagues nearer Cuzco, and this river, like many
+others, has its strong stone pillars, to which a bridge is
+attached.<a name="FNanchor_442_442" id="FNanchor_442_442"></a><a href="#Footnote_442_442" class="fnanchor">[442]</a> Where the river flows, the mountains form a small valley
+where there are trees, and they raise fruit and other provisions in
+abundance. It was on the banks of this river that Don Diego de Almagro
+defeated and captured the captain Alonzo de Alvarado, general for the
+governor Don Francisco Pizarro, as I shall relate in the book containing
+the history of the war of Las Salinas.<a name="FNanchor_443_443" id="FNanchor_443_443"></a><a href="#Footnote_443_443" class="fnanchor">[443]</a> Not very far from this river
+there were edifices and storehouses like those in all the other
+districts, but they were small and not of much importance.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_319" id="page_319"></a>{319}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XCI" id="CHAPTER_XCI"></a>CHAPTER XCI.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the river of Apurimac, of the valley of Xaquixaguana, of the causeway
+which passes over it, and of what else there is to relate until the city
+of Cuzco is reached.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">F<small>URTHER</small> on is the river of Apurimac, which is the largest of those which
+are crossed between this place and Caxamarca. It is eight leagues from
+that of Abancay, and the road is much broken up by mountains and
+declivities, so that those who made it must have had much labour in
+breaking up the rocks, and levelling the ground, especially where it
+descends towards the river. Here the road is so rugged and dangerous,
+that some horses, laden with gold and silver, have fallen in and been
+lost without any possibility of saving them. There are two enormous
+stone pillars, to which the bridge is secured. When I returned to the
+City of the Kings, after we had defeated Gonzalo Pizarro, some of our
+soldiers crossed the river without a bridge, which had been destroyed,
+each man in a sack fastened to a rope passing from the pillar on one
+side of the river to that on the other, more than fifty of us.<a name="FNanchor_444_444" id="FNanchor_444_444"></a><a href="#Footnote_444_444" class="fnanchor">[444]</a> It
+is no small terror that is caused by seeing what men pass through in
+these Indies. After crossing this river the place is presently seen
+where the buildings of the Yncas were, and where they had an oracle. The
+devil, according to the Indians, replied from<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_320" id="page_320"></a>{320}</span> out of the trunk of a
+tree, near which they buried gold, and offered up sacrifices.</p>
+
+<p>From this river of Apurimac the road leads to the buildings of
+Limatambo,<a name="FNanchor_445_445" id="FNanchor_445_445"></a><a href="#Footnote_445_445" class="fnanchor">[445]</a> and crossing the mountains of Vilcaconga (which is the
+place where the Adelantado Don Diego de Almagro, with some Spaniards,
+fought a battle with the Indians before he entered Cuzco) the valley of
+Xaquixaguana is reached, which is a plain situated between the chains of
+mountains. It is not very broad, nor long. At the beginning of it, is
+the place where Gonzalo Pizarro was defeated, and close by he and his
+captains were tried by order of the licentiate Don Pedro de la Gasca,
+president for his Majesty. In this valley there were very rich and
+sumptuous edifices, where the nobles of Cuzco retired to enjoy their
+ease and pleasure. Here, also, was the place where the governor Don
+Francisco Pizarro ordered Challcuchima, the captain-general of
+Atahualpa, to be burnt. The distance from this valley to the city of
+Cuzco is five leagues along the grand royal road. The water of a river
+which rises near this valley forms a large and deep morass, and it would
+be very difficult to cross it, if the Yncas had not caused a broad and
+strong causeway to be made, with walls on either side so strong as to
+last for a long time. In<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_321" id="page_321"></a>{321}</span> former times this valley was very populous,
+and was covered with crops, in fields which were so numerous that it was
+a sight worth seeing. These fields were divided from each other by broad
+walls, with the crops of maize and roots sown between them, and thus
+they rose up the sides of the mountains.<a name="FNanchor_446_446" id="FNanchor_446_446"></a><a href="#Footnote_446_446" class="fnanchor">[446]</a> Many of these crops are of
+wheat, which grows well.<a name="FNanchor_447_447" id="FNanchor_447_447"></a><a href="#Footnote_447_447" class="fnanchor">[447]</a> There are also large flocks belonging to
+the Spaniards who are citizens of the ancient city of Cuzco, which is
+built between certain hills in the manner and fashion that I shall
+declare in the following chapter.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_322" id="page_322"></a>{322}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XCII" id="CHAPTER_XCII"></a>CHAPTER XCII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the manner in which the city of Cuzco is built, of the four royal
+roads which lead from it, of the grand edifices it contained, and who
+was its founder.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> city of Cuzco is built in a very rugged situation, and is surrounded
+by mountains on all sides. It stands on the banks of two streams, one of
+which flows through it, and there are buildings on both sides. To the
+eastward there is a valley, which commences at the city itself, so that
+the waters of the streams which pass by the city flow to the east.<a name="FNanchor_448_448" id="FNanchor_448_448"></a><a href="#Footnote_448_448" class="fnanchor">[448]</a>
+This valley is very cold, and there are no trees which yield fruit,
+except a few <i>molles</i>. On the north side of the city, on the highest and
+nearest mountain, there is a fortress which, for its strength and
+grandeur, was and still is an excellent edifice, although now most of it
+is in ruins. The massive foundations, however, with the principal blocks
+of stone, are still standing.<a name="FNanchor_449_449" id="FNanchor_449_449"></a><a href="#Footnote_449_449" class="fnanchor">[449]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_323" id="page_323"></a>{323}</span></p>
+
+<p>To the north and east of Cuzco are the provinces of Anti-suyu, which
+contain the dense forests of the Andes, and also<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_324" id="page_324"></a>{324}</span> those of Chincha-suyu,
+extending towards Quito. To the south are the provinces of the Collao
+and of Cunti-suyu, of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_325" id="page_325"></a>{325}</span> which the Collao is between the east and south
+winds, and Cunti-suyu between the south and west.</p>
+
+<p>One part of this city was called Hanan-Cuzco, and another Hurin-Cuzco;
+where the most noble and ancient families lived. Another division was
+the hill of Carmenca,<a name="FNanchor_451_450" id="FNanchor_451_450"></a><a href="#Footnote_451_450" class="fnanchor">[451]</a> where there were certain small towers for
+observing the movements of the sun,<a name="FNanchor_452_451" id="FNanchor_452_451"></a><a href="#Footnote_452_451" class="fnanchor">[452]</a> which the people venerated. In
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_326" id="page_326"></a>{326}</span> central and most populous part of the city there was a large open
+space, which they say was once a lake or swamp, but that the founders
+filled it up with earth and stones, and made it as it now is. From this
+square four royal roads led. That which they called Chincha-suyu went
+towards the coast, and also to Quito and Pasto. The second road, called
+Cunti-suyu, led to the provinces which are subject to this city, and to
+that of Arequipa. The third royal road, called Anti-suyu, goes to the
+provinces at the skirts of the Andes, and to some villages beyond the
+mountains. The last road, called Colla-suyu, leads to the provinces
+which extend as far as Chile.<a name="FNanchor_453_452" id="FNanchor_453_452"></a><a href="#Footnote_453_452" class="fnanchor">[453]</a> Thus, as in Spain, the ancients made
+a division of the whole country according to provinces; and thus the
+Indians knew those districts, which extended over so vast a country, by
+the names of the roads. The stream which flows through the city has its
+bridges for passing from one side to the other. In no part of this
+kingdom was there found a nobly adorned city, except at this Cuzco,
+which was (as I have already said many times) the capital of the empire
+of the Yncas, and their royal seat. In all the other parts of the
+kingdom the people live in houses scattered about, and if there are some
+villages, they are without plan or order, or anything worthy of praise.
+But Cuzco was grand and stately, and must have been founded by a people
+of great intelligence. It had fine streets, except that they were
+narrow, and the houses were built of solid stones, beautifully joined.
+These stones were very large and well cut. The other parts of the houses
+were of wood and straw, but there are no remains of tiles, bricks, or
+lime amongst them. In this city there were many grand buildings of the
+Yncas in<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_327" id="page_327"></a>{327}</span> various parts, in which he who succeeded to the lordship
+celebrated his festivals.<a name="FNanchor_454_453" id="FNanchor_454_453"></a><a href="#Footnote_454_453" class="fnanchor">[454]</a> Here, too, was the solemn and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_328" id="page_328"></a>{328}</span>
+magnificent temple of the sun, called Ccuri-cancha, which was rich in
+gold and silver.<a name="FNanchor_455_454" id="FNanchor_455_454"></a><a href="#Footnote_455_454" class="fnanchor">[455]</a> Most parts of the city were inhabited by
+<i>Mitimaes</i>, and laws and statutes were established<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_329" id="page_329"></a>{329}</span> for their conduct,
+which were understood by all, as well regarding their superstitions and
+temples, as in matters relating to government. This city was the richest
+of which we have any knowledge, in all the Indies, for great store of
+treasure was often brought in to increase the grandeur of the nobles;
+and no gold nor silver might be taken out, on pain of death. The sons of
+the chiefs in all the provinces came to reside at court, with their
+retinues, for a certain time. There were a great many gilders and
+workers in silver, who understood how to work the things ordered by the
+Yncas. The chief priest, called Huillac-Umu, lived in the grand temple.</p>
+
+<p>At present there are very good houses, with upper stories roofed with
+tiles. The climate, although it is cold, is very healthy, and Cuzco is
+better supplied with provisions than any other place in the kingdom. It
+is also the largest city, and more Spaniards hold <i>encomiendas</i> over
+Indians here than elsewhere. The city was founded by Manco Ccapac, the
+first King Ynca; and, after he had been succeeded by ten other
+lords,<a name="FNanchor_456_455" id="FNanchor_456_455"></a><a href="#Footnote_456_455" class="fnanchor">[456]</a> the Adelantado Don Francisco Pizarro, governor and
+captain-general of these kingdoms, rebuilt and refounded it in the name
+of the Emperor, Don Carlos, our lord, in the month of October of the
+year 1534.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_330" id="page_330"></a>{330}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XCIII" id="CHAPTER_XCIII"></a>CHAPTER XCIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">In which the things of this city of Cuzco are described more in detail.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">A<small>S</small> this city was the most important and principal place in the kingdom,
+the Indians of the neighbourhood were assembled at certain seasons of
+the year to clean the streets, and perform other duties. Near the city,
+on one side and the other, there were the same storehouses as are to be
+found in all parts of the kingdom, some larger, and some stronger than
+others. As these Yncas were so rich and powerful, some of their edifices
+were gilded, and others were adorned with plates of gold. Their
+ancestors held, as a sacred place, a great hill near the city called
+Huanacaure, and they say that human blood and many lambs and sheep were
+sacrificed on it. The city was full of strangers from all parts, Indians
+of Chile and Pasto, Cañaris, Chachapoyas, Huancas, Collas, and men of
+all the tribes in the provinces, each living apart in the quarter
+assigned by the governors of the city. They all retained the costumes of
+their fathers, and went about after the manner of their native land;
+and, even when one hundred thousand men were assembled together, the
+country of each Indian was easily known by the peculiar head-dress which
+distinguished him.<a name="FNanchor_457_456" id="FNanchor_457_456"></a><a href="#Footnote_457_456" class="fnanchor">[457]</a> Some of these strangers buried their dead in
+high mountains, others in their houses, and others in tombs with live
+women, precious things, and plenty of food. The Yncas, as I was given to
+understand, interfered in none of these things, so long as their vassals
+adored and venerated the sun, and this adoration they called
+<i>mocha</i>.<a name="FNanchor_458_457" id="FNanchor_458_457"></a><a href="#Footnote_458_457" class="fnanchor">[458]</a> In many parts of the city there are great edifices under
+the ground, and even now some tiles and pieces of gold are found buried
+in the bowels of the earth. Assuredly there must be<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_331" id="page_331"></a>{331}</span> great treasure
+buried within the circuit of the city, but those who are living know not
+where to find it. As there was so large a concourse of people here, and
+as the devil, by the permission of God, had such complete mastery over
+them, there were many soothsayers, sorcerers, and idolaters. Even now
+the city is not yet entirely free of them, especially as regards
+witchcraft. Near the city there are many warm valleys where there are
+fruit and other trees which grow well, and most of the fruit is brought
+to the city for sale. They also reap much wheat, of which they make
+bread; and they have planted many orange trees and other fruit trees
+both of Spain and of the country. They have mills over the stream which
+flows through the city, and at a distance of four leagues may be seen
+the quarry from which the stones were conveyed of which the city is
+built, a sight well worth seeing. They rear fowls in Cuzco, and capons
+as fat and good as those of Granada, and in the valleys there are herds
+of cattle, and flocks, both of Spanish sheep and of those of the
+country. Although there are no trees round the city, the pulses of Spain
+ripen very well.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XCIV" id="CHAPTER_XCIV"></a>CHAPTER XCIV.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Which treats of the valley of Yucay and of the strong fortress at Tambo,
+and of part of the province of Cunti-suyu.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">A<small>BOUT</small> four leagues from this city of Cuzco, a little more or less, there
+is a valley called Yucay, which is very beautiful, confined between
+ranges of mountains in such sort that the shelter thus afforded makes
+the climate very pleasant and healthy.<a name="FNanchor_459_458" id="FNanchor_459_458"></a><a href="#Footnote_459_458" class="fnanchor">[459]</a> It is neither too hot nor
+too cold, and is considered<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_332" id="page_332"></a>{332}</span> so excellent that the citizens of Cuzco
+have several times proposed to remove the city into the valley. But as
+the houses in the city are so grand, they could not undertake to build
+them anew. They have planted many trees in this valley of Yucay, and
+there is good hope that in time there will be large vineyards and
+beautiful and refreshing orchards as well in this valley, as in that of
+Vilcas, and in others; indeed, they have already been commenced. I say
+more of this valley than of the others, because the Yncas thought much
+of it, and went to it for their festivities and solace, especially
+Huira-ccocha Ynca, who was the grandfather of Tupac Ynca Yupanqui. In
+all parts of the valley are to be seen fragments of many buildings which
+have once been very large, especially those at Tambo, three leagues down
+the valley, between two great mountains, forming a ravine through which
+a stream flows. Although the climate of the valley is as pleasant as I
+have described, these mountains are quite white with snow during the
+greater part of the year. In this place the Yncas had the strongest fort
+in all their dominions, built on rocks, where a small force might hold
+their own against a large one. Among these rocks<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_333" id="page_333"></a>{333}</span> there were certain
+masses of stone which made the place impregnable, and, lower down, the
+sides of the mountains are lined with terraces one above the other, on
+which they raised the crops which sustained them. Among the stones there
+may still be seen the figures of lions and other wild animals, and of
+men with arms like halberds, as if they were guarding the way. They are
+all well and skilfully executed. There were many edifices, and they say
+that, before the Spaniards conquered this kingdom, they contained great
+treasure. In these buildings there are stones, well cut and fitted,
+which are so large that it must have required many men and great
+ingenuity to raise them, and place them where they now are.<a name="FNanchor_460_459" id="FNanchor_460_459"></a><a href="#Footnote_460_459" class="fnanchor">[460]</a> It is
+said for certain that,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_334" id="page_334"></a>{334}</span> in these edifices of Tambo, or in others at some
+other place with the same name (for this is not the only place called<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_335" id="page_335"></a>{335}</span>
+Tambo), in a certain part of a royal palace or of a temple of the sun,
+gold is used instead of mortar, which, jointly with the cement that they
+make, served to unite the stones together. The governor Don Francisco
+Pizarro got much of this gold, before the Indians could take it away.
+Some Spaniards also say that Hernando Pizarro and Don Diego de Almagro
+the Younger got much gold from Paccari-tambu. I do not myself hesitate
+to believe these things, when I remember the rich pieces of gold that
+were taken to Seville from Caxamarca, where they collected the treasure
+which Atahualpa promised to the Spaniards, most of it from Cuzco. There
+was little to divide afterwards, found by the Christians, for the
+Indians carried it off, and it is buried in parts unknown to any one. If
+the fine cloths which were destroyed and lost in those times, had been
+preserved, they would have been worth a great deal.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians called Chumbivilicas, Vuinas, and Pomatambos, and many other
+nations which I do not mention, lived in the country called
+Cunti-suyu.<a name="FNanchor_461_460" id="FNanchor_461_460"></a><a href="#Footnote_461_460" class="fnanchor">[461]</a> Some of them were warlike, and their villages are in
+very lofty mountains. They have vast quantities of flocks, both
+domesticated and wild. All their houses are of stone, thatched with
+straw. In many<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_336" id="page_336"></a>{336}</span> places there are buildings for their chiefs. The rites
+and customs of these Indians were the same as those of other parts, and
+they sacrificed lambs and other things in their temples. It is notorious
+that the devil was seen in a temple which they had in a certain part of
+the district of Cunti-suyu, and I have heard of certain Spaniards, in
+the present times, who saw apparitions of this our enemy. In the rivers
+they have collected much gold, and they were getting it out when I was
+at Cuzco. In Pomatambo and other parts of this kingdom they have very
+good tapestry, the wool being very fine from which they make it, and the
+colours with which they dye it are so perfect that they excell those of
+other countries. There are many rivers in this province of Cunti-suyu,
+some of which are crossed by bridges of ropes, made in the way I have
+already described. There are also many fruit and other trees, deer and
+partridges, and good falcons to fly at them.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XCV" id="CHAPTER_XCV"></a>CHAPTER XCV.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the forest of the Andes, of their great thickness, of the huge snakes
+which are bred in them, and of the evil customs of the Indians who live
+in the interior of these forests.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HIS</small> cordillera of the Andes must be one of the grandest in the world,
+for it commences at the straits of Magallanes, extends along the whole
+extent of this kingdom of Peru, and traverses so many provinces that
+they cannot be enumerated. It is covered with high peaks, some of them
+well covered with snow, and others with mouths of fire. The forests on
+these mountains are very difficult to penetrate by reason of their
+thickness, and because during the greater part of the year it rains. The
+shade is so dark that it is necessary to go with much caution, for the
+roots of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_337" id="page_337"></a>{337}</span> trees spread out and cover all the ground, and when it is
+desired to pass with horses, much labour is necessary in making roads.
+It is said among the <i>Orejones</i> of Cuzco, that Tupac Ynca Yupanqui
+traversed these forests with a large army, and many of the tribes who
+inhabited them were very difficult to conquer and bring under his sway.
+In the skirts of the mountains towards the South Sea, the natives were
+intelligent; they were all clothed, and were ruled by the laws and
+customs of the Yncas. But, towards the other sea, in the direction of
+the sun-rise, it is well known that the inhabitants are of less
+understanding and reason.<a name="FNanchor_462_461" id="FNanchor_462_461"></a><a href="#Footnote_462_461" class="fnanchor">[462]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_338" id="page_338"></a>{338}</span> They raise a great quantity of <i>coca</i>,
+which is a very precious plant among the Indians, as I will relate in
+the next chapter. As the forests are very large, the truth may be
+received that they contain many animals, as well bears, tigers, lions,
+tapirs, pigs, and striped wild cats, as other wild beasts worthy of
+note. Some Spaniards have also seen serpents of such bigness that they
+looked like beams, but, although one should sit on them, they would do
+no harm, nor do they try to kill any person. In talking over this matter
+of the serpents with the Indians of Cuzco, they told me something which
+I will relate here, as they assured me of its truth. In the time of the
+Ynca Yupanqui, who was grandson of the Ynca Huira-ccocha, certain
+captains were sent with a large army to visit these forests, by the
+Ynca’s order, and to bring the Indians they met with under subjection to
+him. Having entered the forests, these serpents killed all those who
+went with the said captains, and the calamity was so great that the Ynca
+showed much concern at it. An old enchantress heard this, and she said
+that if she were allowed to go to the forests, she would put the
+serpents into so deep a sleep, that they would be able to do no harm. As
+soon as she had received permission, she went to the place where the
+people had been killed. Here she performed her incantations, and said
+certain words, upon which the snakes changed from fierce and wild, to
+the gentle and foolish creatures they now are. All this that the
+Indians<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_339" id="page_339"></a>{339}</span> say may indeed be a fiction or fable, but it is certainly true
+that these snakes, though so large, do no hurt to any one.</p>
+
+<p>The forests of the Andes were well peopled in those parts where the
+Yncas had buildings and store-houses. The country is very fertile,
+yielding maize and yucas, as well as the other roots which they raise,
+and there are many excellent fruits. Most of the Spanish citizens of
+Cuzco have planted orange, lime, fig, vine, and other trees of Spain,
+besides large plantain groves, and very luscious and fragrant pines. In
+the very distant and dense parts of these forests they say that there is
+a people so savage, that they have neither houses nor clothes, but go
+about like animals, killing birds and beasts with arrows.<a name="FNanchor_463_462" id="FNanchor_463_462"></a><a href="#Footnote_463_462" class="fnanchor">[463]</a> They have
+neither chiefs nor captains, and they lodge in caves or in the hollows
+of trees, some in one part and some in another. It is said, also (but I
+have not seen them), that there are very large monkeys which go about in
+the trees.</p>
+
+<p class="cb">. . . . .
+. . . . .
+. . . . .
+. . . . .
+. . . . .
+. . . . .
+. . . . .
+<a name="FNanchor_464_463" id="FNanchor_464_463"></a><a href="#Footnote_464_463" class="fnanchor">[464]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the year 1549 I was at Charcas; and I went to see the cities in that
+region, for which purpose the president Gasca gave me letters of
+introduction to the corregidors, that I might learn all that was worthy
+of notice.</p>
+
+<p class="cb">. . . . .
+. . . . .
+. . . . .
+. . . . .
+. . . . .
+. . . . .
+. . . . .</p>
+
+<h3><a name="NOTE_TO_CHAPTER_XCV" id="NOTE_TO_CHAPTER_XCV"></a>NOTE TO CHAPTER XCV.</h3>
+
+<p class="c">ON THE RIVER PURÚS, A TRIBUTARY OF THE AMAZON.</p>
+
+<p class="c">BY</p>
+
+<p class="c"><span class="smcap">Mr. Richard Spruce</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="nind">“N<small>OTWITHSTANDING</small> the slow rate at which commerce and civilisation
+advance in the interior of South America, the opening up of routes
+of communication is becoming daily of more importance, and is
+exciting greater interest among the inhabitants. Some of the mighty
+rivers of that continent might seem to have been made by nature’s
+hand expressly<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_340" id="page_340"></a>{340}</span> for steam navigation, being so wide and deep, and
+flowing with so gentle and equable a descent, as to allow vessels
+of considerable size to reach the very foot of the mountains whence
+they take their rise; such are the Amazons, the Magdalena, and the
+Plata, with its tributary the Paraná; while others, of scarcely
+inferior volume, such as the Orinoco, the Rio Negro, the Madeira,
+and the Cauca (the main tributary of the Magdalena), are navigable
+for a considerable distance in their lower and upper parts, but
+towards the middle of their course are beset by rapids and
+cataracts, which can only be ascended, even by small boats, with
+infinite trouble, risk, and delay. In the case of the Orinoco and
+Rio Negro, the cataracts occupy so short a space, the actual fall
+is so slight, and the nature of the ground is such, that the
+obstructions might be easily turned or avoided by a navigable canal
+or a railroad, neither of which is likely to be constructed until
+the exigencies of commerce or colonisation shall make it an
+imperative necessity. The Madeira, however, the largest tributary
+of the Amazons, has no less than two hundred and forty miles of its
+middle course rendered practically unnavigable by a succession of
+rapids and cataracts, below which it is navigable down to its
+mouth,—a distance of five hundred miles,—for steamers of a
+thousand tons; and above them for smaller vessels for an equal
+distance, counting the navigation of its tributary, the Mamoré,
+which was explored by Lieut. Gibbon, of the U. S. navy, in 1851.
+Its other large tributaries, the Béni, the Ubahý, and the Guaporé,
+are said to be navigable for an equal or even greater distance. Now
+the navigation of the Madeira is of the first importance to the
+Brazilians, not only as a means of communication with the western
+part of the empire, but also with the highlands of Bolivia and
+Southern Peru, and it has been proposed to obviate its
+difficulties, 1. By opening a road from the point where it ceases
+to that where it begins again to be navigable, along which cargos
+might be transported on beasts of burden, and then be re-embarked
+above the falls; or, 2. By exploring the rivers running to the
+Amazon from the southward, between the Madeira and Ucayali, in the
+belief that some one of them might prove to be navigable up to a
+point beyond the last falls of the Madeira. The three principal of
+these rivers, beginning with the most easterly, or that nearest the
+Madeira, are the Purús, the Yutahý, and the Yauarý (or Javarí). All
+these rivers are stated by Baena<a name="FNanchor_465_464" id="FNanchor_465_464"></a><a href="#Footnote_465_464" class="fnanchor">[465]</a> to take their rise in the
+highlands of Peru, and the Purús has always been considered the
+largest of the three; for although it drains a far narrower basin
+than the Madeira, and its stream<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_341" id="page_341"></a>{341}</span> is much less wide and rapid, it
+is still a noble river, with deep water for a very long way up.
+People have gone up it from the Amazon and the Barra do Rio Negro,
+in quest of turtle, brazil-nuts, and sarsaparilla, for months
+without encountering any obstacle to its navigation. Lieutenant
+Herndon, in descending the Amazon in 1851, found the mouth of the
+Purús to be half a mile wide, with a depth of 16 fathoms, while at
+one mile up the depth was 18 fathoms.</p>
+
+<p>“The Purús communicates with the Amazon by one principal mouth, and
+by four narrow channels (called <i>furos</i>) which leave the Purús at a
+good way up, and enter the Amazon, three above and one below the
+real mouth. Along these channels the water sometimes flows from the
+Purús into the Amazon, and sometimes in the contrary direction,
+according to the variable height of the water in the two rivers;
+and sometimes, when both rivers are very low, the channels are left
+nearly dry. The middle one of the three upper channels is called
+the Furo de Cochiuará, a name which Acuña applies to the whole
+river, and writes it ‘Cuchiguará.’ It is a famous and navigable
+river, he says, and adds, ‘Although there are rocks in some places,
+it has plenty of fish, a great number of turtle, abundance of maize
+and mandioc, and all things necessary for facilitating the entrance
+of an expedition.’<a name="FNanchor_466_465" id="FNanchor_466_465"></a><a href="#Footnote_466_465" class="fnanchor">[466]</a> The rocks of which he speaks, we shall
+afterwards find to be cliffs rising from the river’s edge, and
+offering no hindrance whatever to navigation.</p>
+
+<p>“When I was at the Barra do Rio Negro in 1851, a man of colour,
+named Serafim Salgado, arrived there from the Purús, where he had
+spent some six months, trading with the Purupurú (or Spotted)
+Indians, who inhabit the lower part of the river, and from whom it
+takes its name; and also with the Catauixís, whose settlements
+extend upwards to a distance of two months’ journey from the
+mouth.<a name="FNanchor_467_466" id="FNanchor_467_466"></a><a href="#Footnote_467_466" class="fnanchor">[467]</a> I purchased from him various warlike and other
+instruments used by the Catauixís, which are now deposited in the
+Museum of Vegetable Products at Kew; and obtained from him some
+curious information about the customs of those Indians. They use
+the powder of the roasted seeds of <i>Acacia Niopo</i> as a stimulant
+and narcotic, as I have also seen it used by the Guahibos on the
+Orinoco, where it is called <i>Niopo</i>, and by the Múras and other
+Indians on the Amazon, where it is called <i>Paricá</i>. For absorbing
+the <i>Paricá</i> by the nose, a tube is made of the bone of a bird’s
+leg cut in two, and the pieces joined again at such an angle, that
+one end being applied to the mouth the other reaches the nostrils;
+a portion of snuff is then put into the tube and blown from it with
+great force up the nose. A <i>Paricá</i> clyster-pipe (which seems
+peculiar to the river Purús, as I have myself<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_342" id="page_342"></a>{342}</span> nowhere seen it
+used) is made on the same principle, of the long shankbone of the
+Tuyuyú (<i>Mycteria Americana</i>). The effect of the <i>Paricá</i>, taken as
+snuff, is to speedily induce a sort of intoxication, resembling in
+its symptoms that produced by the fungus <i>Amanita muscaria</i>. Taken
+as a clyster it is a purge, more or less violent according to the
+quantity employed. When the Catauixí Indian is about to set forth
+on the chase, he takes a small clyster of <i>Paricá</i>, and administers
+another to his dog, the effects on both being (it is said) to clear
+their vision and render them more alert! His weapon is generally
+the blowing cane, from which he propels slender darts tipped with
+<i>Uirarí</i> poison. Attached to the quiver that holds the darts is a
+slender tube of bamboo, two inches and a half long, filled with
+soot, with which he smears his face when he approaches his hut, if
+he returns successful from the chase. By this signal his family are
+advertised beforehand whether or not they will have to go without
+supper.—The Catauixí name for the blowing-cane darts is
+<i>Araráicohí</i>, and for the poison <i>Arinulihá</i>—the only two words I
+possess of their language.</p>
+
+<p>“When in 1852 the upper part of the Amazon, and the adjacent
+territory east and west of it (corresponding to the ancient
+Capitania do Rio Negro), were separated from the province of Pará,
+and erected into a province, under the name of ‘Amazonas,’ the
+exploration of the rivers entering the Amazon on the south was
+taken up in earnest by the new president and the provincial
+assembly; and Serafim Salgado was appointed to explore the Purús,
+with instructions “<i>to seek a passage to the towns of Bolivia, by
+the river Purús and the savannahs of the Beni, shorter than that by
+the Madeira, and free from the cataracts of that river</i>.”
+Unfortunately he was not furnished with a single instrument—not
+even a compass, or so much as a lead line for soundings; and his
+diary of his long and tedious voyage is deficient in information on
+almost every point of importance; yet, meagre as it is, as no
+account of that river has ever appeared in print, I give here a
+translation of it, appending thereto a few deductions which I think
+may be legitimately made from it.<a name="FNanchor_468_467" id="FNanchor_468_467"></a><a href="#Footnote_468_467" class="fnanchor">[468]</a></p></div>
+
+<p class="c">“ ‘<i>Report of Serafim da Silva Salgado on the Exploration of the River
+Purús.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“ ‘Most illustrious and excellent Sir,—I have the honour to present
+to your Excellency the report of the voyage which I made from this
+capital to the 7th <i>Maloca</i> (village) of the Purús, which river I
+ascended during the space of four months and nineteen days. Along
+with it your Excellency<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_343" id="page_343"></a>{343}</span> will find also a list of the articles
+which I expended during this long and painful voyage, and another
+of the presents and other objects which were furnished me to enable
+me to undertake it.</p>
+
+<p>“Your Excellency will allow me to mention that I have not yet paid
+the <i>Tuxaúa</i> (chief) Mamurité, and the Purupurú Indian Baidá, who
+accompanied me on this voyage, and who have hitherto received no
+pay whatever. The first will be satisfied with a few presents and
+clothes, and the second with something less. I regret much that I
+have not been able to perform better the task which your
+Excellency’s most excellent predecessor confided to me, and (from
+circumstances specified in the Report) that I could not go forward
+until I reached some Bolivian town; although I believe there is
+none such on the banks of the Purús, because at the seventh village
+of the Cucamas, which is the highest point I reached, the river is
+so narrow and obstructed, that it would be impossible to ascend
+much beyond it even in the season of flood.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘I beg your excellency to kindly excuse the incompleteness of my
+performance, and to honour me by receiving it, with the expressions
+of faithful respect and attachment that I offer to your Excellency.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘<i>Deos guarde á V. Exª.</i> Barra do Rio Negro, 20 de Dezembro de
+1852.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+“ ‘<span class="smcap">Serafim da Silva Salgado.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘To the most illustrious and excellent Senhor Dr. Manoel Gomes
+Correa de Miranda, 1st Vice-president of the Province of Amazonas.’</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="c">“ ‘<i>Report of the voyage made by the undersigned from the capital of
+the Province of Amazonas to the limit of navigation of the river
+Purús.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“ ‘Honoured by being appointed, on the 5th of May of the current
+year, by his Excellency the President of the Province, to explore
+the river Purús, and furnished with the necessary instructions, I
+set out from this city of the Barra on the evening of the 10th of
+May, in two canoes, manned by twelve Indians, and accompanied by a
+corporal and twelve soldiers with their arms and ammunition, and
+travelled as far as the lake Curupira, twelve hours’ journey. It
+was six in the evening of the 11th when I reached that lake, where
+I remained until the 13th, occupied in making <i>toldas</i><a name="FNanchor_469_468" id="FNanchor_469_468"></a><a href="#Footnote_469_468" class="fnanchor">[469]</a> for the
+canoes. I started again on the morning of the 14th, and at
+nightfall was within the <i>furo</i><a name="FNanchor_470_469" id="FNanchor_470_469"></a><a href="#Footnote_470_469" class="fnanchor">[470]</a> of Aranduba, and as we could
+not pass it with daylight we remained there, and on the 15th passed
+out at the other end, and that day reached another <i>furo</i> called
+Bode.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_344" id="page_344"></a>{344}</span></p>
+
+<p>“ ‘On the 16th reached the Caldeiraō;<a name="FNanchor_471_470" id="FNanchor_471_470"></a><a href="#Footnote_471_470" class="fnanchor">[471]</a> the 17th the mouth of the
+<i>furo</i> Arapapá; the 18th the farm of José Antonio Barrozo; the 19th
+a little way above the lake Calado; the 20th lake Manacapurú, where
+we had to remain till the 24th to mend the ironwork of the helm of
+one of the canoes. On the 24th, continuing to ascend the
+Solimoēs,<a name="FNanchor_472_471" id="FNanchor_472_471"></a><a href="#Footnote_472_471" class="fnanchor">[472]</a> we reached the upper point of the island Marrecaō;
+on the 25th the island Paratarý; on the 26th the <i>paraná-merím</i> of
+the same name,<a name="FNanchor_473_472" id="FNanchor_473_472"></a><a href="#Footnote_473_472" class="fnanchor">[473]</a> along which we sailed the three following days,
+passing along the lake Berury (<i>already within the mouth of the
+Purús</i>) on the 30th, and on the 31st the Castanha lake. In front of
+Berury on the right (ascending the Purús) is the <i>paraná-merím</i> of
+S. Thomé.</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p class="c">
+“ ‘<i>River Purús.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘June 1st. Navigated as far as the upper point of the island Naná,
+passing lake Estopa on the right hand as night closed in.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘June 2nd. Reached the mouth of lake Mathias, passing the mouths
+of lakes Sunára and Ubím.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘June 3rd. Reached Paricatuba, where there was a guard of
+soldiers, having passed this day the mouths of lakes Cuiuaná, Cáua,
+and Tapurú on the right, and Xaviana on the left. Here we remained
+until the 5th, to make a <i>tolda</i> for an additional canoe.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘June 6th. Reached the mouth of lake Uaiapuá, and on the left hand
+lake Paricatuba.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘June 7th. To the beach called Carapaná.<a name="FNanchor_474_473" id="FNanchor_474_473"></a><a href="#Footnote_474_473" class="fnanchor">[474]</a></p>
+
+<p>“ ‘June 8th. To lake Uarumá on the left.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘June 9th. To the <i>paraná-merím</i> of Yary, along which we navigated
+all through the 10th and 11th.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘June 12th. To the <i>paraná-merím</i> of Macaco.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘June 13th. To the <i>paraná-merím</i> of Sapiá.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘June 14th. To lake Taboca, on the right bank.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘June 15th. To the mouth of lake Campina.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘June 16th. To the <i>paraná-merím</i> of Guajaratuba, along which we
+went all through the 17th, before we got out again into the main
+river.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_345" id="page_345"></a>{345}</span></p>
+
+<p>“ ‘June 18th. Along the <i>paraná-merím</i> of Chapeo.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘June 19th. Rested this day below Taná-merím, the site of an
+ancient <i>maloca</i> of the Muras. Started again on the 20th, and on
+the 21st reached the <i>sitio</i> of Hygino (a man of colour), where we
+remained all through the 22nd, and on the 23rd reached the beaches
+of Tabocál.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘June 24th. Went on until we passed the Paraná-pixuna.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘June 25th. Reached Itaituba, so called from its rocky cliffs.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘June 26th. To the beaches of Quatí.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘June 27th. Drew up in front of Arimá, a place where they are
+founding a new village. We passed this day the mouth of lake
+Jacaré, on the left.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘June 28th. Went on this day without stopping, and on the 29th
+reached the beach called Paxiuba, and on the 30th the mouth of the
+Tanariá Grande. Passed the outlet of lake Manarý on the left, and
+that of the Tauarí on the right. Throughout this month the voyage
+was not interrupted by any untoward occurrence, but we suffered
+much from the heavy rains and the great plague of mosquitos.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘July 1st. This day reached the beach of Tauaná on the left. Went
+on all through the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th, and on the 5th reached the
+beach of Ituá. During this time eight Múra Indians, part of our
+crew, deserted, and we were obliged to seek hands to supply their
+place in the village of Arimá, in which we succeeded by the aid of
+the Tuxáua Marý. We could then start again, and on the 6th reached
+the beach of Jaburú.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘July 7th. This day halted in front of the <i>furo</i> Muahán, and on
+the 8th in the mouth of the furo Caiaupé.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘July 9th. To the mouth of the river Tapauá, which enters on the
+right.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘July 10th. Reached the beach of Macuquirý.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘July 11th. To the beach of Aramiá, passing the mouth of the
+Pauatrarý on the right.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘July 12th. To the beach of Mapuahán.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘July 13th. To the beach of Pucutihán.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘July 14th. To the beach of Cauarchan.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘July 15th. To beyond lake Capihán.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘July 16th. To the beach of Juihán.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘July 17th. Below lake Caquatahán, where we met rafts of Purupurú
+Indians.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘July 18th. To the beach Arapapa, passing the mouths of the rivers
+Mucuín and Caquatahán on the left. We went along the margin of the
+same beach all through the 19th, 20th, and 21st, and arrived on the
+22nd at the beach of Auaboneny, the 23rd at that of Uarimá, and the
+24th at that of Curianhán, passing this day the mouth of the river
+Apituhán.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘July 25th. Navigated this day along the river bank, and on the
+26th reached the beach of Mapuahan; on the 27th that of Assaituba,
+where we remained all the 28th to repair one of the canoes.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_346" id="page_346"></a>{346}</span></p>
+
+<p>“ ‘July 29th. Reached this day the beach of Pacihá, having passed
+the mouth of the river Marý, and on the 31st reached the beach of
+Jurihán.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘During this month the voyage was continued without any other
+interruption than the desertion of the Mura Indians, and the
+necessity of repairing the canoes. On some days we went on until
+midnight to make up for the delay in the mornings, when the thick
+fog was not dissipated by the sun’s rays until eight or ten
+o’clock.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘August 1st. Reached the beach of Jurucuá; on the 2nd that of
+Capim; on the 3rd that of Situahán; on the 4th that of Terrahán; on
+the 5th that of Catarrahán; on the 6th that of Boto, passing this
+day a point called Catatiá on the right.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘August 7th. Reached the beach of Maquirahán, and passed the mouth
+of the river Cunhuaryhán.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘August 8th. To the beach of Parahán, having passed this day some
+high cliffs called Cumarihán.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘August 9th. To the beach of Curianá, passing lake Learihán on the
+right.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘August 10th. To the beach of Quarý, passing the mouth of lake
+Tumehán, where there are rocky cliffs.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘August 11th. Reached the beach of Mamurihán-merím, which is on
+the right bank; the 12th the beach of Gamuhím; the 13th that of
+Itirapuá; the 14th that of Caçadua; the 15th that of Guajará; the
+16th that of Arutá; the 17th the mouth of the river Paniný; the
+18th the beach of Parahán; the 19th the mouth of the river
+Chiriuiný. From this river begins a very long beach, along which we
+navigated all through the 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, and 25th,
+and on the 26th arrived at another beach called Pedreira. On the
+27th we were alongside another extensive beach, by which we went on
+until the end of the month. Nothing worth mentioning happened
+throughout this month; but the voyage began to grow more difficult,
+because the river got gradually narrower, much obstructed with
+trunks of trees, and so very tortuous, that we have sometimes gone
+on a whole day without advancing scarcely anything, on account of
+the great bends of the river.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘September. Continuing to ascend the river during the 1st, 2nd,
+and 3rd, on the 4th passed the mouth of the igarapé Macuianý, said
+to be inhabited by a horde of cannibals, of the tribe Jamamadi, to
+the number of about four hundred. Thus we went on until the 11th,
+when we passed another igarapé, the Euacá, on the left, in which
+also there are numerous Jamamadi Indians. In the mouth of this
+stream, and on an adjacent beach, there was an encampment of more
+than a hundred people who had been drawn together by hearing our
+<i>réveillé</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘On the 12th passed the mouth of the river Canaquirý, whose
+sources are in the <i>campos</i> of the river Madeira. In this river
+appeared sixteen<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_347" id="page_347"></a>{347}</span> <i>ubás</i> and <i>cascas</i><a name="FNanchor_475_474" id="FNanchor_475_474"></a><a href="#Footnote_475_474" class="fnanchor">[475]</a> with Indians of the
+tribe Canamarý (cannibals), who came out to meet us; they were in
+all sixty-five souls. By an Indian who accompanied our expedition,
+and who understood a little of their language, we learnt that the
+Canamarýs were plotting among themselves to surprise our canoes by
+night, kill us all, and carry off our goods. Profiting by this
+timely warning, I had the canoes anchored in the middle of the
+stream, and prepared our troops to resist any attack that should be
+attempted by night. Early in the morning the Indians dispersed, but
+not before we had bought of them their arrows and <i>curabís</i>
+(poisoned arrows), and then, telling them that another canoe was
+following us, we got rid of them.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘On the 18th reached the first <i>malóca</i> (village) of the Cucama
+Indians; on the 23rd we drew up at the second; on the 29th at the
+third, and, although the voyage began to be very arduous, we went
+on all day of the 30th.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘October. After having gone on the whole of the 1st, we arrived on
+the 2nd of this month at the fourth <i>maloca</i> of Cucamas; on the
+4th, at the fifth <i>maloca</i>; on the 6th, at the sixth <i>maloca</i>; and
+on the 9th, at the seventh <i>maloca</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘These Indians, gathered together in <i>malocas</i>, to the number of
+thirty, forty, or fifty each, subsist on <i>aipím</i> (=<i>Manihot Aypi</i>
+Pohl.)<a name="FNanchor_476_475" id="FNanchor_476_475"></a><a href="#Footnote_476_475" class="fnanchor">[476]</a> and bananas of which they have plantations, and on
+game. They are light-coloured, well-made (that is, the men, for of
+women we saw not a single one, because they hide them away, except
+the old ones), and they bore the under lip. <i>They wear ponchos.</i>
+They had no iron tools of any kind, and they were well content with
+some axes which we gave them. They would employ this tool to make
+their canoes, for they make their clearings by fire alone.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘They were highly delighted when they saw us approach, for they
+had never before seen civilised people; although they mentioned a
+few names of persons whom they had seen at the headwaters of the
+Juruá.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘Many of these Indians wished to go down the river with our
+expedition, but, as our farinha was nearly exhausted, I did not
+venture to take them; besides, as their principal aliment is
+<i>aipím</i> and bananas, and we had a great distance to go before
+coming to those plants again, they would necessarily have suffered
+much by the way.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘They live unceasingly persecuted by the tribes Canamarýs,
+Apurinás, and Oainomarís (all cannibals), who unite to harass them,
+rob them, and kill those they meet in order to devour them.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_348" id="page_348"></a>{348}</span></p>
+
+<p>“ ‘The Cucamas have such a way of speaking that they seem to us to
+belong to Bolivia, for they make use of several Spanish words, and
+call, for instance, an axe <i>hacha</i>, a cutlass <i>machéte</i>, a knife
+<i>cuchillo</i>, etc.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘It was quite impossible to ascend higher than the seventh
+<i>maloca</i>, for the river was so narrow, and so much obstructed, that
+it did not admit the passage of even the smallest canoes.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘For this cause we set out to return on the 10th, and, going along
+without stopping, we reached this capital on the 30th of November,
+about eight o’clock at night.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘Finally, in all this long and painful voyage, we had not to
+deplore any fatal accident.</p>
+
+<p>“ ‘Barra do Rio Negro, 20th of December, 1852.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+“ ‘<span class="smcap">Serafim da Silva Salgado.</span>’<br />
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>“With the ‘Report’ before us, let us endeavour to ascertain the
+extreme point of Serafim’s navigation on the Purús. As he says not
+a word about bearings and distances, the only guide we have to the
+latter is the time occupied in the ascent, and I find that,
+deducting the days when he was stationary, he travelled from the
+Barra to the head of navigation on the Purús in 141 days. Now, if
+we take a known distance on the Amazon, viz. from the Barra to
+Manacapurú, which is 82 nautical miles (following the course of the
+river), we find that Serafim spent just 8 days over it, being at
+the rate of 10¼ miles per day. In the month of May, when he
+started, the Amazon would already have risen considerably and the
+current would be difficult to stem; hence this slow rate of
+progress.<a name="FNanchor_477_476" id="FNanchor_477_476"></a><a href="#Footnote_477_476" class="fnanchor">[477]</a> The Purús in its lower part has a much gentler
+current than the Amazon, and there he would no doubt get on better;
+but it would attain its highest level during the period of
+Serafim’s voyage up it, and would then run much more than usual;
+and he mentions expressly that in its upper part the current became
+from day to day more rapid as he proceeded; so that I think we may
+safely assume 10¼ miles a day as the average rate of progress
+throughout the voyage, and travellers who have had to creep up
+South American rivers in canoes will agree with me that it is
+rather over than under the mark. This would give us for</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td>Distance from Barra to head of navigation of Purús</td><td align="right" class="rt">1445 miles</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Deduct distance from Barra to mouth of Purús</td><td align="right" class="rt">150 miles</td></tr>
+<tr><td> </td><td align="left">——</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right" class="r">And we get</td><td align="right" class="rt"> 1295 miles,</td><td> for</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="nind">the whole length of Serafim’s navigation of the Purús, including
+all the bends of the river, from which at least one-third (but
+probably more) would have to be deducted to reduce it to a straight
+line. Taking off<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_349" id="page_349"></a>{349}</span> the third part, leaves 863 miles for the shortest
+distance between the extreme points of the navigation of the Purús,
+or say in round numbers 800 miles, which is possibly still in
+excess of the actual distance. Supposing that on the map of Spix
+and Martius (which is even yet the best we possess for a great part
+of South America) the general direction assigned to the Purús is
+correct (N.E., or rather N. 46° E.), and measuring on that rhumb
+for 800 miles, we reach a point which is in lat. 12° 30´ S., long.
+(from Greenwich) about 70° W. To ascertain where this takes us to
+we must go to the Andes of the S. E. of Peru, and inquire what
+streams flow northward from thence, between the headwaters of the
+Ucayali on the west, and those of the Madeira on the east. The
+fullest and probably the only trustworthy account we have of those
+streams is contained in two memoirs, by Mr. Clements Markham,
+published in the journals of the Royal Geographical Society, giving
+an account of an expedition made to the north-east of Cuzco in
+1853, and of another in the adjacent province of Carabaya in 1860.
+He found the streams there divided into three groups, the most
+westerly uniting to form the river called the Madre de Dios, or
+Amaru-mayu, while the streams of the middle group formed the
+Inambarí, and the most easterly were tributaries of the Tambo-pata.
+He descended the Tono (as the upper part of the Madre de Dios is
+called) to a point in about lat. 12° 45´ S., long. 70° 30´ W.; the
+Sandia to where it unites with the Huari-huari to form the
+Inambarí, in lat. about 13° 10´ S., long. 69° 15´ W.; and the
+Tambo-pata to lat. 12° 18´ S., long. 68° 38´ W. Now if the Purús be
+prolonged but forty miles beyond the point to which Serafim is
+supposed to have ascended in 1852, it brings us exactly to where
+Mr. Markham descended on the Madre Dios in the following year
+(1853). In so savage a region it is quite possible that two
+explorers, the one starting from the mouth and the other from the
+head of a river, might reach nearly the same point on it, at the
+very same time, and yet not only be unaware of each other’s
+proximity, but afterwards, in comparing their itineraries, not find
+therein a single name common to both. There is, however, one name
+on Mr. Markham’s map, that of the river Inambarí, which I feel
+pretty confident is the same as the Oainamarí mentioned by Serafim
+as the name of an Indian nation who harassed the pacific and
+agricultural Cucamas at the head of the Purús. The Indian name of a
+river is generally that of a nation inhabiting its banks, as in the
+case of the Purús itself. Besides, the Indian of the Amazon,
+following the genius of their language (the Tupí), are very apt to
+prefix to names, especially such as begin with a vowel, a sound
+like that of the English <i>w</i>, which the Portuguese and Spaniards
+have variously represented by the letters <i>u</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>oa</i>, <i>hu</i>,
+<i>gu</i>, and even <i>b</i>; thus, to the northward of the Amazon, we have
+the river <i>Guaupés</i>, <i>Uaupés</i>, or <i>Aupés</i>; the <i>Guasié</i>, <i>Sié</i>, or
+<i>Xié</i> (pron. <i>Shié</i>); precisely analogous instances to <i>Oainamarî</i>,
+<i>Uinamarí</i>, or <i>Inam(b)arî</i>; for (it should be added) the letter
+<i>b</i> is<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_350" id="page_350"></a>{350}</span> generally a modern interpolation in names of the plain, not
+heard from the month of a native Indian.<a name="FNanchor_478_477" id="FNanchor_478_477"></a><a href="#Footnote_478_477" class="fnanchor">[478]</a></p>
+
+<p>“Serafim does not tell us, and probably did not ascertain, whether
+his Oainamarí Indians lived on a river which fell into the Purús.
+Mr. Markham’s impression, after visiting the Madre de Dios, the
+Inambarí, and the Tambo-pata, and noting their direction at the
+lowest point he attained on them, was that all three united to form
+one river, which he supposed to be the Purús; and his opinion is
+entitled to great weight, as that of the only person capable of
+giving an account of what he saw, who has visited all the three
+rivers. Here, however, is the difficulty, which only a new and
+thorough exploration can clear up; for all speculation on such a
+point is uncertain and valueless. Comparing the maps of Martius and
+Markham, and bearing in mind the statement of Baena, one would be
+tempted to say that the Tambo-pata was the head of the Purús, the
+Inambarí of the Yutahý, and the Madre de Dios of the Yauarý; or the
+Madre de Dios may really be the origin of the Purús, and the other
+two streams may flow into the Beni. There are other possible modes
+of combination, and there is even another tributary of the Amazon,
+intermediate between the Yutahý and the Purús, I mean the Yuruá,
+which, though a smaller river, has so long a course, that we see
+(in Serafim’s story) Cucamas of the Purús having intercourse with
+people at the head of the Yuruá.</p>
+
+<p>“It is clear from Serafim’s report, that the plain through which
+the Purús flows has a scarcely perceptible declivity, for he
+nowhere encountered cataracts, or even rapids. Indeed, on referring
+to the maps, and considering the nature of the ground, we see that
+the head of navigation of the Purús must needs be on a lower level
+than that of the Beni and Mamoré; and yet on a tributary of the
+latter (the Chaparé) Gibbon found that water boiled at 209° 5´,
+indicating an elevation above the sea of only four hundred and
+sixty-five feet. This goes far to show that Humboldt may be correct
+in his supposition of a strip of low land extending from the Amazon
+valley, between the Andes on the one hand,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_351" id="page_351"></a>{351}</span> and the mountains of
+Brazil on the other, all through the provinces of Mojos and
+Chiquitos to the basin of the river Plate. The navigable part of
+the Purús extends to the southward, along this lowland, apparently
+to far beyond the last falls of the Madeira; its depth is probably
+great enough to admit of its being navigated by steamers at least
+up to within two hundred miles of the highest point reached by
+Serafim; and we may therefore be allowed to predict that the Purús
+will at some future day become one of the great highways between
+the Andes and the Amazon.</p>
+
+<p>“Like other affluents of the Amazon flowing through a champaign
+country, the Purús has numerous lakes, and but very few rivers
+tributary to it. I have ascended two rivers, entering the Amazon
+from the northward, which have precisely the same character, viz.,
+the Trombetas and the Pastasa. The latter of these two rivers is in
+some parts nearly two miles in breadth, but its stream is generally
+sluggish and so shallow that, although I entered it when the waters
+were at their highest level, yet when they partially subsided
+during the voyage, we had great difficulty in finding a channel
+sufficiently deep to float our canoes, although the latter were
+merely hollowed trunks, and we were still some distance below the
+confluence of the Bobonasa. On the Purús, however, Serafim does not
+once mention being impeded by insufficient depth of water. He
+complains of the foggy mornings, such as I have experienced on all
+the rivers whose course is northerly or southerly; whereas on the
+Amazon, and even on the Rio Negro, so long as its course (in
+ascending) is westerly, the easterly trade-wind usually prevents
+any accumulation of fog, especially in the dry season, when that
+wind prevails most.”</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+“<span class="smcap">Richard Spruce.</span>”<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>“June 13th, 1864.”</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_352" id="page_352"></a>{352}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XCVI" id="CHAPTER_XCVI"></a>CHAPTER XCVI.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">How the Indians carry herbs or roots in their mouths, and concerning the
+herb called coca, which they raise in many parts of this kingdom.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">I<small>N</small> all parts of the Indies through which I have travelled I have
+observed that the natives take great delight in having herbs or roots in
+their mouths. Thus, in the district of the city of Antioquia, some of
+the people go about with a small leaf in their mouths, and in the
+province of Arma they chew another leaf. In the districts of Quinbaya
+and Anzerma they cut small twigs from a young green tree, which they rub
+against their teeth without ceasing. In most of the villages subject to
+the cities of Cali and Popayan they go about with small <i>coca</i> leaves in
+their mouths, to which they apply a mixture, which they carry in a
+calabash, made from a certain earth-like lime. Throughout Peru the
+Indians carry this <i>coca</i> in their mouths, and from morning until they
+lie down to sleep, they never take it out. When I asked some of these
+Indians why they carried these leaves in their mouths (which they do not
+eat, but merely hold between their teeth), they replied that it prevents
+them from feeling hungry, and gives them great vigour and strength. I
+believe that it has some such effect, although, perhaps, it is a custom
+only suited for people like these Indians. They sow this <i>coca</i> in the
+forests of the Andes, from Guamanga to the town of Plata. The trees are
+small, and they cultivate them with great care, that they may yield the
+leaf called <i>coca</i>. They put the leaves in the sun, and afterwards pack
+them in long narrow bags, containing a little more than an <i>arroba</i>
+each. This <i>coca</i> was so highly valued in Peru in the years 1548, 1549,
+1550, and 1551, that there was not a root nor anything gathered from a
+tree, except spice, which was in such estimation. In those years<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_353" id="page_353"></a>{353}</span> they
+valued the <i>repartimientos</i> of Cuzco, La Paz, and Plata at eighty
+thousand dollars, more or less, all arising from this <i>coca</i>. <i>Coca</i> was
+taken to the mines of Potosi for sale, and the planting of the trees and
+picking of the leaves was carried on to such an extent, that <i>coca</i> is
+not now worth so much, but it will never cease to be valuable. There are
+some persons in Spain who are rich from the produce of this <i>coca</i>,
+having traded with it, sold and re-sold it in the Indian markets.<a name="FNanchor_479_478" id="FNanchor_479_478"></a><a href="#Footnote_479_478" class="fnanchor">[479]</a></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XCVII" id="CHAPTER_XCVII"></a>CHAPTER XCVII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the road from Cuzco to the city of La Paz; and of the villages, until
+the Indians called Canches are passed.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> distance from the city of Cuzco to the city of La Paz is eighty
+leagues, a little more or less. It must be known that, before La Paz was
+founded, all the towns and villages now subject to that city were within
+the limits of the city of Cuzco. Setting out from Cuzco by the royal
+road of Colla-suyu, it leads to the narrow pass of Mohina, leaving the
+buildings of Quispicanchi on the left hand. The road goes by this place,
+after leaving Cuzco, and is paved with stones. In Mohina there is a
+large swamp, across which the road is carried on a paved causeway. There
+were great edifices in Mohina, which are now in ruins. When the governor
+Don Francisco Pizarro entered Cuzco with the Spaniards, they found much
+gold and silver, and rich and precious clothing in these edifices. I
+have heard some Spaniards say that there was a block of stone in this
+place, in the shape of a man, with long ropes, and beads in the hand,
+besides other figures, some of which they adored as idols.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_354" id="page_354"></a>{354}</span></p>
+
+<p>Beyond Mohina is the ancient village of Urcos, which is about six
+leagues from Cuzco.<a name="FNanchor_480_479" id="FNanchor_480_479"></a><a href="#Footnote_480_479" class="fnanchor">[480]</a> On this road there is a very large and strong
+wall, and the natives say that along the top of it a channel of water
+was conducted with great labour from a river, with the same skill and
+order as they make their other irrigating channels. In this great wall
+there was a broad doorway, at which there were porters who collected the
+tribute which the Indians were obliged to pay to the lords. There were
+other overseers of the same Yncas at this place, to seize and punish
+those who had the audacity to take gold or silver out of the city of
+Cuzco. In this place there were quarries whence they took stones for
+building edifices, which are well worth seeing. Urcos is built on a
+hill, where there were palaces for the lords. Thence to Quiquixana the
+distance is three leagues over a rugged country. Here the river of Yucay
+flows through the valley, over which there is a bridge made like others
+in this country. Near this place the Indians called Cavinas are settled,
+who, before they were subjugated by the Yncas, wore a large ornament in
+their ears. They say that Manco Ccapac, the founder of the city of
+Cuzco, secured the friendship of these Indians. They go about dressed in
+woollen clothes, with a black fillet twisted round their heads. In the
+mountains there are villages in which the houses are built of stone. In
+former times they held a temple in great veneration, called Ausancata,
+near which they say that their ancestors saw an idol or devil in the
+same dress as their own. These Indians held for certain that the souls
+which departed from the bodies went to a great lake, where, in their
+vain belief, they held that they had their origin, and where they again
+entered into the bodies of those who were born. After they were
+subjugated by the Yncas they became more civilised and intelligent,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_355" id="page_355"></a>{355}</span> and
+adored the sun, without forgetting their former temple. Beyond this
+province is that of the Canches, who are intelligent and homely Indians,
+without malice, and always skilful in working, especially gold and
+silver. They also had large flocks of sheep. Their villages are like
+those of their neighbours; they wear the same clothes, with a black
+fillet round the head, the ends of which hang down as low as the chin.
+They say that, in ancient times, they waged great wars with Huira-ccocha
+Ynca, and with some of his predecessors, and that, when they submitted
+to their rule, the Yncas valued them highly. Their arms were darts,
+slings, and weapons called <i>Ayllos</i>, with which they captured their
+enemies. Their methods of interment were the same as those already
+described; their tombs were built of stone, on the heights, and here
+they put the bodies of their chiefs, together with some of their wives
+and servants. They do not value the vanities and honours of the world,
+though it is true that some of the chiefs are haughty to the Indians,
+and treat them with asperity. At certain seasons of the year they
+celebrate their festivals, for which they have fixed days. In the
+buildings of the chiefs there were places where they had their dances,
+and where the chiefs ate and drank. They conversed with the devil, like
+all the other Indians. Throughout all the land of these Canches there is
+maize and wheat, and plenty of partridges and condors, and in their
+houses the Indians have many fowls. They also catch excellent fish in
+the rivers.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_356" id="page_356"></a>{356}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XCVIII" id="CHAPTER_XCVIII"></a>CHAPTER XCVIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the provinces of Canas, and of Ayavire.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">A<small>FTER</small> leaving the province of Canches, that of Canas<a name="FNanchor_481_480" id="FNanchor_481_480"></a><a href="#Footnote_481_480" class="fnanchor">[481]</a> is entered,
+which is the name of another tribe, and the names of the villages are
+Hatuncana, Chiquana, Horuro, Cacha, and others which I shall not
+enumerate.<a name="FNanchor_482_481" id="FNanchor_482_481"></a><a href="#Footnote_482_481" class="fnanchor">[482]</a> These Indians all<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_357" id="page_357"></a>{357}</span> wear clothes, both men and women, and
+they have large, round, high woollen caps on their heads. Before they
+were subjugated by the Yncas, they had their villages in the mountain
+fastnesses, whence they came forth to make war; afterwards they
+descended into the valley. Their customs with regard to burials are the
+same as those of the Canches. In the province of these Canas there was a
+temple which they called Ancocahua, where they performed sacrifices, in
+their blindness; and in the village of Cacha there were great edifices,
+built by order of Tupac Ynca Yupanqui. On the other side of the river
+there is a small enclosure, within which they found some gold. This
+temple was built in memory of their god Huira-ccocha, whom they call the
+Creator. Within it there was a stone idol the height of a man, with a
+robe, and a crown or tiara on the head. Some said that this might be the
+statue of some apostle who arrived in this land.<a name="FNanchor_483_482" id="FNanchor_483_482"></a><a href="#Footnote_483_482" class="fnanchor">[483]</a> In the second part
+of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_358" id="page_358"></a>{358}</span> this work I shall treat of what I believe, and of what I was able to
+collect respecting the report that fire came down from heaven, and
+converted many stones into cinders. Throughout this province of Canas
+the climate is cold, as well as in Canches, but the country is well
+supplied with provisions and flocks. To the west is the South Sea, and
+to the east the forests of the Andes. From the village of Chiquana, in
+this province of Canas, to Ayavire the distance is fifteen leagues,
+within which limits there are some villages of the Canas, many plains,
+and great meadows well suited for flocks, if it were not so cold. Now
+the great quantity of herbage is only useful for guanacos and vicuñas.</p>
+
+<p>In ancient times it was a grand thing to see this town of Ayavire, and
+the place is still worthy of note, especially the great tombs, which are
+so numerous that they occupy more space than the habitations of the
+living. The Indians positively assert that the natives of this town of
+Ayavire are of the same descent and lineage as those of Canas; and that
+the Ynca Yupanqui waged wars and fought battles with them, in which they
+suffered so severely that they submitted to his service, to save
+themselves from entire destruction. But as some of the Yncas were
+vindictive, after the Ynca had killed a great number of the Indians of
+Copacopa and other villages in the forests of the Andes, whom he had got
+into his power by deceit, he did the same to the natives of Ayavire, in
+such sort that few or none were left alive. It is notorious that those
+who escaped wandered in the fields for a long time, calling on their
+dead, and mourning with groans and great sorrow over the destruction
+that had come upon their people. As Ayavire is a large district, through
+which a good river flows, the Ynca Yupanqui ordered that a great palace
+should be built here,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_359" id="page_359"></a>{359}</span> which was accordingly done, together with many
+buildings where the tribute was stored up. A temple of the sun was also
+built, as one of the most important things. The Ynca then ordered that
+Indians (who are called <i>Mitimaes</i>) should come here with their wives,
+for there were few natives left, and the <i>Mitimaes</i> became lords of the
+soil, and heirs to the dead natives, and they were directed to form a
+large town near the temple of the sun and the principal edifices. The
+town went on increasing until the Spaniards arrived in this kingdom, but
+since that time, what with the civil wars and other calamities, it has
+greatly decreased, like all the others.</p>
+
+<p>I entered it at the time when it was held in <i>encomienda</i> by Juan de
+Pancorbo, a citizen of Cuzco; and I learnt these particulars, which I
+have written down, from the best information within my reach. Near this
+town there is a ruined temple, where once they offered up sacrifices.
+And the multitude of tombs which appear all round this town is held to
+be a notable sight.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XCIX" id="CHAPTER_XCIX"></a>CHAPTER XCIX.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the great district which is inhabited by the <i>Collas</i>, of the
+appearance of the land where their villages are built, and how
+<i>Mitimaes</i> were stationed to supply them with provisions.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> region which they call <i>Collao</i> appears to me to be the largest
+province in all Peru, and the most populous. The Collas are first met
+with at Ayavire, and they extend as far as Caracoto. To the east of
+their province are the forests of the Andes, to the west are the peaks
+of the snowy mountains, which descend on the other side to the South
+Sea. Besides the lands which the natives occupy with their fields and
+houses, there are vast uninhabited tracts<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_360" id="page_360"></a>{360}</span> full of wild flocks. The land
+of the Collas is level in most parts, and rivers of good water flow
+through it.</p>
+
+<p>These plains form beautiful and extensive meadows, the herbage of which
+is always plentiful, and at times very green, although in the spring it
+is parched up as in Spain. The winter begins (as I have already said) in
+October, and lasts until April. The days and nights are almost equal,
+and the cold in this district is greater than in any other part of Peru,
+excepting the snowy peaks, because the land is high, and comes up to the
+mountains. Certainly if this land of the Collao had a deep valley like
+those of Xauxa or Chuquiapu, which would yield maize, it would be one of
+the richest in all the Indies. When the wind is blowing it is hard work
+to travel over these plains of the Collao, but when there is no wind,
+and the sun is shining, it is very pleasant to see the beautiful and
+well-peopled meadows. But the climate is so cold that there is no maize,
+nor any kind of tree; and the land is too sterile to yield any of the
+fruits which grow in other parts.<a name="FNanchor_484_483" id="FNanchor_484_483"></a><a href="#Footnote_484_483" class="fnanchor">[484]</a> The houses in the villages are
+built of stone, and roofed with straw instead of tiles, and they are
+placed close together. This country of the Collao was once very
+populous, and was covered with large villages, round which the Indians
+had their fields, where they raised crops for food. Their principal food
+is potatoes,<a name="FNanchor_485_484" id="FNanchor_485_484"></a><a href="#Footnote_485_484" class="fnanchor">[485]</a> which are like earth nuts, as I have before declared<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_361" id="page_361"></a>{361}</span>
+in this history. They dry these potatoes in the sun, and keep them from
+one harvest to another. After they are dried they call these potatoes
+<i>chuñus</i>, and they are highly esteemed and valued among them.<a name="FNanchor_486_485" id="FNanchor_486_485"></a><a href="#Footnote_486_485" class="fnanchor">[486]</a> They
+have no water in channels for irrigating the fields, as in many other
+parts of this kingdom, so that, if the natural supply of water required
+for the crops fails, they would suffer from famine and want if they had
+not this store of dried potatoes. Many Spaniards have enriched
+themselves and returned prosperous to Spain by merely taking these
+<i>chuñus</i> to sell at the mines of Potosi. They have another kind of food
+called <i>oca</i>,<a name="FNanchor_487_486" id="FNanchor_487_486"></a><a href="#Footnote_487_486" class="fnanchor">[487]</a> which is also profitable, but not so much so as a
+seed which they also raise, called <i>quinua</i>,<a name="FNanchor_488_487" id="FNanchor_488_487"></a><a href="#Footnote_488_487" class="fnanchor">[488]</a> a small grain like
+rice. When the harvest is abundant, all the inhabitants of the Collao
+live contented and free from want, but when there is want of water they
+suffer great distress.</p>
+
+<p>But, in truth, the Kings Yncas who ruled over this empire were so wise,
+and such excellent governors, that they established laws and customs
+without which the majority of their people would have suffered great
+hardships, as they did before they came under the rule of the Yncas. In
+the Collao, and in all the parts of Peru, where, owing to the cold
+climate, the land is not so fertile and abundant as in the warm valleys,
+they ordered that, as the great forests of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_362" id="page_362"></a>{362}</span> the Andes bordered on these
+sterile tracts, a certain number of Indians with their wives should be
+taken from each village, and stationed to cultivate the land in the
+places where the chiefs directed them to settle. Here they sowed the
+things which would not grow in their own country, sending the fruits of
+their labours to their chiefs, and they were called <i>Mitimaes</i>. At the
+present day they serve the principal <i>encomienderos</i>, and cultivate the
+precious <i>coca</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, although no maize can be raised throughout the <i>Colloa</i>, the
+chiefs and people did not fail to obtain it by this arrangement, for the
+<i>Mitimaes</i> brought up loads of maize, <i>coca</i>, and fruits of all kinds,
+besides plenty of honey, which abounds in all parts of the forests,
+where it is formed in the hollows of trees in the way I have described
+when treating of Quinbaya.<a name="FNanchor_489_488" id="FNanchor_489_488"></a><a href="#Footnote_489_488" class="fnanchor">[489]</a> In the province of Charcas this honey is
+excellent. It is said that Francisco de Carbajal, master of the camp to
+Gonzalo Pizarro, always ate this honey, and though he drank it as if it
+had been water or wine, he always remained strong and healthy, as he was
+when I saw him judged in the valley of Xaquixaguana, although he was
+over eighty years of age according to his own account.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_C" id="CHAPTER_C"></a>CHAPTER C.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of what is said concerning the origin of these Collas, of their
+appearance, and how they buried their dead.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">M<small>ANY</small> of these Indians say that they have heard from their fathers that,
+in times past, there was a great deluge, in the manner described by me
+in the third chapter of the second part. They also declare that the
+origin of their ancestors was very ancient, and they relate so many
+sayings and fictions that I shall not stop to write them down, for some<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_363" id="page_363"></a>{363}</span>
+say that their ancestors came out of a fountain, others from a rock, and
+others out of a lake, so that no sense can be learnt from them
+concerning their origin. But they all agree that their ancestors lived
+in a wild state before they were subjugated by the Yncas, that they had
+strongholds in the mountains whence they came out to fight, and that
+they had many vicious customs. Afterwards they learnt from the Yncas all
+that had been made known to the other vassals, and they built their
+villages in the same way as they have them now. Both men and women are
+clothed in woollen dresses. They say that, before marriage, the women
+may go loosely, but that they are punished with death if they are guilty
+of infidelity after they have been delivered to husbands. These people
+wear woollen caps called <i>chucos</i> on their heads. Their heads are very
+long, and flattened behind, because they are pressed and forced into
+what shape they choose during childhood. The women wear hoods on their
+heads, almost of the same shape as those worn by friars. Before the
+Yncas conquered the country, many of the Indians declare that there were
+two great lords in the Colloa, the one called Sapana and the other Cari,
+who conquered many <i>pucaras</i>, which are their fortresses. They add that
+one of these chiefs entered the large island in the lake of Titicaca,
+and found there a white people who had beards; that they fought with
+them in such a manner that all were killed; and that they also fought
+great battles with the Canas and Canches. After they had performed
+notable deeds, these tyrants, or lords, who had risen up in the Collao,
+turned their arms against each other, seeking also for the friendship of
+the Ynca Huira-ccocha, who then reigned in Cuzco. The Ynca made a treaty
+of peace with Cari at Chucuito, and intrigued so skilfully that he
+became lord of a great part of the Collao without fighting. The
+principal chiefs of this country go about with a large retinue, and,
+when they travel, they are carried in litters, and treated with great<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_364" id="page_364"></a>{364}</span>
+respect by all the Indians. They had their temples and <i>huacas</i> in
+secret places, where they adored their gods, and those who were selected
+for that duty conversed with the devil.</p>
+
+<p>The things which, to my mind, are most worthy of notice in the Collao,
+are the tombs of the dead. When I travelled over this country I stopped
+to write down all that deserved mention concerning the Indians; and I
+was truly astonished to see how little they cared for having large and
+handsome houses for the living, while they bestowed so much care on the
+tombs where the dead were interred, as if all happiness did not consist
+in something else. Thus, in the plains and meadows near their villages,
+the tombs were built in the form of small towers, some of stones only,
+and others of stones mixed with earth, some broad and others narrow,
+according to the rank and wealth of those who built them.<a name="FNanchor_490_489" id="FNanchor_490_489"></a><a href="#Footnote_490_489" class="fnanchor">[490]</a> Some of
+them were roofed with straw, and others with large slabs. I observed
+that the doors of these towers were towards the east. When the natives
+of the Collao died they were mourned for during many days, the women
+holding staves in their hands, and putting ashes on their bodies. The
+relations of the deceased each contributed something, as well sheep,
+lambs, and maize, as other things, and, before they buried the corpse,
+they killed sheep, put the cooked meat into the rooms of their houses,
+and made much drink from the maize. The deceased is honoured according
+to the quantity of this beverage that is made. When the drink is ready,
+and the sheep and lambs killed, they carry the corpse to the place where
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_365" id="page_365"></a>{365}</span> tomb is prepared, accompanied, if the deceased was a chief, by the
+people of the village. Then they burnt ten, twenty, or more sheep,
+according to the rank of the dead man, and killed the women, boys and
+servants who were to accompany him, according to their vain belief. All
+these are buried in the same tomb with the body, into which they also
+put some people alive. Having interred the deceased in this manner, they
+all return to the house whence they had taken the body, and there eat
+the food and drink the <i>chicha</i>, coming out from time to time to dance
+mournful dances in the appointed places near the house. This goes on for
+some days, at the end of which the poorest men and women are assembled,
+and given what remains of the food and <i>chicha</i>. If the deceased was a
+great chief, they did not bury him immediately, but, before doing so,
+they practised superstitious vanities for some days, which I shall not
+describe. When these are finished, the women and servant-girls who have
+not been killed come out into the village in their mantles and hoods,
+some carrying the arms of the chief, others his ornamental head-dress,
+and others his clothes and other things. They walk along uttering sad
+and sorrowful words, while an Indian goes before them mourning and
+playing on a drum. Thus they traverse the greater part of the village,
+declaring, in their songs, the deeds of the dead chief, and other things
+concerning him. I remember that when I was going to Charcas in company
+with Diego de Uzeda, who now lives in the city of La Paz, we saw certain
+women walking in this way through the village of Nicasio,<a name="FNanchor_491_490" id="FNanchor_491_490"></a><a href="#Footnote_491_490" class="fnanchor">[491]</a> and we
+learnt from the people of the village that they were saying what I have
+described in this chapter. One of the Indians added that when these
+women had finished their lamentations, they would be made drunk,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_366" id="page_366"></a>{366}</span> and
+some of them would be killed to accompany the dead man. In many other
+villages I have seen them mourn for the dead during many days, and put
+ropes of sedge round their heads as a sign of grief.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_CI" id="CHAPTER_CI"></a>CHAPTER CI.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">How these Indians perform their annual ceremonies, and of the temples
+they had in ancient times.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">I<small>N</small> the last chapter I have declared how these people made great ado when
+they put their dead into the tombs. After the interment the women and
+servants shaved their heads, put on their commonest clothing, and took
+no care of their persons. Besides this, in order to show their grief,
+they twisted ropes of sedge round their heads, and uttered continual
+lamentations during a whole year if the deceased was a chief, and had no
+light in the house for several days. These people, by the permission of
+God, were, like all the others, deceived by the devil with the false and
+delusive apparitions of some people who were dead, dressed and adorned
+in the way their bodies had been put into the tombs. In order to show
+more care for the dead they held annual festivals, when they brought
+animals and killed them near the tombs, also emptying many vases of
+liquor over the tombs, which completed this vain and foolish ceremony.</p>
+
+<p>As this nation of the Collao was so numerous, they had, in former times,
+great temples and superstitious rites, venerating those whom they set
+apart as priests, and who conversed with the devil. They held their
+festivals at the season when they got in their potatoes, which is their
+principal food, and then they killed animals as sacrifices. At the
+present time we do not know that they have any public<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_367" id="page_367"></a>{367}</span> temple, but, by
+the will of our God and Lord, many Catholic churches have been founded,
+where our priests preach the holy gospel, and teach the faith to all the
+Indians who desire to receive the water of baptism. I verily believe
+that if there had been no civil wars, and if we had sincerely and
+earnestly endeavoured to convert these people, many would have been
+saved, who have now been damned. At present there are priests and friars
+in many parts of the Collao, appointed by those who hold <i>encomiendas</i>
+over the Indians; and I pray to God that he will carry this work forward
+without weighing our sins.</p>
+
+<p>The natives of the Collao say the same as all the other people of the
+<i>Sierra</i>, that the Creator of the world was called Huira-ccocha, and
+they know that his principal abode is in heaven; but, deceived by the
+devil, they adored various gods, like all the other gentiles. They have
+certain romances or songs in which they preserve the memory of their
+deeds, and prevent their being forgotten, although they have no letters.</p>
+
+<p>Among the people of the Collao there are men of great intelligence, who
+reply to what is asked from them; and they take account of time, and
+know some of the movements both of the sun and the moon. They count
+their years from ten months to ten months, and I learnt from them that
+they called the year <i>Mari</i>, the moon or month <i>Alespaquexe</i>, and the
+day <i>Auro</i>. When they submitted to the Yncas they made great temples by
+their order, both on the island of Titicaca and at Hatun-colla, as well
+as in other parts.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_368" id="page_368"></a>{368}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_CII" id="CHAPTER_CII"></a>CHAPTER CII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the ancient ruins at Pucara, of the former greatness of Hatun-colla,
+of the village called Azangaro, and of other things which are here
+related.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">N<small>OW</small> that I have related certain things that I was able to collect
+respecting the Collao as briefly as possible, I propose to continue my
+writing by giving an account of the villages along the royal road, as
+far as the city of La Paz, which is built in the valley of Chuquiapu, on
+the confines of the great province of the Collao.</p>
+
+<p>Coming from Ayavire along the royal road, the traveller reaches Pucara
+(which means a strong place), four leagues from Ayavire. I remained a
+whole day at Pucara looking at everything.<a name="FNanchor_492_491" id="FNanchor_492_491"></a><a href="#Footnote_492_491" class="fnanchor">[492]</a> It is reported by the
+Indians that there was formerly a large population in this place, but at
+present there is scarcely an inhabitant. The neighbouring Indians say
+that Tupac Ynca Yupanqui besieged the place during many days, for,
+before they could be conquered, the natives showed themselves to be so
+valorous, that they killed many people. When they were finally
+conquered, the Ynca ordered great stone pillars to be set up in memory
+of the victory. Whether this be really so or not I cannot say, but the
+Indians declare it. I saw the ruins of great edifices<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_369" id="page_369"></a>{369}</span> in Pucara, and
+many pillars of stone carved in the form of men, besides other things
+worthy of note.</p>
+
+<p>The distance from Pucara to Hatun-colla is fifteen leagues, and on the
+road there are some villages, such as Nicasio, Juliaca, and others. In
+former times Hatun-colla was the principal place in the Collao, and the
+natives affirm that before the Yncas conquered the country, the chief
+Sapana and some of his descendants ruled here, who were so powerful that
+they gained many spoils from the neighbouring people whom they defeated
+in battle. Afterwards the Yncas adorned the place with new edifices and
+many storehouses, where, by their order, the tribute was received from
+the surrounding districts. There was also a temple of the sun, with many
+<i>Mama-cunas</i> and priests for its service, and a great quantity of
+<i>Mitimaes</i> and soldiers to watch the frontier, and to prevent any tyrant
+from rising against him whom they held as sovereign lord. Thus it may be
+affirmed that Hatun-colla was a grand place, as its name implies, for
+<i>Hatun</i> means “great” in their language. In these times all is in ruins,
+and most of the inhabitants have been killed in the wars.<a name="FNanchor_493_492" id="FNanchor_493_492"></a><a href="#Footnote_493_492" class="fnanchor">[493]</a></p>
+
+<p>From Ayavire another road goes to Omasuyu, which leads round the other
+side of the great lake of which I shall treat presently, and nearer to
+the forests of the Andes. It passes by the large villages of Asillo,
+Azangaro, and others of less importance, and the country is very rich
+both in flocks and provisions. When the Yncas conquered this country,
+the people of these villages had large flocks of sheep. In the same
+district, in the forests of the Andes, is the famous and very rich river
+of Caravaya, whence, in former years, they took more than 1,700,00
+<i>pesos</i> of gold of such fineness that it exceeded the standard; and gold
+is still found in the river, but it is only obtained with great<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_370" id="page_370"></a>{370}</span> labour,
+and by the death of the Indians who work in it, for the climate is
+unhealthy, though the wealth of the river is great.<a name="FNanchor_494_493" id="FNanchor_494_493"></a><a href="#Footnote_494_493" class="fnanchor">[494]</a></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_CIII" id="CHAPTER_CIII"></a>CHAPTER CIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the great lake which is within the province of the Collao, of its
+depth, and of the temple of Titicaca.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HIS</small> land of the Collao is very extensive (as I have said in former
+chapters), and, besides the inhabited parts, there are many deserts,
+snowy mountains, and grassy plains which yield sustenance to the wild
+flocks which wander in all directions. In the centre of the province
+there is the largest and broadest lake that has been found in the
+Indies, near which are most of the villages of the Collao. The people
+raise their crops on large islands in the lake, where they also keep
+their valuables, as being safer than in the villages along the roads. I
+remember that I have already said that it is so cold in this province,
+that not only are there no fruit trees, but they cannot raise maize. In
+the beds of reeds in this lake there are many kinds of birds, such as
+large ducks, and they kill two or three kinds of fish in the lake, which
+are very good, though they are held to be unwholesome.</p>
+
+<p>This lake is so large that it has a circumference of eighty leagues, and
+so deep that the captain Juan Ladrillero told me that in some parts,
+when he was sailing with his brigantines, he found the depth to be
+seventy or eighty <i>brazas</i>, in some places more, in others less. In this
+respect, and in regard to the waves that are formed when the wind rises,
+it appears like some gulf of the sea.<a name="FNanchor_495_494" id="FNanchor_495_494"></a><a href="#Footnote_495_494" class="fnanchor">[495]</a> If it is desired that I
+should say<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_371" id="page_371"></a>{371}</span> how so much water was collected into this lake, I am unable
+to do so, for, though many rivers and streams fall into it, I do not
+think that they would suffice to make it what it is, especially as a
+river flows out of it into another smaller lake called Aullagas. It may
+be that, after the deluge, this lake remained with the water we now see
+in it, for if it communicated with the sea the water would be salt and
+not fresh; besides it is at a distance of sixty leagues from the sea.
+All this water flows out in a deep river which they called the
+Desaguadero, and falls into the lake which, as I have already said, is
+called Aullagas.</p>
+
+<p>Another thing worthy of attention is, that we see how the water of one
+lake enters the other (that is, the water of the lake of the Collao
+flows into the Aullagas), but not how it flows out of the lake of
+Aullagas, although it has been examined on all sides. On this subject I
+have heard both Spaniards and Indians say that, in some of the valleys
+near the South Sea, they had seen streams of water, which flow<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_372" id="page_372"></a>{372}</span> under
+the earth towards the said sea; and they believe that this may be the
+water of the lake, draining out and opening for itself a road through
+the bowels of the earth, until it reaches the place to which all waters
+go, which is the sea.</p>
+
+<p>The great lake of the Colloa is called Titicaca, from the temple which
+was built on an island in it. The natives held a very vain and foolish
+belief, which was, that in the time of their ancestors there was no
+light for many days, and that, when all was wrapped in darkness and
+obscurity, the resplendent sun came up out of this island of Titicaca,
+for which reason it was considered sacred, and the Yncas erected a
+temple on it in honour of the sun, which was much revered and venerated
+among them, and which contained many virgins and priests, and great
+store of treasure, of which the Spaniards, at different times, have
+collected a great deal, but most of it is still missing.<a name="FNanchor_496_495" id="FNanchor_496_495"></a><a href="#Footnote_496_495" class="fnanchor">[496]</a> If, in
+truth, the Indians ever really were in want of light, as they say, it
+must have been owing to some eclipse of the sun; and, as they are such
+sorcerers, they invented this fable, in which they were assisted by the
+illusions of the devil, God permitting it for their sins.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_CIV" id="CHAPTER_CIV"></a>CHAPTER CIV.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">In which the narrative continues, and the villages are described as far
+as Tiahuanaco.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">R<small>ETURNING</small> to the road where I left it, which was at Hatuncolla, I have
+to say that it passes thence by Paucar-colla,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_373" id="page_373"></a>{373}</span> and other villages of
+this nation of the Collas, to Chucuito, which is one of the principal
+and most complete towns in any part of this great kingdom, and is the
+chief place of the Indians owned by his Majesty in this province. It is
+certain, too, that the Yncas in former times held Chucuito to be an
+important place, and, according to the accounts of the Indians, it is
+the most ancient place of any that I have yet described. Cariapasa was
+the chief of this place, and, for an Indian, was a very intelligent man.
+There are large buildings here; and, before the chiefs were subjugated
+by the Yncas, they were very powerful, among whom the Indians mention
+two as the principal, named Cari and Yumalla. Chucuito is now, as I have
+said, the principal village of the Indians of his Majesty, whose other
+villages are Juli, Chilane, Acos, Pomata, and Zepita, in which there are
+chiefs who command the Indians. When I passed through these parts the
+corregidor was Simon Pinto, and the governor was an Indian named Gaspar,
+an intelligent and clever man. The natives are rich in flocks, and they
+have plenty of provisions. In other parts they have <i>Mitimaes</i> stationed
+to raise their maize and coca. There are fine churches in these villages
+founded by the reverend father friar Tomas de San Martin, principal of
+the Dominicans. The young men, and others who most desire it, assemble
+to hear the evangelical doctrine preached by the friars and clergymen.
+Most of the chiefs have turned Christians. Near Zepita flows the
+Desaguadero, where, till the days of the Yncas, there used to be toll
+takers who received tribute from those who passed over the bridge, which
+is made of bundles of stalks, in such sort that men and horses can cross
+over it. In one of these villages, called Juli, the master of the camp,
+Francisco de Carbajal, hung the captain Hernando Bachicao.<a name="FNanchor_497_496" id="FNanchor_497_496"></a><a href="#Footnote_497_496" class="fnanchor">[497]</a> This is
+one of the examples which<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_374" id="page_374"></a>{374}</span> show us that the civil wars and troubles in
+Peru were the scourges of God, for they killed each other with great
+cruelty, as I shall relate in the proper place.</p>
+
+<p>Beyond these villages is Huaqui, where there were buildings of the
+Yncas, one of which is now a church, where the children may hear the
+Christian doctrine at the proper hours.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_CV" id="CHAPTER_CV"></a>CHAPTER CV.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the village of Tiahuanaco, and of the great and ancient edifices
+which are to be seen there.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>IAHUANACO</small> is not a very large village, but it is celebrated for the
+great edifices near it, which are certainly things worth seeing.<a name="FNanchor_498_497" id="FNanchor_498_497"></a><a href="#Footnote_498_497" class="fnanchor">[498]</a>
+Near the buildings there is a hill made by<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_375" id="page_375"></a>{375}</span> the hands of men, on great
+foundations of stone.<a name="FNanchor_499_498" id="FNanchor_499_498"></a><a href="#Footnote_499_498" class="fnanchor">[499]</a> Beyond this hill there are two stone idols,
+of the human shape and figure, the features very skilfully carved, so
+that they appear to have been done by the hand of some great master.
+They are so large that they seem like small giants, and it is clear that
+they have on a sort of clothing different from those now worn by the
+natives of these parts. They seem to have some ornament on their
+heads.<a name="FNanchor_500_499" id="FNanchor_500_499"></a><a href="#Footnote_500_499" class="fnanchor">[500]</a> Near these stone statues there is another building. Their
+antiquity and the want of letters, are the causes why it is not known
+who built such vast foundations, and how much time has since elapsed;
+for at present there is only a wall very well built, and which must have
+been standing for many ages. Some of the stones are much worn. At this
+part there are stones of such enormous size that it causes wonder to
+think of them, and to reflect how human force can have sufficed to move
+them to the place where we see them, being so large. Many of these
+stones are carved in different ways, some of them having the shape of
+the human body, which must have<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_376" id="page_376"></a>{376}</span> been their idols. Near the wall there
+are many holes and hollow places in the ground. In another, more to the
+westward, there are other ancient remains, among them many doorways,
+with their jambs, lintels, and thresholds, all of one stone.<a name="FNanchor_501_500" id="FNanchor_501_500"></a><a href="#Footnote_501_500" class="fnanchor">[501]</a> But
+what I noted most particularly, when I wandered about over these ruins
+writing down what I saw, was that from these great doorways there came
+out other still larger stones, upon which the doorways were formed, some
+of them thirty feet broad, fifteen or more long, and six in thickness.
+The whole of this, with the doorway and its jambs and lintel, was all
+one single stone. The work is one of grandeur and magnificence, when
+well considered. For myself I fail to understand with what instruments
+or tools it can have been done; for it is very certain that before these
+great stones could be brought to perfection and left as we see them, the
+tools must have been much better than those now used by the Indians. It
+is to be noted, from what now appears of these edifices, that they were
+not completed, for there is nothing but these portals, and other stones
+of strange bigness<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_377" id="page_377"></a>{377}</span> which I saw, some of them shaped and dressed ready
+to be placed on the edifice, which was a little on one side. Here there
+was a great idol of stone, which must have been placed there to be
+worshipped. It is rumoured that some gold was found near this idol; and
+all round there are more stones, large and small, all dressed and fitted
+like those already described.<a name="FNanchor_502_501" id="FNanchor_502_501"></a><a href="#Footnote_502_501" class="fnanchor">[502]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_378" id="page_378"></a>{378}</span></p>
+
+<p>There are other things to be said concerning Tiahuanaco, which I pass
+over, concluding with a statement of my belief that this ruin is the
+most ancient in all Peru. It is asserted that these edifices were
+commenced before the time of the Yncas, and I have heard some Indians
+affirm<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_379" id="page_379"></a>{379}</span> that the Yncas built their grand edifices at Cuzco on the plan
+which they had observed at the wall near these ruins. They even say that
+the first Yncas thought of establishing their court at Tiahuanaco.
+Another remarkable thing is, that in all this district there are no
+quarries whence the numerous stones can have been brought, the carrying
+of which must have required many people. I asked the natives, in
+presence of Juan de Varagas (who holds them in <i>encomienda</i>), whether
+these edifices were built in the time of the Yncas, and they laughed at
+the question, affirming that they were made before the Yncas ever
+reigned, but that they could not say who made them. They added that they
+had heard from their fathers that all we saw was done in one night. From
+this, and from the fact that they also speak of bearded men on the
+island of Titicaca, and of others who built the edifice of Vinaque,<a name="FNanchor_503_502" id="FNanchor_503_502"></a><a href="#Footnote_503_502" class="fnanchor">[503]</a>
+it may, perhaps, be inferred that, before the Yncas reigned, there was
+an intelligent race who came from some unknown part, and who did these
+things. Being few, and the natives many, they may all have been killed
+in the wars.</p>
+
+<p>Seeing that all these things are hidden from us, we may well say,
+Blessed be the invention of letters! by virtue of which the memory of
+events endures for many ages, and their fame flies through the universe.
+We are not ignorant of what we desire to know when we hold letters in
+our hands. But in this new world of the Indies, as they knew nothing of
+letters, we are in a state of blindness concerning many things. Apart
+from these ruins there are the buildings of the Yncas, and the house
+where Manco Ynca, the son of Huayna Ccapac, was born. Close by are the
+tombs of the native chiefs of this place, as high as towers, broad and
+square, with doors towards the rising sun.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_380" id="page_380"></a>{380}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_CVI" id="CHAPTER_CVI"></a>CHAPTER CVI.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the founding of the city called of Our Lady of Peace, who was its
+founder, and of the road thence to the town of Plata.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">F<small>ROM</small> the village of Tiahuanaco the road leads to Viacha, a distance of
+seven leagues, leaving the villages called Cacayavire, Caquinhora,
+Mallama, and others on the left hand; but it seems to me of little use
+to name them all. In the midst of them is the plain near another village
+called Huarina; the place where, in the days that are passed, there was
+a battle between Diego Centeno and Gonzalo Pizarro.<a name="FNanchor_504_503" id="FNanchor_504_503"></a><a href="#Footnote_504_503" class="fnanchor">[504]</a> It was a
+memorable event, as I shall show in the proper place, and many captains
+and knights of the King’s party fell, fighting under the banner of the
+captain Diego Centeno, as well as some of those who were the accomplices
+of Gonzalo Pizarro. God was served by the rebel being the victor in this
+battle. To reach the city of La Paz, it is necessary to leave the royal
+road of the Yncas, and to go to the village of Laxa. The city is a day’s
+journey further on, built in the narrow part of a small valley formed by
+the mountains. It was founded in the most level part that could be
+selected, for the sake of the wood and water, of which there is much in
+this small valley, as the climate is warmer than on the plains of the
+Collao, which are higher, and where there are none of the things
+necessary for a large city. Notwithstanding all this, the citizens have
+thought of moving nearer to the great lake of Titicaca, between the
+villages of Huaqui and Tiahuanaco. Yet the city has remained in the
+valley of Chuquiapu where, in former years, great quantities of gold
+were taken out of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_381" id="page_381"></a>{381}</span> rich mines that are there. The Yncas held this
+Chuquiapu in great estimation. Near it is the valley of Oyune, where
+they say that there is a great treasure hidden in a temple on the summit
+of a snowy mountain, but it cannot be found, nor is it known where it
+is.</p>
+
+<p>This city of La Paz was founded by the captain Alonzo de Mendoza, in the
+name of the Emperor our lord, when the licentiate Pedro de la Gasca was
+president of this kingdom, in the year of our redemption 1549.<a name="FNanchor_505_504" id="FNanchor_505_504"></a><a href="#Footnote_505_504" class="fnanchor">[505]</a> In
+the valley formed by the mountains, where the city is built, they raise
+a few trees, some maize, and the pulses and garden stuffs of Spain. The
+Spaniards are here well supplied with provisions and with fish from the
+lake, as well as with plenty of fruit from the warm valleys, where they
+also grow a great quantity of wheat, and breed goats, cows, and other
+animals. This city has very rugged and difficult approaches, being, as I
+have said, amongst the mountains. A small river of excellent water flows
+near it.</p>
+
+<p>The distance from this city of La Paz to the town of Plata, which is in
+the province of Charcas, is ninety leagues, a little more or less. I
+will now return to the royal road which I had left, and I have to say
+that it goes from Viacha to Hayohayo, where there were great buildings
+for the Yncas. Beyond Hayohayo is Sicasica, to which point the province
+of Colloa extends. On both sides of these villages there are several
+more. Eleven leagues beyond Sicasica is the village of Caracollo, which
+is built in a certain plain near the great province of Paria, which was
+highly esteemed by<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_382" id="page_382"></a>{382}</span> the Yncas. The natives of this province of Paria are
+clothed like all the rest, and they wear, as an ornamental head-dress, a
+small woollen cap. The chiefs were much reverenced by the Indians, and
+there were royal edifices and store-houses of the Yncas, and a temple of
+the sun. Here there are a great many lofty tombs where they buried their
+dead. The villages of Indians subject to Paria are Caponota and many
+others, some near the lake, and some in different parts of the district.
+Beyond Paria are the villages of Pocoata, Macha, Coracora, Moromoro, and
+near the Andes there are other provinces and great chiefs.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_CVII" id="CHAPTER_CVII"></a>CHAPTER CVII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the founding of the town of Plata, which is situated in the province
+of Charcas.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> noble and loyal town of Plata, a settlement of Spaniards in
+Chuquisaca (in the province of Charcas), is very famous throughout the
+kingdoms of Peru, and in other parts of the world, for the great
+treasure which, in these latter years, has been brought thence to Spain.
+This town is built in the best situation that could be found, in a
+place, as I have already said, which is called Chuquisaca.<a name="FNanchor_506_505" id="FNanchor_506_505"></a><a href="#Footnote_506_505" class="fnanchor">[506]</a> The
+climate is temperate, and well suited for the growth of fruit trees,
+vines, wheat and barley, and other things. At present the farms and
+lands are very valuable by reason of the rich mines that have been
+discovered at Potosi. Several rivers of very good water flow near, and
+many cows, mares, and goats are bred on the estates of the Spaniards.
+Some of the citizens of this town are among the richest and most
+prosperous people in the Indies, for in the years 1548 and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_383" id="page_383"></a>{383}</span> 1549 a
+<i>repartimiento</i> belonging to the general Pedro de Hinojosa<a name="FNanchor_507_506" id="FNanchor_507_506"></a><a href="#Footnote_507_506" class="fnanchor">[507]</a> yielded
+a rent of more than one hundred thousand <i>castellanos</i>, and others
+yielded eighty thousand, some even more. The treasure that was found in
+those times was a wonderful thing. This town of Plata was settled and
+founded by the captain Peransurez, in the name of his Majesty the
+emperor and king, our lord, the Adelantado Don Francisco Pizarro being
+his governor and captain-general of Peru, in the year 1538. Besides the
+villages already mentioned, this town has jurisdiction over Totora,
+Tapacari, Sipisipe, Cochabamba, the Carangues, Quillanca, Chayanta,
+Chaqui, the Chichas, and many others, all very rich, and some, like the
+valley of Cochabamba, suited for the growth of wheat and maize, and for
+breeding cattle. Beyond this town is the province of Tuquma, and the
+regions which were entered and discovered by the captains Felipe
+Gutierrez, Diego de Rojas, and Nicolas de Heredia, in which direction
+they discovered the river of La Plata, and reached the fortress which
+was built by Sebastian Cabota. Diego de Rojas died of a wound from an
+arrow poisoned with the herb used by the Indians, and afterwards
+Francisco de Mendoza seized Felipe Gutierrez, and obliged him to return
+to Peru. The same Francisco de Mendoza, when he returned to discover the
+river, was killed, together with his lieutenant<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_384" id="page_384"></a>{384}</span> Ruy Sanchez de
+Hinojosa, by Nicolas de Heredia. Thus these parts were not entirely
+discovered, owing to the quarrels and feuds amongst the explorers, who
+returned to Peru. Here they met with Lope de Mendoza, the lieutenant of
+Diego Centeno, who was flying from the fury of Carbajal, Gonzalo
+Pizarro’s captain; and joined him. They were defeated by the same
+Carbajal at a village called Pocona, and soon afterwards Lope de Mendoza
+and Nicolas de Heredia fell into his power, and were put to death by
+him, with others.<a name="FNanchor_508_507" id="FNanchor_508_507"></a><a href="#Footnote_508_507" class="fnanchor">[508]</a></p>
+
+<p>Further on is the government of Chile, of which Pedro de Valdivia is the
+governor, and other lands bordering on the strait which is called
+Magellanes. But as the affairs of Chile are important, and require a
+special narrative, I have only written what I saw between Uraba and
+Potosi, which is near this town, a road of such length that it must be
+(from the borders of Uraba to the further end of the town of Plata) a
+good two thousand two hundred leagues, as I have already stated. I shall
+not go further in this my first part, except to say that the Indians
+subject to the town of Plata have the same customs as those of other
+parts. After they were conquered by the Yncas, their villages were well
+ordered, and both men and women wore clothes. They worshipped the sun
+and other things, and had temples in which they performed their
+sacrifices. Many of them, such as the Charcas and Carangues, were very
+warlike. From<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_385" id="page_385"></a>{385}</span> this town captains and soldiers set out to serve his
+Majesty several times during the late wars, and they served loyally.
+With this I make an end of what I have to say touching the founding of
+the town of Plata.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_CVIII" id="CHAPTER_CVIII"></a>CHAPTER CVIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the riches in Porco, and how there are large veins of silver near
+that town.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">I<small>T</small> appears from what the Indians now say that, in the times when the
+Kings Yncas governed this kingdom of Peru, they obtained a great
+quantity of silver from some parts of this province of Charcas, and
+Indians were stationed there, who gave the metal to the overseers or
+their deputies.<a name="FNanchor_509_508" id="FNanchor_509_508"></a><a href="#Footnote_509_508" class="fnanchor">[509]</a> In the hill of Porco, which is near the town of
+Plata, there were mines out of which the Indians got silver for their
+lords. Much of the silver which was in the temple of the sun, called
+<i>Ccuri-cancha</i>, is said to have been taken from this hill, and the
+Spaniards have also got a great deal out of it. In the present year a
+mine belonging to the captain Hernando Pizarro has been cleaned out,
+which was worth more than two hundred thousand <i>pesos</i> of gold every
+year. Antonio Alvarez, an inhabitant of this town, showed me, in the
+City of the Kings, a little ore taken from this hill of Porco, which
+appeared to be nearly all silver. In short, Porco was in former times
+extremely rich, and is so still, and it may be believed that it always
+will be. In many neighbouring hills, within the jurisdiction of this
+town of Plata, rich<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_386" id="page_386"></a>{386}</span> mines of gold and silver have been found. It may be
+held for certain that there is so much of this metal that if there were
+those to seek and extract it, they would get little less than, in the
+province of Biscay, they get iron. But as it must be got out by Indians,
+and as the country is too cold for Negroes, there are reasons enough why
+such great wealth is lost. I have also to say that in some parts of the
+district belonging to the town of Plata there are rivers which bring
+down very fine gold. In the Chichas, villages given in <i>encomienda</i> to
+Hernando Pizarro, and subject to this town, it is said that there are
+some silver mines; and great rivers rise in the Andes, near which, if
+gold mines were sought for, I hold that they would be found.<a name="FNanchor_510_509" id="FNanchor_510_509"></a><a href="#Footnote_510_509" class="fnanchor">[510]</a></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_CIX" id="CHAPTER_CIX"></a>CHAPTER CIX.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">How they discovered the mines of Potosi, whence they have taken riches
+such as have never been seen or heard of in other times; and how, as the
+metal does not run, the Indians get it by the invention of the
+<i>huayras</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> mines of Porco, and others in this kingdom, have been open since the
+time of the Yncas, when the veins whence they extract the metal were
+discovered; but those which they have found in the hill of Potosi
+(concerning which I now desire to write) were never worked until the
+year 1546. A Spaniard named Villaroel was searching for veins of metal
+with some Indians, when he came upon this wealth in a high hill, being
+the most beautiful and best situated in all that district. As the
+Indians call all hills and lofty eminences Potosi, it retained that
+name. Although Gonzalo Pizarro was then waging war against the viceroy,
+and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_387" id="page_387"></a>{387}</span> whole kingdom was troubled with this rebellion, the skirts of
+the hill were soon peopled, and many large houses were built. The
+Spaniards made their principal settlement in this place, the court of
+justice was removed to it, and the town of Plata was almost deserted.
+They discovered five very rich veins on the upper part of the hill,
+called the “rich vein,” the “vein of tin,” etc. This wealth became so
+famous, that Indians came from all parts to extract silver from the
+hill. The climate is cold, and there are no inhabited places in the
+vicinity. When the Spaniards had taken possession, they began to extract
+the silver, and he who had a mine gave each Indian who entered it a
+marc, or, if he was very rich, two marcs every week. So many people came
+to work the mines, that the place appeared like a great city. That the
+greatness of these mines may be known, I will say what I saw in the year
+of our Lord 1549 in this place, when the licentiate Polo<a name="FNanchor_511_510" id="FNanchor_511_510"></a><a href="#Footnote_511_510" class="fnanchor">[511]</a> was
+corregidor of the town of Plata for his Majesty. Every Saturday the
+metal was melted down in his house, and of the royal fifths there came
+to his Majesty thirty thousand or twenty-five thousand <i>pesos</i>, and
+sometimes forty thousand. And while extracting such immense wealth, that
+the fifth of the silver, which belonged to his Majesty, came to more
+than one hundred and twenty thousand <i>castellanos</i><a name="FNanchor_512_511" id="FNanchor_512_511"></a><a href="#Footnote_512_511" class="fnanchor">[512]</a> every month,
+they said there was little silver, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_388" id="page_388"></a>{388}</span> that the mines were not well
+worked. Yet this metal, which was brought to be melted, was only what
+belonged to the Christians, and not even all that, for a great deal was
+taken in pure bits and carried off; and it may be believed that the
+Indians took a great deal to their own homes. It may with truth be
+asserted that in no part of the world could so rich a hill be found, and
+that no prince receives such profits and rents as this famous town of
+Plata. From the year 1548 to 1551 the royal fifths were valued at more
+than three millions of ducats, which is more than the Spaniards got from
+Atahualpa, and more than was found in the city of Cuzco, when it was
+first occupied.<a name="FNanchor_513_512" id="FNanchor_513_512"></a><a href="#Footnote_513_512" class="fnanchor">[513]</a> It appears that the silver ore cannot be made to
+run by the bellows, nor can it be converted into silver by means of fire
+at Potosi. In Porco, and in other parts of the kingdom where they
+extract metal, they make great plates of silver, and the metal is
+purified and separated from the dross by fire, in which operation large
+bellows are used. But in Potosi, although this plan has been tried, it
+has never succeeded;<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_389" id="page_389"></a>{389}</span> and though great masters have endeavoured to work
+with bellows, their diligence has availed them nothing.</p>
+
+<p>As a remedy may be found in this world for all evils, there has not been
+wanting an invention for extracting this metal, which is the strangest
+imaginable. The Indians, who were so ingenious, found that in some parts
+the silver could not be extracted with the aid of bellows, as was the
+case at Potosi. They, therefore, made certain moulds of clay, in the
+shape of a flower-pot in Spain, with many airholes in all parts.
+Charcoal was put into these moulds, with the metal on the top, and they
+were then placed on the part of the hill where the wind blew strongest,
+and thus the metal was extracted, which was then purified and refined
+with small bellows. In this manner all the metal that has been taken
+from the hill is extracted. The Indians go to the heights with the ores
+to extract the silver, and they call the moulds <i>Guayras</i>.<a name="FNanchor_514_513" id="FNanchor_514_513"></a><a href="#Footnote_514_513" class="fnanchor">[514]</a> In the
+night there are so many of them on all parts of the hill, that it looks
+like an illumination. When the wind is fresh they extract much silver,
+but when there is no wind they cannot by any means extract silver; so
+that, as the wind is profitable in the sea for navigating, it is so here
+for extracting silver. As the Indians have no overseers when they carry
+the metal up to the heights, it must be supposed that they have enriched
+themselves, and taken much silver to their own homes. This is the reason
+that Indians have come from all parts of the kingdom to this settlement
+of Potosi, to take advantage of the great opportunities offered for
+enriching themselves.<a name="FNanchor_515_514" id="FNanchor_515_514"></a><a href="#Footnote_515_514" class="fnanchor">[515]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_390" id="page_390"></a>{390}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_CX" id="CHAPTER_CX"></a>CHAPTER CX.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">There was the richest market in the world at this hill of Potosi, at the
+time when these mines were prosperous.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">I<small>N</small> all parts of this kingdom of Peru we who have travelled over it know
+that there are great fairs or markets, where the natives make their
+bargains. Among these the greatest<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_391" id="page_391"></a>{391}</span> and richest was formerly in the city
+of Cuzco, for even in the time of the Spaniards its greatness was caused
+by the gold which was bought and sold there, and by the other things of
+all kinds that were sent into the city. But this market or fair at Cuzco
+did not equal the superb one at Potosi where the traffic was so great
+that, among the Indians alone, without including Christians, twenty-five
+or thirty thousand golden <i>pesos</i> exchanged hands daily. This is
+wonderful, and I believe that no fair in the world can be compared to
+it. I saw this fair several times, and it is held in a plain near the
+town. In one place there were <i>cestos</i> (bags) of coca, the most valuable
+product in these parts. In another place there were bales of cloth and
+fine rich shirtings. Here were heaps of maize, dried potatoes, and other
+provisions, there great quantities of the best meat in the country. This
+fair continued from early morning until dusk; and as these Indians got
+silver every day, and are fond of eating and treating, especially those
+who have intercourse with Spaniards, they all spent what they got, so
+that people assembled from all parts with provisions and other
+necessaries for their support. Many Spaniards became rich in this
+settlement of Potosi by merely employing two or three Indian women to
+traffic in this fair. Great numbers of <i>Yana-cuna</i>,<a name="FNanchor_516_515" id="FNanchor_516_515"></a><a href="#Footnote_516_515" class="fnanchor">[516]</a> who are free
+Indians with the right of serving whom they please, flocked<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_392" id="page_392"></a>{392}</span> to the
+fair, and the prettiest girls from Cuzco and all parts of the kingdom,
+were to be met with at the fair.</p>
+
+<p>I observed that many frauds were committed, and that there was little
+truth spoken. The value of articles was not great, and cloths, linens,
+and Hollands were sold almost as cheap as in Spain. Indeed, I saw things
+sold for so small a price, that they would have been considered cheap in
+Seville. Many men, possessed of great wealth, owing to their insatiable
+avarice, lost it by this traffic of buying and selling, some of whom
+fled to Chile, Tucuman, and other parts, from fear of their debts. There
+were also many disputes and lawsuits among the traffickers.</p>
+
+<p>The climate of Potosi is healthy, especially for the Indians, for few or
+none fall ill there. The silver is conveyed by the royal road to Cuzco,
+or to the city of Arequipa, which is near the port of Quilca. Most of it
+is carried by sheep, without which it would be very difficult to travel
+in this kingdom, owing to the great distance between the cities, and the
+want of other beasts.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_CXI" id="CHAPTER_CXI"></a>CHAPTER CXI.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the sheep, <i>huanacus</i>, and <i>vicuñas</i>, which they have in most parts
+of the mountains of Peru.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">I<small>T</small> appears to me that in no part of the world have sheep like those of
+the Indies been found or heard of. They are especially met with in this
+kingdom and in the government of Chile, as well as in some parts of the
+province of the Rio de la Plata. It may be that they will also be found
+in parts that are still unknown. These sheep are among the most
+excellent creatures that God has created, and the most useful. It would
+seem that the Divine Majesty took care<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_393" id="page_393"></a>{393}</span> to create these animals, that
+the people of this country might be able to live and sustain themselves,
+for by no other means could these Indians (I speak of the mountaineers
+of Peru) preserve their lives without these sheep, or others which would
+supply them with the same necessaries. In this chapter I shall relate
+how this is.</p>
+
+<p>In the valleys on the coast, and in other warm regions, the natives sow
+cotton, and make their clothes from it, so that they feel no want,
+because the cotton cloth is suitable for their climate.</p>
+
+<p>But in the mountainous parts, such as the Collao and Charcas, no tree
+will grow, and if the cotton was sown it would yield nothing, so that
+the natives, unless they obtained it by trading, could have no clothing.
+To supply this need, the Giver of all good things, who is God our Lord,
+created such vast flocks of these animals which we call sheep, that, if
+the Spaniards had not diminished their number in the wars, there would
+be no possibility of counting them, such would have been their increase
+in all parts. But, as I have already said, the civil wars of the
+Spaniards have been like a great pestilence, both to the Indians and to
+their flocks.</p>
+
+<p>The natives call these sheep <i>llamas</i>, and the males <i>urcos</i>. Some are
+white, others black, and others grey. Some of them are as large as small
+donkeys, with long legs, broad bellies, and a neck of the length and
+shape of that of a camel. Their heads are large, like those of Spanish
+sheep. The flesh of these animals is very good when it is fat, and the
+lambs are better and more savoury than those of Spain. The <i>llamas</i> are
+very tame, and carry two or three <i>arrobas</i> weight very well. Truly it
+is very pleasant to see the Indians of the Collao go forth with their
+beasts, and return with them to their homes in the evening, laden with
+fuel. They feed on the herbage of the plains, and when they complain
+they make a noise like the groaning of camels.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_394" id="page_394"></a>{394}</span></p>
+
+<p>There is another kind called <i>huanacus</i>, of the same shape and
+appearance, but they are very large and wander over the plains in a wild
+state, running and jumping with such speed that the dog which could
+overtake them must be very swift. Besides these, there is another sort
+of <i>llamas</i>, called <i>vicuñas</i>. These are more swift than the <i>huanacus</i>,
+though smaller. They wander over the uninhabited wilds, and eat the
+herbage which God has created there. The wool of these <i>vicuñas</i> is
+excellent, and finer than the wool of merino sheep in Spain. I know not
+whether cloth can be made from it, but the cloths that were made for the
+lords of this land are worth seeing. The flesh of these <i>huanacus</i> and
+<i>vicuñas</i> tastes like that of wild sheep, but it is good. In the city of
+La Paz I ate a dinner off one of these fat <i>huanacus</i>, in the inn kept
+by the captain Alonzo de Mendoza, and it seemed to me to be the best I
+ever had in my life. There is yet another kind of tame <i>llamas</i>, which
+are called <i>alpacas</i>, but they are very ugly and woolly. They are of the
+shape of <i>llamas</i>, but smaller, and their lambs when young are very like
+those of Spain. Each of these <i>llamas</i> brings forth once in the year,
+and no more.<a name="FNanchor_517_516" id="FNanchor_517_516"></a><a href="#Footnote_517_516" class="fnanchor">[517]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_395" id="page_395"></a>{395}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_CXII" id="CHAPTER_CXII"></a>CHAPTER CXII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of a tree called <i>molle</i>, and of other herbs and roots in this kingdom
+of Peru.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">W<small>HEN</small> I wrote concerning the city of Guayaquil I treated of the
+sarsaparilla, an herb the value of which is well known to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_396" id="page_396"></a>{396}</span> all who have
+visited those parts. In this place I propose to treat of the trees
+called <i>molles</i>, and of their uses. In the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_397" id="page_397"></a>{397}</span> valleys and great forests of
+Peru there are many trees of different kinds, and with different uses,
+very few of which are like those of Spain. Some of them, such as the
+<i>aguacates</i>, <i>guayavos</i>, <i>caymitos</i>, and <i>guavas</i> bear fruits such as I
+have already mentioned in various parts of this work; others are covered
+with thorns, and others are very large, with great hollows in their
+trunks, where the bees make their honey with marvellous great order and
+concert. In most of the inhabited parts of this land, large and small
+trees are to be seen, which they call <i>molles</i>. These trees have very
+small leaves, with a smell like that of fennel. Their bark is possessed
+of such virtue that, if a man has great pain and swelling in his legs,
+it is removed, and the swelling is reduced, by merely soaking this bark,
+and washing the place several times. The small branches are very useful
+for cleaning the teeth. They also make a very good drink from the very
+small berries which this tree bears, as well as vinegar, by merely
+steeping the quantity required in vases of water, and putting them on
+the fire. After they have stood some time, the residue of the liquor is
+converted into wine, vinegar, or treacle, according to the manner of
+treating it. The Indians hold these trees in great estimation.<a name="FNanchor_518_517" id="FNanchor_518_517"></a><a href="#Footnote_518_517" class="fnanchor">[518]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_398" id="page_398"></a>{398}</span></p>
+
+<p>There are also herbs of great virtue in these parts, and I will mention
+some which I saw myself. In the province of Quinbaya, where the city of
+Cali stands, they raise certain roots among the trees, which are so
+efficacious for purging, that it is merely necessary to take a little
+more than a <i>braza</i> in length, of the thickness of a finger, place it in
+a small jar of water, and drink the greater part of the water during the
+night, to cause the required effect, as well as rhubarb. There are also
+beans which have the same effect, but some praise them, while others say
+they do harm. In the buildings of Vilcas one of my slave girls was very
+ill with certain tumours, and I saw that the Indians carried yellow
+flowers, which they reduced to powder by applying a light to them. By
+anointing her once or twice with this powder she was cured.</p>
+
+<p>In the province of Andahuaylas there is another herb so good for
+cleaning the teeth, that by rubbing them with it for an hour or two, the
+teeth become as white as snow. There are many other herbs in these
+parts, which are useful for curing men, and others which do harm, and
+form the poisons of which men die.<a name="FNanchor_519_518" id="FNanchor_519_518"></a><a href="#Footnote_519_518" class="fnanchor">[519]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_399" id="page_399"></a>{399}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_CXIII" id="CHAPTER_CXIII"></a>CHAPTER CXIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">How there are large salt lakes and baths in this kingdom; and how the
+land is suited for the growth of olives and other fruits of Spain, and
+for some animals and birds of that country.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">H<small>AVING</small> concluded what I have to say concerning the founding of the new
+cities in Peru, it will be well to give an account of some of the most
+noteworthy things in the country, before I bring this first part of my
+work to a conclusion.</p>
+
+<p>I will now make mention of the great salt lakes in this country, a thing
+very important for the sustenance of the people. I have mentioned how
+there were no salt lakes throughout the government of Popayan, and how
+God our Lord has provided salt springs, from the water of which the
+people make the salt for their support. Here in Peru there are such
+large and fine salt lakes that they would suffice to supply all the
+kingdoms of Spain, France, Italy, and other parts. Near Tumbez they get
+large rocks of salt from water near the sea shore, which they take in
+ships to the port of the city of Cali,<a name="FNanchor_520_519" id="FNanchor_520_519"></a><a href="#Footnote_520_519" class="fnanchor">[520]</a> and to the Tierra Firme. In
+the sandy deserts, not very far from the valley of Huara, there are some
+large and valuable salt lakes, and great heaps of salt which are lost,
+for few Indians take advantage of this supply.<a name="FNanchor_521_520" id="FNanchor_521_520"></a><a href="#Footnote_521_520" class="fnanchor">[521]</a> In the mountains
+near the province of Huaylas there are other still larger salt lakes;
+and half a league from the city of Cuzco there are wells, where the
+Indians make enough salt to supply all the province. In Cunti-suyu, and
+in parts of the Anti-suyu, there are some very large salt deposits. In
+short it may be said that Peru is well supplied with salt.</p>
+
+<p>There are also baths in many parts of the country, and fountains of warm
+water, where the natives bathe. I have<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_400" id="page_400"></a>{400}</span> seen many of these, in the parts
+through which I have travelled.<a name="FNanchor_522_521" id="FNanchor_522_521"></a><a href="#Footnote_522_521" class="fnanchor">[522]</a></p>
+
+<p>Many places in this kingdom, such as the coast valleys and the land on
+the banks of rivers, are very fertile, and yield wheat,<a name="FNanchor_523_522" id="FNanchor_523_522"></a><a href="#Footnote_523_522" class="fnanchor">[523]</a> maize, and
+barley<a name="FNanchor_524_523" id="FNanchor_524_523"></a><a href="#Footnote_524_523" class="fnanchor">[524]</a> in great quantities. There are also not a few vineyards at
+San Miguel, Truxillo, the City of the Kings, Cuzco, and Guamanga, and
+they are beginning to plant them in other parts, so that there is great
+hope of profitable vine cultivation. There are orange and pomegranate
+trees, and other trees brought from Spain, besides those of the country;
+and pulses of all sorts.</p>
+
+<p>In short Peru is a grand country, and hereafter it will be still
+greater, for large cities have been founded, and when our age has passed
+away, Peru may send to other countries, wheat, meat, wool, and even
+silk, for there are the best situations in the world for planting
+mulberries. There is<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_401" id="page_401"></a>{401}</span> only one thing that has not yet been brought to
+this country, and that is the olive tree, which, after bread and the
+vine, is the most important product. It seems to me that if young plants
+were brought from Spain, and planted in the coast valleys, and on the
+banks of rivers in the mountains, there would soon be as large olive
+woods as there are at Axarafe de Sevilla. For if they require a warm
+climate it is here; if they want much water, or none, or little, all
+these requirements can be found here. In some places in Peru it never
+thunders, lightning is not seen, nor do snows fall in the coast valleys,
+and these are the things which damage the fruit of olive trees. When the
+trees are once planted, there will soon come a time when Peru will be as
+well supplied with oil as with everything else.<a name="FNanchor_525_524" id="FNanchor_525_524"></a><a href="#Footnote_525_524" class="fnanchor">[525]</a> No woods of oak
+trees have been found in Peru, but if they were planted in the Collao,
+in the district of Cuzco, and in other parts, I believe that they would
+give the same result as olive trees in the coast valleys.<a name="FNanchor_526_525" id="FNanchor_526_525"></a><a href="#Footnote_526_525" class="fnanchor">[526]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_402" id="page_402"></a>{402}</span></p>
+
+<p>My opinion is that the conquerors and settlers of these parts should not
+pass their time in fighting battles and marching in chase of each other;
+but in planting and sowing, which would be more profitable. I have to
+mention a thing here, that there is in the mountains of Peru. I allude
+to certain foxes, not very large, which have the property of emitting so
+foul and pestiferous an odour, that there is nothing with which it can
+be compared. If one of these creatures, by any accident, comes in
+contact with a lance or anything else, the evil smell remains for many
+days, even when the lance is well washed.<a name="FNanchor_527_526" id="FNanchor_527_526"></a><a href="#Footnote_527_526" class="fnanchor">[527]</a> I have not seen wolves,
+nor other mischievous animals, in any part, except the great tigers
+which I have mentioned as frequenting the forests of the port of
+Buenaventura, in the province of the city of Cali, which have killed
+some Spaniards, and many Indians. Ostriches<a name="FNanchor_528_527" id="FNanchor_528_527"></a><a href="#Footnote_528_527" class="fnanchor">[528]</a> have been met with
+beyond Charcas, and the Indians value them very highly. There is another
+kind of animal called <i>huis-cacha</i>,<a name="FNanchor_529_528" id="FNanchor_529_528"></a><a href="#Footnote_529_528" class="fnanchor">[529]</a> of the size and shape of a
+hare, except that the tail is like that of a fox. They breed in stony
+places, and amongst rocks, and many are killed with slings and
+arquebuzes. They are good to eat, and the Indians make mantles of their
+skins, which are as soft as silk, and very valuable. There are many
+falcons, which would be prized in Spain. I have already said that there
+are two kinds of partridges, one small, and the other the size of
+fowls.<a name="FNanchor_530_529" id="FNanchor_530_529"></a><a href="#Footnote_530_529" class="fnanchor">[530]</a> There are the best ferrets in the world in<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_403" id="page_403"></a>{403}</span> this country.
+There are also certain very obscene birds, both in the coast valleys and
+in the mountains, called <i>auras</i>, which eat dead bodies, and other
+noisome substances.<a name="FNanchor_531_530" id="FNanchor_531_530"></a><a href="#Footnote_531_530" class="fnanchor">[531]</a> Of the same kind are the enormous condors,
+which almost appear like griffins, and carry off the lambs and small
+<i>huanacus</i> in the fields.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_CXIV" id="CHAPTER_CXIV"></a>CHAPTER CXIV.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">How the native Indians of this kingdom were great masters of the arts of
+working in silver, and of building; and how they had excellent dyes for
+their fine cloths.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">F<small>ROM</small> the accounts given to us by the Indians, it appears that, in
+ancient times, they had not the same order in their affairs as they
+established after they were subdued by the Yncas. For verily things may
+be seen made by their hands with such skill, that they cause admiration
+to all who have any knowledge of them. And what is more curious is that
+they have few tools for making what they do make, and yet that they work
+with great skill. When this kingdom was gained by the Spaniards, they
+saw pieces of gold, silver, and clay welded together in such fashion
+that they appeared to have been born so. They also saw very curious
+figures and other things of silver which I do not describe, as I did not
+see them myself. It is sufficient to say that I have seen vases made of
+pieces of copper or stone, and jars, fountains, and other things richly
+ornamented by means of the tools they have. When they work, they make a
+small furnace of clay,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_404" id="page_404"></a>{404}</span> where they put the charcoal, and they then blow
+the fire with small canes, instead of bellows. Besides their silver
+utensils, they make chains, stamped ornaments, and other things of gold.
+Even boys, who to look at them one would think were hardly old enough to
+talk, know how to make these things.<a name="FNanchor_532_531" id="FNanchor_532_531"></a><a href="#Footnote_532_531" class="fnanchor">[532]</a> Few are the things they now
+make in comparison with the great and rich ornaments they made in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_405" id="page_405"></a>{405}</span>
+time of the Yncas. They, however, make the <i>chaquiras</i>,<a name="FNanchor_533_532" id="FNanchor_533_532"></a><a href="#Footnote_533_532" class="fnanchor">[533]</a> so small
+and accurately worked, by which they show themselves still to be eminent
+workers in silver. Many of these silversmiths were stationed by the
+Yncas in the principal parts of the kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>These Indians also built strong foundations and grand edifices with
+great skill; and now they build the houses of the Spaniards, make bricks
+and tiles, and put large stones one on the top of the other with such
+exactness that the point of junction is scarcely visible. In many parts
+they do these things with no other tools than stones, and their own
+wonderful skill. I do not believe that there is any people or nation in
+the world who could lead irrigation channels over such rugged and
+difficult places as do these Indians. They have small looms for weaving
+their cloth; and in ancient times, when the Kings Yncas ruled in this
+kingdom, the Mama-cunas, who were held to be sacred, and were dedicated
+to the service of the temples of the sun, had no other employment than
+to weave very fine cloth of vicuña wool, for the lords Yncas. This cloth
+was as fine as any they have in Spain. The dresses of the Yncas
+consisted of shirts of this cloth, some embroidered with gold and silver
+work, some with emeralds and other precious stones, some with feathers
+of birds, and some merely with the cloth. To make these clothes they had
+such perfect colours—crimson, blue, yellow, and black—that in this
+respect they have the advantage of Spain.<a name="FNanchor_534_533" id="FNanchor_534_533"></a><a href="#Footnote_534_533" class="fnanchor">[534]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the government of Popayan there is an earth with which, and with the
+leaves of a tree, they make a perfect black dye; but it would be
+wearisome to repeat all the details connected with the way they make
+these dyes, and it seems sufficient, therefore, to mention the principal
+one.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_406" id="page_406"></a>{406}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_CXV" id="CHAPTER_CXV"></a>CHAPTER CXV.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">How there are great mines in most parts of this kingdom.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">T<small>HE</small> long chain of mountains, which we call Andes, commences at the
+strait of Magallanes, and traverses many regions and great provinces,
+and we know that on the side towards the South Sea (which is the west)
+great riches are found in the hills and rivers, while the provinces to
+the eastward are considered to be poor in metals, according to the
+account of those who extended their conquests to the river of La Plata,
+and came thence to Peru by way of Potosi, They said that they heard of a
+country no less fertile than populous, which was a few days’ journey
+beyond Charcas, and this proved to be no other than Peru. They saw
+little silver, and even that came from the district round the town of
+Plata; neither did those who went on an expedition of discovery with
+Diego de Rojas, Felipe Gutierrez, and Nicolas de Heredia find any
+riches. The Adelantado Don Francisco de Orellana, too, who went down the
+Marañon in a boat, at the time when the captain Gonzalo Pizarro was in
+search of the cinnamon country, although he passed many large villages,
+saw little or no gold or silver. Indeed, except in the province of
+Bogota, there is no wealth in these parts of the Cordillera of the
+Andes. But it is very different in the southern parts, where greater
+treasure has been found than had been seen before in the world during
+many ages. Yet if the gold in the provinces near the great river of
+Santa Martha, from the city of Popayan to the town of Mompox,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_407" id="page_407"></a>{407}</span> had been
+in the power of a single lord, as it was in Peru, the wealth would have
+been greater than that of Cuzco. In the skirts of these cordilleras they
+have found great mines of gold and silver, both near Antiochia, at
+Cartago, in the government of Popayan, and throughout the whole kingdom
+of Peru.</p>
+
+<p>If there were people to extract it, there would be gold and silver
+enough to last for ever; for in the mountains and plains, in the valleys
+and in all parts, they have found gold and silver. There is also a great
+quantity of copper, and some iron in the mountains which descend towards
+the plains. In fine, there is lead in this kingdom, and all the metals
+which God has created; and it seems to me that if there were men to
+work, there would not fail to be great riches in Peru. Already so much
+treasure has been extracted and sent to Spain, that men never thought
+there could be so much.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_CXVI" id="CHAPTER_CXVI"></a>CHAPTER CXVI.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">How many nations of these Indians make war one upon the other, and how
+the lords and chiefs oppress the poorer people.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">I <small>VERILY</small> believe that the people in these Indies have been there for
+many ages, as is shown by the ancient buildings and the extensive
+regions they have peopled; and, although they are all brown and
+beardless, and are so much alike, they have such a multitude of
+languages that there is almost a new language at every league in all
+parts of the country.<a name="FNanchor_535_534" id="FNanchor_535_534"></a><a href="#Footnote_535_534" class="fnanchor">[535]</a> As so many ages have passed away since these<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_408" id="page_408"></a>{408}</span>
+people came here, they have waged great wars and battles, retaining the
+provinces they conquered. Thus, in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_409" id="page_409"></a>{409}</span> district of the town of Arma, in
+the government of Popayan, there is a great province called Carrapa,
+between which and that of Quinbaya (where the city of Cartago is
+founded) there are many people. These people, having for their leader a
+chief named Yrrua, entered Carrapa, and, in spite of the natives, made
+themselves masters of the greater part of the province.<a name="FNanchor_536_535" id="FNanchor_536_535"></a><a href="#Footnote_536_535" class="fnanchor">[536]</a> I know
+this, because, when we discovered these districts, we saw the villages
+burnt just as they were left by the natives of the province of Quinbaya.
+It is notorious that they were all killed, in former times, by those who
+made themselves masters of the land.</p>
+
+<p>In many parts of the provinces of the government of Popayan the same
+things happened. In Peru they talk of nothing else but how some came
+from one part, and some from another, and made themselves masters of the
+land of their neighbours by wars and battles. The great antiquity of
+these people is also shown by the remains of cultivated fields, which
+are so numerous.</p>
+
+<p>The Yncas, it is well known, made themselves masters of this kingdom by
+force and intrigues. They relate that Manco Ccapac, who founded the city
+of Cuzco, had an insignificant origin, and the sovereignty remained in
+the hands of his descendants until the time of the dispute between the
+sole heir Huascar, and Atahualpa, concerning the government of the
+empire, after which the Spaniards arrived, and easily got possession of
+the country. From all this it<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_410" id="page_410"></a>{410}</span> appears that there were wars and
+oppressions among these Indians, as well as among all the other nations
+of the world; for do we not read that tyrants have made themselves
+rulers of great kingdoms and lordships?</p>
+
+<p>When I was in these parts I heard that the chiefs oppressed the people,
+and that some of them treated the Indians with great severity; for if
+the <i>Encomenderos</i> asked for any service, or desired some forced
+service, either from the persons or goods of the Indians, they obliged
+the chiefs to supply it. The chiefs then went to the houses of the
+poorest people, and ordered them to comply with the demand; and if they
+made any excuse, even if it was a just one, not only were they not
+listened to, but they were also ill-treated, and their persons or goods
+were taken by force. I heard the poor Indians of the King, and others in
+the Collao, in the valley of Xauxa, and in many other parts, lamenting
+over this oppression, but though they receive an injury they cannot
+resent it. If sheep are required, they are not taken from the chiefs but
+from the unhappy Indians. Some of them are so much molested that they
+hide away for fear of these exactions; and in the coast valleys they are
+more oppressed by the chiefs than in the mountains. It is true, however,
+that, as there are friars preaching in most of the provinces of this
+kingdom, and as some of them understand the language, they hear the
+complaints of the Indians, and remedy many of their wrongs. Each day
+things get into better order, and the Christians and Indian chiefs have
+such fear of the strict justice enforced in these parts by the Audience
+and royal Chancelleries, that they dare not lay their hands on the poor,
+and there has thus been a great reform in the government.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_411" id="page_411"></a>{411}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_CXVII" id="CHAPTER_CXVII"></a>CHAPTER CXVII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">In which certain things are declared concerning the Indians; and what
+fell out between a clergyman and one of them, in a village of this
+kingdom.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">A<small>S</small> some people say evil things of these Indians, comparing them with
+beasts, saying that in their customs and ways of living they are more
+like beasts than men, and that they not only eat each other, but commit
+other great crimes; and as I have written of these and other abuses of
+which they are guilty in this history, I wish it to be known that all
+this is not true of every nation in these Indies, and that, if in some
+provinces they eat human flesh, and commit other crimes, in others they
+abhor these things. It would, therefore, be unjust to condemn them all,
+and even those who practise these sins will be freed from them by the
+light of our holy faith, without which they were ignorant of what they
+did, like many other nations, such as the gentiles, who knew no more of
+the faith than these Indians, and sacrificed to idols as much or more
+than they did. And even, if we look round, we shall see many who profess
+our law, and have received the water of the holy baptism, committing
+great sins every day, being deceived by the devil. If, therefore, these
+Indians practised the customs of which I have written, it was because
+formerly they had no one to direct them in the way of truth. Now those
+who hear the doctrine of the holy gospel, know that the shades of
+perdition surround those who are separated from it; while the devil,
+whose envy increases at the fruits of our holy faith, deceives some of
+these people by fears and terrors; but his victims are few, and are each
+day decreasing, seeing that our Lord God works in all times for the
+extension of his holy faith.</p>
+
+<p>Among other notable things, I will relate one which<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_412" id="page_412"></a>{412}</span> happened in a
+village called Lampa, according to the account which was given me of it
+in the village of Azangaro, a <i>repartimiento</i> of the priest Antonio de
+Quiñones,<a name="FNanchor_537_536" id="FNanchor_537_536"></a><a href="#Footnote_537_536" class="fnanchor">[537]</a> a citizen of Cuzco. It relates to the conversion of an
+Indian, and I asked my informant to give me the statement in writing,
+which, without adding or omitting anything, is as follows:—</p>
+
+<p>“I, Marcos Otaso, a priest and native of Valladolid, being in the
+village of Lampa, teaching the Indians our holy Christian faith, in the
+month of May 1547, the moon being full, all the chiefs and principal
+people came to me and asked very eagerly for permission to do what was
+their custom at that season. I replied that if it was anything that was
+unlawful in our holy Catholic faith, it must not be done from that time
+forward. They received my decision, and returned to their homes. At
+about noon they began to sound drums in several directions with one
+stick, which is their way of sounding them; and presently several
+mantles were spread in the <i>plaza</i> for the chiefs to sit upon, who were
+dressed in their best clothes, with their hair plaited according to
+their custom—a plait, twisted four times, falling on each side. Being
+seated in their places, I saw a boy deity, aged about twelve years, go
+up to each cacique. These boys were very handsome, and richly dressed.
+From the knees downwards they were covered with red fringe, their arms
+were clothed in the same way, and they had many stamped medals of gold
+and silver on different parts of their bodies. In their right hands they
+carried a kind of weapon like a halberd, and in the left a large bag of
+coca. On the left hand of each boy walked girls of ten years old,
+beautifully dressed in the same way, except that they wore a long train
+behind, which is not the custom with other women. This train was held by
+an older girl, who was<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_413" id="page_413"></a>{413}</span> beautiful and stately. Behind came many women as
+attendants. The girls carried bags of very fine cloth in their right
+hands, full of gold and silver medals. From the shoulders a lion skin
+hung down and covered everything. Behind the attendants came six Indian
+labourers, each with a plough on his shoulder, and beautiful crowns of
+many-coloured feathers on his head. Then followed six others, as their
+pages, with bags of potatoes, playing on drums. Thus they advanced
+towards the chiefs, and, as they passed them, the boys and girls, and
+all the others, made deep reverences and bowed their heads. The chiefs
+returned the salute by bowing also. They then retired without turning
+their heads, for about twenty paces, in the same order. The labourers
+then put the ploughs on the ground, and took the bags of the large and
+choice potatoes, at the same time beating drums, and performing a sort
+of dance, raising themselves on the points of their toes, and holding up
+the bags which they held in their hands from time to time. Only those I
+have mentioned did this; for all the chiefs and the rest of the people
+were seated on the ground in rows in perfect silence, watching what was
+going on. Afterwards those in the procession sat down, and others
+brought a one-year old lamb all of one colour, and took it before the
+chief, surrounded by other Indians, so that I might not see what was
+going on. They then threw the lamb on the ground, and, having torn out
+the bowels, they gave them to the sorcerers, called <i>Huaca-camayoc</i>, who
+are to them what priests are with us. I then saw certain Indians taking
+up as much of the lamb’s blood as they could hold in their hands, and
+pouring it quickly amongst the potatoes in the bags.<a name="FNanchor_538_537" id="FNanchor_538_537"></a><a href="#Footnote_538_537" class="fnanchor">[538]</a> At this moment
+a chief came forward, who had become a Christian a few days before,
+calling them dogs and other things, in their own language, which I did
+not<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_414" id="page_414"></a>{414}</span> understand. He then went to the foot of a high cross which stood in
+the middle of the <i>plaza</i>, where, with a loud voice, he fearlessly
+denounced this diabolical rite. They all went away in great affright,
+without finishing the sacrifice, or prognosticating the success of the
+harvests during the year, as was their wont. Other priests, called
+<i>umu</i>,<a name="FNanchor_539_538" id="FNanchor_539_538"></a><a href="#Footnote_539_538" class="fnanchor">[539]</a> also predict coming events, and converse with the devil,
+carrying about with them a figure of the enemy, made of a hollow bone,
+with a lump of the black wax, that is found in the country, on the top.</p>
+
+<p>“While I was in this village of Lampa, a boy of mine came to me on
+Maundy Thursday, who had slept in the church. He was very much
+frightened, and asked me to get up and go to baptise a cacique who was
+in the church on his knees before the images, in a state of great
+terror. On the Wednesday night, when this cacique was in the <i>huaca</i>
+where they go to worship, he saw a man dressed in white, who told him to
+go to the church and be baptised by me. As soon as day dawned I got up
+and recited my prayers, and then, not believing the story, went to say
+mass, and found the man still on his knees. Directly he saw me, he threw
+himself at my feet, and begged me to make him a Christian. I consented,
+and having said mass in presence of several Christians, I baptised him.
+He then went out with great joy, crying out that he was now a Christian,
+and not a bad man like the other Indians. Then, without saying anything
+to anybody, he burnt his house, divided his women and flocks amongst his
+servants, and returned to the church, where he was always preaching to
+the Indians what concerned their salvation, and urging them to forsake
+their sins and vices. He did this with great fervour, as if he had been
+inspired by the Holy Spirit. Many Indians became<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_415" id="page_415"></a>{415}</span> Christians, owing to
+the persuasions of the newly-converted chief; and the chief related that
+the man whom he saw in the <i>huaca</i>, or temple of the devil, was white
+and very beautiful, and that his clothes were resplendent.”</p>
+
+<p>The priest gave me this account in writing, and I myself see great signs
+every day that the Lord is more served now than in times past. The
+Indians are converted, and little by little they are forgetting their
+rites and evil customs. If this work has been slow, the fault lies more
+in our neglect than in their malice; for the best way to convert the
+Indians is to do good works, that the newly converted may take example.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_CXVIII" id="CHAPTER_CXVIII"></a>CHAPTER CXVIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">How, when a chief near the town of Anzerma wished to become a Christian,
+he saw the devils visibly, who wished to deter him from his good
+intention by their terrors.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">I<small>N</small> the last chapter I related how an Indian of the village of Lampa was
+converted to Christianity. I will here tell another strange story, that
+the faithful may glorify the name of God who is so merciful to us, and
+that the wicked and incredulous may acknowledge the works of the Lord.
+When the Adelantado Belalcazar was governor of the province of Popayan,
+and when Gomez Hernandez was his lieutenant in the town of Anzerma,
+there was a chief in a village called Pirsa, almost four leagues from
+the town, whose brother, a good-looking youth, named Tamaraqunga,
+inspired by God, wished to go to the town of the Christians, to receive
+baptism. But the devils did not wish that he should attain his desire,
+fearing to lose what seemed secure, so they frightened this Tamaraqunga
+in such sort that he was unable to do anything. God permitting it, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_416" id="page_416"></a>{416}</span>
+devils stationed themselves in a place where the chief alone could see
+them, in the shape of birds called <i>Auras</i>.<a name="FNanchor_540_539" id="FNanchor_540_539"></a><a href="#Footnote_540_539" class="fnanchor">[540]</a> Finding himself so
+persecuted by the devils, he sent in great haste to a Christian living
+near, who came at once, and, hearing what he wanted, signed him with the
+sign of the cross. But the devils then frightened him more than ever,
+appearing in hideous forms which were only visible to him. The Christian
+only saw stones falling from the air, and heard whistling. A brother of
+one Juan Pacheco, citizen of the same town, then holding office in the
+place of Gomez Hernandez, who had gone to Caramanta, came from Anzerma
+with another man, to visit the Indian chief. They say that Tamaraqunga
+was much frightened and ill-treated by the devils, who carried him
+through the air from one place to another, in presence of the
+Christians, he complaining, and the devils whistling and shouting.<a name="FNanchor_541_540" id="FNanchor_541_540"></a><a href="#Footnote_541_540" class="fnanchor">[541]</a>
+Sometimes, when the chief was sitting with a glass of liquor before him,
+the Christians saw the glass raised up in the air and put down empty,
+and a short time afterwards the wine was again poured into the cup from
+the air. The chief covered his face with his cloak, that he might not
+see the horrible visions before him. Then, without having moved the
+cloak from his face, the devils forced clay into his mouth, as if they
+wished to choke him. At last the Christians resolved to take the chief
+to the town, that he might be baptised at once, and more than two
+hundred Indians came with him, but they were so frightened by the
+devils, that they would not come near the chief. Thus, journeying with
+the Christians, they came to a bad part of the road, where the devils
+took the chief into the air, to dash him against the rocks. He cried out
+to the Christians for help, who presently took hold of him, but the
+Indians did not dare to speak, much more to offer any<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_417" id="page_417"></a>{417}</span> assistance. So
+cruelly was he persecuted by the devils, all for the good of his soul,
+and for the greater confusion of this our cruel enemy.</p>
+
+<p>The two Christians saw that God would not be served if the Indian was
+left to these devils, so they fastened some cords round his waist, and,
+calling upon God for help, they went on with the Indian between them,
+and with crosses in their hands, and reached a hill; but still with
+great difficulty. As they were now near the town, they sent a messenger
+to Juan Pacheco for assistance. Presently the devils began to throw
+stones about in the air, and in this way they reached the town, and went
+straight to the house of this Juan Pacheco, where all the Christians in
+the village assembled. The devils then began throwing small stones on
+the top of the house, and whistling; and as the Indians, when they go to
+war, cry out <i>Hu! Hu! Hu!</i> so the devils also made these noises in very
+loud voices. Every body then began to pray to our Lord that, for his
+glory and for the salvation of the Indian’s soul, the devils might not
+be allowed to have their own way; for these devils, according to the
+words heard by the chief, cried out that he must not become a Christian.
+While many stones were flying about, the people came out to go to
+church, and some Christians heard noises within, before the doors were
+opened. The Indian Tamaraqunga, on going into the church, saw the devils
+looking very fierce, with their heads beneath, and feet in the air. A
+friar named Fray Juan de Santa Maria, of the order of our lady of mercy,
+then came in to baptise the chief, upon which the devils, in presence of
+all the Christians, but without being seen by any one but the chief,
+took him up in the air; putting his head below and his feet above, as
+they were themselves. The Christians cried out in a loud voice, “Jesus
+Christ! Jesus Christ, be with us!” made the sign of the cross, and
+taking hold of him, wetted him with holy water; but still the whistling
+and other noises continued inside the church.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_418" id="page_418"></a>{418}</span> Tamaraqunga saw the
+devils visibly, and they gave him such buffets, that a hat, which he
+held before his eyes so as not to see them, was hurled to a distance.
+They also spat in his face. All this happened during the night, and in
+the morning the friar dressed, to say mass. As soon as he began, the
+noises ceased, and the chief received no more evil treatment from the
+devils. When the most holy mass was concluded, Tamaraqunga asked for the
+water of baptism, together with his wife and son. After he was baptised
+he said that he was now a Christian and might be left to walk alone, to
+see if the devils st¡ll had any power over him. So the Christians let
+him go, while they all prayed to our Lord that, for the exaltation of
+his holy faith, and that the Indians might be converted, he would not
+permit the devils to have any further power over the chief, now that he
+was a Christian. Then Tamaraqunga went out with great joy, saying “I am
+a Christian,” and praising God in his own language. He went round the
+church two or three times, and neither felt nor heard anything from the
+devils, so he went to his house full of joy and contentment. This event
+was so famous among the Indians, that many became Christians. It
+happened in the year 1549.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_CXIX" id="CHAPTER_CXIX"></a>CHAPTER CXIX.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">How mighty wonders have been clearly seen in the discovery of these
+Indies, how our Sovereign Lord God desires to watch over the Spaniards,
+and how He also chastises those who are cruel to the Indians.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">B<small>EFORE</small> finishing this first part, it seems good that I should here
+mention some of the marvellous works which our Lord God has seen fit to
+display in the discovery which the Christian Spaniards have made in
+these kingdoms, as well<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_419" id="page_419"></a>{419}</span> as the punishments he has inflicted on certain
+notable persons. For they will teach us how we must love Him as a
+father, and fear Him as a just Judge and Lord.</p>
+
+<p>Passing over the first discovery made by the admiral Don Christoval
+Colon, and the successes of the Marquis Don Fernando Cortez, and of
+other captains and governors who discovered Tierra Firme, because I only
+wish to mention the events of the present time, I come to the marquis
+Don Francisco Pizarro. How many hardships did he and his companions
+suffer, without discovering anything beyond the land north of the river
+San Juan, and the succours brought by the adelantado Don Diego de
+Almagro did not suffice to enable him to press forward. Then it was that
+the governor Pedro de los Rios, learning from the couplet which was
+written to him:—</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“Look out, Señor Governor,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">For the drover while he is near,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">For he goes home to get the sheep<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">For the butcher who is there.”<a name="FNanchor_542_541" id="FNanchor_542_541"></a><a href="#Footnote_542_541" class="fnanchor">[542]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">that Almagro came to bring people to the shambles of these hardships,
+where Pizarro would butcher them, sent Juan Tafur of Panama to bring
+them back. They all returned with him except thirteen Christians<a name="FNanchor_543_542" id="FNanchor_543_542"></a><a href="#Footnote_543_542" class="fnanchor">[543]</a>
+who remained with<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_420" id="page_420"></a>{420}</span> Don Francisco Pizarro in the island of Gorgona, until
+Don Diego Almagro sent them a ship with which to continue the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_421" id="page_421"></a>{421}</span> voyage.
+It pleased God that, though they had made no discovery during the three
+or four previous years, they discovered all in ten or twelve days. Thus
+these thirteen Christians, with their leader, discovered Peru.
+Afterwards, at the end of some years, when the same marquis with 160
+Spaniards invaded the country, he could not have prevailed against the
+multitude of Indians, if God had not permitted that there should be a
+very cruel war between the two brothers Huascar and Atahualpa, at the
+time. When the Indians rose against the Christians at Cuzco, there were
+not more than 180 Spaniards mounted and on foot, to resist the attacks
+of Manco Ynca at the head of more than 200,00 Indians. It was a miracle
+how they escaped from the hands of the Indians during a whole year, and
+some of the Indians themselves affirm that sometimes, when they were
+fighting with the Spaniards, they saw a celestial figure which did them
+great mischief. When the Indians set fire to the city, and the flames
+began to approach the church, it was seen to reach it three times, and
+to be put out as often, the place where the flames touched it being
+covered with dry straw.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_422" id="page_422"></a>{422}</span></p>
+
+<p>The captain Francisco Cesar, who set out from Carthagena in the year
+1536, and traversed great mountains and deep rivers, with only sixty
+Spaniards, reached the province of Guaca, where there was a principal
+house dedicated to the devil, and he collected thirty thousand <i>pesos</i>
+of gold from a tomb near it.<a name="FNanchor_544_543" id="FNanchor_544_543"></a><a href="#Footnote_544_543" class="fnanchor">[544]</a> When the Indians saw how few Spaniards
+there were, more than twenty thousand assembled and surrounded them. As
+the Spaniards were so few and weak, having eaten nothing but roots, God
+still favoured them so that they killed and wounded many Indians,
+without losing a man. Not only did God work this miracle for the
+Christians, but he was also served by guiding them to a road which took
+them to Uraba in eighteen days, when they had wandered on the other for
+a whole year.</p>
+
+<p>We have seen many more of these miracles, but it must suffice to say
+that a province containing thirty or forty thousand Indians is held by
+forty or fifty Christians. And in lands where there are heavy rains or
+continual earthquakes, we see clearly the favour of God, as soon as
+Christians enter them. For the rains abate, the lands become profitable,
+and there are fewer storms than in the times before the Christians
+arrived.</p>
+
+<p>Another thing must also be noted, which is, that those who carry the
+standard of the cross as their guide must not make their discoveries as
+tyrants, for those who do so receive heavy chastisement. Of those who
+have been tyrants, few have died natural deaths, such for instance as
+those who compassed the death of Atahualpa. All these have perished
+miserably. It would even appear that the great wars in Peru have been
+permitted by God, to punish the conquerors, and thus Carbajal may be
+looked upon as the executioner of His justice. He lived until God’s
+chastisement was complete, and then paid with his life for the grave
+crimes he had committed. The marshal Don Jorge Robledo consented<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_423" id="page_423"></a>{423}</span> to
+allow great harm to be done to the Indians in the province of Pozo, and
+many to be killed with crossbows and dogs. And God permitted that he
+should be sentenced to death in the same place, and have for his tomb
+the bellies of the Indians.<a name="FNanchor_545_544" id="FNanchor_545_544"></a><a href="#Footnote_545_544" class="fnanchor">[545]</a> The comendador Hernan Rodriquez de Sosa
+and Baltasar de Ledesma died in the same way, and were also eaten by the
+Indians; they having themselves been previously very cruel to them. The
+Adelantado Belalcazar killed many Indians in Quito; and God permitted
+that he should be driven from his government by the judge who came to
+try him, and that he should die at Carthagena on his way to Spain, poor,
+and full of sorrow.<a name="FNanchor_546_545" id="FNanchor_546_545"></a><a href="#Footnote_546_545" class="fnanchor">[546]</a> Francisco Garcia de Tobar, who was so much
+feared by the Indians by reason of the number he had killed, was himself
+killed and eaten by them.</p>
+
+<p>Let no one deceive himself with the belief that God has not punished
+those who were cruel to these Indians; for not one of them failed to
+receive chastisement in proportion to the offence. I knew one Roque
+Martin, an inhabitant of the city of Cali, who gave the dead bodies of
+the Indians to the dogs, and afterwards the Indians killed, and, I even
+believe, ate him. I could enumerate many other examples, but I shall
+conclude by saying that our Lord favours us in these conquests and
+discoveries; but if the discoverers afterwards become tyrants, He
+chastises them severely, as I have myself seen, some of them dying
+suddenly, which is a thing most to be feared.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_424" id="page_424"></a>{424}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_CXX" id="CHAPTER_CXX"></a>CHAPTER CXX.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the dioceses in this kingdom of Peru, who are the bishops of them,
+and of the Royal Chancellery in the City of Kings.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">I<small>N</small> many parts of this work I have treated of the rites and customs of
+the Indians, and of the many temples and places of worship they had,
+where the devil was seen and adored by them. It will now be well to
+mention the dioceses, and who those are who rule the churches and have
+charge of so many souls.</p>
+
+<p>After the discovery of this kingdom, as the very reverend father Don
+Fray Vincente Valverde<a name="FNanchor_547_546" id="FNanchor_547_546"></a><a href="#Footnote_547_546" class="fnanchor">[547]</a> was in the conquest, he received Bulls from
+the Supreme Pontiff, and was nominated as bishop by his Majesty. He held
+the post until the Indians killed him in the island of Puna. Afterwards,
+as the Spaniards founded new cities, the number of bishops was
+increased. The very reverend father Don Juan Solano,<a name="FNanchor_548_547" id="FNanchor_548_547"></a><a href="#Footnote_548_547" class="fnanchor">[548]</a> of the order
+of San Domingo, was made Bishop of Cuzco, and is so still in 1550, the
+diocese extending to Guamanga,<a name="FNanchor_549_548" id="FNanchor_549_548"></a><a href="#Footnote_549_548" class="fnanchor">[549]</a> Arequipa, and the new city of La
+Paz. The most reverend father Don Jeronymo de Loaysa,<a name="FNanchor_550_549" id="FNanchor_550_549"></a><a href="#Footnote_550_549" class="fnanchor">[550]</a> a friar of
+the same order, has been nominated archbishop of the City of the Kings,
+with a diocese reaching to Plata, Truxillo, Huanuco, and
+Chachapoyas.<a name="FNanchor_551_550" id="FNanchor_551_550"></a><a href="#Footnote_551_550" class="fnanchor">[551]</a> Don Garcia Diaz Arias is bishop of the city<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_425" id="page_425"></a>{425}</span> of San
+Francisco del Quito, including San Miguel, Puerto Viejo, and Guayaquil.
+He has his seat in Quito, which is the chief place in the diocese. The
+bishop of the government of Popayan is Don Juan Valle. These fathers
+were the bishops of this kingdom when I left it, and they have the duty
+to perform of placing clergymen to celebrate mass in the towns and
+villages. The government of this kingdom is so good, in these times,
+that the Indians are complete masters of their goods and persons. By the
+will of God the former tyranny and ill-treatment of Indians have ceased,
+for He cures all things by his grace. Royal audiences and chancelleries
+have been established, composed of learned men, who give an example to
+others by their incorruptible justice, and who have established the
+rules for the payment of tribute. The excellent lord Don Antonio de
+Mendoza,<a name="FNanchor_552_551" id="FNanchor_552_551"></a><a href="#Footnote_552_551" class="fnanchor">[552]</a> a knight as full of valour and other virtues as he is
+wanting in bad qualities, is the viceroy; and the licentiate Andres de
+Cianca, the doctor Bravo de Saravia, and the licentiate Hernando de
+Santillan are the judges. The court and royal chancellery are
+established in the City of the Kings.</p>
+
+<p>I will conclude this chapter by saying that, when the lords of his
+Majesty’s council of the Indies were examining my work, the very
+reverend father Fray Don Tomas de San Martin was appointed bishop of
+Charcas. His diocese commences at the limit of that of Cuzco, and
+extends to Chile and Tucuman, including the city of La Paz and the town
+of Plata, which is the seat of this new bishopric.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_426" id="page_426"></a>{426}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_CXXI" id="CHAPTER_CXXI"></a>CHAPTER CXXI.</h2>
+
+<p class="hhead">Of the monasteries which have been founded in Peru, from the date of its
+discovery down to the present year 1550.</p>
+
+<p class="nind">I<small>N</small> the previous chapter I have briefly stated what bishops there are in
+this kingdom, and it will now be well to mention the monasteries which
+have been founded in it, and who were the founders, for in these things
+grave worthies and some very learned doctors have assisted.</p>
+
+<p>In the city of Cuzco there is a house of the order of San Domingo, on
+the site where the Indians had their principal temple. It was founded by
+the reverend father Fray Juan de Olias. There is another house of the
+order of San Francisco, founded by the reverend father Fray Pedro
+Portugues. Another house exists of the order of our Lady of Mercy,<a name="FNanchor_553_552" id="FNanchor_553_552"></a><a href="#Footnote_553_552" class="fnanchor">[553]</a>
+founded by the reverend father Fray Sebastian. In the city of La Paz
+there is another monastery of San Francisco, founded by the reverend
+father Fray Francisco de los Angeles. In the village of Chucuito there
+is a house of Dominicans founded by the reverend father Fray Tomas de
+San Martin. In the town of Plata there is another of Franciscans,
+founded by the reverend father Fray Jeronimo. In Guamanga there is
+another of Dominicans founded by the reverend father Fray Martin de
+Esquivel; and a monastery of our Lady of Mercy founded by the reverend
+father Fray Sebastian.<a name="FNanchor_554_553" id="FNanchor_554_553"></a><a href="#Footnote_554_553" class="fnanchor">[554]</a> In the City of the Kings there is another of
+Franciscans founded by the reverend father Fray Francisco de Santa
+Ana;<a name="FNanchor_555_554" id="FNanchor_555_554"></a><a href="#Footnote_555_554" class="fnanchor">[555]</a> another of Dominicans, founded by the reverend father Fray
+Juan de Olias<a name="FNanchor_556_555" id="FNanchor_556_555"></a><a href="#Footnote_556_555" class="fnanchor">[556]</a> and another of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_427" id="page_427"></a>{427}</span> our Lady of Mercy, founded by the
+reverend father Fray Miguel de Orenes. In the village of Chincha there
+is a house of Dominicans, founded by the reverend father Fray Domingo de
+San Tomas. In the city of Arequipa there is another house of this order,
+founded by the reverend father Fray Pedro de Ulloa; and in the city of
+Leon de Huanuco there is another, founded by the same father Fray Pedro
+de Ulloa. In the town of Chicama there is also a house of Dominicans,
+founded by the reverend father Fray Domingo de San Tomas. In the city of
+Truxillo there is a monastery of Franciscans, founded by the reverend
+father Fray Francisco de la Cruz, and another of Mercy. In Quito there
+is a house of Dominicans, founded by the reverend father Alonzo de
+Monte-negro, another of Mercy, and another of Franciscans, founded by
+the reverend father Fray Jodoco Rique Flamenco. There are some other
+houses, besides the above, which have been founded by the numerous
+friars who are constantly sent by his Majesty’s council of the Indies,
+to engage in the conversion of the Indians, for so his Majesty has
+ordered, and they occupy themselves in teaching the natives with great
+diligence. Touching the rules and other things of which I should treat,
+it w¡ll be more convenient to do so in another place.</p>
+
+<p>With this I make an end of my first part, with glory to God, our
+Almighty Lord, and to his blessed and glorious Mother our Lady. I
+commenced writing in the city of Cartago, in the government of Popayan
+in the year of 1541, and I finished writing originally in the City of
+the Kings, in the kingdom of Peru, on the 8th day of the month of
+September 1550, the author being thirty-two year’s of age, and having
+passed seventeen of them in these Indies.</p>
+
+<p>THE END.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_428" id="page_428"></a>{428}</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_429" id="page_429"></a>{429}</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX</h2>
+
+<p class="c">TO THE<br />
+FIRST PART OF THE CHRONICLE OF PERU,<br />
+BY<br />
+PEDRO DE CIEZA DE LEON.</p>
+
+<p class="c"><a href="#ind-A">A</a>,
+<a href="#ind-B">B</a>,
+<a href="#ind-C">C</a>,
+<a href="#ind-D">D</a>,
+<a href="#ind-E">E</a>,
+<a href="#ind-F">F</a>,
+<a href="#ind-G">G</a>,
+<a href="#ind-H">H</a>,
+<a href="#ind-I-i">I</a>,
+<a href="#ind-J">J</a>,
+<a href="#ind-L">L</a>,
+<a href="#ind-M">M</a>,
+<a href="#ind-N">N</a>,
+<a href="#ind-O">O</a>,
+<a href="#ind-P">P</a>,
+<a href="#ind-Q">Q</a>,
+<a href="#ind-R">R</a>,
+<a href="#ind-S">S</a>,
+<a href="#ind-T">T</a>,
+<a href="#ind-U">U</a>,
+<a href="#ind-V-i">V</a>,
+<a href="#ind-W">W</a>,
+<a href="#ind-X-i">X</a>,
+<a href="#ind-Y">Y</a>,
+<a href="#ind-Z">Z</a></p>
+
+<p class="nind">
+<a name="ind-A" id="ind-A"></a>Abancay, <a href="#page_318">318</a><br />
+
+Abibe mountains, <a href="#page_043">43</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">certain hairy worms met with on the, <a href="#page_038">38</a></span><br />
+
+Aburra valley, <a href="#page_067">67-114</a><br />
+
+Acari, <a href="#page_028">28</a>, <a href="#page_265">265</a><br />
+
+Acos, <a href="#page_301">301</a>, <a href="#page_373">373</a><br />
+
+<i>Adobes</i>, <a href="#page_129">129</a>, <a href="#page_219">219</a>, <a href="#page_251">251</a><br />
+
+Aguales Indians, <a href="#page_108">108</a><br />
+
+Aguacate, a fruit (see Palta).<br />
+
+Aguja, point of, <a href="#page_025">25</a><br />
+
+Agaz, Juan, eats a dozen apples, <a href="#page_039">39</a><br />
+
+Aji, <a href="#page_142">142</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_232">232</a><br />
+
+Alaya, chief of Xauxa, <a href="#page_224">224</a>, <a href="#page_301">301</a><br />
+
+Alcobasa (Diego de), his account of the ruins of Tiahuanaco, <a href="#page_378">378</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Alcon (Pedro), one of the thirteen companions of Pizarro, <a href="#page_420">420</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Aldana (Lorenzo de), <a href="#page_123">123</a><br />
+
+Algoroba trees, <a href="#page_129">129</a>, <a href="#page_235">235</a>, <a href="#page_239">239</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Alligators, <a href="#page_016">16</a><br />
+
+Alligator pears (see Paltas).<br />
+
+Alonzo (Rodrigo), in company with Cieza de Leon, sees a pretty girl killed and eaten, <a href="#page_079">79</a><br />
+
+Almagro (Diego de), <a href="#page_007">7</a>, <a href="#page_159">159</a>, <a href="#page_186">186</a>, <a href="#page_256">256</a>, <a href="#page_318">318</a>, <a href="#page_419">419</a><br />
+
+Almagro the Younger, <a href="#page_306">306</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_312">312</a>, <a href="#page_335">335</a><br />
+
+Alpacas, <a href="#page_394">394</a><br />
+
+Alvarado (Alonzo de), <a href="#page_157">157</a>, <a href="#page_279">279</a>, <a href="#page_282">282</a><br />
+
+—— (Pedro de), <a href="#page_148">148</a>, <a href="#page_155">155</a>, <a href="#page_156">156</a>, <a href="#page_157">157</a>, <a href="#page_185">185</a>, <a href="#page_186">186</a>, <a href="#page_248">248</a><br />
+
+—— (Gomez de), <a href="#page_157">157</a>, <a href="#page_281">281</a>, <a href="#page_283">283</a><br />
+
+—— (Diego de), <a href="#page_157">157</a><br />
+
+Amaru-mayu river, <a href="#page_337">337</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Ambato, <a href="#page_154">154</a><br />
+
+Ancocahua, temple of, <a href="#page_357">357</a><br />
+
+Ancasmayu river, <a href="#page_122">122</a><br />
+
+Anco-allo, chief of the Chancas, <a href="#page_280">280</a><br />
+
+Andagoya (Pascual de), <a href="#page_105">105</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Andahuaylas, <a href="#page_315">315</a>, <a href="#page_317">317</a><br />
+
+Angoyaco pass, <a href="#page_302">302</a><br />
+
+Animals, <a href="#page_042">42</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">guinea pigs, <a href="#page_063">63</a> <i>note</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>chucha</i>, <a href="#page_091">91</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>guadaquinajes</i>, <i>ib.</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tigers, <a href="#page_104">104</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tapirs, <a href="#page_164">164</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Puerto Viejo, <a href="#page_175">175</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dogs, <a href="#page_235">235</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">llama tribe, <a href="#page_392">392</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Peru, <a href="#page_402">402</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">foxes, <a href="#page_237">237-402</a></span><br />
+
+Añaquito, plains of, <a href="#page_139">139</a><br />
+
+Andeneria, <a href="#page_321">321</a><br />
+
+Andes, description of, <a href="#page_129">129</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">forests of, <a href="#page_323">323</a>, <a href="#page_337">337</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">animals and snakes of, <a href="#page_338">338</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">nations of, <a href="#page_339">339</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">riches of, <a href="#page_406">406</a></span><br />
+
+Antioquia, <a href="#page_004">4</a>, <a href="#page_052">52</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">customs of natives of, <a href="#page_059">59</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">road from, to Arma, <a href="#page_066">66</a>, <a href="#page_114">114</a></span><br />
+
+Anti-suyu, province, <a href="#page_323">323-337</a><br />
+
+Anunaybe, father of the cacique Nutibara, <a href="#page_046">46</a><br />
+
+Anzerma, Indians of, <a href="#page_063">63</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">founding of, <a href="#page_065">65</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">supply of salt at, <a href="#page_126">126</a></span><br />
+
+Apurimac, river and bridge, <a href="#page_319">319</a><br />
+
+Aqueducts (see Irrigation, works of).<br />
+
+Arbi, valley of, <a href="#page_081">81</a><br />
+
+Arequipa, <a href="#page_287">287</a>, <a href="#page_392">392</a><br />
+
+Arias (Garcia Diaz), bishop of Quito, <a href="#page_424">424</a><br />
+
+Arica, <a href="#page_029">29</a><br />
+
+Arma, <a href="#page_069">69-70</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians of, <a href="#page_070">70-72</a></span><br />
+
+Armendariz (Miguel Diaz), <a href="#page_096">96</a><br />
+
+Arrows, poisoned, used by the Indians of Uraba, <a href="#page_039">39</a><br />
+
+Art, Peruvian works of, <a href="#page_403">403-4</a><br />
+
+Asillo, <a href="#page_369">369</a><br />
+
+Astete (Miguel de), <a href="#page_272">272</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Astopilco, cacique at Caxamarca, descended from Atahualpa, <a href="#page_272">272</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Atacama desert, <a href="#page_267">267</a><br />
+
+Atahualpa, his cruelty to the Cañaris, <a href="#page_167">167</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his residence at Caxamarca, <a href="#page_271">271</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">war with Huascar, <a href="#page_273">273</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_275">275</a>, <a href="#page_409">409</a>, <a href="#page_421">421</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meaning of the word, <a href="#page_231">231</a></span><br />
+
+Atienza, (Blas de), protests against the murder of Atahualpa, <a href="#page_292">292</a> <i>note</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_430" id="page_430"></a>{430}</span><br />
+
+Atoco, Indian general takes Atahualpa prisoner, <a href="#page_167">167</a>, <a href="#page_273">273</a><br />
+
+Atongayo bay, <a href="#page_030">30</a><br />
+
+Atrato river, <a href="#page_049">49</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Atris, valley of, <a href="#page_123">123</a><br />
+
+Aura, bird so called, <a href="#page_175">175</a>, <a href="#page_403">403</a>, <a href="#page_416">416</a><br />
+
+Ausancata temple, <a href="#page_354">354</a><br />
+
+Avila (Alonzo de), protests against the murder of Atahualpa, <a href="#page_292">292</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Avogada pears (see <i>Paltas</i>).<br />
+
+Ayala (Christoval de), killed, <a href="#page_094">94</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his pigs, <i>ib.</i></span><br />
+
+—— (Pedro de), protests against the murder of Atahualpa, <a href="#page_292">292</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Ayavire, <a href="#page_358">358</a>, <a href="#page_369">369</a><br />
+
+Ayllos, weapon so called, <a href="#page_355">355</a><br />
+
+Aymara Indians (same as Collas, which see).<br />
+
+Ayniledos river, <a href="#page_031">31</a><br />
+
+Azangaro, <a href="#page_369">369</a><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="ind-B" id="ind-B">B</a>achicao (Hernando), 373 and <i>note</i><br />
+
+Balsas, <a href="#page_265">265</a><br />
+
+Barranca (La), <a href="#page_248">248</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Barley, <a href="#page_144">144</a>, <a href="#page_400">400</a><br />
+
+Baths of the Yncas, <a href="#page_271">271</a>, 285 note, <a href="#page_313">313</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_400">400</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Bees, <a href="#page_090">90</a><br />
+
+Belalcazar (Sebastian de), kills Robledo, <a href="#page_079">79</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">founds Cali, <a href="#page_093">93</a>, <a href="#page_105">105</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">notice of, <a href="#page_110">110</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_113">113</a>, <a href="#page_145">145</a>, <a href="#page_201">201</a>, <a href="#page_423">423</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marches to assist the president Gasca, <a href="#page_151">151</a>, <a href="#page_186">186</a></span><br />
+
+Bio-bio river, <a href="#page_031">31</a><br />
+
+Birds of Puerto Viejo—the <i>xuta</i> and <i>maca</i>, <a href="#page_175">175</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the Peruvian coast, 237 (see <i>Aura</i>).</span><br />
+
+Blanco, cape, <a href="#page_025">25</a><br />
+
+Blasco Nuñez Vela, the viceroy, <a href="#page_087">87</a>, <a href="#page_139">139</a>, <a href="#page_187">187</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_221">221</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_275">275</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Bobadilla (Fray Francisco de), umpire between Pizarro and Almagro, <a href="#page_256">256</a><br />
+
+Bomba, province of, <a href="#page_117">117</a><br />
+
+Bombon, <a href="#page_286">286</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">lake of, <a href="#page_294">294</a></span><br />
+
+Bracamoros, province and Indians, <a href="#page_204">204-209</a><br />
+
+Briceño (Alonzo), one of the thirteen companions of Pizarro, <a href="#page_420">420</a><br />
+
+Bridge of rope across the Vilcas, <a href="#page_314">314</a> <i>note</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">across the Apurimac, <a href="#page_319">319</a> <i>note</i></span><br />
+
+—— of Desaguadero, toll for crossing, <a href="#page_373">373</a><br />
+
+Buenaventura, <a href="#page_020">20</a>, <a href="#page_104">104</a>, <a href="#page_105">105</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_106">106</a><br />
+
+Buga, province of, <a href="#page_094">94</a><br />
+
+Building, Peruvians skilled in, <a href="#page_405">405</a><br />
+
+Burial of the dead, customs of the Indians, <a href="#page_040">40</a>, <a href="#page_051">51</a>, <a href="#page_064">64</a>, <a href="#page_077">77</a>, <a href="#page_081">81</a>, <a href="#page_083">83</a>, <a href="#page_102">102</a>, <a href="#page_120">120</a>, <a href="#page_151">151</a>, <a href="#page_168">168</a>, <a href="#page_180">180</a>, <a href="#page_188">188</a>, <a href="#page_199">199</a>, <a href="#page_203">203</a>, <a href="#page_206">206</a>, <a href="#page_221">221</a>, <a href="#page_222">222</a>, <a href="#page_226">226</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_252">252</a>, <a href="#page_262">262</a>, <a href="#page_279">279</a>, <a href="#page_285">285</a>, <a href="#page_358">358</a>, <a href="#page_364">364</a><br />
+
+Buritica hill, <a href="#page_056">56</a><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="ind-C" id="ind-C">C</a>abaya, a kind of aloe, <a href="#page_146">146</a><br />
+
+Cacha village, <a href="#page_356">356</a><br />
+
+Calamar, <a href="#page_033">33</a><br />
+
+Caldera, Licentiate, <a href="#page_159">159</a><br />
+
+Callao, <a href="#page_027">27</a><br />
+
+Cali, city of, <a href="#page_093">93</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians of, <a href="#page_096">96</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">river and situation, <a href="#page_099">99</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">villages, etc., <a href="#page_100">100-3</a>, <a href="#page_105">105</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">road from, to Popayan, <a href="#page_107">107</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to Buenaventura, <a href="#page_106">106</a></span><br />
+
+Camana, <a href="#page_029">29</a>, <a href="#page_265">265</a><br />
+
+Campo Redondo (Gaspar Rodriguez de), <a href="#page_303">303</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Cañaris, <a href="#page_162">162</a>, <a href="#page_167">167</a>, <a href="#page_169">169</a><br />
+
+Cañari-bamba, <a href="#page_204">204</a><br />
+
+Canas, Indians, <a href="#page_356">356</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_358">358</a><br />
+
+Canches, Indians, <a href="#page_355">355</a>, <a href="#page_356">356</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_358">358</a><br />
+
+Candia (Pedro de), one of the thirteen companions of Pizarro, <a href="#page_193">193</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_419">419</a><br />
+
+Cane brake, near Cartago, <a href="#page_090">90</a><br />
+
+Cañete valley, <a href="#page_257">257</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_259">259</a><br />
+
+Cangas, Suer de, <a href="#page_185">185</a><br />
+
+Cannibalism, <a href="#page_050">50</a>, <a href="#page_052">52</a>, <a href="#page_060">60</a>, <a href="#page_071">71</a>, <a href="#page_079">79</a>, <a href="#page_084">84</a>, <a href="#page_096">96</a>, <a href="#page_097">97</a>, <a href="#page_101">101</a>, <a href="#page_115">115</a>, <a href="#page_118">118</a><br />
+
+Capitulation (between Pizarro and Queen Juana), <a href="#page_420">420</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Carachine Point, <a href="#page_020">20</a><br />
+
+Caracollo village, <a href="#page_381">381</a><br />
+
+Caraques, <a href="#page_185">185</a><br />
+
+Caramanta province, <a href="#page_126">126</a><br />
+
+Carangues, <a href="#page_133">133</a>, <a href="#page_138">138</a><br />
+
+Caraquen bay, <a href="#page_022">22</a><br />
+
+Caravaya river and gold of, <a href="#page_369">369</a><br />
+
+Carbajal (Francisco de), <a href="#page_276">276</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_303">303</a> <i>note</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">feeds on honey, <a href="#page_362">362</a>, <a href="#page_373">373</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_384">384</a>, <a href="#page_422">422</a>, <a href="#page_424">424</a> <i>note</i></span><br />
+
+—— (Yllan Suarez de), <a href="#page_305">305</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Cari, a chief of the Collas, <a href="#page_363">363</a><br />
+
+Cariapasa, Chief of Chucuito, <a href="#page_373">373</a><br />
+
+Carmenca hill at Cuzco, <a href="#page_325">325</a><br />
+
+Carrapa, <a href="#page_082">82</a>, <a href="#page_084">84</a><br />
+
+Carrion (Anton de), one of the thirteen companions of Pizarro, <a href="#page_420">420</a><br />
+
+Cartago, <a href="#page_067">67</a>, <a href="#page_085">85</a>, <a href="#page_092">92</a><br />
+
+Cartama, <a href="#page_060">60</a><br />
+
+Carthagena, <a href="#page_033">33</a>, 35<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_431" id="page_431"></a>{431}</span><br />
+
+Casma, port of, <a href="#page_026">26</a><br />
+
+Cauca river, <a href="#page_058">58</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_080">80</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_114">114</a><br />
+
+<i>Castellano</i>, value of, <a href="#page_159">159</a>, <a href="#page_272">272</a>, <a href="#page_387">387</a><br />
+
+Castro, Vaca de, <a href="#page_283">283</a>, <a href="#page_306">306</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_312">312</a><br />
+
+Carinas Indians, <a href="#page_354">354</a><br />
+
+Caxamarca, <a href="#page_269">269</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_271">271</a><br />
+
+Cayambes Indians, <a href="#page_137">137</a>, <a href="#page_161">161</a><br />
+
+Caymito fruit, <a href="#page_016">16</a>, <a href="#page_234">234</a><br />
+
+Ccapac Yupanqui, a victorious Ynca general, <a href="#page_269">269</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Ccuri-cancha, <a href="#page_328">328</a>, <a href="#page_385">385</a><br />
+
+Cegue river, of Quinbaya, <a href="#page_086">86</a><br />
+
+Cenasura, <a href="#page_067">67</a><br />
+
+Centeno (Diego de), <a href="#page_380">380</a>, <a href="#page_384">384</a><br />
+
+Cenu, <a href="#page_228">228</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">burial places at, <a href="#page_221">221</a></span><br />
+
+—— river, alligators in, <a href="#page_016">16-35</a><br />
+
+Cenasura, <a href="#page_126">126</a><br />
+
+Cesar (Francisco), <a href="#page_046">46</a>, <a href="#page_047">47</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_048">48</a>, <a href="#page_422">422</a><br />
+
+Cespedes (Juan de), a negro belonging to, mistakes dried bowels for sausages, <a href="#page_097">97</a><br />
+
+Chacama valley, <a href="#page_241">241</a><br />
+
+Chachapoyas, <a href="#page_277">277</a>, <a href="#page_278">278</a><br />
+
+<i>Chacu</i> or hunting of the Yncas, <a href="#page_288">288</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Chagres river, <a href="#page_017">17</a><br />
+
+Challcuchima, General of Atahualpa, burnt by order of Pizarro, <a href="#page_320">320</a><br />
+
+Chanca Indians, <a href="#page_280">280</a>, <a href="#page_315">315</a>, <a href="#page_316">316</a><br />
+
+Chanchan buildings, <a href="#page_162">162</a><br />
+
+Chancos flatten the skulls of their children, <a href="#page_096">96</a><br />
+
+Chapanchita provinces, <a href="#page_117">117</a><br />
+
+Chaqui, <a href="#page_383">383</a><br />
+
+<i>Chaquira</i> beads, <a href="#page_176">176</a>, <a href="#page_405">405</a><br />
+
+Charcas province, <a href="#page_381">381</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mines, <a href="#page_385">385</a></span><br />
+
+Chaves (Diego de), wife of, see Escobar.<br />
+
+—— (Francisco de), 292 and <i>note</i><br />
+
+Chayanta, <a href="#page_383">383</a><br />
+
+Chicha liquor, <a href="#page_152">152</a>, <a href="#page_220">220</a><br />
+
+Chichas village, <a href="#page_383">383</a><br />
+
+Chilane village, <a href="#page_373">373</a><br />
+
+Chilca, <a href="#page_255">255</a><br />
+
+Children, naming of, <a href="#page_231">231</a><br />
+
+Chile, <a href="#page_030">30-384</a><br />
+
+Chimu, valley and ruins, 242 and <i>note</i><br />
+
+Chincha valley, <a href="#page_228">228</a>, <a href="#page_260">260</a>; islands, <a href="#page_028">28</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Chinchay-cocha lake, <a href="#page_294">294</a>, <a href="#page_296">296</a><br />
+
+Chinchona plants at Loxa, <a href="#page_206">206</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Chiquana, <a href="#page_356">356</a><br />
+
+Chirimoya fruit, <a href="#page_234">234</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Choape, <a href="#page_031">31</a><br />
+
+<i>Chono</i>, dog so called, <a href="#page_235">235</a><br />
+
+<i>Chucha</i>, animal so called, <a href="#page_091">91</a><br />
+
+—— a shell fish, <a href="#page_016">16</a><br />
+
+Chucuito, <a href="#page_373">373</a><br />
+
+Chumbivilica, <a href="#page_335">335</a><br />
+
+<i>Chumpi</i> (belt), <a href="#page_146">146</a><br />
+
+Chunchos, <a href="#page_337">337</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Chupas, field of, <a href="#page_306">306</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Chuñus, <a href="#page_361">361</a><br />
+
+Chuqui-apu, <a href="#page_380">380</a><br />
+
+Cianca (Andres), a judge of the audience, <a href="#page_425">425</a><br />
+
+Cieza de Leon, dedication of his work, <a href="#page_001">1</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his habit of writing on the march, <a href="#page_003">3</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">plan of his work, <a href="#page_006">6</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">collects information concerning the coast, <a href="#page_027">27</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">loses his journals after the battle of Xaquixaguana, <a href="#page_032">32</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">joins Vadillo, <a href="#page_041">41</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">finds a quantity of gold, <a href="#page_077">77</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">joins Belalcazar, <a href="#page_110">110</a> <i>note</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">method of collecting information, <a href="#page_177">177</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">marching to join the royal army, <a href="#page_151">151</a>, <a href="#page_167">167</a>, <a href="#page_241">241</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">crosses the bridge over the Apurimac, <a href="#page_319">319</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">goes to Charcas, <a href="#page_339">339</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Pucara, <a href="#page_368">368</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">continues to take notes in the Collao, <a href="#page_364">364</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and at Tiahuanaco, <a href="#page_376">376</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proposes to form plantations of trees, <a href="#page_401">401</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sees God’s hand visibly in the conquest of the Indies, <a href="#page_418">418</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">finishes his work, <a href="#page_427">427</a></span><br />
+
+Cinnamon, <a href="#page_137">137</a>, <a href="#page_142">142</a><br />
+
+Cinto, valley of, <a href="#page_240">240</a><br />
+
+Climate of Peru, <a href="#page_130">130</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Quito, <a href="#page_140">140</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of the Peruvian coast, <a href="#page_214">214</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of the Collao, <a href="#page_360">360</a></span><br />
+
+Cloth weaving, <a href="#page_405">405</a><br />
+
+Coast valleys, <a href="#page_129">129</a>, <a href="#page_214">214-216</a> to <a href="#page_268">268</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fertility of, <a href="#page_233">233</a></span><br />
+
+Coca, <a href="#page_352">352</a><br />
+
+Coconucos Indians, <a href="#page_112">112</a>, <a href="#page_116">116</a><br />
+
+Cochabamba, <a href="#page_383">383</a><br />
+
+Cochesqui, <a href="#page_139">139</a><br />
+
+Collaguaso village, <a href="#page_137">137</a><br />
+
+Collahuayos, <a href="#page_398">398</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Collao province, <a href="#page_324">324</a>, <a href="#page_359">359</a>, <a href="#page_360">360</a>, <a href="#page_362">362</a>, <a href="#page_370">370</a><br />
+
+—— Indians (see Collas), <a href="#page_367">367</a><br />
+
+Collique, <a href="#page_240">240</a><br />
+
+Colmenares (Diego de), <a href="#page_034">34</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Colonists (see <i>Mitimaes</i>).<br />
+
+Conchucos, <a href="#page_286">286-291</a><br />
+
+Consota, salt from, <a href="#page_126">126</a><br />
+
+Conversion of an Indian, in spite of the Devil, 415<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_432" id="page_432"></a>{432}</span><br />
+
+Copayapo, <a href="#page_030">30</a><br />
+
+Coquimbo, <a href="#page_030">30</a><br />
+
+Cori, salt from, <a href="#page_125">125</a><br />
+
+Corrientes cape, <a href="#page_020">20</a><br />
+
+Cosa (Juan de la), <a href="#page_033">33</a><br />
+
+Cotton, <a href="#page_143">143</a>, <a href="#page_393">393</a><br />
+
+Cuellar (Francisco de) one of Pizarro’s thirteen companions, <a href="#page_420">420</a><br />
+
+<i>Cui</i>, or guinea pigs, <a href="#page_063">63</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Cunti-suyu, <a href="#page_324">324</a>, <a href="#page_335">335</a><br />
+
+Cuzco, dress of ladies of, <a href="#page_146">146</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">situation, <a href="#page_322">322</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">divisions, <a href="#page_325">325</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">streets and wards, <a href="#page_327">327</a> <i>note</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">temple of the sun, <a href="#page_328">328</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">founded by Manco Ccapac, <a href="#page_329">329</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">description, <a href="#page_330">330</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians from all parts living in, <a href="#page_330">330</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bishop of, <a href="#page_424">424</a></span><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="ind-D" id="ind-D">D</a>abaybe (or Dobaybe, which see).<br />
+
+<i>Dantas</i>, or tapirs, <a href="#page_164">164</a><br />
+
+Darien river, <a href="#page_095">95</a><br />
+
+Desaguadero river, <a href="#page_373">373</a><br />
+
+Deserts on the coast, described, <a href="#page_128">128</a>, <a href="#page_238">238</a>, <a href="#page_240">240</a><br />
+
+Devil, in nearly every page;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his wiles, <a href="#page_225">225</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">devil of Peru (see <i>Supay</i>, see <i>Xixarama</i>);</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">devils interfering to prevent conversion of an Indian, <a href="#page_416">416</a></span><br />
+
+Dioceses in Peru, <a href="#page_424">424</a><br />
+
+Dobaybe, country of, <a href="#page_036">36</a>, <a href="#page_047">47</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_049">49</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Dogs in Peru, <a href="#page_235">235</a><br />
+
+Doorways (monolithic) at Tiahuanaco, <a href="#page_376">376</a><br />
+
+Dress of ladies of Cuzco, <a href="#page_146">146</a><br />
+
+Ducks, Indians breed many, <a href="#page_235">235</a><br />
+
+Dyes used by the Indians, <a href="#page_405">405</a>, <a href="#page_406">406</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="ind-E" id="ind-E">E</a>arthquakes at Arequipa, <a href="#page_268">268</a><br />
+
+Enciso, the Bachiller, <a href="#page_034">34</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Equinoctial line, <a href="#page_173">173</a><br />
+
+Emeralds, <a href="#page_183">183</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">broken by the Spaniards, <a href="#page_185">185</a></span><br />
+
+Encomiendas, <a href="#page_072">72</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Escobar (Maria de) introduces wheat into Peru, <a href="#page_400">400</a><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="ind-F" id="ind-F">F</a>air at Potosi, <a href="#page_391">391</a><br />
+
+Female succession, <a href="#page_064">64</a>, <a href="#page_073">73</a>, <a href="#page_083">83</a><br />
+
+Ferrol, port of, <a href="#page_026">26</a><br />
+
+Fertility of coast valleys, <a href="#page_233">233</a><br />
+
+Fish, <i>Manatee</i>, <a href="#page_114">114</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bonitos, <a href="#page_175">175</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sardines used as manure, <a href="#page_255">255</a></span><br />
+
+Flowers used for sacrifices, <a href="#page_071">71</a><br />
+
+Fossil bones, <a href="#page_194">194</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Fountain (hot) near Quito, <a href="#page_132">132</a><br />
+
+Foxes, <a href="#page_237">237</a>, <a href="#page_402">402</a><br />
+
+Fruits of Panama, <a href="#page_016">16</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in the Cauca valley, <a href="#page_073">73</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Pasto, <a href="#page_122">122</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">called <i>mortuño</i>, <a href="#page_132">132</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Puerto Viejo, <a href="#page_175">175</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of the Peruvian coast valleys, <a href="#page_234">234</a>, <a href="#page_235">235</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Huanuco, <a href="#page_283">283</a></span><br />
+
+Funes, a village of the Pastos, <a href="#page_131">131</a><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="ind-G" id="ind-G">G</a>allo, island of, <a href="#page_021">21</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pizarro and his thirteen companions on, <a href="#page_419">419</a> <i>note</i></span><br />
+
+Garcilasso de la Vega, <a href="#page_157">157</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_185">185</a><br />
+
+Gasca (Pedro de la), <a href="#page_208">208</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cieza de Leon marches to join the army of, <a href="#page_241">241</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Andahuaylas, <a href="#page_318">318</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">executes Gonzalo Pizarro, <a href="#page_320">320</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">gives letters of introduction to Cieza de Leon, <a href="#page_339">339</a></span><br />
+
+Gaspar, an Indian Governor at Chucuito, <a href="#page_373">373</a><br />
+
+Gavilan (Diego), <a href="#page_303">303</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Giants at Point Santa Elena, <a href="#page_189">189</a><br />
+
+Giron (Francisco Hernandez de), <a href="#page_079">79</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Gold, <a href="#page_057">57</a>, <a href="#page_070">70</a>, <a href="#page_077">77</a>, <a href="#page_079">79</a>, <a href="#page_086">86</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Quichua word for, <a href="#page_281">281</a> <i>note</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Cunti-suyu, <a href="#page_336">336</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Caravaya, <a href="#page_369">369</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Chuquiapu, <a href="#page_381">381</a>, <a href="#page_386">386</a> <i>note</i></span><br />
+
+Gorgona island, <a href="#page_021">21</a>, <a href="#page_420">420</a><br />
+
+Gorrones Indians, round Cali, <a href="#page_097">97</a>, <a href="#page_098">98</a><br />
+
+Government of the Yncas, <a href="#page_164">164</a><br />
+
+Guaca, province of, <a href="#page_132">132</a>, <a href="#page_422">422</a><br />
+
+<i>Guacamayos</i> (macaws), <a href="#page_199">199</a><br />
+
+<i>Guadaquinages</i>, animals the size of a hare, <a href="#page_091">91</a>, <a href="#page_098">98</a><br />
+
+Guallabamba, <a href="#page_139">139</a><br />
+
+Guamanga, founded, <a href="#page_307">307</a>, <a href="#page_308">308</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians of, <a href="#page_310">310</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bishops of, <a href="#page_424">424</a> <i>note</i></span><br />
+
+Guamaraconas (<i>Huayna-cuna</i>), natives of Otabalo and Carangue so-called, <a href="#page_138">138</a><br />
+
+Guambia, province of, <a href="#page_109">109</a><br />
+
+Guanaco (see Huanacu).<br />
+
+Guañape, <a href="#page_026">26</a>, <a href="#page_245">245</a><br />
+
+Guancavilcas, <a href="#page_168">168</a>, <a href="#page_181">181</a>, <a href="#page_192">192</a><br />
+
+Guano islands, <a href="#page_265">265</a>, <a href="#page_266">266</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Guarco valley, <a href="#page_257">257</a>; fortress, <a href="#page_258">258</a><br />
+
+Guarmay, <a href="#page_026">26</a>, <a href="#page_247">247</a><br />
+
+Guanavanas (fruit), <a href="#page_099">99</a>, <a href="#page_234">234</a><br />
+
+Guasco, chief of Andahuaylas, <a href="#page_315">315</a>, <a href="#page_318">318</a><br />
+
+Guavas (fruit), <a href="#page_016">16</a>, <a href="#page_099">99</a>, <a href="#page_234">234</a><br />
+
+Guayaquil, <a href="#page_197">197</a>, <a href="#page_201">201</a>, <a href="#page_203">203</a><br />
+
+Guayavas (fruit), <a href="#page_073">73</a>, <a href="#page_099">99</a>, 234<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_433" id="page_433"></a>{433}</span><br />
+
+Guevara (Juan Perez de), <a href="#page_280">280</a>, <a href="#page_281">281</a><br />
+
+Guinea pigs, <a href="#page_063">63</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Gutierrez (Felipe), <a href="#page_383">383</a>, <a href="#page_406">406</a><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="ind-H" id="ind-H">H</a>aro (Hernando de) protests against the murder of Atahualpa, <a href="#page_292">292</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Harvest, Indian ceremony at, <a href="#page_412">412</a><br />
+
+Hatun-cana village, <a href="#page_356">356</a><br />
+
+Hatun-cañari buildings, <a href="#page_162">162</a><br />
+
+Hatun-colla, <a href="#page_369">369</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Hayo-hayo, <a href="#page_381">381</a><br />
+
+Heads (see Skulls).<br />
+
+Head-dresses of Indian tribes, <a href="#page_145">145</a> <i>note</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of the Cañaris, <a href="#page_167">167</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians known by them, <a href="#page_171">171-2</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of chiefs on the coast, <a href="#page_225">225</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">different tribes collected together at Cuzco known by their head-dresses, <a href="#page_330">330</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">head-dress of the Cavinas, <a href="#page_354">354</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of the Collas, <a href="#page_363">363</a></span><br />
+
+Herrada (Juan de) protests against the murder of Atahualpa, <a href="#page_292">292</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Herbs (medicinal), <a href="#page_398">398</a><br />
+
+Heredia (Pedro de), <a href="#page_035">35</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_047">47</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_113">113</a><br />
+
+—— (Alonzo de), <a href="#page_035">35</a><br />
+
+—— (Nicolas de), <a href="#page_383">383</a>, <a href="#page_406">406</a><br />
+
+Hernandez (Gomez), <a href="#page_415">415</a><br />
+
+Hervay, Ynca fortress of, <a href="#page_259">259</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Hinojoso (Pedro de), <a href="#page_383">383</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+—— (Ruy Sanchez de), <a href="#page_384">384</a><br />
+
+Honey (see Carbajal, Francisco de).<br />
+
+Horuro village, <a href="#page_356">356</a><br />
+
+Huacas, <a href="#page_077">77</a>, <a href="#page_228">228</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Huaca-camayoc or sorcerers, <a href="#page_413">413</a>, <a href="#page_414">414</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Huaqui village, <a href="#page_374">374</a><br />
+
+Huamachuco, <a href="#page_287">287</a><br />
+
+Huambacho, <a href="#page_247">247</a><br />
+
+Huanacus, <a href="#page_394">394</a><br />
+
+Huancas, Indians, <a href="#page_279">279</a>, <a href="#page_298">298</a><br />
+
+Huancabamba, <a href="#page_210">210</a>, <a href="#page_269">269</a><br />
+
+Huanuco, <a href="#page_282">282</a>, <a href="#page_283">283</a>, <a href="#page_284">284</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_285">285</a><br />
+
+Huara, <a href="#page_026">26</a>, <a href="#page_248">248</a><br />
+
+Huaray, <a href="#page_293">293</a><br />
+
+Huarina, battle of, <a href="#page_009">9</a>, 380 and <i>note</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">village and battle, <a href="#page_380">380</a></span><br />
+
+Huarivilca, god of the Huancas, <a href="#page_300">300</a><br />
+
+Huascar Ynca, <a href="#page_272">272</a>, <a href="#page_273">273</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_421">421</a><br />
+
+Huayna Ccapac, Ynca, <a href="#page_133">133</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_140">140</a>, <a href="#page_169">169</a>, <a href="#page_179">179</a>, <a href="#page_193">193</a><br />
+
+Huaylos, province of, <a href="#page_286">286</a><br />
+
+<i>Huayras</i> used in the mines at Potosi, <a href="#page_389">389</a><br />
+
+Huillac-Umu, chief priest, <a href="#page_329">329</a><br />
+
+Huira-ccocha, Creator, <a href="#page_162">162</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ynca, <a href="#page_226">226</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_308">308</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_332">332</a>, <a href="#page_338">338</a>, <a href="#page_355">355</a>, <a href="#page_363">363</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">God, <a href="#page_162">162</a>, <a href="#page_357">357</a>, <a href="#page_367">367</a></span><br />
+
+Huis-cacha (rabbit), <a href="#page_402">402</a><br />
+
+Hunting of the Yncas, 288 and <i>note</i><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="ind-I-i" id="ind-I-i">I</a>nca (see Ynca).<br />
+
+Indies, discovery of, <a href="#page_011">11</a><br />
+
+Indians, attempts at converting, <a href="#page_012">12</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Uraba, <a href="#page_036">36-9</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">arms of, <a href="#page_071">71</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Arma, <a href="#page_070">70</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Antioquia, <a href="#page_063">63</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sacrifices, <a href="#page_071">71</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">granted in <i>Encomienda</i>, <a href="#page_072">72</a> <i>note</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">eat human flesh, <a href="#page_073">73</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Paucura, <a href="#page_075">75</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Pozo, <a href="#page_076">76</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">great warriors, <a href="#page_078">78</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Picara, <a href="#page_080">80</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Carrapa, <a href="#page_082">82</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Cali, <a href="#page_096">96-100</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">customs of, <a href="#page_101">101</a>, <a href="#page_112">112</a>, <a href="#page_116">116</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Pasto, <a href="#page_120">120</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Carangue, <a href="#page_138">138</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Otabalo, <a href="#page_138">138</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Puruaes, <a href="#page_161">161</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cañaris, <a href="#page_162">162-7</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Puerto Viejo, <a href="#page_172">172-6</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guancavilcas, <a href="#page_181">181</a>, <a href="#page_192">192</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mantas, <a href="#page_182">182</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Puna, <a href="#page_199">199</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Guayaquil, <a href="#page_203">203</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of the coast (see Yuncas);</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Chachapoyas, <a href="#page_278">278</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Huancas, <a href="#page_279">279</a>, <a href="#page_298">298</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charcas, <a href="#page_280">280</a>, <a href="#page_315">315</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Huanuco, <a href="#page_285">285</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Guamanga, <a href="#page_310">310</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Cunti-suyu, <a href="#page_335">335</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in the eastern forests, <a href="#page_339">339</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cavinas, <a href="#page_354">354</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Canches, <a href="#page_355">355</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Canas, <a href="#page_356">356</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Collas, <a href="#page_359">359</a>, <a href="#page_363">363</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">oppression of by the chiefs, <a href="#page_410">410</a></span><br />
+
+Ipiales, village of, <a href="#page_131">131</a><br />
+
+Irrigation, works of, 236 and <i>note</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Yca, <a href="#page_263">263</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">near Cuzco, <a href="#page_354">354</a></span><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="ind-J" id="ind-J">J</a>erez (Garcia de), one of Pizarro’s thirteen companions, <a href="#page_420">420</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Juli village, <a href="#page_373">373</a><br />
+
+Juliaca village, <a href="#page_369">369</a><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="ind-L" id="ind-L">L</a>adrillo (Juan de) founds Buenaventura, <a href="#page_104">104</a><br />
+
+Ladrillero (Juan) navigates Lake Titicaca, <a href="#page_370">370</a><br />
+
+Lakes, salt, 399 (see Bombon, Titicaca).<br />
+
+Lampa, village, harvest ceremony at, <a href="#page_412">412</a><br />
+
+La Merced church in Cuzco, <a href="#page_426">426</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Langazi, valley and inhabitants, <a href="#page_147">147</a><br />
+
+Language of Indians, <a href="#page_070">70</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Indians of Paucura, <a href="#page_074">74</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Quichua grammar, <a href="#page_163">163</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Quichua to be used throughout the empire of the Yncas, <a href="#page_146">146</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Great variety of, <a href="#page_407">407</a></span><br />
+
+La Paz, <a href="#page_380">380</a>, 381<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_434" id="page_434"></a>{434}</span><br />
+
+La Plata river, supposed source, <a href="#page_295">295</a>, (see Plata)<br />
+
+Ledesma (Baltazar de), <a href="#page_423">423</a><br />
+
+Legends of the Huancas, <a href="#page_299">299</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of the Chancas, <a href="#page_316">316</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of the temple at Cacha, <a href="#page_357">357</a> <i>note</i></span><br />
+
+Lejesama (Marcio Serra de), curious will of, <a href="#page_124">124</a><br />
+
+Lile, valley of, <a href="#page_101">101</a>, <a href="#page_104">104</a><br />
+
+Lima, <a href="#page_248">248</a><br />
+
+Limara river, <a href="#page_031">31</a><br />
+
+Limatambo, 320 and <i>note</i><br />
+
+Llacta-cunga, ruins, <a href="#page_143">143</a>, <a href="#page_150">150</a><br />
+
+Llamas, <a href="#page_393">393</a><br />
+
+<i>Lliclla</i> (or mantle), <a href="#page_146">146</a><br />
+
+Loaysa, Archbishop of Lima, <a href="#page_227">227</a>, <a href="#page_424">424</a><br />
+
+Lobos, island of, <a href="#page_025">25</a><br />
+
+Loxa, <a href="#page_205">205</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Chinchona</i> plant of, <a href="#page_206">206</a></span><br />
+
+Luchengo island, <a href="#page_031">31</a><br />
+
+Lunahuana river, <a href="#page_260">260</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(or Runahuanac), <a href="#page_228">228</a></span><br />
+
+<br />
+<i><a name="ind-M" id="ind-M"></a>Maca</i>, bird so-called, <a href="#page_175">175</a><br />
+
+<i>Macana</i>, a weapon, <a href="#page_049">49</a>, <a href="#page_203">203</a><br />
+
+Magdalena river, <a href="#page_111">111</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Magellan’s strait, <a href="#page_031">31</a>, <a href="#page_384">384</a><br />
+
+Maize, <a href="#page_233">233</a>, etc.<br />
+
+Mala, valley of, 256 and <i>note</i><br />
+
+Maldonado (Diego de), 317 and <i>note</i><br />
+
+Mama-cunas, <a href="#page_025">25</a>, <a href="#page_149">149</a>, <a href="#page_164">164</a>, <a href="#page_369">369</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">employed in weaving, <a href="#page_405">405</a></span><br />
+
+Manatee, <a href="#page_114">114</a><br />
+
+Manco Ccapac, <a href="#page_136">136</a>, <a href="#page_194">194</a>, <a href="#page_329">329</a>, <a href="#page_354">354</a>, <a href="#page_409">409</a><br />
+
+Manco Ynca, <a href="#page_304">304</a>, <a href="#page_306">306</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Mansanillo tree, <a href="#page_038">38</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Juan Agraz eats a dozen apples off the mansanillo trees, <a href="#page_039">39</a></span><br />
+
+Mantas, <a href="#page_182">182</a>, <a href="#page_184">184</a><br />
+
+Market at Potosi, <a href="#page_391">391</a><br />
+
+Martin (Roque), Retribution for cruelty to the Indians, <a href="#page_423">423</a><br />
+
+Maule river, <a href="#page_031">31</a><br />
+
+Mendoza (Antonio de), viceroy of Peru, <a href="#page_425">425</a><br />
+
+—— (Alonzo de), founds La Paz, <a href="#page_381">381</a><br />
+
+—— (Francisco de), <a href="#page_383">383</a><br />
+
+—— (Lope de), <a href="#page_384">384</a><br />
+
+—— (Pedro de) protests against the murder of Atahualpa, <a href="#page_292">292</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Mercadillo (Alonzo de) founds Loxa, <a href="#page_206">206</a>, <a href="#page_208">208</a><br />
+
+Metals, precious, knowledge of, by the Peruvians, <a href="#page_385">385</a><br />
+
+Miller, General, <a href="#page_265">265</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Mines in Cañaris, <a href="#page_169">169</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of emeraldsat Manta, <a href="#page_183">183</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Tarapaca, <a href="#page_266">266</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Conchucos, <a href="#page_293">293</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Potosi, <a href="#page_382">382-6</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of silver in Charcas, <a href="#page_385">385</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Porco, <a href="#page_385">385</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of gold in Tipuani, <a href="#page_386">386</a> <i>note</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in the Andes, 406 (see <i>Gold</i>, <i>Silver</i>).</span><br />
+
+Mira river, <a href="#page_133">133</a><br />
+
+Miracles in favour of the Spaniards, <a href="#page_422">422</a><br />
+
+Misti volcano, <a href="#page_268">268</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Mitimaes (colonists), <a href="#page_149">149</a>, <a href="#page_150">150</a>, <a href="#page_209">209</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Caxamarca, <a href="#page_271">271</a>, <a href="#page_328">328</a>, <a href="#page_362">362</a></span><br />
+
+Mocha, buildings at, <a href="#page_154">154</a><br />
+
+Mohina, treasure found at, <a href="#page_353">353</a><br />
+
+<i>Molle</i> trees, <a href="#page_299">299</a>, <a href="#page_397">397</a><br />
+
+Molina (Alonzo de), one of the thirteen companions of Pizarro, <a href="#page_420">420</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Mompox, city of, <a href="#page_114">114</a><br />
+
+Monasteries in Peru, <a href="#page_426">426</a><br />
+
+Mora (Diego de) protests against the murder of Atahualpa, <a href="#page_292">292</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Morgan the buccaneer, <a href="#page_017">17</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+<i>Mortuñas</i>, a fruit near Quito, <a href="#page_132">132</a><br />
+
+Moscoso (Francisco) protests against the murder of Atahualpa, <a href="#page_292">292</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Motupe, valley, <a href="#page_239">239</a><br />
+
+Moyobamba, <a href="#page_280">280</a><br />
+
+Mulahalo, <a href="#page_147">147</a>, <a href="#page_148">148</a><br />
+
+Muliambato, buildings of, <a href="#page_153">153</a><br />
+
+Mummies of the Yncas, <a href="#page_226">226</a> <i>note</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">carried about at Xauxa, <a href="#page_227">227</a></span><br />
+
+Mungia, supply of salt from, <a href="#page_126">126</a><br />
+
+Muñoz (Miguel), founder of Cali, <a href="#page_087">87</a>, <a href="#page_100">100</a><br />
+
+Mussels, used as food at Panama, <a href="#page_016">16</a><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="ind-N" id="ind-N">N</a>abonuco, a cannibal chief, <a href="#page_051">51</a><br />
+
+Names given to children, <a href="#page_230">230</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">signification of, <a href="#page_231">231</a> <i>note</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of the Yncas, <a href="#page_231">231</a> <i>note</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#page_329">329</a> <i>note</i></span><br />
+
+Nasca, promontory, <a href="#page_028">28</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">works of irrigation at, <a href="#page_236">236</a> <i>note</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">valley, <a href="#page_264">264</a></span><br />
+
+Navigation, of the west coast, <a href="#page_019">19</a><br />
+
+Neyva, valley of, <a href="#page_094">94</a><br />
+
+Nicasio village, <a href="#page_365">365</a>, <a href="#page_369">369</a><br />
+
+Nicuesa (Diego de), <a href="#page_033">33</a>, <a href="#page_034">34</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Nombre de Dios, <a href="#page_016">16</a>, <a href="#page_017">17</a><br />
+
+Nutibara Cacique, <a href="#page_046">46</a><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="ind-O" id="ind-O">O</a>ca, 361 and <i>note</i><br />
+
+Ocoña valley, <a href="#page_029">29</a>, <a href="#page_265">265</a><br />
+
+Ojeda (Alonzo de), <a href="#page_033">33</a>, <a href="#page_034">34</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Olive trees in Peru, <a href="#page_401">401</a> <i>note</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_435" id="page_435"></a>{435}</span><br />
+
+Ollantay-tambo, ruins at, <a href="#page_333">333</a><br />
+
+Omasuyo, <a href="#page_369">369</a><br />
+
+Ondegordo (Polo de), 387 and <i>note</i><br />
+
+Opossum (see <i>Chuchu</i>).<br />
+
+<i>Orejones</i>, nobles of Cuzco, <a href="#page_193">193</a>, <a href="#page_196">196</a>, <a href="#page_261">261</a>, <a href="#page_337">337</a><br />
+
+Orellana (Francisco de), <a href="#page_112">112</a>, <a href="#page_202">202</a>, <a href="#page_406">406</a><br />
+
+Orgoñez, Rodrigo, <a href="#page_254">254</a>, <a href="#page_304">304</a><br />
+
+Otabalo, robbery by natives of, <a href="#page_138">138</a><br />
+
+Otaso (Marcos), a priest, who gives an account of a harvest ceremony of the Indians at Lampa, <a href="#page_412">412</a><br />
+
+Ovejas river, <a href="#page_108">108</a><br />
+
+Oviedo, the historian, <a href="#page_035">35</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="ind-P" id="ind-P">P</a>acasmayu valley, <a href="#page_240">240</a><br />
+
+Paccari-tampu, <a href="#page_320">320</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_335">335</a><br />
+
+Paccay fruit, <a href="#page_016">16</a><br />
+
+Pachacamac, <a href="#page_251">251</a>, <a href="#page_253">253</a>, <a href="#page_254">254</a><br />
+
+Pachacutec Ynca, <a href="#page_269">269</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Pacheco (Francisco), founds Puerto Viejo, <a href="#page_187">187</a><br />
+
+——, Juan, <a href="#page_417">417</a><br />
+
+Pachachaca river, <a href="#page_317">317</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Pallas, ladies of Cuzco, their dress, <a href="#page_146">146</a>, <a href="#page_147">147</a>, <a href="#page_277">277</a><br />
+
+Palms and <i>palmitos</i>, <a href="#page_036">36</a>, called Pixiuares, <a href="#page_044">44</a>, <a href="#page_068">68</a>, <a href="#page_073">73</a>, <a href="#page_100">100</a><br />
+
+Palta fruit, <a href="#page_016">16</a>, <a href="#page_073">73</a>, <a href="#page_099">99</a>, <a href="#page_234">234</a><br />
+
+Paltas, town of, <a href="#page_205">205</a><br />
+
+Pampas river, <a href="#page_314">314</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Panama, <a href="#page_014">14</a>, <a href="#page_015">15</a>, <a href="#page_016">16</a>, <a href="#page_017">17</a><br />
+
+Pancorbo, Juan de, <a href="#page_359">359</a><br />
+
+Pansaleo, <a href="#page_145">145</a>, <a href="#page_147">147</a><br />
+
+Paria province, <a href="#page_381">381</a><br />
+
+Pariña, point of, <a href="#page_025">25</a><br />
+
+Parcos, <a href="#page_302">302</a><br />
+
+Passaos, <a href="#page_022">22</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the first port in Peru, <a href="#page_172">172</a></span><br />
+
+Pasto, <a href="#page_054">54</a>, <a href="#page_055">55</a>, <a href="#page_120">120</a>, <a href="#page_121">121</a>, <a href="#page_123">123</a><br />
+
+Parmonga ruined fortress, <a href="#page_247">247</a><br />
+
+Patia valley, <a href="#page_118">118</a><br />
+
+Paucar-tampu, <a href="#page_320">320</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_337">337</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Paucura, <a href="#page_074">74</a>, <a href="#page_075">75</a><br />
+
+Paullu, son of Huayna Ccapac Ynca, <a href="#page_077">77</a>, <a href="#page_224">224</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Payta, port of, <a href="#page_025">25</a><br />
+
+Paz, Martin de, one of the thirteen companions of Pizarro, <a href="#page_420">420</a><br />
+
+Pearl Islands, <a href="#page_020">20</a><br />
+
+Peccary, <a href="#page_037">37</a><br />
+
+Pedrarias, governor of Panama, <a href="#page_034">34</a><br />
+
+<i>Pepino</i> fruit, <a href="#page_234">234</a>, <a href="#page_262">262</a><br />
+
+Peralta, Cristoval de, one of the thirteen companions of Pizarro, <a href="#page_420">420</a><br />
+
+Pericos-ligeros, <a href="#page_036">36</a><br />
+
+Petecuy, chief, <a href="#page_101">101</a><br />
+
+Peru, description, <a href="#page_128">128</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">climate, <a href="#page_130">130</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">natives, <a href="#page_135">135</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">products, <a href="#page_400">400</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">races in, <a href="#page_407">407</a> <i>note</i></span><br />
+
+Philip II, dedication to, <a href="#page_001">1</a><br />
+
+Piandomo river, <a href="#page_109">109</a><br />
+
+Picara, province of, <a href="#page_080">80</a>, <a href="#page_081">81</a><br />
+
+Picoy valley, <a href="#page_302">302</a><br />
+
+Pigs, value of, <a href="#page_095">95</a><br />
+
+Pillaros Indians, <a href="#page_155">155</a><br />
+
+Piñas, puerto de, <a href="#page_020">20</a><br />
+
+Pincos, <a href="#page_294">294</a><br />
+
+Pine apples, <a href="#page_099">99</a><br />
+
+Pinto Simon, Corregidor of Chucuito, <a href="#page_373">373</a><br />
+
+Pirsa village, chief of tormented by devils, <a href="#page_415">415</a><br />
+
+Pisacoma village, <a href="#page_149">149</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Pisagua river, <a href="#page_030">30</a><br />
+
+Piscobamba, <a href="#page_293">293</a><br />
+
+<i>Pitahaya</i> fruit, <a href="#page_069">69</a><br />
+
+Piura valley, <a href="#page_213">213</a><br />
+
+Pixiuares palms (see Palms).<br />
+
+Pizarro, Francisco de, at Darien, <a href="#page_034">34</a> <i>note</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Gorgone, <a href="#page_021">21</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hears of the arrival of Alvarado, <a href="#page_156">156</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">founds San Miguel, <a href="#page_214">214</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Truxillo, <a href="#page_244">244</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lima, <a href="#page_250">250</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interview with Almagro at Mala, <a href="#page_256">256</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">founds Arequipa, <a href="#page_268">268</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Caxamarca, <a href="#page_272">272</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">assassination of, <a href="#page_292">292</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_353">353</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">refounds Cuzco, <a href="#page_329">329</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">founds Guamanga, <a href="#page_310">310</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">account of his thirteen companions on the island of Gallo, <a href="#page_419">419</a> <i>note</i></span><br />
+
+—— (Gonzalo), <a href="#page_032">32</a>, <a href="#page_137">137</a>, <a href="#page_187">187</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_221">221</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_255">255</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_303">303</a>, <a href="#page_306">306</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_311">311</a>, <a href="#page_320">320</a>, <a href="#page_380">380</a><br />
+
+—— (Hernando), <a href="#page_253">253</a>, <a href="#page_254">254</a>, <a href="#page_335">335</a><br />
+
+Plata, island of, <a href="#page_024">24</a>, <a href="#page_199">199</a><br />
+
+Plata, town, <a href="#page_382">382</a><br />
+
+Pocheos, river, on the coast, <a href="#page_213">213</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">city of, <a href="#page_032">32</a>, <a href="#page_381">381</a>, <a href="#page_382">382</a>, <a href="#page_384">384</a></span><br />
+
+Pocona village, <a href="#page_384">384</a><br />
+
+Pocras Indians, <a href="#page_308">308</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Poison of Indians of Carthagena, <a href="#page_038">38</a><br />
+
+Pomata, <a href="#page_373">373</a><br />
+
+Popayan, <a href="#page_032">32</a>, <a href="#page_054">54</a>, <a href="#page_055">55</a>, <a href="#page_109">109</a>, <a href="#page_115">115</a>, <a href="#page_124">124</a><br />
+
+Porco, <a href="#page_285">285</a><br />
+
+Ports between Panama and Chile, <a href="#page_019">19</a>, <a href="#page_027">27</a><br />
+
+Pozo, <a href="#page_075">75</a>, <a href="#page_076">76</a>, <a href="#page_079">79</a><br />
+
+Potatoe, 360 and <i>note</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sweet potatoe, 234<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_436" id="page_436"></a>{436}</span></span><br />
+
+Potosi mines, <a href="#page_384">384</a>, <a href="#page_390">390</a>, <a href="#page_391">391</a><br />
+
+Pottery, Peruvian, <a href="#page_404">404</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Pucara, <a href="#page_302">302</a>, <a href="#page_368">368</a><br />
+
+Puelles, Pedro de, <a href="#page_187">187</a>, <a href="#page_283">283</a><br />
+
+Puerto Viejo, <a href="#page_022">22</a>, <a href="#page_174">174</a>, <a href="#page_180">180</a>, <a href="#page_187">187</a><br />
+
+Pultamarca medicinal springs, <a href="#page_271">271</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Puna, island of, <a href="#page_024">24</a>, <a href="#page_198">198</a><br />
+
+Puruaes Indians, <a href="#page_154">154</a>, <a href="#page_161">161</a><br />
+
+Purús river, <i>note</i> on by Mr. Spruce, <a href="#page_339">339</a><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="ind-Q" id="ind-Q">Q</a>ualmatan village, near Quito, <a href="#page_131">131</a><br />
+
+Quepaypa, battle of, <a href="#page_274">274</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Quichua language, <a href="#page_146">146</a>, <a href="#page_163">163</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meaning of the word, <a href="#page_316">316</a> <i>note</i></span><br />
+
+Quijos, <a href="#page_137">137</a>, <a href="#page_147">147</a><br />
+
+Quilca river and port, <a href="#page_029">29</a>, <a href="#page_265">265</a><br />
+
+Quillacingas Indians, <a href="#page_131">131</a><br />
+
+Quinua, <a href="#page_143">143</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_361">361</a><br />
+
+Quinbaya province, <a href="#page_085">85</a>, <a href="#page_088">88</a><br />
+
+Quinuchu, brother of the Cacique Nutibara, <a href="#page_046">46</a><br />
+
+Quipus, <a href="#page_290">290</a><br />
+
+Quiquixana, <a href="#page_354">354</a><br />
+
+Quito, <a href="#page_131">131</a>, <a href="#page_140">140</a>, <a href="#page_141">141</a>, <a href="#page_144">144</a>, <a href="#page_145">145</a><br />
+
+Quiximies rivers, <a href="#page_022">22</a><br />
+
+Quizquiz, general of Atahualpa, <a href="#page_292">292</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="ind-R" id="ind-R">R</a>ain, absence of, on the coast, <a href="#page_214">214</a><br />
+
+Ransom of Atahualpa, amount, <a href="#page_272">272</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+<i>Repartimiento</i> of Indians, <a href="#page_068">68</a>, <a href="#page_208">208</a><br />
+
+Ribera, Nicolas, one of Pizarro’s thirteen companions, <a href="#page_419">419</a>, <a href="#page_420">420</a><br />
+
+—— (Antonio de), introduces olives into Peru, <a href="#page_401">401</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Religion of Cañaris, <a href="#page_162">162</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guancavilcas, <a href="#page_181">181</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Mantas, <a href="#page_183">183</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Indians of Huamachuco, <a href="#page_289">289</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Canas, <a href="#page_357">357</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of the Indians of the Collao, <a href="#page_366">366</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Huanuco, <a href="#page_285">285</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of the coast, <a href="#page_221">221</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Huancas, <a href="#page_299">299</a></span><br />
+
+Retribution on Spaniards for cruelty to Indians, <a href="#page_422">422-3</a><br />
+
+Rimac river, <a href="#page_250">250</a><br />
+
+Riobamba, buildings at, <a href="#page_155">155</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">people, <a href="#page_160">160</a></span><br />
+
+Rio frio, <a href="#page_099">99</a><br />
+
+Rios (Pedro de los), <a href="#page_419">419</a><br />
+
+Roads of the Yncas, 158 and <i>note</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the coast, <a href="#page_217">217</a>, <a href="#page_218">218</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_287">287</a>, <a href="#page_290">290</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Huaraz, <a href="#page_293">293</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">from Xauxa to Guamanga, <a href="#page_302">302</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">along a causeway, <a href="#page_320">320</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">roads leading from Cuzco, <a href="#page_326">326</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">from Cuzco to the Collao, <a href="#page_253">253</a></span><br />
+
+Robledo (Jorge de), founds Antioquia, <a href="#page_053">53</a>, <a href="#page_058">58</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">founds Anzerma, <a href="#page_065">65</a>, <a href="#page_067">67</a>, <a href="#page_070">70</a>, <a href="#page_076">76</a>, <a href="#page_077">77</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">account of death of, <a href="#page_079">79</a>, <a href="#page_079">79</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_081">81</a>, <a href="#page_086">86</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">founds Cartago, <a href="#page_092">92</a>, <a href="#page_094">94</a>, <a href="#page_102">102</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">retribution for cruelty to Indians, <a href="#page_422">422</a></span><br />
+
+Rojas (Gabriel de), <a href="#page_156">156</a><br />
+
+—— (Diego de), <a href="#page_383">383</a>, <a href="#page_406">406</a><br />
+
+Romero (Pedro), <a href="#page_094">94</a><br />
+
+—— (Payo), killed by Indians, <a href="#page_107">107</a><br />
+
+Ruins at Mulahalo, <a href="#page_147">147</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Callo, <a href="#page_148">148</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Riobamba, <a href="#page_155">155</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hatun Cañari, <a href="#page_162">162</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tumebamba, <a href="#page_165">165</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Parmonga, <a href="#page_247">247</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of fortress of Guarco, <a href="#page_259">259</a> <i>note</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nasca, <a href="#page_264">264</a> <i>note</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pachacamac, <a href="#page_284">284</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chimu, <a href="#page_242">242</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Huanuco, <a href="#page_284">284</a> <i>note</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Huarivilca in Xuaxa valley, <a href="#page_299">299</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Viñaque, near Guamanga, <a href="#page_309">309</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vilcas, <a href="#page_313">313</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Limatambo, <a href="#page_320">320</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fortress of Cuzco, <a href="#page_323">323</a> <i>note</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ollantaytambo, <a href="#page_333">333</a> <i>note</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sillustani, <a href="#page_364">364</a> <i>note</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hatun-colla, <a href="#page_369">369</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tiahuanaco, <a href="#page_375">375</a></span><br />
+
+Ruiz (Bartolomé), <i>the pilot</i>, one of the thirteen companions of Pizarro, <a href="#page_420">420</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Rumichaca, natural bridge near Quito, <a href="#page_132">132</a><br />
+
+Runa-huanac (see Lunahuana).<br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="ind-S" id="ind-S">S</a>aavedra (Juan de), <a href="#page_157">157</a>, <a href="#page_159">159</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_185">185</a><br />
+
+Sacsahuana (see Xaquixaguana).<br />
+
+Salt, supply of, <a href="#page_124">124-27</a><br />
+
+San Cristoval hill, <a href="#page_250">250</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Sana valley, <a href="#page_240">240</a><br />
+
+San Domingo, tower of, at Lima, <a href="#page_426">426</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+San Francisco, cape of, <a href="#page_022">22</a><br />
+
+San Gallan, <a href="#page_027">27</a><br />
+
+San Lorenzo, cape of, <a href="#page_023">23</a><br />
+
+San Juan river, <a href="#page_055">55</a>, <a href="#page_106">106</a><br />
+
+San Juan de la Frontera, <a href="#page_306">306</a><br />
+
+San Martin (Fray Tomas de), <a href="#page_373">373</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bishop of Charcas, <a href="#page_425">425</a></span><br />
+
+San Miguel founded, <a href="#page_213">213-14</a><br />
+
+San Nicolas point, <a href="#page_028">28</a><br />
+
+San Sebastian de Uraba, <a href="#page_032">32</a>, <a href="#page_040">40</a>, <a href="#page_041">41</a><br />
+
+Santa, village, <a href="#page_245">245</a>, <a href="#page_246">246</a><br />
+
+Santa Clara island, <a href="#page_024">24</a><br />
+
+Santa Elena point, <a href="#page_023">23</a>, <a href="#page_189">189</a><br />
+
+Santa Fé mining establishment, <a href="#page_058">58</a><br />
+
+Santa Maria, Cape, 31<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_437" id="page_437"></a>{437}</span><br />
+
+Santa Maria (Fray Juan de), <a href="#page_417">417</a><br />
+
+Santa Martha river, <a href="#page_054">54</a>, <a href="#page_066">66</a>, <a href="#page_108">108</a>, <a href="#page_111">111</a><br />
+
+Santiago bay and river, <a href="#page_031">31</a>, <a href="#page_172">172</a>, <a href="#page_260">260</a><br />
+
+—— city, <a href="#page_031">31</a><br />
+
+Santo Tomas (Fray Domingo de), author of a Quichua grammar, <a href="#page_163">163</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his great knowledge of the Indians, <a href="#page_219">219</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a notable searcher into Indian secrets, <a href="#page_224">224</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">founds a monastery, <a href="#page_242">242</a>, <a href="#page_427">427</a></span><br />
+
+Santillan (Hernando de), judge of the Audience, <a href="#page_425">425</a><br />
+
+Sapana, a chief of the Collao, <a href="#page_363">363</a>, <a href="#page_369">369</a><br />
+
+Saravia (Dr. Bravo de), a judge of the Audience, <a href="#page_205">205</a>, <a href="#page_425">425</a><br />
+
+Sardinas, anchorage of, <a href="#page_021">21</a><br />
+
+Sarsaparilla, <a href="#page_200">200</a>, <a href="#page_395">395</a><br />
+
+Sayri Tupac, <a href="#page_272">272</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+<i>Schinus Molle</i>, <a href="#page_299">299</a><br />
+
+Seal Island, <a href="#page_027">27-28</a><br />
+
+Seravia (see Saravia)<br />
+
+<i>Serranos</i>, <a href="#page_184">184</a>, <a href="#page_218">218</a><br />
+
+Sicasica village, <a href="#page_381">381</a><br />
+
+Sichos Indians, <a href="#page_155">155</a><br />
+
+Silver veins at Potosi, <a href="#page_388">388</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Charcas, <a href="#page_385">385</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Potosi, <a href="#page_386">386</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mode of extracting, <a href="#page_388">388</a>, <a href="#page_389">389</a></span><br />
+
+Silversmiths, Peruvian, <a href="#page_404">404</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Sipisipe village, <a href="#page_383">383</a><br />
+
+Sheep, Peruvian, <a href="#page_392">392</a>, <a href="#page_394">394</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Skulls. Chances Indians flatten the skulls of their infants, <a href="#page_096">96</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Pachacamac, <a href="#page_252">252</a> <i>note</i>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">skulls flattened in the Collao, <a href="#page_363">363</a></span><br />
+
+Sloth, <a href="#page_036">36</a><br />
+
+Snakes, <a href="#page_042">42</a>, <a href="#page_338">338</a><br />
+
+Solana, on the coast, <a href="#page_213">213</a><br />
+
+Solano (Juan), Bishop of Cuzco, <a href="#page_424">424</a><br />
+
+Soria Luce (Domingo de), one of the thirteen companions of Pizarro, <a href="#page_420">420</a><br />
+
+Sosa (Herman Rodriguez de), retribution for cruelty to Indians, <a href="#page_423">423</a><br />
+
+Springs, medicinal, <a href="#page_271">271</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_400">400</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Storehouses of the Yncas, <a href="#page_290">290</a><br />
+
+Supay, the Peruvian Devil, <a href="#page_224">224</a><br />
+
+Surite, <a href="#page_321">321</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="ind-T" id="ind-T">T</a>acama point, <a href="#page_030">30</a><br />
+
+Tacurumbi river, <a href="#page_086">86</a><br />
+
+—— Cacique gives Robledo a cup of gold, <a href="#page_086">86</a><br />
+
+Tafur (Juan) sent to bring back Pizarro’s party, <a href="#page_419">419</a><br />
+
+Tamara (Tarma), <a href="#page_286">286</a><br />
+
+Tamaraqunga, Cacique, sorely vexed by devils, who sought to hinder his conversion, <a href="#page_415">415-18</a><br />
+
+Tambo (see Ollantay-tambo).<br />
+
+Tamboblanco, <a href="#page_205">205</a><br />
+
+Tambopalla, <a href="#page_029">29</a><br />
+
+Tampus (inns and storehouses), <a href="#page_161">161</a>, <a href="#page_290">290</a><br />
+
+Tangarara, original site of Piura, <a href="#page_214">214</a><br />
+
+Tapacari village, <a href="#page_383">383</a><br />
+
+Tar at point Santa Elena, <a href="#page_191">191</a><br />
+
+Tarapaca, <a href="#page_030">30</a>, <a href="#page_128">128</a>, <a href="#page_205">205</a>, <a href="#page_266">266</a><br />
+
+Tarma (Tamara), <a href="#page_286">286-296</a><br />
+
+Temple of the Sun at Tumebamba, <a href="#page_165">165</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pachacamac, <a href="#page_251">251-4</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Caxamarca, <a href="#page_271">271</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Huanuco, <a href="#page_284">284</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Cuzco, <a href="#page_328">328</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Vilcas, <a href="#page_313">313</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Ancocahua, <a href="#page_357">357</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Hatun Colla, <a href="#page_369">369</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the island of Titicaca, <a href="#page_372">372</a> <i>note</i></span><br />
+
+Teocaxas, great battle at, <a href="#page_161">161</a><br />
+
+Texelo (Jeronimo Luis), price he gave for a shoemaker’s knife, <a href="#page_094">94</a><br />
+
+Tiahuanaco, 374 to <a href="#page_379">379</a><br />
+
+Timbas province, <a href="#page_103">103</a><br />
+
+Ticeviracocha, <a href="#page_299">299</a><br />
+
+Tiquisambi, buildings of, <a href="#page_162">162</a><br />
+
+Titicaca, lake of, <a href="#page_370">370</a>, <a href="#page_371">371</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">island of, <a href="#page_372">372</a></span><br />
+
+Tobar (Francisco, Garcia de), retribution for cruelty to the Indians, <a href="#page_422">422</a><br />
+
+Toledo (Garcia Gutierrez de), discovery of treasure by, <a href="#page_243">243</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Tombs (see burial of the dead) of the Collao, <a href="#page_364">364</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Topocalma, port of, <a href="#page_031">31</a><br />
+
+Topu, or ornamental pin, <a href="#page_146">146</a><br />
+
+Torre (Juan de la), <a href="#page_221">221</a> <i>note</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">one of Pizarro’s thirteen companions, <a href="#page_419">419</a>, <a href="#page_420">420</a></span><br />
+
+Totora village, <a href="#page_383">383</a><br />
+
+Treasure found in the ruins of Chimu, <a href="#page_243">243</a> <i>note</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">found by Juan de la Torre, <a href="#page_221">221</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vast quantity of, buried, <a href="#page_077">77</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">collected for Atahualpa’s ransom, <a href="#page_272">272</a> <i>note</i></span><br />
+
+Trees of Peru, <a href="#page_129">129</a>, <a href="#page_142">142</a>, <a href="#page_235">235</a>, <a href="#page_239">239</a>, <a href="#page_397">397</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fruit trees, <a href="#page_234">234</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">suggestion of Cieza de Leon to form plantations of, 401 (see Palms).</span><br />
+
+Truxillo, <a href="#page_026">26</a>, <a href="#page_186">186</a>, <a href="#page_242">242</a>, <a href="#page_244">244</a><br />
+
+Tumbala, lord of Puna, <a href="#page_195">195</a><br />
+
+Tumbez, river of, <a href="#page_023">23</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">desert of, <a href="#page_128">128</a>, <a href="#page_213">213</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fortress, <a href="#page_193">193</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pedro de Candia lands at, <a href="#page_193">193</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_420">420</a> <i>note</i></span><br />
+
+Tumebamba, <a href="#page_165">165</a><br />
+
+Tuqueme, coast valley of, 239<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_438" id="page_438"></a>{438}</span><br />
+
+Tuquma, province, <a href="#page_383">383</a><br />
+
+Turbaco, town, <a href="#page_033">33</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">great battle of, <a href="#page_034">34</a> <i>note</i></span><br />
+
+Tupac Ynca Yupanqui, <a href="#page_147">147</a>, <a href="#page_149">149</a>, <a href="#page_165">165</a>, <a href="#page_169">169</a>, <a href="#page_178">178</a>, <a href="#page_192">192</a>, <a href="#page_217">217</a>, <a href="#page_261">261</a>, <a href="#page_269">269</a>, <a href="#page_313">313</a>, <a href="#page_337">337</a>, <a href="#page_357">357</a><br />
+
+Tusa, last village of the Pastos, on the road to Quito, <a href="#page_132">132</a><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="ind-U" id="ind-U">U</a>chillo, valleys of, <a href="#page_147">147</a><br />
+
+Uchu (see Aji).<br />
+
+Umu, a priest, 414 and <i>note</i><br />
+
+Uraba, port, <a href="#page_032">32</a>, <a href="#page_035">35</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians of, 36 to <a href="#page_039">39</a>, <a href="#page_041">41</a></span><br />
+
+Urcos village, <a href="#page_354">354</a><br />
+
+Urco (male llama), <a href="#page_393">393</a>, <a href="#page_231">231</a><br />
+
+Urochombe, the woman from whom the Huancas were descended, <a href="#page_298">298</a><br />
+
+Ursua (Pedro de), <a href="#page_281">281</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Usutas (sandals), <a href="#page_146">146</a><br />
+
+Uzedo (Diego de) goes with Cieza de Leon to Charcas, <a href="#page_365">365</a><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="ind-V-i" id="ind-V-i">V</a>aca de Castro (see Castro).<br />
+
+Vadillo (Juan de), <a href="#page_040">40</a>, <a href="#page_047">47</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_050">50</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his fate, <a href="#page_053">53</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_057">57</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sufferings of his party, <a href="#page_060">60</a>, <a href="#page_062">62</a>, <a href="#page_094">94</a>, <a href="#page_097">97</a>, <a href="#page_124">124</a></span><br />
+
+Valdivia, <a href="#page_031">31</a><br />
+
+—— (Pedro de) joins Gasca, <a href="#page_318">318</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Valle (Juan), Bishop of Popayan, <a href="#page_425">425</a><br />
+
+Valparaiso, <a href="#page_031">31</a><br />
+
+Valverde (Vincente de), <a href="#page_300">300</a> <i>note</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bishop of Cuzco, <a href="#page_424">424</a></span><br />
+
+Varagas (Juan de) held the Indians of Tiahuanaco in <i>encomienda</i>, <a href="#page_379">379</a><br />
+
+Vasco (Nuñez de Balboa), <a href="#page_034">34</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Velasco (Pedro de) collects honey at Cartago, <a href="#page_091">91</a><br />
+
+Verdugo (Melchor), <a href="#page_275">275</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Vergara (Pedro de), <a href="#page_205">205</a><br />
+
+Viacha, village of, <a href="#page_380">380</a><br />
+
+Vicuña, <a href="#page_288">288</a>, <a href="#page_289">289</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_394">394</a>, <a href="#page_396">396</a> <i>note</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cloth woven from wool of, <a href="#page_405">405</a></span><br />
+
+Vilcamayu, valley of, <a href="#page_331">331</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_354">354</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Vilcas, ruins at, <a href="#page_312">312</a>, <a href="#page_313">313</a>, <a href="#page_314">314</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Villa-diego (Captain) sent against the Ynca Manco, <a href="#page_305">305</a><br />
+
+Villaroel discovers the mines of Potosi, <a href="#page_386">386</a><br />
+
+Viñaque river and ruins, <a href="#page_309">309</a>, <a href="#page_379">379</a><br />
+
+Vineyards, <a href="#page_235">235</a><br />
+
+Viracocha (see Huira-ccocha).<br />
+
+Viraratu, Indian chief, arrives in Peru, <a href="#page_281">281</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Virgins of the Sun, 136 (see Mamacunas).<br />
+
+Viticos, Ynca Manco retires to, <a href="#page_304">304</a><br />
+
+Volcano of Cotopaxi, <a href="#page_147">147</a> <i>note</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Arequipa, <a href="#page_268">268</a> <i>note</i></span><br />
+
+Vuilla, a fruit, <a href="#page_069">69</a><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="ind-W" id="ind-W">W</a>eapons, <a href="#page_039">39</a>, <a href="#page_049">49</a>, <a href="#page_355">355</a><br />
+
+Wheat introduced into Peru, <a href="#page_400">400</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">much grown near Guamanga, <a href="#page_309">309</a></span><br />
+
+Winds on the coast of Peru, <a href="#page_019">19</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="ind-X-i" id="ind-X-i">X</a>amundi river, <a href="#page_107">107</a><br />
+
+Xaquixaguana, battle of, <a href="#page_009">9</a>, <a href="#page_032">32</a>, <a href="#page_150">150</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">plain, <a href="#page_320">320</a>, <a href="#page_321">321</a> <i>note</i></span><br />
+
+Xauxa river, <a href="#page_296">296</a>; valley, <a href="#page_297">297</a><br />
+
+Xayanca valley, <a href="#page_239">239</a><br />
+
+Ximon (Pedro) killed by a snake, <a href="#page_043">43</a><br />
+
+Xixarama, name of the devil among the Anzerma Indians, <a href="#page_064">64</a><br />
+
+Xuta, bird so called, <a href="#page_175">175</a><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="ind-Y" id="ind-Y">Y</a>ahuar-cocha, dreadful slaughter at, by the Ynca Huayna Ccapac, <a href="#page_133">133</a><br />
+
+Yahuar-huaccac Ynca, <a href="#page_280">280</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Yahuar-pampa, battle of, <a href="#page_280">280</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Yana-cuna, 391 and <i>note</i><br />
+
+Yca, valley of, <a href="#page_263">263</a>, <a href="#page_264">264</a> <i>note</i><br />
+
+Yguana, kind of lizard, <a href="#page_042">42</a><br />
+
+Ylo, port of, <a href="#page_265">265</a><br />
+
+Yncas, origin of, <a href="#page_136">136</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">government of, <a href="#page_149">149</a>, <a href="#page_153">153</a>, <a href="#page_164">164</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">discovery of embalmed bodies of three Yncas, mode of interment, <a href="#page_226">226</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wars of, <a href="#page_409">409</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">names of, <a href="#page_329">329</a> <i>note</i> (see Manco Ccapac, Huira-ccocha, Tupac Ynca Yupanqui, Huayna Ccapac, Atahualpa, Manco Ynca, and Ynca Yupanqui).</span><br />
+
+Ynca Yupanqui, <a href="#page_169">169</a>, <a href="#page_217">217</a>, <a href="#page_261">261</a>, <a href="#page_269">269</a>, <a href="#page_270">270</a> <i>note</i>, <a href="#page_338">338</a><br />
+
+Yrrua, Indian chief, <a href="#page_082">82</a>, <a href="#page_409">409</a><br />
+
+Ytata river, <a href="#page_031">31</a><br />
+
+Yuca, an edible root, <a href="#page_233">233</a><br />
+
+Yucay, valley of, <a href="#page_354">354</a><br />
+
+Yumalla, chief of the Collao, <a href="#page_373">373</a><br />
+
+Yumbo forests, <a href="#page_147">147</a><br />
+
+Yunca, meaning of the word, <a href="#page_162">162</a>, <a href="#page_209">209</a>, <a href="#page_218">218</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians on the coast, <a href="#page_219">219</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">their method of burial, <a href="#page_223">223</a>, <a href="#page_232">232</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">their industry, <a href="#page_237">237</a></span><br />
+
+<br />
+<a name="ind-Z" id="ind-Z">Z</a>epita village, <a href="#page_037">37</a><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><p class="cb">FOOTNOTES:</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> See note at page <a href="#page_192">192</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Don Pascual de Gayangos is inclined to this opinion.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> See notes at pages 157 and 123.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Cesar had been with Sebastian Cabot, in his expedition to
+the mouth of the Rio de la Plata; and joined Heredia at the island of
+Puerto Rico. See page <a href="#page_047">47</a>, and note.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Herrera says that Heredia gave the name of Carthagena to
+the bay; but in reality the place had already received that name, either
+from Ojeda or Bastidas.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> See pages 35 to 40.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> <i>Acosta, Descubrimiento de la Nueva Granada</i>, cap. xiv, p.
+251.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> See note p. 123.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> See p. 79, and note.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> See p. 422.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Page 15.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Page 3.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Page 151.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> <i>Conquest of Peru</i>, ii, p. 365, (note).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Page 362.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Page 339.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Page 364.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Page 376.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> See p. 177.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> The fullest biographical notice of Cieza de Leon is to be
+found in Antonio, and is as follows:—
+</p><p>
+“Petrus Cieza de Leon (patria an dumtaxat domicilio incolatave
+Hispalensis) tredecim fere annorum puer ad occidentales Indos
+Peruanamque plagam transfretavit, militiamque ibi sequutus, plusquam
+septemdecim in his oris commoratus est. Fructum tam longæ
+peregrinationis, eximium quidem, is edidit in eo libro, quæ prima pars
+est designati, an vero perfecti ab eo atque absoluti operis? Hispali
+apud Martinum Clementem 1553, fol., Antwerpiæque apud Joannem Stelzium
+1554: in 8. Italica autem ex interpretatione Augustini di Gravaliz
+prodiit Romæ ex officina Valerii Dorigii 1555: 8. Ex quatuor partibus,
+in quas fidem suam auctor obstrinxerat, hæc tantum edita est, reliquæ
+valde ab omnibus desiderantur. In fine istius hoc testatum voluit, se
+primam huic parti anno <small>M.D.XLI</small> in Carthagine gubernationis ut vocant
+Popajanicæ, manum admovisse, postremam vero in Regia urbe Lima anno
+<span class="smcap">M.D.L.</span> cum per id tempus duobus super triginta natus esset annos.
+Obiisse eum Hispali anno <small>M.D.LX.</small> vel paulo ante monet in schedis ad
+<i>Bibliothecam Universalem</i> Alfonsus Ciaconius, Dominicanus. <i>Bibliotheca
+Hispana Nova sive Hispanorum Scriptorum, qui ab anno</i> <small>M.D.</small> <i>ad</i>
+<small>M.D.C.LXXXIV.</small> <i>floruere notitia: auctore D. Nicolao Antonio Hispalensi
+J. C.</i> (Madrid, 1788: ii, p. 184.)
+</p><p>
+An author named Fernando Diaz de Valderrama, who published a biography
+of illustrious sons of Seville in 1791 (under the pseudonym of Fermin
+Arana de Valflora), transcribes the above notice of Antonio, without
+adding any new particulars. His work is entitled <i>Hijos de Sevilla,
+ilustres en santidad, letras, armas, artes, ó dignidad</i>. Don Enrique de
+Vedia, in the second volume of his <i>Historiadores primitivos de
+Indias</i>,{<a href="#fn-20-a">a</a>} published at Madrid in 1853, also merely copies his notice
+of Cieza de Leon from Antonio.
+</p><p>
+{<a name="fn-20-a" id="fn-20-a"></a>a} Forming part of the <i>Biblioteca de Autores Españoles de
+Rivadeneyro</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Page 27 and page <a href="#page_032">32</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Chapters vi to xxxii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Chapters xxxvi to xliv.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> P. 153, and note.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Chapter xxxvi.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> Chapter xxxviii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> See p. 177.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> See p. 173.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> See p. 214.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Chapters lix to lxxvi.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Chapters lxxvii to xci.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Chapters xcii and xciii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> Chaptes xciv and xcv.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> The following is Mr. Prescott’s notice of Cieza de Leon,
+given in the second volume of the <i>Conquest of Peru</i>, p. 297:—
+</p><p>
+“Cieza de Leon is an author worthy of particular note. His <i>Crónica del
+Peru</i> should more properly be styled an itinerary, or rather geography
+of Peru. It gives a minute topographical view of the country at the time
+of the conquest; of its provinces and towns, both Indian and Spanish;
+its flourishing sea coasts; its forests, valleys, and interminable
+ranges of mountains in the interior, with many interesting particulars
+of the existing population—their dress, manners, architectural remains,
+and public works,—while scattered here and there may be found notices
+of their early history and social polity. It is, in short, a lively
+picture of the country in its physical and moral relations, as it met
+the eye at the time of the conquest, and in that transition period when
+it was first subjected to European influences. The conception of a work,
+at so early a period, on this philosophical plan, reminding us of that
+of Malte-Brun in our own time—<i>parva componere magnis</i>—was, of itself,
+indicative of great comprehensiveness of mind in its author. It was a
+task of no little difficulty, where there was yet no pathway opened by
+the labours of the antiquarian, no hint from the sketch-book of the
+traveller, or the measurements of the scientific explorer. Yet the
+distances from place to place are all carefully jotted down by the
+industrious compiler, and the bearings of the different places and their
+peculiar features are exhibited with sufficient precision, considering
+the nature of the obstacles he had to encounter. The literary execution
+of the work, moreover, is highly respectable, sometimes even rich and
+picturesque; and the author describes the grand and beautiful scenery of
+the Cordilleras with a sensibility of its charms not often found in the
+tasteless topographer, still less often in the rude conqueror.
+</p><p>
+“The loss of the other parts of his work is much to be regretted,
+considering the talent of the writer, and his opportunities for personal
+observation. But he has done enough to render us grateful for his
+labours. By the vivid delineation of scenes and scenery, as they were
+presented fresh to his own eyes, he has furnished us with a background
+to the historic picture—the landscape, as it were, in which the
+personages of the time might be more fitly pourtrayed. It would have
+been impossible to exhibit the ancient topography of the land so
+faithfully at a subsequent period, when old things had passed away, and
+the conqueror, breaking down the landmarks of ancient civilisation, had
+effaced many of the features even of the physical aspect of the country
+as it existed under the elaborated culture of the Yncas.”</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Mr. Rich, of Red Lion Square, got possession of a
+manuscript of Cieza de Leon, which is described in one of his catalogues
+as being an account of the civil wars of Peru. He sold it to Mr. Lenox
+of New York.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> See chapter cxii, and note at page <a href="#page_397">397</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> See note at p. 143.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> <i>Oxalis tuberosa.</i> See note at p. 361.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> See note at p. 234.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> See note at p. 16.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> For a theory of the derivation of this word, see note at
+p. 316.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> See note at page <a href="#page_407">407</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> See page <a href="#page_129">129</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> The bird called by Cieza de Leon <i>maca</i>, and described at
+page <a href="#page_175">175</a>, is no doubt the toucan.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Animals closely allied to the present wild forms of the
+llama tribe, namely to the huanacu and vicuña, wandered over the
+Cordilleras in the post-pleistocene geological period; but there is no
+vestige either of the llama or of the alpaca at that remote epoch.
+Fossil remains of an animal, resembling a gigantic huanacu, have been
+found in Patagonia, and named by Professor Owen <i>Macrauchemia</i>. In 1859
+a fossil skeleton of a mammal was produced in Bolivia by Mr. Forbes, and
+examined by Professor Huxley. It was found in one of the copper mines of
+Corocoro, and the bones are almost converted into copper, the strata in
+which it was found being highly impregnated with that metal. This animal
+has been named <i>Macrauchemia Boliviensis</i>. It is not half as large as
+the Patagonian species, and its proportions are nearly as slender as the
+modern vicuña, with even a lighter head. <i>Quarterly Journal of the
+Geological Society</i>, February 1st, 1861, pages 47 and 73. <i>Fossil
+Mammalia of the Voyage of the Beagle.</i> 1839.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> See chapter cxi, and its notes, for more detailed
+particulars respecting the animals of the llama tribe.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> See note at p. 166.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> <i>Prehistoric Man</i>, i, p. 110.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> Humboldt mentions a cutting-instrument found near Cuzco,
+which was composed of 0.94 parts of copper and 0.06 of tin. The latter
+metal is scarcely ever found in South America, but I believe there are
+traces of it in parts of Bolivia. In some of the instruments silica was
+substituted for tin.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> See page <a href="#page_405">405</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> It has been stated that the ancient Peruvian buildings had
+no windows. This is a mistake. Amongst other instances I may mention the
+occurrence of one in the palace of the Colcampata, at Cuzco.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> See note at page <a href="#page_400">400</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> The year, called <i>huata</i>, was divided into the following
+twelve moons or months (<i>quilla</i>). It commenced at the summer solstice
+on the 22nd of December with the month of
+</p>
+
+<p>1. <span class="smcap">Raymi</span> or December.
+</p><p>
+2. <span class="smcap">Huchuy Poccoy</span> or January, when the corn begins to ripen.
+</p><p>
+3. <span class="smcap">Hatun Poccoy</span> or February, when the ripeness of the corn
+increases.
+</p><p>
+4. <span class="smcap">Paccari Huañuy</span> and <span class="smcap">Paucar Huaray</span> or March.
+</p><p>
+5. <span class="smcap">Arihua</span> or April.
+</p><p>
+6. <span class="smcap">Aymuray</span> or May. The time of harvest.
+</p><p>
+7. <span class="smcap">Yntip Raymi</span> and <span class="smcap">Cusquic Raymi</span> or June.
+</p><p>
+8. <span class="smcap">Anta Asitua</span> or July. The season of sowing.
+</p><p>
+9. <span class="smcap">Ccapac Asitua</span> or August.
+</p><p>
+10. <span class="smcap">Umu Raymi</span> or September.
+</p><p>
+11. <span class="smcap">Aya Marca</span> or October.
+</p><p>
+12. <span class="smcap">Ccapac Raymi</span> or November.</p>
+<p>
+(See <i>Cuzco and Lima</i>, pp. 121-26.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> For further information respecting the Quichua language,
+see the introduction to my <i>Quichua Grammar and Dictionary</i>. (Trübner.
+1863.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> See chapter lxxxii, and note at page <a href="#page_291">291</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> On this point let the last of the Spanish conquerors give
+his remorseful testimony:—
+</p><p>
+“True confession and protestation in the hour of death by one of the
+first Spaniards, conquerors of Peru, named Marcio Serra de Lejesama,
+with his will proved in the city of Cuzco on the 15th of November 1589,
+before Geronimo Sanchez de Quesada, public notary—First, before
+beginning my will, I declare that I have desired much to give notice to
+his Catholic Majesty king Philip, our lord, seeing how good a Catholic
+and Christian he is, and how zealous in the service of the Lord our God,
+concerning that which I would relieve my mind of, by reason of having
+taken part in the discovery and conquest of these countries, which we
+took from the Lords Yncas, and placed under the royal crown, a fact
+which is known to his Catholic Majesty. The said Yncas governed in such
+a way that in all the land neither a thief, nor a vicious man, nor a bad
+dishonest woman was known. The men all had honest and profitable
+employment. The woods, and mines, and all kinds of property were so
+divided that each man knew what belonged to him, and there were no law
+suits. The Yncas were feared, obeyed, and respected by their subjects,
+as a race very capable of governing; but we took away their land, and
+placed it under the crown of Spain, and made them subjects. Your Majesty
+must understand that my reason for making this statement is to relieve
+my conscience, for we have destroyed this people by our bad examples.
+Crimes were once so little known among them, that an Indian with one
+hundred thousand pieces of gold and silver in his house, left it open,
+only placing a little stick across the door, as the sign that the master
+was out, and nobody went in. But when they saw that we placed locks and
+keys on our doors, they understood that it was from fear of thieves, and
+when they saw that we had thieves amongst us, they despised us. All this
+I tell your Majesty, to discharge my conscience of a weight, that I may
+no longer be a party to these things. And I pray God to pardon me, for I
+am the last to die of all the discoverers and conquerors, as it is
+notorious that there are none left but me, in this land or out of it,
+and therefore I now do what I can to relieve my conscience.” <i>Calancha</i>,
+lib. i, cap. 15, p. 98.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> See chapters xcvii and xcviii, and note, p. 356.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> See page <a href="#page_363">363</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> See page <a href="#page_360">360</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> For a full description of the ruins of Tiahuanaco see
+chapter cv; and notes at pages 375 to 378.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> See note at page <a href="#page_364">364</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> See pages 363-4.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> See page <a href="#page_412">412</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> See page <a href="#page_363">363</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> An Aymara grammar and dictionary by Torres Rubio was
+published at Lima in 1616. The gospel of St. Luke was translated into
+Aymara, and published by the Indian Pasoscanki. An Aymara grammar, by
+Padre Ludovico Bertonio, was published at Rome in 1608. A second
+edition, which was edited by Diego de Gueldo, was printed by the Jesuits
+in the little town of Juli, on the banks of lake Titicaca in 1612. See
+also Hervas, the Mithridates, and D’Orbigny.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> In the same way the Dravidian languages of Southern India
+count up to one thousand, but for higher numbers they have to borrow
+from Sanscrit. This is considered as one proof of the superiority of the
+Aryan Hindus over the Tamils in civilisation: and a similar conclusion
+may be drawn from the same fact, as regards the Quichuas and Aymaras.
+Adam Smith says that numerals are among the most abstract ideas that the
+human mind is capable of forming. See Mr. Crawfurd’s paper “On Numerals
+as Evidence of the Progress of Civilization.” (<i>Ethnological Society</i>,
+February 1862.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> The names of tribes, which have come down to us, are
+generally nicknames given by their conquerors. <i>Chanca</i> means a polluted
+thing, and <i>huanca</i> is a drum in Quichua.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> Except possibly the word for water—<i>yacu</i>. In Quichua
+water is <i>unu</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> Described by Cieza de Leon. See page <a href="#page_299">299</a> and note.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> See page <a href="#page_299">299</a>, page <a href="#page_280">280</a> and note, and page <a href="#page_317">317</a> and note.
+The Morochucos and Yquichanos of the department of Ayacucho, who are
+descendants of the Pocras, fully sustain the warlike fame of their
+ancestors. See <i>Cuzco and Lima</i>, p. 70.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> See page <a href="#page_285">285</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> A vocabulary, professing to be of the language spoken by
+the tribes in Northern Peru, and called Chinchay-suyu, is printed at the
+end of Figueredo’s edition of Torres Rubio’s Quichua grammar. But the
+vast majority of words are pure Quichua, and it must have been collected
+when Quichua was generally spoken, and after the aboriginal language had
+fallen almost entirely into disuse. It is, therefore, of very little use
+to the comparative philologist.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> For the meaning of this word, see pages 162 and 218.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> See in the <i>Anthropological Review</i> for February 1864, p.
+lvii, a paper “On Crystal Quartz Cutting Instruments of the Ancient
+Inhabitants of Chanduy (near Guayaquil), found by Mr. Spruce; by
+Clements R. Markham.”</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> See page <a href="#page_234">234</a> and notes.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> See note at page <a href="#page_236">236</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> See <i>Cuzco and Lima</i>, p. 12.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> See page <a href="#page_255">255</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> See page <a href="#page_266">266</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> The indigenous cotton of the coast valleys of Peru, from
+which the Yunca Indians wove their cloths, is a perennial plant with a
+long staple, which now fetches a very high price in the Liverpool
+market, as a valuable sort. I have recently introduced its cultivation
+into the Madras Presidency, where the result has been very successful,
+and the Peruvian cotton is considered as one of the most promising of
+the foreign kinds. The wool is perfectly white, but about one in every
+fifty plants yields cotton of a deep orange-brown colour. This sport, on
+the part of the cotton plants, attracted the attention of the Yuncas;
+who looked upon the dark coloured wool as sacred, and the heads of their
+mummies were wrapped in it. The same thing has taken place in India,
+much to the astonishment of the cultivators, who cannot understand why
+one of the plants should yield brown cotton, and all the others snow
+white; when the leaves, flowers, seeds, and pods are the same in all.
+One cultivator in South Arcot scrubbed the brown cotton with soap and
+water, but without changing its colour.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> See pages 251 to 254.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> See page <a href="#page_242">242</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> See page <a href="#page_261">261</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> See chapters lxi to lxv.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> A grammar of the Yunca language was written by Fernando de
+Carrera, and published at Lima in 1644; and forty words were collected
+by Mr. Spruce last year from the mouth of an old woman at Piura. But
+nearly all the Indians now speak Spanish, and the ancient language is,
+as nearly as possible, extinct. Quichua appears never to have been
+generally spoken on the coast. Yet the Ynca conquerors gave names to
+some of the principal places, such as Caxamarquilla, Rimac, Pachacamac,
+Nanasca, etc. In the case of Pachacamac, the reasons of the Ynca for
+sanctioning the reverential worship of the natives at that great temple,
+is given by Cieza de Leon at page <a href="#page_252">252</a>. Originally an idol with a fish’s
+head, or, according to others, a figure of a she-fox, was worshipped
+there. The Yncas put aside this idol, called the temple and its deity
+<i>Pachacamac</i> (literally “Creator of the world”), and, from motives of
+policy, encouraged pilgrimages to this grandly situated fane,
+overlooking the ocean. It seems, however, to have lost much of its
+importance after the Ynca conquest, for when Hernando Pizarro first
+arrived at it, a considerable portion of the adjoining city was in
+ruins. <i>Caxamarquilla</i>, the name of another great ruined city near Lima,
+is a corrupt word, half Quichua half Spanish, meaning “a little
+ice-house,” from the circumstance that the snow from the Cordilleras,
+for the use of wealthy citizens at Lima, was deposited there as a
+resting place on the road. None of these names are those originally used
+by the Yunca Indians who erected the buildings. Another Quichua word is
+<i>Chuqui-mancu</i>, a name given by the Yncas to the chief of the Rimac
+valley, whom they conquered. <i>Chuqui</i> is a lance, and <i>mancuni</i> to hew
+wood. This latter word may be the derivation of the first part of the
+name of <i>Manco Ccapac</i>, though it is stated by Garcilasso to have no
+meaning in Quichua.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> “According to information obtained at Piura, in the north
+of Peru, there still exist, along and near the neighbouring coast, large
+remnants of five distinct nations, viz. the <i>Etenes</i>, the <i>Morrópes</i>,
+the <i>Sechúras</i>, the <i>Catacáos</i>, and the <i>Colanes</i>. The <i>Etenes</i> inhabit
+the first coast-valley to the southward of the large valley of
+Lambayeque, and their town stands on a steep hill (<i>morro</i>) close by the
+sea; they still preserve their original language and speak it constantly
+among themselves, so that it ought to be possible to obtain a complete
+vocabulary of it.
+</p><p>
+“The <i>Morrópes</i> occupy chiefly a village of that name lying on the north
+side of Lambayeque.
+</p><p>
+“The <i>Sechuras</i> inhabit the large village of Sechura, still farther
+northward, at the mouth of the river Piura (which, according to Fitz
+Roy, is in latitude 5° 35´ S., long. 80° 49´ W.). Only the very oldest
+people recollect anything of their original language, but they relate
+that in their younger days it was in general use. They are the stoutest
+and best looking Indians I have seen on the Peruvian coast, and their
+favorite occupation is that of muleteer, in which (as their beasts of
+burden are all their own property) they often attain considerable
+wealth—not to be laid up, however, but to be liberally spent in the
+decoration of their church, their houses, and their wives. The church of
+Sechura is internally one of the most gorgeous in Peru. I have seen a
+list, filling several folio pages, made last year (1863), of the sacred
+vessels it contains, including great numbers of gold and silver
+candlesticks, censers, crucifixes, etc. These are in charge of a
+mayordomo, who is chosen each year out of the wealthier inhabitants, and
+who on retiring from office always adds some costly gift to the stock;
+so that I suppose Sechura to be at this moment richer in the precious
+metals than it was when the Spaniards landed in Peru, and perhaps nearly
+as rich as the neighbouring town of Tumbez was at that time.
+</p><p>
+“The Sechurano has a great predilection for the number <i>four</i>. He
+divides his gains into four equal portions, <i>the first for God</i> (or the
+church), <i>the second for the devil</i> (<i>i.e.</i>, his wife or women), <i>the
+third for drink</i> (chicha and brandy of Pisco), and <i>the fourth for
+food</i>. If he has four sons, the first must be an <i>arriero</i> (muleteer),
+the second a <i>salinero</i> (worker and trader in salt, which is procured in
+large quantities at the mouth of the Piura), the third a <i>pescador</i>
+(fisherman), and the fourth a <i>sombrerero</i> (maker of Panamá hats).
+</p><p>
+“The <i>Catacáos</i> live in the village of that name, about five leagues
+higher up the valley of Piura. They are, perhaps, more numerous than the
+Sechuras, but are in every way an inferior race, lower in stature and
+coarser looking. Still they are very industrious, and manufacture great
+numbers of hats, besides working up the native cotton and wool into
+stout fabrics for their own garments, and also for <i>alforjas</i>, or
+saddle-bags (often beautifully woven in various coloured devices),
+<i>mantas</i>, belts, etc. I was unable to find among them any one who
+recollected anything of their ancient language, beyond the tradition
+that it was entirely distinct from the Sechura.
+</p><p>
+“The <i>Colánes</i>, formerly very numerous on the lower part of the river
+Chira (a little to the north of the port of Payta), and still existing
+in the village of Colan, at the mouth of the river, and at Amotape, a
+little way within it, have also lost all remembrance of the language of
+their forefathers.
+</p><p>
+“By none of these Indian nations is the Quichua language spoken or
+understood, nor is there any evidence of its ever having been used by
+them.” R. S.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> For a good account of these <i>balsas</i>, see the <i>Nautical
+Magazine</i> for 1832, vol. i, p. 345.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> “The Indians of Yca and Arica relate that, in ancient
+times, they used to make voyages to some very distant islands to the
+westward; and that these voyages were performed on the inflated skins of
+seals. Thus signs are not wanting that the South Sea had been navigated,
+before the arrival of the Spaniards.” <i>Historia Natural de Indias</i>, lib.
+i, cap. 20, p. 68.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> The aboriginal people of Quito, or at least the dominant
+race which was found there when the first Ynca army invaded the country,
+is said to have spoken the Quichua language; and it has been mentioned,
+as a very curious fact, that the same language should have been spoken
+at Cuzco and Quito, at a time when those places held no intercourse with
+each other; whilst the inhabitants of the intervening country spoke
+totally distinct languages. As one explanation of this, it has been
+suggested that the Caras were a Quichua colony which, at some remote
+period, had come in <i>balsas</i> from the Peruvian coast, landed at
+Esmeraldas, and eventually marched up to Quito. But there is no
+probability that any large body of Quichuas ever reached the coast
+before they came as conquerors, and the Yuncas did not speak Quichua. In
+my opinion there is no sufficient evidence that the people of Quito did
+speak Quichua previous to the Ynca conquest. They were forced to adopt
+it afterwards by their conquerors, and it completely superseded their
+own more barbarous tongue: but in Cieza de Leon’s time, though Quichua
+was the official language, the Puruaes and other tribes of the Quitenian
+Andes still spoke their own language in private. (See p. 161.) There is
+a tradition that the giants, who are said to have landed at Point Santa
+Elena (see chap. lii), forced the Caras to abandon the coast, and retire
+into the mountainous district round Quito.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> See chapters xxxix to xliv.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> The traditions of the origin of the first Ynca, given by
+Garcilasso de la Vega, Herrera, and Montesinos, are entirely unworthy of
+credit. They are mere foolish stories obtained from the Indians, by
+credulous inquirers who probably put leading questions, and who mixed
+everything up with Noah’s flood, and other ideas of their own.
+</p><p>
+Garcilasso de la Vega gives three stories, one, told him by his mother’s
+uncle, that two children of the sun mysteriously appeared on the banks
+of lake Titicaca, marched north to Cuzco, and taught the savage people
+to sow, reap, and weave: another, that a mighty personage appeared at
+Tiahuanaco and divided the land amongst four kings, one of whom was
+Manco Ccapac: and a third, that four men and four women came out of a
+hole in a rock near Paccari-tampu, of whom the eldest was Manco Ccapac,
+the first Ynca. <i>G. de la Vega</i>, i, lib. i, cap. xv-xviii.
+</p><p>
+Herrera also gives three accounts. The first, obtained from the Huancas
+and Aymaras, that there was a great deluge, during which some people
+were preserved by hiding in caves on the highest mountains, after which
+a, mighty civiliser arose in the Collao. The second, that the sun, after
+a long absence, rose out of lake Titicaca{<a href="#fn-91-a">a</a>} in company with a white man
+of large stature, who gave men rules to live by. He eventually spread
+his mantle on the sea and disappeared. The third story is the same as
+Garcilasso’s, about the people coming out of a hole in the rock.
+<i>Herrera</i>, dec. iii, lib. ix, cap. 1.
+</p><p>
+Montesinos says that, five hundred years after Noah’s deluge, four
+brothers led the first inhabitants to Peru, of whom the youngest killed
+his brothers and left the empire to his son Manco Ccapac. Montesinos
+then gives a list of one hundred Yncas who succeeded Manco; the
+inventions of his own imagination, or at best the results of affirmative
+answers from Indians who only half understood him: for, as Cieza de Leon
+shrewdly remarks, “these Indians are intelligent, but they answer <i>Yes!</i>
+to everything that is asked of them.”{<a href="#fn-91-b">b</a>}
+</p><p>
+Cieza de Leon, whose testimony I consider to be worth more than that of
+all the other chroniclers put together, says that Manco Ccapac was
+believed to have been the first Ynca, and that the Indians relate great
+marvels respecting him.{<a href="#fn-91-c">c</a>} Indeed, all that Cieza de Leon has recorded
+concerning the traditions of the people goes to prove that they had no
+idea of their ancestors having had a foreign origin, but, on the
+contrary, that they believed them to have sprung from their native rocks
+or lakes. Thus the Huancas thought that their first parents came forth
+from the fountain of Huarivilca.{<a href="#fn-91-d">d</a>} The Chancas sought the origin of
+their race in the lake of Soclo-cocha.{<a href="#fn-91-e">e</a>} The Aymaras were divided in
+opinion as to whether their first parents came out of a fountain, a
+lake, or a rock, but believed that once there was a great deluge. In
+short, “no sense can be learned from these Indians concerning their
+origin.”{<a href="#fn-91-f">f</a>} All that we know for certain is, that they had dwelt for
+generation after generation in the valleys and on the mountains where
+the Spaniards found them in the middle of the sixteenth century. “A very
+long period has elapsed,” says our author, “since these Indians first
+peopled the Indies.”{<a href="#fn-91-g">g</a>}
+</p><p>
+The series of Ynca sovereigns according to Garcilasso de la Vega, the
+last ten of whom are historical personages, is as follows:—
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Circa</i> 1021 Manco Ccapac.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">“ 1062 Sinchi Rocca.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">“ 1091 Lloque Yupanqui.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">“ 1126 Mayta Ccapac.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">“ 1156 Ccapac Yupanqui.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">“ 1197 Ynca Rocca.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">“ 1249 Yahuar-huaccac.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">“ 1289 Huira-ccocha.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">“ 1340 Pachacutec.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">“ 1400 Ynca Yupanqui.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">“ 1439 Tupac Ynca Yupanqui.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">“ 1475 Huayna Ccapac.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">“ 1526 Huascar.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">“ 1532 Atahualpa.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">“ 1533 Ynca Manco.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">“ 1553 Sayri Tupac.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">“ 1560 Cusi Titu Yupanqui.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">“ 1562 Tupac Amaru (<i>beheaded</i> 1571).</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For the signification of these names, see note at page <a href="#page_231">231</a>.
+</p><p>
+{<a name="fn-91-a" id="fn-91-a">a</a>} See <a href="#page_372">p. 372.</a>
+</p><p>
+{<a name="fn-91-b" id="fn-91-b">a</a>} See <a href="#page_285">p. 285.</a>
+</p><p>
+{<a name="fn-91-c" id="fn-91-c">a</a>} See <a href="#page_136">pp. 136</a>, <a href="#page_329">329.</a>
+</p><p>
+{<a name="fn-91-d" id="fn-91-d">a</a>} See <a href="#page_298">p. 298.</a>
+</p><p>
+{<a name="fn-91-e" id="fn-91-e">a</a>} See <a href="#page_316">p. 316.</a>
+</p><p>
+{<a name="fn-91-f" id="fn-91-f">a</a>} See <a href="#page_363">p. 363.</a>
+</p><p>
+{<a name="fn-91-g" id="fn-91-g">a</a>} See <a href="#page_089">p. 89.</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> See pages 332, 338, 355, etc.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> See note at p. 226.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> See note at page <a href="#page_280">280</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> See note at p. 269.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> See p. 261.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> See p. 337 and note.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> The last aggressive enterprise of the Yncas seems to have
+been the invasion of the island of Puná, in the gulf of Guayaquil. Cieza
+de Leon gives a detailed account of the transactions connected with this
+invasion. See chapters xlvii, xlviii, and liv.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> The battle-axe was called <i>champi</i>, the club, <i>macana</i>,
+and the spear, <i>chuqui</i>. They also had a terrible weapon of copper, in
+the shape of a star; a two-handed axe; and bows and arrows, <i>huachi</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> Cieza do Leon says that “the Yncas were very astute and
+artful in turning enemies into friends, without having resort to war”
+(p. 137).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> See page <a href="#page_133">133</a> and note, and page <a href="#page_137">137</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> See page <a href="#page_369">369</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> See chapter xcvi.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> See chapters xcii and xciii; and notes at pages 322 and
+327.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> See pages 145 and note, and 167 and note.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> See the second note at p. 322.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> See page <a href="#page_328">328</a> and note.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> See pages 153 with note, and 217 and 218 with note.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> See pages 149, 150, 361, and 362.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> See page <a href="#page_146">146</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> Toleration is the last, as it is the greatest virtue that
+a ruler learns. It is a virtue that has yet to be learnt by the nations
+of Europe. An eminent divine of the present day (<i>Spectator</i>, July 30th,
+1864, p. 877) declares that it is well he has not the power to persecute
+his theological opponents, for that he would not trust his will. The
+brightest European examples of tolerant princes are Marcus Aurelius and
+Oliver Cromwell, yet one permitted the persecution of Christians, and
+the other hunted down papists and malignants. For perfect toleration we
+must look beyond Europe, and contemplate the policy of the illustrious
+Akbar in India, and of the Yncas in South America.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> See page <a href="#page_136">136</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> See page <a href="#page_220">220</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> See pages 17, 93, 108, 119, 203, 213, 220, etc.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> See note at p. 218.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> See page <a href="#page_263">263</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> See chapter cxix.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> See page <a href="#page_040">40</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> When Columbus returned from his first voyage, he brought
+home several Indians, who were baptised at Barcelona, and one of them
+died shortly afterwards. Herrera tells us that this Indian was the first
+native of the new world who went to heaven. (Dec. i, lib. ii, cap. 5.)
+The countless millions of his countrymen who had died unbaptised, are of
+course suffering eternal torments in hell!</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> This is the part which is now translated, the only one
+which was ever published, and, indeed, the only one which is suited to
+form a volume for the <span class="smcap">Hakluyt Society</span>. It is a narrative of travel in
+the strictest sense, while the other parts would have been purely
+historical.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> Old Panama was founded in 1520, in 8° 57´ N. latitude and
+79° 31´ W. longitude; on the shores of a bay discovered by Tello de
+Guzman, one of the companions of Columbus. In 1521 the city was granted
+a royal charter by Charles V, with the title of “<i>Very noble and very
+loyal city of Panama</i>.”</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> <i>Inga spectabilis</i> Wild: the <i>paccay</i> of Peru; a pod with
+black seeds in sweet juicy cotton.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> <i>Chrysophyllum Caimito</i> Lin.: or star apple.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> Alligator pear, called <i>palta</i> in Peru. (<i>Persea
+gratissima R. P.</i>) The Aztec name <i>ahuacahuitl</i> was corrupted by the
+Spaniards into <i>aguacate</i>, and by the English West Indians into
+<i>avogada</i> (<i>alligator</i>) pears. It is a most refreshing fruit, eaten with
+pepper and salt.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> <i>Panama</i> is an Indian word, signifying a place abounding
+with fish.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> 8° 59´ N.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> About a mile outside the present city of Panama there is
+a hill, now laid out as a garden with a summer house on the top. This is
+the “Cerro de Buccaneros,” whence Morgan, with his ruffians, got the
+first view of the rich city of old Panama; and a most magnificent view
+it is. Undulating hills clad in bright foliage, green savannahs, the
+blue bay with its islands, and the modern city of Panama on a long
+promontory almost surrounded by the sea. Far away to the left, rising
+out of a dense forest, is the solitary tower which alone remains of the
+once flourishing old Panama, the town founded by Pedrarias, and
+described above by our author. So complete is the desolation of this
+once splendid city, the centre of trade between Peru and Spain, that it
+is difficult to reach the site. The way leads through a trackless forest
+of tall trees and tangled undergrowth, and over a swampy creek of deep
+black mud, which opens on the sea-shore, the port described by Cieza de
+Leon. The tall tower of San Geronimo covered with creepers, with decayed
+and falling walls rising up around it, out of the dense jungle, amidst
+thick brushwood and tall forest trees, alone marks the site of the old
+city. When we reached the beach it was low water, and the wide sands
+were covered with pelicans, cranes, sandpipers, and other water fowl,
+which made the place look still more melancholy and deserted. Old Panama
+was one of the richest cities in Spanish America. It had eight
+monasteries, two splendid churches and a cathedral, a fine hospital, two
+hundred richly furnished houses, near five thousand houses of a humble
+kind, a Genoese chamber of commerce, two hundred warehouses, and
+delicious gardens and country houses in the environs. All is now covered
+by a dense and impervious forest.
+</p><p>
+The buccaneers marched to the attack of this doomed city under the
+command of the notorious Morgan, and, after three weeks of rapine and
+murder, left it on February 24th, 1671, with one hundred and
+seventy-five laden mules and over six hundred prisoners. The houses were
+built of cedar, so that when Morgan set fire to them, the destruction
+was complete.
+</p><p>
+After this fearful calamity the governor of Panama, Don Juan Perez de
+Guzman, was recalled and sent prisoner to Lima by order of the Viceroy
+of Peru, and in 1673 Don Alonzo Mercado de Villacorta was ordered to
+found a new town on the present site, some miles from the ruins of old
+Panama.
+</p><p>
+A paved road led from old Panama to Porto Bello, on the opposite side of
+the isthmus.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> The prevailing winds along the shores of Peru blow from
+S.S.E. to S.W., seldom stronger than a fresh breeze.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> 8° 20´ to 8° 40´ N.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> 8° 5´ N.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> 7° 24´ N.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> 3° 48´ N.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_133_133" id="Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> 2° 55´ N.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_134_134" id="Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> Quite correct.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> Near the port of Tumaco.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> 0° 38´ N.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> 0° 20´ S.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_138_138" id="Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> Bajos de Cojimies.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_139_139" id="Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> 1° 2´ S.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> Or Salango, where good water may be got from a rivulet,
+and also very fine timber.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> This is quite correct, there is good anchorage, but no
+fresh water to be had.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_142_142" id="Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> See chapter lii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_143_143" id="Footnote_143_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> The island of Santa Clara is also called the <i>Isla del
+Muerto</i>; Pizarro landed on it during his first voyage to Tumbez, and his
+people found a few pieces of gold there. The man who attends the
+lighthouse on the island, recently opened a <i>huaca</i>, and found in it a
+quantity of gold ornaments, which he sold to the Prussian Consul at
+Guayaquil. Mr. Spruce tells me that they are the most interesting and
+perfect specimens of Peruvian art he has seen. One of the objects was a
+small statue, six to eight inches high, of very creditable sculpture.
+More curious still were several thin plates, almost like a lady’s muslin
+collar in size and shape, covered with figures. One of them has perhaps
+a hundred figures of pelicans (the sacred bird of the people of Puna).
+Every figure represents the bird in a different attitude, and as they
+have been stamped, not engraved, a separate die must have been used for
+each figure.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_144_144" id="Footnote_144_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> <i>Mama</i> (Mother) and <i>cuna</i> (the plural particle) in
+Quichua. They were Matrons who had charge of the virgins of the Sun.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> The town of Tumbez, about two leagues up the river, now
+consists of a few huts. Whalers come here for fresh water. It is in 3°
+30´ S.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_146_146" id="Footnote_146_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> Cape Blanco is high and bold.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_147_147" id="Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> Twenty-two leagues.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> The island of Lobos de Tierra is two leagues long and two
+miles wide, ten miles from the main land.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> A bluff about eighty feet high, with a reef running out
+to a distance of half a mile on its western side. Pariña Point is the
+western extremity of South America.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> Nine leagues S.E. ¼ S.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_151_151" id="Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> 5° 3´ S.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_152_152" id="Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> A long level point terminating in a steep bluff one
+hundred and fifty feet high. It is in 5° 55´ S.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_153_153" id="Footnote_153_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> These are the islands of Lobos de Afuera, about one
+hundred feet high. There are regular soundings in fifty fathoms between
+them and the shore.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_154_154" id="Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> The road of Malabrigo is a bad anchorage, though somewhat
+better than the road of Huanchaco, the port of Truxillo, which is in 8°
+6´ S.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_155_155" id="Footnote_155_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> There is a small cove with a tolerable landing on the
+north side of Guañape hill.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_156_156" id="Footnote_156_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> Santa bay, though small, is a tolerable port, and fresh
+provisions, vegetables, and water may be procured.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_157_157" id="Footnote_157_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> Ferrol bay is an excellent place for a vessel to careen,
+being entirely free from the swell of the ocean. There is no fresh
+water.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_158_158" id="Footnote_158_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> The bay of Casma is a snug anchorage.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_159_159" id="Footnote_159_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> Guarmay is the best place on the coast for firewood. The
+river cannot be depended upon for supplies of water, except during the
+wet season.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_160_160" id="Footnote_160_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> There are large salt lakes here.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_161_161" id="Footnote_161_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> Several islets off the coast.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_162_162" id="Footnote_162_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> The high barren island of San Lorenzo, which Cieza de
+Leon called the island of Lima, forms the spacious and safe anchorage of
+Callao Bay.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_163_163" id="Footnote_163_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> 12° 4´ S.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_164_164" id="Footnote_164_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> Sangalla, so called also by Alonzo Enriquez de Guzman (p.
+149), Herrera, and others, was no doubt close to the modern Pisco, which
+is in latitude 13° 43´ S. If Sangalla is not identical with Pisco, it
+was probably on the site of the modern village of Paraccas, a few miles
+further south, and about in the latitude given by Cieza de Leon. There
+is an island still called Sangallan, off the peninsula of Paraccas,
+about two miles and a half long, with a bold cliffy outline.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_165_165" id="Footnote_165_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> See chapter lix.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_166_166" id="Footnote_166_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> These are the <i>Ballista</i> and <i>Chincha</i> islands: the
+latter, now so famous for their guano deposits, supplying all the world
+with that rich manure, which forms the chief item in the revenue of
+modern Peru.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_167_167" id="Footnote_167_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> Cape Nasca is a lofty bluff, one thousand and twenty feet
+high, in 14° 57´ S.; there is an anchorage called Caballas Roads to the
+westward, rocky and shallow, “which should only be known to be avoided.”
+The <i>Beagle</i> was at anchor there for twenty-four hours without being
+able to effect a landing. I rode along the whole of this coast in
+January 1853, a most desolate miserable region. Near Cape Nasca there
+are a few huts, called Sta. Anna, used as a bathing station for the
+ladies of Nasca, San Xavier, and other coast valleys.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_168_168" id="Footnote_168_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> In latitude 15° 11´ S.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_169_169" id="Footnote_169_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> In latitude 15° 20´ S. The port of Acari is called San
+Juan, and is one of the best on the coast; but wood, water, and
+provisions are all brought from a distance.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_170_170" id="Footnote_170_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> In latitude 16° 42´ S. The anchorage is much exposed, but
+landing is tolerably good. Quilca was the port of Arequipa in Spanish
+times, but since 1827 it has given place to Islay, another port a short
+distance down the coast.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_171_171" id="Footnote_171_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> In lat. 17° 7´ there is a point of that name, a few miles
+S.E. of Islay.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_172_172" id="Footnote_172_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> This is Coles point, a low sandy spit, running out into
+the sea, with a cluster of rocks off it.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_173_173" id="Footnote_173_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> Ylo is five miles and a half N.E. of Coles point, in
+latitude 17° 36´ S. Water is scarce.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_174_174" id="Footnote_174_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> This may be Sama hill, the highest and most conspicuous
+land near the sea, on this part of the coast.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_175_175" id="Footnote_175_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> In latitude 18° 27´ S. Our author is beginning to get a
+good deal out in his reckoning.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_176_176" id="Footnote_176_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> This is the port of Iquique, in latitude 20° 12´ S.; a
+place of considerable trade, from the quantity of saltpetre that is
+exported. The anchorage is under a low island correctly described by our
+author.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_177_177" id="Footnote_177_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> The spacious bay of Mexillones is eight miles across, but
+no wood nor water can be obtained there.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_178_178" id="Footnote_178_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> In latitude 27° 2´ S. A very bad port, with a remarkable
+island called Isla Grande to the north.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_179_179" id="Footnote_179_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> The point forming Huasco bay is low and rugged, with
+several small islands between it and the port. The river is small, and a
+heavy surf breaks outside; the water, however, is excellent. There is
+another small river of brackish water nearer the port. The port is in
+latitude 28° 27´ S. Here our author becomes more correct in his
+reckoning.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_180_180" id="Footnote_180_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180_180"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> In latitude 29° 55´ S. The islands he mentions are the
+Pijaros Niños islets and rocks.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_181_181" id="Footnote_181_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181_181"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> The point here mentioned is a low rocky spit called
+Lengua de Vaca, round which is Tongoy, or, as our author calls it,
+Atongayo bay. About twenty-two miles further south is the mouth of the
+Limari river.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_182_182" id="Footnote_182_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> I cannot identify this.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_183_183" id="Footnote_183_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183_183"><span class="label">[183]</span></a> In latitude 32° 50´ S. The bay of Quintero is roomy and
+sheltered during southerly winds.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_184_184" id="Footnote_184_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184_184"><span class="label">[184]</span></a> In latitude 33° S.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_185_185" id="Footnote_185_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185_185"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> Coasters sometimes anchor here for a few hours, but there
+is no place fit for a vessel of two hundred tons.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_186_186" id="Footnote_186_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> In latitude 36° 47´ S.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_187_187" id="Footnote_187_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187_187"><span class="label">[187]</span></a> He must mean the island of Mocha.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_188_188" id="Footnote_188_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188_188"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> In latitude 39° 49´ S.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_189_189" id="Footnote_189_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> The above is, on the whole, an excellent account of the
+coast from Panama to Valdivia. It agrees, in all essential points, with
+Admiral Fitz-Roy’s sailing directions printed in 1851; and Cieza de Leon
+deserves great credit for his care and diligence in collecting what, in
+those days, must have been very useful information. Indeed, it is not a
+little remarkable that, in those early days of the conquest, the old
+Spanish pilots should have completed a manual of sailing directions such
+as is contained in the preceding chapters, on a plan very similar to
+those now issued by the Hydrographic Office.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_190_190" id="Footnote_190_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> Or Darien.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_191_191" id="Footnote_191_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> Or Atrato.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_192_192" id="Footnote_192_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> The events thus briefly alluded to by our author, will be
+made more intelligible by a short summary. The main land of the American
+continent was first discovered by Columbus during his third voyage in
+1498, at Paria, opposite to the island of Trinidad. In 1499 one of his
+companions, Alonzo de Ojeda, accompanied by Amerigo Vespucci, touched
+the coast somewhere near Sarinam, and coasted along as far as the gulf
+of Maracaibo, naming a village at the mouth of that gulf <i>Venezuela</i>. In
+1508 Ojeda, who was a brave soldier of great personal strength, obtained
+the government of the coast from Cabo de la Vela to the gulf of Uraba,
+which was called New Andalusia; and at the same time Diego Nicueza, a
+very different sort of person,—a polished courtier and good musician,
+was appointed governor of Veragua or Castille del Oro, a territory
+extending from the gulf of Uraba to Cape Gracias á Dios.
+</p><p>
+The two adventurers arrived at Hispaniola at the same time; but Ojeda
+set out first on his voyage of discovery, and landed at Carthagena in
+1510. Advancing into the country he was surprised and defeated by the
+Indians in the bloody battle of Turbaco, losing seventy Spaniards, among
+them Juan de la Cosa, Ojeda’s lieutenant. At this time Nicuesa arrived,
+and, in spite of former jealousies and quarrels, offered assistance to
+Ojeda. The Indians were in their turn defeated, and all were put to the
+sword, neither age nor sex being spared.
+</p><p>
+Ojeda then took leave of Nicuesa, and, sailing to the westward, selected
+a spot on the east side of the gulf of Uraba or Darien as a site for a
+town. It consisted of about thirty huts surrounded by a stockade, and
+was called San Sebastian de Uraba. Here Ojeda was again defeated by the
+Indians, and, returning to Hispaniola for assistance, he died there in
+extreme poverty. The Spaniards at San Sebastian were left under the
+command of Francisco Pizarro, the future conqueror of Peru; they
+suffered from famine and disease, and at last Pizarro embarked them all
+in two small vessels. Outside the harbour they met a vessel which proved
+to be that of the Bachiller Enciso, Ojeda’s partner, coming with
+provisions and reinforcements. They all returned to San Sebastian, but
+found that the Indians had destroyed the fort, and Enciso determined to
+abandon it. One of the crew of Enciso’s ship, Vasco Nuñez de Balboa, the
+future discoverer of the South Sea, induced his commander to form a
+settlement on the other side of the gulf, called Santa Maria la Antigua
+del Darien. No vestige of it now remains. The troops, however, soon
+became discontented, Enciso was deposed, and Diego Colmenares, who
+arrived with provisions, was sent to offer the command to Nicuesa. This
+commander, after parting from Ojeda, had suffered most fearful hardships
+on a desert island, and Colmenares found him in a state of great misery,
+in a bay which he had called <i>Nombre de Dios</i>. When he arrived at
+Darien, the Spaniards had changed their minds, and refused to receive
+him, and he was finally obliged to sail in a wretched boat, and was
+never heard of again. This was in March 1511. Vasco Nuñez, a clever and
+courageous adventurer, then took command of the Darien settlement, and
+the Bachiller Enciso was sent back to Hispaniola. The new commander
+entered upon a career of conquest in the neighbourhood of Darien, which
+ended in the discovery of the Pacific Ocean on September 25th, 1513. In
+1514 Pedrarias de Avila was appointed governor of Darien, an old man of
+rank and some reputation, but with no ability, and of a cruel
+disposition. He set out with a large expedition, the historian Oviedo,
+and the Bachiller Enciso being in his train; and superseded Blasco Nuñez
+in the government of Darien in June.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_193_193" id="Footnote_193_193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_193_193"><span class="label">[193]</span></a> In 1517.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_194_194" id="Footnote_194_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194_194"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> Don Pedro de Heredia was one of the most distinguished
+among the discoverers of New Granada, a firm, intrepid, enterprising
+man, gifted with the art of securing the confidence and obedience of his
+usually lawless followers. He commenced his career as lieutenant under
+Garcia de Lerma, the second governor of Santa Martha, and, returning to
+Spain with great wealth, he obtained the government of all the country
+between the mouth of the river Magdalena and the gulf of Darien, and set
+sail again with a hundred men in 1532. He founded the city of Carthagena
+in January 1533, and his brother Alonzo de Heredia established a
+settlement at Uraba in 1535.
+</p><p>
+Our author sailed from Spain, in the fleet of Pedro de Heredia, at the
+early age of thirteen. The lad seems to have accompanied Alonzo de
+Heredia to Uraba, and, with the interesting account of the Indians of
+that region which now follows, the personal narrative of his travels
+commences.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_195_195" id="Footnote_195_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> <i>Perico ligero</i>, one of the sloth tribe (<i>Bradypus
+didactylus</i>). The snout is short, forehead high, eyes black and almost
+covered with long black eyelashes, no incisors in the upper jaw, legs
+ill-formed, thighs ill-shaped and clumsy, hind legs short and thick, the
+toes united, having three long curved claws on the hind and fore feet,
+twenty-eight ribs, and very short tail. The whole length of the body is
+between four and five feet. The animal is the very picture of misery,
+and covered with long shaggy hair like dried grass. Its motion is very
+slow, at each step it howls most hideously, and scarcely walks ten yards
+in as many hours. It feeds on leaves and buds, and when it has once
+gained the top of a tree it will remain there as long as a leaf is to be
+procured. <i>Stevenson</i>, ii, p. 237.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_196_196" id="Footnote_196_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196_196"><span class="label">[196]</span></a> The Peccary, or South American wild pig.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_197_197" id="Footnote_197_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> What Cieza de Leon, and other old writers, called a
+navel, is a dorsal gland on the backs of these peccaries, which must be
+cut out soon after the animal’s death, or it soon vitiates the whole
+carcase.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_198_198" id="Footnote_198_198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_198_198"><span class="label">[198]</span></a> “Manzanillo de playa.” (<i>Hippomane Mancinella</i> Lin.), a
+euphorbiaceous plant. In the West Indies it is known as the manshineel
+tree.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_199_199" id="Footnote_199_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199_199"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> For an account of the office and duties of a Juez de
+Residencia, see a note at page <a href="#page_086">86</a> of my translated edition of “Alonzo
+Enriquez de Guzman,” printed for the <span class="smcap">Hakluyt Society</span> in 1862.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_200_200" id="Footnote_200_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> The <i>Emys decussata</i> of Bell. It is a land tortoise.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_201_201" id="Footnote_201_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> Macaws.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_202_202" id="Footnote_202_202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_202_202"><span class="label">[202]</span></a> The Abibe mountains are a branch of the Andes, extending
+from the shores of the gulf of Darien to the village of the cacique
+Abibe, whence the range took its name. They are covered with dense
+forest, and the only paths are the tortuous beds of mountain torrents,
+flowing on one side to the Cauca river, and on the other to the gulf of
+Darien.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_203_203" id="Footnote_203_203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_203_203"><span class="label">[203]</span></a> In 1537 Don Pedro de Heredia sent his lieutenant, Don
+Francisco Cesar, in search of the wealth of the cacique Dobaybe, which
+had been famous ever since the days of Vasco Nuñez. He set out from San
+Sebastian de Uraba with a hundred men and some horses, and crossed the
+mountains of Abibe, a barrier which had proved insurmountable to all
+previous explorers during twenty years. After passing over these
+mountains he descended into a valley ruled by the cacique Nutibara, with
+a force reduced to sixty-three men. The cacique attacked him with an
+array of three thousand Indians, but eventually retreated on the death
+of his brother. Nutibara caused the body to be placed on his own litter,
+and he was seen by the Spaniards to run by the side on foot for many
+miles, mourning his brother’s loss, in the midst of the retreating host.
+Cesar found forty thousand ducats worth of gold in the tombs, in this
+valley.
+</p><p>
+During Cesar’s absence, the licentiate Pedro Vadillo, sent by the
+Audience of San Domingo to examine into the government of Carthagena,
+had arrived there and thrown Heredia into prison. On his return the
+faithful lieutenant went first to the prison of his unfortunate master,
+and supplied him with funds to conduct his defence, and then paid his
+respects to Vadillo. The harsh conduct of Vadillo was disapproved in
+Spain, and it was resolved that a lawyer should be sent out to sit in
+judgment upon him. The licentiate, who was a bold and audacious man,
+determined to attempt some new discovery in anticipation of the arrival
+of his judge, in hopes of performing a service the importance of which
+might wipe off all former delinquencies. He, therefore, organized a
+force of four hundred Spaniards at San Sebastian de Uraba, and, taking
+the gallant Cesar as his lieutenant, set out early in 1538. Cieza de
+Leon, then nineteen years of age, accompanied this expedition.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_204_204" id="Footnote_204_204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_204_204"><span class="label">[204]</span></a> A quintal is about a hundredweight.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_205_205" id="Footnote_205_205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_205_205"><span class="label">[205]</span></a> This word, as well as the word <i>huaca</i>, at the end of the
+last chapter, are Quichua: and Cieza de Leon must, I think, have
+confused them in his mind, in applying them to the language of the
+Indians of the Cauca valley.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_206_206" id="Footnote_206_206"></a><a href="#FNanchor_206_206"><span class="label">[206]</span></a> The wealth of the cacique Dabaybe is the theme of many
+old chroniclers. He seems to have ruled a country near the river Atrato,
+where gold ornaments are frequently found at the present day. Vasco
+Nuñez de Balboa went in search of the Dabaybe.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_207_207" id="Footnote_207_207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_207_207"><span class="label">[207]</span></a> The province of Antioquia, in New Granada, including the
+lower part of the course of the great river Cauca, is still the least
+known part of Spanish South America. Even now the account of this region
+given by Cieza de Leon in this and the following chapters, is the best
+that has been published. Humboldt was never there, nor is this country
+described in such modern books of travels as those of Captain Cochrane,
+Mollien, or Holton. Some of these travellers, as well as General
+Mosquera in his pamphlet, give accounts of Cartago, Cali, and other
+places in the upper part of the valley of the Cauca: but none of them
+visited or described the lower part of the course of that river nor the
+province of Antioquia. Besides that of Cieza de Leon, I only know of one
+account of this province, namely that written in 1809 by Don José Manuel
+Restrepo, the colleague of the illustrious Caldas, which was published
+in the “<i>Semanario de la Nueva Granada</i>,” pp. 194-228.
+</p><p>
+Restrepo says that the province of Antioquia, one of the richest and
+most fertile in New Granada, was entirely unknown to geographers up to
+the time when he wrote. No astronomical or other observation had ever
+been taken in it, and its rivers and other features were either not
+marked at all, or put down in false positions on the maps. The first map
+of Antioquia, a copy of which is in the map room of the Royal
+Geographical Society, was made by Restrepo in 1807. He triangulated the
+whole province, corrected his bearings by sun’s azimuths, took meridian
+altitudes of stars for his latitudes, and deeply regretted that he had
+no instruments to enable him to get his longitudes by observing the
+eclipses of Jupiter’s satellites. In the <i>Semanario</i> Restrepo gives a
+long and detailed geographical description of the valley of the Cauca.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_208_208" id="Footnote_208_208"></a><a href="#FNanchor_208_208"><span class="label">[208]</span></a> In latitude 6° 36´ N. according to Restrepo.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_209_209" id="Footnote_209_209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_209_209"><span class="label">[209]</span></a> It will be as well here to give, in a few lines, the fate
+of Vadillo’s expedition. He led his men up the left bank of the Cauca,
+suffering terribly from want of proper food, the difficulties of the
+road, and the constant attacks of the Indians. At last his gallant
+lieutenant Francisco Cesar died. His death filled the soldiers with
+consternation, and they clamoured for a retreat to the coast. This,
+however, did not at all suit the views of Vadillo, who knew that
+imprisonment was awaiting him at Carthagena; and, when the discontent of
+his men became formidable, he drew his sword and rushed alone into the
+woods, crying out that, let who would go back, he should press on till
+he met with better fortune. The men were ashamed and followed him, and
+eventually reached Cali. Here at last Vadillo was deserted by most of
+his people, he went on nearly alone to Popayan, was sent by sea to
+Panama, and thence to Spain for trial. He died in poverty at Seville,
+before the termination of his trial. This soldierlike lawyer thus
+completed the discovery of the course of the river Cauca. Though harsh
+and obstinate, he was a brave commander, and cheerfully shared all
+privations with his men.
+</p><p>
+Meanwhile the licentiate Santa Cruz, who had arrived at Carthagena with
+orders to arrest Vadillo, sent two officers in chase of him in 1538. It
+is of one of these officers, named Juan Greciano, that a story is told
+at p. 42. Their troops met those of the captain Don Jorge Robledo, who
+had advanced down the Cauca from Cali, and joined them.
+</p><p>
+The expeditions of Cesar and Vadillo, the first discoverers of the
+valley of the Cauca, thus came to an end without a foot of ground having
+been permanently conquered. The same fate did not attend the next
+invader, Don Jorge Robledo. He had accompanied Belalcazar from Quito to
+Popayan, and in 1541 set out from Cali with one hundred and thirty men,
+for the conquest of Antioquia. Our young author, on the breaking up of
+Vadillo’s expedition, seems to have joined that of Robledo, whose
+fortunes he followed for some time; and he witnessed the conquest of
+many Indian tribes, and the foundation and settlement of several Spanish
+towns in this valley of the Cauca.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_210_210" id="Footnote_210_210"></a><a href="#FNanchor_210_210"><span class="label">[210]</span></a> The river Cauca is still noted for its gold washings, and
+mines. Boritica, the very place alluded to by our author, is also
+mentioned by Restrepo as having once yielded great treasure, though now
+exhausted. The gold of the Cauca valley is mentioned as one of the
+resources of New Granada in a letter to the Committee of Spanish
+American Bondholders (<i>New Granada and its Internal Resources</i>, p. 27.)
+In the beginning of the present century, the Viceroyalty of New Granada
+yielded 20,505 marcs of gold, worth 2,990,00 dollars, according to
+Humboldt. In 1850 the produce of gold in New Granada was worth
+£252,407.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_211_211" id="Footnote_211_211"></a><a href="#FNanchor_211_211"><span class="label">[211]</span></a> <i>Cui</i>, according to Velasco, is the smallest kind of
+rabbit in the country. From most ancient times the Indians have bred
+great quantities of these <i>Cuis</i> or <i>Ccoys</i> (guinea pigs) in their
+houses. He describes them as under five or six <i>dedos</i>, but very broad
+and thick, with round ears, great variety in colour, and very fat
+delicate flesh. <i>Hist. de Quito</i>, i. p. 89.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_212_212" id="Footnote_212_212"></a><a href="#FNanchor_212_212"><span class="label">[212]</span></a> The Atrato.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_213_213" id="Footnote_213_213"></a><a href="#FNanchor_213_213"><span class="label">[213]</span></a> Cieza de Leon calls the Canea, the river of Santa Martha.
+In this part of its course it flows between two chains of mountains,
+which only leave a space of one hundred or two hundred yards between
+them and the river. The stream is full of huge blocks of rock causing
+numerous rapids, and impeding navigation.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_214_214" id="Footnote_214_214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_214_214"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> Probably the <i>Ceroxylon andicola</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_215_215" id="Footnote_215_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215_215"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> A <i>repartimiento</i> was a grant of Indians, who were bound
+to pay tribute and to render personal service.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_216_216" id="Footnote_216_216"></a><a href="#FNanchor_216_216"><span class="label">[216]</span></a> Or <i>Pitajaya</i> (<i>Cereus Pitajaya</i>, De Cand.), a cactus
+used for making fences.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_217_217" id="Footnote_217_217"></a><a href="#FNanchor_217_217"><span class="label">[217]</span></a> <i>Vanilla?</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_218_218" id="Footnote_218_218"></a><a href="#FNanchor_218_218"><span class="label">[218]</span></a> Or <i>carats</i>, a small weight used for gold and silver. It
+was the twenty-fourth part of a <i>marc</i>, so that nineteen <i>carats</i> would
+mean nineteen parts of pure gold and five of alloy, in the <i>marc</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_219_219" id="Footnote_219_219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_219_219"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> <i>Encomiendas</i> were estates granted to the Spanish
+conquerors, the inhabitants of which were bound to pay tribute and to
+render personal service to the holders of the grants. Pizarro was
+empowered to grant <i>encomiendas</i> to his followers in 1529, and in 1536
+these grants were extended to two lives; but by the “New Laws,” enacted
+in 1542, the <i>encomiendas</i> were to pass immediately to the crown after
+the death of the actual holders, and a fixed sum was to be settled as
+tribute to be paid by the Indians. All forced labour was also absolutely
+forbidden. The conquerors were furious at the promulgation of these
+humane laws, and, it being considered unsafe to enforce them, they were
+revoked in 1545. The president Gasca redistributed the <i>encomiendas</i> in
+Peru in 1550, and they were granted for three lives in 1629. For further
+information on this subject see my <i>Travels in Peru and India</i>, chap.
+viii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_220_220" id="Footnote_220_220"></a><a href="#FNanchor_220_220"><span class="label">[220]</span></a> <i>Jatropha Manihot</i>, Lin., an excellent edible root.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_221_221" id="Footnote_221_221"></a><a href="#FNanchor_221_221"><span class="label">[221]</span></a> <i>Psidium Guayava</i> Raddi.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_222_222" id="Footnote_222_222"></a><a href="#FNanchor_222_222"><span class="label">[222]</span></a> <i>Persea gratissima.</i> R. P.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_223_223" id="Footnote_223_223"></a><a href="#FNanchor_223_223"><span class="label">[223]</span></a> That is, “As the Indians themselves have no greed after
+gold, it behoves the Spaniards to show them that avarice is not the only
+motive which influences the conduct of their conquerors.”</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_224_224" id="Footnote_224_224"></a><a href="#FNanchor_224_224"><span class="label">[224]</span></a> Francisco Hernandez Giron was afterwards famous as the
+leader of the final rebellion in Peru. The anger of the Spanish soldiers
+at a law prohibiting the use of Indians as beasts of burden enabled him
+to assemble a number of discontented spirits at Cuzco in November 1553.
+He routed the royal army at Chuquinga, but was finally defeated at
+Pucara, and publicly beheaded in the great square of Lima. His head was
+hung up in an iron cage, besides those of Gonzalo Pizarro and Carbajal.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_225_225" id="Footnote_225_225"></a><a href="#FNanchor_225_225"><span class="label">[225]</span></a> When Vadillo’s expedition came to an end, our young
+author transferred his services to Don Jorge Robledo.
+</p><p>
+Robledo was one of the followers of Sebastian de Belalcazar, the
+discoverer of Quito and Popayan, and was detached by him for the
+conquest of the Cauca valley. After Robledo had founded the city of
+Antioquia in 1541, he determined to go to Spain by way of Carthagena,
+and solicit the formation of a separate government for himself, to be
+carved out of the grant formerly made to Belalcazar. On arriving at San
+Sebastian de Uraba, he was arrested by Don Pedro de Heredia, who had
+returned from Spain with renewed titles and privileges, accused of an
+attempt to upset his government, and sent to Spain for trial. In 1546
+Robledo returned from Spain with the title of marshal, and, landing at
+San Sebastian, marched once more up the valley of the Cauca. Belalcazar
+demanded that he should retire from the territory which he had invaded,
+and, by forced marches, surprised him on the 1st of October 1546, and
+took him prisoner. The unfortunate Robledo was reviled by his captor as
+a deserter, traitor, and usurper, and finally hung, although he
+entreated to be beheaded as became a knight.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_226_226" id="Footnote_226_226"></a><a href="#FNanchor_226_226"><span class="label">[226]</span></a> <i>Muchos tienen con la una mano la vasija con que estan
+bebiendo, y con la otra el miembro con que orinan.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_227_227" id="Footnote_227_227"></a><a href="#FNanchor_227_227"><span class="label">[227]</span></a> The tendency to the partial adoption of the rule of
+female succession amongst these Indians is worthy of note. When a chief
+had no son, the son of his sister succeeded, to the exclusion of
+brothers’ sons. It appears that this was the general practice amongst
+the Indians of the valley of the Cauca. The Indians of Anzerma (see p.
+64), of Arma (see p. 73), and of Carrapa, all adopted it; and Velasco
+says that the same custom prevailed in the family of the <i>Scyris</i> or
+ancient kings of Quito. (<i>Hist. de Quito</i>, i, p. 8.) It is well known
+that with the Nairs of Malabar the rule of female succession is
+absolute, and that the son of a sister succeeds to the exclusion of the
+possessor’s son. The heirs apparent in these South American tribes seem
+to have had sufficient influence to ensure their own succession,
+although the sister’s son came next, even to the exclusion, as Velasco
+tells us, of daughters. Friar Jordanus gives us the reason for this rule
+amongst the people of Malabar:—“Whatever man may be the father of their
+sister they are certain that the offspring is from the womb of their
+sister, and is consequently thus truly of their blood.” Colonel Yule, in
+a note to his edition of Friar Jordanus (<span class="smcap">Hakluyt Society’s</span> <i>volume for
+1863</i>, p. 32), has given a list of all the people amongst whom this
+custom of female succession has prevailed. They are the Nairs of
+Malabar, the people of Canara, the aborigines of Hispaniola, the tribes
+of New Granada, the royal family of Quito, the negro tribes of the
+Niger, certain sections of the Malays of Sumatra, the royal family of
+Tipura, the Kasias of the Sylhet mountains, the people of a district in
+Ceylon adjoining Bintenne, in Madagascar, the Fiji Islanders, and the
+Hurons and Natchez Indians of North America.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_228_228" id="Footnote_228_228"></a><a href="#FNanchor_228_228"><span class="label">[228]</span></a> About half a gallon.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_229_229" id="Footnote_229_229"></a><a href="#FNanchor_229_229"><span class="label">[229]</span></a> The <i>estolica</i>, used by South American Indians, consists
+of flattened pieces of wood about a yard long, in the upper end of which
+a bone is fixed. A long dart is fastened on the bone, and hurled with
+tremendous force and sure aim.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_230_230" id="Footnote_230_230"></a><a href="#FNanchor_230_230"><span class="label">[230]</span></a> Truly! so long ago that it is the merest waste of time to
+make conjectures or surmises as to whence they came. The testimony given
+by Cieza de Leon that, even in his time, there was evidence of the
+country having once been far more densely peopled, is very interesting.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_231_231" id="Footnote_231_231"></a><a href="#FNanchor_231_231"><span class="label">[231]</span></a> Half a gallon.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_232_232" id="Footnote_232_232"></a><a href="#FNanchor_232_232"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> One arroba = 25 lbs.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_233_233" id="Footnote_233_233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_233_233"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> <i>Chrysophyllum Caimito</i>, Linn., or star apple.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_234_234" id="Footnote_234_234"></a><a href="#FNanchor_234_234"><span class="label">[234]</span></a> Alligator pear. <i>Persea gratissima R. P.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_235_235" id="Footnote_235_235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_235_235"><span class="label">[235]</span></a> <i>Inga spectabilis.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_236_236" id="Footnote_236_236"></a><a href="#FNanchor_236_236"><span class="label">[236]</span></a> <i>Psidium Guayava</i>, Raddi.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_237_237" id="Footnote_237_237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_237_237"><span class="label">[237]</span></a> Velasco says that the <i>chucha</i>, <i>tututu</i>, or <i>guanchaca</i>,
+is a sort of domestic fox, rather larger than a cat, with a very long
+tail, generally without hair; it is very cunning, is seldom seen in the
+daytime, and carries its young in a bag which opens and shuts on its
+belly, within which are the two nipples of its teats. <i>Hist. de Quito</i>,
+i, p. 92. Probably this is the small opossum of the genus <i>Didelphys</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_238_238" id="Footnote_238_238"></a><a href="#FNanchor_238_238"><span class="label">[238]</span></a> Velasco describes the <i>guadaquinaje</i> as about the size of
+a hare, with no tail, and very good for food. Found in the warm parts of
+the province of Popayan. i, p. 89.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_239_239" id="Footnote_239_239"></a><a href="#FNanchor_239_239"><span class="label">[239]</span></a> The Magdalena.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_240_240" id="Footnote_240_240"></a><a href="#FNanchor_240_240"><span class="label">[240]</span></a> The Atrato.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_241_241" id="Footnote_241_241"></a><a href="#FNanchor_241_241"><span class="label">[241]</span></a> <i>Psidium Guayava</i> Raddi.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_242_242" id="Footnote_242_242"></a><a href="#FNanchor_242_242"><span class="label">[242]</span></a> <i>Inga spectabilis</i> Willd.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_243_243" id="Footnote_243_243"></a><a href="#FNanchor_243_243"><span class="label">[243]</span></a> <i>Anona muricata</i> Linn.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_244_244" id="Footnote_244_244"></a><a href="#FNanchor_244_244"><span class="label">[244]</span></a> <i>Persea gratissima R. P.</i> In other places he calls it
+<i>Aguacate</i>. <i>Palta</i> is the Quichua word.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_245_245" id="Footnote_245_245"></a><a href="#FNanchor_245_245"><span class="label">[245]</span></a> See note at page <a href="#page_072">72</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_246_246" id="Footnote_246_246"></a><a href="#FNanchor_246_246"><span class="label">[246]</span></a> The fruit of the passion flower.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_247_247" id="Footnote_247_247"></a><a href="#FNanchor_247_247"><span class="label">[247]</span></a> The licentiate Pascual de Andagoya came to the Indies in
+the train of Pedrarias, governor of Panama, and was appointed governor
+of San Juan, including the coast of the Pacific between the gulf of San
+Miguel and the river of San Juan, in 1539. He landed at the mouth of the
+river Dagua, and marched inland until he came to the town of Cali, which
+he claimed as coming within the limits of his jurisdiction. At this time
+Belalcazar was in Spain, petitioning for the government of Popayan. When
+he received it, with the title of Adelantado, he came out by way of
+Panama, landed at Buenaventura, and marched to Cali. Here the people
+received him as their governor, and he arrested Andagoya as an intruder,
+and sent him prisoner to Spain. Andagoya was a learned man, and wrote a
+<i>Relacion</i> of his expedition, which occupies sixty pages of Navarrete’s
+work.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_248_248" id="Footnote_248_248"></a><a href="#FNanchor_248_248"><span class="label">[248]</span></a> Mollien describes Buenaventura as consisting of a dozen
+huts inhabited by negroes, a barrack with eleven soldiers, a battery of
+three guns, and the residence of the governor built of straw and bamboo,
+on an island called Kascakral, covered with grass, brambles, mud,
+serpents and toads. <i>Travels in Colombia</i>, 1824, p. 299.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_249_249" id="Footnote_249_249"></a><a href="#FNanchor_249_249"><span class="label">[249]</span></a> Or Jamondi.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_250_250" id="Footnote_250_250"></a><a href="#FNanchor_250_250"><span class="label">[250]</span></a> See note to page <a href="#page_072">72</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_251_251" id="Footnote_251_251"></a><a href="#FNanchor_251_251"><span class="label">[251]</span></a> Grange or farm.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_252_252" id="Footnote_252_252"></a><a href="#FNanchor_252_252"><span class="label">[252]</span></a> After the fall of Robledo, our author attached his
+fortunes to those of Belalcazar.
+</p><p>
+Sebastian de Belalcazar was born in a village called Belalcazar, on the
+borders of Estremadura and Andalucia. He was the child of a peasant, and
+one day, having killed the only donkey possessed by his family because
+it was slow in getting over a miry road, the ill-conditioned young
+rascal run away, fearing to return home, and reached Seville in 1514. At
+that time Pedrarias was enlisting men for his expedition to the isthmus
+of Darien, and the fugitive took service as a soldier in one of the
+ships. He knew not of any other name by which he was called, save
+Sebastian, and to it was added the name of his birthplace. It is said
+that his father’s name was Moyano. On one occasion his sagacity saved
+the governor Pedrarias when he was nearly lost in the woods near Darien,
+and from that time his fortune was made. Pedrarias sent him in the
+expedition to Nicaragua, where he assisted in the founding of the city
+of Leon, and he afterwards followed Pizarro to Peru. Pizarro appointed
+him governor of San Miguel, whence he marched, with a force of one
+hundred and forty well-armed soldiers, to the city of Quito in 1533. In
+1536 he set out from Quito, discovered Popayan and Pasto, and the valley
+of the Cauca, and reached Bogota in 1538. Thence he descended the
+Magdalena and returned to Spain, where, to check the ambition of the
+Pizarros, Charles V granted him the government of Popayan, with the
+title of adelantado. He went out again by way of Panama, landed at
+Buenaventura on the Pacific coast, and marched to Cali, where he seized
+Andagoya and established his own authority. Afterwards he was wounded
+fighting on the side of the Viceroy Vela against Gonzalo Pizarro at
+Añaquito, he treated Robledo with harsh cruelty, and he marched to the
+assistance of the President Gasca against Gonzalo Pizarro, on which
+occasion he was accompanied by our author. Briceño, a judge, who had
+married the widow of Robledo, was sent to examine into the conduct of
+Belalcazar, and, urged by his wife, was not very favourably disposed
+towards him. Indeed he condemned him to death for the murder of Robledo.
+Belalcazar appealed, and set out for Spain with a heavy heart. He died
+at Carthagena on his way home in the year 1550.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_253_253" id="Footnote_253_253"></a><a href="#FNanchor_253_253"><span class="label">[253]</span></a> The Magdalena. By the two branches he means the Magdalena
+and the Cauca.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_254_254" id="Footnote_254_254"></a><a href="#FNanchor_254_254"><span class="label">[254]</span></a> <i>Manatus Americanus.</i> They are also called by the
+Spaniards <i>Vaca Marina</i>, and by the Portuguese <i>Pegebuey</i>, and they
+abound in the great South American rivers, especially in the Amazon. The
+<i>manatee</i> is a sort of porpoise, often eight feet long. See the very
+interesting account of it given by Acuña, at page <a href="#page_068">68</a> of my translation
+of that author. (<span class="smcap">Hakluyt Society’s</span> Vol. for 1859.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_255_255" id="Footnote_255_255"></a><a href="#FNanchor_255_255"><span class="label">[255]</span></a> I cannot make out what this can be. It may possibly mean
+the grain called <i>quinoa</i> (<i>Chenopodium Quinoa</i>), which is cultivated in
+the loftier parts of the Andes.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_256_256" id="Footnote_256_256"></a><a href="#FNanchor_256_256"><span class="label">[256]</span></a> The fruit of the passion-flower.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_257_257" id="Footnote_257_257"></a><a href="#FNanchor_257_257"><span class="label">[257]</span></a> Literally “Blue river.”</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_258_258" id="Footnote_258_258"></a><a href="#FNanchor_258_258"><span class="label">[258]</span></a> <i>Paramo</i> is the name given, in the Quito provinces, to
+the elevated plateaux of the Andes. In Peru they are called <i>Punas</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_259_259" id="Footnote_259_259"></a><a href="#FNanchor_259_259"><span class="label">[259]</span></a> Lorenzo de Aldana came to Peru with the Adelantado Pedro
+de Alvarado. He was appointed lieutenant-governor of Quito by Pizarro,
+and it was then that he founded the town of Pasto. During the subsequent
+civil wars he acted a very conspicuous part, especially in the battle of
+Chupas, when the younger Almagro was defeated. When Gonzalo Pizarro
+determined to send an embassy to Spain to obtain a confirmation of his
+authority, Aldana was selected as his envoy in 1546; but he was won over
+to the side of Gasca at Panama, by the persuasions of that wily
+ecclesiastic. He was then sent to cruise off Callao, and receive all
+those on board who wished to join the royal cause; and during the
+remainder of the struggle he took an active part against his old
+commander. Aldana died at Arequipa in 1556, unmarried and leaving no
+children. In his will he left all his property to the Indians whom he
+had received in <i>repartimiento</i>, for the payment of their tribute in
+future years. He seems to have been a noble minded man, and superior to
+the common run of Spanish <i>conquistadores</i>. Aldana was not the only
+<i>conquistador</i> whose conscience smote him on his death bed, when too
+late, for his treatment of the Indians. The curious dying confession of
+Marcio Serra de Lejesama, addressed to Philip II in 1589, is another
+instance of these stony-hearted men being moved at last. (<i>Calancha</i>, i,
+cap. 15. p. 98.). After telling the simple truth concerning the poor
+Indians, their former happy state, and the desolate misery to which the
+Spaniards had reduced them, the guilty wretch thus concludes: “I pray to
+God that he will pardon me, for I am the last to die of all the
+conquerors and discoverers; it is notorious that there are none
+surviving except I alone, in all this kingdom nor out of it; and I now
+do what I can to relieve my conscience.”</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_260_260" id="Footnote_260_260"></a><a href="#FNanchor_260_260"><span class="label">[260]</span></a> <i>Prosopis horrida.</i> Willd.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_261_261" id="Footnote_261_261"></a><a href="#FNanchor_261_261"><span class="label">[261]</span></a> Bricks of immense size, baked in the sun.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_262_262" id="Footnote_262_262"></a><a href="#FNanchor_262_262"><span class="label">[262]</span></a> See note at page <a href="#page_143">143</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_263_263" id="Footnote_263_263"></a><a href="#FNanchor_263_263"><span class="label">[263]</span></a> <i>Rumi</i> (a stone) and <i>chaca</i> (a bridge) in Quichua.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_264_264" id="Footnote_264_264"></a><a href="#FNanchor_264_264"><span class="label">[264]</span></a> <i>Yahuar</i> (blood) and <i>Cocha</i> (a lake) in Quichua.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_265_265" id="Footnote_265_265"></a><a href="#FNanchor_265_265"><span class="label">[265]</span></a> After the conquest of Quito by Huayna Ccapac, the cacique
+of Carangue was the first to submit to his authority, and, while he
+lulled the Ynca and his captains into security, he meditated their
+destruction by a sudden and secret blow. Suspecting nothing, they were
+encamped in his country, when his Indians made a furious attack upon
+them in the dead of night, many of the nobles of the guard were killed,
+and the Ynca himself narrowly escaped with his life. Huayna Ccapac
+resolved to give these people of Carangue a terrible and memorable
+lesson. He put every man in the province, who was capable of bearing
+arms, to death, and ordered their bodies to be thrown into the lake,
+which to this day is called “the lake of blood.” Garcilasso de la Vega
+considers that the number stated by Cieza de Leon to have been put to
+death on this occasion is an exaggeration, and that two thousand would
+be nearer the truth than twenty thousand. <i>G. de la Vega</i>, i, lib. ix,
+cap. ii; <i>Velasco</i>, i, p. 18.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_266_266" id="Footnote_266_266"></a><a href="#FNanchor_266_266"><span class="label">[266]</span></a> <i>Huayna</i> (a youth) and <i>cuna</i> (the plural) in Quichua.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_267_267" id="Footnote_267_267"></a><a href="#FNanchor_267_267"><span class="label">[267]</span></a> Before the country of Quito was conquered by the Yncas,
+it was governed by native kings called <i>Scyris</i>. The Ynca Tupac Yupanqui
+first extended his dominion beyond the frontiers of Quito, and Huayna
+Ccapac completed the conquest in 1487. Cacha, the last Scyri, was killed
+in battle, and Paccha, his only daughter, was married to Huayna Ccapac
+and became the mother of Atahualpa.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_268_268" id="Footnote_268_268"></a><a href="#FNanchor_268_268"><span class="label">[268]</span></a> The Amazon.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_269_269" id="Footnote_269_269"></a><a href="#FNanchor_269_269"><span class="label">[269]</span></a> It seems to be generally allowed, even by Velasco, that
+all the ruins in the kingdom of Quito date from the time of the Yncas,
+and that none can be referred to the Scyris, or native kings.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_270_270" id="Footnote_270_270"></a><a href="#FNanchor_270_270"><span class="label">[270]</span></a> It was partly in search of this spice, that Gonzalo
+Pizarro undertook his famous expedition into Quijos. The dried calyx
+alone is used as a spice, and its flavour resembles a mixture of
+cinnamon and cloves. The tree is a species of <i>Lauracea</i>. Herrera
+describes it as resembling an olive, with large pods. Velasco declares
+that the cinnamon of his country exceeds that of Ceylon in fragrance and
+sweetness. Garcilasso de la Vega says that the cinnamon tree of Quijos,
+a province of Quito, is very tall, with large leaves, and fruit growing
+in clusters like acorns. He adds that many grow wild in the forests, but
+that they are not so good as those which the Indians get from trees
+which they plant and cultivate for their own use, but not for the people
+of Peru, who care for nothing but their own condiment called <i>uchu</i>
+(<i>aji</i>, pepper). When I was in the forests of Caravaya, in Southern
+Peru, I met with trees of great height which my guide called <i>canela</i>
+(cinnamon). The inner bark had a strong taste of that spice, and the
+natives use it to scent and flavour their <i>huarapu</i> or fermented juice
+of the sugar cane. <i>G. de la Vega</i>, ii, lib. iii, cap. 2; <i>Velasco</i>, i,
+p. 51; <i>Markham’s Travels in Peru and India</i>, p. 264.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_271_271" id="Footnote_271_271"></a><a href="#FNanchor_271_271"><span class="label">[271]</span></a> The quinua (<i>Chenopodium Quinua L.</i>) is cultivated in the
+higher parts of the Andes of Quito and Peru, and is probably the
+hardiest cereal in the world, growing at the greatest elevation above
+the level of the sea. Velasco mentions two kinds, the white and red. The
+former is a small white round grain, extensively raised on the cold
+lofty mountains, and yielding good food; the latter, a very small round
+red grain, only eaten toasted. Garcilasso de la Vega mentions quinua as
+having been extensively cultivated by the ancient Peruvians, both for
+the sake of the grain, and for the leaves, which they use in soup. He
+sent some seeds of it to Spain in the year 1590, but they did not come
+up. In Quichua the cultivated plant is called <i>quinua</i>; the green
+leaves, <i>lliccha</i>; the plant growing wild, <i>azar</i>; a pudding made of
+quinua grains, <i>pisque</i>; and boiled quinua grains, dried in the sun and
+ground into a coarse powder for food on a journey, <i>quispiña</i>. At
+harvest time the stalks are cut and tied up in bundles, and the grain is
+then beaten out with sticks. It is an insipid and not very nutritious
+grain.
+</p><p>
+Ulloa gives the following account of the quinoa. It resembles a lentil
+in shape, but is much smaller and very white. When boiled it opens, and
+out of it comes a spiral fibre, which appears like a small worm, but
+whiter than the husk of the grain. It is an annual plant, being sown
+every year. The stem is about three or four feet in height, and has a
+large pointed leaf. The flower is of a deep red, and five or six inches
+long, and in it are contained the grains or seeds. The quinoa is eaten
+boiled like rice, and has a very pleasant taste. It is used in external
+applications, ground and boiled to a proper consistency, and applied to
+the part affected, from which it soon extracts all corrupt humours
+occasioned by a contusion. <i>Ulloa’s Voyage</i>, i, p. 290.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_272_272" id="Footnote_272_272"></a><a href="#FNanchor_272_272"><span class="label">[272]</span></a> Barley is cultivated successfully in Peru, at heights
+from 700 to 13,200 feet above the sea. It was introduced by the
+Spaniards. <i>Von Tschudi</i>, p. 177.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_273_273" id="Footnote_273_273"></a><a href="#FNanchor_273_273"><span class="label">[273]</span></a> The different tribes of the empire of the Yncas were
+distinguished by their head-dresses, the people of each province wearing
+one of a distinct colour. This was not a custom introduced by the Yncas,
+but, being the usage of the different tribes, those sovereigns decreed
+that it should be continued, in order that the tribes might not be
+confounded one with another, when serving in the army or at Cuzco. <i>G.
+de la Vega</i>, i, lib. vii, cap. 9.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_274_274" id="Footnote_274_274"></a><a href="#FNanchor_274_274"><span class="label">[274]</span></a> Some kind of aloe.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_275_275" id="Footnote_275_275"></a><a href="#FNanchor_275_275"><span class="label">[275]</span></a> All these names of parts of the dress are correct Quichua
+words. The dress here described by Cieza de Leon is exactly the same as
+those represented in pictures still preserved at Cuzco, which are almost
+contemporaneous with the conquest.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_276_276" id="Footnote_276_276"></a><a href="#FNanchor_276_276"><span class="label">[276]</span></a> “The stone made use of for the house of Huayna Ccapac,
+mentioned by Cieza de Leon under the name of <i>Mulahalo</i>, is a rock of
+volcanic origin, a burnt and spongy porphyry with basaltic basis. It was
+probably ejected by the mouth of the volcano of Cotopaxi. As this
+monument appears to have been constructed in the beginning of the
+sixteenth century, the materials employed in it prove that it is a
+mistake to consider as the first eruption of Cotopaxi that which took
+place in 1533, when Sebastian de Belalcazar made the conquest of the
+kingdom of Quito.” <i>Humboldt’s Researches</i>, i, p. 6.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_277_277" id="Footnote_277_277"></a><a href="#FNanchor_277_277"><span class="label">[277]</span></a> These are the ruins called Callo, near Latacunga
+(Llacta-cunga). In Ulloa’s time they served as a house for the Augustine
+monks at Quito. As Humboldt says that Ulloa’s description of Callo is
+very inaccurate, it will be preferable to refer to the account given of
+the ruins by the great Prussian traveller.
+</p><p>
+The Yncas Tupas Yupanqui and Huayna Ccapac, when they had completed the
+conquest of Quito, caused magnificent roads to be formed, and <i>tampus</i>
+(inns), storehouses, and magazines to be built for the reception of the
+sovereign and his armies. Travellers have called the ruins of these
+buildings palaces. The most celebrated of these ruins are those near
+Latacunga, ten leagues south of Quito, and three leagues from the
+volcano of Cotopaxi. The edifice forms a square, each side of which is
+thirty-five yards long. Four great outer doors are still
+distinguishable, and eight apartments, three of which are in good
+preservation. The walls are nearly five yards and a half high, and a
+yard thick. The doors are similar to those in the Egyptian temples, and
+there are eighteen niches in each apartment, distributed with the
+greatest symmetry. <i>Humboldt’s Researches</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_278_278" id="Footnote_278_278"></a><a href="#FNanchor_278_278"><span class="label">[278]</span></a> Cieza de Leon gives the best account of these <i>Mitimaes</i>
+or Colonists. Indeed, Garcilasso de la Vega quotes from him. (i, lib.
+vii, cap. 1; and i, lib. iii, cap. 19.) It is curious that the
+descendants of <i>Mitimaes</i> on the coast of Peru still retain the
+tradition concerning the villages in the Andes, whence their ancestors
+were transported. Thus the Indians of Arequipa are descended from
+<i>Mitimaes</i> who were sent from a village called Cavanilla, near Puno;
+those of Moquegua, from <i>Mitimaes</i> who were natives of Acora and Ilave,
+on the shores of Lake Titicaca; and those of Tacna, from natives of Juli
+and Pisacoma, near the same lake.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_279_279" id="Footnote_279_279"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_279_279"><span class="label">[279]</span></a> I am doubtful about the etymology of this word, but
+incline to believe that it is derived from the Quichua word <i>Mita</i> (time
+or turn), whence come other cognate words. From labourers or soldiers
+taking their turn at work, it came to mean service generally—hence
+<i>Mitta-runa</i> (a man required to perform forced service) and
+<i>Mitta-chanacuy</i> (a law of the Yncas regulating the division of labor).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_280_280" id="Footnote_280_280"></a><a href="#FNanchor_280_280"><span class="label">[280]</span></a> A fermented liquor made from maize, called <i>acca</i> in the
+Quichua language, and universally drunk by the Indians, in all parts of
+Peru.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_281_281" id="Footnote_281_281"></a><a href="#FNanchor_281_281"><span class="label">[281]</span></a> “<i>Y como estan sin sentido, algunos toman las mugeres que
+quieren, y llevadas a alguna casa, usan con ellas sus luxurias, sin
+tenerlo por cosa fea; porque ni entienden el don que esta debaxo de la
+verguença, ni miran mucho en la honra, ni tienen mucha cuenta con el
+mundo.</i>”</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_282_282" id="Footnote_282_282"></a><a href="#FNanchor_282_282"><span class="label">[282]</span></a> This account of the great Ynca road from Quito to Cuzco
+is quoted at length by Garcilasso de la Vega (i, lib. ix, cap. 13).
+</p><p>
+Zarate, the Accountant, was equally impressed with the grandeur of this
+work. He says that “the road was made over the mountains for a distance
+of five hundred leagues. It was broad and level, rocks were broken up
+and levelled where it was necessary, and ravines were filled up. When
+the road was finished it was so level that carts might have passed along
+it. The difficulty of this road will be understood when it is considered
+how great the cost and labour has been in levelling two leagues of hilly
+country in Spain, between Espinar de Segovia and Guadarramar, which has
+never yet been completely done, although it is the route by which the
+Kings of Castille continually pass, with their households and their
+court, every time they go to or come from Andalusia.” Zarate was
+Comptroller of Accounts for Castille from 1528 to 1543, and in 1544 he
+went to Peru to hold the same office. He was an educated man and an
+eye-witness, so that his testimony is valuable. <i>Historia del Peru</i>,
+lib. i, cap. 10.
+</p><p>
+Velasco, who was a native of Riobamba, near Quito, measured the breadth
+of the great road of the Yncas, and found it to be about six yards in
+one place, and seven in another. He says that the parts cut through the
+living rock were covered with a cement to make the surface smooth, while
+the loose places were paved with stones and covered with the same
+cement, in which he observed very small stones, not much larger than
+grains of sand. To cross ravines the road was raised with great pieces
+of rock united together by cement; and he adds that this cement was so
+strong that, where torrents had worked their way through the
+embankments, the road still spanned the ravines in the form of bridges.
+<i>Hist. de Quito</i>, i, p. 59.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_283_283" id="Footnote_283_283"></a><a href="#FNanchor_283_283"><span class="label">[283]</span></a> This captain was a native of Estremadura and a follower
+of Pizarro. He was distinguished for his valour at the defence of Cuzco,
+when that city was besieged by the Indians; but seems subsequently to
+have gone over to the party of Almagro, who left him as his governor of
+Cuzco, when he marched towards Lima after his return from Chile. He had
+charge of Gonzalo Pizarro and other prisoners, who broke loose and
+forced Rojas to accompany them. On arriving at the camp of Pizarro near
+Lima, the marquis, notwithstanding his desertion, gave Rojas a large
+estate in Charcas. In the war between Gonzalo Pizarro and Gasca, he went
+over to the latter and was given command of his artillery. Immediately
+after the fall of Gonzalo he was sent as treasurer to Charcas, where he
+died.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_284_284" id="Footnote_284_284"></a><a href="#FNanchor_284_284"><span class="label">[284]</span></a> These Cavalleros played a very conspicuous part in the
+conquests and civil wars of Peru. For an account of Alonzo de Alvarado,
+see my <i>Life of Enriquez de Guzman</i>, p. 109 (<i>note</i>); of Diego de
+Alvarado, <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 124 (<i>note</i>).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_285_285" id="Footnote_285_285"></a><a href="#FNanchor_285_285"><span class="label">[285]</span></a> Garcilasso de la Vega was born, of noble parentage, in
+the city of Badajos, in Estremadmura. His great-grandfather was Gomez
+Suarez de Figueroa, the first Count of Feria, by Elvira Lasso de la
+Vega. This lady was a sister of the famous Marquis of Santillana, the
+charming poet, and founder of the great family of Mendoza. She was a
+maternal granddaughter of that Garcilasso who in 1372 received the
+surname of “de la Vega,” in memory of a famous duel fought with a
+Moorish giant before the walls of Granada:—
+</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">“Garcilasso de la Vega<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They the youth thenceforward call,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2"> For his duel in the Vega<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of Granada chanced to fall.”<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">The lady’s paternal grandfather was Don Diego de Mendoza, the knight
+who, in the battle of Aljubarrota with the Portuguese in 1385, saved the
+life of King John I by giving him his horse, when his own was killed
+under him, a loyal act which is commemorated in an old ballad:—
+</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“Si el cavallo vos han muerto<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Subid Rey en mi cavallo.”<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nind">
+The subject of this note was a second cousin twice removed of Garcilasso
+de la Vega the poet, whose poems were published with those of his friend
+Boscan in 1544.
+</p><p>
+So much for Garcilasso’s descent, which was sufficiently noble and
+distinguished. He was a young man of twenty-five years of age, tall,
+handsome, polished, generous, and well practised in the use of arms,
+when in 1531 he set out for the New World as a captain of infantry in
+company with Alonzo de Alvarado, who was returning to resume his
+government of Guatemala. That famous chief, on hearing of the riches of
+Peru, set out with a large fleet from Nicaragua, and landed in the bay
+of Caragues in March 1534. Garcilasso de la Vega accompanied him, and
+shared in all the terrible hardships and sufferings of the subsequent
+march to Riobamba. After the convention with Almagro, and the dispersion
+of Alvarado’s forces, Garcilasso was sent to complete the conquest of
+the country round the port of Buenaventura. He and his small band of
+followers forced their way for many days through dense uninhabited
+forests, enduring almost incredible hardships, and finding nothing to
+repay their labours. He displayed much constancy and endurance and
+persevered during a whole year, but, having lost eighty of his men from
+hunger and fever, he was at last obliged to retreat. He was nearly
+drowned in crossing the river Quiximies, and after many other strange
+adventures and narrow escapes, he reached the Spanish settlement of
+Puerto Viejo, and went thence to Lima, where Pizarro was closely
+besieged by the insurgent Indians. He then marched to the relief of
+Cuzco, and afterwards accompanied Gonzalo Pizarro in his expedition to
+the Collao and Charcas. On the arrival of Vaca de Castro in Peru,
+Garcilasso de la Vega joined him, and was wounded in the battle of
+Chupas. When Gonzalo Pizarro rose in rebellion against the viceroy
+Blasco Nuñez de Vela, Garcilasso and several other loyal knights fled
+from Cuzco to Arequipa, and thence up by the deserts of the coast to
+Lima, in order to share the fortunes of the viceroy. But when they
+arrived at Lima, that ill-fated and wrong-headed knight was gone, and
+the whole country was in favour of Gonzalo. The fugitives, therefore,
+concealed themselves as best they could. Garcilasso was lodged in the
+house of a friend, and afterwards hid himself in the convent of San
+Francisco. Through the intercession of friends Gonzalo Pizarro granted
+him a pardon, but detained him as a prisoner until he escaped to the
+army of Gasca on the morning of the battle of Xaquixaguana, galloping
+across the space between the two camps at early dawn, on his good horse
+<i>Salinillas</i>. He afterwards resided at his house in Cuzco until the
+rebellion of Giron broke out in 1554, when he once more showed his
+loyalty by escaping in the night, and joining the royal camp. After the
+fall of Giron, Garcilasso de la Vega was appointed corregidor and
+governor of Cuzco, where he appears to have devoted himself to the
+duties of his office, and, amongst other good deeds, restored the
+aqueduct which brought a supply of water from the lake of Chinchiru for
+a distance of two leagues, to irrigate the valley of Cuzco. His house
+was a centre of hospitality and kindness, where the conquerors fought
+their battles over again in the evenings, while Garcilasso’s wife, the
+Ynca princess, and her friends dispensed their numerous charities. Both
+he and his wife were engaged in acts of benevolence, and in collecting
+subscriptions for charitable purposes during the time that he held
+office. It is said that in one night they raised 34,500 ducats for a
+hospital for Indians. When Garcilasso was relieved of his charge, the
+<i>Juez de Residencia</i>, who came to review his administration, honourably
+acquitted him of the charges which were brought against him, and he
+retired into private life. He died at Cuzco in the year 1559, after a
+long illness.
+</p><p>
+Garcilasso de la Vega was married to a ñusta or Ynca princess, who was
+baptised under the name of Isabella in 1539. She was a daughter of
+Hualpa Tupac, a younger brother of the great Ynca Huayna Ccapac. By this
+lady he had a son, the well known historian, who was born at Cuzco in
+1540. After his father’s death the young Garcilasso Ynca de la Vega, who
+had received his early education at a school in Cuzco, went to Spain.
+This was in 1560, when he was just twenty years of age. He fought
+against the rebel Moriscos under the banner of Don John of Austria, and
+afterwards settling at Cordova, devoted himself to literary pursuits. He
+wrote a history of the conquest of Florida, and the two parts of his
+<i>Commentarios Reales</i> were published in 1609 and 1616. An excellent
+second edition appeared at Madrid in 1722. His memory was well stored
+with the recollections of his youth, when he had learnt the history of
+the Yncas from his mother’s relations, and of the conquest from his
+father’s old companions in arms. He also quotes largely from Cieza de
+Leon, Gomara, Zarate, Fernandez, and Acosta, as well as from the
+manuscript of the missionary Blas Valera, a most important work which
+was destroyed when Lord Essex sacked the city of Cadiz. No man,
+therefore, could be better qualified to write a history of the early
+civilisation of the Yncas, and of the conquest of Peru by the Spaniards.
+He has been invaluable to me in explaining and illustrating the text of
+Cieza de Leon; and in gratitude I have therefore devoted a long note to
+an account of his father. The Ynca Garcilasso died in 1616 at the
+advanced age of seventy-six, and was buried at Cordova.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_286_286" id="Footnote_286_286"></a><a href="#FNanchor_286_286"><span class="label">[286]</span></a> Juan de Saavedra was a native of Seville. He afterwards
+accompanied Almagro in his expedition into Chile, and, when Hernando
+Pizarro was in his commander’s power, he persuaded the old marshal not
+to put his enemy to death. In the battle of Chupas he fought against the
+younger Almagro. When Gonzalo Pizarro and his unscrupulous old
+lieutenant Carbajal entered Lima and wreaked vengeance on those who had
+opposed them, Juan de Saavedra, with two other knights, were hung under
+circumstances of great barbarity.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_287_287" id="Footnote_287_287"></a><a href="#FNanchor_287_287"><span class="label">[287]</span></a> A <i>castellano</i>, in those days, was worth about £2:12 of
+our money; so that Alvarado was bought off by Pizarro for the sum of
+£260,00.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_288_288" id="Footnote_288_288"></a><a href="#FNanchor_288_288"><span class="label">[288]</span></a> Ulloa describes the ruins at Hatun-cañari as the largest
+and best built in the province of Quito. In the rear the building
+terminates in a high thick wall on the slope of a mountain. In the
+centre there is an oval tower containing two chambers. The walls are
+full of niches with stone pegs in them. The outer walls are very thick,
+with ramparts round the inner sides.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_289_289" id="Footnote_289_289"></a><a href="#FNanchor_289_289"><span class="label">[289]</span></a> Literally “Foam of the lake.” It was the name of one of
+the Yncas.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_290_290" id="Footnote_290_290"></a><a href="#FNanchor_290_290"><span class="label">[290]</span></a> The first Quichua grammar was composed by Father Santo
+Tomas, and printed at Valladolid in 1560, with a vocabulary as an
+appendix. This friar, a Dominican, was the first doctor who graduated in
+the University of Lima.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_291_291" id="Footnote_291_291"></a><a href="#FNanchor_291_291"><span class="label">[291]</span></a> Velasco says there were few traces left of the buildings
+at Tumebamba in his time. This was the favourite residence of the Ynca
+Huayna Ccapac.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_292_292" id="Footnote_292_292"></a><a href="#FNanchor_292_292"><span class="label">[292]</span></a> Garcilasso de la Vega quotes this statement from Cieza de
+Leon (i, lib. viii, cap. 5).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_293_293" id="Footnote_293_293"></a><a href="#FNanchor_293_293"><span class="label">[293]</span></a> I can testify to the truth of this statement, having
+carefully examined a thatch roof at Azangaro in Peru, which undoubtedly
+dates from the time of the Yncas. It is over the ancient circular
+building in that town, known as the <i>Sondor-huasi</i>. The outside coating
+consists of a layer of grass (<i>Stypa Ychu</i>: Kunth) two feet thick,
+placed in very regular rows, and most carefully finished, so as to
+present a smooth surface to the weather. Next there is a thick layer of
+the same grass placed horizontally and netted together with reeds, and
+finally an inner perpendicular layer:—the whole thatch being five feet
+thick, and finished with most admirable neatness. It has been said that
+the colossal and highly finished masonry of the Yncas, such as that of
+the palace at Tumebamba, formed a barbaric contrast with the poor
+thatched roof, but the <i>Sondor-huasi</i> proves that the roofs made by the
+Peruvians rivalled the walls in the exquisite art and neatness of their
+finish. See my <i>Travels in Peru and India</i>, p. 194.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_294_294" id="Footnote_294_294"></a><a href="#FNanchor_294_294"><span class="label">[294]</span></a> The Cañaris wore their hair long, and rolled it up in a
+knot on the top of their heads. On the knot of hair they fastened a
+wooden hoop, from which hung a fringe of various colours. The commoner
+sort, in place of this hoop, wore a small calabash over their hair, and
+hence the whole tribe was nicknamed by the other Indians <i>Mathe-uma</i>
+(<i>Mathe</i> in Quichua is a calabash, and <i>Uma</i>, head). <i>G. de la Vega</i>, i,
+lib. viii, cap. 4.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_295_295" id="Footnote_295_295"></a><a href="#FNanchor_295_295"><span class="label">[295]</span></a> Prickly pears.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_296_296" id="Footnote_296_296"></a><a href="#FNanchor_296_296"><span class="label">[296]</span></a> This name is not given by Velasco.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_297_297" id="Footnote_297_297"></a><a href="#FNanchor_297_297"><span class="label">[297]</span></a> The turkey buzzard, a carrion bird which acts as a
+scavenger in the streets of South American towns.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_298_298" id="Footnote_298_298"></a><a href="#FNanchor_298_298"><span class="label">[298]</span></a> The word used in Mexico.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_299_299" id="Footnote_299_299"></a><a href="#FNanchor_299_299"><span class="label">[299]</span></a> The <i>chaquiras</i> were very minute beads, which were so
+skilfully worked that the best silversmiths in Seville asked Garcilasso
+how they were made. He took some to Spain with him, where they were
+looked upon as great curiosities. <i>G. de la Vega</i>, i, lib. viii, cap.
+5.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_300_300" id="Footnote_300_300"></a><a href="#FNanchor_300_300"><span class="label">[300]</span></a> The <i>quipus</i>, or system of recording events by means of
+knots.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_301_301" id="Footnote_301_301"></a><a href="#FNanchor_301_301"><span class="label">[301]</span></a> See also <i>Garcilasso de la Vega</i>, i, lib. ix, p. 311; and
+<i>Acosta</i>, lib. iv, cap. 14, p. 233. Acosta says that emeralds were found
+most abundantly in New Granada, and in Peru, near Manta and Puerto
+Viejo. The country round Manta, he adds, is called Esmeraldas, from the
+reported abundance of emeralds in it.
+</p><p>
+According to Ulloa the emerald mines of Manta, which were known to the
+Indians, were never discovered by the Spaniards. The skill of the
+Indians in working these precious stones is very remarkable. They are
+found in the tombs of the Indians of Manta and Atacames: and are, in
+beauty, size, and hardness, superior to those of New Granada. They were
+worked by the Indians into spherical, cylindrical, conical, and other
+shapes, and it is difficult to explain how this could have been done
+without a knowledge of steel or iron. They also pierced the emeralds
+with a skill equal to that of modern jewellers. <i>Ulloa’s Voyage</i>, i,
+lib. vi, cap. 11.
+</p><p>
+Velasco says that an emerald was among the insignia of the <i>Scyris</i> or
+kings of Quito, and that the Indians of Manta worshipped a great emerald
+under the name of <i>Umiña</i>. <i>Historia del Quito</i>, i, p. 29. There are
+also some interesting remarks on the emeralds of Manta in <i>Bollaert’s
+Antiquarian and other Researches in New Granada, Ecuador, Peru</i>, etc.,
+p. 84.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_302_302" id="Footnote_302_302"></a><a href="#FNanchor_302_302"><span class="label">[302]</span></a> Inhabitants of the mountains inland.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_303_303" id="Footnote_303_303"></a><a href="#FNanchor_303_303"><span class="label">[303]</span></a> Pedro de Puelles, a native of Seville, was left as
+governor of Quito when Gonzalo Pizarro went on his famous expedition to
+the land of cinnamon in 1539. He was appointed to the command of the
+cavalry of Vaca de Castro’s army, served in the battle of Chupas when
+the younger Almagro was defeated, and was afterwards sent as governor to
+Huanuco. He was confirmed in this command by Blasco Nuñez de Vela, the
+viceroy; but he went over to the party of Gonzalo Pizarro, and commanded
+his cavalry at the battle of Añaquito, when the viceroy was killed.
+After the battle he urged Gonzalo to assume the title of king, believing
+that no terms could possibly be obtained from Charles V, and that they
+were committed too far to hope for forgiveness. Gonzalo left Puelles in
+Quito as his governor, and he afterwards seems to have intended to
+desert his old master and hand over his troops to the president Gasca,
+on condition of full pardon. But he was surrounded by greater traitors
+than himself, and one Rodrigo de Salazar headed a conspiracy of five,
+who murdered Puelles in his own house, and led his troops to join Gasca,
+in order to get all the credit for their loyalty.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_304_304" id="Footnote_304_304"></a><a href="#FNanchor_304_304"><span class="label">[304]</span></a> The Quichua word for <i>chicha</i> or fermented liquor.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_305_305" id="Footnote_305_305"></a><a href="#FNanchor_305_305"><span class="label">[305]</span></a> This account of the tradition concerning giants at Point
+Santa Elene, is the fullest that is given by any of the old writers, and
+it is quoted as such by Garcilasso de la Vega (i, lib. ix, cap. 9).
+</p><p>
+Zarate’s version of the tradition differs but slightly from that of
+Cieza de Leon. He adds that little credit was given to the story until
+1543, when a native of Truxillo, named Juan de Holmos, caused
+excavations to be made, and found huge ribs and other bones, and
+enormous teeth. From that time the native tradition was believed.
+(<i>Historia del Peru</i>, lib. i, cap. iv.) Acosta also mentions the bones
+of giants of huge greatness, found about Manta. (<i>Acosta</i>, lib. i, cap.
+19.) Mr. Ranking, a fantastic theorist, who published his <i>Researches on
+the Conquest of Peru and Mexico by the Mongols, accompanied with
+Elephants</i>, in 1827, founds his theory on this tradition of giants
+having landed at Point Sta. Elena. (p. 51.)
+</p><p>
+It appears that fossil bones of huge mammals have been found on this
+part of the coast, where pieces of cliff are constantly breaking away,
+and they doubtless gave rise to this story about giants. Mr. Spruce
+tells me that a French naturalist took a quantity of these fossils home
+with him not long since. Ulloa calls these fossils the bones of giants,
+and Humboldt thinks they belonged to cetaceous animals. Stevenson says
+he saw a grinder which weighed more than three pounds, with enamel
+spotted like female tortoise shell, in the possession of Don Jose Merino
+of Guayaquil. (<i>Travels</i>, ii, p. 235.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_306_306" id="Footnote_306_306"></a><a href="#FNanchor_306_306"><span class="label">[306]</span></a> In the second edition of Cieza de Leon the chapters are
+incorrectly numbered. Two chapters are numbered liv, and chapters liii
+and lv are omitted altogether. Two chapters are also numbered lix. It is
+necessary to retain the incorrect numbering, because all modern writers
+have quoted from the second edition.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_307_307" id="Footnote_307_307"></a><a href="#FNanchor_307_307"><span class="label">[307]</span></a> Ynca nobles, so called by the Spaniards from the large
+gold ornaments worn in their ears.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_308_308" id="Footnote_308_308"></a><a href="#FNanchor_308_308"><span class="label">[308]</span></a> Pedro de Candia was a Greek, and one of the heroic
+thirteen who crossed the line drawn on the sand by Pizarro, at the
+island of Gallo. He was a very tall stout man. When the ship arrived at
+Tumbez, in Peru, there was some hesitation as to landing amongst a
+hostile people, and Pedro de Candia volunteered to go first. Putting on
+a coat of mail reaching to the knees, with a sword by his side and a
+cross in his hand, he walked towards the town with an air as if he had
+been lord of the whole province. The Indians were astonished at his
+appearance, and, to find out what manner of man he was, they let loose a
+lion and a tiger upon him, but the animals crouched at his feet. Pedro
+de Candia gave the Indians to understand that the virtue of the cross he
+held in his hand had been the cause of this miracle. The Indians,
+believing that he must be a child of the sun, showed him the temple and
+palace of Tumbez, and so he returned to the ship, which sailed back to
+Panama. He accompanied Pizarro to Spain and was rewarded by Charles V.
+This Greek captain fought by the side of Pizarro during the conquest of
+Peru, and when it was completed, he led an expedition into the forests
+of Moxos, east of Cuzco, but was obliged to return. After the murder of
+Pizarro he joined the younger Almagro, and superintended the casting of
+cannon for him at Cuzco; but afterwards entered into correspondence with
+the royal army under Vaca de Castro, and at the battle of Chupas he
+purposely pointed the guns at such an angle as to send the balls over
+the heads of the enemy. Young Almagro, observing this treachery, ran him
+through the body, and he fell dead.
+</p><p>
+Garcilasso de la Vega says that he was at school with Pedro de Candia’s
+son, at Cuzco, who inherited his father’s stature; for being only twelve
+years old he had a body large enough for one twice his age.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_309_309" id="Footnote_309_309"></a><a href="#FNanchor_309_309"><span class="label">[309]</span></a> The large island at the mouth of the river of Guayaquil.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_310_310" id="Footnote_310_310"></a><a href="#FNanchor_310_310"><span class="label">[310]</span></a> G. de la Vega, in relating these events, copies largely
+from Cieza de Leon (i, lib. ix, caps. 1, 2, and 3).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_311_311" id="Footnote_311_311"></a><a href="#FNanchor_311_311"><span class="label">[311]</span></a> Macaws.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_312_312" id="Footnote_312_312"></a><a href="#FNanchor_312_312"><span class="label">[312]</span></a> <i>Sarsa</i>, a bramble, and <i>parilla</i>, a vine.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_313_313" id="Footnote_313_313"></a><a href="#FNanchor_313_313"><span class="label">[313]</span></a> <i>Smilax officinalis H. B. K.</i> The root of sarsaparilla
+was brought to Europe in about 1530. The stem is twining, shrubby, and
+prickly. Acosta says that the water on the island of Puna, flowing past
+the sarsaparilla roots, has healing virtues (lib. iii, cap. 17). There
+is a great trade in sarsaparilla down all the Peruvian tributaries of
+the Amazon.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_314_314" id="Footnote_314_314"></a><a href="#FNanchor_314_314"><span class="label">[314]</span></a> This is the officer who afterwards deserted Gonzalo
+Pizarro, and was the first to sail down the Amazon.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_315_315" id="Footnote_315_315"></a><a href="#FNanchor_315_315"><span class="label">[315]</span></a> A Quichua word.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_316_316" id="Footnote_316_316"></a><a href="#FNanchor_316_316"><span class="label">[316]</span></a> Inns.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_317_317" id="Footnote_317_317"></a><a href="#FNanchor_317_317"><span class="label">[317]</span></a> More correctly <i>Paca-muru</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_318_318" id="Footnote_318_318"></a><a href="#FNanchor_318_318"><span class="label">[318]</span></a> Loxa afterwards became famous for its forests of
+Chinchona trees yielding Peruvian bark; the healing virtues of which
+were not made known to the Spaniards until fifty years after the time of
+Cieza de Leon. M. Jussieu tells us that the first fever cured by means
+of Chinchona bark was that of a Jesuit at Malacotas, some leagues south
+of Loxa, in the year 1600. The countess of Chinchon, wife of the viceroy
+of Peru, was cured of a fever by a dose of Loxa bark, in the year 1638.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_319_319" id="Footnote_319_319"></a><a href="#FNanchor_319_319"><span class="label">[319]</span></a> He explored the course of the Marañon as far as the
+<i>pongo</i> or rapid of Manseriche, in 1548.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_320_320" id="Footnote_320_320"></a><a href="#FNanchor_320_320"><span class="label">[320]</span></a> Now better known as Piura.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_321_321" id="Footnote_321_321"></a><a href="#FNanchor_321_321"><span class="label">[321]</span></a> Inhabitants of the warm valleys on the coast.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_322_322" id="Footnote_322_322"></a><a href="#FNanchor_322_322"><span class="label">[322]</span></a> Nearly all travellers, from Cieza de Leon downwards, who
+have been on the west coast of South America, have had something to say
+concerning the rainless region of Peru: but “the natural reasons for
+these things,” for which our author asks, are given in the most
+agreeable form in Captain Maury’s charming book. “Though the Peruvian
+shores are on the verge of the great South Sea boiler, yet it never
+rains there. The reason is plain. The south-east trade winds in the
+Atlantic ocean strike the water on the coast of Africa. They blow
+obliquely across the ocean until they reach the coast of Brazil. By this
+time they are heavily laden with vapour, which they continue to bear
+along across the continent, depositing it as they go, and supplying with
+it the sources of the Rio de la Plata and the southern tributaries of
+the Amazon. Finally they reach the snow capped Andes, and here is wrung
+from them the last particle of moisture that the very low temperature
+can extract. Reaching the summit of that range, they now tumble down as
+cool and dry winds on the Pacific slopes beyond. Meeting with no
+evaporating surface, and with no temperature <i>colder</i> than that to which
+they are subjected on the mountain tops, they reach the ocean before
+they again become charged with fresh vapour, and before, therefore, they
+have any which the Peruvian climate can extract. The last they had to
+spare was deposited as snow on the tops of the Cordilleras, to feed
+mountain streams under the heat of the sun, and irrigate the valleys on
+the western slopes.” <i>Physical Geography of the Sea</i>, para. 195. See
+also Acosta’s way of accounting for the absence of rain on the Peruvian
+coast, in his <i>Historia Natural y Moral de las Indias</i>, <small>A.D.</small> 1608, lib.
+iii, cap. 23.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_323_323" id="Footnote_323_323"></a><a href="#FNanchor_323_323"><span class="label">[323]</span></a> Zarate thus describes this coast road of the Yncas.
+“Through all the valleys of the coast which are refreshed by rivers and
+trees (which are generally about a league in breadth) they made a road
+almost forty feet broad, with very thick embankments on either side.
+After leaving the valleys the same road was continued over the sandy
+deserts, posts being driven in and fastened by cords, so that the
+traveller might not lose his way, neither turning to one side nor to the
+other. The road, like that in the Sierra, is five hundred leagues long.
+Although the posts in the desert are now broken in many parts, because
+the Spaniards, both in time of war and peace, used them for lighting
+fires, yet the embankments in the valleys are still for the most part
+entire.” <i>Historia del Peru</i>, lib. i, cap. x. <i>Garcilasso de la Vega</i>,
+in his account of the Ynca roads, merely copies from <i>Zarate</i> and <i>Cieza
+de Leon</i> (i, lib. ix, cap. 13). See also <i>Gomara</i> (cap. 194).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_324_324" id="Footnote_324_324"></a><a href="#FNanchor_324_324"><span class="label">[324]</span></a> Fray Domingo de Santo Tomas was the author of the first
+Quichua grammar, which was printed at Valladolid in 1560 with a
+vocabulary.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_325_325" id="Footnote_325_325"></a><a href="#FNanchor_325_325"><span class="label">[325]</span></a> Juan de la Torre was one of the famous thirteen who
+crossed the line which Pizarro drew on the sandy shore of the isle of
+Gallo, and resolved to face any hardships rather than abandon the
+enterprise. He afterwards became a staunch adherent of Pizarro’s younger
+brother Gonzalo, to whom he deserted, when serving under the ill-fated
+Blasco Nuñez de Vela, and he carried his ferocious enmity to the viceroy
+so far as to insult the dead body, and, pulling the hairs out of the
+beard, to stick them in his hat band. He married the daughter of an
+Indian chief in the province of Puerto Viejo, and gained so much
+influence among the followers of his father-in-law that they revealed to
+him a tomb containing, as Cieza de Leon says, more than fifty thousand
+dollars worth of gold and emeralds. Thus enriched, he meditated a
+retreat to Spain, where he might enjoy his wealth, but the fear of
+punishment for his treason to the viceroy, and other considerations,
+deterred him. He first proposed to Vela Nuñez, the viceroy’s brother,
+that they should seize a ship and escape from Peru; and, afterwards,
+hearing a false report that Gonzalo Pizarro had been appointed governor
+by the king, he changed his mind in the hope of receiving great favours
+from his old commander. But Vela Nuñez knew of his earlier project to
+desert, so, mindful of the adage that “dead men tell no tales,” La Torre
+invented such a story against the viceroy’s brother as induced Gonzalo
+to cut off his head. The villain was appointed captain of arquebusiers
+in the army of Gonzalo Pizarro, and acted a conspicuous and cruel part
+in the subsequent war down to the final overthrow of Gonzalo by Pedro de
+la Gasca in 1548. Then at last he received a reward more in accordance
+with his deserts. After hiding for four months in an Indian’s hut near
+Cuzco, he was at last accidentally found out by a Spaniard, and met the
+fate which he so richly deserved. He was hung by order of La Gasca.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_326_326" id="Footnote_326_326"></a><a href="#FNanchor_326_326"><span class="label">[326]</span></a> <i>Supay</i> is the Quichua word for the evil spirit in which
+the ancient Peruvians believed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_327_327" id="Footnote_327_327"></a><a href="#FNanchor_327_327"><span class="label">[327]</span></a> Paullu was a son of the great Ynca Huayna Ccapac. He
+escaped from his half-brother Atahualpa, when many of the royal family
+were killed by that usurper, and, soon after the arrival of the
+Spaniards, was baptized under the name of Christoval. He accompanied
+Almagro in his expedition to Chile, and his services on that occasion
+were of the utmost importance to the Spaniards. While in Chile he
+received tidings from his brother Manco of his resolution to rise in
+arms and expel the invaders; but Paullu deemed it most prudent to
+dissimulate until the expedition, in which he was serving, returned to
+Peru. He afterwards lived for many years at Cuzco, in the palace built
+by Manco Ccapac, the founder of his house, on a hill called the
+Colcampata. The ruins of this edifice are still very perfect. After the
+death of his brother Manco, Paullu was looked upon by the Indians as
+their legitimate Ynca. His son, named Carlos, was a schoolfellow of the
+historian Garcilasso de la Vega, and afterwards married a Spanish lady
+whose parents were settled at Cuzco; and his grandson Don Melchior
+Carlos Ynca went to Spain in 1602, and became a knight of Santiago.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_328_328" id="Footnote_328_328"></a><a href="#FNanchor_328_328"><span class="label">[328]</span></a> Unfit for translation.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_329_329" id="Footnote_329_329"></a><a href="#FNanchor_329_329"><span class="label">[329]</span></a> The Collao is the great plateau of the Andes, including
+the basin of lake Titicaca, between two chains, the maritime cordillera,
+and the eastern range, out of which rise the lofty peaks of Illimani and
+Yllampu (Sorata).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_330_330" id="Footnote_330_330"></a><a href="#FNanchor_330_330"><span class="label">[330]</span></a> The obsequies of the Yncas at Cuzco were celebrated with
+great pomp. The bodies were embalmed with such extraordinary skill that
+they appeared to be alive, and were seated on thrones within the great
+temple of the sun. The bowels were deposited in golden vases, and
+preserved in a temple at Tampu (twelve miles from the capital); just as
+the Emperors of Austria have their bodies buried in one church at
+Vienna, their hearts kept in silver pots in another, and their bowels
+deposited in St. Stephen’s. The corregidor Polo de Ondegardo found five
+bodies of Yncas at Cuzco, three of men and two of women, said to have
+been those of the Ynca Huira-ccocha, with hair white as snow, of the
+great Tupac Ynca Yupanqui, of Huayna Ccapac, of Huira-ccocha’s queen
+Mama Runtu, and of Ccoya Mama Ocllo, the mother of Huayna Ccapac. These
+bodies were so well preserved that all the hair, eyebrows, and even
+eyelashes remained intact. They were dressed in royal robes, with the
+<i>llautu</i>, or royal fringe round their foreheads. They seem to have
+excited much curiosity, were conveyed by order of the viceroy Marquis of
+Cañete to Lima, and finally buried in the courtyard of the hospital of
+San Andres in that city.
+</p><p>
+The chiefs were buried in tombs of stone masonry on the mountain heights
+round Cuzco. A very peculiar kind of maize is often found in the tombs,
+now little cultivated, called <i>Zea rostrata</i>. The bodies, which are in a
+squatting posture with the knees forced up to the head, are found
+enveloped in many folds of cloth, over which is placed a mat of reeds,
+secured by a strong net. The covering next the body is generally of fine
+cotton; round the neck there is almost invariably a small household god,
+called <i>Conopa</i> in Quichua, made of clay, stone, silver, or gold; and a
+piece of copper, gold, or silver is often found in the mouth. The hair
+is, in most instances, well preserved, but the skin is withered up. None
+of the thousands of bodies that have been examined, show any signs of
+having been embalmed. It seems clear that this operation was only
+resorted to in the case of the Yncas themselves. <i>G. de la Vega</i>;
+<i>Rivero</i>, <i>Antiq. Per.</i>; <i>Personal Observation</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_331_331" id="Footnote_331_331"></a><a href="#FNanchor_331_331"><span class="label">[331]</span></a> Fray Geronimo Loayza was appointed bishop of Lima in
+1540, and was the first archbishop from 1548 to 1575. When Gonzalo
+Pizarro rebelled, he sent the archbishop as his envoy to Spain, but,
+meeting La Gasca at Panama on his way, that prelate returned with him,
+and accompanied him throughout the campaign, which ended in the
+overthrow of Gonzalo Pizarro in 1548. This Friar Loayza was a cruel
+fanatic. The inquisition was not introduced into Peru until 1569, but
+the archbishop had previously held three <i>autos de fé</i> at Lima on his
+own account, at one of which, John Millar, a Fleming, was burnt as a
+Lutheran heretic. The first <i>auto de fé</i> held by the inquisition at Lima
+took place in 1573, two years before the death of Loayza, when a
+Frenchman was burnt as a heretic. Loayza presided over two provincial
+councils, one in 1552 and the other in 1567. There have been twenty-two
+archbishops of Lima since the death of Loayza. The present one, Dr. Don
+Sebastian de Goyeneche, who succeeded in 1860, is probably the oldest
+bishop in Christendom, having been consecrated bishop of Arequipa in
+1817, and is also one of the richest men in South America. He is now
+seventy-nine years of age.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_332_332" id="Footnote_332_332"></a><a href="#FNanchor_332_332"><span class="label">[332]</span></a> The nation of the Chinchas, and others on the coast,
+buried their dead on the surface of the ground, covered with a light
+coat of sand, so that the place is only indicated by a very slight
+inequality. <i>Rivero</i>, p. 199.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_333_333" id="Footnote_333_333"></a><a href="#FNanchor_333_333"><span class="label">[333]</span></a> Now corrupted into Luna-huana; near the rich sugar
+estates of Cañete, between Lima and Pisco.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_334_334" id="Footnote_334_334"></a><a href="#FNanchor_334_334"><span class="label">[334]</span></a> <i>Huaca</i> is a word of many significations in Quichua
+(<i>e.g.</i>, idol, temple, sacred place, tomb, figures of men, animals,
+etc., hill), but its most ordinary meaning is a tomb. Cieza de Leon
+probably calls it a “mournful name,” partly from its being the word for
+a tomb, and partly from his having confused it with the nearly similar
+word <i>huaccani</i>, “I mourn.” The mummy or dead body was called <i>malqui</i>.
+There were holes in the tombs, leading from the exterior sides to the
+vases placed round the bodies, through which the Indians poured liquor,
+on the days when festivals were held in honour of the <i>malquis</i>.
+<i>Rivero.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_335_335" id="Footnote_335_335"></a><a href="#FNanchor_335_335"><span class="label">[335]</span></a> This chapter is unfit for translation.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_336_336" id="Footnote_336_336"></a><a href="#FNanchor_336_336"><span class="label">[336]</span></a> The children were weaned at two years of age, when their
+heads were shaved, and they received a name. On these occasions all the
+relations assembled, and one was selected as godfather, who cut off the
+first lock of hair with an instrument made of stone. Each relation
+followed, according to his age or rank, and cut off a few hairs. The
+name was then given, and the relations presented gifts, such as cloth,
+llamas, arms, or drinking vessels. Then followed singing, dancing, and
+drinking until nightfall, and these festivities were continued for three
+or four days. <i>G. de la Vega</i>, lib. iv, cap. 11; <i>Rivero</i>, p. 177.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_337_337" id="Footnote_337_337"></a><a href="#FNanchor_337_337"><span class="label">[337]</span></a> <i>Urco</i> is a word denoting masculine gender, in Quichua,
+when applied to animals, and <i>china</i> is female. For mankind the words
+denoting gender are <i>ccari</i> (male) and <i>huarmi</i> (female).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_338_338" id="Footnote_338_338"></a><a href="#FNanchor_338_338"><span class="label">[338]</span></a> Garcilasso de la Vega says that, as they had no domestic
+fowls in Peru before the Spanish conquest, so there was no word for
+them, and that <i>hualpa</i> was not originally the name for a fowl, but a
+corruption of <i>Atahualpa</i>, the name of the usurping Ynca. It seems,
+however, that domestic fowls were the first things that the Spaniards
+introduced into Peru; and the Indians, finding some resemblance between
+the crowing of the cocks and the sound of <i>Atahualpa</i>, gave them that
+name, which was afterwards corrupted into <i>hualpa</i>. Garcilasso adds, “I
+confess that many of my schoolfellows at Cuzco, the sons of Spaniards by
+Indian mothers, and myself amongst them, imitated this sound in the
+streets, together with the little Indians.”
+</p><p>
+The names of the Yncas, and those of their wives, have a meaning in the
+Quichua language; with the exception, however, of <i>Manco</i>, <i>Mayta</i>, and
+<i>Rocca</i>, which seem to have been borrowed from some other source.
+<i>Ccapac</i> means “rich, grand, illustrious.” <i>Sinchi</i> signifies “strong.”
+<i>Lloque</i> is “left-handed.” <i>Yupanqui</i> is “virtuous.” It is the second
+person singular, future, indicative of <i>Yupani</i>, and means literally,
+“you will count,” that is—“he who bears this title will count as one
+who is excellent for his virtue, clemency, and piety.” <i>Yahuar-huaccac</i>
+signifies “weeping tears:” it was the name of an Ynca whose reign was
+unfortunate. <i>Huira-ccocha</i> means “foam of a lake,” and Garcilasso gives
+the legend from which the name is said to have originated. <i>Pacha-cutec</i>
+means “overturning the world,” a name given to one of the Yncas who was
+a great reformer. <i>Tupac</i> is anything royal, resplendent, honourable.
+<i>Huayna</i> means a “youth,” a name given to the great Ynca Huayna Ccapac,
+possibly from his youthful appearance. <i>Huascar</i> is a “chain,” from the
+golden chain which was made to celebrate his birth. <i>Cusi</i> is “joy.”
+<i>Titu</i> is “liberal, magnanimous.” <i>Sayri</i>, a “tobacco plant.” <i>Amaru</i>, a
+“serpent,” etc.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_339_339" id="Footnote_339_339"></a><a href="#FNanchor_339_339"><span class="label">[339]</span></a> Twins, called <i>chuchu</i>, and children born feet first,
+called <i>chacpa</i>, were offered up to the <i>huacas</i>, in some districts.
+<i>Rivero</i>, p. 173.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_340_340" id="Footnote_340_340"></a><a href="#FNanchor_340_340"><span class="label">[340]</span></a> <i>Aji</i> or <i>uchu</i>, a Chile pepper with a very peculiar
+flavour (<i>Capsicum frutescens</i>, Lin.), is the favourite condiment of the
+Peruvian Indians, sometimes eaten green, and sometimes dried and
+pounded. The consumption of <i>aji</i> is greater than that of salt; for with
+two-thirds of the dishes, more of the former than of the latter is used.
+The <i>aji</i> pepper was introduced into India by Mrs. Clements Markham in
+1861.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_341_341" id="Footnote_341_341"></a><a href="#FNanchor_341_341"><span class="label">[341]</span></a> Before the death of Huayna Ccapac, fearful comets
+appeared in the air, one of them very large and of a green colour, and a
+thunder-bolt fell on the house of the Ynca. The <i>amautas</i> or learned men
+prognosticated that these awful signs were the forerunners, not only of
+the death of Huayna Ccapac, but of the destruction of the empire. <i>G. de
+la Vega</i>, i, lib. ix, cap. 15.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_342_342" id="Footnote_342_342"></a><a href="#FNanchor_342_342"><span class="label">[342]</span></a> Or mountainous region.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_343_343" id="Footnote_343_343"></a><a href="#FNanchor_343_343"><span class="label">[343]</span></a> <i>Zea Mais</i> Lin.: called <i>sara</i> in Quichua.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_344_344" id="Footnote_344_344"></a><a href="#FNanchor_344_344"><span class="label">[344]</span></a> <i>Jatropha Manihot</i> Lin.: called <i>asipa</i> or <i>rumu</i> in
+Quichua. The yuca is still the edible root most used in the coast
+valleys of Peru. It grows to a great size, and is excellent when
+roasted.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_345_345" id="Footnote_345_345"></a><a href="#FNanchor_345_345"><span class="label">[345]</span></a> <i>Batatas edulis</i>, Chois.: called <i>apichu</i> in Quichua, and
+<i>cumar</i> in the Quito dialect. Dr. Seemann has pointed out to me the
+curious and interesting fact that <i>kumara</i> is also the word for sweet
+potatoe in Tahiti, the Fiji Islands, and New Zealand.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_346_346" id="Footnote_346_346"></a><a href="#FNanchor_346_346"><span class="label">[346]</span></a> The <i>pepino</i> (a <i>cucurbitacea</i>) is grown in great
+abundance in the fields. The plant is only a foot and a half high, and
+it creeps on the ground. The fruit is from four to five inches long,
+cylindrical, and somewhat pointed at both ends. The husk is of a
+yellowish green colour, with long rose coloured stripes. The edible part
+is solid, juicy, and well flavoured, but very indigestible. <i>Tschudi</i>,
+p. 192.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_347_347" id="Footnote_347_347"></a><a href="#FNanchor_347_347"><span class="label">[347]</span></a> <i>Psidium guayava</i> Raddi.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_348_348" id="Footnote_348_348"></a><a href="#FNanchor_348_348"><span class="label">[348]</span></a> <i>Inga spectabilis</i> Willd.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_349_349" id="Footnote_349_349"></a><a href="#FNanchor_349_349"><span class="label">[349]</span></a> <i>Persea gratissima</i> R. P. See note at p. 16.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_350_350" id="Footnote_350_350"></a><a href="#FNanchor_350_350"><span class="label">[350]</span></a> The <i>guanavana</i> is called sour sop in the West Indies
+(<i>Anona muricata</i> Lin.), where Cieza de Leon must have seen it. It has
+long been naturalized in India, as well as the <i>A. squamosa</i> (custard
+apple) and <i>A. reticulata</i> (sweet sop), and on occasions of famine these
+fruits have literally proved the staff of life to the natives in some
+parts of the country. (Drury’s <i>Useful Plants of India</i>, p. 41.)
+</p><p>
+But the fruit which Cieza de Leon here mistakes for the <i>guanavana</i> or
+sour sop is, no doubt, the delicious <i>chirimoya</i> (<i>Anona cherimolia</i>
+Mill.) Von Tschudi says of it: “It would certainly be difficult to name
+any fruit possessing a more exquisite flavour. The fruit is of a
+roundish form, somewhat pyramidal or heart-shaped, the broad base
+uniting with the stem. Externally it is green, covered with small knobs
+and scales. The skin is rather thick and tough. Internally the fruit is
+snow-white and juicy, and provided with a number of black seeds. The
+taste is incomparable. Both the fruit and flowers of the <i>chirimoya</i>
+emit a fine fragrance. The tree which bears this finest of all fruits is
+from fifteen to twenty feet high.” Mrs. Clements Markham introduced the
+cultivation of this delicious fruit into Southern India in 1861.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_351_351" id="Footnote_351_351"></a><a href="#FNanchor_351_351"><span class="label">[351]</span></a> <i>Chrysophillum Caimito</i> Lin., or star apple.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_352_352" id="Footnote_352_352"></a><a href="#FNanchor_352_352"><span class="label">[352]</span></a> The name for the ordinary Peruvian dog, in Quichua, is
+<i>allco</i> (<i>Canis Ingæ</i>).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_353_353" id="Footnote_353_353"></a><a href="#FNanchor_353_353"><span class="label">[353]</span></a> The <i>algaroba</i> or <i>guaranga</i> (<i>Prosopis horrida</i>, Willd).
+A tree the bean of which furnishes food for mules, donkeys, and goats.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_354_354" id="Footnote_354_354"></a><a href="#FNanchor_354_354"><span class="label">[354]</span></a> The <i>dulces</i> or preserves of Peru are still the most
+delicious in the world, especially those made at Cuzco. No confectionary
+in London or Paris can be compared with them.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_355_355" id="Footnote_355_355"></a><a href="#FNanchor_355_355"><span class="label">[355]</span></a> The vineyards of the Peruvian coast valleys have become
+famous for the delicious grape spirits called <i>italia</i> and <i>pisco</i>. In
+1860 the valleys of Yca and Pisco alone yielded seventy thousand
+<i>botijas</i> or jars of spirits, and ten thousand barrels of excellent
+wine.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_356_356" id="Footnote_356_356"></a><a href="#FNanchor_356_356"><span class="label">[356]</span></a> Next to the wonderful roads, these irrigating channels
+are the most convincing proofs of the advanced civilisation of the
+Yncas. Once nearly all the coast valleys were supplied with them, and
+thousands of acres were reclaimed from the desert; but, owing to the
+barbarism or neglect of the Spaniards, they nearly all went to ruin very
+soon after the conquest. In one valley alone, that of Nasca (or, more
+properly, <i>Nanasca</i>, “pain”), the irrigating works of the Yncas are
+still in working order, and from them an idea may be formed of the
+extent and grandeur of the public works of the Yncas throughout the
+coast region of Peru.
+</p><p>
+The valley of Nasca descends from the Andes by an easy and gradual
+slope, widening as it descends, and is hemmed in by lofty mountains on
+either side. It is covered with cultivation, consisting of vineyards,
+cotton plantations, fields of <i>aji</i>, maize, wheat, pumpkins, melons, and
+other vegetables, and fruit gardens. In 1853 I examined the irrigation
+channels of this valley very carefully. All that nature has supplied, in
+the way of water, is a small water course, which is frequently dry for
+six years together; and, at the best, only a little streamlet trickles
+down during the month of February. The engineering skill displayed by
+the Yncas, in remedying this defect, is astonishing. Deep trenches were
+cut along the whole length of the valley, and so far into the mountains
+that the present inhabitants have no knowledge of the place where they
+commence. High up the valley the main trenches or <i>puquios</i> are some
+four feet in height, with the floor, sides, and roof lined with stones.
+Lower down they are separated into smaller <i>puquios</i>, which ramify in
+every direction over the valley, and supply all the estates with
+delicious water throughout the year, feeding the little streams which
+irrigate the fields. The larger <i>puquios</i> are several feet below the
+surface, and at intervals of about two hundred yards there are
+man-holes, called <i>ojos</i>, by which workmen can get down into the
+channels, and clear away any obstructions.
+</p><p>
+Further on Cieza de Leon describes other works of irrigation in the
+valley of Yca, on the same magnificent scale, which, even when he wrote,
+had already been destroyed by the barbarian Spaniards.
+</p><p>
+The subterranean channels were called <i>huirca</i> in Quichua, and those
+flowing along on the surface <i>rarca</i>. In all parts of the <i>Sierra</i> of
+Peru the remains of irrigating channels are met with, which the
+Spaniards destroyed and neglected, and thus allowed the once fertile
+fields to return to their natural sterility. The principal remains of
+works of irrigation, in the <i>Sierra</i>, are to be found at Caxamarca and
+at Cerro Pasco. Garcilasso de la Vega relates how the Ynca Huira-ccocha
+caused an aqueduct to be constructed, twelve feet in depth, and more
+than one hundred and twenty leagues in length. Another aqueduct was made
+in the province of Condesuyos (Cunti-suyu), which was more than
+fifty-five leagues long. The Ynca historian justly exclaims: “These are
+works worthy of the grandeur of such princes. They are equal to the
+finest works of the kind in the world, considering the enormous rocks
+which were cut through to form them, without iron or steel tools. When a
+deep ravine crossed the intended course of the aqueduct, it was led
+round to the head. The channels were cut out of the living rock in many
+places, the outer side being formed of a stone wall of large six-sided
+slabs, fitting exactly into each other, and banked up with earth.”</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_357_357" id="Footnote_357_357"></a><a href="#FNanchor_357_357"><span class="label">[357]</span></a> There is a fox (<i>Canis Azaræ</i>, Pr. Max.) which abounds in
+the coast valleys, where it preys on the lambs.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_358_358" id="Footnote_358_358"></a><a href="#FNanchor_358_358"><span class="label">[358]</span></a> <i>Prosopis horrida</i>, Willd. This tree grows to a large
+size. The wood is very hard, the leaf small, and the branches bear an
+abundance of clusters of pods, which form excellent food for mules and
+cattle, and for immense herds of goats.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_359_359" id="Footnote_359_359"></a><a href="#FNanchor_359_359"><span class="label">[359]</span></a> “Formerly the valley of Chacama was called the granary of
+Peru, and, until the great earthquake of 1687, the wheat produced its
+seed two hundred fold. This valley alone harvested two hundred thousand
+bushels of this grain.” <i>Stevenson</i>, ii, p. 124-5.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_360_360" id="Footnote_360_360"></a><a href="#FNanchor_360_360"><span class="label">[360]</span></a> “The valleys of Chimu, Chacama, and Viru, may be
+considered as one, being separated from each other only by the branches
+of the Chacama river. United they are about twenty-eight leagues long
+and eleven broad. Their soil, irrigated by the waters of the river, is
+very fertile.” <i>Stevenson</i>, ii, p. 124.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_361_361" id="Footnote_361_361"></a><a href="#FNanchor_361_361"><span class="label">[361]</span></a> The ruins in the valley of Chimu or Truxillo are a league
+and a half from the port of Huanchaco. It is not known when they were
+built, but in the time of Pachacutec, the ninth Ynca (about <small>A.D.</small> 1340 to
+1400), a powerful chief reigned in this valley, called Chimu-Canchu.
+After a long war with the Ynca’s son Yupanqui, the Chimu consented to
+worship the sun, and to abandon his own idols, consisting of figures of
+fish and other animals.
+</p><p>
+The ruins of the Chimu’s city cover a space of three quarters of a
+league, exclusive of the great squares. These squares, seven or eight in
+number, vary from two hundred to two hundred and seventy yards in
+length, and from one hundred to one hundred and sixty in breadth. They
+are on the north side of the large edifices or palaces. The walls
+surrounding the palaces are of great solidity, formed of <i>adobes</i>
+(bricks baked in the sun) ten or twelve yards long and five or six broad
+in the lower part of the wall, but gradually diminishing until they
+terminate in a breadth of one yard at the top. Each palace was
+completely surrounded by an exterior wall. One of them, built of stone
+and <i>adobes</i>, is fifty yards high, five yards broad at the bottom, and
+gradually tapering to one at the top. In the first palace there is an
+interior court, in which are chambers built of stone, and plastered
+within. The lintels of the doorways consist of a single stone about two
+yards long. Some of the walls are adorned with panels and tasteful
+patterns, and ornaments sculptured on the <i>adobes</i>. There is also a
+large reservoir, which was formerly supplied with water, by subterranean
+aqueducts, from the river Moche, about two miles to the north-east. The
+second palace is one hundred and twenty-five yards east of the first. It
+contains several courts and chambers, with narrow lanes between them. At
+one of the extremities is the <i>huaca</i> of <i>Misa</i>, surrounded by a low
+wall. This <i>huaca</i> is traversed by small passages about a yard wide, and
+it also contains some large chambers, containing cloths, mummies, pieces
+of gold and silver, tools, and a stone idol. Besides these palaces there
+are the ruins of a great number of smaller houses, forming an extensive
+city. <i>Rivero Antiq. Per.</i>
+</p><p>
+In 1566 one Garcia Gutierrez de Toledo paid 85,547 <i>castellanos de oro</i>
+(£222,422) as the fifth or royal share of the treasure found by him in
+the <i>huacas</i> of the grand Chimu; and in 1592 the royal fifth of further
+treasure discovered in these tombs amounted to 47,020 <i>castellanos</i>
+(£122,252). The value of the whole was £1,724,220 of our money. This
+will give some idea of the wealth concealed in these burial places.
+There is a tradition that there were two priceless treasures in the form
+of fishes of gold, known as the great and little <i>peje</i>, in one of the
+<i>huacas</i>.
+</p><p>
+The curiosities that have been found in the <i>Chimu</i> ruins are very
+interesting:—such as mummies in strange postures, one in an attitude as
+if about to drink, with a monkey on his shoulder, whispering into his
+ear.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_362_362" id="Footnote_362_362"></a><a href="#FNanchor_362_362"><span class="label">[362]</span></a> The city of Truxillo stands on a sandy plain, in lat. 8°
+6´ 3” S.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_363_363" id="Footnote_363_363"></a><a href="#FNanchor_363_363"><span class="label">[363]</span></a> See note at p. 72.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_364_364" id="Footnote_364_364"></a><a href="#FNanchor_364_364"><span class="label">[364]</span></a> The distance is one hundred and eight leagues by the
+road.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_365_365" id="Footnote_365_365"></a><a href="#FNanchor_365_365"><span class="label">[365]</span></a> The river of Santa is about eighteen hundred yards across
+at the mouth, and its current, during the rainy season, sometimes flows
+at the rate of seven miles an hour. In 1795 a rope bridge was thrown
+across it, about a league from the mouth, but it was destroyed by a
+sudden rise of the water in 1806. <i>Stevenson.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_366_366" id="Footnote_366_366"></a><a href="#FNanchor_366_366"><span class="label">[366]</span></a> Guarmay is a small Indian village, famous for its
+<i>chicha</i>, which is remarkably strong.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_367_367" id="Footnote_367_367"></a><a href="#FNanchor_367_367"><span class="label">[367]</span></a> These are the ruins of a fortress defended by the Chimu
+against the army of the Yncas, the outer walls being three hundred yards
+long by two hundred. The interior is divided into small houses,
+separated by lanes. It is partly covered with a kind of plaster, on
+which Proctor saw the uncouth coloured representations of birds and
+beasts mentioned in the text. The ruined fortress stands at the
+extremity of a plain, close to the foot of some rugged mountains, about
+a league from the sea. <i>Paz Soldan</i>: <i>Proctor</i>, p. 175.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_368_368" id="Footnote_368_368"></a><a href="#FNanchor_368_368"><span class="label">[368]</span></a> <i>La Barranca.</i> The river is approached by a precipitous
+descent down a high bank of large pebbles and earth. The breadth of the
+channel is about a quarter of a mile, and, during the rains in the
+Andes, it is completely full, running furiously, and carrying along with
+it trees and even rocks, which render it impassable. In the dry season
+it merely consists of three separate torrents about as deep as the
+saddle, but unsafe.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_369_369" id="Footnote_369_369"></a><a href="#FNanchor_369_369"><span class="label">[369]</span></a> The city of Lima is about two miles long and a mile and a
+half broad. Its circumference is about ten miles, but many gardens,
+orchards, and fields of alfalfa are included within the walls. The best
+and fullest account of Lima is contained in a work called <i>Estadistica
+de Lima</i>, by Don Manuel A. Fuentes.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_370_370" id="Footnote_370_370"></a><a href="#FNanchor_370_370"><span class="label">[370]</span></a> Each side of the grand square of Lima is five hundred and
+ten feet long. It contains the cathedral and palace.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_371_371" id="Footnote_371_371"></a><a href="#FNanchor_371_371"><span class="label">[371]</span></a> This is the hill of San Cristobal, a rocky height rising
+abruptly from the plain, on the opposite side of the river Rimac, near
+the bull-ring. There is still a cross planted on its summit.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_372_372" id="Footnote_372_372"></a><a href="#FNanchor_372_372"><span class="label">[372]</span></a> One does not always hear such praise from those who have
+visited the City of the Kings; but at least the feelings of the editor
+of this work agree with those of the author. Some of the happiest days
+in the editor’s life were passed on the banks of the Rimac; and he,
+therefore, will not criticize the enthusiastic and, as some will think,
+exaggerated praise of Cieza de Leon.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_373_373" id="Footnote_373_373"></a><a href="#FNanchor_373_373"><span class="label">[373]</span></a> The city of Lima was founded by Pizarro on the 6th of
+January, 1535. As it was the day of Epiphany, Lima received the title of
+<i>Ciudad de los Reyes</i> (City of the Kings).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_374_374" id="Footnote_374_374"></a><a href="#FNanchor_374_374"><span class="label">[374]</span></a> Great numbers of bodies have been dug up at the foot of
+the temple of Pachacamac, the extreme dryness of the climate having
+preserved the long hair on the skulls, and even the skin. There are as
+many as one hundred and four Pachacamac skulls in European museums,
+which have been carefully examined. “They exhibit a vertically flattened
+occiput, a narrow and receding forehead, the glabella being slightly
+prominent. The acrocephalic or sugar-loaf form predominates. The range
+of skulls from Pachacamac varies from the globular or oval type, with a
+slightly depressed coronal suture, which Tschudi terms the ‘Chincha’
+skulls, to the pyramidal brachycephalic cranium, with a high and
+vertical occiput, ordinarily termed the ‘Inca cranium.’ ” C. C. Blake,
+Esq., <i>On the Cranial Characters of the Peruvian Races</i>. <i>Transactions
+of the Ethnological Society.</i> Vol. ii. New Series, p. 227. Cieza de Leon
+states, in the text, that only chiefs and pilgrims were allowed to be
+buried near the temple of Pachacamac; and, if this was really the case,
+it would be natural to expect that the fact would be corroborated, to
+some extent, by an examination of the skulls. Accordingly I am informed
+by Mr. Carter Blake, that Mr. Clift and others have spoken of Pachacamac
+as being the depository of more than one type of skull, which may be the
+remains of pilgrims from various localities. Mr. Clift mentions bodies
+at Pachacamac with heads depressed like those of the people near lake
+Titicaca, and others with heads properly formed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_375_375" id="Footnote_375_375"></a><a href="#FNanchor_375_375"><span class="label">[375]</span></a> The ruins of Pachacamac are about twenty miles south of
+Lima, on the sea-coast. The temple was on the summit of a hill about
+four hundred feet above the sea, and half a mile from the beach. The
+view from the platform, where the temple once stood, is exceedingly
+striking. Half the horizon is occupied by the ocean, and the other half
+is divided into two widely different scenes. One is an arid desert, with
+no object on which the eye can rest save the ruined city; the other is a
+lovely valley, covered with fields of maize and sugar cane, and dotted
+with houses half hidden by the encircling fruit gardens. The little town
+of Lurin stands in its centre. A narrow stream separates this enchanting
+valley from the dreary expanse of sand, while the glorious Andes bound
+the inland view.
+</p><p>
+The upper part of the temple hill is artificially formed of huge
+<i>adobes</i> or bricks baked in the sun, rising in three broad terraces, the
+walls of which are thirty-two feet high. Towards the sea the terraces
+are supported by buttresses of ordinary sized sun-dried bricks, and the
+red paint, with which the walls were originally coated, may still be
+seen in several places. The temple stood on a level platform on the top,
+facing the sea. The door is said to have been of gold plates, richly
+inlaid with coral and precious stones, but the interior was rendered
+filthy by the sacrifices. Garcilasso says that the Yunca Indians had
+idols in the form of fish and other animals, and that they sacrificed
+animals, and even the blood of men and women; but that these idols were
+destroyed by the Yncas.
+</p><p>
+At the foot of the temple hill are the remains of houses for pilgrims;
+and it is here that the numerous skulls are found, with long flowing
+hair, which are to be met with in European museums. Further on are the
+ruins of an extensive city. The streets are very narrow, and the
+principal houses or palaces generally consist of halls of grand
+proportions, with a number of small apartments at each end: all now
+choked with sand. The foundations are frequently of stone.
+</p><p>
+It is said by some old writers that this temple was erected for the
+worship of Pachacamac—the Supreme Being, the “Creator of the world”—by
+an ancient race, long before the time of the Yncas, and of whom the
+Yunca Indians were degenerate descendants. Its great antiquity is proved
+by the fact that, when Hernando Pizarro first arrived at it, a
+considerable portion of the city was already in ruins.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_376_376" id="Footnote_376_376"></a><a href="#FNanchor_376_376"><span class="label">[376]</span></a> The plain of Chilca is a broad sandy waste, with a thin
+line of vegetation running from the Andes to the sea. The village is a
+collection of cane flat-roofed houses, with a handsome church. It is
+about two miles from the beach, where there is an abrupt headland called
+Chilca Point. There are none of the maize fields described by Cieza de
+Leon, and the land is no longer manured with sardine heads, but there
+are several palm and fig trees, and holes where crops of reeds, for
+making matting to cover the house tops, are raised. A little scanty
+herbage grows on the sand hills, where mules and donkeys graze. The
+inhabitants of Chilca are all pure Indians, and they allow no whites to
+reside in their village. They employ themselves in plaiting straw for
+hats and cigar cases of great beauty. In the time of the Yncas this
+valley was very populous, as is clear from the numerous ruins in various
+directions; but Spanish occupation has acted as a blight on every corner
+of this once happy land.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_377_377" id="Footnote_377_377"></a><a href="#FNanchor_377_377"><span class="label">[377]</span></a> Here Cieza de Leon shows his strong prejudice against
+Almagro. It is well known that Pizarro formed a plot to seize him after
+the interview at Mala, and that he was warned of the meditated treachery
+by the voice of an old comrade, who sang a couplet in the verandah—
+</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“Tiempo es de andar, Cavallero!<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Tiempo es de andar de aqui.”<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_378_378" id="Footnote_378_378"></a><a href="#FNanchor_378_378"><span class="label">[378]</span></a> The valley of Mala is six miles from that of Chilca. It
+is covered with rich vegetation—bananas, figs, oranges, fields of
+maize, vines, and willow trees, and is well supplied with water by a
+large river. In the southern part there are extensive pastures, where
+some of the bulls are bred for the Lima bull fights.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_379_379" id="Footnote_379_379"></a><a href="#FNanchor_379_379"><span class="label">[379]</span></a> This is the rich modern valley of Cañeta, containing six
+very extensive and flourishing sugar estates, and two villages.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_380_380" id="Footnote_380_380"></a><a href="#FNanchor_380_380"><span class="label">[380]</span></a> What other right had our author’s countrymen? or does he
+mean more than meets the eye, in writing this sentence. Cieza de Leon
+was evidently impressed with the excellence of the government of the
+Yncas, and deplores, in almost every chapter, the destruction and ruin
+brought upon the country by the Spaniards. Is this a covert thrust at
+the justice of the Spanish conquest?</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_381_381" id="Footnote_381_381"></a><a href="#FNanchor_381_381"><span class="label">[381]</span></a> The ruins of this great edifice, half fortress half
+palace, are still to be seen on an elevated point of land overhanging
+the sea, on the south side of the river of Cañete. I examined these
+ruins very carefully in 1853. They are divided into two parts. Those
+furthest from the sea consist of nine chambers. Entering from a breach
+in the wall, I passed along a gallery broad enough for two men to walk
+abreast, with a parapet five feet high on one side, and a wall sixteen
+feet high on the other. The parapet is on the edge of a hill partly
+faced with <i>adobes</i>. At the end of about twenty yards the gallery turns
+at right angles into the centre of the building. Here there is a doorway
+about ten feet high, three feet across at the base, and narrowing as it
+ascends, with a lintel of willow beams. It leads into a spacious hall,
+and, on the opposite side, there is a deep recess corresponding with the
+door. The walls are sixteen feet high, built of moderate sized <i>adobes</i>,
+formerly plastered over, and, as Cieza de Leon tells us, painted with
+figures. At the sides of the hall there are small chambers with recesses
+in the walls, communicating with each other by passages in the rear.
+There is a distance of two hundred yards, strewn with ruined walls,
+between this portion of the ruins and that overhanging the sea. The
+latter is entered by a doorway, which leads into a large square hall,
+nearly a hundred feet each way. The sides towards the north and west are
+smooth, but the eastern wall is pierced by fifteen small recesses. On
+the south side two doorways lead by passages into smaller chambers, also
+with recesses in the walls. In the upper part of the walls of the great
+hall the holes, for the beams which supported the roof, are distinctly
+visible. The walls throughout are three to four feet thick. The
+doorways, from the lintel to the ground, are eight feet high. On the
+whole, this is one of the best preserved ruins in the land of the Yncas.
+The portions of the fortress which were built of stone, were barbarously
+destroyed by order of the Spanish viceroy Count of Moncloa, and the
+materials were used for building the castles at Callao.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_382_382" id="Footnote_382_382"></a><a href="#FNanchor_382_382"><span class="label">[382]</span></a> From the great gate of the hacienda of Laran, in the
+valley of Chincha, a broad road leads towards the Andes. This road
+formed the division between the governments of Pizarro and Almagro on
+the sea-coast, and the question as to whether Cuzco was on the north or
+south side of the imaginary line continued east from Laran, was the
+cause of a quarrel which ended in the defeat and death of Almagro. Laran
+now belongs to the hospitable Don Antonio Prada, marquis of the towers
+of Oran.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_383_383" id="Footnote_383_383"></a><a href="#FNanchor_383_383"><span class="label">[383]</span></a> Another great public work of the Yncas, now utterly
+destroyed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_384_384" id="Footnote_384_384"></a><a href="#FNanchor_384_384"><span class="label">[384]</span></a> The valley of Yca forms a delightful contrast to the
+surrounding deserts. The traveller, leaving the sandy waste behind him,
+finds himself riding through vineyards and cotton plantations, with
+hedges of fig trees, jessamine and roses on either hand. Yca is a large
+town about two leagues from the foot of the Andes, in the middle of a
+fertile and beautiful valley; but it has suffered fearfully from
+earthquakes. The river is crossed by a bridge of ropes and willow
+branches, and during January and February it dashes impetuously down the
+valley, but it is dry for the rest of the year, and, as Cieza de Leon
+says, the people dig holes in its bed, to get water. There are some very
+extensive woods of <i>guaranga</i> or <i>algaroba trees</i> (<i>Prosopis horrida</i>)
+in the valley of Yca, generally on the skirts of the deserts.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_385_385" id="Footnote_385_385"></a><a href="#FNanchor_385_385"><span class="label">[385]</span></a> He includes the rich valleys of Palpa, San Xavier, and
+Nasca under the same name.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_386_386" id="Footnote_386_386"></a><a href="#FNanchor_386_386"><span class="label">[386]</span></a> I carefully examined these ruined edifices when I was at
+Nasca. They are built in terraces up the sides of the mountains, which
+hem in the valley on the south. The houses contained spacious halls,
+with niches in the walls. About forty feet higher up the mountain, and
+immediately overhanging the ruined palaces, there was a fortress with a
+semicircular wall in front, and a high <i>adobe</i> breastwork in the rear.
+Its only approach was by a steep ramp leading up from the edifices
+below. The walls of the buildings are all of stone.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_387_387" id="Footnote_387_387"></a><a href="#FNanchor_387_387"><span class="label">[387]</span></a> I know of only one modern traveller who has visited and
+described the coast valleys of Acari, Ocoña, and Camana; namely, that
+noble old warrior General Miller, who led his patriot troops from Quilca
+to Pisco in 1823, a most difficult march over trackless deserts, and
+through a country then in possession of the Spaniards.
+</p><p>
+The Camana valley, which in its upper part is called Majes, has a
+considerable river; and contains olive yards, vineyards, and sugar
+plantations. It is in 15° 57´ S. The yellow <i>aji</i> or capsicum of Camana
+is also famous, and guano has been used as manure in its cultivation
+from time immemorial.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_388_388" id="Footnote_388_388"></a><a href="#FNanchor_388_388"><span class="label">[388]</span></a> Quilca was the port of Arequipa until the year 1827, when
+it was supplanted by its present successful rival Islay, some leagues
+further down the coast.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_389_389" id="Footnote_389_389"></a><a href="#FNanchor_389_389"><span class="label">[389]</span></a> This account of the use of guano by the ancient Peruvians
+is exceedingly curious. Garcilasso de la Vega also describes the use
+made by them of the deposits of guano on the coast. He says: “On the
+shores of the sea, from below Arequipa to Tarapaca, which is more than
+two hundred leagues of coast, they use no other manure than that of sea
+birds, which abound in all the coasts of Peru, and go in such great
+flocks that it would be incredible to one who had not seen them. They
+breed on certain uninhabited islands which are on that coast; and the
+manure which they deposit is in such quantities that it would almost
+seem incredible. In the time of the kings, who were Yncas, such care was
+taken to guard these birds in the breeding season, that it was not
+lawful for any one to land on the isles, on pain of death, that the
+birds might not be frightened, nor driven from their nests. Neither was
+it lawful to kill them at any time, either on the island or elsewhere,
+also on pain of death. Each island was, by the Yncas, set apart for the
+use of a particular province, and the guano was fairly divided, each
+village receiving a due portion” (ii, lib. v, cap. iii). See also
+<i>Antiguedades Peruanas</i>, p. 77.
+</p><p>
+Frezier mentions that, when he was on the coast in 1713, guano was
+brought from Iquique, and other ports along the coast, and landed at
+Arica and Ylo, for the <i>aji</i> and other crops. Frezier’s <i>South Sea</i>, p.
+152.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_390_390" id="Footnote_390_390"></a><a href="#FNanchor_390_390"><span class="label">[390]</span></a> The desert of Atacama.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_391_391" id="Footnote_391_391"></a><a href="#FNanchor_391_391"><span class="label">[391]</span></a> The original site was in the rear of the little village
+of Cayma.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_392_392" id="Footnote_392_392"></a><a href="#FNanchor_392_392"><span class="label">[392]</span></a> The splendid volcano of Misti rises immediately in the
+rear of the city of Arequipa, in a perfect cone capped with snow, to a
+height of 18,00 feet above the level of the sea, or, according to
+Pentland, 20,300 feet.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_393_393" id="Footnote_393_393"></a><a href="#FNanchor_393_393"><span class="label">[393]</span></a> The most terrible earthquakes at Arequipa, took place as
+follows:—
+</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">January 2,</td><td align="left">1582</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">February 18,</td><td align="left">1600</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">November 23,</td><td align="left">1604</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">December 9,</td><td align="left">1609</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">1613</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">May 20,</td><td align="left">1666</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">April 23,</td><td align="left">1668</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">October 21,</td><td align="left">1687</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">August 22,</td><td align="left">1715</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">May 13,</td><td align="left">1784</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">1812</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">July 10,</td><td align="left">1821</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">October 9,</td><td align="left">1831</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">June 3,</td><td align="left" valign="bottom">1848. Between 10
+<small> P.M.</small> and 2 <small>A.M.</small> there were forty<br /> terrific shocks.</td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_394_394" id="Footnote_394_394"></a><a href="#FNanchor_394_394"><span class="label">[394]</span></a> After the armies of Ynca Pachacutec, under the command of
+his brother, the able general Ccapac Yupanqui, had conquered the Huanca
+nation, that commander invaded the province of Caxamarca in about 1380
+<small>A.D.</small> The natives replied to the usual Yncarial summons, by saying that
+they had no need for new gods or new laws beyond those which they had
+received from their ancestors. The Yncarial troops were victorious in
+the open ground, but the natives of Caxamarca then retreated into their
+fortified strongholds, and made continual forays. Thus the war lasted
+for four months, but the Ynca general lost no opportunity of
+ingratiating himself with the enemy, setting the prisoners at liberty,
+curing the wounded, and sending messages of peace and amity to the
+hostile chiefs. At last the people of Caxamarca began to reflect that
+they might meet a harder fate than that of submitting to rulers who,
+while they were able to kill, treated their prisoners with so much
+kindness. The chiefs sent in their submission, and were confirmed in
+their privileges, while the province of Caxamarca became an integral
+part of the empire of the Yncas. The general Ccapac Yupanqui was
+accompanied in this campaign by his youthful nephew the Ynca Yupanqui,
+who afterwards succeeded his father Pachacutec as tenth Ynca of Peru.
+</p><p>
+It was by this enlightened policy of conciliation, accompanied by
+vigorous movements in the field, that most of the conquests of the Yncas
+were effected. <i>G. de la Vega</i>, i, lib. vi, cap. xv.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_395_395" id="Footnote_395_395"></a><a href="#FNanchor_395_395"><span class="label">[395]</span></a> The valley of Caxamarca (<i>Ccasa</i>, “frost,” and <i>marca</i>,
+“tower” or “house” in Quichua) is about five leagues long and three
+broad. It is intersected with green hedges enclosing hundreds of small
+plots bearing luxuriant crops, and a river winds from one extremity to
+the other. Humboldt believed this valley to be the bottom of an ancient
+lake. The soil is extremely fertile, and the plain is full of gardens
+and fields, traversed by avenues of daturas, willows, and the beautiful
+<i>queñuar</i> tree (<i>Polylepis villosa</i>). In the northern part of the plain,
+small porphyritic domes break through the sandstone strata, and probably
+once formed islands in the ancient lake, before its waters had flowed
+off.
+</p><p>
+Atahualpa had a palace at the warm sulphur baths of Pultamarca, in this
+plain, some slight remains of which can still be traced. The large deep
+basin, forming the baths, appears to have been artificially excavated in
+the sandstone rock above one of the fissures through which the spring
+issues. There are also slight remains of the fort and palace of
+Atahualpa in the town. The palace was situated on a hill of porphyry.
+The most considerable ruins still visible are only from thirteen to
+fifteen feet high, and consist of fine cut blocks of stone two or three
+feet long, and placed upon each other without cement. The cacique
+Astopilco, a descendant of Atahualpa, resided in a part of these ruins
+at the time when Humboldt and Stevenson visited Caxamarca. The room was
+shown them, where the unhappy Atahualpa was kept a prisoner for nine
+months in 1532-33. <i>Humboldt’s Aspects.</i> <i>Stevenson</i>, ii, cap. v.
+</p><p>
+Prescott gives the amount of gold collected for Atahualpa’s ransom at
+Caxamarca at 1,326,539 <i>pesos de oro</i>, besides 51,610 marcs of silver.
+(From <i>Xeres</i>, in <i>Barcia’s Coll</i>., iii, p. 232. Xeres was Pizarro’s
+secretary.) The <i>peso</i> or <i>castellano de oro</i> was equal, in commercial
+value, to £2:12:6; so that the gold alone, of this ransom, was worth
+£3,500,00. <i>Prescott</i>, i, p. 425.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_396_396" id="Footnote_396_396"></a><a href="#FNanchor_396_396"><span class="label">[396]</span></a> When Pizarro rudely pulled Atahualpa from his chair, and
+took him prisoner, a soldier named Miguel Astete tore the crimson
+fringe, the token of his sovereignty, from his forehead. Astete kept the
+fringe until 1557, when he gave it to Sayri Tupac, the son of Ynca
+Manco, who was recognized as Ynca, and received a pension from the
+viceroy Marquis of Cañete.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_397_397" id="Footnote_397_397"></a><a href="#FNanchor_397_397"><span class="label">[397]</span></a> This account differs slightly from that given by
+Garcilasso de la Vega, which is as follows.
+</p><p>
+After the death of the Ynca Huayna Ccapac in 1526, his two sons, Huascar
+and Atahualpa, reigned peaceably for about four or five years, the
+former at Cuzco, and the latter at Quito. At last the elder brother
+became jealous of the power of his rival at Quito, and sent an envoy
+demanding that he should do him homage as sole and sovereign lord.
+Atahualpa replied that he would most willingly submit to the rule of the
+Ynca, and announced his intention of making a journey to Cuzco,
+accompanied by all his vassals, to take an oath of obedience, and to
+celebrate the obsequies of their common father. Under this feigned
+submission Atahualpa concealed the treacherous intention of attacking
+and dethroning his brother. He collected thirty thousand armed Indians
+under the command of his two generals Challcuchima and Quizquiz, and
+sent them by different ways towards Cuzco, disguised as ordinary serving
+men. Huascar had so little suspicion of treachery that he ordered these
+men to be supplied with clothing and provisions on the road. The passage
+of so many armed men through the provinces, excited the alarm of several
+veteran governors, who warned Huascar of his danger; but meanwhile the
+forces of Atahualpa had crossed the river Apurimac without opposition,
+and, raising their banners, threw off the mask and advanced as open
+enemies. Thoroughly alarmed, Huascar summoned the chiefs of the
+southern, eastern, and western districts, Colla-suyu, Anti-suyu, and
+Cunti-suyu. Chincha-suyu, the northern province, was already in the
+power of Atahualpa. Those of Cunti-suyu alone had time to join the Ynca,
+with thirty thousand undisciplined Indians. The forces of Atahualpa
+advanced to the attack without delay, in order that there might be no
+time for more reinforcements to reach Cuzco, and a desperate battle was
+fought at a place called Quepaypa (literally <i>of my trumpet</i>), a few
+leagues west of Cuzco. Garcilasso mentions that, as a boy at school in
+Cuzco, he twice visited this battle field, when out hawking in the
+neighbourhood. The battle lasted during the whole day. At last the
+veteran troops of Atahualpa, who had served in all his father’s wars,
+triumphed over the raw levies of his more peaceful brother, Huascar was
+taken prisoner after a thousand of his body guard had fallen around him,
+and most of his faithful <i>curacas</i> or chiefs voluntarily surrendered, in
+order to share the fate of their beloved lord. This battle took place in
+1532. Atahualpa was not present at the battle, but he hurried to Cuzco
+on hearing of his victory. Knowing that, according to the ancient laws
+of the empire, he, as an illegitimate son, could not inherit the crown;
+he resolved to put all the legitimate heirs out of his way by
+indiscriminate slaughter. Not only did he order all his half-brothers to
+be put to death, but also his uncles, nephews, and cousins of the blood
+royal, and most of the faithful nobles of Huascar. One of the Ynca’s
+wives, named Mama Huarcay, fled with her little daughter Coya Cusi
+Huarcay, who afterwards married Sayri Tupac, the Ynca who was pensioned
+by the marquis of Cañete in 1553. Out of so large a family several other
+members also escaped from the fate intended for them by the cruel
+Atahualpa. Among these were the mother of the historian Garcilasso de la
+Vega, and her brother Hualpa Tupac Ynca Yupanqui; Manco, Paullu, and
+Titu, legitimate sons of Huayna Ccapac; and several princesses, who were
+baptised after the conquest. Of these, Beatrix Coya married Don Martin
+de Mustincia (the royal accountant), and had three sons; Leonora Coya
+married first Don Juan Balsa, by whom she had a son—a schoolfellow of
+Garcilasso, and secondly Don Francisco de Villacastin; and there were
+about a hundred other survivors of Ynca blood. The Ynca Huascar himself
+was thrown into prison at Xauxa, and murdered by order of Atahualpa,
+after the latter had been made prisoner by Pizarro. Huascar was a mild
+and amiable prince, and fell a victim to his guileless and unsuspicious
+disposition. <i>G. de la Vega</i>, i, lib. ix, caps. 32 to 40.
+</p><p>
+This is the version given by Garcilasso de la Vega of the war between
+Huascar and Atahualpa. As a descendant of the Yncas he was of course
+strongly prejudiced in favour of his maternal ancestors, and his account
+of Atahualpa’s cruelties after his victory, are probably much
+exaggerated. At the same time no one could have had better opportunities
+of obtaining authentic information, and doubtless the principal facts
+are correct.
+</p><p>
+Velasco defends the conduct of Atahualpa through thick and thin. As a
+native of the province of Quito, he naturally takes the part of the last
+sovereign of his own country, whose subsequent misfortunes throw a veil
+over his cruelties and treason to the Yncas of Cuzco. <i>Hist. de Quito</i>,
+ii, p. 76.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_398_398" id="Footnote_398_398"></a><a href="#FNanchor_398_398"><span class="label">[398]</span></a> Melchor Verdugo was a native of the town of Avila, in
+Spain. He distinguished himself in the battle of Chupas, fighting
+against the younger Almago, and, receiving the district of Caxamarca in
+<i>encomienda</i>, settled himself at Truxillo. As a townsman and partizan of
+the ill-fated viceroy Blasco Nuñez, he was in bad odour with the party
+of Gonzalo Pizarro, and was seized by Carbajal, but evaded pursuit, and
+was concealed by his Indians at Caxamarca until he thought it safe to
+return to Truxillo. He escaped from Peru by an act of unsurpassed
+audacity. A vessel arrived at the port of Truxillo, from Callao, and
+Verdugo resolved to seize her. He, therefore, collected about twenty
+armed men, upon whom he could depend, and concealed them in his house.
+He, then, sent for the master and pilot, saying that he wanted to ship
+some merchandise for Panama, and as soon as he got them into his house
+he locked them up. Presently the alcaldes of the town walked down the
+street with a notary, and Verdugo, throwing open a window, called out to
+them to come in, as he wanted them to witness a deed, and could not come
+out to them, owing to a disease in his legs. They entered, without
+suspecting anything, and were immediately put in irons and locked up
+with the master and pilot of the ship. Returning to his window, Verdugo
+continued to call up people he saw passing, saying he had something to
+say to them, until he had more than twenty of the principal people of
+the town, of Gonzalo Pizarro’s party, safely locked up. He then told
+them that he would take them all in the ship with him, unless they paid
+a ransom, and, after thus collecting a large sum of money in gold and
+silver, he went on board, and sailed for Nicaragua; where his ship was
+seized by Palomino, an officer serving under Hinojosa, Gonzalo Pizarro’s
+admiral at Panama. Verdugo then collected three small vessels in the
+lake of Nicaragua, and, descending the river, entered the sea and sailed
+to Nombre de Dios, and thence to Carthagena. After the arrival of the
+president Gasca at Panama, Verdugo returned to Spain, and received the
+habit of Santiago from the Emperor. Eventually he returned to his
+estates in Peru. <i>Zarate</i>, lib. vi, cap. vi, etc.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_399_399" id="Footnote_399_399"></a><a href="#FNanchor_399_399"><span class="label">[399]</span></a> Chachapoyas was a district to the eastward of Caxamarca,
+inhabited by brave men and beautiful women, according to Garcilasso de
+la Vega. Their chief god was the condor, and they also worshipped
+snakes. These Indians were attacked by the Ynca Tupac Yupanqui, and a
+fierce war ensued. They defended themselves in fortresses perched on
+inaccessible heights, and were only dislodged after a prolonged
+resistance. After the death of their conqueror, they rebelled against
+his son Huayna Ccapac, but were again subdued and pardoned. The modern
+town of Chachapoyas gives its name to a bishopric, with a diocese
+extending over that part of the vast forest-covered region of the Amazon
+and its tributaries which lies within the boundaries of Peru.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_400_400" id="Footnote_400_400"></a><a href="#FNanchor_400_400"><span class="label">[400]</span></a> Alonzo de Alvarado, a brother of Cortes’s famous
+companion, was detached by Pizarro with orders to conquer Chachapoyas;
+but he was so constantly engaged in the civil wars, until his death,
+that he had little time to spare in conquering and settling this
+province; which duty devolved upon his second son.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_401_401" id="Footnote_401_401"></a><a href="#FNanchor_401_401"><span class="label">[401]</span></a> The Huancas were the inhabitants of the valley of Xauxa,
+or more properly Sausa. They are described by Garcilasso as living in
+small villages strongly fortified, and worshipping dogs. The Huancas
+mentioned by Cieza de Leon, were probably <i>Mitimaes</i> sent into the
+Chachapoyas district by the Yncas.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_402_402" id="Footnote_402_402"></a><a href="#FNanchor_402_402"><span class="label">[402]</span></a> Moyobamba is now the chief town of the modern province of
+Loreto, which includes all the course of the Amazon and its tributaries
+within the boundaries of Peru. It contains about fourteen thousand
+inhabitants, and is built near the river Mayo, an affluent of the
+Huallaga. The ground consists of sandstone, which is easily washed away
+by the heavy rains, and deep ravines have been formed in the course of
+time, some of them thirty and forty yards deep, which intersect and
+break up the town. The inhabitants are employed in making straw hats,
+which are exported to Brazil. <i>Apuntes, &ca., por Antonio Raimondy</i>, p.
+60.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_403_403" id="Footnote_403_403"></a><a href="#FNanchor_403_403"><span class="label">[403]</span></a> The Chanca Indians originally inhabited the valley of
+Andahuaylas, between Cuzco and Guamanga. They were invaded by the Ynca
+Rocca, sixth in descent from Manco Ccapac, and obliged to submit to his
+yoke. But soon after the accession of Rocca’s son Yahuar-huaccac, the
+Chancas rose in rebellion under their chief Anco-huallu, a youth of
+twenty-six years of age. The pusillanimous Ynca not only neglected to
+march against him, but even abandoned Cuzco, and retreated in an
+opposite direction. His son Huira-ccocha, however, was a man of
+different metal. He led an army against the insurgents, and utterly
+defeated them in a bloody and well-contested battle on the Yahuar-pampa,
+or “plain of blood.” Anco-huallu received a full pardon, and for ten
+years he continued to reside in his native valley as a tributary chief.
+But this dependent position was distasteful to him, and eventually he
+emigrated with eight thousand followers, and settled in the forests of
+the Moyobamba district. Garcilasso tells us that the exact position of
+his new settlement was never exactly known, the report merely stating
+that he descended a great river, and established his people on the banks
+of a beautiful lake. Mr. Spruce has suggested that Anco-huallu and his
+Chancas conquered Moyobamba, and drove the original inhabitants out,
+who, descending the Huallaga and Amazon, settled between the rivers
+Ucayali, Marañon, and Yavari, and were the progenitors of the fierce and
+untameable modern tribe of <i>Mayorunas</i> (<i>Mayu</i>, a river, and <i>runa</i>, a
+man in Quichua). <i>G. de la Vega</i>, i, lib. v, cap. 26.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_404_404" id="Footnote_404_404"></a><a href="#FNanchor_404_404"><span class="label">[404]</span></a> The word for gold in Quichua is <i>ccuri</i>. In the Tupi
+language, which was prevalent among the Indians of the river Amazon, the
+word <i>curí</i> means coloured earths, much used in plastering huts, and for
+other purposes. It is very probable that Spaniards from Peru who
+descended into the valley of the Amazon, asked for <i>ccuri</i> (gold), and
+were told there was plenty of <i>curí</i> (coloured earth); and that from
+this mistake the fame of the wealth of Omagua and El Dorado arose.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_405_405" id="Footnote_405_405"></a><a href="#FNanchor_405_405"><span class="label">[405]</span></a> For an account of this remarkable emigration of Indians
+from Brazil, see my Introduction to the Expedition of Pedro de Ursua
+(“<i>Search for El Dorado</i>.” <span class="smcap">Hakluyt Society’s</span> volume for 1861, p. xxviii,
+and p. 2 of the text.) Their chief, named Viraratu, was sent to Lima,
+and it was his report that led to the organisation of the expedition in
+search of El Dorado and Omagua, which descended the Amazon in 1559,
+under Pedro de Ursua, and met with so tragic a fate.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_406_406" id="Footnote_406_406"></a><a href="#FNanchor_406_406"><span class="label">[406]</span></a> The climate of Huanuco is delightful. The thermometer
+seldom rises above 72° in the shade, nor sinks below 66°, and no place
+in the world equals it as a retreat for patients suffering from diseases
+of the lungs—but it is terribly inaccessible. The plain still, as in
+the days of Cieza de Leon, yields wheat and maize, bananas, figs,
+coffee, cotton, grapes, pomegranates, oranges, lemons, citrons, and
+limes. <i>Smith’s Peru As It Is.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_407_407" id="Footnote_407_407"></a><a href="#FNanchor_407_407"><span class="label">[407]</span></a> The ruins of the Huanuco palace or temple are chiefly
+interesting from the six portals, one within the other, which are well
+preserved. There is also a species of look out, which was probably the
+place where the priests offered their sacrifices to the sun. The
+architecture of these ruins is very distinct from that of other Ynca
+edifices, and would appear to be of earlier date. The Indians know these
+ruins by the name of <i>Auqui Huanuco</i>. The look out is 56 paces long by
+36 in width, the height of the wall five yards, and inclined inwards
+from the base. It rests upon two courses of round stone, about five feet
+high. The walls are of cut stone and terminate in a cornice, the stones
+being 4½ feet long and 1½ feet thick. The interior is composed of gravel
+and clay, and in the centre there is a large cavity, which is said to
+communicate with the palace by a subterranean passage. The look out is
+approached by a steep ramp or inclined plane, and two figures of animals
+are carved on either side of the entrance.
+</p><p>
+The palace is entered by six portals. On entering the first there are
+halls, 100 yards long by 14 wide, on either side. The walls are built of
+round stones mixed with clay, the doorways alone having cut stone. These
+doorways are 9 feet high and 4½ broad, the lintels being of a single
+stone, 12 feet long and 1½ thick. The jambs are of a single piece. Three
+yards further on is the second portal, resembling the first, with two
+figures carved on the upper part. This leads into a spacious court, at
+the other end of which are two smaller doorways in a line, leading into
+a smaller court, and finally there are two other portals, still smaller,
+and of sculptured stone. Beyond the sixth portal there are rooms with
+stone walls containing niches, and an aqueduct passes through one of
+these rooms, which is said to have been the bathing place of the Ynca.
+In front of the building there is a broad artificial terrace, and
+underneath a large court, with a receptacle for water in the centre.
+</p><p>
+The stones of which the ruins are composed were taken from a ridge about
+half a mile distant, and some are yet to be seen, lying cut in the
+quarry.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_408_408" id="Footnote_408_408"></a><a href="#FNanchor_408_408"><span class="label">[408]</span></a> In these days a Peruvian Indian answers <i>No!</i> (<i>Manan
+canchu</i>) to everything that is asked of him. The change is one of the
+baneful results of three centuries of Spanish domination.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_409_409" id="Footnote_409_409"></a><a href="#FNanchor_409_409"><span class="label">[409]</span></a> The Yncas restricted all hunting by their subjects, and
+the number of animals of all descriptions consequently multiplied
+prodigiously. At a certain season of the year, after breeding time, the
+Yncas and governors of provinces held a grand hunt, called <i>Chacu</i> in
+Quichua. As many as thirty thousand Indians were assembled, who
+surrounded a space of several square leagues, and gradually drove all
+the animals into the centre, closing upon them until they were so close
+as to be easily caught by hand. Very often there were as many as forty
+thousand head of <i>guanacos</i> and <i>vicuñas</i> alone. Most of the female
+<i>guanacos</i> and <i>vicuñas</i>, and a certain number of males, were then
+released; but they were shorn of their wool before they were allowed to
+go free. The rest were killed. The deer were also killed, and the meat
+was distributed amongst the Indians. An accurate account was kept of the
+number released, the number killed, and the number shorn, by means of
+the <i>quipus</i>. The coarse wool of the <i>guanacos</i> was then given to the
+people, while that of the <i>vicuñas</i>, as fine as silk, was reserved for
+the Ynca’s service. These hunts were held in each district every four
+years, giving three years of rest for the animals to multiply. The
+Indians dried the meat which was served out to them, and this preserved
+meat, called <i>charqui</i> in Quichua (hence “jerked beef”), lasted them
+until another hunting year came round. <i>G. de la Vega.</i> <i>Comm. Real</i>, i,
+lib. vi, cap. 6.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_410_410" id="Footnote_410_410"></a><a href="#FNanchor_410_410"><span class="label">[410]</span></a> The Peruvian <i>quipus</i> were of twisted wool, and consisted
+of a large cord, with finer threads fastened to it by knots. These
+fringes contained the contents of the <i>quipu</i>, which were denoted either
+by single knots or by artificial intertwinings. Sometimes the main cord
+was five or six yards long, at others not more than a foot. The
+different colours of the threads had different meanings; and not only
+was the colour and mode of intertwining of the knots to be considered,
+in reading a <i>quipu</i>, but even the mode of twisting the thread, and the
+distance of knots from each other, and from the main cord. The registers
+of tribute; the enrolment of tribes, distinguishing between taxpayers,
+aged, invalids, women, and children; lists of arms and troops;
+inventories of the contents of storehouses; all these were the primary
+uses of the <i>quipus</i>. But they were also made available for recording
+the most striking events, and thus supplied the place of chronicles.
+Acosta says that the ancient Peruvians, by their combinations of larger
+and smaller threads; double and single knots; green, blue, white, black,
+and red colours; could express meanings and ideas as innumerable, as we
+can by the different combinations of our twenty-four letters.
+</p><p>
+All attempts, in modern times, to decipher the <i>quipus</i> found in tombs,
+have failed; yet there are Indians of noble family, especially in the
+southern part of Peru, who know the secret of deciphering these
+intricate memorials, but guard it as a sacred trust transmitted from
+their ancestors. The <i>quipu</i> records referring to matters of revenue or
+registration were kept by officers called <i>Quipu-camayoc</i>; while the
+chronicles of events were recorded by the <i>Amautas</i> or learned men, and
+the poems and songs by <i>Haravecs</i> or bards. Garcilasso de la Vega
+distinctly states that the sole specimen of Quichua poesy preserved in
+his work, was obtained from an ancient <i>quipu</i> record by the missionary
+Blas Valera. See <i>G. de la Vega</i>, i, lib. vi, cap. 8. <i>Acosta</i>, lib. vi,
+cap. 8. <i>Antiguedades Peruanas</i>, cap. 5. Markham’s <i>Quichua Dictionary</i>,
+etc., p. 11.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_411_411" id="Footnote_411_411"></a><a href="#FNanchor_411_411"><span class="label">[411]</span></a> The name of Francisco de Chaves deserves honourable
+mention, as that of one of the few Spaniards who protested against the
+foul and dastardly murder of the Ynca Atahualpa by Pizarro, at
+Caxamarca. He and his brother Diego, natives of Truxillo, Francisco
+Moscoso, Pedro de Ayala, Diego de Mora, Hernando de Haro, Pedro de
+Mendoza, Juan de Herrada, Alonzo de Avila, and Blas de Atienza were the
+principal officers who raised their voices against that horrible crime.
+Their names deserve to be remembered far more than do those of the
+famous thirteen who crossed the line drawn by Pizarro on the sea-shore
+of the isle of Gallo.
+</p><p>
+On the march from Caxamarca to Cuzco, Pizarro’s small force was attacked
+by the Indians led by the Ynca general Quizquiz, and, after a long and
+well contested battle, the Indians retired, taking several Spanish
+prisoners with them, among whom was Francisco de Chaves. He was brought
+before Atahualpa’s brother, the Ynca Titu Atauchi, and was treated with
+great kindness because he had protested against the perpetration of the
+murder; while another prisoner named Cuellar, who had acted as notary
+and been present at the Ynca’s execution, was himself most justly put to
+death by the Indians. Chaves was cured of his wounds, and set free with
+many gifts. Pizarro and his other comrades were astonished when he
+arrived at Cuzco, having mourned him as dead, since the day that he fell
+into the hands of the Indians.
+</p><p>
+The remaining part of his history is not so creditable, for he seems to
+have committed great atrocities in his Conchucos war. The statements of
+Cieza de Leon are quoted by G. de la Vega (ii, lib. ii, cap. 28), who
+corroborates the account given by the former, of the cruelties
+perpetrated by Chaves:—a shameful return for the kindness and
+forbearance he had himself experienced at the hands of the Indians. He
+was with Pizarro when the assassins came to murder him. Pizarro called
+to Chaves to close the door, in order that he and his friends might have
+time to arm. Instead of obeying, Chaves went out to parley with the
+intruders, and met them coming up the stairs. He had scarcely asked them
+their business before he was stabbed to death, and his body hurled down
+the steps. The assassins then completed their bloody work by the murder
+of the conqueror of Peru.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_412_412" id="Footnote_412_412"></a><a href="#FNanchor_412_412"><span class="label">[412]</span></a> Nor, if he would speak out, was our young author without
+sympathy for the Indians, and their sufferings.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_413_413" id="Footnote_413_413"></a><a href="#FNanchor_413_413"><span class="label">[413]</span></a> Also called the lake of Chinchaycocha. Near its southern
+shore the famous cavalry action was fought in 1823 between the Spaniards
+and Patriots, known as the battle of Junin, in which the gallant old
+general Miller distinguished himself. The lake is thirty-six miles long
+in a north-west and south-east direction, with an average breadth of
+about six miles, and 12,940 feet above the level of the sea. The plain
+or basin in which it lies, is forty-five miles long and from six to
+twelve broad, with a gravelly soil producing a short grass. A great
+number of large and beautiful water-fowl, including the scarlet flamingo
+and several varieties of snipe, frequent the banks of the lake, which
+are overgrown by reeds. As the lake loses by various outlets much more
+water than it receives from its tributary sources, it is evident that it
+must be fed by subterraneous springs. The Indians entertain a
+superstitious belief that this lake is haunted by huge fish-like
+animals, who at certain hours of the night leave their watery abode to
+prowl about the adjacent pasture lands, where they commit great havoc
+among the cattle. <i>Von Tschudi</i>, <i>Herndon.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_414_414" id="Footnote_414_414"></a><a href="#FNanchor_414_414"><span class="label">[414]</span></a> The lake of Bombon or Chinchay-cocha is drained by the
+river of Xauxa, which flows into the Mantaro, one of the sources of the
+Ucayali, a principal affluent of the Amazon. The other rivers mentioned
+above, namely the Vilcas, Abancay, Apurimac, and Yucay, are also
+tributaries of the Ucayali. The erroneous surmise of Cieza de Leon and
+his informants, who would carry off all these streams into the Paraguay,
+is by no means surprising when we remember that maps were published in
+England not twenty years ago, which conveyed the waters of the Beni
+right across the line of drainage of the great river Purus, and poured
+them into the Ucuyali! The mistake of Cieza de Leon possibly arose from
+his having observed that the Xauxa flows south while in the mountains,
+and that all other tributaries of the Amazon flow north. The Xauxa does
+not change its direction until it enters the tropical forests, far
+beyond the ken of the early conquerors.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_415_415" id="Footnote_415_415"></a><a href="#FNanchor_415_415"><span class="label">[415]</span></a> No more picturesque view can charm the eye of the weary
+traveller than is presented by the immense garden which forms the valley
+of Xauxa, which is forty square leagues in extent. Its two principal
+towns are Xauxa and Huancayo, in the centre of the valley is the convent
+of Ocopa, and the remaining population is scattered in small villages
+surrounded by trees on either side of the river of Xauxa, which flows
+through the valley. The mighty Andes bound the river on every side.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_416_416" id="Footnote_416_416"></a><a href="#FNanchor_416_416"><span class="label">[416]</span></a> The Huancas were conquered by Ccapac Yupanqui, the
+brother and general of the Ynca Pachatutec; and at that time they are
+said to have numbered thirty thousand souls in the valley of Xauxa.
+Garcilasso informs us that, before they were subjugated by the Yncas,
+they worshipped the figure of a dog, and feasted on the flesh of dogs.
+He surmises that they adored the dog-idol because they were so fond of
+roast dog. <i>G. de la Vega</i>, i, lib. vi, cap. 10. <i>Huancar</i> (“a drum” in
+Quichua,) is probably a name given to this nation by the Yncas.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_417_417" id="Footnote_417_417"></a><a href="#FNanchor_417_417"><span class="label">[417]</span></a> “The temple of Guarivilca, in the valley of Xauxa, was
+consecrated to the god Ticeviracocha, chief divinity of the Huancas,
+whose singular worship reminds one of the mythology of the northern
+countries of Europe. Notwithstanding the most scrupulous investigations,
+it has been impossible to find any vestiges of the ruins of this
+temple.” <i>Antiq. Per.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_418_418" id="Footnote_418_418"></a><a href="#FNanchor_418_418"><span class="label">[418]</span></a> <i>Schinus Molle</i> Lin.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_419_419" id="Footnote_419_419"></a><a href="#FNanchor_419_419"><span class="label">[419]</span></a> Vincente de Valverde, a Dominican friar, accompanied
+Pizarro to Peru, and we first hear of him as addressing an intolerably
+prolix theological discourse to the Ynca Atahualpa, when he came to
+visit the Spanish camp at Caxamarca. The treacherous friar completed his
+evil work by calling out to Pizarro and his bloodhounds to attack their
+guest. Valverde continued to torment the ill-fated Ynca with his
+theology while in prison, until the poor captive’s sufferings were
+consummated by his murder on August 29th, 1533. We next find him
+tormenting the unfortunate general Challcuchina, whom Pizarro burnt
+alive, disturbing his last moments by officious importunities. He
+performed mass at the humiliating coronation of Ynca Manco, who received
+the <i>llautu</i> from the hands of Pizarro. Valverde was soon afterwards
+confirmed as bishop of Cuzco by the Pope in 1538. He returned to Spain,
+but came out to Peru again in the following year (1539), and wrote a
+curious letter to Charles V, still preserved in the archives of
+Simancas, in which he describes the ruin and devastation caused by the
+Spaniards in the once flourishing capital of the Yncas. Bishop Valverde
+protested against the execution of Almagro; and also endeavoured to save
+Pizarro’s secretary, who was put to death at Lima by the assassins of
+his master. The assassins allowed the bishop to depart in a vessel from
+Callao, which touched at the island of Puna, where he was killed by the
+Indians in 1541.
+</p><p>
+Valverde was the first bishop of Cuzco, from 1538 to 1541. He was
+succeeded by friar Juan Solano (1545-62), since whose time twenty-six
+bishops have filled that episcopal chair.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_420_420" id="Footnote_420_420"></a><a href="#FNanchor_420_420"><span class="label">[420]</span></a> <i>Schinus Molle</i> Lin., the prevailing tree in this part of
+the Andes.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_421_421" id="Footnote_421_421"></a><a href="#FNanchor_421_421"><span class="label">[421]</span></a> <i>Pucara</i> is Quichua for a fortress.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_422_422" id="Footnote_422_422"></a><a href="#FNanchor_422_422"><span class="label">[422]</span></a> Gaspar Rodriguez de Campo Redondo was brother of a
+distinguished officer who was killed in the battle of Chupas. Gaspar
+Rodriguez joined Gonzalo Pizarro in his rebellion against the viceroy
+Blasco Nuñez de Vela, but afterwards, seeing reason to think that he had
+chosen the losing side, he sent to the viceroy to ask for a safe
+conduct. This treachery became known to Pizarro and his ruthless
+lieutenant Carbajal, who came to the traitor’s tent. The wretched man
+offered many excuses, but Carbajal never showed mercy, and his head was
+cut off on the spot.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_423_423" id="Footnote_423_423"></a><a href="#FNanchor_423_423"><span class="label">[423]</span></a> Diego Gavilan, with his brother Juan, joined Francisco
+Hernandez Giron in his rebellion at Cuzco in 1553; and the rebel chief
+appointed Diego to the post of captain of infantry. The municipality of
+Cuzco was obliged to elect Giron captain-general of Peru, more, says
+Garcilasso, from fear of one hundred and fifty arquebusiers under the
+command of Diego Gavilan, who were drawn up in front of the court-house,
+than from good will. After the overthrow and flight of Giron at Pucara,
+Diego and Juan Gavilan went over to the royal army and received pardon
+for their share in the rebellion.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_424_424" id="Footnote_424_424"></a><a href="#FNanchor_424_424"><span class="label">[424]</span></a> Yllan Suarez de Carbajal was the factor of the royal
+revenue. After the death of Pizarro he fled from the camp of the younger
+Almagro, and fought bravely under Vaca de Castro in the battle of
+Chupas. Carbajal was at Lima when Blasco Nuñez de Vela arrived, and one
+night the hot-headed viceroy sent for him, accused him of treason, and,
+during the altercation which followed, stabbed him with a poniard. The
+attendants dispatched him with their swords, and the body was secretly
+buried before morning. This foul murder was the immediate cause of the
+viceroy’s downfall.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_425_425" id="Footnote_425_425"></a><a href="#FNanchor_425_425"><span class="label">[425]</span></a> Manco Ynca, the second legitimate son of Huayna Ccapac,
+was invested with the royal <i>llautu</i> at Cuzco by the conqueror Pizarro;
+but he chafed under the yoke of the invaders, and, on the first
+opportunity, raised the standard of revolt. Then followed the famous
+siege of Cuzco, and when the place was relieved by Almagro, and Manco’s
+last chance of regaining the ancient capital of his ancestors failed, he
+retreated into the forest fastnesses, continued his hostilities against
+the Spaniards, and led the romantic life described above by Cieza de
+Leon. On one occasion Gonzalo Pizarro sent a negro slave to him with
+presents, to open a negotiation, who was murdered by a party of Indians;
+upon which Gonzalo perpetrated an act of such devilish cruelty upon a
+young wife of Manco, whom he had made prisoner, as to be barely
+credible. The story is related by Prescott, on the authority of Pedro
+Pizarro’s MS. (ii, p. 136). Manco’s end was very melancholy. He was
+playing at a game with balls, with one Gomez Perez and some other
+Spaniards of Almagro’s faction, who had taken refuge in the Ynca’s
+fastness, when the ill-conditioned ruffian was guilty of some act of
+disrespect. The Ynca pushed him on one side, upon which Gomez Perez hit
+him such a blow on the head with a ball that he fell dead. (<i>Gomara</i>,
+cap. clvi.) This was in the year 1544. The gallant young Ynca left two
+sons, Sayri Tupac and Tupac Amaru. The former was pensioned by the
+Spaniards and died at Yucay; the latter perished on the scaffold at
+Cuzco.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_426_426" id="Footnote_426_426"></a><a href="#FNanchor_426_426"><span class="label">[426]</span></a> After the assassination of Pizarro, the younger Almagro
+assembled his partizans and prepared to resist the royal forces under
+the new governor Vaca de Castro. The two armies met on the heights of
+Chupas, which overhang the city of Guamanga, on the 16th of September
+1542. During my residence at Guamanga I went in search of the battle
+field, which is about three leagues from the town. The field of Chupas
+is on a sort of terrace of the Andes, with the mountains rising in the
+rear, a rapid descent towards Guamanga, and slightly wooded ravines to
+the right and left. The view from it is magnificent. It is now covered
+with fields of wheat, with a few huts scattered here and there amidst
+thickets of <i>chilca</i> (a species of <i>Baccharis</i>). A most furious and
+bloody encounter was the battle of Chupas. It was long doubtful, but at
+length Vaca de Castro was victorious, and out of 850 Spaniards brought
+into the field by young Almagro, 700 were killed. The victors lost about
+350 men. Among the slain, on the royal side, was Pedro Alvarez Holguin,
+one of the first corregidors of Guamanga, and formerly a companion of
+Hernan Cortez—the same who captured Guatimozin in the lakes of Mexico.
+He was buried in the little church of San Christoval at Guamanga, which
+was built by Pizarro and still exists. Several of the prisoners, who
+were implicated in the murder of Pizarro, were beheaded in the <i>plaza</i>
+of Guamanga.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_427_427" id="Footnote_427_427"></a><a href="#FNanchor_427_427"><span class="label">[427]</span></a> The country round Guamanga was inhabited, in ancient
+times, by the nation of Pocras. They joined the Chancas under
+Anco-huallu in their war against the Ynca (see note at p. 280), and
+after the bloody defeat of the allied tribes on the plain of
+Yahuarpampa, and the emigration of Anco-huallu, they again rose in
+rebellion. They were finally crushed in a bloody battle at the foot of
+the heights of Condor-canqui, by the Ynca Huira-ccocha, in a place which
+has ever since been called <i>Aya-cucho</i> (“the corner of dead men”). Four
+hundred and fifty years afterwards, on the same spot, the battle was
+fought between the Spaniards and the Patriots, which finally established
+the independence of Peru. (December 9th, 1824.)
+</p><p>
+After the overthrow of the Pocras, the Ynca was serving out rations of
+llama flesh to his soldiers when a falcon (<i>huaman</i>) came wheeling in
+circles over his head. He threw up a piece of meat crying <i>Huaman-ca</i>
+(Take! falcon), and the bird caught it and flew away. “Lo,” cried the
+soldiers, “even the birds of the air obey him:” and the place was ever
+afterwards called <i>Huaman-ca</i>, corrupted by the Spaniards into
+<i>Guamanga</i>. Since the independence, the name of the city has been
+altered to <i>Ayacucho</i>, in honour of the battle.
+</p><p>
+Others derive the name from <i>Huaman</i> (falcon) and <i>Ccaca</i> (a rock)—“the
+Falcon’s Rock.”</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_428_428" id="Footnote_428_428"></a><a href="#FNanchor_428_428"><span class="label">[428]</span></a> The city of Guamanga, now called Ayacucho, is in lat. 12°
+59´ S., and long. 73° 59´ W. From the steep mountains which overhang it
+on the south-west, the city presents to the view a mass of red tiles,
+with church towers rising here and there, surrounded by gardens of fruit
+trees, which extend in different directions up the sides of the
+mountains, while to the north-west is the broad grassy plain called
+<i>Pampa del Arco</i>, and the view is bounded in that direction by the
+frowning heights of Condor-canqui, at the feet of which the famous
+battle of Ayacucho was fought. The streets run at right angles, sloping
+gradually from north to south, and in the centre is the <i>plaza mayor</i>.
+On the south side of the <i>plaza</i> are the handsome stone cathedral and
+the <i>cabildo</i> or court-house. The other three sides are occupied by
+private houses on handsome arcades, with stone pillars and circular
+arches. The south part of the town was formerly broken up by a deep
+ravine, but in 1801 the Spanish intendente, Don Demetrio O’Higgins,
+spanned it with a number of well built stone bridges. On the west side
+there is an <i>alameda</i> or avenue of double rows of willow trees, by the
+side of which a stream of clear water flows down and supplies the city.
+On either hand the hills rise up abruptly, covered with fruit trees, and
+hedges of prickly pears. There are more than twenty churches, built of
+limestone, with well proportioned towers. The climate, as Cieza de Leon
+says, is delicious, and Ayacucho is one of the pleasantest places in
+Peru.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_429_429" id="Footnote_429_429"></a><a href="#FNanchor_429_429"><span class="label">[429]</span></a> In alluding to these ruins, Tschudi and Rivero, in their
+“<i>Antiguedades Peruanas</i>,” merely refer to the above passage in Cieza de
+Leon, but do not appear to have identified or examined them.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_430_430" id="Footnote_430_430"></a><a href="#FNanchor_430_430"><span class="label">[430]</span></a> The country round Guamanga still yields abundant supplies
+of wheat, and is capable of supporting ten times the present
+population.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_431_431" id="Footnote_431_431"></a><a href="#FNanchor_431_431"><span class="label">[431]</span></a> I have been unable to find any other detailed account of
+the ruins of Vilcas, near Guamanga, where there was evidently a very
+important station in the time of the Yncas. There is a bare allusion to
+the above passage of Cieza de Leon in the <i>Antiguedades Peruanas</i>,
+without a word of further information. I made an endeavour to find the
+ruins, when I was in this part of the country, but without success. They
+are mentioned, and nothing more, by Paz Soldan (<i>Geografia del Peru</i>, p.
+366); and, indeed, no author tells us so much concerning the once
+splendid palaces and temples of Vilcas as does Cieza de Leon.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_432_432" id="Footnote_432_432"></a><a href="#FNanchor_432_432"><span class="label">[432]</span></a> This river is now known as the Pampas. It flows through
+the very deep valley of Pumacancha, which is covered with dense
+underwood, and tall stately aloes. The mountains rise up abruptly, in
+some places quite perpendicularly, on either side. In a place where the
+river is about twenty paces across, a bridge of <i>sogas</i>, or ropes made
+of the twisted fibres of the aloe, is stretched from one side to the
+other. It consists of six <i>sogas</i>, each of about a foot in diameter, set
+up on either side by a windlass. Across these <i>sogas</i> other smaller
+ropes are secured, and covered with matting. This rope bridge is
+considerably lower in the centre than at the two ends, and vibrated to
+and fro as we passed over it. It has to be renewed several times every
+year. In Spanish times the Indians of certain villages were excused
+other service, to repair the bridge. It has been a point of considerable
+strategical importance, in the frequent intestine wars which Peru has
+suffered from, as commanding the main road from Cuzco to Lima and the
+coast. On the side towards Cuzco the valley of Pumacancha is bounded by
+the mountains of Bombon, up which the road passes through woods of
+<i>molle</i>, <i>chilca</i>, and other trees, while rugged peaks rise up on either
+side. One of those glorious views which are seldom equalled out of the
+Andes, may be enjoyed from the <i>cuesta</i> of Bombon.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_433_433" id="Footnote_433_433"></a><a href="#FNanchor_433_433"><span class="label">[433]</span></a> Lucanas is one of the provinces of the modern department
+of Ayacucho.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_434_434" id="Footnote_434_434"></a><a href="#FNanchor_434_434"><span class="label">[434]</span></a> From the Quichua words <i>anta</i> (copper) and <i>huaylla</i>
+(pasture), “the copper coloured meadow.”</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_435_435" id="Footnote_435_435"></a><a href="#FNanchor_435_435"><span class="label">[435]</span></a> See <i>ante</i>, note at p. 280.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_436_436" id="Footnote_436_436"></a><a href="#FNanchor_436_436"><span class="label">[436]</span></a> The original followers and subjects of Manco Ccapac, the
+first Ynca of Peru, appear to have been called <i>Quichuas</i>, and hence the
+name of the language. The derivation of the word is doubtful. In Peru
+the hot tropical valleys are called <i>Yunca</i>, the lofty cold heights
+<i>Puna</i>, and the intermediate temperate region <i>Quichua</i>. Mossi suggests
+the following derivation of the word. <i>Quehuani</i> is “to twist” in
+Quichua, the participle of which is <i>Quehuasca</i>, “twisted;” and <i>Ychu</i>
+is “straw.” Hence <i>Quehuasca-ychu</i>, “twisted straw,” corrupted into
+<i>Quichua</i>; from the quantity of straw growing in this temperate region.
+Thus the Quichuas were the inhabitants of the temperate zone, between
+the <i>Punas</i> and the <i>Yuncas</i>; and they were the original followers of
+the first Ynca of Peru. <i>Gramatica de la Lengua General del Peru, con
+Diccionario, por el R. P. Fray Honorio Mossi (Misionero) Sucre</i>, 1857.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_437_437" id="Footnote_437_437"></a><a href="#FNanchor_437_437"><span class="label">[437]</span></a> <i>Sonccon</i> is the Quichua word for “heart.”</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_438_438" id="Footnote_438_438"></a><a href="#FNanchor_438_438"><span class="label">[438]</span></a> Diego Maldonado was one of the first <i>conquistadores</i>. He
+was imprisoned in the fortress of Cuzco by Almagro, after the marshal
+returned from Chile, with Marcio Serra de Legesamo, and many others. He
+was afterwards in the battle of Chupas, fighting on the royal side. He
+became a <i>regidor</i> of Cuzco, where he had several houses, received
+Andahuaylas in <i>encomienda</i>, and was surnamed “the rich.” When Gonzalo
+Pizarro rebelled, Maldonado was with the insurgent forces, and, hearing
+that accusations had been brought against him, he fled from his tent on
+foot, and hid himself in a field of sugar cane. An Indian found him,
+and, with the usual kind-heartedness of his race, guided him to the
+beach, made a <i>balsa</i> out of a bundle of straw, and paddled him to one
+of La Gasca’s ships, which was lying off and on in Callao bay. He was
+then sixty-eight years of age; but he still continued to play an
+important part in public affairs, and was wounded in the rebellion of
+Giron in 1554. He lived for twelve years afterwards, though he
+eventually died, in 1566, of wounds received in the battle against that
+rebel.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_439_439" id="Footnote_439_439"></a><a href="#FNanchor_439_439"><span class="label">[439]</span></a> The Indians of Andahuaylas, descendants from these
+Chancas, are a tall and generally handsome race, and many of the women
+are beautiful. The population of the valley is about six thousand.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_440_440" id="Footnote_440_440"></a><a href="#FNanchor_440_440"><span class="label">[440]</span></a> The valley of Andahuaylas is one of the most beautiful in
+the Andes. It contains the three small towns of Talavera, Andahuaylas,
+and San Geronimo. Through its centre flows a little river, lined on
+either side by lofty willows, while here and there large fruit gardens
+slope down to its banks. Every part of the valley is carefully
+cultivated, and large fields of wheat cover the lower slopes of the
+surrounding mountains.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_441_441" id="Footnote_441_441"></a><a href="#FNanchor_441_441"><span class="label">[441]</span></a> From the beginning of January to the end of March 1548.
+Gasca was here joined by Valdivia, the conqueror of Chile, and when he
+commenced his march against Gonzalo Pizarro, he was at the head of
+nearly two thousand well armed men.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_442_442" id="Footnote_442_442"></a><a href="#FNanchor_442_442"><span class="label">[442]</span></a> This is the river Pachachaca. It is now spanned by a
+handsome stone bridge of one arch, at a great height above the stream.
+This bridge is some sixty years old. The Pachachaca is a tributary of
+the Ucayali.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_443_443" id="Footnote_443_443"></a><a href="#FNanchor_443_443"><span class="label">[443]</span></a> See my translation of the life of Don Alonzo Enriquez de
+Guzman, chap. xlviii, and note at p. 114. <span class="smcap">Hakluyt Society’s</span> volume for
+1862.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_444_444" id="Footnote_444_444"></a><a href="#FNanchor_444_444"><span class="label">[444]</span></a> A few miles beyond the little village of Curahuasi, is
+the precipitous descent to the bridge over the Apurimac (<i>Apu</i>, “chief,”
+and <i>rimac</i>, “speaking,” or “a speaker,” in Quichua). A steep zigzag
+path leads down to the side of the cliff, and at last the precipice
+becomes so perpendicular that a tunnel has been excavated in the solid
+rock, about twenty yards long, at the end of which is the bridge. It is
+made in the same way as that over the river Pampas. The river dashes
+furiously along between vertical precipices of stupendous height, and a
+high wind is not uncommon, which blows the frail rope bridge to and fro,
+rendering the passage very dangerous, and at times impossible.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_445_445" id="Footnote_445_445"></a><a href="#FNanchor_445_445"><span class="label">[445]</span></a> The empire of the Yncas, as it existed in the time of
+Manco Ccapac, the founder of his dynasty, only extended from the
+Apurimac on the west, to the Paucar-tambo on the east, a distance of
+about fifty miles. In the centre was Cuzco, while on each frontier there
+was a fortress and a palace—Ollantay-tampu on the north, Paccari-tampu
+on the south, Paucar-tampu on the east, and Rimac-tampu (corrupted by
+the Spaniards into Limatambo) on the west, near the river of Apurimac.
+The ruins of the palace of Lima-tambo are situated in a delightful spot,
+commanding a fine view. Only two walls, and the face of the stone
+terrace on which the palace was built, now remain. These walls are
+twenty and forty paces long respectively, forming an angle, and about
+fourteen feet high. The stones are beautifully fitted into each other,
+without cement of any kind, and to this day look angular and fresh. At
+intervals there are recesses in the walls, about one foot deep and eight
+feet high. The interior of the palace is now an extensive fruit garden.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_446_446" id="Footnote_446_446"></a><a href="#FNanchor_446_446"><span class="label">[446]</span></a> These are the <i>andeneria</i> or terraced fields and gardens.
+They may still be seen on the hills bordering the plain of Xaquixaguana
+or Surite.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_447_447" id="Footnote_447_447"></a><a href="#FNanchor_447_447"><span class="label">[447]</span></a> The original name of this plain appears to have been
+<i>Yahuar-pampa</i> (field of blood), so called in memory of the bloody
+battle between the army of Ynca Huira-ccocha and the allied tribes led
+by Anco-hualluc. In the days of the Spanish conquest it was known by the
+name of <i>Xaquixaguana</i> (Cieza de Leon and Zarate) or <i>Sacsahuana</i> (G. de
+la Vega); here the Ynca general Challcuchima was cruelly burnt to death
+by Pizarro, and here the President Gasca defeated and executed Gonzalo
+Pizarro and Carbajal. It is now generally called the plain of Surite,
+from a village of that name at its north-western corner.
+</p><p>
+The plain of Surite is a few leagues west of Cuzco, on the road to Lima,
+at a sufficient elevation to be within the region of occasional frosts,
+and is surrounded by mountains, up which the ancient <i>andeneria</i> or
+terraced fields, now left to ruin, may be seen rising tier above tier.
+The plain is swampy and covered with rank grass, and would be difficult
+to cross, if it were not for the causeway, built by order of the Yncas,
+and accurately described by Cieza de Leon, which is still in good
+preservation. This causeway is of stone, raised about six feet above the
+plain, and perfectly straight for a distance of two leagues. At the end
+of the causeway is the little village of Yscu-chaca.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_448_448" id="Footnote_448_448"></a><a href="#FNanchor_448_448"><span class="label">[448]</span></a> The ancient city of Cuzco is in lat. 13° 31´ S., and
+long. 73° 3´ W., at the head of a valley 11,380 feet above the level of
+the sea. The valley is nine miles long, and from two to three broad,
+bounded on either side by ranges of bare mountains of considerable
+elevation. It is covered with fields of barley and lucerne, and, besides
+many farms and country houses, contains the two small towns of San
+Sebastian and San Geronimo. On the north side the famous hill of
+Sacsahuaman rises abruptly over the city, and is divided from the
+mountains on either side by two deep ravines, through which flow the
+little rivers of Huatanay and Rodadero. The former stream rushes noisily
+past the moss-grown walls of the old convent of Santa Teresa, under the
+houses forming the west side of the great square of Cuzco, down the
+centre of a broad street, where it is crossed by numerous stone bridges,
+and eventually unites with the Rodadero. The Huatanay is now but a noisy
+little mountain torrent confined between banks faced with masonry; but
+in former times it must have been in the habit of frequently breaking
+its bounds, as the name implies, which is composed of two words, <i>Huata</i>
+(a year), and <i>Ananay</i>, an ejaculation of weariness, indicating fatigue
+from the yearly necessity of renewing its banks. The principal part of
+the ancient city was built between the two rivers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_449_449" id="Footnote_449_449"></a><a href="#FNanchor_449_449"><span class="label">[449]</span></a> “The grandeur of the fortress of Cuzco,” says Garcilasso
+de la Vega, “is incredible to those who have not seen it, and those who
+have examined it carefully might well imagine, and even believe, that it
+was made by some enchantment, and by demons rather than men. The
+multitude and bigness of the stones in the three lines of fortification
+(which are more like rocks than stones) cause admiration, and it is
+wonderful how the Indians could have cut them out of the quarries whence
+they were brought, for they have neither iron nor steel. How they
+conveyed them to the building is a still greater difficulty, for they
+had no bullocks, nor did they know how to make carts which could bear
+the weight of the stones; so they dragged them with stout ropes by the
+force of their arms. The roads by which they had to come were not level,
+but led over very rugged mountains, up and down which the stones were
+dragged by sheer force. Many of the stones were brought from distances
+of ten, twelve, and fifteen leagues, particularly the stone, or, to
+speak more correctly, the rock which the Indians call <i>saycusca</i> (as
+much as to say ‘tired’), for it never reached the building. It was
+brought from a distance of fifteen leagues, across the river of Yucay,
+which is little smaller than the Guadalquivir at Cordova. The nearest
+quarry was at Muyna, five leagues from Cuzco. But it is still more
+wonderful to think how they fitted such great stones so closely that the
+point of a knife will scarcely go between them. Many are so well
+adjusted that the joining can scarcely be seen, and to attain such
+nicety it must have been necessary to raise them to their places and
+lower them very many times; for the Indians had no square, nor had they
+any rule by which they could know that one stone fitted justly on
+another. They had no knowledge of cranes nor of pulleys, nor of any
+machine which would assist them in raising and lowering the stones.” ...
+Acosta (lib. vi, cap. 14, p. 421, ed. 1608) makes similar remarks on the
+size of the stones and on the difficulty of raising them. Garcilasso
+continues: “They built the fortress on a high hill to the north of the
+city, called Sacsahuaman. This hill rises above the city almost
+perpendicularly, so that on that side the fortress is safe from an
+enemy, whether formed in squadron or in any other way. Owing to its
+natural advantages this side was only fortified with a stout wall, more
+than two hundred fathoms long. But on the other side there is a wide
+plain approaching the hill by a gentle incline, so that an enemy might
+march up in squadrons. Here they made three walls, one in front of the
+other, each wall being more than two hundred fathoms long. They are in
+the form of a half moon, and unite with the wall facing the city. The
+first wall contains the largest stones. I hold that they were not taken
+from any quarry, because they bear no marks of having been worked, but
+that they were huge boulders (<i>tormos</i>) or loose rocks which were found
+on the hills, adapted for building. Nearly in the centre of each line of
+wall there was a doorway, each with a stone of the same height and
+breadth, which closed it. The first of these doorways was called
+<i>Ttiu-puncu</i> (Sand gate); the second, <i>Acahuana-puncu</i>, so called after
+the chief architect; and the third, <i>Huira-ccocha-puncu</i>. There is a
+space of twenty-five or thirty feet between the walls, which is made
+level, so that the summit of one wall is on a line with the foot of the
+next. Each wall had its parapet or breastwork, behind which the
+defenders could fight with more security. Above these lines of defence
+there is a long narrow platform, on which were three strong towers. The
+principal one was in the centre, and was called <i>Moyoc-marca</i> or ‘the
+round tower.’ In it there was a fountain of excellent water, brought
+from a distance underground, the Indians know not whence. The kings
+lodged in this tower when they went up to the fortress for amusement,
+and all the walls were adorned with gold and silver, and animals, birds,
+and plants imitated from nature, which served as tapestry. The second
+tower was called <i>Paucar-marca</i>, and the third, <i>Sacllac-marca</i>. They
+were both square, and they contained lodgings for many soldiers. The
+foundations were as deep as the towers were high, and the vaults passed
+from one to the other. These vaults were cunningly made, with so many
+lanes and streets that they crossed each other with their turns and
+doublings.” Garcilasso complains that the Spaniards, instead of
+preserving this wonderful monument, have taken away many stones, from
+the vaults and towers, with which to build their new houses in Cuzco;
+but they left the three great walls, because the stones were so enormous
+that they could not move them. He adds that the fortress took fifty
+years in building.
+</p><p>
+The ruins of the fortress of Cuzco are the most interesting in Peru, and
+I made a very minute examination of them in 1853. On the side of the
+hill immediately above the city there are three stone terraces. The
+first wall, 14 feet high, extends in a semicircular form round this end
+of the hill, for 180 paces. Between the first and second walls there is
+a level space 8 paces broad. Above the third wall there are many
+carefully hewn stones lying about, some of them supporting three lofty
+wooden crosses. Here, probably, were the three towers mentioned by
+Garcilasso, now totally destroyed. The view from this point is extensive
+and beautiful. The city of Cuzco is spread out like a map below, with
+its handsome church towers and domes rising above the other buildings.
+The great square is seen, crowded with Indian girls sitting under shades
+before their merchandise, or passing to and fro like a busy hive of
+bees. Beyond is the long plain, and far in the distance, rising above
+the lower ranges of mountains, towers Asungato, with its snowy peak
+standing out in strong relief against the cloudless sky.
+</p><p>
+The length of the platform or table land on the summit of the
+Sacsahuaman hill is 525 paces, and its breadth, in the broadest part,
+130 paces. Many deep excavations have been made in all parts of it, in
+search of hidden treasure. On the south side the position was so strong
+that it needed no artificial defence, being bounded by the almost
+inaccessible ravine of the Huatanay. On the north, from the terraces
+already described for 174 paces in a westerly direction, the position is
+naturally defended by the steep ravine through which flows the river
+Rodadero, and only required a single stone breastwork, which still
+exists. But from this point to the western extremity of the table land,
+a distance of 400 paces, it is entirely undefended by nature. Here the
+Yncas constructed that gigantic treble line of Cyclopean fortification,
+which must fill the mind of every traveller with astonishment and
+admiration. The first wall averages a height of 18 feet, the second of
+16, and the third of 14: the terrace between the first and second being
+10 paces across, and that between the second and third 8 paces. The
+walls are built with salient and retiring angles. The position is
+entered by three doorways, so narrow that they only admit of the passage
+of one man at a time. The outer angles are generally composed of one
+enormous block of stone. I measured some of these. One was 17 feet high,
+12 broad, and 7½ long; another, 16 feet high by 6 broad. They are made
+to fit so exactly one into the other as to form a piece of masonry
+unparalleled in solidity and the peculiarity of its construction, in any
+other part of the world. These walls are composed of a limestone of a
+dark slate colour, and are now overgrown with cacti and wild flowers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_451_450" id="Footnote_451_450"></a><a href="#FNanchor_451_450"><span class="label">[451]</span></a> Known, in the days of the Yncas, as <i>Huaca-puncu</i> (“the
+holy gate”).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_452_451" id="Footnote_452_451"></a><a href="#FNanchor_452_451"><span class="label">[452]</span></a> The Yncas ascertained the time of the solstices by means
+of eight towers on the east, and eight towers on the west of the city,
+put four and four, two small between two large ones. The smaller towers
+were eighteen or twenty feet apart, and the larger ones were the same
+distance, one on each side. The solstice was ascertained by watching
+when the sun set or rose between the smaller towers. <i>G. de la Vega</i>, i,
+lib. ii, cap. 22.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_453_452" id="Footnote_453_452"></a><a href="#FNanchor_453_452"><span class="label">[453]</span></a> The four grand divisions of the empire of the Yncas gave
+their names to these four royal roads. The whole empire was called
+<i>Ttahua-ntin-Suyu</i>, literally “The four regions.”</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_454_453" id="Footnote_454_453"></a><a href="#FNanchor_454_453"><span class="label">[454]</span></a> The most detailed account of ancient Cuzco is to be found
+in the pages of the Ynca historian. He says that the first houses were
+built on the steep slopes of the Sacsahuaman hill. The city was divided
+into two parts, Hanan-Cuzco (upper or north) and Hurin-Cuzco (lower or
+south). The chief ward or division was on the slopes of Sacsahuaman, and
+was called <i>Collcam-pata</i>. Here Manco Ccapac built his palace, the ruins
+of which are still in good preservation; and the great hall, where
+festivals were celebrated on rainy days, was entire in the days of
+Garcilasso. The next ward, to the east, was called <i>Cantut-pata</i> (“the
+terrace of flowers”); then came <i>Puma-curcu</i> (“lion’s beam”), so called
+from a beam to which wild animals were secured; then <i>Toco-cachi</i>
+(“window of salt”); then, further south, <i>Munay-sencca</i> (“loving nose”);
+then <i>Rimac-pampa</i> (“speaking place”), where ordinances were
+promulgated, close to the temple of the sun, at the south end of the
+city; then <i>Pumap-chupan</i> (“lion’s tail”), where the two streams of
+Huatanay and Rodadero unite, and form a long promontory, like a tail. To
+the westward there was a division called <i>Chaquill-chaca</i>; and next to
+it, on the north, were others called <i>Pichu</i> and <i>Quillipata</i>. Finally,
+the division known as <i>Huaca-puncu</i> (“holy gate”) adjoined the
+<i>Collcampata</i> on the west side.
+</p><p>
+The inner space, between the abovenamed divisions or suburbs, and
+extending from the Collcampata on the north to Rimac-pampa on the south,
+was occupied by the palaces and houses of the Ynca and his family,
+divided according to their <i>Ayllus</i> or lineages. This central part of
+the city was divided into four parts, called <i>Hatun-cancha</i>, containing
+the palace of Ynca Yupanqui; <i>Puca-marca</i>, where stood the palace of
+Tupac Ynca Yupanqui; <i>Ynti-pampa</i>, the open space in front of the temple
+of the sun; and <i>Ccori-cancha</i>, which was occupied by the temple of the
+sun itself. Immediately south of the <i>Collcam-pata</i> was the
+<i>Sacha-huasi</i> or college, founded by Ynca Rocca, where the <i>Amautas</i> or
+wise men resided. Near the college was the palace of Ynca Rocca, called
+<i>Coracora</i>, and another palace called <i>Cassana</i>,{<a href="#fn-453-a">a</a>} the abode of the
+Ynca Pachacutec. The latter was so called because it would cause any one
+who saw it to freeze (<i>cassa</i>) with astonishment, at its grandeur and
+magnificence. These palaces looked upon the great square of the ancient
+city, called <i>Huacay-pata</i> (“the festive terrace”), which was two
+hundred paces long and one hundred and fifty broad from east to west. At
+the west end it was bounded by the Huatanay stream. At the south side
+there was another royal palace, called <i>Amaru-cancha</i> (“place of a
+serpent”), the residence of Huayna Ccapac, and south of the
+<i>Anaru-cancha</i> was the <i>Aclla-huasi</i>.
+</p><p>
+{<a name="fn-453-a" id="fn-453-a"></a>a} The site is now occupied by the convent of San Francisco. or convent
+of virgins. West of the <i>Huacay-pata</i> was the <i>Cusi-pata</i> (“joyful
+terrace”), which was united with it, the Huatanay being paved over with
+large flagstones.
+</p><p>
+All the streets of modern Cuzco contain specimens of ancient masonry.
+Many of the stones have serpents sculptured in relief, and four slabs
+are to be seen, with figures—half bird, half man—carved upon them,
+with some pretence to artistic skill. The wall of the palace of Ynca
+Rocca is still very perfect. It is formed of huge masses of rock of
+various shapes, one of them actually having twelve sides, yet fitting
+into each other with marvellous accuracy. They are of a sombre hue, and
+have an imposing effect. With the exception, however, of this building,
+of the palace on the Collcampata, and of the fortress, which are in the
+Cyclopean style, all the ancient masonry of Cuzco is in regular parallel
+courses. The roofs were of thatch, but very neatly and carefully laid
+on, as may be seen in the specimen still existing at the <i>Sondor-huasi</i>
+of Azangaro (See <i>note</i> to p. 166), and the city must altogether have
+presented a scene of architectural grandeur and magnificence which was
+well calculated to astonish the greedy and illiterate conquerors.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_455_454" id="Footnote_455_454"></a><a href="#FNanchor_455_454"><span class="label">[455]</span></a> <i>Ccuri-cancha</i> means literally “the place of gold.” Its
+site is now occupied by the convent of San Domingo, but several portions
+of the ancient temple of the sun are still standing, especially at the
+west end, where a mass of the dark, beautifully-formed masonry, about
+eighteen feet high, overhangs the Huatanay river. At the east end of the
+convent the ancient wall of the temple is almost entire, being seventy
+paces long and about thirty feet high. The stones are of irregular
+length, generally about two feet by one and a-half, and very accurately
+cut. They are in regular parallel courses, with their exterior surfaces
+projecting slightly and sloping off at the sides to form a junction with
+their neighbours. The roof was formed of beams pitched very high, and
+thatched with straw. In the interior the four walls were lined with
+plates of gold, and at one end there was a huge golden sun, with
+features represented, and rays of flame darting from its circumference,
+all of one piece. It extended from one wall to the other, occupying the
+whole side. This magnificent prize fell to the share of a Spanish knight
+named Marcio Serra de Lejesama, who gambled it away in one night; but he
+never took a card into his hand again. The reformed knight married an
+Ynca princess, and left the memorable will which I have quoted in a note
+at page <a href="#page_124">124</a>.
+</p><p>
+On each side of the golden sun were the mummies of the deceased Yncas,
+seated in chairs of gold. The principal door faced towards the north,
+and opened on the open space known as the <i>Ynti-pampa</i>; and a cornice of
+gold, a yard broad, ran round the exterior walls of the temple. On the
+south side were the cloisters, also ornamented with a broad cornice of
+gold, and within the enclosure were buildings dedicated to the moon, and
+adorned with silver, to the stars, to lightning, and to the rainbow; as
+well as the dwellings of the <i>Huillac Umu</i>, or high priest, and of his
+attendants. Within the courts of these cloisters there were five
+fountains, with pipes of silver or gold. In the rear of the cloisters
+was the garden of the sun, where all the flowers, fruits, and leaves,
+were of pure beaten gold. I have myself seen some of these golden fruits
+and flowers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_456_455" id="Footnote_456_455"></a><a href="#FNanchor_456_455"><span class="label">[456]</span></a> Namely Sinchi Rocca (1062), Lloque Yupanqui (1091), Mayta
+Ccapac (1126), Ccapac Yupanqui (1156), Ynca Rocca (1197), Yahuar-huaccac
+(1249), Huira-ccocha (1289), Pachacutec (1340), Ynca Yupanqui (1400),
+and Tupac Ynca Yupanqui (1439). The last named was succeeded by Huayna
+Ccapac (1475), in whose reign the Spaniards first appeared on the coast
+of Peru.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_457_456" id="Footnote_457_456"></a><a href="#FNanchor_457_456"><span class="label">[457]</span></a> G. de la Vega quotes this passage (i, lib. vii, cap.
+19).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_458_457" id="Footnote_458_457"></a><a href="#FNanchor_458_457"><span class="label">[458]</span></a> In Quichua, <i>Muchani</i> is to adore or to kiss; and
+<i>Muchay</i> would be “adoration.”</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_459_458" id="Footnote_459_458"></a><a href="#FNanchor_459_458"><span class="label">[459]</span></a> The valley of Yucay or Vilca-mayu is the paradise of
+Peru. It was the favourite residence of the Yncas, and is one of the
+most delightful spots in this favoured land. The rapid river which flows
+through it rises in the mountains of Vilcañota, and, leaving the city of
+Cuzco at a distance of about ten miles to the west, eventually joins the
+Apurimac after a course of about four hundred miles, and becomes one of
+the main affluents of the Ucayali.
+</p><p>
+The valley is seldom more than three miles in breadth, and is bounded on
+its eastern side by the snow-capped range of the Andes. To the westward
+there is a lower range of steep and rocky mountains. Within these narrow
+limits the vale of Yucay enjoys a delicious climate, and the picturesque
+farms, with their maize towers surrounded by little thickets of fruit
+trees, the villages scattered here and there along the banks of the
+rapid river, the groves of trees, and the lofty mountains rising
+abruptly from the valley, combine to form a landscape of exceeding
+beauty. The little village of Yucay is on the site of the delicious
+country retreat of the Yncas, a palace on which all the arts of Peruvian
+civilisation were lavished to render it a fitting abode for the
+sovereign and his court. The only remaining vestiges of the palace are
+two walls of Ynca masonry, forming sides of a modern house in the
+<i>plaza</i> of the village.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_460_459" id="Footnote_460_459"></a><a href="#FNanchor_460_459"><span class="label">[460]</span></a> Next to the fortress of Cuzco, the ruins at Tambo or
+Ollantay-tambo, in the valley of Yucay, are the most astonishing in
+Peru. They are built at a point where the valley is only about a league
+in width, covered with maize fields, with the broad and rapid river
+flowing through the centre. The dark mountains rise up almost
+perpendicularly on either side to such a stupendous height that but a
+narrow portion of blue sky smiles down upon the peaceful scene between
+them. A ravine, called Marca-ccocha, descends from the bleak <i>punas</i> of
+the Andes to the valley of Yucay at this point, and at the junction two
+lofty masses of rock rise up abruptly in dark and frowning majesty. The
+fortress of Tambo is built on the rock which forms the western portal to
+the ravine. The rock is a dark limestone, the lower part of which, to
+the south and east, is faced with masonry composed of small stones. At a
+height of about 300 feet there is a platform covered with a ruin
+apparently left in an unfinished state. Here there are six enormous
+slabs of granite, standing upright, and united by smaller pieces fitted
+between them. Each slab is 12 feet high, and at their bases there are
+other blocks of the same material, in one place formed into a
+commencement of a wall. This spot appears to have been intended as the
+principal part of the citadel. In the rear, and built up the steep sides
+of the mountains, there are several edifices of small stones plastered
+over with a yellow mud. They have gables at either end, and apertures
+for doors and windows. Still further to the east, a flank wall of the
+same material rises up from the valley to near the summit of the
+mountain, which is very steep and rocky, and indeed difficult of ascent.
+Immediately below the principal platform there are a succession of stone
+terraces. The upper one is entered at the side by a handsome doorway
+with an enormous granite lintel. The wall is built of polygonal-shaped
+blocks, fitting exactly into each other, and contains eight recesses,
+two feet two inches high by one broad and one deep. When the inner sides
+of these recesses are tapped with the fingers, a peculiar metallic
+ringing sound is produced. In front of the terraces there a series of
+well-constructed <i>andeneria</i>, or hanging gardens, sixteen deep, all
+faced with masonry, which descend into the ravine. On the opposite side
+of these <i>andeneria</i> the mountain rises perpendicularly, and terminates
+in a dizzy peak, where there is a huge block of stone called the
+<i>Ynti-huatana</i>, or place for observing the sun.
+</p><p>
+The most astonishing circumstance connected with these ruins is the
+distance from which the stones which compose them have been conveyed.
+The huge blocks of granite of enormous dimensions rest upon a limestone
+rock, and the nearest granite quarry is at a distance of six miles, and
+on the other side of the river. On the road to this quarry there are two
+stones which never reached their destination. They are known as the
+<i>Saycusca-rumicuna</i> or “tired stones.” One of them is 9 ft. 8 in. long
+and 7 ft. 8 in. broad; with a groove round it, three inches deep,
+apparently for passing a rope. The other is 20 ft. 4 in. long, 15 ft. 2
+in. broad, and 3 ft. 6 in. deep.
+</p><p>
+At the foot of the rock on which the fortress is built there are several
+ancient buildings. Here is the <i>Mañay raccay</i> or “court of petitions,”
+sixty paces square, and surrounded by buildings of gravel and plaster,
+which open on the court by doorways twelve feet high, surmounted by
+enormous granite lintels. On the western side of the ravine of
+Marca-ccocha, opposite the fortress, there is another mass of rock
+towering up perpendicularly, and ending in a sharp peak. It is called
+the <i>Pinculluna</i> (“Place of Flutes”). Half-way up, on a rocky ledge very
+difficult of approach, there are some buildings which tradition says
+were used as a convent of virgins of the sun. They consist of three long
+chambers separated from each other but close together, and rising one
+behind the other up the declivitous side of the mountain. They are each
+twenty-eight paces long, with a door at each end, and six windows on
+each side. There are steep gables at each end about eighteen feet high,
+and the doors have stone lintels. There may have been six cells,
+according to the number of windows, making eighteen in all. On one side
+of these buildings there are three terraces on which the doors open,
+which probably supplied the inmates with vegetable food and flowers, and
+whence they might view one of nature’s loveliest scenes, the tranquil
+fertile valley, with its noble river, and mountains fringed with tiers
+of cultivated terraces.
+</p><p>
+About a hundred yards beyond the edge of these convent gardens the
+Pinculluna becomes quite perpendicular, and forms a yawning precipice
+eight hundred feet high, descending sheer down into the valley. This was
+used as the <i>Huarcuna</i> or place of execution, and there is a small
+building, like a martello tower, at its verge, whence the victims were
+hurled into eternity.
+</p><p>
+For an account of the tradition connected with the building of
+Ollantay-tambo, and of the Quichua drama which is founded on it, see my
+work, <i>Cuzco and Lima</i>, pp. 172 to 188.
+</p><p>
+The authors of the <i>Antiguedades Peruanas</i> believe these ruins to be
+anterior to those of Cuzco.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_461_460" id="Footnote_461_460"></a><a href="#FNanchor_461_460"><span class="label">[461]</span></a> <i>Cunti-suyu</i> was the western division of the empire of
+the Yncas. The word was afterwards corrupted by the Spaniards into
+<i>Condesuyos</i>; and the district of that name is now a province of the
+department of Arequipa. It is nearly on the watershed of the maritime
+Cordillera, and is drained by a river which, after irrigating the valley
+of Ocoña, falls into the Pacific.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_462_461" id="Footnote_462_461"></a><a href="#FNanchor_462_461"><span class="label">[462]</span></a> To the eastward of the Andes are the great forests which
+extend unbroken to the Atlantic. Those in the immediate neighbourhood of
+Cuzco are watered by the tributaries of the Purus, one of the largest
+and most important, though still unexplored affluents of the Amazon.
+These forests comprised the <i>Anti-suyu</i> or eastern division of the
+empire of the Yncas, and were inhabited by wandering savage tribes
+called Antis and Chunchos. The forest region was first invaded by the
+Ynca Rocca, but no permanent conquest was made until the reign of the
+Ynca Yupanqui, who received tidings of a rich province inhabited by a
+people called Musus (Moxos) far to the eastward. All the streams were
+said to unite and form a great river called the Amaru-mayu (“serpent
+river”), which is probably the main stream of the Purus. The Ynca made a
+road from the Andes to the shores of the river, through the
+forest-covered country now known as the <i>montaña de Paucartambo</i>, and
+was occupied for two years in making canoes sufficient to carry ten
+thousand men, and their provisions. He then descended the river, and,
+after a long and bloody war, subjugated the savage tribes of Chunchos on
+its banks, and collected them into a settlement called Tono. They ever
+afterwards paid an annual tribute of parrots, honey, and wax to the
+Yncas. Yupanqui then penetrated still further to the south and east, and
+conquered the province of Moxos.
+</p><p>
+In the early days of the conquest, the Spaniards established farms for
+raising coca, cacao, and sugar in the beautiful forests of Paucartambo,
+especially along the banks of the Tono, and Garcilasso de la Vega tells
+us that he inherited an estate called Abisca, in this part of the
+country. But as Spanish power declined, these estates began to fall into
+decay, the savage Chunchos encroached more and more, and now there is
+not a single farm remaining in this once wealthy and flourishing
+district. The primitive forest has again resumed its sway, and the
+country is in the same state as it was before it was invaded by the Ynca
+Yupanqui. The exploration of the course of the Purus is one of the chief
+desiderata in South American geography. An expedition under Don Tiburcio
+de Landa, governor of Paucartambo, penetrated for some distance down the
+course of the Tono in about 1778; in about 1824 a Dr. Sevallos was sent
+on a similar errand; General Miller, in 1835, penetrated to a greater
+distance than any other explorer before or since; Lieutenant Gibbon,
+U.S.N., entered the forests in 1852; and I explored part of the course
+of the Tono in 1853. I have been furnished with a most valuable and
+interesting paper on the river Purús, by Mr. Richard Spruce, the
+distinguished South American traveller and botanist, which I have
+inserted as a note at the end of this chapter.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_463_462" id="Footnote_463_462"></a><a href="#FNanchor_463_462"><span class="label">[463]</span></a> These are the <i>Chunchos</i> and other wild tribes.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_464_463" id="Footnote_464_463"></a><a href="#FNanchor_464_463"><span class="label">[464]</span></a> Unfit for translation.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_465_464" id="Footnote_465_464"></a><a href="#FNanchor_465_464"><span class="label">[465]</span></a> “<i>Ensayo Corografico sobre o Pará.</i> This author cites no
+authorities, but he had access to very valuable documents and manuscript
+maps in the archives of Pará, most of which were unfortunately destroyed
+or dispersed during the uprising of the <i>cabanos</i> in 1835; and wherever
+I have had the opportunity of testing his statements by personal
+observation I have found them very exact.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_466_465" id="Footnote_466_465"></a><a href="#FNanchor_466_465"><span class="label">[466]</span></a> “<i>New Discovery of the Great River of the Amazons.</i>
+Markham’s Transl., p. 107.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_467_466" id="Footnote_467_466"></a><a href="#FNanchor_467_466"><span class="label">[467]</span></a> “Acuña writes these names respectively ‘Curucurus’ and
+‘Quatausis.’</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_468_467" id="Footnote_468_467"></a><a href="#FNanchor_468_467"><span class="label">[468]</span></a> “The original exists as an appendix to the ‘Falla
+dirigida á assemblea legislativa provincial do Amazonas, no dia 1º de
+Outubro de 1853,’ by Senhor Herculano Ferreira Penna, the learned and
+patriotic president of the province, who presented me with a copy of it
+when I revisited the Barra in 1854.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_469_468" id="Footnote_469_468"></a><a href="#FNanchor_469_468"><span class="label">[469]</span></a> “<i>Tolda</i>, roof to shelter the after part of a canoe.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_470_469" id="Footnote_470_469"></a><a href="#FNanchor_470_469"><span class="label">[470]</span></a> “<i>Furo</i>, a channel between two points of the same river,
+or from one river to another, which becomes filled with water in the
+time of flood. A narrow channel between an island and the bank is
+generally called a <i>Paraná-merím</i>, or little river.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_471_470" id="Footnote_471_470"></a><a href="#FNanchor_471_470"><span class="label">[471]</span></a> “Caldeiraō, a noted whirlpool in the Amazon, near the
+left bank, above the mouth of the Rio Negro.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_472_471" id="Footnote_472_471"></a><a href="#FNanchor_472_471"><span class="label">[472]</span></a> “Solimoēs, the Brazilian name of the Amazon from the Rio
+Negro to the frontier, or even as far up as to the mouth of Ucayali.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_473_472" id="Footnote_473_472"></a><a href="#FNanchor_473_472"><span class="label">[473]</span></a> “The <i>furo</i>, or <i>paraná-merím</i>, of Paratarý is the lowest
+mouth of the Purús, and it appears that Serafim sailed along it for
+three days before reaching the main channel. In 1851 I spent nearly a
+month on the lakes of Manaquirý, about forty miles below the mouth of
+the Purús, and found that the Paratarý had many ramifications,
+communicating not only with those lakes, but also with the much larger
+lake of Uauatás to the eastward, and thence with the river Madeira. In
+the rainy season, indeed, it is possible to navigate for hundreds of
+miles parallel to the southern side of the Amazon without ever entering
+that river.”</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_474_473" id="Footnote_474_473"></a><a href="#FNanchor_474_473"><span class="label">[474]</span></a> “The beaches on the Amazon and its tributaries are very
+important to the Indians, being the places where the turtles lay their
+eggs; and hence they all have a special name.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_475_474" id="Footnote_475_474"></a><a href="#FNanchor_475_474"><span class="label">[475]</span></a> “<i>Ubá</i>, a canoe made simply of a hollow trunk, and
+stretched to the form of a boat by putting fire under it and cross
+pieces of wood within it. <i>Casca</i>, a bark canoe.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_476_475" id="Footnote_476_475"></a><a href="#FNanchor_476_475"><span class="label">[476]</span></a> “This is the <i>yúca</i> of Peru, and is a distinct species
+from the <i>mandiocea</i> (<i>Manihot utilissima</i> Pohl.), which is the staple
+article of food throughout Brazil.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_477_476" id="Footnote_477_476"></a><a href="#FNanchor_477_476"><span class="label">[477]</span></a> “In June 1851, I took six days to go from the Barra only
+half way to Manacapurú, but the river was then at the height of flood,
+and my large boat was manned by only three men.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_478_477" id="Footnote_478_477"></a><a href="#FNanchor_478_477"><span class="label">[478]</span></a> “I should suppose the Uainamarís to be a tribe of the
+savage Chunchos. Many of the large Indian nations spoken of by old
+authors are now much subdivided; thus of the Jibaros, on the eastern
+side of the Quitenian Andes, have been constituted in modern times the
+tribes Achuales, Pindus, Huambisas, etc.
+</p><p>
+“The Cucamas are a section of the great Tupi nation, and speak a very
+euphonious dialect of Tupi. They are now found scattered in most of the
+villages on the Marañon (or upper Amazon) in Peru, and formerly existed
+in much greater numbers than at present in the village of La Laguna,
+within the Huallaga. It is curious to find a remnant of them so far
+separated from the bulk of their nation as at the head of the Purús, but
+it is explicable enough when we come to trace the migrations of the
+Tupís and Cucamas, as narrated by Acuña and other writers.”</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_479_478" id="Footnote_479_478"></a><a href="#FNanchor_479_478"><span class="label">[479]</span></a> See my chapter on coca cultivation in <i>Travels in Peru
+and India</i>, chap. xiv, p. 232.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_480_479" id="Footnote_480_479"></a><a href="#FNanchor_480_479"><span class="label">[480]</span></a> Cieza de Leon now conducts the reader up the beautiful
+valley of Vilca-mayu, or Yucay.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_481_480" id="Footnote_481_480"></a><a href="#FNanchor_481_480"><span class="label">[481]</span></a> Canas was conquered by Lloque Yupanqui, the third Ynca.
+<i>G. de la Vega</i>, i, lib. ii, cap. 18.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_482_481" id="Footnote_482_481"></a><a href="#FNanchor_482_481"><span class="label">[482]</span></a> The country inhabited by the Indian tribes of Canas and
+Canches was, in Spanish times, included within the Corrigimiento of
+Tinta, one of the divisions of the Presidency of Cuzco. It now comprises
+the two provinces of Canas and Canches. It consists of lofty plateaux or
+<i>punas</i> of the Andes, intersected by the deep and fertile ravine through
+which flows the river Vilcamayu or Yucay; and is bounded on the south by
+the equally lofty plains of the Collao. The <i>punas</i> are covered with
+flocks of llamas; and the more inaccessible fastnesses are the haunts of
+huanacus, vicuñas, deer, and viscachas (a kind of rabbit).
+</p><p>
+In the most remote times the tribe of Canas inhabited one side of the
+Vilcamayu ravine, and that of Canches the other. The former were proud,
+cautious, and melancholy, their clothing was usually of a sombre colour,
+and their music was plaintive and sad. The latter were joyous, light
+hearted, and sociable, but very poor, their clothing consisting of
+skins. They made wars upon each other, and built their villages in
+strong fortified positions called <i>pucaras</i>. These tribes were brought
+under the yoke of the Yncas by Sinchi Rocca, the second of his dynasty.
+He permitted the ancient chiefs to retain their power, but insisted upon
+their children being educated at Cuzco. The Canas, however, were
+constantly in a state of revolt, until the Ynca Huayna Ccapac gave one
+of his daughters in marriage to their chief.
+</p><p>
+The Canches were of middle height, very bold, restless, inconstant, but
+good workmen, industrious, and brave. The Canas, though of a darker
+complexion, were stouter and better made. The Canches loved solitude and
+were very silent, and built their huts in secluded ravines and valleys.
+The villages of the Canches were Sicuani, Cacha, Tinta, Checacupe,
+Pampamarca, Yanaoca, and Lanqui; and those of the Canas were Checa,
+Pichigua, Yacuri, Coparaque, Tungasaca, Surimani. Sicuani, in the ravine
+of the Vilcamayu, is the principal place in the country of the Canches
+and Canas. At the end of the last century it contained a population of
+four thousand Indians, and one thousand Mestizos. The number of Indians
+in the whole district was calculated, at the same time, to amount to
+twenty-six thousand souls. <i>Mercurio Peruano</i> (<i>Nueva Edicion</i>), i, p.
+193.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_483_482" id="Footnote_483_482"></a><a href="#FNanchor_483_482"><span class="label">[483]</span></a> Garcilasso de la Vega relates a tradition respecting this
+temple at Cacha, which is on the right bank of the river Yucay, sixteen
+leagues south of Cuzco. A supernatural being is said to have appeared to
+the Ynca Huira-ccocha, before the battle with Anco-hualluc and his
+allies on the plain of Yahuar-pampa (see note to p. 280), and after his
+victory the grateful prince caused a temple to be erected at Cacha, in
+memory of the phantom. As the vision appeared in the open air, so the
+temple was to have no roof, and as he was sleeping at the time under an
+overhanging rock, so there was to be a small covered chapel opening into
+the temple, which was 120 feet long by 80. The edifice was built of
+large stones carefully dressed and finished. It had four doors, three of
+them being merely ornamental recesses, and the fourth, facing to the
+east, was alone used. Within the temple there were walls winding round
+and round and forming twelve lanes, each seven feet wide, and covered
+overhead with huge stone slabs ten feet long. As these lanes went round
+and round they approached the centre of the temple, and at the end of
+the twelfth and last there was a flight of steps leading to the top. At
+the end of each lane or passage there was a window by which light was
+admitted. The steps were double, so that people could go up on one side
+and down on the other. The floor above was paved with polished black
+stones, and on one side there was a chapel, within which was the statue
+representing the phantom. The Spaniards entirely demolished this
+temple.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_484_483" id="Footnote_484_483"></a><a href="#FNanchor_484_483"><span class="label">[484]</span></a> This description of the Collao is very accurate. South of
+the Vilcañota mountains the Andes separate into two distinct chains,
+namely the cordillera or coast range and the Eastern Andes, which
+include the loftiest peaks in South America, Illimani and Sorata. The
+Collao is the region between these two ranges. It contains the great
+lake of Titicaca, and consists of elevated plains intersected by rivers
+flowing into the lake.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_485_484" id="Footnote_485_484"></a><a href="#FNanchor_485_484"><span class="label">[485]</span></a> The potatoe was indigenous to the Andes of Peru, and the
+best potatoe in the world is grown at a place called Huamantango, near
+Lima. I am surprised to find that Humboldt should have doubted this
+fact, (“La pomme de terre n’est pas indigène au Pérou.” <i>Nouv. Espagne</i>,
+ii, p. 400), seeing that there is a native word for potatoe, and that it
+is mentioned as the staple food of the people of the Collao, by Cieza de
+Leon, and other early writers. Moreover the <i>Solanaceæ</i> are the
+commonest plants in several parts of Peru. The ancient Quichua for
+potatoe is <i>ascu</i> or <i>acsu</i>, and the same word exists in the
+Chinchay-suyu dialect. (<i>Torres Rubio</i>, p. 219.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_486_485" id="Footnote_486_485"></a><a href="#FNanchor_486_485"><span class="label">[486]</span></a> <i>Chuñus</i> or frozen potatoes are still the ordinary food
+of the natives of the Collao. They dam up square shallow pools by the
+sides of streams, and fill them with potatoes during the cold season of
+June and July. The frost soon converts them into <i>chuñus</i>, which are
+insipid and tasteless.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_487_486" id="Footnote_487_486"></a><a href="#FNanchor_487_486"><span class="label">[487]</span></a> The <i>oca</i> (<i>Oxalis tuberosa</i> Lin.) is an oval shaped
+root, the skin pale red, and the inside white. It is watery, has a
+sweetish taste, and is much liked by the Peruvians.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_488_487" id="Footnote_488_487"></a><a href="#FNanchor_488_487"><span class="label">[488]</span></a> See note at page <a href="#page_143">143</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_489_488" id="Footnote_489_488"></a><a href="#FNanchor_489_488"><span class="label">[489]</span></a> See chapter xxv, p. 90.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_490_489" id="Footnote_490_489"></a><a href="#FNanchor_490_489"><span class="label">[490]</span></a> The most remarkable of these tower tombs of the Collao
+are at a place called Sillustani, on a promontory running out into the
+lake of Umayu, near Puno. This promontory is literally covered with
+places of sepulture. Four of them are towers of finely cut masonry, with
+the sides of the stones dovetailing into each other. See a full
+description of them in my <i>Travels in Peru and India</i>, p. 111; also
+<i>Vigne’s Travels in South America</i>, ii, p. 31; and <i>Antiguedades
+Peruanas</i>, p. 293.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_491_490" id="Footnote_491_490"></a><a href="#FNanchor_491_490"><span class="label">[491]</span></a> A small village of the Collao, on the banks of the river
+Pucara, near the point where, uniting with the Azangaro, it forms the
+Ramiz, which empties itself into lake Titicaca at the north-west
+corner.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_492_491" id="Footnote_492_491"></a><a href="#FNanchor_492_491"><span class="label">[492]</span></a> The editor also remained a whole day at Pucara in 1860,
+looking at everything, but more than three centuries had elapsed since
+the visit of Cieza de Leon, and there is no longer a vestige of the
+ruins mentioned in the text. Pucara is a little town at the foot of an
+almost perpendicular mountain, which closely resembles the northern end
+of the rock of Gibraltar. The precipice is composed of a reddish
+sandstone, and is upwards of twelve hundred feet above the plain, the
+crevices and summit being clothed with long grass and shrubby <i>queñuas</i>
+(<i>Polylepis tomentella</i> Wedd.) Here Francisco Hernandez Giron, the rebel
+who led an insurrection to oppose the abolition of personal service
+amongst the Indians, was finally defeated in 1554. In 1860 the aged
+cura, Dr. José Faustino Dasa, was one of the best Quichua scholars in
+Peru.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_493_492" id="Footnote_493_492"></a><a href="#FNanchor_493_492"><span class="label">[493]</span></a> Hatun-colla is now a wretched little village, not far
+from the towers of Sillustani, already alluded to.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_494_493" id="Footnote_494_493"></a><a href="#FNanchor_494_493"><span class="label">[494]</span></a> See my chapter on the province of Caravaya, in <i>Travels
+in Peru and India</i>, chap. xii, p. 199.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_495_494" id="Footnote_495_494"></a><a href="#FNanchor_495_494"><span class="label">[495]</span></a> A thorough survey of the great lake of Titicaca is still
+a desideratum in geography. The lake is about 80 miles long by 40 broad,
+being by far the largest in South America. It is divided into two parts
+by the peninsula of Copacabana. The southern division, called the lake
+of Huaqui, is 8 leagues long by 7, and is united to the greater lake by
+the strait of Tiquina. A number of rivers, which are of considerable
+volume during the rainy season, flow into the lake. The largest of these
+is the Ramiz, which is formed by the junction of the two rivers of
+Pucara and Azangaro, and enters the lake at its north-west corner. The
+Suchiz, formed by the rivers of Cavanilla and Lampa, also flows into the
+lake on its west side, as well as the Yllpa and Ylave; while on the
+eastern side are the rivers Huarina, Escoma, and Achacache. Much of the
+water thus flowing in is drained off by the great river Desaguadero,
+which flows out of the south-west corner, and disappears in the swampy
+lake of Aullagas, in the south of Bolivia. Perhaps a great quantity is
+taken up by evaporation. On the eastern side lake Titicaca is very deep,
+but on parts of the west shore it is so shoal that there is only just
+water enough to force a <i>balsa</i> through the forests of rushes. The winds
+blow from the eastward all the year round, sometimes in strong gales, so
+as to raise a heavy sea. Along the western shore there are acres of tall
+rushes. The principal islands are those of Titicaca and Coati, near the
+peninsula of Copacabana, Campanario, Escoma, Soto, and Esteves.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_496_495" id="Footnote_496_495"></a><a href="#FNanchor_496_495"><span class="label">[496]</span></a> The temple, on the island of Titicaca, was one of the
+most sacred in Peru, and the ruins are still in a good state of
+preservation. The buildings are of hewn stone, with doorways wider below
+than above. But they are inferior to those on the adjacent island of
+Coati. See <i>Rivero</i>, <i>Antiguedades Peruanas</i>, chap. x.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_497_496" id="Footnote_497_496"></a><a href="#FNanchor_497_496"><span class="label">[497]</span></a> We first meet with Hernando Bachicao as a captain of
+pikemen in the army of Vaca de Castro. When Gonzalo Pizarro rose against
+the viceroy Blasco Nuñez de Vela, he entrusted Bachicao with the
+formation of a navy. That officer took command of a brigantine at
+Callao, which had just arrived from Quilca, and sailed up the coast. At
+Tumbez he found the viceroy, who fled inland on his approach; and
+Bachicao seized two vessels. Sailing northward he captured several
+others, and with the fleet thus formed, he got possession of the city of
+Panama in March 1545. Soon afterwards Gonzalo Pizarro appointed Hinojosa
+to command the fleet, and superseded Bachicao; who then joined his chief
+with reinforcements from Panama, and took part in the final defeat of
+the viceroy at Añaquito, where he commanded the pikemen. At the battle
+of Huarina, where he also commanded the pikemen, believing that the
+forces of Centeno were about to gain the victory, he turned traitor and
+deserted his colours; but he was mistaken, for his old commander Gonzalo
+Pizarro won that bloody fight. Bachicao, therefore, returned to his own
+side, and would have been glad if his conduct had escaped observation.
+But the eagle eye of the fiery old master of the camp, Carbajal, was not
+to be deceived, and the captain Hernando Bachicao was hung by his order,
+a few days afterwards, in the little village of Juli, on the western
+shore of lake Titicaca.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_498_497" id="Footnote_498_497"></a><a href="#FNanchor_498_497"><span class="label">[498]</span></a> These ruins are in lat. 16° 42´ S. long. 68° 42´ W.,
+12,930 feet above the level of the sea, and twelve miles from the south
+shore of lake Titicaca. (See Mr. Bollaert’s paper, in the <i>Intellectual
+Observer</i> for May 1863.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_499_498" id="Footnote_499_498"></a><a href="#FNanchor_499_498"><span class="label">[499]</span></a> It is 918 feet long, 400 broad, and 100 to 120 in
+height.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_500_499" id="Footnote_500_499"></a><a href="#FNanchor_500_499"><span class="label">[500]</span></a> The head of one of these statues is 3 feet 6 inches long,
+from the point of the beard to the upper part of the ornamental head
+dress; and from the nose to the back of the head it measures 2 feet 7
+inches. It is adorned with a species of round cap, 1 foot 7 inches high,
+and 2 feet 5 inches in width. In the upper part are certain wide
+vertical bands, and in the lower are symbolical figures with human
+faces. From the eyes, which are large and round, two wide bands, each
+with three double circles, project to the chin. From the outer part of
+each eye a band descends, adorned with two squares terminating in a
+serpent. The nose is slightly prominent, surrounded on the lower side by
+a wide semicircular band, and terminating towards the inner side of the
+eyes in two corners. The mouth forms a transverse oval, garnished with
+sixteen teeth. From the under lip projects, in the form of a beard, six
+bands, towards the edge of the chin. The ear is represented by a
+semi-lunar figure in a square, and in the fore-part of it is a vertical
+band with three squares, terminating in the head of a wild beast. On the
+neck there are many human figures. The sculpture of this head is very
+remarkable. <i>Antiguedades Peruanas</i>, p. 295.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_501_500" id="Footnote_501_500"></a><a href="#FNanchor_501_500"><span class="label">[501]</span></a> Of these huge monolithic doorways there is one block of
+hard trachytic rock measuring 10 feet in height by 13 wide, and another
+7 feet in height. In the former block a doorway is cut, which is 6 feet
+4 inches high, and 3 feet 2 inches wide. On its eastern side there is a
+cornice, in the centre of which a human figure is carved. The head is
+almost square, and there proceed from it several rays, amongst which
+four snakes can be discerned. The arms are extended, and each hand holds
+a snake with a crowned head. The body is covered with an embroidered
+garment, and the short feet rest upon a pedestal, also ornamented with
+symbolical figures. On each side of this figure there are a number of
+small squares on the cornice, in three rows, each containing a human
+figure in profile with a walking-stick in the hand. Each row has sixteen
+figures, the central row with birds’ heads. <i>Antiguedades Peruanas</i>, p.
+296.
+</p><p>
+Acosta says that he measured one of the great stones at Tiahuanaco, and
+found it to be 38 feet long, 18 broad, and 6 deep. <i>Historia Natural de
+las Indias</i>, lib. vi, cap. 14, p. 419.
+</p><p>
+(In the <i>Intellectual Observer</i> for May 1863, there is an excellent
+engraving of one of the great monolithic doorways at Tiahuanaco, to
+illustrate a paper by Mr. Bollaert.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_502_501" id="Footnote_502_501"></a><a href="#FNanchor_502_501"><span class="label">[502]</span></a> The famous ruins of Tiahuanaco, generally considered to
+be long anterior to the time of the Yncas, appear, like those at
+Ollantay-tambo, to be remains of edifices which were never completed.
+</p><p>
+Garcilasso de la Vega gives the following account of Tiahuanaco.
+“Amongst other works in this place, one of them is a hill, made
+artificially, and so high that the fact of its having been made by man
+causes astonishment; and, that it might not be loosened, it was built
+upon great foundations of stone. It is not known why this edifice was
+made. In another part, away from the hill, there were two figures of
+giants carved in stone, with long robes down to the ground, and caps on
+their heads: all well worn by the hand of time, which proves their great
+antiquity. There is also an enormous wall of stones, so large that the
+greatest wonder is caused to imagine how human force could have raised
+them to the place where they now are. For there are no rocks nor
+quarries within a great distance, from whence they could have been
+brought. In other parts there are grand edifices, and what causes most
+astonishment are some great doorways of stone, some of them made out of
+one single stone. The marvel is increased by their wonderful size, for
+some of them were found to measure 30 feet in length, 15 in breadth, and
+6 in depth. And these stones, with their doorways, are all of one single
+piece, so that it cannot be understood with what instruments or tools
+they can have been worked.
+</p><p>
+“The natives say that all these edifices were built before the time of
+the Yncas, and that the Yncas built the fortress of Cuzco in imitation
+of them. They know not who erected them, but have heard their
+forefathers say that all these wonderful works were completed in a
+single night. The ruins appear never to have been finished, but to have
+been merely the commencement of what the founders intended to have
+built. All the above is from Pedro de Cieza de Leon, in his 105th
+chapter; to which I propose to add some further particular obtained from
+a schoolfellow of mine, a priest named Diego de Alcobasa (who I may call
+my brother, for we were born in the same house, and his father brought
+me up). Amongst other accounts, which he and others have sent me from my
+native land, he says the following respecting these great edifices of
+Tiahuanaco. ‘In Tiahuanaco, in the province of Collao, amongst other
+things, there are some ancient ruins worthy of immortal memory. They are
+near the lake called by the Spaniards Chucuito, the proper name of which
+is Chuquivitu. Here there are some very grand edifices, and amongst them
+there is a square court, 15 <i>brazas</i> each way, with walls two stories
+high. On one side of this court there is a hall 45 feet long by 22
+broad, apparently once covered, in the same way as those buildings you
+have seen in the house of the sun at Cuzco, with a roof of straw. The
+walls, roofs, floor, and doorways are all of one single piece, carved
+out of a rock, and the walls of the court and of the hall are
+three-quarters of a yard in breadth. The roof of the hall, though it
+appears to be thatch, is really of stone. For as the Indians cover their
+houses with thatch, in order that this might appear like the rest, they
+have combed and carved the stone so that it resembles a roof of thatch.
+The waters of the lake wash the walls of the court. The natives say that
+this and the other buildings were dedicated to the Creator of the
+universe. There are also many other stones carved into the shape of men
+and women so naturally that they appear to be alive, some drinking with
+cups in their hands, others sitting, others standing, and others walking
+in the stream which flows by the walls. There are also statues of women
+with their infants in their laps, others with them on their backs, and
+in a thousand other postures. The Indians say that for the great sins of
+the people of those times, and because they stoned a man who was passing
+through the province, they were all converted into these statues.’
+</p><p>
+“Thus far are the words of Diego de Alcobasa, who has been a vicar and
+preacher to the Indians in many provinces of this kingdom, having been
+sent by his superiors from one part to another: for, being a mestizo and
+native of Cuzco, he knows the language of the Indians better than others
+who are born in the country, and his labours bear more fruit.”
+</p><p>
+The part of the country in which Tia-huanaco is situated, was first
+conquered by Mayta Ccapac, the fourth Ynca. The name is derived from a
+circumstance connected with the conquest. It is said that, while the
+Ynca was engaged in this campaign against the Aymara nation, and being
+encamped amongst the ruins, a Cañari Indian, serving as a <i>chasqui</i> or
+courier, arrived from Cuzco in an extraordinarily short space of time.
+The Ynca exclaimed <i>Tia</i> (Be seated) <i>Huanaco</i>: the <i>huanaco</i> being the
+swiftest animal in Peru. Thus, like Luxor, and so many other famous
+places, these wonderful ruins have received a comparatively modern name,
+which has no real connection with their history.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_503_502" id="Footnote_503_502"></a><a href="#FNanchor_503_502"><span class="label">[503]</span></a> See chapter lxxxvii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_504_503" id="Footnote_504_503"></a><a href="#FNanchor_504_503"><span class="label">[504]</span></a> On the 26th of October 1547 Centeno mustered a thousand
+men, of whom 250 were mounted. Gonzalo Pizarro’s force barely amounted
+to 400 infantry and 85 cavalry. Pizarro gained a complete victory, and
+350 of Centeno’s followers were killed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_505_504" id="Footnote_505_504"></a><a href="#FNanchor_505_504"><span class="label">[505]</span></a> The president Gasca ordered Don Alonzo de Mendoza, an
+officer who had come over to him from the party of Gonzalo Pizarro, to
+found a new city south of lake Titicaca, which was to be called “La
+Ciudad de Nuestra Señora de la Paz;” to commemorate the peace which had
+been established, after the overthrow of the rebel Gonzalo Pizarro. It
+was deemed convenient that there should be a Spanish settlement between
+Cuzco and the rich silver-yielding province of Charcas, and thus the
+building of the city of La Paz was commenced. It is now one of the
+principal towns in the modern Republic of Bolivia.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_506_505" id="Footnote_506_505"></a><a href="#FNanchor_506_505"><span class="label">[506]</span></a> It is now known as the city of Chuquisaca, or Sucre, and
+is the capital of the republic of Bolivia.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_507_506" id="Footnote_507_506"></a><a href="#FNanchor_507_506"><span class="label">[507]</span></a> Pedro de Hinojosa is first heard of as fighting bravely
+against Almagro the younger, in the battle of Chupas. He afterwards
+joined the fortunes of Gonzalo Pizarro, and that ill-fated chief
+entrusted him with the command of Panama and of the fleet. On the
+arrival of the president Gasca from Spain, Hinojosa, after some months
+of hesitation, betrayed his trust, and handed over the fleet to the wily
+ecclesiastic on November 19th, 1546. He was rewarded by being appointed
+Gasca’s general by land and sea, and commanded the troops at the final
+overthrow of his old commander on the plain of Xaquixaguana. Gasca
+granted Gonzalo Pizarro’s valuable estates and mines in Charcas to
+Hinojosa. He was also appointed corregidor of Charcas, where he was
+assassinated two years afterwards in a mutiny headed by Sebastian de
+Castilla.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_508_507" id="Footnote_508_507"></a><a href="#FNanchor_508_507"><span class="label">[508]</span></a> Before the defeat and death of the viceroy Blasco Nuñez
+de Vela, near Quito in January 1546, Gonzalo Pizarro had sent his
+lieutenant Carbajal to reduce the province of Charcas, and put down a
+revolt headed by Diego Centeno and Lope de Mendoza. Centeno fled,
+closely pursued by Carbajal, and hid himself in a cave somewhere near
+Arequipa for eight months. The aged veteran Francisco de Carbajal,
+having run this fox to earth, then marched into Charcas, and captured
+Lope de Mendoza and Nicolas de Heredia, both of whom he hung. Carbajal
+sent the heads of his victims to Arequipa, while he busied himself in
+collecting silver from the rich mines of Potosi, to supply the needs of
+his commander.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_509_508" id="Footnote_509_508"></a><a href="#FNanchor_509_508"><span class="label">[509]</span></a> The ancient Peruvians knew of gold, silver, copper, tin,
+and quicksilver. They took the silver from mines which were not very
+deep, abandoning them as soon as the hardness of the ore offered a
+resistance sufficient to withstand their imperfect tools. They not only
+knew native silver, but also its chemical combinations, such as the
+sulphate, antimonial silver, etc. They also knew how to extract the pure
+metal from these compounds by fusion, or in portable stoves.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_510_509" id="Footnote_510_509"></a><a href="#FNanchor_510_509"><span class="label">[510]</span></a> The gold mines of Tipuani, to the eastward of the Andes
+of Bolivia, are the richest in South America. See an account of the
+method of working them in Bonelli’s <i>Travels in Bolivia</i>, i, p. 268.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_511_510" id="Footnote_511_510"></a><a href="#FNanchor_511_510"><span class="label">[511]</span></a> The licentiate Polo de Ondegardo was appointed corregidor
+of Charcas by the president Gasca, and subsequently of Cuzco, where he
+remained for several years. He was the author of two <i>Relaciones</i>, or
+reports to the government, the first addressed to the viceroy Marquis of
+Cañete in 1561, and the second to the Count of Nieva. They contain an
+account of the laws, habits, religion, and policy of the Yncas.
+Unfortunately these valuable documents have never been printed, and Mr.
+Prescott obtained copies both of them and of the equally important
+manuscript of Sarmiento from Lord Kingsborough’s collection, through the
+agency of Mr. Rich. Their publication would be a great boon to the
+student of ancient South American civilisation. See <i>Prescott’s Peru</i>,
+i, p. 162, etc.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_512_511" id="Footnote_512_511"></a><a href="#FNanchor_512_511"><span class="label">[512]</span></a> A <i>castellano</i> was worth about £2 12s 6d. of our money.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_513_512" id="Footnote_513_512"></a><a href="#FNanchor_513_512"><span class="label">[513]</span></a> Acosta says that in his time there were four principal
+veins of silver on the hill of Potosi, called <i>La Rica</i>, <i>Centeno</i>,
+<i>Estaño</i> (tin), and <i>Mendieta</i>. They were all on the east side, and ran
+in a north and south direction. There were many other smaller veins
+which branch off from these four, and in each vein there were several
+mines. In <i>La Rica</i> there were seventy-eight mines, which were very
+deep; and to remedy the evils caused by their great depth, horizontal
+excavations, called <i>socabones</i>, were made in the sides of the hill, and
+continued until they met the veins. The mines of Potosi were discovered
+by an Indian named Hualpa, a native of Chumbivilica near Cuzco. He was
+climbing up a steep part of the hill in chase of deer, and helping his
+ascent by catching hold of the <i>queñua</i> shrubs (<i>Polylepis tomentella</i>,
+Wedd.) which grow there. One of the shrubs came up by the roots, and
+disclosed a quantity of native silver, which was the commencement of the
+vein called <i>La Rica</i>. He secretly worked the vein himself for some
+time, but eventually disclosed the secret to a native of Xauxa, who told
+his master, a Spaniard of Porco, named Villaroel, and the latter began
+to work the vein in April 1545. The three other principal veins were
+discovered between April and August of the same year. People soon
+flocked from all parts to seek their fortunes at the hill of Potosi.
+<i>Acosta</i>, lib. iv, cap. 6, 7, 8.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_514_513" id="Footnote_514_513"></a><a href="#FNanchor_514_513"><span class="label">[514]</span></a> <i>Huayra</i> is “wind” or “air” in Quichua.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_515_514" id="Footnote_515_514"></a><a href="#FNanchor_515_514"><span class="label">[515]</span></a> Acosta tells us that, when he wrote in 1608, most of the
+silver was extracted from the ore by means of quicksilver. Formerly,
+however, he says that there were more than six thousand <i>huayras</i> on the
+sides and summit of the hill of Potosi. “The <i>huayras</i> were small ovens
+in which the metal was melted, and to see them burning at night with a
+red heat, and throwing their light to a distance, was a pleasant
+spectacle. At present if the number of <i>huayras</i> reaches to one thousand
+or two thousand, it is the outside, because the melting is done on a
+small scale, nearly all the metal being extracted by quicksilver.”
+<i>Acosta</i>, lib. iv, cap. 9, p. 218.
+</p><p>
+The hill of Potosi is in 21° 40´ S. lat., and seventeen thousand feet
+above the level of the sea. The name is said to be derived from the
+Aymara word <i>Potocsi</i> (“he who makes a noise”), because, when Huayna
+Ccapac in 1462 ordered search to be made for a silver mine on the hill,
+a terrible voice cried out from underground that the riches it contained
+were reserved for other masters. <i>G. de la Vega.</i>
+</p><p>
+Zarate says, that in a short time after the discovery of the silver,
+seven thousand Indians were at work, who had to give two marcs of silver
+to their masters every week, which they did with such ease, that they
+retained more silver for themselves than they paid to their employers.
+<i>Historia del Peru</i>, lib. vi, cap. 4.
+</p><p>
+In 1563 Potosi was constituted a town, and was granted a coat of arms by
+Philip II; and in 1572 the viceroy Don Francisco de Toledo went in
+person to this great seat of mining wealth, and established regulations
+for its government. This viceroy also introduced the use of quicksilver,
+a mine of which had been discovered at Huancavelica, by a Portuguese
+named Enrique Garces, in 1566. Toledo also regulated and legalised the
+atrocious system of <i>mitas</i>, or forced labour in the mines. He caused a
+census to be taken of Indians in Peru, between the ages of eighteen and
+fifty, the result of which gave a total of 1,677,697 men liable for
+service, who were divided into 614 <i>ayllus</i> or lineages. Of these he
+assigned a seventh part of those living in the seventeen nearest
+provinces, or 11,199 Indians, to work at the mines of Potosi, under
+certain rules for their protection, which were generally evaded.
+According to Toledo’s law, each <i>Mitayo</i>, or forced labourer, would only
+have to serve for eighteen months during the thirty-two years that he
+was liable. They were to receive twenty rials a week, and half a rial
+for every league of distance between their native village and Potosi. In
+1611 there was a population of one hundred and sixty thousand
+inhabitants in the town of Potosi, of whom seventy-six thousand were
+Indians, three thousand Spaniards, thirty-five thousand Creoles, forty
+thousand Europeans, and six thousand Negroes and Mulattoes. The riches
+accumulated by individuals were enormous, and a man named Sinteros, “the
+rich,” who died in 1650, was worth twenty million dollars. <i>Mercurio
+Peruano.</i>
+</p><p>
+In 1825 there were about five thousand mouths of mines on the mountain,
+of which only fifty or sixty were then worked. The upper portion of the
+mountain, indeed, was so completely honeycombed, that it was considered
+as nearly worked out. The lower part, about one-third of the cone, was
+then hardly touched, in consequence of the number of springs which
+impede the working.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_516_515" id="Footnote_516_515"></a><a href="#FNanchor_516_515"><span class="label">[516]</span></a> <i>Yana</i>, in Quichua, is a “companion,” and also a
+“servant.” The word also means “black.” <i>Cuna</i> is a particle denoting
+the plural number. The <i>Yana-cuna</i> were a class of Indians forced to
+labour as domestic servants, but with the power to choose their
+masters.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_517_516" id="Footnote_517_516"></a><a href="#FNanchor_517_516"><span class="label">[517]</span></a> “The domestic animals,” says Padre Blas Valera, “which
+God has given to these Indians of Peru, are bland and gentle, like their
+masters, so that a child can lead them where he likes. There are two
+kinds, one larger than the other. The Indians call the animals <i>llamas</i>,
+and their shepherds <i>llama-michec</i>. They are of all colours, like the
+horses of Spain, when domesticated, but the wild kind, called
+<i>huanacus</i>, have only one colour, which is a washed-out chestnut. The
+<i>llama</i> stands as high as a deer of Spain, but no animal does it
+resemble more than a camel without a hump, and a third part of the size.
+The neck of the <i>llama</i> is long and smooth. The Indians used the skin,
+softened with grease, as soles for their sandals, but, as they had not
+the art of tanning, they took them off in crossing brooks or in rainy
+weather. The Spaniards make very good reins of it for their horses. The
+skin is also used for girths and cruppers of saddles, and for whips.
+Besides this, the animals are useful to both Indians and Spaniards as
+beasts of burden, to carry merchandise whithersoever they list, but they
+are generally used on the road from Cuzco to Potosi, a distance of near
+two hundred leagues. They carry three or four <i>arrobas</i>” (75 or 100
+lbs.) “weight, and only make journeys of three leagues a day. When they
+are tired they lie down, and nothing will induce them to stir, for if
+any one tries to force them to rise, they spit in his face. They have no
+other means of defending themselves, having no horns like a stag. That
+they may not be easily tired, some forty or fifty unladen animals
+accompany the drove, that they may take their turn with the burdens.
+Their flesh is the best in the world; it is tender, wholesome, and
+savoury. The doctors order the flesh of their lambs of four or five
+months, for sick persons, in preference to chickens.
+</p><p>
+“The Yncas possessed enormous flocks of <i>llamas</i> of all colours, and
+each colour had a special name. The flocks were divided according to
+their colours, and if a lamb was born of a different colour from its
+parents, it was passed into the flock of its own colour. The <i>Quipus</i>
+had knots for each flock, according to the colour, and thus an account
+of their number was easily kept.
+</p><p>
+“There is another domestic kind, called <i>Paco</i>. The <i>Pacos</i> are not
+reared for carrying burdens, but for the sake of their flesh, and for
+their wool, which is excellent and very long. The Indians make very fine
+cloths of it, dotted with rich colours. The Indians do not use the milk
+of either of the kinds, nor do they make cheese of it. Indeed, they only
+have sufficient to nourish their lambs, and the Indians call the milk,
+the udder, and the act of sucking, by the same word <i>nuñu</i>.
+</p><p>
+“The wild kind was called <i>huanacu</i>, and these <i>huanacus</i> are of the
+same size and form as the llamas. Their flesh is good, though not so
+good as that of the domesticated llama. The males always remain on lofty
+heights, while the females come down into the plains to feed, and when
+the males see any one coming, they bleat like the neighing of a horse,
+to warn the females, and they gallop away with the females in front.
+Their wool is short and rough, yet it was also used by the Indians for
+their cloths. There is another wild kind called <i>vicuña</i>, a delicate
+animal with plenty of fine wool. The <i>vicuña</i> stands higher than a goat,
+and the colour of its wool is a clear chestnut. They are so fleet that
+no dog can overtake them, and frequent the loftiest fastnesses near the
+line of snow.” <i>G. de la Vega</i>, i, lib. viii, caps. 16 and 17.
+</p><p>
+“Among the notable things possessed by the Indians of Peru,” says
+Acosta, “are the <i>vicuñas</i> and <i>llamas</i>. These llamas are tame and very
+useful; the vicuñas are wild. The vicuñas live in the loftiest and most
+uninhabited parts of the mountains, which are called <i>punas</i>. Snow and
+frost do not harm them, and they run very swiftly. They are not very
+prolific, and the Yncas therefore prohibited the hunting of these
+animals, except on special occasions. Their wool is like silk and very
+durable, and, as the colour is natural and not a dye, it lasts for ever.
+Acosta also says that vicuña flesh is excellent for sore eyes.
+</p><p>
+“The domestic flocks are of two kinds, one small, and called <i>pacos</i>,
+the others with less wool, and useful as beasts of burden, called
+llamas. The llamas have long necks like those of camels, and this is
+necessary to enable them to browse, as they stand high on their legs.
+They are of various colours, some white all over, others black all over,
+others grey, others black and white, which they call <i>moro-moro</i>. For
+sacrifices the Indians were very particular to select the proper colour,
+according to the season or occasion. The Indians make cloth from the
+wool, a coarse sort called <i>auasca</i>, and a fine sort called <i>ccompi</i>. Of
+this <i>ccompi</i> they make table cloths, napkins, and other cloths very
+skilfully worked, which have a lustre like silk. In the time of the
+Yncas the principal <i>ccompi</i> workers lived at Capachica, near the lake
+of Titicaca. They use dyes which are gathered from various plants.
+</p><p>
+“The llamas carry loads weighing from four to six arrobas (100 to 150
+lbs.), but do not go further than three, or at the most four leagues a
+day. They are all fond of a cold climate, and die when they are taken
+down into the warm valleys. They have a very pleasant look, for they
+will stop in the road and watch a person very attentively for some time
+without moving, with their necks raised up, so that it causes laughter
+to see their serenity; but sometimes they suddenly take fright and run
+off to inaccessible places with their loads.” <i>Acosta</i>, lib. iv, cap.
+41, p. 293.
+</p><p>
+The llama measures, from the sole of the hoof to the top of the head, 4
+feet 6 to 8 inches, and from the sole of the hoof to the shoulders 2
+feet 11 inches to 3 feet. The female is usually smaller, but her wool is
+finer and better. The young llamas are left with their dams for about a
+year. In Acosta’s time (1608) a llama was worth six or seven dollars,
+and in 1840 about from three to four dollars. The Indians are very fond
+of these animals. They adorn them by tying bows of ribbon to their ears,
+and, before loading, they always fondle and caress them affectionately.
+See <i>Von Tschudi’s Travels</i>, pp. 307-14.
+</p><p>
+The llama is invaluable to the Peruvian Indians, and Cieza de Leon truly
+says that without this useful animal they could scarcely exist. Their
+food is llama flesh, which may be preserved for a long time in the form
+of <i>charqui</i> or smoke-dried meat, their clothing is made from llama
+wool, all the leather they use is from llama hides, the only fuel they
+have in many parts of the Collao is llama dung, and, while living, the
+llama is their beast of burden.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_518_517" id="Footnote_518_517"></a><a href="#FNanchor_518_517"><span class="label">[518]</span></a> The molle tree (<i>Schinus Molle</i>: Lin.) is well known in
+the countries bordering on the Mediterranean, and Mrs. Clements Markham
+introduced it into the Neilgherry hills in Southern India in 1861. It is
+the commonest tree in some parts of the Andes, especially in the valleys
+of Xauxa, Guamanga, Andahuaylas, Abancay, and the Vilcamayu, and in the
+<i>campiña</i> of Arequipa; where its graceful foliage and bunches of red
+berries overshadow the roads.
+</p><p>
+Acosta says that the molle tree possesses rare virtues, and that the
+Indians make a wine of the small twigs (lib. iv, cap. 30). Garcilasso de
+la Vega describes it as forming its fruit in large bunches. “The fruits
+are small round grains like coriander seeds, the leaves are small and
+always green. When ripe the berry has a slightly sweet taste on the
+surface, but the rest is very bitter. They make a beverage of the
+berries by gently rubbing them in the hand, in warm water, until all
+their sweetness has come out, without any of the bitter. The water is
+then allowed to stand for three or four days, and it makes a very
+pleasant and healing drink. When mixed with <i>chicha</i> it improves the
+flavour. The same water boiled until it is curdled, forms treacle, and
+when put in the sun it becomes vinegar. The resin of the molle is very
+efficacious in curing wounds, and for strengthening the gums. The leaves
+boiled in water also have healing virtues. I remember when the valley of
+Yucay was adorned with great numbers of these useful trees, and in a few
+years afterwards there were scarcely any; for they had all been used to
+make charcoal.” <i>Comm. Real.</i>, i, lib. viii, cap. 12, p. 280.
+</p><p>
+The resin of the molle is a substance like mastick, and the Peruvians
+still use it for strengthening their gums.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_519_518" id="Footnote_519_518"></a><a href="#FNanchor_519_518"><span class="label">[519]</span></a> The <i>Collahuayas</i>, or itinerant native doctors of Peru,
+still carry about a vast number of herbs and roots, which are supposed
+to cure all diseases.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_520_519" id="Footnote_520_519"></a><a href="#FNanchor_520_519"><span class="label">[520]</span></a> Buenaventura.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_521_520" id="Footnote_521_520"></a><a href="#FNanchor_521_520"><span class="label">[521]</span></a> See p. 26.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_522_521" id="Footnote_522_521"></a><a href="#FNanchor_522_521"><span class="label">[522]</span></a> The best known hot medicinal springs in Peru are those
+near Caxamarca (129.7° Fahr.), those at Laris, in the mountains
+overhanging the valley of the Vilcamayu, and those at Yura, near
+Arequipa.
+</p><p>
+Great attention was paid by the Yncas to the formation of their baths,
+called <i>armana</i> in Quichua. The springs (<i>puquio</i>), or hot springs
+(<i>ccoñic puquio</i>), were carefully paved with a mixture of small stones
+and a species of bitumen, and over them was arranged the figure of an
+animal, bird, or serpent in marble, basalt, or even gold or silver,
+which threw water from the mouth, either perpendicularly into the air,
+when the jet was called <i>huraca</i>, or horizontally, when it was called
+<i>paccha</i>. The flowing water was conducted through a pipe of metal or
+stone into jars of sculptured stone. The baths had small dressing-rooms
+attached, which were ornamented with statues in stone and metal.
+<i>Antiguedades Peruanas</i>, p. 238.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_523_522" id="Footnote_523_522"></a><a href="#FNanchor_523_522"><span class="label">[523]</span></a> Wheat was introduced into Peru by a lady named Maria de
+Escobar, wife of Don Diego de Chaves, a native of Truxillo; and one of
+those noble knights who raised their voices against the murder of the
+Ynca Atahualpa. She first sowed it in the valley of the Rimac, but there
+were so few seeds to begin with, that three years elapsed before any
+wheaten bread was made.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_524_523" id="Footnote_524_523"></a><a href="#FNanchor_524_523"><span class="label">[524]</span></a> Garcilasso says he does not know who introduced the
+barley, but thinks it probable that a few grains may have come with the
+wheat. <i>Comm. Real.</i>, i, lib. ix, cap. 24.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_525_524" id="Footnote_525_524"></a><a href="#FNanchor_525_524"><span class="label">[525]</span></a> Olive trees from Seville were introduced into Peru in
+1560, by Don Antonio de Ribera, a citizen of Lima, ten years after Cieza
+de Leon left the country. Ribera brought more than a hundred young
+plants out very carefully in two jars, but, as might have been expected,
+there were only three alive when he reached Lima, and he was very
+fortunate in preserving any. He planted them in a fruit garden near
+Lima, and stationed an army consisting of a hundred negroes and thirty
+dogs, to guard and watch over them night and day. In spite of all this
+care, one of the three plants was stolen and carried off to Chile, where
+it yielded many cuttings, which eventually formed flourishing
+plantations. At the end of three years the same olive tree was secretly
+planted again in Ribera’s garden, and he was never able to discover who
+had stolen it, nor who had restored it. There are now several olive
+plantations in the coast valleys of Peru, especially at Tambo, near
+Aiequipa, where there are five thousand olive trees and seven mills. <i>G.
+de la Vega.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_526_525" id="Footnote_526_525"></a><a href="#FNanchor_526_525"><span class="label">[526]</span></a> This excellent suggestion, which Cieza de Leon made more
+than three hundred years ago, has never been adopted by the indolent
+Peruvians. I am convinced that plantations, not perhaps of oak, but of
+larch, fir, and birch, might be successfully formed in the more
+sheltered ravines of the Collao, and of other treeless parts of the
+Andes, for the supply of timber and fuel. The winters, from May to
+September, are not nearly so cold as in Scotland, though very dry; and
+during the rainy season, though it is cold, there is plenty of moisture.
+The introduction of these plantations would change the whole face of the
+country, and the introducer would confer an inestimable blessing on the
+inhabitants.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_527_526" id="Footnote_527_526"></a><a href="#FNanchor_527_526"><span class="label">[527]</span></a> This nasty animal is called <i>añas</i> in Quichua.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_528_527" id="Footnote_528_527"></a><a href="#FNanchor_528_527"><span class="label">[528]</span></a> Called <i>Suri</i> in Quichua. (<i>Rhea Americana</i> L.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_529_528" id="Footnote_529_528"></a><a href="#FNanchor_529_528"><span class="label">[529]</span></a> The <i>Huis-cacha</i> (<i>Lagidium Peruvianum</i> May) is a large
+rodent very common in the Andes, and frequenting rocky ridges. It has a
+long bushy tail. In the morning and evening it creeps out from amongst
+its rocks to nibble the alpine grass.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_530_529" id="Footnote_530_529"></a><a href="#FNanchor_530_529"><span class="label">[530]</span></a> One called <i>chuy</i> in Quichua; the other <i>yutu</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_531_530" id="Footnote_531_530"></a><a href="#FNanchor_531_530"><span class="label">[531]</span></a> He here alludes to the turkey buzzards, or <i>gallinazos</i>,
+obscene vultures, which act as scavengers in the streets of Lima and
+other coast towns, but are unknown in the mountains. The Quichua word
+for them is <i>suyuntuy</i>. <i>Aura</i> is the word used in Mexico.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_532_531" id="Footnote_532_531"></a><a href="#FNanchor_532_531"><span class="label">[532]</span></a> The ancient Peruvian silversmiths knew how to melt the
+metal, to cast it in moulds, to solder it, and to hammer it. For melting
+they used small ovens, with tubes of copper through which the air
+passed. The moulds were made of a clay mixed with gypsum, and the
+moulded figures were finished off with a chisel. They hammered out
+figures on the sides of open vases with wonderful skill, and soldered
+the parts with great art, after burnishing so that the points of
+junction can scarcely be discerned. They supplied the place of gilding
+by fastening very thin leaves of gold or silver to copper, timber, and
+even stone. They also extracted fine threads from the precious metal,
+and wove them into cloths. Unfortunately, all their best works were
+either destroyed by the covetous Spaniards, or concealed by the Indians
+themselves at the time of the conquest. Zarate mentions four llamas and
+ten statues of women, of the natural size, of the finest gold, as having
+been found at Xauxa; and all the ancient writers agree in their accounts
+of the vast number and great merit of the gold and silver ornaments of
+the Yncas.
+</p><p>
+The ancient pottery of Peru is very remarkable. The Indians imitated
+every quadruped, bird, fish, shell, plant, fruit, besides heads of men
+and women. All these varied forms were moulded in clay, and the vessels
+thus made were used as sacred urns to be buried with the dead, or for
+sacrificial purposes. Those for domestic uses were more simple. The
+material made use of was coloured clay and blackish earth, and the
+vessels do not appear to have been burnt, but dried in the sun. Many of
+these vessels are double, others quadruple, and even octuple, the
+principal vessel being surrounded by smaller appendages, which
+communicate with each other and with the principal vessel. When the
+double ones were filled with water, the air escaped through the opening
+left for that purpose, and produced sounds, which imitated the voice of
+the animal represented by the principal vessel. Thus, in a vessel
+representing a cat, when water is poured in, a sound like mewing is
+produced, and another gives out a sound like the whistling of a bird,
+the form of which is moulded on the handle. See some very interesting
+remarks on ancient Peruvian pottery, in Professor Wilson’s work.
+<i>Prehistoric Man</i>, i, p. 110.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_533_532" id="Footnote_533_532"></a><a href="#FNanchor_533_532"><span class="label">[533]</span></a> Small beads. See note at page <a href="#page_176">176</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_534_533" id="Footnote_534_533"></a><a href="#FNanchor_534_533"><span class="label">[534]</span></a> The Peruvians wove cotton and woollen cloths with great
+skill, and there are a great number of words connected with weaving in
+the Quichua language, such as <i>ahuana</i> (loom), <i>ahuay</i> (woof), <i>comana</i>
+(a wooden batten used in weaving), etc. They also knew the secret of
+fixing the dyes of all colours—flesh colour, yellow, gray, blue, green,
+black—so firmly that they never fade after the lapse of ages, and all
+their dyes were extracted from vegetables. They ornamented their
+textures by sewing leaves of gold or silver, mother-of-pearl, and
+feathers on them; and they also made fringes, laces, and tassels of wool
+and cotton, to adorn carpets and tapestries.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_535_534" id="Footnote_535_534"></a><a href="#FNanchor_535_534"><span class="label">[535]</span></a> The people included within the empire of Yncas are
+comprised by D’Orbigny in his Ando-Peruvian race, which he divides into
+three branches, namely the Peruvian, Antisian, and Araucanian. The
+Peruvian branch is subdivided by him into four nations, namely the
+Quichua, Aymara, Atacama, and Chango. This Peruvian branch is
+characterised by a rich brown olive colour, middling height (1 mètre 597
+millimètres), massive form, trunk very long in comparison with the whole
+height, forehead receding, face large and oval, nose long, very
+aquiline, and full at the base, mouth large, eyes horizontal, cornea
+yellowish, ball not jutting out: character serious, thoughtful, and sad.
+The height of the pure Quichua Indians varies from 4 feet 9 inches to 5
+feet 3 inches. Their shoulders are very broad, and square; breast
+excessively voluminous, and longer than ordinary, so as to increase the
+length of the trunk. The arms and feet are always small. The head is
+oblong, forehead slightly receding, but the cranium is nevertheless
+voluminous, and indicates a well developed brain. The face is generally
+large, and nearer a circle than an oval. The nose is long and very
+aquiline, nostrils large and open. The lips are thick and the mouth
+large, but the teeth are always good. The chin is short but not
+receding. The cheeks are somewhat high. The eyes are always horizontal,
+the cornea yellowish, the eyebrows much arched, and the hair black,
+long, and very straight. They have no beard beyond a few straggling
+hairs, appearing late in life.
+</p><p>
+Such were the main characteristics of nearly all the tribes which formed
+the empire of the Yncas. These tribes were, as mentioned by Cieza de
+Leon, the Quichuas, Collas or Aymaras, Canas and Canches, Chancas,
+Huancas, Yuncas, Antis, Chachapuyas, and Cañaris. It is generally found
+that a vast number of languages exist in a mountainous country, and the
+Caucasus offers a striking example of this rule; to which the Andes was
+no exception, for Cieza de Leon assures us that nearly every village
+originally had a language of its own. But the dominant tribe of the
+Quichuas, with its civilised rule and astute policy, had gradually
+superseded all the other dialects by their own language—the richest and
+most copious to be found in the whole American group of tongues. Thus at
+the time of the conquest the Quichua was alone spoken throughout the
+empire of the Yncas, and we now have but few scattered remnants of any
+other language on the plateaux of the Andes, except the Aymara. The
+vocabulary of a Chinchay-suyu dialect, spoken in the north of Peru, as
+given by Torres Rubio, differs little, if at all, from the Quichua, and
+the same remark applies to the Quito dialect. I am of opinion that the
+whole of the ancient tribes mentioned above, were essentially members of
+one and the same race.
+</p><p>
+D’Orbigny says of the Quichua or Ynca Indians that their character is
+gentle, hospitable, and obedient. They are good fathers, good husbands,
+sociable or rather gregarious, always living together in villages,
+taciturn, patient, and industrious. (<i>L’Homme Américain</i>, i, p. 255). I
+have myself seen much of these interesting people, and have found them
+to be intelligent, patient, obedient, loving amongst each other, and
+particularly kind to animals. They are brave and enduring. I was in the
+dense untrodden forests with four of these Indians for many days, and
+they proved to be willing, hard working, intelligent, good humoured,
+efficient, and companionable. Of the higher qualities of this race,
+their copious language; plaintive songs; superb works of art in gold,
+silver, stone, and clay; beautiful fabrics; stupendous architecture;
+enlightened laws; and marvellous civilisation in the days of the Yncas;
+are sufficient proof.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_536_535" id="Footnote_536_535"></a><a href="#FNanchor_536_535"><span class="label">[536]</span></a> See p. 82.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_537_536" id="Footnote_537_536"></a><a href="#FNanchor_537_536"><span class="label">[537]</span></a> The family of Quiñones is still the principal one in
+Azangaro; and the enlightened and liberal Don Luis Quiñones, late a
+member of Congress, was my host during my stay in that interesting
+town.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_538_537" id="Footnote_538_537"></a><a href="#FNanchor_538_537"><span class="label">[538]</span></a> This is a very curious account of the ceremony at harvest
+time, in use among the ancient inhabitants of the Collao.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_539_538" id="Footnote_539_538"></a><a href="#FNanchor_539_538"><span class="label">[539]</span></a> <i>Umu</i> is the correct word for priest in Quichua, and
+<i>huillac-umu</i> for high priest. <i>Huaca-camayoc</i> was a person having
+charge of the <i>huacas</i>, or tombs and holy places.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_540_539" id="Footnote_540_539"></a><a href="#FNanchor_540_539"><span class="label">[540]</span></a> This is the Mexican name for turkey buzzards.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_541_540" id="Footnote_541_540"></a><a href="#FNanchor_541_540"><span class="label">[541]</span></a> All this sounds very like a spirit-rapping and
+table-turning piece of business.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_542_541" id="Footnote_542_541"></a><a href="#FNanchor_542_541"><span class="label">[542]</span></a>
+</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“Pues Señor Gobernador<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Mirelo bien por entero<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Que allá va el Recogedor<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Y acá queda el Carnicero.”<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+The above is Mr. Prescott’s version of these famous lines. Mr. Helps
+translates them thus:—
+</p>
+
+<div class="poetry">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">“My good lord Governor,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Have pity on our woes;<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">For here remains the butcher,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">To Panama the salesman goes.”<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_543_542" id="Footnote_543_542"></a><a href="#FNanchor_543_542"><span class="label">[543]</span></a> Of the famous thirteen only four ever appear again in the
+history of the times. These are Pedro de Candia (see note, p. 193); Juan
+de la Torre (see note, p. 221); Nicholas de Ribera, who is mentioned as
+having deserted from Gonzalo Pizarro to Gasca, as having been afterwards
+appointed captain of the guard of the royal seal by the Royal Audience
+of Lima in 1554, and as having lived quietly on a <i>repartimiento</i>
+granted to him near Cuzco, and left children to inherit it; and Alonzo
+de Molina. When Pizarro finally left the desert island, and continued
+his voyage of discovery, he first touched at Tumbez, on the northern
+boundary of Peru, and then sailed some distance down the coast. Alonzo
+de Molina was sent on shore at one place, and, the sea running high, he
+was left there until the return of the ship. The natives treated him
+with great kindness, and when Pizarro’s ship came back, three more of
+the thirteen, Nicolas de Ribera, Francisco de Cuellar, and Pedro Alcon
+were sent ashore, the latter being very gaily dressed. This Alcon fell
+madly in love with an Indian lady at first sight, and was so furious at
+not being allowed to stay behind, that he drew his sword on his own
+shipmates, and the pilot Ruiz was obliged to knock him down with an oar.
+He was afterwards kept chained on the lower deck. When Pizarro finally
+sailed for Panama again, on his way to Spain, Alonzo de Molina was
+allowed to remain behind at Tumbez until the Spaniards should come back,
+the Indians promising to use him well. But he died before Pizarro
+returned, and the Indians gave various conflicting accounts of the
+manner of his death. <i>Herrera</i>, dec. iii, lib. iii, cap. 3, and lib. iv,
+cap. 1.
+</p><p>
+The most authentic and only complete list of the thirteen is given by
+Prescott, from a manuscript copy of “the Capitulation made by Pizarro
+with Queen Juana on July 26th, 1529,” which he obtained from Navarrete.
+The original is at Seville. In this document all those, among the
+thirteen, who were not already hidalgos, were created so.
+</p><p>
+Gomara gives the names of two, the pilot Ruiz, and Pedro de Candia.
+Zarate adds seven more, one of whom is not in the “Capitulation.”
+Garcilasso de la Vega copies from Zarate, but adds that there were two
+whose names were Ribera, and that he knew them both afterwards. There is
+only one in the “Capitulation.”
+</p><p>
+The list in the “Capitulation,” supplied by Pizarro himself, must of
+course have been the correct one: it is as follows:—
+</p>
+
+<ul><li> Bartolome Ruiz (the pilot).</li>
+<li> Cristoval de Peralta.</li>
+<li> Pedro de Candia.</li>
+<li> Domingo de Soria Luce.</li>
+<li> Nicolas de Ribera.</li>
+<li> Francisco de Cuellar.</li>
+<li> Alonzo de Molina.</li>
+<li> Pedro Alcon.</li>
+<li> Garcia de Jerez.</li>
+<li> Anton de Carrion.</li>
+<li> Alonzo Briceño.</li>
+<li> Martin de Paz.</li>
+<li> Juan de la Torre.</li></ul>
+
+<p class="nind">
+The name added by Zarate is that of Alonzo de Truxillo; but he may have
+been one of the two Alonzos of the “Capitulation;” Zarate giving his
+birth place of Truxillo, instead of his surname. Garcia de Jerez (or de
+Jaren), another of the thirteen, seems to have given evidence before a
+judge respecting this transaction in 1529, which has been preserved
+(<i>Doc. Ined.</i>, tom. 26, p. 260), and is quoted by Mr. Helps (iii, p.
+446, <i>note</i>). He says:—“Pizarro being in the island of Gallo, the
+governor Rios sent for the men who were with the said captain, allowing
+any one who should wish to prosecute the enterprise to remain with him.”
+</p><p>
+This story respecting Pizarro, who, when his people were suffering from
+the extremities of famine and hardship, and when a ship had arrived to
+take them back to Panama, drew a line, and called upon those who
+preferred toil and hunger to ease and pleasure, to cross it and remain
+with him, is certainly one of the most heart-stirring in the history of
+Spanish conquest in America. Robertson gives the story on the authority
+of Herrera, Zarate, Xerez, and Gomara. Prescott adds the speech imputed
+to Pizarro, from Montesinos, a very unreliable source; and Helps gives
+the account according to Herrera’s version, which no doubt is very near
+the truth. The conduct of these thirteen brave men shows the spirit
+which animated the Spaniards of that age, and the dauntless act itself,
+in its simple grandeur, certainly derives no additional glory from the
+melodramatic speeches which have been put into Pizarro’s mouth by later
+chroniclers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_544_543" id="Footnote_544_543"></a><a href="#FNanchor_544_543"><span class="label">[544]</span></a> See note at page <a href="#page_047">47</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_545_544" id="Footnote_545_544"></a><a href="#FNanchor_545_544"><span class="label">[545]</span></a> See page <a href="#page_079">79</a> and note.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_546_545" id="Footnote_546_545"></a><a href="#FNanchor_546_545"><span class="label">[546]</span></a> See page <a href="#page_110">110</a>, note.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_547_546" id="Footnote_547_546"></a><a href="#FNanchor_547_546"><span class="label">[547]</span></a> See note at page <a href="#page_300">300</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_548_547" id="Footnote_548_547"></a><a href="#FNanchor_548_547"><span class="label">[548]</span></a> This warlike prelate was in the battle of Huarina,
+fighting on the side of Centeno, and narrowly escaped with his life; for
+if grim old Carbajal had caught him, he would assuredly have been
+hanged. Solano succeeded Valverde in the bishopric of Cuzco in 1545, and
+died in 1562.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_549_548" id="Footnote_549_548"></a><a href="#FNanchor_549_548"><span class="label">[549]</span></a> Guamanga was detached from Cuzco, and erected into a
+separate bishopric by a Bull of Pope Paul V, dated July 20th, 1609. The
+first bishop was installed in 1615; since which time there have been
+twenty-five bishops of Guamanga.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_550_549" id="Footnote_550_549"></a><a href="#FNanchor_550_549"><span class="label">[550]</span></a> See note at page <a href="#page_227">227</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_551_550" id="Footnote_551_550"></a><a href="#FNanchor_551_550"><span class="label">[551]</span></a> Plata (Chuquisaca), Truxillo, and Chachapoyas afterwards
+became the seats of distinct bishoprics.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_552_551" id="Footnote_552_551"></a><a href="#FNanchor_552_551"><span class="label">[552]</span></a> Previously viceroy of Mexico. He died at Lima in 1555. He
+was a son of Inigo Lopez de Mendoza, second Count of Tendilla and
+Marquis of Mondejar, who was ambassador to Rome in the time of Innocent
+VIII.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_553_552" id="Footnote_553_552"></a><a href="#FNanchor_553_552"><span class="label">[553]</span></a> The church of La Merced in Cuzco has a cloister, which is
+the finest specimen of architecture in Peru dating from Spanish times,
+and, I should think, in all South America. Here the Almagros, father and
+son, and Gonzalo Pizarro were buried.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_554_553" id="Footnote_554_553"></a><a href="#FNanchor_554_553"><span class="label">[554]</span></a> All the monasteries in Guamanga have been suppressed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_555_554" id="Footnote_555_554"></a><a href="#FNanchor_555_554"><span class="label">[555]</span></a> This is by far the largest monastery in Lima.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_556_555" id="Footnote_556_555"></a><a href="#FNanchor_556_555"><span class="label">[556]</span></a> The tower of San Domingo is the loftiest in Lima, being
+180 feet high. The church contains a rich silver-cased altar to Santa
+Rosa, the patron saint of Lima.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="transcrib" id="transcrib"></a></p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""
+style="padding:2%;border:3px dotted gray;">
+<tr><th align="center">Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:</th></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="center">disappoined courtiers=> disappointed courtiers {pg ii}</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Descubrimiento de la Neuva Granada=> Descubrimiento de la Nueva Granada {pg vii fn 7}</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">palms of the <i>Pixiuaes</i>=> palms of the <i>Pixiuares</i> {pg 73}</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">The porvince round Popayan=> The province round Popayan {pg 118}</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">sumptuous buildings of Cavangue=> sumptuous buildings of Carangue {pg 133}</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">which, in our languege=> which, in our language {pg 133}</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">between the two camps at early down=> between the two camps at early dawn {pg 158 fn 284}</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">marquis Don Fracisco Pizarro=> marquis Don Francisco Pizarro {pg 186}</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">of this punisnment=> of this punishment {pg 190}</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">were there are vast territories=> where there are vast territories {pg 204}</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">during most part of the year=> during most parts of the year {pg 303}</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">who try to foretel=> who try to foretell {pg 312}</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">The Indians of Andehuaylas=> The Indians of Andahuaylas {pg 317 fn 438}</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Many deep excations have been made=> Many deep excavations have been made {pg 324}</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">about two feet by one a-half=> about two feet by one and a-half {pg 328 fn 454}</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">got much gold from Paccari-tambo=> got much gold from Paccari-tambu {pg 335}</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">To the <i>paráná-merím</i> of Sapiá.=> To the <i>paraná-merím</i> of Sapiá. {pg 344}</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">Toledo (Garcia Gutierrèz do), discovery of treasure by, 243 <i>note</i>=> Toledo (Garcia Gutierrez de), discovery of treasure by, 243 <i>note</i> {pg 437}</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The travels of Pedro de Cieza de Léon
+ A.D. 1532-50, contained in the first , by Pedro de Cieza de Leon
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