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You may copy it, give it away or re-use + it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License <a href= + "#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">included with this eBook</a> or + online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class= + "tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a>. If you are + not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws + of the country where you are located before using this ebook.</p> + </div> + <pre class="pre tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +Title: The Works of the Emperor Julian (Vol. 2 of 2) + +Author: Julian, Emperor of Rome + +Release Date: April 24, 2015 [Ebook #48768] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WORKS OF THE EMPEROR JULIAN (VOL. 2 OF 2)*** +</pre> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"></div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style= + "font-size: 173%">The Works of the Emperor Julian</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.73em; text-align: center"><span style= + "font-size: 173%">Volume 2</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.73em; text-align: center"><span style= + "font-size: 173%">With an English Translation by</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style= + "font-size: 173%">Wilmer Cave Wright</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center">Harvard University + Press</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center">Cambridge, + Massachusetts</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">1913</p> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"> + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em; text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Contents</span></h1> + + <ul class="tei tei-index tei-index-toc"> + <li><a href="#toc1">Oration VI</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc3">Introduction to + Oration VI</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc5">Oration VII</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc7">Introduction to + Oration VII</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc9">Oration VIII</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc11">Introduction to + Oration VIII</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc13">Letter to Themistius the Philosopher</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc15">Introduction</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc17">Letter to the Senate and People of + Athens</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc19">Introduction</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc21">Fragment of a Letter to a Priest</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc23">Introduction</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc25">The Caesars</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc27">Introduction</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc29">Misopogon, Or, Beard-Hater</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc31">Introduction</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc33">Index</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc35">Footnotes</a></li> + </ul> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-body" style= + "margin-top: 6.00em; margin-bottom: 6.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 30%; text-align: center"> + <a href="images/cover.jpg"><img src="images/cover.jpg" alt= + "Cover Art" /></a> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[Transcriber's + Note: The above cover image was produced by the submitter at + Distributed Proofreaders, and is being placed into the public + domain.]</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page002">[pg 002]</span><a name= + "Pg002" id="Pg002" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc1" id="toc1"></a> <a name="pdf2" id="pdf2"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 3.46em; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Oration VI</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc3" id="toc3"></a> <a name="pdf4" id="pdf4"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em; text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Introduction to Oration + VI</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Sixth + Oration is a sermon or rather a scolding addressed to the New + Cynics, and especially to one of their number who had ventured to + defame the memory of Diogenes. In the fourth Christian century the + Cynic mode of life was adopted by many, but the vast majority were + illiterate men who imitated the Cynic shamelessness of manners but + not the genuine discipline, the self-sufficiency (αὐτάρκεια) which + had ennobled the lives of Antisthenes, Diogenes and Crates. To the + virtues of these great men Julian endeavours to recall the + worthless Cynics of his day. In the two centuries that had elapsed + since Lucian wrote, for the edification of degenerate Cynics,<a id= + "noteref_1" name="noteref_1" href="#note_1"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">1</span></span></a> the + Life of the Cynic Demonax, the dignified and witty friend of + Epictetus, the followers of that sect had still further + deteriorated. The New Cynics may be compared with the worst type of + mendicant friar of the Middle Ages; and Julian saw in their + assumption of the outward signs of Cynicism, the coarse cloak, the + staff and wallet, and long hair, the same hypocrisy and greed that + characterised certain of the Christian monks of his day.<a id= + "noteref_2" name="noteref_2" href="#note_2"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></a> The + resemblances <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page003">[pg + 003]</span><a name="Pg003" id="Pg003" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + between the Christians and the Cynics had already been pointed out + by Aristides,<a id="noteref_3" name="noteref_3" href= + "#note_3"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">3</span></span></a> and + while in Julian's eyes they were equally impious, he has an + additional grievance against the Cynics in that they brought + discredit on philosophy. Like the Christians they were unlettered, + they were disrespectful to the gods whom Julian was trying to + restore, they had flattered and fawned on Constantius, and far from + practising the austerities of Diogenes they were no better than + parasites on society.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In this as in + the Seventh Oration Julian's aim is to reform the New Cynics, but + still more to demonstrate the essential unity of philosophy. He + sympathised profoundly with the tenets of Cynicism, and ranked + Diogenes with Socrates as a moral teacher. He reminds the Cynics + whom he satirises that the famous admonition of Diogenes to + <span class="tei tei-q">“countermark”</span><a id="noteref_4" name= + "noteref_4" href="#note_4"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">4</span></span></a> or + <span class="tei tei-q">“forge”</span> a new coinage is not to be + taken as an excuse for license and impudence, but like the Delphic + precept <span class="tei tei-q">“Know Thyself”</span> warns all + philosophers to accept no traditional authority, no convention that + has not been examined and approved by the reason of the individual. + His conviction that all philosophical tenets are in harmony if + rightly understood, gives a peculiar earnestness to his Apologia + for Diogenes. The reference in the first paragraph to the summer + solstice seems to indicate that the Oration was written before + Julian left Constantinople in order to prepare for the Persian + campaign.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[Transcriber's + Note: The original book had pages with Greek on the left page and + the corresponding English translation on the facing right page. In + this e-book, each Greek paragraph will be immediately followed by + the English translation paragraph, surrounded in parentheses. The + Greek text contains markings such as [3] and [B]; they are section + and sub-section markings that in the original book were in the + right margin. These are different from numbers within parentheses + such as (10), which are used as footnote references in some e-book + formats.]</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page004">[pg 004]</span><a name= + "Pg004" id="Pg004" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg005" id= + "Pg005" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ + ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΟΣ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Julian, + Emperor)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ΕΙΣ ΤΟΥΣ + ΑΠΑΙΔΕΥΤΟΥΣ ΚΥΝΑΣ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(To the + Uneducated Cynics)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἄνω ποταμῶν, + τοῦτο δὴ τὸ τῆς παροιμίας. ἀνὴρ Κυνικὸς Διογένη φησί κενόδοξον, καὶ + ψυχρολουτεῖν οὐ βούλεται, σφόδρα ἐρρωμένος τὸ σῶμα καὶ σφριγῶν + [181] καὶ τὴν ἡλικίαν ἀκμάζων, ὡς ἂν μή τι κακὸν λάβῃ, καὶ ταῦτα + τοῦ θεοῦ ταῖς θεριναῖς τροπαῖς ἤδη προσιόντος. ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν ἐδωδὴν + τοῦ πολύποδος κωμῳδεῖ καί φησι τὸν Διογένη τῆς ἀνοίας καὶ + κενοδοξίας ἐκτετικέναι ἱκανὰς<a id="noteref_5" name="noteref_5" + href="#note_5"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">5</span></span></a> δίκας + ὥσπερ ὑπὸ κωνείου τῆς τροφῆς διαφθαρέντα. οὕτω πόρρω που σοφίας + ἐλαύνει, ὥστε ἐπίσταται σαφῶς ὅτι κακὸν ὁ θάνατος. τοῦτο δὲ ἀγνοεῖν + ὑπελάμβανεν ὁ σοφὸς Σωκράτης, ἀλλὰ καὶ μετ᾽ ἐκεῖνον Διογένης. + ἀρρωστοῦντι γοῦν, φασίν, ἀντισθένει μακρὰν καὶ δυσανάληπτον + ἀρρωστίαν ξιφίδιον ἐπέδωκεν ὁ Διογένης εἰπών· [B] εἰ φίλου χρῄζεις + ὑπουργίας. οὕτως οὐδὲν ᾤετο δεινὸν <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page006">[pg 006]</span><a name="Pg006" id="Pg006" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg007" id="Pg007" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐκεῖνος οὐδὲ ἀλγεινὸν τὸν θάνατον. ἀλλ᾽ ἡμεῖς + οἱ τὸ σκῆπτρον ἐκεῖθεν παραλαβόντες ὑπὸ μείζονος σοφίας ἴσμεν ὅτι + χαλεπὸν ὁ θάνατος, καὶ τὸ νοσεῖν δεινότερον αὐτοῦ φαμεν<a id= + "noteref_6" name="noteref_6" href="#note_6"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">6</span></span></a> τοῦ + θανάτου, τὸ ῥιγοῦν δὲ χαλεπώτερον τοῦ νοσεῖν. ὁ μὲν γὰρ νοσῶν + μαλακῶς ἔσθ᾽ ὅτε θεραπεύεται, ὥστε γίνεσθαι τρυφὴν αὐτόχρημα τὴν + ἀρρωστίαν, ἄλλως τε κἂν ᾖ πλούσιος. [C] ἐθεασάμην τοι καὶ αὐτὸς νὴ + Δία τρυφώντάς τινας ἐν ταῖς νόσοις μᾶλλον ἢ τούτους αὐτοὺς + ὑγιαίνοντας· καίτοι γε καὶ τότε λαμπρῶς ἐτρύφων. ὅθεν μοι καὶ + παρέστη πρός τινας τῶν ἑταίρων εἰπεῖν, ὡς τούτοις ἄμεινον ἦν + οἰκέταις γενέσθαι μᾶλλον ἢ δεσπόταις, καὶ πένεσθαι τοῦ κρίνου + γυμνοτέροις οὖσιν ἢ πλουτεῖν ὥσπερ νῦν. ἦ γὰρ ἂν ἐπαύσαντο + νοσοῦντες ἅμα καὶ τρυφῶντες. [D] τὸ μὲν δὴ νοσοτυφεῖν καὶ + νοσηλεύεσθαι τρυφηλῶς οὑτωσί τινες ἐν καλῷ ποιοῦνται· ἀνὴρ δὲ τοῦ + κρύους ἀνεχόμενος καὶ θάλπος καρτερῶν οὐχὶ καὶ τῶν νοσούντων + ἀθλιώτερον πράττει; ἀλγεῖ γοῦν ἀπαραμύθητα.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Behold the + rivers are flowing backwards,<a id="noteref_7" name="noteref_7" + href="#note_7"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">7</span></span></a> as the + proverb says! Here is a Cynic who says that Diogenes<a id= + "noteref_8" name="noteref_8" href="#note_8"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">8</span></span></a> was + conceited, and who refuses to take cold baths for fear they may + injure him, though he has a very strong constitution and is lusty + and in the prime of life, and this too though the Sun-god is now + nearing the summer solstice. Moreover he even ridicules the eating + of octopus and says that Diogenes paid a sufficient penalty for his + folly and vanity in that he perished of this diet<a id="noteref_9" + name="noteref_9" href="#note_9"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">9</span></span></a> as + though by a draught of hemlock. So far indeed is he advanced in + wisdom that he knows for certain that death is an evil. Yet this + even the wise Socrates thought he did not know, yes and after him + Diogenes as well. At any rate when Antisthenes<a id="noteref_10" + name="noteref_10" href="#note_10"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">10</span></span></a> was + suffering from a long and incurable illness Diogenes handed him a + dagger with these words, <span class="tei tei-q">“In case you need + the aid of a friend.”</span> So convinced was he that there is + nothing terrible or grievous in death. But we who have inherited + his staff know out of our greater wisdom that death is a calamity. + And we say that sickness is even more terrible than death, and cold + harder to bear than sickness. For the man who is sick is often + tenderly nursed, so that his ill-health is straightway converted + into a luxury, especially if he be rich. Indeed I myself, by Zeus, + have observed that certain persons are more luxurious in sickness + than in health, though even in health they were conspicuous for + luxury. And so it once occurred to me to say to certain of my + friends that it were better for those men to be servants than + masters, and to be poor and more naked than the lily of the + field<a id="noteref_11" name="noteref_11" href= + "#note_11"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">11</span></span></a> than + to be rich as they now are. For they would have ceased being at + once sick and luxurious. The fact is that some people think it a + fine thing to make a display of their ailments and to play the part + of luxurious invalids. But, says someone, is not a man who has to + endure cold and to support heat really more miserable than the + sick? Well, at any rate he has no comforts to mitigate his + sufferings.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Δεῦρο οὖν ἡμεῖς + ὑπὲρ τῶν Κυνικῶν ὁπόσα διδασκάλων ἠκούσαμεν ἐν κοινῷ καταθῶμεν + σκοπεῖν τοῖς ἐπὶ τὸν βίον ἰοῦσι τοῦτον· οἷς εἰ μὲν πεισθεῖεν, εὖ + οἶδα, [182] οὐδὲν οἵ γε νῦν ἐπιχειροῦντες κυνίζειν ἔσονται χείρους· + ἀπειθοῦντες δὲ εἰ μέν τι λαμπρὸν καὶ σεμνὸν ἐπιτηδεύσειαν, + ὑπερφωνοῦντες τὸν λόγον τὸν ἡμέτερον, οὔτι τοῖς <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page008">[pg 008]</span><a name="Pg008" id="Pg008" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg009" id="Pg009" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ῥήμασιν ἀλλὰ τοῖς ἔργοις, οὐδὲν ἐμπόδιον ὃ γε + ἡμέτερος οἴσει λόγος· εἰ δὲ ὑπὸ λιχνείας ἢ μαλακίας ἤ, τὸ κεφάλαιον + ἵν᾽ εἴπω ξυνελὲν ἐν βραχεῖ, τῆς σωματικῆς ἡδονῆς δεδουλωμένοι τῶν + λόγων ὀλιγωρήσειαν προσκαταγελάσαντες, [B] ὥσπερ ἐνίοτε τῶν + παιδευτηρίων καὶ τῶν δικαστηρίων οἱ κύνες τοῖς προπυλαίοις + προσουροῦσιν, οὐ φροντὶς Ἰπποκλείδῃ· καὶ γὰρ οὐδὲ τῶν κυνιδίων ἡμῖν + μέλει τὰ τοιαῦτα πλημμελούντων. δεῦρο οὖν ἄνωθεν ἐν κεφαλαίοις + διεξέλθωμεν ἐφεξῆς τὸν λόγον, ἵνα ὑπὲρ ἑκάστου τὸ προσῆκον + ἀποδιδόντες αὐτοί τε εὐκολώτερον ἀπεργασώμεθα τοῦθ᾽ ὅπερ + διενοήθημεν καὶ σοὶ ποιήσωμεν εὐπαρακολούθητον. οὐκοῦν ἐπειδὴ [C] + τὸν κυνισμὸν εἶδός τι φιλοσοφίας εἶναι συμβέβηκεν, οὔτι φαυλότατον + οὐδὲ ἀτιμότατον, ἀλλὰ τοῖς κρατίστοις ἀνάμιλλον, ὀλίγα πρότερον + ὑπὲρ αὐτῆς ῥητέον ἡμῖν ἐστι τῆς φιλοσοφίας.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Come now, let + me set down for the benefit of the public what I learned from my + teachers about the Cynics, so that all who are entering on this + mode of life may consider it. And if they are convinced by what I + say, those who are now aiming to be Cynics will, I am sure, be none + the worse for it: and if they are unconvinced but cherish aims that + are brilliant and noble, and set themselves above my argument not + in words only but in deeds, then my discourse will at any rate put + no hindrance in their way. But if there are others already enslaved + by greed or self-indulgence, or to sum it up briefly in a single + phrase, by the pleasures of the body, and they therefore neglect my + words or even laugh them down—just as dogs sometimes defile the + front porticoes of schools and law-courts,—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“'Tis all one to Hippocleides,”</span><a id= + "noteref_12" name="noteref_12" href="#note_12"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">12</span></span></a> for + indeed we take no notice of puppies who behave in this fashion. + Come then let me pursue my argument under headings from the + beginning in due order, so that by giving every question its proper + treatment I may myself more conveniently achieve what I have in + mind and may make it more easy for you also to follow. And since it + is a fact that Cynicism is a branch of philosophy, and by no means + the most insignificant or least honourable, but rivalling the + noblest, I must first say a few words about philosophy itself.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἡ τῶν θεῶν εἰς + ἀνθρώπους δόσις ἅμα φανοτάτῳ πυρὶ διὰ Προμηθέως καταπεμφθεῖσα<a id= + "noteref_13" name="noteref_13" href="#note_13"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">13</span></span></a> ἐξ + ἡλίου μετὰ τῆς Ἑρμοῦ μερίδος οὐχ ἕτερον ἐστι παρὰ τὴν τοῦ λόγου καὶ + νοῦ διανομήν· ὁ γάρ τοι Προμηθεύς, ἡ πάντα ἐπιτροπεύουσα τὰ θνητὰ + πρόνοια, [D] πνεῦμα ἔνθερμον ὥσπερ ὄργανον ὑποβάλλουσα τῇ φύσει, + ἅπασι μετέδωκεν ἀσωμάτου λόγου· μετέσχε δὲ ἕκαστον οὗπερ ἠδύνατο, + τὰ μὲν ἄψυχα σώματα τῆς ἕξεως μόνον, τὰ φυτὰ δὲ ἤδη καὶ τῆς + ζωῆς<a id="noteref_14" name="noteref_14" href= + "#note_14"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">14</span></span></a> τὰ ζῷα + δὲ ψυχῆς, ὁ δὲ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page010">[pg + 010]</span><a name="Pg010" id="Pg010" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg011" id="Pg011" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἄνθρωπος καὶ λογικῆς ψυχῆς. εἰσὶ μὲν οὖν οἳ + μίαν οὄονται διὰ τούτων πάντων ἥκειν φύσιν, εἰσὶ δὲ οἱ καὶ κατ᾽ + εἶδος ταῦτα διαφέρειν. ἀλλὰ μήπω τοῦτο, μᾶλλον δὲ μηδὲ ἐν τῷ νῦν + λόγῳ τοῦτο ἐξεταζέσθω, πλὴν ἐκείνου χάριν, [183] ὅτι, τὴν + φιλοσοφίαν εἴθ᾽, ὥσπερ τινὲς ὑπολαμβάνουσι, τέχνην τεχνῶν καὶ + ἐπιστήμην ἐπιστημῶν, εἴτε ὁμοίωσιν θεῷ<a id="noteref_15" name= + "noteref_15" href="#note_15"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">15</span></span></a> κατὰ + τὸ δυνατόν, εἴθ᾽, ὅπερ ὁ Πύθιος ἔφη, τὸ Γνῶθι σαυτὸν ὑπολάβοι τις, + οὐδὲν διοίσει πρὸς τὸν λόγον· ἅπαντα γὰρ ταῦτα φαίνεται πρὸς ἄλληλα + καὶ μάλα οἰκείως ἔχοντα.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(The gift of the + gods sent down to mankind with the glowing flame of fire<a id= + "noteref_16" name="noteref_16" href="#note_16"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">16</span></span></a> from + the sun through the agency of Prometheus along with the blessings + that we owe to Hermes<a id="noteref_17" name="noteref_17" href= + "#note_17"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">17</span></span></a> is no + other than the bestowal of reason and mind. For Prometheus, the + Forethought that guides all things mortal by infusing into nature a + fiery breath to serve as an operative cause, gave to all things a + share in incorporeal reason. And each thing took what share it + could; lifeless bodies only a state of existence; plants received + life besides, and animals soul, and man a reasoning soul. Now some + think that a single substance is the basis of all these, and others + that they differ essentially according to their species. But this + question we must not discuss as yet, or rather not at all in the + present discourse, and we need only say that whether one regards + philosophy, as some people do, as the art of arts and the science + of sciences or as an effort to become like God, as far as one may, + or whether, as the Pythian oracle said, it means <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Know thyself,”</span> will make no difference to my + argument. For all these definitions are evidently very closely + related to one another.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀρξώμεθα δὲ + πρῶτον ἀπὸ τοῦ Γνῶθι σαυτόν, ἐπειδὴ καὶ θεῖόν ἐστι τοῦτο τὸ + παρακέλευσμα. οὐκοῦν ὁ γιγνώσκων [B] αὑτὸν εἴσεται μὲν περὶ ψυχῆς, + εἴσεται δὲ καὶ περὶ σώματος. καὶ τοῦτο οὐκ ἀρκέσει μόνον, ὡς ἔστιν + ἄνθρωπος ψυχὴ χρωμένη σώματι, μαθεῖν, ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτῆς τῆς ψυχῆς + ἐπελεύσεται τὴν οὐσίαν, ἔπειτα ἀνιχνεύσει τὰς δυνάμεις. καὶ οὐδὲ + τοῦτο μόνον ἀρκέσει αὐτῷ, ἀλλὰ καί, εἴ τι τῆς ψυχῆς ἐν ἡμῖν ἐστι + κρεῖττον καὶ θειότερον, ὅπερ δὴ πάντες ἀδιδάκτως πειθόμενοι θεῖόν + τι εἶναι νομίζομεν, [C] καὶ τοῦτο ἐνιδρῦσθαι πάντες οὐρανῷ κοινῶς + ὑπολαμβάνομεν. ἐπιὼν δὲ αὖθις τὰς ἀρχὰς τοῦ σώματος σκέψεται, εἴτε + σύνθετον εἴτε ἁπλοῦν ἐστιν· εἶτα ὁδῷ προβαίνων ὑπέρ τε ἁρμονίας + αὐτοῦ καὶ πάθους καὶ δυνάμεως καὶ πάντων ἁπλῶς ὧν δεῖται πρὸς + διαμονήν. ἐπιβλέψει δὲ τὸ μετὰ τοῦτο καὶ ἀρχαῖς τεχνῶν <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page012">[pg 012]</span><a name="Pg012" id="Pg012" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg013" id="Pg013" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐνίων, ὑφ᾽ ὧν βοηθεῖται πρὸς διαμονὴν τὸ + σῶμα, οἷον ἰατρικῆς, [D] γεωργίας, ἑτέρων τοιούτων. οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ τῶν + ἀχρήστων καὶ περιττῶν τι παντάπασιν ἀγνοήσει, ἐπεὶ καὶ ταῦτα<a id= + "noteref_18" name="noteref_18" href="#note_18"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">18</span></span></a> πρὸς + κολακείαν τοῦ παθητικοῦ τῆς ψυχῆς ἡμῶν ἐπινενόηται. προσλιπαρῆσαι + μὲν γὰρ τούτοις ἀποκνήσει αἰσχρὸν οἰόμενος τὸ τοιοῦτον, τὸ δοκοῦν + ἐργῶδες ἐν αὐτοῖς φεύγων· τὸ δ᾽ ὅλον ὁποῖα ἄττα δοκεῖ καὶ οἷστισιν + ἁρμόττει τῆς ψυχῆς μέρεσιν, οὐκ ἀγνοήσει. σκόπει δή, εἰ μὴ τὸ + ἑαυτὸν γνῶναι πάσης μὲν ἐπιστήμης, πάσης δὲ τέχνης ἡγεῖταί τε ἅμα + καὶ τοὺς καθόλου λόγους συνείληφε. [184] τά τε γὰρ θεῖα διὰ τῆς + ἐνούσης ἡμῖν θείας μερίδος τά τε θνητὰ διὰ τῆς θνητοειδοῦς μοίρας + πρὸς τούτοις †προσήκειν ἔφη τὸ μεταξὺ τούτων ζῷον εἰδέναι, τὸν + ἄνθρωπον†,<a id="noteref_19" name="noteref_19" href= + "#note_19"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">19</span></span></a> τῷ μὲν + καθ᾽ ἕκαστον θνητόν, τῷ παντὶ δὲ ἀθάνατον, καὶ μέντοι καὶ τὸν ἕνα + καὶ τὸν καθ᾽ ἕκαστον συγκεῖσθαι ἐκ θνητῆς καὶ ἀθανάτου μερίδος.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(However, let us + begin with <span class="tei tei-q">“Know thyself,”</span> since + this precept is divinely inspired.<a id="noteref_20" name= + "noteref_20" href="#note_20"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">20</span></span></a> It + follows that he who knows himself will know not only about his soul + but his body also. And it will not be enough to know that a man is + a soul employing a body, but he will also investigate the essential + nature of the soul, and then trace out its faculties. And not even + this alone will be enough for him, but in addition he will + investigate whatever exists in us nobler and more divine than the + soul, that something which we all believe in without being taught + and regard as divine, and all in common suppose to be established + in the heavens. Then again, as he investigates the first principles + of the body he will observe whether it is composite or simple; then + proceeding systematically he will observe its harmony and the + influences that affect it and its capacity and, in a word, all that + it needs to ensure its permanence. And in the next place he will + also observe the first principles of certain arts by which the body + is assisted to that permanence, for instance, medicine, husbandry + and the like. And of such arts as are useless and superfluous he + will not be wholly ignorant, since these too have been devised to + humour the emotional part of our souls. For though he will avoid + the persistent study of these last, because he thinks such + persistent study disgraceful, and will avoid what seems to involve + hard work in those subjects; nevertheless he will not, generally + speaking, remain in ignorance of their apparent nature and what + parts of the soul they suit. Reflect therefore, whether + self-knowledge does not control every science and every art, and + moreover whether it does not include the knowledge of universals. + For to know things divine through the divine part in us, and mortal + things too through the part of us that is mortal—this the oracle + declared to be the duty of the living organism that is midway + between these, namely man; because individually he is mortal, but + regarded as a whole he is immortal, and moreover, singly and + individually, is compounded of a mortal and an immortal part.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὅτι μέντοι καὶ + τὸ τῷ θεῲ κατὰ δύναμιν ὁμοιοῦσθαι οὐκ ἄλλο τί ἐστιν ἢ τὸ τὴν + ἐφικτὴν ἀνθρώποις γνῶσιν τῶν ὄντων περιποιήσασθαι, πρόδηλον + ἐντεῦθεν. [B] οὐ γὰρ ἐπὶ πλούτῳ χρημάτων τὸ θεῖον μακαρίζομεν οὐδὲ + ἐπ᾽ ἄλλῳ τινὶ τῶν νομιζομένων ἀγαθῶν, ἀλλ᾽ ὅπερ Ὅμηρός φησι</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Further, that + to make oneself like God as far as possible is nothing else than to + acquire such knowledge of the essential nature of things as is + attainable by mankind, is evident from the following. It is not on + the score of abundance of possessions that we count the divine + nature happy, nor on the score of any other of those things that + are commonly believed to be advantages, but it is because, as Homer + says,)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">θεοὶ δέ τε πάντα ἴσασι,</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The gods + know all things</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">;</span><a id="noteref_21" name="noteref_21" + href="#note_21"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">21</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">καὶ μέντοι καὶ + περὶ Διὸς</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(and indeed he + says also of Zeus,)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">ἀλλὰ Ζεὺς πρότερος γεγόνει καὶ + πλείονα ᾔδει·</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">But Zeus + was older and wiser.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_22" name= + "noteref_22" href="#note_22"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">22</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page014">[pg 014]</span><a name= + "Pg014" id="Pg014" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg015" id= + "Pg015" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[C] ἐπιστήμῃ γὰρ + ἡμῶν οἱ θεοὶ διαφέρουσιν. ἡγεῖται γὰρ ἴσως καὶ αὐτοῖς τῶν καλῶν τὸ + αὑτοὺς γινώσκειν· ὄσῳ δὴ κρείττονες ἡμῶν εἰσι τὴν οὐσίαν, τοσούτῳ + γνόντες ἑαυτοὺς ἴσχουσι βελτιόνων γνώσιν. μηδεὶς οὖν ἡμῖν τὴν + φιλοσοφίαν εἰς πολλὰ διαιρείτω μηδὲ εἰς πολλὰ τεμνέτω, μᾶλλον δὲ μὴ + πολλὰς ἐκ μιᾶς ποιείτω. ὥσπερ γὰρ ἀλήθεια μία, οὕτω δὲ καὶ + φιλοσοφία μία· θαυμαστὸν δὲ οὐδέν, εἰ κατ᾽ ἄλλας καὶ ἄλλας ὁδοὺς + ἐπ᾽ αὐτὴν πορευόμεθα. ἐπεὶ κἄν, [D] εἴ τις θέλοι τὼν ξένων ἢ ναὶ μὰ + Δία τῶν πάλαι πολιτῶν ἐπανελθεῖν εἰς Ἀθήνας, δύναιτο μὲν καὶ πλεῖν + καὶ βαδίζειν, ὁδεύων δὲ οἶμαι διὰ γῆς ἢ ταῖς πλατείαις χρῆσθαι + λεωφόροις ἢ ταῖς ἀτραποῖς καὶ συντόμοις ὁδοῖς· καὶ πλεῖν μέντοι + δυνατὸν παρὰ τοὺς αἰγιαλούς, καὶ δὴ καὶ κατὰ τὸν Πύλιον γέροντα + τέμνοντα πέλαγος μέσον. μὴ δὲ τοῦτό τις ἡμῖν προφερέτω, εἴ τινες + τῶν κατ᾽ αὐτὰς ἰόντων τὰς ὁδοὺς ἀπεπλανήθησαν καὶ ἀλλαχοῦ που + γενόμενοι, [185] καθάπερ ὑπὸ τῆς Κίρκης ἢ τῶν Λωτοφάγων ἡδονῆς ἢ + δόξης ᾿ἤ τινος ἄλλου δελεασθέντες, ἀπελείφθησαν τοῦ πρόσω βαδίζειν + καὶ ἐφικνεῖσθαι τοῦ τέλους, τοὺς πρωτεύσαντας δὲ ἐν ἑκάστῃ τῶν + αἱρέσεων σκοπείτω, καὶ πάντα εὑρήσει σύμφωνα.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(For it is in + knowledge that the gods surpass ourselves. And it may well be that + with them also what ranks as noblest is self-knowledge. In + proportion then as they are nobler than we in their essential + nature, that self-knowledge of theirs is a knowledge of higher + things. Therefore, I say, let no one divide philosophy into many + kinds or cut it up into many parts, or rather let no one make it + out to be plural instead of one. For even as truth is one, so too + philosophy is one. But it is not surprising that we travel to it + now by one road, now by another. For if any stranger, or, by Zeus, + any one of her oldest inhabitants wished to go up to Athens, he + could either sail or go by road, and if he travelled by land he + could, I suppose, take either the broad highways or the paths and + roads that are short cuts. And moreover he could either sail along + the coasts or, like the old man of Pylos,<a id="noteref_23" name= + "noteref_23" href="#note_23"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">23</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“cleave the open sea.”</span> And let no + one try to refute me by pointing out that some philosophers in + travelling by those very roads have been known to lose their way, + and arriving in some other place have been captivated, as though by + Circe or the Lotus-Eaters, that is to say by pleasure or opinion or + some other bait, and so have failed to go straight forward and + attain their goal. Rather he must consider those who in every one + of the philosophic sects did attain the highest rank, and he will + find that all their doctrines agree.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Οὐκοῦν ὁ μὲν ἐν + Δελφοῖς θεὸς τὸ Γνῶθι σαυτὸν προαγορεύει, Ἡράκλειτος δὲ + <span class="tei tei-q">“ἐδιζησάμην ἐμεωυτόν,”</span> ἀλλὰ καὶ + Πυθαγόρας οἵ τε ἀπ᾽ ἐκείνου μέχρι Θεοφράστου τὸ κατὰ δύναμιν + ὁμοιοῦσθαι θεῷ φασι, καὶ γὰρ καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης. ὃ γὰρ ἡμεῖς + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page016">[pg 016]</span><a name= + "Pg016" id="Pg016" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg017" id= + "Pg017" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ποτέ, τοῦτο ὁ θεὸς ἀεί. γελοῖον + οὖν ἂν εἴη τὸν θεὸν ἑαυτὸν μὴ εἰδέναι· κομιδῇ γὰρ οὐδὲν εἴσεται τῶν + ἄλλων, εἴπερ ἑαυτὸν ἀγνοοίη· πάντα γὰρ αὐτός ἐστιν, εἴπερ καὶ ἐν + ἑαυτῷ καὶ παρ᾽ ἑαυτῷ ἔχει τῶν ὁπωσοῦν ὄντων τὰς αἰτίας, εἴτε + ἀθανάτων ἀθανάτους, εἴτε ἐπικήρων οὐ θνητὰς οὐδὲ ἐπικήρους, ἀιδίους + δὲ καὶ μενούσας ἀεὶ καὶ αἳ τούτοις εἰσὶν αἰτίαι τῆς ἀειγενεσίας. + [C] ἀλλ᾽ οὗτος μὲν ὁ λόγος ἐστὶ μείζων.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Therefore the + god at Delphi proclaims, <span class="tei tei-q">“Know + Thyself,”</span> and Heracleitus says, <span class="tei tei-q">“I + searched myself”</span>;<a id="noteref_24" name="noteref_24" href= + "#note_24"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">24</span></span></a> and + Pythagoras also and his school and his followers down to + Theophrastus, bid us become like God as far as possible, yes and + Aristotle too. For what we are sometimes, God is always.<a id= + "noteref_25" name="noteref_25" href="#note_25"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">25</span></span></a> It + would therefore be absurd that God should not know himself. For he + will know nothing at all about other things if he be ignorant of + himself. For he is himself everything, seeing that in himself and + near himself he keeps the causes of all things that in any way + whatever have existence, whether they be immortal causes of things + immortal, or causes of perishable things, though themselves not + mortal or perishable; for imperishable and ever-abiding are the + causes of perpetual generation for the perishable world. But this + line of argument is too lofty for the occasion.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὅτι δὲ μία τέ + ἐστιν ἀλήθεια καὶ φιλοσοφία μία καὶ ταύτης εἰσὶν ἐρασταὶ ξύμπαντες + ὧν τε ὑπεμνήσθην μικρῷ πρότερον ὧν τε ἐν δίκῃ νῦν εἴποιμι ἂν + τοὔνομα, τοὺς τοῦ Κιτιέως ὁμιλητὰς λέγω, οἳ τὰς πόλεις ἰδόντες + ἀποδιδρασκούσας τὸ λίαν ἀκραιφνὲς καὶ καθαρὸν τῆς ἐλευθερίας τοῦ + κυνὸς ἐσκέπασαν αὐτὸν [D] ὥσπερ οἶμαι παραπετάσμασιν οἰκονομίᾳ καὶ + τῇ χρηματιστικῇ καὶ τῇ πρὸς τὴν γυναῖκα συνόδῳ καὶ παιδοτροφίᾳ, ἴν᾽ + οἶμαι ταῖς πόλεσιν αὐτὸν ἐγγύθεν ἐπιστήσωσι φύλακα· ὅτι δὲ τὸ Γνῶθι + σαυτὸν κεφάλαιον τίθενται φιλοσοφίας, οὐ μόνον ἐξ ὧν κατεβάλλοντο + ξυγγραμμάτων ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ τοῦτου πεισθείης ἄν, εἴπερ ἐθέλοις, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page018">[pg 018]</span><a name= + "Pg018" id="Pg018" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg019" id= + "Pg019" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀλλὰ πολὺ πλέον ἀπὸ τοῦ τῆς + φιλοσοφίας τέλους· τὸ γὰρ ὁμολογουμένως [186] ζῆν τῇ φύσει τέλος + ἐποιήσαντο, οὗπερ οὐχ οἷόv τε τυχεῖν τὸν ἀγνοοῦντα, τίς καὶ ὁποῖος + πέφυκεν· ὁ γὰρ ἀγνοῶν ὅστις ἐστίν, οὐκ εἴσεται δήπουθεν ὅ, τι + πράττειν ἑαυτῷ προσήκει, ὥσπερ οὐδ᾽ ὁ<a id="noteref_26" name= + "noteref_26" href="#note_26"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">26</span></span></a> τὸν + σίδηρον ἀγνοῶν εἴσεται, εἴτε αὐτῷ τέμνειν εἴτε μὴ προσήκει, καὶ + ὅτου δεῖ τῷ σιδήρῳ πρὸς τὸ δύνασθαι τὸ ἑαυτοῦ πράττειν· ἀλλ᾽ ὅτι + μὲν ἡ φιλοσοφία μία τέ ἐστι καὶ πάντες ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν ἑνός τινος + ἐφιέμενοι ὁδοῖς ἐπὶ τοῦτο διαφόροις ἦλθον, [B] ἀπόχρη τοσαῦτα νῦν + εἰπεῖν. ὑπὲρ δὲ τοῦ Κυνισμοῦ σκεπτέον ἔτι.<a id="noteref_27" name= + "noteref_27" href="#note_27"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">27</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now truth is + one and philosophy is one, and they whom I just now spoke of are + its lovers one and all; and also they whom I ought in fairness to + mention now by name, I mean the disciples of the man of + Citium.<a id="noteref_28" name="noteref_28" href= + "#note_28"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">28</span></span></a> For + when they saw that the cities of Greece were averse to the + excessive plainness and simplicity of the Cynic's freedom of + manners, they hedged him about with screens as it were, I mean with + maxims on the management of the household and business and + intercourse with one's wife and the rearing of children, to the + end, I believe, that they might make him the intimate guardian of + the public welfare.<a id="noteref_29" name="noteref_29" href= + "#note_29"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">29</span></span></a> And + that they too held the maxim <span class="tei tei-q">“Know + Thyself”</span> to be the first principle of their philosophy you + may believe, if you will, not only from the works that they + composed on this very subject, but even more from what they made + the end and aim of their philosophic teaching. For this end of + theirs was life in harmony with nature, and this it is impossible + for any man to attain who does not know who and of what nature he + is. For a man who does not know himself will certainly not know + what it is becoming for him to do; just as he who does not know the + nature of iron will not know whether it is suitable to cut with or + not, and how iron must be treated so that it may be put to its + proper use. For the moment however I have said enough to show that + philosophy is one, and that, to speak generally, all philosophers + have a single aim though they arrive at that aim by different + roads. And now let us consider the Cynic philosophy.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Εἰ μὲν οὖν + ἐπεποίητο τοῖς ἀνδράσι μετά τινος σπουδῆς, ἀλλὰ μὴ μετὰ παιδιᾶς τὰ + συγγράμματα, τούτοις ἐχρῆν ἑπόμενον ἐπιχειρεῖν ἕκαστα ὧν + διανοούμεθα περὶ τοῦ πράγματος ἐξετάζειν τὸν ἐναντίον καὶ, εἰ μὲν + ἐφαίνετο τοῖς παλαιοῖς ὁμολογοῦντα, μήτοι ψευδομαρτυριῶν ἡμῖν + ἐπισκήπτειν, εἰ δὲ μή, τότε ἐξορίζειν αὐτὰ τῆς ἀκοῆς ὥσπερ Ἀθηναῖοι + τὰ ψευδῆ γράμματα τοῦ Μητρῴου. ἐπεὶ δὲ οὐδὲν ἐστιν, [C] ὡς ἔφην, + τοιοῦτον· αἵ τε γὰρ θρυλούμεναι Διογένους τραγῳδίαι Φιλίσκου τινὸς + Αἰγινήτου λέγονται εἶναι, καί, εἰ Διογένους δὴ<a id="noteref_30" + name="noteref_30" href="#note_30"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">30</span></span></a> εἶεν, + οὐδὲν ἄτοπόν ἐστι τὸν σοφὸν παίζειν, ἐπεί καὶ τοῦτο πολλοὶ + φαίνονται τῶν φιλοσόφων <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page020">[pg + 020]</span><a name="Pg020" id="Pg020" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg021" id="Pg021" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ποιήσαντες· ἐγέλα τοι, φασί, καὶ Δημόκριτος + ὁρῶν σπουδάζοντας τοὺς ἀνθρώπους· μὴ δὴ πρὸς τὰς παιδιὰς αὐτῶν + ἀποβλέπωμεν, ὥσπερ οἱ μανθάνειν τι [D] σπουδαῖον ἥκιστα ἐρῶντες, + πόλει παραβάλλοντες εὐδαίμονι, πολλῶν μὲν ἱερῶν, πολλῶν δὲ + ἀπορρήτων τελετῶν πλήρει, καὶ μυρίων ἔνδον ἱερέων ἁγνῶν ἐν ἁγνοῖς + μενόντων χωρίοις· αὐτοῦ δὲ ἕνεκα πολλάκις τούτου, λέγω δὲ τοῦ + καθαρεύειν τὰ εἴσω πάντα, τὰ περιττὰ καὶ βδελυρὰ καὶ φαῦλα τῆς + πόλεως ἀπεληλακόσι,<a id="noteref_31" name="noteref_31" href= + "#note_31"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">31</span></span></a> λουτρὰ + δημόσια καὶ χαμαιτυπεῖα καὶ καπηλεῖα καὶ πάντα ἁπλῶς τὰ τοιαῦτα· + εἶτα ἄχρι τούτου γενόμενοι εἴσω μὴ παρίασιν.<a id="noteref_32" + name="noteref_32" href="#note_32"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">32</span></span></a> ὁ μὲν + γὰρ τοῖς τοιούτοις ἐντυχών, [187] εἶτα τοῦτο οἰηθεὶς εἶναι τὴν + πόλιν ἄθλιος μὲν ἀποφυγών, ἀθλιώτερος δὲ κάτω μείνας, ἐξὸν + ὑπερβάντα μικρὸν ἰδεῖν τὸν Σωκράτη· χρήσομαι γὰρ ἐκείνοις ἐγὼ τοῖς + ῥήμασιν, οἷς Ἀλκιβιάδης ἐπαινῶν Σωκράτη. φημὶ γὰρ δὴ τὴν Κυνικὴν + φιλοσοφίαν ὁμοιοτάτην εἶναι τοῖς Σειληνοῖς τούτοις τοῖς ἐν τοῖς + ἑρμογλυφείοις καθημένοις, οὕστινας ἐργάζονται οἱ δημιουργοὶ + σύριγγας ἢ αὐλοὺς ἔχοντας· οἳ διχάδε<a id="noteref_33" name= + "noteref_33" href="#note_33"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">33</span></span></a> [B] + διοιχθέντες ἔνδον φαίνονται ἀγάλματα ἔχοντες θεῶν. ὡς ἂν οὖν μὴ + τοιοῦτόν τι πάθωμεν, ὅσα ἔπαιξε ταῦτα αὐτὸν ἐσπουδακέναι + νομίσαντες· ἔστι μὲν γάρ τι καὶ ἐν ἐκείνοις οὐκ ἄχρηστον, ὁ + Κυνισμὸς δέ ἐστιν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page022">[pg + 022]</span><a name="Pg022" id="Pg022" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg023" id="Pg023" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἕτερον, ὡς αὐτίκα μάλα δεῖξαι πειράσομαι· + δεῦρο ἴδωμεν ἐφεξῆς ἀπὸ τῶν ἔργων, ὥσπερ αἱ ἐξιχνεύουσαι κύνες + μεταθέουσι τὰ θηρία.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(If the Cynics + had composed treatises with any serious purpose and not merely with + a frivolous aim, it would have been proper for my opponent to be + guided by these and to try in each case to refute the opinions that + I hold on the subject; and then, if they proved to be in harmony + with those original doctrines, he could not attack me for bearing + false witness; but if they proved not to be in harmony, then he + could have barred my opinions from a hearing, as the Athenians + barred spurious documents from the Metroum.<a id="noteref_34" name= + "noteref_34" href="#note_34"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">34</span></span></a> But, + as I said, nothing of that sort exists. For the much-talked-of + tragedies of Diogenes are now said to be the work of a certain + Philiscus<a id="noteref_35" name="noteref_35" href= + "#note_35"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">35</span></span></a> of + Aegina; though even if they were by Diogenes there would be nothing + out of the way in a wise man's jesting, since many philosophers + have been known to do so. For Democritus also, we are told, used to + laugh when he saw men taking things seriously. Well then I say we + must not pay any attention to their frivolous writings, like men + who have no desire at all to learn anything of serious interest. + Such men when they arrive at a prosperous city abounding in + sacrifices and secret rites of many kinds, and containing within it + countless holy priests who dwell in the sacred enclosures, priests + who for this very purpose, I mean in order to purify everything + that is within their gates, have expelled all that is sordid and + superfluous and vicious from the city, public baths and brothels, + and retail shops, and everything of the sort without exception: + such men, I say, having come as far as the quarter where all such + things are, do not enter the city itself. Surely a man who, when he + comes upon the things that have been expelled, thinks that this is + the city, is despicable indeed if he depart on the instant, but + still more despicable if he stay in that lower region, when he + might by taking but a step across the threshold behold Socrates + himself. For I will borrow those famous phrases of Alcibiades in + his praise of Socrates,<a id="noteref_36" name="noteref_36" href= + "#note_36"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">36</span></span></a> and I + assert that the Cynic philosophy is very like those images of + Silenus that sit in the shops of the statuaries, which the + craftsmen make with pipes or flutes in their hands, but when you + open them you see that inside they contain statues of the gods. + Accordingly, that we may not make that sort of mistake and think + that his jesting was sober earnest (for though there is a certain + use even in those jests, yet Cynicism itself is something very + different, as I shall presently try to prove), let us consider it + in due course from its actual practice and pursue it like hounds + that track down wild beasts in the chase.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἡγεμόνα μὲν οὖν + οὐ ῥᾴδιον εὑρεῖν, ἐφ᾽ ὃν ἀνενέγκαι χρὴ πρῶτον αὐτό, [C] εἰ καί + τινες ὑπολαμβάνουσιν ἀντισθένει τοῦτο καὶ Διογένει προσήκειν. τοῦτο + γοῦν ἔοικεν Οἰνόμαος οὐκ ἀτόπως λέγειν· ὁ Κυνισμὸς οὔτε + Ἀντισθενισμός ἐστιν οὔτε Διογενισμός. λέγουσι μὲν γὰρ οἱ + γενναιότεροι τῶν κυνῶν, ὅτι καὶ ὁ μέγας Ἡρακλῆς, ὥσπερ οὖν τῶν + ἄλλων ἀγαθῶν ἡμῖν<a id="noteref_37" name="noteref_37" href= + "#note_37"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">37</span></span></a> αἴτιος + κατέστη, οὕτω δὲ καὶ τούτου τοῦ βίου παράδειγμα τὸ μέγιστον<a id= + "noteref_38" name="noteref_38" href="#note_38"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">38</span></span></a> + κατέλιπεν ἀνθρώποις. ἐγὼ δὲ ὑπὲρ τῶν θεῶν καὶ τῶν εἰς θείαν λῆξιν + πορευθέντων εὐφημεῖν ἐθέλων [D] πείθομαι μὲν καὶ πρὸ τούτου τινὰς + οὐκ ἐν Ἕλλησι μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ βαρβάροις οὕτω φιλοσοφῆσαι·<a id= + "noteref_39" name="noteref_39" href="#note_39"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">39</span></span></a> αὕτη + γὰρ ἡ φιλοσοφία κοινή πως ἔοικεν εἶναι καὶ φυσικωτάτη καὶ δεῖσθαι + οὐδ᾽ ἡστινοσοῦν πραγματείας· ἀλλὰ ἀπόχρη μόνον ἑλέσθαι τὰ σπουδαῖα + ἀρετῆς ἐπιθυμίᾳ καὶ φυγῇ κακίας, καὶ οὔτε βίβλους ἀνελίξαι δεῖ + μυρίας· πολυμαθία γάρ, φασί, νόον οὐ διδάσκει· οὔτε ἄλλο τι τῶν + τοιούτων παθεῖν, ὅσα καὶ οἷα πάσχουσιν οἱ διὰ τῶν ἄλλων αἱρέσεων + ἰόντες, [188] ἀλλὰ ἀπόχρη μόνον δύο ταῦτα τοῦ Πυθίου <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page024">[pg 024]</span><a name="Pg024" id="Pg024" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg025" id="Pg025" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> παραινοῦντος ἀκοῦσαι, τὸ Γνῶθι σαυτὸν καὶ + Παραχάραξον τὸ νόμισμα· πέφηνεν οὖν ἡμῖν ἀρχηγὸς τῆς φιλοσοφίας + ὅσπερ οἶμαι τοῖς Ἕλλησι κατέστη τῶν καλῶν ἁπάντων αἴτιος, ὁ τῆς + Ἑλλάδος κοινὸς ἡγεμὼν καὶ νομοθέτης καὶ βασιλεύς, ὁ ἐν Δελφοῖς + θεός, ὃν ἐπειδὴ μὴ θέμις ἦν τι διαλαθεῖν, οὐδὲ ἡ Διογένους + ἐπιτηδειότης ἔλαθε. προύτρεψε δὲ αὐτὸν οὐχ ὥσπερ τοὺς ἄλλους ἔπεσιν + ἐντείνων τὴν παραίνεσιν, [B] ἀλλ᾽ ἔργῳ διδάσκων ὅ,τι βούλεται + συμβολικῶς διὰ δυοῖν ὀνομάτοιν, Παραχάραξον εἰπὼν τὸ νόμισμα· τὸ + γάρ Γνῶθι σαυτὸν οὐκ ἐκείνῳ μόνον,<a id="noteref_40" name= + "noteref_40" href="#note_40"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">40</span></span></a> ἀλλὰ + καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἔφη καὶ λέγει, πρόκειται γὰρ οἶμαι τοῦ τεμένους. + ηὑρήκαμεν δὴ τὸν ἀρχηγέτην τῆς φιλοσοφίας, ὥς που καὶ ὁ δαιμόνιός + φησιν Ἰάμβλιχος, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς κορυφαίους ἐν αὐτῇ, Ἀντισθένη καὶ + Διογένη καὶ Κράτητα, οἷς τοῦ βίου σκοπὸς ἦν καὶ τέλος αὑτοὺς οἶμαι + γνῶναι καὶ τῶν κενῶν ὑπεριδεῖν δοξῶν, ἀληθείας δέ, ἣ πάντων μὲν + ἀγαθῶν θεοῖς, πάντων δὲ ἀνθρώποις ἡγεῖται, ὅλῃ, [C] φασίν, + ἐπιδράξασθαι τῇ διανοίᾳ, ἧς οἶμαι καὶ Πλάτων καὶ Πυθαγόρας καὶ + Σωκράτης οἵ τε ἐκ τοῦ Περιπάτου καὶ Ζήνων ἕνεκα πάντα ὑπέμειναν + πόνον, αὑτούς τε ἐθέλοντες γνῶναι καὶ μὴ κεναῖς ἕπεσθαι δόξαις, + ἀλλὰ τὴν ἐν τοῖς οὖσιν ἀλήθειαν ἀνιχνεῦσαι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now the founder + of this philosophy to whom we are to attribute it, in the first + instance, is not easy to discover, even though some think that the + title belongs to Antisthenes and Diogenes. At least the saying of + Oenomaus<a id="noteref_41" name="noteref_41" href= + "#note_41"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">41</span></span></a> seems + to be not without good grounds: <span class="tei tei-q">“The Cynic + philosophy is neither Antisthenism nor Diogenism.”</span> Moreover + the better sort of Cynics assert that in addition to the other + blessings bestowed on us by mighty Heracles, it was he who + bequeathed to mankind the noblest example of this mode of + life.<a id="noteref_42" name="noteref_42" href= + "#note_42"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">42</span></span></a> But + for my part, while I desire to speak with due reverence of the gods + and of those who have attained to their functions, I still believe + that even before Heracles, not only among the Greeks but among the + barbarians also, there were men who practised this philosophy. For + it seems to be in some ways a universal philosophy, and the most + natural, and to demand no special study whatsoever. But it is + enough simply to choose the honourable by desiring virtue and + avoiding evil; and so there is no need to turn over countless + books. For as the saying goes, <span class="tei tei-q">“Much + learning does not teach men to have understanding.”</span><a id= + "noteref_43" name="noteref_43" href="#note_43"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">43</span></span></a> Nor is + it necessary to subject oneself to any part of such a discipline as + they must undergo who enter other philosophic sects. Nay it is + enough merely to hearken to the Pythian god when he enjoins these + two precepts, <span class="tei tei-q">“Know Thyself,”</span> and + <span class="tei tei-q">“Falsify the common currency.”</span><a id= + "noteref_44" name="noteref_44" href="#note_44"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">44</span></span></a> Hence + it becomes evident to us that the founder of this philosophy is he + who, I believe, is the cause of all the blessings that the Greeks + enjoy, the universal leader, law-giver and king of Hellas, I mean + the god of Delphi.<a id="noteref_45" name="noteref_45" href= + "#note_45"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">45</span></span></a> And + since it was not permitted that he should be in ignorance of aught, + the peculiar fitness of Diogenes did not escape his notice. And he + made him incline to that philosophy, not by urging his commands in + words alone, as he does for other men, but in very deed he + instructed him symbolically as to what he willed, in two words, + when he said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Falsify the common + currency.”</span> For <span class="tei tei-q">“Know Thyself”</span> + he addressed not only to Diogenes, but to other men also and still + does: for it stands there engraved in front of his shrine. And so + we have at last discovered the founder of this philosophy, even as + the divine Iamblichus also declares, yes, and we have discovered + its leading men as well, namely Antisthenes and Diogenes and + Crates;<a id="noteref_46" name="noteref_46" href= + "#note_46"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">46</span></span></a> the + aim and end of whose lives was, I think, to know themselves, to + despise vain opinions, and to lay hold of truth with their whole + understanding; for truth, alike for gods and men, is the beginning + of every good thing;<a id="noteref_47" name="noteref_47" href= + "#note_47"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">47</span></span></a> and it + was, I think, for her sake that Plato and Pythagoras and Socrates + and the Peripatetic philosophers and Zeno spared no pains, because + they wished to know themselves, and not to follow vain opinions but + to track down truth among all things that are.)</p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page026">[pg 026]</span><a name="Pg026" id="Pg026" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg027" id="Pg027" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Φέρε οὖν, ἐπειδὴ + πέφηνεν οὐκ ἄλλο μὲν ἐπιτηδεύσας Πλάτων, ἕτερον δὲ Διογένης, ἓν δέ + τι καὶ ταὐτόν· εἰ γοῦν ἔροιτό τις τὸν σοφὸν Πλάτωνα <span class= + "tei tei-q">“τὸ Γνῶθι σαυτὸν πόσου νενόμικας ἄξιον;”</span> εὖ οἶδα + ὅτι τοῦ παντὸς ἂν φήσειε, [D] καὶ λέγει δὲ ἐν Ἀλκιβιάδῃ· δεῦρο δὴ + τὸ μετὰ τοῦτο φράσον ἡμῖν, ὦ δαιμόνιε Πλάτων καὶ θεῶν ἔκγονε + <span class="tei tei-q">“Τίνα τρόπον χρὴ πρὸς τὰς τῶν πολλῶν + διακεῖσθαι δόξας,”</span> ταὐτά τε ἐρεῖ καὶ ἔτι πρὸς τούτοις ὅλον + ἡμῖν ἐπιτάξει διαρρήδην ἀναγνῶναι τὸν Κρίτωνα διάλογον, οὗ φαίνεται + παραινῶν Σωκράτης μηδὲν φροντίζειν ἡμᾶς τῶν τοιούτων· φησὶ γοῦν· + <span class="tei tei-q">“Ἀλλὰ τί ἡμῖν, ὦ μακάριε Κρίτων, [189] οὕτω + τῆς τῶν πολλῶν δόξης μέλει;”</span> εἶτα ἡμεῖς τούτων ὑπεριδόντες + ἀποτειχίζειν ἁπλῶς οὑτωσὶ καὶ ἀποσπᾶν ἄνδρας ἀλλήλων ἐθέλομεν, οὗς + ὁ τῆς ἀληθείας συνήγαγεν ἔρως ἥ τε τῆς δόξης ὑπεροψία καὶ ἡ πρὸς + τὸν ζῆλον τῆς ἀρετῆς ξύμπνοια; εἰ δὲ Πλάτωνι μὲν ἔδοξε καὶ διὰ τῶν + λόγων αὐτὰ ἐργάζεσθαι, Διογένει δὲ ἀπέχρη τὰ ἔργα, διὰ τοῦτο ἄξιός + ἐστιν ὑφ᾽ ὑμῶν ἀκούειν κακῶς; ὅρα δὲ μὴ καὶ τοῦτο αὐτὸ τῷ παντὶ + κρεῖττόν ἐστιν, ἐπεὶ καὶ Πλάτων ἐξομνύμενος φαίνεται τὰ + ξυγγράμματα. [B] <span class="tei tei-q">“Οὐ γάρ ἐστι + Πλάτωνος,”</span> φησί, <span class="tei tei-q">“ζύγγραμμα οὐδὲν + οὐδ᾽ ἔσται, τὰ δὲ νῦν φερόμενα ἐστι Σωκράτους, ἀνδρὸς <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page028">[pg 028]</span><a name="Pg028" id="Pg028" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg029" id="Pg029" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> καλοῦ καὶ νέου.”</span> τί οὖν ἡμεῖς οὐκ ἐκ + τῶν ἔργων τοῦ Διογένους σκοποῦμεν αὐτὸν τὸν Κυνισμόν, ὅστις + ἐστιν;</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And now, since + it has become evident that Plato was not pursuing one aim and + Diogenes another, but their end was one and the same: suppose one + should inquire of the wise Plato: What value do you set on the + precept <span class="tei tei-q">“Know Thyself”</span>? I am very + sure that he would answer that it is worth everything, and indeed + he says so in the Alcibiades.<a id="noteref_48" name="noteref_48" + href="#note_48"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">48</span></span></a> Come + then tell us next, divine Plato, scion of the gods, how one ought + to be disposed towards the opinions of the many? He will give the + same answer, and moreover he will expressly enjoin on us to read + his dialogue the Crito,<a id="noteref_49" name="noteref_49" href= + "#note_49"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">49</span></span></a> where + Socrates is shown warning us not to take heed of such things. At + any rate what he says is: <span class="tei tei-q">“But why, my dear + good Crito, are we so concerned about the opinion of the + multitude?”</span> And now are we to ignore all this evidence, and + without further question fence off from one another and force apart + men whom the passion for truth, the scorn of opinion, and unanimity + in zeal for virtue have joined together? And if Plato chose to + achieve his aim through words, whereas for Diogenes deeds sufficed, + does the latter on that account deserve to be criticised by you? + Nay, consider whether that same method of his be not in every + respect superior; since we see that Plato for himself forswore + written compositions. <span class="tei tei-q">“For”</span> he + says,<a id="noteref_50" name="noteref_50" href= + "#note_50"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">50</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“there are no writings by Plato nor ever + will be, and what now pass current as his are the work of Socrates, + the ever fair and ever young.”</span> Why then should we not from + the practice of Diogenes study the character of the Cynic + philosophy?)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Οὐκοῦν ἐπειδὴ + σώματος μέρη μέν ἐστιν, οἷον ὀφθαλμοί, πόδες, χεῖρες, ἄλλα δὲ + ἐπισυμβαίνει, τρίχες, ὄνυχες, ῥύπος, τοιούτων περιττωμάτων γένος, + ὧν ὔνευ σῶμα ἀνθρώπινον ἀμήχανον εἶναι, [C] πότερον οὐ γελοῖός + ἐστιν ὁ μέρη νομίσας ὄνυχας ἢ τρίχας ἢ ῥύπον καὶ τὰ δυσώδη τῶν + περιττωμάτων, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ τὰ τιμιώτατα καὶ σπουδαῖα, πρῶτον μὲν τὰ + αἰσθητήρια καὶ τούτων αὐτῶν ἅττα συνέσεως ἡμῖν ἐστι μᾶλλον αἴτια, + οἷον ὀφθαλμούς, ἀκοάς; ὑπουργεῖ γὰρ ταῦτα πρὸς φρόνησιν εἴτε + ἐγκατορωρυγμένῃ τῇ ψυχῇ, ὡς ἂν θᾶττον καθαρθεῖσα δύναιτο τῇ καθαρᾷ + χρῆσθαι<a id="noteref_51" name="noteref_51" href= + "#note_51"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">51</span></span></a> καὶ + ἀκινήτῳ τοῦ φρονεῖν δυνάμει, εἴτε ὥσπερ τινὲς οἴονται, καθάπερ δι᾽ + ὀχετῶν τοιούτων εἰσφερούσης τῆς ψυχῆς. [D] συλλέγουσα γάρ, φασί, τὰ + κατὰ μέρος αἰσθήματα καὶ συνέχουσα τῇ μνήμῃ γεννᾷ τὰς ἐπιστήμας. + ἐγὼ δέ, εἰ μή τι τοιοῦτον ἦν ἐνθέον ἢ τέλειον ἐμποδιζόμενον + δὲ<a id="noteref_52" name="noteref_52" href="#note_52"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">52</span></span></a> ὑπ᾽ + ἄλλων πολλῶν καὶ ποικίλων, ὃ τῶν ἐκτὸς ποιεῖται τὴν ἀντίληψιν, οὐδ᾽ + ἂν δυνατὸν οἶμαι γενέσθαι τῶν αἰσθητῶν τὴν<a id="noteref_53" name= + "noteref_53" href="#note_53"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">53</span></span></a> + ἀντίληψιν. ἀλλ᾽ οὗτος μὲν ὁ λόγος οὐ τοῖς νῦν προσήκει.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now the body + consists of certain parts such as eyes, feet and hands, but there + are besides other parts, hair, nails, ordure, a whole class of + accessories of that sort without which the human body cannot exist. + Then is it not absurd for a man to take into account such parts, I + mean hair or nails or ordure or such unpleasant accessories, rather + than those parts that are most precious and important, in the first + place, for instance, the organs of perception, and among these more + especially the instruments whereby we apprehend, namely the eyes + and ears? For these aid the soul to think intelligently, whether it + be buried deep in the body and they enable it to purify itself more + readily and to use its pure and steadfast faculty of thought, or + whether, as some think, it is through them that the soul enters in + as though by channels.<a id="noteref_54" name="noteref_54" href= + "#note_54"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">54</span></span></a> For, + as we are told, by collecting individual perceptions and linking + them through the memory she brings forth the sciences. And for my + own part, I think that if there were not something of this sort, + either incomplete in itself or perfect but hindered by other things + many and various, which brings about our apprehension of externals, + it would not even be possible for us to apprehend the objects of + sense-perception. But this line of argument has little to do with + the present question.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[190] Διόπερ + ἐπανακτέον ἐπὶ τὰ μέρη τῆς φιλοσοφίας τῆς κυνικῆς. φαίνονται μὲν δὴ + καὶ οὗτοι διμερῆ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page030">[pg + 030]</span><a name="Pg030" id="Pg030" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg031" id="Pg031" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τὴν φιλοσοφίαν νομίσαντες ὥσπερ ὁ Ἀριστοτέλης + καὶ Πλάτων, θεωρηματικήν τε καὶ πρακτικὴν, αὐτὸ τοῦτο<a id= + "noteref_55" name="noteref_55" href="#note_55"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">55</span></span></a> + συνέντες δηλονότι καὶ νοήσαντες, ὡς οἰκεῖόν ἐστιν ἔνθρωπος φύσει + πράξει καὶ ἐπιστήμῃ. εἰ δὲ τῆς φυσικῆς τὴν θεωρίαν<a id= + "noteref_56" name="noteref_56" href="#note_56"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">56</span></span></a> + ἐξέκλιναν, οὐδὲν τοῦτο πρὸς τὸν λόγον. ἐπεὶ καὶ Σωκράτης καὶ + πλείονες ἄλλοι θεωρίᾳ μὲν φαίνονται χρησάμενοι πολλῇ, ταύτῃ δὲ οὐκ + ἄλλου χάριν, ἀλλὰ τῆς πράξεως· ἐπεὶ καὶ τὸ ἑαυτὸν γνῶναι τοῦτο + ἐνόμισαν, [B] τὸ μαθεῖν ἀκριβῶς, τί μὲν ἐποδοτέον ψυχῇ, τί δὲ + σώματι· ἀπέδοσαν δὲ<a id="noteref_57" name="noteref_57" href= + "#note_57"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">57</span></span></a> + εἰκότως ἡγεμονίαν μὲν τῇ ψυχῇ, ὑπηρεσίαν δὲ τῷ σώματι. φαίνονται δὴ + οὖν ἀρετὴν ἐπιτηδεύσαντες, ἐγκράτειαν, ἀτυφίαν, ἐλευθερίαν, ἔξω + γενόμενοι παντὸς φθόνου, δειλίας, δεισιδαιμονίας. ἀλλ᾽ οὐχ ἡμεῖς + ταῦτα ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν διανοούμεθα, παίζειν δὲ αὐτοὺς καὶ κυβεύειν περὶ + τοῖς φιλτάτοις ὑπολαμβάνομεν, οὕτως ὑπεριδόντας [C] τοῦ σώματος, ὡς + ὁ Σωκράτης ἔφη λέγων ὀρθῶς μελέτην εἶναι θανάτου τὴν φιλοσοφίαν. + τοῦτο ἐκεῖνοι καθ᾽ ἑκάστην ἡμέραν ἐπιτηδεύοντες οὐ ζηλωτοὶ μᾶλλον + ἡμῖν, ἄθλιοι δέ τινες καὶ παντελῶς ἀνόητοι δοκοῦσιν·<a id= + "noteref_58" name="noteref_58" href="#note_58"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">58</span></span></a> ἀνθ᾽ + ὅτου δὲ<a id="noteref_59" name="noteref_59" href= + "#note_59"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">59</span></span></a> τοὺς + πόνους ὑπέμειναν τούτους;<a id="noteref_60" name="noteref_60" href= + "#note_60"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">60</span></span></a> οὐχ ὡς + αὐτὸς εἶπας, κενοδοξίας ἕνεκα. καὶ γὰρ<a id="noteref_61" name= + "noteref_61" href="#note_61"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">61</span></span></a> πῶς + ὑπὸ τῶν ἄλλων ἐπῃνοῦντο ὠμὰ <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page032">[pg 032]</span><a name="Pg032" id="Pg032" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg033" id="Pg033" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> προσφερόμενοι σαρκία; καίτοι οὐδὲ αὐτὸς + ἐπαινέτης εἶ. [D] τοῦ γοῦν τοιούτου τρίβωνα καὶ τὴν κόμην, ὥσπερ αἱ + γραφαὶ τῶν ἀνδρῶν, ἀπομιμούμενος εἶθ᾽ ὃ μηδὲ αὐτὸς ἀξιάγαστον + ὑπολαμβάνεις, τοῦτο εὐδοκιμεῖν οἴει παρὰ τῷ πλήθει; καὶ εἳς μὲν ἢ + δεύτερος ἐπῄνει τότε, πλεῖν δ᾽ οὖν ἢ δέκα μυριάδες ὑπὸ τῆς ναυτίας + καὶ βδελυρίας διεστράφησαν τὸν στόμαχον καὶ ἀπόσιτοι γεγόνασιν, + ἄχρις αὐτοὺς οἱ θεράποντες ἀνέλαβον ὀσμαῖς καὶ μύροις καὶ πέμμασιν. + [191] οὕτως ὁ κλεινὸς ἥρως ἔργῳ κατεπλήξατο γελοίῳ μὲν ἀνθρώποις + τοιούτοις,</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Accordingly we + must go back to the divisions of the Cynic philosophy. For the + Cynics also seem to have thought that there were two branches of + philosophy, as did Aristotle and Plato, namely speculative and + practical, evidently because they had observed and understood that + man is by nature suited both to action and to the pursuit of + knowledge. And though they avoided the study of natural philosophy, + that does not affect the argument. For Socrates and many others + also, as we know, devoted themselves to speculation, but it was + solely for practical ends. For they thought that even + self-knowledge meant learning precisely what must be assigned to + the soul, and what to the body. And to the soul they naturally + assigned supremacy, and to the body subjection. This seems to be + the reason why they practised virtue, self-control, modesty and + freedom, and why they shunned all forms of envy, cowardice and + superstition. But this, you will say, is not the view that we hold + about them, for we are to think that they were not in earnest, and + that they hazarded what is most precious<a id="noteref_62" name= + "noteref_62" href="#note_62"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">62</span></span></a> in + thus despising the body; as Socrates did when he declared, and + rightly, that philosophy is a preparation for death.<a id= + "noteref_63" name="noteref_63" href="#note_63"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">63</span></span></a> And + since this was the aim that the Cynics pursued daily, we need not + emulate them any more than the others, but we are to think them + miserable beings and altogether foolish. But why was it that they + endured those hardships? Surely not from ostentation, as you + declared. For how could they win applause from other men by eating + raw meat? Certainly you yourself do not applaud them for this. At + any rate, when you imitate one of those Cynics by carrying a staff + and wearing your hair long, as it is shown in their pictures, do + you think that you thereby gain a reputation with the crowd, though + you do not yourself think those habits worthy of admiration? One or + two, indeed, used to applaud him in his own day, but more than ten + times ten thousand had their stomachs turned by nausea and + loathing, and went fasting until their attendants revived them with + perfumes and myrrh and cakes. So greatly did that renowned hero + shock them by an act which seems absurd to men)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Οἷοι νῦν βροτοί εἰσιν,</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">of such + sort as mortals now are,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_64" name= + "noteref_64" href="#note_64"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">64</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">οὐκ ἀγεννεῖ δέ, + μὰ τοὺς θεούς, εἴ τις αὐτὸ κατὰ τὴν Διογένους ἐξηγήσαιτο σύνεσιν. + ὅπερ γὰρ ὁ Σωκράτης ὑπὲρ αὑτοῦ φησιν, ὅτι τῷ θεῷ νομίζων λατρείαν + ἐκτελεῖν ἐν τῷ τὸν δοθέντα χρησμὸν ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ κατὰ πάντα σκοπῶν + ἐξετάζειν τὸν ἐλεγκτικὸν ἠσπάσατο βίον, τοῦτο καὶ Διογένης οἶμαι + συνειδὼς ἑαυτῷ, πυθόχρηστον οὖσαν τὴν φιλοσοφίαν, ἔργοις ᾤετο δεῖν + ἐξελέγχειν πάντα καὶ μὴ δόξαις ἄλλων, τυχὸν μὲν ἀληθέσι, τυχὸν δὲ + ψευδέσι προσπεπονθέναι. οὔκουν οὐδὲ εἴ τι Πυθαγόρας ἔφη, οὐδὲ εἴ + τις ἄλλος τῷ Πυθαγόρᾳ παραπλήσιος, ἀξιόπιστος ἐδόκει τῷ Διογένει. + τὸν γὰρ θεόν, ἀνθρώπων δὲ<a id="noteref_65" name="noteref_65" href= + "#note_65"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">65</span></span></a> οὐδένα + τῆς φιλοσοφίας ἀρχηγὸν ἐπεποίητο. [C] τί δῆτα τοῦτο, ἐρεῖς, πρὸς + τὴν τοῦ πολύποδος ἐδωδήν; ἐγώ σοι φράσω.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(though, by the + gods, it was not ignoble, if one should explain it according to the + intention of Diogenes. For just as Socrates said of himself that he + embraced the life of cross-examining because he believed that he + could perform his service to the god only by examining in all its + bearings the meaning of the oracle that had been uttered concerning + him, so I think Diogenes also, because he was convinced that + philosophy was ordained by the Pythian oracle, believed that he + ought to test everything by facts and not be influenced by the + opinions of others, which may be true and may be false. Accordingly + Diogenes did not think that every statement of Pythagoras, or any + man like Pythagoras, was necessarily true. For he held that God and + no human being is the founder of philosophy. And pray what, you + will say, has this to do with the eating of octopus? I will tell + you.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τὴν σαρκοφαγίαν + οἱ μὲν ἀνθρώποις ὑπολαμβάνουσι κατὰ φύσιν, οἱ δὲ ἥκιστα τοῦτο + ἐργάζεσθαι <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page034">[pg + 034]</span><a name="Pg034" id="Pg034" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg035" id="Pg035" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> προσήκειν ἀνθρώπῳ διανοοῦνται, καὶ πολὺς ὁ + περὶ τούτου ἀνάλωται<a id="noteref_66" name="noteref_66" href= + "#note_66"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">66</span></span></a> λόγος. + ἐθέλοντι οὖν σοι μὴ ῥᾳθυμεῖν ἑσμοὶ περὶ τοῦ τοιούτου βίβλων + φανήσονται. τούτους Διογένης ἐξελέγχειν ᾤετο δεῖν. διενοήθη γοῦν + οὕτως· εἰ μὲν ἀπραγματεύτως ἐσθίων τις σάρκας, ὥσπερ οἶμαι τῶν + ἄλλων ἕκαστον θηρίων, [D] οἷς τοῦτο ἔνειμεν ἡ φύσις, ἀβλαβῶς αὐτὸ + καὶ ἀνεπαχθῶς, μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ μετὰ τῆς τοῦ σώματος ὠφελείας + ἐργάζοιτο, κατὰ φύσιν εἶναι πάντως τὴν σαρκοφαγίαν ὑπέλαβεν· εἰ δέ + τις ἐντεῦθεν γένοιτο βλάβη, οὐχὶ τοῦτο ἀνθρώπου τὸ ἔργον ἴσως + ἐνόμισεν, ἀλλ᾽ ἀφεκτέον εἶναι κατὰ κράτος αὐτοῦ. εἷς μὲν οὖν ἂν εἴη + τοιοῦτος ὑπὲρ τοῦ πράγματος ἴσως βιαιότερος λόγος, ἕτερος δὲ + οἰκειότερος τῷ Κυνισμῷ, εἰ περὶ τοῦ τέλους αὐτοῦ πρότερον ἔτι + σαφέστερον διέλθοιμι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(To eat meat + some regard as natural to man, while others think that to follow + this practice is not at all appropriate for man, and this question + has been much debated. And if you are willing to make the effort, + you can see with your own eyes swarms of books on the subject. + These Diogenes thought it his duty to refute. At any rate his own + view was as follows. If one can eat meat without taking too much + trouble to prepare it, as can all other animals to whom nature has + assigned this diet, and can do it without harm or discomfort, or + rather with actual benefit to the body, then he thought that eating + meat is entirely in accordance with nature. But if harm came of it, + then he apparently thought that the practice is not appropriate for + man, and that he must abstain from it by all means. Here then you + have a theory on this question, though perhaps it is too + far-fetched: but here is another more akin to Cynicism, only I must + first describe more clearly the end and aim of that + philosophy.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[192] Ἀπάθειαν + γὰρ ποιοῦνται τὸ τέλος· τοῦτο δὲ ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ θεὸν γενέσθαι. + αἰσθανόμενος οὖν ἴσως αὑτοῦ Διογένης ἐν μὲν τοῖς ἄλλοις ἅπασιν + ἀπαθοῦς, ὑπὸ δὲ τῆς τοιαύτης ἐδωδῆς μόνον θραττομένου καὶ + ναυτιῶντος καὶ δόξῃ κενῇ μᾶλλον<a id="noteref_67" name="noteref_67" + href="#note_67"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">67</span></span></a> ἢ λόγῳ + δεδουλωμένου· σάρκες γάρ εἴσιν οὐδὲν ἧττον, κἂν μυριάκις αὐτὰς + ἑψήσῃ, κἂν ὑποτρίμμασι μυρίοις τις αὐτὰς καρυκεύσῃ· καὶ ταύτης + αὑτὸν ἀφελέσθαι καὶ καταστῆσαι παντάπασιν ἐξάντη τῆς δειλίας ᾠήθη + χρῆναι. [B] δειλία γάρ ἐστιν, εὖ ἴσθι, τὸ γοῦν τοιοῦτον. ἐπεὶ πρὸς + τῆς Θεσμοφόρου εἰ σαρκῶν ἡψημένων ἁπτόμεθα, τοῦ χάριν <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page036">[pg 036]</span><a name="Pg036" id="Pg036" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg037" id="Pg037" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> οὐχὶ καὶ ἁπλῶς αὐτὰς προσφερόμεθα, φράσον + ἡμῖν. οὐ γὰρ ἔχεις ἕτερον εἰπεῖν ἢ ὅτι οὕτω νενόμισται καὶ οὕτω + συνειθίσμεθα. οὐ γὰρ δὴ πρὶν μὲν ἑψηθῆναι βδελυρὰ πέφυκεν, ἑψηθέντα + δὲ γέγονεν αὑτῶν ἁγνότερα. [C] τί δῆτα ἐχρῆν πράττειν τόν γε παρὰ + θεοῦ ταχθέντα καθάπερ στρατηγοῦ πᾶν μὲν ἐξελεῖν τὸ νόμισμα, λόγῳ δὲ + καὶ ἀληθείᾳ κρῖναι τὰ πράγματα; περιιδεῖν αὑτὸν ὑπὸ ταύτης τῆς + δόξης ἐνοχλούμενον, ὡς νομίζειν ὅτι κρέας μέν ἐστιν ἑψηθὲν ἁγνὸν + καὶ ἐδώδιμον, μὴ κατεργασθὲν δὲ ὑπὸ τοῦ πυρὸς μυσαρόν πως<a id= + "noteref_68" name="noteref_68" href="#note_68"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">68</span></span></a> καὶ + βδελυρόν; οὕτως εἶ μνήμων; οὕτως εἶ σπουδαῖος; ὃς τοσοῦτον + ὀνειδίζων τῷ κενοδόξῳ, κατὰ σὲ φάναι, [D] Διογένει, κατ᾽ ἐμὲ δὲ τῷ + σπουδαιοτάτῳ θεράποντι καὶ ὑπηρέτῃ τοῦ Πυθίου, τὴν τοῦ πολύποδος + ἐδωδὴν κατεδήδοκας μυρίους ταρίχους.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Freedom from + emotion they regard as the end and aim; and this is equivalent to + becoming a god. Now perhaps Diogenes observed that in the case of + all other foods he himself had no particular sensations, and that + only raw meat gave him indigestion and nausea, and took this for a + proof that he was enslaved to vain opinion rather than reason; for + flesh is none the less flesh, even though you cook it any number of + times or season it with any number of sauces. This, I say, was why + he thought he ought to rid and free himself altogether of this + cowardice; for you may be sure that this sort of thing is + cowardice. And in the name of the Law-Giving goddess,<a id= + "noteref_69" name="noteref_69" href="#note_69"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">69</span></span></a> tell + me why if we used cooked meats we do not eat them in their natural + state also? You can give me no other answer than that this has + become a custom and a habit with us. For surely we cannot say that + before meat is cooked it is disgusting and that by being cooked it + becomes purer than it was by nature. What then was it right for him + to do who had been appointed by God like a general in command to do + away with the common currency and to judge all questions by the + criterion of reason and truth? Ought he to have shut his eyes and + been so far fettered by this general opinion as to believe that + flesh by being cooked becomes pure and fit for food, but that when + it has not been acted upon by fire it is somehow abominable and + loathsome? Is this the sort of memory you have? Is this your zeal + for truth? For though you so severely criticised Diogenes the + vain-glorious, as you call him—though I call him the most zealous + servant and vassal of the Pythian god—for eating octopus, you + yourself have devoured endless pickled food,)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἰχθῦς ὄρνιθάς τε φίλας θ᾽ ὅτι + χεῖρας ἵκοιτο,</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Fish and + birds and whatever else might come to hand.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_70" name= + "noteref_70" href="#note_70"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">70</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Αἰγύπτιός γε ὤν, + οὐ τῶν ἱερέων, ἀλλὰ τῶν παμφάγων, οἷς πάντα ἐσθίειν νόμος ὡς λάχανα + χόρτου· γνωρίζεις οἶμαι [193] τῶν Γαλιλαίων τὰ ῥήματα. μικροῦ με + παρῆλθεν εἰπεῖν, ὅτι καὶ πάντες ἄνθρωποι πλησίον οἰκοῦντες + θαλάττης, ἤδη δέ τινες καὶ τῶν πόρρω, οὐδὲ θερμήναντες + καταρροφοῦσιν ἐχίνους, ὄστρεα καὶ πάντα ἁπλῶς τὰ τοιαῦτα· εἶτα + ἐκείνους μὲν ὑπολαμβάνεις ζηλωτούς, ἄθλιον δὲ καὶ βδελυρὸν ἡλῇ + Διογένη, καὶ οὐκ ἐννοεῖς, ὡς οὐδὲν μᾶλλον ταῦτα ἐκείνων ἐστὶ + σαρκία· πλὴν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page038">[pg + 038]</span><a name="Pg038" id="Pg038" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg039" id="Pg039" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἴσως ταῦτα ἐκείνων διαφέρει τῷ τὰ μὲν εἶναι + μαλθακά, τὰ δὲ σκληρότερα. ἄναιμος γοῦν ἐστι καὶ πολύπους [B] ὥσπερ + ἐκεῖνα, ἔμψυχα δέ ἐστι καὶ τὰ ὀστρακόδερμα καθάπερ καὶ οὗτος· + ἥδεται γοῦν καὶ λυπεῖται, ὃ τῶν ἐμψύχων μάλιστά ἐστιν ἴδιον. + ἐνοχλείτω δὲ μηδὲν ἡμᾶς ἡ Πλατωνικὴ τανῦν δόξα ἔμψυχα ὑπολαμβάνουσα + καὶ τὰ φυτά. ἀλλ᾽ ὅτι μὲν οὔτι ἄλογον<a id="noteref_71" name= + "noteref_71" href="#note_71"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">71</span></span></a> οὐδὲ + παράνομον οὐδὲ ἀσύνηθες ὑμῖν ὁ γενναῖος εἰργάσατο Διογένης, εἰ μὴ + τῷ σκληροτέρῳ καὶ μαλακωτέρῳ, ἡδονῇ τε λαιμοῦ καὶ ἀηδίᾳ τὰ τοιαῦτά + τις ἐξετάζοι, πρόδηλον οἶμαι τοῖς ὁπωσοῦν ἕπεσθαι λόγῳ δυναμένοις. + οὐκ ἄρα τὴν ὠμοφαγίαν βδελύττεσθε οἱ τὰ παραπλήσια δρῶντες, [C] οὐκ + ἐπὶ τῶν ἀναίμων μόνον ζῴων, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν αἷμα ἐχόντων. καὶ + τούτῳ δὲ ἴσως διαφέρεσθε πρὸς ἐκεῖνον, ὅτι ὁ μὲν ἁπλῶς ταῦτα καὶ + κατὰ φύσιν ᾠήθη χρῆναι προσφέρεσθαι, ἁλσὶ δὲ ὑμεῖς καὶ πολλοῖς + ἄλλοις ἀρτύσαντες ἡδονῆς ἕνεκα, τὴν φύσιν ὅπως βιάσησθε. καὶ δὴ + τοῦτο μὲν ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον ἀπόχρη.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(For you are an + Egyptian, though not of the priestly caste, but of the omnivorous + type whose habit it is to eat everything <span class= + "tei tei-q">“even as the green herb.”</span><a id="noteref_72" + name="noteref_72" href="#note_72"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">72</span></span></a> You + recognise, I suppose, the words of the Galilaeans. I almost omitted + to say that all men who live near the sea, and even some who live + at a distance from it, swallow down sea-urchins, oysters and in + general everything of the kind without even heating them. And then + you think they are enviable, whereas you regard Diogenes as + contemptible and disgusting, and you do not perceive that those + shell-fish are flesh just as much as what he ate? Except perhaps + that differ in so far as the octopus is soft and shell-fish are + harder. At any rate the octopus is bloodless, like hard-shelled + fish, but the latter too are animate things like the octopus. At + least they feel pleasure and pain, which is the peculiar + characteristic of animate things. And here we must not be put out + by Plato's theory<a id="noteref_73" name="noteref_73" href= + "#note_73"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">73</span></span></a> that + plants also are animated by soul. But it is now, I think, evident + to those who are in any way able to follow an argument, that what + the excellent Diogenes did was not out of the way or irregular or + contrary to our habits, that is if we do not in such cases apply + the criterion of hardness and softness, but judge rather by the + pleasure or distaste of the palate. And so it is not after all the + eating of raw food that disgusts you, since you do the like, not + only in the case of bloodless animals but also of those that have + blood. But perhaps there is also this difference between you and + Diogenes, that he thought he ought to eat such food just as it was + and in the natural state, whereas you think you must first prepare + it with salt and many other things to make it agreeable and so do + violence to nature. I have now said enough on this subject.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[D] Τῆς Κυνικῆς + δὲ φιλοσοφίας σκοπὸς μέν ἐστι καὶ τέλος, ὥσπερ δὴ καὶ πάσης + φιλοσοφίας, τὸ εὐδαιμονεῖν, τὸ δὲ εὐδαιμονεῖν ἐν τῷ ζῆν κατὰ φύσιν, + ἀλλὰ μὴ πρὸς τὰς τῶν πολλῶν δόξας. ἐπεὶ καὶ τοῖς φυτοῖς εὖ πράττειν + συμβαίνει καὶ μέντοι καὶ ζῴοις πᾶσιν, ὅταν τοῦ κατὰ φύσιν ἕκαστον + ἀνεμποδίστως τυγχάνῃ τέλους· ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν τοῖς θεοῖς τοῦτό ἐστιν + εὐδαιμονίας ὅρος, τὸ ἔχειν αὐτοὺς ὥσπερ πεφύκασι καὶ ἑαυτῶν εἶναι. + [194] οὐκοῦν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page040">[pg + 040]</span><a name="Pg040" id="Pg040" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg041" id="Pg041" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ τοῖς ἀνθρώποις οὐχ ἑτέρωθί που τὴν + εὐδαιμονίαν ἀποκεκρυμμένην προσήκει πολυπραγμονεῖν· οὐδὲ ἀετὸς οὐδὲ + πλάτανος οὐδὲ ἄλλο τι τῶν ὄντων ζῴων ἢ φυτῶν χρυσᾶ περιεργάζεται + πτερὰ καὶ φύλλα, οὐδὲ ὅπως ἀργυροῦς ἕξει τοὺς βλαστοὺς ἢ τὰ πλῆκτρα + καὶ κέντρα σιδηρᾶ, μᾶλλον δὲ ἀδαμάντινα, ἀλλ᾽ οἷς αὐτὰ ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἡ + φύσις ἐκόσμησε, ταῦτα εἰ ῥωμαλέα καὶ πρὸς τάχος αὐτοῖς ἢ πρὸς ἀλκὴν + ὑπουργοῦντα προσγένοιτο, μάλιστα ἂν εὖ πράττειν [B] νομίζοι καὶ + εὐθηνεῖσθαι. πῶς οὖν οὐ γελοῖον, εἴ τις ἄνθρωπος γεγονὼς ἔξω που + τὴν εὐδαιμονίαν περιεργάσαιτο, πλοῦτον καὶ γένος καὶ φίλων δύναμιν + καὶ πάντα ἁπλῶς τὰ τοιαῦτα τοῦ παντὸς ἄξια νομίζων; εἰ μὲν οὖν ἡμῖν + ἡ φύσις ὥσπερ τοῖς ζῴοις αὐτὸ τοῦτο ἀπέδωκε μόνον, τὸ σώματα καὶ + ψυχὰς ἔχειν ἐκείνοις παραπλησίας, ὥστε μηδὲν πλέον πολυπραγμονεῖν, + ἤρκει λοιπόν, [C] ὥσπερ τὰ λοιπὰ ζῷα, τοῖς σωματικοῖς ἀρκεῖσθαι + πλεονεκτήμασιν, ἐνταῦθά που τὸ εὐδαιμονεῖν πολυπραγμονοῦσιν. ἐπεὶ + δὲ ἡμῖν οὐδέν τι παραπλησία ψυχὴ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἐνέσπαρται ζῴοις, ἀλλ᾽ + εἴτε κατ᾽ οὐσίαν διαφέρουσα εἴτε οὐσίᾳ μὲν ἀδιάφορος, ἐνεργείᾳ δὲ + μόνῃ κρείττων, ὥσπερ οἶμαι τὸ καθαρὸν ἤδη χρυσίον τοῦ συμπεφυρμένου + τῇ ψάμμῳ· λέγεται γὰρ καὶ οὗτος ὁ λόγος περὶ τῆς ψυχῆς ὡς ἀληθὴς + ὑπό τινων· [D] ἡμεῖς δὴ οὖν ἐπειδὴ σύνισμεν αὑτοῖς οὖσι τῶν ζῴων + ξυνετωτέροις· κατὰ γὰρ τὸν Πρωταγόρου μῦθον ἐκείνοις μὲν ἡ φύσις + ὥσπερ μήτηρ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page042">[pg + 042]</span><a name="Pg042" id="Pg042" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg043" id="Pg043" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἄγαν φιλοτίμως καὶ μεγαλοδώρως προσηνέχθη, + ἡμῖν δὲ ἀντὶ πάντων ἐκ Διὸς ὁ νοῦς ἐδόθη· τὴν εὐδαιμονίαν ἐνταῦθα + θετέον, ἐν τῷ κρατίστῳ καὶ σπουδαιοτάτῳ τῶν ἐν ἡμῖν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now the end and + aim of the Cynic philosophy, as indeed of every philosophy, is + happiness, but happiness that consists in living according to + nature and not according to the opinions of the multitude. For + plants too are considered to do well, and indeed all animals also, + when without hindrance each attains the end designed for it by + nature. Nay, even among the gods this is the definition of + happiness, that their state should be according to their nature, + and that they should be independent. And so too in the case of + human beings we must not be busy about happiness as if it were + hidden away outside ourselves. Neither the eagle nor the plane tree + nor anything else that has life, whether plant or animal, vainly + troubles itself about wings or leaves of gold or that its shoots + may be of silver or its stings and spurs of iron, or rather of + adamant; but where nature in the beginning has adorned them with + such things, they consider that, if only they are strong and + serviceable for speed or defence, they themselves are fortunate and + well provided. Then is it not absurd when a human being tries to + find happiness somewhere outside himself, and thinks that wealth + and birth and the influence of friends, and generally speaking + everything of that sort is of the utmost importance? If however + nature had bestowed on us only what she has bestowed on other + animals, I mean the possession of bodies and souls like theirs, so + that we need concern ourselves with nothing beyond, then it would + suffice for us, as for all other animals, to content ourselves with + physical advantages, and to pursue happiness within this field. But + in us has been implanted a soul that in no way resembles other + animals; and whether it be different in essence, or not different + in essence but superior in its activity only, just as, I suppose, + pure gold is superior to gold alloyed with sand,—for some people + hold this theory to be true of the soul,—at any rate we surely know + that we are more intelligent than other animals. For according to + the myth in the Protagoras,<a id="noteref_74" name="noteref_74" + href="#note_74"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">74</span></span></a> nature + dealt with them very generously and bountifully, like a mother, but + to compensate for all this, mind was bestowed on us by Zeus. + Therefore in our minds, in the best and noblest part of us, we must + say that happiness resides.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Σκόπει δή, + ταύτης εἰ μὴ μάλιστα τῆς προαιρέσεως ἦν Διογένης, ὃς τὸ μὲν σῶμα + τοῖς πόνοις ἀνέδην παρεῖχεν, ἵνα αὐτὸ τῆς φύσεως ῥωμαλεώτερον + καταστήσῃ πράττειν [195] δὲ ἠξίου μόνον ὁπόσα ἂν φανῇ τῷ λόγῳ + πρακτέα, τοὺς δὲ ἐκ τοῦ σώματος ἐμπίπτοντας τῇ ψυχῇ θορύβους, οἷα + πολλάκις ἡμᾶς ἀναγκάζει τουτὶ τὸ περικείμενον αὐτοῦ χάριν + πολυπραγμονεῖν, οὐδὲ ἐν μέρει προσίετο. ὑπὸ δὲ ταύτης τῆς ἀσκήσεως + ὁ ἀνὴρ οὕτω μὲν ἔσχεν ἀνδρεῖον τὸ σῶμα ὡς οὐδεὶς οἶμαι τῶν τοὺς [B] + στεφανίτας ἀγωνισαμένων, οὕτω δὲ διετέθη τὴν ψυχήν, ὥστε + εὐδαιμονεῖν, ὥστε βασιλεύειν οὐδὲν ἔλαττον, εἰ μὴ καὶ πλέον, ὡς οἱ + τότε εἰώθεσαν λέγειν Ἕλληνες, τοῦ μεγάλου βασιλέως, τὸν Πέρσην + λέγοντες. ἆρά σοι μικρὰ φαίνεται ἀνὴρ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now consider + whether Diogenes did not above all other men profess this belief, + since he freely exposed his body to hardships so that he might make + it stronger than it was by nature. He allowed himself to act only + as the light of reason shows us that we ought to act; and the + perturbations that attack the soul and are derived from the body, + to which this envelope of ours often constrains us for its sake to + pay too much attention, he did not take into account at all. Thus + by means of this discipline the man made his body more vigorous, I + believe, than that of any who have contended for the prize of a + crown in the games: and his soul was so disposed that he was happy + and a king no less if not even more than the Great King, as the + Greeks used to call him in those days, by which they meant the king + of Persia. Then does he seem to you of no importance, this man who + was)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἄπολις, ἄοικος, πατρίδος + ἐστερημένος,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">οὐκ ὀβολόν, οὐ δραχμήν, + ἔχων</span><a id="noteref_75" name="noteref_75" href= + "#note_75"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">75</span></span></a> + <span style="font-size: 90%">οὐδ᾽ οἰκέτην,</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">cityless, + homeless, a man without a country, owning not an obol, not a + drachma, not a single slave,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_76" name= + "noteref_76" href="#note_76"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">76</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ μᾶζαν, + ἧς Ἐπίκουρος εὐπορῶν οὐδὲ τῶν θεῶν φησιν εἰς εὐδαιμονίας λόγον + ἐλαττοῦσθαι, πρὸς μὲν τοὺς θεοὺς οὐκ ἐρίζων, [C] τοῦ δοκοῦντος δὲ + τοῖς ἀνθρώποις εὐδαιμονεστάτου εὐδαιμονέστερον ζῶν καὶ ἔλεγε ζῆν + εὐδαιμονέστερον. εἰ δὲ ἀπιστεῖς, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page044">[pg 044]</span><a name="Pg044" id="Pg044" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg045" id="Pg045" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἔργῳ πειραθεὶς ἐκείνου τοῦ βίου καὶ οὐ τῷ + λόγῳ αἰσθήσῃ.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(nay, not even a + loaf of bread—and Epicurus says that if he have bread enough and to + spare he is not inferior to the gods on the score of happiness. Not + that Diogenes tried to rival the gods, but he lived more happily + than one who is counted the happiest of men, and he used actually + to assert that he lived more happily than such a man. And if you do + not believe me, try his mode of life in deed and not in word, and + you will perceive the truth.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Φέρε δὴ πρῶτον + αὐτὸν διὰ τῶν λόγων ἐλέγξωμεν. ἆρά σοι δοκεῖ τῶν πάντων ἀγαθῶν + ἀνθρώποις ἡγεῖσθαι, τούτων δὴ τῶν πολυθρυλήτων, ἐλευθερίαν· [D] πῶς + γὰρ οὐ φήσεις· ἐπεὶ καὶ τὰ χρήματα καὶ πλοῦτος καὶ γένος καὶ + σώματος ἰσχὺς καὶ κάλλος καὶ πάντα ἁπλῶς τὰ τοιαῦτα δίχα τῆς + ἐλευθερίας οὐ τοῦ δοκοῦντος ηὐτυχηκέναι, τοῦ κτησαμένου δὲ αὐτόν + ἐστιν ἀγαθά; τίνα οὖν ὑπολαμβάνομεν τὸν δοῦλον; ἇρα μή ποτε + ἐκεῖνον, ὃν ἂν πριώμεθα δραχμῶν ἀργυρίου τόσων ἢ μναῖν δυοῖν ἢ + χρυσίου στατήρων δέκα; ἐρεῖς δήπουθεν τοῦτον εἶναι ἀληθῶς δοῦλον. + ἆρα δι᾽ αὐτὸ τοῦτο, ὅτι τὸ ἀργύριον ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ τῷ πωλοῦντι + καταβεβλήκαμεν; οὕτω μεντἂν [196] εἶεν οἰκέται καὶ ὁπέσους τῶν + αἰχμαλώτων λυτρούμεθα. καίτοι καὶ οἱ νόμοι τούτοις ἀποδεδώκασι τὴν + ἐλευθερίαν σωθεῖσιν οἴκαδε, καὶ ἡμεῖς αὐτοὺς ἀπολυτρούμεθα, οὐχ ἵνα + δουλεύσωσιν, ἀλλ᾽ ἵνα ὦσιν ἐλεύθεροι. ὁρᾷς ὡς οὐχ ἱκανόν ἐστιν + ἀργύριον καταβαλεῖν ἐς τὸ ἀποφῆναι τὸν λυτρωθέντα δοῦλον, ἀλλ᾽ + ἐκεῖνός ἐστιν ὡς ἀληθῶς δοῦλος, οὗ κύριός ἐστιν ἕτερος + προσαναγκάσαι πράττειν ὅ,τι ἂν κελεύῃ, καὶ μὴ βουλόμενον κόλασαι + καί, τὸ λεγόμενον ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ,</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Come, let us + first test it by reasoning. You think, do you not, that for mankind + freedom is the beginning of all good things,<a id="noteref_77" + name="noteref_77" href="#note_77"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">77</span></span></a> I mean + of course what people are always calling good? How can you deny it? + For property, money, birth, physical strength, beauty and in a word + everything of the sort when divorced from freedom are surely + blessings that belong, not to him who merely seems to enjoy them, + but to him who is that man's master? Whom then are we to regard as + a slave? Shall it be him whom we buy for so many silver drachmas, + for two minae or for ten staters<a id="noteref_78" name= + "noteref_78" href="#note_78"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">78</span></span></a> of + gold? Probably you will say that such a man is truly a slave. And + why? Is it because we have paid down money for him to the seller? + But in that case the prisoners of war whom we ransom would be + slaves. And yet the law on the one hand grants these their freedom + when they have come safe home, and we on the other hand ransom them + not that they may become slaves, but that they may be free. Do you + see then that in order to make a ransomed man a slave it is not + enough to pay down a sum of money, but that man is truly a slave + over whom another man has power to compel him to do whatever he + orders, and if he refuse, to punish him and in the words of the + poet)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">κακαῖς ὀδύνῃσι πελάζειν;</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">to inflict + grievous pains upon him</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">?</span><a id="noteref_79" name="noteref_79" + href="#note_79"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">79</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ὅρα δὴ τὸ μετὰ + τοῦτο, [B] εἰ μὴ κύριοι πάντες ἡμῶν εἰσιν, οὓς ἀναγκαῖον ἡμῖν + θεραπεύειν, ἵνα μηδὲν ἀλγῶμεν μηδὲ λυπώμεθα κολαζόμενοι παρ᾽ αὐτῶν. + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page046">[pg 046]</span><a name= + "Pg046" id="Pg046" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg047" id= + "Pg047" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ἢ τοῦτο οἴει κόλασιν μόνον, εἴ + τις ἐπανατεινόμενος τὴν βακτηρίαν καθίκοιτο τοῦ οἰκέτου; καίτοι γε + τοιοῦτον οὐδὲ οἱ τραχύτατοι τῶν δεσποτῶν ἐπὶ πάντων ποιοῦσι τῶν + οἰκετῶν, ἀλλὰ καὶ λόγος ἀρκεῖ πολλάκις καὶ ἀπειλή. [C] μήποτε οὖν, + ὦ φίλε, νομίσῃς εἶναι ἐλεύθερος, ἄχρις οὗ γαστὴρ ἄρχει σου καὶ τὰ + ἔνερθεν γαστρὸς οἵ τε τοῦ παρασχεῖν τὰ πρὸς ἡδονὴν καὶ ταῦτὰ<a id= + "noteref_80" name="noteref_80" href="#note_80"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">80</span></span></a> + ἀποκωλῦσαι κύριοι, καὶ εἰ τούυτων δὲ γένοιο κρείττων, ἕως ἂν + δουλεύῃς ταῖς τῶν πολλῶν δόξαις, οὔπω τῆς ἐλευθερίας ἔθιγες οὐδὲ + ἐγεύσω τοῦ νέκταρος,</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Then consider + next whether we have not as many masters as there are persons whom + we are obliged to conciliate in order not to suffer pain or + annoyance from being punished by them? Or do you think that the + only sort of punishment is when a man lifts up his stick against a + slave and strikes him? Yet not even the harshest masters do this in + the case of all their slaves, but a word or a threat is often + enough. Then never think, my friend, that you are free while your + belly rules you and the part below the belly, since you will then + have masters who can either furnish you the means of pleasure or + deprive you of them; and even though you should prove yourself + superior to these, so long as you are a slave to the opinions of + the many you have not yet approached freedom or tasted its + nectar,)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Οὐ μὰ τὸν ἐν στέρνοισιν ἐμοῖς + παραδόντα τετρακτύν.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">I swear by + him who set in my breast the mystery of the + Four!</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id= + "noteref_81" name="noteref_81" href="#note_81"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">81</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">καὶ οὐ τοῦτό + φημι, [D] ὡς ἀπερυθριᾶσαι χρὴ πρὸς πάντας καὶ πράττειν. τὰ μὴ + πρακτέα· ἀλλ᾽ ὧν ἀπεχόμεθα καὶ ὅσα πράττομεν, μὴ διὰ τὸ τοῖς + πολλοῖς δοκεῖν σπουδαῖα πως<a id="noteref_82" name="noteref_82" + href="#note_82"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">82</span></span></a> ἢ + φαῦλα, διὰ τοῦτο πράττωμεν καὶ ἀπεχώμεθα, ἀλλ᾽ ὅτι τῷ λόγῳ καὶ τῷ + ἐν ἡμῖν θεῷ, τοῦτ᾽ ἐστὶ τῷ νῷ, ταῦτά ἐστιν ἀπόρρητα. τοὺς μὲν οὖν + πολλοὺς οὐδὲν κωλύει ταῖς κοιναῖς ἕπεσθαι δόξαις· ἄμεινον γὰρ τοῦτο + τοῦ παντάπασιν ἀπερυθριᾶν· [197] ἔχουσι γὰρ ἅνθρωποι φύσει πρὸς + ἀλήθειαν οἰκείως· ἀνδρὶ δὲ ἤδη κατὰ νοῦν ζῶντι καὶ τοὺς ὀρθοὺς + εὑρεῖν τε δυναμένῳ καὶ κρῖναι λόγους προσήκει τὸ παράπαν οὐδὲν + ἕπεσθαι τοῖς νομιζομένοις ὑπὸ τῶν πολλῶν εὗ τε καὶ χεῖρον + πράττεσθαι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But I do not + mean by this that we ought to be shameless before all men and to do + what we ought not; but all that we refrain from and all that we do + let us not do or refrain from, merely because it seems to the + multitude somehow honourable or base, but because it is forbidden + by reason and the god within us, that is, the mind.<a id= + "noteref_83" name="noteref_83" href="#note_83"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">83</span></span></a> As for + the multitude there is no reason why they should not follow common + opinions, for that is better than that they should be altogether + shameless, and indeed mankind is predisposed to the truth by + nature. But a man who has attained to a life in accordance with + intelligence and is able to discover and estimate right reasons, + ought on no account whatever to follow the views held by the many + about good and bad conduct.)</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page048">[pg 048]</span><a name="Pg048" id="Pg048" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg049" id="Pg049" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Οὐκοῦν ἐπειδὴ τὸ + μέν ἐστι τῆς ψυχῆς ἡμῶν θειότερον, ὃ δὴ νοῦν καὶ φρόνησίν φαμεν καὶ + λόγον τὸν σιγώμενον, οὗ κήρυξ ἐστὶν ὁ διὰ τῆς φωνῆς οὑτοσὶ λόγος + προïὼν ἐξ ὀνομάτων καὶ ῥημάτων, ἕτερον δέ τι τούτῳ συνέζευκται + ποικίλον καὶ παντοδαπόν, [B] ὀργῇ καὶ ἐπιθυμίᾳ ξυμμιγές τι καὶ + πολυκέφαλον θηρίον, οὐ πρότερον χρὴ πρὸς τὰς δόξας τῶν πολλῶν + ἀτενῶς ὁρᾶν καὶ ἀδιατρέπτως, πρὶν ἂν τοῦτο δαμάσωμεν τὸ θηρίον καὶ + πείσωμεν ὑπακοῦσαι τῷ παρ᾽ ἡμῖν θεῷ, μᾶλλον δὲ θείῳ. τοῦτο γὰρ + πολλοὶ τοῦ Διογένους ζηλωταὶ ἐάσαντες<a id="noteref_84" name= + "noteref_84" href="#note_84"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">84</span></span></a> + ἐγένοντο παντορέκται καὶ μιαροὶ καὶ τῶν θηρίων οὐδὲ ἑνὸς κρείττους, + ὅτι δὲ οὐκ ἐμὸς ὁ λόγος ἐστί, [C] πρῶτον ἔργον ἐρῶ σοι Διογένους, + ἐφ᾽ ᾧ γελάσονται μὲν οἱ πολλοί, ἐμοὶ δὲ εἶναι δοκεῖ σεμνότατον. + ἐπειδὴ γάρ τις τῶν νέων ἐν ὄχλῳ, παρόντος καὶ τοῦ Διογόνους, + ἀπέπαρδεν, ἐπάταξεν ἐκεῖνος τῇ βακτηρίᾳ φάς· εἶτα, ὦ κάθαρμα, μηδὲν + ἄξιον τοῦ δημοσίᾳ τὰ τοιταῦτα θαρσεῖν πράξας ἐντεῦθεν ἡμῖν ἄρχῃ + δόξης καταφρονεῖν; οὕτως ᾤετο χρῆναι πρότερον ἡδονῆς καὶ θυμοῦ + κρείττονα γενέσθαι, πρὶν<a id="noteref_85" name="noteref_85" href= + "#note_85"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">85</span></span></a> ἐπὶ τὸ + τελειότατον ἐλθεῖν τῶν παλαισμάτων, [D] ἀποδυσάμενον πρὸς τὰς τῶν + πολλῶν δόξας αἳ μυρίων κακῶν αἴτιαι γίνονται τοῖς πολλοῖς.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Since therefore + one part of our souls is more divine, which we call mind and + intelligence and silent reason, whose herald is this speech of ours + made up of words and phrases and uttered through the voice; and + since there is yoked therewith another part of the soul which is + changeful and multiform, something composite of anger and appetite, + a many-headed monster, we ought not to look steadily and + unswervingly at the opinions of the multitude until we have tamed + this wild beast and persuaded it to obey the god within us, or + rather the divine part. For this it is that many disciples of + Diogenes have ignored, and hence have become rapacious and depraved + and no better than any one of the brute beasts. And to prove that + this is not my own theory,<a id="noteref_86" name="noteref_86" + href="#note_86"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">86</span></span></a> first + I will relate to you something that Diogenes did, which the many + will ridicule but to me it seems most dignified. Once when, in a + crowd of people among whom was Diogenes, a certain youth made an + unseemly noise, Diogenes struck him with his staff and said + <span class="tei tei-q">“And so, vile wretch, though you have done + nothing that would give you the right to take such liberties in + public, you are beginning here and before us to show your scorn of + opinion?”</span> So convinced was he that a man ought to subdue + pleasure and passion before he proceeds to the final encounter of + all<a id="noteref_87" name="noteref_87" href= + "#note_87"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">87</span></span></a> and + strips to wrestle with those opinions which to the multitude are + the cause of evils innumerable.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Οὐκ οἶσθα ὅπως + τοὺς μὲν νέους τῆς φιλοσοφίας ἀπάγουσιν, ἄλλα ἐπ᾽ ἄλλοις τῶν + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page050">[pg 050]</span><a name= + "Pg050" id="Pg050" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg051" id= + "Pg051" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> φιλοσόφων θρυλοῦντες; οἱ + Πυθαγόρου καὶ Πλάτωνος καὶ Ἀριστοτέλους χορευταὶ γνήσιοι γόητες + εἶναι λέγονται καὶ σοφισταὶ καὶ τετυφωμένοι καὶ φαρμακεῖς. [198] + τῶν Κυνικῶν εἴ που τις γέγονε σπουδαῖος, ἐλεεινὸς δοκεῖ· μέμνημαι + γοῦν ἐγώ ποτε τροφέως εἰπόντος πρός με, ἐπειδὴ τὸν ἑταῖρον εἶδεν + Ἰφικλέα αὐχμηρὰν ἔχοντα τὴν κόμην καὶ κατερρωγότα τὰ στέρνα ἱμάτιόν + τε παντάπασι φαῦλον ἐν δεινῷ χειμῶνι· τίς ἄρα δαίμων τοῦτον εἰς + ταύτην περιέτρεψε τὴν συμφοράν, ὑφ᾽ ἧς αὐτὸς μὲν ἐλεεινός, + ἐλεεινότεροι δὲ οἱ πατέρες αὐτοῦ, θρέψαντες σὺν ἐπιμελείᾳ καὶ + παιδεύσαντες ὡς ἐνεδέχετο σπουδαίως, [B] ὁ δὲ οὕτω νῦν περιέρχεται, + πάντα ἀφείς, οὐδὲν τῶν προσαιτούντων κρείττων; ἐκείνου μὲν οὖν ἐγὼ + οὐκ οἶδ᾽ ὅπως τότε κατειρωνευσάμην· εὖ μέντοι γε ἴσθι ταῦτα + καὶ<a id="noteref_88" name="noteref_88" href= + "#note_88"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">88</span></span></a> ὑπὲρ + τῶν ἀληθῶς κυνῶν τοὺς πολλοὺς διανοουμένους. καὶ οὐ τοῦτο δεινόν + ἐστιν, ἀλλ᾽ ὁρᾷς ὅτι καὶ πλοῦτον ἀγαπᾶν πείθουσι καὶ πενίαν μισεῖν + καὶ τὴν γαστέρα θεραπεύειν καὶ τοῦ σώματος ἕνεκα πάντα ὑπομένειν + πόνον καὶ πιαίνειν τὸν τῆς ψυχῆς δεσμὸν καὶ τράπεζαν παρατίθεσθαι + πολυτελῆ [C] καὶ μηδέποτε νύκτωρ καθεύδειν μόνον, ἀλλὰ τὰ τοιαῦτα + πάντα δρᾶν ἐν τῷ σκότῳ λανθάνοντα; τοῦτο οὐκ ἔστι τοῦ Ταρτάρου + χεῖρον; οὐ βέλτιόν ἐστιν ὑπὸ τὴν Χάρυβδιν καὶ τὸν Κωκυτὸν καὶ + μυρίας ὀργυιὰς κατὰ γῆς δῦναι, ἢ πεσεῖν εἰς τοιοῦτον βίον αἰδοίοις + καὶ γαστρὶ δουλεύοντα, καὶ οὐδὲ τούτοις ἁπλῶς ὥσπερ τὰ θηρία, + πράγματα δὲ ἔχειν, ὡς ἂν καὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page052">[pg 052]</span><a name="Pg052" id="Pg052" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg053" id="Pg053" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> λάθοιμεν ὑπὸ τῷ σκότῳ ταῦτα ἐξεργαζόμενοι; + καίτοι πόσῳ [D] κρεῖττον ἀπέχεσθαι παντάπασιν αὐτῶν; εἰ δὲ μὴ + ῥᾴδιον, οἱ Διογένους νόμοι καὶ Κράτητος ὑπὲρ τούτων οὐκ ἀτιμαστέοι· + ἔρωτα λύει λιμός, ἂν δὲ τούτῳ χρῆσθαι μὴ δύνῃ,<a id="noteref_89" + name="noteref_89" href="#note_89"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">89</span></span></a> + βρόχος. οὐκ οἶσθα, ὅτι ταῦτα ἔπραξαν ἐκεῖνοι τῷ βίῳ διδόντες ὁδὸν + εὐτελείας; οὐ γὰρ ἐκ τῶν μαζοφάγων, φησὶν ὁ Διογένης, [199] οἱ + τύραννοι, ἀλλ᾽ ἐκ τῶν δειπνούντων πολυτελῶς. καὶ ὁ Κράτης μέντοι + πεποίηκεν ὕμνον εἰς τὴν Εὐτέλειαν·</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Do you not know + how people lure away the young from philosophy by continually + uttering now one slander and then another against all the + philosophers in turn? The genuine disciples of Pythagoras and Plato + and Aristotle are called sorcerers and sophists and conceited and + quacks. If here and there among the Cynics one is really virtuous + he is regarded with pity. For instance I remember that once my + tutor said to me when he saw my fellow-pupil Iphicles with his hair + unkempt and his clothes in tatters on his chest and wearing a + wretched cloak in severe winter weather: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“What evil genius can have plunged him into this sad + state which makes not only him pitiable but even more so his + parents who reared him with care and gave him the best education + they could! And now he goes about in this condition, neglecting + everything and no better than a beggar!”</span> At the time I + answered him with some pleasantry or other. But I assure you that + the multitude hold these views about genuine Cynics also. And that + is not so dreadful, but do you see that they persuade them to love + wealth, to hate poverty, to minister to the belly, to endure any + toil for the body's sake, to fatten that prison of the soul, to + keep up an expensive table, never to sleep alone at night,<a id= + "noteref_90" name="noteref_90" href="#note_90"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">90</span></span></a> + provided only that they do all this in the dark and are not found + out? Is not this worse than Tartarus? Is it not better to sink + beneath Charybdis and Cocytus or ten thousand fathoms deep in the + earth<a id="noteref_91" name="noteref_91" href= + "#note_91"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">91</span></span></a> than + to fall into a life like this, enslaved to lust and appetite, and + not even to these simply and openly, like the beasts, but to take + pains so that when we act thus we may be hidden under cover of + darkness? And yet much better is it to refrain altogether from all + this! And if that be difficult the rules of Diogenes and Crates on + these matters are not to be despised: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Fasting quenches desire, and if you cannot fast, hang + yourself.”</span><a id="noteref_92" name="noteref_92" href= + "#note_92"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">92</span></span></a> Do you + not know that those great men lived as they did in order to + introduce among men the way of plain living? "For," says Diogenes, + <span class="tei tei-q">“it is not among men who live on bread that + you will find tyrants, but among those who eat costly + dinners.”</span> Moreover Crates wrote a hymn to Plain Living:)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Χαῖρε, θεὰ δέσποινα, σοφῶν + ἀνδρῶν ἀγάπημα,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Εὐτελίη, κλεινῆς ἔγγονε + Σωφροσύνης.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Hail, + goddess and Queen, darling of wise men, Plain Living, child of + glorious Temperance.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_93" name= + "noteref_93" href="#note_93"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">93</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ἔστω δὴ μὴ κατὰ + τὸν Οἰνόμαον ὁ κύων ἀναιδὴς μηδὲ ἀναίσχυντος μηδὲ ὑπερόπτης πάντων + ὁμοῦ θείων τε καὶ ἀνθρωπίνων, ἀλλὰ εὐλαβὴς μὲν τὰ πρὸς τὸ θεῖον, + ὥσπερ Διογένης· [B] ἐπείσθη γοῦν ἐκεῖνος τῷ Πυθίῳ, καὶ οὐ + μετεμέλησεν αὐτῷ πεισθέντι· εἰ δὲ, ὅτι μὴ προσῄει μηδὲ ἐθεράπευε + τοὺς νεὼς μηδὲ τὰ ἀγάλματα μηδὲ τοὺς βωμούς, οἴεταί τις ἀθεότητος + εἶναι σημεῖον, οὐκ ὀρθῶς νομίζει· ἦν γὰρ οὐδὲν αὐτῷ τῶν τοιούτων, + οὐ λιβανωτός, οὐ σπονδή, οὐκ ἀργύριον, ὅθεν αὐτὰ πρίαιτο. εἰ δὲ + ἐνόει περὶ θεῶν ὀρθῶς, ἤρκει τοῦτο μόνον· αὐτῇ γὰρ αὐτοὺς + ἐθεράπευε<a id="noteref_94" name="noteref_94" href= + "#note_94"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">94</span></span></a> τῇ + ψυχῇ, διδοὺς οἶμαι τὰ τιμιώτατα τῶν ἑαυτοῦ, τὸ καθοσιῶσαι τὴν + ἑαυτοῦ ψυχὴν διὰ τῶν ἐννοιῶν. [C] ἀπερυθριάτω δὲ μηδαμῶς, ἀλλ᾽ + ἑπόμενος τῷ λόγῳ πρότερον μὲν αὑτῷ χειρόηθες καταστησάτω τὸ + παθηματικὸν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page054">[pg + 054]</span><a name="Pg054" id="Pg054" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg055" id="Pg055" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τῆς ψυχῆς μόριον, ὥστε παντάπασιν ἐξελεῖν + αὐτὸ καὶ μηδὲ ὅτι κρατεῖ τῶν ἡδονῶν εἰδέναι. εἰς τοῦτο γὰρ ἄμεινον + ἐλθεῖν, εἰς τὸ καί, εἰ πάσχει τις τὰ τοιαῦτα, ὅλως ἀγνοῆσαι· τοῦτο + δὲ ἡμῖν οὐκ ἄλλως ἢ διὰ τῶν γυμνασιῶν προσγένεται. ἵνα δὲ μή τις + ὑπολάβῃ με ταῦτα ἄλλως λέγειν, ἐκ τῶν [D] παιγνίων Κράτητος ὀλίγα + σοι παραγράψω·</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Then let not + the Cynic be like Oenomaus shameless or impudent, or a scorner of + everything human and divine, but reverent towards sacred things, + like Diogenes. For he obeyed the Pythian oracle nor did he repent + of his obedience. But if anyone supposes that because he did not + visit the temples or worship statues or altars this is a sign of + impiety, he does not think rightly. For Diogenes possessed nothing + that is usually offered, incense or libations or money to buy them + with. But if he held right opinions about the gods, that in itself + was enough. For he worshipped them with his whole soul, thus + offering them as I think the most precious of his possessions, the + dedication of his soul through his thoughts. Let not the Cynic be + shameless, but led by reason let him first make subservient to + himself the emotional part of his soul so that he may entirely do + away with it and not even be aware that he is superior to + pleasures. For it is nobler to attain to this, I mean to complete + ignorance whether one has any such emotions. And this comes to us + only through training. And that none may think I say this at random + I will add for your benefit a few lines from the lighter verse of + Crates:<a id="noteref_95" name="noteref_95" href= + "#note_95"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">95</span></span></a>)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Μνημοσύνης καὶ Ζηνὸς Ὀλυμπίου + ἀγλαὰ τέκνα,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 1.80em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Μοῦσαι Πιερίδες, κλῦτέ μοι + εὐχομένῳ·</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Χόρτον ἀεὶ συνεχῶς δότε γαστέρι, + ἥτε μοι αἰεὶ</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "margin-left: 1.80em; text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Χωρὶς δουλοσύνης λιτὸν ἔθηκε + βίον.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Glorious + children of Memory and Olympian Zeus, ye Muses of Pieria, hearken + to my prayer! Give me without ceasing victuals for my belly which + has always made my life frugal and free from + slavery....</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-tb"> + <hr style="width: 50%" /> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "margin-left: 1.80em; text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ὠφέλιμον δὲ φίλοις, μὴ γλυκερὸν + τίθετε.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Χρήματα δ᾽ οὐκ ἐθέλω συνάγειν + κλυτά, κανθάρου ὄλβον</span><a id="noteref_96" name= + "noteref_96" href="#note_96"><span class="tei tei-noteref" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">96</span></span></a> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 1.80em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">[200] Μύρμηκός τ᾽ ἄφενος χρήματα + μαιόμενος,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἀλλὰ δικαιοσύνης μετέχειν καὶ + πλοῦτον ἀγείρειν</span><a id="noteref_97" name="noteref_97" + href="#note_97"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">97</span></span></a> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "margin-left: 1.80em; text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Εὔφορον, εὔκτητον, τίμιον εἰς + ἀρετήν.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Τῶν δὲ τυχὼν Ἑρμῆν καὶ Μούσας + ἱλάσομ᾽ ἁγνάς.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 1.80em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Οὐ δαπάναις τρυφεραῖς, ἀλλ᾽ + ἀρεταῖς ὁσίαις.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">To my + friends make me useful rather than agreeable. As for money I + desire not to amass conspicuous wealth, seeking after the wealth + of the beetle or the substance of the ant; nay, I desire to + possess justice and to collect riches that are easily carried, + easily acquired, of great avail for virtue. If I may but win + these I will propitiate Hermes and the holy Muses not with costly + dainties but with pious virtues.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">εἰ χρή σοι περὶ + [B] τούτων γράφειν, ἔχω πλείονα τοῦ ἀνδρός. ἐντυχὼν δὲ τῷ Χαιρωνεῖ + Πλουτάρχῳ τὸν Κράτητος ἀναγράψαντι βίον οὐδὲν ἐκ παρέργου μανθάνειν + δεήσει τὸν ἄνδρα.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(If it be of any + use to write for you about such things I could recite still more + maxims by this same Crates. But if you will read Plutarch of + Chaeronea, who wrote his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Life</span></span>, there will be no need for + you to learn his character superficially from me.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλ᾽ ἐπανίωμεν + ἐπ᾽ ἐκεῖνο πάλιν, ὅτι χρὴ τὸν ἀρχόμενον κυνίζειν [C] αὑτῷ πρότερον + ἐπιτιμᾶν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page056">[pg + 056]</span><a name="Pg056" id="Pg056" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg057" id="Pg057" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> πικρῶς καὶ ἐξελέγχειν καὶ μὴ κολακεύειν, ἀλλὰ + ἐξετάζειν ὅ,τι μάλιστα αὑτὸν ἀκριβῶς, εἰ τῇ πολυτελείᾳ τῶν σιτίων + χαίρει, εἰ στρωμνῆς δεῖται μαλακῆς, εἰ τιμῆς ἢ δόξης ἐστὶν ἥττων, + εἰ τοῦτο ζηλοῖ τὸ περιβλέπεσθαι καί, εἰ καὶ κενὸν εἴη, τίμιον ὅμως + νομίζει. μηδὲ εἰς συμπεριφορὰν ὄχλων [D] καθυφείσθω,<a id= + "noteref_98" name="noteref_98" href="#note_98"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">98</span></span></a> + γενέσθω δὲ τρυφῆς μηδὲ ἄκρῳ, φασί, τῷ δακτύλωι, ἕως ἂν αὐτὴν + παντελῶς πατήσῃ. τότε ἤδη καὶ τῶν τοιούτων, ἂν προσπίπτῃ, θιγεῖν + οὐδὲν κωλύει. ἐπεὶ καὶ τῶν ταύρων ἀκούω τοὺς ἀσθενεστέρους + ἐξίστασθαι τῆς ἀγέλης καὶ καθ᾽ ἑαυτοὺς νεμομένους ἀγείρειν τὴν + ἰσχὺν ἐν μέρει καὶ κατ᾽ ὀλίγον, εἶθ᾽ οὕτως ἐπιέναι καὶ προκαλεῖσθαι + καὶ τῆς ἀγέλης ἀμφισβητεῖν τοῖς προκατέχουσιν, ὡς μᾶλλον ἀξιωτέρους + προΐστασθαι. ὅστις οὖν κυνίζειν ἐθέλει μήτε τὸν τρίβωνα [201] μήτε + τὴν πήραν μήτε τὴν βακτηρίαν καὶ τὴν κόμην ἀγαπάτω μόνον, ἵν᾽ ὥσπερ + ἐν κώμῃ βαδίζῃ κουρείων καὶ διδασκαλείων ἐνδεεῖ ἄκαρτος καὶ + ἀγράμματος, ἀλλὰ τὸν λόγον ἀντὶ τοῦ σκήπτρον καὶ τὴν ἔνστασιν ἀντὶ + τῆς πήρας τῆς κυνικῆς ὑπολαμβανέτω φιλοσοφίας γνωρίσματα. παρρησίᾳ + δὲ χρηστέον αὐτῷ πρῶτον ὁπόσου πέφυκεν ἄξιος ἐπιδειξαμένῳ, ὥσπερ + οἶμαι Κράτης καὶ Διογένης, οἵ πᾶσαν μὲν ἀπειλὴν τύχης καὶ [B] εἴτε + παιδιὰν εἴτε παροινίαν χρὴ φάναι <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page058">[pg 058]</span><a name="Pg058" id="Pg058" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg059" id="Pg059" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τοσοῦτον ἀπέσχον τοῦ δυσκόλως ἐνεγκεῖν, ὥστε + ἁλοὺς μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν καταποντιστῶν ὁ Διογένης ἔπαιζεν, ὁ Κράτης δὲ + ἐδημοσίευε τὴν οὐσίαν, εἶτα τὸ σῶμα βλαβεὶς ἔσκωπτεν ἑαυτὸν εἰς τὴν + χωλότητα τοῦ σκέλους καὶ τὸ κυρτὸν τῶν ὤμων, ἐπορεύετο δὲ ἐπὶ τὰς + τῶν φίλων ἑστίας ἄκλητος καὶ<a id="noteref_99" name="noteref_99" + href="#note_99"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">99</span></span></a> + κεκλημένος, διαλλάσσων τοὺς οἰκειοτάτους ἀλλήλοις, εἴποτε + στασιάζοντας αἴσθοιτο, ἐπετίμα δὲ οὐ μετὰ πικρίας, [C] ἀλλὰ μετὰ + χάριτος, οὐχ ἵνα συκοφαντεῖν δοκῇ τοὺς σωφρονισθέντας, ὠφελεῖν δὲ + ἐθέλων αὐτούς τε ἐκείνους καὶ τοὺς ἀκούοντας.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But let me go + back to what I said before, that he who is entering on the career + of a Cynic ought first censure severely and cross-examine himself, + and without any self-flattery ask himself the following questions + in precise terms: whether he enjoys expensive food; whether he + cannot do without a soft bed; whether he is the slave of rewards + and the opinion of men; whether it is his ambition to attract + public notice and even though that be an empty honour<a id= + "noteref_100" name="noteref_100" href="#note_100"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">100</span></span></a> he + still thinks it worth while. Nevertheless he must not let himself + drift with the current of the mob or touch vulgar pleasure even + with the tip of his finger, as the saying is, until he has + succeeded in trampling on it; then and not before he may permit + himself to dip into that sort of thing if it come his way. For + instance I am told that bulls which are weaker than the rest + separate themselves from the herd and pasture alone while they + store up their strength in every part of their bodies by degrees, + until they rejoin the herd in good condition, and then they + challenge its leaders to contend with them, in confidence that they + are more fit to take the lead. Therefore let him who wishes to be a + Cynic philosopher not adopt merely their long cloak or wallet or + staff or their way of wearing the hair, as though he were like a + man walking unshaved and illiterate in a village that lacked + barbers' shops and schools, but let him consider that reason rather + than a staff and a certain plan of life rather than a wallet are + the mintmarks of the Cynic philosophy. And freedom of speech he + must not employ until he have first proved how much he is worth, as + I believe was the case with Crates and Diogenes. For they were so + far from bearing with a bad grace any threat of fortune, whether + one call such threats caprice or wanton insult, that once when he + had been captured by pirates Diogenes joked with them; as for + Crates he gave his property to the state, and being physically + deformed he made fun of his own lame leg and hunched shoulders. But + when his friends gave an entertainment he used to go, whether + invited or not,<a id="noteref_101" name="noteref_101" href= + "#note_101"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">101</span></span></a> and + would reconcile his nearest friends if he learned that they had + quarrelled. He used to reprove them not harshly but with a charming + manner and not so as to seem to persecute those whom he wished to + reform, but as though he wished to be of use both to them and to + the bystanders.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Καὶ οὐ τοῦτο ῆν + τὸ προηγούμενον αὐτοῖς τέλος· ἀλλ᾽, ὅπερ ἔφην, ἐσκόπουν ὅπως αὐτοὶ + μὲν εὐδαιμονήσουσιν,<a id="noteref_102" name="noteref_102" href= + "#note_102"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">102</span></span></a> ἔμελε + δὲ αὐτοῖς τῶν ἄλλων τοσοῦτον ὅσον ξυνίεσαν οἶμαι φύσει κοινωνικὸν + καὶ πολιτικὸν ζῷον τὸν ἄνθρωπον εἶναι, καὶ τοὺς συμπολιτευομένους + ὠφέλησαν οὐ τοῖς παραδείγμασι μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς λόγοις. [D] + ὅστις οὖν ἂν ἐθέλῃ Κυνικὸς εἶναι καὶ σπουδαῖος ἀνήρ, αὑτοῦ πρότερον + ἐπιμεληθείς, ὥσπερ Διογένης καὶ Κράτης ἐξελαυνέτω μὲν τῆς ψυχῆς + ἅπαντα ἐκ πάσης τὰ πάθη, ὀρθῷ δὲ ἐπιτρέψας τὰ καθ᾽ ἑαυτὸν λόγῳ καὶ + νῷ κυβερνάσθω. κεφάλαιον γὰρ ἦν, ὡς ἐγὼ οἶμαι, τοῦτο τῆς Διογένους + φιλοσοφίας.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Yet this was + not the chief end and aim of those Cynics, but as I said their main + concern was how they might themselves attain to happiness and, as I + think, they occupied themselves with other men only in so far as + they comprehended that man is by nature a social and political + animal; and so they aided their fellow-citizens, not only by + practising but by preaching as well. Then let him who wishes to be + a Cynic, earnest and sincere, first take himself in hand like + Diogenes and Crates, and expel from his own soul and from every + part of it all passions and desires, and entrust all his affairs to + reason and intelligence and steer his course by them. For this in + my opinion was the sum and substance of the philosophy of + Diogenes.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Εἰ δὲ ἑταίρᾳ + ποτὲ προσῆλθεν ὁ ἀνήρ· καίτοι καὶ τοῦτο τυχὸν ἅπαξ ἢ οὐδὲ ἅπαξ + ἐγένετο· ὅταν ἡμῖν [202] τὰ ἄλλα κατὰ τὸν Διογένη γένηται + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page060">[pg 060]</span><a name= + "Pg060" id="Pg060" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg061" id= + "Pg061" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> σπουδαῖος, ἂν αὐτῷ<a id= + "noteref_103" name="noteref_103" href="#note_103"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">103</span></span></a> φανῇ + καὶ τοιοῦτόν τι δρᾶν<a id="noteref_104" name="noteref_104" href= + "#note_104"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">104</span></span></a> + φανερῶς ἐν ὀφθαλμοὶς πάντων, οὐ μεμψόμεθα οὐδὲ αἰτιασόμεθα. + πρότερον μέντοι τὴν Διογένους ἡμῖν ἐπιδειξάμενος εὐμάθειαν καὶ τὴν + ἀγχίνοιαν καὶ τὴν ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις ἅπασιν ἐλευθερίαν, αὐτάρκειαν, + δικαιοσύνην, σωφροσύνην, εὐλάβειαν, χάριν, προσοχήν, ὡς μηδὲν εἰκῇ + μηδὲ μάτην μηδὲ ἀλόγως ποιεῖν· [B] ἐπεὶ καὶ ταῦτα τῆς Διογένους + ἐστὶ φιλοσοφίας οἰκεῖα· πατείτω τῦφον, καταπαιζέτω τῶν τὰ μὲν + ἀναγκαῖα τῆς φύσεως ἔργα κρυπτόντων ἐν σκότῳ· φημὶ δὲ τῶν + περιττωμάτων τὰς ἐκκρίσεις· ἐν μέσαις δὲ ταῖς ἀγοραῖς καὶ ταῖς + πόλεσιν ἐπιτηδευόντων τὰ βιαιότατα καὶ μηδὲν ἡμῶν οἰκεῖα τῇ φύσει, + χρημάτων ἁρπαγάς, συκοφαντίας, γραφὰς ἀδίκους, διώξεις ἄλλων + τοιούτων συρφετωδῶν πραγμάτων. ἐπεὶ καὶ Διογένης εἴτε [C] ἀπέπαρδεν + εἴτε ἀπεπάτησεν εἴτε ἄλλο τι τοιοῦτον ἔπραξεν, ὥσπερ οὖν λέγουσιν, + ἐν ἀγορᾷ, τὸν ἐκείνων πατῶν τῦφον ἐποίει, διδάσκων αὐτούς, ὅτι + πολλῷ φαυλότερα καὶ χαλεπώτερα τούτων ἐπιτηδεύουσι. τὰ μὲν γάρ + ἐστιν ἡμῖν πᾶσι κατὰ φύσιν, τὰ δὲ ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν οὐδενί, πάντα δὲ + ἐκ διαστροφῆς ἐπιτηδεύεται.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And if Diogenes + did sometimes visit a courtesan—though even this happened only once + perhaps or not even once—let him who would be a Cynic first satisfy + us that he is, like Diogenes, a man of solid worth, and then if he + see fit to do that sort of thing openly and in the sight of all + men, we shall not reproach him with it or accuse him. First however + we must see him display the ability to learn and the quick wit of + Diogenes, and in all other relations he must show the same + independence, self-sufficiency, justice, moderation, piety, + gratitude, and the same extreme carefulness not to act at random or + without a purpose or irrationally. For these too are characteristic + of the philosophy of Diogenes. Then let him trample on + vaingloriousness, let him ridicule those who though they conceal in + darkness the necessary functions of our nature—for instance the + secretion of what is superfluous—yet in the centre of the + market-place and of our cities carry on practices that are most + brutal and by no means akin to our nature, for instance robbery of + money, false accusations, unjust indictments, and the pursuit of + other rascally business of the same sort. On the other hand when + Diogenes made unseemly noises or obeyed the call of nature or did + anything else of that sort in the market-place, as they say he did, + he did so because he was trying to trample on the conceit of the + men I have just mentioned, and to teach them that their practices + were far more sordid and insupportable than his own. For what he + did was in accordance with the nature of all of us, but theirs + accorded with no man's real nature, one may say, but were all due + to moral depravity.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλ᾽ οἱ νῦν τοῦ + Διογένους ζηλωταὶ τὸ ῥᾷστον καὶ κουφότατον ἑλόμενοι τὸ κρεῖττον οὐκ + εἶδον· σύ τε ἐκείνων [D] εἶναι σεμνότερος ἐθέλων ἀπεπλανήθης + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page062">[pg 062]</span><a name= + "Pg062" id="Pg062" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg063" id= + "Pg063" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> τοσοῦτον τῆς Διογένους + προαιρέσεως, ὥστε αὐτὸν ἐλεεινὸν ἐνόμισας. εἰ δὲ τούτοις μὲν + ἠπίστεις ὑπὲρ ἀνδρὸς λεγομένοις, ὃν οἱ πάντες Ἕλληνες τότε + ἐθαύμασαν μετὰ Σωκράτη καὶ Πυθαγόραν ἐπὶ Πλάτωνος καὶ Ἀριστοτέλους, + οὗ γέγονεν ἀκροατῆς ὁ τοῦ σωφρονεστάτου καὶ συνετωτάτου Ζήνωνος + καθηγεμών, οὓς οὐκ εἰκὸς ἦν ἅπαντας ἀπατηθῆναι περὶ ἀνδρὸς οὕτω + φαύλου, ὁποῖον σὺ διακωμῳδεῖς, [203] ὦ βέλτιστε, ἴσως ἄν τι πλέον + ἐσκόπησας περὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ πορρωτέρω προῆλθες τῆς ἐμπειρίας τἀνδρός. + τίνα γὰρ οὐκ ἐξέπληξε τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἡ Διογένους καρτερία, βασιλικῆς + οὐκ ἔξω μεγαλοψυχίας οὖσα, καὶ φιλοπονία; ἐκάθευδεν ἁνὴρ ἐπὶ + στιβάδος ἐν τῷ πίθῳ βέλτιον ἢ μέγας βασιλεὺς ὑπὸ τοῖς ἐπιχρύσοις + ὀρόφοις ἐν τῇ μαλθακῇ κλίνῃ, ἤσθιε τὴν μᾶζαν ἥδιον ἢ σὺ νῦν τὰς + Σικελικὰς [B] ἐσθίεις τραπέζας, ἐλούετο ψυχρῇ<a id="noteref_105" + name="noteref_105" href="#note_105"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">105</span></span></a> τὸ + σῶμα πρὸς ἀέρα ξηραίνων ἀντὶ τῶν ὀθονίων, οἷς σὺ ἀπομάττῃ, + φιλοσοφώτατε. πάνυ σοι προσήκει κωμῳδεῖν ἐκεῖνον, ὅτι κατειργάσω + τὸν Ξέρξην, ὡς ὁ Θεμιστοκλῆς, ἢ τὸν Δαρεῖον, ὡς ὁ Μακεδὼν + Ἀλέξανδρος. εἰ σμικρὰ τὰς βίβλους ἀνελίττων ἐμελέτας ὥσπερ ἡμεῖς οἱ + πολιτικοὶ καὶ πολυπράγμονες, ἔγνως ἄν, ὅπως Ἀλέξανδρος ἀγασθῆναι + λέγεται τὴν Διογένους μεγαλοψυχίαν. ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἔστι σοι τούτων οὐδέν, + ὡς ἐμοὶ δοκεῖ, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page064">[pg + 064]</span><a name="Pg064" id="Pg064" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg065" id="Pg065" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> σπουδαῖον· πόθεν; πολλοῦ γε καὶ δεῖ· γυναικῶν + ἀθλίων τεθαύμακας φιλονεικῶν<a id="noteref_106" name="noteref_106" + href="#note_106"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">106</span></span></a> + βίον.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(In our own day, + however, the imitators of Diogenes have chosen only what is easiest + and least burdensome and have failed to see his nobler side. And as + for you, in your desire to be more dignified than those early + Cynics you have strayed so far from Diogenes' plan of life that you + thought him an object of pity. But if you did not believe all this + that I say about a man whom all the Greeks in the generation of + Plato and Aristotle admired next to Socrates and Pythagoras, a man + whose pupil was the teacher of the most modest and most wise + Zeno,—and it is not likely that they were all deceived about a man + as contemptible as you make him out to be in your travesty,—well, + in that case, my dear sir, perhaps you might have studied his + character more carefully and you would have progressed further in + your knowledge of the man. Was there, I ask, a single Greek who was + not amazed by the endurance of Diogenes and by his perseverance, + which had in it a truly royal greatness of soul? The man used to + sleep in his jar on a bed of leaves more soundly than the Great + King on his soft couch under a gilded roof; he used to eat his + crust<a id="noteref_107" name="noteref_107" href= + "#note_107"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">107</span></span></a> with + a better appetite than you now eat your Sicilian courses<a id= + "noteref_108" name="noteref_108" href="#note_108"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">108</span></span></a>; he + used to bathe his body in cold water and dry himself in the open + air instead of with the linen towels with which you rub yourself + down, my most philosophic friend! It becomes you well to ridicule + him because, I suppose, like Themistocles you conquered Xerxes, or + Darius like Alexander of Macedon. But if you had the least habit of + reading books as I do, though I am a statesman and engrossed in + public affairs, you would know how much Alexander is said to have + admired Diogenes' greatness of soul. But you care little, I + suppose, for any of these things. How should you care? Far from + it!<a id="noteref_109" name="noteref_109" href= + "#note_109"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">109</span></span></a> You + admire and emulate the life of wretched women.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Εἰ μὲν οὖν ὁ + λόγος τι πλέον ἐποίησεν, οὐκ ἐμὸν μᾶλλον ἢ σόν ἐστι κέρδος· εἰ δὲ + οὐδὲν περαίνομεν ἐκ τοῦ παραχρῆμα περὶ τῶν τοιούτων ἀπνευστὶ τὸ δὴ + λεγόμενον συνείραντες· ἔστι γὰρ πάρεργον ἡμέραιν δυοῖν, ὡς ἴσασιν + αἱ Μοῦσαι, μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ σὺ<a id="noteref_110" name="noteref_110" + href="#note_110"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">110</span></span></a> + αὐτός· παραμενέτω μέν σοι ὁπόσα πρόσθεν ἐγνώκεις, ἡμῖν δὲ οὐ + μεταμελήσει τῆς εἰς τὸν ἄνδρα εὐφημίας.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(However, if my + discourse has improved you at all you will have gained more than I. + But even if I accomplish nothing at the moment by writing on such a + great subject thus hastily, and, as the saying is, without taking + breath<a id="noteref_111" name="noteref_111" href= + "#note_111"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">111</span></span></a>—for I + gave to it only the leisure of two days, as the Muses or rather you + yourself will bear me witness—then do you abide by your former + opinions, but I at any rate shall never regret having spoken of + that great man with due reverence.)</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page069">[pg 069]</span><a name= + "Pg069" id="Pg069" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc5" id="toc5"></a> <a name="pdf6" id="pdf6"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.46em; text-align: left; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Oration VII</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc7" id="toc7"></a> <a name="pdf8" id="pdf8"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em; text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Introduction to Oration + VII</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Seventh + Oration is directed against the Cynic Heracleios, who had ventured + to recite before an audience when Julian was present a myth or + allegory in which the gods were irreverently handled. Julian raises + the question whether fables and myths are suitable for a Cynic + discourse. He names the regular divisions of philosophy and decides + that the use of myths may properly be allowed only to ethical + philosophers and writers on theology: that myth is intended always + as a means of religious teaching and should be addressed to + children and those whose intellect does not allow them to envisage + the truth without some such assistance. In Sallust's treatise + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On the + Gods and the World</span></span> he gives much the same account of + the proper function of myths and divides them into five species, + giving examples of each. <span class="tei tei-q">“To wish to teach + the whole truth about the gods to all produces contempt in the + foolish, because they cannot understand, and lack of zeal in the + good; whereas to conceal the truth by myths prevents the contempt + of the foolish and compels the good to practise + philosophy.”</span><a id="noteref_112" name="noteref_112" href= + "#note_112"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">112</span></span></a> This + is precisely the opinion of Julian as expressed <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page070">[pg 070]</span><a name="Pg070" id="Pg070" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> in the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh + Orations. Though both Julian and Sallust explain the myths away + they are never rationalistic, and never offer the least excuse for + scepticism. Julian's explanation of the Semele myth,<a id= + "noteref_113" name="noteref_113" href="#note_113"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">113</span></span></a> which + makes Semele an inspired prophetess and not the mother of Dionysus, + tends to the greater glory of the god. The conclusion is that + Heracleios should not have used myth at all, but in any case he + used the wrong sort and wrote in the wrong spirit. He should have + used such a myth as that composed by Prodicus the sophist on the + Choice of Heracles at the Crossroads, an allegory which is more + than once cited by Julian and was a favourite illustration in later + Greek literature.<a id="noteref_114" name="noteref_114" href= + "#note_114"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">114</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To show + Heraclius what he might have written with propriety Julian adds a + parable of his own modelled on that of Prodicus. In this he himself + plays the part of a second Heracles, and takes the opportunity to + vilify Constantius and point out his own mission of reformer and + restorer of order and religion to the Empire. Throughout the + parable there are striking resemblances with the First Oration of + Dio Chrysostom, and Asmus<a id="noteref_115" name="noteref_115" + href="#note_115"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">115</span></span></a> has + made a detailed comparison of the two writers to prove that Julian + wrote with Dio before him. In many of these parallels both Julian + and Dio can be traced to a common classical source, usually Plato, + but there is no doubt that Julian was thoroughly familiar with + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page071">[pg 071]</span><a name= + "Pg071" id="Pg071" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the work of Dio and + often used the same illustrations. Themistius<a id="noteref_116" + name="noteref_116" href="#note_116"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">116</span></span></a> + however uses the Prodicus myth in much the same words as Dio, and + it is imitated also by Maximus of Tyre.<a id="noteref_117" name= + "noteref_117" href="#note_117"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">117</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In conclusion + Julian praises the earlier Cynics and criticises the later, in much + the same words as he had used in the Sixth Oration.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page072">[pg 072]</span><a name= + "Pg072" id="Pg072" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg073" id= + "Pg073" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[204] ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ + ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΟΣ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Julian, + Emperor)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ΠΡΟΣ ΗΡΑΚΛΕΙΟΝ + ΚΥΝΙΚΟΝ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(To the Cynic + Heracleios)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ΠΕΡΙ ΤΟΥ ΠΩΣ + ΚΥΝΙΣΤΕΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙ ΠΡΕΠΕΙ ΤΩ ΚΥΝΙ ΜΥΘΟΥΣ ΠΛΑΤΤΕΙΝ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(How a Cynic + Ought to Behave, and Whether it is Proper For Him to Compose + Myths)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἦ πολλὰ γίνεται + ἐν μακρῷ χρόνῳ· τοῦτο ἐκ τῆς κωμῳδίας ἀκηκοότι μοι πρῴην ἐπῆλθεν + ἐκβοῆσαι, ὁπηνίκα παρακληθέντες ἠκροώμεθα κυνὸς οὔτι τορὸν οὐδὲ + γενναῖον ὑλακτοῦντος, ἀλλ᾽ ὥσπερ αἱ τίτθαι μύθους ᾄδοντος καὶ οὐδὲ + τούτους ὑγιῶς διατιθεμένου. παραχρῆμα μὲν οὖν ἐπῆλθέ μοι + διαναστάντι διαλῦσαι τὸν σύλλογον· [B] ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐχρῆν ὥσπερ ἐν + θεάτρῳ κωμῳδουμένων Ἡρακλέους καὶ Διονύσου παρὰ τῶν κωμῳδῶν + ἀκούειν, οὐ τοῦ λέγοντος, ἀλλὰ τῶν συνειλεγμένων χάριν ὑπέμεινα, + μάλλον δέ, εἰ χρή τι καὶ νεανικώτερον εἰπεῖν, ἡμῶν αὐτῶν ἕνεκα καὶ + τοῦ μὴ δοκεῖν ὑπὸ δεισιδαιμονίας μᾶλλον [C] ἢ διανοίας εὐσεβοῦς καὶ + λελογισμένης, ὥσπερ αἱ πελειάδες, ὑπὸ τῶν ῥηματίων σοβηθεὶς + ἀναπτῆναι. ἔμενον δὲ ἐκεῖνο πρὸς ἐμαυτὸν εἰπὼν</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(<span class= + "tei tei-q">“Truly with the lapse of time many things come to + pass!”</span><a id="noteref_118" name="noteref_118" href= + "#note_118"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">118</span></span></a> This + verse I have heard in a comedy and the other day I was tempted to + proclaim it aloud, when by invitation we attended the lecture of a + Cynic whose barking was neither distinct nor noble; but he was + crooning myths as nurses do, and even these he did not compose in + any profitable fashion. For a moment my impulse was to rise and + break up the meeting. But though I had to listen as one does when + Heracles and Dionysus are being caricatured in the theatre by comic + poets,<a id="noteref_119" name="noteref_119" href= + "#note_119"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">119</span></span></a> I + bore it to the end, not for the speaker's sake but for the sake of + the audience, or rather, if I may presume to say so, it was still + more for my own sake, so that I might not seem to be moved by + superstition rather than by a pious and rational sentiment and to + be scared into flight by his miserable words like a timid dove. So + I stayed and repeated to myself the famous line)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Τέτλαθι δή, κραδίη, καὶ κύντερον + ἄλλο ποτ᾽ ἔτλης,</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Bear it my + heart: yea thou didst of yore endure things yet more + shameful.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_120" name= + "noteref_120" href="#note_120"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">120</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ἀνάσχου καὶ + κυνὸς ληροῦντος ὀλίγον ἡμέρας <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page074">[pg 074]</span><a name="Pg074" id="Pg074" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg075" id="Pg075" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> μόριον, οὐ πρῶτον ἀκούεις τῶν θεῶν + βλασφημουμένων, οὐχ οὕτω τὰ κοινὰ πράττομεν καλῶς, οὐχ οὕτω τῶν + ἰδίων ἕνεκα σωφρονοῦμεν, οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ εὐτυχεῖς [205] ἐσμεν, ὥστε τὰς + ἀκοὰς καθαρὰς ἔχειν ἢ τὸ τελευταῖον γοῦν τὰ ὄμματα μὴ κεχράνθαι + τοῖς παντοδαποῖς τουτουὶ τοῦ σιδηροῦ γένους ἀσεβήμασιν. ἐπεὶ δὲ + ὥσπερ ἐνδεεῖς ἡμᾶς τῶν τοιούτων κακῶν ἀνέπλησεν οὐκ εὐαγῶν ὁ κύων + ῥημάτων τὸν ἄριστον τῶν θεῶν ὀνομάσας, ὡς μήποτε ὤφελε μήτ᾽ ἐκεῖνος + εἰπεῖν μήτε ἡμεῖς ἀκοῦσαι, δεῦρο πειραθῶμεν αὐτὸν ἐφ᾽ ὑμῶν διδάξαι, + [B] πρῶτον μὲν ὅτι τῷ κυνὶ λόγους μᾶλλον ἢ μύθους προσήκει γράφειν, + εἶτα ὁποίας καὶ τίνας χρὴ ποιεῖσθαι τὰς διασκευὰς τῶν μύθων, εἴ τι + ἄρα καὶ φιλοσοφία προσδεῖται τῆς μυθογραφίας, ἐπὶ πᾶσι δὲ ὑπὲρ τῆς + πρὸς τοὺς θεοὺς εὐλαβείας ὀλίγα διαλέξομαι· τοῦτο γάρ μοι καὶ τῆς + εἰς ὑμᾶς παρόδου γέγονεν αἴτιον καίπερ οὐκ ὄντι συγγραφικῷ καὶ τὸ + ἐν τῷ πλήθει λέγειν ὥσπερ ἄλλο τι τῶν ἐπαχθῶν καὶ σοφιστικῶν τὸν + ἔμπροσθεν [C] χρόνον παραιτησαμένῳ. μικρὰ δὲ ὑπὲρ τοῦ μύθου καθάπερ + τινὰ γενεαλογίαν ἴσως οὐκ ἀνάρμοστον ἐμοί τε φάναι ὑμῖν τε + ἀκοῦσαι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Endure for the + brief fraction of a day even a babbling Cynic! It is not the first + time that thou hast had to hear the gods blasphemed! Our state is + not so well governed, our private life is not so virtuous, in a + word we are not so favoured by fortune that we can keep our ears + pure or at any rate our eyes at least undefiled by the many and + various impieties of this iron race. And now as though we had not + enough of such vileness this Cynic fills our ears with his + blasphemies, and has uttered the name of the highest of the gods in + such wise as would he had never spoken nor I heard! But since he + has done this, come, let me in your presence try to teach him this + lesson; first that it is more becoming for a Cynic to write + discourses than myths; secondly, what sort of adaptations of the + myths he ought to make, if indeed philosophy really needs mythology + at all; and finally I shall have a few words to say about reverence + for the gods. For it is with this aim that I appear before you, I + who have no talent for writing and who have hitherto avoided + addressing the general public, as I have avoided all else that is + tedious and sophistical. But perhaps it is not unsuitable for me to + say and for you to hear a few words about myth in general as a sort + of genealogy of that kind of writing.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τὴν μὲν οὖν + ἀρχὴν ὁπόθεν ηὑρέθη καὶ ὅστις ὁ πρῶτος ἐπιχειρήσας τὸ ψεῦδος + πιθανῶς συνθεῖναι πρὸς ὠφέλειαν ἢ ψυχαγωγίαν τῶν ἀκροωμώνων, οὐ + μᾶλλον εὔροι τις ἂν ἢ εἴ τις ἐπιχειρήσειε τὸν πρῶτον πταρόντα ἢ + χρεμψάμενον ἀναζητεῖν. εἰ δέ, [D] ὥσπερ ἱππεῖς ἐν Θράκῃ καὶ + Θετταλίᾳ, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page076">[pg + 076]</span><a name="Pg076" id="Pg076" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg077" id="Pg077" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τοξόται δὲ καὶ τὰ κουφότερα τῶν ὅπλων ἐν + Ἰνδίᾳ καὶ Κρήτῃ καὶ Καρίᾳ ἀνεφάνη,<a id="noteref_121" name= + "noteref_121" href="#note_121"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">121</span></span></a> τῇ + φύσει τῆς χώρας ἀκολουθούντων οἶμαι τῶν ἐπιτηδευμάτων, οὕτω τις + ὑπολαμβάνει καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων πραγμάτων, ἐν οἷς ἕκαστα τιμᾶται, + μάλιστα παρὰ τούτων αὐτὰ καὶ πρῶτον ηὑρῆσθαι· τῶν ἀγελαίων ἔοικεν + ἀνθρώπων εἶναι [206] τό γε ἐξ ἀρχῆς ὁ μύθος εὕρημα, καὶ διαμένει ἐξ + ἐκείνου μέχρι καὶ νῦν παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς πολιτευόμενον τὸ πρᾶγμα ὥσπερ + ἄλλο τι τῶν ἀκροαμάτων, αὐλὸς καὶ κιθάρα, τέρψεως ἕνεκα καὶ + ψυχαγωγίας. ὥσπερ γὰρ οἱ<a id="noteref_122" name="noteref_122" + href="#note_122"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">122</span></span></a> + ὄρνιθες ἵπτασθαι καὶ νεῖν οἱ<a id="noteref_123" name="noteref_123" + href="#note_123"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">123</span></span></a> + ἰχθύες αἵ τε ἔλαφοι θεῖν ἐπειδὴ πεφύκασιν οὐδὲν τοῦ διδαχθῆναι + προσδέονται, κἂν δήσῃ τις κἂν καθείρξῃ, πειρᾶται ὅμως χρῆσθαι + τούτοις τοῖς μορίοις, πρὸς ἃ σύνοιδεν αὑτοῖς πεφυκόσι, ταυτὶ τὰ + ζῷα, οὕτως οἶμαι καὶ τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων [B] γένος οὐκ ἄλλο τι τὴν + ψυχὴν ἔχον ἢ λόγον καὶ ἐπιστήμην ὥσπερ ἐγκαθειργμένην, ὃ δὴ καὶ + λέγουσιν οἱ σοφοὶ δέναμιν, ἐπὶ τὸ μανθάνειν τε<a id="noteref_124" + name="noteref_124" href="#note_124"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">124</span></span></a> καὶ + ζητεῖν καὶ πολυπραγμονεῖν, ὡς πρὸς οἰκειότατον ἑαυτῷ τῶν ἔργων, + τρέπεται· καὶ ὅτῳ μὲν εὐμενὴς θεὸς ταχέως ἔλυσε τὰ δεσμὰ καὶ τὴν + δύναμιν εἰς ἐνέργειαν ἤγαγε, τούτῳ πάρεστιν εὐθὺς ἐπιστήμη, τοῖς + δεδεμένοις δὲ ἔτι, [C] καθάπερ οἶμαι Ἰξίων νεφέλῃ τινὶ<a id= + "noteref_125" name="noteref_125" href="#note_125"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">125</span></span></a> ἀντὶ + τῆς θεοῦ λέγεται παραναπαύσασθαι, τούτοις ἀντ᾽ ἀληθοῦς ψευδὴς<a id= + "noteref_126" name="noteref_126" href="#note_126"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">126</span></span></a> + ἐντέτηκε δόξα· γίνεται γὰρ <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page078">[pg 078]</span><a name="Pg078" id="Pg078" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg079" id="Pg079" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐντεῦθεν αὐτοῖς<a id="noteref_127" name= + "noteref_127" href="#note_127"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">127</span></span></a> τὰ + ὑπηνέμια καὶ τερατώδη ταυτὶ τῆς ἀληθοῦς ἐπιστήμης οἷον εἴδωλα ἄττα + καὶ σκιαί· πράττουσι γοῦν πρὸ τῆς τῶν ἀληθῶν ἐπιστήμης τὰ ψεύδη καὶ + διδάσκουσί γε μάλα προθύμως καὶ μανθάνουσιν ὥσπερ οἶμαι χρηστόν τι + καὶ θαυμαστόν. εἰ δ᾽ ὅλως χρή τι καὶ ὑπὲρ τῶν τοὺς μύθους τὸ πρῶτον + [D] πλασάντων ἀπολογήσασθαι, δοκοῦσί μοι ταῖς τῶν παιδίων ψυχαῖς, + ὥσπερ αἱ τίτθαι περὶ τὰς ὀδοντοφυïας κνησιῶσιν αἰτοῖς σκύτινα ἄττα + προσαρτῶσι<a id="noteref_128" name="noteref_128" href= + "#note_128"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">128</span></span></a> ταῖν + χεροῖν, ἵνα αὐτῶν παραμυθήσωνται τὸ πάθος, οὕτω δὲ καὶ οὗτοι τῷ + ψυχαρίῳ πτεροφυοῦντι καὶ ποθοῦντι πλέον εἰδέναι τι, διδάσκεσθαι δὲ + οὔπω τἀληθῆ δυναμένῳ ταῦτα ἐποχετεύειν, ὥσπερ ἄρδοντες ἄρουραν + διψῶσαν, ἵνα δὴ οἶμαι αὐτῶν τὸν γαργαλισμὸν καὶ τὴν ὀδύνην + παραμυθήσωνται.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now one could + no more discover where myth was originally invented and who was the + first to compose fiction in a plausible manner for the benefit or + entertainment of his hearers, than if one were to try to find out + who was the first man that sneezed or the first horse that neighed. + But as cavalry arose in Thrace and Thessaly<a id="noteref_129" + name="noteref_129" href="#note_129"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">129</span></span></a> and + archers and the lighter sort of weapons in India, Crete and + Caria—since the customs of the people were I suppose adapted to the + nature of the country,—just so we may assume about other things as + well, that where anything is highly prized by a nation it was first + discovered by that nation rather than by any other. On this + assumption then it seems likely that myth was originally the + invention of men given to pastoral pursuits, and from that day to + this the making of myths is still peculiarly cultivated by them, + just as they first invented instruments of music, the flute and the + lyre, for their pleasure and entertainment. For just as it is the + nature of birds to fly and of fish to swim and of stags to run, and + hence they need not be taught to do so; and even if one bind or + imprison these animals they try none the less to use those special + parts of themselves for the purpose for which they know they are + naturally adapted; even so I think the human race whose soul is no + other than reason and knowledge imprisoned so to speak in the + body—the philosophers call it a potentiality—even so I say the + human race inclines to learning, research and study, as of all + tasks most congenial to it. And when a kindly god without delay + looses a man's fetters and brings that potentiality into activity, + then on the instant knowledge is his: whereas in those who are + still imprisoned false opinion instead of true is implanted, just + as, I think, Ixion is said to have embraced a sort of cloud instead + of the goddess.<a id="noteref_130" name="noteref_130" href= + "#note_130"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">130</span></span></a> And + hence they produce wind-eggs<a id="noteref_131" name="noteref_131" + href="#note_131"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">131</span></span></a> and + monstrous births, mere phantoms and shadows so to speak of true + science. And thus instead of genuine science they profess false + doctrines, and are very zealous in learning and teaching such + doctrines, as though forsooth they were something useful and + admirable. But if I am bound to say something in defence of those + who originally invented myths, I think they wrote them for childish + souls: and I liken them to nurses who hand toys to the hands of + children when they are irritated by teething, in order to ease + their suffering: so those mythologists wrote for the feeble soul + whose wings are just beginning to sprout, and who, though still + incapable of being taught the truth, is yearning for further + knowledge, and they poured in a stream of myths like men who water + a thirsty field, so as to soothe their irritation and pangs.<a id= + "noteref_132" name="noteref_132" href="#note_132"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">132</span></span></a>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[207] Τοῦ δὲ + τοιούτου προβαίνοντος καὶ παρὰ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν εὐδοκιμοῦντος, εἵλκυσαν + ἐντεῦθεν οἱ ποιηταὶ τὸν αἶνον, ὃς τοῦ μύθου διαφέρει τῷ μὴ πρὸς + παῖδας, ἀλλὰ πρὸς ἄνδρας πεποιῆσθαι καὶ μὴ ψυχαγωγίαν μόνον, ἀλλὰ + καὶ παραίνεσιν ἔχειν τινά. βούλεται γὰρ ἐπικρυπτόμενος παραινεῖν τε + καὶ διδάσκειν, ὅταν ὁ λέγων τὸ φανερῶς εἰπεῖν εὐλαβῆται, [B] τὴν + παρὰ τῶν ἀκουόντων ὑφορώμενος ἀπέχθειαν. οὕτω τοι καὶ Ἡσίοδος αὐτὸ + φαίνεται πεποιηκώς· ὁ δὲ μετὰ τοῦτον Ἀρχίλοχος ὥσπερ ἥδυσμά τι + περιτιθεὶς τῇ ποιήσει, μύθοις οὐκ ὀλιγάκις ἐχρήσατο ὁρῶν, ὡς εἰκός, + τὴν μὲν ὑπόθεσιν, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page080">[pg + 080]</span><a name="Pg080" id="Pg080" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg081" id="Pg081" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἣν μετῄει, τῆς τοιαύτης ψυχαγωγίας ἐνδεῶς + ἔχουσαν, σαφῶς δὲ ἐγνωκώς, ὅτι στερομένη μύθου ποίησις ἐποποιΐα + μόνον ἐστίν, ἐστέρηται δέ, ὡς ἂν εἴποι τισ, ἑαυτῆς, οὐ γὰρ ἔτι + λείπεται ποίησις, ἡδύσματα ταῦτα παρὰ τῆς ποιητικῆς Μούσης + ἐδρέψατο, [C] καὶ παρέθηκέ γε αὐτοῦ τούτου χάριν, ὅπως μὴ + σιλλογράφος τις, ἀλλὰ ποιητὴς νομισθείη.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Then when the + myth was gaining ground and coming into favour in Greece, poets + developed from it the fable with a moral, which differs from the + myth in that the latter is addressed to children and the former to + men, and is designed not merely to entertain them but conveys moral + exhortation besides. For the man who employs fable aims at moral + exhortation and instruction, though he conceals his aim and takes + care not to speak openly, for fear of alienating his hearers. + Hesiod, for instance, seems to have written with this in view. And + after him Archilochus often employed myths,<a id="noteref_133" + name="noteref_133" href="#note_133"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">133</span></span></a> + adorning and as it were seasoning his poetry with them, probably + because he saw that his subject matter needed something of this + sort to make it attractive, and he well knew that poetry without + myth is merely versification<a id="noteref_134" name="noteref_134" + href="#note_134"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">134</span></span></a> and + lacks, one may say, its essential characteristic, and so ceases to + be poetry at all. Therefore he culled these sweets from the Muse of + Poetry and offered them to his readers, in order that he might not + be ranked merely as a writer of satire but might be counted a + poet.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὁ δὲ δὴ τῶν + μύθων Ὅμηρος ἢ Θουκυδίδης ἢ Πλάτων, ἢ ὅ, τι βούλει καλεῖν αὐτόν, + Αἴσωπος ἦν ὁ Σάμιος, δοῦλος τὴν τύχην<a id="noteref_135" name= + "noteref_135" href="#note_135"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">135</span></span></a> + μᾶλλον ἢ τὴν προαίρεσιν, οὐκ ἄφρων μὴν<a id="noteref_136" name= + "noteref_136" href="#note_136"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">136</span></span></a> οὐδὲ + κατ᾽ αὐτὸ τοῦτο ἀνήρ. ᾧ γὰρ ὁ νόμος οὐ μετεδίδου παρρησίας, τούτῳ + προσῆκον ἦν ἐσκιαγραφημένας τὰς συμβουλὰς καὶ πεποικιλμένας ἡδονῇ + καὶ χάριτι παραφέρειν, ὥσπερ οἶμαι τῶν ἰατρῶν οἱ μὲν ἐλεύθεροι τὸ + δέον ἐπιτάττουσιν, [D] ἐὰν δὲ ἅμα τις οἰκέτης γένηται τὴν τύχην καὶ + τὴν τέχνην ἰατρός, πράγματα ἔχει κολακεύειν ἅμα καὶ θεραπεύειν τὸν + δεσπότην ἀναγκαζόμενος. εἰ μὲν οὖν καὶ τῷ κυνὶ προσήκει ταύτης τῆς + δουλείας, λεγέτω, γραφέτω, παραχωρείτω τῆς μυθολογίας αὐτῷ πᾶς + ὁστισοῦν, εἰ δὲ μόνος εἶναί φησιν ἐλεύθεροσ, ἐπὶ τί χρήσεται τοῖς + μύθοις, οὐκ οἶδα. πότερον ἵνα τὸ πικρὸν καὶ δάκνον τῆς συμβουλῆς + ἡδονῇ καὶ χάριτι κεράσας [208] ἅμα τε ὀνήσῃ καὶ ἀποφύγῃ τὸ + προσλαβεῖν τι παρὰ τοῦ ὀνιναμένου κακόν; ἀλλὰ τοῦτό ἐστι λίαν + δουλοπρεπές. ἀλλ᾽ ἄμεινον ἄν τις διδαχθείη μὴ τὰ πράγματα ἀκούων + αὐτὰ μηδὲ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page082">[pg + 082]</span><a name="Pg082" id="Pg082" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg083" id="Pg083" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τὰ ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς ὀνόματα κατὰ τὸν κωμικὸν τὴν + σκάφην σκάφην λέγοντα; ἀλλ᾽ ἀντὶ τοῦ μὲν δεῖνος τὸν Φαέθοντα + τί<a id="noteref_137" name="noteref_137" href= + "#note_137"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">137</span></span></a> δέον + ἐνομάσαι; [B] τί δὲ χραίνειν οὐκ εὐαγῶς τὴν ἐπωνυμίαν τοῦ βασιλέως + Ἠλίου; τίς δὲ ὁ Πὰν καὶ τίς ὁ Ζεὺς τῶν χαμαὶ ἐρχομένων ἀνθρώπων + ἄξιος καλεῖσθαι, ἵν᾽ ἐκεῖθεν ἐπ᾽ αὐτοὺς μεταθῶμεν ἡμῶν τὰς + διανοίας; καίτοι, εἰ καὶ τοῦτο οἷόν τε ἦν, ἄμεινον ἦν αὐτοὺς + ἐνομάσαι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους. ἦ γὰρ οὐχ οὕτω κρεῖττον ἦν εἰπεῖν + ἀνθρωπικὰ θεμένους ὀνόματα; μᾶλλον δὲ οὐδὲ θεμένους, [C] ἤρκει γὰρ + ὅσαπερ ἡμῖν οἱ γονεῖς ἔθεντο. ἀλλ᾽ εἰ μήτε μαθεῖν ἐστι ῥᾷον<a id= + "noteref_138" name="noteref_138" href="#note_138"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">138</span></span></a> διὰ + τοῦ πλάσματος μήτε τῷ Κυνικῷ πρέπον πλάττειν τὰ τοιαῦτα, τοῦ χάριν + οὐκ ἐφεισάμεθα τοῦ πολυτελοῦς ἀναλώματος, πρὸς δὲ δὴ καὶ ἐφθείραμεν + τὸν χρόνον πλάττοντες καὶ συντιθέντες μυθάρια, εἶτα λογογραφοῦντες + καὶ ἐκμανθάνοντες;</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But the Homer + of myths, or their Thucydides, or Plato, or whatever we must call + him, was Aesop of Samos, who was a slave by the accident of birth + rather than by temperament, and he proved his sagacity by this very + use of fable. For since the law did not allow him freedom of + speech, he had no resource but to shadow forth his wise counsels + and trick them out with charms and graces and so serve them up to + his hearers. Just so, I think, physicians who are free-born men + prescribe what is necessary, but when a man happens to be a slave + by birth and a physician by profession, he is forced to take pains + to flatter and cure his master at the same time. Now if our Cynic + also is subject to this sort of slavery, let him recite myths, let + him write them, and let everyone else under the sun leave to him + the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">rôle</span></span> of mythologist. But since + he asserts that he alone is free, I do not know what need he has of + myths. Does he need to temper the harshness and severity of his + advice with sweetness and charm, so that he may at once benefit + mankind and avoid being harmed by one whom he has benefited? Nay, + that is too much like a slave. Moreover, would any man be better + taught by not hearing facts as they really are, or called by their + real names, like the comic poet who calls a spade a spade?<a id= + "noteref_139" name="noteref_139" href="#note_139"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">139</span></span></a> What + need to speak of Phaethon instead of So-and-so? What need + sacrilegiously to profane the title of King Helios? Who among men + that walk here below<a id="noteref_140" name="noteref_140" href= + "#note_140"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">140</span></span></a> is + worthy to be called Pan or Zeus, as though we should ascribe to + those gods our human understanding? And yet if indeed this were + possible it would have been better to give the men their own names. + Would it not have been better to speak of them thus and to bestow + on them human names, or rather not bestow, for those that our + parents gave us were enough? Well then if it is neither easier to + learn by means of fiction, nor appropriate for the Cynic to invent + that sort of thing at all, why did we not spare that wasteful + expense,<a id="noteref_141" name="noteref_141" href= + "#note_141"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">141</span></span></a> and + moreover why did we waste our time in inventing and composing + trivial myths and then making stories of them and learning them by + heart?)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλ᾽ ἴσως ὁ μὲν + λόγος οὔ φησι δεῖν ἀντὶ τῶν ἀληθῶν [D] καὶ μὴ πεπλασμένων τὰ ψευδῆ + καὶ πεπλασμένα παρὰ τοῦ κυνός, ᾧ μόνῳ τῆς ἐλευθερίας μέτεστιν, ἐν + τοῖς κοινοῖς ᾄδεσθαι συλλόγοις, ἡ συνήθεια δὲ οὕτω<a id= + "noteref_142" name="noteref_142" href="#note_142"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">142</span></span></a> + γέγονεν ἀπὸ Διογένους ἀρξαμένη καὶ Κράτητος ἄχρι τῶν ἐφεξῆς. οὐδὲν + οὐδαμοῦ παράδειγμα τοιοῦτον εὑρήσεις· ἐκεῖνο γὰρ ἀφίημι τέως, ὅτι + τῷ Κυνικῷ τὸ νόμισμα παραχαράττοντι <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page084">[pg 084]</span><a name="Pg084" id="Pg084" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg085" id="Pg085" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τῇ συνηθείᾳ προσέχειν οὐδαμῶς προσήκει, τῷ + λόγῳ δὲ αὐτῷ μόνῳ, [209] καὶ τὸ ποιητέον εὑρίσκειν οἴκοθεν, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ + μανθάνειν ἔξωθεν. εἰ δ᾽ Ἀντισθένης ὁ Σωκρατικὸς ὥσπερ ὁ Ξενοφῶν + ἔνια διὰ τῶν μύθων ἀπήγελλε, μήτι<a id="noteref_143" name= + "noteref_143" href="#note_143"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">143</span></span></a> τοῦτό + σε ἐξαπατάτω· καὶ γὰρ μικρὸν ὕστερον ὑπὲρ τούτου σοι + διαλέξομαι·<a id="noteref_144" name="noteref_144" href= + "#note_144"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">144</span></span></a> νῦν + δὲ ἐκεῖνό μοι πρὸς τῶν Μουσῶν φράσον ὑπὲρ τοῦ Κυνισμοῦ, πότερον + ἀπόνοια τίς ἐστι καὶ βίος οὐκ ἀνθρώπινος, ἀλλὰ θηριώδης ψυχῆς + διάθεσις οὐδὲν καλόν, οὐδὲν σπουδαῖον οὐδὲ ἀγαθὸν νομιζούσης; [B] + δοίη γὰρ ἂν ὑπολαβεῖν πολλοῖς περὶ αὐτοῦ ταῦτα Οἰνόμαος. εἴ τί σοι + τοῦ ταῦτα γοῦν ἐπελθεῖν ἐμέλησεν, ἐπέγνως ἂν σαφῶς ἐν τῇ τοῦ κυνὸς + αὐτοφωνίᾳ καὶ τῷ κατὰ τῶν χρηστηρίων καὶ πᾶσιν ἁπλῶς οἷς ἔγραψεν ὁ + ἀνήρ. τοιούτου δὲ ὄντος τοῦ πράγματος, ὥστε ἐνῃρῆσθαι μὲν ἅπασαν + τὴν πρὸς τοὺς θεοὺς εὐλάβειαν, ἠτιμάσθαι δὲ πᾶσαν ἀνθρωπίνην + φρόνησιν, νόμον δὲ μὴ τὸν ὁμώνυμον τῷ καλῷ καὶ δικαίῳ πεπατῆσθαι + μόνον, [C] ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς ἐκ τῶν θεῶν ἡμῖν ὥσπερ ἐγγραφέντας ταῖς + ψυχαῖς, ὑφ᾽ ὧν πάντες ἀδιδάκτως εἶναι θεῖόν τι πεπείσμεθα καὶ πρὸς + τοῦτο ἀφορᾶν ἐπ᾽ αὐτό τε οἶμαι σπεύδειν οὕτω διατιθέμενοι τὰς ψυχὰς + πρὸς αὐτὸ ὥσπερ, οἶμαι πρὸς τὸ φῶς τὰ βλέποντα, πρὸς τούτῳ δὲ εἰ + καὶ ὁ δεύτερος ἐξελαύνοιτο νόμος ἱερὸς ὢν φύσει καὶ θεῖος, ὁ τῶν + ἀλλοτρίων πάντη καὶ πάντως <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page086">[pg 086]</span><a name="Pg086" id="Pg086" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg087" id="Pg087" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀπέχεσθαι κελεύων καὶ μήτε ἐν λόγῳ μήτε ἐν + ἔργῳ μήτε [D] ἐν αὐταῖς ταῖς λανθανούσαις τῆς ψυχῆς ἐνεργείαις + ταῦτα ἐπιτρέπων συγχεῖν, ὅσπερ ἡμῖν καὶ τῆς τελειοτάτης ἐστὶν + ἡγεμὼν δικαιοσύνης· ἆρ᾽ οὐκ ἔστι βαράθρου τὸ πρᾶγμα ἄξιον; ἆρ᾽ οὐ + τοὺς ταῦτα ἐπαινοῦντας ὥσπερ τοὺς φαρμακοὺς ἐχρῆν οὐ θύσθλοις + παιομένους<a id="noteref_145" name="noteref_145" href= + "#note_145"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">145</span></span></a> + ἐλαύνεσθαι· κουφοτέρα γάρ ἐστι τῶν ἀδικημάτων ἡ ζημία· λίθοις δὲ + βαλλομένους ἀπολωλέναι; διαφέρουσι γὰρ οὗτοι τί, [210] πρὸς τῶν + θεῶν εἰπέ μοι, τῶν ἐπ᾽ ἐρημίας λῃστευόντων καὶ κατειληφότων τὰς + ἀκτὰς ἐπὶ τῷ λυμαίνεσθαι τοῖς καταπλέουσι; καταφρονοῦντες θανάτου, + φασίν· ὥσπερ οὐ κἀκείνοις συνομαρτούσης ταυτησὶ τῆς ἀπονοίας. φησὶ + γοῦν ὁ καθ᾽ ὑμᾶς μὲν ποιητὴς καὶ μυθολόγος, ὡς δὲ ὁ Πύθιος λῃσταῖς + χρωμένοις ἀνεῖλεν, ἥρως καὶ δαίμων, ὑπὲρ τῶν λῃζομένων τὴν + θάλατταν</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But perhaps you + will say that though reason asserts that the Cynic, who alone of + men can claim to be free, ought not to invent and compose lying + fictions instead of the unvarnished truth and then recite these in + public assemblies, nevertheless the custom began with Diogenes and + Crates, and has been maintained from that time by all Cynics. My + answer is that nowhere will you find a single example of such a + custom. For the moment I do not insist on the fact that it in no + wise becomes a Cynic who must <span class="tei tei-q">“give a new + stamp to the common currency”</span><a id="noteref_146" name= + "noteref_146" href="#note_146"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">146</span></span></a> to + pay any attention to custom, but only to pure reason, and he ought + to discover within himself what is right for him to do and not + learn it from without. And do not be misled by the fact that + Antisthenes the disciple of Socrates, and Xenophon too, sometimes + expressed themselves by means of myths; for I shall have something + to say to you on this point in a moment. But now in the Muses' name + answer me this question about the Cynic philosophy. Are we to think + it a sort of madness, a method of life not suitable for a human + being, but rather a brutal attitude of mind which recks naught of + the beautiful, the honourable, or the good? For Oenomaus<a id= + "noteref_147" name="noteref_147" href="#note_147"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">147</span></span></a> would + make many people hold this view of it. If you had taken any trouble + to study the subject, you would have learned this from that Cynic's + <span class="tei tei-q">“Direct Inspiration of Oracles”</span> and + his work <span class="tei tei-q">“Against the Oracles,”</span> in + short from everything that he wrote. This then is his aim, to do + away with all reverence for the gods, to bring dishonour on all + human wisdom, to trample on all law that can be identified with + honour and justice, and more than this, to trample on those laws + which have been as it were engraved on our souls by the gods, and + have impelled us all to believe without teaching that the divine + exists, and to direct our eyes to it and to yearn towards it: for + our souls are disposed towards it as eyes towards the light. + Furthermore, suppose that one should discard also that second law + which is sanctified both by nature and by God, I mean the law that + bids us keep our hands altogether and utterly from the property of + others and permits us neither by word or deed or in the inmost and + secret activities of our souls to confound such distinctions, since + the law is our guide to the most perfect justice—is not this + conduct worthy of pit?<a id="noteref_148" name="noteref_148" href= + "#note_148"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">148</span></span></a> And + ought not those who applauded such views to have been driven forth, + not by blows with wands, like scapegoats,<a id="noteref_149" name= + "noteref_149" href="#note_149"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">149</span></span></a> for + that penalty is too light for such crimes, but put to death by + stoning? For tell me, in Heaven's name, how are such men less + criminal than bandits who infest lonely places and haunt the coasts + in order to despoil navigators? Because, as people say, they + despise death; as though bandits were not inspired by the same + frenzied courage! So says at any rate he<a id="noteref_150" name= + "noteref_150" href="#note_150"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">150</span></span></a> who + with you counts as a poet and mythologist, though, as a Pythian god + proclaimed to certain bandits who sought his oracle, he was a hero + and divinity—I mean where, speaking of pirates of the sea, he + says:)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Οἷά τε ληιστῆρες, ὑπεὶρ ἅλα τοί + τ᾽ ἀλόωνται</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">[B] Ψυχὰς παρθέμενοι.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Like + pirates who wander over the sea, staking their + lives.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id= + "noteref_151" name="noteref_151" href="#note_151"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">151</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">τί οὖν ἔτι + ἕτερον ζητεῖς ὑπὲρ τῆς ἀπονοίας τῶν λῃστῶν μάρτυρα; πλὴν εἰ μὴ καὶ + ἀνδρειοτέρους ἂν εἴποι τις τῶν τοιούτων κυνῶν ἐκείνους τοὺς λῃστάς, + ἰταμωτέρους δὲ τῶν λῃστῶν ἐκείνων τοὺς κύνας τουτουσί. οἱ μὲν γὰρ + συνειδότες αὑτοῖς οὕτω μοχθηρὸν τὸν βίον οὐ μᾶλλον διὰ τὸ τοῦ + θανάτου δέος ἢ τὴν αἰσχύνην τὰς ἐρημίας προβάλλονται, οἱ δ᾽ ἄρα + περιπατοῦσιν<a id="noteref_152" name="noteref_152" href= + "#note_152"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">152</span></span></a> [C] + ἐν τῷ μέσῳ τὰ κοινὰ νόμιμα συγχέοντες, οὐχὶ τῷ κρείττονα + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page088">[pg 088]</span><a name= + "Pg088" id="Pg088" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg089" id= + "Pg089" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ καθαρωτέραν, ἀλλὰ τῷ + χείρονα καὶ βδελυρωτέραν ἐπεισάγειν πολιτείαν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(What better + witness can you require for the desperate courage of bandits? + Except indeed that one might say that bandits are more courageous + than Cynics of this sort, while the Cynics are more reckless than + they. For pirates, well aware as they are how worthless is the life + they lead, take cover in desert places as much from shame as from + the fear of death: whereas the Cynics go up and down in our midst + subverting the institutions of society, and that not by introducing + a better and purer state of things but a worse and more corrupt + state.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τὰς + ἀνανφερομένας δὲ εἰς τὸν Διογένη τραγῳδίας, οὔσας μὲν καὶ + ὁμολογουμένως<a id="noteref_153" name="noteref_153" href= + "#note_153"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">153</span></span></a> + Κυνικοῦ τινος συγγράμματα, ἀμφισβητουμένας δὲ κατὰ τοῦτο μόνον, [D] + εἴτε τοῦ διδασκάλου, τοῦ Διογένους, εἰσίν, εἴτε τοῦ μαθητοῦ + Φιλίσκου, τίς οὐκ ἂν ἐπελθὼν βδελύξαιτο καὶ νομίσειεν ὑπερβολὴν + ἀρρητουργίας οὐδὲ ταῖς ἑταίραις ἀπολελεῖφθαι; ταῖς Οἰνομάου δὲ + ἐντυχών· ἔγραψε γὰρ καὶ τραγῳδίας τοῖς λόγοις τοῖς ἑαυτοῦ + παραπλησίας, ἀρρήτων ἀρρητότερα καὶ κακῶν πέρα, καὶ οὐκέθ᾽ ὅ,τι φῶ + περὶ αὐτῶν ἀξίως ἔχω, κἂν τὰ Μαγνήτων κακὰ, κἂν τὸ Τερμέριον, κἂν + πᾶσαν ἁπλῶς αὐτοῖς ἐπιφθέγξωμαι [211] τὴν τραγῳδίαν μετὰ τοῦ + σατύρου καὶ τῆς κωμῳδίας καὶ τοῦ μίμου, οὕτω πᾶσα μὲν αἰσχρότης, + πᾶσα δὲ ἀπόνοια πρὸς ὑπερβολὴν ἐν ἐκείναις τῷ ἀνδρὶ πεφιλοτέχνηται· + καὶ εἰ μὲν ἐκ τούτων τις ἀξιοῖ τὸν Κυνισμὸν ὁποῖός τις ἐστιν ἡμῖν + ἐπιδεῖξαι, βλασφημῶν τοὺς θεούς, ὑλακτῶν πρὸς ἅπαντας, ὅπερ ἔφην + ἀρχόμενος, ἴτω, χωρείτω,<a id="noteref_154" name="noteref_154" + href="#note_154"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">154</span></span></a> γῆν + πρὸ γῆς, ὅποι βούλοιτο· εἰ δ᾽, ὅπερ ὁ θεὸς ἔφη Διογένει, τὸ νόμισμα + παραχαράξας ἐπὶ τὴν πρὸ ταύτης εἰρημένην ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ συμβουλὴν + τρέποιτο, τὸ Γνῶθι σαυτόν, ὅπερ ζηλώσαντες ἐπὶ τῶν ἔργων Διογένης + καὶ Κράτης φαίνονται, τοῦτο ἤδη τοῦ παντὸς ἄξιον ἔγωγε φαίην ἂν + ἀνδρὶ καιὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page090">[pg + 090]</span><a name="Pg090" id="Pg090" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg091" id="Pg091" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> στρατηγεῖν καὶ φιλοσοφεῖν ἐθέλοντι. τί δὲ + εἶπεν ὁ θεός, ἆρ᾽ ἴσμεν; ὅτι τῆς τῶν πολλῶν αὐτῷ δόξης ἐπέταξεν [C] + ὑπερορᾶν καὶ παραχαράττειν οὐ τὴν ἀλήθειαν, ἀλλὰ τὸ νόμισμα. τὸ δὲ + Γνῶθι σαυτὸν ἐν ποτέρᾳ θησόμεθα μοίρᾳ; πότερον ἐν τῇ τοῦ + νομίσματος; ἢ τοῦτό γε αὐτὸ τῆς ἀληθείας εἶναι κεφάλαιον θήσομεν + καὶ τρόπον εἰρῆσθαι τοῦ Παραχάραξον τὸ νόμισμα διὰ τῆς<a id= + "noteref_155" name="noteref_155" href="#note_155"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">155</span></span></a> Γνῶθι + σαυτὸν ἀποφάσεως; ὥσπερ γὰρ ὁ τὰ νομιζόμενα παντάπασιν ἀτιμάσας, + ἐπ᾽ αὐτὴν δὲ ἥκων τὴν ἀλήθειαν οὐδ᾽ ὑπὲρ ἑαυτοῦ τοῖς νομιζομένοις, + ἀλλὰ τοῖς ὄντως οὖσι θήσεται, [D] οὕτως οἶμαι καὶ ὁ γνοὺς ἑαυτὸν + ὅπερ ἔστιν ἀκριβῶς εἴσεται καὶ οὐχ ὅπερ νομίζεται. πότερον οὖν οὐχ + ὁ Πύθιος ἀληθής τέ ἐστι θεός, καὶ Διογένης τοῦτο ἐπέπειστο σαφῶς, + ὅς γε αὐτῷ πεισθεὶς ἀντὶ φυγάδος ἀπεδείχθη οὐ τοῦ Περσῶν βασιλέως + μείζων, ἀλλ᾽, ὡς ἡ φήμη παρέδωκεν, αὐτῷ τῷ καταλύσαντι τὸ Περσῶν + κράτος καὶ ταῖς Ἡρακλέους ἁμιλλωμένῳ πράξεσιν, ὑπερβάλλεσθαι δὲ τὸν + Ἀχιλλέα φιλοτιμουμένῳ ζηλωτός; οὗτος οὖν ὁ Διογένης ὁποῖός τις ἦν + τά τε πρὸς τοὺς θεοὺς [212] καὶ τὰ πρὸς ἀνθρώπους μὴ διὰ τῶν + Οἰνομάου λόγων μηδὲ τῶν Φιλίσκου τραγῳδιῶν, αἷς ἐπιγράψας τὸ + Διογένους ὄνομα τῆς θείας πολλά ποτε κατεψεύσατο κεφαλῆς, ἀλλὰ δι᾽ + ὧν ἔδρασεν ἔργων ὁποῖός τις ἦν γνωριζέσθω.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now as for the + tragedies ascribed to Diogenes, which are and are admitted to be, + the composition of some Cynic—the only point in dispute being + whether they are by the master himself, Diogenes, or by his + disciple Philiscus,—what reader of these would not abhor them, and + find in them an excess of infamy not to be surpassed even by + courtesans? However, let him go on to read the tragedies of + Oenomaus—for he too wrote tragedies to match his discourses—and he + will find that they are more inconceivably infamous, that they + transgress the very limits of evil; in fact I have no words to + describe them adequately, and in vain should I cite in comparison + the horrors of Magnesia,<a id="noteref_156" name="noteref_156" + href="#note_156"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">156</span></span></a> the + wickedness of Termerus<a id="noteref_157" name="noteref_157" href= + "#note_157"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">157</span></span></a> or + the whole of tragedy put together, along with satiric drama, comedy + and the mime: with such art has their author displayed in those + works every conceivable vileness and folly in their most extreme + form. Now if from such works any man chooses to demonstrate to us + the character of the Cynic philosophy, and to blaspheme the gods + and bark at all men, as I said when I began, let him go, let him + depart to the uttermost parts of the earth whithersoever he + pleases. But if he do as the god enjoined on Diogenes, and first + <span class="tei tei-q">“give a new stamp to the common + currency,”</span> then devote himself to the advice uttered earlier + by the god, the precept <span class="tei tei-q">“Know + Thyself,”</span> which Diogenes and Crates evidently followed in + their actual practice, then I say that this is wholly worthy of one + who desires to be a leader and a philosopher. For surely we know + what the god meant? He enjoined on Diogenes to despise the opinion + of the crowd and to give a new stamp, not to truth, but to the + common currency. Now to which of these categories shall we assign + self-knowledge? Can we call it common currency? Shall we not rather + say that it is the very summary of truth, and by the injunction + <span class="tei tei-q">“Know Thyself”</span> we are told the way + in which we must <span class="tei tei-q">“give a new stamp to the + common currency”</span>? For just as one who pays no regard + whatever to conventional opinions but goes straight for the truth + will not decide his own conduct by those opinions but by actual + facts, so I think he who knows himself will know accurately, not + the opinion of others about him, but what he is in reality. It + follows then, does it not? that the Pythian god speaks the truth, + and moreover that Diogenes was clearly convinced of this since he + obeyed the god and so became, instead of an exile, I will not say + greater than the King of Persia, but according to the tradition + handed down actually an object of envy to the man<a id= + "noteref_158" name="noteref_158" href="#note_158"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">158</span></span></a> who + had broken the power of Persia and was rivalling the exploits of + Heracles and ambitious to surpass Achilles. Then let us judge of + the attitude of Diogenes towards gods and men, not from the + discourses of Oenomaus or the tragedies of Philiscus—who by + ascribing their authorship to Diogenes grossly slandered that + sacred personage—but let us, I say, judge him by his deeds.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἦλθεν εἰς + Ὀλυμπίαν ἐπὶ τί πρὸς Διός; ἵνα τοὺς ἀγωνιστὰς θεάσηται; τί δέ; οὐχὶ + καὶ Ἰσθμίοις <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page092">[pg + 092]</span><a name="Pg092" id="Pg092" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg093" id="Pg093" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τοὺς αὐτοὺς καὶ Παναθηναίοις θεάσασθαι δίχα + πραγμάτων οἷόν τε ἦν; ἀλλὰ ἐθέλων ἐκεῖ τοῖς κρατίστοις συγγενέσθαι + τῶν Ἑλλήνων; [B] οὐ γὰρ Ἰσθμόνδε ἐφοίτων; οὐκ ἂν οὖν εὕροις ἄλλην + αἰτίαν ἢ τὴν εἰς τὸν θεὸν θεραπείαν. εἰ δ᾽ οὐκ ἐξεπλάγη τὸν + κεραυνὸν· οὐδὲ ἐγὼ μὰ τοὺς θεοὺς πολλῶν πολλάκις πειραθεὶς + διοσημιῶν ἐξεπλάγην. ἀλλ᾽ ὅμως οὕτω δή τι τοὺς θεοὺς πέφρικα καὶ + φιλῶ καὶ σέβω καὶ ἅζομαι καὶ πάνθ᾽ ἁπλῶς τὰ τοιαῦτα πρὸς αὐτοὺς + πάσχω, ὅσαπερ ἄν τις καὶ οἷα πρὸς ἀγαθοὺς δεσπότας, πρὸς + διδασκάλους, πρὸς πατέρας, πρὸς κηδεμόνας, πρὸς πάντα ἁπλῶς τὰ + τοιαῦτα, [C] ὥστε ὀλίγου δεῖν ὑπὸ τῶν σῶν ῥημάτων πρῴην ἐξανέστην. + τοῦτο μὲν οὖν οὐκ οἶδ᾽ ὅντινα τρόπον ἐπελθὸν ἴσως σιωπᾶσθαι δέον + ἐρρέθη.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Why in the name + of Zeus did he go to Olympia? To see the athletes compete? Nay, + could he not have seen those very athletes without trouble both at + the Isthmian games and the Panathenaic festival? Then was it + because he wished to meet there the most distinguished Greeks? But + did they not go to the Isthmus too? So you cannot discover any + other motive than that of doing honour to the god. He was not, you + say, awestruck by a thunderstorm. Ye gods, I too have witnessed + such signs from Zeus over and over again, without being awestruck! + Yet for all that I feel awe of the gods, I love, I revere, I + venerate them, and in short have precisely the same feelings + towards them as one would have towards kind masters<a id= + "noteref_159" name="noteref_159" href="#note_159"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">159</span></span></a> or + teachers or fathers or guardians or any beings of that sort. That + is the very reason why I could hardly sit still the other day and + listen to your speech. However, I have spoken thus as I was somehow + or other impelled to speak, though perhaps it would have been + better to say nothing at all.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Διογένης δὲ καὶ + πένης ὢν καὶ χρημάτων ἐνδεὴς εἰς Ὀλυμπίαν ἐβάδιζεν, Ἀλέξανδρον δὲ + ἥκειν ἐκέλευε παρ᾽ ἑαυτόν, εἴ τῳ πιστὸς ὁ Δίων. οὕτω πρέπειν + ἐνόμιζεν ἑαυτῷ [D] μὲν φοιτᾶν ἐπὶ τὰ ἱερὰ τῶν θεῶν, τῷ βασιλικωτάτῳ + δὲ τῶν καθ᾽ ἑαυτὸν ἐπὶ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ συνουσίαν. ἃ δὲ πρὸς Ἀρχίδαμον + γέγραφεν, οὐ βασιλικαὶ παραινέσεις εἰσίν; οὐ μόνον δὲ ἐν τοῖς + λόγοις ἦν ὁ Διογένης θεοσεβής, ἀλλὰ γὰρ καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἔργοις. + ἑλόμενον γὰρ αὐτὸν οἰκεῖν τὰς Ἀθήνας ἐπειδὴ τὸ δαιμόνιον εἰς τὴν + Κόρινθον ἀπήγαγεν, ἀφεθεὶς ὑπὸ τοῦ πριαμένου τὴν πόλιν οὐκέτ᾽ ῴήθη + δεῖν ἐκλιπεῖν· [213] ἐπέπειστο γὰρ αὑτοῦ τοῖς θεοῖς μέλειν εἴς τε + τὴν Κόρινθον οὐ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page094">[pg + 094]</span><a name="Pg094" id="Pg094" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg095" id="Pg095" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> μάτην οὐδὲ κατά τινα συντυχίαν, τρόπον δέ + τινα ὑπὸ τῶν θεῶν εἰσπεπέμφθαι ὁρῶν τὴν πόλιν τρυφῶσαν τῶν Ἀθηναίων + μᾶλλον καὶ δεομένην μείζονος καὶ γενναιοτέρου σωφρονιστοῦ.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(To return to + Diogenes: he was poor and lacked means, yet he travelled to + Olympia, though he bade Alexander come to him, if we are to believe + Dio.<a id="noteref_160" name="noteref_160" href= + "#note_160"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">160</span></span></a> So + convinced was he that it was his duty to visit the temples of the + gods, but that it was the duty of the most royal monarch of that + day to come to him for an interview. And was not that royal advice + which he wrote to Archidamus? Nay, not only in words but in deeds + also did Diogenes show his reverence for the gods. For he preferred + to live in Athens, but when the divine command had sent him away to + Corinth, even after he had been set free by the man who had bought + him, he did not think he ought to leave that city. For he believed + that the gods took care of him, and that he had been sent to + Corinth, not at random or by some accident, but by the gods + themselves for some purpose. He saw that Corinth was more luxurious + than Athens, and stood in need of a more severe and courageous + reformer.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τί δέ; οὐχὶ καὶ + τοῦ Κράτητος μουσικὰ καὶ χαρίεντα φέρεται πολλὰ δείγματα τῆς πρὸς + τοὺς θεοὺς ὁσιότητός τε καὶ εὐλαβείας; ἄκουε γοῦν αὐτὰ παρ᾽ ἡμῶν, + [B] εἴ σοι μὴ σχολὴ γέγονε μαθεῖν ἐξ ἐκείνων αὐτά.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To give you + another instance: Are there not extant many charming poems by + Crates also which are proofs of his piety and veneration for the + gods? I will repeat them to you if you have not had time to learn + this from the poems themselves:</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Μνημοσύνης καὶ Ζηνὸς Ὀλυμπίου + ἀγλαὰ τέκνα,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 1.80em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Μοῦσαι Πιερέδες, κλῦτέ μοι + εὐχομένῳ·</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Χόρτον ἐμῇ συνεχῆ δότε γαστέρι, + καὶ δότε χωρίς</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 1.80em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Δουλοσύνης, ἣ δὴ λιτὸν ἔθηκε + βίον.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Ye Muses of + Pieria, glorious children of Memory and Olympian Zeus, grant me + this prayer! Give me food for my belly from day to day, but give + it without slavery which makes life miserable + indeed....</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-tb"> + <hr style="width: 50%" /> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "margin-left: 1.80em; text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ὠφέλιμον δὲ φίλοις, μὴ γλυκερὸν + τίθετε.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">[C] Χρήματα δ᾽ οὐκ ἐθέλω + συνάγειν κλυτά, κανθάρου ὄλβον</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 1.80em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Μύρμηκός τ᾽ ἄφενος χρήματα + μαιόμενος,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἀλλὰ δικαιοσύνης μετέχειν καὶ + πλοῦτον ἀγείρειν</span><a id="noteref_161" name="noteref_161" + href="#note_161"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">161</span></span></a> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "margin-left: 1.80em; text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Εὔφορον, εὔκτητον, τίμιον εἰς + ἀρετήν.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Τῶν δὲ τυχὼν Ἑρμῆν καὶ Μούσας + ἱλάσομ᾽ ἁγνάς.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 1.80em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Οὐ δαπάναις τρυφεραῖς, [D] ἀλλ᾽ + ἀρεταῖς ὁσίαις.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Make me + useful rather than agreeable to my friends. Treasure and the fame + thereof I desire not to amass; nor do I crave the wealth of the + beetle and the substance of the ant. But justice I desire to + attain, and to collect riches that are easily carried, easily + acquired, precious for virtue. If I attain these things I will + worship Hermes and the holy Muses, not with costly and luxurious + offerings, but with pious and virtuous + actions.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id= + "noteref_162" name="noteref_162" href="#note_162"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">162</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ὁρᾷς ὅτι τοὺς + θεοὺς εὐφημῶν, οὐχὶ δὲ ὡς σὺ βλασφημῶν κατ᾽ αὐτῶν ηὔχετο; πόσαι γὰρ + ἑκατόμβαι τῆς ὁσίας εἰσὶν ἀντάξιαι, ἣν καὶ ὁ δαιμόνιος Εὐριπίδης + ὀρθῶς ἥμνησεν εἰπὼν</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(You see that, + far from blaspheming the gods as you do, he adored and prayed to + them? For what number of hecatombs are worth as much as Piety, whom + the inspired Euripides celebrated appropriately in the verses)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ὁσία πότνα θεῶν, ὁσία;</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Piety, + queen of the gods, Piety</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">?</span><a id="noteref_163" name="noteref_163" + href="#note_163"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">163</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page096">[pg 096]</span><a name= + "Pg096" id="Pg096" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg097" id= + "Pg097" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ἢ τοῦτό σε + λέληθεν, ὅτι πάντα, καὶ τὰ μεγάλα καὶ τὰ σμικρά, μετὰ τῆς ὁσίας + τοῖς θεοῖς προσαγόμενα τὴν ἴσην ἔχει δύναμιν, ἐστερημένη δὲ τῆς + ὁσίας οὐχ ἑκατόμβη μὰ θεούς, ἀλλὰ ἡ τῆς Ὀλυμπιάδος χιλιόμβη ἀνάλωμα + μόνον ἐστίν, [214] ἄλλο δὲ οὐδέν; ὅπερ οἶμαι γιγνώσκων ὁ Κράτης + αὐτός τε διὰ μόνης ἧς εἶχεν ὁσίας τοὺς θεοὺς ἐτίμα σὺν εὐφημίᾳ καὶ + τοὺς ἄλλους ἐδίδασκε μὴ τὰ δαπανήματα τῆς ὁσίας, ἀλλὰ τὴν ὁσίαν + ἐκείνων προτιμᾶν ἐν ταῖς ἁγιστείαις. τοιούτω δὲ τὼ ἄνδρε τώδε + γενομένω τὰ πρὸς τοὺς θεοὺς οὐκ ἀκροατήρια συνεκροτείτην<a id= + "noteref_164" name="noteref_164" href="#note_164"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">164</span></span></a> οὐδ᾽ + ὥσπερ οἱ σοφοὶ δι᾽ εἰκόνων καὶ μύθων τοῖς φίλοις + συνεγιγνέσθην·<a id="noteref_165" name="noteref_165" href= + "#note_165"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">165</span></span></a> + λέγεται γὰρ [B] ὑπ᾽ Εὐριπίδου καλῶς</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Or are you not + aware that all offerings whether great or small that are brought to + the gods with piety have equal value, whereas without piety, I will + not say hecatombs, but, by the gods, even the Olympian + sacrifice<a id="noteref_166" name="noteref_166" href= + "#note_166"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">166</span></span></a> of a + thousand oxen is merely empty expenditure and nothing else?<a id= + "noteref_167" name="noteref_167" href="#note_167"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">167</span></span></a> This + I believe Crates recognized, and so with that piety which was his + only possession he himself used to honour the gods with praises, + and moreover taught others not to honour expensive offerings more + than piety in the sacred ceremonies. This then was the attitude of + both those Cynics towards the gods but they did not crowd audiences + together to hear them, nor did they entertain their friends with + similes and myths, like the wise men of to-day. For as Euripides + well says,<a id="noteref_168" name="noteref_168" href= + "#note_168"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">168</span></span></a>)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἁπλοῦς ὁ μῦθος τῆς ἀληθείας + ἔφυ·</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Simple and + unadorned is the language of truth.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">σκιαγραφίας γάρ + φησι τὸν ψευδῆ καὶ ἄδικον δεῖσθαι. τίς οὖν ὁ τρόπος αὐτοῖς τῆς + συνουσίας ἐγίνετο; τῶν λόγων ἡγεῖτο τὰ ἔργα, καὶ οἱ τὴν πενίαν + τιμῶντες αὐτοὶ πρῶτοι φαίνονται<a id="noteref_169" name= + "noteref_169" href="#note_169"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">169</span></span></a> καὶ + τῶν πατρῴων χρημάτων ὑπεριδόντες, οἱ τὴν ἀτυφίαν ἀσπασάμενοι πρῶτοι + [C] τὴν εὐτέλειαν ἤσκουν διὰ πάντων, οἱ τὸ τραγικὸν καὶ σοβαρὸν ἐκ + τῶν ἀλλοτρίων ἐξαιροῦντες βίων ᾤκουν αὐτοὶ πρῶτοι τὰς ἀγορὰς ἢ τὰ + τῶν θεῶν τεμένη, τῇ τρυφῇ δὲ καὶ πρὸ τῶν ῥημάτων διὰ τῶν ἔργων + ἐπολέμουν, ἔργοις ἐλέγχοντες, οὐ λόγῳ βοῶντες, ὅτι τῷ Διὶ + συμβασιλεύειν ἔξεστιν οὐδενὸς ἢ σμικρῶν πάνυ <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page098">[pg 098]</span><a name="Pg098" id="Pg098" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg099" id="Pg099" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> δεόμενον οὐδὲ παρενοχλούμενον ὑπὸ τοῦ + σώματος, ἐπετίμων δὲ τοῖς ἁμαρτάνουσιν, ἡνίκα ἔζων οἱ πταίσαντες, + [D] οὐκ ἀποθανόντας ἐβλασφήμουν, ἡνίκα καὶ τῶν ἐχθρῶν οἱ + μετριώτεροι σπένδονται τοῖς ἀπελθοῦσιν. ἔχει δὲ ὅ γε ἀληθινὸς κύων + ἐχθρὸν οὐδένα, κἂν τὸ σωμάτιον αὐτοῦ τις πατάξῃ, κἂν τοὔνομα + περιέλκῃ, κἂν λοιδορῆται καὶ βλασφημῇ, διότι τὸ μὲν τῆς ἔχθρας + γίνεται πρὸς ἀντίπαλον, τὸ δὲ ὑπερβαῖνον τὴν πρὸς ἕτερον ἅμιλλαν + εὐνοίᾳ τιμᾶσθαι φιλεῖ· [215] κἄν τις ἑτέρως ἔχῃ πρὸς αὐτὸν, καθάπερ + οἶμαι πολλοὶ πρὸς τοὺς θεούς, ἐκείνῳ μὲν οὐκ ἔστιν ἐχθρός, οὐδὲ γὰρ + βλαβερός, αὐτὸς δὲ αὑτῷ βαρύτατον ἐπιτιθεὶς<a id="noteref_170" + name="noteref_170" href="#note_170"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">170</span></span></a> + τίμημα τὴν τοῦ κρείττονος ἄγνοιαν ἔρημος λείπεται τῆς ἐκείνου + προστασίας.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Only the liar + and the dishonest man, he says, have any use for a mysterious and + allusive style. Now what was the manner of their intercourse with + men? Deeds with them came before words, and if they honoured + poverty they themselves seem first to have scorned inherited + wealth; if they cultivated modesty, they themselves first practised + plain living in every respect; if they tried to expel from the + lives of other men the element of theatrical display and arrogance, + they themselves first set the example by living in the open market + places and the temple precincts, and they opposed luxury by their + own practice before they did so in words; nor did they shout aloud + but proved by their actions that a man may rule as the equal of + Zeus if he needs nothing or very little and so is not hampered by + his body; and they reproved sinners during the lifetime of those + who had offended but did not speak ill of the dead; for when men + are dead even their enemies, at least the more moderate, make peace + with the departed. But the genuine Cynic has no enemy, even though + men strike his feeble body or drag his name in the mire, or slander + and speak ill of him, because enmity is felt only towards an + opponent, but that which is above personal rivalry is usually loved + and respected. But if anyone is hostile to a Cynic, as indeed many + are even to the gods, he is not that Cynic's enemy, since he cannot + injure him; rather he inflicts on himself the most terrible + punishment of all, namely ignorance of one who is nobler than + himself; and so he is deserted and bereft of the other's + protection.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλ᾽ εἰ μὲν νῦν + μοι προύκειτο περὶ Κυνισμοῦ γράφειν, [B] εἶπον ἂν ὑπὲρ τούτων ἔτι + τὰ παριστάμενά μοι τῶν εἰρημένων ἴσως οὐκ ἐλάττω· νῦν δὲ + ἀποδιδόντες τὸ συνεχὲς τῇ προαιρέσει περὶ τοῦ ποταποὺς εἶναι χρὴ + τοὺς πλαττομένους τῶν μύθων ἐφεξῆς σκοπῶμεν. ἴσως δὲ ἡγεῖται καὶ + ταύτης τῆς ἐγχειρήσεως ἐκείνη, ὁποίᾳ τινὶ φιλοσοφίᾳ προσῆκον ἡ + μυθογραφία. φαίνονται γὰρ πολλοὶ καὶ τῶν φιλοσόφων αὐτὸ καὶ τῶν + θεολόγων ποιήσαντες, ὥσπερ Ὀρφεὺς μὲν ὁ παλαιότατος ἐνθέως + φιλοσοφήσας, οὐκ ὀλίγοι δὲ καὶ τῶν μετ᾽ ἐκεῖνον· οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ [C] + καὶ Ξενοφῶν φαίνεται καὶ Ἀντισθένης καὶ Πλάτων προσχρησάμενοι + πολλαχοῦ τοῖς μύθοις, ὥσθ᾽ ἡμῖν πέφηνεν, εἰ καὶ μὴ τῷ Κυνικῷ, + φιλοσόφῳ γοῦν τινι προσήκειν ἡ μυθογραφία.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now if my + present task were to write about the Cynic philosophy, I could add + many details about the Cynics, not less important than what I have + said already. But not to interrupt my main theme, I will now + consider in due course the question what kind of myths ought to be + invented. But perhaps another inquiry should precede this attempt, + I mean to what branch of philosophy the composition of myths is + appropriate. For we see that many philosophers and theologians too + have employed it, Orpheus for instance, the most ancient of all the + inspired philosophers, and many besides of those that came after + him. Nay what is more, Xenophon as we know and Antisthenes and + Plato often introduced myths, so that it is obvious that even if + the use of myth be not appropriate for the Cynic, still it may be + so for some other type of philosopher.)</p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page100">[pg 100]</span><a name="Pg100" id="Pg100" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg101" id="Pg101" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Μικρὰ οὖν ὑπὲρ + τῶν τῆς φιλοσοφίας εἴτε μορίων εἴτε ἐργάνων προρρητέον.<a id= + "noteref_171" name="noteref_171" href="#note_171"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">171</span></span></a> ἔστι + γὰρ οὐ μέγα τὸ διαφέρον ὁποτέρως ἄν τις τῷ πρακτικῷ<a id= + "noteref_172" name="noteref_172" href="#note_172"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">172</span></span></a> [D] + καὶ τῷ φυσικῷ τὸ λογικὸν προσαριθμῇ· ἀναγκαῖον γὰρ ὁμοίως φαίνεται + κατ᾽ ἀμφότερα. τριῶν δὴ τούτων αὖθις ἕκαστον εἰς τρία τέμνεται, τὸ + μὲν φυσικὸν εἰς τὸ θεολογικὸν καὶ τὸ περὶ τὰ μαθήματα καὶ τρίτον τὸ + περὶ τὴν τῶν γινομένων καὶ ἀπολλυμένων καὶ τῶν ἀιδίων μέν, σωμάτων + δὲ ὅμως θεωρίαν, τί τὸ εἶναι αὐτοῖς καὶ τίς ἡ οὐσία ἑκάστου· τοῦ + πρακτικοῦ δὲ τὸ μὲν πρὸς ἕνα ἄνδρα, ἠθικόν, οἰκονομικὸν δὲ τὸ περὶ + μίαν οἰκίαν, πολιτικὸν δὲ τὸ περὶ πόλιν· ἔτι μέντοι τοῦ λογικοῦ τὸ + μὲν ἀποδεικτικὸν διὰ τῶν ἀληθῶν, τὸ δὲ διὰ τῶν ἐνδόξων βιαστικόν, + [216] τὸ δὲ διὰ τῶν φαινομένων ἐνδόξων παραλογιστικόν. ὄντων δὴ + τοσούτων τῶν τῆς φιλοσοφίας μερῶν, εἰ μή τί με λέληθε· καὶ οὐδὲν + θαυμαστὸν ἄνδρα στρατιώτην μὴ λίαν ἐξακριβοῦν μηδ᾽ ἐξονυχίζειν τὰ + τοιαῦτα, ἅτε οὐκ ἐκ βιβλίων ἀσκήσεως, ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς προστυχούσης αὐτὰ + ἕξεως ἀποφθεγγόμενον· ἔσεσθε γοῦν μοι καὶ ὑμεῖς μάρτυρες, εἰ τὰς + ἡμέρας λογίσαισθε,<a id="noteref_173" name="noteref_173" href= + "#note_173"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">173</span></span></a> πόσαι + τινές εἰσιν αἱ μεταξὺ ταύτης τε καὶ τῆς ἔναγχος ἡμῖν γενομένης + ἀκροάσεως ὅσων τε ἡμῖν ἀσχολιῶν πλήρεις· [B] ἀλλ᾽ ὅπερ ἔφην, εἰ καί + τι παραλέλειπται παρ᾽ ἐμοῦ· καίτοι νομίζω γε μηδὲν ἐνδεῖν· πλὴν ὁ + προστιθεὶς οὐκ ἐχθρός, ἀλλὰ φίλος ἔσται.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I must first + then say a few words about the subdivisions or instruments of + philosophy. It does not make much difference in which of two ways + one reckons logic, whether with practical or natural philosophy, + since it is equally necessary to both these branches. But I will + consider these as three separate branches and assign to each one + three subdivisions. Natural philosophy consists of theology, + mathematics, and thirdly the study of this world of generation and + decay and things that though imperishable are nevertheless matter, + and deals with their essential nature and their substance in each + case. Practical philosophy again consists of ethics in so far as it + deals with the individual man, economics when it deals with the + household as a unit, politics when it deals with the state. Logic, + again, is demonstrative in so far as it deals with the truth of + principles; polemic when it deals with general opinions; eristic + when it deals with opinions that only seem probabilities. These + then are the divisions of philosophy, if I mistake not. Though + indeed it would not be surprising that a mere soldier should be + none too exact in these matters or not have them at his fingers' + ends, seeing that I speak less from book-knowledge than from + observation and experience. For that matter you can yourselves bear + me witness thereto, if you count up how few days have elapsed + between the lecture that we lately heard and to-day, and moreover + the number of affairs with which they have been filled for me. But + as I said if I have omitted anything—though I do not think I + have—still if anyone can make my classification more complete he + will be <span class="tei tei-q">“no enemy but my + friend.”</span><a id="noteref_174" name="noteref_174" href= + "#note_174"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">174</span></span></a>)</p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page102">[pg 102]</span><a name="Pg102" id="Pg102" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg103" id="Pg103" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τούτων δὴ τῶν + μερῶν οὔτε τῷ λογικῷ προσήκει τῆς μυθογραφίας οὔτε τοῦ + φυσικοῦ<a id="noteref_175" name="noteref_175" href= + "#note_175"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">175</span></span></a> τῷ + μαθηματικῷ, μόνον δέ, εἴπερ ἄρα, τοῦ πρακτικοῦ τῷ πρὸς ἕνα γινομένῳ + καὶ τοῦ θεολογικοῦ τῷ τελεστικῷ καὶ μυστικῷ· [C] φιλεῖ γὰρ ἡ φύσις + κρύπτεσθαι, καὶ τὸ ἀποκεκρυμμένον τῆς τῶν θεῶν οὐσίας οὐκ ἀνέχεται + γυμνοῖς εἰς ἀκαθάρτους ἀκοὰς ῥίπτεσθαι ῥήμασιν. ὅπερ δὲ δὴ τῶν + χαρακτήρων ἡ ἀπόρρητος φύσις ὠφελεῖν πέφυκε καὶ ἀγνοουμένη· + θεραπεύει γοῦν οὐ ψυχὰς μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ σώματα, καὶ θεῶν ποιεῖ + παρουσίας· τοῦτ᾽ οἶμαι πολλάκις γίγνεσθαι καὶ διὰ τῶν μύθων, [D] + ὅταν εἰς τὰς τῶν πολλῶν ἀκοὰς οὐ δυναμένας τὰ θεῖα καθαρῶς δέξασθαι + δι᾽ αἰνιγμάτων αὐτοῖς μετὰ τῆς μύθων σκηνοποιίας ἐγχέηται.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now of these + branches of philosophy, logic has no concern with the composition + of myths; nor has mathematics, the sub-division of natural + philosophy; but they may be employed, if at all, by that department + of practical philosophy which deals with the individual man, and by + that department of theology which has to do with initiation and the + Mysteries. For nature loves to hide her secrets,<a id="noteref_176" + name="noteref_176" href="#note_176"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">176</span></span></a> and + she does not suffer the hidden truth about the essential nature of + the gods to be flung in naked words to the ears of the profane. Now + there are certain characteristics of ours that derive benefit from + that occult and unknown nature, which nourishes not our souls alone + but our bodies also, and brings us into the presence of the gods, + and this I think often comes about by means of myths; when through + riddles and the dramatic setting of myths that knowledge is + insinuated into the ears of the multitude who cannot receive divine + truths in their purest form.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Φανεροῦ δὲ ἤδη + γενομένου τίνι καὶ ποίῳ φιλοσοφίας εἴδει καὶ μυθογραφεῖν ἔσθ᾽ ὅτε + προσήκει· πρὸς γὰρ τῷ λόγῳ μαρτυρεῖ τούτοις ἡ τῶν προλαβόντων + ἀνδρῶν προαίρεσις. ἐπεὶ καὶ Πλάτωνι πολλὰ μεμυθολόγηται περὶ τῶν ἐν + ᾅδου πραγμάτων θεολογοῦντι καὶ πρό γε τούτου τῷ τῆς Καλλιόπης, + [217] Ἀντισθένει δὲ καὶ Ξενοφῶντι καὶ αὐτῷ Πλάτωνι πραγματευομένοις + ἠθικάς τινας ὑποθέσεις οὐ παρέργως, ἀλλὰ μετά τινος ἐμμελείας ἡ τῶν + μύθων ἐγκαταμέμικται γραφή, οὓς σ᾽<a id="noteref_177" name= + "noteref_177" href="#note_177"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">177</span></span></a> + ἐχρῆν, εἴπερ ἐβούλου, μιμούμενον ἀντὶ μὲν Ἡρακλέους μεταλαμβάνειν + Περσέως ἢ Θησέως <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page104">[pg + 104]</span><a name="Pg104" id="Pg104" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg105" id="Pg105" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τινὸς ὄνομα καὶ τὸν Ἀντισθένειον τύπον + ἐγχαράττειν, ἁντὶ δὲ τῆς Προδίκου σκηνοποιιας ἀμφὶ τοῖν ἀμφοῖν [B] + τούτοιν θεοῖν ἑτέραν ὁμοίαν εἰσάγειν εἰς τὸ θέατρον.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(It is now + evident what branch and what sort of philosophy may properly on + occasion employ myths. And to support my argument I call to witness + the authority of those philosophers who were the first to use + myths. Plato for instance in his theological descriptions of life + in Hades often uses myths, and the son<a id="noteref_178" name= + "noteref_178" href="#note_178"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">178</span></span></a> of + Calliope before him. And when Antisthenes and Xenophon and Plato + himself discuss certain ethical theories they use myths as one of + the ingredients, and not casually but of set purpose. Now if you + too wished to use myths you ought to have imitated these + philosophers, and instead of Heracles you should have introduced + the name of Perseus or Theseus, let us say, and have written in the + style of Antisthenes; and in place of the dramatic setting used by + Prodicus,<a id="noteref_179" name="noteref_179" href= + "#note_179"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">179</span></span></a> in + treating of those two gods<a id="noteref_180" name="noteref_180" + href="#note_180"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">180</span></span></a> you + should have introduced into your theatre another setting of the + same sort.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐπεὶ δὲ καὶ τῶν + τελεστικῶν μύθων ἐπεμνήσθην, φέρε νῦν ὁποίους εἶναι χρὴ τοὺς + ἑκατέρῳ τῶν μερῶν ἁρμόττοντας αὐτοὶ καθ᾽ ἑαυτοὺς ἰδεῖν πειραθῶμεν, + οὐκέτι μαρτύρων παλαιῶν ἐν πᾶσι προσδεόμενοι, ἑπόμενοι δὲ νέοις + ἴχνεσιν ἀνδρός, ὃν ἐγὼ μετὰ τοὺς θεοὺς ἐξ ἴσης Ἀριστοτέλει καὶ + Πλάτωνι ἄγαμαί τε τέθηπά τε. [C] φησὶ δὲ οὐχ ὑπὲρ πάντων οὗτος, + ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ τῶν τελεστικῶν, οὓς παρέδωκεν ἡμῖν Ὀρφεὺς ὁ τὰς ἁγιωτάτας + τελετὰς καταστησάμενος. τὸ γὰρ ἐν τοῖς μύθοις ἀπεμφαῖνον αὐτῷ τούτῳ + προοδοποιεῖ πρὸς τὴν ἀλήθειαν. ὅσῳ γὰρ μᾶλλον παράδοξόν ἐστι καὶ + τερατῶδες τὸ αἴνιγμα, τοσούτῳ μᾶλλον ἔοικε διαμαρτύρεσθαι, μὴ τοῖς + αὐτόθεν λεγομένοις πιστεύειν, ἀλλὰ τὰ λεληθότα περιεργάζεσθαι καὶ + μὴ πρότερον ἀφίστασθαι, [D] πρὶν ἂν ὑπὸ θεοῖς ἡγεμόσιν ἐκφανῆ + γενόμενα τὸν ἐν ἡμῖν τελέσῃ, μᾶλλον δὲ τελειώσῃ νοῦν καὶ εἰ δή τι + κρεῖττον ἡμῖν ὑπάρχει τοῦ νοῦ, αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἑνὸς καὶ τἀγαθοῦ μοῖρά τις + ὀλίγη τὸ πᾶν ἀμερίστως ἔχουσα, τῆς ψυχῆς πλήρωμα καὶ ἐν τῷ ἑνὶ καὶ + ἀγαθῷ συνέχουσα <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page106">[pg + 106]</span><a name="Pg106" id="Pg106" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg107" id="Pg107" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> πᾶσαν αὐτὴν διὰ τῆς ὑπερεχούσης καὶ χωριστῆς + αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐξῃρημένης παρουσίας. ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν ἀμφὶ τὸν μέγαν + Διόνυσον οὐκ οἶδ᾽ ὅπως ἐπῆλθέ μοι βακχεύοντι μανῆναι· [218] τὸν + βοῦν δὲ ἐπιτίθημι τῇ γλώττῃ· περὶ τῶν ἀρρήτων γὰρ οὐδὲν χρὴ λέγειν. + ἀλλά μοι θεοὶ μὲν ἐκείνων καὶ ὑμῶν δὲ τοῖς πολλοῖς, ὅσοι τέως ἐστὲ + τούτων ἀμύητοι, τὴν ὄνησιν δοῖεν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But since I + have mentioned also the myths that are suited to initiation, let us + ourselves independently try to see what sort of myths they must be + that suit one or the other of those two branches of + philosophy;<a id="noteref_181" name="noteref_181" href= + "#note_181"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">181</span></span></a> and + no longer need we call in the aid of witnesses from the remote past + for all points, but we will follow in the fresh footprints of + one<a id="noteref_182" name="noteref_182" href= + "#note_182"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">182</span></span></a> whom + next to the gods I revere and admire, yes, equally with Aristotle + and Plato. He does not treat of all kinds of myths but only those + connected with initiation into the Mysteries, such as Orpheus, the + founder of the most sacred of all the Mysteries, handed down to us. + For it is the incongruous element in myths that guides us to the + truth.<a id="noteref_183" name="noteref_183" href= + "#note_183"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">183</span></span></a> I + mean that the more paradoxical and prodigious the riddle is the + more it seems to warn us not to believe simply the bare words but + rather to study diligently the hidden truth, and not to relax our + efforts until under the guidance of the gods those hidden things + become plain, and so initiate or rather perfect our intelligence or + whatever we possess that is more sublime than the intelligence, I + mean that small particle of the One and the Good which contains the + whole indivisibly, the complement of the soul, and in the One and + the Good comprehends the whole of soul itself through the + prevailing and separate and distinct presence of the One. But I was + impelled I know not how to rave with his own sacred frenzy when I + spoke like this of the attributes of great Dionysus<a id= + "noteref_184" name="noteref_184" href="#note_184"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">184</span></span></a>; and + now I set an ox on my tongue:<a id="noteref_185" name="noteref_185" + href="#note_185"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">185</span></span></a> for I + may not reveal what is too sacred for speech. However, may the gods + grant to me and to many of you who have not as yet been initiated + into these Mysteries to enjoy the blessings thereof!)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὑπὲρ δὲ ὧν + εἰπεῖν τε καὶ ἀκοῦσαι θέμις καὶ ἀνεμέσητον ἀμφοτέροις ἐστὶ, πᾶς + λόγος ὁ προφερόμενος ἔκ τε λέξεως καὶ διανοίας σύγκειται. οὐκοῦν + ἐπειδὴ καὶ ὁ μῦθος λόγος τίς ἐστιν, [B] ἐκ δυοῖν τούτοιν + συγκείσεται. σκοπῶμεν δὲ ἑκάτερον αὐτῶν. ἔστιν ἁπλῆ τις ἐν λόγῳ + παντὶ διάνοια, καὶ μέντοι καὶ κατὰ σχῆμα προάγεται, τὰ παραδείγματα + δὲ ἀμφοῖν ἐστι πολλά. τὸ μὲν οὖν ἓν ἁπλοῦν ἐστι καὶ οὐδὲν δεῖται + ποικιλίας, τὸ δ᾽ ἐσχηματισμένον ἔχει διαφορὰς ἐν ἑαυτῷ πολλάς, ὧν, + εἴ τί σοι τῆς ῥητορικῆς ἐμέλησεν, οὐκ ἀξύνετος εἶ. τούτων δὴ τῶν + κατὰ διάνοιαν σχημάτων ἁρμόττει τῷ μύθῳ τὰ πλεῖστα· πλὴν ἔμοιγε + οὔθ᾽ ὑπὲρ τῶν πολλῶν οὔθ᾽ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἁπάντων ἐστὶ τά γε νῦν ῥητέον, + ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ δυοῖν, τοῦ τε σεμνοῦ κατὰ τὴν διάνοιαν καὶ τοῦ + ἀπεμφαίνοντος. [C] τὰ δὲ αὐτὰ ταῦτα καὶ περὶ τὴν λέξιν γίνεται. + μορφοῦται γάρ πως καὶ σχηματίζεται παρὰ τῶν μὴ προφερομένων εἰκῇ + μηδ᾽ ὥσπερ χειμάρρους ἑλκόντων συρφετοὺς ῥημάτων ἐκ τῆς τριόδου· + ἀλλὰ τοῖν δυοῖν τούτοιν, ὅταν μὲν ὑπὲρ τῶν θείων πλάττωμεν, σεμνὰ + χρὴ πάνυ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page108">[pg + 108]</span><a name="Pg108" id="Pg108" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg109" id="Pg109" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τὰ ῥήματα εἶναι καὶ τὴν λέξιν ὡς ἔνι μάλιστα + σώφρονα καὶ καλὴν καὶ τοῖς θεοῖς πρεπωδεστάτην, τῶν αἰσχρῶν [D] δὲ + μηδὲν καὶ βλασφήμων ἢ δυσσεβῶν, ὅπως μὴ τῷ πλήθει τῆς τοιαύτης + ἀρχηγοὶ θρασύτητος γενώμεθα, μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ πρὸ τοῦ πλήθους αὐτοὶ τὸ + περὶ τοὺς θεοὺς ἠσεβηκέναι προλάβωμεν. οὐδὲν οὖν ἀπεμφαῖνον εἶναι + χρὴ περὶ τὰς τοιαύτας λέξεις, ἀλλὰ σεμνὰ πάντα καὶ καλὰ καὶ + μεγαλοπρεπῆ καὶ θεῖα καὶ καθαρὰ καὶ τῆς τῶν θεῶν οὐσίας εἰς δύναμιν + ἐστοχασμένα· [219] τὸ δὲ κατὰ τὴν διάνοιαν ἀπεμφαῖνον τοῦ χρησίμου + γιγνόμενον χάριν ἐγκριτέον, ὡς ἂν μή τινος ὑπομνήσεως ἔξωθεν οἱ + ἄνθρωποι δεόμενοι, ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὸ τῶν ἐν αὐτῷ λεγομένων τῷ μύθῳ + διδασκόμενοι τὸ λανθάνον μῶσθαι καὶ πολυπραγμονεῖν ὑφ᾽ ἡγεμόσι τοῖς + θεοῖς προθυμηθεῖεν. ἰδοῦ γὰρ ἔγωγε πολλῶν ἤκουσα λεγόντων ἄνθρωπον + μὲν τὸν Διόνυσον, ἐπείπερ ἐκ Σεμέλης ἐγένετο, θεὸν δὲ διὰ θεουργίας + [B] καὶ τελεστικῆς, ὥσπερ τὸν δεσπότην Ἡρακλέα διὰ τῆς βασιλικῆς + ἀρετῆς εἰς τὸν Ὄλυμπον ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς ἀνῆχθαι τοῦ Διός. ἀλλ᾽, ὦ + τάν, εἶπον, οὐ ξυνίετε τοῦ μύθου φανερῶς αἰνιττομένου. ποῦ γὰρ ἡ + γένεσίς ἐστιν ὥσπερ Ἡρακλέους, οὕτω δὴ<a id="noteref_186" name= + "noteref_186" href="#note_186"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">186</span></span></a> καὶ + Διονύσου, ἔχουσα μὲν τὸ κρεῖττον καὶ ὑπερέχον καὶ ἐξῃρημένον, ἐν τῷ + μετρίῳ δὲ ὅμως ἔτι τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης φύσεως μένουσα καί [C] πως + ἀφομοιουμένη πρὸς ἡμᾶς; Ἡρακλὴς δὲ λέγεται παιδίον γενέσθαι καὶ + κατὰ μικρὸν αὐτῷ τὸ σῶμα τὸ θεῖον ἐπιδοῦναι, καὶ <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page110">[pg 110]</span><a name="Pg110" id="Pg110" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg111" id="Pg111" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> φοιτῆσαι διδασκάλοις ἱστόρηται, καὶ + στρατεύσασθαι λέγεται καὶ κρατῆσαι πάντων, καμεῖν δὲ ὅμως + κατὰ<a id="noteref_187" name="noteref_187" href= + "#note_187"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">187</span></span></a> τὸ + σῶμα. καίτοι αὐτῷ ταῦτα μὲν ὑπῆρξε, μειζόνως δὲ ἢ κατ᾽ ἄνθρωπον. + ὅτε γὰρ ἐν τοῖς σπαργάνοις ἀποπνίγων τοὺς δράκοντας καὶ πρὸς αὐτὰ + παραταττόμενος τὰ τῆς φύσεως στοιχεῖα, θάλπη καὶ κρυμούς, [D] εἶτα + τοῖς ἀπορωτάτοις καὶ ἀμαχωτάτοις, ἐνδείᾳ λέγω τροφῆς καὶ ἐρημίᾳ, + καὶ τὴν δι᾽ αὐτοῦ πορείαν οἶμαι τοῦ πελάγους ἐπὶ τῆς χρυσῆς + κύλικος, ἣν ἐγὲ νομίζω μὰ τοὺς θεοὺς οὐ κύλικα εἶναι, βαδίσαι δὲ + αὐτὸν ὡς ἐπὶ ξηρᾶς τῆς θαλάττης νενόμικα. τὶ γὰρ ἄπορον ἦν Ἡρακλεῖ; + τί δ᾽ οὐχ ὑπήκουσεν αὐτοῦ τῷ θείῳ καὶ καθαρωτάτῳ σώματι, τῶν + λεγομένων τούτων στοιχείων δουλευόντων αὐτοῦ τῇ δημιουργικῇ [220] + καὶ τελεσιουργῷ τοῦ ἀχράντου καὶ καθαροῦ νοῦ δυνάμει; ὃν ὁ μέγας + Ζεὺς διὰ τῆς Προνοίας Ἀθηνᾶς, ἐπιστήσας αὐτῷ φύλακα τὴν θεὸν + ταύτην, ὅλην ἐξ ὅλου προέμενος αὑτοῦ,<a id="noteref_188" name= + "noteref_188" href="#note_188"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">188</span></span></a> τῷ + κόσμῳ σωτῆρα ἐφύτευσεν, εἶτ᾽ ἐπανήγαγε διὰ τοῦ κεραυνίου πυρὸς πρὸς + ἑαυτόν, ὑπὸ τῷ θείῳ συνθήματι τῆς αἰθερίας αὐγῆς ἥκειν παρ᾽ ἑαυτὸν + τῷ παιδὶ κελεύσας. ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ μὲν τούτων ἐμοί τε καὶ ὑμῖν ἵλεως + Ἡρακλῆς εἴη.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And now to + confine myself to what is lawful for us, both for me to say and for + you to hear. Every discourse that is uttered consists of language + and the thought to be expressed. Now a myth is a sort of discourse + and so it will consist of these two. Let us consider them + separately. In every discourse the thought is of two kinds, either + simple or expressed in figures of speech; and there are many + examples of both kinds. The one is simple and admits of no variety, + but that which is embellished with figures has in itself many + possibilities of variation with all of which you are yourself + familiar if you have ever studied rhetoric; and most of these + figures of thought are suited to myth. However I need not now + discuss all or indeed many of them, but only two, that in which the + thought is dignified and that in which it is paradoxical. The same + rules apply also to diction. For this is given a certain shape and + form by those who do not express themselves carelessly or sweep in + the refuse of language from the highways like a winter torrent. And + now to consider these two types. When we invent myths about sacred + things our language must be wholly dignified and the diction must + be as far as possible sober, beautiful, and entirely appropriate to + the gods; there must be nothing in it base or slanderous or + impious, for fear we should lead the common people into this sort + of sacrilegious rashness; or rather for fear we should ourselves + anticipate the common people in displaying impiety towards the + gods. Therefore there must be no incongruous element in diction + thus employed, but all must be dignified, beautiful, splendid, + divine, pure, and as far as possible in conformity with the + essential nature of the gods. But as regards the thought, the + incongruous may be admitted, so that under the guidance of the gods + men may be inspired to search out and study the hidden meaning, + though they must not ask for any hint of the truth from others, but + must acquire their knowledge from what is said in the myth + itself.<a id="noteref_189" name="noteref_189" href= + "#note_189"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">189</span></span></a> For + instance I have heard many people say that Dionysus was a mortal + man because he was born of Semele, and that he became a god through + his knowledge of theurgy and the Mysteries, and like our lord + Heracles for his royal virtue was translated to Olympus by his + father Zeus. <span class="tei tei-q">“Nay, my good sir,”</span> + said I, <span class="tei tei-q">“do you not perceive that the myth + is obviously an allegory?”</span> For in what sense do we regard + the <span class="tei tei-q">“birth”</span> of Heracles, yes, and of + Dionysus as well, since in their case birth has superior and + surpassing and distinctive elements, even though it still falls + within the limits of human nature, and up to a certain point + resembles our own? Heracles for instance is said to have been a + child, even as we are; his divine body grew gradually; we are + informed that he was instructed by teachers;<a id="noteref_190" + name="noteref_190" href="#note_190"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">190</span></span></a> they + say that he carried on wars and defeated all his opponents, but for + all that his body had to endure weariness. And in fact all this did + in his case occur, but on a scale greater than human. For instance, + while still in swaddling clothes he strangled the serpents and then + opposed himself to the very elements of nature, the extremes of + heat and cold and things the most difficult and hardest to contend + with, I mean lack of food and loneliness;<a id="noteref_191" name= + "noteref_191" href="#note_191"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">191</span></span></a> and + then there is his journey over the sea itself in a golden + cup,<a id="noteref_192" name="noteref_192" href= + "#note_192"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">192</span></span></a> + though, by the gods, I do not think it was really a cup, but my + belief is that he himself walked on the sea as though it were dry + land.<a id="noteref_193" name="noteref_193" href= + "#note_193"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">193</span></span></a> For + what was impossible to Heracles? Which was there of the so-called + elements that did not obey his divine and most pure body since they + were subdued to the creative and perfecting force of his stainless + and pure intelligence? For him did mighty Zeus, with the aid of + Athene goddess of Forethought, beget to be the saviour of the + world, and appointed as his guardian this goddess whom he had + brought forth whole from the whole of himself; and later on he + called him to his side through the flame of a thunderbolt, thus + bidding his son to come to him by the divine signal of the ethereal + rays of light. Now when we meditate on this, may Heracles be + gracious to you and to me!)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τὰ δὲ τῆς + Διονύσου θρυλουμένης μὲν γενέσεως, οὔσης δὲ οὐ γενέσεως, [B] ἀλλὰ + δαιμονίας ἐκφάνσεως κατὰ τί τοῖς ἀνθρωπικοῖς προσέοικεν; ἡ μήτηρ + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page112">[pg 112]</span><a name= + "Pg112" id="Pg112" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg113" id= + "Pg113" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> αὐτὸν κύουσα, φασίν, ὑπὸ τῆς + Ἥρας ζηλοτυπούσης ἐξαπατηθεῖσα τὸν ἐραστὴν ἐξελιπάρησεν ἥκειν, ὡς + παρὰ τὴν γαμετὴν εἴωθε φοιτᾶν, πρὸς ἑαυτήν· εἶτα οὐκ ἀνασχόμενον τὸ + σωμάτιον τῶν κτυπημάτων<a id="noteref_194" name="noteref_194" href= + "#note_194"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">194</span></span></a> τοῦ + Διὸς ὑπὸ τοῦ κεραυνοῦ κατεφλέγετο. πάντων δ᾽ ὁμοῦ πυρουμένων, Ἑρμῇ + κελεύσας ὁ Ζεὺς ἁρπάσαι τὸν Διόνυσον καὶ τεμὼν τὸν αὑτοῦ μηρὸν + ἐρράπτει· εἶτα ἐκεῖθεν, ἡνίκα ἐτελεσφορήθη τὸ βρέφος, [C] ὠδίνων ὁ + Ζεὺς ἐπὶ τὰς νύμφας ἔρχεται· τὸ Λῦθι ῥάμμα δὲ αὗται τῷ μηρῷ + προσεπᾴδουσαι τὸν διθύραμβον ἡμῖν εῖς φῶς προήγαγον· εἶτα ἐμάνη, + φασίν, ὁ θεὸς ὑπὸ τῆς Ἥρας, ἔπαυσε δ᾽ αὐτῷ τὴν νόσον ἡ Μήτηρ τῶν + θεῶν, ὁ δὲ ἦν αὐτίκα θεός. εἵποντο γοῦν οὐ Λίχας αὐτῷ καθάπερ + Ἡρακλεῖ οὐδὲ Ἰόλεως οὐδὲ Τελαμὼν οὐδ᾽ Ὕλας οὐδ᾽ Ἄβδηρος, ἀλλὰ + Σάτυροι καὶ Βακχαὶ [D] καὶ Πᾶνες καὶ δαιμόνων στρατιά. ὁρᾷς ὅπως + ἀνθρωπικὴ μὲν ἡ σπορὰ διὰ τῶν κεραυνίων, ἡ δ᾽ ἀποκύησις + ἀνθρωπικωτέρα, ἀμφοῖν δὲ τοῖν εἰρημένοιν προσομοιότερα τοῖς + ἀνθρωπίνοις τὰ ἔργα; τί οὖν οὐ καταβάλλοντες τὸν λῆρον ἐκεῖνο + πρῶτον ὑπὲρ τούτων ἴσμεν, ὡς Σεμέλη σοφὴ τὰ θεῖα; παῖς γὰρ ἦν + Κάδμου τοῦ Φοίνικος, τούτοις δὲ καὶ ὁ θεὸς σοφίαν μαρτυρεῖ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(As for the + commonly received legend about the birth of Dionysus, which was in + fact no birth but a divine manifestation, in what respect was it + like the birth of men? While he was still in his mother's womb she, + as the story goes, was beguiled by jealous Hera to entreat her + lover to visit her as he was wont to visit his spouse. And then her + frail body could not endure the thunders of Zeus and began to be + consumed by the lightning. But when everything there was being + devoured by flames, Zeus bade Hermes snatch Dionysus forth, and he + cut open his own thigh and sewed the babe therein.<a id= + "noteref_195" name="noteref_195" href="#note_195"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">195</span></span></a> Then + in due course when the time was ripe for the child's birth, Zeus in + the pangs of travail came to the nymphs, and they by their song + over the thigh <span class="tei tei-q">“Undo the + stitching”</span><a id="noteref_196" name="noteref_196" href= + "#note_196"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">196</span></span></a> + brought to light for us the dithyramb. Whereupon the god was driven + mad by Hera, but the Mother of the Gods healed him of his sickness + and he straightway became a god. And he had for followers not, like + Heracles, Lichas for instance or Iolaus or Telamon or Hylas or + Abderos, but Satyrs, Bacchanals, Pans and a whole host of lesser + divinities. Do you perceive how much of human there is in this + generation through the fire of a thunderbolt, that his delivery is + even more human, and that his deeds, even more than these two that + we have mentioned, resemble those of human beings? Now why do we + not set aside all this nonsense and recognise herein first the fact + that Semele was wise in sacred things? For she was the daughter of + Phoenician Cadmus, and the god himself bears witness to the wisdom + of the Phoenicians<a id="noteref_197" name="noteref_197" href= + "#note_197"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">197</span></span></a> when + he says)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Πολλὰς καὶ Φοίνικες ὁδοὺς + μακάρων ἐδάησαν</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The + Phoenicians too have learned many of the roads travelled by the + blessed gods.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_198" name= + "noteref_198" href="#note_198"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">198</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">λέγων. [221] + αἰσθέσθαι οὖν μοι δοκεῖ τοῦ θεοῦ τούτου πρώτη παρ᾽ Ἕλλησι καὶ τὴν + ἐσομένην ἐπιφάνειαν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page114">[pg + 114]</span><a name="Pg114" id="Pg114" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg115" id="Pg115" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> αὐτοῦ οὐκ εἰς μακρὰν προαγορεύσασα κινῆσαι + μὲν θᾶττον ἢ προσῆκον ἦν τινὰ τῶν περὶ αὐτὸν ὀργίων, οὐκ ἀνασχομένη + τὸν εἱμαρμένον περιμεῖναι χρόνον, εἶτα ἀναλωθῆναι πρὸς τοῦ πυρὸς + τοῦ ῥυέντος ἐπ᾽ αὐτήν. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐδέδοκτο τῷ Διὶ κοινῇ πᾶσιν + ἀνθρώποις ἐνδοῦναι ἀρχὴν καταστάσεως ἑτέρας καὶ μεταβαλεῖν<a id= + "noteref_199" name="noteref_199" href="#note_199"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">199</span></span></a> + αὐτοὺς ἐκ τοῦ νομαδικοῦ βίου πρὸς [B] τὸν ἡμερώτερον, ἐξ Ἰνδῶν ὁ + Διόνυσος αὔτοπτος ἐφαίνετο δαίμων, ἐπιφοιτῶν τὰς πόλεις, ἄγων μεθ᾽ + ἑαυτοῦ στρατιὰν πολλὴν δαιμονίων τινῶν<a id="noteref_200" name= + "noteref_200" href="#note_200"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">200</span></span></a> καὶ + διδοὺς ἀνθρώποις κοινῇ μὲν ἅπασι σύμβολον τῆς ἐπιφανείας αὐτοῦ τὸ + τῆς ἡμερίδος φυτόν, ὑφ᾽ οὗ μοι δοκοῦσιν, ἐξημερωθέντων αὐτοῖς τῶν + περὶ τὸν βίον, Ἕλληνες τῆς ἐπωνυμίας αὐτὸ ταύτης ἀξιῶσαι, μητέρα δ᾽ + αὐτοῦ προσειπεῖν τὴν Σεμέλην διὰ τὴν πρόρρησιν, ἄλλως τε καὶ τοῦ + θεοῦ τιμῶντος αὐτήν, [C] ἅτε πρώτην ἱερόφαντιν τῆς ἔτι μελλούσης + ἐπιφοιτήσεως.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I think then + that she was the first among the Greeks to perceive that there was + to be before long a visible manifestation of this god, and that she + foretold it, and then that, sooner than was fitting, she gave the + signal for certain of the mystic rites connected with his worship, + because she had not the patience to wait for the appointed time, + and thus she was consumed by the fire that fell upon her. But when + it was the will of Zeus to bestow on all mankind in common a new + order of things, and to make them pass from the nomadic to a more + civilised mode of life, Dionysus came from India and revealed + himself as very god made visible, visiting the cities of men and + leading with him a great host of beings in some sort divine; and + everywhere he bestowed on all men in common as the symbol of his + manifestation the plant of <span class="tei tei-q">“the gentle + vine”</span>; and since their lives were made more gentle by it the + Greeks as I think gave it that name;<a id="noteref_201" name= + "noteref_201" href="#note_201"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">201</span></span></a> and + they called Semele the mother of Dionysus because of the prediction + that she had made, but also because the god honoured her as having + been the first prophetess of his advent while it was yet to + be.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Οὔσης δέ, ὡς ἄν + τις ἀκριβῶς σκοπῶν ἐξετάσειε, τῆς ἱστορίας τοιαύτης, οἱ τὸν + Διόνυσον ὅστις ποτ᾽ ἐστὶ θεῶν ζητοῦντες τἀληθὲς ἔχον ὡς ἔφην εἰς + μῦθον διεσκεύασαν, αἰνιττόμενοι τήν τε οὐσίαν τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τὴν ἐν + τοῖς νοητοῖς παρὰ τῷ πατρὶ κύησιν καὶ τὸν ἀγέννητον αὐτοῦ τόκον ἐν + τῷ κόσμῳ<a id="noteref_202" name="noteref_202" href= + "#note_202"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">202</span></span></a> ..... + ἐν τῷ παντί, καὶ τἆλλα ἐφεξῆς ὅσα τοῦ ζητεῖν ἦν ἄξια,<a id= + "noteref_203" name="noteref_203" href="#note_203"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">203</span></span></a> + φράζειν δέ γ᾽ οὐ ῥᾴδια ἐμοί, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page116">[pg 116]</span><a name="Pg116" id="Pg116" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg117" id="Pg117" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τυχὸν μὲν [D] καὶ διὰ τὸ ἀγνοεῖν ἔτι περὶ + αὐτῶν τὸ ἀκριβές, τυχὸν δὲ καὶ οὐκ ἐθέλοντι τὸν κρύφιον ἅμα καὶ + φανερὸν θεὸν ὥσπερ ἐν θεάτρῳ προβάλλειν ἀκοαῖς ἀνεξετάστοις καὶ + διανοίαις ἐπὶ πάντα μάλλον ἢ τὸ φιλοσοφεῖν τετραμμέναις.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now since this + is the historical truth of these events if they are accurately + considered and examined, those who sought to discover what sort of + god Dionysus is worked into a myth the truth which is as I said, + and expressed in an allegory both the essential nature of the god + and his conception in his father Zeus among the intelligible gods, + and further his birth independently of generation in this our + world.<a id="noteref_204" name="noteref_204" href= + "#note_204"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">204</span></span></a> ... + in the whole universe, and in their proper order all those other + facts which are well worth studying but too difficult for me at any + rate to describe; partly perhaps because I am still ignorant of the + precise truth about them,<a id="noteref_205" name="noteref_205" + href="#note_205"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">205</span></span></a> but + perhaps also because I am unwilling to exhibit as in a theatre this + god who is at once hidden and manifest, and that, too, to ears that + have not sought after truth and to minds disposed to anything + rather than the study of philosophy.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ μὲν + τούτων ἴστω Διόνυσος αὐτός, ᾧ καὶ προσεύχομαι τάς τε ἐμὰς καὶ τὰς + ὑμετέρας ἐκβακχεῦσαι φρένας ἐπὶ τὴν ἀληθῆ τῶν θεῶν γνῶσιν, ὡς ἂν μὴ + πολὺν ἀβάκχευτοι χρόνον τῷ θεῷ μένοντες [222] ὁπόσα ὁ Πενθεὺς<a id= + "noteref_206" name="noteref_206" href="#note_206"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">206</span></span></a> + πάθωμεν, ἴσως μὲν καὶ ζῶντες, πάντως δὲ ἀπαλλαγέντες τοῦ σώματος. + ὅτῳ γὰρ ἂν<a id="noteref_207" name="noteref_207" href= + "#note_207"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">207</span></span></a> μὴ τὸ + πεπληθυσμένον τῆς ζωῆς ὑπὸ τῆς ἑνοειδοῦς καὶ ἐν τῷ μεριστῷ παντελῶς + ἀδιαιρέτου ὅλης τε ἐν πᾶσιν ἀμιγοῦς προüπαρχούσης οὐσίας τοῦ + Διονύσου τελεσιουργηθῇ<a id="noteref_208" name="noteref_208" href= + "#note_208"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">208</span></span></a> διὰ + τῆς περὶ τὸν θεὸν ἐνθέου βακχείας, τούτῳ κίνδυνος ἐπὶ πολλὰ ῥυῆναι + τὴν ζωήν, ῥυεῖσαν δὲ διεσπάσθαι καὶ διασπασθεῖσαν οἴχεσθαι· [B] τὸ + δὲ ῥυεῖσαν καὶ διασπασθεῖσαν μὴ προσέχων τις τοῖς ῥήμασιν ὑδάτιον + μηδὲ λίνου μήρινθον ἀκροάσθω, ξυνιέτω δὲ τὰ λεγόμενα τρόπον ἄλλον, + ὃν Πλάτων, ὃν Πλωτίνος, ὃν Πορφύριος, ὃν ὁ δαιμόνιος Ἰάμβλιχος. ὃς + δ᾽ ἂν μὴ ταύτῃ ποιῇ, γελάσεται μέν, ἴστω μέντοι <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page118">[pg 118]</span><a name="Pg118" id="Pg118" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg119" id="Pg119" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Σαρδώνιον γελῶν ἔρημος ὢν ἀεὶ τῆς τῶν θεῶν + γνώσεως, ἧς ἀντάξιον οὐδὲ τὸ πᾶσαν ὁμοῦ μετὰ τῆς τῶν Ῥωμαίων [C] + ἐπιτροπεῦσαι τὴν βαρβάρων ἔγωγε θείμην ἄν, οὐ μὰ τὸν ἐμὸν δεσπότην + Ἥλιον. ἀλλά με πάλιν οὐκ οἶδ᾽ ὅστις θεῶν ἐπὶ ταῦτ᾽ ἐβάκχευσεν οὐ + προελόμενον.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(However let + Dionysus himself decide about these things, though I do indeed + implore him to inspire my mind and yours with his own sacred frenzy + for the true knowledge of the gods, so that we may not by remaining + too long uninspired by him have to suffer the fate of Pentheus, + perhaps even while we are alive, but most certainly after death has + freed us from the body. For he in whom the abundance of life has + not been perfected by the essential nature of Dionysus, uniform and + wholly indivisible as it is in the divisible world and pre-existing + whole and unmixed in all things, he I say who has not been + perfected by means of the Bacchic and divine frenzy for the god, + runs the risk that his life may flow into too many channels, and as + it flows be torn to shreds, and hence come to naught. But when I + say <span class="tei tei-q">“flow”</span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“torn to shreds”</span> no one must consider the bare + meaning of the words and suppose that I mean a mere trickle of + water or a thread of linen, but he must understand these words in + another sense, that used by Plato, Plotinus, Porphyry and the + inspired Iamblichus. One who does not interpret them thus will + laugh at them no doubt, but let me assure him that it will be a + Sardonic laugh,<a id="noteref_209" name="noteref_209" href= + "#note_209"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">209</span></span></a> since + he will be forever deprived of that knowledge of the gods which I + hold to be more precious than to rule over the whole world, Roman + and barbarian put together, yea, I swear it by my lord Helios. But + again some god or other and no choice of my own has made me rave + with this Bacchic frenzy.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">οὗ δὲ ἕνεκεν + ἔφην αὐτά· κατὰ μὲν τὴν διάνοιαν ἀπεμφαίνοντες ὅταν οἱ μῦθοι + γίγνωνται περὶ τῶν θείων, αὐτόθεν ἡμῖν ὥσπερ βοῶσι καὶ + διαμαρτύρονται μὴ πιστεύειν ἁπλῶς, ἀλλὰ τὸ λεληθὸς σκοπεῖν καὶ + διερευνᾶσθαι. τοσούτῳ δ᾽ ἐστὶ κρεῖττον ἐν τούτοις τοῦ σεμνοῦ τὸ + ἀπεμφαῖνον, ὅσῳ διὰ μὲν ἐκείνου καλοὺς λίαν καὶ μεγάλους καὶ + ἀγαθούς, [D] ἀνθρώπους δὲ ὅμως τοὺς θεοὺς κίνδυνος νομίσαι, διὰ δὲ + τῶν ἀπεμφαινόντων ὑπεριδόντας τῶν ἐν τῷ φανερῷ λεγομένων ἐπὶ τὴν + ἐξῃρημένην αὐτῶν οὐσίαν καὶ ὑπερέχουσαν πάντα τὰ ὄντα καθαρὰν + νόησιν ἐλπὶς ἀναδραμεῖν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(To go back then + to what led me to say all this. Whenever myths on sacred subjects + are incongruous in thought, by that very fact they cry aloud, as it + were, and summon us not to believe them literally but to study and + track down their hidden meaning. And in such myths the incongruous + element is even more valuable than the serious and straightforward, + the more so that when the latter is used there is risk of our + regarding the gods as exceedingly great and noble and good + certainly, but still as human beings, whereas when the meaning is + expressed incongruous there is some hope that men will neglect the + more obvious sense of the words, and that pure intelligence may + rise to the comprehension of the distinctive nature of the gods + that transcends all existing things.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[223] Αἴτιαι μὲν + οὖν αὗται τοῦ τὴν τελεστικὴν καὶ μυσταγωγὸν φιλοσοφίαν τὰ μὲν + ῥήματα παντὸς μᾶλλον εὐαγῆ καὶ σεμνὰ προφέρεσθαι, κατὰ δὲ τὴν + διάνοιαν ἀλλοιοτέραν ποιεῖσθαι τὴν ἐξήγησιν τῶν τοιούτων. ὁ δὲ τῆς + τῶν ἠθῶν ἐπανορθώσεως ἕνεκα τοὺς λόγους πλάττων καὶ μύθους παράγων + δράτω<a id="noteref_210" name="noteref_210" href= + "#note_210"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">210</span></span></a> τοῦτο + μὴ πρὸς ἄνδρας, ἀλλὰ πρὸς παῖδας <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page120">[pg 120]</span><a name="Pg120" id="Pg120" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg121" id="Pg121" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἤτοι καθ᾽ ἡλικίαν ἢ τῷ φρονεῖν, πάντως δὲ τῶν + λόγων τούτων δεομένους. εἰ μὲν οὖν ἡμεῖς σοι παῖδες ἐφάνημεν εἴτε + [B] ἐγὼ εἴτε Ἀνατόλιος οὑτοσί, συγκαταρίθμει δὲ τούτῳ καὶ τὸν + Μεμμόριον καὶ τὸν Σαλούστιον, πρὸς τούτοις δέ, εἰ βούλει, καὶ τοὺς + ἄλλους ἑξῆς, Ἀντικύρας σοι δεῖ· τί γὰρ ἂν ἀκκίζοιτί τις; ἐπεὶ πρὸς + τῶν θεῶν καὶ πρὸς αὐτοῦ τοῦ μύθου, μᾶλλον δὲ τοῦ κοινῇ πάντων + βασιλέως Ἡλίου, τί σοι μέγα ἢ μικρὸν πεποίηται ἔργον; τίνι παρέστης + ἀγωνιζομένῳ μετὰ τοὺ δικαίου; τίνα ἐθεράπευσας πενθοῦντα, [C] τῷ + λόγῳ διδάξας, ὅτι μὴ κακὸν ὁ θάνατος μήτε τῷ παθόντι μήτε τοῖς + οἰκείοις αὐτοῦ; τίς δ᾽ αἰτιάσεταί σε τῆς ἑαυτοῦ μειρακίσκος + σωφροσύνης, ὅτι πεποίηκας αὐτὸν ἐξ ἀσώτου σώφρονα καὶ καλὸν οὐ τὸ + σῶμα μόνον, ἀλλὰ πολὺ μᾶλλον τὴν ψυχὴν φαίνεσθαι; τίνα δὲ ἄσκησιν + ἐποιήσω τοῦ βίου; τί δέ σοι ἄξιον τῆς Διογένους βακτηρίας ἢ ναὶ μὰ + Δία τῆς παρρησίας πεποίηται; ἔργον οἴει μέγα βακτηρίαν λαβεῖν ἢ + τρίχας ἀνεῖναι, [D] καὶ περινοστεῖν τὰς πόλεις καὶ τὰ στρατόπεδα, + καὶ τοῖς μὲν βελτίστοις λοιδορεῖσθαι, τοὺς δὲ χειρίστους + θεραπεύειν; εἰπὲ πρὸς τοῦ Διὸς καὶ πρὸς τουτωνὶ τῶν ἀκροωμένων, οἷ + δι᾽ ὑμᾶς τὴν φιλοσοφίαν ἐκτρέπονται, ἀνθ᾽ ὅτου πρὸς μὲν τὸν + μακαρίτην Κωνστάντιον εἰς Ἰταλίαν ἦλθες, οὐκέτι μέντοι καὶ μέχρι + τῶν Γαλλιῶν; καίτοι πορευθεὶς πρὸς ἡμᾶς, εἰ μηδὲν ἄλλο, ξυνεῖναι + γοῦν σου τῆς φωνῆς μᾶλλον <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page122">[pg + 122]</span><a name="Pg122" id="Pg122" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg123" id="Pg123" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> δυναμένῳ πλησιάζειν ἔμελλες ἀνθρώπῳ. [224] τί + δὲ καὶ τὸ περιθοιτᾶν πανταχοῦ καὶ παρέχειν πράγματα ταῖς ἡμιόνοις; + ἀκούω δὲ ἔγωγε καὶ τοῖς τὰς ἡμιόνους ἐλαύνουσιν, οἳ μᾶλλον ὑμᾶς ἢ + τοὺς στρατιώτας πεφρίκασι· χρῆσθαι γὰρ αὐτοῖς τοῖς ξύλοις<a id= + "noteref_211" name="noteref_211" href="#note_211"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">211</span></span></a> ἀκούω + τινὰς ὑμῶν χαλεπώτερον ἢ τοῖς ξίφεσιν ἐκεῖνοι. γίγνεσθε οὖν αὐτοῖς + εἰκότως φοβερώτεροι. πάλαι μὲν οὖν ὑμῖν ἐθέρμην ἐγὼ τοῦτο τὸ ὄνομα, + [B] νυνὶ δὲ αὐτὸ ἔοικα καὶ γράψειν. ἀποτακτιστάς τινας ὀνομάζουσιν + οἱ δυσσεβεῖς Γαλιλαῖοι· τούτων οἱ πλείους μικρὰ προέμενοι πολλὰ + πάνυ, μᾶλλον δὲ τὰ πάντα πανταχόθεν ξυγκομίζουσι, καὶ + προσκτῶνται<a id="noteref_212" name="noteref_212" href= + "#note_212"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">212</span></span></a> τὸ + τιμᾶσθαι καὶ δορυφορεῖσθαι καὶ θεραπεύεσθαι. τοιοῦτόν τι καὶ τὸ + ὑμέτερον ἔργον ἐστί, πλὴν ἴσως τοῦ χρηματίζεσθαι. τοῦτο δὲ οὐ παρ᾽ + ὑμᾶς γίγνεται, παρ᾽ ἡμᾶς δέ· συνετώτεροι γάρ ἐσμεν τῶν ἀνοήτων + ἐκείνων· ἴσως δὲ καὶ διὰ τὸ μηδὲν ὑμῖν εἶναι πρόσχημα τοῦ + φορολογεῖν εὐπροσώπως, [C] ὁποῖον ἐκείνοις, ἣν λέγουσιν οὐκ οἶδ᾽ + ὅπως ἐλεημοσύνην, τὰ δ᾽ ἄλλα γε πάντα ἐστὶν ὑμῖν τε κἀκείνοις + παραπλήσια. καταλελοίπατε τὴν πατρίδα ὥσπερ ἐκεῖνοι, περιφοιτᾶτε + πάντη καὶ τὸ στρατόπεδον διωχλήσατε μᾶλλον ἐκείνων καὶ ἰταμώτερον· + οἱ μὲν γὰρ καλούμενοι, ὑμεῖς δὲ καὶ ἀπελαυνόμενοι. καὶ τί χρηστὸν + ἐκ τούτων ὑμῖν ἐγένετο, [D] μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ ἡμῖν τοῖς ἄλλοις; ἀνῆλθεν + ὁ Ἀσκληπιάδης, εἶτα ὁ Σερηνιανός, εἶτα ὁ Χύτρων, εἶτα οὐκ οἶδα + παιδάριον ὅ, τι ξανθὸν καὶ εὔμηκες, εἶτα σύ, καὶ μεθ᾽ ὑμῶν ἄλλοι + δὶς τοσοῦτοι. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page124">[pg + 124]</span><a name="Pg124" id="Pg124" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg125" id="Pg125" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τί οὖν ἐκ τῆς ὑμετέρας ἀνόδου γέγονεν ἀγαθόν, + ὦ λῷστοι; τίς ᾔσθετο πόλις ἢ τίς ἰδιώτης τῆς ὑμετέρας παρρησίας; + οὐκ ἀφρόνως μὲν τὸ ἐξ ἀρχῆς εἵλεσθε τὴν ἐπὶ τὸν οὐδὲ ἰδεῖν ὑμᾶς + θέλοντα βασιλέα πορείαν, ἀνελθόντες δὲ ἀφρονέστερον αὐτῇ καὶ + ἀμαθέστερον καὶ μανιωδέστερον ἐχρήσασθε, κολακεύσαντες ἅμα καὶ + ὑλακτήσαντες καὶ βιβλία δόντες [225] καὶ ταῦτα προσαχθῆναι<a id= + "noteref_213" name="noteref_213" href="#note_213"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">213</span></span></a> + προσλιπαρήσαντες; οὐδένα ὑμῶν οἶμαι ἐγὼ τοσαυτάκις εἰς φιλοόοφου + φοιτῆσαι, ὁσάκις εἰς ἀντιγραφέως, ὥστε ὑμῖν Ἀκαδήμεια καὶ Λύκειον + ἀντὶ τῆς Ποικίλης τε ἦν τῶν βασιλείων τὰ πρόθυρα.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(These then are + the reasons why that branch of philosophy which is connected with + initiation and the doctrines of the Mysteries ought by all means to + be expressed in devout and serious language, while as regards the + thought the narrative may be expounded in a style that has stranger + qualities. But one who is inventing tales for the purpose of + reforming morals and inserts myths therein, does so not for men but + for those who are children whether in years or intelligence, and + who on all accounts stand in need of such tales. If, however, you + took us for children, me, for instance, or Anatolius here, and you + may reckon with us Memmorius also and Sallust and add if you please + all the others in due order, then you need a voyage to + Anticyra.<a id="noteref_214" name="noteref_214" href= + "#note_214"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">214</span></span></a> For + why should one pretend to be polite? Tell me, I ask, in the name of + the gods, and of myth itself, or rather in the name of Helios the + King of all the universe, what have you ever accomplished, great or + small? When did you ever champion one who was resisting oppression + and had right on his side? When did you ever comfort the mourner + and teach him by your arguments that death is not an evil either + for him who has suffered it or for his friends? What youth will + ever give you the credit for his temperance, and say that you have + made him show himself sober instead of dissolute, and beautiful not + merely in body but far more in soul? What strenuous discipline have + you ever embraced? What have you ever done to make you worthy of + the staff of Diogenes or still more, by Zeus, of his freedom of + speech? Do you really think it so great an achievement to carry a + staff and let your hair grow, and haunt cities and camps uttering + calumnies against the noblest men, and flattering the vilest? Tell + me in the name of Zeus and of this audience now present, who are + disgusted with philosophy because of men of your sort, why was it + that you visited the late Emperor Constantius in Italy but could + not travel as far as Gaul? And yet if you had come to me you would + at any rate have associated with one who was better able to + comprehend your language. What do you gain by travelling about in + all directions and wearing out the very mules you ride? Yes, and I + hear that you wear out the mule drivers as well, and that they + dread the sight of you Cynics even more than of soldiers. For I am + told that some of you belabour them more cruelly with your staffs + than do the soldiers with their swords, so that they are naturally + more afraid of you. Long ago I gave you a nickname and now I think + I will write it down. It is <span class= + "tei tei-q">“monks,”</span><a id="noteref_215" name="noteref_215" + href="#note_215"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">215</span></span></a> a + name applied to certain persons by the impious Galilaeans. They are + for the most part men who by making small sacrifices gain much or + rather everything from all sources, and in addition secure honour, + crowds of attendants and flattery. Something like that is your + method, except perhaps for uttering divine revelations: but this is + not your custom, though it is ours; for we are wiser than those + insensate men. And perhaps too there is this difference that you + have no excuse for levying tribute on specious pretexts as they do; + which they call <span class="tei tei-q">“alms,”</span> whatever + that may mean. But in all other respects your habits and theirs are + very much alike. Like them you have abandoned your country, you + wander about all over the world, and you gave more trouble than + they did at my headquarters, and were more insolent. For they were + at any rate invited to come, but you we tried to drive away. And + what good have you, or rather, what have the rest of us derived + from all this? First arrived Asclepiades, then Serenianus, then + Chytron, then a tall boy with yellow hair—I don't know his + name—then you, and with you all twice as many more. And now, my + good sirs, what good has come from your journey? What city or + individual has had any experience of your alleged freedom of + speech? Was it not foolish of you to choose in the first place to + make this journey to an Emperor who did not even wish to set eyes + on you? And when you had arrived, did you not behave even more + foolishly and ignorantly and insanely in flattering and barking at + me in the same breath, and offering me your books, and moreover + imploring that they should be taken to me? I do not believe that + any one of you ever visited a philosopher's school as diligently as + you did my secretary: in fact the entrance to the Palace stood for + you in place of the Academy and the Lyceum and the Portico.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Οὐκ ἀπάξετε + ταῦτα; οὐ καταβαλεῖτε νῦν γοῦν, εἰ καὶ μὴ πρότερον, ὅτε ὑμῖν οὐδέν + ἐστι πλέον ἀπὸ τῆς κόμης καὶ τῆς βακτηρίας; πῶς δὲ καὶ γέγονεν ὑφ᾽ + ὑμῶν εὐκαταφρόνητος ἡ φιλοσοφία; τῶν ῥητορικῶν [B] οἱ δυσμαθέστατοι + καὶ οὐδ᾽ ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ τοῦ βασιλέως Ἑρμοῦ τὴν γλῶτταν ἐκκαθαρθῆναι + δυνάμενοι, φρενωθῆναι δὲ οὐδὲ πρὸς αὐτῆς τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς σὺν τῷ Ἑρμῇ, + τοῦτο ἐκ τῆς ἀγοραίου καὶ περιτρεχούσης ἁρπάσαντες ἐντρεχείας· οὐδὲ + γὰρ ἐν παροιμίᾳ περιφερόμενον αὐτὸ γιγνώσκουσι τὸ ὅτι βότρυς πρὸς + βότρυν πεπαίνεται· ὁρμῶσιν ἐπὶ τὸν Κυνισμόν· βακτηρία, τρίβων, [C] + κόμη, τὸ ἐντεῦθεν ἀμαθία, θράσος, ἰταμότης καὶ πάντα ἁπλῶς τὰ + τοιαῦτα. τὴν σύντομον, φασίν, ὁδὸν καὶ σύντονον ἐπὶ τὴν + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page126">[pg 126]</span><a name= + "Pg126" id="Pg126" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg127" id= + "Pg127" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀρετὴν ἰέναι<a id="noteref_216" + name="noteref_216" href="#note_216"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">216</span></span></a> + ὄφελον καὶ ὑμεῖς τὴν μακρὰν ἐπορεύεσθε· ῥᾷον ἂν δι᾽ ἐκείνης ἢ διὰ + ταύτης ἤλθετε. οὐκ ἴστε, ὅτι μεγάλας ἔχουσιν αἱ σύντομοι τὰς + χαλεπότητας; καὶ ὥσπερ ἐν ταῖς λεωφόροις ὁ μὲν τὴν σύντομον ἐλθεῖν + δυνηθεὶς ῥᾷον ἐκπερίεισι τὴν κύκλῳ, οὐκέτι μέντοι τὸ ἀνάπαλιν ὁ + κύκλῳ πορευθεὶς ἔλθοι ἂν πάντως [D] καὶ τὴν ἐπίτομον, οὕτω δὴ<a id= + "noteref_217" name="noteref_217" href="#note_217"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">217</span></span></a> καὶ + ἐν τῇ φιλοσοφίᾳ τέλος τέ ἑστι καὶ ἀρχὴ μία γνῶναί τε ἑαυτὸν καὶ + ἀφομοιωθῆναι τοῖς θεοῖς· ἀρχὴ μὲν οὖν ἑαυτὸν γνῶναι, τέλος δὲ ἡ + πρὸς τοὺς κρείττονας ὁμοιότης.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Have done with + all this nonsense! At any rate lay it aside now if not before, when + you can get no advantage from your long hair and your staff. Shall + I tell you how you have caused philosophy to be lightly esteemed? + It is because the most ignorant of the rhetoricians, those whose + tongues not King Hermes himself could purify, and who could not be + made wise by Athene herself with the aid of Hermes, having picked + up their knowledge from their industry in frequenting public + places,—for they do not know the truth of the current proverb, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Grape ripens near grape”</span><a id= + "noteref_218" name="noteref_218" href="#note_218"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">218</span></span></a>—then + all rush into Cynicism. They adopt the staff, the cloak, the long + hair, the ignorance that goes with these, the impudence, the + insolence, and in a word everything of the sort. They say that they + are travelling the short and ready road to virtue.<a id= + "noteref_219" name="noteref_219" href="#note_219"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">219</span></span></a> I + would that you were going by the longer! For you would more easily + arrive by that road than by this of yours. Are you not aware that + short cuts usually involve one in great difficulties? For just as + is the case with the public roads, a traveller who is able to take + a short cut will more easily than other men go all the way round, + whereas it does not at all follow that he who went round could + always go the short cut, so too in philosophy the end and the + beginning are one, namely, to know oneself and to become like the + gods. That is to say, the first principle is self-knowledge, and + the end of conduct is the resemblance to the higher powers.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὅστις οὖν + Κυνικὸς εἶναι ἐθέλει, πάντων ὑπεριδὼν τῶν νομισμάτων καὶ τῶν + ἀνθρωπίνων δοξῶν, εἰς ἑαυτὸν καὶ τὸν θεὸν ἐπέστραπται πρότερον. + ἐκείνῳ τὸ χρυσίον οὐκ ἔστι χρυσίον, οὐχ ἡ ψάμμος ψάμμος, εἰ πρὸς + ἀμοιβήν τις αὐτὰ ἀξετάζοι καὶ τῆς ἀξίας αὐτῶν ἐπιτρέψειεν αὐτῷ + τιμητῇ γενέσθαι· [226] γῆν γὰρ αὐτὰ οἶδεν ἀμφότερα. τὸ σπανιώτερον + δὲ καὶ τὸ ῥᾷον ἀνθρώπων εἶναι κενοδοξίας ταῦτα καὶ ἀμαθίας + νενόμικεν ἔργα· τὸ αἰσχρὸν ἢ καλὸν οὐκ ἐν τοῖς ἐπαινουμένοις ἢ + ψεγομένοις τίθεται, ἀλλ᾽ ἐν τῇ φύσει· φεύγει τὰς περιττ`ας τροφάς· + ἀποστρέφεται δὲ τὰ ἀφροδίσια. βιαζομένου δὲ τοῦ σώματος, οὐ δόξῃ + προστέτηκεν οὐδὲ περιμένει τὸν μάγειρον καὶ τὰ ὑποτρίμματα καὶ τὴν + κνίσσαν, οὐδὲ τὴν Φρύνην οὐδὲ τὴν Λαΐδα οὐδὲ τὴν τοῦ δεῖνος<a id= + "noteref_220" name="noteref_220" href="#note_220"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">220</span></span></a> + περιβλέπεται γαμετὴν οὐδὲ [B] τὸ θυγάτριον οὐδὲ τὴν θεράπαιναν· + ἀλλ᾽ ὡς ἔνι μάλιστα ἐκ τῶν <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page128">[pg 128]</span><a name="Pg128" id="Pg128" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg129" id="Pg129" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> προστυχόντων ἀποπλήσας τὴν θεραπείαν τοῦ + σώματος καὶ τὸ ἐνοχλοῦν ἐξ αὐτοῦ παρωσάμενος, ἄνωθεν ἐκ τῆς Ὀλύμπου + κορυφῆς ἐπιβλέπει τοὺς ἄλλους</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Therefore he + who desires to be a Cynic despises all the usages and opinions of + men, and turns his mind first of all to himself and the god. For + him gold is not gold or sand sand, if one enquire into their value + with a view to exchanging them, and leave it to him to rate them at + their proper worth: for he knows that both of them are but earth. + And the fact that one is scarcer and the other easier to obtain he + thinks is merely the result of the vanity and ignorance of mankind. + He will judge of the baseness or nobility of an action, not by the + applause or blame of men but by its intrinsic nature. He avoids any + excess in food, and renounces the pleasures of love. When he is + forced to obey the needs of the body he is not the slave of + opinion, nor does he wait for a cook and sauces and a savoury + smell, nor does he ever look about for Phryne or Lais or + So-and-so's wife or young daughter or serving-maid. But as far as + possible he satisfies his body's needs with whatever comes to hand, + and by thrusting aside all hindrances derived from the body he + contemplates from above, from the peaks of Olympus, other men who + are)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἄτης ἐν λειμῶνι κατὰ σκότον + ἠλάσκοντας,</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Wandering + in darkness in the meadow of Ate,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_221" name= + "noteref_221" href="#note_221"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">221</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ὑπὲρ ὀλίγων + παντάπασιν ἀπολαύσεων ὑπομένοντας ὅσα οὐδὲ παρὰ τὸν Κωκυτὸν καὶ τὸν + Ἀχέροντα θρυλοῦσιν οἱ κομψότεροι τῶν ποιητῶν. ἡ σύντομος ὁδός ἐστιν + αὕτη. [C] δεῖ γὰρ αὐτὸν ἀθρόως ἐκστῆναι ἑαυτοῦ καὶ γνῶναι, ὅτι + θεῖός ἐστι, καὶ τὸν νοῦν μὲν τὸν ἑαυτοῦ ἀτρύτως καὶ ἀμετακινήτως + συνέχειν ἐν τοῖς θείοις καὶ ἀχράντοις καὶ καθαροῖς νοήμασιν, + ὀλιγωρεῖν δὲ πάντη τοῦ σώματος καὶ νομίζειν αὐτὸ κατὰ τὸν + Ἡράκλειτον κοπρίων ἐκβλητότερον, ἐκ τοῦ ῥᾴστου δὲ αὑτῷ τὰς + θεραπείας ἀποπληροῦν, ἕως ἂν ὁ θεὸς ὥσπερ ὀργάνῳ τῷ σώματι χρῆσθαι + ἐπιτάττῃ.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(and for the + sake of a few wholly trifling pleasures are undergoing torments + greater than any by the Cocytus or Acheron such as the most + ingenious of the poets are always telling us about. Now the true + short cut to philosophy is this. A man must completely come out of + himself and recognise that he is divine, and not only keep his mind + untiringly and steadfastly fixed on divine and stainless and pure + thoughts, but he must also utterly despise his body, and think it, + in the words of Heracleitus, <span class="tei tei-q">“more + worthless than dirt.”</span><a id="noteref_222" name="noteref_222" + href="#note_222"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">222</span></span></a> And + by the easiest means he must satisfy his body's needs so long as + the god commands him to use it as an instrument.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ὡς + φασὶ ταύτῃ.<a id="noteref_223" name="noteref_223" href= + "#note_223"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">223</span></span></a> + ἐπανάξω δὲ ὅθεν ἐξέβην. ἐπειδὴ γὰρ τοὺς μύθους προσήκει πρὸς παῖδας + ἤτοι τῷ φρονεῖν, [D] κἂν ἄνδρες ὦσιν, ἢ καὶ τοῖς καθ᾽ ἡλικίαν + παιδαρίοις ἀπαγγέλλειν, ἐξεταστέον ὅπως μήτε εἰς θεοὺς μήτε εἰς + ἀνθρώπους πλημμελὲς ᾿ἤ, καθάπερ ἔναγχος, δυσσεβές τι ῥηθείη· καὶ + προσέτι τοῦτο ἐν ἅπασιν ἀκριβῶς βασανιστέον, εἰ πιθανός, εἰ τοῖς + πράγμασι προσφυής, εἰ μῦθός ἐστιν ἀληθῶς ὁ πλαττόμενος. ἐπεὶ τό γε + νῦν ὑπὸ σοῦ πεποιημένον οὐ μῦθός ἐστι σός·<a id="noteref_224" name= + "noteref_224" href="#note_224"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">224</span></span></a> + καίτοι τοῦτό γε ἐνεανιεύσω· ἀλλ᾽ ὁ μὲν μῦθος <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page130">[pg 130]</span><a name="Pg130" id="Pg130" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg131" id="Pg131" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐστι παλαιός, [227] ἐφήρμοσας δὲ αὐτὸν σὺ + πράγμασιν ἑτέροις, ὅπερ οἶμαι ποιεῖν εἰώθασιν οἱ τῇ τροπικῇ + χρώμενοι τὼν νοημάτων κατασκευῇ· πολὺς δὲ ἐν τούτοις ὁ Πάριός ἐστι + ποιητής. ἔοικας οὖν οὐδὲ πεποιηκὼς μῦθον, ὦ ξυνετώτατε, μάτην + νεανιεύεσθαι· καίτοι τοῦτο τίτθης ἔργον ἐστὶν εὐτραπέλου. + Πλουτάρχου δὲ εἰ τὰ μυθικὰ διηγήματα τῶν σῶν εἴσω χειρῶν ἀφῖκτο, + οὔποτ᾽ ἂν ἐλελήθει σε, τίνι διαφέρει πλάσαι τε ἐξ ἀρχῆς μῦθον καὶ + τὸν κείμενον ἐφαρμόσαι πράγμασιν οἰκείοις. [B] ἀλλ᾽ ἵνα μή σε τὴν + σύντομον ὁδεύοντα βίβλοις ἐυβαλὼν μακραῖς καὶ δυσελίκτοις ἐπίσχω + μικρὰ καὶ πεδήσω· σὺ δὲ οὐδὲ τὸν Δημοσθένους ἀκήκοας μῦθον, ὃν + ἐποίησεν ὁ Παιανιεὺς πρὸς τοὺς Ἀθηναίους, ἡνίκα ὁ Μακεδὼν ἐξῄτει + τοὺς Ἁθηναίους ῥήτορας. ἐχρῆν οὖν τι τοιοῦτο πλάσαι· ἢ πρὸς τῶν + θεῶν ἔργον ἦν εἰπεῖν μυθάριόν τι τοιοῦτον; ἀναγκάσεις δέ με καὶ + μυθοποιὸν γενέσθαι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(So much for + that, as the saying is.<a id="noteref_225" name="noteref_225" href= + "#note_225"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">225</span></span></a> Now + to go back to the point at which I digressed.<a id="noteref_226" + name="noteref_226" href="#note_226"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">226</span></span></a> + Since, as I was saying, myths ought to be addressed either to those + who though grown men are children in intelligence, or to those who + in actual years are mere children, we must take pains to utter in + them no word that is offensive to gods or men or anything impious, + as was done recently. And moreover we must in all cases apply + careful tests to see whether the myth is plausible, closely related + to the matter discussed and whether what is invented is really a + myth. Now what you composed lately is not your own myth though you + boasted that it was. Nay, your myth was an old one and you did but + adapt it to fresh circumstances, as I believe people are in the + habit of doing who use tropes and figures of thought. The poet of + Paros<a id="noteref_227" name="noteref_227" href= + "#note_227"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">227</span></span></a> for + instance is much given to this style. It seems then that you did + not even invent your myth, my very clever friend, and that yours + was an idle boast. Though in fact the thing is done by any nurse + with an inventive turn. And if the mythical tales of Plutarch had + ever fallen into your hands you would have failed to observe what a + difference there is between inventing a myth from the beginning and + adapting to one's own purpose a myth that already exists. But I + must not detain you even for a moment or hinder you on your way + along that short cut to wisdom by making you embark on books that + are long and hard to read. You have not even heard of the myth by + Demosthenes which he of the Paeanian deme addressed to the + Athenians when the Macedonian demanded that the Athenian orators be + given up. You ought to have invented something of that sort. In + Heaven's name was it too hard for you to relate some little myth of + the kind? You will force me too to become a myth-maker.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[C] Πλουσίῳ + ἀνδρὶ πρόβατα ἦν πολλὰ καὶ ἀγέλαι βοῶν καὶ αἰπόλια πλατέ αἰγῶν, + ἵπποι δὲ αὐτῷ πολλάκις μυρίαι ἕλος κάτα βουκολέοντο, καὶ ποιμένες + δοῦλοί τε καὶ ἐλεύθεροι μισθωτοί, καὶ βουκόλοι βοῶν καὶ αἰγῶν + αἰπόλοι καὶ ἱπποφορβοὶ τῶν ἵππων, καὶ πλεῖστα κτήματα. τούτων δὲ + αὐτῷ πολλὰ μὲν ὁ πατὴρ ἀπελελοίπει, πολλαπλάσια δὲ αὐτὸς + ἐπεκτήσατο,<a id="noteref_228" name="noteref_228" href= + "#note_228"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">228</span></span></a> + πλουτεῖν θέλων <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page132">[pg + 132]</span><a name="Pg132" id="Pg132" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg133" id="Pg133" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐν δίκῃ τε καὶ παρὰ δίκην· ἔμελε γὰρ αὐτῷ + τῶν<a id="noteref_229" name="noteref_229" href= + "#note_229"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">229</span></span></a> θεῶν + ὀλίγον. [D] ἐγένοντο δὲ αὐτῷ γυναῖκες πολλαὶ καὶ υἱεῖς ἐξ αὐτῶν καὶ + θυγατέρες, οἷς ἐκεῖνος διανείμας τὴν οὐσίαν ἔπειτα ἐτελεύτησεν, + οὐδὲν αὐτοὺς οἰκονομίας πέρι διδάξας, οὐδ᾽ ὅπως ἄν τις δύναιτο τὰ + τοιαῦτα κτᾶσθαι μὴ παρόντα ἢ παρόντα διαφυλάττειν. ᾤετο γὰρ ὑπὸ + ἀμαθίας ἀρκεῖν τὸ πλῆθος, ἐπεὶ καὶ αὐτὸς ἦν οὐ μάλα ἐπιστήμων τῆς + τοιαύτης τέχνης, ἅτε μὴ λόγῳ προσειληφὼς αὐτήν, ἀλλὰ συνηθείᾳ τινὶ + καὶ πείρᾳ μᾶλλον, [228] ὥσπερ οἱ φαῦλοι τῶν ἰατρῶν ἐκ τῆς ἐμπειρίας + μόνον ἰώμενοι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, ὅθεν καὶ διαφεύγει τὰ πολλὰ τῶν + νοσημάτων αὐτούς. ἀρκεῖν οὖν νομίσας τὸ πλῆθος τῶν υἱέων πρὸς τὸ + φυλάξαι τὴν οὐσίαν οὐδὲν ἐφρόντισεν ὅπως ἔσονται σπουδαῖοι. τὸ δὲ + ἄρα αὐτοῖς ἦρξε πρῶτον μὲν τῶν εἰς ἀλλήλους ἀδικημάτων. ἐπιθυμῶν + γὰρ ἕκαστος ὥσπερ ὁ πατὴρ πολλὰ ἔχειν καὶ μόνος πάντα ἐπὶ τὸν πέλας + ἐτράπετο. [B] τέως μὲν οὖν τοῦτο ἐπράττετο. προσαπέλαυον δὲ καὶ οἱ + ξυγγενεῖς, οὐδ᾽ αὐτοὶ παιδευθέντες καλῶς, τῆς τῶν παίδων ἀνοίας τε + καὶ ἀμαθίας. εἶτα ἐπίμπλατο φόνων πάντα, καὶ ἡ τραγικὴ κατάρα ὑπὸ + τοῦ δαίμονος εἰς ἔργον ἤγετο· τὰ πατρῷα γὰρ θηκτῷ σιδήρῳ + διελάγχανον, καὶ ἦν πάντα ἀκοσμίας πλήρη· πατρῷα μὲν ἱερὰ + κατεσκάπτετο παρὰ τῶν παίδων ὀλιγωρηθέντα πρότερον ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς + καὶ ἀποσυληθέντα τῶν ἀναθημάτων, [C] ἃ ἐτέθειτο <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page134">[pg 134]</span><a name="Pg134" id="Pg134" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg135" id="Pg135" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> παρὰ πολλῶν μὲν καὶ ἄλλων, οὐχ ἥκιστα δὲ τῶν + προπατόρων αὐτοῦ. καθαιρουμένων δὲ τῶν ἱερῶν ἀνῳκοδομεῖτο παλαιὰ + καὶ νέα μνήματα, προαγορεύοντος αὐτοῖς τοῦ αὐτομάτου καὶ τῆς τύχης, + ὅτι ἄρα πολλῶν αὐτοῖς δεήσει μνημάτων οὐκ εἰς μακράν, ἐπειδήπερ + αὐτοῖς ὀλίγον ἔμελε τῶν θεῶν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(A certain rich + man<a id="noteref_230" name="noteref_230" href= + "#note_230"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">230</span></span></a> had + numerous flocks of sheep and herds of cattle and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“ranging flocks of goats”</span><a id="noteref_231" + name="noteref_231" href="#note_231"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">231</span></span></a> and + many times ten thousand mares <span class="tei tei-q">“grazed his + marsh-meadows.”</span><a id="noteref_232" name="noteref_232" href= + "#note_232"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">232</span></span></a> Many + shepherds too he had, both slaves and hired freedmen, neatherds and + goatherds and grooms for his horses, and many estates withal. Now + much of all this his father had bequeathed to him, but he had + himself acquired many times more, being eager to enrich himself + whether justly or unjustly; for little did he care for gods. + Several wives he had, and sons and daughters by them, among whom he + divided his wealth before he died. But he did not teach them how to + manage it, or how to acquire more if it should fail, or how to + preserve what they had. For in his ignorance he thought that their + mere numbers would suffice, nor had he himself any real knowledge + of that sort of art, since he had not acquired his wealth on any + rational principle but rather by use and wont, like quack doctors + who try to cure their patients by relying on their experience only, + so that many diseases escape them altogether.<a id="noteref_233" + name="noteref_233" href="#note_233"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">233</span></span></a> + Accordingly since he thought that a number of sons would suffice to + preserve his wealth, he took no thought how to make them virtuous. + But this very thing proved to be the beginning of their iniquitous + behaviour to one another. For every one of them desired to be as + wealthy as his father and to possess the whole for himself alone, + and so attacked the brother that was his neighbour. Now for a time + they continued to behave thus. And their relatives also shared in + the folly and ignorance of those sons, since they themselves had + had no better education. Then ensued a general slaughter, and + heaven brought the tragic curse<a id="noteref_234" name= + "noteref_234" href="#note_234"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">234</span></span></a> to + fulfilment. For <span class="tei tei-q">“by the edge of the sword + they divided their patrimony”</span> and everything was thrown into + confusion. The sons demolished the ancestral temples which their + father before them had despised and had stripped of the votive + offerings that had been dedicated by many worshippers, but not + least by his own ancestors. And besides demolishing the temples + they erected sepulchres<a id="noteref_235" name="noteref_235" href= + "#note_235"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">235</span></span></a> both + on new sites and on the old sites of the temples, as though + impelled by fate or by an unconscious presentiment that they would + ere long need many such sepulchres, seeing that they so neglected + the gods.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Πάντων οὖν ὁμοῦ + φυρομένων καὶ ξυντελουμένων γάμων τε οὐ γάμων καὶ βεβηλουμένων ὁμοῦ + τοῖς θείοις τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων, [D] τὸν Δία ἔλεος ὑπῆλθεν· εἶτα ἀπιδὼν + πρὸς τὸν Ἥλιον· ὦ παῖ, εἶπεν, οὐρανοῦ καὶ γῆς ἀρχαιότερον ἐν θεοῖς + βλάστημα, μνησικακεῖν ἔτι διανοῇ τῆς ὑπεροψίας ἀνδρὶ αὐθάδει καὶ + τολμηρῷ, ὅς σε ἀπολιπὼν αὑτῷ τε καὶ γένει αἴτιος<a id="noteref_236" + name="noteref_236" href="#note_236"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">236</span></span></a> + ἐγένετο τῶν τηλικούτων παθημάτων; ἢ νομίζεις, [229] ὅτι μὴ + χαλεπαίνεις αὐτῷ μηδ᾽ ἀγανακτεῖς μηδ᾽ ἐπὶ τὸ γένος αὐτοῦ τοὺς + οἰστοὺς θήγεις, ἔλαττον εἶναι ταύτης αἴτιος αὐτῷ τῆς ξυμφορᾶς, + ἔρημον αὐτοῦ τὴν οἰκίαν ἀφείς; ἀλλ᾽, ἔφη, καλῶμεν τὰς Μοίρας, εἴ πῃ + βοηθητέος ὁ ἀνήρ ἐστιν. αἱ δὲ ὑπήκουσαν αὐτίκα τῷ Διί. καὶ ὁ μὲν + Ἥλιος, ὥσπερ ἐννοῶν τι καὶ λογιζόμενος αὐτὸς ἐν ἑαυτῷ, προσεῖχεν + εἰς τὸν Δία πήξας τὰ ὄμματα. τῶν Μοιρῶν δὲ ἡ πρεσβυτάτη· Κωλύετον, + ἔφη, ὦ πάτερ, ἡ Ὁσιότης ξὺν τῇ Δίκῃ. σὸν οὖν ἔργον ἐστίν, [B] + ἐπείπερ ἡμᾶς ἐκέλευσας ὑπεικαθεῖν αὐταῖς, πεῖσαι καὶ ἐκείνας. ἀλλ᾽ + ἐμαὶ γάρ εἰσιν, ἔφη, θυγατέρες, καὶ ἄξιον δὴ ἐρέσθαι αὐτάς· τί + τοίνυν, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page136">[pg + 136]</span><a name="Pg136" id="Pg136" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg137" id="Pg137" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ὦ ποτνία, φατόν; ἀλλὰ τούτου μέν, εἰπέτην, ὦ + πάτερ, αὐτὸς εἶ κύριος. σκόπει δὲ ὅπως ἐν ἀνθρώποις ὁ πονηρὸς + οὑτοσὶ τῆς ἀνοσιουργίας ζῆλος μὴ παντάπασιν ἐπικρατήσει.<a id= + "noteref_237" name="noteref_237" href="#note_237"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">237</span></span></a> πρὸς + ἀμφότερα, εἶπεν, ἐγὼ σκέψομαι. καὶ αἱ Μοῖραι πλησίον παροῦσαι πάντα + ἐπέκλωθον, [C] ὡς ὁ πατὴρ ἐβούλετο.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now when all + was in confusion, and many marriages that were no marriages<a id= + "noteref_238" name="noteref_238" href="#note_238"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">238</span></span></a> were + being concluded, and the laws of god and man alike had been + profaned, Zeus was moved with compassion and addressing himself to + Helios he said: <span class="tei tei-q">“O my son, divine offspring + more ancient than heaven and earth, art thou still minded to resent + the insolence of that arrogant and audacious mortal, who by + forsaking thee brought so many calamities on himself and his race? + Thinkest thou that, though thou dost not show thine anger and + resentment against him nor whet thine arrows against his children, + thou art any less the author of his destruction in that thou dost + abandon his house to desolation? Nay,”</span> said Zeus, + <span class="tei tei-q">“let us summon the Fates and enquire + whether any assistance may be given the man.”</span> Forthwith the + Fates obeyed the call of Zeus. But Helios who was as though + absorbed in thought and inward debate yet gave constant heed and + fixed his eyes on Zeus. Then spoke the eldest of the Fates: + <span class="tei tei-q">“O our father, Piety and Justice both + restrain us. Therefore it is thine to prevail on them also, since + thou hast ordered us to be subservient to them.”</span> And Zeus + made answer, <span class="tei tei-q">“Truly they are my daughters, + and it is meet that I question them. What then have ye to say, ye + venerable goddesses?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Nay, + father,”</span> they replied, <span class="tei tei-q">“that is as + thou thyself dost ordain. But be careful lest this wicked zeal for + impious deeds prevail universally among men.”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“I will myself look to both these matters,”</span> Zeus + replied. Then the Fates approached and spun all as their father + willed.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Λέγειν δὲ ὁ Ζεὺς + ἄρχεται πρὸς τὸν Ἥλιον· τουτὶ τὸ παιδίον, ἔφη· ξυγγενὲς δὲ ἦν αὐτῶν + ἄρα παρερριμμένον που καὶ ἀμελούμενον, ἀδελφιδοῦς ἐκείνου τοῦ + πλουσίου καὶ ἀνεψιὸς τῶν κληρονόμων· τοῦτο, ἔφη, σόν ἐστιν ἔκγονον. + ὄμοσον οὖν τὸ ἐμόν τε καὶ τὸ σὸν<a id="noteref_239" name= + "noteref_239" href="#note_239"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">239</span></span></a> + σκῆπτρον, ἦ μὴν ἐπιμελήσεσθαι διαφερόντως αὐτοῦ καὶ ποιμανεῖν αὐτὸ + καὶ θεραπεύσειν τῆς νόσου. [D] ὁρᾷς γὰρ ὅπως οἷον ὑπὸ καπνοῦ ῥύπου + τε ἀναπέπλησται καὶ λιγνύος, κίνδυνός τε τὸ ὑπὸ σοῦ σπαρὲν ἐν αὐτῷ + πῦρ ἀποσβῆναι, ἢν μὴ σύ γε δύσεαι ἀλκήν. σοὶ δὲ ἐγώ τε ξυγχωρῶ καὶ + αἱ Μοῖραι· κόμιζε οὖν αὐτὸ καὶ τρέφε. ταῦτα ἀκούσας ὁ βασιλεὺς + Ἥλιος ηὐφράνθη τε ἡσθεὶς τῷ βρέφει, σωζόμενον ἔτι καθορῶν ἐν αὐτῷ + σπινθῆρα μικρὸν ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ, καὶ τὸ ἐντεῦθεν ἔτρεφεν ἐκεῖνο τὸ + παιδίον, ἐξαγαγὼν</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Next Zeus thus + addressed Helios: <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou seest yonder thine + own child.”</span><a id="noteref_240" name="noteref_240" href= + "#note_240"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">240</span></span></a> (Now + this was a certain kinsman of those brothers who had been cast + aside and was despised though he was that rich man's nephew and the + cousin of his heirs.) <span class="tei tei-q">“This child,”</span> + said Zeus, <span class="tei tei-q">“is thine own offspring. Swear + then by my sceptre and thine that thou wilt care especially for him + and cure him of this malady. For thou seest how he is as it were + infected with smoke and filth and darkness and there is danger that + the spark of fire which thou didst implant in him will be quenched, + unless thou clothe thyself with might.<a id="noteref_241" name= + "noteref_241" href="#note_241"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">241</span></span></a> Take + care of him therefore and rear him. For I and the Fates yield thee + this task.”</span> When King Helios heard this he was glad and took + pleasure in the babe, since he perceived that in him a small spark + of himself was still preserved. And from that time he reared the + child whom he had withdrawn)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 5.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">ἔκ θ᾽ αἵματος ἔκ τε + κυδοιμοῦ</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">[230] Ἔκ τ᾽ ἀνδροκτασίης.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">from the + blood and noise of war and the slaughter of + men.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id= + "noteref_242" name="noteref_242" href="#note_242"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">242</span></span></a> + <span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ὁ πατὴρ δὲ ὁ + Ζεὺς ἐκέλευσε καὶ τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν τὴν ἀμήτορα, τὴν παρθένον ἅμα τῷ Ἡλίῳ + τὸ παιδάριον ἐκτρέφειν. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐτράφη καὶ νεανίας ἐγένετο</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And father Zeus + bade Athene also, the Motherless Maiden, share with Helios the task + of bringing up the child. And when, thus reared, he had become a + youth)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Πρῶτον ὑπηνήτης, τοῦπερ + χαριεστάτη ἥβη,</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">With the + first down on his chin, when youth has all its + charms,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id= + "noteref_243" name="noteref_243" href="#note_243"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">243</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page138">[pg 138]</span><a name= + "Pg138" id="Pg138" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg139" id= + "Pg139" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">κατανοήσας τῶν + κακῶν τὸ πλῆθος. ὁπόσον τι περὶ τοὺς ξυγγενεῖς αὐτοῦ καὶ τοὺς + ἀνεψιοὺς ἐγεγόνει, ἐδέησε μὲν αὑτὸν εἰς τὸν τάρταρον προέσθαι πρὸς + τὸ μέγεθος τῶν κακῶν ἐκπλαγείς. [B] ἐπεὶ δὲ Ἥλιος εὐμενὴς ὢν μετὰ + τῆς Προνοίας Ἀθηνᾶς ὕπνον τινὰ καὶ κάρον ἐμβαλὼν τῆς ἐπινοίας + ταύτης ἀπήγαγεν, αὖθις ἀνεγερθεὶς ἄπεισιν εἰς ἐρημίαν. εἶτα ἐκεῖ + λίθον τινὰ εὑρὼν μικρὸν ἀνεπαύσατο καὶ πρὸς αὑτὸν ἐσκόπει, τίνα + τρόπον ἐκφεύξεται τῶν τοσούτων κακῶν τὸ μέγεθος· ἤδη γὰρ αὐτῷ πάντα + ἐφαίνετο μοχθηρά, [C] καλὸν δὲ οὐδὲν οὐδαμοῦ τέως. Ἑρμῆς οὖν αὐτῷ· + καὶ γὰρ εἶχεν οἰκείως πρὸς αὐτόν· ὥσπερ ἡλικιώτης νεανίσκος φανεὶς + ἠσπάσατό τε φιλοφρόνως καί, Δεῦρο, εἶπεν, ἡγεμών σοι ἐγὼ ἔσομαι + λειοτέρας<a id="noteref_244" name="noteref_244" href= + "#note_244"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">244</span></span></a> καὶ + ὁμαλεστέρας ὁδοῦ τουτὶ τὸ μικρὸν ὑπερβάντι τὸ σκολιὸν καὶ ἀπότομον + χωρίον, οὗ πάντας ὁρᾶς προσπταίοντας καὶ ἀπιόντας ἐντεῦθεν ὀπίσω. + καὶ ὁ νεανίσκος ἀπιὼν ᾤχετο μετὰ πολλῆς εὐλαβείας ἔχων παρ᾽ ἑαυτῷ + ξίφος τε καὶ ἀσπίδα καὶ δόρυ,<a id="noteref_245" name="noteref_245" + href="#note_245"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">245</span></span></a> γυμνὰ + δὲ αὐτῷ τέως ἦν τὰ περὶ τὴν κεφαλήν. [D] πεποιθὼς οὖν αὐτῷ προῆγεν + εἰς τὸ πρόσω διὰ λείας ὁδοῦ καὶ ἀθρύπτου καθαρᾶς τε πάνυ καὶ + καρποῖς βριθούσης ἄνθεσί τε πολλοῖς καὶ ἀγαθοις, ὅσα ἐστὶ θεοῖς + φίλα, καὶ δένδρεσι κιττοῦ καὶ δάφνης καὶ μυρρίνης. ἀγαγὼν δὲ αὐτὸν + ἐπί τι μέγα καὶ ὑψηλὸν ὄρος, Ἐπὶ τούτου, ἔφη, τῆς κορυφῆς ὁ πατὴρ + πάντων κάθηται τῶν θεῶν. ὅρα οὖν· ἐνταῦθά ἐστιν ὁ μέγας κίνδυνος· + ὅπως αὐτὸν ὡς εὐαγέστατα προσκυνήσεις, αἰτήσῃ δὲ παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ ὅ, τι + ἂν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page140">[pg 140]</span><a name= + "Pg140" id="Pg140" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg141" id= + "Pg141" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐθέλῃς· [231] ἕλοιο δέ, ὦ παῖ, + τὰ βέλτιστα. ταῦτα εἰπὼν ἀπέκρυψεν ἑαυτὸν Ἑρμῆς πάλιν. ὁ δὲ + ἐβούλετο μὲν παρὰ τοῦ Ἑρμοῦ πυθέσθαι, τί ποτε αἰτήσασθαι χρὴ παρὰ + τοῦ πατρὸς τῶν θεῶν, ὡς δὲ πλησίον ὄντα οὐ κατεῖδεν, Ἐνδεὴς μέν, + ἔφη, καλὴ δὲ ὅμως ἡ ξυμβουλή. αἰτώμεθα οὖν ἀγαθῇ τύχῃ τὰ κράτιστα + καίπερ οὔπω σαφῶς τὸν πατέρα τῶν θεῶν ὁρῶντες. Ὦ Ζεῦ πάτερ ἢ ὅ,τι + σοι φίλον ὄνομα καὶ ὅπως ὀνομάζεσθαι· δείκνυέ μοι τὴν ἐπὶ σὲ + φέρουσαν ὁδὸν ἄνω. [B] κρείττονα γάρ μοι τὰ ἐκεῖ φαίνεται χωρία + παρὰ σὲ μαντευομένῳ τὸ παρὰ σοὶ κάλλος ἀπὸ τῆς ἐν τούτοις ὅθεν + πεπορεύμεθα τέως ἀγλαΐας.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(he learned + numerous disasters that had befallen his kinsmen and his cousins, + and had all but hurled himself into Tartarus, so confounded was he + by the extent of those calamities. Then Helios of his grace, aided + Athene, Goddess of Forethought, threw him into a slumber or trance, + and so diverted him from that purpose. Then when he had waked from + this he went away into the desert. And there he found a stone and + rested for a while thereon, debating within himself how he should + escape evils so many and so vast. For all things now appeared + grievous to him and for the moment there was no hope anywhere. Then + Hermes, who had an affinity for him,<a id="noteref_246" name= + "noteref_246" href="#note_246"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">246</span></span></a> + appeared to him in the guise of a youth of his own age, and + greeting him kindly said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Follow me, and I + will guide thee by an easier and smoother road as soon as thou hast + surmounted this winding and rugged place where thou seest all men + stumbling and obliged to go back again.”</span> Then the youth set + out with great circumspection, carrying a sword and shield and + spear, though as yet his head was bare. Thus relying on Hermes he + went forward by a road smooth, untrodden and very bright, and + overhung with fruits and many lovely flowers such as the gods love, + and with trees also, ivy and laurel and myrtle. Now when Hermes had + brought him to the foot of a great and lofty mountain, he said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“On the summit of this mountain dwells the + father of all the gods. Be careful then—for herein lies the + greatest risk of all<a id="noteref_247" name="noteref_247" href= + "#note_247"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">247</span></span></a>—to + worship him with the utmost piety and ask of him whatever thou + wilt. Thou wilt choose, my child, only what is best.”</span> So + saying Hermes once more became invisible, though the youth was fain + to learn from him what he ought to ask from the father of the gods. + But when he saw that he was no longer at his side he said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“The advice though incomplete is good + nevertheless. Therefore let me by the grace of fortune ask for what + is best, though I do not as yet see clearly the father of the gods. + Father Zeus—or whatever name thou dost please that men should call + thee by,<a id="noteref_248" name="noteref_248" href= + "#note_248"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">248</span></span></a>—show + me the way that leads upwards to thee. For fairer still methinks + the region where thou art, if I may judge of the beauty of thy + abode from the splendour of the place whence I have come + hither.”</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Εὐξαμένῳ ταῦτα + εἴτε ὕπνος τις εἴτε ἔκστασις ἐπῆλθεν. ὁ δὲ αὐτῷ δείκνυσιν αὐτὸν τὸν + Ἥλιον. ἐκπλαγεὶς οὖν ὁ νεανίσκος ὑπὸ τῆς θέας, Ἀλλὰ σοὶ μέν, εἶπεν, + ὦ θεῶν πάτερ, τῶν τε ἄλλων καὶ τούτων [C] ἕνεκα πάντων ἐμαυτὸν + φέρων ἀναθήσω. περιβαλὼν<a id="noteref_249" name="noteref_249" + href="#note_249"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">249</span></span></a> δὲ + τοῖς γόνασι τοῦ Ἡλίου τὰς χεῖρας ἀπρὶξ εἴχετο σώζειν ἑαυτὸν + δεόμενος. ὁ δὲ καλέσας τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν ἐκέλευε πρῶτον ἀνακρίνειν αὐτόν, + ὁπόσα ἐκόμισεν ὅπλα. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἑώρα τήν τε ἀσπίδα καὶ τὸ ξίφος μετὰ + τοῦ δόρατος, Ἀλλὰ ποῦ σοι, ἔφη, ὦ παῖ, τὸ Γοργόνειον καὶ τὸ κράνος; + ὁ δέ, Καὶ ταῦτα, εἶπε, μόγις ἐκτησάμην· οὐδεὶς γὰρ ἦν ὁ ξυμπονῶν ἐν + τῇ τῶν συγγενῶν οἰκίᾳ παρερριμμένῳ. Ἴσθι οὖν, εἶπεν ὁ μέγας Ἥλιος, + ὅτι σε πάντως χρὴ [D] ἐπανελθεῖν ἐκεῖσε. ἐνταῦθα ἐδεῖτο + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page142">[pg 142]</span><a name= + "Pg142" id="Pg142" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg143" id= + "Pg143" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> μὴ πέμπειν αὐτὸν ἐκεῖσε πάλιν, + ἀλλὰ κατέχειν, ὡς οὐκέθ᾽ ὕστερον ἐπανήξοντα, ἀπολούμενον δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν + ἐκεῖ κακῶν. ὡς δὲ ἐλιπάρει δακρύων, Ἀλλὰ νέος εἶ, ἔφη, καὶ ἀμύητος. + ἴθι οὖν παρ᾽ ὑμᾶς, ὡς ἂν μυηθείης ἀσφαλῶς τε ἐκεῖ διάγοις· χρὴ γάρ + σ᾽ ἀπιέναι καὶ καθαίρειν ἐκεῖνα πάντα τὰ ἀσεβήματα, παρακαλεῖν δὲ + ἐμέ τε καὶ τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους θεούς. [232] ἀκούσας ταῦτα ὁ + νεανίσκος εἱστήκει σιωπῇ. καὶ ὁ μέγας Ἥλιος ἐπί τινα σκοπιὰν ἀγαγὼν + αὐτόν, ἧς τὸ μὲν ἄνω φωτὸς ἦν πλῆρες, τὸ δὲ ὑποκάτω μυρίας ἀχλύος, + δι ἧς ὥσπερ δι᾽ ὕδατος ἀμυδρὸν τὸ φῶς διικνεῖτο τῆς ἐκ τοῦ βασιλέως + αὐγῆς Ἠλίου, Ὁρᾷς, εἶπε, τὸν ἀνεψιὸν τὸν κληρονόμον; καὶ ὅς, Ὁρῶ, + ἔφη. Τί δέ; τοὺς βουκόλους τουτουσὶ καὶ τοὺς ποιμένας; καὶ τούτους + ὁρᾶν εἶπεν ὁ νεανίσκος. [B] Ποταπὸς οὖν τίς σοι ὁ κληρονόμος + φαίνεται; ποταποὶ δ᾽ αὖ οἱ ποιμένες τε καὶ βουκόλοι; καὶ ὁ + νεανίσκος, Ὁ μέν μοι, ἔφη, δοκεῖ νυστάζειν τὰ πολλὰ καὶ + καταδυόμενος<a id="noteref_250" name="noteref_250" href= + "#note_250"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">250</span></span></a> + λεληθότως ἡδυπαθεῖν, τῶν ποιμένων δὲ ὀλίγον μέν ἐστι τὸ ἀστεῖον, τὸ + πλῆθος δὲ μοχθηρὸν καὶ θηριῶδες. ἐσθίει γὰρ καὶ πιπράσκει τὰ + πρόβατα καὶ ἀδικεῖ διπλῇ τὸν δεσπότην. τά τε γὰρ ποίμνια αὐτοῦ + φθείρει καὶ ἐκ πολλῶν μικρὰ ἀποφέρον [C] ἄμισθον εἶναί φησι καὶ + οδύρεται. καίτοι κρεῖττον ἦν τοὺς μισθοὺς ἀπαιτεῖν ἐντελεῖς ἢ + φθείρειν τὴν ποίμνην. Ἂν οὖν, ἔφη, σὲ ἐγὲ μετὰ ταυτησὶ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς, + ἐπιτάττοντος τοῦ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page144">[pg + 144]</span><a name="Pg144" id="Pg144" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg145" id="Pg145" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Διός, ἀντὶ τοῦ κληρονόμου τούτου πάντων + ἐπίτροπον τούτων καταστήσω—; πάλιν ἐνταῦθα ὁ νεανίσκος ἀντείχετο + καὶ πολλὰ ἱκέτευεν αὐτοῦ μένειν. ὁ δέ, Μὴ λίαν ἀπειθὴς ἔσο, φησί, + μή ποτέ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(When he had + uttered this prayer a sort of slumber or ecstasy came over him. + Then Zeus showed him Helios himself. Awestruck by that vision the + youth exclaimed, <span class="tei tei-q">“For this and for all thy + other favours I will dedicate myself to thee, O Father of the + Gods!”</span> Then he cast his arms about the knees of Helios and + would not let go his hold but kept entreating him to save him. But + Helios called Athene and bade her first enquire of him what arms he + had brought with him. And when she saw his shield and sword and + spear, she said, <span class="tei tei-q">“But where, my child, is + thy aegis<a id="noteref_251" name="noteref_251" href= + "#note_251"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">251</span></span></a> and + thy helmet?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Even these that I + have,”</span> he replied, <span class="tei tei-q">“I procured with + difficulty. For in the house of my kinsfolk there was none to aid + one so despised.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Learn + therefore,”</span> said mighty Helios, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“that thou must without fail return thither.”</span> + Thereupon he entreated him not to send him to earth again but to + detain him there, since he would never be able to mount upwards a + second time but would be overwhelmed by the ills of earth. But as + he wept and implored Helios replied, <span class="tei tei-q">“Nay, + thou art young and not yet initiated. Return therefore to thine own + people that thou mayst be initiated and thereafter dwell on earth + in safety. For return thou must, and and cleanse away all impiety + and invoke me to aid thee, and Athene and the other gods.”</span> + When Helios had said this the youth remained silent. Then mighty + Helios led him to a high peak whose upper region was filled with + light but the lower with the thickest mist imaginable, through + which, as through water, the light of the rays of King Helios + penetrated but faintly. <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou + seest,”</span> said Helios, <span class="tei tei-q">“thy cousin the + heir?”</span><a id="noteref_252" name="noteref_252" href= + "#note_252"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">252</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“I see him,”</span> the youth replied. + <span class="tei tei-q">“Again, dost thou see yonder herdsmen and + shepherds?”</span> The youth answered that he did. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Then what thinkest thou of the heir's disposition? And + what of his shepherds and herdsmen?”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“He seems to me,”</span> replied the youth, + <span class="tei tei-q">“to be for the most part asleep, sunk in + forgetfulness and devoted to pleasure; and of his shepherds a few + are honest, but most are vicious and brutal. For they devour or + sell his sheep, and doubly injure their master, in that they not + only ruin his flocks but besides that they make great gain and + return him but little thereof, while they declare with loud + complaint that they are defrauded of their wages. And yet it were + better that they should demand and obtain their full pay than that + they should destroy the flock.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Now + what if I and Athene here,”</span> said Helios, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“obeying the command of Zeus, should appoint thee to + govern all these, in place of the heir?”</span> Then the youth + clung to him again and earnestly entreated that he might remain + there. <span class="tei tei-q">“Do not be obstinate in + disobedience,”</span> said Helios,)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">σ᾽ ἀπεχθήρω, ὡς νῦν ἔκπαγλ᾽ + ἐφίλησα.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">lest + perchance I hate thee beyond measure, even as I have loved + thee.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id= + "noteref_253" name="noteref_253" href="#note_253"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">253</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">καὶ ὁ νεανίσκος, + Ἀλλ᾽, ὦ μέγιστε, εἶπεν, Ἥλιε καὶ Ἀθηνᾶ, σέ τε καὶ αὐτὸν + ἐπιμαρτύρομαι τὸν Δία, χρῆσθέ μοι πρὸς ὅ, τι βούλεσθε. [D] πάλιν + οὖν ὁ Ἑρμῆς ἄφνω φανεὶς ἐποίησε τὸν νεανίσκον θαρραλεώτερον. ἤδη + γὰρ διενοεῖτο τῆς τε ὀπίσω πορείας καὶ τῆς ἐκεῖσε διατριβῆς + ηὑρηκέναι τὸν ἡγεμόνα. καὶ ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ, Μάνθανε, εἶπεν, ὦ λῷστε, πατρὸς + ἀγαθοῦ τουτουὶ τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ ἐμὸν βλάστημα. τοῦτον, ἔφη, τὸν + κληρονόμον οἱ βέλτιστοι μὲν οὐκ εὐφραίνουσι τῶν ποιμένων, οἱ + κόλακες δὲ καὶ οἱ μοχθηροὶ δοῦλον καὶ ὑποχείριον πεποίηνται. + συμβαίνει οὖν [233] αὐτῷ παρὰ μὲν τῶν ἐπιεικῶν μὴ φιλεῖσθαι, παρὰ + δὲ τῶν νομιζομένων φιλεῖν<a id="noteref_254" name="noteref_254" + href="#note_254"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">254</span></span></a> εἰς + τὰ μέγιστα ἀδικεῖσθαι; σκόπει οὖν ὅπως ἐπανελθὼν μὴ πρὸ τοῦ φίλου + θήσει τὸν κόλακα. δευτέραν ἄκουέ μου παραίνεσιν, ὦ παῖ. νυστάζων + οὗτος ἐξαπατᾶται τὰ πολλά· σὺ δὲ νῆφε καὶ γρηγόρει, μή σε διὰ τῆς + τοῦ φίλου παρρησίας ὁ κόλαξ ἐξαπατήσας λάθοι,<a id="noteref_255" + name="noteref_255" href="#note_255"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">255</span></span></a> + χαλκεὺς οἷά τις γέμων καπνοῦ καὶ μαρίλης, [B] ἔχων ἱμάτιον λευκὸν + καὶ τὰ πρόσωπα τῷ ψιμυθίῳ κεχρισμένος, εἶτα αὐτῷ δοίης γῆμαί τινα + τῶν σῶν θυγατέρων. τρίτης ἐπάκουέ μου παραινέσεως, καὶ μάλα ισχυρῶς + φύλαττε σαυτόν, αἰδοῦ δὲ καὶ ἡμᾶς μόνον, ἀνδρῶν <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page146">[pg 146]</span><a name="Pg146" id="Pg146" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg147" id="Pg147" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> δὲ ὅστις ἡμῖν προσόμοιός ἐστιν, ἄλλον δὲ + μηδένα. ὁρᾷς ὅπως τοῦτον τὸν ἠλίθιον ἔβλαψεν αἰσχύνη καὶ τὸ λίαν + ἄγαν εἶναι καταπλῆγα;</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Then said the + youth, <span class="tei tei-q">“Do thou, O most mighty Helios, and + thou, Athene,—and thee too, Father Zeus, do I call to + witness,—dispose of me as ye will.”</span> Then Hermes suddenly + appeared once more, and inspired him with greater courage. For now + he thought that he had found a guide for the journey back, and for + his sojourn on earth. Then said Athene, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Attend, good youth, that art born of myself and of + this god, thy noble sire! The most virtuous of the shepherds do not + please this heir, for flatterers and profligates have made him + their slave and tool. Thus it is that he is not beloved by the + good, and is most deeply wronged by those who are supposed to love + him. Be careful then when thou returnest that he make thee not his + flatterer rather than his friend. This second warning also do thou + heed, my son. Yonder man slumbers, and hence he is often deceived, + but do thou be sober and vigilant,<a id="noteref_256" name= + "noteref_256" href="#note_256"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">256</span></span></a> lest + the flatterer assume the frankness of a friend and so deceive thee; + which is as though a smith covered with smoke and cinders should + come wearing a white garment and with his face painted white, and + thus induce thee to give him one of thy daughters in + marriage.<a id="noteref_257" name="noteref_257" href= + "#note_257"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">257</span></span></a> My + third warning to thee is this: do thou very zealously keep watch + over thyself, and reverence us in the first place, and among men + only him who resembles us, and no one besides. Thou seest how false + shame and excessive timidity have injured this foolish + man.”</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Καὶ ὁ μέγας + Ἥλιος αὖθις τὸν λόγον διαδεξάμενος εἶπεν. [C] Ἑλόμενος φίλους ὡς + φίλοις χρῶ, μηδὲ αὐτοὺς οἰκέτας μηδὲ θεράποντας νόμιζε, πρόσιθι δὲ + αὐτοῖς ἐλευθέρως τε καὶ ἁπλούστατα καὶ γενναίως, μὴ λέγων μὲν ἄλλα, + φρονῶν δὲ ἕτερα περὶ αὐτῶν. ὁρᾷς ὅτι καὶ τοῦτον τὸν κληρονόμον + τοῦτο ἐπέτριψεν, ἡ πρὸς τοὺς φίλους ἀπιστία; φίλει τοὺς ἀρχομένους + ὥσπερ ἡμεῖς σέ· τὰ πρὸς ἡμᾶς ἡγείσθω σοι τῶν καλῶν ἁπάντων· [D] + ἐσμὲν γάρ σου καὶ εὐεργεταὶ καὶ φίλοι καὶ σωτῆρες. ἀκούσας ταῦτα ὁ + νεανίσκος διεχύθη καὶ δῆλος ἦν ἅπαντα ἤδη τοῖς θεοῖς πειθόμενος. + Ἀλλ᾽ ἴθι, ἔφη, πορεύου μετὰ ἀγαθῆς ἐλπίδος. ἡμεῖς γάρ σοι πανταχοῦ + συνεσόμεθα ἐγώ τε καὶ Ἀθηνᾶ καὶ Ἑρμῆς ὅδε καὶ σὺν ἡμῖν οἱ θεοὶ + πάντες οἱ ἐν Ὀλύμπῳ καὶ οἱ περὶ τὸν ἀέρα καὶ τὴν γῆν καὶ πᾶν + πανταχοῦ τὸ θεῖον γένος, ἕως ἂν τά τε πρὸς ἡμᾶς ὅσιος ᾖς καὶ τὰ + πρὸς τοὺς φίλους πιστὸς καὶ τὰ πρὸς τοὺς ὑπηκόους φιλάνθρωπος, + [234] ἄρχων αὐτῶν καὶ ἡγούμενος ἐπὶ τὰ βέλτιστα· ἀλλὰ μήτε ταῖς + σεαυτοῦ μήτε ταῖς ἐκείνων<a id="noteref_258" name="noteref_258" + href="#note_258"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">258</span></span></a> + ἐπιθυμίαις δουλεύων ὑπεικάθηις. ἔχων οὖν τὴν πανοπλίαν,<a id= + "noteref_259" name="noteref_259" href="#note_259"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">259</span></span></a> ἣν + ἐκόμισας πρὸς ἡμᾶς, ἄπιθι προσλαβὼν ταύτην μὲν τὴν δᾷδα παρ᾽ ἐμοῦ, + ἵνα σοι καὶ ἐν τῇ γῇ φῶς λάμπῃ μέγα καὶ μηδὲν ἐπιποθῇς τῶν τῇδε, + ταυτησὶ δὲ Ἀθενᾶς τῆς καλῆς τό τε Γοργόνειον <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page148">[pg 148]</span><a name="Pg148" id="Pg148" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg149" id="Pg149" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ τὸ κράνος· πολλὰ γάρ, ὁρᾷς, ἐστὶν αὐτῇ, + καὶ δίδωσιν οἷς ἂν ἐθέλῃ. [B] δώσει δέ σοι καὶ Ἑρμῆς χρυσῆν ῥάβδον. + ἔρχου οὖν τῇ πανοπλίᾳ κοσμηθεὶς ταύτῃ διὰ πάσης μὲν γῆς, διὰ πάσης + δὲ θαλάττης, ἀμετακινήτως τοῖς ἡμετέροις πειθόμενος νόμοις, καὶ + μηδείς σε μήτε ἀνδρῶν μήτε γυναικῶν, μήτε τῶν οἰκείων μήτε τῶν + ξένων ἀναπείσῃ τῶν ἐντολῶν<a id="noteref_260" name="noteref_260" + href="#note_260"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">260</span></span></a> + ἐκλαθέσθαι τῶν ἡμετέρων. ἐμμένων γὰρ αὐταῖς ἡμῖν μὲν ἔσῃ φίλος καὶ + τίμιος, αἰδοῖος δὲ τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς ἡμῶν ὑπηρέταις, φοβερὸς δὲ + ἀνθρώποις πονηροῖς καὶ κακοδαίμοσιν. [C] ἴσθι δὲ σεαυτῷ τὰ σαρκία + δεδόσθαι τῆς λειτουργίας ἕνεκα ταυτησί. βουλόμεθα γάρ σοι τὴν + προγονικὴν οἰκίαν αἰδοῖ τῶν προγόνων ἀποκαθῆραι. μέμνησο οὖν, ὅτι + τὴν ψυχὴν ἀθάνατον ἔχεις καὶ ἔκγονον ἡμετέραν, ἑπόμενός τε ἡμῖν ὅτι + θεὸς ἔσῃ καὶ τὸν ἡμέτερον ὄψει σὺν ἡμῖν πατέρα.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Then mighty + Helios took up the tale and said, <span class="tei tei-q">“When + thou hast chosen thy friends treat them as friends and do not + regard them as thy servants and attendants, but let thy conduct + towards them be generous, candid, and honourable: say not one thing + about them while thou thinkest another. Thou seest that it was + treachery to his friends that destroyed this heir. Love thy + subjects even as we love thee. Prefer our worship to all other + blessings. For we are thy benefactors and friends and + preservers.”</span> At these words the youth became calm and showed + plainly that he was already obedient in all things to the gods. + <span class="tei tei-q">“Come,”</span> said Helios, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“now depart with good hope. For everywhere we shall be + with thee, even I and Athene and Hermes here, and with us all the + gods that are on Olympus or in the air or on earth and the whole + race of gods everywhere, so long as thou art pious towards us and + loyal to thy friends, and humane towards thy subjects, ruling them + and guiding them to what is best. But never yield to thy own + passions or become the slave of theirs. Keep the armour that thou + hast brought hither, and depart, but first receive from me this + torch so that even on earth a great light may shine for thee and + that thou mayst not long for the things of earth. And from fair + Athene here receive an aegis and helmet. For as thou seest she has + many, and she gives them to whom she will. And Hermes too will give + thee a golden wand. Go then thus adorned in full armour over sea + and land, steadfastly obeying our laws, and let no man or woman or + kinsman or foreigner persuade thee to neglect our commands. For + while thou dost abide by them thou wilt be loved and honoured by us + and respected by our good servants and formidable to the wicked and + impious. Know that a mortal frame was given to thee that thou + mightest discharge these duties. For we desire, out of respect for + thy ancestor to cleanse the house of thy forefathers. Remember + therefore that thou hast an immortal soul that is our offspring, + and that if thou dost follow us thou shalt be a god and with us + shalt behold our father.”</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τοῦτο εἴτε μῦθος + εἴτε ἀληθής ἐστι λόγος οὐκ οἶδα. τὸ παρὰ σοῦ δὲ πεποιημένον, τίνα + βούλει τὸν Πᾶνα, [D] τίνα δὲ εἶναι τὸν Δία, εἰ μὴ τοῦτο,<a id= + "noteref_261" name="noteref_261" href="#note_261"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">261</span></span></a> ὡς + ἐσμὲν ἐγώ τε καὶ σύ, σὺ μὲν ὁ Ζεύς, ἐγὼ δὲ ὁ Πάν; ὢ τοῦ γελοίου + Ψευδόπανος, γελοιοτέρου μέντοι νὴ τὸν Ἀσκληπιὸν τοῦ πάντα μᾶλλον ἢ + Διὸς ἀνθρώπου. ταῦτα οὐκ ἔστιν ἀτεχνῶς ἐκ μαινομένου<a id= + "noteref_262" name="noteref_262" href="#note_262"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">262</span></span></a> + στόματος οὔτι τὴν ἔνθεον, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἔκπληκτον μανίαν; οὐκ οἶσθα, ὅτι + καὶ ὁ Σαλμωνεὺς ἔδωκεν [235] ὑπὲρ τούτων τοῖς θεοῖς δίκην, ὅτι + ἄνθρωπος ὢν ἐπεχείρει Ζεὺς εἶναι; τὸ δὲ ἐκ τῶν Ἡσιόδου λεγόμενον + ὑπὲρ τῶν ὀνομασάντων <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page150">[pg + 150]</span><a name="Pg150" id="Pg150" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg151" id="Pg151" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἑαυτοὺς τοῖς τῶν θεῶν ὀνόμασιν, Ἥρας τε καὶ + Διός, εἰ μήπω καὶ νῦν ἀκήκοας, ἔχω σοι συγγνῶναι· οὐδὲ γὰρ + ἐπαιδοτριβήθης καλῶς οὐδὲ ἔτυχες καθηγεμόνος, ὁποίου περὶ τοὺς + ποιητὰς ἐγὼ τουτουὶ τοῦ φιλοσόφου, μεθ᾽ ὃν ἐπὶ τὰ πρόθυρα τῆς + φιλοσοφίας ἦλθον ὑπ᾽ ἀνδρὶ τελεσθησόμενος, ὃν νενόμικα τῶν [B] κατ᾽ + ἐμαυτὸν πάντων διαφέρειν. ὁ δέ με πρὸ πάντων ἀρετὴν ἀσκεῖν καὶ + θεοὺς ἁπάντων τῶν καλῶν νομίζειν ἡγεμόνας ἐδίδασκεν. εἰ μὲν οὖν τι + προὔργου πεποίηκεν, αὐτὸς ἂν εἰδείη καὶ πρὸ τούτου γε οἱ βασιλεῖς + θεοί· τουτὶ δὲ ἐξῄρει τὸ μανιῶδες καὶ θρασύ, καὶ ἐπειρᾶτό με ποιεῖν + ἐμαυτοῦ σωφρονέστερον. ἐγὼ δὲ καίπερ, ὡς οἶσθα, τοῖς ἔξωθεν + πλεονεκτήμασιν ἐπτερωμένος ὑπέταξα [C] ὅμως ἐμαυτὸν τῷ καθηγεμόνι + καὶ τοῖς ἐκείνου φίλοις καὶ ἡλικιώταις καὶ συμφοιτηταῖς, καὶ ὧν + ἤκουον ἐπαινουμένων παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ, τούτων ἔσπευδον ἀκροατὴς εἶναι, καὶ + βιβλία ταῦτα ἀνεγίγνωσκον, ὁπόσα αὐτὸς δοκιμάσειεν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now whether + this be a fable or a true narrative I cannot say. But in your + composition, whom do you mean by Pan, and whom by Zeus unless you + and I are they, that is, you are Zeus and I am Pan? What an absurd + counterfeit Pan! But you are still more absurd, by Asclepius, and + very far indeed from being Zeus! Is not all this the utterance of a + mouth that foams with morbid rather than inspired madness?<a id= + "noteref_263" name="noteref_263" href="#note_263"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">263</span></span></a> Do + you not know that Salmoneus<a id="noteref_264" name="noteref_264" + href="#note_264"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">264</span></span></a> in + his day was punished by the gods for just this, for attempting, + though a mortal man, to play the part of Zeus? Then too there is + the account in Hesiod's poems of those who styled themselves by the + names of the gods, even of Hera and of Zeus, but if you have not + heard of it till this moment I can excuse you for that. For you + have not been well educated, nor did fate bestow on you such a + guide to the poets as I had—I mean this philosopher<a id= + "noteref_265" name="noteref_265" href="#note_265"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">265</span></span></a> now + present: and later on I arrived at the threshold of philosophy to + be initiated therein by the teaching of one<a id="noteref_266" + name="noteref_266" href="#note_266"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">266</span></span></a> whom + I consider superior to all the men of my own time. He used to teach + me to practise virtue before all else, and to regard the gods as my + guides to all that is good. Now whether he accomplished anything of + real profit he himself must determine, or rather the ruling gods; + but at least he purged me of such infatuate folly and insolence as + yours, and tried to make me more temperate than I was by nature. + And though, as you know, I was armed<a id="noteref_267" name= + "noteref_267" href="#note_267"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">267</span></span></a> with + great external advantages, nevertheless I submitted myself to my + preceptor and to his friends and compeers and the philosophers of + his school, and I was eager to be instructed by all whose praises I + heard uttered by him, and I read all the books that he + approved.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">οὕτως ἡμεῖς ὑφ᾽ + ἡγεμόσι τελούμενοι, φιλοσόφῳ μὲν τῷ τὰ τῆς προπαιδείας με + τελέσαντι, φιλοσοφωτάτῳ δὲ τῷ τὰ πρόθυρα τῆς φιλοσοφίας δείξαντι, + σμικρὰ μὲν διὰ τὰς ἔξωθεν ἡμῖν προσπεσούσας ἀσχολίας, [D] ὅμως δ᾽ + οὖν ἀπελαύσαμεν τῆς ὀρθῆς ἀγωγῆς, οὐ τὴν σύντομον, ἣν σὺ φής, ἀλλὰ + τὴν κύκλῳ πορευθέντες· καίτοι νὴ τοὺς θεοὺς ἐπὶ τὴν ἀρετὴν οἶμαι + ὅτι σου συντομωτέραν ἐτραπόμην. ἐγὼ μὲν γὰρ αὐτῆς, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page152">[pg 152]</span><a name="Pg152" id="Pg152" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg153" id="Pg153" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> εἰ μὴ φορτικὸν εἰπεῖν, ἐπὶ τοῖς προθύροις + ἕστηκα, σὺ δὲ καὶ τῶν προθύρων εἶ πόρρω. σοὶ δὲ ἀρετῆς ἢ τοῖς σοῖς + ἀδελφοῖς—, ἀφελὼν δὲ τὸ δύσφημον τὸ λειπόμενον αὐτὸς ἀναπλήρωσον· + εἰ βούλει δέ, καὶ παρ᾽ ἡμῶν αὐτὸ ἀνάσχου πρᾴως λεγόμενον,—τίς + μετουσία; [236] πᾶσιν ἐπιτιμᾷς αὐτὸς οὐδὲν ἄξιον ἐπαίνου πράττων, + ἐπαινεῖς φορτικῶς ὡς οὐδεὶς τῶν ἀμαθεστάτων ῥητόρων, οἷς διὰ τὴν + τῶν λόγων ἀπορίαν καὶ τὸ μὴ ἔχειν εὑρεῖν ἐκ τῶν παρόντων ὅ, τι + φῶσιν, ἡ Δῆλος ἐπέρχεται καὶ ἡ Λητὼ μετὰ τῶν παίδων, εἶτα κύκνοι + λιγυρὸν ᾄδοντες καὶ ἐπηχοῦντα αὐτοῖς τὰ δένδρα, λειμῶνές τε + ἔνδροσοι μαλακῆς πόας καὶ βαθείας πλήρεις, ἥ τε ἐκ τῶν ἀνθέων ὀδμὴ + καὶ τὸ ἔαρ αὐτὸ καί τινες εἰκόνες τοιαῦται. [B] ποῦ τοῦτο Ἰσοκράτης + ἐν τοῖς ἐγκωμιαστικοῖς ἐποίησε λόγοις; ποῦ δὲ τῶν παλαιῶν τις + ἀνδρῶν, οἳ ταῖς Μούσαις ἐτελοῦντο γνησίως, ἀλλ᾽ οὐχ ὥσπερ οἱ νῦν; + ἀφίημι δὲ τὰ ἑξῆς, ἵνα μὴ καὶ πρὸς τούτους ἀπεχθανόμενος ἅμα τοῖς + τε φαυλοτάτοις τῶν Κυνικῶν καὶ τῶν ῥητόρων προσκρούσαιμι· ὡς ἔμοιγε + πρός τε τοὺς κρατίστους τῶν Κυνικῶν, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page154">[pg 154]</span><a name="Pg154" id="Pg154" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg155" id="Pg155" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> εἴ τις ἄρα ἔστι νῦν τοιοῦτος, καὶ πρὸς τοὺς + γενναίους ῥήτοράς [C] ἐστι φίλα<a id="noteref_268" name= + "noteref_268" href="#note_268"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">268</span></span></a> + πάντα. τῶν μὲν δὴ τοιούτων λόγων, εἰ καὶ πολὺ πλῆθος ἐπιρρεῖ· καὶ + οὐκ ἔστιν ὅσον οὐχὶ λέγειν ἐθέλων τις ἐκ πάνυ δαψιλοῦς ἀντλήσειεν + ἂν πίθου· τῆς προκειμένης ἡμῖν ἀσχολίας ἕνεκεν ἀφέξομαι. μικρὰ δὲ + ἔτι τῷ λόγῳ προσθεὶς ὥσπερ ὀφλήματι τὸ ἐνδέον ἐπ᾽ [D] ἄλλο τι + τρέψομαι, ταυτηνὶ τὴν ξυγγραφὴν αὐτοῦ που πληρώσας.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Thus then I was + initiated by those guides, in the first place by a philosopher who + trained me in the preparatory discipline, and next by that most + perfect philosopher who revealed to me the entrance to philosophy; + and though I achieved but little on account of the engrossing + affairs that overwhelmed me from without, still for all that I have + had the benefit of right training, and have not travelled by the + short road as you say you have, but have gone all the way round. + Though indeed I call the gods to witness, I believe that the road I + took was really a shorter road to virtue than yours. For I, at any + rate, if I may say so without bad taste, am standing at the + entrance, whereas you are a long way even from the entrance. + <span class="tei tei-q">“But as for virtue, you and your + brethren—,”</span><a id="noteref_269" name="noteref_269" href= + "#note_269"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">269</span></span></a> omit + the ill-sounding phrase and fill in the blank yourself! Or rather + if you please, bear with me when I <span class="tei tei-q">“put it + mildly”</span><a id="noteref_270" name="noteref_270" href= + "#note_270"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">270</span></span></a>—<span class="tei tei-q">“what + part or lot have you in it?”</span> You criticise everybody, though + you yourself do nothing to deserve praise; your praises are in + worse taste than those of the most ignorant rhetoricians. They, + because they have nothing to say and cannot invent anything from + the matter in hand, are always dragging in Delos and Leto with her + children, and then <span class="tei tei-q">“swans singing their + shrill song and the trees that echo them,”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“dewy meadows full of soft, deep grass,”</span> and the + <span class="tei tei-q">“scent of flowers,”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the season of spring,”</span> and other figures of the + same sort.<a id="noteref_271" name="noteref_271" href= + "#note_271"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">271</span></span></a> When + did Isocrates ever do this in his panegyrics? Or when did anyone of + those ancient writers who were genuine votaries of the Muses, and + not like the writers of to-day? However, I omit what I might add, + lest I should make them also my enemies, and offend at once the + most worthless Cynics and the most worthless rhetoricians. Though + indeed I have nothing but friendly feelings for the really virtuous + Cynics, if indeed there be any such nowadays, and also for all + honest rhetoricians. But though a vast number of illustrations of + this sort flow into my mind—for anyone who desired to use them + could certainly draw from an ample jar<a id="noteref_272" name= + "noteref_272" href="#note_272"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">272</span></span></a>—I + shall refrain because of the present pressure of business. However + I have still somewhat to add to my discourse, like the balance of a + debt, and before I turn to other matters let me complete this + treatise.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τίς οὖν ἡ τῶν + Πυθαγορικῶν εὐλάβεια περὶ τὰ τῶν θεῶν ὀνόματα, τίς δὲ ἡ Πλάτωνος; + ποταπὸς δὲ ἦν ἐν τούτοις Ἀριστοτέλης; ἆρ᾽ οὐκ ἄξιον αὐτὸ ἰδεῖν; ἢ + τὸν μὲν Σάμιον οὐδεὶς ἀντερεῖ τοιοῦτον γενέσθαι; καὶ γὰρ οὔτε τὸ + ὀνόματα θεῶν ἐν τῆς σφραγῖδι φορεῖν ἐπέτρεπεν οὔτε τὸ ὅρκῳ χρῆσθαι + προπετῶς τοῖς τῶν θεῶν ὀνόμασιν. εἰ δὲ νῦν λέγοιμι, [237] ὅτι καὶ + εἰς Αἴγυπτον ἐπορεύθη καὶ Πέρσας εἶδε καὶ πανταχοῦ πάντα ἐπειράθη + τὰ μυστήρια τῶν θεῶν ἐποπτεῦσαι καὶ τελεσθῆναι παντοίας πανταχοῦ + τελετάς, ἐρῶ μὲν ἴσως ἄγνωστά σοι, γνώριμα μέντοι καὶ σαφῆ τοῖς + πολλοῖς. ἀλλὰ τοῦ Πλάτωνος ἄκουε· τὸ δ᾽ ἐμὸν δέος, ὦ Πρώταρχε, πρὸς + τὰ τῶν θεῶν ὀνόματα οὐκ ἔστι κατ᾽ ἄνθρωπον, ἀλλὰ πέρα τοῦ μεγίστου + φόβου. καὶ νῦν τὴν μὲν Ἀφροδίτην, ὅπῃ ἐκείνῃ φίλον, ταύτῃ + προσαγορεύω· [B] τὴν δ᾽ ἡδονὴν οἶδα ὡς ἔστι ποικίλον· ταῦτα ἐν + Φιλήβῳ λέγεται, καὶ τοιαῦτα ἕτερα πάλιν ἐν Τιμαίῳ· πιστεύειν γὰρ + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page156">[pg 156]</span><a name= + "Pg156" id="Pg156" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg157" id= + "Pg157" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ἁπλῶς ἀξιοῖ καὶ χωρὶς + ἀποδείξεως λεγομένοις, ὅσα ὑπὲρ τῶν θεῶν φασιν οἱ ποιηταί. ταῦτα δὲ + παρέθηκα, μή ποτέ σοι παράσχῃ πρόφασιν, ὥσπερ οἶμαι τῶν Πλατωνικῶν + πολλοῖς, ὁ Σωκράτης εἴρων ὢν φύσει τὴν Πλατωνικὴν ἀτιμάσαι δόξαν. + ἐκεῖ γὰρ οὐχ [C] ὁ Σωκράτης, ἀλλ᾽ ὁ Τίμαιος ταῦτα λέγει ἥκιστα ὢν + εἴρων. καίτοι τοῦτό γέ ἐστιν οὐχ ὑγιὲς μὴ τὰ λεγόμενα ἐξετάζειν, + ἀλλὰ τοὺς λέγοντας, καὶ τὸ πρὸς τίνας οἱ λόγοι γίγνονται. βούλει + δῆτα<a id="noteref_273" name="noteref_273" href= + "#note_273"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">273</span></span></a> τὸ + μετὰ τοῦτο τὴν πάνσοφον ὑπαγορεύσω σειρῆνα, τὸν τοῦ λογίου τύπον + Ἑρμοῦ, τὸν τῷ Ἀπόλλωνι καὶ ταῖς Μούσαις φίλον; ἐκεῖνος ἀξιοῖ τοὺς + ἐπερωτῶντας ἢ ζητεῖν ὅλως ἐπιχειροῦντας, εἰ θεοί εἰσιν, οὐχ ὡς + ἀνθρώπους ἀποκρίσεως τυγχάνειν, ἀλλ᾽ ὡς [D] τὰ θηρία κολάσεως. εἰ + δὲ ἀνεγνώκεις τὸν συστατικὸν<a id="noteref_274" name="noteref_274" + href="#note_274"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">274</span></span></a> αὐτοῦ + λόγον, ὃς ὥσπερ τῆς Πλάτωνος, οὕτω δὴ<a id="noteref_275" name= + "noteref_275" href="#note_275"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">275</span></span></a> καὶ + τῆς ἐκείνου διατριβῆς προυγέγραπτο, ἔγνως ἂν πρὸ πάντων, ὅτι τὰ + πρὸς τοὺς θεοὺς εὐσεβεῖς εἶναι καὶ μεμυῆσθαι πάντα τὰ μυστήρια καὶ + τετελέσθαι τὰς ἁγιωτάτας τελετὰς καὶ διὰ πάντων τῶν μαθημάτων ἦχθαι + τοῖς εἴσω τοῦ περιπάτου βαδίζουσι προηγόρευτο.<a id="noteref_276" + name="noteref_276" href="#note_276"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">276</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I ask you then + what reverence for the names of the gods was shown by the + Pythagoreans and by Plato? What was Aristotle's attitude in these + matters? Is it not worth while to pay attention to this? Or surely + no one will deny that he of Samos<a id="noteref_277" name= + "noteref_277" href="#note_277"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">277</span></span></a> was + reverent? For he did not even allow the names of the gods to be + used on a seal, nor oaths to be rashly uttered in the names of the + gods. And if I should go on to say that he also travelled to Egypt + and visited Persia, and everywhere endeavoured to be admitted to + the inner mysteries of the gods and everywhere to be initiated into + every kind of rite, I shall be saying what is familiar and obvious + to most people, though you may not have heard of it. However, + listen to what Plato says: <span class="tei tei-q">“But for my + part, Protarchus, I feel a more than human awe, indeed a fear + beyond expression, of the names of the gods. Now therefore I will + address Aphrodite by whatever name pleases her best; though as for + pleasure, I know that it has many forms.”</span> This is what he + says in the Philebus<a id="noteref_278" name="noteref_278" href= + "#note_278"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">278</span></span></a> and + he says the same sort of thing again in the Timaeus.<a id= + "noteref_279" name="noteref_279" href="#note_279"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">279</span></span></a> For + he says that we ought to believe directly and without proof what we + are told, I mean what the poets say about the gods. And I have + brought forward this passage for fear that Socrates may furnish you + with an excuse,—as I believe he does to many Platonists because of + his natural tendency to irony,—to slight the doctrine of Plato. For + it is not Socrates who is speaking here, but Timaeus, who had not + the least tendency to irony. Though for that matter it is not a + sound principle to enquire who says a thing and to whom, rather + than the actual words. But now will you allow me to cite next that + all-wise Siren, the living image of Hermes the god of eloquence, + the man dear to Apollo and the Muses?<a id="noteref_280" name= + "noteref_280" href="#note_280"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">280</span></span></a> Well, + he declares that all who raise the question or seek to enquire at + all whether gods exist ought not to be answered as though they were + men but to be chastised as wild beasts. And if you had read that + introductory sentence which was inscribed over the entrance to his + school, like Plato's, you would most surely know that those who + entered the Lyceum were warned to be reverent to the gods, to be + initiated into all the mysteries, to take part in the most sacred + ceremonies, and to be instructed in knowledge of every kind.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[238] Σὺ δὲ ὅπως + ἡμῖν μὴ τὸν Διογένη προβαλὼν ὥσπερ τι μορμολυκεῖον + ἐκφοβήσεις.<a id="noteref_281" name="noteref_281" href= + "#note_281"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">281</span></span></a> οὐ + γὰρ ἐμυήθη, φασίν, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς τὸν προτρεπόμενον μυηθῆναι, + Γελοῖον, εἶπεν, ὦ νεανίσκε, εἰ τοὺς μὲν τελώνας οἴει ταύτης ἕνεκα + τῆς τελετῆς κοινωνήσειν τοῖς ὁσίοις τῶν ἐν ᾅδου καλῶν, Ἀγησίλαον + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page158">[pg 158]</span><a name= + "Pg158" id="Pg158" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg159" id= + "Pg159" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> δὲ καὶ Ἐπαμεινώνδαν ἐν τῷ + βορβόρῳ κείσεσθαι. τοῦτο, ὦ νεανίσκε, βαθὺ λίαν ἐστὶ καὶ δεόμενον + ἐξηγήσεως, [B] ὡς ἐμαυτὸν πείθω, μείζονος, ὁποίας<a id= + "noteref_282" name="noteref_282" href="#note_282"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">282</span></span></a> ἡμῖν + αὐταὶ δοῖεν αἱ θεαὶ τὴν ἐπίνοιαν; νομίζω δὲ αὐτὴν ἤδη καὶ δεδόσθαι. + φαίνεται γὰρ ὁ Διογένης οὐχ, ὥσπερ ὑμεῖς ἀξιοῦτε, δυσσεβής, ἀλλ᾽ + ἐκείνοις, ὧν μικρῷ πρόσθεν ἐπεμνήσθην, προσόμοιος. ἀπιδὼν γὰρ εἰς + τὴν περίστασιν τὴν καταλαβοῦσαν αὐτόν, εἶτα εἰς τὰς ἐντολὰς βλέπων + τοῦ Πυθίου καὶ συνιεὶς<a id="noteref_283" name="noteref_283" href= + "#note_283"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">283</span></span></a> ὅτι + τὸν μυούμενον ἐχρῆν πολιτογραφηθῆναι πρότερον καὶ Ἀθηναῖον, [C] εἰ + καὶ μὴ φύσει, τῷ νόμῳ γε γενέσθαι, τοῦτο ἔφυγεν, οὐ τὸ μυηθῆναι, + νομίζων αὑτὸν εἶναι τοῦ κόσμου πολίτην, καὶ ταῖς ὅλαις τῶν θεῶν + οὐσίαις, αἳ τὸν ὅλον κοινῇ κόσμον ἐπιτροπεύουσιν, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ ταῖς τὰ + μέρη κατανειμαμέναις αὐτοῦ, διὰ μεγαλοφροσύνην ἀξιῶν + συμπολιτεύεσθαι· τό τε νόμιμον οὐ παρέβη αἰδοῖ τῶν θεῶν, καίτοι + τἆλλα πατῶν καὶ παραχαράττων· αὑτόν [D] τε οὐκ ἐπανήγαγεν, ὄθεν + ἄσμενος ἠλευθέρωτο. τί δ᾽ ἦν τοῦτο; τὸ πόλεως μιᾶς δουλεῦσαι νόμοις + ἑαυτόν τε ὑποθεῖναι τούτῳ, ὅπερ ἦν ἀνάγκη παθεῖν Ἀθηναίῳ γενομένῳ. + πῶς γὰρ οὐκ ἔμελλεν ὁ τῶν θεῶν ἕνεκεν εἰς Ὀλυμπίαν βαδίζων, ὁ τῷ + Πυθίῳ πεισθεὶς καὶ φιλοσοφήσας ὥσπερ Σωκράτης· φησὶ γὰρ καὶ αὐτὸς + εἶναι Πύθιον οἴκοι παρ᾽ ἑαυτῷ, ὅθεν αὐτῷ καὶ ἡ ὁρμὴ <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page160">[pg 160]</span><a name="Pg160" id="Pg160" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg161" id="Pg161" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> πρὸς φιλοσοφίαν ἐγένετο· [239] παριέναι τῶν + ἀνακτόρων εἴσω καὶ μάλα ἀσμένως, εἰ μὴ τοῦτο ἐξέκλινε τὸ ὑποθεῖναι + νόμοις ἑαυτὸν καὶ δοῦλον ἀποφῆναι πολιτείας; ἀλλὰ διὰ τί μὴ ταύτην + αὐτὴν εἶπε τὴν αἰτίαν, ἐκ τῶν ἐναντίων δὲ τὴν παραιρουμένην οὐ + σμικρὰ τῆς τῶν μυστηρίων σεμνότητος; ἴσως μὲν ἄν τις τὰ τοιαῦτα καὶ + Πυθαγόρᾳ μάλιστα ἐπισκήψειεν, οὐκ ὀρθῶς λογιζόμενος. οὔτε γὰρ + ῥητέον πάντα ἐστίν, αὐτῶν τε οἶμαι τούτων, ὧν θέμις φάναι, ἔνια + πρὸς τοὺς πολλοὺς σιωπητέον εἶναί μοι φαίνεται. [B] φανερὰ δὲ ὅμως + ἐστὶ καὶ τούτων ἡ αἰτία. κατανοήσας γὰρ ἀμελοῦντα μὲν τῆς περὶ τὸν + βίον ὀρθότητος, ἐπὶ δὲ τῷ μεμυῆσθαι μέγα φρονοῦντα<a id= + "noteref_284" name="noteref_284" href="#note_284"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">284</span></span></a> τὸν + παραινοῦντα αὐτῷ τοιαῦτα, σωφρονίζων ἅμα καὶ διδάσκων αὐτόν, ὅτι + τοῖς<a id="noteref_285" name="noteref_285" href= + "#note_285"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">285</span></span></a> μέν, + οἷς ἀξίως τοῦ μυηθῆναι βεβίωται, καὶ μὴ μυηθεῖσιν οἱ θεοὶ [C] τὰς + ἀμοιβὰς ἀκεραίους φυλάττουσι, τοῖς δὲ μοχθηροῖς οὐδέν ἐστι πλέον, + κἂν εἴσω τῶν ἱερῶν εἰσφρήσωσι περιβόλων. ἢ γὰρ οὐ ταῦτα καὶ ὁ + ἱεροφάντης προαγορεύει, ὅστις χεῖρα μὴ καθαρὸς καὶ ὅντινα μὴ χρή, + τούτοις ἀπαγορεύων μὴ μυεῖσθαι;</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And do not try + to frighten me by bringing forward Diogenes as a sort of bogey. He + was never initiated, they tell us, and replied to some one who once + advised him to be initiated: <span class="tei tei-q">“It is absurd + of you, my young friend, to think that any tax-gatherer, if only he + be initiated, can share in the rewards of the just in the next + world, while Agesilaus and Epameinondas are doomed to lie in the + mire.”</span><a id="noteref_286" name="noteref_286" href= + "#note_286"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">286</span></span></a> Now + this, my young friend, is a very hard saying and, I am persuaded, + calls for more profound discussion. May the goddesses themselves + grant us understanding thereof! Though indeed I think that has + already been bestowed by them. For it is evident that Diogenes was + not impious, as you aver, but resembled those philosophers whom I + mentioned a moment ago. For having regard to the circumstances in + which his lot was cast, and next paying heed to the commands of the + Pythian god, and knowing that the candidate for initiation must + first be registered as an Athenian citizen, and if he be not an + Athenian by birth must first become one by law, it was this he + avoided, not initiation, because he considered that he was a + citizen of the world; and moreover such was the greatness of his + soul that he thought he ought to associate himself with the divine + nature of all the gods who in common govern the whole universe, and + not only with those whose functions are limited to certain portions + of it. And out of reverence for the gods he did not transgress + their laws, though he trampled on all other opinions and tried to + give a new stamp to the common currency. And he did not return to + that servitude from which he had joyfully been released. What + servitude do I mean? I mean that he would not enslave himself to + the laws of a single city and submit himself to all that must needs + befall one who had become an Athenian citizen. For is it likely + that a man who in order to honour the gods journeyed to Olympia, + and like Socrates embraced philosophy in obedience to the Pythian + oracle,—for he says himself that at home and in private he received + the commands of that oracle and hence came his impulse to + philosophy<a id="noteref_287" name="noteref_287" href= + "#note_287"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">287</span></span></a>—is it + likely I say that such a man would not very gladly have entered the + temples of the gods but for the fact that he was trying to avoid + submitting himself to any set of laws and making himself the slave + of any one constitution? But why, you will say, did he not assign + this reason, but on the contrary a reason that detracted not a + little from the dignity of the Mysteries? Perhaps one might bring + this same reproach against Pythagoras as well, but the reasoning + would be incorrect. For everything ought not to be told, nay more, + even of those things that we are permitted to declare, some, it + seems to me, we ought to refrain from uttering to the vulgar + crowd.<a id="noteref_288" name="noteref_288" href= + "#note_288"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">288</span></span></a> + However the explanation in this case is obvious. For since he + perceived that the man who exhorted him to be initiated neglected + to regulate his own life aright, though he prided himself on having + been initiated, Diogenes wished at the same time to reform his + morals and to teach him that the gods reserve their rewards without + stint for those whose lives have earned them the right to be + initiated, even though they have not gone through the ceremony, + whereas the wicked gain nothing by penetrating within the sacred + precincts. For this is what the hierophant proclaims, when he + refuses the rite of initiation to him <span class= + "tei tei-q">“whose hands are not pure or who for any reason ought + not!<a id="noteref_289" name="noteref_289" href= + "#note_289"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">289</span></span></a>”</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τί πέρας ἡμῖν + ἔσται τῶν λόγων, εἰ ταῦτα μήπω σε πείθει;</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But where would + this discourse end if you are still unconvinced by what I have + said?)</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page165">[pg 165]</span><a name= + "Pg165" id="Pg165" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc9" id="toc9"></a> <a name="pdf10" id="pdf10"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.46em; text-align: left; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Oration VIII</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc11" id="toc11"></a> <a name="pdf12" id="pdf12"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-top: 2.88em; margin-bottom: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Introduction to Oration + VIII</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Eighth + Oration is a <span class="tei tei-q">“speech of consolation”</span> + (παραμυθητικὸς λόγος), a familiar type of Sophistic composition. In + consequence of the attacks on Sallust by sycophants at court, and + moreover jealous of his friendship with Julian, Constantius ordered + him to leave Gaul. In this discourse, which was written before the + open rupture with Constantius, Julian alludes only once and + respectfully to his cousin. But Asmus thinks he can detect in it a + general resemblance to the Thirteenth Oration of Dio Chrysostom, + where Dio tries to comfort himself for his banishment by the tyrant + Domitian, and that Sallust was expected to appreciate this and the + veiled attack on Constantius. Julian addresses the discourse to + himself, but it was no doubt sent to Sallust.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After Julian's + accession Sallust was made prefect in 362 and consul in 363. He was + the author of a manifesto of Neo-Platonism, the treatise + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On the + Gods and the World</span></span>, and to him was dedicated Julian's + Fourth Oration.<a id="noteref_290" name="noteref_290" href= + "#note_290"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">290</span></span></a></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page166">[pg 166]</span><a name= + "Pg166" id="Pg166" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg167" id= + "Pg167" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ + ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Julian, + Emperor)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[240] ΕΠΙ ΤΗΙ + ΕΞΟΔΩΙ ΤΟΥ ΑΓΑΘΩΤΑΤΟΥ ΣΑΛΟΥΣΤΙΟΥ ΠΑΡΑΜΥΘΗΤΙΚΟΣ ΕΙΣ ΕΑΥΤΟΝ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(A Consolation + to Himself Upon The Departure of the Excellent Sallust)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἁλλ᾽ εἰ μὴ καὶ + πρὸς σὲ διαλεχθείην ὅσα πρὸς ἐμαυτὸν διελέχθην, ἐπειδή σε βαδίζειν + ἐπυθόμην χρῆναι παρ᾽ ἡμῶν, ἔλαττον ἔχειν οἰήσομαι πρὸς παραψυχήν, ὦ + φίλε ἑταῖρε, μᾶλλον δὲ οὐδὲ τὴν ἀρχὴν πεπορίσθαι τινὰ ῥᾳστώνην + ἐμαυτῷ νομιῶ, ἧς σοί γε οὐ μεταδέδωκα. [B] κοινωνήσαντας γὰρ ἡμᾶς + ἀλλήλοις πολλῶν μὲν ἀλγεινῶν, πολλῶν δὲ ἡδέων ἔργων τε καὶ λόγων, + ἐν πράγμασιν ἰδίοις τε καὶ δημοσίοις, οἴκοι καὶ ἐπὶ στρατοπέδου, + κοινὸν<a id="noteref_291" name="noteref_291" href= + "#note_291"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">291</span></span></a> + εὑρίσκεσθαι χρὴ τῶν παρόντων, ὁποῖά ποτ᾽ ἂν ᾖ, παιώνιον ἄκος. ἀλλὰ + τίς ἂν ἡμῖν ἢ τὴν Ὀρφέως μιμήσαιτο<a id="noteref_292" name= + "noteref_292" href="#note_292"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">292</span></span></a> λύραν + ἢ τοῖς Σειρήνων ἀντηχήσειε<a id="noteref_293" name="noteref_293" + href="#note_293"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">293</span></span></a> + μέλεσιν ἢ τὸ νηπενθὲς ἐξεύροι φάρμακον; εἴτε λόγος ἦν ἐκεῖνο πλήρης + Αἰγυπτίων διηγημάτων, εἴθ᾽ ὅπερ αὐτὸς ἐποίησεν, ἐν τοῖς ἑπομένοις + [C] ἐνυφήνας τὰ Τρωικὰ πάθη, τοῦτο τῆς Ἑλένης παρ᾽ Αἰγυπτίων + μαθούσης, οὐχ ὅσα Ἕλληνες καὶ Τρῶες ἀλλήλους ἔδρασαν, ἀλλὰ ποταποὺς + εἶναι χρὴ τοὺς λόγους, οἳ τὰς μὲν <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page168">[pg 168]</span><a name="Pg168" id="Pg168" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg169" id="Pg169" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀλγηδόνας ἀφαιρήσουσι τῶν ψυχῶν, εὐφροσύνης + δὲ καὶ γαλήνης αἴτιοι καταστήσονται. καὶ γάρ πως ἔοικεν ἡδονὴ καὶ + λύπη τῆς αὐτῆς κορυφῆς ἐξῆφθαι καὶ παρὰ [241] μέρος ἀλλήλαις + ἀντιμεθίστασθαι. τῶν προσπιπτόντων δὲ καὶ τὰ λίαν ἐργώδη φασὶν οἱ + σοφοὶ τῷ νοῦν ἔχοντι φέρειν οὐκ ἀλάττονα τῆς δυσκολίας τὴν + εὐπάθειαν, ἐπεὶ καὶ τὴν μέλιτταν ἐκ τῆς δριμυτάτης πόας τῆς περὶ + τὸν Ὕμηττὸν φυομένης γλυκεῖαν ἀνιμᾶσθαι δρόσον καὶ τοῦ μέλιτος + εἶναι δημιουργόν. ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν σωμάτων ὅσα μὲν ὑγιεινὰ καὶ ῥωμαλέα + καθέστηκεν, [B] ὑπὸ τῶν τυχόντων τρέφεται σιτίων, καὶ τὰ δυσχερῆ + δοκοῦντα πολλάκις ἐκείνοις οὐκ ἀβλαβῆ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς ἰσχύος + αἴτια γέγονεν· ὅσοις δὲ πονηρῶς ἔχει φύσει καὶ τροφῆς καὶ + ἐπιτηδεύσει τὸ σῶμα, τὸν πάντα βίον νοσηλευομένοις, τούτοις καὶ τὰ + κουφότατα βαρυτάτας εἴωθε προστιθέναι βλάβας. οὐκοῦν καὶ τῆς + διανοίας ὅσοι μὲν οὕτως ἐπεμελήθησαν, ὡς μὴ παμπονήρως ἔχειν, ἀλλ᾽ + ὑγιαίνειν μετρίως, εἰ καὶ μὴ κατὰ τὴν Ἀντισθένους καὶ Σωκράτους + ῥώμην μηδὲ [C] τὴν Καλλισθένους ἀνδρείαν μηδὲ τὴν Πολέμωνος + ἀπάθειαν, ἀλλ᾽ ὥστε δύνασθαι τὸ μέτριον ἐν τοῖς τοιούτοις + αἱρεῖσθαι, τυχὸν ἂν καὶ ἐν δυσκολωτέροις εὐφραίνοιντο.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Ah, my beloved + comrade, unless I tell you all that I said to myself when I learned + that you were compelled to journey far from my side, I shall think + I am deprived of some comfort; or rather, I shall consider that I + have not even begun to procure some assuagement for my grief unless + I have first shared it with you. For we two have shared in many + sorrows and also in many pleasant deeds and words, in affairs + private and public, at home and in the field, and therefore for the + present troubles, be they what they may, we must needs discover + some cure, some remedy that both can share. But who will imitate + for us the lyre of Orpheus, who will echo for us the songs of the + Sirens or discover the drug nepenthe?<a id="noteref_294" name= + "noteref_294" href="#note_294"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">294</span></span></a> + Though that was perhaps some tale full of Egyptian lore or such a + tale as the poet himself invented, when in what follows he wove in + the story of the sorrows of the Trojans, and Helen had learned it + from the Egyptians; I do not mean a tale of all the woes that the + Greeks and Trojans inflicted on one another, but rather tales such + as they must be that will dispel the griefs of men's souls and have + power to restore cheerfulness and calm. For pleasure and pain, + methinks, are connected at their source<a id="noteref_295" name= + "noteref_295" href="#note_295"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">295</span></span></a> and + succeed each other in turn. And philosophers assert that in all + that befalls the wise man the very greatest trials afford him as + much felicity as vexation; and thus, as they say, does the bee + extract sweet dew from the bitterest herb that grows on Hymettus + and works it into honey.<a id="noteref_296" name="noteref_296" + href="#note_296"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">296</span></span></a> Even + so bodies that are naturally healthy and robust are nourished by + any kind of food, and food that often seems unwholesome for others, + far from injuring them, makes them strong. On the other hand, the + slightest causes usually inflict very serious injuries on persons + who by nature or nurture, or owing to their habits, have an unsound + constitution and are lifelong invalids. Just so with regard to the + mind: those who have so trained it that it is not altogether + unhealthy but moderately sound, though it do not indeed exhibit the + vigour of Antisthenes or Socrates, or the courage of Callisthenes, + or the imperturbability of Polemon, but so that it can under the + same conditions as theirs adopt the golden mean, they, I say, will + probably be able to remain cheerful in more trying conditions.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐγώ τοι καὶ + αὐτὸς πεῖραν ἐμαυτοῦ λαμβάνων, ὅπως πρὸς τὴν σὴν πορείαν ἔχω τε καὶ + ἕξω, τοσοῦτον ὠδυνήθην, ὅσον ὅτε πρῶτον τὸν ἐμαυτοῦ καθηγεμόνα + κατέλιπον οἴκοι· πάντων γὰρ ἀθρόως εἰσῄει με μνήμη, τῆς τῶν πόνων + κοινωνίας, ὧν ἀλλήλοις συνδιηνέγκαμεν, τῆς ἀπλάστου καὶ + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page170">[pg 170]</span><a name= + "Pg170" id="Pg170" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg171" id= + "Pg171" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> καθαρᾶς ἐντεύξεως, [D] τῆς + ἀδόλου καὶ δικαίας ὁμιλίας, τῆς ἐν ἅπασι τοῖς καλοῖς κοινοπραγίας, + τῆς πρὸς τοὺς πονηροὺς ἰσορρόπου τε καὶ ἀμεταμελήτου προθυμίας τε + καὶ ὁρμῆς, ὡς μετ᾽ ἀλλήλων ἔστημεν πολλάκις ἶσον θυμὸν ἔχοντες, + ὁμότροποι καὶ ποθεινοὶ φίλοι. πρὸς δὲ αὖ τούτοις εἰσῄει με μνήμη + τοῦ ΟἸώθη δ᾽ Ὀδυσεύς· εἰμὶ γὰρ ἐγὼ νῦν ἐκείνῳ παραπλήσιοδςσ, ἐπεὶ + σὲ μὲν κατὰ τὸν Ἕκτορα θεὸς ἐξήγαγεν ἔξω βελῶν, ὧν οἱ συκοφάνται + [242] πολλάκις ἀφῆκαν ἐπὶ σέ, μᾶλλον δὲ εἰς ἐμέ, διὰ σοῦ τρῶσαι + βουλόμενοι, ταύτῃ με μόνον ἁλώσιμον ὑπολαμβάνοντες, εἰ τοῦ πιστοῦ + φίλου καὶ προθύμου συνασπιστοῦ καὶ πρὸς τοὺς κινδύνους ἀπροφασίστου + κοινωνοῦ τῆς συνουσίας στερήσειαν. οὐ μὴν ἔλαττον οἶμαί σε διὰ + τοῦτο ἀλγεῖν ἢ ἐγὼ νῦν, ὅτι σοι τῶν πόνων καὶ τῶν κινδύνων ἔλαττον + μέτεστιν, [B] ἀλλὰ καὶ πλέον ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ δεδιέναι καὶ τῆς ἐμῆς + κεφαλῆς, μή τι πάθῃ. καὶ γάρ τοι καὶ αὐτὸς οὐκ ἐν δευτέρῳ τῶν ἐμὼν + ἐθέμην τὰ σά, καὶ σοῦ δὲ ὁμοίως ἔχοντος πρὸς ἡμᾶς ᾐσθόμην. ὅθεν + εἰκότως καὶ μάλα δάκνομαι, ὅτι σοι, τῶν ἄλλων ἕνεκα λέγειν + δυναμένῳ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(For my part, + when I put myself to the proof to find out how I am and shall be + affected by your departure, I felt the same anguish as when at home + I first left my preceptor.<a id="noteref_297" name="noteref_297" + href="#note_297"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">297</span></span></a> For + everything flashed across my mind at once; the labours that we + shared and endured together; our unfeigned and candid conversation; + our innocent and upright intercourse; our co-operation in all that + was good; our equally-matched and never-repented zeal and eagerness + in opposing evildoers. How often we supported each other with one + equal temper!<a id="noteref_298" name="noteref_298" href= + "#note_298"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">298</span></span></a> How + alike were our ways! How precious our friendship! Then too there + came into my mind the words, <span class="tei tei-q">“Then was + Odysseus left alone.”</span><a id="noteref_299" name="noteref_299" + href="#note_299"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">299</span></span></a> For + now I am indeed like him, since the god has removed you, like + Hector,<a id="noteref_300" name="noteref_300" href= + "#note_300"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">300</span></span></a> + beyond the range of the shafts which have so often been aimed at + you by sycophants, or rather at me, since they desired to wound me + through you; for they thought that only thus should I be vulnerable + if they should deprive me of the society of a faithful friend and + devoted brother-in-arms—one who never on any pretext failed to + share the dangers that threatened me. Moreover the fact that you + now have a smaller share than I in such labours and dangers does + not, I think, make your grief less than mine; but you feel all the + more anxiety for me and any harm that may befall my person.<a id= + "noteref_301" name="noteref_301" href="#note_301"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">301</span></span></a> For + even as I never set your interests second to mine, so have I ever + found you equally well disposed towards me. I am therefore + naturally much chagrined that to you who with regard to all others + can say,)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Οὐδὲν μέλει μοι· τἀμὰ γὰρ καλῶς + ἔχει,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Μόνος εἰμὶ [C] λύπης αἴτιος καὶ + φροντίδος.</span><a id="noteref_302" name="noteref_302" href= + "#note_302"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">302</span></span></a> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">I heed them + not, for my affairs are prosperous,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_303" name= + "noteref_303" href="#note_303"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">303</span></span></a> + <span style="font-size: 90%">I alone occasion sorrow and + anxiety.)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ἀλλὰ τούτου μὲν + ἐξ ἴσης, ὡς ἔοικε, κοινωνοῦμεν, σὺ μὲν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν ἀλγῶν μόνον, ἐγὼ + δὲ ἀεὶ ποθῶν τὴν σὴν συνουσίαν καὶ τῆς φιλίας μεμνημένος, ἣν ἐκ τῆς + ἀρετῆς μὲν μάλιστα καὶ προηγουμένως, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page172">[pg 172]</span><a name="Pg172" id="Pg172" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg173" id="Pg173" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἔπειτα καὶ διὰ τὴν χρείαν, ἣν ἐγὼ μὲν σοί, σὺ + δὲ ἐμοὶ συνεχῶς παρέσχες, ἀνακραθέντες ἀλλήλοις ὡμολογήσαμεν, οὐχ + ὅρκοις οὐδὲ τοιαύταις ἀνάγκαις ταῦτα πιστούμενοι, [D] ὥσπερ ὁ + Θησεὺς καὶ ὁ Πειρίθους, ἀλλ᾽ ἐξ ὧν ἀεὶ ταὐτὰ νοοῦντες καὶ + προαιρούμενοι κακὸν μὲν δοῦναι τῶν πολιτῶν τινι τοσοῦτον δέω λέγειν + ἀπέσχομεν, ὥστε οὐδὲ ἐβουλευσάμεθά ποτε μετὰ ἀλλήλων· χρηστὸν δὲ εἴ + τι γέγονεν ἢ βεβούλευται κοινῇ παρ᾽ ἡμῶν, τοῦτο ἄλλοις εἰπεῖν + μελήσει.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(However this + sorrow it seems we share equally, though you grieve only on my + account, while I constantly feel the lack of your society and call + to mind the friendship that we pledged to one another—that + friendship which we ever cemented afresh, based as it was, first + and foremost, on virtue, and secondly on the obligations which you + continually conferred on me and I on you. Not by oaths or by any + such ties did we ratify it, like Theseus and Peirithous, but by + being of the same mind and purpose, in that so far from forbearing + to inflict injury on any citizen, we never even debated any such + thing with one another. But whether anything useful was done or + planned by us in common, I will leave to others to say.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὡς μὲν οὖν + εἰκότως ἀλγῶ τοῖς παροῦσιν, οὐ φίλου μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ συνεργοῦ + πιστοῦ, [243] δοίη δὲ ὁ δαίμων, καὶ πρὸς ὀλίγον ἀπαλλαττόμενος, + οἶμαι καὶ Σωκράτη τὸν μέγαν τῆς ἀρετῆς κήρυκα καὶ διδάσκαλον ἔμοιγε + συνομολογήσειν ἐξ ὧν ἐκεῖνον γνωρίζομεν, λέγω δὲ τῶν Πλάτωνος + λόγων, τεκμαιρόμενος ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ. φησὶ γοῦν ὅτι Χαλεπώτερον ἐφαίνετό + μοι ὀρθῶς τὰ πολιτικὰ διοικεῖν· οὔτε γὰρ ἄνευ φίλων ἀνδρῶν καὶ + ἑταίρων πιστῶν οἷόν τε εἶναι πράττειν, οὔτ᾽ εὐπορεῖν τούτων ξὺν + πολλῇ ῥᾳστώνῃ. καίτοι τοῦτό γε εἰ Πλάτωνι μεῖζον ἐφαίνετο τοῦ + διορύττειν [B] τὸν Ἄθω, τί χρὴ προσδοκᾶν ἡμᾶς ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ τοὺς πλέον + ἀπολειπομένους τῆς ἐκείνου συνέσεώς τε καὶ γνώμης ἢ ἐκεῖνος τοῦ + θεοῦ; ἐμοὶ δὲ οὐδὲ τῆς χρείας μόνον ἕνεκα, ἣν ἀντιδιδόντες ἀλλήλοις + ἐν τῇ πολιτείᾳ ῥᾷον εἴχομεν πρὸς τὰ παρὰ γνώμην ὑπὸ τῆς τύχης καὶ + τῶν ἀντιταττομένων ἡμῖν πραττόμενα, ἀλλὰ<a id="noteref_304" name= + "noteref_304" href="#note_304"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">304</span></span></a> καὶ + τῆς μόνης ἀεί μοι θαλπωρῆς τε <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page174">[pg 174]</span><a name="Pg174" id="Pg174" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg175" id="Pg175" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ τέρψεως [C] ἐνδεὴς οὐκ εἰς μακρὰν ἔσεσθαι + μέλλων, εἰκότως δάκνομαί τε καὶ δέδηγμαι τὴν ἐμαυτοῦ καρδίαν. ἐς + τίνα γὰρ οὕτως ἔσται μοι λοιπὸν εὔνουν ἀποβλέψαι φίλον; τίνος δὲ + ἀνασχέσθαι τῆς ἀδόλου καὶ καθαρᾶς παρρησίας; τίς δὲ ἡμῖν + συμβουλεύσει μὲν ἐμφρόνως, ἐπιτιμήσει δὲ μετ᾽ εὐνοίας, ἐπιρρώσει δὲ + πρὸς τὰ καλὰ χωρὶς αὐθαδείας καὶ τύφου, παρρησιάσεται δὲ τὸ πικρὸν + ἀφελὼν τῶν λόγων, [D] ὥσπερ οἱ τῶν φαρμάκων ἀφαιροῦντες μὲν τὸ λίαν + δυσχερές, ἀπολείποντες δὲ αὐτὸ τὸ χρήσιμον; ἀλλὰ τοῦτο μὲν ἐκ τῆς + σῆς φιλίας ὄφελος ἐκαρπωσάμην. τοσούτων δὲ ὁμοῦ ἐστερημένος, τίνων + ἂν εὐπορήσαιμι λόγων, οἵ με, διὰ τὸν σὸν πόθον σά τε μήδεα σήν τε + ἀγανοφροσύνην αὐτὴν προέσθαι τὴν ψυχὴν κινδυνεύοντα, πείσουσιν + ἀτρεμεῖν καὶ φέρειν ὅσα δέδωκεν ὁ θεὸς γενναίως; [244] εἰς ταὐτὸ + γὰρ ἔοικεν αὐτῷ νοῶν ὁ μέγας αὐτοκράτωρ ταῦθ᾽ οὕτω νυνὶ + βουλεύσασθαι. τί ποτε οὖν ἄρα χρὴ διανοηθέντα καὶ τίνας ἐπῳδὰς + εὑρόντα πεῖσαι πρᾴως ἔχειν ὑπὸ τοῦ πάθους θορυβουμένην τὴν ψυχήν; + ἆρα ἡμῖν οἱ Ζαμόλξιδός εἰσι μιμητέοι λόγοι, λέγω δὲ τὰς ἐκ Θρᾴκης + ἐπῳδάς, ἃς Ἀθήναζε φέρων ὁ Σωκράτης πρὸ τοῦ τὴν ὀδύνην ἰᾶσθαι τῆς + κεφαλῆς ἐπᾴδειν ἠξίου τῷ καλῷ Χαρμίδῃ; ἢ τούτους μὲν ἅτε δὴ + μείζονας καὶ περὶ μειζόνων οὐ κινητέον, ὥσπερ ἐν θεάτρῳ + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page176">[pg 176]</span><a name= + "Pg176" id="Pg176" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg177" id= + "Pg177" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> μικρῷ μηχανὰς μεγάλας, [B] ἀλλ᾽ + ἐκ τῶν ἔμπροσθεν ἔργων, ὧν ἐπυθόμεθα τὰ κλέα, φησὶν ὁ ποιητῆς, + ὥσπερ ἐκ λειμῶνος δρεψάμενοι ποικίλου καὶ πολυειδοῦς<a id= + "noteref_305" name="noteref_305" href="#note_305"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">305</span></span></a> ἄνθη + τὰ κάλλιστα ψυχαγωγήσομεν αὑτοὺς τοῖς διηγήμασι, μικρὰ τῶν ἐκ + φιλοσοφίας αὐτοῖς προστιθέντες; ὥσπερ γὰρ οἶμαι τοῖς λίαν γλυκέσιν + οἱ παρεγχέοντες οὐκ οἶδ᾽ ὁποῖ ἄττα φάρμακα τὸ προσκορὲς αὐτῶν + ἀφαιροῦσιν, οὕτω τοῖς διηγήμασιν ἐκ φιλοσοφίας ἔνια προστιθέμενα τὸ + δοκεῖν ἐξ [C] ἱστορίας ἀρχαίας ὄχλον ἐπεισάγειν, οὐδὲν δέον, καὶ + περιττὴν ἀδολεσχίαν ἀφαιρεῖται.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now that it is + natural for me to be grieved by the present event, on being parted + for ever so short a time—and God grant that it may be short!—from + one who is not only my friend but my loyal fellow-worker, I think + even Socrates, that great herald and teacher of virtue, will agree; + so far at least as I may judge from the evidence on which we rely + for our knowledge of him, I mean the words of Plato. At my rate, + what he says is: <span class="tei tei-q">“Ever more difficult did + it seem to me to govern a state rightly. For neither is it possible + to achieve anything without good friends and loyal fellow-workers, + nor is it very easy to obtain enough of these.”</span><a id= + "noteref_306" name="noteref_306" href="#note_306"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">306</span></span></a> And + if Plato thought this more difficult than digging a canal through + Mount Athos,<a id="noteref_307" name="noteref_307" href= + "#note_307"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">307</span></span></a> what + must we expect to find it, we who in wisdom and knowledge are more + inferior to him than he was to God? But it is not only when I think + of the help in the administration that we gave one another in turn, + and which enabled us to bear more easily all that fate or our + opponents brought to pass contrary to our purpose; but also because + I am destined soon to be bereft also of what has ever been my only + solace and delight, it is natural that I am and have been cut to + the very heart.<a id="noteref_308" name="noteref_308" href= + "#note_308"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">308</span></span></a> For + in the future to what friend can I turn as loyal as yourself? With + whose guileless and pure frankness shall I now brace myself? Who + now will give me prudent counsel, reprove me with affection, give + me strength for good deeds without arrogance and conceit, and use + frankness after extracting the bitterness from the words, like + those who from medicines extract what is nauseating but leave in + what is really beneficial?<a id="noteref_309" name="noteref_309" + href="#note_309"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">309</span></span></a> These + are the advantages that I reaped from your friendship! And now that + I have been deprived of all these all at once, with what arguments + shall I supply myself, so that when I am in danger of flinging away + my life out of regret for you and your counsels and loving + kindness,<a id="noteref_310" name="noteref_310" href= + "#note_310"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">310</span></span></a> they + may persuade me to be calm and to bear nobly whatever God has + sent?<a id="noteref_311" name="noteref_311" href= + "#note_311"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">311</span></span></a> For + in accordance with the will of God our mighty Emperor has surely + planned this as all else. Then what now must be my thoughts, what + spells must I find to persuade my soul to bear tranquilly the + trouble with which it is now dismayed? Shall I imitate the + discourses of Zamolxis<a id="noteref_312" name="noteref_312" href= + "#note_312"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">312</span></span></a>—I + mean those Thracian spells which Socrates brought to Athens and + declared that he must utter them over the fair Charmides before he + could cure him of his headache?<a id="noteref_313" name= + "noteref_313" href="#note_313"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">313</span></span></a> Or + must we leave these alone as being, like large machinery in a small + theatre, too lofty for our purpose and suited to greater troubles; + and rather from the deeds of old whose fame we have heard told, as + the poet says,<a id="noteref_314" name="noteref_314" href= + "#note_314"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">314</span></span></a> shall + we gather the fairest flowers as though from a variegated and + many-coloured meadow, and thus console ourselves with such + narratives and add thereto some of the teachings of philosophy? For + just as, for instance, certain drugs are infused into things that + have too sweet a taste, and thus their cloying sweetness is + tempered, so when tales like these are seasoned by the maxims of + philosophy, we avoid seeming to drag in a tedious profusion of + ancient history and a superfluous and uncalled-for flow of + words.)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Τί πρῶτον; τί δ᾽ ἔπειτα; τί δ᾽ + ὑστάτιον καταλέξω;</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">What first, + what next, what last shall I relate?</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_315" name= + "noteref_315" href="#note_315"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">315</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">πότερον ὡς ὁ + Σκηπίων ἐκεῖνος, ὁ τὸν Λαίλιον ἀγαπήσας καὶ φιληθεὶς τὸ λεγόμενον + ἴσῳ ζυγῷ παρ᾽ ἐκείνου πάλιν, ἡδέως μὲν αὐτῷ συνῆν, ἔπραττε δὲ + οὐδέν, ὧν μὴ πρότερον ἐκεῖνος πύθοιτο καὶ φήσειεν εἶναι πρακτέον; + ὅθεν οἶμαι καὶ λόγον παρέσχε [D] τοῖς ὑπὸ φθόνου τὸν Σκηπίωνα + λοιδοροῦσιν, ὡς ποιητὴς μὲν ὁ Λαίλιος εἴη τῶν ἔργων, Ἁφρικανὸς δὲ ὁ + τούτων ὑποκριτής. αὕτη τοι καὶ ἡμῖν ἡ φήμη πρόσκειται, καὶ οὐ μόνον + οὐ δυχεραίνω<a id="noteref_316" name="noteref_316" href= + "#note_316"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">316</span></span></a> χαίρω + δὲ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ πλέον. τὸ γὰρ τοῖς ὀρθῶς ὑπ᾽ ἄλλου γνωσθεῖσι πεισθῆναι + μείζονος ἀρετῆς<a id="noteref_317" name="noteref_317" href= + "#note_317"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">317</span></span></a> ὁ + Ζήνων ποιεῖται γνώρισμα [245] τοῦ γνῶναί τινα αὐτὸν ἐξ αὑτοῦ τὰ + δέοντα, τὴν Ἡσιόδου μεθαρμόττων ῥῆσιν,</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Shall I tell + how the famous Scipio, who loved Laelius and was loved by him in + return with equal yoke of friendship,<a id="noteref_318" name= + "noteref_318" href="#note_318"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">318</span></span></a> as + the saying is, not only took pleasure in his society, but undertook + no task without first consulting with him and obtaining his advice + as to how he should proceed? It was this, I understand, that + furnished those who from envy slandered Scipio with the saying that + Laelius was the real author of his enterprises, and Africanus + merely the actor. The same remark is made about ourselves, and, far + from resenting this, I rather rejoice at it. For to accept + another's good advice Zeno held to be a sign of greater virtue than + independently to decide oneself what one ought to do; and so he + altered the saying of Hesiod; for Zeno says:)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Οὗτος μὲν πανάριστος, ὃς εὖ + εἰπόντι πίθηται</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">That man is + best who follows good advice</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> <span style= + "font-size: 90%">instead of</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">decides all things for + himself.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id= + "noteref_319" name="noteref_319" href="#note_319"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">319</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page178">[pg 178]</span><a name= + "Pg178" id="Pg178" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg179" id= + "Pg179" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">λέγων ἀντὶ τοῦ + νοήσῃ πάνθ᾽ ἑαυτῷ. ἐμοὶ δὲ οὐ διὰ τοῦτο χαρίεν εἶναι δοκεῖ· + πείθομαι γὰρ ἀληθέστερον μὲν Ἡσίοδον λέγειν, ἀμφοῖν δὲ ἄμεινον + Πυθαγόραν, ὃς καὶ τῇ παροιμίᾳ παρέσχε τὴν ἀρχὴν καὶ τὸ λέγεσθαι + κοινὰ τὰ φίλων ἔδωκε τῷ βίῳ, οὐ δήπου τὰ χρήματα λέγων μόνον, [B] + ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν τοῦ νοῦ καὶ τῆς φρονήσεως κοινωνίαν, ὥσθ᾽ ὅσα μὲν + εὗρες αὐτός, οὐδὲν ἔλαττον ταῦτα τοῦ πεισθέντος ἐστίν, ὅσα δὲ τῶν + σῶν ὑπεκρινάμην, τούτων αὐτῶν εἰκότως τὸ ἴσον μετέχεις. ἀλλὰ ταῦτα + μὲν ὁποτέρου μᾶλλον ἂν φαίνηται, καὶ<a id="noteref_320" name= + "noteref_320" href="#note_320"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">320</span></span></a> + θατέρῳ προσήκει, καὶ τοῖς βασκάνοις οὐδὲν ἔσται πλέον ἐκ τῶν + λόγων.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Not that the + alteration is to my liking. For I am convinced that what Hesiod + says is truer, that Pythagoras was wiser than either of them when + he originated the proverb and gave to mankind the maxim, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Friends have all things in + common.”</span><a id="noteref_321" name="noteref_321" href= + "#note_321"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">321</span></span></a> And + by this he certainly did not mean money only, but also a + partnership in intelligence and wisdom. So all that you suggested + belongs just as much to me who adopted it, and whenever I was the + actor who carried out your plans you naturally have an equal share + in the performance. In fact, to whichever of us the credit may seem + to belong, it belongs equally to the other, and malicious persons + will gain nothing from their gossip.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἡμῖν δὲ + ἐπανιτέον ἐπὶ τὸν Ἀφρικανὸν καὶ τὸν Λαίλιον. ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἀνῄρητο μὲν + ἡ Καρχηδὼν καὶ τὰ περὶ [C] τὴν Λιβύην ἅπαντα τῆς Ῥώμης ἐγεγόνει + δοῦλα, πέμπει μὲν Ἀφρικανὸς τὸν Λαίλιον· ἀνήγετο δὲ ἐκεῖνος + εὐαγγέλια τῇ πατρίδι φέρων· καὶ ὁ Σκηπίων ἤχθετο μὲν ἀπολειπόμενος + τοῦ φίλου, οὐ μὴν ἀπαραμύθητον αὑτῷ τὸ πάθος ᾤετο. καὶ τὸν Λαίλιον + δὲ δυσχεραίνειν εἰκός, ἐπειδὴ μόνος ἀνήγετο, οὐ μὴν ἀφόρητον + ἐποιεῖτο τὴν συμφοράν. ἔπλει καὶ Κάτων ἀπολιπὼν οἴκοι τοὺς αὑτοῦ + συνήθεις, καὶ Πυθαγόρας, καὶ Πλάτων καὶ Δημόκριτος οὐδένα + παραλαβόντες κοινωνὸν τῆς ὁδοῦ, [D] καίτοι πολλοὺς οἴκοι τῶν + φιλτάτων ἀπολιμπάνοντες. ἐστρατεύσατο καὶ Περικλῆς ἐπὶ τὴν Σάμον + οὐκ ἄγων τὸν Ἀναξαγόραν, καὶ τὴν Εὔβοιαν παρεστήσατο ταῖς μὲν + ἐκείνου βουλαῖς, ἐπεπαίδευτο γὰρ ὑπ᾽ ἐκείνῳ, τὸ σῶμα δὲ οὐκ + ἐφελκόμενος ὥσπερ ἄλλο [246] τι τῶν ἀναγκαίων πρὸς τὰς <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page180">[pg 180]</span><a name="Pg180" id="Pg180" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg181" id="Pg181" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> μάχας. καίτοι καὶ τοῦτον ἄκοντα, φασίν, + Ἀθηναῖοι τῆς πρὸς τὸν διδάσκαλον ἀπέστησαν συνουσίας. ἀλλ᾽ ἔφερεν + ὡς ἀνὴρ ἔμφρων ὢν<a id="noteref_322" name="noteref_322" href= + "#note_322"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">322</span></span></a> τὴν + ἄνοιαν τῶν αὑτοῦ πολιτῶν ἐγκρατῶς καὶ πρᾴως. καὶ γὰρ ἀνάγκῃ τῇ + πατρίδι καθάπερ μητρὶ δικαίως μὲν οὔ, χαλεπῶς δὲ ὅμως ἐχούσῃ πρὸς + τὴν συνουσίαν αὐτῶν, εἴκειν ᾤετο χρῆναι, ταῦτα, ὡς εἰκός, + λογιζόμενος· ἀκούειν δὲ χρὴ τῶν ἑξῆς ὡς τοῦ Περικλέους αὐτοῦ· Ἐμοὶ + πόλις μέν ἐστι καὶ πατρὶς ὁ κόσμος, καὶ φίλοι θεοὶ καὶ δαίμονες καὶ + πάντες [B] ὅσοι καὶ ὁπουοῦν<a id="noteref_323" name="noteref_323" + href="#note_323"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">323</span></span></a> + σπουδαῖοι. χρὴ δὲ καὶ τὴν οὗ<a id="noteref_324" name="noteref_324" + href="#note_324"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">324</span></span></a> + γεγόναμεν τιμᾶν, ἐπειδὴ τοῦτο θεῖός ἐστι νόμος, καὶ πείθεσθαί γε + οἷς ἂν ἐπιτάττῃ καὶ μὴ βιάζεσθαι μηδέ, ὅ φησιν ἡ παροιμία, πρὸς + κέντρα λακτίζειν· ἀπαραίτητον γάρ ἐστι τὸ λεγόμενον ζυγὸν τῆς + ἀνάγκης. οὐ μὴν ὀδυρτέον οὐδὲ θρηνητέον ἐφ᾽ οἷς ἐπιτάττει + τραχύτερον, ἀλλὰ τὸ πρᾶγμα λογιστέον αὐτό. νῦν ἀπαλλάττεσθαι τὸν + Ἀναξαγόραν ἀφ᾽ ἡμῶν κελεύει, [C] καὶ τὸν ἄριστον οὐκ ὀψόμεθα τῶν + ἑταίρων, δι᾽ ὃν ἠχθόμην μὲν τῇ νυκτί, ὅτι μοι τὸν φίλον οὐκ + ἐδείκνυεν, ἡμέρᾳ δὲ καὶ ἡλίῳ χάριν ἠπιστάμην, ὅτι μοι παρεῖχεν ὁρᾶν + οὗ μάλιστα ἤρων. ἀλλ᾽ εἰ μὲν ὄμματά σοι δέδωκεν ἡ φύσις, ὦ + Περίκλεις, μόνον ὥσπερ τοῖς θηρίοις<a id="noteref_325" name= + "noteref_325" href="#note_325"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">325</span></span></a>, + οὐδὲν ἀπεικός ἐστι σε διαφερόντως ἄχθεσθαι· [D] εἰ δέ σοι ψυχὴν + ἐνέπνευσε <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page182">[pg + 182]</span><a name="Pg182" id="Pg182" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg183" id="Pg183" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ νοῦν ἐνῆκεν, ὑφ᾽ οὗ τὰ μὲν πολλὰ τῶν + γεγενημένων καίπερ οὐ παρόντα νῦν ὁρᾷς διὰ τῆς μνήμης, πολλὰ δὲ καὶ + τῶν ἐσομένων ὁ λογισμὸς ἀνευρίσκων ὥσπερ ὄμμασιν ὁρᾶν προσβάλλει τῷ + νῷ, καὶ τῶν ἐνεστώτων οὐ τὰ πρὸ τῶν ὀμμάτων ἡ φαντασία μόνον + ἀποτυπουμένη δίδωσιν αὐτῷ κρίνειν καὶ καθορᾶν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ πόρρω + καὶ μυριάσι σταδίων ἀπῳκισμένα τῶν γενομένων παρὰ πόδα [247] καὶ + πρὸ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν δείκνυσιν ἐναργέστερον, τί χρὴ τοσοῦτον ἀνιᾶσθαι + καὶ σχετλίως φέρειν; ὅτι δὲ οὐκ ἀμάρτυρος ὁ λόγος ἐστί μοι,</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Let me go back + now to Africanus and Laelius. When Carthage had been + destroyed<a id="noteref_326" name="noteref_326" href= + "#note_326"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">326</span></span></a> and + all Libya made subject to Rome, Africanus sent Laelius home and he + embarked to carry the good news to their fatherland. And Scipio was + grieved at the separation from his friend, but he did not think his + sorrow inconsolable. Laelius too was probably afflicted at having + to embark alone, but he did not regard it as an insupportable + calamity. Cato also made a voyage and left his intimate friends at + home, and so did Pythagoras and Plato and Democritus, and they took + with them no companion on their travels, though they left behind + them at home many whom they dearly loved. Pericles also set out on + his campaign against Samos without taking Anaxagoras, and he + conquered Euboea by following the latter's advice, for he had been + trained by his teaching: but the philosopher himself he did not + drag in his train as though he were part of the equipment needed + for battle. And yet in his case too we are told that much against + his will the Athenians separated him from the society of his + teacher. But wise man that he was, he bore the folly of his + fellow-citizens with fortitude and mildness. Indeed he thought that + he must of necessity bow to his country's will when, as a mother + might, however unjustly, she still resented their close friendship; + and he probably reasoned as follows. (You must take what I say next + as the very words of Pericles.<a id="noteref_327" name= + "noteref_327" href="#note_327"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">327</span></span></a>) + <span class="tei tei-q">“The whole world is my city and fatherland, + and my friends are the gods and lesser divinities and all good men + whoever and wherever they may be. Yet it is right to respect also + the country where I was born, since this is the divine law, and to + obey all her commands and not oppose them, or as the proverb says + kick against the pricks. For inexorable, as the saying goes, is the + yoke of necessity. But we must not even complain or lament when her + commands are harsher than usual, but rather consider the matter as + it actually is. She now orders Anaxagoras to leave me and I shall + see no more my best friend, on whose account the night was hateful + to me because it did not allow me to see my friend, but I was + grateful to daylight and the sun because they allowed me to see him + whom I loved best.<a id="noteref_328" name="noteref_328" href= + "#note_328"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">328</span></span></a> But, + Pericles, if nature had given you eyes only as she has to wild + beasts, it would be natural enough for you to feel excessive grief. + But since she has breathed into you a soul, and implanted in you + intelligence by means of which you now behold in memory many past + events, though they are no longer before you: and further since + your reasoning power discovers many future events and reveals them + as it were to the eyes of your mind; and again your imagination + sketches for you not only those present events which are going on + under your eyes and allows you to judge and survey them, but also + reveals to you things at a distance and many thousand stades<a id= + "noteref_329" name="noteref_329" href="#note_329"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">329</span></span></a> + removed more clearly than what is going on at your feet and before + your eyes, what need is there for such grief and resentment? And to + show that I have authority for what I say,)</span></p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Νοῦς ὁρῇ καὶ νοῦς ἀκούει</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">The mind sees and the mind + hears,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">φησὶν ὁ + Σικελιώτης, οὕτως ὀξὺ χρῆμα καὶ τάχει χρώμενον ἀμηχάνῳ, ὥσθ᾽ ὅταν + τινὰ τῶν δαιμόνων Ὄμηρος ἐθέλῃ κεχρημένον ἀπίστῳ πορείας ἐπιδεῖξαι + τάχει,</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(says the + Sicilian;<a id="noteref_330" name="noteref_330" href= + "#note_330"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">330</span></span></a> and + mind is a thing so acute and endowed with such amazing speed that + when Homer wishes to show us one of the gods employing incredible + speed in travelling he says:)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ὡς δ᾽ ὅτ᾽ ἂν ἀΐξῃ νόος + ἀνέρος</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">As when the mind of a man darts + swiftly.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span></span><a id="noteref_331" name= + "noteref_331" href="#note_331"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">331</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">φησί. [B] τούτῳ + τοι χρώμενος ῥᾷστα μὲν Ἀθήνηθεν ὄψει τὸν ἐν Ἰωνίᾳ, ῥᾷστα δὲ ἐκ + Κελτῶν τὸν ἐν Ἰλλυριοῖς καὶ Θρᾴκῃ, καὶ τὸν ἐν Κελτοῖς ἐκ Θρᾴκης καὶ + Ἰλλυριῶν. καὶ γὰρ οὐδ᾽, ὥσπερ τοῖς φυτοῖς οὐκ ἔνι σώζεσθαι τὴν + συνήθη χώραν μεταβάλλουσιν, ὅταν ἡ τῶν ὡρῶν ᾖ κράσις ἐναντία, καὶ + τοῖς ἀνθρώποις συμβαίνει τόπον ἐκ τόπου μεταβάλλουσιν ἢ + διαφθείρεσθαι παντελῶς ἢ τὸν τρόπον ἀμείβειν καὶ μετατίθεσθαι περὶ + ὧν ὀρθῶς πρόσθεν ἐγνώκεσαν. [C] οὔκουν οὐδὲ τὴν εὔνοιαν ἀμβλυτέραν + ἔχειν εἰκός, εἰ μὴ καὶ μᾶλλον ἀγαπᾶν <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page184">[pg 184]</span><a name="Pg184" id="Pg184" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg185" id="Pg185" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ στέργειν· ἕπεται γὰρ ὕβρις μὲν κόρῳ, ἔρως + δὲ ἐνδείᾳ. καὶ ταύτῃ τοίνυν ἕξομεν βέλτιον, ἐπιτεινομένης ἡμῖν τῆς + πρὸς ἀλλήλους εὐνοίας, καθέξομέν τε ἀλλήλους ἐν ταῖς ἑαυτῶν + διανοίαις ἱδρυμένους ὥσπερ ἀγάλματα. καὶ νῦν μὲν ἐγὼ τὸν + Ἀναξαγόραν, αὖθις δὲ ἐκεῖνος ὄψεται ἐμέ· κωλύει δὲ οὐδὲν [D] καὶ + ἅμα βλέπειν ἀλλήλους, οὐχὶ σαρκία καὶ νεῦρα καὶ μορφῆς τύπωμα, + στέρνα τε ἐξεικασμένα πρὸς ἀρχέτυπον σώματος· καίτοι καὶ τοῦτο + κωλύει τυχὸν οὐδὲν ταῖς διανοίαις ἡμῶν ἐμφαίνεσθαι· ἀλλ᾽ εἰς τὴν + ἀρετὴν καὶ τὰς πράξεις καὶ τοὺς λόγους καὶ τὰς ὁμιλίας καὶ τὰς + ἐντεύξεις, ἃς πολλάκις ἐποιησάμεθα μετ᾽ ἀλλήλων, οὐκ ἀμούσως + ὑμνοῦντες παιδείαν καὶ δικαιοσύνην καὶ τὸν ἐπιτροπεύοντα νοῦν τὰ + θνητὰ καὶ τὰ ἀνθρώπινα, [248] καὶ περὶ πολιτείας καὶ νόμων καὶ + τρόπων ἀρετῆς καὶ χρηστῶν ἐπιτηδευμάτων διεξιόντες, ὅσα γε ἡμῖν + ἐπῄει<a id="noteref_332" name="noteref_332" href= + "#note_332"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">332</span></span></a> ἐν + καιρῷ τούτων μεμνημένοις. ταῦτα ἐννοοῦντες, τούτοις τρεφόμενοι τοῖς + εἰδώλοις τυχὸν οὐκ ὀνείρων νυκτέρων<a id="noteref_333" name= + "noteref_333" href="#note_333"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">333</span></span></a> + ἰνδάλμασι προσέξομεν οὐδὲ κενὰ καὶ μάταια προσβαλεῖ τῷ νῷ + φαντάσματα πονηρῶς ὑπὸ τῆς τοῦ σώματος κράσεως αἴσθησις διακειμένη. + οὐδὲ γὰρ αὐτὴν παραληψόμεθα τὴν αἴσθησιν ὑπουργεῖν ἡμῖν καὶ + ὑπηρετεῖσθαι· [B] ἀλλ᾽ ἀποφυγὼν αὐτὴν ὁ νοῦς ἐμμελετήσει τούτοις + πρὸς κατανόησιν καὶ συνεθισμὸν τῶν ἀσωμάτων <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page186">[pg 186]</span><a name="Pg186" id="Pg186" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg187" id="Pg187" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> διεγειρόμενος· νῷ γὰρ δὴ καὶ τῷ κρείττονι + σύνεσμεν, καὶ τὰ τὴν αἴσθησιν ἀποφυγόντα καὶ διεστηκότα τῷ τόπῳ, + μᾶλλον δὲ οὐδὲ δεόμενα τόπου ὁρᾶν τε καὶ αἱρεῖν πεφύκαμεν, ὅσοις + ἀξίως βεβίωται τῆς τοιαύτης θέας, ἐννοοῦντες αὐτὴν καὶ + συναπτόμενοι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(<span class= + "tei tei-q">So if you employ your mind you will easily from Athens + see one who is in Ionia; and from the country of the Celts one who + is in Illyria or Thrace; and from Thrace or Illyria one who is in + the country of the Celts. And moreover, though plants if removed + from their native soil when the weather and the season are + unfavourable cannot be kept alive, it is not so with men, who can + remove from one place to another without completely deteriorating + or changing their character and deviating from the right principles + that they had before adopted. It is therefore unlikely that our + affection will become blunted, if indeed we do not love and cherish + each other the more for the separation. For <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘wantonness attends on satiety,’</span><a id= + "noteref_334" name="noteref_334" href="#note_334"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">334</span></span></a> but + love and longing on want. So in this respect we shall be better off + if our affection tends to increase, and we shall keep one another + firmly set in our minds like holy images. And one moment I shall + see Anaxagoras, and the next he will see me. Though nothing + prevents our seeing one another at the same instant; I do not mean + our flesh and sinews and <span class="tei tei-q">‘bodily outline + and breasts in the likeness’</span><a id="noteref_335" name= + "noteref_335" href="#note_335"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">335</span></span></a> of + the bodily original—though perhaps there is no reason why these too + should not become visible to our minds—but I mean our virtue, our + deeds and words, our intercourse, and those conversations which we + so often held with one another, when in perfect harmony we sang the + praises of education and justice and mind that governs all things + mortal and human: when too we discussed the art of government, and + law, and the different ways of being virtuous and the noblest + pursuits, everything in short that occurred to us when, as occasion + served, we mentioned these subjects. If we reflect on these things + and nourish ourselves with these images, we shall probably pay no + heed to the <span class="tei tei-q">‘visions of dreams in the + night,’</span><a id="noteref_336" name="noteref_336" href= + "#note_336"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">336</span></span></a> nor + will the senses corrupted by the alloy of the body exhibit to our + minds empty and vain phantoms. For we shall not employ the senses + at all to assist and minister to us, but our minds will have + escaped from them and so will be exercised on the themes I have + mentioned and aroused to comprehend and associate with things + incorporeal. For by the mind we commune even with God, and by its + aid we are enabled to see and to grasp things that escape the + senses and are far apart in space, or rather have no need of space: + that is to say, all of us who have lived so as to deserve such a + vision, conceiving it in the mind and laying hold + thereof.”</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλ᾽ ὁ μὲν + Περικλῆς, ἅτε δὴ μεγαλόφρων ἀνὴρ [C] καὶ τραφεὶς ἐλευθέρως ἐν + ἐλευθέρᾳ τῇ πόλει, ὑψηλοτέροις ἐψυχαγώγει λόγοις αὑτόν· ἐγὼ δὲ + γεγονὼς ἐκ τῶν οἷοι νῦν βροτοί εἰσιν ἀνθρωπικωτέροις ἐμαυτὸν θέλγω + καὶ παράγω λόγοις, καὶ τὸ λίαν πικρὸν ἀφαιρῶ τῆς λύπης, πρὸς + ἕκαστον τῶν ἀεί μοι προσπιπτόντων ἀπὸ τοῦ πράγματος δυσχερῶν τε [D] + καὶ ἀτόπων φαντασμάτων ἐφαρμόζειν τινὰ παραμυθίαν πειρώμενος, ὥσπερ + ἐπῳδὴν θηρίου δήγματι δάκνοντος αὐτὴν ἔσω τὴν καρδίαν ἡμῶν καὶ τὰς + φρένας. ἐκεῖνό τοι πρῶτόν ἐστί μοι τῶν φαινομένων δυσχερῶν. νῦν ἐγὼ + μόνος ἀπολελείψομαι καθαρᾶς ἐνδεὴς ὁμιλίας καὶ ἐλευθέρας ἐντεύξεως· + οὐ γὰρ ἔστι μοι τέως ὅτῳ διαλέξομαι θαρρῶν ὁμοίως. πότερον οὖν οὐδ᾽ + ἐμαυτῷ διαλέγεσθαι ῥᾴδιόν ἐστί μοι; ἀλλ᾽ ἀφαιρήσεταί μέ τις καὶ τὴν + ἔννοιαν καὶ προσαναγκάσει νοεῖν ἕτερα καὶ θαυμάζειν παρ᾽ ἃ + βούλομαι; ἢ τοῦτο μέν ἐστι τέρας ἤδη καὶ προσόμοιον τῷ γράφειν ἐφ᾽ + ὕδατος καὶ τῷ λίθον ἕψειν καὶ τῷ ἱπταμένων ὀρνίθων ἐρευνᾶν ἴχνη τῆς + πτήσεως; οὐκοῦν ἐπειδὴ [249] τούτων ἡμᾶς οὐδεὶς ἀφαιρεῖται, + συνεσόμεθα δήπουθεν αὐτοί πως ἑαυτοῖς, ἴσως δὲ καὶ ὁ δαίμων + ὑποθήσεταί τι χρηστόν· οὐ γὰρ εἰκὸς ἄνδρα ἑαυτὸν ἐπιτρέψαντα τῷ + κρείττονι <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page188">[pg + 188]</span><a name="Pg188" id="Pg188" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg189" id="Pg189" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> παντάπασιν ἀμεληθῆναι καὶ καταλειφθῆναι + παντελῶς ἔρημον· ἀλλ᾽ αὐτοῦ καὶ ὁ θεὸς χεῖρα ἑὴν ὑπερέσχε [B] καὶ + θάρσος ἐνδίδωσ<a id="noteref_337" name="noteref_337" href= + "#note_337"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">337</span></span></a> καὶ + μένος ἐμπνεῖ καὶ τὰ πρακτέα τίθησιν ἐπὶ νοῦν καὶ τῶν μὴ πρακτέων + ἀφίστησιν. εἵπετό τοι καὶ Σωκράτει δαιμονία φωνὴ κωλύουσα πράττειν + ὅσα μὴ χρεὼν ἦν· φησὶ δὲ καὶ Ὅμηρος ὑπὲρ Ἀχιλλέως· τῷ γὰρ ἐπὶ φρεσὶ + θῆκεν, ὡς τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τὰς ἐννοίας ἡμῶν ἐγείροντος, ὅταν ἐπιστρέψας + ὁ νοῦς εἰς ἑαυτὸν αὑτῷ τε πρότερον ξυγγένηται καὶ τῷ θεῷ δι ἑαυτοῦ + μόνου, [C] κωλυδόομενος ὑπ᾽ οὐδενοός. οὐ γὰρ ἀκοῆς ὁ νοῦς δεῖται + πρὸς τὸ μαθεῖν οὐδὲ μὴν ὁ θεὸς φωνῆς πρὸς τὸ διδάξαι τὰ δέοντα· + ἀλλ᾽ αἰσθήσεως ἔξω πάσης ἀπὸ τοῦ κρείττονος ἡ μετουσία γίνεται τῷ + νῷ· τίνα μὲν τρόπον καὶ ὅπως οὐ σχολὴ νῦν ἐπεξιέναι, τὸ δ᾽ ὅτι + γίνεται δῆλον<a id="noteref_338" name="noteref_338" href= + "#note_338"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">338</span></span></a> καὶ + σαφεῖς οἱ μάρτυρες, οὐκ ἄδοξοί τινες οὐδ᾽ ἐν τῇ Μεγαρέως [D] ἄξιοι + τάττεσθαι μερίδι, ἀλλὰ τῶν ἀπενεγκαμένων ἐπὶ σοφία τὰ + πρωτεῖα.<a id="noteref_339" name="noteref_339" href= + "#note_339"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">339</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Ah, but + Pericles, inasmuch as he was a man of lofty soul and was bred as + became a free man in a free city, could solace himself with such + sublime arguments, whereas I, born of such men as now are,<a id= + "noteref_340" name="noteref_340" href="#note_340"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">340</span></span></a> must + beguile and console myself with arguments more human; and thus I + assuage the excessive bitterness of my sorrow, since I constantly + endeavour to devise some comfort for the anxious and uneasy ideas + which keep assailing me as they arise from this event, like a charm + against some wild beast that is gnawing into my very vitals<a id= + "noteref_341" name="noteref_341" href="#note_341"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">341</span></span></a> and + my soul. And first and foremost of the hardships that I shall have + to face is this, that now I shall be bereft of our guileless + intercourse and unreserved conversation. For I have no one now to + whom I can talk with anything like the same confidence. What, you + say, cannot I easily converse with myself? Nay, will not some one + rob me even of my thoughts, and besides compel me to think + differently, and to admire what I prefer not to admire? Or does + this robbery amount to a prodigy unimaginable, like writing on + water or boiling a stone,<a id="noteref_342" name="noteref_342" + href="#note_342"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">342</span></span></a> or + tracing the track of the flight of birds on the wing? Well then + since no one can deprive us of our thoughts, we shall surely + commune with ourselves in some fashion, and perhaps God will + suggest some alleviation. For it is not likely that he who entrusts + himself to God will be utterly neglected and left wholly desolate. + But over him God stretches his hand,<a id="noteref_343" name= + "noteref_343" href="#note_343"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">343</span></span></a> + endues him with strength, inspires him with courage, and puts into + his mind what he must do. We know too how a divine voice + accompanied Socrates and prevented him from doing what he ought + not. And Homer also says of Achilles, <span class="tei tei-q">“She + put the thought in his mind,”</span><a id="noteref_344" name= + "noteref_344" href="#note_344"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">344</span></span></a> + implying that it is God who suggests our thoughts when the mind + turns inwards and first communes with itself, and then with God + alone by itself, hindered by nothing external. For the mind needs + no ears to learn with, still less does God need a voice to teach us + our duty: but apart from all sense-perception, communion with God + is vouchsafed to the mind. How and in what manner I have not now + leisure to inquire, but that this does happen is evident, and there + are sure witnesses thereof—men not obscure or only fit to be + classed with the Megarians,<a id="noteref_345" name="noteref_345" + href="#note_345"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">345</span></span></a>—but + such as have borne the palm for wisdom.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Οὐκοῦν ἐπειδὴ + χρὴ προσδοκᾶν καὶ θεὸν ἡμῖν παρέσεσθαι πάντως καὶ ἡμᾶς αὐτοὺς + αὑτοῖς συνέσεσθαι, τὸ λίαν δυσχερὲς ἀφαιρετέον ἐστι τῆς λύπης. ἐπεὶ + καὶ τὸν Ὀδυσσέα μόνον ἐν τῇ νήσῳ καθειργμένον ἑπτὰ τοὺς πάντας + ἐνιαυτούς, εἶτ᾽ ὀδυρόμενον, τῆς μὲν ἄλλης ἐπαινῶ καρτερίας, τῶν + θρήνων δὲ οὐκ ἄγαμαι. [250] τί γὰρ ὄφελος πόντον ἐπ᾽ ἰχθυόεντα + δέρκεσθαι καὶ λείβειν δάκρυα; τὸ <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page190">[pg 190]</span><a name="Pg190" id="Pg190" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg191" id="Pg191" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> δὲ μὴ προέσθαι μηδ᾽ ἀπαγορεῦσαι πρὸς τὴν + τύχην, ἀλλ᾽ ἄνδρα μέχρις ἐσχάτων γενέσθαι πόνων<a id="noteref_346" + name="noteref_346" href="#note_346"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">346</span></span></a> καὶ + κινδύνων, τοῦτο ἔμοιγε φαίνεται μεῖζον ἢ κατὰ ἄνθρωπον. οὐ δὴ + δίκαιον ἐπαινεῖν μὲν αὐτούς, μὴ μιμεῖσθαι δέ, οὐδὲ νομίζειν, ὡς + ἐκείνοις μὲν ὁ θεὸς προθύμως συνελάμβανε, [B] τοὺς δὲ νῦν + περιόψεται τῆς ἀρετῆς ὁρῶν ἀντιποιουμένους, δι᾽ ἥνπερ ἄρα κἀκείνοις + ἔχαιρεν· οὐ γὰρ διὰ τὸ κάλλος τοῦ σώματος, ἐπεί τοι τὸν Νιρέα + μᾶλλον ἐχρῆν ἀγαπᾶσθαι, οὐδὲ διὰ τὴν ἰσχύν, ἀπείρῳ γὰρ ὅσῳ + Λαιστρυγόνες καὶ Κύκλωπες ἦσαν αὐτοῦ κρείττους, οὐδὲ διὰ τὸν + πλοῦτον, οὕτω γὰρ ἂν ἔμεινεν ἀπόρθητος Τροία. τί δὲ δεῖ πράγματα + ἔχειν αὐτὸν ἐπιζητοῦντα τὴν αἰτίαν, δι ἣν Ὀδυσσέα φησὶν [C] ὁ + ποιητὴς θεοφιλῆ, αὐτοῦ γε ἐξὸν ἀκούειν;</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(It follows + therefore that since we may expect that God will be present with us + in all our doings, and that we shall again renew our intercourse, + our grief must lose its sharpest sting. For indeed in the case of + Odysseus<a id="noteref_347" name="noteref_347" href= + "#note_347"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">347</span></span></a> too, + who was imprisoned on the island for all those seven years and then + bewailed his lot, I applaud him for his fortitude on other + occasions, but I do not approve those lamentations. For of what + avail was it for him to gaze on the fishy sea and shed tears?<a id= + "noteref_348" name="noteref_348" href="#note_348"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">348</span></span></a> Never + to abandon hope and despair of one's fate, but to play the hero in + the extremes of toil and danger, does indeed seem to me more than + can be expected of any human being. But it is not right to praise + and not to imitate the Homeric heroes, or to think that whereas God + was ever ready to assist them he will disregard the men of our day, + if he sees that they are striving to attain that very virtue for + which he favoured those others. For it was not physical beauty that + he favoured, since in that case Nireus<a id="noteref_349" name= + "noteref_349" href="#note_349"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">349</span></span></a> would + have been more approved; nor strength, for the Laëstrygons<a id= + "noteref_350" name="noteref_350" href="#note_350"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">350</span></span></a> and + the Cyclops were infinitely stronger than Odysseus; nor riches, for + had that been so Troy would never have been sacked. But why should + I myself labour to discover the reason why the poet says that + Odysseus was beloved by the gods, when we can hear it from himself? + It was)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Οὕνεκ᾽ ἐπητής ἐσσι καὶ ἀγχίνοος + καὶ ἐχέφρων.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Because + thou art so wary, so ready of wit, so prudent.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_351" name= + "noteref_351" href="#note_351"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">351</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">δῆλον οὖν ὡς, + εἴπερ ἡμῖν ταῦτα προσγένοιτο, τὸ κρεῖττον οὐκ ἐλλείψει τὰ παρ᾽ + ἑαυτοῦ, ἀλλὰ καὶ κατὰ τὸν δοθέντα πάλαι ποτὲ Λακεδαιμονίοις χρησμὸν + καλούμενός τε καὶ ἄκλητος ὁ θεὸς παρέσται.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(It is therefore + evident that if we have these qualities in addition, God on His + side will not fail us, but in the words of the oracle once given of + old to the Lacedaemonians, <span class="tei tei-q">“Invoked or not + invoked, God will be present with us.”</span><a id="noteref_352" + name="noteref_352" href="#note_352"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">352</span></span></a>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[D] Τούτοις + ἐμαυτὸν ψυχαγωγήσας ἐπ᾽ ἐκεῖνο τὸ μέρος ἄπειμι πάλιν, ὃ δοκεῖ τῇ + μὲν ἀληθείᾳ μικρὸν εἶναι, πρὸς δόξαν δὲ ὅμως οὐκ ἀγεννές. Ὁμήρου + τοί φασι δεῖσθαι καὶ τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον, οὐ δήπου συνόντος, ἀλλὰ + κηρύττοντος ὥσπερ Ἀχιλλέα καὶ Πάτροκλον καὶ Αἴαντας ἄμφω καὶ τὸν + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page192">[pg 192]</span><a name= + "Pg192" id="Pg192" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg193" id= + "Pg193" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Ἀντίλοχον. ἀλλ᾽ ὁ μὲν ὑπερορῶν + ἀεὶ τῶν παρόντων, ἐφιέμενος δὲ τῶν ἀπόντων οὐκ ἠγάπα τοῖς καθ᾽ + ἑαυτὸν οὐδὲ ἠρκεῖτο τοῖς δοθεῖσι· καὶ εἴπερ ἔτυχεν Ὁμήρου, [251] + τὴν Ἀπόλλωνος ἴσως ἂν ἐπόθησε λύραν, ᾗ τοῖς Πηλέως ἐκεῖνος ἐφύμνησε + γάμοις, οὐ τῆς Ὁμήρου συνέσεως τοῦτο πλάσμα νομίσας, ἀλλ᾽ ἀληθὲς + ἔργον ἐνυφανθὲν τοῖς ἔπεσιν, ὥσπερ οἶμαι τὸ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now that I have + consoled myself with these arguments I will go back to that other + consideration which, though it seems trivial, nevertheless is + generally esteemed to be not ignoble. Even Alexander, we are told, + felt a need for Homer, not, of course, to be his companion, but to + be his herald, as he was for Achilles and Patroclus and the two + Ajaxes and Antilochus. But Alexander, ever despising what he had + and longing for what he had not, could never be content with his + contemporaries or be satisfied with the gifts that had been granted + to him. And even if Homer had fallen to his lot he would probably + have coveted the lyre of Apollo on which the god played at the + nuptials of Peleus;<a id="noteref_353" name="noteref_353" href= + "#note_353"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">353</span></span></a> and + he would not have regarded it as an invention of Homer's genius but + an actual fact that had been woven into the epic, as when for + instance Homer says,)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἠὼς μὲν κροκόπεπλος ἐκίδνατο + πᾶσαν ἐπ᾽ αἶαν</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Now Dawn + with her saffron robe was spread over the whole + earth</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">;</span><a id="noteref_354" name="noteref_354" + href="#note_354"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">354</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">καὶ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(and)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἡέλιος δ᾽ ἀνόρουσε</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Then uprose + the Sun</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">;</span><a id="noteref_355" name="noteref_355" + href="#note_355"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">355</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">καὶ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(and)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-right: 3.60em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Κρήτη τις γαῖ᾽ ἐστί,</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">There is a + land called Crete</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">;</span><a id="noteref_356" name="noteref_356" + href="#note_356"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">356</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">καὶ ὅσα τοιαῦτά + φασιν οἱ ποιηταί, δῆλα καὶ ἐναργῆ τὰ μὲν ὄντα καὶ εἰς ἡμᾶς ἕτι, τὰ + δὲ γιγνόμενα.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(or other + similar statements of poets about plain and palpable things partly + existing to this very day, partly still happening.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[B] Ἀλλὰ τῷ μὲν + εἴτε μέγεθος ἀρετῆς ὑπερέχον<a id="noteref_357" name="noteref_357" + href="#note_357"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">357</span></span></a> καὶ + τῶν προσόντων ἀγαθῶν οὐδαμῶς ἐλάττων σύνεσις εἰς τοσαύτην ἐπιθυμίαν + τὴν ψυχὴν ἐξῆγεν, ὥστε μειζόνων ἢ κατὰ τοὺς ἄλλους ὀρέγεσθαι,<a id= + "noteref_358" name="noteref_358" href="#note_358"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">358</span></span></a> εἴθ᾽ + ὑπερβολή τις ἀνδρείας καὶ θάρσους εἰς ἀλαζονείαν ἄγουσα<a id= + "noteref_359" name="noteref_359" href="#note_359"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">359</span></span></a> καὶ + πρὸς αὐθάδειαν βλέπουσα, ἀφείσθω σκοπεῖν ἐν κοινῷ τοῖς βουλομένοις + ἐπαινεῖν ἢ ψέγειν αὐτόν, [C] εἴ τις ἄρα καὶ ταύτης ὑπολαμβάνει τῆς + μερίδος προσήκειν ἐκείνῳ. ἡμεῖς δὲ τοῖς παροῦσιν ἀγαπῶντες ἀεὶ καὶ + τῶν ἀπόντων ἥκιστα μεταποιούμενοι στέργομεν μέν, ὁπόταν ὁ κήρυξ + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page194">[pg 194]</span><a name= + "Pg194" id="Pg194" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg195" id= + "Pg195" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐπαινῇ, θεατής τε καὶ + συναγωνιστὴς πάντων ἡμῖν γεγονώς, μὴ τοὺς λόγους παραδεξάμενος εἰς + χάριν καὶ ἀπέχθειαν εἰκῇ πεπλασμένους· ἀρκεῖ δὲ ἡμῖν καὶ φιλεῖν + ὁμολογῶν μόνον, ἐς δὲ τὰ ἄλλα σιωπηλότερος ὢν καὶ τῶν Πυθαγόρᾳ + τελεσθέντων.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But in + Alexander's case, whether a superabundance of virtue and an + intelligence that matched the advantages with which he was endowed + exalted his soul to such heights of ambition that he aimed at + greater achievements than are within the scope of other men; or + whether the cause was an excess of courage and valour that led him + into ostentation and bordered on sinful pride, must be left as a + general topic for consideration by those who desire to write either + a panegyric of him or a criticism; if indeed anyone thinks that + criticism also can properly be applied to him. I on the contrary + can always be content with what I have and am the last to covet + what I have not, and so am well content when my praises are uttered + by a herald who has been an eyewitness and comrade-in-arms in all + that I have done; and who has never admitted any statements + invented at random out of partiality or prejudice. And it is enough + for me if he only admit his love for me, though on all else he were + more silent than those initiated by Pythagoras.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[D] Ἐνταῦθα + ὑπέρχεταί μοι καὶ τὸ θρυλούμενον, ὡς οὐκ εἰς Ἰλλυριοὺς μόνον, ἀλλὰ + καὶ εἰς Θρᾷκας ἀφίξῃ καὶ τοὺς περὶ τὴν θάλατταν ἐκείνην οἰκοῦντας + Ἕλληνας, ἐν οἷς γενομένῳ μοι καὶ τραφέντι πολὺς ἐντέτηκεν ἔρως + ἀνδρῶν τε καὶ χωρίων καὶ πόλεων. ἴσως δὲ οὐ φαῦλος οὐδὲ ἐκείνων + ἐναπολέλειπται ταῖς ψυχαῖς ἔρως ἡμῶν, οἷς εὖ οἶδ᾽ ὅτι τὸ λεγόμενον + ἀσπάσιος [252] ἐλθὼν ἂν γένοιο, δικαίαν ἀμοιβὴν ἀντιδιδοὺς αὐτοῖς + ὑπὲρ ὧν ἡμᾶς ἀπολέλοιπας ἐνθάδε. καὶ τοῦτο μὲν οὐχ ὡς εὐχόμενος· + ἐπεὶ τό γε ἰέναι πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν αὐτὴν ταχέως ἄμεινον· ἀλλ᾽ ὡς, εἰ + γένοιτο, καὶ πρὸς τοῦθ᾽ ἕξων οὐκ ἀπαραμυθήτως οὐδὲ ἀψυχαγωγήτως + ἐννοῶ, συγχαίρων ἐκείνοις, ὅτι σε παρ᾽ ἡμῶν ὄψονται. Κελτοῖς γὰρ + ἐμαυτὸν ἤδη διὰ σὲ συντάττω, ἄνδρα εἰς τοὺς πρώτους τῶν Ἑλλήνων + τελοῦντα καὶ κατ᾽ εὐνομίαν καὶ κατὰ [B] ἀρετὴν τὴν ἄλλην, καὶ + ῥητορείαν ἄκρον καὶ φιλοσοφίας οὐκ ἄπειρον, ἧς Ἕλληνες μόνοι τὰ + κράτιστα μετεληλύθασι, λόγῳ τἀληθές, ὥσπερ οὖν πέφυκε, θηρεύσαντες, + οὐκ ἀπίστοις μύθοις οὐδὲ παραδόξῳ τερατείᾳ προσέχειν ἡμᾶς, ὥσπερ οἱ + πολλοὶ τῶν βαρβάρων, ἐάσαντες.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Here however I + am reminded of the report current that you are going not only to + Illyria but to Thrace also, and among the Greeks who dwell on the + shores of that sea.<a id="noteref_360" name="noteref_360" href= + "#note_360"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">360</span></span></a> Among + them I was born and brought up, and hence I have a deeply rooted + affection for them and for those parts and the cities there. And it + may be that in their hearts also there still remains no slight + affection for me: I am therefore well assured that you will, as the + saying is, gladden their hearts by your coming, and there will be a + fair exchange, since they will gain in proportion as I lose by your + leaving me here. And I say this not because I wish you to go—for it + were far better if you should return to me by the same road without + delay—but the thought in my mind is that even for this loss I shall + not be without comfort or consolation, since I can rejoice with + them on seeing you just come from us. I say <span class= + "tei tei-q">“us,”</span> since on your account I now rank myself + among the Celts,<a id="noteref_361" name="noteref_361" href= + "#note_361"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">361</span></span></a> + seeing that you are worthy to be counted among the most + distinguished Greeks for your upright administration and your other + virtues; and also for your consummate skill in oratory; in + philosophy too you are thoroughly versed, a field wherein the + Greeks alone have attained the highest rank; for they sought after + truth, as its nature requires, by the aid of reason and did not + suffer us to pay heed to incredible fables or impossible miracles + like most of the barbarians.)</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page196">[pg 196]</span><a name="Pg196" id="Pg196" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg197" id="Pg197" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦτο + μὲν ὅπως ποτὲ ἔχει, τανῦν ἀφείσθω. σὲ δέ· προπέμπειν ἤδη γὰρ ἄξιον + μετ᾽ εὐφημίας· ἄγοι μὲν θεὸς εὐμενής, ὅποι ποτ᾽ ἂν δέῃ πορεύεσθαι, + [C] Ξένιος δὲ ὑποδέχοιτο καὶ Φίλιος εὔνους, ἄγοι τε διὰ γῆς + ἀσφαλῶς· κἂν πλεῖν δέῃ, στορεννύσθω τὰ κύματα· πᾶσι δὲ φανείης + φίλος καὶ τίμιος, ἡδὺς μὲν προσιών, ἀλγεινὸς δὲ ἀπολείπων αὐτούς· + στέργων δὲ ἡμᾶς ἥκιστα ποθήσειας ἀνδρὸς ἑταίρου καὶ φίλου πιστοῦ + κοινωνίαν. εὐμενῆ δὲ καὶ τὸν αὐτοκράτορά σοι θεὸς ἀποφήνειε καὶ τὰ + ἄλλα πάντα κατὰ νοῦν διδοίη, [D] καὶ τὴν οἴκαδε παρ᾽ ἡμᾶς πορείαν + ἀσφαλῆ παρασκευάζοι καὶ ταχεῖαν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(However, this + subject also, whatever the truth about it may be, I must lay aside + for the present. But as for you—for I must needs dismiss you with + auspicious words—may God in His goodness be your guide wherever you + may have to journey, and as the God of Strangers and the Friendly + One<a id="noteref_362" name="noteref_362" href= + "#note_362"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">362</span></span></a> may + He receive you graciously and lead you safely by land; and if you + must go by sea, may He smooth the waves!<a id="noteref_363" name= + "noteref_363" href="#note_363"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">363</span></span></a> And + may you be loved and honoured by all you meet, welcome when you + arrive, regretted when you leave them! Though you retain your + affection for me, may you never lack the society of a good comrade + and faithful friend! And may God make the Emperor gracious to you, + and grant you all else according to your desire, and make ready for + you a safe and speedy journey home to us!)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ταῦτά σοι μετὰ + τῶν καλῶν κἈγαθῶν ἀνδρῶν συνεύχομαι, καὶ ἔτι πρὸς τοίτοις</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(In these + prayers for you I am echoed by all good and honourable men; and let + me add one prayer more:)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Οὖλέ τε καὶ μέγα χαῖρε, θεοὶ δὲ + τοι ὄλβια δοῖεν,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Νοστῆσαι οἶκόνδε φίλην ἐς + πατρίδα γαῖαν.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Health and + great joy be with thee, and may the gods give thee all things + good, even to come home again to thy dear + fatherland!</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_364" name= + "noteref_364" href="#note_364"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">364</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page200">[pg 200]</span><a name= + "Pg200" id="Pg200" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc13" id="toc13"></a> <a name="pdf14" id="pdf14"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em; text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Letter to Themistius the + Philosopher</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc15" id="toc15"></a> <a name="pdf16" id="pdf16"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.88em; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Introduction</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the strength + of his Aristotelian <span class="tei tei-q">“Paraphrases”</span> + Themistius may be called a scholar, though hardly a philosopher as + he himself claimed. Technically he was a Sophist: that is to say he + gave public lectures (ἐπιδείξεις), wrote exercises after the + Sophistic pattern and went on embassies, which were entrusted to + him solely on account of his persuasive charm. But he insisted that + he was no Sophist, because he took no fees<a id="noteref_365" name= + "noteref_365" href="#note_365"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">365</span></span></a> and + styled himself a practical philosopher.<a id="noteref_366" name= + "noteref_366" href="#note_366"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">366</span></span></a> He + was indifferent to the Neo-Platonic philosophy,<a id="noteref_367" + name="noteref_367" href="#note_367"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">367</span></span></a> and, + since Constantius made him a Senator, he cannot have betrayed any + zeal for the Pagan religion. From Julian's Pagan restoration he + seems to have held aloof, and, though Julian had been his pupil, + probably at Nicomedia, he did not appoint him to any office. Under + the Christian Emperor Theodosius he held a prefecture. There is no + evidence for a positive coolness, such as Zeller<a id="noteref_368" + name="noteref_368" href="#note_368"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">368</span></span></a> + assumes, between Themistius and Julian, and we know too little of + their relations to assert with some critics that the respectful + tone of this letter is ironical.<a id="noteref_369" name= + "noteref_369" href="#note_369"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">369</span></span></a> It + was probably written after Julian had <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page201">[pg 201]</span><a name="Pg201" id="Pg201" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> become Emperor, though there is nothing in it + that would not suit an earlier date; it is sometimes assigned to + 355 when Julian was still Caesar. The quotations from Aristotle are + appropriately addressed to Themistius as an Aristotelian + commentator.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page202">[pg 202]</span><a name= + "Pg202" id="Pg202" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg203" id= + "Pg203" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[253] ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ + ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΟΣ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Julian, + Emperor)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ΘΕΜΙΣΤΙΩΙ + ΦΙΛΟΣΟΦΩΙ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(To Themistius + the Philosopher)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐγώ σοι + βεβαιῶσαι μέν, ὥσπερ οὖν γράφεις, τὰς ἐλπίδας καὶ σφόδρα εὔχομαι, + δέδοικα δὲ μὴ διαμάρτω, μείζονος οὔσης τῆς ὑποσχέσεως, ἣν ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ + πρός τε τοὺς ἄλλους ἅπαντας καὶ ἔτι μᾶλλον πρὸς σεαυτὸν ποιῇ· καί + μοι πάλαι μὲν οἰομένῳ πρός τε τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον καὶ τὸν Μάρκον, καὶ εἴ + τις ἄλλος γέγονεν ἀρετῇ διαφέρων, [B] εἶναι τὴν ἅμιλλαν φρίκη τις + προσῄει καὶ δέος θαυμαστόν, μὴ τοῦ μὲν ἀπολείπεσθαι παντελῶς τῆς + ἀνδρείας δόξω, τοῦ δὲ τῆς τελείας ἀρετῆς οὐδὲ ἐπ᾽ ὀλίγον ἐφίκωμαι. + εἰς ταῦτα ἀφορῶν ἀνεπειθόμην τὴν σχολὴν ἐπαινεῖν, καὶ τῶν Ἀττικῶν + διαιτημάτων<a id="noteref_370" name="noteref_370" href= + "#note_370"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">370</span></span></a> αὐτός + τε ἡδέως ἐμεμνήμην καὶ τοῖς φίλοις ὑμῖν προσᾴδειν ἠξίουν, ὥσπερ οἱ + τὰ βαρέα φορτία φέροντες ἐν ταῖς ᾠδαῖς ἐπικουφίζουσιν αὑτοῖς τὴν + ταλαιπωρίαν. [C] σὺ δέ μοι νῦν μεῖζον ἐποίησας διὰ τῆς ἔναγχος + ἐπιστολῆς τὸ δέος καὶ τὸν ἀγῶνα τῷ παντὶ χαλεπώτερον ἔδειξας, ἐν + ταύτῃ παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ τετάχθαι με τῇ μερίδι λέγων, ἐν ᾗ πρότερον + Ἡρακλῆς καὶ Διόνυσος ἐγενέσθην φιλοσοφοῦντες ὁμοῦ καὶ βασιλεύοντες + καὶ πᾶσαν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page204">[pg + 204]</span><a name="Pg204" id="Pg204" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg205" id="Pg205" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> σχεδὸν [254] τῆς ἐπιπολαζούσης κακίας + ἀνακαθαιρόμενοι γῆν τε καὶ θάλατταν. κελεύεις δὲ πᾶσαν + ἀποσεισάμενον σχολῆς ἔννοιαν καὶ ῥᾳστώνης σκοπεῖν, ὅπως τῆς + ὑποθέσεως ἀξίως ἀγωνιούμεθα· εἶτα ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς τῶν νομοθετῶν + μέμνησαι, Σόλωνος, Πιττακοῦ, Λυκούργου, καὶ τούτων ἁπάντων μείζονα + χρῆναι παρ᾽ ἡμῶν λέγεις τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἐν δίκῃ νῦν περιμένειν. + τούτοις ἐγὼ τοῖς λόγοις ἐντυχὼν ἐξεπλάγην μικροῦ· [B] σοὶ μὲν γὰρ + ὑπελάμβανον οὐδαμῶς θεμιτὸν κολακεύειν ἢ ψεύδεσθαι, ἐμαυτῷ δὲ + συνειδὼς φύσεως μὲν ἕνεκα διαφέρον οὐδὲν οὔτε ἐξ ἀρχῆς οὔτε νῦν + ὑπάρξαν, φιλοσοφίας δὲ ἐρασθέντι μόνον· τὰς γὰρ ἐν μέσῳ σιγῶ τύχας, + αἵ μοι τὸν ἔρωτα τοῦτον ἀτελῆ τέως ἐφύλαξαν· οὐκ εἴχον οὖν ὅ, τι + χρὴ περὶ τῶν τοιούτων λόγων συμβαλεῖν, ἕως ἐπὶ νοῦν ἤγαγεν ὁ θεός, + [C] μή ποτε ἄρα προτρέπειν ἐθέλεις διὰ τῶν ἐπαίνων καὶ τῶν ἀγώνων + δεῖξαι τὸ μέγεθος, οἷς ἀνάγκη πᾶσα τὸν ἐν πολιτείᾳ ζῶντα + παραβεβλῆσθαι τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I earnestly + desire to fulfil your hopes of me even as you express them in your + letter, but I am afraid I shall fall short of them, since the + expectations you have raised both in the minds of others, and still + more in your own, are beyond my powers. There was a time when I + believed that I ought to try to rival men who have been most + distinguished for excellence, Alexander, for instance, or + Marcus;<a id="noteref_371" name="noteref_371" href= + "#note_371"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">371</span></span></a> but I + shivered at the thought and was seized with terror lest I should + fail entirely to come up to the courage of the former, and should + not make even the least approach to the latter's perfect virtue. + With this in mind I convinced myself that I preferred a life of + leisure, and I both gladly recalled the Attic manner of living, and + thought myself to be in sweet accord with you who are my friends, + just as those who carry heavy burdens lighten their labour by + singing.<a id="noteref_372" name="noteref_372" href= + "#note_372"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">372</span></span></a> But + by your recent letter you have increased my fears, and you point to + an enterprise in every way more difficult. You say that God has + placed me in the same position as Heracles and Dionysus of old who, + being at once philosophers and kings, purged almost the whole earth + and sea of the evils that infested them. You bid me shake off all + thought of leisure and inactivity that I may prove to be a good + soldier worthy of so high a destiny. And besides those examples you + go on to remind me of law-givers such as Solon, Pittacus, and + Lycurgus, and you say that men have the right to expect from me now + greater things than from any of these. When I read these words I + was almost dumbfounded; for on the one hand I was sure that it was + unlawful for you as a philosopher to flatter or deceive; on the + other hand I am fully conscious that by nature there is nothing + remarkable about me—there never was from the first nor has there + come to be now,—but as regards philosophy I have only fallen in + love with it (I say nothing of the fates that have intervened<a id= + "noteref_373" name="noteref_373" href="#note_373"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">373</span></span></a> to + make that love so far ineffectual). I could not tell therefore how + I ought to interpret such expressions, until God brought it into my + mind that perhaps by your very praises you wished to exhort me, and + to point out how great are those trials to which a statesman must + inevitably be exposed every day of his life.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τοῦτο δὲ + ἀποτρέποντός ἐστι πλέον ἢ πρὸς τὸν βίον παρορμῶντος. ὥσπερ γὰρ εἴ + τις τὸν πορθμὸν τὸν παρ᾽ ὑμῖν πλέων καὶ οὐδὲ τοῦτον ῥᾳδίως οὐδὲ + εὐκόλως ὑφιστάμενος ἀκούοι παρά του μαντικὴν ἐπαγγελλομένου τέχνην, + [D] ὡς χρεὼν αὐτὸν τὸν Αἰγαῖον ἀναμετρῆσαι καὶ τὸν Ἰόνιον καὶ τῆς + ἔξω θαλάσσης ἅψασθαι, καὶ <span class="tei tei-q">“Νῦν μὲν”</span> + ὁρᾷς ὁ προφήτης λέγοι <span class="tei tei-q">“τείχη καὶ λιμένας, + ἐκεῖ δὲ γενόμενος <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page206">[pg + 206]</span><a name="Pg206" id="Pg206" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg207" id="Pg207" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> οὐδὲ σκοπιὰν οὐδὲ πέτραν ὄψει, ἀλλ᾽ ἀγαπήσεις + καὶ ναῦν πόρρωθεν κατιδὼν προσειπεῖν τοὺς ἐμπλέοντας, καὶ τῆς γῆς + ὀψέ ποτε ἁψάμενος, τῷ θεῷ πολλάκις προσεύξῃ, πρὸς αὐτῷ γοῦν τῷ + τέλει τοῦ βίου τυχεῖν [255] ὅρμου καὶ τήν τε ναῦν σώαν παραδοῦναι + καὶ τοὺς ἐμπλέοντας ἀπαθεῖς τοῖς οἰκείοις κακῶν παραστῆσαι καὶ τὸ + σῶμα τῇ μητρὶ γῇ δοῦναι, τοῦτο δὲ ἐσόμενον ἴσως ἄδηλον ἔσται σοι + μέχρι τῆς τελευταίας ἐκείνης ἡμέρας·”</span> ἆρ᾽ οἴει τούτων + ἀκούσαντα τῶν λόγων ἐκεῖνον πόλιν γ᾽ ἂν<a id="noteref_374" name= + "noteref_374" href="#note_374"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">374</span></span></a> + οἰκεῖν ἑλέσθαι πλησίον θαλάσσης, οὐχὶ δὲ χαίρειν εἰπόντα πλούτῳ καὶ + τοῖς ἐξ ἐμπορίας ἀγαθοῖς περιγιγνομένοις, γνωρέμων πολλῶν, ξενικῆς + φιλίας, [B] ἱστορίας ἐθνῶν καὶ πόλεων ὑπεριδόντα σοφὸν ἀποφαίνειν + τὸν τοῦ Νεοκλέους, ὃς κελεύει λαθεῖν βιώσαντα; καὶ σὺ δὲ ἕοικας + τοῦτο καταμαθὼν προκαταλαμβάνειν ἡμᾶς ταῖς εἰς τὸν Ἐπίκουρον + λοιδορίαις καὶ προεξαιρεῖν τὴν τοιαύτην γνώμην. φὴς γάρ που σχολὴν + ἐπαινεῖν ἀπράγμονα καὶ διαλέξεις ἐν περιπάτοις προσήκειν ἐκείνῳ· + [C] ἐγὲ δὲ ὅτι μὲν οὐ καλῶς Ἐπικούρῳ ταῦτα ἐδόκει, πάλαι καὶ σφόδρα + πείθομαι· εἰ δὲ πάνθ᾽ ὁντινοῦν ἐπὶ πολιτείαν προτρέπειν ἄξιον, καὶ + τὸν ἧττον πεφυκότα καὶ τὸν οὔπω τελέως δυνάμενον, ἐπὶ πλεῖστον ἴσως + διαπορῆσαι χρή. λέγουσι γάρ τοι καὶ τὸν Σωκράτη πολλοὺς μὲν οὐ + σφόδρα εὐφυῶς<a id="noteref_375" name="noteref_375" href= + "#note_375"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">375</span></span></a> + ἔχοντας ἀπαγαγεῖν τοῦ βήματος, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page208">[pg 208]</span><a name="Pg208" id="Pg208" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg209" id="Pg209" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ Γλαύκωνα ἐκεῖνον, Ξενοφῶν λέγει· τὸν + δὲ<a id="noteref_376" name="noteref_376" href= + "#note_376"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">376</span></span></a> τοῦ + Κλεινίου παῖδα πειραθῆναι μὲν ἐπισχεῖν, [D] οὐ δυνηθῆναι δὲ + περιγενέσθαι τοῦ νεανίσκου τῆς ὁρμῆς. ἡμεῖς δὲ καὶ ἄκοντας καὶ + ξυνιέντας αὑτῶν προσαναγκάσομεν, θαρρεῖν ὑπὲρ τηλικούτων ἔργων + κελεύοντες, ὧν οὐκ ἀρετὴ μόνον ἐστὶν οὐδὲ προαίρεσις ὀρθὴ κυρία, + πολὺ δὲ πλέον ἡ τύχη κρατοῦσα πανταχοῦ καὶ βιαζομένη ῥέπειν ᾗπερ ἂν + ἐθέλῃ τὰ πράγματα; Χρύσιππος δὲ δοκεῦ τὰ μὲν ἄλλα σοφὸς εἶναι καὶ + νομισθῆναι δικαίως, ἀγνοήσας δὲ τὴν τύχην καὶ τὸ αὐτόματον καί + τινας ἄλλας αἰτίας [256] τοιαύτας ἔξωθεν τοῖς πρακτικοῖς + παρεμπιπτούσας οὐ σφόδρα ὁμολογούμενα λέγειν οἷς ὁ χρόνος ἡμᾶς διὰ + μυρίων ἐναργῶς διδάσκει παραδειγμάτων. ποῦ γὰρ εὐτυχῆ καὶ μακάριον + Κάτωνα φήσομεν; ποῦ δὲ Δίωνα τὸν Σικελιώτην εὐδαίμονα; οἷς τοῦ μὲν + ἀποθανεῖν ἔμελεν ἴσως οὐδέν, τοῦ δὲ μὴ λείπειν ἀτελεῖς τὰς πράξεις, + ἐφ᾽ ἃς ἐξ ἀρχῆς ὥρμησαν, [B] καὶ σφόδρα ἔμελε, καὶ πάντα ἂν εἵλοντο + παθεῖν ὑπὲρ τούτου. σφαλέντες δὲ ἐν ἐκείνοις εἰ μὲν εὐσχημόνως + ἔφερον, ὥσπερ οὖν λέγεται, τὴν τύχην παραμυθίαν ἔσχον ἐκ τῆς ἀρετῆς + οὐ μικράν, εὐδαίμονες δὲ οὐκ ἂν λέγοιντο τῶν καλλίστων πράξεων + διημαρτηκότες, πλὴν ἴσως διὰ τὴν Στωικὴν ἔνστασιν· πρὸς ἣν ῥητέον, + ὡς οὐ ταὐτόν ἐστιν ἐπαινεῖσθα καὶ μακαρίζεσθαι, καὶ εἰ φύσει τὸ + ζῷον εὐδαιμονίας ὀρέγεται, [C] κρεῖττον εἶναι τὸ κατ᾽ <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page210">[pg 210]</span><a name="Pg210" id="Pg210" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg211" id="Pg211" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐκείνην μακαριστὸν τέλος τοῦ κατ᾽ ἀρετὴν + ἐπαινετοῦ. ἥκιστα δὲ φιλεῖ τῆς εὐδαιμονίας ἡ βεβαιότης τῇ τύχῃ + πιστεύειν. καὶ τοὺς ἐν πολιτείᾳ ζῶντας οὐκ ἔνεστιν ἔνευ ταύτης + ἀναπνεῖν τὸ δὴ λεγόμενον ...<a id="noteref_377" name="noteref_377" + href="#note_377"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">377</span></span></a> + ἀληθῶς θεωροῦντες εἴτε καὶ πεποιήκασι καὶ στρατηγὸν λόγῳ<a id= + "noteref_378" name="noteref_378" href="#note_378"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">378</span></span></a>, + καθάπερ οἱ τὰς ἰδέας εἴτε καὶ ψευδῶς ξυντιθέντες, ἐν τοῖς ἀσωμάτοις + καὶ νοητοῖς ἱδρῦσθαί που τῶν τυχαίων ὑπεράνω πάντων, ἢ τὸν + Διογένους ἐκεῖνον</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But your method + is more likely to discourage than to make one eager for such an + existence. Suppose that a man were navigating your strait,<a id= + "noteref_379" name="noteref_379" href="#note_379"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">379</span></span></a> and + were finding even that none too easy or safe, and then suppose some + professional soothsayer should tell him that he would have to + traverse the Aegaean and then the Ionian Sea, and finally embark on + the outer sea. <span class="tei tei-q">“Here,”</span> that prophet + would say, <span class="tei tei-q">“you see towns and harbours, but + when you arrive there you will see not so much as a watch-tower or + a rock, but you will be thankful to descry even a ship in the + distance and to hail her crew. You will often pray to God that you + may, however late, touch land and reach a harbour, though that were + to be the last day of your life. You will pray to be allowed to + bring home your ship safe and sound and restore your crew unscathed + to their friends, and then to commit your body to mother earth. And + this indeed may happen, but you will not be sure of it until that + final day.”</span> Do you think that such a man after being told + all this would choose even to live in a sea-port town? Would he not + bid adieu to money-making and all the advantages of commerce, and + caring little for troops of friends and acquaintances abroad, and + all that he might learn about nations and cities, would he not + approve the wisdom of the son of Neocles<a id="noteref_380" name= + "noteref_380" href="#note_380"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">380</span></span></a> who + bids us <span class="tei tei-q">“Live in obscurity”</span>? Indeed, + you apparently perceived this, and by your abuse of Epicurus you + tried to forestall me and to eradicate beforehand any such purpose. + For you go on to say that it was to be expected that so idle a man + as he should commend leisure and conversations during walks. Now + for my part I have long been firmly convinced that Epicurus was + mistaken in that view of his, but whether it be proper to urge into + public life any and every man, both him who lacks natural abilities + and him who is not yet completely equipped, is a point that + deserves the most careful consideration. We are told that Socrates + dissuaded from the statesman's profession<a id="noteref_381" name= + "noteref_381" href="#note_381"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">381</span></span></a> many + who had no great natural talent, and Glaucon too, Xenophon<a id= + "noteref_382" name="noteref_382" href="#note_382"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">382</span></span></a> tells + us; and that he tried to restrain the son of Cleinias<a id= + "noteref_383" name="noteref_383" href="#note_383"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">383</span></span></a> also, + but could not curb the youth's impetuous ambition. Then shall we + try to force into that career men who are reluctant and conscious + of their deficiencies, and urge them to be self-confident about + such great tasks? For in such matters not virtue alone or a wise + policy is paramount, but to a far greater degree Fortune holds sway + throughout and compels events to incline as she wills. + Chrysippus<a id="noteref_384" name="noteref_384" href= + "#note_384"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">384</span></span></a> + indeed, though in other respects he seems a wise man and to have + been rightly so esteemed, yet in ignoring fortune and chance and + all other such external causes that fall in to block the path of + men of affairs, he uttered paradoxes wholly at variance with facts + about which the past teaches us clearly by countless examples. For + instance, shall we call Cato a fortunate and happy man? Or shall we + say that Dio of Sicily had a happy lot? It is true that for death + they probably cared nothing, but they did care greatly about not + leaving unfinished the undertakings which they had originally set + on foot, and to secure that end there is nothing that they would + not have endured. In that they were disappointed, and I admit that + they bore their lot with great dignity, as we learn, and derived no + small consolation from their virtue; but happy one could not call + them, seeing that they had failed in all those noble enterprises, + unless perhaps according to the Stoic conception of happiness. And + with regard to that same Stoic conception we must admit that to be + applauded and to be counted happy are two very different things, + and that if every living thing naturally desires happiness,<a id= + "noteref_385" name="noteref_385" href="#note_385"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">385</span></span></a> it is + better to make it our aim to be congratulated on the score of + happiness rather than to be applauded on the score of virtue. But + happiness that depends on the chances of Fortune is very rarely + secure. And yet men who are engaged in public life cannot, as the + saying is, so much as breathe unless she is on their side ... and + they have created a merely verbal idea of a leader who is + established somewhere above all the chances of Fortune in the + sphere of things incorporeal and intelligible, just as men define + the ideas, whether envisaging them truly or falsely imagining them. + Or again they give us the ideal man, according to Diogenes)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἄπολιν, [D] ἄοικον, πατρίδος + ἐστερημένον,</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The man + without a city, without a home, bereft of a + fatherland,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_386" name= + "noteref_386" href="#note_386"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">386</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">οὐκ ἔχοντα μὲν + εἰς ὅ,τι παρ᾽ αὐτῆς εὖ πάθῃ καὶ τοὐναντίον ἐν τίνι σφαλῇ· τοῦτον δὲ + ὃν ἡ συνήθεια καλεῖν εἴωθε καὶ Ὅμηρος πρῶτος,</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(that is to say, + a man who can gain nothing from Fortune, and on the other hand has + nothing to lose. But one whom we are in the habit of calling, as + Homer did first,)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-right: 3.60em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ὧι λαοί τ᾽ ἐπιτετράφαται καὶ + τόσσα μέμηλεν,</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The man to + whom the people have been entrusted and so many cares + belong,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id= + "noteref_387" name="noteref_387" href="#note_387"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">387</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">πῶς ἄν τις ἔξω + τύχης ἀπαγαγὼν τὴν θέσιν φύλάσσοι; πάλιν [257] δ᾽ ὁ αὑτὸν ὑποτιθεὶς + ταύτῃ πόσης αὑτῷ δεῖν οἰήσεται παρασκευῆς<a id="noteref_388" name= + "noteref_388" href="#note_388"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">388</span></span></a> καὶ + φρονήσεως πηλίκης ὥστε τὰς ἐφ᾽ ἑκάτερα ῥοπάς, καθάπερ πνεύματος + κυβερνήτην, εὐσχημόνως φέρειν;</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(how I ask shall + we lead him beyond the reach of Fortune and keep his position + secure? Then again, if he subject himself to Fortune, how great the + provision he will think he must make, how great the prudence he + must display so as to sustain with equanimity her variations in + either direction, as a pilot must sustain the variations of the + wind!)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Οὐκ ἔστι + θαυμαστὸν ἀντιτάξασθαι προσπολεμούσῃ μόνον αὐτῇ, πολὺ δὲ + θαυμασιώτερον<a id="noteref_389" name="noteref_389" href= + "#note_389"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">389</span></span></a> τῶν + ὑπαρξάντων παρ᾽ αὐτῆς ἀγαθῶν ἄξιον φανῆναι. τούτοις ὁ μέγιστος ἑάλω + βασιλεὺς ὁ τὴν Ἀσίαν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page212">[pg + 212]</span><a name="Pg212" id="Pg212" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg213" id="Pg213" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> καταστρεψάμενος [B] Δαρείου καὶ Ξέρξου + χαλεπώτερος καὶ μᾶλλον ἀλαζὼν φανείς, ἐπειδὴ τῆς ἐκείνων ἀρχῆς + κατέστη κύριος, τούτοις ἁλόντες τοῖς βέλεσιν ἄρδην ἀπώλοντο Πέρσαι, + Μακεδόνες, ὁ τῶν Ἀθηναίων δῆμος, Συρακούσιοι, τὰ Λακεδαιμωνίων + τέλη, Ῥωμαίων στρατηγοὶ καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς αὐτοκράτορες μυρίοι. πολὺ + μῆκος ἂν γένοιτο πάντας ἀπαριθμουμένῳ τοὺς διὰ πλοῦτον καὶ νίκας + καὶ τρυφὴν ἀπολομένους· ὅσοι δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν δυσπραγιῶν ἐπικλυσθέντες + δοῦλοι [C] μὲν ἀντ᾽ ἐλευθέρων, ταπεινοὶ δὲ ἀντὶ γενναίων καὶ σφόδρα + εὐτελεῖς ἀντὶ τῶν πρόσθεν σεμνῶν ἅπασιν ὤφθησαν, τί με χρὴ νῦν + ὥσπερ ἐκ δέλτου μεταγράφοντα καταλέγειν; εἰ γὰρ ὤφελεν ὁ τῶν + ἀνθρώπων βίος ἀπορεῖν παραδειγμάτων τοιούτων. ἀλλ᾽ οὔτε ἐστὶν οὔτ᾽ + ἂν γένοιτό ποτε τῶν τοιούτων ἐνδεὴς παραδειγμάτων, ἕως ἂν τὸ τῶν + ἀνθρώπων διαμένῃ γένος.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Yet it is + nothing wonderful to withstand Fortune when she is merely hostile, + but much more wonderful is it to show oneself worthy of the favours + she bestows. By her favours the greatest of kings, the + conqueror<a id="noteref_390" name="noteref_390" href= + "#note_390"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">390</span></span></a> of + Asia was ensnared, and showed himself more cruel and more insolent + than Darius and Xerxes, after he had become the master of their + empire. The shafts of her favours subdued and utterly destroyed the + Persians, the Macedonians, the Athenian nation, Spartan + magistrates, Roman generals, and countless absolute monarchs + besides. It would be an endless business to enumerate all who have + fallen victims to their wealth and victories and luxury. And as for + those who, submerged by the tide of their misfortunes, from free + men have become slaves, who have been humbled from their high + estate after all their splendour and become poor and mean in the + eyes of all men, what need now to go through the list of them as + though I were copying it from a written record? Would that human + life afforded no such instances! But it does not nor ever will lack + such, so long as the race of man endures.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[D] Ὅτι δὲ οὐκ + ἐγὼ μόνος τὴν τύχην ἐπὶ πλεῖστον ἐν τοῖς πρακτέοις κρατεῖν + νενόμικα, λέγοιμ᾽ ἂν ἤδη σοι τὰ τοῦ Πλάτωνος ἐκ τῶν θαυμασίων + Νόμων, εἰδότι μὲν καὶ διδάξαντί με, ἀπόδειξιν δὲ ὥσπερ τοῦ μὴ + ῥᾳθυμεῖν ποιούμενος παραγέγραφά σοι τὴν ῥῆσιν ὧδέ πως ἔχουσαν. + <span class="tei tei-q">“Θεὸς μὲν πάντα καὶ μετὰ θεοῦ τύχη καὶ + καιρὸς τὰ ἀνθρώπινα διακυβερνῶσι ξύμπαντα. ἡμερώτερον μὴν τούτοις + συγχωρῆσαι [258] τρίτον δεῖν ἕπεσθαι τέχνην.”</span> εἶτα ὁποῖον + εἶναι χρὴ τὸν τεχνίτην καὶ δημιουργὸν τῶν καλῶν πράξεων καὶ βασιλέα + θεῖον<a id="noteref_391" name="noteref_391" href= + "#note_391"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">391</span></span></a> + ὑπογράφων· <span class="tei tei-q">“Γινώσκων ὁ Κρόνος ἄρα, καθάπερ + ἡμεῖς, φησί, διεληλύθαμεν, ὡς ἀνθρωπεία φύσις <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page214">[pg 214]</span><a name="Pg214" id="Pg214" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg215" id="Pg215" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> οὐδαμῇ οὐδεμία ἱκανὴ τὰ ἀνθρώπινα διοικοῦσα + αὐτοκράτωρ πάντα μὴ οὐχ ὕβρεώς τε καὶ ἀδικίας μεστοῦσθαι, [B] ταῦτ᾽ + οὖν διανοούμενος ἐφίστη τότε βασιλέας καὶ ἄρχοντας ταῖς πόλεσιν + ἡμῶν οὐκ ἀνθρώπους, ἀλλὰ γένους θειοτέρου καὶ ἀμείνονος, δαίμονας, + οἷον νῦν ἡμεῖς δρῶμεν τοῖς ποιμνίοις καὶ ὅσων ἡμεροί εἰσιν ἀγέλαι· + οὐ βοῦς βοῶν οὐδὲ αἶγας αἰγῶν ἄρχοντας ποιοῦμεν αὐτοῖς τινας, ἀλλ᾽ + ἡμεῖς αὐτῶν δεσπόζομεν, ἄμεινον ἐκείνων γένος. ταὐτὸν δὴ καὶ ὁ θεὸς + φιλάνθρωπος ὢν γένος ἄμεινον ἡμῶν ἐφίστη τὸ τῶν δαιμόνων, ὃ διὰ + πολλῆς μὲν αὐτοῖς ῥᾳστώνης, [C] διὰ πολλῆς δ᾽ ἡμῖν, ἐπιμελόμενον + ἡμῶν, εἰρήνην τε καὶ αἰδῶ καὶ δὴ ἀφθονίαν δίκης παρεχόμενον, + ἀστασίαστα καὶ εὐδαίμονα τὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἀπειργάζετο γένη. λέγει δὴ + καὶ νῦν οὗτος ὁ λόγος ἀληθείᾳ χρώμενος, ὅσων πόλεων μὴ θεός, ἀλλά + τις ἄρχει θνητός, οὐκ ἔστι κακῶν αὐτοῖς οὐδὲ πόνων ἀνάψυξις· ἀλλὰ + μιμεῖσθαι δεῖν ἡμᾶς οἴεται πάσῃ μηχανῇ τὸν ἐπὶ τοῦ Κρόνου λεγόμενον + βίον, [D] καὶ ὅσον ἐν ἡμῖν ἀθανασίας ἔνεστι, τούτῳ πειθομένους + δημοσίᾳ καὶ ἰδίᾳ τάς τε οἰκήσεις καὶ τὰς πόλεις διοικεῖν, τὴν τοῦ + νοῦ διανομὴν ὀνομάζοντας νόμον. εἰ δὲ ἄνθρωπος εἷς ἢ ὀλιγαρχία τις + ἢ δημοκρατία ψυχὴν ἔχουσα ἡδονῶν καὶ ἐπιθυμιῶν ὀρεγομένην καὶ + πληροῦσθαι [259] τούτων δεομένην ἄρξει δὴ πόλεώς τινος ἢ ἰδιώτου + καταπατήσας τοὺς νόμους, οὐκ ἔστι σωτηρίας μηχανή.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And to show + that I am not the only one who thinks that Fortune has the upper + hand in practical affairs, I will quote to you a passage from that + admirable work the Laws of Plato. You know it well and indeed + taught it to me, but I have set down the speech which runs + something like this, and offer it as a proof that I am not really + indolent. <span class="tei tei-q">“God governs all things and with + God Fortune and Opportunity govern all human affairs: but there is + a milder view that Art must needs go with them and must be their + associate.”</span><a id="noteref_392" name="noteref_392" href= + "#note_392"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">392</span></span></a> He + then indicates what must be the character of a man who is the + craftsman and artificer of noble deeds and a divinely inspired + king. Then he says: <span class="tei tei-q">“Kronos therefore, as I + have already related, knew that human nature when endowed with + supreme authority is never in any case capable of managing human + affairs without being filled with insolence and injustice; + therefore, having regard to this he at that time set over our + cities as kings and governors not men but beings of a more divine + and higher race, I mean demons; thus doing as we do now for our + flocks and domestic herds. We never appoint certain oxen to rule + over other oxen or goats to rule over goats, but we are their + masters, a race superior to theirs. In like manner then God, since + he loves mankind, has set over us a race of beings superior to + ourselves, the race of demons; and they with great ease both to + themselves and us undertake the care of us and dispense peace, + reverence, aye, and above all justice without stint, and thus they + make the tribes of men harmonious and happy. And that account is a + true one which declares that in our day all cities that are + governed not by a god but by a mortal man have no relief from evils + and hardships. And the lesson is that we ought by every means in + our power to imitate that life which is said to have existed in the + days of Kronos: and in so far as the principle of immortality is in + us we ought to be guided by it in our management of public and + private affairs, of our houses and cities, calling the distribution + of mind <span class="tei tei-q">‘law.’</span><a id="noteref_393" + name="noteref_393" href="#note_393"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">393</span></span></a> But + whether the government be in the hands of one man or of an + oligarchy or democracy, if it have a soul that hankers after + pleasure and the lower appetites and demands to indulge these, and + if such a one rule over a city or individual having first trampled + on the laws, there is no means of salvation.”</span><a id= + "noteref_394" name="noteref_394" href="#note_394"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">394</span></span></a>)</p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page216">[pg 216]</span><a name="Pg216" id="Pg216" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg217" id="Pg217" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ταύτην ἐγώ σοι + τὴν ῥῆσιν ἐξεπίτηδες ὅλην παρέγραφα, μή με κλέπτειν ὑπολάβῃς καὶ + κακουργεῖν μύθους ἀρχαίους προφέροντα, τυχὸν μὲν ἐμφερῶς, οὐ μὴν + ἀληθῶς πάντη ξυγκειμένους. ἀλλ᾽ ὅ γε ἀληθὴς ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν λόγος τί + φησιν; ἀκούεις ὅτι, κἂν ἄνθρωπός τις ᾖ τῇ φύσει, θεῖον εἶναι χρὴ τῇ + προαιρέσει καὶ δαίμονα, πᾶν ἅπλως ἐκβαλόντα τὸ θνητὸν καὶ θηριῶδες + τῆς ψυχῆς, [B] πλὴν ὅσα ἀνάγκη διὰ τὴν τοῦ σώματος παραμένειν + σωτηρίαν; ταῦτα εἴ τις ἐννοῶν δέδοικεν ἐπὶ τηλικοῦτον ελκόμενος + βίον, ἆρά σοι φαίνεται τὴν Ἐπικούρειον θαυμάζειν ἀπραγμοσύνην καὶ + τοὺς κήπους καὶ τὸ προάστειον τῶν Ἀθηνῶν<a id="noteref_395" name= + "noteref_395" href="#note_395"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">395</span></span></a> καὶ + τὰς μυρρίνας καὶ τὸ Σωκράτους δωμάτιον; ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἔστιν ὅπου γε ἐγὼ + ταῦτα προτιμήσας τῶν πόνων ὤφθην. ἥδιστα ἄν σοι τοὺς ἐμαυτοῦ πόνους + διεξῆλθον καὶ τὰ ἐπικρεμασθέντα παρὰ τῶν φίλων καὶ ξυγγενῶν, ὅτε + τῆς παρ᾽ ὑμῖν [C] ἠρχόμην παιδείας, δείματα, εἰ μὴ σφόδρα αὐτὸς + ἠπίστασο. τὰ δὲ ἐν Ἰωνίᾳ πρὸς τὸν καὶ γένει προσήκοντα καὶ φιλίᾳ + μᾶλλον οἰκεῖον ὄντα μοι πραχθέντα πρότερον ὑπὲρ ἀνδρὸς ξένου μικρά + παντελῶς γνωρίμου μοι γενομένου, τοῦ σοφιστοῦ φημί, λέληθεν οὐδέν + σε. ἀποδημίας δὲ οὐχ ὑπέστην τῶν φίλων ἕνεκα; καίτοι Καρτερίῳ μὲν + οἶσθ᾽ ὅπως [D] συνηράμην πρὸς τὸν ἑταῖρον ἡμῖν ἀφικόμενος Ἀράξιον + ἄκλητος, ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ δεησόμενος. ὑπὲρ δὲ τῶν τῆς θαυμασίας Ἀρετῆς + κτημάτων καὶ ὧν ἐπεπόνθει παρὰ τῶν γειτόνων <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page218">[pg 218]</span><a name="Pg218" id="Pg218" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg219" id="Pg219" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> οὐκ εἰς τὴν Φρυγίαν τὸ δεύτερον ἀφικόμην ἐν + οὐδὲ ὅλοις μησὶ δύο, ἀσθενοῦς ἤδη μοι παντελὼς ὄντος τοῦ σώματος + διὰ τὴν ἐπιγενομένην ὑπὸ τῆς πρότερον κακοπαθείας ἀρρωστίαν; ἀλλὰ + δὴ τὸ τελευταῖον πρὸ τῆς εἰς τὴν Ἑλλάδα γενομένης ἡμῖν ἀφίξεως, ὅτε + περὶ τῶν ἐσχάτων, ὡς ἂν εἴποιεν οἱ πολλοί, κινδυνεύων ἐγὼ τῷ + στρατοπέδῳ παρέμενον, [260] ὁποίας ἔγραφον ἐπιστολὰς πρὸς σὲ νῦν + ὑπομνήσθητι, μήποτε ὀδυρμῶν πλήρεις, μήτι μικρὸν ἢ ταπεινὸν ἢ λίαν + ἀγεννὲς ἐχούσας. ἀπιὼν δὲ ἐπὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα πάλιν, ὅτε με φεύγειν + ἐνόμιζον πάντες, οὐχ ὡς ἐν ἑορτῇ τῇ μεγίστῃ τὴν τύχην ἐπαινῶν + ἡδίστην ἔφην εἶναι τὴν ἀμοιβὴν ἐμοὶ [B] καὶ τὸ δὴ λεγόμενον</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I have + purposely set down the whole of this speech for you lest you should + think that I am cheating and defrauding by bringing forward ancient + myths which may have some resemblance to the truth, but on the + whole are not composed with regard to truth. But what is the true + meaning of this narrative? You hear what it says, that even though + a prince be by nature human, he must in his conduct be divine and a + demi-god and must completely banish from his soul all that is + mortal and brutish, except what must remain to safeguard the needs + of the body. Now if, reflecting on this, one is afraid to be + constrained to adopt a life from which so much is expected, do you + therefore conclude that one admires the inaction recommended by + Epicurus, the gardens and suburbs of Athens and its myrtles, or the + humble home of Socrates? But never has anyone seen me prefer these + to a life of toil. That toil of mine I would willingly recount to + you, and the hazards that threatened me from my friends and + kinsfolk at the time when I began to study under you, if you did + not yourself know them well enough. You are well aware of what I + did, in the first place, in Ionia in opposition to one who was + related to me by ties of blood, but even more closely by ties of + friendship, and that in behalf of a foreigner with whom I was very + slightly acquainted, I mean the sophist. Did I not endure to leave + the country for the sake of my friends? Indeed, you know how I took + the part of Carterius when I went unsolicited to our friend Araxius + to plead for him. And in behalf of the property of that admirable + woman Arete and the wrongs she had suffered from her neighbours, + did I not journey to Phrygia for the second time within two months, + though I was physically very weak from the illness that had been + brought on by former fatigues?<a id="noteref_396" name= + "noteref_396" href="#note_396"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">396</span></span></a> + Finally, before I went to Greece, while I was still with the army + and running what most people would call the greatest possible + risks, recall now what sort of letters I wrote to you, never filled + with complaints or containing anything little or mean or servile. + And when I returned to Greece, when everyone regarded me as an + exile, did I not welcome my fate as though it were some high + festival, and did I not say that the exchange to me was most + delightful, and that, as the saying is, I had thereby gained)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">χρύσεα χαλκείων, ἑκατόμβοι᾽ + ἐννεαβοίων</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">gold for + bronze, the price of a hundred oxen for the price of + nine</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">?</span><a id="noteref_397" name="noteref_397" + href="#note_397"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">397</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ἔφην + ἀντηλλάχθαι; οὕτως ἀντὶ τῆς ἐμαυτοῦ ἑστίας τὴν Ἑλλάδα λαχὼν + ἐγανύμην, οὐχ ἀγρόν, οὐ κῆπον, οὐ δωμάτιον ἐκεῖ κεκτημένος.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">So great was my + joy at obtaining the chance to live in Greece instead of in my own + home, though I possessed there no land or garden or the humblest + house.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἁλλὰ ἴσως ἔοικα + ἐγὼ τὰς μὲν δυσπραγίας οὐκ ἀγεννῶς φέρειν, πρὸς δὲ τὰς παρὰ τῆς + τύχης δωρεὰς ἀγεννής τις εἶναι καὶ μικρός, ὅ γε ἀγαπῶν τὰς Ἀθήνας + μᾶλλον τοῦ νῦν περὶ ἡμᾶς ὄγκου, τὴν σχολὴν δήπουθεν ἐκείνην + ἐπαινῶν, διὰ δὲ τὸ [C] πλῆθος τῶν πράξεων τοῦτον αἰτιώμενος τὸν + βίον; ἀλλὰ μή ποτε χρὴ περὶ ἡμῶν ἄμεινον κρίνειν, οὐκ εἰς ἀπραξίαν + καὶ πρᾶξιν βλέποντας, μᾶλλον δὲ εἰς τὸ Γνῶθι σαυτὸν καὶ τὸ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But perhaps you + think that though I can bear adversity in the proper spirit, yet I + show a poor and mean spirit towards the good gifts of Fortune, + seeing that I prefer Athens to the pomp that now surrounds me; + because, you will doubtless say, I approve the leisure of those + days and disparage my present life because of the vast amount of + work that the latter involves. But perhaps you ought to judge of me + more accurately, and not consider the question whether I am idle or + industrious, but rather the precept, <span class="tei tei-q">“Know + thyself,”</span> and the saying,)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἔρδοι δ᾽ ἕκαστος ἥντιν᾽ εἰδείη + τέχνην.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Let every + man practise the craft which he knows.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_398" name= + "noteref_398" href="#note_398"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">398</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page220">[pg 220]</span><a name= + "Pg220" id="Pg220" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg221" id= + "Pg221" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Μεῖζον ἔμοιγε + φαίνεται τὸ βασιλεύειν ἢ κατ᾽ ἄνθρωπον καὶ φύσεως δεῖσθαι + δαιμονιωτέρας βασιλεύς, [D] ὥσπερ οὖν καὶ Πλάτων ἔλεγε· καὶ νῦν + Ἀριστοτέλους εἰς ταῦτὸ συντείνοντα παραγράψω λόγον, οὐ γλαῦκα + Ἀθηναίοις ἄγων, ἀλλ᾽ ὅτι μὴ παντάπασιν ἀμελῶ τῶν ἐκείνου λόγων + ἐπιδεικνύμενος. φησὶ δὲ ὁ ἀνὴρ ἐν τοῖς πολιτικοῖς συγγράμμασιν· + <span class="tei tei-q">“Εἱ δὲ δή τις ἄριστον θείη τὸ βασιλεύεσθαι + ταῖς πόλεσι, τῶς ἕξει τὰ περὶ τῶν τέκνων; πότερον καὶ τὸ γένος δεῖ + βασιλεύειν; ἀλλὰ γιγνομένων ὁποῖοί τινες ἔτυχον, βλαβερόν. ἀλλὰ οὐ + παραδώσει [261] κύριος ὢν τοῖς τέκνοις; ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἔτι ῥᾴδιον τοῦτο + πιστεῦσαι· χαλεπὸν γὰρ καὶ μείζονος ἀρετῆς ἢ κατ᾽ ἀνθρωπίνην + φύσιν.”</span> ἑξῆς δὲ περὶ τοῦ κατὰ νόμον λεγομένου βασιλέως + διεξελθών, ὡς<a id="noteref_399" name="noteref_399" href= + "#note_399"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">399</span></span></a> ἐστὶν + ὑπηρέτης καὶ φύλαξ τῶν νόμων, καὶ τοῦτον οὐδὲ βασιλέα καλῶν, οὐδὲ + τὸν τοιοῦτον εἶδος πολιτείας<a id="noteref_400" name="noteref_400" + href="#note_400"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">400</span></span></a> + οἰόμενος, προστίθησι· <span class="tei tei-q">“[B] Περὶ δὲ τῆς + παμβασιλείας καλουμένης, αὕτη δ᾽ ἐστὶ καθ᾽ ἣν ἄρχει πάντων κατὰ τὴν + αὑτοῦ βούλησιν ὁ βασιλεύς, δοκεῖ τισιν οὐδὲ κατὰ φύσιν εἶναι τὸ + κύριον ἕνα πάντων εἶναι τῶν πολιτῶν· τοῖς γὰρ ὁμοίοις φύσει τὸ αὐτὸ + δίκαιον ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι.”</span> εἶτα μετ᾽ ὀλίγον φησίν· + <span class="tei tei-q">“Ὁ μὲν οὖν τὸν νοῦν κελεύων ἄρχειν δοκεῖ + κελεύειν ἄρχειν τὸν θεὸν καὶ τοὺς νόμους· ὁ δὲ ἄνθρωπον κελεύων + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page222">[pg 222]</span><a name= + "Pg222" id="Pg222" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg223" id= + "Pg223" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> προστίθησι καὶ θηρία· [C] ἥ τε + γὰρ ἐπιθυμία τοιοῦτον καὶ ὁ θυμὸς ὃς<a id="noteref_401" name= + "noteref_401" href="#note_401"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">401</span></span></a> + διαστρέφει καὶ τοὺς ἀρίστους ἄνδρασ· διόπερ ἄνευ ὀρέξεως ὁ νοῦς + νόμος ἐστίν.”</span> ὁρᾷς, ὁ φιλόσοφος ἔοικεν ἐνταῦθα σαφῶς + ἀπιστοῦντι καὶ κατεγνωκότι τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης φύσεως. φησὶ γὰρ οὕτω + ῥήματι τοῦτο λέγων· οὐδεμίαν ἀξιόχρεων εἶναι φύσιν ἀνθρωπίνην πρὸς + τοσαύτην τύχης ὑπεροχήν· [D] οὔτε γὰρ τῶν παίδων τὸ κοινῇ τοῖς + πολίταις συμφέρον προτιμᾶν ἄνθρωπόν γε ὄντα ῥᾴδιον ὑπολαμβάνει, καὶ + πολλῶν ὁμοίων ἄρχειν οὐ δίκαιον εἶναί φησι, καὶ τέλος ἐπιθεὶς τὸν + κολοφῶνα τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν λόγοις νόμον μὲν εἶναί φησι τὸν νοῦν χωρὶς + ὀρέξεως, ᾧ μόνῳ τὰς πολιτείας ἐπιτρέπειν χρῆναι, ἀνδρῶν δὲ οὐδενί. + ὁ γὰρ ἐν αὐτοῖς νοῦς, κἂν ὦσιν ἀγαθοί, συμπέπλεκται θυμῷ καὶ + ἐπιθυμίᾳ, θηρίοις χαλεπωτάτοις. ταῦτα ἐμοὶ [262] δοκεῖ τοῖς τοῦ + Πλάτωνος ἄκρως ὁμολογεῖν, πρῶτον μὲν ὅτι κρείττονα χρὴ τῶν + ἀρχομένων εἶναι τὸν ἄρχοντα, οὐκ ἐπιτηδεύσει μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ φύσει + διαφέροντα· ὅπερ εὑρεῖν ἐν ἀνθρώποις οὐ ῥᾴδιον·<a id="noteref_402" + name="noteref_402" href="#note_402"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">402</span></span></a> ... + καὶ τρίτον ὅτι πάσῃ μηχανῇ κατὰ δύναμιν νόμοις προσεκτέον οὐκ ἐκ + τοῦ παραχρῆμα κειμένοις οὐδὲ ὡς ἔοικε νῦν τεθεῖσιν ὑπ᾽ ἀνδρῶν οὐ + πάντη κατὰ νοῦν βεβιωκότων, ἀλλ᾽ ὅστις μᾶλλον τὸν νοῦν καθαρθεὶς + καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν οὐκ εἰς τὰ παρόντα [B] ἀφορῶν ἀδικήματα οὐδὲ εἰς + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page224">[pg 224]</span><a name= + "Pg224" id="Pg224" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg225" id= + "Pg225" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> τὰς παρεστώσας τύχας τίθησι + τοὺς νόμους, ἀλλὰ τὴν τῆς πολιτείας φύσιν καταμαθὼν καὶ τὸ δίκαιον + οἷόν<a id="noteref_403" name="noteref_403" href= + "#note_403"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">403</span></span></a> ἐστι + τῇ φύσει καὶ ποταπόν ἐστι τἀδίκημα τεθεαμένος τῇ φύσει, εἶθ᾽ ὅσα + δυνατὸν ἐστιν ἐκεῖθεν ἐνταῦθα μεταφέρων καὶ τιθεὶς νόμους τοῖς + πολίταις κοινούς, οὔτε εἰς φιλίαν οὔτε εἰς ἔχθραν ἀφορῶν [C] οὔτε + εἰς γείτονα καὶ ξυγγενῆ· κρεῖσσον δέ, εἰ μηδὲ τοῖς καθ᾽ ἑαυτὸν + ἀνθρώποις, ἀλλὰ τοῖς ὕστερον ἢ ξένοις γράψας ἀποπέμποι νόμους, ἔχων + γε οὐδὲν οὐδὲ ἐλπίζων πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἕξειν ἰδιωτικὸν συνάλλαγμα. ἐπεὶ + καὶ τὸν Σόλωνα τὸν σοφὸν ἀκούω μετὰ τῶν φίλων συμβουλευσάμενον ὑπὲρ + τῆς τῶν χρεῶν ἀναιρέσεως τοῖς μὲν εὐπορίας ἀφορμήν, αὑτῷ δὲ + αἰσχύνης αἰτίαν παρασχεῖν, καὶ ταῦτα τῷ πολιτεύματι τὸν δῆμον + ἐλευθερώσαντα. οὕτως [D] οὐ ῥᾴδιόν ἐστι τὰς τοιαύτας ἐκφυγεῖν + κῆρας, κἂν τὸν αὑτοῦ νοῦν παράσχῃ τις ἀπαθῆ πρὸς τὴν πολιτείαν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(To me, at any + rate, it seems that the task of reigning is beyond human powers, + and that a king needs a more divine character, as indeed Plato too + used to say. And now I will write out a passage from Aristotle to + the same effect, not <span class="tei tei-q">“bringing owls to the + Athenians,”</span><a id="noteref_404" name="noteref_404" href= + "#note_404"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">404</span></span></a> but + in order to show you that I do not entirely neglect his writings. + In his political treatises he says: <span class="tei tei-q">“Now + even if one maintain the principle that it is best for cities to be + governed by a king, how will it be about his children? Ought his + children to succeed him? And yet if they prove to be no better than + anybody else, that would be a bad thing for the city. But you may + say, though he has the power he will not leave the succession to + his children? It is difficult indeed to believe that he will not; + for that would be too hard for him, and demands a virtue greater + than belongs to human nature.”</span><a id="noteref_405" name= + "noteref_405" href="#note_405"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">405</span></span></a> And + later on, when he is describing a so-called king who rules + according to law, and says that he is both the servant and guardian + of the laws, he does not call him a king at all, nor does he + consider such a king as a distinct form of government; and he goes + on to say: <span class="tei tei-q">“Now as for what is called + absolute monarchy, that is to say, when a king governs all other + men according to his own will, some people think that it is not in + accordance with the nature of things for one man to have absolute + authority over all the citizens; since those who are by nature + equal must necessarily have the same rights.”</span><a id= + "noteref_406" name="noteref_406" href="#note_406"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">406</span></span></a> + Again, a little later he says: <span class="tei tei-q">“It seems, + therefore, that he who bids Reason rule is really preferring the + rule of God and the laws, but he who bids man rule, adds an element + of the beast. For desire is a wild beast, and passion which warps + even the best men. It follows, therefore, that law is Reason exempt + from desire.”</span> You see the philosopher seems here clearly to + distrust and condemn human nature. For he says so in so many words + when he asserts that human nature is in no case worthy of such an + excess of fortune. For he thinks that it is too hard for one who is + merely human to prefer the general weal of the citizens to his own + children; he says that it is not just that one man should rule over + many who are his equals; and, finally, he puts the finishing + stroke<a id="noteref_407" name="noteref_407" href= + "#note_407"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">407</span></span></a> to + what he has just said when he asserts that <span class= + "tei tei-q">“law is Reason exempt from desire,”</span> and that + political affairs ought to be entrusted to Reason alone, and not to + any individual man whatever. For the reason that is in men, however + good they may be, is entangled with passion and desire, those most + ferocious monsters. These opinions, it seems to me, harmonise + perfectly with Plato's; first, that he who governs ought to be + superior to his subjects and surpass them not only in his acquired + habits but also in natural endowment; a thing which is not easy to + find among men;... thirdly, that he ought by every means in his + power to observe the laws, not those that were framed to meet some + sudden emergency, or established, as now appears, by men whose + lives were not wholly guided by reason; but he must observe them + only in case the lawgiver, having purified his mind and soul, in + enacting those laws keeps in view not merely the crimes of the + moment or immediate contingencies; but rather recognises the nature + of government and the essential nature of justice, and has + carefully observed also the essential nature of guilt, and then + applies to his task all the knowledge thus derived, and frames laws + which have a general application to all the citizens without regard + to friend or foe, neighbour or kinsman. And it is better that such + a lawgiver should frame and promulgate his laws not for his + contemporaries only but for posterity also, or for strangers with + whom he neither has nor expects to have any private dealings. For + instance, I hear that the wise Solon, having consulted his friends + about the cancelling of debts, furnished them with an opportunity + to make money, but brought on himself a disgraceful + accusation.<a id="noteref_408" name="noteref_408" href= + "#note_408"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">408</span></span></a> So + hard is it to avoid such fatalities, even when a man brings a + passionless mind to the task of governing.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἃ δεδιὼς ἐγὼ + πολλάκις εἰκότως ἐπαινῶ τὸν ἔμπροσθεν βίον, καὶ σοὶ πειθόμενος + μάλιστα ταῦτα ἐγὼ διανοοῦμαι, οὐχ ὅτι μοι τὸν ζῆλον πρὸς ἐκείνους + μόνον ἔφης προκεῖσθαι τοὺς ἄνδρας, Σόλωνα καὶ Λυκοῦργον καὶ + Πιττακόν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὅτι μεταβῆναί με φὴς ἐκ τῆς ὑποστέγου φιλοσοφίας + πρὸς τὴν ὑπαίθριον. [263] ὥσπερ οὖν, εἰ τῷ χαλεπῶς καὶ μόλις + ὑγιείας ἕνεκα τῆς αὑτοῦ γυμναζομένῳ μετρίως οἴκαδε προύλεγες, ὅτι + <span class="tei tei-q">“Νῦν ἥκεις εἰς Ὀλυμπίαν καὶ μεταβέβηκας ἐκ + τῆς ἐν τῷ δωματίῳ παλαίστρας ἐπὶ τὸ στάδιον τοῦ Διός, οὗ θεατὰς + ἕξεις τούς τε ἁπανταχόθεν Ἕλληνας <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page226">[pg 226]</span><a name="Pg226" id="Pg226" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg227" id="Pg227" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ πρώτους γε τοὺς σαυτοῦ πολίτας, ὑπὲρ ὧν + ἀγωνίζεσθαι χρή, τινὰς δὲ καὶ τῶν βαρβάρων, οὓς ἐκπλῆξαι χρεών, + φοβερωτέραν αὐτοῖς τὴν πατρίδα όο γε εἰς σὲ νῦν ἧκον + ἐπιδείξαντα,”</span> κατέβαλες ἂν εὐθέως καὶ τρέμειν ἐποίησας πρὸ + τῆς ἀγωνίας· [B] οὕτω κἀμὲ νῦν νόμιζε διατεθῆναι τοῖς τοιούτοις + λόγοις. καὶ περὶ μὲν τούτων εἴτε ὀρθῶς ἔγνωκα νῦν εἴτε ἐν μέρει + σφάλλομαι τοῦ προσήκοντος εἴτε καὶ τοῦ παντὸς διαμαρτάνω, διδάξεις + αὐτίκα μάλα.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And since this + sort of thing is what I dread, it is natural that I should often + dwell on the advantages of my previous mode of life, and I am but + obeying you when I reflect that you said not only that I must + emulate those famous men Solon, Lycurgus and Pittacus, but also + that I must now quit the shades of philosophy for the open air. + This is as though you had announced to a man who for his health's + sake and by exerting himself to the utmost was able to take + moderate exercise at home: <span class="tei tei-q">“Now you have + come to Olympia and have exchanged the gymnasium in your house for + the stadium of Zeus, where you will have for spectators Greeks who + have come from all parts, and foremost among them your own + fellow-citizens, on whose behalf you must enter the lists; and + certain barbarians will be there also whom it is your duty to + impress, showing them your fatherland in as formidable a light as + lies in your power.”</span> You would have disconcerted him at once + and made him nervous before the games began. You may now suppose + that I have been affected in the same manner by just such words + from you. And you will very soon inform me whether my present view + is correct, or whether I am in part deceived as to my proper course + or whether indeed I am wholly mistaken.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[C] Ὑπὲρ δὲ ὧν + ἀπορῆσαί μοι πρὸς τὴν ἐπιστολὴν τὴν σὴν παρέστη, ὦ φίλη κεφαλὴ καὶ + πάσης ἔμοιγε τιμῆς ἀξία, βούλομαι δηλῶσαι· σαφέστερον γάρ πως ὑπὲρ + αὐτῶν ἐπιθυμῶ μαθεῖν. ἔφησθα ὅτι τὸν ἐν τῇ πράξει παρὰ τὸν + φιλόσοφον ἐπαινεῖς βίον, καὶ τὸν Ἀριστοτέλη τὸν σοφὸν ἐκάλεις + μάρτυρα, τὴν εὐδαιμονίαν ἐν τῷ πράττειν εὖ τιθέμενον, καὶ τὴν + διαφορὰν σκοποῦντα τοῦ τε πολιτικοῦ βίου καὶ τῆς ἐν τῇ θεωρίᾳ ζωῆς, + διαπορεῖν ἄττα περὶ αὐτῶν, καὶ τὴν μὲν θεωρίαν ἐν ἄλλοις προτιμᾶν, + ἐπαινεῖν δὲ ἐνταῦθα τοὺς τῶν καλῶν πράξεων ἀρχιτέκτονας. [D] + τούτους δὲ αὐτὸς μὲν εἶναι φὴς τοὺς βασιλέας, Ἀριστοτέλης δὲ + εἴρηκεν οὐδαμοῦ κατὰ τὴν ὑπὸ σοῦ προστεθεῖσαν λέξιν, πλέον δὲ + θάτερον ἐξ ὧν παραγέγραφας ἄν τις νοήσειε. τὸ γὰρ <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Μάλιστα δὲ πράττειν λέγομεν κυρίως καὶ τῶν ἐξωτερικῶν + πράξεων τοὺς ταῖς διανοίαις ἀρχιτέκτονας”</span> εἰς τοὺς νομοθέτας + καὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page228">[pg 228]</span><a name= + "Pg228" id="Pg228" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg229" id= + "Pg229" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> τοὺς πολιτικοὺς φιλοσόφους καὶ + πάντας ἁπλῶς τοὺς νῷ τε καὶ λόγῳ πράττοντας, οὐχὶ δὲ εἰς τοὺς + αὐτουργοὺς [264] καὶ τῶν πολιτικῶν πράξεων ἐργάτας εἰρῆσθαι + νομιστέον· οἷς οὐκ ἀπόχρη μόνον ἐνθυμηθῆναι καὶ κατανοῆσαι καὶ τὸ + πρακτέον τοῖς ἄλλοις φράσαι, προσήκει δὲ αὐτοῖς ἕκαστα + μεταχειρίζεσθαι καὶ πράττειν ὧν οἱ νόμοι διαγορεύουσι καὶ πολλάκις + οἱ καιροὶ προσαναγκάζουσι, πλὴν εἰ μὴ τὸν ἀρχιτέκτονα καλοῦμεν, + καθάπερ Ὅμηρος τὸν Ἡρακλέα καλεῖν εἴωθεν ἐν τῇ ποιήσει <span class= + "tei tei-q">“μεγάλων ἐπιίστορα ἔργων,”</span> αὐτουργότατον ἁπάντων + γενόμενον.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But I should + like to make clear to you the points in your letter by which I am + puzzled, my dearest friend to whom I especially am bound to pay + every honour: for I am eager to be more precisely informed about + them. You said that you approve a life of action rather than the + philosophic life, and you called to witness the wise Aristotle who + defines happiness as virtuous activity, and discussing the + difference between the statesman's life and the life of + contemplation, showed a certain hesitation about those lives, and + though in others of his writings he preferred the contemplative + life, in this place you say he approves the architects of noble + actions. But it is you who assert that these are kings, whereas + Aristotle does not speak in the sense of the words that you have + introduced: and from what you have quoted one would rather infer + the contrary. For when he says: <span class="tei tei-q">“We most + correctly use the word <span class="tei tei-q">‘act’</span> of + those who are the architects of public affairs by virtue of their + intelligence,”</span><a id="noteref_409" name="noteref_409" href= + "#note_409"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">409</span></span></a> we + must suppose that what he says applies to lawgivers and political + philosophers and all whose activity consists in the use of + intelligence and reason, but that it does not apply to those who do + the work themselves and those who transact the business of + politics. But in their case it is not enough that they should + consider and devise and instruct others as to what must be done, + but it is their duty to undertake and execute whatever the laws + ordain and circumstances as well often force them; unless indeed we + call that man an architect who is <span class="tei tei-q">“well + versed in mighty deeds,”</span><a id="noteref_410" name= + "noteref_410" href="#note_410"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">410</span></span></a> a + phrase which Homer in his poems usually applies to Heracles, who + was indeed of all men that ever lived most given to do the work + himself.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[B] Εἰ δὲ τοῦτ᾽ + ἀληθὲς ὑπολαμβάνομεν ἢ καὶ μόνον ἐν τῇ πράττειν τὰ κοινά φαμεν + εὐδαίμονας τοὺς κυρίους<a id="noteref_411" name="noteref_411" href= + "#note_411"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">411</span></span></a> ὄντας + καὶ βασιλεύοντας πολλῶν, τί ποτε περὶ Σωκράτους ἐροῦμεν; Πυθαγόραν + δὲ καὶ Δημόκριτον καὶ τὸν Κλαζομένιον Ἀναξαγόραν ἴσως διὰ τὴν + θεωρίαν κατ᾽ ἄλλο φήσεις εὐδαίμονας· Σωκράτης δὲ τὴν θεωρίαν + παραιτησάμενος καὶ τὸν πρακτικὸν ἀγαπήσας βίον οὐδὲ τῆς γαμετῆς ἦν + τῆς αὑτοῦ κύριος οὐδὲ τοῦ παιδός· [C] ἦπού γε δυοῖν ἢ τριῶν πολιτῶν + ἐκείνῳ κρατεῖν ὑπῆρχεν; ἆρ᾽ οὖν οὐκ ἦν ἐκεῖνος πρακτικός, ἐπεὶ + μηδενὸς ἦν κύριος; ἐγὼ μὲν οὖν Ἀλεξάνδρου φημὶ μείζονα τὸν + Σωφρονίσκου κατεργάσασθαι, τὴν Πλάτωνος αὐτῷ σοφίαν ἀνατιθείς, τὴν + Ξενοφῶντος στρατηγίαν, τὴν Ἀντισθένους ἀνδρείαν, τὴν Ἐρετρικὴν + φιλοσοφίαν, τὴν Μεγαρικήν, τὸν Κέβητα, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page230">[pg 230]</span><a name="Pg230" id="Pg230" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg231" id="Pg231" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τὸν Σιμμίαν, [D] τὸν Φαίδωνα, μυρίους ἄλλους· + καὶ οὔπω φημὶ τὰς γενομένας ἡμῖν ἐνθένδ᾽ ἀποικίας, τὸ Λύκειον, τὴν + Στοάν, τὰς Ἀκαδημείας. τίς οὖν ἐσώθη διὰ τὴν Ἀλεξάνδρου νίκην; τίς + πόλις ἄμεινον ᾠκήθη; τίς αὑτοῦ γέγονε βελτίων ἰδιώτης ἀνήρ; + πλουσιωτέρους μὲν γὰρ πολλοὺς ἂν εὕροις, σοφώτερον δὲ οὐδένα οὐδὲ + σωφρονέστερον αὐτὸν αὑτοῦ, εἰ μὴ καὶ μᾶλλον ἀλαζόνα καὶ ὑπερόπτην. + ὅσοι δὲ σώζονται νῦν ἐκ φιλοσοφίας, διὰ τὸν Σωκράτη σώζονται. καὶ + τοῦτο οὐκ ἐγὼ μόνος, [265] Ἀριστοτέλης δὲ πρότερος<a id= + "noteref_412" name="noteref_412" href="#note_412"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">412</span></span></a> + ἔοικεν ἐννοήσας εἰπεῖν, ὅτι μὴ μεῖον αὐτῷ προσήκει φρονεῖν ἐπὶ τῆς + θεολογικῇ συγγραφῇ τοῦ καθελόντος τὴν Περσῶν δύναμιν. καί μοι δοκεῖ + τοῦτο ἐκεῖνος ὀρθῶς ξυννοῆσαι· νικᾶν μὲν γὰρ ἀνδρείας ἐστὶ μάλιστα + καὶ τῆς τύχης, κείσθω δέ, εἰ βούλει, καὶ τῆς ἐντρεχοῦς ταύτης + φρονήσεως, ἀληθεῖς δὲ ὑπὲρ τοῦ θεοῦ δόξας ἀναλαβεῖν οὐκ ἀρετῆς + μόνον τῆς τελείας ἔργον ἐστίν, [B] ἀλλ᾽ ἐπιστήσειεν ἄν τις εἰκότως, + πότερον χρὴ τὸν τοιοῦτον ἄνδρα ἢ θεὸν καλεῖν. εἰ γὰρ ὀρθῶς ἔχει τὸ + λεγόμενον, ὅτι πέφυκεν ἕκαστον ὑπὸ τῶν οἰκείων γνωρίζεσθαι, τὴν + θείαν οὐσίαν ὁ γνωρίσας θεῖός τις ἂν εἰκότως νομίζοιτο.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But if we + conceive this to be true, or that only those are happy who + administer public affairs and who are in authority and rule over + many, what then are we to say about Socrates? As for Pythagoras and + Democritus and Anaxagoras of Clazomenae, you will perhaps say that + they were happy in another sense of the word, because of their + philosophic speculations. But as for Socrates who, having rejected + the speculative life and embraced a life of action, had no + authority over his own wife or his son, can we say of him that he + governed even two or three of his fellow-citizens? Then will you + assert that since he had no authority over any one he accomplished + nothing? On the contrary I maintain that the son of + Sophroniscus<a id="noteref_413" name="noteref_413" href= + "#note_413"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">413</span></span></a> + performed greater tasks than Alexander, for to him I ascribe the + wisdom of Plato, the generalship of Xenophon, the fortitude of + Antisthenes, the Eretrian<a id="noteref_414" name="noteref_414" + href="#note_414"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">414</span></span></a> and + Megarian<a id="noteref_415" name="noteref_415" href= + "#note_415"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">415</span></span></a> + philosophies, Cebes, Simmias,<a id="noteref_416" name="noteref_416" + href="#note_416"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">416</span></span></a> + Phaedo and a host of others; not to mention the offshoots derived + from the same source, the Lyceum, the Stoa and the Academies. Who, + I ask, ever found salvation through the conquests of Alexander? + What city was ever more wisely governed because of them, what + individual improved? Many indeed you might find whom those + conquests enriched, but not one whom they made wiser or more + temperate than he was by nature, if indeed they have not made him + more insolent and arrogant. Whereas all who now find their + salvation in philosophy owe it to Socrates. And I am not the only + person to perceive this fact and to express it, for Aristotle it + seems did so before me, when he said that he had just as much right + to be proud of his treatise on the gods as the conqueror<a id= + "noteref_417" name="noteref_417" href="#note_417"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">417</span></span></a> of + the Persian empire. And I think he was perfectly correct in that + conclusion. For military success is due to courage and good fortune + more than anything else or, let us say, if you wish, to + intelligence as well, though of the common everyday sort. But to + conceive true opinions about God is an achievement that not only + requires perfect virtue, but one might well hesitate whether it be + proper to call one who attains to this a man or a god. For if the + saying is true that it is the nature of everything to become known + to those who have an affinity with it, then he who comes to know + the essential nature of God would naturally be considered + divine.)</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page232">[pg + 232]</span><a name="Pg232" id="Pg232" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg233" id="Pg233" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ + πάλιν ἐοίκαμεν εἰς τὸν θεωρηματικὸν ὁρμήσαντες βίον τούτῳ + παραβάλλειν τὸν πρακτικόν, ἐξ ἐρχῆς παραιτησαμένου καὶ σοῦ τὴν + σύγκρισιν, [C] αὐτῶν ἐκείνων, ὧν ἐπεμνήσθης, Ἀρείου, Νικολάου, + Θρασύλλου καὶ Μουσωνίου μνημονεύσω. τούτων γὰρ οὐχ ὅπως τις ἦν + κύριος τῆς αὑτοῦ πόλεως, ἀλλ᾽ ὁ μὲν Ἄρειος, ὡς φασί, καὶ διδομένην + αὐτῷ τὴν Αἴγυπτον ἐπιτροπεῦσαι παρῃτήσατο, Θράσυλλος δὲ Τιβερίῳ + πικρῷ καὶ φύσει χαλεπῷ τυράννῳ ξυγγενόμενος, εἰ μὴ διὰ τῶν + καταλειφθέντων ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ λόγων ἀπελογήσατο, δείξας ὅστις ἦν, [D] + ὦφλεν ἂν εἰς τέλος αἰσχύνην ἀναπάλλακτον, οὕτως αὐτὸν οὐδὲν ὤνησεν + ἡ πολιτεία, Νικόλαος δὲ πράξεων μὲν οὐ μεγάλων αὐτουργὸς γέγονε + γνώριμος δέ ἐστι μὰλλον διὰ τοὺς ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν λόγους, καὶ Μουσώνιος + ἐξ ὧν ἔπαθεν ἀνδρείως καὶ νὴ Δί᾽ ἤνεγκεν ἐγκρατῶς τὴν τῶν τυράννων + ὠμότητα γέγονε γνώριμος, ἴσως οὐκ ἔλαττον εὐδαιμονῶν ἐκείνων τῶν + τὰς μεγάλας ἐπιτροπευσάντων βασιλείας. Ἄρειος δὲ ὁ τὴν ἐπιτροπὴν + [266] τῆς Αἰγύπτου παραιτησάμενος ἑκὼν αὑτὸν ἀπεστέρει τοῦ + κρατίστου τέλους εἰ τοῦτ᾽ ᾤετο κυριώτατον. σὺ δὲ αὐτὸς ἡμῖν + ἄπρακτος εἶ, μήτε στρατηγῶν μήτε δημηγορῶν μήτε ἔθνους ἢ πόλεως + ἄρχων; ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἂν φαίη νοῦν ἔχων ἁνήρ. ἔξεστι γάρ σοι φιλοσόφους + πολλοὺς ἀποφήναντι, εἰ δὲ μή, τρεῖς ἢ τέτταρας μείζονα τὸν βίον + εὐεργετῆσαι τῶν ἀνθρώπων πολλῶν ὁμοῦ βασιλέων. [B] οὐ μικρᾶς γὰρ + μερίδος ὁ φιλόσοφος <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page234">[pg + 234]</span><a name="Pg234" id="Pg234" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg235" id="Pg235" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> προέστηκεν, οὐδέ, καθάπερ ἔφης, συμβουλῆς + ἐστι μόνης τῆς ὑπὲρ τῶν κοινῶν ἐκεῖνος κύριος, οὐδὲ ἡ πρᾶξις εἰς + λόγον αὖθις αὐτῷ περιίσταται, ἔργῳ δὲ βεβαιῶν τοὺς λόγους καὶ + φαινόμενος τοιοῦτος, ὁποίους βούλεται τοὺς ἄλλους εἶναι, + πιθανώτερος ἂν εἴη καὶ πρὸς τὸ πράττειν ἀνυσιμώτερος τῶν ἐξ + ἐπιτάγματος [C] ἐπὶ τὰς καλὰς πράξεις παρορμώντων.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But since I + seem to have harked back to the life of contemplation and to be + comparing it with the life of action, though in the beginning of + your letter you declined to make the comparison, I will remind you + of those very philosophers whom you mentioned, Areius,<a id= + "noteref_418" name="noteref_418" href="#note_418"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">418</span></span></a> + Nicolaus,<a id="noteref_419" name="noteref_419" href= + "#note_419"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">419</span></span></a> + Thrasyllus,<a id="noteref_420" name="noteref_420" href= + "#note_420"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">420</span></span></a> and + Musonius.<a id="noteref_421" name="noteref_421" href= + "#note_421"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">421</span></span></a> So + far from any one of these governing his own city, Areius we are + told refused the governorship of Egypt when it was offered to him, + and Thrasyllus by becoming intimate with the harsh and naturally + cruel tyrant Tiberius would have incurred indelible disgrace for + all time, had he not cleared himself in the writings that he left + behind him and so shown his true character; so little did his + public career benefit him. Nicolaus did not personally do any great + deeds, and he is known rather by his writings about such deeds; + while Musonius became famous because he bore his sufferings with + courage, and, by Zeus, sustained with firmness the cruelty of + tyrants; and perhaps he was not less happy than those who + administered great kingdoms. As for Areius, when he declined the + governorship of Egypt he deliberately deprived himself of the + highest end, if he really thought that this was the most important + thing. And you yourself,—may I ask, do you lead an inactive life + because you are not a general or a public speaker and govern no + nation or city? Nay, no one with any sense would say so. For it is + in your power by producing many philosophers, or even only three or + four, to confer more benefit on the lives of men than many kings + put together. To no trivial province the philosopher appointed, + and, as you said yourself, he does not only direct counsels or + public affairs, nor is his activity confined to mere words; but if + he confirm his words by deeds and show himself to be such as he + wishes others to be, he may be more convincing and more effective + in making men act than those who urge them to noble actions by + issuing commands.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλ᾽ ἐπανιτέον + εἰς ἀρχὴν καὶ συμπεραντέον τὴν ἐπιστολὴν μείζονα ἴσως οὖσαν τοῦ + δέοντος. ἔστι δὲ ἐν αὐτῇ τὸ κεφάλαιον, ὅτι μήτε τὸν πόνον φεύγων + μήτε τὴν ἡδονὴν θηρεύων μήτε ἀπραγμοσύνης καὶ ῥᾳστώνης ἐρῶν τὸν ἐν + τῇ πολιτείᾳ δυσχεραίνω βίον· ἀλλ᾽, ὅπερ ἔφην ἐξ ἀρχῆς, οὔτε + παιδείαν ἐμαυτῷ [D] συνειδὼς τοσαύτην οὔτε φύσεως ὑπεροχήν, καὶ + προσέτι δεδιώς, μὴ φιλοσφίαν, ἧς ἐρῶν οὐκ ἐφικόμην, εἰς τοὺς νῦν + ἀνθρώπους οὐδὲ ἄλλως εὐδοκιμοῦσαν διαβάλλω, πάλαι τε ἔγραφον ἐκεῖνα + καὶ νῦν τὰς παρ᾽ ὑμῶν ἐπιτιμήσεις ἀπελυσάμην εἰς δύναμιν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But I must go + back to what I said at the beginning, and conclude this letter, + which is perhaps longer already than it should be. And the main + point in it is that it is not because I would avoid hard work or + pursue pleasure, nor because I am in love with idleness and ease + that I am averse to spending my life in administration. But, as I + said when I began, it is because I am conscious that I have neither + sufficient training nor natural talents above the ordinary; + moreover, I am afraid of bringing reproach on philosophy, which, + much as I love it, I have never attained to, and which on other + accounts has no very good reputation among men of our day. For + these reasons I wrote all this down some time ago, and now I have + freed myself from your charges as far as I can.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Διδοίη δὲ ὁ θεὸς + τὴν ἀρίστην τύχην καὶ φρόνησιν ἀξίαν τῆς τύχης, ὡς ἐγὼ νῦν ἔκ τε + τοῦ κρείττονος τό γε πλέον καὶ παρ᾽ ὑμῶν τῶν φιλοσοφούντων [267] + ἁπάσῃ μηχανῇ<a id="noteref_422" name="noteref_422" href= + "#note_422"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">422</span></span></a> + βοηθητέος εἶναί μοι δοκῶ, προτεταγμένος ὑμῶν καὶ προκινδυνεύων. εἰ + δέ τι μείζον ἀγαθὸν τῆς ἡμετέρας παρασκευῆς καὶ ἧς ὑπὲρ ἐμαυτοῦ + γνώμης ἔχω τοῖς ἀνθρώποις δι᾽ ἡμῶν ὁ θεὸς παράσχοι, χαλεπαίνειν οὐ + χρὴ πρὸς τοὺς ἐμοὺς λόγους. ἐγὼ γὰρ οὐδὲν ἐμαυτῷ <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page236">[pg 236]</span><a name="Pg236" id="Pg236" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg237" id="Pg237" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> συνειδὼς ἀγαθὸν πλὴν τοῦτο μόνον, ὅτι μηδὲ + οἴομαι τὰ μέγιστα ἔχειν ἔχων τε<a id="noteref_423" name= + "noteref_423" href="#note_423"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">423</span></span></a> + οὐδέν, ὡς ὁρᾷς αὐτός, εἰκότως βοῶ καὶ μαρτύρομαι μὴ μεγάλα παρ᾽ + ἡμῶν ἀπαιτεῖν, [B] ἀλλὰ τῷ θεῷ τὸ πᾶν ἐπιτρέπειν· οὕτω γὰρ ἐγὼ τῶν + τε ἐλλειμμάτων εἴην ἂν ἀνεύθυνος καί, γενομένων ἁπάντων δεξιῶν, + εὐγνώμων ἂν καὶ μέτριος εἴην, οὐκ ἀλλοτρίοις ἐμαυτὸν ἔργοις + ἐπιγράφων, τῷ θεῷ δέ, ὥσπερ οὖν δίκαιον, προσανατεθεικὼς ἅπαντα + αὐτός τε εἴσομαι καὶ ὑμᾶς προτρέπω τὴν χάριν εἰδέναι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(May God grant + me the happiest fortune possible, and wisdom to match my fortune! + For now I think I need assistance from God above all, and also from + you philosophers by all means in your power, since I have proved + myself your leader and champion in danger. But should it be that + blessings greater than of my furnishing and than the opinion that I + now have of myself should be granted to men by God through my + instrumentality, you must not resent my words. For being conscious + or no good thing in me, save this only, that I do not even think + that I possess the highest talent, and indeed have naturally none, + I cry aloud and testify<a id="noteref_424" name="noteref_424" href= + "#note_424"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">424</span></span></a> that + you must not expect great things of me, but must entrust everything + to God. For thus I shall be free from responsibility for my + shortcomings, and if everything turns out favourably I shall be + discreet and moderate, not putting my name to the deeds of other + men,<a id="noteref_425" name="noteref_425" href= + "#note_425"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">425</span></span></a> but + by giving God the glory for all, as is right, it is to Him that I + shall myself feel gratitude and I urge all of you to feel the + same.)</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page241">[pg 241]</span><a name= + "Pg241" id="Pg241" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc17" id="toc17"></a> <a name="pdf18" id="pdf18"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-top: 3.46em; margin-bottom: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Letter to the Senate and People of + Athens</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc19" id="toc19"></a> <a name="pdf20" id="pdf20"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-top: 2.88em; margin-bottom: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Introduction</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Of the + manifestoes addressed by Julian to Rome, Sparta, Corinth, and + Athens, defending his acceptance of the title of Emperor and his + open rupture with Constantius, the last alone survives. It was + written in Illyricum in 361, when Julian was on the march against + Constantius, and is the chief authority for the events that led to + his elevation to the Imperial rank. Julian writes to the Athenians + of the fourth Christian century as though they still possessed the + influence and standards of their forefathers. He was well known at + Athens, where he had studied before his elevation to the Caesarship + and he was anxious to clear himself in the eyes of the citizens. + For the first time he ventures to speak the truth about Constantius + and to describe the latter's ruthless treatment of his family. His + account of the revolution at Paris is supplemented by Ammianus 20, + Zosimus 3. 9, and the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Epitaph on Julian</span></span> by + Libanius.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page242">[pg 242]</span><a name= + "Pg242" id="Pg242" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg243" id= + "Pg243" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ + ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΟΣ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Julian, + Emperor)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ΑΘΗΝΑΙΩΝ ΤΗΙ + ΒΟΥΛΗΙ ΚΑΙ ΤΩΙ ΔΗΜΩΙ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(To the Senate + and People of Athens.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Πολλῶν + εἰργασμένων τοῖς προγόνοις ὑμῶν, ἐφ᾽ οἷς οὐκ ἐκείνοις μόνον τότε + ἐξῆν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὑμῖν νῦν ἔξεστι φιλοτιμεῖσθαι, καὶ πολλῶν + ἐγηγερμένων τροπαίων ὑπέρ τε ἁπάσης τῆς Ἑλλάδος κοινῇ καὶ κατ᾽ + ἰδίαν ὑπὲρ αὐτῆς τῆς πόλεως, ἐν οἷς ἠγωνίσατο μόνη πρός τε τοὺς + ἄλλους Ἕλληνας καὶ πρὸς τὸν βάρβαρον, οὐδέν ἐστι τηλικοῦτον ἔργον + οὐδὲ ἀνδραγαθία τοσαύτη, [B] πρὸς ἣν οὐκ ἔνεστι καὶ ταῖς ἄλλαις + ἁμιλληθῆναι πόλεσι. τὰ μὲν γὰρ μεθ᾽ ὑμῶν καὶ αὗται, τὰ δὲ κατ᾽ + ἰδίαν εἰργάσαντο. καὶ ἵνα μὴ μεμνημένος ἔπειτα ἀντιπαραβάλλων ἢ + προτιμᾶν ἑτέρας ἑτέραν ἐν οἷς διαμφισβητοῦσι νομισθείην ἢ πρὸς τὸ + λυσιτελοῦν, ὥσπερ οἱ ῥήτορες, ἐνδεέστερον ἐπαινεῖν τὰς + ἐλαττουμένας, τοῦτο ἐθέλω [C] φράσαι μόνον ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν, ᾧ μηδὲν + ἀντίπαλον ἔχομεν ἐξευρεῖν παρὰ τοῖς ἄλλοις Ἕλλησιν, ἐκ τῆς παλαιᾶς + φήμης εἰς ἡμᾶς παραδεδομένον. ἀρχόντων μὲν Λακεδαιμονίων οὐ βίᾳ τὴν + ἀρχήν, ἀλλὰ δόξῃ δικαιοσύνης παρείλεσθε, <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page244">[pg 244]</span><a name="Pg244" id="Pg244" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg245" id="Pg245" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ τὸν Ἀριστείδην τὸν δίκαιον οἱ παρ᾽ ὑμῖν + ἐθρέψαντο νόμοι. καίτοι γε ταῦτα οὕτως ὄντα λαμπρὰ τεκμήρια [269] + διὰ λαμπροτέρων οἶμαι τῶν ἔργων ὅμως ἐπιστώσασθε. τὸ μὲν γὰρ δόξαι + δίκαιον ἴσως ἂν τῷ καὶ ψευδῶς συμβαίη, καὶ τυχὸν οὐ παράδοξον ἐν + πολλοῖς φαύλοις ἕνα γενέσθαι σπουδαῖον. ἢ γὰρ οὐχὶ καὶ παρὰ Μήδοις + ὑμνεῖταί τις Δηιόκης Ἄβαρίς τε ἐν Ὑπερβορέοις καὶ Ἀνάχαρσις ἐν + Σκύθαις; ὑπὲρ ὧν τοῦτο ἦν θαυμαστόν, ὅτι παρὰ τοῖς ἀδικωτάτοις + γεγονότες ἔθνεσι τὴν δίκην ὅμως ἐτίμησαν, τὼ μὲν ἀληθῶς, [B] ὁ δὲ + τῆς χρείας χάριν πλαττόμενος. δῆμον δὲ ὅλον καὶ πόλιν ἐραστὰς ἔργων + καὶ λόγων δικαίων ἔξω τῆς παρ᾽ ὑμῖν οὐ ῥᾴδιον εὑρεῖν. βούλομαι δὲ + ὑμᾶς ἑνὸς τῶν παρ᾽ ὑμῖν πολλῶν γε ὄντων ἔργων ὑπομνῆσαι. + Θεμιστοκλέους γὰρ μετὰ τὰ Μηδικὰ γνώμην εἰσηγεῖσθαι διανοουμένου + λάθρᾳ καταφλέξαι τὰ νεώρια τῶν Ἑλλήνων, [C] εἶτα μὴ τολμῶντος εἰς + τὸν δῆμον λέγειν, ἑνὶ δὲ ὁμολογοῦντος πιστεύσειν τὸ ἀπόρρητον, + ὅνπερ ἂν ὁ δῆμος χειροτονήσας προέληται, προυβάλετο μὲν ὁ δῆμος τὸν + Ἀριστείδην· ὁ δὲ ἀκούσας τῆς γνώμης ἔκρυψε μὲν τὸ ῥηθέν, ἐξήνεγκε + δὲ εἰς τὸν δῆμον, ὡς οὔτε λυσιτελέστερον οὔτε ἀδικώτερον εἴη τι τοῦ + βουλεύματος· καὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page246">[pg + 246]</span><a name="Pg246" id="Pg246" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg247" id="Pg247" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἡ πόλις ἀπεψηφίσατο παραχρῆμα καὶ παρῃτήσατο, + πάνυ γε νὴ Δία μεγαλοψύχως καὶ ὃν ἐχρῆν τρόπον ἄνδρας [D] ὑπὸ + μάρτυρι τῇ φρονιμωτάτῃ θεῷ τρεφομένους.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Many were the + achievements of your forefathers of which you are still justly + proud, even as they were of old; many were the trophies for + victories raised by them, now for all Greece in common, now + separately for Athens herself, in those days when she contended + single-handed against all the rest of Greece as well as against the + barbarian: but there was no achievement and no display of courage + on your part so prodigious that other cities cannot in their turn + rival it. For they too wrought some such deeds in alliance with + you, and some on their own account. And that I may not by recalling + these and then balancing them be thought either to pay more honour + to one state than to another in the matters in which they are your + rivals, or to praise less than they deserve those who proved + inferior, in order to gain an advantage, after the manner of + rhetoricians, I desire to bring forward on your behalf only this + fact to which I can discover nothing that can be set against it on + the part of the other Greek states, and which has been assigned to + you by ancient tradition. When the Lacedaemonians were in power you + took that power away from them not by violence but by your + reputation for justice; and it was your laws that nurtured + Aristides the Just. Moreover, brilliant as were these proofs of + your virtue, you confirmed them by still more brilliant actions. + For to be reputed just might perhaps happen to any individual even + though it were not true; perhaps it would not be surprising that + among many worthless citizens there should be found one virtuous + man. For even among the Medes is not a certain Deioces<a id= + "noteref_426" name="noteref_426" href="#note_426"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">426</span></span></a> + celebrated, and Abaris<a id="noteref_427" name="noteref_427" href= + "#note_427"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">427</span></span></a> too + among the Hyperboreans, and Anacharsis<a id="noteref_428" name= + "noteref_428" href="#note_428"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">428</span></span></a> among + the Scythians? And in their case the surprising thing was that, + born as they were among nations who knew nothing of justice, they + nevertheless prized justice, two of them sincerely, though the + third only pretended to do so out of self-interest. But it would be + hard to find a whole people and city enamoured of just deeds and + just words except your own. And I wish to remind you of one out of + very many such deeds done in your city. After the Persian war + Themistocles<a id="noteref_429" name="noteref_429" href= + "#note_429"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">429</span></span></a> was + planning to introduce a resolution to set fire secretly to the + naval arsenals of the Greeks, and then did not dare to propose it + to the assembly; but he agreed to confide the secret to any one man + whom the people should elect by vote; and the people chose + Aristides to represent them. But he when he heard the scheme did + not reveal what he had been told, but reported to the people that + there could be nothing more profitable or more dishonest than that + advice. Whereupon the city at once voted against it and rejected + it, very nobly, by Zeus, and as it behoved men to do who are + nurtured under the eyes of the most wise goddess.<a id= + "noteref_430" name="noteref_430" href="#note_430"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">430</span></span></a>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Οὐκοῦν εἰ ταῦτα + παρ᾽ ὑμῖν μὲν ἦν πάλαι, σώζεται δὲ ἐξ ἐκείνου καὶ εἰς ὑμᾶς ἔτι τῆς + τῶν προγόνων ἀρετῆς ὥσπερ ἐμπύρευμά τι σμικρόν, εἰκός ἐστιν ὑμᾶς + οὐκ εἰς τὸ μέγεθος τῶν πραττομένων ἀφορᾶν οὐδὲ εἴ τις ὥσπερ δι᾽ + ἀέρος ἱπτάμενος διὰ τῆς γῆς ἐβάδισεν ἀμηχάνῳ τάχει καὶ ἀτρύτῳ ῥώμῃ, + σκοπεῖν δὲ ὅτῳ ταῦτα μετὰ τοῦ δικαίου κατείργασται, [270] κᾆτα ἂν + μὲν φαίνηται ξὺν δίκῃ πράττων, ἰδίᾳ τε αὐτὸν ἴσως καὶ δημοσίᾳ + πάντες ἐπαινεῖτε, τῆς δίκης δὲ ὀλιγωρήσας ἀτιμάζοιτο ἂν παρ᾽ ὑμῶν + εἰκότως. οὐδὲν γὰρ οὕτως ἐστὶν ὡς τὸ δίκαιον ἀδελφὸν φρονήσει. τοὺς + οὖν ἀτιμάζοντας τοῦτο δικαίως ἂν καὶ ὡς εἰς τὴν παρ᾽ ὑμῖν θεὸν + ἀσεβοῦντας ἐξελαύνοιτε. βούλομαι οὖν ὑμῖν τὰ κατ᾽ ἐμαυτὸν οὐκ + ἀγνοοῦσι μὲν ἀπαγγεῖλαι δὲ ὅμως, [B] ὅπως, εἴ τι λέληθεν· εἰκὸς δὲ + ἔνια καὶ ὅσα μάλιστα τοῖς πᾶσι γνωσθῆναι προσήκει· ὑμῖν τε καὶ δι᾽ + ὑμῶν τοῖς ἄλλοις Ἕλλησι γένοιτο γνώριμα. μηδεὶς οὖν ὑπολάβῃ με + ληρεῖν ἢ φλυαρεῖν, εἰ περὶ τῶν πᾶσιν ὥσπερ ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς γεγονότων + οὐ πάλαι μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ μικρῷ πρότερον, ποιεῖσθαί τινας + ἐπιχειρήσαιμι λόγους· οὐδένα γὰρ οὐδὲν ἀγνοεῖν βούλομαι τῶν + ἐμαυτοῦ, λανθάνειν δὲ ἄλλον ἄλλα εἰκός· <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page248">[pg 248]</span><a name="Pg248" id="Pg248" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg249" id="Pg249" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> [C] ἄρξομαι δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν προγόνων πρῶτον τῶν + ἐμαυτοῦ.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Then if this + was your conduct of old, and from that day to this there is kept + alive some small spark as it were of the virtue of your ancestors, + it is natural that you should pay attention not to the magnitude + merely of any performance, nor whether a man has travelled over the + earth with incredible speed and unwearied energy as though he had + flown through the air; but that you should rather consider whether + one has accomplished this feat by just means, and then if he seems + to act with justice, you will perhaps all praise him both in public + and private; but if he have slighted justice he will naturally be + scorned by you. For there is nothing so closely akin to wisdom as + justice. Therefore those who slight her you will justly expel as + showing impiety towards the goddess who dwells among you. For this + reason I wish to report my conduct to you, though indeed you know + it well, in order that if there is anything you do not know—and it + is likely that some things you do not, and those in fact which it + is most important for all men to be aware of—it may become known to + you and through you to the rest of the Greeks. Therefore let no one + think that I am trifling and wasting words if I try to give some + account of things that have happened as it were before the eyes of + all men, not only long ago but also just lately. For I wish none to + be ignorant of anything that concerns me, and naturally everyone + cannot know every circumstance. First I will begin with my + ancestors.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Καὶ ὅτι μὲν τὰ + πρὸς πατρὸς ἡμῖν ἐντεῦθεν ὅθενπερ καὶ Κωνσταντίῳ τὰ πρὸς πατρὸς + ὥρμηται, φανερόν. τὼ γὰρ ἡμετέρω πατέρε γεγόνατον ἀδελφὼ πατρόθεν. + οὕτω δὲ πλησίον ἡμᾶς ὄντας συγγενεῖς ὁ φιλανθρωπότατος οὗτος + βασιλεὺς οἷα εἰργάσατο, ἓξ μὲν ἀνεψιοὺς ἐμοῦ τε καὶ ἑαυτοῦ, πατέρα + δὲ τὸν ἐμόν,<a id="noteref_431" name="noteref_431" href= + "#note_431"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">431</span></span></a> + ἑαυτοῦ δὲ θεῖον, [D] καὶ προσέτι κοινὸν ἕτερον τὸν πρὸς πατρὸς + θεῖον ἀδελφόν τε ἐμὸν τὸν πρεσβύτατον ἀκρίτους κτεῖνας, ἐμὲ δὲ καὶ + ἕτερον ἀδελφὸν ἐμὸν ἐθελήσας μὲν κτεῖναι, τέλος δὲ ἐπιβαλὼν φυγήν, + ἀφ᾽ ἧς ἐμὲ μὲν ἀφῆκεν, ἐκεῖνον δὲ ὀλίγῳ πρότερον τῆς σφαγῆς + ἐξέδυσε<a id="noteref_432" name="noteref_432" href= + "#note_432"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">432</span></span></a> τὸ + τοῦ Καίσαρος ὄνομα, τί με δεῖ νῦν ὥσπερ ἐκ τραγῳδίας τὰ ἄρρητα + ἀναμετρεῖσθαι; μετεμέλησε γὰρ αὐτῷ, φασί, καὶ ἐδήχθη δεινῶς, [271] + ἀπαιδίαν τε ἐντεῦθεν νομίζει δυστυχεῖν, τά τε ἐς τοὺς πολεμίους + τοὺς Πέρσας οὐκ εὐτυχῶς πράττειν ἐκ τούτων ὑπολαμβάνει. ταῦτα + ἐθρύλουν οἱ περὶ τὴν αὐλὴν τότε καὶ τὸν μακαρίτην ἀδελφὸν ἐμὸν + Γάλλον, τοῦτο νῦν πρῶτον ἀκούοντα τὸ ὄνομα· κτείνας γὰρ αὐτὸν παρὰ + τοὺς νόμους οὐδὲ τῶν πατρῴων μεταλαχεῖν εἴασε τάφων οὐδὲ τῆς + εὐαγοῦς ἠξίωσε μνήμης.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(That on the + father's side I am descended from the same stock as Constantius on + his father's side is well known. Our fathers were brothers, sons of + the same father. And close kinsmen as we were, how this most humane + Emperor treated us! Six of my cousins and his, and my father who + was his own uncle and also another uncle of both of us on the + father's side, and my eldest brother, he put to death without a + trial; and as for me and my other brother,<a id="noteref_433" name= + "noteref_433" href="#note_433"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">433</span></span></a> he + intended to put us to death but finally inflicted exile upon us; + and from that exile he released me, but him he stripped of the + title of Caesar just before he murdered him. But why should I + <span class="tei tei-q">“recount,”</span> as though from some + tragedy, <span class="tei tei-q">“all these unspeakable + horrors?”</span><a id="noteref_434" name="noteref_434" href= + "#note_434"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">434</span></span></a> For + he has repented, I am told, and is stung by remorse; and he thinks + that his unhappy state of childlessness is due to those deeds, and + his ill success in the Persian war he also ascribes to that cause. + This at least was the gossip of the court at the time and of those + who were about the person of my brother Gallus of blessed memory, + who is now for the first time so styled. For after putting him to + death in defiance of the laws he neither suffered him to share the + tombs of his ancestors nor granted him a pious memory.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὅπερ οὖν ἔφην, + [B] ἔλεγον τοσαῦτα καὶ δὴ καὶ ἔπειθον ἡμᾶς,<a id="noteref_435" + name="noteref_435" href="#note_435"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">435</span></span></a> ὅτι + τὰ μὲν ἀπατηθεὶς εἰργάσατο, τὰ δὲ βίᾳ καὶ ταραχαῖς εἴξας ἀτάκτου + καὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page250">[pg 250]</span><a name= + "Pg250" id="Pg250" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg251" id= + "Pg251" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ταραχώδους στρατεύματος. + τοσαῦτα ἡμῖν ἐπῇδον ἐν ἀγρῷ τινι τῶν ἐν Καππαδοκίᾳ + κατακεκλεισμένοις, οὐδένα ἐῶντες προσελθεῖν, τὸν μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς ἐν + Τράλλεσι<a id="noteref_436" name="noteref_436" href= + "#note_436"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">436</span></span></a> φυγῆς + ἀνακαλεσάμενοι, ἐμὲ δὲ κομιδῇ μειράκιον ἔτι τῶν διδασκαλείων + ἀπαγαγόντες. πῶς [C] ἂν ἐνταῦθα φράσαιμι περὶ τῶν ἓξ ἐνιαυτῶν, οὓς + ἐν ἀλλοτρίῳ κτήματι διάγοντες,<a id="noteref_437" name= + "noteref_437" href="#note_437"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">437</span></span></a> ὥσπερ + οἱ παρὰ τοῖς Πέρσαις ἐν τοῖς φρουρίοις τηρούμενοι, μηδενὸς ἡμῖν + προσιόντος ξένου μηδὲ τῶν πάλαι γνωρίμων ἐπιτρεπομένου τινὸς ὡς + ἡμᾶς φοιτᾶν, διεζῶμεν ἀποκεκλεισμένοι παντὸς μὲν μαθήματος + σπουδαίου, πάσης δὲ ἐλευθέρας ἐντεύξεως, ἐν ταῖς λαμπραῖς + οἰκετείαις τρεφόμενοι [D] καὶ τοῖς ἡμῶν αὐτῶν δούλοις ὥσπερ + ἑταίροις συγγυμναζόμενοι; προσῄει γὰρ οὐδεὶς οὐδὲ ἐπετρέπετο τῶν + ἡλικιωτῶν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(As I said, they + kept telling us and tried to convince us that Constantius had acted + thus, partly because he was deceived, and partly because he yielded + to the violence and tumult of an undisciplined and mutinous army. + This was the strain they kept up to soothe us when we had been + imprisoned in a certain farm<a id="noteref_438" name="noteref_438" + href="#note_438"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">438</span></span></a> in + Cappadocia; and they allowed no one to come near us after they had + summoned him from exile in Tralles and had dragged me from the + schools, though I was still a mere boy. How shall I describe the + six years we spent there? For we lived as though on the estate of a + stranger, and were watched as though we were in some Persian + garrison, since no stranger came to see us and not one of our old + friends was allowed to visit us; so that we lived shut off from + every liberal study and from all free intercourse, in a glittering + servitude, and sharing the exercises of our own slaves though they + were comrades. For no companion of our own age ever came near us or + was allowed to do so.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐντεῦθεν ἐγὼ μὲν + μόγις ἀφείθην διὰ τοὺς θεοὺς εὐτυχῶς, ὁ δὲ ἀδελφὸς ὁ ἐμὸς εἰς τὴν + αὐλὴν καθείρχθη δυστυχῶς, εἴπερ τις ἄλλος τῶν πώποτε. καὶ γὰρ εἴ τι + περὶ τὸν τρόπον ἄγριον καὶ τραχὺ τὸν ἐκείνου κατεφάνη, τοῦτο ἐκ τῆς + ὀρείου τροφῆς συνηυξήθη. δίκαιος οὖν οἶμαι καὶ ταύτην ἔχειν τὴν + αἰτίαν ὁ ταύτης ἡμῖν πρὸς βίαν μεταδοὺς τῆς τροφῆς, ἧς ἐμὲ μὲν οἱ + θεοὶ διὰ [272] τῆς φιλοσοφίας καθαρὸν ἀπέφηναν καὶ ἐξάντη, τῷ δὲ + οὐδεὶς ἐνέδωκεν. εὐθὺς γὰρ ἀπὸ τῶν ἀγρῶν ἐς τὰ βασίλεια παρελθόντι + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page252">[pg 252]</span><a name= + "Pg252" id="Pg252" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg253" id= + "Pg253" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐπειδὴ πρῶτον αὐτῷ περιέθηκεν + ἁλουργὲς ἱμάτιον, αὐτίκα φθονεῖν ἀρξάμενος οὐ πρότερον ἐπαύσατο + πρὶν καθελεῖν αὐτόν, οὐδὲ τῷ περιελεῖν τὸ πορφυροῦν ἱμάτιον + ἀρκεσθείς. καίτοι τοῦ ζῆν γοῦν ἄξιος, εἰ μὴ βασιλεύειν ἐφαίνετο + ἐπιτήδειος. ἀλλ᾽ ἐχρῆν αὐτὸν καὶ τούτου στέρεσθαι. ξυγχωρῶ, [B] + λόγον γε πάντως ὑποσχόντα πρότερον, ὥσπερ τοὺς κακούργους. οὐ γὰρ + δὴ τοὺς μὲν λῃστὰς ὁ νόμος ἀπαγορεύει τῷ δήσαντι κτείνειν, τοὺς + ἁφαιρεθέντας δὲ τιμάς, ἃς εἶχον, καὶ γενομένους ἐξ ἀρχόντων ἰδιώτας + ἀκρίτους φησὶ δεῖν ἀναιρεῖσθαι. τί γάρ, εἰ τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων εἶχεν + ἀποφῆναι [C] τοῦς αἰτίους; ἐδέδοντο γὰρ αὐτῷ τινων ἐπιστολαί, + Ἡράκλεις, ὅσας ἔχουσαι κατ᾽ αὐτοῦ κατηγορίας, ἐφ᾽ αἷς ἐκεῖνος + ἀγανακτῆσας ἀκρατέστερον μὲν καὶ ἥκιστα βασιλικῶς ἐφῆκε τῷ θυμῷ, + τοῦ μέντοι μηδὲ ζῆν ἄξιον οὐδὲν ἐπεπράχει. πῶς γάρ; οὐχ οὗτός ἐστιν + ἀνθρώποις ἅπασι κοινὸς Ἕλλησιν ἅμα καὶ βαρβάροις ὁ νόμος, ἀμύνεσθαι + τοὺς ἀδικίας ὑπάρχοντας; ἀλλ᾽ ἴσως μὲν ἠμύνατο πικρότερον. οὐ μὴν + ἔξω πάντη τοῦ εἰκότος· τὸν γὰρ ἐχθρὸν ὑπ᾽ ὀργῆς εἰκός τι καὶ + ποιεῖν, [D] εἴρηται καὶ πρόσθεν. ἀλλ᾽ εἰς χάριν ἑνὸς ἀνδρογύνου, + τοῦ κατακοιμιστοῦ, καὶ προσέτι τοῦ τῶν μαγείρων ἐπιτρόπου τὸν + ἀνεψιόν, τὸν καίσαρα, τὸν τῆς ἀδελφῆς ἄνδρα γενόμενον, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page254">[pg 254]</span><a name="Pg254" id="Pg254" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg255" id="Pg255" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τὸν τῆς ἀδελφιδῆς πατέρα, οὗ καὶ αὐτὸς + πρότερον ἦν ἀγαγόμενος τὴν ἀδελφήν, πρὸς ὃν αὐτῷ τοσαῦτα θεῶν + ὁμογνίων ὑπῆρχε δίκαια, κτεῖναι παρέδωκε τοῖς ἐχθίστοις· ἐμὲ δὲ + ἀφῆκε μόγις ἑπτὰ μηνῶν ὅλων ἑλκύσας τῇδε κἀκεῖσε καὶ ποιησάμενος + ἔμφρουρον, [273] ὥστε, εἰ μὴ θεῶν τις ἐθελήσας με σωθῆναι τὴν καλὴν + καὶ ἀγαθὴν τὸ τηνικαῦτά μοι παρέσχεν εὐμενῆ Εὐσεβίαν, οὐδ᾽ ἂν ἐγὼ + τὰς χεῖρας αὐτοῦ τότε διέφυγον. καίτοι μὰ τοὺς θεοὺς οὐδ᾽ ὄναρ μοι + φανεὶς ἀδελφὸς ἐπεπράχει· καὶ γὰρ οὐδὲ συνῆν αὐτῷ οὐδὲ ἐφοίτων οὐδὲ + ἐβάδιζον παρ᾽ αὐτὸν, ὀλιγάκις δὲ ἔγραφον καὶ ὑπὲρ ὀλίγων. [B] ὡς + οὖν ἀποφυγὼν ἐκεῖθεν ἄσμενος ἐπορευόμην ἐπὶ τὴν τῆς μητρὸς ἑστίαν· + πατρῷον γὰρ οὐδὲν ὑπῆρχέ μοι οὐδὲ ἐκεκτήμην ἐκ τοσούτων, ὅσων εἰκὸς + ἦν πατέρα κεκτῆσθαι τὸν ἐμόν, οὐκ ἐλαχίστην βῶλον, οὐκ ἀνδράποδον, + οὐκ οἰκίαν· ὁ γάρ τοι καλὸς Κωνστάντιος ἐκληρονόμησεν ἀντ᾽ ἐμοῦ τὴν + πατρῴαν οὐσίαν ἅπασαν, ἐμοί τε, ὅπερ ἔφην, οὐδὲ γρὺ μετέδωκεν + αὐτῆς· ἀλλὰ καὶ τῷ ἀδελφῷ τομῷ τῶν πατρῴων ἔδωκεν ὀλίγα, πάντων + αὐτὸν ἀφελόμενος τῶν μητρῴων.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(From that place + barely and by the help of the gods I was set free, and for a + happier fate; but my brother was imprisoned at court and his fate + was ill-starred above all men who have ever yet lived. And indeed + whatever cruelty or harshness was revealed in his disposition was + increased by his having been brought up among those mountains. It + is therefore I think only just that the Emperor should bear the + blame for this also, he who against our will allotted to us that + sort of bringing-up. As for me, the gods by means of philosophy + caused me to remain untouched by it and unharmed; but on my brother + no one bestowed this boon. For when he had come straight from the + country to the court, the moment that Constantius had invested him + with the purple robe he at once began to be jealous of him, nor did + he cease from that feeling until, not content with stripping him of + the purple, he had destroyed him. Yet surely he deserved to live, + even if he seemed unfit to govern. But someone may say that it was + necessary to deprive him of life also. I admit it, only on + condition that he had first been allowed to speak in his own + defence as criminals are. For surely it is not the case that the + law forbids one who has imprisoned bandits to put them to death, + but says that it is right to destroy without a trial those who have + been stripped of the honours that they possessed and have become + mere individuals instead of rulers. For what if my brother had been + able to expose those who were responsible for his errors? For there + had been handed to him the letters of certain persons, and, by + Heracles, what accusations against himself they contained! And in + his resentment at these he gave way in most unkingly fashion to + uncontrolled anger, but he had done nothing to deserve being + deprived of life itself. What! Is not this a universal law among + all Greeks and barbarians alike, that one should defend oneself + against those who take the initiative in doing one a wrong? I admit + that he did perhaps defend himself with too great cruelty; but on + the whole not more cruelly than might have been expected. For we + have heard it said before<a id="noteref_439" name="noteref_439" + href="#note_439"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">439</span></span></a> that + an enemy may be expected to harm one in a fit of anger. But it was + to gratify a eunuch,<a id="noteref_440" name="noteref_440" href= + "#note_440"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">440</span></span></a> his + chamberlain who was also his chief cook, that Constantius gave over + to his most inveterate enemies his own cousin, the Caesar, his + sister's husband, the father of his niece, the man whose own sister + he had himself married in earlier days,<a id="noteref_441" name= + "noteref_441" href="#note_441"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">441</span></span></a> and + to whom he owed so many obligations connected with the gods of the + family. As for me he reluctantly let me go, after dragging me + hither and thither for seven whole months and keeping me under + guard; so that had not some one of the gods desired that I should + escape, and made the beautiful and virtuous Eusebia kindly disposed + to me, I could not then have escaped from his hands myself. And yet + I call the gods to witness that my brother had pursued his course + of action without my having a sight of him even in a dream. For I + was not with him, nor did I visit him or travel to his + neighbourhood; and I used to write to him very seldom and on + unimportant matters. Thinking therefore that I had escaped from + that place, I set out for the house that had been my mother's. For + of my father's estate nothing belonged to me, and I had acquired + out of the great wealth that had naturally belonged to my father + not the smallest clod of earth, not a slave, not a house. For the + admirable Constantius had inherited in my place the whole of my + father's property, and to me, as I was saying, he granted not the + least trifle of it; moreover, though he gave my brother a few + things that had been his father's, he robbed him of the whole of + his mother's estate.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[C] Ὅσα μὲν οὖν + ἔπραξε πρός με πρὶν ὀνόματος μὲν μεταδοῦναί μοι τοῦ σεμνοτάτου, + ἔργῳ δὲ εἰς πικροτάτην καὶ χαλεπωτάτην ἐμβαλεῖν δουλείαν, εἰ καὶ μὴ + πάντα, τὰ πλεῖστα γοῦν ὅμως <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page256">[pg 256]</span><a name="Pg256" id="Pg256" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg257" id="Pg257" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀκηκόατε<a id="noteref_442" name= + "noteref_442" href="#note_442"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">442</span></span></a> + πορευομένου δὴ<a id="noteref_443" name="noteref_443" href= + "#note_443"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">443</span></span></a> + λοιπὸν ἐπὶ τὴν ἑστίαν, ἀγαπητῶς τε καὶ μόγις ἀποσωζομένου, + συκοφάντης τις ἀνεφάνη περὶ τὸ Σίρμιον, ὃς τοῖς ἐκεῖ πράγματα + ἕρραψεν ὡς νεώτερα διανοουμένοις· [D] ἴστε δήπουθεν ἀκοῇ τὸν + Ἀφρικανὸν καὶ τὸν Μαρῖνον· οὔκουν ὑμᾶς οὐδὲ ὁ Φῆλιξ ἔλαθεν οὐδὲ ὅσα + ἐπράχθη περὶ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους. ἀλλ᾽ ὡς τοῦτο αὐτῷ κατεμηνύθη τὸ + πρᾶγμα, καὶ Δυνάμιος ἐξαίφνης, ἄλλος συκοφάντης, ἐκ Κελτῶν ἤγγειλεν + ὅσον οὔπω τὸν Σιλουανὸν αὐτῷ πολέμιον ἀναφανεῖσθαι, δείσας + παντάπασι καὶ φοβηθεὶς αὐτίκα ἐπ᾽ ἐμὲ πέμπει, καὶ μικρὸν εἰς τὴν + Ἑλλάδα κελεύσας ὑποχωρῆσαι [274] πάλιν ἐκεῖθεν ἀκάλει παρ᾽ ἑαυτόν, + οὔπω πρότερον τεθεαμένος πλὴν ἅπαξ μὲν ἐν Καππαδοκίᾳ, ἅπαξ δὲ ἐν + Ἰταλίᾳ, ἀγωνισαμένης Εὐσεβίας, ὡς ἂν ὑπὲρ τῆς σωτηρίας τῆς ἐμαυτοῦ + θαρρήσαιμι. καίτοι τὴν αὐτὴν αὐτῷ πόλιν ἓξ ᾤκησα μηνῶν, καὶ μέντοι + καὶ ὑπέσχετό με θεάσεσθαι πάλιν. ἀλλ᾽ ὁ θεοῖς ἐχθρὸς ἀνδρόγυνος, ὁ + πιστὸς αὐτοῦ κατακοιμιστής, ἔλαθέ μου καὶ ἄκων εὐεργέτης γενόμενος· + οὐ γὰρ εἴασεν ἐντυχεῖν με πολλάκις αὐτῷ, [B] τυχὸν μὲν οὐδὲ + ἐθέλοντι, πλὴν ἀλλὰ τὸ κεφάλαιον ἐκεῖνος ἦν· ὤκνει γὰρ ὡς ἂν μή + τινος συνηθείας ἐγγενομένης ἡμῖν πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἔπειτα ἀγαπηθείην + καὶ πιστὸς ἀναφανεὶς ἐπιτραπείην τι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now his whole + behaviour to me before he granted me that august title<a id= + "noteref_444" name="noteref_444" href="#note_444"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">444</span></span></a>—though + in fact what he did was to impose on me the most galling and + irksome slavery—you have heard, if not every detail, still the + greater part. As I was saying, I was on my way to my home and was + barely getting away safely, beyond my hopes, when a certain + sycophant<a id="noteref_445" name="noteref_445" href= + "#note_445"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">445</span></span></a> + turned up near Sirmium<a id="noteref_446" name="noteref_446" href= + "#note_446"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">446</span></span></a> and + fabricated the rumour against certain persons there that they were + planning a revolt. You certainly know by hearsay Africanus<a id= + "noteref_447" name="noteref_447" href="#note_447"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">447</span></span></a> and + Marinus: nor can you fail to have heard of Felix and what was the + fate of those men. And when Constantius was informed of the matter, + and Dynamius another sycophant suddenly reported from Gaul that + Silvanus<a id="noteref_448" name="noteref_448" href= + "#note_448"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">448</span></span></a> was + on the point of declaring himself his open enemy, in the utmost + alarm and terror he forthwith sent to me, and first he bade me + retire for a short time to Greece, then summoned me from there to + the court<a id="noteref_449" name="noteref_449" href= + "#note_449"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">449</span></span></a> + again. He had never seen me before except once in Cappadocia and + once in Italy,—an interview which Eusebia had secured by her + exertions so that I might feel confidence about my personal safety. + And yet I lived for six months in the same city<a id="noteref_450" + name="noteref_450" href="#note_450"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">450</span></span></a> as he + did, and he had promised that he would see me again. But that + execrable eunuch,<a id="noteref_451" name="noteref_451" href= + "#note_451"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">451</span></span></a> his + trusty chamberlain, unconsciously and involuntarily proved himself + my benefactor. For he did not allow me to meet the Emperor often, + nor perhaps did the latter desire it; still the eunuch was the + chief reason. For what he dreaded was that if we had any + intercourse with one another I might be taken into favour, and when + my loyalty became evident I might be given some place of + trust.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Παραγενόμενον δή + με τότε πρῶτον ἀπὸ τῆς Ἑλλάδος αὐτίκα διὰ τῶν περὶ τὴν θεραπείαν + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page258">[pg 258]</span><a name= + "Pg258" id="Pg258" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg259" id= + "Pg259" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> εὐνούχων ἡ μακαρῖτις Εὐσεβία + καὶ λίαν ἐφιλοφρονεῖτο. μικρὸν δὲ ὕστερον ἐπελθόντος τούτου· [C] + καὶ γάρ τοι καὶ τὰ περὶ Σιλουανὸν ἐπέπρακτο· λοιπὸν εἴσοδός τε εἰς + τὴν αὐλὴν δίδοται, καὶ τὸ λεγόμενον ἡ Θετταλικὴ περιβάλλεται + πειθανάγκη. ἀρνουμένου γάρ μου τὴν συνουσίαν στερεῶς ἐν τοῖς + βασιλείοις, οἱ μὲν ὥσπερ ἐν κουρείῳ συνελθόντες ἀποκείρουσι τὸν + πώγωνα, χλανίδα δὲ ἀμφιεννύουσι καὶ σχηματώζουσιν, ὡς τότε + ὑπελάμβανον, πάνυ γελοῖον στρατιώτην· [D] οὐδὲν γάρ μοι τοῦ + καλλωπισμοῦ τῶν καθαρμάτων ἥρμοζεν· ἐβάδιζον δὲ οὐχ ὥσπερ ἐκεῖνοι + περιβλέπων καὶ σοβῶν<a id="noteref_452" name="noteref_452" href= + "#note_452"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">452</span></span></a> ἀλλ᾽ + εἰς γῆν βλέπων, ὥσπερ εἰθίσμην ὑπὸ τοῦ θρέψαντός με παιδαγωγοῦ. + τότε μὲν οὖν αὐτοῖς παρέσχον γέλωτα, μικρὸν δὲ ὕστερον ὑποψίαν, + εἶτα ἀνέλαμψεν ὁ τοσοῦτος φθόνος.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now from the + first moment of my arrival from Greece, Eusebia of blessed memory + kept showing me the utmost kindness through the eunuchs of her + household. And a little later when the Emperor returned—for the + affair of Silvanus had been concluded—at last I was given access to + the court, and, in the words of the proverb, Thessalian + persuasion<a id="noteref_453" name="noteref_453" href= + "#note_453"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">453</span></span></a> was + applied to me. For when I firmly declined all intercourse with the + palace, some of them, as though they had come together in a + barber's shop, cut off my beard and dressed me in a military cloak + and transformed me into a highly ridiculous soldier, as they + thought at the time. For none of the decorations of those villains + suited me. And I walked not like them, staring about me and + strutting along, but gazing on the ground as I had been trained to + do by the preceptor<a id="noteref_454" name="noteref_454" href= + "#note_454"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">454</span></span></a> who + brought me up. At the time then, I inspired their ridicule, but a + little later their suspicion, and then their jealousy was inflamed + to the utmost.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλ᾽ ἐνταῦθα χρὴ + μὴ παραλείπειν ἐκεῖνα, πῶς ἐγὼ συνεχώρησα, πῶς ἐδεχόμην<a id= + "noteref_455" name="noteref_455" href="#note_455"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">455</span></span></a> + ὁμωρόφιος<a id="noteref_456" name="noteref_456" href= + "#note_456"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">456</span></span></a> + ἐκείνοις γενέσθαι, οὓς ἠπιστάμην παντὶ μέν μου λυμηναμένους τῷ + γένει, [275] ὑπώπτευον δὲ οὐκ εἰς μακρὰν ἐπιβουλεύσοντας καὶ ἐμοὶ. + πηγὰς μὲν οὖν ὁπόσας ἀφῆκα δακρύων καὶ θρήνους οἵους, ἀνατείνων εἰς + τὴν ἀκρόπολιν τὴν παρ᾽ ὑμῖν τὰς χεῖρας, ὅτε ἐκαλούμην, καὶ τὴν + Ἀθηνᾶν ἱκετεύων σώζειν τὸν ἱκέτην καὶ μὴ ἐκδιδόναι, πολλοὶ τῶν παρ᾽ + ὑμῖν ἑορακότες εἰσί μοι μάρτυρες, αὐτὴ δὲ ἡ θεὸς πρὸ τῶν ἄλλων, ὅτι + καὶ θάνατον ᾐτησάμην παρ᾽ [B] αὐτῆς Ἀθήνησι πρὸ τῆς τότε + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page260">[pg 260]</span><a name= + "Pg260" id="Pg260" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg261" id= + "Pg261" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ὁδοῦ. ὡς μὲν οὖν οὐ προύδωκεν ἡ + θεὸς τὸν ἱκέτην οὐδὲ ἐξέδωκεν, ἔργοις ἔδείξεν·<a id="noteref_457" + name="noteref_457" href="#note_457"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">457</span></span></a> + ἡγήσατο γὰρ ἁπανταχοῦ μοι καὶ παρέστησεν ἁπανταχόθεν τοὺς φύλακας, + ἐξ Ἡλίου καὶ Σελήνης ἀγγέλους λαβοῦσα.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But this I must + not omit to tell here, how I submitted and how I consented to dwell + under the same roof with those whom I knew to have ruined my whole + family, and who, I suspected, would before long plot against myself + also. But what floods of tears I shed and what laments I uttered + when I was summoned, stretching out my hands to your Acropolis and + imploring Athene to save her suppliant and not to abandon me, many + of you who were eyewitnesses can attest, and the goddess herself, + above all others, is my witness that I even begged for death at her + hands there in Athens rather than my journey to the Emperor. That + the goddess accordingly did not betray her suppliant or abandon him + she proved by the event. For everywhere she was my guide, and on + all sides she set a watch near me, bringing guardian angels from + Helios and Selene.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Συνέβη δέ τι καὶ + τοιοῦτον. ἐλθὼν ἐς τὸ Μεδιόλανον ᾤκουν ἔν τινι προαστείῳ. ἐνταῦθα + ἔπεμπεν Εὐσεβία πολλάκις πρός με φιλοφρονουμένη καὶ γράφειν + κελεύουσα καὶ θαρρεῖν, ὑπὲρ ὅτου ἂν δέωμαι. [C] γράψας ἐγὼ πρὸς + αὐτὴν ἐπιστολὴν, μᾶλλον δὲ ἱκετηρίαν ὅρκους ἔχουσαν τοιούτους· Οὕτω + παισὶ χρήσαιο κληρονόμοις· οὕτω τὰ καὶ τὰ θεός σοι δοίη, πέμπε με + οἴκαδε τὴν ταχίστην, ἐκεῖνο ὑπειδόμην ὡς οὐκ ἀσφαλὲς εἰς τὰ + βασίλεια πρὸς αὐτοκράτορος γυναῖκα γράμματα εἰσπέμπειν. ἱκέτευσα δὴ + τοὺς θεοὺς νύκτωρ δηλῶσαί μοι, εἰ χρὴ πέμπειν παρὰ τὴν βασιλίδα τὸ + γραμματεῖον· οἱ δὲ ἐπηπείλησαν, εἰ πέμψαιμι, θάνατον αἴσχιστον. [D] + ὡς δὲ ἀληθῆ ταῦτα γράφω, καλῶ τοὺς θεοὺς ἅπαντας μάρτυρας. τὰ μὲν + δὴ γράμματα διὰ τοῦτο ἐπέσχον εἰσπέμψαι. ἐξ ἐκείνης δέ μοι τῆς + νυκτὸς λογισμὸς εἰσῆλθεν, οὗ καὶ ὑμᾶς ἴσως ἄξιον ἀκοῦσαι. Νῦν, + ἔφην, ἐγὼ τοῖς θεοῖς ἀντιτάττεσθαι διανοοῦμαι, καὶ ὑπὲρ ἐμαυτοῦ + βουλεύεσθαι κρεῖττον νενόμικα τῶν πάντα εἰδότων. καίτοι φρόνησις + ἀνθρωπίνη πρὸς τὸ παρὸν ἀφορῶσα μόνον [276] ἀγαπητῶς ἂν τύχοι καὶ + μόγις τοῦ πρὸς ὀλίγου ἀναμαρτήτου. διόπερ οὐδεὶς οὔθ᾽ ὑπὲρ τῶν εἰς + τριακοστὸν<a id="noteref_458" name="noteref_458" href= + "#note_458"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">458</span></span></a> ἔτος + βουλεύεται οὔτε ὑπὲρ τῶν ἤδη γεγονότων· τὸ μὲν γὰρ περιττόν, τὸ δὲ + ἀδύνατον· <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page262">[pg + 262]</span><a name="Pg262" id="Pg262" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg263" id="Pg263" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἐν χερσὶ καὶ ὧν ἀρχαί τινές + εἰσιν ἤδη καὶ σπέρματα. φρόνησις δὲ ἡ παρὰ τοῖς θεοῖς ἐπὶ τὸ + μήκιστον, μᾶλλον δὲ ἐπὶ πᾶν βλέπουσα μηνύει τε ὀρθῶς καὶ πράττει τὸ + λῷον· αἴτοι γάρ εἰσιν αὐτοὶ καθάπερ τῶν ὄντων, οὕτω δὲ καὶ τῶν + ἐσομένων. [B] οὐκοῦν εἰκὸς αὐτοὺς ὑπὲρ τῶν παρόντων ἐπίστασθαι. + τέως μὲν οὖν ἐδόκει μοι κατὰ τοῦτο συνετωτέρα τῆς ἔμπροσθεν ἡ + δευτέρα γνώμη. σκοπῶν δὲ εἰς τὸ δίκαιον εὐθέως ἔφην· Εἶτα σὺ μὲν + ἀγανακτεῖς, εἴ τι τῶν σῶν κτημάτων ἀποστεροίη σε τῆς ἑαυτοῦ χρήσεως + ἢ καὶ ἀποδιδράσκοι καλούμενον, [C] κἂν ἵππος τύχῃ κἂν πρόβατον κἂν + βοίδιον, ἄνθρωπος δὲ εἶναι βουλόμενος οὐδὲ τῶν ἀγελαίων οὐδὲ τῶν + συρφετωδῶν, ἀλλὰ τῶν ἐπιεικῶν καὶ μετρίων ἀποστερεῖς σεαυτοῦ τοὺς + θεοὺς καὶ οὐκ ἐπιτρέπεις ἐφ᾽ ὅ, τι ἂν ἐθέλωσι χρήσασθαι σοι; ὅρα μὴ + πρὸς τῷ λίαν ἀφρόνως καὶ τῶν δικαίων τῶν πρὸς τοὺς θεοὺς ὀλιγώρως + πράττῃς. ἡ δὲ ἀνδρεία ποῦ καὶ τίς; γελοῖον. ἕτοιμος γοῦν εἶ καὶ + θωπεῦσαι καὶ κολακεῦσαι δέει τοῦ θανάτου, [D] ἐξὸν ἅπαντα + καταβαλεῖν καὶ τοῖς θεοῖς ἐπιτρέψαι πράττειν ὡς βούλαονται, + διελόμενον πρὸς αὐτοὺς τὴν ἐπιμέλειαν τὴν ἑαυτοῦ, καθάπερ καὶ ὁ + Σωκράτης ἠξίου, καὶ τὰ μὲν ἐπὶ σοὶ πράττειν ὡς ἂν ἐνδέχηται, τὸ δὲ + ὅλον ἐπ᾽ ἐκείνοις ποιεῖσθαι, κεκτῆσθαι δὲ μηδὲν μηδὲ ἁρπάζειν, τὰ + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page264">[pg 264]</span><a name= + "Pg264" id="Pg264" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg265" id= + "Pg265" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> διδόμενα δὲ παρ᾽ αὐτῶν + ἀφελῶς<a id="noteref_459" name="noteref_459" href= + "#note_459"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">459</span></span></a> + δέχεσθαι. ταύτην ἐγὼ [277] νομίσας οὐκ ἀσφαλῆ μόνον, ἀλλὰ πρέπουσαν + ἀνδρὶ μετρίῳ γνώμην, ἐπεὶ καὶ τὰ τῶν θεῶν ἐσήμαινε ταύτῃ· τὸ γὰρ + ἐπιβουλὰς εὐλαβούμενον τὰς μελλούσας εἰς αἰσχρὸν καὶ προὖπτον + ἐμβαλεῖν ἑαυτὸν κίνδυνον δεινῶς ἐφαίνετό μοι θορυβῶδες· εἶξαι καὶ + ὑπήκουσα. καὶ τὸ μὲν ὄνομά μοι ταχέως καὶ τὸ χλανίδιον περιεβλήθη + τοῦ καίσαρος· ἡ δὲ ἐπὶ τούτῳ δουλεία καὶ τὸ καθ᾽ ἑκάστην ἡμέραν + ὑπὲρ αὐτῆς τῆς ψυχῆς ἐπικρεμάμενον δέος Ἡράκλεις ὅσον καὶ οἷον· [B] + κλεῖθρα θυρῶν, θυρωροί, τῶν οἰκετῶν αἱ χεῖρες ἐρευνώμεναι, μή τίς + μοι παρὰ τῶν φίλων γραμματίδιον κομίζῃ, θεραπεία ξένη· μόλις + ἠδυνήθην οἰκέτας ἐμαυτοῦ τέτταρας, παιδάρια μὲν δύο κομιδῇ μικρά, + δύο δὲ μείζονας, εἰς τὴν αὐλήν οἰκειότερόν με θεραπεύσοντας + εἰσαγαγεῖν, ὧν εἷς μοι μόνος καὶ τὰ πρὸς θεοὺς συνειδὼς καὶ ὡς + ἐνεδέχετο λάθρᾳ συμπράττων· [C] ἐπεπίστευτο δὲ τῶν βιβλίων μου τὴν + φυλακήν, ὢν μόνος τῶν ἐμοὶ πολλῶν ἑταίρων καὶ φίλων πιστῶν, εἷς + ἰατρός, ὃς καί, ὅτι φίλος ὢν ἐλελήθει, συναπεδήμησεν. οὕτω δὲ + ἐδεδίειν ἐγὼ ταῦτα καὶ ψοφοδεῶς εἲχον πρὸς αὐτά, ὥστε καὶ + βουλομένους εἰσιέναι τῶν φίλων πολλοὺς παρ᾽ ἐμὲ καὶ μάλ᾽ ἄκων + ἐκώλυον, ἰδεῖν μὲν αὐτοὺς ἐπιθυμῶν, ὀκνῶν δὲ ἐκείνοις τε καὶ ἐμαυτῷ + γενέσθαι συμφορῶν αἴτιος. ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν ἔξωθέν ἐστι, [D] τάδε δὲ + ἐν αὐτοῖς τοῖς πράγμασι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(What happened + was somewhat as follows. When I came to Milan I resided in one of + the suburbs. Thither Eusebia sent me on several occasions messages + of good-will, and urged me to write to her without hesitation about + anything that I desired. Accordingly I wrote her a letter, or + rather a petition containing vows like these: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“May you have children to succeed you; may God grant + you this and that, if only you send me home as quickly as + possible!”</span> But I suspected that it was not safe to send to + the palace letters addressed to the Emperor's wife. Therefore I + besought the gods to inform me at night whether I ought to send the + letter to the Empress. And they warned me that if I sent it I + should meet the most ignominious death. I call all the gods to + witness that what I write here is true. For this reason, therefore, + I forbore to send the letter. But from that night there kept + occurring to me an argument which it is perhaps worth your while + also to hear. <span class="tei tei-q">“Now,”</span> I said to + myself, <span class="tei tei-q">“I am planning to oppose the gods, + and I have imagined that I can devise wiser schemes for myself than + those who know all things. And yet human wisdom, which looks only + to the present moment, may be thankful if, with all its efforts, it + succeed in avoiding mistakes even for a short space. That is why no + man takes thought for things that are to happen thirty years hence, + or for things that are already past, for the one is superfluous, + the other impossible, but only for what lies near at hand and has + already some beginnings and germs. But the wisdom of the gods sees + very far, or rather, sees the whole, and therefore it directs + aright and brings to pass what is best. For they are the causes of + all that now is, and so likewise of all that is to be. Wherefore it + is reasonable that they should have knowledge about the + present.”</span> So far, then, it seemed to me that on this + reasoning my second determination was wiser than my first. And + viewing the matter in the light of justice, I immediately + reflected: <span class="tei tei-q">“Would you not be provoked if + one of your own beasts were to deprive you of its services,<a id= + "noteref_460" name="noteref_460" href="#note_460"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">460</span></span></a> or + were even to run away when you called it, a horse, or sheep, or + calf, as the case might be? And will you, who pretended to be a + man, and not even a man of the common herd or from the dregs of the + people, but one belonging to the superior and reasonable class, + deprive the gods of your service, and not trust yourself to them to + dispose of you as they please? Beware lest you not only fall into + great folly, but also neglect your proper duties towards the gods. + Where is your courage, and of what sort is it? A sorry thing it + seems. At any rate, you are ready to cringe and flatter from fear + of death, and yet it is in your power to lay all that aside and + leave it to the gods to work their will, dividing with them the + care of yourself, as Socrates, for instance, chose to do: and you + might, while doing such things as best you can, commit the whole to + their charge; seek to possess nothing, seize nothing, but accept + simply what is vouchsafed to you by them.”</span> And this course I + thought was not only safe but becoming to a reasonable man, since + the response of the gods had suggested it. For to rush headlong + into unseemly and foreseen danger while trying to avoid future + plots seemed to me a topsy-turvy procedure. Accordingly I consented + to yield. And immediately I was invested with the title and robe of + Caesar.<a id="noteref_461" name="noteref_461" href= + "#note_461"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">461</span></span></a> The + slavery that ensued and the fear for my very life that hung over me + every day, Heracles, how great it was, and how terrible! My doors + locked, warders to guard them, the hands of my servants searched + lest one of them should convey to me the most trifling letter from + my friends, strange servants to wait on me! Only with difficulty + was I able to bring with me to court four of my own domestics for + my personal service, two of them mere boys and two older men, of + whom only one knew of my attitude to the gods, and, as far as he + was able, secretly joined me in their worship. I had entrusted with + the care of my books, since he was the only one with me of many + loyal comrades and friends, a certain physician<a id="noteref_462" + name="noteref_462" href="#note_462"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">462</span></span></a> who + had been allowed to leave home with me because it was not known + that he was my friend. And this state of things caused me such + alarm and I was so apprehensive about it, that though many of my + friends really wished to visit me, I very reluctantly refused them + admittance; for though I was most anxious to see them, I shrank + from bringing disaster upon them and myself at the same time. But + this is somewhat foreign to my narrative. The following relates to + the actual course of events.)</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page266">[pg 266]</span><a name="Pg266" id="Pg266" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg267" id="Pg267" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τριακοσίους + ἑξήκοντά μοι δοὺς στρατιώτας εἰς τὸ τῶν Κελτῶν ἔθνος ἀνατετραμμένον + ἔστειλε, μεσοῦντος ἤδη τοῦ χειμῶνος, οὐκ ἄρχοντα μᾶλλον τῶν ἐκεῖσε + στρατοπέδων ἢ τοῖς ἐκεῖσε στρατηγοῖς ὑπακούοντα.<a id="noteref_463" + name="noteref_463" href="#note_463"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">463</span></span></a> + ἐγέγραπτο γὰρ αὐτοῖς καὶ ἐνετέταλτο διαρρήδην οὐ τοὺς πολεμίους + μᾶλλον ἢ ἐμὲ παραφυλάττειν, ὡς ἂν μὴ νεώτερόν τι πράξαιμι. τούτων + δὲ ὃν ἔφην τρόπον γενομένων, περὶ τὰς τροπὰς τὰς θερινὰς [278] + ἐπιτρέπει μοι βαδίζειν εἰς τὰ στρατόπεδα τὸ σχῆμα καὶ τὴν εἰκόνα + περιοίσοντι τὴν ἑαυτοῦ· καὶ γάρ τοι καὶ τοῦτο εἴρητο καὶ ἐγέγραπτο, + ὅτι τοῖς Γάλλοις οὐ βασιλέα δίδωσιν, ἀλλὰ τὸν τὴν ἑαυτοῦ πρὸς + ἐκείνους εἰκόνα κομιοῦντα.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Constantius + gave me three hundred and sixty soldiers, and in the middle of the + winter<a id="noteref_464" name="noteref_464" href= + "#note_464"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">464</span></span></a> + despatched me into Gaul, which was then in a state of great + disorder; and I was sent not as commander of the garrisons there + but rather as a subordinate of the generals there stationed. For + letters had been sent them and express orders given that they were + to watch me as vigilantly as they did the enemy, for far I should + attempt to cause a revolt. And when all this had happened in the + manner I have described, about the summer solstice he allowed me to + join the army and to carry about with me his dress and image. And + indeed he had both said and written that he was not giving the + Gauls a king but one who should convey to them his image.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Οὐ κακῶς δέ, ὡς + ἀκηκόατε, τοῦ πρώτου στρατηγηθέντος ἐνιαυτοῦ καὶ πραχθέντος + σπουδαίου, πρὸς τὰ χειμάδια [B] πάλιν ἐπανελθὼν εἰς τὸν ἔσχατον + κατέστην κίνδυνον. οὔτε γὰρ ἀθροίζειν ἐξῆν μοι στρατόπεδον· ἕτερος + γὰρ ἦν ὁ τούτου κύριος· αὐτός τε ξὺν ὀλίγοις ἀποκεκλεισμένος, εἶτα + παρὰ τῶν πλησίον πόλεων αἰτηθεὶς ἐπικουρίαν, ὧν εἶχον τὸ πλεῖστον + ἐκείνοις δούς, αὐτὸς<a id="noteref_465" name="noteref_465" href= + "#note_465"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">465</span></span></a> + ἀπελείφθην μόνος. ἐκεῖνα μὲν οὖν οὕτως ἐπράχθη τότε. ὡς δὲ καὶ ὁ + τῶν στρατοπέδων ἄρχων ἐν ὑποψίᾳ γενόμενος αὐτῷ παρῃρέθη καὶ + ἀπηλλάγη τῆς ἀρχῆς, [C] οὐ σφόδρα ἐπιτήδειος δόξας, ἔγωγε ἐνομίσθην + ἥκιστα σπουδαῖος καὶ δεινὸς στρατηγός, ἅτε πρᾷον ἐμαυτὸν παρασχὼν + καὶ μέτριον. οὐ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page268">[pg + 268]</span><a name="Pg268" id="Pg268" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg269" id="Pg269" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> γὰρ ᾤμην δεῖν ζυγομαχεῖν οὐδὲ παραστρατηγεῖν, + εἰ μή πού τι τῶν λίαν ἐπικινδένων ἑώρων ἢ δέον γενέσθαι παρορώμενον + ἢ καὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν μὴ δέον γενέσθαι γιγνόμενον. ἅπαξ δὲ καὶ δεύτερον + οὐ καθηκόντως μοί τινων χρησαμένων, [D] ἐμαυτὸν ᾠήθην χρῆναι τιμᾶν + τῇ σιωπῇ, καὶ τοῦ λοιποῦ τὴν χλανίδα περιέφερον καὶ τὴν εἰκόνα· + τούτων γὰρ τὸ τηνικαῦτα διενοούμην ἀποπεφάνθαι κύριος.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now when, as + you have heard, the first campaign was ended that year and great + advantage gained, I returned to winter quarters,<a id="noteref_466" + name="noteref_466" href="#note_466"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">466</span></span></a> and + there I was exposed to the utmost danger. For I was not even + allowed to assemble the troops; this power was entrusted to + another, while I was quartered apart with only a few soldiers, and + then, since the neighbouring towns begged for my assistance, I + assigned to them the greater part of the force that I had, and so I + myself was left isolated. This then was the condition of affairs at + that time. And when the commander-in-chief<a id="noteref_467" name= + "noteref_467" href="#note_467"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">467</span></span></a> of + the forces fell under the suspicions of Constantius and was + deprived by him of his command and superseded, I in my turn was + thought to be by no means capable or talented as a general, merely + because I had shown myself mild and moderate. For I thought I ought + not to fight against my yoke or interfere with the general in + command except when in some very dangerous undertaking I saw either + that something was being overlooked, or that something was being + attempted that ought never to have been attempted at all. But after + certain persons had treated me with disrespect on one or two + occasions, I decided that for the future I ought to show my own + self-respect by keeping silence, and henceforth I contented myself + with parading the imperial robe and the image. For I thought that + to these at any rate I had been given a right.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐξ ὧν ὁ + Κωνστάντιος νομίσας ὀλίγον<a id="noteref_468" name="noteref_468" + href="#note_468"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">468</span></span></a> μὲν + ἐπιδώσειν, οὐκ εἰς τοσοῦτον δὲ μεταβολῆς ἥξειν τὰ τῶν Κελτῶν + πράγματα, δίδωσί μοι τῶν στρατοπέδων τὴν ἡγεμονίαν ἦρος ἀρχῇ. καὶ + στρατεύω μὲν ἀκμάζοντος τοῦ σίτου, πολλῶν πάνυ Γερμανῶν [279] περὶ + τὰς πεπορθημένας ἐν Κελτοῖς πόλεις ἀδεῶς κατοικούντων. τὸ μὲν οὖν + πλῆθος τῶν πόλεων πέντε που καὶ τεσσαράκοντά ἐστι, τείχη τὰ + διηρπασμένα δίχα τῶν πύργων καὶ τῶν ἐλασσόνων φρουρίων. ἧς δ᾽ + ἐνέμοντο γῆς ἐπὶ τάδε τοῦ Ῥήνου πάσης οἱ βάρβαροι τὸ μέγεθος ὁπόσον + ἀπὸ τῶν πηγῶν αὐτῶν ἀρχόμενος ἄχρι τοῦ Ὠκεανοῦ περιλαμβάνει· + τριακόσια δὲ ἀπεῖχον τῆς ᾐόνος τοῦ Ῥήνου στάδια οἱ πρὸς ἡμᾶς + οἰκοῦντες ἔσχατοι, τριπλάσιον δὲ ἦν ἔτι τούτου πλάτος τὸ + καταλειφθὲν ἔρημον [B] ὑπὸ τῆς λεηλασίας, ἔνθα οὐδὲ νέμειν ἐξῆν + τοῖς Κελτοῖς τὰ βοσκήματα, καὶ πόλεις τινὲς ἔρημοι τῶν ἐνοικούντων, + αἷς οὔπω παρῴκουν οἱ βάρβαροι. ἐν τούτοις οὖσαν καταλαβὼν ἐγὼ τὴν + Γαλατίαν πόλιν τε ἀνέλαβον τὴν <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page270">[pg 270]</span><a name="Pg270" id="Pg270" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg271" id="Pg271" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Ἀγριππίναν ἐπὶ τῇ Ῥήνῳ, πρὸ μηνῶν ἑαλωκυῖάν + που δέκα, καὶ τεῖχος Ἀργέντορα πλησίον πρὸς ταῖς ὑπωρείαις αὐτοῦ + τοῦ Βοσέγου, καὶ ἐμαχεσάμην οὐκ ἀκλεῶς. [C] ἴσως καὶ εἰς ὑμᾶς + ἀφίκετο ἡ τοιαύτη μάχη. ἔνθα τῶν θεῶν δόντων μοι τὸν βασιλέα τῶν + πολεμίων αἰχμάλωτον, οὐκ ἐφθόνησα τοῦ κατορθώματος Κωνσταντίῳ. + καίτοι εἰ μὴ θριαμβεύειν ἐξῆν, ἀποσφάττειν τὸν πολέμιον κύριος ἦν, + καὶ μέντοι διὰ πάσης αὐτὸν ἄγων τῆς Κελτίδος ταῖς πόλεσιν + ἐπιδεικνύειν καὶ ὥσπερ ἐντρυφᾶν τοῦ Χνοδομαρίου [D] ταῖς συμφοραῖς. + τούτων οὐδὲν ᾠήθην δεῖν πράττειν, ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὸν Κωνστάντιον αὐτὸν + εὐθέως ἀπέπεμψα, τότε ἀπὸ τῶν Κουάδων καὶ Σαυροματῶν ἐπανιόντα, + συνέβη τοίνυν, ἐμοῦ μὲν ἀγωνισαμένου, ἐκείνου δὲ ὁδεύσαντος μόνον + καὶ φιλίως ἐντυχόντος τοῖς παροικοῦσι τὸν Ἴστρον ἔθνεσιν, οὐχ ἡμᾶς, + ἀλλ᾽ ἐκεῖνον θριαμβεῦσαι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(After that, + Constantius, thinking that there would be some improvement, but not + that so great a transformation would take place in the affairs of + Gaul, handed over to me in the beginning of spring<a id= + "noteref_469" name="noteref_469" href="#note_469"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">469</span></span></a> the + command of all the forces. And when the grain was ripe I took the + field; for a great number of Germans had settled themselves with + impunity near the towns they had sacked in Gaul. Now the number of + the towns whose walls had been dismantled was about forty-five, + without counting citadels and smaller forts. And the barbarians + then controlled on our side of the Rhine the whole country that + extends from its sources to the Ocean. Moreover those who were + settled nearest to us were as much as three hundred stades from the + banks of the Rhine, and a district three times as wide as that had + been left a desert by their raids; so that the Gauls could not even + pasture their cattle there. Then too there were certain cities + deserted by their inhabitants, near which the barbarians were not + yet encamped. This then was the condition of Gaul when I took it + over. I recovered the city of Agrippina<a id="noteref_470" name= + "noteref_470" href="#note_470"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">470</span></span></a> on + the Rhine which had been taken about ten months earlier, and also + the neighbouring fort of Argentoratum,<a id="noteref_471" name= + "noteref_471" href="#note_471"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">471</span></span></a> near + the foot-hills of the Vosges mountains, and there I engaged the + enemy not ingloriously. It may be that the fame of that battle has + reached even your ears. There though the gods gave into my hands as + prisoner of war the king<a id="noteref_472" name="noteref_472" + href="#note_472"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">472</span></span></a> of + the enemy, I did not begrudge Constantius the glory of that + success. And yet though I was not allowed to triumph for it, I had + it in my power to slay my enemy, and moreover I could have led him + through the whole of Gaul and exhibited him to the cities, and thus + have luxuriated as it were in the misfortunes of Chnodomar. I + thought it my duty to do none of these things, but sent him at once + to Constantius who was returning from the country of the Quadi and + the Sarmatians. So it came about that, though I had done all the + fighting and he had only travelled in those parts and held friendly + intercourse with the tribes who dwell on the borders of the Danube, + it was not I but he who triumphed.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τὸ δὴ μετὰ τοῦτο + δεύτερος ἐνιαυτὸς καὶ πρίτος, καὶ πάντες μὲν ἀπελήλαντο τῆς + Γαλατίας οἱ βάρβαροι, πλεῖσται δὲ ἀνελήφθησαν τῶν πόλεων, + παμπληθεῖς δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς Βρεττανίδος ναῦς ἀνήχθησαν. ἑξακοσίων νηῶν + ἀνήγαγον στόλον, [280] ὧν τὰς τετρακοσίας ἐν οὐδὲ ὅλοις μησὶ δέκα + ναυπηγησάμενος πάσας εἰσήγαγον εἰς τὸν Ῥῆνον, ἔργον οὐ μικρὸν διὰ + τοὺς ἐπικειμένους καὶ παροικοῦντας πλησίον βαρβάρους. ὁ γοῦν + Φλωρέντιος οὕτως ᾤετο τοῦτο ἀδύνατον, ὥστε ἀργύρου δισχιλίας + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page272">[pg 272]</span><a name= + "Pg272" id="Pg272" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg273" id= + "Pg273" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> λίτρας ὑπέσχετο μισθὸν + ἀποτίσειν τοῖς βαρβάροις ὑπὲρ τῆς παρόδου, καὶ ὁ Κωνστάντιος ὑπὲρ + τούτου μαθών· ἐκοινώσατο γὰρ αὐτῷ περὶ τῆς δόσεως· [B] ἐπέστειλε + πρός με τὸ αὐτὸ πράττειν<a id="noteref_473" name="noteref_473" + href="#note_473"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">473</span></span></a> + κελεύσας, εἰ μὴ παντάπασιν αἰσχρόν μοι φανείη. πῶς δὲ οὐκ ἦν + αἰσχρόν, ὅπου Κωνσταντίῳ τοιοῦτον ἐφάνη, λίαν εἰωθότι θεραπεύειν + τοὺς βαρβάρους; ἐδόθη μὴν αὐτοῖς οὐδέν· ἀλλ᾽ ἐπ᾽ αὐτοὺς στρατεύσας, + ἀμυνόντων μοι καὶ παρεστώτων τῶν θεῶν, ὑπεδεξάμην μὲν μοῖραν τοῦ + Σαλίων ἔθνους, Χαμάβους δὲ ἐξήλασα, πολλὰς βοῦς καὶ γύναια μετὰ + παιδαρίων συλλαβών. οὕτω δὲ πάντας ἐφόβησα καὶ παρεσκεύασα + καταπτῆξαι τὴν ἐμὴν ἔφοδον, [C] ὥστε παραχρῆμα λαβεῖν ὁμήρους καὶ + τῇ σιτοπομπίᾳ παρασχεῖν ἀσφαλῆ κομιδήν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Then followed + the second and third years of that campaign, and by that time all + the barbarians had been driven out of Gaul, most of the towns had + been recovered, and a whole fleet of many ships had arrived from + Britain. I had collected a fleet of six hundred ships, four hundred + of which I had had built in less than ten months, and I brought + them all into the Rhine, no slight achievement, on account of the + neighbouring barbarians who kept attacking me. At least it seemed + so impossible to Florentius that he had promised to pay the + barbarians a fee of two thousand pounds weight of silver in return + for a passage. Constantius when he learned this—for Florentius had + informed him about the proposed payment—wrote to me to carry out + the agreement, unless I thought it absolutely disgraceful. But how + could it fail to be disgraceful when it seemed so even to + Constantius, who was only too much in the habit of trying to + conciliate the barbarians? However, no payment was made to them. + Instead I marched against them, and since the gods protected me and + were present to aid, I received the submission of part of the + Salian tribe, and drove out the Chamavi and took many cattle and + women and children. And I so terrified them all, and made them + tremble at my approach that I immediately received hostages from + them and secured a safe passage for my food supplies.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Μακρόν ἐστι + πάντα ἀπαριθμεῖσθαι καὶ τὰ καθ᾽ ἕκαστον γράφειν, ὅσα ἐν ἐνιαυτοῖς + ἔπραξα τέτταρσι· τὰ κεφάλαια δέ· τρίτον ἐπεραιώθην καῖσαρ ἔτι τὸν + Ῥῆνον· δισμυρίους ἀπῄτησα παρὰ τῶν βαρβάρων ὑπὲρ τὸν Ῥῆνον ὄντας + αἰχμαλώτους· ἐκ δυοῖν ἀγώνοιν καὶ μιᾶς πολιορκίας χιλίους ἐξελὼν + ἐζώγρησα, οὐ τὴν ἄχρηστον ἡλικίαν, ἄνδρας δὲ ἡβῶντας· [D] ἔπεμψα τῷ + Κωνσταντίῳ τέτταρας ἀριθμοὺς τῶν κρατίστων πεζῶν, τρεῖς ἄλλους τῶν + ἐλαττόνων, ἱππέων τάγματα δύο τὰ ἐντιμότατα· πόλεις ἀνέλαβον νῦν + μὲν δὴ τῶν θεῶν ἐθελόντων πάσας, τότε δὲ ἀνειλήφειν ἐλάττους ὀλίγῳ + τῶν τεσσαράκοντα. μάρτυρας καλῶ τὸν Δία καὶ πάντας θεοὺς πολιούχους + τε καὶ ὁμογνίους ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς προαιρέσεως εἰς αὐτὸν καὶ πίστεως, + ὅτι τοιοῦτος <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page274">[pg + 274]</span><a name="Pg274" id="Pg274" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg275" id="Pg275" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> γέγονα περὶ αὐτόν, οἷον ἂν εἱλόμην ἐγὼ υἱὸν + περὶ ἐμὲ γενέσθαι. [281] τετίμηκα μὲν οὖν αὐτὸν ὡς οὐδεὶς καισάρων + οὐδένα τῶν ἔμπροσθεν αὐτοκρατόρων. οὐδὲν γοῦν εἰς τὴν τήμερον ὑπὲρ + ἐκείνων ἐγκαλεῖ μοι, καὶ ταῦτα παρρησιασαμένῳ πρὸς αὐτόν, ἀλλὰ + γελοίους αἰτίας ὀργῆς ἀναπλάττει. Λουππικῖνον, φησί, καὶ τρεῖς + ἄλλους ἀνθρώπους κατέσχες· οὓς εἰ καὶ κτείνας ἤμην ἐπιβουλεύσαντας + ἔμοιγε φανερῶς, ἐχρῆν τὴν ὑπὲρ τῶν παθόντων ὀργὴν ἀφεῖναι τῆς + ὁμονοίας ἕνεκα. τούτους δὲ οὐδὲν ἄχαρι διαθεὶς ὡς [B] ταραχώδεις + φύσει καὶ πολεμοποιοὺς κατέσχον, πολλὰ πάνυ δαπανῶν εἰς αὐτοὺς ἐκ + τῶν δημοσίων, ἀφελόμενος δ᾽<a id="noteref_474" name="noteref_474" + href="#note_474"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">474</span></span></a> οὐδὲν + τῶν ὑπαρχόντων ἐκείνοις. ὁρᾶτε, πῶς ἐπεξιέναι τούτοις ὁ Κωνστάντιος + νομοθετεῖ. ὁ γὰρ χαλεπαίνων ὑπὲρ τῶν προσηκόντων μηδὲν ἆρ᾽ οὐκ + ὀνειδίζει μοι καὶ κατεγελᾷ τῆς μωρίας, ὅτι τον φονέα πατρός, + ἀδελφῶν, ἀνεψιῶν, ἁπάσης ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν τῆς κοινῆς ἡμῶν ἑστίας καὶ + συγγενείας τὸν δήμιον εἰς τοῦτο ἐθεράπευσα; [C] σκοπεῖτε δὲ ὅπως + καὶ γενόμενος αὐτοκράτωρ ἔτι φεραπευτικῶς αὐτῷ προσηνέχθην ἐξ ὧν + ἐπέστειλα.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(It would take + too long to enumerate everything and to write down every detail of + the task that I accomplished within four years. But to sum it all + up: Three times, while I was still Caesar, I crossed the Rhine; one + thousand persons who were held as captives on the further side of + the Rhine I demanded and received back; in two battles and one + siege I took captive ten thousand prisoners, and those not of + unserviceable age but men in the prime of life; I sent to + Constantius four levies of excellent infantry, three more of + infantry not so good, and two very distinguished squadrons of + cavalry. I have now with the help of the gods recovered all the + towns, and by that time I had already recovered almost forty. I + call Zeus and all the gods who protect cities and our race to bear + witness as to my behaviour towards Constantius and my loyalty to + him, and that I behaved to him as I would have chosen that my own + son should behave to me.<a id="noteref_475" name="noteref_475" + href="#note_475"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">475</span></span></a> I + have paid him more honour than any Caesar has paid to any Emperor + in the past. Indeed, to this very day he has no accusation to bring + against me on that score, though I have been entirely frank in my + dealings with him, but he invents absurd pretexts for his + resentment. He says, <span class="tei tei-q">“You have detained + Lupicinus and three other men.”</span> And supposing I had even put + them to death after they had openly plotted against me, he ought + for the sake of keeping peace to have renounced his resentment at + their fate. But I did those men not the least injury, and I + detained them because they are by nature quarrelsome and + mischief-makers. And though I am spending large sums of the public + money on them, I have robbed them of none of their property. + Observe how Constantius really lays down the law that I ought to + proceed to extremities with such men! For by his anger on behalf of + men who are not related to him at all, does he not rebuke and + ridicule me for my folly in having served so faithfully the + murderer of my father, my brothers, my cousins; the executioner as + it were of his and my whole family and kindred? Consider too with + what deference I have continued to treat him even since I became + Emperor, as is shown in my letters.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Καὶ τὰ πρὸ + τούτου δὲ ὁποῖός τις γέγονα περὶ αὐτὸν ἐντεῦθεν εἴσεσθε. + αἰσθόμενος, ὅτι τῶν ἁμαρτανομένων κληρονομήσω μὲν αὐτὸς τὴν ἀδοξίαν + καὶ τὸν κίνδυνον, ἐξεργασθήσεται δὲ ἑτέροις τὰ πλεῖστα, [D] πρῶτον + μὲν ἱκέτευον, εἰ ταῦτα <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page276">[pg + 276]</span><a name="Pg276" id="Pg276" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg277" id="Pg277" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> πράττειν αὐτῷ φαίνοιτο καὶ πάντως ἐμὲ + προσαγορεύειν καίσαρα δεδογμένον εἴη, ἄνδρας ἀγαθοὺς καὶ σπουδαίους + δοῦναί μοι τοὺς ὑπουργοῦντας· ὁ δὲ πρότερον ἔδωκε τοὺς + μοχθηροτάτους. ὡς δὲ ὁ μὲν εἷς ὁ πονηρότατος καὶ μάλα ἄσμενος<a id= + "noteref_476" name="noteref_476" href="#note_476"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">476</span></span></a> + ὑπήκουσεν, οὐδεὶς δὲ ἠξίου τῶν ἄλλων, ἄνδρα δίδωσιν ἄκων ἐμοὶ καὶ + μάλα ἀγαθὸν Σαλούστιον, ὃς διὰ τὴν ἀρετὴν εὐθέως αὐτῷ γέγονεν + ὕποπτος. οὐκ ἀρκεσθεὶς ἐγὼ τῷ τοιούτῳ, βλέπων δὲ πρὸς τὸ διάφορον + τοῦ τρόπου καὶ κατανόησας<a id="noteref_477" name="noteref_477" + href="#note_477"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">477</span></span></a> τῷ + μὲν ἄγαν αὐτὸν πιστεύοντα, [282] τῷ δὲ οὐδ᾽ ὅλως προσέχοντα, τῆς + δεξιᾶς αὐτοῦ καὶ τῶν γονάτων ἁψάμενος· Τούτων, ἔφην, οὐδείς ἐστί + μοι συνήθης οὐδὲ γέγονεν ἔμπροσθεν· ἐπιστάμενος δὲ αὐτοὺς ἐκ φήμης, + σοῦ κελεύσαντος, ἑταίρους ἐμαυτοῦ καὶ φίλους νομίζω, τοῖς πάλαι + γνωρίμοις ἐπ᾽ ἴσης τιμῶν. οῦ μὴν δίκαιον ἢ τούτοις ἐπιτετράφθαι τὰ + ἐμὰ ἢ τὰ τούτων ἡμῖν συγκινδυνεῦσαι. τί οὖν ἱκετεύω; γραπτοὺς ἡμῖν + δὸς ὥσπερ νόμους, [B] τίμων ἀπέχεσθαι χρὴ καὶ ὅσα πράττειν + ἐπιτρέπεις. δῆλον γάρ, ὅτι τὸν μὲν πειθόμενον ἐπαινέσεις, τὸν δὲ + ἀπειθοῦντα κολάσεις, εἰ καὶ ὅ, τι μάλιστα νομίζω μηδένα + ἀπειθήσειν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And how I + behaved to him before that you shall now learn. Since I was well + aware that whenever mistakes were made I alone should incur the + disgrace and danger, though most of the work was carried on by + others, I first of all implored him, if he had made up his mind to + that course and was altogether determined to proclaim me Caesar, to + give me good and able men to assist me. He however at first gave me + the vilest wretches. And when one, the most worthless of them, had + very gladly accepted and no one of the others consented, he gave me + with a bad grace an officer who was indeed excellent, Sallust, who + on account of his virtue has at once fallen under his suspicion. + And since I was not satisfied with such an arrangement and saw how + his manner to them varied, for I observed that he trusted one of + them too much and paid no attention at all to the other, I clasped + his right hand and his knees and said: <span class="tei tei-q">“I + have no acquaintance with any of these men nor have had in the + past. But I know them by report, and since you bid me I regard them + as my comrades and friends and pay them as much respect as I would + to old acquaintances. Nevertheless it is not just that my affairs + should be entrusted to them or that their fortunes should be + hazarded with mine. What then is my petition? Give me some sort of + written rules as to what I must avoid and what you entrust to me to + perform. For it is clear that you will approve of him who obeys you + and punish him who is disobedient, though indeed I am very sure + that no one will disobey you.”</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὅσα μὲν οὖν + ἐπεχείρησεν ὁ Πεντάδιος αὐτίκα καινοτομεῖν, οὐδὲν χρὴ λέγειν· + ἀντέπραττον δὲ ἐγὼ πρὸς πάντα, καὶ γίνεταί μοι δυσμενὴς ἐκεῖθεν. + εἶτ᾽ ἄλλον λαβὼν καὶ παρασκευάσας δεύτερον καὶ τρίτον, Παῦλον, [C] + Γαυδέντιον, τοὺς ὀνομαστοὺς ἐπ᾽ <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page278">[pg 278]</span><a name="Pg278" id="Pg278" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg279" id="Pg279" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἑμὲ μισθωσάμενος συκοφάντας, Σαλούστιον μὲν + ὡς ἐμοὶ φίλον ἀποστῆναι παρασκευάζει, Λουκιλιανὸν δὲ δοθῆναι + διάδοχον αὐτίκα. καὶ μικρὸν ὕστερον καὶ Φλωρέντιος ἦν ἐχθρὸς ἐμοὶ + διὰ τὰς πλεονεξίας, αἷς ἠναντιούμην. πείθουσιν οὗτοι τὸν + Κωνστάντιον ἀφελέσθαι με τῶν στρατοπέδων ἁπάντων, ἴσως τι καὶ ὑπὸ + τῆς ζηλοτυπίας τῶν κατορθωμάτων κνιζόμενον, [D] καὶ γράφει γράμματα + πολλῆς μὲν ἀτιμίας εἰς ἐμὲ πλήρη, Κελτοῖς δὲ ἀνάστασιν ἀπειλοῦντα· + μικροῦ γὰρ δέω φάναι τὸ στρατιωτικὸν ἅπαν ἀδιακρίτως τὸ μαχιμώτατον + ἀπαγαγεῖν τῆς Γαλατίας ἐκέλευσεν, ἐπιτάξας τοῦτο τὸ ἔργον + Λουππικίνῳ τε καὶ Γιντωνίῳ, ἐμοὶ δὲ ὡς ἂν πρὸς μηδὲν ἐναντιωθείην + αὐτοῖς ἐπέστειλεν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now I need not + mention the innovations that Pentadius at once tried to introduce. + But I kept opposing him in everything and for that reason he became + my enemy. Then Constantius chose another and a second and a third + and fashioned them for his purpose, I mean Paul and Gaudentius, + those notorious sycophants; he hired them to attack me and then + took measures to remove Sallust, because he was my friend, and to + appoint Lucilianus immediately, as his successor. And a little + later Florentius also became my enemy on account of his avarice + which I used to oppose. These men persuaded Constantius, who was + perhaps already somewhat irritated by jealousy of my successes, to + remove me altogether from command of the troops. And he wrote + letters full of insults directed against me and threatening ruin to + the Gauls. For he gave orders for the withdrawal from Gaul of, I + might almost say, the whole of the most efficient troops without + exception, and assigned this commission to Lupicinus and Gintonius, + while to me he wrote that I must oppose them in nothing.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐνταῦθα μέντοι + τίνα τρόπον τὰ τῶν θεῶν εἴποιμ᾽ [283] ἂν ἔργα πρὸς ὑμᾶς; + διενοούμην· μάρτυρες δὲ αὐτοί· πᾶσαν ἀπορρίψας τὴν βασιλικὴν + πολυτέλειαν καὶ παρασκευὴν ἡσυχάζειν, πράττειν δὲ οὐδὲν ὅλως. + ἀνέμενον δὲ Φλωρέντιον παραγενέσθαι καὶ τὸν Λουππικῖνον· ἦν γὰρ ὁ + μὲν περὶ τὴν Βίενναν, ὁ δὲ ἐν ταῖς Βρεττανίαις. ἐν τούτῳ θόρυβος + πολὺς [B] ἦν περὶ πάντας τοὺς ἰδιώτας καὶ τοὺς στρατιώτας, καὶ + γράφει τις ἀνώνυμον γραμματεῖον<a id="noteref_478" name= + "noteref_478" href="#note_478"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">478</span></span></a> εἰς + τὴν ἀστυγείτονά μοι πόλιν πρὸς τοὺς Πετουλάντας τουτουσὶ καὶ + Κελτούς· ὀνομάζεται δὲ οὕτω τὰ τάγματα· ἐν ᾧ πολλὰ μὲν ἐγέγραπτο + κατ᾽ ἐκείνου, πολλοὶ δὲ ὑπὲρ τῆς Γαλλιῶν προδοσίας ὀδυρμοί· καὶ + μέντοι καὶ τὴν ἐμὴν ἀτιμίαν ὁ τὸ γραμματεῖον συγγράψας ἀπωδύρετο. + τοῦτο κομισθὲν ἐκίνησε πάντας, οἳ τὰ Κωνσταντίου μάλιστα ἐφρόνουν, + [C] ἐπιθέσθαι μοι κατὰ τὸ καρτερώτατον, <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page280">[pg 280]</span><a name="Pg280" id="Pg280" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg281" id="Pg281" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ὅπως ἤδη τοὺς στρατιώτας ἐκπέμψαιμι, πρὶν καὶ + εἰς τοὺς ἄλλους ἀριθμοὺς ὅμοια ῥιφῆναι. καὶ γὰρ οὐδὲ ἄλλος τις + παρῆν τῶν δοκούντων εὔνως ἔχειν ἐμοί, Νεβρίδιος δέ, Πεντάδιος, + Δεκέντιος, ὁ παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ πεμφθεὶς ἐπ᾽ αὐτὸ τοῦτο Κωνσταντίου. + λέγοντος δέ μου χρῆναι περιμένειν ἔτι Λουππικῖνον καὶ Φλωρέντιον, + οὐδεὶς ἤκουσεν, ἀλλ᾽ ἔλεγον πάντες τοὐναντίον ὅτι δεῖ Ποιεῖν, εἰ μὴ + βούλομαι ταῖς προλαβούσαις ὑποψίαις ὥσπερ ἀπόδειξιν [D] καὶ + τεκμήριον τοῦτο προσθεῖναι. εἶτα προσέθεσαν ὡς Νῦν μὲν ἐκπεμφθέντων + αὐτὼν σόν ἐστι τὸ ἔργον, ἀφικομένων δὲ τούτων οὐ σοὶ τοῦτο, ἀλλ᾽ + ἐκείνοις λογιεῖται Κωνστάντιος, σὺ δὲ ἐν αἰτίᾳ γενήσῃ. γράψαι + δή<a id="noteref_479" name="noteref_479" href= + "#note_479"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">479</span></span></a> με + ἔπεισαν αὐτῷ, μᾶλλον δὲ ἐβιάσαντο· πείθεται μὲν γὰρ ἐκεῖνος, ᾧπερ + ἔξεστι καὶ μὴ πεισθῆναι, βιάζεσθαι δὲ οἷς ἂν ἐξῇ, τοῦ πείθειν οὐδὲν + προσδέονται· οὔκουν οὐδὲ οἱ βιασθέντες τῶν πεπεισμένων εἰσίν, ἀλλὰ + τῶν ἀναγκασθέντων. ἐσκοποῦμεν ἐνταῦθα, [284] ποίαν ὁδὸν αὐτοὺς χρὴ + βαδίζειν, διττῆς οὔσης. ἐγὼ μὲν ἠξίουν ἑτέραν τραπῆναι, οἱ δὲ αὖθις + ἀναγκάζουσιν ἐκείνην ἰέναι, μὴ τοῦτο αὐτὸ γενόμενον ὥσπερ ἀφορμήν + τινα στάσεως τοῖς στρατιώταις παράσχῃ καὶ ταραχῆς τινος αἴτιον + γένηται, εἶτα στασιάζειν ἅπαξ ἀρξάμενοι πάντα ἀθρόως ταράξωσιν. + ἐδόκει τὸ δέος οὐ παντάπασιν ἄλογον εἶναι τῶν ἀνθρώπων.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And now in what + terms shall I describe to you the work of the gods? It was my + intention, as they will bear me witness, to divest myself of all + imperial splendour and state and remain in peace, taking no part + whatever in affairs. But I waited for Florentius and Lupicinus to + arrive; for the former was at Vienne, the latter in Britain. + Meanwhile there was great excitement among the civilians and the + troops, and someone wrote an anonymous letter to the town near + where I was,<a id="noteref_480" name="noteref_480" href= + "#note_480"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">480</span></span></a> + addressed to the Petulantes and the Celts—those were the names of + the legions—full of invectives against Constantius and of + lamentations about his betrayal of the Gauls. Moreover the author + of the letter lamented bitterly the disgrace inflicted on myself. + This letter when it arrived provoked all those who were most + definitely on the side of Constantius to urge me in the strongest + terms to send away the troops at once, before similar letters could + be scattered broadcast among the rest of the legions. And indeed + there was no one there belonging to the party supposed to be + friendly to me, but only Nebridius, Pentadius, and Decentius, the + latter of whom had been despatched for this very purpose by + Constantius. And when I replied that we ought to wait still longer + for Lupicinus and Florentius, no one listened to me, but they all + declared that we ought to do the very opposite, unless I wished to + add this further proof and evidence for the suspicions that were + already entertained about me. And they added this argument: + <span class="tei tei-q">“If you send away the troops now it will be + regarded as your measure, but when the others come Constantius will + give them not you the credit and you will be held to blame.”</span> + And so they persuaded or rather compelled me to write to him. For + he alone may be said to be persuaded who has the power to refuse, + but those who can use force have no need to persuade as well;<a id= + "noteref_481" name="noteref_481" href="#note_481"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">481</span></span></a> then + again where force is used there is no persuasion, but a man is the + victim of necessity. Thereupon we discussed by which road, since + there were two, the troops had better march. I preferred that they + should take one of these, but they immediately compelled them to + take the other, for fear that the other route if chosen should give + rise to mutiny among the troops and cause some disturbance, and + that then, when they had once begun to mutiny, they might throw all + into confusion. Indeed such apprehension on their part seemed not + altogether without grounds.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἦλθε τὰ τάγματα, + ὑπήντησα κατὰ τὸ νενομισμένον αὐτοῖς, [B] ἔχεσθαι τῆς ὁδοῦ + προύτρεψα· μίαν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page282">[pg + 282]</span><a name="Pg282" id="Pg282" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg283" id="Pg283" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἡμέραν ἐπέμεινεν, ἄχρις ἧς οὐδὲν ᾔδειν ἐγὼ + τῶν βεβουλευμένων αὐτοῖς· ἴστω Ζεύς, Ἥλιος, Ἄρης, Ἀθηνᾶ καὶ πάντες + θεοί, ὡς οὐδὲ ἐγγὺς ἀφίκετό μού τις τοιαύτη ὑπόνοια ἄχρι δείλης + αὐτῆς· ὀψίας δὲ ἤδη περὶ ἡλίου δυσμὰς ἐμηνύθη μοι, καὶ αὐτίκα τὰ + βασίλεια περιείληπτο, καὶ ἐβόων πάντες, ἔτι φροντίζοντός μου τί χρὴ + ποιεῖν καὶ οὔπω σφόδρα πιστεύοντος· [C] ὔτυχον γὰρ ἔτι τῆς γαμετῆς + ζώσης μοι ἀναπαυσόμενος ἰδίᾳ πρὸς τὸ πλησίον ὑπερῷον ἀνελθών. εἶτα + ἐκεῖθεν· ἀνεπέπτατο γὰρ ὁ τοῖχος· προσεκύνησα τὸν Δία. γενομένης δὲ + ἔτι μείζονος τῆς βοῆς καὶ θορυβουμένων πάντων ἐν τοῖς βασιλείοις, + ᾐτέομεν τὸν θεὸν δοῦναι τέρας. αὐτὰρ ὅ γ᾽ ἡμῖν δεῖξε καὶ ἠνώγει + πεισθῆναι καὶ μὴ προσεναντιοῦσθαι τοῦ στρατοπέδου τῇ προθυμίᾳ. + γενομένων ὅμως [D] ἐμοὶ καὶ τούτων τῶν σημείων, οὐκ εἶξα ἑτοίμως, + ἀλλ᾽ ἀντέσχον εἰς ὅσον ἠδυνάμην, καὶ οὔτε τὴν πρόσρησιν οὔτε τὸν + στέφανον προσιέμην. ἐπεὶ δὲ οὔτε εἷς ὢν<a id="noteref_482" name= + "noteref_482" href="#note_482"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">482</span></span></a> + πολλῶν ἠδυνάμην κρατεῖν οἵ τε τοῦτο βουλόμενοι γενέσθαι θεοὶ τοὺς + μὲν παρώξυνον, ἐμοὶ δὲ ἔθελγον τὴν γνώμην, ὥρᾳ που τρίτῃ σχεδὸν οὐκ + οἶδα οὗτινός μοι στρατιώτου δόντος μανιάκην περιεθέμην καὶ ἦλθον + εἰς τὰ βασίλεια, ἔνδοθεν ἀπ᾽ αὐτῆς, ὡς ἴσασιν οἱ θεοί, στένων τῆς + καρδίας. [285] καίτοι χρῆν δήπουθεν πιστεύοντα τῷ φήναντι θεῷ τὸ + τέρας θαρρεῖν· ἀλλ᾽ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page284">[pg + 284]</span><a name="Pg284" id="Pg284" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg285" id="Pg285" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ᾐσχυνόμην δεινῶς καὶ κατεδυόμην, εἰ δόξαιμι + μὴ πιστῶς ἄχρι τέλους ὑπακοῦσαι Κωνσταντίῳ.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(The legions + arrived, and I, as was customary, went to meet them and exhorted + them to continue their march. For one day they halted, and till + that time I knew nothing whatever of what they had determined; I + call to witness Zeus, Helios, Ares, Athene, and all the other gods + that no such suspicion even entered my mind until that very + evening. It was already late, when about sunset the news was + brought to me, and suddenly the palace was surrounded and they all + began to shout aloud, while I was still considering what I ought to + do and feeling by no means confident. My wife was still alive and + it happened, that in order to rest alone, I had gone to the upper + room near hers. Then from there through an opening in the wall I + prayed to Zeus. And when the shouting grew still louder and all was + in a tumult in the palace I entreated the god to give me a sign; + and thereupon he showed me a sign<a id="noteref_483" name= + "noteref_483" href="#note_483"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">483</span></span></a> and + bade me yield and not oppose myself to the will of the army. + Nevertheless even after these tokens had been vouchsafed to me I + did not yield without reluctance, but resisted as long as I could, + and would not accept either the salutation<a id="noteref_484" name= + "noteref_484" href="#note_484"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">484</span></span></a> or + the diadem. But since I could not singlehanded control so many, and + moreover the gods, who willed that this should happen, spurred on + the soldiers and gradually softened my resolution, somewhere about + the third hour some soldier or other gave me the collar and I put + it on my head and returned to the palace, as the gods know groaning + in my heart. And yet surely it was my duty to feel confidence and + to trust in the god after he had shown me the sign; but I was + terribly ashamed and ready to sink into the earth at the thought of + not seeming to obey Constantius faithfully to the last.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Πολλῆς οὖν οὔσης + περὶ τὰ βασίλεια κατηφείας, τοῦτον εὐθὺς οἱ Κωνσταντίου φίλοι τὸν + καιρὸν ἁρπάσαι διανοηθέντες ἐπιβουλήν μοι ῥάπτουσιν αὐτίκα καί + διένειμαν τοῖς στρατιώταις χρήματα, δυοῖν θάτερον προσδοκῶντες, ἢ + διαστήσειν ἀλλήλους ἢ [B] καὶ παντάπασιν ἐπιθήσεσθαι<a id= + "noteref_485" name="noteref_485" href="#note_485"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">485</span></span></a> μοι + φανερῶς. αἰσθόμενός τις τῶν ἐπιτεταγμένων τῇ προόδῳ τῆς ἐμῆς + γαμετῆς λάθρᾳ πραττόμενον αὐτὸ ἐμοὶ μὲν πρῶτον ἐμήνυσεν, ὡς δὲ ἑώρα + με μηδὲν προσέχοντα, παραφρονήσας ὥσπερ οἱ θεόληπτοι δημοσίᾳ βοᾶν + ἤρξατο κατὰ τὴν ἀγοράν· Ἄνδρες στρατιῶται καὶ ξένοι καὶ πολῖται, μὴ + προδῶτε τὸν αὐτοκράτορα. εἶτα ἐμπίπτει θυμὸς εἰς τοὺς στρατιώτας, + καὶ πάντες εἰς τὰ βασίλεια μετὰ τῶν ὅπλων ἔθεον. [C] καταλαβόντες + δέ με ζῶντα καὶ χαρέντες ὥσπερ οἱ τοὺς ἐξ ἀνελπίστων ὀφθέντας + φίλους ἄλλος ἄλλοθεν περιέβαλλον καὶ περιέπλεκον καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ὤμων + ἔφερον, καὶ ἦν πως τὸ πρᾶγμα θέας ἄξιον, ἐνθουσιασμῷ γὰρ ἐῴκει. ὡς + δέ με ἁπανταχόθεν περιέσχον, ἐξῄτουν ἅπαντας τοὺς Κωνσταντίου + φίλους ἐπὶ τιμωρίᾳ. πηλίκον ἠγωνισάμην ἀγῶνα σῶσαι [D] βουλόμενος + αὐτούς, ἴσασιν οἱ θεοὶ πάντες.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now since there + was the greatest consternation in the palace, the friends of + Constantius thought they would seize the occasion to contrive a + plot against me without delay, and they distributed money to the + soldiers, expecting one of two things, either that they would cause + dissension between me and the troops, or no doubt that the latter + would attack me openly. But when a certain officer belonging to + those who commanded my wife's escort perceived that this was being + secretly contrived, he first reported it to me and then, when he + saw that I paid no attention to him, he became frantic, and like + one possessed he began to cry aloud before the people in the + market-place, <span class="tei tei-q">“Fellow soldiers, strangers, + and citizens, do not abandon the Emperor!”</span> Then the soldiers + were inspired by a frenzy of rage and they all rushed to the palace + under arms. And when they found me alive, in their delight, like + men who meet friends whom they had not hoped to see again, they + pressed round me on this side and on that, and embraced me and + carried me on their shoulders. And it was a sight worth seeing, for + they were like men seized with a divine frenzy. Then after they had + surrounded me on all sides they demanded that I give up to them for + punishment the friends of Constantius. What fierce opposition I had + to fight down in my desire to save those persons is known to all + the gods.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλὰ δὴ τὰ μετὰ + τοῦτο πῶς πρὸς τὸν Κωνστάντιον διεπραξάμην; οὔπω καὶ τήμερον ἐν + ταῖς πρὸς αὐτὸν ἐπιστολαῖς τῇ δοθείσῃ <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page286">[pg 286]</span><a name="Pg286" id="Pg286" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg287" id="Pg287" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> μοι παρὰ τῶν θεῶν ἐπωνυμίᾳ κεχρημαι, καίσαρα + δὲ ἐμαυτὸν γέγραφα, καὶ πέπεικα τοὺς στρατιώτας ὀμόσαι μοι μηδενὸς + ἐπιθυμήσειν, εἴπερ ἡμῖν ἐπιτρέψειεν ἀδεῶς οἰκεῖν τὰς Γαλλίας, τοῖς + πεπραγμένοις συναινέσας. [286] ἅπαντα τὰ παρ᾽ ἐμοὶ τάγματα πρὸς + αὐτὸν ἔπεμψεν ἐπιστολάς, ἱκετεύοντα περὶ τῆς πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἡμῖν + ὁμονοίας. ὁ δὲ ἀντὶ τούτων ἐπέβαλεν ἡμῖν τοὺς βαρβάρους, ἐχθρὸν δὲ + ἀνηγόρευσέ με παρ᾽ ἐκείνοις, καὶ μισθοὺς ἐτέλεσεν, ὅπως τὸ Γαλλιῶν + ἔθνος πορθηθείη, γράφων τε ἐν τοῖς ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ παραφυλάττειν τοὺς ἐκ + τῶν Γαλλιῶν παρεκελεύετο, [B] καὶ περὶ τοὺς Γαλλικοὺς ὅρους ἐν ταῖς + πλησίον πόλεσιν εἰς τριακοσίας μυριάδας μεδίμνων πυροῦ + κατειργασμένου ἐν τῇ Βριγαντίᾳ, τοσοῦτον ἕτερον περὶ τὰς Κοττίας + Ἄλπεις ὡς ἐπ᾽ ἐμὲ στρατεύσων ἐκέλευσε παρασκευασθῆναι. καὶ ταῦτα οὐ + λόγοι, σαφῆ δὲ ἔργα. καὶ γὰρ ἃς γέγραφεν ἐπιστολὰς ὑπὸ τῶν βαρβάρων + κομισθείσας ἐδεξάμην, καὶ τὰς τροφὰς τὰς παρεσκευασμένας κατέλαβον + [C] καὶ τὰς ἐπιστολὰς Ταύρου. πρὸς τούτοις ἔτι νῦν μοι ὡς + καίσαρι<a id="noteref_486" name="noteref_486" href= + "#note_486"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">486</span></span></a> + γράφει, καὶ οὐδὲ συνθήσεσθαι πώποτε πρός με ὑπέστη, ἀλλ᾽ Ἐπίκτητόν + τινα τῶν Γαλλιῶν<a id="noteref_487" name="noteref_487" href= + "#note_487"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">487</span></span></a> + ἐπίσκοπον ἔπεμψεν ὡς πιστά μοι περὶ τῆς ἀσφαλείας τῆς ἐμαυτοῦ + παρέξοντα, καὶ τοῦτο θρυλεῖ δι᾽ ὅλων αὐτοῦ τῶν ἐπιστολῶν, ὡς οὐκ + ἀφαιρησόμενος τοῦ ζῆν, ὑπὲρ δὲ τῆς τιμῆς οὐδὲν μνημονεύει. ἐγὼ δὲ + τοὺς μὲν ὅρκους <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page288">[pg + 288]</span><a name="Pg288" id="Pg288" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg289" id="Pg289" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> αὐτοῦ τὸ τῆς παραοιμίας οἶμαι δεῖν εἰς τέφραν + γράφειν, οὕτως εἰσὶ πιστοί· [D] τῆς τιμῆς δὲ οὐ τοῦ καλοῦ καὶ + πρέποντος μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς τῶν φίλων ἕνεκα σωτηρίας ἀντέχομαι· + καὶ οὔπω φημὶ τὴν πανταχοῦ γῆς γυμναζομένην πικρίαν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But further, + how did I behave to Constantius after this? Even to this day I have + not yet used in my letters to him the title which was bestowed on + me by the gods, but I have always signed myself Caesar, and I have + persuaded the soldiers to demand nothing more if only he would + allow us to dwell peaceably in Gaul and would ratify what has been + already done. All the legions with me sent letters to him praying + that there might be harmony between us. But instead of this he let + loose against us the barbarians, and among them proclaimed me his + foe and paid them bribes so that the people of the Gauls might be + laid waste; moreover he wrote to the forces in Italy and bade them + be on their guard against any who should come from Gaul; and on the + frontiers of Gaul in the cities near by he ordered to be got ready + three million bushels of wheat which had been ground at + Brigantia,<a id="noteref_488" name="noteref_488" href= + "#note_488"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">488</span></span></a> and + the same amount near the Cottian Alps, with the intention of + marching to oppose me. These are not mere words but deeds that + speak plain. In fact the letters that he wrote I obtained from the + barbarians who brought them to me; and I seized the provisions that + had been made ready, and the letters of Taurus. Besides, even now + in his letters he addresses me as <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Caesar”</span> and declares that he will never make + terms with me: but he sent one Epictetus, a bishop of Gaul,<a id= + "noteref_489" name="noteref_489" href="#note_489"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">489</span></span></a> to + offer a guarantee for my personal safety; and throughout his + letters he keeps repeating that he will not take my life, but about + my honour he says not a word. As for his oaths, for my part I think + they should, as the proverb says, be written in ashes,<a id= + "noteref_490" name="noteref_490" href="#note_490"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">490</span></span></a> so + little do they inspire belief. But my honour I will not give up, + partly out of regard for what is seemly and fitting, but also to + secure the safety of my friends. And I have not yet described the + cruelty that he is practising over the whole earth.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ταῦτα ἔπεισέ με, + ταῦτα ἐφάνη μοι δίκαια. καὶ πρῶτον μὲν αὐτὰ τοῖς πάντα ὁρῶσι καὶ + ἀκούουσιν ἀνεθέμην θεοῖς. εἶτα θυσάμενος περὶ τῆς ἐξόδου καὶ + γενομένων καλῶν τῶν ἱερῶν κατ᾽ αὐτὴν ἐκείνην τὴν ἡμέραν, ἐν ᾗ τοῖς + στρατιώταις περὶ τῆς ἐπὶ τάδε πορείας [287] ἔμελλον διαλέγεσθαι, + ὑπέρ τε τῆς ἐμαυτοῦ σωτηρίας καὶ πολὺ πλέον ὑπὲρ τῆς τῶν κοινῶν + εὐπραγίας καὶ τῆς ἁπάντων ἀνθρώπων ἐλευθερίας αὐτοῦ τε τοῦ Κελτῶν + ἔθνους, ὃ δὶς ἤδη τοῖς πολεμίοις ἐξέδωκεν, οὐδὲ τῶν προγονικῶν + φεισάμενος τάφων, ὁ τοὺς ἀλλοτρίους πάνυ θεραπεύων, ᾠήθην δεῖν ἔθνη + τε προσλαβεῖν τὰ δυνατώτατα καὶ χρημάτων πόρους δικαιοτάτων ἐξ + ἀργυρείων καὶ χρυσείων, καὶ εἰ μὲν ἀγαπήσειεν ἔτι νῦν γοῦν τὴν πρὸς + ἡμᾶς ὁμόνοιαν, εἴσω τῶν νῦν ἐχομένων μένειν, [B] εἰ δὲ πολεμεῖν + διανοοῖτο καὶ μηδὲν ἀπὸ τῆς προτέρας γνώμης χαλάσειεν, ὅ, τι ἂν ᾖ + τοῖς θεοῖς φίλον πάσχειν ἢ πράττειν, ὡς αἴσχιον ἀνανδρίᾳ ψυχῆς καὶ + διανοίας ἀμαθίᾳ ἢ πλήθει δυνάμεως ἀσθενέστερον αὐτοῦ φανῆναι. νῦν + μὲν γὰρ εἰ τῷ πλήθει κρατήσειεν, οὐκ ἐκείνου τὸ ἔργον, ἀλλὰ τῆς + πολυχειρίας ἐστίν· εἰ δὲ ἐν ταῖς Γαλλίαις περιμένοντά με καὶ τὸ ζῆν + ἀγαπῶντα καὶ διακλίνοντα τὸν κίνδυνον [C] ἁπανταχόθεν περικόψας + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page290">[pg 290]</span><a name= + "Pg290" id="Pg290" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg291" id= + "Pg291" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> κατέλαβε, κύκλῳ μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν + βαρβάρων, κατὰ στόμα δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν αὐτοῦ στρατοπέδων, τὸ παθεῖν τε + οἶμαι τὰ ἔσχατα προσῆν καὶ ἔτι ἡ τῶν πραγμάτων αἰσχύνη οὐδεμιᾶς + ἐλάττων ζημίας τοῖς γε σώφροσι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(These then were + the events that persuaded me; this was the conduct I thought just. + And first I imparted it to the gods who see and hear all things. + Then when I had offered sacrifices for my departure, the omens were + favourable on that very day on which I was about to announce to the + troops that they were to march to this place; and since it was not + only on behalf of my own safety but far more for the sake of the + general welfare and the freedom of all men and in particular of the + people of Gaul,—for twice already he had betrayed them to the enemy + and had not even spared the tombs of their ancestors, he who is so + anxious to conciliate strangers!—then, I say, I thought that I + ought to add to my forces certain very powerful tribes and to + obtain supplies of money, which I had a perfect right to coin, both + gold and silver. Moreover if even now he would welcome a + reconciliation with me I would keep to what I at present possess; + but if he should decide to go to war and will in no wise relent + from his earlier purpose, then I ought to do and to suffer whatever + is the will of the gods; seeing that it would be more disgraceful + to show myself his inferior through failure of courage or lack of + intelligence than in mere numbers. For if he now defeats me by + force of numbers that will not be his doing, but will be due to the + larger army that he has at his command. If on the other hand he had + surprised me loitering in Gaul and clinging to bare life and, while + I tried to avoid the danger, had attacked me on all sides, in the + rear and on the flanks by means of the barbarians, and in front by + his own legions, I should I believe have had to face complete ruin, + and moreover the disgrace of such conduct is greater than any + punishment—at least in the sight of the wise.<a id="noteref_491" + name="noteref_491" href="#note_491"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">491</span></span></a>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ταῦτα + διανοηθείς, ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τοῖς τε συστρατιώταις τοῖς ἐμοῖς + διῆλθον καὶ πρὸς κοινοὺς τῶν πάντων Ἑλλήνων πολίτας γράφω. θεοὶ δὲ + [D] οἱ πάντων κύριοι συμμαχίαν ἡμῖν τὴν ἑαυτῶν, ὥσπερ ὑπέστησαν, + εἰς τέλος δοῖεν καὶ παράσχοιεν ταῖς Ἀθήναις ὑφ᾽ ἡμῶν τε εἰς ὅσον + δύναμις εὖ παθεῖν καὶ τοιούτους σχεῖν ἐς ἀεὶ τοὺς αὐτοκράτορας, οἳ + μάλιστα καὶ διαφερόντως αὐτὰς αἰδέσονται<a id="noteref_492" name= + "noteref_492" href="#note_492"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">492</span></span></a> καὶ + ἀγαπήσουσιν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(These then are + the views, men of Athens, which I have communicated to my fellow + soldiers and which I am now writing to the whole body of the + citizens throughout all Greece. May the gods who decide all things + vouchsafe me to the end the assistance which they have promised, + and may they grant to Athens all possible favours at my hands! May + she always have such Emperors as will honour her and love her above + and beyond all other cities!)</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page295">[pg 295]</span><a name= + "Pg295" id="Pg295" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc21" id="toc21"></a> <a name="pdf22" id="pdf22"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.46em; text-align: left; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Fragment of a Letter to a + Priest</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc23" id="toc23"></a> <a name="pdf24" id="pdf24"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-top: 2.88em; margin-bottom: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Introduction</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Julian was + Supreme Pontiff, and as such felt responsible for the teachings and + conduct of the priesthood. He saw that in order to offset the + influence of the Christian priests which he thought was partly due + to their moral teaching, partly to their charity towards the poor, + the pagans must follow their example. Hitherto the preaching of + morals had been left to the philosophers. Julian's admonitions as + to the treatment of the poor and of those in prison, and the rules + that he lays down for the private life of a priest are evidently + borrowed from the Christians.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This Fragment + occurs in the Vossianus MS., inserted in the Letter to + Themistius,<a id="noteref_493" name="noteref_493" href= + "#note_493"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">493</span></span></a> and + was identified and published separately by Petavius. It was + probably written when Julian was at Antioch on the way to + Persia.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page296">[pg 296]</span><a name= + "Pg296" id="Pg296" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg297" id= + "Pg297" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">FRAGMENTUM + EPISTOLAE</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">.... πλὴν ἢν εἰς + τὸν βασιλέα ἐπίδωσιν ἀτακτοῦντάς τινας, αὐτίκα μάλα κολάζουσιν· ἐπὶ + δὲ τοὺς οὐ προσιόντας τοῖς θεοῖς ἐστι τὸ τῶν πονηρῶν δαιμόνων + τεταγμένον φῦλον, [B] ὑφ᾽ ὧν οἱ πολλοὶ παροιστρούμενοι τῶν ἀθέων + ἀναπείθονται θανατᾶν, ὡς ἀναπτησόμενοι πρὸς τὸν οὐρανόν, ὅταν + ἀπορρήξωσι τὴν ψυχὴν βιαίως. εἰσὶ δὲ οἳ καὶ τὰς ἐρημίας ἀντὶ τῶν + πόλεων διώκουσιν, ὄντος τἀνθρώπου φύσει πολιτικοῦ ζῴου καὶ ἡμέρου, + δαίμοσιν ἐκδεδομένοι πονηροῖς, ὑφ᾽ ὧν εἰς ταύτην ἄγονται τὴν + μισανθρωπίαν. ἤδη δὲ καὶ δεσμὰ καὶ κλοιοὺς ἐξηῦρον οἱ πολλοὶ + τούτων· οὕτω πανταχόθεν αὐτοὺς ὁ κακὸς συνελαύνει δαίμων, ᾧ + δεδώκασιν ἑκόντες ἑαυτούς, ἀποστάντες τῶν ἀιδίων καὶ σωτήρων θεῶν. + [C] ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ μὲν τούτων ἀπόχρη τοσαῦτα εἰπεῖν· ὅθεν δ᾽ ἐξέβην εἰς + τοῦτο ἐπανήξω.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(.... Only<a id= + "noteref_494" name="noteref_494" href="#note_494"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">494</span></span></a> that + they chastise, then and there, any whom they see rebelling against + their king. And the tribe of evil demons is appointed to punish + those who do not worship the gods, and stung to madness by them + many atheists are induced to court death in the belief that they + will fly up to heaven when they have brought their lives to a + violent end. Some men there are also who, though man is naturally a + social and civilised being, seek out desert places instead of + cities, since they have been given over to evil demons and are led + by them into this hatred of their kind. And many of them have even + devised fetters and stocks to wear; to such a degree does the evil + demon to whom they have of their own accord given themselves abet + them in all ways, after they have rebelled against the everlasting + and saving gods. But on this subject what I have said is enough, + and I will go back to the point at which I + digressed.)</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page298">[pg + 298]</span><a name="Pg298" id="Pg298" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg299" id="Pg299" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Δικαιοπραγίας + οὖν τῆς μὲν κατὰ τοὺς πολιτικοὺς νόμους εὔδηλον ὅτι μελήσει τοῖς + ἐπιτρόποις τῶν πόλεων, πρέποι δ᾽ ἂν καὶ ὑμῖν εἰς παραίνεσιν τὸ μὴ + παραβαίνειν ἱεροὺς ὄντας τῶν θεῶν τοὺς νόμους. [289] ἐπεὶ δὲ τὸν + ἱερατικὸν βίον εἶναι χρὴ τοῦ πολιτικοῦ σεμνότερον, ἀκτέον ἐπὶ + τοῦτον καὶ διδακτέον· ἕψονται δέ, ὡς εἰκός, οἱ βελτίους· ἐγὼ μὲν + γὰρ εὔχομαι καὶ πάντας, ἐλπίζω δὲ τοὺς ἐπιεικεῖς φύσει καὶ + σπουδαίους· ἐπιγνώσονται γὰρ οἰκείους ὄντας ἑαυτοῖς τοὺς + λόγους.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Though just + conduct in accordance with the laws of the state will evidently be + the concern of the governors of cities, you in your turn will + properly take care to exhort men not to transgress the laws of the + gods, since those are sacred. Moreover, inasmuch as the life of a + priest ought to be more holy than the political life, you must + guide and instruct men to adopt it. And the better sort will + naturally follow your guidance. Nay I pray that all men may, but at + any rate I hope that those who are naturally good and upright will + do so; for they will recognise that your teachings are peculiarly + adapted to them.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀσκητέα τοίνυν + πρὸ πάντων ἡ φιλανθρωπία· ταύτῃ γὰρ ἕπεται πολλὰ μὲν καὶ ἄλλα τῶν + ἀγαθῶν, [B] ἐξαίρετον δὲ δὴ καὶ μέγιστον ἡ παρὰ τῶν θεῶν εὐμένεια. + καθάπερ γὰρ οἱ τοῖς ἑαυτῶν δεσπόταις συνδιατιθέμενοι περί τε φιλίας + καὶ σπουδὰς καὶ ἔρωτας ἀγαπῶνται πλέον τῶν ὁμοδούλων, οὕτω + νομιστέον φύσει φιλάνθρωπον ὂν τὸ θεῖον ἀγαπᾶν τοὺς φιλανθρώπους + τῶν ἀνδρῶν. ἡ δὲ φιλανθρωπία πολλὴ καὶ παντοία· [C] καὶ τὸ + πεφεισμένως κολάζειν τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἐπὶ τῷ βελτίονι τῶν + κολαζομένων, ὥσπερ οἱ διδάσκαλοι τὰ παιδία, καὶ τὸ τὰς χρείας αὐτῶν + ἐπανορθοῦν, ὥσπερ οἱ θεοὶ τὰς ἡμετέρας. ὁρᾶτε ὅσα ἡμῖν δεδώκασιν ἐκ + τῆς γῆς ἀγαθά, τροφὰς παντοίας καὶ ὁπόσας οὐδὲ ὁμοῦ πᾶσι τοῖς + ζῴοις. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐτέχθημεν γυμνοί, ταῖς τε τῶν ζῴων ἡμᾶς θριξὶν + ἐσκέπασαν καὶ τοῖς ἐκ τῆς γῆς φυομένοις καὶ τοῖς ἐκ δένδρων, καὶ + οὐκ ἤρκεσεν ἁπλῶς οὐδὲ αὐτοσχεδίως, [D] καθάπερ ὁ Μωυσῆς ἔφη τοὺς + χιτῶνας <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page300">[pg + 300]</span><a name="Pg300" id="Pg300" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg301" id="Pg301" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> λαβεῖν δερματίνους, ἀλλ᾽ ὁρᾶτε ὅσα ἐγένετο + τῆς Ἐργάνης Ἀθηνᾶς τὰ δῶρα. ποῖον οἴνῳ χρῆται ζῷον; ποῖον ἐλαίῳ; + πλὴν εἴ τισιν ἡμεῖς καὶ τούτων μεταδέδομεν, οἱ τοῖς ἀνθρώποις οὐ + μεταδιδόντες. τί δὲ τῶν θαλαττίων σίτῳ, τί δὲ τῶν χερσαίων τοῖς ἐν + τῇ θαλάττῃ χρῆται; χρυσὸν οὔπω λέγω καὶ χαλκὸν καὶ σίδηρον, οἷς + πᾶσιν οἱ θεοὶ ζαπλούτους ἡμᾶς ἐποίησαν, οὐχ ἵνα ὄνειδος αὐτῶν + περιορῶμεν περινοστοῦντας τοὺς πένητας, ἄλλως τε ὅταν [290] καὶ + ἐπιεικεῖς τινες τύχωσι τὸν τρόπον, οἷς πατρῷος μὲν κλῆρος οὐ + γέγονεν, ὑπὸ δὲ μεγαλοψυχίας ἥκιστα ἐπιθυμοῦντες χρημάτων πένονται. + τούτους ὁρῶντες οἱ πολλοὶ τοὺς θεοὺς ὀνειδίζουσιν. αἴτιοι δὲ θεοὶ + μὲν οὐκ εἰσὶ τῆς τούτων πενίας, ἡ δὲ ἡμῶν τῶν κεκτημένων ἀπληστία + καὶ τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ὑπὲρ τῶν θεῶν οὐκ ἀληθοῦς ὑπολήψεως αἰτία + γίνεται καὶ προσέτι τοῖς θεοῖς ὀνείδους ἀδίκου. [B] τί γὰρ + ἀπαιτοῦμεν, ἵνα χρυσὸν ὥσπερ τοῖς Ῥοδίοις ὁ θεὸς ὕσῃ τοῖς πένησιν; + ἀλλὰ εἰ καὶ τοῦτο γένοιτο, ταχέως ἡμεῖς ὑποβαλόμενοι τοὺς οἰκέτας + καὶ προθέντες πανταχοῦ τὰ ἀγγεῖα πάντας ἀπελάσομεν, ἵνα μόνοι τὰ + κοινὰ τῶν θεῶν ἁρπάσωμεν δῶρα. θαυμάσειε δ᾽ ἄν τις εἰκότως, εἰ + τοῦτο μὲν ἀξιοῖμεν<a id="noteref_495" name="noteref_495" href= + "#note_495"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">495</span></span></a> οὔτε + πεφυκὸς γίνεσθαι καὶ ἀλυσιτελὲς πάντη, τὰ <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page302">[pg 302]</span><a name="Pg302" id="Pg302" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg303" id="Pg303" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> δυνατὰ δὲ μὴ πράττομεν. [C] τίς γὰρ ἐκ τοῦ + μεταδιδόναι τοῖς πέλας ἐγένετο πένης; ἐγώ τοι πολλάκις τοῖς + δεομένοις προέμενος ἐκτησάμην αὐτὰ παρὰ θεῶν<a id="noteref_496" + name="noteref_496" href="#note_496"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">496</span></span></a> + πολλαπλάσια καίπερ ὢν φαῦλος χρηματιστὴς, καὶ οὐδέποτέ μοι + μετεμέλησε προεμένῳ. καὶ τὰ μὲν νῦν οὐκ ἂν εἴποιμι· καὶ γὰρ ἂν εἴη + παντελῶς ἄλογον, εἰ τοὺς ἰδιώτας ἀξιώσαιμι βασιλικαῖς παραβάλλεσθαι + χορηγίαις· [D] ἀλλ᾽ ὅτε ἔτι ἐτύγχανον ἰδιώτης, σύνοιδα ἐμαυτῷ τοῦτο + ἀποβὰν πολλάκις. ἀπεσώθη μοι τέλειος ὁ κλῆρος τῆς τήθης, ἐχόμενος + ὑπ᾽ ἄλλων βιαίως ἐκ βραχέων ὧν εἶχον ἀναλίσκοντι τοῖς δεομένοις καὶ + μεταδιδόντι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(You must above + all exercise philanthropy, for from it result many other blessings, + and moreover that choicest and greatest blessing of all, the good + will of the gods. For just as those who are in agreement with their + masters about their friendships and ambitions and loves are more + kindly treated than their fellow slaves, so we must suppose that + God, who naturally loves human beings, has more kindness for those + men who love their fellows. Now philanthropy has many divisions and + is of many kinds. For instance it is shown when men are punished in + moderation with a view to the betterment of those punished, as + schoolmasters punish children; and again in ministering to men's + needs, even as the gods minister to our own. You see all the + blessings of the earth that they have granted to us, food of all + sorts, and in an abundance that they have not granted to all other + creatures put together. And since we were born naked they covered + us with the hair of animals, and with things that grow in the + ground and on trees. Nor were they content to do this simply or + off-hand, as Moses tells us men took coats of skins,<a id= + "noteref_497" name="noteref_497" href="#note_497"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">497</span></span></a> but + you see how numerous are the gifts of Athene the Craftswoman. What + other animals use wine, or olive oil? Except indeed in cases where + we let them share in these things, even though we do not share them + with our fellowmen. What creature of the sea uses corn, what land + animal uses things that grow in the sea? And I have not yet + mentioned gold and bronze and iron, though in all these the the + gods have made us very rich; yet not to the end that we may bring + reproach on them by disregarding the poor who go about in our + midst, especially when they happen to be of good character—men for + instance who have inherited no paternal estate, and are poor + because in the greatness of their souls they have no desire for + money. Now the crowd when they see such men blame the gods. However + it is not the gods who are to blame for their poverty, but rather + the insatiate greed of us men of property becomes the cause of this + false conception of the gods among men, and besides of unjust blame + of the gods. Of what use, I ask, is it for us to pray that God will + rain gold on the poor as he did on the people of Rhodes?<a id= + "noteref_498" name="noteref_498" href="#note_498"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">498</span></span></a> For + even though this should come to pass, we should forthwith set our + slaves underneath to catch it, and put out vessels everywhere, and + drive off all comers so that we alone might seize upon the gifts of + the gods meant for all in common. And anyone would naturally think + it strange if we should ask for this, which is not in the nature of + things, and is in every way unprofitable, while we do not do what + is in our power. Who, I ask, ever became poor by giving to his + neighbours? Indeed I myself, who have often given lavishly to those + in need, have recovered my gifts again many times over at the hands + of the gods, though I am a poor man of business; nor have I ever + repented of that lavish giving. And of the present time I will say + nothing, for it would be altogether irrational of me to compare the + expenditure of private persons with that of an Emperor; but when I + was myself still a private person I know that this happened to me + many times. My grandmother's estate for instance was kept for me + untouched, though others had taken possession of it by violence, + because from the little that I had I spent money on those in need + and gave them a share.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Κοινωνητέον οὖν + τῶν χρημάτων ἅπασιν ἀνθρώποις, ἀλλὰ τοῖς μὲν ἐπιεικέσιν + ἐλευθεριώτερον, τοῖς δὲ ἀπόροις καὶ πένησιν ὅσον ἐπαρκέσαι τῇ + χρείᾳ. φαίνη δ᾽ ἄν, εἰ καὶ παράδοξον εἰπεῖν, ὅτι καὶ τοῖς + πονηροῖς<a id="noteref_499" name="noteref_499" href= + "#note_499"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">499</span></span></a> + ἐσθῆτος καὶ τροφῆς ὅσιον ἂν εἴη μεταδιδόναι· [291] τῷ γὰρ ἀνθρωπίνῳ + καὶ οὐ τῷ τρόπῳ δίδομεν. διόπερ οἶμαι καὶ τοὺς ὲν δεσμωτηρίῳ + καθειργμένους ἀξιωτέον τῆς τοιαύτης ἐπιμελείας. οὐδὲν γὰρ κωλύσει + τὴν δίκην ἡ τοιαύτη φιλανθρωπία. χαλεπὸν γὰρ ἂν εἴη, πολλῶν + ἀποκεκλεισμένων ἐπὶ κρίσει, καὶ τῶν μὲν ὀφλησόντων, τῶν δὲ ἀθῴων + ἀποφανθησομένων, μὴ διὰ τοὺς ἀναιτίους οἶκτόν τινα νέμειν καὶ τοῖς + πονηροὶς, ἀλλὰ τῶν πονηρῶν [B] ἕνεκα καὶ περὶ τοὺς οὐδὲν ἠδικηκότας + ἀνηλεῶς καὶ ἀπανθρώπως διακεῖσθαι. <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page304">[pg 304]</span><a name="Pg304" id="Pg304" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg305" id="Pg305" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐκεῖνο δὲ ἐννοοῦντί μοι παντάπασιν ἄδικον + καταφαίνεται· Ξένιον ὀνομάζομεν Δία, καὶ γιγνόμεθα τῶν Σκυθῶν + κακοξενώτεροι. πῶς οὖν ὁ βουλόμενος τῷ Ξενίῳ θῦσαι Διὶ φοιτᾷ πρὸς + τὸν νεών; μετὰ ποταποῦ συνειδότος, ἐπιλαθόμενος τοῦ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(We ought then + to share our money with all men, but more generously with the good, + and with the helpless and poor so as to suffice for their need. And + I will assert, even though it be paradoxical to say so, that it + would be a pious act to share our clothes and food even with the + wicked. For it is to the humanity in a man that we give, and not to + his moral character. Hence I think that even those who are shut up + in prison have a right to the same sort of care; since this kind of + philanthropy will not hinder justice. For when many have been shut + up in prison to await trial, of whom some will be found guilty, + while others will prove to be innocent, it would be harsh indeed if + out of regard for the guiltless we should not bestow some pity on + the guilty also, or again, if on account of the guilty we should + behave ruthlessly and inhumanly to those also who have done no + wrong. This too, when I consider it, seems to me altogether wrong; + I mean that we call Zeus by the title <span class="tei tei-q">“God + of Strangers,”</span> while we show ourselves more inhospitable to + strangers than are the very Scythians. How, I ask, can one who + wishes to sacrifice to Zeus, the God of Strangers, even approach + his temple? With what conscience can he do so, when he has + forgotten the saying)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "margin-left: 10.80em; text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">πρὸς γὰρ Διός εἰσιν + ἅπαντες</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Πτωχοί τε ξεῖνοί τε· δόσις δ᾽ + ὀλίγη τε φίλη τε;</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">From Zeus + come all beggars and strangers; and a gift is precious though + small</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">?</span><a id="noteref_500" name="noteref_500" + href="#note_500"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">500</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[C] Πῶς δὲ ὁ τὸν + Ἑταίρειον θεραπεύων Δία, ὁρῶν τοὺς πέλας ἐνδεεῖς χρημάτων, εἶτα + μηδ᾽ ὅσον δραχμῆς μεταδιδούς, οἴεται τὸν Δία καλῶς θεραπεύειν; ὅταν + εἰς ταῦτα ἀπίδω, παντελῶς ἀχανὴς γίνομαι, τὰς μὲν ἐπωνυμίας τῶν + θεῶν ἅμα τῷ κόσμῳ τῷ ἐξ ἀρχῆς ὥσπερ εἰκόνας γραπτὰς ὁρῶν, ἔργῳ δὲ + ὑφ᾽ ἡμῶν οὐδὲν τοιοῦτον ἐπιτηδευόμενον. ὁμόγνιοι λέγονται [D] παρ᾽ + ἡμῖν θεοὶ καὶ Ζεὺς ὁμόγνιος, ἔχομεν δὲ ὥσπερ πρὸς ἀλλοτρίους τοὺς + συγγενεῖς· ἄνθρωπος γὰρ ἀνθρώπῳ καὶ ἑκὼν καὶ ἄκων πᾶς ἐστι + συγγενής, εἴτε, καθάπερ λέγεται παρά τινων, ἐξ ἑνός τε καὶ μιᾶς + γενόναμεν πάντες, εἴθ᾽ ὁπωσοῦν ἄλλως, ἀθρόως ὑποστησάντων ἡμᾶς τῶν + θεῶν ἅμα τῷ κόσμῳ τῷ ἐξ ἀρχῆς, οὐχ ἕνα καὶ μίαν, ἀλλὰ πολλοὺς ἅμα + καὶ πολλάς. [292] οἱ γὰρ ἕνα καὶ μίαν δυνηθέντες οἷοί τε ἦσαν ἅμα + καὶ πολλοὺς καὶ πολλὰς ὑποστῆσαι.<a id="noteref_501" name= + "noteref_501" href="#note_501"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">501</span></span></a> καὶ + γὰρ ὃν τρόπον τόν τε ἕνα καὶ τὴν μίαν, τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον τοὺς + πολλούς τε καὶ τὰς πολλάς. εἴς τε τὸ διάφορον <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page306">[pg 306]</span><a name="Pg306" id="Pg306" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg307" id="Pg307" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀποβλέψαντα τῶν ἐθῶν<a id="noteref_502" name= + "noteref_502" href="#note_502"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">502</span></span></a> καὶ + τῶν νόμων, οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ ὅπερ ἐστὶ μεῖζων καὶ τιμιώτερον καὶ + κυριώτερον, εἰς τὴν τῶν θεῶν φήμην, ἣ παραδέδοται διὰ τῶν ἀρχαίων + ἡμῖν θεουργῶν, [B] ὡς ὅτε Ζεὺς ἐκόσμει τὰ πάντα, σταγόνων αἵματος + ἱεροῦ πεσουσῶν, ἐξ ὧν που τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων βλαστήσειε γένος. καὶ + οὕτως οὖν συγγενεῖς γινόμεθα πάντες, εἰ μὲν ἐξ ἑνὸς καὶ μιᾶς, ἐκ + δυοῖν ἀνθρώποιν ὄντες οἱ πολλοὶ καὶ πολλαὶ, εἰ δέ, καθάπερ οἱ θεοί + φασι καὶ χρὴ πιστεύειν ἐπιμαρτυρούντων τῶν ἔργων, ἐκ τῶν θεῶν + πάντες γεγονότες. ὅτι δὲ πολλοὺς ἅμα ἀνθρώπους [C] γενέσθαι + μαρτυρεῖ τὰ ἔργα, ῥηθήσεται μὲν ἀλλαχοῦ δι᾽ ἀκριβείας, ἐνταῦθα δὲ + ἀρκέσει τοσοῦτον εἰπεῖν, ὡς ἐξ ἑνὸς μὲν καὶ μιᾶς οὖσιν οὔτε τοὺς + νόμους εἰκὸς ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον παραλλάξαι οὔτε ἄλλως τὴν γῆν ὑφ᾽ ἑνὸς + ἐμπλησθῆναι πᾶσαν, οὐδὲ εἰ τέκνα<a id="noteref_503" name= + "noteref_503" href="#note_503"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">503</span></span></a> ἅμα + πολλὰ καθάπερ αἱ σύες ἔτικτον αὐτοῖς αἱ γυναῖκες. πανταχοῦ δὲ + ἀθρόως φυτευσάντων τῶν<a id="noteref_504" name="noteref_504" href= + "#note_504"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">504</span></span></a> θεῶν, + ὅνπερ τρόπον ὁ εἷς, οὕτω δὲ καὶ οἱ πλείους προῆλθον ἄνθρωποι τοῖς + γενεάρχαις θεοῖς ἀποκληρωθέντες, οἳ καὶ προήγαγον αὐτούς, [D] ἀπὸ + τοῦ δημιουργοῦ τὰς ψυχὰς παραλαμβάνοντες ἐξ αἰῶνος.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Again, the man + who worships Zeus the God of Comrades, and who, though he sees his + neighbours in need of money, does not give them even so much as a + drachma, how, I say, can he think that he is worshipping Zeus + aright? When I observe this I am wholly amazed, since I see that + these titles of the gods are from the beginning of the world their + express images, yet in our practice we pay no attention to anything + of the sort. The gods are called by us <span class= + "tei tei-q">“gods of kindred,”</span> and Zeus the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“God of Kindred,”</span> but we treat our kinsmen as + though they were strangers. I say <span class= + "tei tei-q">“kinsmen”</span> because every man, whether he will or + no, is akin to every other man, whether it be true, as some say, + that we are all descended from one man and one woman, or whether it + came about in some other way, and the gods created us all together, + at the first when the world began, not one man and one woman only, + but many men and many women at once. For they who had the power to + create one man and one woman, were able to create many men and + women at once; since the manner of creating one man and one woman + is the same as that of creating many men and many women. And<a id= + "noteref_505" name="noteref_505" href="#note_505"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">505</span></span></a> one + must have regard to the differences in our habits and laws, or + still more to that which is higher and more precious and more + authoritative, I mean the sacred tradition of the gods which has + been handed down to us by the theurgists of earlier days, namely + that when Zeus was setting all things in order there fell from him + drops of sacred blood, and from them, as they say, arose the race + of men. It follows therefore that we are all kinsmen, whether, many + men and women as we are, we come from two human beings, or whether, + as the gods tell us, and as we ought to believe, since facts bear + witness thereto, we are all descended from the gods. And that facts + bear witness that many men came into the world at once, I shall + maintain elsewhere, and precisely, but for the moment it will be + enough to say this much, that if we were descended from one man and + one woman, it is not likely that our laws would show such great + divergence; nor in any case is it likely that the whole earth was + filled with people by one man; nay, not even if the women used to + bear many children at a time to their husbands, like swine. But + when the gods all together had given birth to men, just as one man + came forth, so in like manner came forth many men who had been + allotted to the gods who rule over births; and they brought them + forth, receiving their souls from the Demiurge from eternity.<a id= + "noteref_506" name="noteref_506" href="#note_506"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">506</span></span></a>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Κἀκεῖνο δ᾽ ἄξιον + ἐννοεῖν, ὅσοι παρὰ τῶν ἔμπροσθεν ἀνάλωνται λόγοι περὶ τοῦ φύσει + κοινωνικὸν εἶναι ζῷον τὸν ἄνθρωπον, ἡμεῖς οὖν οἱ ταῦτα εἰπόντες καὶ + διατάξαντες ἀκοινωνήτως πρὸς τοὺς <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page308">[pg 308]</span><a name="Pg308" id="Pg308" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg309" id="Pg309" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> πλησίον ἕξομεν; ἐκ δὴ τῶν τοιούτων ἠθῶν τε + καὶ ἐπιτηδευμάτων ἕκαστος ἡμῶν ὁρμώμενος εὐλαβείας τῆς εἰς τοὺς + θεούς, [293] χρηστότητος τῆς εἰς ἀνθρώπους, ἁγνείας τῆς περὶ τὸ + σῶμα, τὰ τῆς εὐσεβείας ἔργα πληρούτω, πειρώμενος δὲ ἀεί τι περὶ τῶν + θεῶν εὐσεβὲς διανοεῖσθαι καὶ μετά τινος ἀποβλέπων εἰς τὰ ἱερὰ τῶν + θεῶν καὶ τὰ ἀγάλματα τιμῆς καὶ ὁσιότητος, σεβόμενος ὥσπερ ἂν εἰ + παρόντας ἑώρα τοὺς θεούς. ἀγάλματα γὰρ καὶ βωμοὺς καὶ πυρὸς + ἀσβέστου φυλακὴν καὶ πάντα ἁπλῶς τὰ τοιαῦτα σύμβολα οἱ πατέρες + ἔθεντο τῆς παρουσίας τῶν θεῶν, [B] οὐχ ἵνα ἐκεῖνα θεοὺς νομίσωμεν, + ἀλλ᾽ ἵνα δι᾽ αὐτῶν τοὺς θεοὺς θεραπεύσωμεν. ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἡμᾶς ὄντας + ἐν σώματι σωματικῶς<a id="noteref_507" name="noteref_507" href= + "#note_507"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">507</span></span></a> ἔδει + ποιεῖσθαι τοῖς θεοῖς καὶ τὰς λατρείας, ἀσώματοι δέ εἰσιν αὐτοί· + πρῶτα μὲν ἔδειξαν ἡμῖν ἀγάλματα τὸ δεύτερον ἀπὸ τοῦ πρώτου τῶν θεῶν + γένος περὶ πάντα τὸν οὐρανὸν κύκλῳ περιφερόμενον. [C] δυναμένης δὲ + οὐδὲ τούτοις ἀποδίδοσθαι τῆς θεραπείας σωματικῶς· ἀπροσδεᾶ γάρ ἐστι + φύσει· ἕτερον<a id="noteref_508" name="noteref_508" href= + "#note_508"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">508</span></span></a> ἐπὶ + γῆς ἐξηυρέθη γένος ἀγαλμάτων, εἰς ὃ τὰς θεραπείας ἐκτελοῦντες + ἑαυτοῖς εὐμενεῖς τοὺς θεοὺς καταστήσομεν. ὥσπερ γὰρ οἱ τῶν βασιλέων + θεραπεύοντες εἰκόνας, οὐδὲν δεομένων, ὅμως ἐφέλκονται τὴν εὔνοιαν + εἰς ἑαυτούς, οὕτων καὶ οἱ θεῶν θεραπεύοντες τὰ ἀγάλματα, [D] + δεομένων οὐδὲν τῶν θεῶν, ὅμως πείθουσιν αὐτοὺς ἐπαμύνειν σφίσι + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page310">[pg 310]</span><a name= + "Pg310" id="Pg310" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg311" id= + "Pg311" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ κήδεσθαι· δεῖγμα γάρ ἐστιν + ὡς ἀληθῶς ὁσιότητος ἡ περὶ τὰ δυνατὰ προθυμία, καὶ ὁ ταύτην πληρῶν + εὔδηλον ὅτι μειζόνως ἐκείνην ἀποδίδωσιν, ὁ δὲ τῶν δυνατῶν ὀλιγωρῶν, + εἶτα προσποιούμενος τῶν ἀδυνάτων ὀρέγεσθαι δῆλός ἐστιν [294] οὐκ + ἐκεῖνα μεταδιώκων, ἀλλὰ ταῦτα παρορῶν· οὐδὲ γάρ, εἰ μηδενὸς ὁ θεὸς + δεῖται, διὰ τοῦτο οὐδὲν αὐτῷ προσοιστέον· οὐδὲ γὰρ τῆς διὰ λόγων + εὐφημίας δεῖται. τί οὖν; εὔλογον αὐτὸν ἀποστερῆσαι καὶ ταύτης; [B] + οὐδαμῶς. οὐκ ἄρα οὐδὲ τῆς διὰ τῶν ἔργων εἰς αὐτὸν γιγνομένης τιμῆς, + ἧς ἐνομοθέτησαν οὐκ ἐνιαυτοὶ τρεῖς οὐδὲ τρισχίλιοι, πᾶς δὲ ὁ + προλαβὼν αἰὼν ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς τῆς γῆς ἔθνεσιν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(It is proper + also to bear in mind how many discourses have been devoted by men + in the past to show that man is by nature a social animal. And + shall we, after, asserting this and enjoining it, bear ourselves + unsociably to our neighbours? Then let everyone make the basis of + his conduct moral virtues, and actions like these, namely reverence + towards the gods, benevolence towards men, personal chastity; and + thus let him abound in pious acts, I mean by endeavouring always to + have pious thoughts about the gods, and by regarding the temples + and images of the gods with due honour and veneration, and by + worshipping the gods as though he saw them actually present. For + our fathers established images and altars, and the maintenance of + undying fire, and, generally speaking, everything of the sort, as + symbols of the presence of the gods, not that we may regard such + things as gods, but that we may worship the gods through them. For + since being in the body it was in bodily wise that we must needs + perform our service to the gods also, though they are themselves + without bodies; they therefore revealed to us in the earliest + images the class of gods next in rank to the first, even those that + revolve in a circle about the whole heavens. But since not even to + these can due worship be offered in bodily wise—for they are by + nature not in need of anything<a id="noteref_509" name= + "noteref_509" href="#note_509"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">509</span></span></a>—another + class of images was invented on the earth, and by performing our + worship to them we shall make the gods propitious to ourselves. For + just as those who make offerings to the statues of the emperors, + who are in need of nothing, nevertheless induce goodwill towards + themselves thereby, so too those who make offerings to the images + of the gods, though the gods need nothing, do nevertheless thereby + persuade them to help and to care for them. For zeal to do all that + is in one's power is, in truth, a proof of piety, and it is evident + that he who abounds in such zeal thereby displays a higher degree + of piety; whereas he who neglects what is possible, and then + pretends to aim at what is impossible, evidently does not strive + after the impossible, since he overlooks the possible. For even + though God stands in need of nothing, it does not follow that on + that account nothing ought to be offered to him. He does not need + the reverence that is paid in words. What then? Is it rational to + deprive him of this also? By no means. It follows then that one + ought not to deprive him either of the honour that is paid to him + through deeds, an honour which not three years or three thousand + years have ordained, but all past time among all the nations of the + earth.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[C] Ἀφορῶντες + οὖν εἰς τὰ τῶν θεῶν ἀγάλματα μή τοι νομίζωμεν αὐτὰ λίθους εἶναι + μηδὲ ξύλα, μηδὲ μέντοι τοὺς θεοὺς αὐτοὺς εἶναι ταῦτα. καὶ γὰρ οὐδὲ + τὰς βασιλικὰς εἰκόνας ξύλα καὶ λίθον καὶ χαλκὸν λέγομεν, οὐ μὴν + οὐδὲ αὐτοὺς τοὺς βασιλέας, ἀλλὰ εἰκόνας βασιλέων. ὅστις οὖν ἐστι + φιλοβασιλεὺς ἡδέως ὁρᾷ τὴν τοῦ βασιλέως εἰκόνα, καὶ ὅστις ἐστὶ [D] + φιλόπαις ἡδέως ὁρᾷ τὴν τοῦ παιδός, καὶ ὅστις φιλοπάτωρ τὴν τοῦ + πατρός. οὐκοῦν καὶ ὅστις φιλόθεος ἡδέως εἰς τὰ τῶν θεῶν ἀγάλματα + καὶ τὰς εἰκόνας ἀποβλέπει, σεβόμενος ἅμα καὶ φρίττων ἐξ ἀφανοῦς + ὁρῶντας εἰς αὐτὸν τοὺς θεούς. εἴ τις οὖν οἴεται δεῖν αὐτὰ μηδὲ + φθείρεσθαι διὰ τὸ θεῶν ἅπαξ εἰκόνας κληθῆναι, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page312">[pg 312]</span><a name="Pg312" id="Pg312" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg313" id="Pg313" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> παντελῶς ἄφρων εἶναί μοι φαίνεται. χρῆν γὰρ + δήπουθεν αὐτὰ μηδὲ [295] ὑπὸ ἀνθρώπων γενέσθαι. τὸ δὲ ὑπ᾽ ἀνδρὸς + σοφοῦ καὶ ἀγαθοῦ γενόμενον ὑπὸ ἀνθρώπου πονηροῦ καὶ ἀμαθοῦς + φθαρῆναι δύναται. τὰ δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν θεῶν ζῶντα ἀγάλματα κατασκευασθέντα + τῆς ἀφανοῦς αὐτῶν οὐσίας, οἱ περὶ τὸν οὐρανὸν κύκλῳ φερόμενοι θεοί, + μένει τὸν ἀεὶ χρόνον ἀίδια. μηδεὶς οὖν ἀπιστείτω θεοῖς ὁρῶν καὶ + ἀκούων, ὡς ἐνύβρισάν τινες εἰς τὰ ἀγάλματα καὶ τοὺς ναούς. ἆρ᾽ οὐκ + ἀνθρώπους χρηστοὺς ἀπέκτειναν πολλοί, [B] καθάπερ Σωκράτη καὶ Δίωνα + καὶ τὸν μέγαν Ἐμπεδότιμον; ὧν εὖ οἶδ᾽ ὅτι μᾶλλον ἐμέλησε τοῖς + θεοῖς. ἀλλ᾽ ὁρᾶτε, ὅτι καὶ τούτων φθαρτὸν εἰδότες τὸ σῶμα + συνεχώρησαν εἶξαι τῇ φύσει καὶ ὑποχωρῆσαι, δίκην δὲ ἀπῄτησαν + ὕστερον παρὰ τῶν κτεινάντων. ὃ δὴ συνέβη φανερῶς ἐφ᾽ ἡμῶν ἐπὶ + πάντων τῶν ἱεροσύλων.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Therefore, when + we look at the images of the gods, let us not indeed think they are + stones or wood, but neither let us think they are the gods + themselves; and indeed we do not say that the statues of the + emperors are mere wood and stone and bronze, but still less do we + say they are the emperors themselves. He therefore who loves the + emperor delights to see the emperor's statue, and he who loves his + son delights to see his son's statue, and he who loves his father + delights to see his father's statue. It follows that he who loves + the gods delights to gaze on the images of the gods, and their + likenesses, and he feels reverence and shudders with awe of the + gods who look at him from the unseen world. Therefore if any man + thinks that because they have once been called likenesses of the + gods, they are incapable of being destroyed, he is, it seems to me, + altogether foolish; for surely in that case they were incapable of + being made by men's hands. But what has been made by a wise and + good man can be destroyed by a bad and ignorant man. But those + beings which were fashioned by the gods as the living images of + their invisible nature, I mean the gods who revolve in a circle in + the heavens, abide imperishable for all time. Therefore let no man + disbelieve in gods because he sees and hears that certain persons + have profaned their images and temples. Have they not in many cases + put good men to death, like Socrates and Dio and the great + Empedotimus?<a id="noteref_510" name="noteref_510" href= + "#note_510"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">510</span></span></a> And + yet I am very sure that the gods cared more for these men than for + the temples. But observe that since they knew that the bodies even + of these men were destructible, they allowed them to yield to + nature and to submit, but later on they exacted punishment from + their slayers; and this has happened in the sight of all, in our + own day also, in the case of all who have profaned the + temples.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Μηδεὶς οὖν + ἀπατάτω λόγοις μηδὲ ταραττέτω περὶ τῆς προνοίας ἡμᾶς. [C] οἱ γὰρ + ἡμῖν ὀνειδίζοντες τὰ τοιαῦτα, τῶν Ἰουδαίων οἱ προφῆται, τί περὶ τοῦ + νεὼ φήσουσι τοῦ παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς τρίτον ἀνατραπέντος, ἐγειρομένου δὲ + οὐδὲ νῦν; ἐγὼ δὲ εἶπον οὐκ ὀνειδίζων ἐκείνοις, ὅς γε τοσούτοις + ὕστερον χρόνοις ἀναστήσασθαι διενοήθην αὐτὸν εἰς τιμὴν τοῦ + κληθέντος ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ θεοῦ· νυνὶ δὲ ἐχρησάμην αὐτῷ δεῖξαι βουλόμενος, + [D] ὅτι τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων οὐδὲν ἄφθαρτον εἶναι δύναται καὶ οἱ τὰ + τοιαῦτα <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page314">[pg + 314]</span><a name="Pg314" id="Pg314" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg315" id="Pg315" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> γράφοντες ἐλήρουν προφῆται, γρᾳδίοις ψυχροῖς + ὁμιλοῦντεσ. οὐδὲν δὲ οἶμαι κωλύει τὸν μὲν θεὸν εἶναι μέγαν, οὐ μὴν + σπουδαίων προφητῶν οὐδὲ ἐξηγητῶν τυχεῖν. αἴτιον δέ, ὅτι τὴν ἑαυτῶν + ψυχὴν οὐ παρέσχον ἀποκαθῆραι τοῖς ἐγκυκλίοις μαθήμασιν οὐδὲ ἀνοῖξαι + μεμυκότα λίαν τὰ ὄμματα οὐδὲ ἀνακαθῆραι [296] τὴν ἐπικειμένην + αὐτοῖς ἀχλύν, ἀλλ᾽ οἷον φῶς μέγα δι᾽ ὁμίχλης οἱ ἄνθρωποι βλέποντες + οὐ καθαρῶς οὐδὲ εἰλικρινῶς, αὐτὸ δὲ ἐκεῖνο νενομικότες οὐχὶ φῶς + καθαρόν, ἀλλὰ πῦρ καὶ τῶν περὶ αὐτὸ πάντων ὄντες ἀθέατοι βοῶσι + μέγα· Φρίττετε, φοβεῖσθε, πῦρ, φλόξ, θάνατος, μάχαιρα, ῥομφαία, + πολλοῖς ὀνόμασι μίαν ἐξηγούμενοι τὴν βλαπτικὴν τοῦ πυρὸς δύναμιν. + ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ μὲν τούτων ἰδίᾳ βέλτιον παραστῆσαι, [B] πόσῳ φαυλότεροι + τῶν παρ᾽ ἡμῖν οὗτοι γεγόνασι ποιητῶν οἱ τῶν ὑπὲρ τοῦ θεοῦ λόγων + διδάσκαλοι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Therefore let + no man deceive us with his sayings or trouble our faith in a divine + providence. For as for those who make such profanation a reproach + against us, I mean the prophets of the Jews, what have they to say + about their own temple, which was overthrown three times and even + now is not being raised up again? This I mention not as a reproach + against them, for I myself, after so great a lapse of time, + intended to restore it, in honour of the god whose name has been + associated with it. But in the present case I have used this + instance because I wish to prove that nothing made by man can be + indestructible and that those prophets who wrote such statements + were uttering nonsense, due to their gossiping with silly old + women. In my opinion there is no reason why their god should not be + a mighty god, even though he does not happen to have wise prophets + or interpreters. But the real reason why they are not wise is that + they have not submitted their souls to be cleansed by the regular + course of study, nor have they allowed those studies to open their + tightly closed eyes, and to clear away the mist that hangs over + them. But since these men see as it were a great light through a + fog, not plainly or clearly, and since they think that what they + see is not a pure light but a fire, and they fail to discern all + that surrounds it, they cry with a loud voice: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Tremble, be afraid, fire, flame, death, a dagger, a + broad-sword!”</span> thus describing under many names the harmful + might of fire. But on this subject it will be better to demonstrate + separately how much inferior to our own poets are these teachers of + tales about the gods.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Προσήκει δὲ οῦ + τὰ τῶν θεῶν μόνον ἀγάλματα προσκυνεῖν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς ναοὺς καὶ τὰ + τεμένη καὶ τοὺς βωμούς· εὔλογον δὲ καὶ τοὺς ἱερέας τιμᾶν ὡς + λειτουργοὺς θεῶν καὶ ὑπηρέτας καὶ διακονοῦντας ἡμῖν τὰ πρὸς τοὺς + θεούς, συνεπισχύοντας τῇ ἐκ θεῶν [C] εἰς ἡμᾶς τῶν ἀγαθῶν δόσει· + προθύουσι γὰρ πάντων καὶ ὑπερεύχονται. δίκαιον οὖν ἀποδιδόναι πᾶσιν + αὐτοῖς οὐκ ἔλαττον, εἰ μὴ καὶ πλέον, ἢ τοῖς πολιτικοῖς ἄρχουσι τὰς + τιμάς. εἰ δέ τις οἴεται τοῦτο ἐπ᾽ ἴσης χρῆναι νέμειν αὐτοῖς καὶ + τοῖς πολιτικοῖς ἄρχουσιν, ἐπεὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page316">[pg 316]</span><a name="Pg316" id="Pg316" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg317" id="Pg317" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> κἀκεῖνοι τρόπον τινὰ τοῖς θεοῖς ἱερατεύουσι, + φύλακες ὄντες τῶν νόμων, ἀλλὰ τά γε τῆς εὐνοίας παρὰ πολὺ χρὴ + νέμειν τούτοις. [D] οἱ μὲν γὰρ Ἀχαιοὶ καίπερ πολέμιον ὄντα τὸν + ἱερέα προσέταττον αἰδεῖσθαι τῷ βασιλεῖ· ἡμεῖς δὲ οὐδὲ τοὺς φίλους + αἰδούμεθα τοὺς εὐχομένους ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν καὶ θύοντας.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(It is our duty + to adore not only the images of the gods, but also their temples + and sacred precincts and altars. And it is reasonable to honour the + priests also as officials and servants of the gods; and because + they minister to us what concerns the gods, and they lend strength + to the gods' gift of good things to us; for they sacrifice and pray + on behalf of all men. It is therefore right that we should pay them + all not less, if not indeed more, than the honours that we pay to + the magistrates of the state. And if any one thinks that we ought + to assign equal honours to them and to the magistrates of the + state, since the latter also are in some sort dedicated to the + service of the gods, as being guardians of the laws, nevertheless + we ought at any rate to give the priests a far greater share of our + good will. The Achaeans, for instance, enjoined on their king<a id= + "noteref_511" name="noteref_511" href="#note_511"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">511</span></span></a> to + reverence the priest, though he was one of the enemy, whereas we do + not even reverence the priests who are our friends, and who pray + and sacrifice on our behalf.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλ᾽ ἐπείπερ ὁ + λόγος εἰς τὴν πάλαι ποθουμένην ἀρχὴν ἐλήλυθεν, ἄξιον εἶναί μοι + δοκεῖ διελθεῖν ἐφεξῆς, ὁποῖός τις ὢν ὁ ἱερεὺς αὐτός τε δικαίως + τιμηθήσεται καὶ τοὺς θεοὺς τιμᾶσθαι ποιήσει.<a id="noteref_512" + name="noteref_512" href="#note_512"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">512</span></span></a> τὸ + γὰρ ἡμέτερον οὐ χρὴ σκοπεῖν οὐδὲ ἐξετάζειν, [297] ἀλλὰ ἕως ἂν + ἱερεύς τις ὀνομάζηται, τιμᾶν αὐτὸν χρὴ καὶ θεραπεύειν, εἰ δὲ εἴη + πονηρός, ἀφαιρεθέντα τὴν ἱερωσύνην ὡς ἀνάξιον ἀποφανθέντα περιορᾶν· + ἕως δὲ προθύει καὶ κατάρχεται καὶ παρίσταται τοῖς θεοῖς, ὡς τὸ + τιμιώτατον τῶν θεῶν κτῆμα προσβλεπτέος ἐστὶν ἡμῖν μετὰ αἰδοῦς καὶ + εὐλαβείας. ἄτοπον γάρ, εἰ τοὺς μὲν λίθους, ἐξ ὧν οἱ βωμοὶ + πεποίηνται, διὰ τὸ καθιερῶσθαι τοῖς θεοῖς ἀγαπῶμεν,<a id= + "noteref_513" name="noteref_513" href="#note_513"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">513</span></span></a> ὅτι + μορφὴν ἔχουσι καὶ σχῆμα πρέπον, εἰς [B] ἥν εἰσι κατεσκευασμένοι + λειτουργίαν, ἄνδρα δὲ καθωσιωμένον τοῖς θεοῖς οὐκ οἰησόμεθα χρῆναι + τιμᾶν. ἴσως ὑπολήψεταί τις· ἀλλὰ ἀδικοῦντα καὶ ἐξαμαρτάνοντα πολλὰ + τῶν πρὸς <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page318">[pg + 318]</span><a name="Pg318" id="Pg318" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg319" id="Pg319" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τοὺς θεοὺς ὁσίων; ἐγὼ δή φημι χρῆναι τὸν μὲν + τοιοῦτον ἐξελέγχειν, ἵνα μὴ πονηρὸς ὢν ἐνοχλῇ τοὺς θεούς, ἕως δ᾽ ἂν + ἐξελέγξῃ<a id="noteref_514" name="noteref_514" href= + "#note_514"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">514</span></span></a> τις, + μὴ ἀτιμάζειν. οὐδὲ γὰρ [C] εὔλογον ἐπιλαβομένους ταύτης τῆς ἀφορμῆς + οὐ τούτων μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν ἐπιτηδείων τιμᾶσθαι τὴν τιμὴν + προσαφαιρεῖσθαι. ἔστω τοίνυν ὥσπερ ἄρχων, οὕτω δὲ καὶ ἱερεὺς πᾶς + αἰδέσιμος, ἐπειδὴ καὶ ἀπόφασίς ἐστι θεοῦ τοῦ Διδυμαίου τοιαύτη·</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But since my + discourse has come back again to the beginning as I have so long + wished, I think it is worth while for me to describe next in order + what sort of man a priest ought to be, in order that he may justly + be honoured himself and may cause the gods to be honoured. For as + for us, we ought not to investigate or enquire as to his conduct, + but so long as a man is called a priest we ought to honour and + cherish him, but if he prove to be wicked we ought to allow his + priestly office to be taken away from him, since he has shown + himself unworthy of it. But so long as he sacrifices for us and + makes offerings and stands in the presence of the gods, we must + regard him with respect and reverence as the most highly honoured + chattel<a id="noteref_515" name="noteref_515" href= + "#note_515"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">515</span></span></a> of + the gods. For it would be absurd for us to pay respect to the very + stones of which the altars are made, on account of their being + dedicated to the gods, because they have a certain shape and form + suited to the ritual for which they have been fashioned, and then + not to think that we ought to honour a man who has been dedicated + to the gods. Perhaps someone will object—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“But suppose he does wrong and often fails to offer to + the gods their sacred rites?”</span> Then indeed I answer that we + ought to convict a man of that sort, so that he may not by + wickedness offend the gods; but that we ought not to dishonour him + until he has been convicted. Nor indeed is it reasonable that when + we have set our hands to this business, we should take away their + honour not only from these offenders but also from those who are + worthy to be honoured. Then let every priest, like every + magistrate, be treated with respect, since there is also an oracle + to that effect from the Didymaean god:<a id="noteref_516" name= + "noteref_516" href="#note_516"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">516</span></span></a>)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ὅσσοι ἐς ἀρητῆρας ἀτασθαλίῃσι + νόοιο</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἀθανάτων ῥέζουσ᾽ ἀποφώλια, καὶ + γεράεσσιν</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">[D] Ἀντία βουλεύουσιν + ἀδεισιθέοισι λογισμοῖς,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Οὐκέθ᾽ ὅλην βιότοιο διεκπερόωσιν + ἀταρπόν,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ὅσσοι περ μακάρεσσιν ἐλωβήσαντο + θεοῖσιν,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ὧν κεῖνοι θεόσεπτον ἕλον + θεραπηίδα τιμήν,</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">As for men + who with reckless minds work wickedness against the priests of + the deathless gods and plot against their privileges with plans + that fear not the gods, never shall such men travel life's path + to the end, men who have sinned against the blessed gods whose + honour and holy service those priests have in + charge.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id= + "noteref_517" name="noteref_517" href="#note_517"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">517</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">καὶ πάλιν ἐν + ἄλλοις ὁ θεός φησι</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And again in + another oracle the god says:)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Πάντας μὲν θεράποντας ἐμοὺς + ὀλοῆς κακότητος—,</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">All my + servants from harmful mischief——;</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_518" name= + "noteref_518" href="#note_518"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">518</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">καί φησιν ὑπὲρ + τούτων δίκην ἐπιθήσειν αὐτοῖς.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(and he says + that on their behalf he will inflict punishment on the + aggressors.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Πολλῶν δὲ + εἰρημένων τοιούτων παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ, δι᾽ ὧν ἔνεστι μαθόντας ὅπως χρὴ + τιμᾶν καὶ θεραπεύειν τοὺς ἱερέας, εἰρήσεταί μοι διὰ πλειόνων ἐν + ἄλλοις· ἀπόχρη δὲ νῦν, ὅτι μὴ σχεδιάζω μηδέν, [B] ἐπιδεῖξαι τήν τε + ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ πρόρρησιν καὶ τὸ ἐπίταγμα τῶν αὐτοῦ λόγων ἱκανὸν + ἡγούμενος. εἴ τις οὖν ἀξιόπιστον ὑπείληφεν ἐμὲ διδάσκαλον τῶν + τοιούτων, αἰδεσθεὺς τὸν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page320">[pg + 320]</span><a name="Pg320" id="Pg320" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg321" id="Pg321" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> θεὸν ἐκείνῳ πειθέσθω καὶ τοὺς ἱερέας τῶν θεῶν + τιμάτω διαφερόντως· ὁποῖον δὲ αὐτὸν εἶναι χρή, πειράσομαι νῦν + εἰπεῖν, οὐχ ἕνεκα σοῦ· τοῦτο μὲν γὰρ εἰ μὴ τό νῦν ἠπιστάμην, ἅμα + μὲν τοῦ καθηγεμόνος, ἅμα δὲ τῶν μεγίστων θεῶν μαρτυρούντων, ὅτι τὴν + λειτουργίαν [C] ταύτην διαθήσῃ καλῶς, ὅσα γε εἰς προαίρεσιν ἥκει + τὴν σήν, οὐδ᾽ ἂν ἐτόλμησά σοι μεταδοῦναι τοσούτου πράγματος· ἀλλ᾽ + ὅπως ἔχῃς ἐντεῦθεν διδάσκειν τοὺς ἄλλους, οὐκ ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι μόνον, + ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἀγροῖς εὐλογώτερον καὶ ἐπ᾽ ἐξουσίας, ὡς οὐκ + οἴκοθεν αὐτὰ νοεῖς καὶ πράττεις μόνος, ἔχεις δὲ καὶ ἐμὲ σύμψηφον + σεαυτῷ, δοκοῦντα γε εἶναι διὰ τοὺς θεοὺς ἀρχιερέα μέγιστον, ἄξιον + μὲν οὐδαμῶς πράγματος τοσούτου, βουλόμενον δὲ εἶναι καὶ + προσευχόμενον ἀεὶ τοῖς θεοῖς. [D] εὖ γὰρ ἴσθι, μεγάλας ἡμῖν οἱ θεοὶ + μετὰ τὴν τελευτὴν ἐλπίδας ἐπαγγέλλονται. πειστέον δὲ αὐτοῖς πάντως. + ἀψευδεῖν γὰρ εἰώθασιν οὐχ ὑπὲρ ἐκείνων μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν ἐν τῷ + βίῳ τῷδε. οἱ δὲ διὰ περιουσίαν δυνάμεως οἷοί [299] τε ὄντες καὶ τῆς + ἐν τῷ βίῳ τούτῳ περιγενέσθαι ταραχῆς καὶ τὸ ἄτακτον αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸ + ἀλλόκοτον ἐπανορθοῦν ἆρ᾽ οὐκ ἐν ἐκείνῳ μᾶλλον, ὅπου διῄρηται τὰ + μαχόμενα, χωρισθείσης μὲν τῆς ἀθανάτου ψυχῆς, γῆς δὲ γενομένου τοῦ + νεκροῦ σώματος, ἱκανοὶ παρασχεῖν ἔσονται ταῦθ᾽ ὅσαπερ ἐπηγγείλαντο + τοῖς ἀνθρώποις; εἰδότες οὖν, ὅτι μεγάλας ἔχειν ἔδοσαν <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page322">[pg 322]</span><a name="Pg322" id="Pg322" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg323" id="Pg323" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> οἱ θεοὶ τοῖς ἱερεῦσι τὰς ἀμοιβάς, ἐγγύους + αὐτοὺς ἐν πᾶσι [B] τῆς ἀξίας τῶν θεῶν κατασκευάσωμεν, ὧν πρὸς τὰ + πλήθη χρὴ λέγειν δεῖγμα τὸν ἑαυτῶν ἐκφέροντας βίον.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now though + there are many utterances of the god to the same effect, by means + of which we may learn to honour and cherish priests as we ought, I + shall speak on this subject elsewhere at greater length. But for + the present it is enough to point out that I am not inventing + anything offhand, since I think that the declaration made by the + god and the injunction expressed in his own words are sufficient. + Therefore let any man who considers that as a teacher of such + matters I am worthy to be believed show due respect to the god and + obey him, and honour the priests of the gods above all other men. + And now I will try to describe what sort of man a priest himself + ought to be, though not for your especial benefit. For if I did not + already know from the evidence both of the high priest and of the + most mighty gods that you administer this priestly office aright—at + least all matters that come under your management—I should not have + ventured to confide to you a matter so important. But I do so in + order that you may be able from what I say to instruct the other + priests, not only in the cities but in the country districts also, + more convincingly and with complete freedom; since not of your own + self do you alone devise these precepts and practise them, but you + have me also to give you support, who by the grace of the gods am + known as sovereign pontiff, though I am indeed by no means worthy + of so high an office; though I desire, and moreover constantly pray + to the gods that I may be worthy. For the gods, you must know, hold + out great hopes for us after death; and we must believe them + absolutely. For they are always truthful, not only about the future + life, but about the affairs of this life also. And since in the + superabundance of their power they are able both to overcome the + confusion that exists in this life and to regulate its disorders + and irregularities, will they not all the more in that other life + where conflicting things are reconciled, after the immortal soul + has been separated from the body and the lifeless body has turned + to earth, be able to bestow all those things for which they have + held out hopes to mankind? Therefore since we know that the gods + have granted to their priests a great recompense, let us make them + responsible in all things for men's esteem of the gods, displaying + their own lives as an example of what they ought to preach to the + people.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀρκτέον δὲ ἡμῖν + τῆς πρὸς τοὺς θεοὺς εὐσεβείας. οὕτω γὰρ ἡμᾶς πρέπει τοῖς θεοῖς + λειτουργεῖν ὡς παρεστηκόσιν αὐτοῖς καὶ ὁρῶσι μὲν ἡμᾶς, οὐχ + ὁρωμένοις δὲ ὑφ᾽ ἡμῶν καὶ τὸ πάσης αὐγᾶς ὄμμα κρεῖττον ἄχρι [C] τῶν + ἀποκρυπτομένων ἡμῖν λογισμῶν διατετακόσιν. ὅτι δὲ οὐκ ἐμὸς ὁ λόγος + οὗτος ἐστιν, ἀλλὰ τοῦ θεοῦ, διὰ πολλῶν μὲν εἰρημένος λόγων, ἐμοὶ δὲ + δῆτα ἀπόχρη καὶ ἕνα παραθεμένῳ δύο δι᾽ ἑνὸς παραστῆσαι, πῶς μὲν + ὁρῶσιν οἱ θεοὶ πάντα, πῶς δὲ ῍πὶ τοῖς εὐσεβέσιν εὐφραίνονται·</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(The first thing + we ought to preach is reverence towards the gods. For it is fitting + that we should perform our service to the gods as though they were + themselves present with us and beheld us, and though not seen by us + could direct their gaze, which is more powerful than any light, + even as far as our hidden thoughts. And this saying is not my + own<a id="noteref_519" name="noteref_519" href= + "#note_519"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">519</span></span></a> but + the god's, and has been declared in many utterances, but for me + surely it is sufficient, by bringing forth one such utterance, to + illustrate two things in one, namely how the gods see all things + and how they rejoice in god-fearing men:)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Πάντη Φοιβείη τέταται + τανυσίσκοπος ἀκτίς·</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">[D] Καί τε διὰ στερεῶν χωρεῖ + θοὸν ὄμμα πετράων,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Καὶ διὰ κυανέης ἁλὸς ἔρχεται, + οὐδέ ἑ λήθει</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Πληθὺς ἀστερόεσσα παλινδίνητος + ἰοῦσα</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Οὐρανὸν εἰς ἀκάμαντα σοφῆς κατὰ + θεσμὸν ἀνάγκης,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Οὐδ᾽ ὅσα νερτερίων ὑπεδέξατο + φῦλα καμόντων</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Τάρταρος [300] + ἀχλυόεντος</span><a id="noteref_520" name="noteref_520" href= + "#note_520"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">520</span></span></a> + <span style="font-size: 90%">ὑπὸ ζόφον ἀίδος εἴσω·</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Εὐσεβέσιν δὲ βροτοῖς γάνυμαι + τόσον, ὅσσον Ὀλύμπῳ.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">On all + sides extend the far-seeing rays of Phoebus. His swift gaze + pierces even through sturdy rocks, and travels through the dark + blue sea, nor is he unaware of the starry multitude that passes + in returning circuit through the unwearied heavens for ever by + the statutes of necessity; nor of all the tribes of the dead in + the underworld whom Tartarus has admitted within the misty + dwelling of Hades, beneath the western darkness. And I delight in + god-fearing men as much even as in Olympus.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_521" name= + "noteref_521" href="#note_521"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">521</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὅσῳ δὲ λίθου καὶ + πέτρας ἅπασα μὲν ψυχή, πολὺ δὲ πλέον ἡ τῶν ἀνθρώπων οἰκειότερον + ἔχει καὶ συγγενέστερον πρὸς τοὺς θεούς, τοσούτῳ μᾶλλον εἰκός ἐστι + ῥᾷον καὶ ἐνεργέστερον δι᾽ αὐτῆς <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page324">[pg 324]</span><a name="Pg324" id="Pg324" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg325" id="Pg325" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> χωρεῖν τῶν θεῶν τὸ ὄμμα. [B] θέα<a id= + "noteref_522" name="noteref_522" href="#note_522"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">522</span></span></a> δὲ + τὴν φιλανθρωπίαν τοῦ θεοῦ γάνυσθαι φάσκοντος τῇ τῶν εὐσεβῶν ἀνδρῶν + διανοίᾳ ὅσον Ὀλύμπῳ τῷ καθαρωτάτῳ. πῶς<a id="noteref_523" name= + "noteref_523" href="#note_523"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">523</span></span></a> ἡμῖν + οὗτως οὐχὶ καὶ ἀνάξει τὰς ψυχὰς ἡμῶν ἀπὸ τοῦ ζόφου καὶ τοῦ Ταρτάρου + μετ᾽ εὐσεβείας αὐτῷ προσιόντων; οἶδε μὲν γὰρ καὶ τοὺς ἐν τῷ Ταρτάρῳ + κατακεκλεισμένους· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐκεῖνα τῆς τῶν θεῶν ἐκτὸς πίπτει + δυνάμεως· ἐπαγγέλλεται δὲ τοῖς [C] εὐσεβέσι τὸν Ὄλυμπον ἀντὶ τοῦ + Ταρτάρου. διόπερ χρὴ μάλιστα τῶν τῆς εὐσεβείας ἔργων ἀντέχεσθαι + προσιόντας μὲν τοῖς θεοῖς μετ᾽ εὐλαβείας, αἰσχρὸν μηδὲν μήτε + λέγοντας μήτε ἀκούοντας. ἁγνεύειν δὲ χρὴ τοὺς ἱερέας οὐκ ἔργων + μόνον ἀκαθάρτων οὐδὲ ἀσελγῶν πράξεων, ἀλλὰ καὶ ῥημάτων καὶ + ἀκροαμάτων τοιούτων. ἐξελατέα τοίνυν ἐστὶν ἡμῖν πάντα τὰ ἐπαχθῆ + σκώμματα, πᾶσα δὲ ἀσελγῆς ὁμιλία. καὶ ὅπως εἰδέναι ἔχῃς ὃ βούλομαι + φράζειν, ἱερωμένος τις μήτε Ἀρχίλοχον [D] ἀναγινωσκέτω μήτε + Ἱππώνακτα μήτε ἄλλον τινὰ τῶν τὰ τοιαῦτα γραφόντων. ἀποκλινέτω καὶ + τῆς παλαιᾶς κωμῳδίας ὅσα τῆς τοιαύτης ἰδέας· ἄμεινον μὲν γάρ· καὶ + πάντως πρέποι δ᾽ ἂν ἡμῖν ἡ φιλοσοφία μόνη, καὶ τούτων οἱ θεοὺς + ἡγεμόνας προστησάμενοι τῆς ἑαυτῶν παιδείας, ὥσπερ<a id= + "noteref_524" name="noteref_524" href="#note_524"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">524</span></span></a> + Πυθαγόρας καὶ Πλάτων καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης οἵ τε ἀμφὶ Χρύσιππον καὶ + Ζήνωνα. προσεκτέον μὲν γὰρ οὔτε πᾶσιν οὔτε τοῖς πάντων δόγμασιν, + [301] ἀλλὰ ἐκείνοις μόνον καὶ ἐκείνων, ὅσα <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page326">[pg 326]</span><a name="Pg326" id="Pg326" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg327" id="Pg327" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> εὐσεβείας ἐστὶ ποιητικὰ καὶ διδάσκει περὶ + θεῶν πρῶτον μὲν ὡς εἰσίν, εἶτα ὡς προνοοῦσι τῶν τῇδε, καὶ ὡς + ἐργάζονται μὲν οὐδὲ ἓν κακὸν οὔτε ἀνθρώπους οὔτε ἀλλήλους + φθονοῦντες καὶ βασκαίνοντες καὶ πολεμοῦντες, ὁποῖα γράφοντες οἱ μὲν + παρ᾽ ἡμῖν ποιηταὶ κατεφρονήθησαν, οἱ δὲ τῶν Ἰουδαίων προφῆται + διατεταμένως συγκατασκευάζοντες [B] ὑπὸ τῶν ἀθλίων τούτων τῶν + προσνειμάντων ἑαυτοὺς τοῖς Γαλιλαίοις θαυμάζονται.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now in so far + as all soul, but in a much higher degree the soul of man, is akin + to and related to the gods, so much the more is it likely that the + gaze of the gods should penetrate through his soul easily and + effectively. And observe the love of the god for mankind when he + says that he delights in the disposition of god-fearing men as much + as in Olympus most pure and bright. How then shall he not lead up + our souls from the darkness and from Tartarus, if we approach him + with pious awe? And indeed he has knowledge even of those who have + been imprisoned in Tartarus—for not even that region falls outside + the power of the gods,—and to the god-fearing he promises Olympus + instead of Tartarus. Wherefore we ought by all means to hold fast + to deeds of piety, approaching the gods with reverence, and neither + saying nor listening to anything base. And the priests ought to + keep themselves pure not only from impure or shameful acts, but + also from uttering words and hearing speeches of that character. + Accordingly we must banish all offensive jests and all licentious + intercourse. And that you may understand what I mean by this, let + no one who has been consecrated a priest read either Archilochus or + Hipponax<a id="noteref_525" name="noteref_525" href= + "#note_525"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">525</span></span></a> or + anyone else who writes such poems as theirs. And in Old Comedy let + him avoid everything of that type—for it is better so—and indeed on + all accounts philosophy alone will be appropriate for us priests; + and of philosophers only those who chose the gods as guides of + their mental discipline, like Pythagoras and Plato and Aristotle, + and the school of Chrysippus and Zeno. For we ought not to give + heed to them all nor to the doctrines of all, but only to those + philosophers and those of their doctrines that make men + god-fearing, and teach concerning the gods, first that they exist, + secondly that they concern themselves with the things of this + world, and further that they do no injury at all either to mankind + or to one another out of jealousy or envy or enmity. I mean the + sort of thing our poets in the first place have brought themselves + into disrepute by writing, and in the second place such tales as + the prophets of the Jews take pains to invent, and are admired for + so doing by those miserable men who have attached themselves to the + Galilaeans.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Πρέποι δ᾽ ἂν + ἡμῖν ἱστορίαις ἐντυγχάνειν, ὁπόσαι συνεγράφησαν ἐπὶ πεποιημένοις + τοῖς ἔργοις· ὅσα δὲ ἐστιν ἐν ἱστορίας εἴδει παρὰ τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν + ἀπηγγελμένα πλάσματα παραιτητέον, ἐρωτικὰς ὑποθέσεις καὶ πάντα + ἁπλῶς τὰ τοιαῦτα. καθάπερ γὰρ οὐδὲ ὁδὸς πᾶσα τοῖς ἱερωμένοις + ἁρμόττει, τετάχθαι δὲ χρὴ καὶ ταύτας, [C] οὕτως οὐδὲ ἀνάγνωσμα πᾶν + ἱερωμένῳ πρέπει. ἐγγίνεται γάρ τις τῇ ψυχῇ διάθεσις ὑπὸ τῶν λόγων, + καὶ κατ᾽ ὀλίγον ἐγείρει τὰς ἐπιθυμίας, εἶτα ἐξαίφνης ἀνάπτει δεινὴν + φλόγα, πρὸς ἣν οἶμαι χρὴ πόρρωθεν παρατετάχθαι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But for us it + will be appropriate to read such narratives as have been composed + about deeds that have actually been done; but we must avoid all + fictions in the form of narrative such as were circulated among men + in the past, for instance tales whose theme is love, and generally + speaking everything of that sort. For just as not every road is + suitable for consecrated priests, but the roads they travel ought + to be duly assigned, so not every sort of reading is suitable for a + priest. For words breed a certain sort of disposition in the soul, + and little by little it arouses desires, and then on a sudden + kindles a terrible blaze, against which one ought, in my opinion, + to arm oneself well in advance.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Μήτε Ἐπικούρειος + εἰσίτω λόγος μήτε Πυρρώνειος· ἤδη μὲν γὰρ καλῶς ποιοῦντες οἱ θεοὶ + καὶ ἀνῃρήκασιν, [D] ὥστε ἐπιλείπειν καὶ τὰ πλεῖστα τῶν βιβλίων. + ὅμως οὐδὲν κωλύει τύπου χάριν ἐπιμνησθῆναι μὲν καὶ τούτων, ὁποίων + χρὴ μάλιστα τοὺς ἱερέας ἀπέχεσθαι λόγων, εἰ δὲ λόγων, πολὺ πρότερον + ἐννοιῶν. οὐδὲ γὰρ οἶμαι ταὐτόν ἐστιν <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page328">[pg 328]</span><a name="Pg328" id="Pg328" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg329" id="Pg329" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἁμάρτημα γλώττης καὶ διανοίας, ἀλλ᾽ ἐκείνην + χρὴ μάλιστα θεραπεύειν, ὡς καὶ τῆς γλώττης ἐκείνῃ + συνεξαμαρτανούσης. ἐκμανθάνειν χρὴ τοὺς ὕμνους τῶν θεῶν· εἰσὶ δὲ + οὗτοι πολλοὶ μὲν καὶ καλοὶ πεποιημένοι παλαιοῖς καὶ νέοις· οὐ μὴν + ἀλλ᾽ ἐκείνους πειρατέον ἐπίστασθαι τοὺς ἐν τοῖς ἱεροῖς ᾀδομένους. + οἱ πλεῖστοι γὰρ ὑπ᾽ αὐτῶν τῶν θεῶν ἱκετευθέντων ἐδόθησαν, [302] + ὀλίγοι δέ τινες ἐποιήθησαν καὶ παρὰ ἀνθρώπων, ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἐνθέου + καὶ ψυχῆς ἀβάτου τοῖς κακοῖς ἐπὶ τῇ τῶν θεῶν τιμῇ συγκείμενοι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Let us not + admit discourses by Epicurus or Pyrrho; but indeed the gods have + already in their wisdom destroyed their works, so that most of + their books have ceased to be. Nevertheless there is no reason why + I should not, by way of example, mention these works too, to show + what sort of discourses priests must especially avoid; and if such + discourses, then much more must they avoid such thoughts. For an + error of speech is, in my opinion, by no means the same as an error + of the mind, but we ought to give heed to the mind first of all, + since the tongue sins in company with it. We ought to learn by + heart the hymns in honour of the gods—many and beautiful they are, + composed by men of old and of our own time—though indeed we ought + to try to know also those which are being sung in the temples. For + the greater number were bestowed on us by the gods themselves, in + answer to prayer, though some few also were written by men, and + were composed in honour of the gods by the aid of divine + inspiration and a soul inaccessible to things evil.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ταῦτά γε ἄξιον + ἐπιτηδεύειν καὶ εὔχεσθαι πολλάκις τοῖς θεοῖς ἰδίᾳ καὶ δημοσίᾳ, + μάλιστα μὲν τρὶς τῆς ἡμέρας, εἰ δὲ μή, πάντως ὄρθρου γε<a id= + "noteref_526" name="noteref_526" href="#note_526"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">526</span></span></a> καὶ + δείλης· οὐδὲ γὰρ εὔλογον ἄθυτον ἄγειν ἡμέραν ἢ νύκτα τὸν ἱερωμένον· + [B] ἀρχὴ δὲ ὄρθρος μὲν ἡμέρας, ὀψία δὲ νυκτός. εὔλογον δὲ ἀμφοτέρων + τοῖς θεοῖς ἀπάρχεσθαι τῶν διαστημάτων, ὅταν ἔξωθεν τῆς ἱερατικῆς + ὄντες τυγχάνωμεν, λειτουργίας· ὡς τά γε ἐν τοῖς ἱεροῖς, ὅσα πάτριος + διαγορεύει νόμος, φυλάττειν πρέπει, καὶ οὔτε πλέον οὔτε ἔλαττόν τι + ποιητέον αὐτῶν· ἀίδια γάρ ἐστι τὰ τῶν θεῶν· ὥστε καὶ ἡμᾶς χρὴ + μιμεῖσθαι τὴν οὐσίαν αὐτῶν, [C] ἵν᾽ αὐτοὺς ἱλασκώμεθα διὰ τοῦτο + πλέον.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(All this, at + least, we ought to study to do, and we ought also to pray often to + the gods, both in private and in public, if possible three times a + day, but if not so often, certainly at dawn and in the evening. For + it is not meet that a consecrated priest should pass a day or a + night without sacrifice; and dawn is the beginning of the day as + twilight is of the night. And it is proper to begin both periods + with sacrifice to the gods, even when we happen not to be assigned + to perform the service. For it is our duty to maintain all the + ritual of the temples that the law of our fathers prescribes, and + we ought to perform neither more nor less than that ritual; for + eternal are the gods, so that we too ought to imitate their + essential nature in order that thereby we may make them + propitious.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Εἰ μὲν οὖν ἦμεν + αὐτοψυχαὶ μόναι τὸ σῶμα δὲ πρὸς μηδὲν ἡμῖν διώχλει, καλῶς ἂν εἶχεν + ἕνα τινὰ τοῖς ἱερεῦσιν ἀφορέζειν βίον· ἐπεὶ δὲ οὐχ ἱερεῦσιν ἁπλῶς, + ἀλλὰ καὶ τῷ<a id="noteref_527" name="noteref_527" href= + "#note_527"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">527</span></span></a> ἱερεῖ + προσήκει μόνον, ὃ δὴ κατὰ τὸν καιρὸν τῆς λειτουργίας ἐπιτηδευτέον, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page330">[pg 330]</span><a name= + "Pg330" id="Pg330" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg331" id= + "Pg331" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> τί δὲ τῷ<a id="noteref_528" + name="noteref_528" href="#note_528"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">528</span></span></a> + ἱερατεύειν ἀνθρώπῳ λαχόντι συγχωρητέον, ὅταν ἐκτὸς ᾖ τῆς ἐν τοῖς + ἱεροῖς λειτουργίας; οἶμαι δὲ χρῆναι [D] τὸν ἱερέα πάντων ἁγνεύσαντα + νύκτα καὶ ἡμέραν, εἶτα ἄλλην ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ νύκτα καθηράμενον οἷς + διαγορεύουσιν οἱ θεσμοὶ καθαρμοῖς οὕτως εἴσω φοιτῶντα τοῦ ἱεροῦ + μένειν ὅσας ἂν ἡμέρας ὁ νόμος κελεύῃ. τριάκοντα μὲν γὰρ αἱ παρ᾽ + ἡμῖν εἰσιν ἐν Ῥώμῃ, παρ᾽ ἄλλοις δὲ ἄλλως. εὔλογον οὖν οἶμαι μένειν + ἁπάσας ταύτας τὰς ἡμέρας ἐν τοῖς ἱεροῖς φιλοσοφοῦντα, καὶ μήτε εἰς + οἰκίαν βαδίζειν μήτε εἰς ἀγοράν, [303] ἀλλὰ μηδὲ ἄρχοντα πλὴν ἐν + τοῖς ἱεροῖς ὁρᾶν, ἐπιμελεῖσθαι δὲ τῆς περὶ τὸ θεῖον θεραπείας αὐτὸν + ἐφορῶντα πάντα καὶ διατάττοντα, πληρώσαντα δὲ τὰς ἡμέρας εἶτα ἑτέρῳ + παραχωρεῖν τῆς λειτουργίας. ἐπὶ δὲ τὸν ἀνθρώπινον τρεπομένῳ βίον + ἐξέστω καὶ βαδίζειν εἰς οἰκίαν φίλου καὶ εἰς ἑστίασιν ἀπαντᾶν + παρακληθέντα, [B] μὴ πάντων, ἀλλὰ τῶν βελτίστων· ἐν τούτῳ δὲ καὶ + εἰς ἀγορὰν παρελθεῖν οὐκ ἄτοπον ὀλιγάκις, ἡγεμόνα τε προσειπεῖν καὶ + ἔθνους ἄρχοντα, καὶ τοῖς εὐλόγως δεομένοις ὅσα ἐνδέχεται + βοηθῆσαι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now if we were + pure soul alone, and our bodies did not hinder us in any respect, + it would be well to prescribe one sort of life for priests. But + since what he should practise when on duty concerns the individual + priest alone, not priests absolutely, what should we concede to a + man who has received the office of priest, on occasions when he is + not actually engaged in service in the temples? I think that a + priest ought to keep himself pure from all contamination, for a + night and a day, and then after purifying himself for another night + following on the first, with such rites of purification as the + sacred laws prescribe, he should under these conditions enter the + temple and remain there for as many days as the law commands. + (Thirty is the number with us at Rome, but in other places the + number varies.) It is proper then, I think, that he should remain + throughout all these days in the sacred precincts, devoting himself + to philosophy, and that he should not enter a house or a + market-place, or see even a magistrate, except in the precincts, + but should concern himself with his service to the god, overseeing + and arranging everything in person; and then, when he has completed + the term of days, he should retire from his office in favour of + another. And when he turns again to the ordinary life of mankind, + he may be allowed to visit a friend's house, and, when invited, to + attend a feast, but not on the invitation of all but only of + persons of the highest character. And at this time there would be + nothing out of the way in his going occasionally to the + market-place and conversing with the governor or the chief + magistrate of his tribe, and giving aid, as far as lies in his + power, to those who have a good reason for needing it.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Πρέπει δὲ οἶμαι + τοῖς ἱερῦσιν ἔνδον μέν, ὅτε λειτουργοῦσιν, ἐσθῆτι χρῆσθαι + μεγαλοπρεπεστάτῃ, τῶν ἱερῶν δὲ ἔξω τῇ συνήθει δίχα πολυτελείας· + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page332">[pg 332]</span><a name= + "Pg332" id="Pg332" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg333" id= + "Pg333" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> οὐδὲ γὰρ εὔλογον τοῖς + δεδομένοις ἡμῖν ἐπὶ τιμῇ θεῶν εἰς κενοδοξίαν καταχρῆσθαι καὶ τύφον + μάταιον. [C] ὅθεν ἀφεκτέον ἡμῖν ἐσθῆτος πολυτελεστέρας ἐν ἀγορᾷ καὶ + κόμπου ἢ καὶ πάσης ἁπλῶς ἀλαζονείας. οἱ γοῦν θεοὶ τὴν τοσαύτην + ἀγασθέντες Ἀμφιαράου σωφροσύνην, ἐπειδὴ τοῦ στρατεύματος ἐκείνου + κατεδίκασαν φθορὰν εἰδώς τε αὐτὸς συνεστρατεύετο καὶ ἦν ἄφευκτον + αὐτῷ διὰ τοῦτο τὸ πεπρωμένον, ἀπέφηναν αὐτὸν ἄλλον ἐξ ἄλλου καὶ + μετέστησαν εἰς λῆξιν θείαν. πάντων γοῦν τῶν ἐπιστρατευσάντων ταῖς + Θήβαις ἐπὶ τῶν ἀσπίδων [D] πρὶν κατεργάσασθαι σήματα γραφόντων καὶ + ἐγειρόντων τὰ τρόπαια κατὰ τῆς συμφορᾶς<a id="noteref_529" name= + "noteref_529" href="#note_529"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">529</span></span></a> τῶν + Καδμείων, ὁ τῶν θεῶν ὁμιλητὴς ἄσημα μὲν ἐπεστράτευεν ἔχων ὅπλα, + πρᾳότητα δὲ καὶ σωφροσύνην ὡς καὶ<a id="noteref_530" name= + "noteref_530" href="#note_530"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">530</span></span></a> ὑπὸ + τῶν πολεμίων ἐμαρτυρεῖτο. διόπερ οἶμαι χρὴ καὶ τοὺς ἱερέας ἡμᾶς τὰ + περὶ τὰς ἐσθῆτας σωφρονεῖν,<a id="noteref_531" name="noteref_531" + href="#note_531"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">531</span></span></a> ἵνα + τυγχάνωμεν εὐμενῶν τῶν θεῶν· ὡς οὐ μικρά γε εἰς αὐτοὺς + ἐξαμαρτάνομεν δημούμενοι τὰς ἱερὰς ἐσθῆτας [304] καὶ δημοσιεύοντες + καὶ παρέχοντες ἁπλῶς περιβλέπειν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ὥσπερ τι θαυμαστόν. + εἰ γὰρ τοῦτο<a id="noteref_532" name="noteref_532" href= + "#note_532"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">532</span></span></a> + συμβαίνει, πολλοὶ πελάζουσιν ἡμῖν οὐ καθαροί, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο + χραίνεται τὰ τῶν θεῶν σύμβολα. τὸ δὲ καὶ ἡμᾶς <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page334">[pg 334]</span><a name="Pg334" id="Pg334" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg335" id="Pg335" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> αὐτοὺς οὐχ ἱερατικῶς ζῶντας ἱερέων ἐσθῆτα + περικεῖσθαι πόσης ἐστὶ παρανομίας καὶ καταφρονήσεως εἰς τοὺς θεούς; + εἰρήσεται μὲν οὖν ἡμῖν καὶ περὶ τούτων ἐν ἄλλοις<a id="noteref_533" + name="noteref_533" href="#note_533"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">533</span></span></a> δι᾽ + ἀκριβείας· νυνὶ δὲ ὡς τύπῳ πρὸς σὲ γράφω περὶ αὐτῶν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And it is in my + opinion fitting for priests to wear the most magnificent dress when + they are within the temple performing the services, but when they + are outside the sacred precincts to wear ordinary dress, without + any extravagance. For it is not rational that we should misuse, in + empty conceit and vain ostentation, what has been given to us for + the honour of the gods. And for this reason we ought in the market + place to abstain from too costly dress and from outward show, and + in a word from every sort of pretentiousness. For consider how the + gods, because they admired the perfect moderation of + Amphiaraus,<a id="noteref_534" name="noteref_534" href= + "#note_534"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">534</span></span></a> after + they had decreed the destruction of that famous army—and he, though + he knew that it would be so, went with the expedition and therefore + did not escape his fated end,—the gods I say transformed him + completely from what he had been, and removed him to the sphere of + the gods. For all the others who were in the expedition against + Thebes engraved a device on their shields before they had conquered + the enemy, and erected trophies to celebrate the downfall of the + Cadmeans; but he, the associate of the gods, when he went to war + had arms with no device; but gentleness he had, and moderation, as + even the enemy bore witness. Hence I think that we priests ought to + show moderation in our dress, in order that we may win the goodwill + of the gods, since it is no slight offence that we commit against + them when we wear in public the sacred dress and make it public + property, and in a word give all men an opportunity to stare at it + as though it were something marvellous. For whenever this happens, + many who are not purified come near us, and by this means the + symbols of the gods are polluted. Moreover what lawlessness it is, + what arrogance towards the gods for us ourselves when we are not + living the priestly life to wear the priestly dress! However, of + this too I shall speak more particularly in another place; and what + I am writing to you at the moment is only a mere outline of the + subject.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[B] Τοῖς + ἀσελγέσι τούτοις θεάτροις τῶν ἱερέων μηδεὶς μηδαμοῦ παραβαλλέτω + μηδὲ εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν εἰσαγέτω τὴν ἑαυτοῦ· πρέπει γὰρ οὐδαμῶς. καὶ εἰ + μὲν οἷόν τε ἦν ἐξελάσαι παντάπασιν αὐτὰ τῶν θεάτρων, ὥστε αὐτὰ + πάλιν ἀποδοῦναι τῷ Διονύσῳ καθαρὰ γενόμενα, πάντως ἂν ἐπειράθην + αὐτὸ προθύμως κατασκευάσαι. [C] νυνὶ δὲ οἰόμενος τοῦτο οὔτε δυνατὸν + οὔτε ἄλλως, εἰ καὶ δυνατὸν φανείη, συμφέρον ἂν αὐτὸ γενέσθαι, + ταύτης μὲν ἀπεσχόμην παντάπασι τῆς φιλοτιμίας· ἀξιῶ δὲ τοὺς ἱερέας + ὑποχωρῆσαι καὶ ἀποστῆναι τῷ δήμῳ τῆς ἐν τοῖς θεάτροις ἀσελγείας. + μηδεὶς οὖν ἱερεὺς εἰς θέατρον εἰσίτω, μηδὲ ἐχέτω<a id="noteref_535" + name="noteref_535" href="#note_535"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">535</span></span></a> φίλον + θυμελικὸν μηδὲ ἁρματηλάτην, μηδὲ ὀρχηστὴς μηδὲ μῖμος αὐτοῦ τῇ θύρᾳ + προσίτω· τοῖς ἱεροῖς ἀγῶσιν [D] ἐπιτρέπω μόνον τῷ βουλομένῳ + παραβάλλειν, ὧν ἀπηγόρευται μετέχειν οὐκ ἀγωνίας μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ + θέας ταῖς γυναιξίν. ὑπὲρ δὲ τῶν κυνηγεσίων τί δεῖ καὶ λέγειν, ὅσα + ταῖς πόλεσιν εἴσω τῶν θεάτρων συντελεῖται, ὡς ἀφεκτέον τούτων ἐστὶν + οὐχ ἱερεῦσι μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ παισὶν ἱερέων;</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(No priest must + anywhere be present at the licentious theatrical shows of the + present day, nor introduce one into his own house; for that is + altogether unfitting. Indeed if it were possible to banish such + shows absolutely from the theatres so as to restore to Dionysus + those theatres pure as of old, I should certainly have endeavoured + with all my heart to bring this about; but as it is, since I + thought that this is impossible, and that even if it should prove + to be possible it would not on other accounts be expedient, I + forebore entirely from this ambition. But I do demand that priests + should withdraw themselves from the licentiousness of the theatres + and leave them to the crowd. Therefore let no priest enter a + theatre or have an actor or a chariot-driver for his friend; and + let no dancer or mime even approach his door. And as for the sacred + games, I permit anyone who will to attend those only in which women + are forbidden not only to compete but even to be spectators. With + regard to the hunting shows with dogs which are performed in the + cities inside the theatres, need I say that not only priests but + even the sons of priests must keep away from them?)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἦν μὲν οὖν ἴσως + πρὸ τούτων εἰρῆσθαι καλόν, ὅθεν καὶ ὅπως χρὴ τοὺς ἱερέας + ἀποδεικνύειν· οὐδὲν δὲ ἄτοπον εἰς τοῦτό μοι τοὺς λόγους λῆξαι. + [305] ἐγώ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page336">[pg + 336]</span><a name="Pg336" id="Pg336" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg337" id="Pg337" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> φημι τοὺς ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι βελτίστους καὶ + μάλιστα μὲν φιλοθεωτάτους, ἔπειτα φιλανθρωποτάτους, ἐάν τε πένητες + ὦσιν ἐάν τε πλούσιοι· διάκρισις ἔστω πρὸς τοῦτο μηδ᾽ ἡτισοῦν + ἀφανοῦς καὶ ἐπιφανοῦς· ὁ γὰρ διὰ πρᾳότητα λεληθὼς οὐ διὰ τὴν τοῦ + ἀξιώματος ἀφάνειαν δίκαιός ἐστι κωλύεσθαι. κἂν πένης οὖν ᾖ τις + δημότης ἔχων ἐν ἑαυτῷ δύο ταῦτα, τό τε φιλόθεον καὶ τὸ φιλάνθρωπον, + ἱερεὺς ἀποδεικνύσθω. [B] δεῖγμα δὲ τοῦ φιλοθέου μέν, εἰ τοὺς + οἰκείους ἅπαντας εἰς τὴν περὶ τοὺς θεοὺς εὐσέβειαν εἰσαγάγοι, τοῦ + φιλανθρώπου δέ, εἰ καὶ ἐξ ὀλίγων εὐκόλως κοινωνεῖ τοῖς δεομένοις + καὶ μεταδέδωσι προθύμως, εὖ ποιεῖν ἐπιχειρῶν ὅσους ἂν οἷός τε + ᾖ.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now it would + perhaps have been well to say earlier from what class of men and by + what method priests must be appointed; but it is quite appropriate + that my remarks should end with this. I say that the most upright + men in every city, by preference those who show most love for the + gods, and next those who show most love for their fellow men, must + be appointed, whether they be poor or rich. And in this matter let + there be no distinction whatever whether they are unknown or well + known. For the man who by reason of his gentleness has not won + notice ought not to be barred by reason of his want of fame. Even + though he be poor and a man of the people, if he possess within + himself these two things, love for God and love for his fellow men, + let him be appointed priest. And a proof of his love for God is his + inducing his own people to show reverence to the gods; a proof of + his love for his fellows is his sharing cheerfully, even from a + small store, with those in need, and his giving willingly thereof, + and trying to do good to as many men as he is able.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Προσεκτέον γὰρ + μάλιστα τῷ μέρει τούτῳ, καὶ τὴν ἰατρείαν ἐντεῦθεν ποιητέον. ἐπειδὴ + γὰρ οἶμαι συνέβη τοὺς πένητας ἀμελεῖσθαι παρορωμένους ὑπὸ τῶν + ἱερέων, [C] οἱ δυσσεβεῖς Γαλιλαῖοι κατανοήσαντες ἐπέθεντο ταύτῃ τῇ + φιλανθρωπίᾳ, καὶ τὸ χείριστον τῶν ἔργων διὰ τοῦ εὐδοκιμοῦντος<a id= + "noteref_536" name="noteref_536" href="#note_536"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">536</span></span></a> τῶν + ἐπιτηδευμάτων ἐκράτυναν. ὥσπερ γὰρ<a id="noteref_537" name= + "noteref_537" href="#note_537"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">537</span></span></a> οἱ τὰ + παιδία διὰ τοῦ πλακοῦντος ἐξαπατῶντες τῷ καὶ δὶς καὶ τρὶς προέσθαι + πείθουσιν ἀκολουθεῖν ἑαυτοῖς, εἶθ᾽, ὅταν ἀποστήσωσι πόρρω τῶν + οἰκείων, ἐμβάλλοντες εἰς ναῦν ἀπέδοντο, καὶ γέγονεν εἰς ἅπαντα τὸν + ἑξῆς βίον πικρὸν τὸ δόξαν πρὸς ὀλίγον <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page338">[pg 338]</span><a name="Pg338" id="Pg338" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg339" id="Pg339" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> γλυκύ, [D] τὸν αὐτὸν καὶ αὐτοὶ τρόπον + ἀρξάμενοι διὰ τῆς λεγομένης παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς ἀγάπης καὶ ὑποδοχῆς καὶ + διακονίας τραπεζῶν· ἔστι γὰρ ὥσπερ τὸ ἔργον, οὕτω δὲ καὶ τοὔνομα + παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς πολύ· πλείστους ἐνήγαγον εἰς τὴν ἀθεότητα....</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(We must pay + especial attention to this point, and by this means effect a cure. + For when it came about that the poor were neglected and overlooked + by the priests, then I think the impious Galilaeans observed this + fact and devoted themselves to philanthropy. And they have gained + ascendancy in the worst of their deeds through the credit they win + for such practices. For just as those who entice children with a + cake, and by throwing it to them two or three times induce them to + follow them, and then, when they are far away from their friends + cast them on board a ship and sell them as slaves, and that which + for the moment seemed sweet, proves to be bitter for all the rest + of their lives—by the same method, I say, the Galilaeans also begin + with their so-called love-feast, or hospitality, or service of + tables,—for they have many ways of carrying it out and hence call + it by many names,—the result is that they have led very many into + atheism....<a id="noteref_538" name="noteref_538" href= + "#note_538"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">538</span></span></a>)</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page343">[pg 343]</span><a name= + "Pg343" id="Pg343" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc25" id="toc25"></a> <a name="pdf26" id="pdf26"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em; text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">The Caesars</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc27" id="toc27"></a> <a name="pdf28" id="pdf28"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em; text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Introduction</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Caesars, + otherwise entitled in the MSS. Symposium or Kronia (Latin + Saturnalia) was written at Constantinople in 361 and was probably + addressed to Sallust, to whom Julian had sent his lost work the + Kronia.<a id="noteref_539" name="noteref_539" href= + "#note_539"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">539</span></span></a> The + interlocutor in the proœmium<a id="noteref_540" name="noteref_540" + href="#note_540"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">540</span></span></a> is + almost certainly Sallust.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Caesar”</span> was in Julian's time a Roman Emperor's + most splendid title, and was regularly used by the barbarians when + they referred to the Emperor. The idea and the working out of the + satire is Lucianic and there are echoes here and there of Lucian's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dialogues + of the Dead</span></span>, but Julian is neither so witty nor so + frivolous as Lucian. In speaking of the gods he allows himself a + licence which is appropriate to the festival, but would otherwise + seem inconsistent with the admonitions addressed to priests in the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fragment + of a Letter</span></span>. His conception of the State and of the + ideal ruler is Greek rather than Roman.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page344">[pg 344]</span><a name= + "Pg344" id="Pg344" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg345" id= + "Pg345" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ + ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΟΣ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Julian, + Emperor)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ΣΥΜΠΟΣΙΟΝ Η + ΚΡΟΝΙΑ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(The + Caesars)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐπειδὴ δίδωσιν ὁ + θεὸς παίζειν· ἔστι γὰρ Κρόνια· γελοῖον δὲ οὐδὲν οὐδὲ τερπνὸν οἶδα + ἐγώ, τὸ μὴ καταγέλαστα φράσαι φροντίδος ἔοικεν εἶναι ἄξιον, ὦ + φιλότης.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(<span class= + "tei tei-q">“It is the season of the Kronia,<a id="noteref_541" + name="noteref_541" href="#note_541"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">541</span></span></a> + during which the god allows us to make merry. But, my dear friend, + as I have no talent for amusing or entertaining I must methinks + take pains not to talk mere nonsense.”</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Εἶτα τίς οὕτω + παχύς ἐστι καὶ ἀρχαῖος, ὦ Καῖσαρ, ὥστε καὶ παίζειν πεφροντισμένα; + ἐγὼ ᾤμην τὴν παιδιὰν ἄνεσίν τε εἶναι ψυχῆς καὶ ἀπαλλαγὴν τῶν + φροντίδων.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(<span class= + "tei tei-q">“But, Caesar, can there be anyone so dull and stupid as + to take pains over his jesting? I always thought that such + pleasantries were a relaxation of the mind and a relief from pains + and cares.”</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[B] Ὀρθῶς γε σὺ + τοῦτο ὑπολαμβάνων, ἐμοὶ δὲ οὐ ταύτῃ ἔοικεν ἀπαντᾶν τὸ χρῆμα. πέφυκα + γὰρ οὐδαμῶς ἐπιτήδειος οὔτε σκώπτειν οὔτε παρῳδεῖν οὔτε γελοιάζειν. + ἐπεὶ δὲ χρὴ τῷ νόμῳ πείθεσθαι τοῦ θεοῦ, βούλει σοι ἐν παιδιᾶς μέρει + μῦθον διεξέλθω πολλὰ ἴσως ἔχοντα ἀκονῆς ἄξια;</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(<span class= + "tei tei-q">“Yes, and no doubt your view is correct, but that is + not how the matter strikes me. For by nature I have no turn for + raillery, or parody, or raising a laugh. But since I must obey the + ordinance of the god of the festival, should you like me to relate + to you by way of entertainment a myth in which there is perhaps + much that is worth hearing?”</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[C] Λέγοις ἂν + καὶ μάλα ἀσμένῳ, ἐπεὶ καὶ αὐτὸς οὐκ ἀτιμάζω τοὺς μύθους οὐδὲ + παντάπασιν ἐξελαύνω τοὺς ὀρθῶς ἔχοντας, ἀκόλουθά σοί τε καὶ φίλῳ τῷ + σῷ, μᾶλλον δὲ τῷ κοινῷ, Πλάτωνι διανοούμενος, ἐπεὶ καὶ αὐτῷ πολλὰ + ἐν μύθοις ἐσπούδασται.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(<span class= + "tei tei-q">“I shall listen with great pleasure, for I too am not + one to despise myths, and I am far from rejecting those that have + the right tendency; indeed I am of the same opinion as you and your + admired, or rather the universally admired, Plato. He also often + conveyed a serious lesson in his myths.”</span>)</p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page346">[pg 346]</span><a name="Pg346" id="Pg346" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg347" id="Pg347" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Λέγεις ναὶ μὰ + Δία ταῦτα ἀληθῆ.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(<span class= + "tei tei-q">“By Zeus, that is true indeed!”</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τίς δὲ καὶ + ποταπὸς ὁ μῦθος;</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(<span class= + "tei tei-q">“But what is your myth and of what type?”</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[307] Οὐ τῶν + παλαιῶν τις, ὁποίους Αἴσωπος ἐποίησεν, ἀλλ᾽ εἴτε πλάσμα λέγοις + Ἐρμοῦ· πεπυσμένος γὰρ αὐτὸν ἐκεῖθέν σοι φράσω· εἴτε καὶ τἀληθὲς + οὕτως ἔχει εἴτε μίξις τίς ἐστιν ἀμφοῖν, αὐτό, φασί,<a id= + "noteref_542" name="noteref_542" href="#note_542"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">542</span></span></a> + δείξει τὸ πράγμα.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(<span class= + "tei tei-q">“Not one of those old-fashioned ones such as + Aesop<a id="noteref_543" name="noteref_543" href= + "#note_543"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">543</span></span></a> + wrote. But whether you should call mine an invention of Hermes—for + it was from him I learned what I am going to tell you—or whether it + is really true or a mixture of truth and fiction, the upshot, as + the saying is, will decide.”</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τουτὶ μὲν οὖν + ἤδη μυθικῶς ἅμα καὶ ῥητορικῶς ἐξείργασταί σοι τὸ προοίμιον· ἀλλά + μοι τὸν λόγον αὐτόν, ὁποῖός ποτέ ἐστιν, ἤδη διέξελθε.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(<span class= + "tei tei-q">“This is indeed a fine preface that you have composed, + just the thing for a myth, not to say an oration! But now pray tell + me the tale itself, whatever its type may be.”</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Μανθάνοις + ἄν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(<span class= + "tei tei-q">“Attend.”</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[B] Θύων ὁ + Ῥωμύλος τὰ Κρόνια πάντας ἐκάλει τοὺς θεούς, καὶ δὴ καὶ αὐτοὺς<a id= + "noteref_544" name="noteref_544" href="#note_544"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">544</span></span></a> τοὺς + καίσαρας. κλῖναι δὲ ἐτύγχανον παρεσκευασμέναι τοῖς μὲν θεοῖς ἄνω + κατ᾽ αὐτό, φασίν, οὐρανοῦ τὸ μετέωρον,</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(At the festival + of the Kronia Romulus gave a banquet, and invited not only all the + gods, but the Emperors as well. For the gods couches had been + prepared on high, at the very apex, so to speak, of the sky,<a id= + "noteref_545" name="noteref_545" href="#note_545"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">545</span></span></a> + on)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Οὔλυμπόνδ᾽, ὅθι φασὶ θεῶν ἕδος + ἀσφαλὲς αἰεί.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Olympus + where they say is the seat of the gods, unshaken for + ever.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id= + "noteref_546" name="noteref_546" href="#note_546"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">546</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">λέγεται γὰρ μεθ᾽ + Ἡρακλέα παρελθεῖν ἐκεῖσε καὶ ὁ Κυρῖνος, ᾧ δὴ χρὴ καλεῖν αὐτὸν + ὀνόματι, τῇ θείᾳ πειθομένους φήμῃ. τοῖς μὲν οὖν θεοῖς ἐκεῖσε + παρεσκεύαστο τὸ συμπόσιον· [C] ὑπ᾽ αὐτὴν δὲ τὴν σελήνην ἐπὶ + μετεώρου τοῦ ἀέρος ἐδέδοκτο τοὺς καίσαρας δειπνεῖν. ἀνεῖχε δὲ + αὐτοὺς ἥ τε τῶν σωμάτων κουφότης, ἅπερ ἐτύγχανον ἠμφιεσμένοι, καὶ ἡ + περιφορὰ τῆς σελήνης. κλῖναι μὲν οὖν ἔκειντο τέτταρες, εὐτρεπεῖς + τοῖς μεγίστοις θεοῖς. ἐβένου μὲν ἦν ἡ τοῦ Κρόνου στιλβούσης καὶ + πολλὴν ἐν τῷ μέλανι καὶ θείαν αὐγὴν κρυπτούσης, ὥστε οὐδεὶς οἷός τε + ἦν ἀντιβλέπειν. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page348">[pg + 348]</span><a name="Pg348" id="Pg348" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg349" id="Pg349" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἔπασχε δὲ ταὐτὸ [D] πρὸς τὴν ἔβενον ἐκείνην + τὰ ὄμματα δι᾽ ὑπερβολὴν τῆς λαμπηδόνος, ὅπερ οἶμαι πρὸς ἥλιον, ὅταν + αὐτοῦ τῷ δίσκῳ τις ἀτενέστερον προσβλέπῃ. ἡ δὲ τοῦ Διὸς ἦν ἀργύρου + μὲν στιλπνοτέρα, χρυσίου δὲ λευκοτέρα. τοῦτο εἴτε ἤλεκτρον χρὴ + καλεῖν εἴτε ἄλλο τι λέγειν, οὐ σφόδρα εἶχέ μοι γνωρίμως ὁ Ἑρμῆς + φράσαι. χρυσοθρόνω δὲ παρ᾽ ἑκάτερον ἐκαθεζέσθην<a id="noteref_547" + name="noteref_547" href="#note_547"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">547</span></span></a> ἥ τε + μήτηρ καὶ ἡ θυγάτηρ, [308] Ἥρα μὲν παρὰ τὸν Δία, Ῥέα δὲ παρὰ τὸν + Κρόνον. τὸ δὲ τῶν θεῶν κάλλος οὐδὲ ἐκεῖνος ἐπεξῄει τῷ λόγῳ, μεῖζον + εἶναι λέγων αὐτὸ καὶ νῷ θεατόν, ἀκοῇ δὲ καὶ ῥήμασιν οὔτε + προοισθῆναι ῥᾴδιον οὔτε παραδεχθῆναι δυνατόν. οὐχ οὕτω τις ἔσται + καὶ φανεῖται μεγαλόφωνος, ὥστε τὸ μέγεθος ἐκεῖνο φράσαι τοῦ + κάλλους, ὁπόσον ἐπιπρέπει τῇ τῶν θεῶν ὄψει.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(For we are told + that after Heracles, Quirinus also ascended thither, since we must + give Romulus the name of Quirinus in obedience to the divine + will.<a id="noteref_548" name="noteref_548" href= + "#note_548"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">548</span></span></a> For + the gods then the banquet had been made ready there. But just below + the moon in the upper air he had decided to entertain the Emperors. + The lightness of the bodies with which they had been invested, and + also the revolution of the moon sustained them. Four couches were + there made ready for the superior gods. That of Kronos was made of + gleaming ebony, which concealed in its blackness a lustre so + intense and divine that no one could endure to gaze thereon. For in + looking at that ebony, the eyes suffered as much, methinks, from + its excess of radiance as from the sun when one gazes too intently + at his disc. The couch of Zeus was more brilliant than silver, but + paler than gold; whether however one ought to call this + <span class="tei tei-q">“electron,”</span><a id="noteref_549" name= + "noteref_549" href="#note_549"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">549</span></span></a> or to + give it some other name, Hermes could not inform me precisely. On + either side of these sat on golden thrones the mother and daughter, + Hera beside Zeus and Rhea beside Kronos. As for the beauty of the + gods, not even Hermes tried to describe it in his tale; he said + that it transcended description, and must be comprehended by the + eye of the mind; for in words it was hard to portray and impossible + to convey to mortal ears. Never indeed will there be or appear an + orator so gifted that he could describe such surpassing beauty as + shines forth on the countenances of the gods.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[B] Παρεσκεύαστο + δὲ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις θεοῖς ἑκάστῳ θρόνος ἢ κλίνη κατὰ πρεσβείαν. + ἤριζε δὲ οὐδείς, ἀλλ᾽ ὅπερ Ὅμηρος ὀρθῶς ποιῶν ἔφη, δοκεῖν μοι παρὰ + τῶν Μουσῶν αὐτῶν ἀκηκοώς, ἔχειν ἕκαστον τῶν θεῶν θρόνον, ἐφ᾽ οὗ + πάντως αὐτῷ θέμις καθῆσθαι στερεῶς καὶ ἀμετακινήτως· ἐπεὶ καὶ πρὸς + τὴν παρουσίαν τοῦ πατρὸς ἐξανιστάμενοι ταράττουσιν οὐδαμῶς τὰς + καθέδρας οὐδὲ μεταβαίνουσιν οὐδὲ ὑφαρπάζουσιν ἀλλήλων, [C] γνωρίζει + δὲ ἕκαστος τὸ προσῆκον αὑτῷ. πάντων οὖν κύκλῳ τῶν θεῶν καθημένων, ὁ + Σειληνὸς ἐρωτικῶς ἔχειν μοι δοκῶν τοῦ Διονύσου καλοῦ καὶ νέου καὶ + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page350">[pg 350]</span><a name= + "Pg350" id="Pg350" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg351" id= + "Pg351" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> τῷ πατρὶ τῷ Διὶ παραπλησίου + πλησίον αὐτοῦ, τροφεύς τις οἷα καὶ παιδαγωγός, [D] καθῆστο, τά τε + ἄλλα φιλοπαίγμονα καὶ φιλόγελων καὶ χαριτοδότην<a id="noteref_550" + name="noteref_550" href="#note_550"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">550</span></span></a> ὄντα + τὸν θεὸν εὐφραίνων καὶ δὴ καὶ τῷ σκώπτειν τὰ πολλὰ καὶ + γελοιάζειν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(For the other + gods had been prepared a throne or couch, for everyone according to + seniority. Nor did any dispute arise as to this, but as Homer + said,<a id="noteref_551" name="noteref_551" href= + "#note_551"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">551</span></span></a> and + correctly, no doubt instructed by the Muses themselves, every god + has his seat on which it is irrevocably ordained that he shall sit, + firmly and immovably fixed; and though they rise on the entrance of + their father they never confound or change the order of their seats + or infringe on one another's, since every one knows his appointed + place. Now when the gods were seated in a circle, Silenus, amorous, + methinks, of Dionysus ever fair and ever young, who sat close to + Zeus his father, took his seat next to him on the pretext that he + had brought him up and was his tutor. And since Dionysus loves + jesting and laughter and is the giver of the Graces, Silenus + diverted the god with a continual flow of sarcasms and jests, and + in other ways besides.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὡς δὲ καὶ τὸ τῶν + καισάρων συνεκεκρότητο<a id="noteref_552" name="noteref_552" href= + "#note_552"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">552</span></span></a> + συμπόσιον, εἰσῄει πρῶτος Ἰούλιος Καῖσαρ, ὑπὸ φιλοτιμίας αὐτῷ + βουλόμενος ἐρίσαι τῷ Διὶ περὶ τῆς μοναρχίας, εἰς ὃν ὁ Σειληνὸς + βλέψας, Ὅρα, εἶπεν, ὦ Ζεῦ, μή σε ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ὑπὸ φιλαρχίας + ἀφελέσθαι καὶ τὴν βασιλείαν διανοηθῇ. καὶ γὰρ, ὡς ὁρᾷς, ἐστὶ μέγας + καὶ καλός· ἐμοὶ γοῦν, εἰ καὶ μηδὲν ἄλλο, [309] τὰ γοῦν περὶ τὴν + κεφαλὴν ἐστι προσόμοιος. παίζοντος ἔτι τοιαῦτα τοῦ Σειληνοῦ καὶ τῶν + θεῶν οὐ σφόδρα προσεχόντων αὐτῷ, Ὀκταβιανὸς ἐπεισέρχεται πολλὰ + ἀμείβων, ὥσπερ οἱ χαμαιλέοντες, χρώματα καὶ νῦν μὲν ὠχριῶν, αὖθις + δὲ ἐρυθρὸς γινόμενος, εἶτα μέλας καὶ ζοφώδης καὶ συννεφής· [B] + ἀνίετο δ᾽ αὖθις εἰς Ἀφροδίτην καὶ Χάριτας, εἶναί τε ἤθελε τὰς βολὰς + τῶν ὀμμάτων ὁποῖός ἐστιν ὁ μέγας Ἥλιος· οὐδένα γάρ οἱ τῶν + ἀπαντώντων<a id="noteref_553" name="noteref_553" href= + "#note_553"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">553</span></span></a> + ἀντιβλέπειν ἠξίου. καὶ ὁ Σειληνός, Βαβαί, ἔφη, τοῦ παντοδαποῦ + τούτου θηρίου· τί ποτ᾽ ἄρα δεινὸν ἡμᾶς ἐργάσεται; Παῦσαι, εἴπε, + ληρῶν, ὁ Ἀπόλλων· ἐγὼ γὰρ αὐτὸν τουτῳὶ Ζήνωνι παραδοὺς αὐτίκα ὑμῖν + ἀποφανῶ χρυσὸν ἀκήρατον. [C] ἀλλ᾽ ἴθι, εἶπεν, ὦ Ζήνων, ἐπιμελήθητι + τοὐμοῦ θρέμματος. ὁ δὲ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page352">[pg + 352]</span><a name="Pg352" id="Pg352" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg353" id="Pg353" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ὑπακούσας, εἶτα ἐπᾴσας αὐτῷ μικρὰ τῶν + δογμάτων, ὥσπερ οἱ τὰς Ζαμόλξιδος ἐπῳδὰς θρυλοῦντες, ἀπέφηνεν ἄνδρα + ἔμφρονα καὶ σώφρονα.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(When the + banquet had been arranged for the Emperors also, Julius Caesar + entered first, and such was his passion for glory that he seemed + ready to contend with Zeus himself for dominion. Whereupon Silenus + observing him said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Take care, Zeus, lest + this man in his lust for power be minded to rob you of your empire. + He is, as you see, tall and handsome, and if he resembles me in + nothing else, round about his head he is very like + me.”</span><a id="noteref_554" name="noteref_554" href= + "#note_554"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">554</span></span></a> While + Silenus, to whom the gods paid very little attention, was jesting + thus, Octavian entered, changing colour continually, like a + chameleon, turning now pale now red; one moment his expression was + gloomy, sombre, and overcast, the next he unbent and showed all the + charms of Aphrodite and the Graces. Moreover in the glances of his + eyes he was fain to resemble mighty Helios, for he preferred that + none who approached should be able to meet his gaze.<a id= + "noteref_555" name="noteref_555" href="#note_555"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">555</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Good Heavens!”</span> exclaimed Silenus, + <span class="tei tei-q">“what a changeable monster is this! What + mischief will he do us?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Cease + trifling,”</span> said Apollo, <span class="tei tei-q">“after I + have handed him over to Zeno<a id="noteref_556" name="noteref_556" + href="#note_556"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">556</span></span></a> here, + I shall transform him for you straightway to gold without alloy. + Come, Zeno,”</span> he cried, <span class="tei tei-q">“take charge + of my nursling.”</span> Zeno obeyed, and thereupon, by reciting + over Octavian a few of his doctrines,<a id="noteref_557" name= + "noteref_557" href="#note_557"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">557</span></span></a> in + the fashion of those who mutter the incantations of Zamolxis,<a id= + "noteref_558" name="noteref_558" href="#note_558"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">558</span></span></a> he + made him wise and temperate.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τρίτος + ἐπεισέδραμεν αὐτοῖς Τιβέριος σεμνὸς τὰ πρόσωπα καὶ βλοσυρός, σῶφρόν + τε ἅμα καὶ πολεμικὸν βλέπων. ἐπιστραφέντος δὲ πρὸς τὴν καθέδραν + ὤφθησαν ὠτειλαὶ κατὰ τὸν νῶτον μυρίαι, καυτῆρές τινες [D] καὶ + ξέσματα καὶ πληγαὶ χαλεπαὶ καὶ μώλωπες ὑπό τε ἀκολασίας καὶ + ὠμότητος ψῶραί τινες καὶ λειχῆνες οἷον ἐγκεκαυμέναι. εἶθ᾽ ὁ + Σειληνός</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(The third to + hasten in was Tiberius, with countenance solemn and grim, and an + expression at once sober and martial. But as he turned to sit down + his back was seen to be covered with countless scars, burns, and + sores, painful welts and bruises, while ulcers and abscesses were + as though branded thereon, the result of his self-indulgent and + cruel life.<a id="noteref_559" name="noteref_559" href= + "#note_559"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">559</span></span></a> + Whereupon Silenus cried out,)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἀλλοῖός μοι, ξεῖνε, φάνης νέον ἢ + τὸ πάροιθεν</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Far + different, friend, thou appearest now than + before,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id= + "noteref_560" name="noteref_560" href="#note_560"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">560</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">εἰπὼν ἔδοξεν + αὑτοῦ φαίνεσθαι σπουδαιότερος. καὶ ὁ Διόνυσος πρὸς αὐτόν, Τί δῆτα, + εἶπεν, ὦ παππίδιον σπουδάζεις; καὶ ὅς, Ἐξέπληξέ με ὁ γέρων οὑτοσί, + ὁ Σάτυρος, ἔφη, καὶ πεποίηκεν ἐκλαθόμενον ἐμαυτοῦ τὰς Ὁμηρικὰς + προβαλέσθαι μούσας. [310] ἀλλά σε, εἶπεν, ἕλξει τῶν ὤτων· λέγεται + γὰρ αὐτὸς καὶ γραμματιστήν τινα τοῦτο ἐργάσασθαι. οἰμώζων μὲν οὖν, + εἶπεν, ἐν τῷ νησυδρίῳ· τὰς Καπρέας αἰνιττόμενος· τὸν ἄθλιον ἁλιέα + ψηχέτω. ταῦτα ἔτι παιζόντων αὐτῶν, ἐπεισέρχεται θηρίον πονηρόν. + εἶτα οἱ θεοὶ πάντες ἀπέστρεψαν τὰ ὄμματα, κᾆτα αὐτὸν δίδωσιν ἡ Δίκη + ταῖς Ποιναῖς, [B] αἱ δὲ ἔρριψαν εἰς <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page354">[pg 354]</span><a name="Pg354" id="Pg354" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg355" id="Pg355" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Τάρταρον. οὐδὲν οὖν ἔσχεν ὁ Σειληνὸς ὑπὲρ + αὐτοῦ φράσαι. τοῦ Κλαυδίου δὲ ἐπεισελθόντος, ὁ Σειληνὸς ἄρχεται + τοὺς Ἀριστοφάνους Ἱππέας ᾄδειν, ἀντὶ τοῦ Δήμου<a id="noteref_561" + name="noteref_561" href="#note_561"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">561</span></span></a> + κολακεύων δῆθεν τὸν Κλαύδιον. εἶτα πρὸς τὸν Κυρῖνον ἀπιδών, + Ἀδικεῖς, εἶπεν, ὦ Κυρῖνε, τὸν ἀπόγονον ἄγων εἰς τὸ συμπόσιον δίχα + τῶν ἀπελευθέρων Ναρκίσσου καὶ Πάλλαντος. ἀλλ᾽ ἴθι, εἶπε, πέμψον ἐπ᾽ + ἐκείνους, εἰ βούλει δέ, καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν γαμετὴν Μεσσαλίναν. ἔστι γὰρ + ἐκείνων [C] δίχα τουτὶ τῆς τραγωιδίας τὸ δορυφόρημα, μικροῦ δέω + φάναι, καὶ ἄψυχον. ἐπεισέρχεται λέγοντι τῷ Σειληνῷ Νέρων μετὰ τῆς + κιθάρας καὶ τῆς δάφνης. εἶτα ἀποβλέψας ἐκεῖνος πρὸς τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα, + Οὗτος, εἶπεν, ἐπὶ σὲ παρασκευάζεται. καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς Ἀπόλλων, Ἀλλ᾽ + ἔγωγε αὐτόν, εἶπεν, ἀποστεφανώσω, ὅτι με μὴ πάντα μιμεῖται μηδὲ ἐν + οἷς με μιμεῖται γίγνεται μου μιμητὴς δίκαιος. ἀποστεφανωθέντα δὲ + αὐτὸν ὁ Κωκυτὸς εὐθέως ἥρπασεν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(and seemed more + serious than was his wont. <span class="tei tei-q">“Pray, why so + solemn, little father?”</span> said Dionysus. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“It was this old satyr,”</span> he replied, + <span class="tei tei-q">“he shocked me and made me forget myself + and introduce Homer's Muse.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Take + care,”</span> said Dionysus, <span class="tei tei-q">“he will pull + your ear, as he is said to have done to a certain + grammarian.”</span><a id="noteref_562" name="noteref_562" href= + "#note_562"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">562</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Plague take him,”</span> said Silenus, + <span class="tei tei-q">“in his little island”</span>—he was + alluding to Capri—<span class="tei tei-q">“let him scratch the face + of that wretched fisherman.”</span><a id="noteref_563" name= + "noteref_563" href="#note_563"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">563</span></span></a> While + they were still joking together, there came in a fierce + monster.<a id="noteref_564" name="noteref_564" href= + "#note_564"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">564</span></span></a> + Thereupon all the gods turned away their eyes from the sight, and + next moment Justice handed him over to the Avengers who hurled him + into Tartarus. So Silenus had no chance to say anything about him. + But when Claudius came in Silenus began to sing some verses from + the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Knights</span></span> of Aristophanes,<a id= + "noteref_565" name="noteref_565" href="#note_565"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">565</span></span></a> + toadying Claudius, as it seemed, instead of Demos. Then he looked + at Quirinus and said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Quirinus, it is not + kind of you to invite your descendant to a banquet without his + freedmen Narcissus and Pallas.<a id="noteref_566" name= + "noteref_566" href="#note_566"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">566</span></span></a> + Come,”</span> he went on, <span class="tei tei-q">“send and fetch + them, and please send too for his spouse Messalina, for without + them this fellow is like a lay-figure in a tragedy, I might almost + say lifeless.”</span><a id="noteref_567" name="noteref_567" href= + "#note_567"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">567</span></span></a> While + Silenus was speaking Nero entered, lyre in hand and wearing a + wreath of laurel. Whereupon Silenus turned to Apollo and said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“You see he models himself on you.”</span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“I will soon take off that wreath,”</span> + replied Apollo, <span class="tei tei-q">“for he does not imitate me + in all things, and even when he does he does it badly.”</span> Then + his wreath was taken off and Cocytus instantly swept him away.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[D] Ἐπὶ τούτῳ + πολλοὶ καὶ παντοδαποὶ συνέτρεχον, Βίνδικες, Γάλβαι, Ὄθωνες, + Βιτέλλιοι. καὶ ὁ Σειληνός, Τούτων, εἶπε, τῶν μονάρχων τὸ + σμῆνος<a id="noteref_568" name="noteref_568" href= + "#note_568"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">568</span></span></a> πόθεν + ἐξηυρήκατε, ὦ θεοί; τυφόμεθα γοῦν ὑπὸ τοῦ καπνοῦ· φείδεται γὰρ οὐδὲ + τῶν ἀνακτόρων ταυτὶ τὰ θηρία. καὶ ὁ Ζεὺς ἀπιδὼν πρὸς τὸν ἀδελφὸν + αὑτοῦ [311] Σάραπιν καὶ τὸν Οὐεσπασιανὸν δείξας, Πέμπε, εἶπε, τὸν + σμικρίνην· τοῦτον ἀπὸ τῆς Αἰγύπτου ταχέως, ἵνα τὴν φλόγα ταύτην + κατασβέσῃ· τῶν παίδων δὲ τὸν πρεσβύτερον <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page356">[pg 356]</span><a name="Pg356" id="Pg356" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg357" id="Pg357" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> μὲν παίζειν κέλευε μετὰ τῆς Ἀφροδίτης τῆς + πανδήμου, τὸν νεώτερον δὲ τῷ Σικελικῷ θηρίῳ παραπλησίως κλοιῷ + δῆσον. παρῆλθεν ἐπὶ τούτοις γέρων ὀφθῆναι καλός· λάμπει γὰρ ἔστιν + ὅτε καὶ ἐν τῷ γήρᾳ τὸ κάλλος· ἐντυχεῖν πρᾳότατος, χρηματίσαι + δικαιότατος. [B] ᾐδέσθη τοῦτον ὁ Σειληνὸς καὶ ἀπεσιώπησεν. εἶτα ὁ + Ἑρμῆς, Ὕπὲρ δὲ τούτου, εἶπεν, οὐδὲν ἡμῖν λέγεις; Ναὶ μὰ Δί᾽, ἔφη, + μέμφομαί γε ὑμῖν τῆς ἀνισότητος. τῷ γὰρ φονικῷ θηρίῳ τρὶς πέντε + νείμαντες ἐνιαυτοὺς ἕνα μόλις ἐδώκατε τούτῳ βασιλεῦσαι. Ἀλλὰ μὴ + μέμφου, εἶπεν ὁ Ζεύς· [C] εἰσάξω γὰρ ἐπὶ τούτῳ πολλοὺς κἈγαθούς. + εὐθέως οὖν ὁ Τραïανὸς εἰσήρχετο φέρων ἐπὶ τῶν ὤμων τὰ τρόπαια, τό + τε Γετικὸν καὶ τὸ Παρθικόν. ἰδὼν δὲ αὐτὸν ὁ Σειληνὸς ἔφη, λανθάνειν + τε ἅμα καὶ ἀκούεσθαι βουλόμενος. Ὥρα νῦν τῷ δεσπότῃ Διὶ σκοπεῖν, + ὅπως ὁ Γανυμήδης αὐτῷ φρουρήσεται.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(After Nero many + Emperors of all sorts came crowding in together, Vindex, Galba, + Otho, Vitellius, so that Silenus exclaimed, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Where, ye gods, have ye found such a swarm of + monarchs? We are being suffocated with their smoke; for brutes of + this sort spare not even the temple of the gods.”</span><a id= + "noteref_569" name="noteref_569" href="#note_569"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">569</span></span></a> Then + Zeus turned to his brother Serapis, and pointing to Vespasian said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Send this niggard from Egypt forthwith to + extinguish the flames. As for his sons, bid the eldest<a id= + "noteref_570" name="noteref_570" href="#note_570"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">570</span></span></a> sport + with Aphrodite Pandemos and chain the younger<a id="noteref_571" + name="noteref_571" href="#note_571"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">571</span></span></a> in + the stocks like the Sicilian monster.”</span><a id="noteref_572" + name="noteref_572" href="#note_572"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">572</span></span></a> Next + entered an old man,<a id="noteref_573" name="noteref_573" href= + "#note_573"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">573</span></span></a> + beautiful to behold; for even old age can be radiantly beautiful. + Very mild were his manners, most just his dealings. In Silenus he + inspired such awe that he fell silent. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“What!”</span> said Hermes, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“have you nothing to say to us about this man?”</span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Yes, by Zeus,”</span> he replied, + <span class="tei tei-q">“I blame you gods for your unfairness in + allowing that blood-thirsty monster to rule for fifteen years, + while you granted this man scarce one whole year.”</span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Nay,”</span> said Zeus, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“do not blame us. For I will bring in many virtuous + princes to succeed him.”</span> Accordingly Trajan entered + forthwith, carrying on his shoulders the trophies of his wars with + the Getae and the Parthians. Silenus, when he saw him, said in a + whisper which he meant to be heard, <span class="tei tei-q">“Now is + the time for Zeus our master to look out, if he wants to keep + Ganymede for himself.”</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Μετὰ τοῦτον + ἐπεισέρχεται βαθεῖαν ἔχων τὴν ὑπήνην ἀνὴρ σοβαρὸς τά τε ἄλλα [D] + καὶ δὴ καὶ μουσικὴν ἐργαζόμενος, εἴς τε τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀφορῶν πολλάκις + καὶ πολυπραγμονῶν τὰ ἀπόρρητα. τοῦτον δὲ ἰδὼν ὁ Σειληνὸς ἔφη, Τί δὲ + ὑμῖν οὗτος ὁ σοφιστὴς δοκεῖ; μῶν Ἀντίνοον τῇδε περισκοπεῖ; φρασάτω + τις αὐτῷ μὴ παρεῖναι τὸ μειράκιον ἐνθαδὶ καὶ παυσάτω τοῦ λήρου καὶ + τῆς φλυαρίας αὐτόν. [312] ἐπὶ τούτοις ἀνὴρ εἰσέρχεται σώφρων, οὐ τὰ + ἐς Ἀφροδίτην, ἀλλὰ τὰ ἐς τὴν πολιτείαν. ἰδὼν αὐτὸν ὁ Σειληνὸς ἔφη, + Βαβαὶ τῆς σμικρολογίας· εἷς εἶναί μοι δοκεῖ τῶν διαπριόντων τὸ + κύμινον ὁ πρεσβύτης οὗτος. ἐπεισελθούσης δὲ αὐτῷ τῆς τῶν ἀδελφῶν + ξυνωρίδος, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page358">[pg + 358]</span><a name="Pg358" id="Pg358" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg359" id="Pg359" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Βήρου καὶ Λουκίου, δεινῶς ὁ Σειληνὸς + συνεστάλη, παίζειν γὰρ οὐκ εἶχεν οὐδ᾽ ἐπισκώπτειν, μάλιστα τὸν + Βῆρον, καίτοι καὶ τούτου τὰ περὶ τὸν οἱὸν καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα + πολυπραγμονῶν ἁμαρτήματα, [B] τὴν μὲν ὅτι πλέον ἢ προσῆκεν + ἐπένθησεν, ἄλλως τε οὐδὲ κοσμίαν οὖσαν, τῷ δὲ ὅτι τὴν ἀρχὴν + συναπολλυμένην περιεῖδεν, ἔχων καὶ ταῦτα σπουδαῖον κηδεστήν, ὃς τῶν + τε κοινῶν ἂν προύστη κρεῖττον καὶ δὴ καὶ τοῦ παιδὸς αὐτοῦ βέλτιον + ἂν ἐπεμελήθη ἢ αὐτὸς αὑτοῦ. καίπερ οὖν ταῦτα πολυπραγμονῶν ᾐδεῖτο + τὸ μέγεθος αὐτοῦ τῆς ἀρετῆς· τόν γε μὴν υἱέα οὐδὲ [C] τοῦ σκωφθῆναι + νομίσας ἄξιον ἀφῆκεν· ἔπιπτε γὰρ καὶ αὐτὸς εἰς γῆν οὐ δυνάμενος + ἵστασθαι<a id="noteref_574" name="noteref_574" href= + "#note_574"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">574</span></span></a> καὶ + παρομαρτεῖν τοῖς ἥρωσιν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Next entered an + austere-looking man<a id="noteref_575" name="noteref_575" href= + "#note_575"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">575</span></span></a> with + a long beard, an adept in all the arts, but especially music, one + who was always gazing at the heavens and prying into hidden things. + Silenus when he saw him said, <span class="tei tei-q">“What think + ye of this sophist? Can he be looking here for Antinous? One of you + should tell him that the youth is not here, and make him cease from + his madness and folly.”</span> Thereupon entered a man<a id= + "noteref_576" name="noteref_576" href="#note_576"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">576</span></span></a> of + temperate character, I do not say in love affairs but in affairs of + state. When Silenus caught sight of him he exclaimed, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Bah! Such fussing about trifles! This old man seems to + me the sort of person who would split cumin seed.”</span><a id= + "noteref_577" name="noteref_577" href="#note_577"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">577</span></span></a> Next + entered the pair of brothers, Verus<a id="noteref_578" name= + "noteref_578" href="#note_578"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">578</span></span></a> and + Lucius.<a id="noteref_579" name="noteref_579" href= + "#note_579"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">579</span></span></a> + Silenus scowled horribly because he could not jeer or scoff at + them, especially not at Verus; but he would not ignore his errors + of judgment in the case of his son<a id="noteref_580" name= + "noteref_580" href="#note_580"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">580</span></span></a> and + his wife,<a id="noteref_581" name="noteref_581" href= + "#note_581"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">581</span></span></a> in + that he mourned the latter beyond what was becoming, especially + considering that she was not even a virtuous woman; and he failed + to see that his son was ruining the empire as well as himself, and + that though Verus had an excellent son-in-law who would have + administered the state better, and besides would have managed the + youth better than he could manage himself. But though he refused to + ignore these errors he reverenced the exalted virtue of Verus. His + son however he considered not worth even ridicule and so let him + pass. Indeed he fell to earth of his own accord because he could + not keep on his feet or accompany the heroes.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐπεισέρχεται + Περτίναξ τῷ συμποσίῳ τὴν σφαγὴν ὀδυρόμενος. ἡ Δίκη δὲ αὐτὸν + κατελεήσασα, Ἀλλ᾽ οὐ χαιρήσουσιν, εἶπεν, οἱ τούτων αἴτιοι· καὶ σὺ + δέ, ὦ Περτίναξ, ἠδίκεις κοινωνῶν τῆς ἐπιβουλῆς, ὅσον ἐπὶ τοῖς + σκέμμασιν, ἣν ὁ Μάρκου παῖς ἐπεβουλεύθη. [D] μετὰ τοῦτον ὁ Σεβῆρος, + ἀνὴρ πικρίας γέμων καὶ<a id="noteref_582" name="noteref_582" href= + "#note_582"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">582</span></span></a> + κολαστικός. Ὑπὲρ τούτου δέ, εἶπεν ὁ Σειληνός, οὐδὲν λέγω· φοβοῦμαι + γὰρ αὐτοῦ τὸ λίαν ἀπηνὲς καὶ ἀπαραίτητον. ὡς δὲ ἔμελλεν αὐτῷ καὶ τὰ + παιδάρια<a id="noteref_583" name="noteref_583" href= + "#note_583"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">583</span></span></a> + συνεισιέναι, πόρρωθεν αὐτὰ διεκώλυσεν ὁ Μίνως. ἐπιγνοὺς δὲ σαφῶς + τὸν μὲν νεώτερον ἀφῆκε, τὸν <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page360">[pg 360]</span><a name="Pg360" id="Pg360" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg361" id="Pg361" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> δὲ πρεσβύτερον τιμωρίαν ἔπεμψε τίσοντα. [313] + Μακρῖνος ἐνταῦθα φυγὰς μιαιφόνος· εἶτα τὸ ἐκ τῆς Ἐμέσης παιδάριον + πόρρω που τῶν ἱερῶν ἀπηλαύνετο περιβόλων. ὅ γε μὴν Σύρος Ἀλέξανδρος + ἐν ἐσχάτοις που καθῆστο τὴν αὑτοῦ συμφορὰν ποτνιώμενος. καὶ ὁ + Σειληνὸς ἐπισκώπτων αὐτὸν εἶπεν<a id="noteref_584" name= + "noteref_584" href="#note_584"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">584</span></span></a> Ὦ + μῶρε καὶ μέγα νήπιε, τηλικοῦτος ὢν οὐκ αὐτὸς ἦρχες τῶν σεαυτοῦ, τὰ + χρήματα δὲ ἐδίδους τῇ μητρὶ [B] καὶ οὐκ ἐπείσθης, ὅσῳ κρεῖττον + ἀναλίσκειν ἦν αὐτὰ τοῖς φίλοις ἢ θησαυρίζειν. Ἀλλ᾽ ἔγωγε, εἶπεν ἡ + Δίκη, πάντας αὐτούς, ὅσοι μεταίτιοι γεγόνασι τούτων, + κολασθησομένους παραδώσω. καὶ οὕτως ἀνείθη τὸ μειράκιον. ἐπὶ τούτῳ + παρῆλθεν εἴσω Γαλλιῆνος μετὰ τοῦ πατρός, ὁ μὲν τὰ δεσμὰ τῆς + αἰχμαλωσίας ἔχων, ὁ δὲ στολῇ τε [C] καὶ κινήσει χρώμενος μαλακωτέρᾳ + ὥσπερ αἱ γυναῖκες. καὶ ὁ Σειληνὸς πρὸς μὲν ἐκεῖνον,</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Then Pertinax + came in to the banquet still bewailing his violent end. But Justice + took pity on him and said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Nay, the + authors of this deed shall not long exult. But Pertinax, you too + were guilty, since at least so far as conjecture went you were + privy to the plot that was aimed at the son of Marcus.”</span> Next + came Severus, a man of excessively harsh temper and delighting to + punish. <span class="tei tei-q">“Of him,”</span> said Silenus, + <span class="tei tei-q">“I have nothing to say, for I am terrified + by his forbidding and implacable looks.”</span> When his sons would + have entered with him, Minos kept them at a distance. However, when + he had clearly discerned their characters, he let the younger<a id= + "noteref_585" name="noteref_585" href="#note_585"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">585</span></span></a> pass, + but sent away the elder<a id="noteref_586" name="noteref_586" href= + "#note_586"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">586</span></span></a> to + atone for his crimes. Next Macrinus, assassin and fugitive, and + after him the pretty boy from Emesa<a id="noteref_587" name= + "noteref_587" href="#note_587"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">587</span></span></a> were + driven far away from the sacred enclosure. But Alexander the Syrian + sat down somewhere in the lowest ranks and loudly lamented his + fate.<a id="noteref_588" name="noteref_588" href= + "#note_588"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">588</span></span></a> + Silenus made fun of him and exclaimed, <span class="tei tei-q">“O + fool and madman! Exalted as you were you could not govern your own + family, but gave your revenues to your mother:<a id="noteref_589" + name="noteref_589" href="#note_589"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">589</span></span></a> nor + could you be persuaded how much better it was to bestow them on + your friends than to hoard them.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“I + however,”</span> said Justice, <span class="tei tei-q">“will + consign to torment all who were accessory to his death.”</span> And + then the youth was left in peace. Next entered Gallienus and his + father,<a id="noteref_590" name="noteref_590" href= + "#note_590"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">590</span></span></a> the + latter still dragging the chains of his captivity, the other with + the dress and languishing gait of a woman. Seeing Valerian, Silenus + cried,)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Τίς οὗτος ὁ λευκολόφας,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Πρόπαρ ὃς ἡγεῖται + στρατοῦ;</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Who is this + with the white plume that leads the army's + van?</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id= + "noteref_591" name="noteref_591" href="#note_591"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">591</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ἔφη, πρὸς δὲ τὸν + Γαλλιῆνον,</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Then he greeted + Gallienus with,)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ὃς καὶ χρυσὸν ἔχων πάντη τρυφᾷ + ἠύτε κούρη·</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">He who is + all decked with gold and dainty as a maiden.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_592" name= + "noteref_592" href="#note_592"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">592</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">τούτω δὲ ὁ Ζεὺς + εἶπε τῆς ἐκεῖσε θοίνης ἐκβῆναι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But Zeus + ordered the pair to depart from the feast.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[D] Τούτοις + ἐπεισέρχεται Κλαύδιος, εἰς ὃν ἀπιδόντες οἱ θεοὶ πάντες ἠγάσθησάν τε + αὐτὸν τῆς μεγαλοψυχίας καὶ ἐπένευσαν αὐτοῦ τῷ γένει τὴν ἀρχήν, + δίκαιον εἶναι νομίσαντες οὕτω φιλοπάτριδος ἀνδρὸς ἐπὶ πλεῖστον + εἶναι τὸ γένος ἐν ἡγεμονίᾳ. τούτοις ἐπεισέδραμεν Αὐρηλιανὸς ὥσπερ + ἀποδιδράσκων τοὺς εἴργοντας αὐτὸν παρὰ τῷ <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page362">[pg 362]</span><a name="Pg362" id="Pg362" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg363" id="Pg363" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Μίνωι· πολλαὶ γὰρ αὐτῷ συνίσταντο δίκαι τῶν + ἀδίκων φόνων, καὶ ἔφευγε τὰς γραφὰς κακῶς ἀπολογούμενας. [314] + Ἥλιος δὲ οὑμὸς δεσπότης αὐτῷ πρὸς τε τὰ ἄλλα βοηθῶν, οὐχ ἥκιστα δὲ + καὶ πρὸς τοῦτο αὐτὸ συνήρατο, φράσας ἐν τοῖς θεοῖς, Ἀλλ᾽ ἀπέτισε + τὴν δίκην, ἢ λέληθεν ἡ δοθεῖσα Δελφοῖς μαντεία</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Next came + Claudius,<a id="noteref_593" name="noteref_593" href= + "#note_593"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">593</span></span></a> at + whom all the gods gazed, and admiring his greatness of soul granted + the empire to his descendants, since they thought it just that the + posterity of such a lover of his country should rule as long as + possible. Then Aurelian came rushing in as though trying to escape + from those who would detain him before the judgment seat of Minos. + For many charges of unjustifiable murders were brought against him, + and he was in flight because he could ill defend himself against + the indictments. But my lord Helios<a id="noteref_594" name= + "noteref_594" href="#note_594"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">594</span></span></a> who + had assisted him on other occasions, now too came to his aid and + declared before the gods,)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Αἴκε πάθῃ τά τ᾽ ἔρεξε, δίκη κ᾽ + ἰθεῖα γένοιτο;</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">He has paid + the penalty, or have you forgotten the oracle uttered at + Delphi,</span> <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">If his + punishment match his crime justice has been + done</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">?</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_595" name= + "noteref_595" href="#note_595"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">595</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τούτῳ + συνεισέρχεται Πρόβος, ὃς ἑβδομήκοντα πόλεις ἀναστήσας [B] ἐν οὐδὲ + ὅλοις ἐνιαυτοῖς ἑπτὰ καὶ πολλὰ πάνυ σωφρόνως οἰκονομήσας, ἄδικα δὲ + πεπονθὼς ὑπὸ τῶν ἀθέων, ἐτιμᾶτο τά τε ἄλλα καὶ τῷ τοὺς φονέας αὐτῷ + τὴν δίκην ἐκτῖσαι. σκώπτειν δὲ αὐτὸν ὅμως ὁ Σειληνὸς ἐπειρᾶτο, + καίτοι πολλῶν αὐτῷ σιωπᾶν παρακελευομένων· ἀλλ᾽, Ἐᾶτε, ἔφη, νῦν + γοῦν δι᾽ αὐτοῦ τοὺς ἑξῆς φρενωθῆναι. [C] οὐκ οἶσθα, ὦ Πρόβε, ὅτι τὰ + πικρὰ φάρμακα μιγνύντες οἱ ἰατροὶ τῷ μελικράτῳ προσφέρουσι; σὺ δὲ + αὐστηρὸς ἦσθα λίαν καὶ τραχὺς ἀεὶ εἴκων τε οὐδαμοῦ· πέπονθας οὖν + ἄδικα μέν, εἰκότα δὲ ὅμως. οὐ γὰρ ἔστιν οὔτε ἵππων οὔτε βοῶν ἄρχειν + οὔτε ἡμιόνων, ἥκιστα δὲ ἀνθρώπων, μή τι καὶ τῶν κεχαρισμένων αὐτοῖς + ξυγχωροῦντα, ὥσπερ ἔσθ᾽ ὅτε τοῖς ἀσθενοῦσιν οἱ ἰατροὶ μικρὰ + ἐνδιδόασιν, [D] ἵν᾽ ἐν τοῖς μείζοσιν ἔχωσιν αὐτοὺς πειθομένους. Τί + τοῦτο, εἶπεν ὁ Διόνυσος, ὦ παππία; φιλόσοφος ἡμῖν ἀνεφάνης; οὐ γάρ, + ὦ παῖ, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page364">[pg + 364]</span><a name="Pg364" id="Pg364" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg365" id="Pg365" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἔφη, καὶ σὺ φιλόσοφος ὑπ᾽ ἐμοῦ γέγονας; οὐκ + οἶσθα, ὅτι καὶ ὁ Σωκράτης, ἐοικὼς ἐμοί, τὰ πρωτεῖα κατὰ τὴν + φιλοσοφίαν ἀπηνέγκατο τῶν καθ᾽ ἑαυτὸν ἀνθρώπων, εἰ τἀδελφῷ + πιστεύεις ὅτι ἐστὶν ἀψευδής; ἔα τοίνυν ἡμᾶς μὴ πάντα γελοῖα λέγειν, + ἀλλὰ καὶ σπουδαῖα.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(With Aurelian + entered Probus, who in less than seven years restored seventy + cities and was in many ways a wise administrator. Since he had been + unjustly treated by impious men the gods paid him honours, and + moreover exacted the penalty from his assassins. For all that, + Silenus tried to jest at his expense, though many of the gods urged + him to be silent. In spite of them he called out, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Now let those that follow him learn wisdom from his + example. Probus, do you not know that when physicians give bitter + medicines they mix them with honey?<a id="noteref_596" name= + "noteref_596" href="#note_596"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">596</span></span></a> But + you were always too austere and harsh and never displayed + toleration. And so your fate, though unjust, was natural enough. + For no one can govern horses or cattle or mules, still less men, + unless he sometimes yields to them and gratifies their wishes; just + as physicians humour their patients in trifles so that they may + make them obey in things more essential.”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“What now, little father,”</span> exclaimed Dionysus, + <span class="tei tei-q">“have you turned up as our + philosopher?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Why, my son,”</span> + he replied, <span class="tei tei-q">“did I not make a philosopher + of you? Do you not know that Socrates also, who was so like + me,<a id="noteref_597" name="noteref_597" href= + "#note_597"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">597</span></span></a> + carried off the prize for philosophy from his contemporaries, at + least if you believe that your brother<a id="noteref_598" name= + "noteref_598" href="#note_598"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">598</span></span></a> tells + the truth? So you must allow me to be serious on occasion and not + always jocose.”</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[315] Ἔτι + διαλεγομένων αὐτῶν πρὸς ἀλλήλους, ὄ τε Κᾶρος ἅμα τοῖς παισὶν + εἰσφρῆσαι βουληθεὶς εἰς τὸ συμπόσιον ἀπελήλατο παρὰ τῆς Δίκης, καὶ + ὁ Διοκλητιανός, ἄγων μεθ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ Μαξιμιανώ τε τὼ δύο καὶ τὸν ἐμὸν + πάππον Κωνστάντιον, ἐν κόσμῳ προῆγεν. εἴχοντο δὲ ἀλλήλων τὼ χεῖρε, + καὶ ἐβάδιζον οὐκ ἐξ ἴσης, ἀλλ᾽ οἷα χορός τις ἦν περὶ αὐτόν, [B] τῶν + μὲν ὥσπερ δορυφορούντων καὶ προθεῖν αὐτοῦ βουλομένων, τοῦ δὲ + εἴργοντος· οὐδὲν γὰρ ἠξίου πλεονεκτεῖν. ὡς δὲ ξυνίει κάμνοντος + ἑαυτοῦ, δοὺς αὐτοῖς ἅπαντα, ὅσα ἔφερεν ἐπὶ τῶν ὤμων, αὐτὸς εὔλυτος + ἐβάδιζεν. ἠγάσθησαν οἱ θεοὶ τῶν ἀνδρῶν τὴν ὁμόνοιαν, καὶ ἐπέτρεψαν + αὐτοῖς πρὸ πολλῶν πάνυ καθῆσθαι. δεινῶς δὲ ὄντα τὸν Μαξιμιανὸν + ἀκόλαστον ὁ Σειληνὸς ἐπισκώπτειν μὲν οὐκ ἠξίου, [C] τὸ δὲ τῶν + βασιλέων οὐκ εἰσεδέχετο συσσίτιον. οὐ γὰρ μόνον τὰ εἰς Ἀφροδίτην ἦν + παντοίαν ἀσέλγειαν ἀσελγής, ἀλλὰ καὶ φιλοπράγμων καὶ ἄπιστος καὶ οὐ + τὰ πάντα τῷ τετραχόρδῳ συνῳδῶν. ἐξήλασεν οὖν αὐτὸν ἡ Δίκη ταχέως. + εἶτα ἀπῆλθεν οὐκ οἶδα ὅποι γῆς· ἐπελαθόμην γὰρ αὐτὸ παρὰ τοῦ Ἑρμοῦ + πολυπραγμονῆσαι. τούτῳ δὲ τῷ παναρμονίῳ τετραχόρδῳ παραφύεται + δεινὸν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page366">[pg + 366]</span><a name="Pg366" id="Pg366" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg367" id="Pg367" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ τραχὺ καὶ ταραχῶδες σύστημα. [D] τοὺς μὲν + οὖν δύο οὐδὲ τῶν προθύρων ἅψασθαι τῆς τῶν ἡρώων ἀγορᾶς ἡ Δίκη + συνεχώρησε, Λικίνιον δὲ μέχρι τῶν προθύρων ἐλθόντα, πολλὰ καὶ ἅτοπα + πλημμελοῦντα ταχέως ὁ Μίνως ἐξήλασεν. ὁ Κωνσταντῖνος δὲ παρῆλθεν + εἴσω καὶ πολὺν ἐκαθέσθη χρόνον, εἶτα μετ᾽ αὐτὸν τὰ παιδία. + Μαγνεντίῳ γὰρ οὐκ ἦν εἴσοδος, [316] ὅτι μηδὲν ὑγιὲς ἐπεπράχει, + καίτοι πολλὰ ἐδόκει πεπρᾶχθαι τῷ ἀνδρὶ καλά· οἱ θεοὶ δὲ ὁρῶντες, + ὅτι μὴ ταῦτα ἐκ καλῆς αὐτῷ πεποίηται διαθέσεως, εἴων αὐτὸν οἰμώζειν + ἀποτρέχοντα.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(While they were + talking, Carus and his sons tried to slip into the banquet, but + Justice drove them away. Next Diocletian advanced in pomp, bringing + with him the two Maximians and my grandfather Constantius.<a id= + "noteref_599" name="noteref_599" href="#note_599"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">599</span></span></a> These + latter held one another by the hand and did not walk alongside of + Diocletian, but formed a sort of chorus round him. And when they + wished to run before him as a bodyguard he prevented them, since he + did not think himself entitled to more privileges than they. But + when he realised that he was growing weary he gave over to them all + the burdens that he carried on his shoulders, and thereafter walked + with greater ease. The gods admired their unanimity and permitted + them to sit far in front of many of their predecessors. Maximian + was so grossly intemperate that Silenus wasted no jests on him, and + he was not allowed to join the emperors at their feast. For not + only did he indulge in vicious passions of all sorts, but proved + meddlesome and disloyal and often introduced discord into that + harmonious quartette. Justice therefore banished him without more + ado. So he went I know not whither, for I forgot to interrogate + Hermes on this point. However into that harmonious symphony of four + there crept a terribly harsh and discordant strain. For this reason + Justice would not suffer the two<a id="noteref_600" name= + "noteref_600" href="#note_600"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">600</span></span></a> so + much as to approach the door of that assembly of heroes. As for + Licinius, he came as far as the door, but as his misdeeds were many + and monstrous Minos forthwith drove him away. Constantine however + entered and sat some time, and then came his sons.<a id= + "noteref_601" name="noteref_601" href="#note_601"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">601</span></span></a> + Magnentius<a id="noteref_602" name="noteref_602" href= + "#note_602"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">602</span></span></a> was + refused admission because he had never done anything really + laudable, though much that he achieved had the appearance of merit. + So the gods, who perceived that these achievements were not based + on any virtuous principle, sent him packing, to his deep + chagrin.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Οὔσης δὴ + τοιαύτης τῆς ἀμφὶ τὸ δεῖπνον παρασκευῆς, ἐπόθουν μὲν οὐδὲν οἱ θεοί, + πάντα γὰρ ἔχουσιν, αὐτῶν δὲ τῶν ἡρώων ἐδόκει τῷ Ἑρμῇ διαπειρᾶσθαι, + καὶ τῷ Διὶ τοῦτο οὐκ ἀπὸ γνώμης ἦν. ἐδεῖτο δὲ καὶ ὁ Κυρῖνος ἤδη + τινὰ μετάγειν ἐκεῖθεν παρ᾽ ἑαυτόν. Ἡρακλῆς δὲ εἶπεν, [B] Οὐκ + ἀνέξομαι, ὦ Κυρῖνε· διὰ τί γὰρ οὐχὶ καὶ τὸν ἐμὸν Ἀλέξανδρον ἐπὶ τὸ + δεῖπνον παρεκάλεις; σοῦ τοίνυν, εἶπεν, ὦ Ζεῦ, δέομαι, εἴ τινα + τούτων ἔγνωκας ἄγειν πρὸς ἡμᾶς, ἥκειν τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον κέλευε. τί γὰρ + οὐχὶ κοινῇ τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἀποπειρώμενοι τῷ βελτίονι τιθέμεθα; δίκαια + λέγειν ὁ τῆς Ἀλκμήνης ἐδόκει τῷ Διί. [C] καὶ ἐπεισελθόντος αὐτοῦ + τοῖς ἥρωσιν οὔτε ὁ Καῖσαρ οὔτε ἄλλος τις ὑπανίστατο· καταλαβὼν δὲ + σχολάζουσαν καθέδραν, ἣν ὁ τοῦ Σεβήρου παῖς ἐπεποίητο ἑαυτῷ, + ἐκεῖνος γὰρ ἀπελήλατο διὰ τὴν ἀδελφοκτονίαν, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page368">[pg 368]</span><a name="Pg368" id="Pg368" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg369" id="Pg369" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐνεκάθισε, καὶ ὁ Σειληνὸς ἐπισκώπτων τὸν + Κυρῖνον, Ὅρα, εἶπε, μή ποτε οὗτοι ἑνὸς εἰσιν<a id="noteref_603" + name="noteref_603" href="#note_603"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">603</span></span></a> + ἀντάξιοι τουτουὶ τοῦ Γραικοῦ. Μὰ Δία, εἶπεν ὁ Κυρῖνος, οἶμαι + πολλοὺς εἶναι μὴ χείρονας. οὕτω δὲ αὐτὸν οἱ ἐμοὶ τεθαυμάκασιν + ἔγγονοι, [D] ὥστε μόνον αὐτὸν ἐκ πάντων, ὅσοι γεγόνασιν ἡγεμόνες + ξένοι, ὀνομάζουσι καὶ νομίζουσι μέγαν. οὐ μὴν ἔτι καὶ τῶν παρ᾽ + ἑαυτοῖς γεγονότων οἴονται μείζονα τοῦτον, ἴσως μὲν ὑπὸ φιλαυτίας τι + παθόντες, ἴσως δὲ καὶ οὕτως ἔχον· εἰσόμεθα δὲ αὐτίκα μάλα τῶν + ἀνδρῶν ἀποπειρώμενοι. ταῦτα μάλιστα λέγων ὁ Κυρῖνος ἠρυθρία, καὶ + δῆλος ἦν ἀγωνιῶν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀπογόνων τῶν ἑαυτοῦ, μή του τὰ δευτερεῖα + λαβόντες οἴχωνται.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(When the feast + had been prepared as I have described, the gods lacked nothing, + since all things are theirs. Then Hermes proposed to examine the + heroes personally and Zeus was of the same mind. Quirinus thereupon + begged that he might summon one of their number to his side. + <span class="tei tei-q">“Quirinus,”</span> said Heracles, + <span class="tei tei-q">“I will not have it. For why did you not + invite to the feast my beloved Alexander also? Zeus, if you are + minded to introduce into our presence any of these Emperors, send, + I beg of you, for Alexander. For if we are to examine into the + merits of men generally, why do we not throw open the competition + to the better man?”</span> Zeus considered that what the son of + Alcmena said was only just. So Alexander joined the company of + heroes, but neither Caesar nor anyone else yielded his place to + him. However he found and took a vacant seat which the son<a id= + "noteref_604" name="noteref_604" href="#note_604"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">604</span></span></a> of + Severus had taken for himself—he had been expelled for fratricide. + Then Silenus began to rally Quirinus and said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“See now whether all these Romans can match this one + Greek.”</span><a id="noteref_605" name="noteref_605" href= + "#note_605"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">605</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“By Zeus,”</span> retorted Quirinus, + <span class="tei tei-q">“I consider that many of them are as good + as he! It is true that my descendants have admired him so much that + they hold that he alone of all foreign generals is worthy to be + styled <span class="tei tei-q">‘the Great.’</span> But it does not + follow that they think him greater than their own heroes; which may + be due to national prejudice, but again they may be right. However, + that we shall very soon find out by examining these men.”</span> + Even as he spoke Quirinus was blushing, and was evidently extremely + anxious on behalf of his descendants and feared that they might + come off with the second prize.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[317] Μετὰ τοῦτο + ὁ Ζεὺς ἤρετο τοὺς θεούς, πότερον χρὴ πάντας ἐπὶ τὸν ἀγῶνα καλεῖν ἤ, + καθάπερ ἐν τοῖς γυμνικοῖς ἀγῶσι γίνεται, ὁ τοῦ πολλὰς ἀνελομένου + νίκας κρατήσας, ἑνὸς περιγενόμενος, οὐδὲν ἔλαττον δοκεῖ κἀκείνων + γεγονέναι κρείσσων, οἳ προσεπάλαισαν μὲν οὐδαμῶς αὐτῷ, τοῦ + κρατηθέντος δὲ ἥττους ἐγένοντο. καὶ ἐδόκει πᾶσιν ἡ τοιαύτη σφόδρα + ἐμμελῶς ἔχειν ἐξέτασις. [B] ἐκήρυττεν οὖν ὁ Ἑρμῆς παριέναι Καίσαρα + καὶ τὸν Ὀκταβιανὸν ἐπὶ τούτῳ, Τραϊανὸν δὲ ἐκ τρίτων, ὡς + πολεμικωτάτους. εἶτα γενομένης σιωπῆς ὁ βασιλεὺς Κρόνος βλέψας εἰς + τὸν Δία θαυμάζειν ἔφη, πολεμικοὺς μὲν αὐτοκράτορας ὁρῶν ἐπὶ τὸν + ἀγῶνα τουτονὶ καλουμένους, οὐδένα μέντοι πιλόσοφον. Ἐμοὶ δέ, εἶπεν, + οὐχ ἧττόν εἰσιν οἱ τοιοῦτοι φίλοι. [C] καλεῖτε οὖν εἴσω καὶ τὸν + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page370">[pg 370]</span><a name= + "Pg370" id="Pg370" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg371" id= + "Pg371" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Μάρκον. ἐπεὶ δὲ καὶ ὁ Μάρκος + κληθεὶς παρῆλθε, σεμνὸς ἄγαν, ὑπὸ τῶν πόνων ἔχων τά τε ὄμματα καὶ + τὸ πρόσωπον ὑπό τι συνεσταλμένον, κάλλος δὲ ἀμήχανον ἐν αὐτῷ τούτῳ + δεικνύων, ἐν ᾧ παρεῖχεν ἑαυτὸν ἄκομψον καὶ ἀκαλλώπιστον· ἥ τε γὰρ + ὑπήνη βαθεῖα παντάπασιν ἦν αὐτῷ καὶ τὰ ἱμάτια λιτὰ καὶ σώφρονα, καὶ + ὑπὸ τῆς ἐνδείας τῶν τροφῶν ἦν αὐτῷ [D] τὸ σῶμα διαυγέστατον καὶ + διαφανέστατον ὥσπερ αὐτὸ οἶμαι τὸ καθαρώτατον καὶ εἰλικρινέστατον + φῶς· ἐπεὶ καὶ οὗτος ἦν εἴσω τῶν ἱερῶν περιβόλων, ὁ Διόνυσος εἶπεν, + Ὦ βασιλεῦ Κρόνε καὶ Ζεῦ πάτερ, ἆρα ἄξιον ἐν θεοῖς ἀτελὲς εἶναί τι; + τῶν δὲ οὐ φαμένων, Εἰσάγωμεν οὖν τινα καὶ ἀπολαύσεως ἐραστὴν + ἐνθαδί. καὶ ὁ Ζεύς, Ἀλλ᾽ οὐ θεμιτὸν εἴσω φοιτᾶν, εἶπεν, ἀνδρὶ μὴ τὰ + ἡμέτερα ζηλοῦντι. Γιγνέσθω τοίνυν, εἶπεν, ἐπὶ τῶν προθύρων, ὁ + Διόνυσος, αὐτοῖς ἡ κρίσις. ἀλλ᾽, [318] εἰ τοῦτο δοκεῖ ταύτῃ, + καλῶμεν ἄνδρα οὐκ ἀπόλεμον μέν, ἡδονῇ δὲ καὶ ἀπολαύσει + χειροηθέστερον. ἡκέτω οὖν ἄχρι τῶν προθύρων ὁ Κωνσταντίνος. ἐπεὶ δὲ + ἐδέδοκτο καὶ τοῦτο, τίνα χρὴ τρόπον αὐτοὺς ἁμιλλᾶσθαι, γνώμη + προυτέθη. καὶ ὁ μὲν Ἑρμῆς ἠξίου λέγειν ἕκαστον ἐν μέρει περὶ τῶν + ἑαυτοῦ, τίθεσθαι δὲ τοὺς θεοὺς τὴν ψῆφον. οὐ μὴν ἐδόκει ταῦτα τῷ + Ἀπόλλωνι καλῶς ἔχειν· ἀληθείας γὰρ εἶναι, [B] καὶ οὐ πιθανότητος + οὐδ᾽ αἱμυλίας ἐν θεοῖς ἔλεγχον καὶ ἐξέτασιν. βουλόμενος δὲ ὁ Ζεὺς + ἀμφοτέροις χαρίζεσθαι καὶ ἅμα προάγειν ἐπὶ πλέον αὐτοῖς τὴν + συνουσίαν, Οὐδέν, εἶπε, κωλύει λέγειν μὲν αὐτοῖς ἐπιτρέψαι, μικρὰ + τοῦ ὕδατος ἐπιμετρήσαντασ, εἶτα ὕστερον <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page372">[pg 372]</span><a name="Pg372" id="Pg372" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg373" id="Pg373" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀνερωτᾶν [C] καὶ ἀποπειρᾶσθαι τῆς ἑκάστου + διανοίας. καὶ ὁ Σειληνὸς ἐπισκώπτων, Ἀλλ᾽ ὅπως μή, νομίσαντες αὐτὸ + νέκταρ εἶναι, Τραïανός τε καὶ Ἀλέξανδρος ἅπαν ἐκροφήσουσι<a id= + "noteref_606" name="noteref_606" href="#note_606"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">606</span></span></a> τὸ + ὕδωρ, εἶτα ἀφελοῦνται<a id="noteref_607" name="noteref_607" href= + "#note_607"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">607</span></span></a> τοὺς + ἄλλους. καὶ ὁ Ποσειδῶν, Οὐ τοὐμοῦ ὕδατος, εἶπεν, ἀλλὰ τοῦ ὑμετέρου + πώματος ἐρασταὶ τὼ ἄνδρε ἐγενέσθην. [D] ὑπὲρ τῶν σεαυτοῦ τοιγαροῦν + ἀμπέλων μᾶλλον ἢ τῶν ἐμῶν πηγῶν ἄξιόν ἐστί σοι δεδιέναι. καὶ ὁ + Σειληνὸς δηχθεὶς ἐσιώπα, καὶ τοῖς ἀγωνιζομένοις ἐκ τούτου τὸν νοῦν + προσεῖχεν. Ἑρμῆς δὲ ἐκήρυττεν·</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Then Zeus asked + the gods whether it would be better to summon all the Emperors to + enter the lists, or whether they should follow the custom of + athletic contests, which is that he who defeats the winner of many + victories, though he overcome only that one competitor is held + thereby to have proved himself superior to all who have been + previously defeated, and that too though they have not wrestled + with the winner, but only shown themselves inferior to an + antagonist who has been defeated. All the gods agreed that this was + a very suitable sort of test. Hermes then summoned Caesar to appear + before them, then Octavian, and thirdly Trajan, as being the + greatest warriors. In the silence that followed, Kronos turned to + Zeus and said that he was astonished to see that only martial + Emperors were summoned to the competition, and not a single + philosopher. <span class="tei tei-q">“For my part,”</span> he + added, <span class="tei tei-q">“I like philosophers just as well. + So tell Marcus<a id="noteref_608" name="noteref_608" href= + "#note_608"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">608</span></span></a> to + come in too.”</span> Accordingly Marcus was summoned and came in + looking excessively dignified and showing the effect of his studies + in the expression of his eyes and his lined brows. His aspect was + unutterably beautiful from the very fact that he was careless of + his appearance and unadorned by art; for he wore a very long beard, + his dress was plain and sober, and from lack of nourishment his + body was very shining and transparent, like light most pure and + stainless. When he too had entered the sacred enclosure, Dionysus + said, <span class="tei tei-q">“King Kronos and Father Zeus, can any + incompleteness exist among the gods?”</span> And when they replied + that it could not, <span class="tei tei-q">“Then,”</span> said he, + <span class="tei tei-q">“let us bring in here some votary of + pleasure as well.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Nay,”</span> + answered Zeus, <span class="tei tei-q">“it is not permitted that + any man should enter here who does not model himself on us.”</span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“In that case,”</span> said Dionysus, + <span class="tei tei-q">“let them be tried at the entrance. Let us + summon by your leave a man not unwarlike but a slave to pleasure + and enjoyment. Let Constantine come as far as the door.”</span> + When this had been agreed upon, opinions were offered as to the + manner in which they were to compete. Hermes thought that everyone + ought to speak for himself in turn, and then the gods should vote. + But Apollo did not approve of this plan, because he said the gods + ought to test and examine the truth and not plausible rhetoric and + the devices of the orator. Zeus wished to please them both and at + the same time to prolong the assembly, so he said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“There is no harm in letting them speak if we measure + them a small allowance of water,<a id="noteref_609" name= + "noteref_609" href="#note_609"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">609</span></span></a> and + then later on we can cross-examine them and test the disposition of + each one.”</span> Whereupon Silenus said sardonically, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Take care, or Trajan and Alexander will think it is + nectar and drink up all the water and leave none for the + others.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“It was not my + water,”</span> retorted Poseidon, <span class="tei tei-q">“but your + vines that these two were fond of. So you had better tremble for + your vines rather than for my springs.”</span> Silenus was greatly + piqued and had no answer ready, but thereafter turned his attention + to the disputants. Then Hermes made this proclamation:)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-right: 3.60em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἄρχει μὲν ἀγὼν</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">τῶν καλλίστων</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">ἄθλων ταμίας,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">καιρὸς δὲ καλεῖ</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">μηκέτι μέλλειν.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">ἀλλὰ κλύοντες</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">τὰν ἁμετέραν</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">[319] κήρυκα βοὰν</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">οἱ πρὶν βασιλῆς,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">ἔθνεα πολλὰ</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">δουλωσάμενοι</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">καὶ πολέμοισι</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">δάιον ἔγχος</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">θήξαντες, ὁμοῦ</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">γνώμης τε μέγαν</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">πινυτόφρονα νοῦν,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">ἴτ᾽, ἐς ἀντίπαλον</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">[B] ἵστασθε κρίσιν,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">οἷς τε φρόνησιν</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">τέλος ὀλβίστης</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">θέσθαι βιοτῆς,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">οἷς τ᾽ ἀντιβίους</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">κακὰ πόλλ᾽ ἔρχαι</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">καὶ χρηστὰ φίλους</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">τέκμαρ βιότου</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">νενόμιστο καλοῦ,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">οἷς θ᾽ ἡδίστην</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">ἀπόλαυσιν ἔχειν</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">[C] τέρματα μόχθων</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">δαῖτας τε γάμους τ᾽,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">ὄμμασι τερπνά,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">μαλακάς τε φέρειν</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">ἐσθῆτας ὁμοῦ</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">λιθοκολλήτοις</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">περὶ χεῖρας ἄκρας</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">ψελίοισι φάνη</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">μακαριστότατον.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">νίκης δὲ τέλος</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ζηνὶ μελήσει.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The + trial that begins</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Awards to him who wins</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">The fairest prize to-day.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">And lo, the hour is here</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">And summons you. Appear!</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ye may no more delay.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Come hear the herald's + call</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ye princes one and all.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Many the tribes of men</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Submissive to you then!</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">How keen in war your + swords!</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">But now 'tis wisdom's + turn;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Now let your rivals learn</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">How keen can be your + words.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Wisdom, thought some, is + bliss</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Most sure in life's short + span;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Others did hold no less</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">That power to ban or + bless</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Is happiness for man.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">But some set Pleasure + high,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Idleness, feasting, love,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">All that delights the + eye;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Their raiment soft and + fine,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Their hands with jewels + shine,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Such bliss did they + approve.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">But whose the victory won</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Shall Zeus decide alone.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_610" name= + "noteref_610" href="#note_610"><span class="tei tei-noteref" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">610</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span> + </div> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page374">[pg 374]</span><a name= + "Pg374" id="Pg374" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg375" id= + "Pg375" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[D] Τοιαῦτα τοῦ + Ἑρμοῦ κηρύττοντος ἐκληροῦντο· καί πως συνέδραμε τῇ τοῦ Καίσαρος ὁ + κλῆρος φιλοπρωτίᾳ. τοῦτο ἐκεῖνον μὲν ἐποίησε γαῦρον καὶ + σοβαρώτερον· ἐδέησε δὲ διὰ τοῦτο μικροῦ καὶ φεύγειν τὴν κρίσιν ὁ + Ἀλέξανδρος· ἀλλὰ παραθαρρύνων αὐτὸν ὁ μέγας Ἡρακλῆς ἐπέσχε. + δεύτερος δὲ ἐπ᾽ ἐκεΊνῳ λέγειν ἔλαχεν Ἀλέξανδρος· ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν ἑξῆς + [320] οἱ κλῆροι τοῖς ἑκάστου χρόνοις συμπροῆλθον. ἤρξατο οὖν ὁ + Καῖσαρ ὡδί· Ἐμοὶ μέν, ὦ Ζεῦ καὶ θεοί, γενέσθαι ἐν τηλικαύτῃ + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page376">[pg 376]</span><a name= + "Pg376" id="Pg376" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg377" id= + "Pg377" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> συνέβη πόλει μετὰ τοσούτους + ἄνδρας, ὥστε τὴν μὲν ὅσων οὐ πώποτε ἄλλη πόλις ἐβασίλευσε + βασιλεύειν, ταῖς δὲ ἀγαπητὸν τὸ καὶ τὰ δεύτερα κομίσασθαι. τίς γὰρ + πόλις ἀπὸ τρισχιλίων ἀνδρῶν ἀρξαμένη [B] ἐν οὐδὲ ὅλοις ἔτεσιν + ἑξακοσίοις ἐπὶ γῆς ἦλθε πέρατα τοῖς ὄπλοις; ποῖα δὲ ἔθνη τοσούτους + ἄνδρας ἀγαθούς τε καὶ πολεμικοὺς παρέσχετο καὶ νομοθετικούς; θεοὺς + δὲ ἐτίμησαν οὕτω τίνες; ἐν δὴ τοσαύτῃ καὶ τηλικαύτῃ πόλει γενόμενος + οὐ τοὺς κατ᾽ ἐμαυτὸν μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς πώποτε παρῆλθον τοῖς + ἔργοις. καὶ τῶν ἐμῶν μὲν πολιτῶν εὖ οἶδα ὡς οὐδεὶς ἀντιποιήσεταί + μοι τῶν πρωτείων· [C] εἰ δὲ Ἀλέξανδρος οὑτοσὶ τολμᾷ, τίνα τῶν ἔργων + τῶν ἑαυτοῦ τοῖς ἐμοῖς ἀξιοῖ παραβαλεῖν; ἴσως τὰ Περσικά, ὥσπερ οὐχ + ἑορακὼς ἐγηγερμένα μοι τοσαῦτα κατὰ Πομπηίου τρόπαια; καίτοι τίς + δεινότερος στρατηγὸς γέγονε, Δαρεῖος ἢ Πομπήιος; ποτέρῳ δὲ + ἀνδρειότερον ἠκολούθει στρατόπεδον; τὰ μὲν οὖν μαχιμώτατα τῶν + Δαρείῳ πρότερον [D] ὑπακουόντων ἐθνῶν ἐν τῇ Καρῶν μοίρᾳ Πομπήιος + εἶχεν ἑπόμενα, τοὺς δὲ ἐκ τῆς Εὐρώπης, οἳ τὴν Ἀσίαν πολλάκις + πόλεμον ἐπάγουσαν ἐτρέψαντο, καὶ τούτων αὐτῶν τοὺς ἀνδρειοτάτους, + Ἰταλούς, Ἰλλυριούς, Κελτούς. ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ τῶν Κελτῶν ὑπεμνήσθην, ἆρα + τοῖς Γετικοῖς ἔργοις Ἀλεξάνδρου τὴν τῆς Κελτικῆς ἀντιτάττομεν + καθαίρεσιν; οὗτος ἅπαξ ἐπεραιώθη τὸν Ἴστρον, ἐγὼ δεύτερον τὸν + Ῥῆνον· Γερμανικὸν αὖ τοῦτο τὸ ἐμὸν ἔργον. τούτῳ δὲ ἀντέστη μὲν + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page378">[pg 378]</span><a name= + "Pg378" id="Pg378" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg379" id= + "Pg379" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> οὐδὲ εἷς, [321] ἐγὼ πρὸς + Ἀριόβιστον ἠγωνισάμην πρῶτος ἐτόλμησα Ῥωμαίων ἐπιβὴναι τῆς ἐκτὸς + θαλάσσης. καὶ τοῦτο ἦν ἴσως τὸ ἔργον οὐ θαυμαστόν. καίτοι τὴν + τόλμαν καὶ ταύτην ἄξιον θαυμάσαι· ἀλλὰ τὸ μεῖζόν μου, τὸ ἀποβῆναι + τῆς νεὼς πρῶτον· καὶ τοὺς Ἑλβετίους σιωπῶ καὶ τὸ τῶν Ἰβήρων ἔθνος. + οὐδενὸς ἔτι τῶν Γαλατικῶν ἐπεμνήσθην, πλεῖν<a id="noteref_611" + name="noteref_611" href="#note_611"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">611</span></span></a> ἢ + τριακοσίας ὑπαγαγόμενος πόλεις, ἀνδρῶν δὲ οὐκ ἐλάσσους ἢ διακοσίας + μυριάδας. ὄντων δὲ τούτων μοι τοιούτων ἔργων, ἐκεῖνο μεῖζον ἦν καὶ + τολμηρότερον. [B] ἐχρῆν γάρ με καὶ πρὸς αὐτοὺς διαγωνίζεσθαι τοὺς + πολίτας καὶ κρατεῖν τῶν ἀμάχων καὶ ἀνικήτων Ῥωμαίων. εἴτε οὖν + πλήθει τις κρίνει παρατάξεων, τρὶς τοσαυτάκις παρεταξάμην, ὁσάκις + ὑπὲρ Ἀλεξάνδρου κομπάζουσιν οἱ τὰ περὶ αὐτοῦ σεμνοποιοῦντες, εἴτε + πλήθει πόλεων αἰχμαλώτων, οὐ τῆς Ἀσίας μόνον, [C] ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς + Εὐρώπης τὰ πλεῖστα κατεστρεψάμην. Ἀλέξανδρος Αἴγυπτον ἐπῆλθε<a id= + "noteref_612" name="noteref_612" href="#note_612"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">612</span></span></a> + θεωρῶν, ἐγὼ δὲ συμπόσια συγκροτῶν κατεπολέμησα. τὴν δὲ μετὰ τὸ + κρατῆσαι πρᾳότητα βούλεσθε ἐξετάσαι τὴν παρ᾽ ἑκατέρῳ; ἐγὼ καὶ τοῖς + πολεμίοις συνέγνων· ἔπαθον γοῦν ὑπ᾽ αὐτῶν ὅσα ἐμέλησε τῇ Δίκῃ· ὁ δὲ + πρὸς τοῖς πολεμίοις οὐδὲ τῶν φίλων ἀπέσχετο. [D] ἔτι οὖν μοι περὶ + τῶν πρωτείων ἀμφισβητεῖν οἷός τε ἔσῃ; καὶ οὐκ αὐτόθεν καὶ σὺ + παραχωρήσεις μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων, ἀλλὰ ἀναγκάσεις με λέγειν, ὅπως σὺ μὲν + ἐχρήσω πικρῶς Θηβαίοις, ἐγὼ δὲ τοῖς Ἑλβετίοις <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page380">[pg 380]</span><a name="Pg380" id="Pg380" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg381" id="Pg381" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> φιλανθρώπως; σὺ μὲν γὰρ ἐκείνων κατέκαυσας + τὰς πόλεις, ἐγὼ δὲ τὰς ὑπὸ τῶν οἰκείων πολιτῶν κεκαυμένας πόλεις + ἀνέστησα. καίτοι οὔτι ταὐτὸν<a id="noteref_613" name="noteref_613" + href="#note_613"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">613</span></span></a> ἦν + μυρίων Γραικῶν κρατῆσαι καὶ πεντεκαίδεκα μυριάδας ἐπιφερομένας + ὑποστῆναι. [322] πολλὰ εἰπεῖν ἔχων ἔτι περὶ ἐμαυτοῦ καὶ τοῦδε, τῷ + μὴ σχολὴν ἄγειν ἥκιστα τὸ λέγειν ἐξεμελέτησα. διόπερ χρὴ συγγνώμην + ὑμᾶς ἔχειν, ἐκ δὲ τῶν εἰρημένων καὶ περὶ τῶν μὴ ῥηθέντων τὴν ἴσην + καὶ δικαίαν ἐξέτασιν ποιουμένους ἀποδιδόναι μοι τὸ πρωτεῖον.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(While Hermes + had been making this proclamation the lots were being drawn, and it + happened that the first lot favoured Caesar's passion for being + first. This made him triumphant and prouder than before. But the + effect on Alexander was that he almost withdrew from the + competition, had not mighty Heracles encouraged him and prevented + him from leaving. Alexander drew the lot to speak second, but the + lots of those who came next coincided with the order in which they + had lived. Caesar then began as follows: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“It was my fortune, O Zeus and ye other gods, to be + born, following a number of great men, in a city so illustrious + that she rules more subjects than any other city has ever ruled; + and indeed other cities are well pleased to rank as second to + her.<a id="noteref_614" name="noteref_614" href= + "#note_614"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">614</span></span></a> What + other city, I ask, began with three thousand citizens and in less + than six centuries carried her victorious arms to the ends of the + earth? What other nations ever produced so many brave and warlike + men or such lawgivers? What nation ever honoured the gods as they + did? Observe then that, though I was born in a city so powerful and + so illustrious, my achievements not only surpassed the men of my + own day, but all the heroes who ever lived. As for my + fellow-citizens I am confident that there is none who will + challenge my superiority. But if Alexander here is so presumptuous, + which of his deeds does he pretend to compare with mine? His + Persian conquests, perhaps, as though he had never seen all those + trophies that I gathered when I defeated Pompey! And pray, who was + the more skilful general, Darius or Pompey? Which of them led the + bravest troops? Pompey had in his army the most martial of the + nations formerly subject to Darius,<a id="noteref_615" name= + "noteref_615" href="#note_615"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">615</span></span></a> but + he reckoned them no better than Carians,<a id="noteref_616" name= + "noteref_616" href="#note_616"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">616</span></span></a> for + he led also those European forces which had often repulsed all Asia + when she invaded Europe, aye and he had the bravest of them all, + Italians, Illyrians, and Celts. And since I have mentioned the + Celts, shall we compare the exploits of Alexander against the Getae + with my conquest of Gaul? He crossed the Danube once, I crossed the + Rhine twice. The German conquest again is all my doing. No one + opposed Alexander, but I had to contend against Ariovistus. I was + the first Roman who ventured to sail the outer sea.<a id= + "noteref_617" name="noteref_617" href="#note_617"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">617</span></span></a> + Perhaps this achievement was not so wonderful, though it was a + daring deed that may well command your admiration; but a more + glorious action of mine was when I leapt ashore from my ship before + all the others.<a id="noteref_618" name="noteref_618" href= + "#note_618"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">618</span></span></a> Of + the Helvetians and Iberians I say nothing. And still I have said + not a word about my campaigns in Gaul, when I conquered more than + three hundred cities and no less than two million men! But great as + were these achievements of mine, that which followed was still + greater and more daring. For I had to contend against my fellow + citizens themselves, and to subdue the invincible, the + unconquerable Romans. Again, if we are judged by the number of our + battles, I fought three times as many as Alexander, even reckoning + by the boasts of those who embellish his exploits. If one counts + the cities captured, I reduced the greatest number, not only in + Asia but in Europe as well. Alexander only visited Egypt as a + sight-seer, but I conquered her while I was arranging + drinking-parties. Are you pleased to inquire which of us showed + more clemency after victory? I forgave even my enemies, and for + what I suffered in consequence at their hands Justice has taken + vengeance. But Alexander did not even spare his friends, much less + his enemies. And are you still capable of disputing the first prize + with me? Then since you will not, like the others, yield place to + me, you compel me to say that whereas I was humane towards the + Helvetians you treated the Thebans cruelly. You burned their cities + to the ground, but I restored the cities that had been burned by + their own inhabitants. And indeed it was not at all the same thing + to subdue ten thousand Greeks, and to withstand the onset of a + hundred and fifty thousand men. Much more could I add both about + myself and Alexander, but I have not had leisure to practise public + speaking. Wherefore you ought to pardon me, but from what I have + said and with regard to what I have not said, you ought, forming + that decision which equity and justice require, to award me the + first prize.”</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τοιαῦτα εἰπόντος + τοῦ Καίσαρος καὶ λέγειν ἔτι βουλομένου, μόγις καὶ πρότερον ὁ + Ἀλέξανδρος καρτερῶν οὐκέτι κατέσχεν, ἀλλὰ μετά τινος ταραχῆς καὶ + ἀγωνίας, [B] Ἐγὼ δέ, εἶπεν, ὦ Ζεῦ καὶ θεοί, μέχρι τίνος ἀνέξομαι + σιωπῇ τῆς θρασύτητος τῆς τούτου; πέρας γὰρ οὐδέν ἐστιν, ὡς ὁρᾶτε, + οὔτε τῶν εἰς αὑτὸν ἐπαίνων οὔτε τῶν εἰς ἐμὲ βλασφημιῶν. ἐχρῆν δὲ + ἴσως μάλιστα μὲν ἀμφοῖν φείδεσθαι· καί γὰρ εἶναί πως ἀμφότερα δοκεῖ + παραπλησίως ἐπαχθῆ· πλέον δὲ τοῦ τἀμὰ διασύρειν ἄλλως τε καὶ + μιμητὴν αὐτῶν γενόμενον. ὁ δὲ εἰς τοῦτο ἦλθεν ἀναισχυντίας, [C] + ὥστε τολμῆσαι τὰ ἀρχέτυπα κωμῳδεῖν τῶν ἑαυτοῦ ἔργων. ἐχρῆν δέ, ὦ + Καῖσαρ, ὑπομνησθῆναί σε τῶν δακρύων ἐκείνων, ἃ τότε ἀφῆκας, + ἀκροώμενος τῶν ὑπομνημάτων, ὅσα πεποίηται περὶ τῶν ἐμῶν πράξεων. + ἀλλ᾽ ὁ Πομπήιος ἐπῆρέ σε μετὰ τοῦτο, κολακευθεὶς μὲν παρὰ τῶν + πολιτῶν τῶν ἑαυτοῦ, γενόμενος δὲ οὐδεὶς οὐδαμοῦ. [D] τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἀπὸ + Λιβύης θριαμβεῦσαι, οὐ μέγα ἔργον, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page382">[pg 382]</span><a name="Pg382" id="Pg382" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg383" id="Pg383" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ὀνομαστότατον ἐποίησεν ἡ τῶν τότε ὑπάτων + μαλακία. τὸν δουλικὸν δὲ ἐκεῖνον πόλεμον, οὐδὲ πρὸς ἄνδρας + γενόμενον, ἀλλὰ πρὸς τοὺς χειρίστους τῶν οἰκετῶν, ἄλλοι μὲν + κατειργάσαντο, Κράσσοι καὶ Λούκιοι, τοὔνομα δὲ καὶ τὴν ἐπιγραφὴν + ἔσχε Πομπήιος. Ἀρμενίαν δὲ καὶ τὰ πρόσοικα ταύτης κατεπολέμησε + Λούκουλλος, ἐθριάμβευσε δὲ ἀπὸ τούτων Πομπήιος. [323] εἶτ᾽ + ἐκολάκευσαν αὐτὸν οἱ πολῖται καὶ Μέγαν ὠνόμασαν, ὄντα τίνος τῶν πρὸ + ἑαυτοῦ μείζονα; τί γὰρ ἐκείνῳ τοσοῦτον ἐπράχθη, ἡλίκον Μαρίῳ ἢ + Σκηπίωσι τοῖς δύο ἢ τῷ παρὰ τὸν Κυρῖνον τουτονὶ Φουρίῳ, ὃς μικροῦ + συμπεσοῦσαν τὴν τούτου πόλιν ἀνέστησεν; οὗτοι γὰρ οὐκ ἀλλοτρίοις + ἔργοις, ὥσπερ ἐν πολιτικαῖς οἰκοδομίαις καὶ δαπανήμασιν ὑπ᾽ ἄλλων + καταβληθείσαις [B] καὶ ἐπιτελεσθείσαις ἕτερος ἄρχων ἐπεγράφη μικρὰ + κονιάσας τὸν τοῖχον, οὕτω ταῖς ἀλλοτρίαις ἐπεγράφησαν πράξεσιν· + ἀρχιτέκτονες δὲ αὐτοὶ καὶ δημιουργοὶ γενόμενοι τῶν καλλίστων + ἠξιώθησαν ὀνομάτων. οὐδὲν οὖν θαυμαστόν, εἰ κεκράτηκας Πομπηίου + δακτύλῳ κνωμένου καὶ τἆλλα ἀλώπεκος μᾶλλον ἢ λέοντος. <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page384">[pg 384]</span><a name="Pg384" id="Pg384" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg385" id="Pg385" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐπειδὴ γὰρ αὐτὸν ἡ τύχη προύδωκεν, ἣ τὸν + ἔμπροσθεν χρόνον αὐτῷ παρειστήκει, ταχέως ἐκράτησας μόνου. καὶ ὅτι + δεινότητι μὲν οὐδεμιᾷ κρείττων ἐγένου, [C] φανερόν· καὶ γὰρ ἐν + ἐνδείᾳ γεγονὼς<a id="noteref_619" name="noteref_619" href= + "#note_619"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">619</span></span></a> τῶν + ἐπιτηδείων· ἔστι δὲ οὐ μικρόν, ὡς οἶσθα, τοῦτο ἁμάρτημα στρατηγοῦ· + καὶ μάχῃ συμβαλὼν ἡττήθης. εἰ δὲ Πομπήιος ὑπ᾽ ἀφροσύνης τε καὶ + ἀνοίας ἢ τοῦ μὴ δύνασθαι τῶν πολιτῶν ἄρχειν οὔτε, ἡνίκα ἔδει + τρίβειν τὸν πόλεμον, ὑπερετίθετο τὴν μάχην οὔτε τῇ νίκῃ<a id= + "noteref_620" name="noteref_620" href="#note_620"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">620</span></span></a> νικῶν + ἐπεξῄει, ὑπὸ τοῖς οἰκείοις ἁμαρτήμασι [D] καὶ οὐχ ὑπὸ τοῖς σοῖς + ἐσφάλη στρατηγήμασι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(When Caesar had + spoken to this effect he still wished to go on talking, but + Alexander, who had with difficulty restrained himself hitherto, now + lost patience, and with some agitation and combativeness: + <span class="tei tei-q">“But <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">I</span></em>,”</span> said he, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“O Jupiter and ye other gods, how long must I endure in + silence the insolence of this man? There is, as you see, no limit + to his praise of himself or his abuse of me. It would have better + become him perhaps to refrain from both, since both are alike + insupportable, but especially from disparaging my conduct, the more + since he imitated it. But he has arrived at such a pitch of + impudence that he dares to ridicule the model of his own exploits. + Nay, Caesar, you ought to have remembered those tears you shed on + hearing of the monuments that had been consecrated to my glorious + deeds.<a id="noteref_621" name="noteref_621" href= + "#note_621"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">621</span></span></a> But + since then Pompey has inflated you with pride, Pompey who though he + was the idol of his countrymen was in fact wholly insignificant. + Take his African triumph: that was no great exploit, but the + feebleness of the consuls in office made it seem glorious. Then the + famous Servile War<a id="noteref_622" name="noteref_622" href= + "#note_622"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">622</span></span></a> was + waged not against men but the vilest of slaves, and its successful + issue was due to others, I mean Crassus and Lucius,<a id= + "noteref_623" name="noteref_623" href="#note_623"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">623</span></span></a> + though Pompey gained the reputation and the credit for it. Again, + Armenia and the neighbouring provinces were conquered by + Lucullus,<a id="noteref_624" name="noteref_624" href= + "#note_624"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">624</span></span></a> yet + for these also Pompey triumphed. Then he became the idol of the + citizens and they called him <span class="tei tei-q">‘the + Great.’</span> Greater, I ask, than whom of his predecessors? What + achievement of his can be compared with those of Marius<a id= + "noteref_625" name="noteref_625" href="#note_625"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">625</span></span></a> or of + the two Scipios or of Furius,<a id="noteref_626" name="noteref_626" + href="#note_626"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">626</span></span></a> who + sits over there by Quirinus because he rebuilt his city when it was + almost in ruins? Those men did not make their reputation at the + expense of others, as happens with public buildings built at the + public expense; I mean that one man lays the foundation, another + finishes the work, while the last man who is in office though he + has only whitewashed the walls has his name inscribed on the + building.<a id="noteref_627" name="noteref_627" href= + "#note_627"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">627</span></span></a> Not + thus, I repeat, did those men gain credit for the deeds of others. + They were themselves the creators and artificers of their schemes + and deserved their illustrious titles. Well then, it is no wonder + that you vanquished Pompey, who used to scratch his head with his + finger-tip<a id="noteref_628" name="noteref_628" href= + "#note_628"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">628</span></span></a> and + in all respects was more of a fox than a lion. When he was deserted + by Fortune who had so long favoured him, you easily overcame him, + thus unaided. And it is evident that it was not to any superior + ability of yours that you owed your victory, since after running + short of provisions<a id="noteref_629" name="noteref_629" href= + "#note_629"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">629</span></span></a>—no + small blunder for a general to make, as I need not tell you—you + fought a battle and were beaten. And if from imprudence or lack of + judgment or inability to control his countrymen Pompey neither + postponed a battle when it was his interest to protract the war, + nor followed up a victory when he had won,<a id="noteref_630" name= + "noteref_630" href="#note_630"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">630</span></span></a> it + was due to his own errors that he failed, and not to your + strategy.</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Πέρσαι δὲ + πανταχοῦ καλῶς καὶ φρονίμως παρεσκευασμένοι πρὸς τὴν ἡμετέραν ἀλκὴν + ἐνέδοσαν. ἐπεὶ δὲ οὐ τοὺ πράττειν ἁπλῶς, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦ τὰ δίκαια + πράττειν ἄνδρα ἄριστον καὶ βασιλέα προσήκει μεταποιεῖσθαι, ἐγὼ μὲν + ὑπὲρ τῶν Ἑλλήνων τοὺς Πέρσας ἀπῄτησα δίκην, καὶ τοὺς Ἑλληνικοὺς + πολέμους ἐπανειλόμην, οὐχὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα λυπεῖν βουλόμενος, ἀλλὰ τοὺς + κωλύοντάς με διαβαίνειν καὶ δίκας ἀπαιτεῖν τὸν Πέρσην ἐπικόπτων. + [324] σὺ δὲ τοὺς Γερμανοὺς καὶ Γαλάτας κατεπολέμησας, ἐπὶ τὴν + πατρίδα τὴν σεαυτοῦ παρασκευαζόμενος, οὗ τί γένοιτ᾽ ἂν χεῖρον ἢ + μιαρώτερον; ἐπεὶ δὲ ὥσπερ διασύρων τῶν μυρίων ἐμνημόνευσας Γραικῶν, + ὅτι μὲν καὶ ὑμεῖς ἐντεῦθεν γεγόνατε καὶ τὰ πλεῖστα τῆς Ἰταλίας + ὤκησαν οἱ Γραικοί, καίπερ εἰδὼς ὅμως οὐ παραδέχομαι. τούτων δὲ + αὐτῶν ὀλίγον ἔθνος, Αἰτωλοὺς <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page386">[pg 386]</span><a name="Pg386" id="Pg386" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg387" id="Pg387" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> λέγω τοὺς παροικοῦντας ἡμῖν, [B] οὐ φίλους + μὲν ἔχειν καὶ συμμάχους ἐποιήσασθε περὶ πολλοῦ, πολεμωθέντας δὲ + ὑμῖν ὕστερον δι᾽ ἁσδήποτε αἰτίας οὐκ ἀκινδύνως ὑπακούειν ὑμῖν + ἠναγκάσατε; οἱ δὲ πρὸς τὸ γῆρας, ὡς ἂν εἴποι τισ, τῆς Ἑλλάδος, καὶ + οὐδὲ πάσης, ἀλλ᾽ ἔθνους μικροῦ, ἡνίκα ἤκμαζε τὸ Ἑλληνικόν, οὐδ᾽ ὅτι + ἔστι γιγνωσκομένου, μικροῦ δέω φάναι, μόγις ἀρκέσαντες, τίνες ἂν + ἐγένεσθε, [C] εἰ πρὸς ἀκμάζοντας καὶ ὁμονοοῦντας τοὺς Ἕλληνας + πολεμεῖν ὑμᾶς ἐδέησεν; ἐπεὶ καὶ Πύρρου διαβάντος ἐφ᾽ ὑμᾶς ἴστε ὅπως + ἐπτήξατε. εἰ δὲ τὸ Περσῶν κρατῆσαι μικρὸν νομίζεις καὶ τὸ + τηλικοῦτον ἔργον διασύρεις, ὀλίγης πάνυ τῆς ὑπὲρ τὸν Τίγρητα + ποταμὸν ὑπὸ Παρθυαίων βασιλευομένης χώρας, ἔτη πλέον ἢ τριακόσια + πολεμοῦντες, λέγε μοι, δι᾽ ἣν αἰτίαν οὐκ ἐκρατήσατε; [D] βούλει σοι + φράσω; τὰ Περσῶν ὑμᾶς εἶρξε βέλη. φρασάτω δέ σοι περὶ αὐτῶν + Ἀντώνιος<a id="noteref_631" name="noteref_631" href= + "#note_631"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">631</span></span></a> ὁ + παιδοτριβηθεὶς ἐπὶ στρατηγίᾳ παρὰ σοῦ. ἐγὼ δὲ ἐν οὐδὲ ὅλοις + ἐνιαυτοῖς δέκα πρὸς τούτοις καὶ Ἰνδῶν γέγονα κύριος. εἶτ᾽ ἐμοὶ + τολμᾷς ἀμφισβητεῖν, ὃς ἐκ παιδαρίου στρατηγῶν ἔργα ἔπραξα + τηλικαῦτα, ὥστε τὴν μνήμην, καίπερ οὐκ ἀξίως ὑπὸ τῶν συγγραφέων + ὑμνηθέντων, ὅμως<a id="noteref_632" name="noteref_632" href= + "#note_632"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">632</span></span></a> + συμπαραμένειν τῷ βίῳ. [325] καθάπερ τῶν τοῦ Καλλινίκου, τοὐμοῦ + βασιλέως, οὗ θεράπων ἐγὼ καὶ ζηλωτὴς ἐγενόμην, Ἀχιλλεῖ μὲν + ἁμιλλώμενος τῷ προγόνῳ, Ἡρακλέα δὲ θαυμάζων καὶ ἑπόμενος, ἅτε δὴ + κατ᾽ ἴχνος θεοῦ ἄνθρωπος.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(<span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Persians, on the contrary, though on all occasions + they were well and wisely equipped, had to submit to my valour. And + since it becomes a virtuous man and a king to pride himself not + merely on his exploits but also on the justice of those exploits, + it was on behalf of the Greeks that I took vengeance on the + Persians, and when I made war on the Greeks it was not because I + wished to injure Greece, but only to chastise those who tried to + prevent me from marching through and from calling the Persians to + account. You, however, while you subdued the Germans and Gauls were + preparing to fight against your fatherland. What could be worse or + more infamous? And since you have alluded as though insultingly to + <span class="tei tei-q">‘ten thousand Greeks,’</span> I am aware + that you Romans are yourselves descended from the Greeks, and that + the greater part of Italy was colonised by Greeks; however on that + fact I do not insist. But at any rate did not you Romans think it + very important to have as friends and allies one insignificant + tribe of those very Greeks, I mean the Aetolians, my neighbours? + And later, when you had gone to war with them for whatever reason, + did you not have great trouble in making them obey you? Well then, + if in the old age, as one may say, of Greece, you were barely able + to reduce not the whole nation but an insignificant state which was + hardly heard of when Greece was in her prime, what would have + happened to you if you had had to contend against the Greeks when + they were in full vigour and united? You know how cowed you were + when Pyrrhus crossed to invade you. And if you think the conquest + of Persia such a trifle and disparage an achievement so glorious, + tell me why, after a war of more than three hundred years, you + Romans have never conquered a small province beyond the Tigris + which is still governed by the Parthians? Shall I tell you why? It + was the arrows of the Persians that checked you. Ask Antony to give + you an account of them, since he was trained for war by you. I, on + the other hand, in less than ten years conquered not only Persia + but India too. After that do you dare to dispute the prize with me, + who from childhood have commanded armies, whose exploits have been + so glorious that the memory of them—though they have not been + worthily recounted by historians—will nevertheless live for ever, + like those of the Invincible Hero,<a id="noteref_633" name= + "noteref_633" href="#note_633"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">633</span></span></a> my + king, whose follower I was, on whom I modelled myself? Achilles my + ancestor I strove to rival, but Heracles I ever admired and + followed, so far as a mere man may follow in the footsteps of a + god.</span>)</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page388">[pg + 388]</span><a name="Pg388" id="Pg388" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg389" id="Pg389" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὅσα μὲν οὖν + ἐχρῆν, ὦ θεοί, πρὸς τοῦτον ἀπολογήσασθαι· καίτοι κρεῖττον ἦν + ὑπεριδεῖν αὐτοῦ· εἴρηται. [B] εἰ δέ τι πικρὸν ὑφ᾽ ἡμῶν ἐπράχθη, + οὔτι παντάπασιν εἰς ἀναιτίους ἀνθρώπους, ἀλλὰ ἢ πολλάκις καὶ ἐπὶ + πολλοῖς προσκρούσαντας ἢ τῷ καιρῷ μὴ καλῶς μηδὲ πρεπόντως + χρησαμένους, ἠκολούθησε γοῦν ἐπὶ μὲν τοῖς διὰ τὸν καιρὸν + ἐξαμαρτηθεῖσιν ἡ μεταμέλεια, σώφρων πάνυ καὶ τῶν ἐξημαρτηκότων + σώτειρα δαίμων, [C] τοὺς δὲ ὥσπερ φιλοτιμουμένους ἐπὶ τῷ πολλάκις + ἀπεχθάνεσθαι καὶ προσκρούειν οὐδὲν ᾤμην ἄδικον ποιεῖν κολάζων.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(<span class= + "tei tei-q">“Thus much, ye gods, I was bound to say in my own + defence against this man; though indeed it would have been better + to ignore him. And if some things I did seemed cruel, I never was + so to the innocent, but only to those who had often and in many + ways thwarted me and had made no proper or fitting use of their + opportunities. And even my offences against these, which were due + to the emergency of the time, were followed by Remorse, that very + wise and divine preserver of men who have erred. As for those whose + ambition it was to show their enmity continually and to thwart me, + I considered that I was justified in chastising them.”</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐπεὶ δὲ εἴρητο + καὶ τούτῳ στρατιωτικώτερον ὁ λόγος, ἐπὶ τὸν Ὀκταβιανὸν τὴν ὑδρίαν + ἔφερεν ὁ τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος θεράπων, ἐπιμετρῶν αὐτῷ τοῦ ὕδατος ἔλασσον + διὰ τὸν καιρόν, ἄλλως τε καὶ μνησικακῶν αὐτῷ τῆς εἰς τὸν θεὸν + ὑπερηφανίας. [D] καὶ ὃς ἐπειδὴ συνῆκεν ὑπὸ ἀγχινοίας, ἀφεὶς τὸ + λέγειν τι περὶ τῶν ἀλλοτρίων, Ἐγὼ δέ, εἶπεν. ὦ Ζεῦ καὶ θεοί, τοῦ + διασύρειν μὲν τὰ τῶν ἄλλων ἔργα καὶ μικρὰ ποιεῖν ἀφέξομαι, περὶ δὲ + τῶν ἐμαυτοῦ τὸν πάντα ποιήσομαι λόγον. νέος προύστην τῆς ἐμαυτοῦ + πόλεως ὥσπερ οὗτος ὁ γενναῖος Ἀλέξανδρος, κατώρθωσα δὲ Γερμανικοὺς + πολέμους ὥσπερ [326] ὁ ἐμὸς πατὴρ οὑτοσὶ Καῖσαρ. συμπλακεὶς δὲ τοῖς + ἐμφυλίοις ἀγῶσιν Αἴγυπτον μὲν περὶ τὸ Ἄκτιον κατεναυμάχησα, Βροῦτον + δὲ καὶ Κάσσιον περὶ τοὺς Φιλίππους κατεπολέμησα, καὶ τὸν Πομπηίου + παῖδα Σέξτον πάρεργον <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page390">[pg + 390]</span><a name="Pg390" id="Pg390" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg391" id="Pg391" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐθέμην τῆς ἐμαυτοῦ στρατηγίας. οὕτω δὲ + παρέσχον ἐμαυτὸν τῇ φιλοσοφίᾳ χειροήθη, ὥστε καὶ τῆς Ἀθηνοδώρου + παρρησίας ἠνεσχόμην, οὐκ ἀγανακτῶν, ἀλλ᾽ εὐφραινόμενος ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ, + [B] καὶ τὸν ἄνδρα καθάπερ παιδαγωγὸν ἢ πατέρα μᾶλλον αἰδούμενος. + Ἄρειον δὲ καὶ φίλον καὶ συμβιωτὴν ἐπιγράφομαι, καὶ ὅλως οὐδέν ἐστιν + ὑφ᾽ ἡμῶν εἰς τὴν φιλοσοφίαν ἁμαρτηθέν. ὑπὸ δὲ τῶν ἐμφυλίων στάσεων + τὴν Ῥώμην ὁρῶν εἰς τὸν<a id="noteref_634" name="noteref_634" href= + "#note_634"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">634</span></span></a> + ἔσχατον ἐλαύνουσαν πολλάκις κίνδυνον οὕτω διεθέμην τὰ περὶ αὐτήν, + ὥστε εἶναι, εἰ μὴ δι᾽ ὑμᾶς, [C] ὦ θεοί, τὸ λοιπὸν ἀδαμαντίνην. οὐ + γὰρ ταῖς ἀμέτροις ἐπιθυμίαις εἴκων ἐπικτᾶσθαι πάντως αὐτῇ + διενοήθην, ὅρια δὲ διττά, ὥσπερ ὑπὸ τῆς φύσεως ἀποδεδειγμένα,<a id= + "noteref_635" name="noteref_635" href="#note_635"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">635</span></span></a> + Ἴστρον καὶ Εὐφράτην ποταμοὺς ἐθέμην. εἶτα ὑποτάξας τὸ Σκυθῶν καὶ + Θρᾳκῶν ἔθνος, ἐπιμετρούντων ὑμῶν τῆς βασιλείας μοι τὸν χρόνον, οὐ + πόλεμον ἄλλον ἐξ ἄλλου περιεσκόπουν, ἀλλὰ εἰς νομοθεσίαν καὶ τῶν ἐκ + τοῦ πολέμου [D] συμφορῶν ἐπανόρθωσιν τὴν σχολὴν διετιθέμην, οὐδενὸς + νομίζων τῶν πρὸ ἐμαυτοῦ χεῖρον βεβουλεῦσθαι, μᾶλλον δέ, εἰ χρὴ + θαρρήσαντα φάναι, κρεῖσσον τῶν πώποτε τηλικαύτας ἡγεμονίας + ἐπιτροπευσάντων. οἱ μὲν γὰρ ταῖς στρατηγίαις ἐναπέθανον, ἐξὸν + λοιπὸν ἡσυχάζειν<a id="noteref_636" name="noteref_636" href= + "#note_636"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">636</span></span></a> καὶ + μὴ στρατεύεσθαι, πολέμους ἐκ πολέμων ἑαυτοῖς, ὥσπερ οἱ + φιλοπράγμονες δίκας κατασκευάζοντες· [327] οἱ δὲ καὶ πολεμούμενοι + τῇ τρυφῇ προσεῖχον, οὐ μόνον τῆς μετὰ ταῦτα εὐκλείας τὴν + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page392">[pg 392]</span><a name= + "Pg392" id="Pg392" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg393" id= + "Pg393" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> αἰσχρὰν τρυφὴν προτιμῶντες, + ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς σωτηρίας αὐτῆς. ἐγὼ μὲν οὖν ταῦτα διανοούμενος οὐκ + ἀξιῶ τῆς χείρονος ἐμαυτὸν μερίδος· ὅ, τι δ᾽ ἂν ὑμῖν, ὦ θεοί, + φαίνηται, τοῦτο εἰκός ἐστιν ἐμὲ δήπουθεν στέργειν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(When Alexander + in his turn had made his speech in martial fashion, Poseidon's + attendant carried the water-clock to Octavian, but gave him a + smaller allowance of water, partly because time was precious, but + still more because he bore him a grudge for the disrespect he had + shown to the god.<a id="noteref_637" name="noteref_637" href= + "#note_637"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">637</span></span></a> + Octavian with his usual sagacity understood this, so without + stopping to say anything that did not concern himself, he began: + <span class="tei tei-q">“For my part, Zeus and ye other gods, I + shall not stay to disparage and belittle the actions of others, but + shall speak only of what concerns myself. Like the noble Alexander + here I was but a youth when I was called to govern my country. Like + Caesar yonder, my father,<a id="noteref_638" name="noteref_638" + href="#note_638"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">638</span></span></a> I + conducted successful campaigns against the Germans. When I became + involved in civil dissensions I conquered Egypt in a sea-fight off + Actium; I defeated Brutus and Cassius at Philippi: the defeat of + Sextus, Pompey's son, was a mere incident in my campaign. I showed + myself so gentle to the guidance of philosophy that I even put up + with the plain speaking of Athenodorus,<a id="noteref_639" name= + "noteref_639" href="#note_639"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">639</span></span></a> and + instead of resenting it I was delighted with it and revered the man + as my preceptor, or rather as though he were my own father. + Areius<a id="noteref_640" name="noteref_640" href= + "#note_640"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">640</span></span></a> I + counted my friend and close companion, and in short I was never + guilty of any offence against philosophy. But since I saw that more + than once Rome had been brought to the verge of ruin by internal + quarrels, I so administered her affairs as to make her strong as + adamant for all time, unless indeed, O ye gods, you will otherwise. + For I did not give way to boundless ambition and aim at enlarging + her empire at all costs, but assigned for it two boundaries defined + as it were by nature herself, the Danube and the Euphrates. Then + after conquering the Scythians and Thracians I did not employ the + long reign that you gods vouchsafed me in making projects for war + after war, but devoted my leisure to legislation and to reforming + the evils that war had caused. For in this I thought that I was no + less well advised than my predecessors, or rather, if I may make + bold to say so, I was better advised than any who have ever + administered so great an empire. For some of these, when they might + have remained quiet and not taken the field, kept making one war an + excuse for the next, like quarrelsome people and their lawsuits; + and so they perished in their campaigns. Others when they had a war + on their hands gave themselves up to indulgence, and preferred such + base indulgence not only to future glory but even to their personal + safety. When I reflect on all this I do not think myself entitled + to the lowest place. But whatever shall seem good to you, O ye + gods, it surely becomes me to accept with a good + grace.”</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Δίδοται μετὰ + τοῦτον τῷ Τραïανῷ τοῦ λέγειν ἐξουσία. ὁ δέ, καίπερ δυνάμενος + λέγειν, ὑπὸ ῥᾳθυμίας· [B] ἐπιτρέπειν γὰρ εἰώθει τὰ πολλὰ τῷ Σούρᾳ + γράφειν ὑπὲρ αὑτοῦ· φθεγγόμενος μᾶλλον ἢ λέγων, ἐπεδείκνυεν αὐτοῖς + τό τε Γετικὸν καὶ τὸ Παρθικὸν τρόπαιον. ᾐτιᾶτο δὲ τὸ γῆρας ὡς οὐκ + ἐπιτρέψαν αὐτῷ τοῖς Παρθικοῖς πράγμασιν ἐπεξελθεῖν. καὶ ὁ Σειληνός, + Ἀλλ᾽, ὦ μάταιε, ἔφη, εἴκοσι βεβασίλευκας ἔτη, Ἀλέξανδρος δὲ οὑτοσὶ + δώδεκα. τί οὖν ἀφεὶς αἰτιᾶσθαι τὴν σαυτοῦ τρυφὴν τὴν τοῦ χρόνου + μέμφῃ στενότητα; παροξυνθεὶς οὖν ὑπὸ τοῦ σκώμματος, [C] οὐδὲ γὰρ ἦν + ἔξω τοῦ δύνασθαι ῥητορεύειν, ὑπὸ δὲ τῆς φιλοποσίας ἀμβλύτερος + ἑαυτοῦ πολλάκις ἦν, Ἐγὼ δέ, εἶπεν, ὦ Ζεῦ καὶ θεοί, τὴν ἀρχὴν + παραλαβὼν ναρκῶσαν ὥσπερ καὶ διαλελυμένην ὑπό τε τῆς οἴκοι πολὺν + χρόνον ἐπικρατησάσης τυραννίδος καὶ τῆς τῶν Γετῶν ὕβρεως, [D] μόνος + ὑπὲρ τὸν Ἴστρον ἐτόλμησα προσλαβεῖν ἔθνη, καὶ τὸ Γετῶν ἔθνος + ἐξεῖλον, οἳ τῶν πώποτε μαχιμώτατοι γεγόνασιν, οὐχ ὑπὸ ἀνδρείας + μόνον τοῦ σώματος, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὧν ἔπεισεν αὐτοὺς ὁ τιμώμενος παρ᾽ + αὐτοῖς Ζάμολξις. οὐ γὰρ ἀποθνήσκειν, ἀλλὰ μετοικίζεσθαι νομίζοντες + ἑτοιμότερον αὐτὸ ποιοῦσιν ἢ ἄλλοι<a id="noteref_641" name= + "noteref_641" href="#note_641"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">641</span></span></a> τὰς + ἀποδημίας ὑπομένουσιν. ἐπράχθη δέ μοι τὸ <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page394">[pg 394]</span><a name="Pg394" id="Pg394" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg395" id="Pg395" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἔργον τοῦτο ἐν ἐνιαυτοῖς ἴσως που πέντε. + πάντων δὲ [328] ὅτι τῶν πρὸ ἐμαυτοῦ<a id="noteref_642" name= + "noteref_642" href="#note_642"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">642</span></span></a> + γεγονότων αὐτοκρατόρων ὤφθην τοῖς ὑπηκόοις πρᾳότατος καὶ οὔτε + Καῖσαρ οὑτοσὶ περὶ τούτων ἀμφισβητήσειεν ἄν μοι οὔτ᾽ ἄλλος οὐδὲ + εἷς, εὔδηλόν ἐστί που. πρὸς Παρθυαίους δέ, πρὶν μὲν ἀδικεῖσθαι παρ᾽ + αὐτῶν, οὐκ ᾤμην δεῖν χρῆσθαι τοῖς ὅπλοις· ἀδικοῦσι δὲ ἐπεξῆλθον + οὐδὲν ὑπὸ τῆς ἡλικίας κωλυθείς, καίτοι διδόντων μοι τῶν νόμων τὸ μὴ + στρατεύεσθαι. τούτων δὴ τοιούτων ὄντων, [B] ἆρ᾽ οὐχὶ καὶ τιμᾶσθαι + πρὸ τῶν ἄλλων εἰμὶ δίκαιος, πρᾷος μὲν πρὸς τοὺς ὑπηκόους, φοβερὸς + δὲ πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους διαφερόντως γενόμενος, αἰδεσθεὶς δὲ καὶ τὴν + ὑμετέραν ἔκγονον<a id="noteref_643" name="noteref_643" href= + "#note_643"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">643</span></span></a> + φιλοσοφίαν; τοιαῦτα ὁ Τραïανὸς εἰπὼν ἐδόκει τῇ πρᾳότητι πάντων + κρατεῖν, καὶ δῆλοί πως ἦσαν οἱ θεοὶ μάλιστα ἡσθέντες ἐπὶ τούτῳ.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Trajan was + allowed to speak next. Though he had some talent for oratory he was + so lazy that he had been in the habit of letting Sura write most of + his speeches for him; so he shouted rather than spoke, and + meanwhile displayed to the gods his Getic and Parthian trophies, + while he accused his old age of not having allowed him to extend + his Parthian conquests. <span class="tei tei-q">“You cannot take us + in,”</span> said Silenus; <span class="tei tei-q">“you reigned + twenty years and Alexander here only twelve. Why then do you not + put it down to your own love of ease, instead of complaining of + your short allowance of time?”</span> Stung by the taunt, since he + was not deficient in eloquence, though intemperance often made him + seem more stupid than he was, Trajan began again. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“O Zeus and ye other gods, when I took over the empire + it was in a sort of lethargy and much disordered by the tyranny + that had long prevailed at home, and by the insolent conduct of the + Getae. I alone ventured to attack the tribes beyond the Danube, and + I subdued the Getae, the most warlike race that ever existed, which + is due partly to their physical courage, partly to the doctrines + that they have adopted from their admired Zamolxis.<a id= + "noteref_644" name="noteref_644" href="#note_644"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">644</span></span></a> For + they believe that they do not die but only change their place of + abode, and they meet death more readily than other men undertake a + journey. Yet I accomplished that task in a matter of five years or + so. That of all the Emperors who came before me<a id="noteref_645" + name="noteref_645" href="#note_645"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">645</span></span></a> I was + regarded as the mildest in the treatment of my subjects, is, I + imagine, obvious, and neither Caesar here nor any other will + dispute it with me. Against the Parthians I thought I ought not to + employ force until they had put themselves in the wrong, but when + they did so I marched against them, undeterred by my age, though + the laws would have allowed me to quit the service. Since then the + facts are as I have said, do I not deserve to be honoured before + all the rest, first because I was so mild to my subjects, secondly + because more than others I inspired terror in my country's foes, + thirdly because I revered your daughter divine Philosophy?”</span> + When Trajan had finished this speech the gods decided that he + excelled all the rest in clemency; and evidently this was a virtue + peculiarly pleasing to them.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τοῦ Μάρκου δὲ + ἀρχομένου λέγειν, ὁ Σειληνὸς ἠρέμα πρὸς τὸν Διόνυσον, [C] + Ἀκούσωμεν, ἔφη, τοῦ Στωικοῦ τουτουί, τί ποτε ἄρα τῶν παραδόξων + ἐκείνων ἐρεῖ καὶ τεραστίων δογμάτων. ὁ δὲ ἀποβλέψας πρὸς τὸν Δία + καὶ τοὺς θεούς, Ἀλλ᾽ ἔμοιγε, εἶπεν, ὦ Ζεῦ καὶ θεοί, λόγων οὐδὲν δεῖ + καὶ ἀγῶνος. εἰ μὲν γὰρ ἠγνοεῖτε τἀμά, προσῆκον ἦν ἐμοὶ διδάσκειν + ὑμᾶς· ἐπεὶ δὲ ἴστε καὶ λέληθεν ὑμᾶς τῶν ἁπάντων οὐδέν, [D] αὐτοί + μοι τιμᾶτε τῆς ἀξίας. ἔδοξε δὴ οὖν ὁ Μάρκος τά τε ἄλλα <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page396">[pg 396]</span><a name="Pg396" id="Pg396" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg397" id="Pg397" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> θαυμάσιός τις εἶναι καὶ σοφὸς διαφερόντως ἅτε + οἶμαι διαγινώσκων,</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(When Marcus + Aurelius began to speak, Silenus whispered to Dionysus, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Let us hear which one of his paradoxes and + wonderful doctrines this Stoic will produce.”</span> But Marcus + turned to Zeus and the other gods and said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“It seems to me, O Zeus and ye other gods, that I have + no need to make a speech or to compete. If you did not know all + that concerns me it would indeed be fitting for me to inform you. + But since you know it and nothing at all is hidden from you, do you + of your own accord assign me such honour as I deserve.”</span> Thus + Marcus showed that admirable as he was in other respects he was + wise also beyond the rest, because he knew)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Λέγειν θ᾽ ὅπου χρὴ καὶ σιγᾶν + ὅπου καλόν.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">When it is + time to speak and when to be silent.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_646" name= + "noteref_646" href="#note_646"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">646</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τῷ Κωνσαταντίνῳ + μετὰ τοῦτον λέγειν ἐπέτρεπον. ὁ δὲ πρότερον μὲν ἐθάρρει τὴν + ἀγωνίαν. ὡς δὲ ἀπέβλεπεν εἰς τὰ τῶν ἄλλων ἔργα, μικρὰ παντάπασιν + εἶδε τὰ ἑαυτοῦ. [329] δύο γὰρ τυράννους, εἴ γε χρὴ τἀληθῆ φάναι, + καθῃρήκει, τὸν μὲν ἀπόλεμον τε καὶ μαλακόν, τὸν δὲ ἄθλιόν τε καὶ + διὰ τὸ γῆρας ἀσθενῆ,<a id="noteref_647" name="noteref_647" href= + "#note_647"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">647</span></span></a> + ἀμφοτέρω δὲ θεοῖς τε καὶ ἀνθρώποις ἐχθίστω. τά γε μὴν εἰς τοὺς + βαρβάρους ἦν γελοῖα αὐτῷ· φόρους γὰρ ὥσπερ ἐτετελέκαι,<a id= + "noteref_648" name="noteref_648" href="#note_648"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">648</span></span></a> καὶ + πρὸς τὴν Τρυφὴν ἀφεώρα· πόρρω δὲ εἱστήκει τῶν θεῶν αὕτη περὶ τὰ + πρόθυρα τῆς Σελήνης· ἐρωτικῶς τε οὖν εἶχεν αὐτῆς, καὶ ὅλος πρὸς + ἐκείνην [B] βλέπων οὐδὲν ἔμελεν αὐτῷ περὶ τῆς νίκης.<a id= + "noteref_649" name="noteref_649" href="#note_649"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">649</span></span></a> ἐπεὶ + δὲ ἐχρῆν καὶ αὐτὸν εἰπεῖν τι, Ταύτῃ τούτων κρείττων, ἔφη, εἰμί, τοῦ + Μακεδόνος μέν, ὅτι πρὸς Ῥωμαίους καὶ τὰ Γερμανικὰ καὶ Σκυθικὰ γένη + καὶ οὐχὶ πρὸς τοὺς Ἀσιανοὺς βαρβάρους ἠγωνισάμην, Καίσαρος δὲ καὶ + Ὀκταβιανοῦ τῷ μή, καθάπερ οὗτοι, πρὸς καλοὺς κἀγαθοὺς πολίτας + στασιάσαι, τοῖς μιαρωτάτοις δὲ καὶ πονηροτάτοις τῶν τυράννων + ἐπεξελθεῖν. [C] Τραïανοῦ δὲ τοῖς μὲν κατὰ τῶν τυράννων + ἀνδραγαθήμασιν εἰκότως ἂν προτιμηθείην, τῷ δὲ ἣν οὗτος προσεκτήσατο + χώραν ἀναλαβεῖν ἴσος ἂν οὐκ ἀπεικότως νομιζοίμην, εἰ μὴ καὶ μεῖζον + ἐστι <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page398">[pg 398]</span><a name= + "Pg398" id="Pg398" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg399" id= + "Pg399" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> τὸ ἀνακτήσασθαι τοῦ κτήσασθαι. + Μάρκος δὲ οὑτοσὶ σιωπῶν ὑπὲρ αὑτοῦ πᾶσιν ἡμῖν τῶν πρωτείων + ἐξίσταται. καὶ ὁ Σειληνός, Ἀλλ᾽ ἦ τοὺς Ἀδώνιδος κήπους ὡς ἔργα + ἡμῖν, ὦ Κωνσταντῖνε, σεαυτοῦ προφέρεις; τί δέ, εἶπεν, εἰσὶν οὓς + λέγεις Ἀδώνιδος κήπους; [D] οὓς αἱ γυναῖκες, ἔφη, τῷ τῆς Ἀφροδίτης + ἀνδρὶ φυτεύουσιν ὀστρακίοις ἐπαμησάμεναι γῆν λαχανίαν· χλοήσαντα δὲ + ταῦτα πρὸς ὀλίγον αὐτίκα ἀπομαραίνεται. καὶ ὁ Κωνσταντῖνος + ἠρυθρίασεν, ἄντικρυς ἐπιγνοὺς τοιοῦτον τὸ ἑαυτοῦ ἔργον.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Constantine was + allowed to speak next. On first entering the lists he was confident + enough. But when he reflected on the exploits of the others he saw + that his own were wholly trivial. He had defeated two tyrants, but, + to tell the truth, one of them<a id="noteref_650" name= + "noteref_650" href="#note_650"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">650</span></span></a> was + untrained in war and effeminate, the other<a id="noteref_651" name= + "noteref_651" href="#note_651"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">651</span></span></a> a + poor creature and enfeebled by old age, while both were alike + odious to gods and men. Moreover his campaigns against the + barbarians covered him with ridicule. For he paid them tribute, so + to speak, while he gave all his attention to Pleasure, who stood at + a distance from the gods near the entrance to the moon. Of her + indeed he was so enamoured that he had no eyes for anything else, + and cared not at all for victory. However, as it was his turn and + he had to say something, he began: <span class="tei tei-q">“In the + following respects I am superior to these others; to the Macedonian + in having fought against Romans, Germans and Scythians, instead of + Asiatic barbarians; to Caesar and Octavian in that I did not, like + them, lead a revolution against brave and good citizens, but + attacked only the most cruel and wicked tyrants. As for Trajan, I + should naturally rank higher on account of those same glorious + exploits against the tyrants, while it would be only fair to regard + me as his equal on the score of that territory which he added to + the empire, and I recovered; if indeed it be not more glorious to + regain than to gain. As for Marcus here, by saying nothing for + himself he yields precedency to all of us.”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“But Constantine,”</span> said Silenus, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“are you not offering us mere gardens of Adonis<a id= + "noteref_652" name="noteref_652" href="#note_652"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">652</span></span></a> as + exploits?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“What do you + mean,”</span> he asked, <span class="tei tei-q">“by gardens of + Adonis?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“I mean,”</span> said + Silenus, <span class="tei tei-q">“those that women plant in pots, + in honour of the lover of Aphrodite, by scraping together a little + earth for a garden bed. They bloom for a little space and fade + forthwith.”</span> At this Constantine blushed, for he realised + that this was exactly like his own performance.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἡσυχίας δὲ + γενομένης οἱ μὲν ἐῴκεσαν περιμένειν, ὄτῳ θήσονται τὴν ὑπὲρ τῶν + πρωτείων οἱ θεοὶ ψῆφον· οἱ δ᾽ ᾤοντο δεῖν τὰς προαιρέσεις εἰς + τοὐμφανὲς τῶν ἀνδρῶν προάγειν [330] καὶ οὐ κρίνειν ἐκ<a id= + "noteref_653" name="noteref_653" href="#note_653"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">653</span></span></a> τῶν + πεπραγμένων αὐτοῖς, ὧν ἡ Τύχη μετεποιεῖτο τὸ πλεῖστον καὶ πάντων + αὐτῶν καταβοῶσα παρειστήκει πλὴν Ὀκταβιανοῦ μόνου. τοῦτον δὲ + εὐγνώμονα πρὸς ἑαυτὴν εἶναι ἔλεγεν. ἔδοξεν οὖν τοῖς θεοῖς ἐπιτρέψαι + καὶ τοῦτο τῷ Ἑρμῇ, καὶ ἔδοσαν αὐτῷ πρῶτον [B] Ἀλεξάνδρου πυθέσθαι, + τί νομίσειε κάλλιστον καὶ πρὸς τί βλέπων ἐργάσαιτο καὶ πάθοι πάντα + ὅσαπερ δεδράκοι τε καὶ πεπόνθοι. ὁ δὲ ἔφη, Τὸ πάντα νικᾶν. εἶτα, + εἶπεν ὁ Ἑρμῆς, οἴει σοι τοῦτο πεποιῆσθαι; καὶ μάλα, ἔφη ὁ + Ἀλέξανδρος. ὁ δὲ Σειληνὸς τωθαστικῶς μάλα γελάσας, Ἀλλα ἐκράτουν γέ + σου πολλάκις αἱ ἡμέτεραι θυγατέρες, αἰνιττόμενος τὰς ἀμπέλους, [C] + τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον οἷα δή τινα μέθυσον <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page400">[pg 400]</span><a name="Pg400" id="Pg400" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg401" id="Pg401" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ φίλοινον σκώπτων. καὶ ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος ἅτε δὴ + γέμων Περιπατητικῶν παρακουσμάτων, Οὐ τὰ ἄψυχα, ἔφη, νικᾶν· οὐδὲ + γὰρ ἀγὼν ἡμῖν ἐστι πρὸς ταῦτα· ἀλλὰ πᾶν μὲν ἀνθρώπων, πᾶν δὲ θηρίων + γένος, καὶ ὁ Σειληνὸς ὥσπερ οἱ θαυμάζοντες εἰρωνικῶς μάλα, [D] Ἰού, + ἰού, ἔφη τῶν διαλεκτικῶν κιγκλίδων. αὐτὸς δὲ ἡμῖν ἐν ποτέρῳ σαυτὸν + θήσεις γένει, τῶν ἀψύχων ἢ τῶν ἐμψύχων τε καὶ ζώντων; καὶ ὃς ὥσπερ + ἀγανακτήσας, Εὐφήμει, ἔφη· ὑπὸ γὰρ μεγαλοψυχίας, ὅτι δὴ καὶ θεὸς + γενοίμην, μᾶλλον δ᾽ εἴην, ἐπεπείσμην. Αὐτὸς οὖν, εἶπεν, ἡττήθης + σεαυτοῦ πολλάκις. Ἀλλ᾽ αὐτὸν ἑαυτοῦ, εἶπεν ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος, κρατεῖν + καὶ ἡττᾶσθαι ὁμωνύμως λέγεται· [331] ἐμοὶ δὲ ἦν ὑπὲρ τῶν πρὸς + ἄλλους ὁ λόγος. Βαβαὶ τῆς διαλεκτικῆς, εἶπεν, ὅπως ἡμῶν τὰ + σοφίσματα διελέγχεις. ἀλλ᾽ ἡνίκα, εἶπεν, ἐν Ἰνδοῖς ἐτρώθης καὶ ὁ + Πευκέστης ἔκειτο παρὰ σέ, σὺ δὲ ἐξήγου ψυχορραγῶν τῆς πόλεως, ἆρα + ἥττων ἦσθα τοῦ τρώσαντος, ἢ καὶ ἐκεῖνον ἐνίκας; Οὐκ ἐκεῖνον, ἔφη, + μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτὴν ἐξεπόρθησα τὴν πόλιν. Οὐ σύ γε, εἶπεν, ὦ + μακάριε· σὺ μὲν γὰρ ἔκεισο κατὰ τὸν Ὁμηρικὸν Ἕκτορα ὀλιγοδρανέων + καὶ ψυχορραγῶν· [B] οἱ δὲ ἠγωνίζοντο καὶ ἐνίκων. Ἡγουμένων γ᾽ ἡμῶν, + εἶπεν ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος. καὶ ὁ Σειληνός, Πῶς; οἵ γε <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page402">[pg 402]</span><a name="Pg402" id="Pg402" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg403" id="Pg403" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐφέρεσθε μικροῦ νεκροί; εἶτα ᾖδε τῶν ἐξ + Εὐριπίδου</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Silence was + then proclaimed, and the Emperors thought they had only to wait + till the gods decided to whom they would vote the first prize. But + the latter agreed that they must bring to light the motives that + had governed each, and not judge them by their actions alone, since + Fortune had the greatest share in these. That goddess herself was + standing near and kept reproaching all of them, with the single + exception of Octavian; he, she said, had always been grateful to + her. Accordingly the gods decided to entrust this enquiry also to + Hermes, and he was told to begin with Alexander and to ask him what + he considered the finest of all things, and what had been his + object in doing and suffering all that he had done and suffered. + <span class="tei tei-q">“To conquer the world,”</span> he replied. + <span class="tei tei-q">“Well,”</span> asked Hermes, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“do you think you accomplished this?”</span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“I do indeed,”</span> said Alexander. + Whereupon Silenus with a malicious laugh exclaimed, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“But you were often conquered yourself by my + daughters!”</span> by which he meant his vines, alluding to + Alexander's love of wine and intemperate habits. But Alexander was + well stocked with Peripatetic subterfuges, and retorted, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Inanimate things cannot conquer; nor do we + contend with such, but only with the whole race of men and + beasts.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Ah,”</span> said Silenus, + <span class="tei tei-q">“behold the chicanery of logic! But tell me + in which class you place yourself, the inanimate or the animate and + living?”</span> At this he seemed mortified and said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Hush! Such my greatness of soul that I was convinced + that I should become, or rather that I was already, a god.”</span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“At any rate,”</span> said Silenus, + <span class="tei tei-q">“you were often defeated by + yourself.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Nay,”</span> retorted + Alexander, <span class="tei tei-q">“to conquer oneself or be + defeated by oneself amounts to the same thing. I was talking of my + victories over other men.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“No more + of your logic!”</span> cried Silenus, <span class="tei tei-q">“how + adroitly you detect my sophisms! But when you were wounded in + India,<a id="noteref_654" name="noteref_654" href= + "#note_654"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">654</span></span></a> and + Peucestes<a id="noteref_655" name="noteref_655" href= + "#note_655"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">655</span></span></a> lay + near you and they carried you out of the town at your last gasp, + were you defeated by him who wounded you, or did you conquer + him?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“I conquered him, and what is + more I sacked the town as well.”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Not you indeed, you immortal,”</span> said Silenus, + <span class="tei tei-q">“for you were lying like Homer's Hector in + a swoon and at your last gasp. It was your soldiers who fought and + conquered.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Well but I led + them,”</span> said Alexander. <span class="tei tei-q">“How so? When + you were being carried away almost dead?”</span> And then Silenus + recited the passage in Euripides<a id="noteref_656" name= + "noteref_656" href="#note_656"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">656</span></span></a> + beginning)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Οἴμοι, καθ᾽ Ἑλλάδ᾽ ὡς κακῶς + νομίζεται,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ὅταν τρόπαιον πολεμίων στήσῃ + στρατός.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Alas how + unjust is the custom of the Greeks, when an army triumphs over + the enemy—</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">καὶ ὁ Διόνυσος, + Παῦσαι, εἶπεν, ὦ παππίδιον, τοιαῦτα λέγων, [C] μή σε οὗτος ὁποῖα + τὸν Κλεῖτον ἐργάσηται.<a id="noteref_657" name="noteref_657" href= + "#note_657"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">657</span></span></a> καὶ ὁ + Ἀλέξανδρος ἐρυθριάσας τε ἅμα καὶ ὥσπερ συγχυθεὶς ὑπὸ τῶν δακρύων τὰ + ὄμματα ἐσιώπα. καὶ ὅδε μὲν ὧδε ἔληξεν ὁ λόγος.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But Dionysus + interrupted him saying <span class="tei tei-q">“Stop, little + father, say no more, or he will treat you as he treated + Cleitus.”</span> At that Alexander blushed, his eyes became + suffused with tears and he said no more. Thus their conversation + ended.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὁ δὲ Ἑρμῆς ἤρετο + πάλιν τὸν Καίσαρα, Σοὶ δέ, εἶπεν, ὦ Καῖσαρ, τίς ἐγένετο σκοπὸς τοῦ + βίου; Τὸ πρωτεύειν, [D] ἔφη, τῆς ἐμαυτοῦ καὶ μηδενὸς μήτε εἶναι + μήτε νομίζεσθαι<a id="noteref_658" name="noteref_658" href= + "#note_658"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">658</span></span></a> + δεύτερον. Τοῦτο, εἶπεν ὁ Ἑρμῆς, ἀσαφές ἐστι· πότερον γάρ, + εἰπέ,<a id="noteref_659" name="noteref_659" href= + "#note_659"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">659</span></span></a> κατὰ + σοφίαν ἢ τὴν ἐν τοῖς λόγοις δεινότητα ἢ πολεμικὴν ἐμπειρίαν ἢ + πολιτικὴν δύναμιν; Ἦν μὲν οὖν, ἔφη ὁ Καῖσαρ, ἡδύ μοι τῶν πάντων ἐν + πᾶσιν εἶναι πρώτῳ· τούτου δὲ οὐ δυνάμενος ἐπιτυχεῖν τὸ δύνασθαι + μέγιστον παρὰ τοῖς ἐμαυτοῦ πολίταις ἐζήλωσα. [332] Σὺ δέ, εἶπεν, + ἐδυνήθης μέγα; πρὸς αὐτὸν ὁ Σειληνός. καὶ ὅς, Πάνυ γε, ἔφη· κύριος + γοῦν αὐτῶν ἐγενόμην. Ἀλλὰ τοῦτο μέν, εἶπεν ἐδυνήθης· ἀγαπηθῆναι δὲ + ὑπ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐχ οἷός τε ἐγένου, καὶ ταῦτα πολλὴν μὲν ὑποκρινάμενος + ὥσπερ ἐν δράματι καὶ σκηνῷ φιλανθρωπίαν, αἰσχρῶς δὲ αὐτοὺς πάντας + κολακεύων. Εἶτα οὖκ ἀγαπηθῆναι δοκῶ, [B] εἶπεν, ὑπὸ τοῦ δήμου τοῦ + διώξαντος <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page404">[pg + 404]</span><a name="Pg404" id="Pg404" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg405" id="Pg405" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Βροῦτον καὶ Κάσσιον; Οὐκ ἐπειδή σε + ἀπέκτειναν, ἔφη· διὰ τοῦτο μὲν γὰρ αὐτοὺς ὁ δῆμος ἐψηφίσατο εἶναι + ὑπάτους· ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸ ἀργύριον, ἐπειδὴ τῶν διαθηκῶν ἀκροασάμενοι + μισθὸν ἑώρων τῆς ἀγανακτήσεως αὐτοῖς οὔτοι<a id="noteref_660" name= + "noteref_660" href="#note_660"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">660</span></span></a> τὸν + τυχόντα προσεγγεγραμμένον.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Next Hermes + began to question Caesar, and said, <span class="tei tei-q">“And + you, Caesar, what was the end and aim of your life?”</span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“To hold the first place in my own + country,”</span> he replied, <span class="tei tei-q">“and neither + to be nor to be thought second to any man.”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“This,”</span> said Hermes, <span class="tei tei-q">“is + not quite clear. Tell me, was it in wisdom that you wished to be + first, or in oratorical skill, or in military science, or the + science of government?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“I should + have liked well,”</span> said Caesar, <span class="tei tei-q">“to + be first of all men in all of these; but as I could not attain to + that, I sought to become the most powerful of my + fellow-citizens.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“And did you + become so very powerful?”</span> asked Silenus. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Certainly,”</span> he replied, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“since I made myself their master.”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Yes, that you were able to do; but you could not make + yourself beloved by them, though you played the philanthropic rôle + as though you were acting in a stage-play, and flattered them all + shamefully.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“What!”</span> cried + Caesar, <span class="tei tei-q">“I not beloved by the people? When + they punished Brutus and Cassius!”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“That was not for murdering you,”</span> replied + Silenus, <span class="tei tei-q">“since for that they elected them + consuls!<a id="noteref_661" name="noteref_661" href= + "#note_661"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">661</span></span></a> No, + it was because of the money you left them. When they had heard your + will read they perceived what a fine reward was offered them in it + for such resentment of your murder.”</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[C] Λήξαντος δὲ + καὶ τοῦδε τοῦ λόγου, τὸν Ὀκταβιανὸν αὖθις ὁ Ἑρμῆς ἐκίνει. Σὺ δέ, + εἶπεν, οὐκ ἐρεῖς ἡμῖν, τί κάλλιστον ἐνόμιζες εἶναι; καὶ ὅς, + Βασιλεῦσαι, ἔφη, καλῶς. Τί δέ ἐστι τὸ καλῶς, ὧ Σεβαστέ, φράσον, + ἐπεὶ τοῦτό γε ἔστι καὶ τοῖς πονηροτάτοις λέγειν. ᾤετο γοῦν καὶ + Διονύσιος καλῶς βασιλεύειν καὶ ὁ τούτου μιαρώτερος Ἀγαθοκλῆς. Ἀλλ᾽ + ἴστε, [D] εἶπεν, ὦ θεοί, ὡς προπέμπων τὸν θυγατριδοῦν ηὐξάμην ὑμῖν + τόλμαν μὲν αὐτῷ δοῦναι τὴν Καίσαρος, δεινότητα δὲ τὴν Πομπηίου, + τύχην δὲ τὴν ἐμήν. Πολλά, εἶπεν ὁ Σειληνός, καὶ θεῶν ὄντως σωτήρων + ἔργα δεόμενα συνεφόρησεν οὗτος ὁ κοροπλάθος. Εἶτα διὰ τί τοῦτο, + ἔφη, τὸ ὄνομά μοι γελοῖον οὕτως ἔθου; Ἢ γὰρ οὐκ ἔπλαττες ἡμῖν, + εἶπεν, ὥσπερ ἐκεῖνοι τὰς νύμφας, ὦ Σεβαστέ, θεούς, ὧν ἕνα καὶ + πρῶτον τουτονὶ Καίσαρα; [333] καὶ ὁ μὲν Ὀκταβιανὸς ὥσπερ + δυσωπούμενος ἀπεσιώπησεν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(When this + dialogue ended, Hermes next accosted Octavian. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Now for you,”</span> he said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“will you please tell us what <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">you</span></em> + thought the finest thing in the world?”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“To govern well,”</span> he replied. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“You must say what you mean by <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘well,’</span> Augustus. Govern well! The wickedest + tyrants claim to do that. Even Dionysius,<a id="noteref_662" name= + "noteref_662" href="#note_662"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">662</span></span></a> I + suppose, thought that he governed well, and so did Agathocles<a id= + "noteref_663" name="noteref_663" href="#note_663"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">663</span></span></a> who + was a still greater criminal.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“But + you know, O ye gods,”</span> said Octavian, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“that when I parted with my grandson<a id="noteref_664" + name="noteref_664" href="#note_664"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">664</span></span></a> I + prayed you to give him the courage of Caesar, the cleverness of + Pompey, and my own good fortune.”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“What a many things,”</span> cried Silenus, + <span class="tei tei-q">“that do need really saving gods have been + jumbled together by this doll-maker!”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Why pray do you give me that ridiculous name?”</span> + asked the other. <span class="tei tei-q">“Why,”</span> he replied, + <span class="tei tei-q">“just as they model nymphs did you not + model gods,<a id="noteref_665" name="noteref_665" href= + "#note_665"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">665</span></span></a> + Augustus, and first and foremost Caesar here?”</span> At this + Octavian seemed abashed and said no more.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὁ δὲ Ἑρμῆς πρὸς + τὸν Τραïανὸν βλέψας, Σὺ δέ, εἶπε, τί διανοούμενος ἔπραττες ὅσαπερ + ἔπραξας; Τῶν αὐτῶν Ἀλεξάνδρῳ σωφρονέστερον, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page406">[pg 406]</span><a name="Pg406" id="Pg406" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg407" id="Pg407" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> εἶπεν, ὠρέχθην. καὶ ὁ Σειληνός, Ἡττήθης μὲν + οὖν,<a id="noteref_666" name="noteref_666" href= + "#note_666"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">666</span></span></a> εἶπε, + καὶ σὺ τῶν ἀγεννεστέρων. ὁ μὲν γὰρ θυμοῦ τὸ πλεῖστον ἥττων ἦν, σὺ + δὲ αἰσχρᾶς ἡδονῆς καὶ ἐπονειδίστου. [B] Βάλλ᾽ εἰς μακαρίαν, εἶπεν ὁ + Διόνυσος, ἐπεὶ σκώπτεις σὺ πάντας αὐτοὺς καὶ ποιεῖς οὐδὲν ὑπὲρ + ἑαυτῶν λέγειν. ἀλλ᾽ ἐπ᾽ ἐκείνων εἶχέ σοι χώραν τὰ σκώμματα· πρόσεχε + δὲ νῦν, ὅπως ἀντιλήψῃ τοῦ Μάρκου δοκεῖ γὰρ εἶναί μοί πως ἀνὴρ κατὰ + τὸν Σιμωνίδην τετράγωνος ἄνευ ψόγου τετυγμένος. ὁ Ἑρμῆς δὲ βλέψας + εἰς τὸν Μάρκον, Σοὶ δέ, εἶπεν, ὦ Βῆρε, τί κάλλιστον ἐδόκει τοῦ βίου + τέλος εἶναι; καὶ ὃς ἠρέμα καὶ σωφρόνως, [C] Τὸ μιμεῖσθαι, ἔφη, τοὺς + θεούς. ἔδοξε μὲν οὖν εὐθέως ἡ ἀπόκρισις οὐκ ἀγεννής, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦ + παντὸς ἀξία. ἀλλὰ καὶ ὁ Ἑρμῆς οὐκ ἐβούλετο πολυπραγμονεῖν, + πεπεισμένος ὅτι πάντα ὁ Μάρκος ἀκολούθως ἐρεῖ. τοῖς μὲν οὖν ἄλλοις + θεοῖς ἐδόκει ταύτῃ· μόνος δὲ ὁ Σειληνός, Ἀλλ᾽ οὐ μὰ τὸν Διόνυσον + ἀνέξομαι τούτου τοῦ σοφιστοῦ. τί δήποτε γὰρ ἤσθιες, εἰπέ,<a id= + "noteref_667" name="noteref_667" href="#note_667"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">667</span></span></a> [D] + καὶ ἔπινες οὐχ ὥσπερ ἡμεῖς ἀμβροσίας τε καὶ νέκταρος, ἄρτου δὲ καὶ + οἴνου; Ἀλλ᾽ ἔγωγε, εἶπεν, οὐχ ᾗπερ οὖν ᾤμην τοὺς θεοὺς μιμεῖσθαι, + ταύτῃ προσεφερόμην σιτία καὶ ποτά· τὸ σῶμα δὲ ἔτρεφον, ἴσως μὲν + ψευδῶς, πειθόμενος δέ, ὅτι καὶ τὰ ὑμέτερα σώματα δεῖται τῆς ἐκ τῶν + ἀναθυμιάσεων τροφῆς. πλὴν οὐ κατὰ ταῦτά γε ὑμᾶς εἶναι μιμητέους, + ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὴν διάνοιαν ὑπέλαβον. [334] ὀλίγον ὁ Σειληνὸς + διαπορήσας<a id="noteref_668" name="noteref_668" href= + "#note_668"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">668</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page408">[pg 408]</span><a name= + "Pg408" id="Pg408" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg409" id= + "Pg409" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ὥσπερ ὑπὸ πύκτου δεξιοῦ + πληγείς, Εἴρηται μέν σοι τοῦτο, εἶπε, τυχὸν οὐκ ἀτόπως, ἐμοὶ δέ, + ἔφη, φράσον, τί ποτε ἐνόμιζες εἶναι τὴν τῶν θεῶν μίμησιν; καὶ ὅς, + Δεῖσθαι μὲν ὡς ἐλαχίστων, εὖ ποιεῖν δὲ ὡς ὅ, τι μάλιστα πλείστους. + Μῶν οὖν, εἶπεν, οὐδενὸς ἐδέου; καὶ ὁ Μάρκος, Ἐγὼ μὲν οὐδενός, ἴσως + δὲ τὸ σωμάτιόν μου μικρῶν. δόξαντος οὖν [B] καὶ τοῦτο ὀρθῶς + εἰρηκέναι τοῦ Μάρκου, τὸ τέλος ἀπορούμενος ὁ Σειληνὸς ἐπιφύεται + τοῖς περὶ τὸν παῖδα καὶ τὴν γαμετὴν αὐτῷ δοκοῦσιν οὐκ ὀρθῶς οὐδὲ + κατὰ λόγον πεποιῆσθαι, τὴν μὲν ὅτι ταῖς ἡρωίναις ἐνέγραψε, τῷ δὲ + ὅτι τὴν ἡγεμονίαν ἐπέτρεψεν. Ἐμιμησάμην, εἶπε, καὶ κατὰ τοῦτο τοὺς + θεούς· Ὁμήρῳ μὲν γὰρ ἐπειθόμην λέγοντι περὶ τῆς γαμετῆς, [C] ὅτι + ἄρα, ὅστις ἀγαθὸς καὶ ἐχέφρων, τὴν αὑτοῦ φιλέει καὶ κήδεται· περὶ + δὲ τοῦ παιδὸς αὐτοῦ τοῦ Διὸς ἀπόφασιν ἔχω· αἰτιώμενος γὰρ τὸν Ἄρεα, + Πάλαι ἄν, εἶπεν, ἐβέβλησο τῷ κεραυνῷ, εἰ μὴ διὰ τὸ παῖδά σε εἶναι + ἠγάπων. ἄλλως τε καὶ οὐδὲ ᾤμην ἐγὼ τὸν παῖδα πονηρὸν οὕτως ἔσεσθαι. + εἰ δὲ ἡ νεότης ἐφ᾽ ἑκάτερα μεγάλας ποιουμένη ῥοπὰς ἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον + ἠνέχθη, οὐχὶ πονηρῷ τὴν ἡγεμονίαν ἐπέτρεψα, συνηνέχθη δὲ τὸν + λαβόντα πονηρὸν γενέσθαι. [D] τά τε οὖν περὶ τὴν γυναῖκα πεποίηταί + μοι κατὰ ζῆλον Ἀχιλλέως τοῦ θείου, καὶ τὰ περὶ τὸν παῖδα κατὰ + μίμησιν τοῦ μεγίστου Διός, ἄλλως τε καὶ οὐδὲν καινοτομήσαντι. παισί + τε γὰρ νόμιμον ἐπιτρέπειν τὰς διαδοχάς, καὶ <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page410">[pg 410]</span><a name="Pg410" id="Pg410" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg411" id="Pg411" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τοῦτο ἅπαντες εὔχονται, [335] τήν τε γαμετὴν + οὐκ ἐγὼ πρῶτος, ἀλλὰ μετὰ πολλοὺς ἄλλους ἐτίμησα. ἴσως δὲ τὸ μὲν + ἄρξασθαι τῶν τοιούτων οὐκ ἔστιν εὔλογον, τὸ δὲ ἐπὶ πολλῶν γενόμενον + τοὺς οἰκειοτάτους ἀποστερεῖν ἐγγὺς ἀδικίας. ἀλλ᾽ ἔλαθον ἐμαυτὸν ἐγὼ + μακρότερα ἀπολογούμενος πρὸς εἰδότας ὑμᾶς, ὦ Ζεῦ καὶ θεοί· διόπερ + μοι τῆς προπετείας ταυτησί συγγνώμονες γένοισθε.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Then Hermes + addressing Trajan said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Now you tell us + what was the principle that guided all your actions?”</span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“My aims,”</span> he replied, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“were the same as Alexander's, but I acted with more + prudence.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Nay,”</span> said + Silenus, <span class="tei tei-q">“you were the slave of more + ignoble passions. Anger was nearly always his weak point, but yours + was pleasure of the vilest and most infamous sort.”</span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Plague take you!”</span> exclaimed + Dionysus, <span class="tei tei-q">“You keep railing at them all and + you don't let them say a word for themselves. However, in their + case there was some ground for your sarcasms, but now consider well + what you can find to criticise in Marcus. For in my opinion he is a + man, to quote Simonides, <span class="tei tei-q">‘four-square and + made without a flaw.’</span> ”</span><a id="noteref_669" name= + "noteref_669" href="#note_669"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">669</span></span></a> Then + Hermes addressed Marcus and said, <span class="tei tei-q">“And you, + Verus, what did you think the noblest ambition in life?”</span> In + a low voice he answered modestly, <span class="tei tei-q">“To + imitate the gods.”</span> This answer they at once agreed was + highly noble and in fact the best possible. And even Hermes did not + wish to cross-examine him further, since he was convinced that + Marcus would answer every question equally well. The other gods + were of the same mind; only Silenus cried <span class= + "tei tei-q">“By Dionysus I shall not let this sophist off so + easily. Why then did you eat bread and drink wine and not ambrosia + and nectar like us?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Nay,”</span> + he replied, <span class="tei tei-q">“it was not in the fashion of + my meat and drink that I thought to imitate the gods. But I + nourished my body because I believed, though perhaps falsely, that + even your bodies require to be nourished by the fumes of sacrifice. + Not that I supposed I ought to imitate you in that respect, but + rather your minds.”</span> For the moment Silenus was at a loss as + though he had been hit by a good boxer,<a id="noteref_670" name= + "noteref_670" href="#note_670"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">670</span></span></a> then + he said <span class="tei tei-q">“There is perhaps something in what + you say; but now tell me what did you think was really meant by + <span class="tei tei-q">‘imitating the gods.’</span> ”</span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Having the fewest possible needs and doing + good to the greatest possible number.”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Do you mean to say,”</span> he asked, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“that you had no needs at all?”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“I,”</span> said Marcus, <span class="tei tei-q">“had + none, but my wretched body had a few, perhaps.”</span> Since in + this also Marcus seemed to have answered wisely, Silenus was at a + loss, but finally fastened on what he thought was foolish and + unreasonable in the Emperor's behaviour to his son and his wife, I + mean in enrolling the latter among the deified and entrusting the + empire to the former. <span class="tei tei-q">“But in that + also,”</span> said the other, <span class="tei tei-q">“I did but + imitate the gods. I adopted the maxim of Homer when he says + <span class="tei tei-q">‘the good and prudent man loves and + cherishes his own wife,’</span><a id="noteref_671" name= + "noteref_671" href="#note_671"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">671</span></span></a> while + as to my son I can quote the excuse of Zeus himself when he is + rebuking Ares: <span class="tei tei-q">‘Long ago,’</span> he says, + <span class="tei tei-q">‘I should have smitten thee with a + thunderbolt, had I not loved thee because thou art my + son.’</span><a id="noteref_672" name="noteref_672" href= + "#note_672"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">672</span></span></a> + Besides, I never thought my son would prove so wicked. Youth ever + vacillates between the extremes of vice and virtue, and if in the + end he inclined to vice, still he was not vicious when I entrusted + the empire to him; it was only after receiving it that he became + corrupted. Therefore my behaviour to my wife was modelled on that + of the divine Achilles, and that to my son was in imitation of + supreme Zeus. Moreover, in neither case did I introduce any + novelty. It is the custom to hand down the succession to a man's + sons, and all men desire to do so; as for my wife I was not the + first to decree divine honours to a wife, for I followed the + example of many others. It is perhaps absurd to have introduced any + such custom, but it would be almost an injustice to deprive one's + nearest and dearest of what is now long-established. However, I + forget myself when I make this lengthy explanation to you, O Zeus + and ye other gods; for ye know all things. Forgive me this + forwardness.”</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Παυσαμένου δὲ + καὶ τοῦδε τοῦ λόγου, τὸν Κωνσταντῖνον ὁ Ἑρμῆς ἤρετο, [B] Σὺ δὲ τί + καλὸν ἐνόμισας; Πολλά, εἶπε, κτησάμενον πολλὰ χαρίσασθαι, ταῖς τ᾽ + ἐπιθυμίαις ταῖς ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ταῖς τῶν φίλων ὑπουργοῦντα. ἀνακαγχάσας + οὖν ὁ Σειληνὸς μέγα, Ἀλλ᾽ ἦ τραπεζίτης εἶναι, ἔφη, θέλων ἐλελήθεις + σεαυτὸν ὀψοποιοῦ καὶ κομμωτρίας βίον ζῶν;<a id="noteref_673" name= + "noteref_673" href="#note_673"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">673</span></span></a> + ᾐνίττετο δ᾽ αὐτὰ πάλαι μὲν ἥ τε κόμη τό τε εἶδος, ἀτὰρ νῦν καὶ ἡ + γνώμη σοῦ κατηγορεῖ. τούτου μὲν οὖν ὁ Σειληνὸς πικρότερόν τως + καθήψατο.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(When Marcus had + finished his speech, Hermes asked Constantine, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“And what was the height of <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">your</span></em> + ambition?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“To amass great + wealth,”</span> he answered, <span class="tei tei-q">“and then to + spend it liberally so as to gratify my own desires and the desires + of my friends.”</span> At this Silenus burst into a loud laugh, and + said, <span class="tei tei-q">“If it was a banker that you wanted + to be, how did you so far forget yourself as to lead the life of a + pastrycook and hairdresser? Your locks and your fair favour<a id= + "noteref_674" name="noteref_674" href="#note_674"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">674</span></span></a> + betokened this all along, but what you say about your motives + convicts you.”</span> Thus did Silenus sharply reprove + Constantine.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[C] Σιωπῆς δὲ + γενομένης ἔφερον οἱ θεοὶ λάθρᾳ τὰς ψήφους. εἶτα ἐγένοντο πολλαὶ τῷ + Μάρκῳ. κοινολογησάμενος δὲ ὁ Ζεὺς ἰδίᾳ πρὸς τὸν πατέρα προσέταξε + κηρῦξαι τῷ Ἑρμῇ. ὁ δὲ ἐκήρυττεν, Ἄνδρες οἱ παρελθόντες ἐπὶ τουτονὶ + τὸν ἀγῶνα, νόμοι παρ᾽ ἡμῖν εἰσι καὶ κρίσεις τοιαῦται γίνονται, ὥστε + καὶ τὸν νικῶντα χαίρειν καὶ τὸν ἡττώμενον μὴ μέμφεσθαι. πορεύεσθε + οὖν, εἶπεν, ὅποι φίλον ἑκάστῳ, [D] ὑπὸ θεοῖς ἡγεμόσι βιωσόμενοι τὸ + ἐντεῦθεν· ἑλέσθω δ᾽ ἕκαστος ἑαυτῷ τὸν προστάτην τε καὶ ἡγεμόνα. + μετὰ τὸ κήρυγμα <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page412">[pg + 412]</span><a name="Pg412" id="Pg412" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg413" id="Pg413" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τοῦτο ὁ μὲν Ἀλέξανδρος ἔθει πρὸς τὸν Ἡρακλέα, + Ὀκταβιανὸς δὲ πρὸς τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα, ἀμφοῖν δὲ ἀπρὶξ εἴχετο τοῦ Διὸς + καὶ Κρόνου Μάρκος. πλανώμενον δὲ πολλὰ καὶ περιτρέχοντα τὸν Καίσαρα + κατελεήσας ὁ μέγας Ἄρης ἥ τε Ἀφροδίτη παρ᾽ ἑαυτοὺς ἀκαλεσάτην· + Τραïανὸς δὲ παρὰ τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον ἔθει ὡς ἐκείνῳ συγκαθεδούμενος. + [336] ὁ δὲ Κωνσταντίνος, οὐχ εὑρίσκων ἐν θεοῖς τοῦ βίου τὸ + ἀρχέτυπον, ἐγγύθεν τὴν Τρυφὴν κατιδὼν ἔδραμε πρὸς αὐτήν· ἡ δὲ + ὑπολαβοῦσα μαλακῶς καὶ περιβαλοῦσα τοῖς πήχεσι πέπλοις τε αὐτὸν + ποικίλοις ἀσκήσασα καὶ καλλωπίσασα πρὸς τὴν Ἀσωτίαν ἀπήγαγεν, ἵνα + καὶ τὸν Ἰησοῦν εὑρὼν ἀναστρεφόμενον καὶ προαγορεύοντα πᾶσιν, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Ὅστις φθορεύς, ὅστις μιαιφόνος, ὅστις + ἐναγὴς καὶ βδελυρός, [B] ἴτω θαρρῶν· ἀποφανῶ γὰρ αὐτὸν τουτῳὶ τῷ + ὕδατι λούσας αὐτίκα καθαρόν, κἂν πάλιν ἔνοχος τοῖς αὐτοῖς γένηται, + δώσω τὸ στῆθος πλήξαντι καὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν τατάξαντι καθαρῷ + γενέσθαι,”</span> σφόδρα ἄσμενος ἐνέτυχεν αὐτῷ, συνεξαγαγὼν τῆς τῶν + θεῶν ἀγορᾶς τοὺς παῖδας. ἐπέτριβον δ᾽ αὐτόν τε κἀκείνους οὐχ ἧττον + τῆς ἀθεότητος οἱ παλαμναῖοι δαίμονες, αἱμάτων συγγενῶν τιννύμενοι + δίκας, ἕως ὁ Ζεὺς διὰ τὸν Κλαύδιον καὶ Κωνστάντιον ἔδωκεν + ἀναπνεῦσαι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Then silence + was proclaimed and the gods cast a secret ballot. It turned out + that Marcus had most of the votes. After conferring apart with his + father,<a id="noteref_675" name="noteref_675" href= + "#note_675"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">675</span></span></a> Zeus + bade Hermes make a proclamation as follows: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Know all ye mortals who have entered this contest, + that according to our laws and decrees the victor is allowed to + exult but the vanquished must not complain. Depart then wherever + you please, and in future live every one of you under the guidance + of the gods. Let every man choose his own guardian and + guide.”</span> After this announcement, Alexander hastened to + Heracles, and Octavian to Apollo, but Marcus attached himself + closely to Zeus and Kronos. Caesar wandered about for a long time + and ran hither and thither, till mighty Ares and Aphrodite took + pity on him and summoned him to them. Trajan hastened to Alexander + and sat down near him. As for Constantine, he could not discover + among the gods the model of his own career, but when he caught + sight of Pleasure, who was not far off, he ran to her. She received + him tenderly and embraced him, then after dressing him in raiment + of many colours and otherwise making him beautiful, she led him + away to Incontinence. There too he found Jesus, who had taken up + his abode with her and cried aloud to all comers: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“He that is a seducer, he that is a murderer, he that + is sacrilegious and infamous, let him approach without fear! For + with this water will I wash him and will straightway make him + clean. And though he should be guilty of those same sins a second + time, let him but smite his breast and beat his head and I will + make him clean again.”</span> To him Constantine came gladly, when + he had conducted his sons forth from the assembly of the gods. But + the avenging deities none the less punished both him and them for + their impiety, and exacted the penalty for the shedding of the + blood of their kindred,<a id="noteref_676" name="noteref_676" href= + "#note_676"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">676</span></span></a> until + Zeus granted them a respite for the sake of Claudius and + Constantius.<a id="noteref_677" name="noteref_677" href= + "#note_677"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">677</span></span></a>)</p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page414">[pg 414]</span><a name="Pg414" id="Pg414" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg415" id="Pg415" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[C] Σοὶ δέ, πρὸς + ἡμᾶς λέγων ὁ Ἑρμῆς, δέδωκα τὸν πατέρα Μίθραν ἐπιγνῶναι· σὺ δ᾽ αὐτοῦ + τῶν ἐντολῶν ἔχου, πεῖσμα καὶ ὅρμον ἀσφαλῆ ζῶντί τε σεαυτῷ + παρασκευάζων, καὶ ἡνίκα ἂν ἐνθένδε ἀπιέναι δέῃ, μετὰ τῆς ἀγαθῆς + ἐλπίδος ἡγεμόνα θεὸν εὐμενῆ καθιστὰς σεαυτῷ.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(<span class= + "tei tei-q">“As for thee,”</span> Hermes said to me, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“I have granted thee the knowledge of thy father + Mithras. Do thou keep his commandments, and thus secure for thyself + a cable and sure anchorage throughout thy life, and when thou must + depart from the world thou canst with good hopes adopt him as thy + guardian god.”</span>)</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page418">[pg 418]</span><a name= + "Pg418" id="Pg418" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc29" id="toc29"></a> <a name="pdf30" id="pdf30"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em; text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Misopogon, Or, Beard-Hater</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc31" id="toc31"></a> <a name="pdf32" id="pdf32"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.88em; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Introduction</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Julian came to + Antioch on his way to Persia in the autumn of 361 and stayed there + till March, 362. The city was rich and important commercially, but + in Julian's eyes her glory depended on two things, the famous + shrine of Apollo and the school of rhetoric; and both of these had + been neglected by the citizens during the reign of Constantius. A + Christian church had been built in Apollo's grove in the suburb of + Daphne, and Libanius, Antioch's most distinguished rhetorician, was + more highly honoured at Nicomedia.<a id="noteref_678" name= + "noteref_678" href="#note_678"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">678</span></span></a> + Julian's behaviour at Antioch and his failure to ingratiate himself + with the citizens illustrates one of the causes of the failure of + his Pagan restoration. His mistake was that he did not attempt to + make Paganism popular, whereas Christianity had always been + democratic. He is always reminding the common people that the true + knowledge of the gods is reserved for philosophers; and even the + old conservative Pagans did not share his zeal for philosophy. + Antioch moreover was a frivolous city. The Emperor Hadrian three + centuries earlier had been much offended by the levity of her + citizens, and the homilies of Saint <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page419">[pg 419]</span><a name="Pg419" id="Pg419" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Chrysostom exhibit the same picture as + Julian's satire. His austere personality and mode of life repelled + the Syrian populace and the corrupt officials of Antioch. They + satirised him in anapaestic verses, and either stayed away from the + temples that he restored or, when they did attend in response to + his summons, showed by their untimely applause of the Emperor that + they had not come to worship his gods. Julian's answer was this + satire on himself which he addresses directly to the people of + Antioch. But he could not resist scolding them, and the satire on + his own habits is not consistently maintained. After he had left + the city the citizens repented and sent a deputation to make their + peace with him, but in spite of the intercession of Libanius, who + had accompanied him to Antioch, he could not forgive the insults to + himself or the irreverence that had been displayed to the gods.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page420">[pg 420]</span><a name= + "Pg420" id="Pg420" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg421" id= + "Pg421" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[337] ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ + ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΟΣ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Julian, + Emperor)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ΑΝΤΙΟΧΙΚΟΣ<a id= + "noteref_679" name="noteref_679" href="#note_679"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">679</span></span></a> Η + ΜΙΣΟΠΩΓΩΝ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Antiochene, or + Beard-Hater)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀνακρέοντι τῷ + ποιητῇ πολλὰ ἐποιήθη μέλη χαρίεντα· τρυφᾶν γὰρ ἔλαχεν ἐκ μοιρῶν· + Ἀλκαίῳ δ᾽ οὐκέτι οὐδ᾽ Ἀρχιλόχῳ τῷ Παρίῳ τὴν μοῦσαν ἔδωκεν ὁ θεὸς + εἰς εὐφροσύνας καὶ ἡδονὰς τρέψαι· μοχθεῖν γὰρ ἄλλοτε ἄλλως + ἀναγκαζόμενοι τῇ μουσικῇ πρὸς τοῦτο ἐχρῶντο, [B] κουφότερα + ποιοῦντες αὑτοῖς ὅσα ὁ δαίμων ἐδίδου τῇ εἰς τοὺς ἀδικοῦντας + λοιδορίᾳ. ἐμοὶ δὲ ἀπαγορεύει μὲν ὁ νόμος ἐπ᾽ ὀνόματος αἰτιᾶσθαι + τοὺς ἀδικουμένους μὲν οὐδέν, εἶναι δ᾽ ἐπιχειροῦντας δυσμενεῖς, + ἀφαιρεῖται δὲ τὴν ἐν τοῖς μέλεσι μουσικὴν ὁ νῦν ἐπικρατῶν ἐν τοῖς + ἐλευθέροις τῆς παιδείας τρόπος. αἴσχιον γὰρ εἶναι δοκεῖ νῦν + μουσικὴν ἐπιτηδεύειν, ἢ πάλαι ποτὲ ἐδόκει τὸ πλουτεῖν ἀδίκως. [C] + οὐ μὴν ἀφέξομαι διὰ τοῦτο τῆς ἐμοὶ δυνατῆς ἐκ μουσῶν ἐπικουρίας. + ἐθεασάμην τοι καὶ τοὺς ὑπὲρ τὸν <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page422">[pg 422]</span><a name="Pg422" id="Pg422" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg423" id="Pg423" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Ῥῆνον βαρβάρους ἄγρια μέλη λέξει πεποιημένα + παραπλησίᾳ τοῖς κρωγμοῖς τῶν τραχὺ βοώντων ὀρνόθων ᾄδοντας καὶ + εὐφραινομένους ἐπὶ τοῖς μέλεσιν. [338] εἶναι γὰρ οἶμαι συμβαίνει + τοῖς φαύλοις τὴν μουσικὴν λυπηροῖς μὲν τοῖς θεάτροις, σφίσι δ᾽ + αὐτοῖς ἡδίστοις. ὁ δὴ καὶ αὐτὸς ξυννοήσας εἴωθα πρὸς ἐμαυτὸν λέγειν + ὅπερ ὁ Ἰσμηνίας οὐκ ἀπὸ τῆς ἴσης μὲν ἕξεως, ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς ὁμοίας, ὡς + ἐμαυτὸν πείθω, μεγαλοφροσύνης, ὅτι δῆτα ταῖς μούσαις ᾄδω καὶ + ἐμαυτῷ.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Anacreon the + poet composed many delightful songs; for a luxurious life was + allotted to him by the Fates. But Alcaeus and Archilochus of + Paros<a id="noteref_680" name="noteref_680" href= + "#note_680"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">680</span></span></a> the + god did not permit to devote their muse to mirth and pleasure. For + constrained as they were to endure toil, now of one sort, now of + another, they used their poetry to relieve their toil, and by + abusing those who wronged them they lightened the burdens imposed + on them by Heaven. But as for me, the law forbids me to accuse by + name those who, though I have done them no wrong, try to show their + hostility to me; and on the other hand the fashion of education + that now prevails among the well-born deprives me of the use of the + music that consists in song. For in these days men think it more + degrading to study music than once in the past they thought it to + be rich by dishonest means. Nevertheless I will not on that account + renounce the aid that it is in my power to win from the Muses. + Indeed I have observed that even the barbarians across the Rhine + sing savage songs composed in language not unlike the croaking of + harsh-voiced birds, and that they delight in such songs. For I + think it is always the case that inferior musicians, though they + annoy their audiences, give very great pleasure to themselves. And + with this in mind I often say to myself, like Ismenias—for though + my talents are not equal to his, I have as I persuade myself a + similar independence of soul—<span class="tei tei-q">“I sing for + the Muses and myself.”</span><a id="noteref_681" name="noteref_681" + href="#note_681"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">681</span></span></a>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τὸ δ᾽ ᾆσμα πεζῇ + μὲν λέξει πεποίηται, λοιδορίας δ᾽ ἔχει πολλὰς καὶ μεγάλας, οὐκ εἰς + ἄλλους μὰ Δία· [B] πῶς γάρ; ἀπαγορεύοντος τοῦ νόμου· εἰς δὲ τὸν + ποιητὴν αὐτὸν καὶ τὸν ξυγγραφέα. τὸ γὰρ εἰς ἑαυτὸν γράφειν εἴτε + ἐπαίνους εἴτε ψόγους εἴργει νόμος οὐδείς. ἐπαινεῖν μὲν δὴ καὶ + σφόδρα ἐθέλων ἐμαυτὸν οὐκ ἔχω, ψέγειν δὲ μυρία, καὶ πρῶτον + ἀρξάμενος ἀπὸ τοῦ προσώπου. τούτῳ γὰρ οἶμαι φύσει γεγονότι μὴ λίαν + καλῷ μηδ᾽ εὐπρεπεῖ μηδ᾽ ὡραίῳ ὑπὸ δυστροπίας καὶ δυσκολίας αὐτὸς + [C] προστέθεικα τὸν βαθὺν τουτονὶ πώγωνα, δίκας αὐτὸ πραττόμενος, + ὡς ἔοικεν, οὐδενὸς μὲν ἄλλου, τοῦ δὲ μὴ φύσει γενέσθαι καλόν. ταῦτά + τοι διαθεόντων ἀνέχομαι τῶν φθειρῶν ὥσπερ ἐν λόχμῃ τῶν θηρίων. + ἐσθίειν δὲ λάβρως ἢ πίνειν χανδὸν οὐ συγχωροῦμαι· δεῖ γὰρ οἶμαι + προσέχειν, μὴ λάθω συγκαταφαγὼν<a id="noteref_682" name= + "noteref_682" href="#note_682"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">682</span></span></a> τὰς + τρίχας <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page424">[pg + 424]</span><a name="Pg424" id="Pg424" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg425" id="Pg425" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τοῖς ἄρτοις. [D] ὑπὲρ δὲ τοῦ φιλεῖσθαι καὶ + φιλεῖν ἥκιστα ἀλγῶ. καίτοι καὶ τοῦτο ἔχειν ἔοικεν ὁ πώγων ὥσπερ τὰ + ἄλλα λυπηρόν, οὐκ ἐπιτρέπων καθαρὰ λείοις καὶ διὰ τοῦτο οἶμαι + γλυκερώτερα χείλεσι χείλη προσμάττειν, ὅπερ ἤδη τις ἔφη τῶν + ἐργασαμένων ξὺν τῷ Πανὶ καὶ τῇ Καλλιόπῃ εἰς τὸν Δάφνιν ποιήματα. + ὑμεῖς δέ φατε δεῖν καὶ σχοινία πλέκειν ἐνθένδε· καὶ ἕτοιμος + παρέχειν, ἢν μόνον ἕλκειν δυνηθῆτε καὶ μὴ τὰς ἀτρίπτους ὑμῶν καὶ + μαλακὰς χεῖρας ἡ τραχύτης αὐτῶν δεινὰ ἐργάσηται. νομίσηι δὲ μηδεὶς + δυσχεραίνειν ἐμὲ τῷ σκώμματι. [339] δίδωμι γὰρ αὐτὸς τὴν αἰτίαν + ὥσπερ οἱ τράγοι τὸ γένειον ἔχων, ἐξὸν οἶμαι λεῖον αὐτὸ ποιεῖν καὶ + ψιλόν, ὁποῖον οἱ καλοὶ τῶν παίδων ἔχουσιν ἅπασαί τε αἱ γυναῖκες, + αἷς φύσει πρόσεστι τὸ ἐράσμιον. ὑμεῖς δὲ καὶ ἐν τῷ γήρᾳ ζηλοῦντες + τοὺς ὑμῶν αὐτῶν υἱέας καὶ τὰς θυγατέρας ὑπὸ ἁβρότητος βίου καὶ ἴσως + ἁπαλότητος τρόπου λεῖον ἐπιμελῶς ἐργάζεσθε, τὸν ἄνδρα ὑποφαίνοντες + [B] καὶ παραδεικνύντες διὰ τοῦ μετώπου καὶ οὐχ ὥσπερ ἡμεῖς ἐκ τῶν + γνάθων.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(However the + song that I now sing has been composed in prose, and it contains + much violent abuse, directed not, by Zeus, against others—how could + it be, since the law forbids?—but against the poet and author + himself. For there is no law to prevent one's writing either praise + or criticism of oneself. Now as for praising myself, though I + should be very glad to do so, I have no reason for that; but for + criticising myself I have countless reasons, and first I will begin + with my face. For though nature did not make this any too handsome + or well-favoured or give it the bloom of youth, I myself out of + sheer perversity and ill-temper have added to it this long beard of + mine, to punish it, as it would seem, for this very crime of not + being handsome by nature. For the same reason I put up with the + lice that scamper about in it as though it were a thicket for wild + beasts. As for eating greedily or drinking with my mouth wide open, + it is not in my power; for I must take care, I suppose, or before I + know it I shall eat up some of my own hairs along with my crumbs of + bread. In the matter of being kissed and kissing I suffer no + inconvenience whatever. And yet for this as for other purposes a + beard is evidently troublesome, since it does not allow one to + press shaven <span class="tei tei-q">“lips to other lips more + sweetly”</span>—because they are smooth, I suppose—as has been said + already by one of those who with the aid of Pan and Calliope + composed poems in honour of Daphnis.<a id="noteref_683" name= + "noteref_683" href="#note_683"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">683</span></span></a> But + you say that I ought to twist ropes from it! Well I am willing to + provide you with ropes if only you have the strength to pull them + and their roughness does not do dreadful damage to your + <span class="tei tei-q">“unworn and tender hands.”</span><a id= + "noteref_684" name="noteref_684" href="#note_684"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">684</span></span></a> And + let no one suppose that I am offended by your satire. For I myself + furnish you with an excuse for it by wearing my chin as goats do, + when I might, I suppose, make it smooth and bare as handsome youths + wear theirs, and all women, who are endowed by nature with + loveliness. But you, since even in your old age you emulate your + own sons and daughters by your soft and delicate way of living, or + perhaps by your effeminate dispositions, carefully make your chins + smooth, and your manhood you barely reveal and slightly indicate by + your foreheads, not by your jaws as I do.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐμοὶ δὲ οὐκ + ἀπέχρησε μόνον ἡ βαθύτης τοῦ γενείου, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῇ κεφαλῇ πρόσεστιν + αὐχμός, καὶ ὀλιγάκις κείρομαι καὶ ὀνυχίζομαι, καὶ τοὺς δακτύλους + ὑπὸ τοῦ καλάμου τὰ πολλὰ ἔχω μέλανας. εἰ δὲ βούλεσθέ τι καὶ τῶν + ἀπορρήτων μαθεῖν, ἔστι μοι τὸ στῆθος δασὺ καὶ λάσιον ὥσπερ + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page426">[pg 426]</span><a name= + "Pg426" id="Pg426" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg427" id= + "Pg427" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> τῶν λεόντων, οἵπερ βασιλεύουσι + τῶν θηρίων, οὐδὲ ἐποίησα λεῖον αὐτὸ πώποτε διὰ δυσκολίαν καὶ + μικροπρέπειαν, [C] οὐδὲ ἄλλο τι μέρος τοῦ σώματος εἰργασάμην λεῖον + οὐδὲ μαλακόν. εἶπον γ᾽ ἂν ὑμῖν, εἴ τις ἦν μοι καὶ ἀκροχορδὼν ὥσπερ + τῷ Κικέρωνι·<a id="noteref_685" name="noteref_685" href= + "#note_685"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">685</span></span></a> νυνὶ + δ᾽ οὐκ ἔστι. καὶ εἰ<a id="noteref_686" name="noteref_686" href= + "#note_686"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">686</span></span></a> + συγγινώσκετε, φράσω ὑμῖν καὶ<a id="noteref_687" name="noteref_687" + href="#note_687"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">687</span></span></a> + ἕτερον. ἐμοὶ γὰρ οὐκ ἀπόχρῃ τὸ σῶμα εἶναι τοιοῦτο, πρὸς δὲ καὶ + δίαιτα παγχάλεπος ἐπιτηδεύεται. εἴργω τῶν θεάτρων ἐμαυτὸν ὑπ᾽ + ἀβελτηρίας, οὐδ᾽ εἴσω τῆς αὐλῆς παραδέχομαι τὴν θυμέλην ἔξω τῆς + νουμηνίας τοῦ ἔτους ὑπ᾽ ἀναισθησίας, [D] ὥσπερ τινὰ φόρον ἢ δασμὸν + εἰσφέρων καὶ ἀποδιδοὺς ἄγροικος ὀλίγα ἔχων οὐκ ἐπιεικεῖ δεσπότῃ. + καὶ τότε δὲ εἰσελθὼν τοῖς ἀφοσιουμένοις ἔοικα. κέκτημαι δὲ οὐδένα, + καὶ ταῦτα βασιλεὺς ἀκούων μέγας, ὃς καθάπερ ὕπαρχος ἢ στρατηγὸς διὰ + πάσης τῆς οἰκουμένης ἄρξει τῶν μίμων καὶ τῶν ἡνιόχων· ὅπερ ὑμεῖς + ὁρῶντες ὀλίγῳ πρότερον</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But as though + the mere length of my beard were not enough, my head is dishevelled + besides, and I seldom have my hair cut or my nails, while my + fingers are nearly always black from using a pen. And if you would + like to learn something that is usually a secret, my breast is + shaggy, and covered with hair, like the breasts of lions who among + wild beasts are monarchs like me, and I have never in my life made + it smooth, so ill-conditioned and shabby am I nor have I made any + other part of my body smooth or soft. If I had a wart like + Cicero,<a id="noteref_688" name="noteref_688" href= + "#note_688"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">688</span></span></a> I + would tell you so; but as it happens I have none. And by your leave + I will tell you something else. I am not content with having my + body in this rough condition, but in addition the mode of life that + I practise is very strict indeed. I banish myself from the + theatres, such a dolt am I, and I do not admit the thymele<a id= + "noteref_689" name="noteref_689" href="#note_689"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">689</span></span></a> + within my court except on the first day of the year, because I am + too stupid to appreciate it; like some country fellow who from his + small means has to pay a tax or render tribute to a harsh master. + And even when I do enter the theatre I look like a man who is + expiating a crime. Then again, though I am entitled a mighty + Emperor, I employ no one to govern the mimes and chariot-drivers as + my lieutenant or general throughout the inhabited world. And + observing this recently,)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-right: 3.60em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "margin-left: 21.60em; text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">ἀναμιμνήσκεσθε νῦν</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">ἥβης ἐκείνης νοῦ τ᾽ ἐκείνου καὶ + φρενῶν.</span><a id="noteref_690" name="noteref_690" href= + "#note_690"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">690</span></span></a> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">You now + recall that youth of his, his wit and wisdom.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_691" name= + "noteref_691" href="#note_691"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">691</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[340] Ἦν μὲν οὖν + ἴσως καὶ τοῦτο βαρὺ καὶ δεῖγμα ἐναργὲς μοχθηρίας τρόπου· προστίθημι + δὲ ἐγώ τι καινότερον ἀεί· μισῶ τὰς ἱπποδρομίας, ὥσπερ οἱ χρήματα + ὠφληκότες τὰς ἀγοράς. ὀλιγάκις οὖν εἰς αὐτὰς φοιτῶ ἐν ταῖς ἑορταῖς + τῶν θεῶν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page428">[pg + 428]</span><a name="Pg428" id="Pg428" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg429" id="Pg429" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> οὐδὲ διημερεύω, καθάπερ εἰώθεσαν ὅ τε ἀνεψιὸς + ὁ ἐμὸς καὶ ὁ θεῖος καὶ ὁ ἀδελφὸς ὁ ὁμοπάτριος. ἓξ δὲ τοὺς πάντας + θεώμενος δρόμους, οὐδ᾽ αὐτοὺς ὡς ἄν τις ἐρῶν [B] τοῦ πράγματος ἢ + ναὶ μὰ Δία μὴ μισῶν αὐτὸ μηδὲ ἀποστρεφόμενος, ἄσμενος + ἀπαλλάττομαι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Perhaps you had + this other grievance and clear proof of the worthlessness of my + disposition—for I keep on adding some still more strange + characteristic—I mean that I hate horse-races as men who owe money + hate the market-place. Therefore I seldom attend them, only during + the festivals of the gods; and I do not stay the whole day as my + cousin<a id="noteref_692" name="noteref_692" href= + "#note_692"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">692</span></span></a> used + to do, and my uncle<a id="noteref_693" name="noteref_693" href= + "#note_693"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">693</span></span></a> and + my brother and my father's son.<a id="noteref_694" name= + "noteref_694" href="#note_694"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">694</span></span></a> Six + races are all that I stay to see, and not even those with the air + of one who loves the sport, or even, by Zeus, with the air of one + who does not hate and loathe it, and I am glad to get away.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλὰ τὰ μὲν ἔξω + ταῦτα· καίτοι πόστον εἴρηταί μοι μέρος τῶν ἐμῶν εἰς ὑμᾶς + ἀδικημάτων; τὰ δὲ ἔνδον ἄγρυπνοι νύκτες ἐν στιβάδι, καὶ τροφὴ + παντὸς ἥττων κόρου πικρὸν ἦθος ποιεῖ καὶ τρυφώσῃ πόλει πολέμιον. οὐ + μὴν ὑμῶν· γ᾽ ἕνεκα τοῦτο ἐπιτηδεύεται παρ᾽ ἐμοῦ· δεινὴ δέ τις ἐκ + παιδαρίου με καὶ ἀνόητος ἀπάτη καταλαβοῦσα τῇ γαστρὶ πολεμεῖν + ἔπεισεν, οὐδὲ ἐπιτρέπω [C] πολλῶν ἐμπίμπλασθαι σιτίων αὐτῇ. + ὀλιγιστάκις<a id="noteref_695" name="noteref_695" href= + "#note_695"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">695</span></span></a> οὖν + ἐμοὶ τῶν πάντων ἐμέσαι συνέβη. καὶ μέμνημαι αὐτὸ παθὼν ἐξ ὅτου + καῖσαρ ἐγενόμην ἅπαξ ἀπὸ συμπτώματος, οὐ πλησμονῆς. ἄξιον δὲ + ὑπομνησθῆναι διηγήματος οὐδὲ αὐτοῦ πάνυ χαρίεντος, ἐμοὶ δὲ διὰ + τοῦτο μάλιστα οἰκείου.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But all these + things are externals; and indeed what a small fraction of my + offences against you have I described! But to turn to my private + life within the court. Sleepless nights on a pallet and a diet that + is anything rather than surfeiting make my temper harsh and + unfriendly to a luxurious city like yours. However it is not in + order to set an example to you that I adopt these habits. But in my + childhood a strange and senseless delusion came over me and + persuaded me to war against my belly, so that I do not allow it to + fill itself with a great quantity of food. Thus it has happened to + me most rarely of all men to vomit my food. And though I remember + having this experience once, after I became Caesar, it was by + accident and was not due to over-eating. It may be worth while to + tell the story which is not in itself very graceful, but for that + very reason is especially suited to me.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[D] Ἐτύγχανον + ἐγὼ χειμάζων περὶ τὴν φίλην Λουκετίαν· ὀνομάζουσι δ᾽ οὕτως οἱ + Κελτοὶ τῶν Παρισίων τὴν πολίχνην· ἔστι δ᾽ οὐ μεγάλη νῆσος ἐγκειμένη + τῷ ποταμῷ, καὶ αὐτὴν κύκλῳ πᾶσαν τεῖχος περιλαμβάνει,<a id= + "noteref_696" name="noteref_696" href="#note_696"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">696</span></span></a> + ξύλιναι δ᾽ ἐπ᾽ αὐτὴν ἀμφοτέρωθεν εἰσάγουσι γέφυραι, καὶ ὀλιγάκις ὁ + ποταμὸς ἐλαττοῦται καὶ μείζων γένεται, τὰ πολλὰ δ᾽ ἔστιν ὁποῖος ὥρᾳ + θέρους καὶ χειμῶνος, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page430">[pg + 430]</span><a name="Pg430" id="Pg430" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg431" id="Pg431" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ὕδωρ ἥδιστον καὶ καθαρώτατον ὁρᾶν καὶ πίνειν + ἐθέλοντι παρέχων. ἅτε γὰρ νῆσον οἰκοῦντας ὑδρεύεσθαι μάλιστα + ἐνθένδε χρή. γίνεται δὲ [341] καὶ ὁ χειμὼν ἐκεῖ πρᾳότερος εἴτε ὑπὸ + τῆς θέρμης τοῦ ὠκεανοῦ· στάδια γὰρ ἀπέχει τῶν ἐννακοσίων οὐ πλείω, + καὶ διαδίδοται τυχὸν λεπτή τις αὔρα τοῦ ὕδατος, εἶναι δὲ δοκεῖ + θερμότερον τὸ θαλάττιον τοῦ γλυκέος· εἴτε οὖν ἐκ ταύτης εἴτε ἐκ + τινος ἄλλης αἰτίας ἀφανοῦς ἐμοί, τὸ πρᾶγμα ἐστι τοιοῦτον, + ἀλεεινότερον ἔχουσιν οἱ τὸ χωρίον οἰκοῦντες τὸν χειμῶνα, καὶ φύεται + παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς ἄμπελος ἀγαθή, καὶ συκᾶς ἤδη εἰσιν οἳ<a id= + "noteref_697" name="noteref_697" href="#note_697"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">697</span></span></a> + ἐμηχανήσαντο, σκεπάζοντες [B] αὐτὰς τοῦ χειμῶνος ὥσπερ ἱματίοις τῇ + καλάμῃ τοῦ πυροῦ καὶ τοιούτοις τισίν, ὅσα εἴωθεν εἴργειν τὴν ἐκ τοῦ + ἀέρος ἐπιγιγνομένην τοῖς δένδροις βλάβην. ἐγένετο δὴ οὖν ὁ χειμὼν + τοῦ εἰωθότος σφοδρότερος, καὶ παρέφερεν ὁ ποταμὸς ὥσπερ μαρμάρου + πλάκας· ἴστε δήπου τὸν Φρύγιον λίθον τὸν λευκόν· τούτῳ ἐῴκει + μάλιστα τὰ κρύσταλλα,<a id="noteref_698" name="noteref_698" href= + "#note_698"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">698</span></span></a> + μεγάλα καὶ ἐπάλληλα φερόμενα· καὶ δὴ καὶ συνεχῆ ποιεῖν ἤδη τὸν + πόρον ἔμελλε [C] καὶ τὸ ῥεῦμα γεφυροῦν. ὡς οὖν ἐν τούτοις + ἀγριώτερος ἦν τοῦ συνήθους, ἐθάλπετο δὲ τὸ δωμάτιον οὐδαμῶς, οὗπερ + ἐκάθευδον, ὅνπερ εἰώθει τρόπον ὑπογαίοις<a id="noteref_699" name= + "noteref_699" href="#note_699"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">699</span></span></a> + καμίνοις τὰ πολλὰ τῶν οἰκημάτων ἐκεῖ θερμαίνεσθαι, καὶ ταῦτα ἔχον + εὐτρεπῶς πρὸς τὸ παραδέξασθαι τὴν ἐκ τοῦ πυρὸς ἀλέαν· συνέβη δ᾽ + οἶμαι καῖ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page432">[pg + 432]</span><a name="Pg432" id="Pg432" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg433" id="Pg433" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τότε διὰ σκαιότητα τὴν ἐμὴν καὶ τὴν εἰς + ἐμαυτὸν πρῶτον, ὡς εἰκός, ἀπανθρωπίαν· ἐβουλόμην γὰρ ἐθίζειν + ἐμαυτὸν ἀνέχεσθαι τὸν ἀέρα ταύτης ἀνενδεῶς ἔχοντα τῆς βοηθείας. ὡς + δὲ ὁ χειμὼν ἐπεκράτει καὶ ἀεὶ μείζων ἐπεγίνετο, [D] θερμῆναι μὲν + οὐδ᾽ ὣς ἐπέτρεψα τοῖς ὑπηρέταις τὸ οἴκημα, δεδιὼς κινῆσαι τὴν ἐν + τοῖς τοίχοις ὑγρότητα, κομίσαι δ᾽ ἔνδον ἐκέλευσα πῦρ κεκαυμένον καὶ + ἄνθρακας λαμπροὺς ἀποθέσθαι παντελῶς μετρίους. οἱ δὲ καίπερ ὄντες + οὐ πολλοὶ παμπληθεῖς ἀπὸ τῶν τοίχων ἀτμοὺς ἐκίνησαν, ὑφ᾽ ὧν + κατέδαρθον. ἐμπιμπλαμένης δέ μοι τῆς κεφαλῆς ἐδέησα μὲν + ἀποπνιγῆναι, [342] κομισθεὶς δ᾽ ἔξω, τῶν ἰατρῶν παραινούντων + ἀπορρῖψαι τὴν ἐντεθεῖσαν ἄρτι τροφήν, οὔτι μὰ Δία πολλὴν οὖσαν, + ἐξέβαλον, καὶ ἐγενόμην αὐτίκα ῥᾴων, ὥστε μοι γενέσθαι κουφοτέραν + τὴν νύκτα καὶ τῆς ὑστεραίας πράττειν ὄ,τιπερ ἐθέλοιμι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I happened to + be in winter quarters at my beloved Lutetia—for that is how the + Celts call the capital of the Parisians. It is a small island lying + in the river; a wall entirely surrounds it, and wooden bridges lead + to it on both sides. The river seldom rises and falls, but usually + is the same depth in the winter as in the summer season, and it + provides water which is very clear to the eye and very pleasant for + one who wishes to drink. For since the inhabitants live on an + island they have to draw their water chiefly from the river. The + winter too is rather mild there, perhaps from the warmth of the + ocean, which is not more than nine hundred stades distant, and it + may be that a slight breeze from the water is wafted so far; for + sea water seems to be warmer than fresh. Whether from this or from + some other cause obscure to me, the fact is as I say, that those + who live in that place have a warmer winter. And a good kind of + vine grows thereabouts, and some persons have even managed to make + fig-trees grow by covering them in winter with a sort of garment of + wheat straw and with things of that sort, such as are used to + protect trees from the harm that is done them by the cold wind. As + I was saying then, the winter was more severe than usual, and the + river kept bringing down blocks like marble. You know, I suppose, + the white stone that comes from Phrygia; the blocks of ice were + very like it, of great size, and drifted down one after another; in + fact it seemed likely that they would make an unbroken path and + bridge the stream. The winter then was more inclement than usual, + but the room where I slept was not warmed in the way that most + houses are heated, I mean by furnaces underground; and that too + though it was conveniently arranged for letting in heat from such a + fire. But it so happened I suppose, because I was awkward then as + now, and displayed inhumanity first of all, as was natural, towards + myself. For I wished to accustom myself to bear the cold air + without needing this aid. And though the winter weather prevailed + and continually increased in severity, even so I did not allow my + servants to heat the house, because I was afraid of drawing out the + dampness in the walls; but I ordered them to carry in fire that had + burned down and to place in the room a very moderate number of hot + coals. But the coals, though there were not very many of them, + brought out from the walls quantities of steam and this made me + fall asleep. And since my head was filled with the fumes I was + almost choked. Then I was carried outside, and since the doctors + advised me to throw up the food I had just swallowed,—and it was + little enough, by Zeus—, I vomited it and at once became easier, so + that I had a more comfortable night, and next day could do whatever + I pleased.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Οὕτω μὲν οὖν ἐγὼ + καὶ ἐν Κελτοῖς κατὰ τὸν τοῦ Μενάνδρου Δύσκολον αὐτὸς ἐμαυτῷ πόνους + προσετίθην. ἀλλ᾽ ἡ Κελτῶν μὲν ταῦτα ῥᾷον ἔφερεν ἀγροικία, πόλις δ᾽ + εὐδαίμων καὶ μακαρία καὶ πολυάνθρωπος εἰκότως ἄχθεται, [B] ἐν ᾗ + πολλοὶ μὲν ὀρχησταί, πολλοὶ δ᾽ αὐληταί, μῖμοι δὲ πλείους τῶν + πολιτῶν, αἰδὼς δ᾽ οὐκ ἔστιν ἀρχόντων. ἐρυθριᾶν γὰρ πρέπει τοῖς + ἀνάνδροις, ἐπεὶ τοῖς γε ἀνδρείοις, ὥσπερ ὑμεῖς, ἕωθεν κωμάζειν, + νύκτωρ ἡδυπαθεῖν, ὅτι τῶν νόμων ὑπερορᾶτε μὴ <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page434">[pg 434]</span><a name="Pg434" id="Pg434" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg435" id="Pg435" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> λόγῳ διδάσκειν, ἀλλὰ τοῖς ἔργοις + ἐνδείκνυσθαι. καὶ γὰρ οἱ νόμοι φοβεροὶ διὰ τοὺς ἄρχοντας· ὥστε + ὅστις ἄρχοντα ὕβρισεν οὗτος ἐκ περιουσίας τοὺς νόμους κατεπάτησεν· + [C] ὡς δ᾽ ἐπὶ τούτοις εὐφραινόμενοι δῆλον ποιεῖτε πολλαχοῦ μέν, οὐχ + ἥκιστα δ᾽ ἐν ταῖς ἀγοραῖς καὶ ἐν τοῖς θεάτροις, ἀπὸ μὲν τῶν κρότων + καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς βοῆς ὁ δῆμος, οἱ δ᾽ ἐν τέλει τῷ γνωριμώτεροι μᾶλλον + εἶναι καὶ ὀνομάζεσθαι παρὰ πᾶσιν ἀφ᾽ ὧν εἰς τὰς τοιαύτας ἑορτὰς + ἐδαπάνησαν ἢ Σόλων ὁ Ἀθηναῖος ἀπὸ τῆς πρὸς Κροῖσον τὸν Λυδῶν + βασιλέα συνουσίας. καλοὶ δὲ πάντες καὶ μεγάλοι καὶ λεῖοι καὶ + ἀγένειοι, [D] νέοι τε ὁμοίως καὶ πρεσβύτεροι ζηλωταὶ τῆς + εὐδαιμονίας τῶν Φαιάκων,</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(After this + fashion then, even when I was among the Celts, like the + ill-tempered man in Menander,<a id="noteref_700" name="noteref_700" + href="#note_700"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">700</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“I myself kept heaping troubles on my own + head.”</span> But whereas the boorish Celts used easily to put up + with these ways of mine, they are naturally resented by a + prosperous and gay and crowded city in which there are numerous + dancers and flute players and more mimes than ordinary citizens, + and no respect at all for those who govern. For the blush of + modesty befits the unmanly, but manly fellows like you it befits to + begin your revels at dawn, to spend your nights in pleasure, and to + show not only by your words but by your deeds also that you despise + the laws. For indeed it is only by means of those in authority that + the laws inspire fear in men; so that he who insults one who is in + authority, over and above this tramples on the laws. And that you + take pleasure in this sort of behaviour you show clearly on many + occasions, but especially in the market-places and theatres; the + mass of the people by their clapping and shouting, while those in + office show it by the fact that, on account of the sums they have + spent on such entertainments, they are more widely known and more + talked about by all men than Solon the Athenian ever was on account + of his interview with Croesus the king of the Lydians.<a id= + "noteref_701" name="noteref_701" href="#note_701"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">701</span></span></a> And + all of you are handsome and tall and smooth-skinned and beardless; + for young and old alike you are emulous of the happiness of the + Phaeacians, and rather than righteousness you prefer)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Εἵματα τ᾽ ἐξημοιβὰ λοετρά τε + θερμὰ καὶ εὐνὰς</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">changes of + raiment and warm baths and beds.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_702" name= + "noteref_702" href="#note_702"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">702</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ἀντὶ τῆς ὁσίας + ἀποδεχόμενοι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Τὴν δὴ σὴν ἀγροικίαν καὶ ἀπανθρωπίαν καὶ σκαιότητα + τούτοις ἁρμόσειν ὑπέλαβες; οὕτως ἀνόητόν ἐστί σοι καὶ φαῦλον, ὦ + πάντων ἀνθρώπων ἀμαθέστατε καὶ φιλαπεχθημονέστατε, τὸ λεγόμενον ὑπὸ + τῶν ἀγεννεστάτων σῶφρον τουτὶ ψυχάριον, ὃ δὴ σὐ κοσμεῖν καὶ + καλλωπίζειν σωφροσύνῃ χρῆναι νομίζεις; οὐκ ὀρθῶς, ὅτι πρῶτον μὲν ἡ + σωφροσύνη ὅ,τι [343] ποτ᾽ ἔστιν οὐκ ἴσμεν, ὄνομα δ᾽ αὐτῆς ἀκούοντες + μόνον ἔργον οὐχ ὁρῶμεν. εἰ δ᾽ ὁποῖον σὺ νῦν ἐπιτηδεύεις ἐστίν, + ἐπίστασθαι μὲν ὅτι θεοῖς χρὴ δουλεύειν καὶ νόμοις, ἐκ τῶν + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page436">[pg 436]</span><a name= + "Pg436" id="Pg436" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg437" id= + "Pg437" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ἴσων δὲ τοῖς ὁμοτίμοις + προσφέρεσθαι, καὶ τὴν ἐν τούτοις ὑπεροχὴν φέρειν πρᾳότερον, + ἐπιμελεῖσθαι καὶ προνοεῖν, ὅπως οἱ πένητες ὑπὸ τῶν πλουτούντων + ἥκιστα ἀδικήσονται, καὶ ὑπὲρ τούτου πράγματα ἔχειν, ὁποῖα εἰκός + ἐστί σοι γενέσθαι πολλάκις, ἀπεχθείας, ὀργάς, [B] λοιδορίας· εἶτα + καὶ ταῦτα φέρειν ἐγκρατῶς καὶ μὴ χαλεπαίνειν μηδ᾽ ἐπιτρέπειν τῷ + θυμῷ, παιδαγωγεῖν δὲ αὑτόν, ὡς ἐνδέχεται, καὶ σωφρονίζειν· εἰ δὲ + καὶ τοῦτό τις ἔργον θεῖτο σωφροσύνης, ἀπέχεσθαι πάσης ἡδονῆς οὐ + λίαν ἀπρεποῦς οὐδ᾽ ἐπονειδίστου δοκούσης ἐν τῷ φανερῷ, πεπεισμένος + ὡς οὐκ ἔστιν ἰδίᾳ σωφρονεῖν [C] καὶ λάθρᾳ τὸν δημοσίᾳ καὶ φανερῷς + ἀκόλαστον εἶναι θέλοντα καὶ τερπόμενον τοῖς θεάτροις· εἰ δὴ οὖν + ὄντως ἡ σωφροσύνη τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν, ἀπόλωλας μὲν αὐτός, ἀπολλύεις δὲ + ἡμᾶς οὐκ ἀνεχομένους ἀκούειν πρῶτον ὄνομα δουλείας οὔτε πρὸς θεοὺς + οὔτε πρὸς νόμους· ἡδὺ γὰρ ἐν πᾶσι τὸ ἐλεύθερον.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(<span class= + "tei tei-q">“What then?”</span> you answer, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“did you really suppose that your boorish manners and + savage ways and clumsiness would harmonise with these things? O + most ignorant and most quarrelsome of men, is it so senseless then + and so stupid, that puny soul of yours which men of poor spirit + call temperate, and which you forsooth think it your duty to adorn + and deck out with temperance? You are wrong; for in the first place + we do not know what temperance is and we hear its name only, while + the real thing we cannot see. But if it is the sort of thing that + you now practise, if it consists in knowing that men must be + enslaved to the gods and the laws, in behaving with fairness to + those of equal rank and bearing with mildness any superiority among + them; in studying and taking thought that the poor may suffer no + injustice whatever at the hands of the rich; and to attain this, in + putting up with all the annoyances that you will naturally often + meet with, hatred, anger, and abuse; and then in bearing these also + with firmness and not resenting them or giving way to your anger, + but in training yourself as far as possible to practise temperance; + and if again this also one defines as the effect of temperance that + one abstains from every pleasure even though it be not excessively + unbecoming or considered blameworthy when openly pursued, because + you are convinced that it is impossible for a man to be temperate + in his private life and in secret, if in public and openly he is + willing to be licentious and delights in the theatres; if, in + short, temperance is really this sort of thing, then you yourself + have ruined yourself and moreover you are ruining us, who cannot + bear in the first place even to hear the name of slavery, whether + it be slavery to the gods or the laws. For sweet is liberty in all + things!</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Ἡ δὲ εἰρωνεία πόση; δεσπότης εἶναι οὐ φὴς οὐδὲ ἀνέχῃ + τοῦτο ἀκούων, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀγανακτεῖς, [D] ὥστε ἤδη ἔπεισας τοὺς + πλείστους ἐθάδας πάλαι γενομένους ἀφελεῖν ὡς ἐπίφθονον τῆς ἀρχῆς + τοῦτο τὸ ὄνομα, δουλεύειν δ᾽ ἡμᾶς ἀναγκάζεις ἄρχουσι καὶ νόμοις. + καίτοι πόσῳ κρεῖττον ἦν ὀνομάζεσθαι μέν σε δεσπότην, ἔργῳ δὲ ἐᾶν + ἡμᾶς εἶναι ἐλευθέρους, ὦ τὰ μὲν ὀνόματα πρᾳότατε, πικρότατε + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page438">[pg 438]</span><a name= + "Pg438" id="Pg438" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg439" id= + "Pg439" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> δὲ τὰ ἔργα; [344] πρὸς δὲ + τούτοις ἀποκναίεις βιαζόμενος μὲν τοὺς πλουσίους ἐν δικαστηρίοις + μετριάζειν, τοὺς πένητας δὲ εἴργεις συκοφαντεῖν. ἀφεὶς δὲ τὴν + σκηνὴν καὶ τοὺς μίμους καὶ τοὺς ὀρχηστὰς ἀπολώλεκας ἡμῶν τὴν πόλιν, + ὥστε οὐδὲν ἡμῖν ἀγαθὸν ὑπάρχει παρὰ σοῦ πλὴν τῆς βαρύτητος, ἧς + ἀνεχόμενοι μῆνα ἕβδομον τουτονὶ τὸ μὲν εὔχεσθαι πάντως ἀπαλλαγῆναι + τοῦ τοσούτου κακοῦ τοῖς περὶ τοὺς τάφους καλινδουμένοις γρᾳδίοις + ξυνεχωρήσαμεν, ἡμεῖς δὲ αὐτὸ διὰ τῆς ἡμῶν αὐτῶν εὐτραπελίας [B] + ἐξειργασάμεθα βάλλοντές σε τοῖς σκώμμασιν ὥσπερ τοξεύμασι. σὺ δέ, ὦ + γενναῖε, πῶς ἀνέξῃ τὰ Περσῶν βέλη, τὰ ἡμέτερα τρέσας + σκώμματα;”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(<span class= + "tei tei-q">“But what an affectation of humility is yours! You say + that you are not our master and you will not let yourself be so + called, nay more, you resent the idea, so that you have actually + persuaded the majority of men who have long grown accustomed to it, + to get rid of this word <span class="tei tei-q">‘Government’</span> + as though it were something invidious; and yet you compel us to be + enslaved to magistrates and laws. But how much better it would be + for you to accept the name of master, but in actual fact to allow + us to be free, you who are so very mild about the names we use and + so very strict about the things we do! Then again you harass us by + forcing the rich to behave with moderation in the lawcourts, though + you keep the poor from making money by informing.<a id= + "noteref_703" name="noteref_703" href="#note_703"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">703</span></span></a> And + by ignoring the stage and mimes and dancers you have ruined our + city, so that we get no good out of you except your harshness; and + this we have had to put up with these seven months, so that we have + left it to the old crones who grovel among the tombs to pray that + we may be entirely rid of so great a curse, but we ourselves have + accomplished it by our own ingenious insolence, by shooting our + satires at you like arrows. How, noble sir, will you face the darts + of Persians, when you take flight at our ridicule?”</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἰδού, βούλομαι + πάλιν ἀπ᾽ ἄλλης ἀρχῆς ἐμαυτῷ λοιδορήσασθαι. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Φοιτᾷς εἰς τὰ ἱερά, δύσκολε καὶ δύστροπε καὶ πάντα + μοχθηρέ. συρρεῖ διὰ σὲ τὰ πλήθη πρὸς τὰ τεμένη καὶ μέντοι καὶ οἱ + πλείους τῶν ἐν τέλει, καὶ ἀποδέχονταί σε σὺν βοῇ μετὰ κρότων + λαμπρῶς ἐν τοῖς τεμένεσιν ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς θεάτροις. [C] τί οὖν οὐκ + ἀγαπᾷς οὐδ᾽ ἐπαινεῖς, ἀλλ᾽ ἐπιχειρεῖς εἶναι σοφώτερος τὰ τοιαῦτα + τοῦ Πυθίου, καὶ δημηγορεῖς ἐν τῷ πλήθει, καὶ καθάπτῃ τῶν βοώντων + πικρῶς αὐτὸ δὴ τοῦτο λέγων, ὡς Ὑμεῖς τῶν θεῶν ἕνεκεν ὀλιγάκις εἰς + τὰ τεμένη συνέρχεσθε, συνδραμόντες δὲ δι᾽ ἐμὲ πολλῆς ἀκοσμίας + ἀναπίμπλατε τὰ ἱερά. [D] πρέπει δ᾽ ἀνδράσι σώφροσι κεκοσμημένως + εὔχεσθαι σιγῇ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page440">[pg + 440]</span><a name="Pg440" id="Pg440" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg441" id="Pg441" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> παρὰ τῶν θεῶν αἰτουμένοις τὰ ἀγαθά. τοῦτον + οὐκ ἠκροᾶσθε τὸν νόμον Ὁμήρου</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Come, I am + ready to make a fresh start in abusing myself. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“You, sir, go regularly to the temples, ill-tempered, + perverse and wholly worthless as you are! It is your doing that the + masses stream into the sacred precincts, yes and most of the + magistrates as well, and they give you a splendid welcome, greeting + you with shouts and clapping in the precincts as though they were + in the theatres. Then why do you not treat them kindly and praise + them? Instead of that you try to be wiser in such matters than the + Pythian god,<a id="noteref_704" name="noteref_704" href= + "#note_704"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">704</span></span></a> and + you make harangues to the crowd and with harsh words rebuke those + who shout. These are the very words you use to them: <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘You hardly ever assemble at the shrines to do honour + to the gods, but to do me honour you rush here in crowds and fill + the temples with much disorder. Yet it becomes prudent men to pray + in orderly fashion, and to ask blessings from the gods in silence. + Have you never heard Homer's maxim,)</span></span></p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Σιγῇ ἐφ᾽ ὑμείων—,</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">In silence, + to yourselves</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_705" name= + "noteref_705" href="#note_705"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">705</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">—,)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">οὐδ᾽ ὡς Ὀδυσσεὺς + ἐπέσχε τὴν Εὐρύκλειαν ἐκπεπληγμένην ὑπὸ μεγέθους τοῦ + κατορθώματος,</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(or how Odysseus + checked Eurycleia when she was stricken with amazement by the + greatness of his success,)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἐν θυμῷ, γρηῦ, χαῖρε καὶ ἴσχεο + μηδ᾽ ὀλόλυζε;</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Rejoice, + old woman, in thy heart, and restrain thyself, and utter no loud + cry</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">?</span><a id="noteref_706" + name="noteref_706" href="#note_706"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">706</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">τὰς δὲ δὴ Τρῳάδας οὔτι πρὸς τὸν Πρίαμον ἤ τινα τῶν + τούτου θυγατέρων ἢ υἱέων, οὐ μὴν οὐδ᾽ αὐτὸν τὸν Ἔκτορα· [345] + καίτοι τούτῳ φησὶν ὡς θεῷ τοὺς Τρῶας εὔχεσθαι· εὐχομένας δὲ οὐκ + ἔδειξεν ἐν τῇ ποιήσει οὔτε γυναῖκας οὔτε ἄνδρας, ἀλλὰ τῇ Ἀθηνᾷ + ὀλολυγῇ πᾶσαι, φησί, χεῖρας ἀνέσχον, βαρβαρικὸν μὲν καὶ τοῦτο καὶ + γυναιξὶ πρέπον, οὐ μὴν ἀνόσιον πρὸς τοὺς θεοὺς ὥσπερ τὸ παρ᾽ ὑμῶν + ποιούμενον. ἐπαινεῖτε γὰρ ἀντὶ τῶν θεῶν τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, [B] μᾶλλον + δὲ ἀντὶ τῶν θεῶν τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἡμᾶς κολακεύετε. κάλλιστον δ᾽ ἔστιν + οἶμαι μηδ᾽ ἐκείνους κολακεύειν, ἀλλὰ θεραπεύειν + σωφρόνως.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(<span class= + "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘And again, Homer did not + show us the Trojan women praying to Priam or to any one of his + daughters or sons, nay not even to Hector himself (though he does + indeed say that the men of Troy were wont to pray to Hector as to a + god); but in his poems he did not show us either women or men in + the act of prayer to him, but he says that to Athene all the women + lifted up their hands with a loud cry,<a id="noteref_707" name= + "noteref_707" href="#note_707"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">707</span></span></a> which + was in itself a barbaric thing to do and suitable only for women, + but at any rate it displayed no impiety to the gods as does your + conduct. For you applaud men instead of the gods, or rather instead + of the gods you flatter me who am a mere man. But it would be best, + I think, not to flatter even the gods but to worship them with + temperate hearts.’</span> ”</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἰδού, πάλιν ἐγὼ + τὰ συνήθη τεχνιτεύω λεξείδια καὶ οὐδ᾽ ἐμαυτῷ συγχωρῶ φθέγγεσθαι ὡς + ἔτυχεν ἀδεῶς καὶ ἐλευθέρως, ἀλλὰ ὑπὸ τῆς συνήθους σκαιότητος καὶ + ἐμαυτὸν συκοφαντῶ. ταῦτά τις καὶ τοιαῦτ᾽ ἂν λέγοι πρὸς ἄνδρας οὐ τὰ + πρὸς τοὺς ἄρχοντας μόνον, [C] ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ πρὸς τοὺς θεοὺς + ἐλευθέρους εἶναι θέλοντας, ὅπως τις εὔνους <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page442">[pg 442]</span><a name="Pg442" id="Pg442" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg443" id="Pg443" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> αὐτοῖς ὥσπερ πατὴρ ἤπιος νομισθείη, φύσει + πονηρὸς ὢν ὥσπερ ἐγώ. ἀνέχου τοίνυν αὐτῶν μισούντων καὶ + λοιδορούντων λάθρᾳ ἢ καὶ φανερῶς, ἐπειδὴ κολακεύειν ἐνόμισας τοὺς + ἐν τοῖς ἱεροῖς ὁρμῇ μιᾷ<a id="noteref_708" name="noteref_708" href= + "#note_708"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">708</span></span></a> σε + ἐπαινοῦντας. οὐ γὰρ οἶμαι διενοήθης ὅπως ἁρμόσει τῶν ἀνδρῶν οὔτε + τοῖς ἐπιτηδεύμασιν οὔτε τοῖς βίοις οὔτε τοῖς ἤθεσιν. εἶεν. ἀλλ᾽ + ἐκεῖνο τίς ἀνέξεταί σου; καθεύδεις ὡς ἐπίπαν νύκτωρ μόνος οὐδ᾽ + ἔστιν οὐδέν, [D] ὅ σου τὸν ἄγριον καὶ ἀνήμερον μαλάξει θυμόν· + ἀποκέκλεισται δὲ πάσῃ πανταχοῦ πάροδος γλυκυθυμίᾳ· καὶ τὸ μέγιστον + τῶν κακῶν, ὅτι τοιοῦτον ζῶν βίον εὐφραίνῃ καὶ πεποίησαι τὰς κοινὰς + κατάρας ἡδονήν. εἶτα ἀγανακτεῖς, εἴ του τὰ τοιαῦτα ἀκοίεις; ἐξὸν + εἰδέναι χάριν τοῖς ὑπ᾽ εὐνοίας ἐμμελέστερόν σε νουθετοῦσιν ἐν τοῖς + ἀναπαίστοις ἀποψιλῶσαι μὲν τὰς παρειάς, καλὰ δὲ ἀπὸ σαυτοῦ πρῶτον + ἀρξάμενον δεικνύειν πάντα τῷ δήμῳ τῷ φιλογέλωτι τῷδε θεάματα, [346] + μίμους, ὀρχηστάς, ἥκιστα αἰσχυνομένας γυναῖκας, παιδάρια περὶ + κάλλους ἁμιλλώμενα ταῖς γυναιξίν, ἄνδρας ἀπεψιλωμένους οὔτι τὰς + γνάθους μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἅπαν τὸ σῶμα, λειότεροι τῶν γυναικῶν ὅπως + φαίνοιντο τοῖς ἐντυγχάνουσιν, ἑορτάς, πανηγύρεις, οὔτι μὰ Δία τὰς + ἱεράς, ἐν αἷς χρὴ σωφρονεῖν· ἅλις μὲν γὰρ ἐκείνων ἐστίν, ὥσπερ τῆς + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page444">[pg 444]</span><a name= + "Pg444" id="Pg444" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg445" id= + "Pg445" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> δρυός, [B] καὶ πολὺς ὁ κόρος + αὐτῶν. ἔθυσεν ὁ καῖσαρ ἐν τῷ τοῦ Διὸς ἅπαξ, εἶτα ἐν τῷ τῆς Τύχης, + εἰς τὸ τῆς Δήμητρος τρὶς ἐφεξῆς ἐβάδισεν· ἐπιλέλησμαι γὰρ εἰς τὸ + τῆς Δάφνης ὁσάκις εἰσῆλθον πέμενος, προδοθὲν μὲν ὀλιγωρίᾳ τῶν + φυλάκων, ταῖς δὲ τῶν ἀθέων ἀνδρῶν τόλμαις ἀφανισθέν. ἡ Σύρων ἥκει + νουμηνία, καὶ ὁ καῖσαρ αὖθις εἰς Φιλίου Διός· εἶτα ἡ πάγκοινος + ἑορτή, καὶ ὁ καῖσαρ εἰς τὸ τῆς [C] Τύχης ἔρχεται τέμενοσ. ἐπισχὼν + δὲ τὴν ἀποφράδα πάλιν ἐς Φιλίου Διὸς τὰς εὐχὰς ἀναλαμβάνει κατὰ τὰ + πάτρια. καὶ τίς ἀνέξεται τοσαυτάκις εἰς ἱερὰ φοιτῶντος καίσαρος, + ἐξὸν ἅπαξ ἢ δὶς ἐνοχλεῖν τοῖς θεοῖς, ἐπιτελεῖν δὲ τὰς πανηγύρεις + ἐκείνας, ὁπόσαι κοιναὶ μέν εἰσι παντὶ τῷ δήμῳ καὶ ὧν ἔξεστι + μετέχειν οὐ τοῖς ἐπισταμένοις μόνον θεούς,<a id="noteref_709" name= + "noteref_709" href="#note_709"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">709</span></span></a> ἀλλὰ + καὶ τοῖς ὦν<a id="noteref_710" name="noteref_710" href= + "#note_710"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">710</span></span></a> ἐστιν + ἡ πόλις πλήρης; ἡδονὴ δὲ πολλὴ καὶ χάριτες, ὁποίας ἄν τις + εὐφραίνοιτο διηνεκῶς καρπούμενος, [D] ὁρῶν ὀρχουμένους ἄνδρας καὶ + παιδάρια καὶ γύναια πολλά.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(See there I am + again, busy with my usual phrase-making! I do not even allow myself + to speak out at random fearlessly and freely, but with my usual + awkwardness I am laying information against myself. It is thus and + in words like these that one ought to address men who want to be + free not only with respect to those who govern them but to the gods + also, in order that one may be considered well-disposed towards + them, <span class="tei tei-q">“like an indulgent + father,”</span><a id="noteref_711" name="noteref_711" href= + "#note_711"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">711</span></span></a> even + though one is by nature an ill-conditioned person like myself: + <span class="tei tei-q">“Bear with them then, when they hate and + abuse you in secret or even openly, since you thought that those + who applauded you with one accord in the temples were only + flattering you. For surely you did not suppose that you would be in + harmony with the pursuits or the lives or the temperaments of these + men. I grant that. But who will bear with this other habit of + yours? You always sleep alone at night, and there is no way of + softening your savage and uncivilised temper—since all avenues are + closed to anything that might sweeten your disposition,—and the + worst of all these evils is that you delight in living that sort of + life and have laid pleasure under a general ban. Then can you feel + aggrieved if you hear yourself spoken of in such terms? No, you + ought to feel grateful to those who out of kindness of heart + admonish you wittily in anapaestic verse to shave your cheeks + smooth, and then, beginning with yourself, first to show to this + laughter-loving people all sorts of fine spectacles, mimes, + dancers, shameless women, boys who in their beauty emulate women, + and men who have not only their jaws shaved smooth but their whole + bodies too, so that those who meet them may think them smoother + than women; yes and feasts too and general festivals, not, by Zeus, + the sacred ones at which one is bound to behave with sobriety. No, + we have had enough of those, like the oak tree in the + proverb;<a id="noteref_712" name="noteref_712" href= + "#note_712"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">712</span></span></a> we + are completely surfeited with them. The Emperor sacrificed once in + the temple of Zeus, then in the temple of Fortune; he visited the + temple of Demeter three times in succession.”</span> (I have in + fact forgotten how many times I entered the shrine of Daphne, which + had been first abandoned owing to the carelessness of its + guardians, and then destroyed by the audacious acts of godless + men.<a id="noteref_713" name="noteref_713" href= + "#note_713"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">713</span></span></a>) + <span class="tei tei-q">“The Syrian New Year arrived, and again the + Emperor went to the temple of Zeus the Friendly One. Then came the + general festival, and the Emperor went to the shrine of Fortune. + Then, after refraining on the forbidden day,<a id="noteref_714" + name="noteref_714" href="#note_714"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">714</span></span></a> again + he goes to the temple of Zeus the Friendly One, and offers up + prayers according to the custom of our ancestors. Now who could put + up with an Emperor who goes to the temples so often, when it is in + his power to disturb the gods only once or twice, and to celebrate + the general festivals which are for all the people in common, those + in which not only men whose profession it is to have knowledge of + the gods can take part, but also the people who have crowded into + the city? For pleasure is here in abundance, and delights whose + fruits one could enjoy continuously; for instance the sight of men + and pretty boys dancing, and any number of charming + women.”</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὅταν οὖν ταῦτα + λογίσωμαι, μακαρίζω μὲν ὑμᾶς τῆς εὐδαιμονίας, ἐμαυτῷ δὲ οὐκ + ἄχθομαι· <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page446">[pg + 446]</span><a name="Pg446" id="Pg446" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg447" id="Pg447" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> φίλα γάρ ἐστί μοι κατά τινα θεὸν ἴσως ταῦτα. + διόπερ οὐδ᾽ ἀγανακτῶ, εὖ ἴστε, τοῖς δυσχεραίνουσί μου τῷ βίῳ καὶ τῇ + προαιρέσει. προστίθημι δ᾽ αὐτὸς ὅσα δυνατόν ἐστί μοι τοῖς εἰς + ἐμαυτὸν σκώμμασι μειζόνως ἐπικαταχέων ἐμαυτοῦ ταυτασὶ τὰς + λοιδορίας, [347] ὃς ὑπὸ ἀφροσύνης οὐ συνὴκα, ποταπὸν ἐξ ἀρχῆς τὸ + τῆσδε τῆς πόλεως ἦθος, καὶ ταῦτα τῶν ἡλικιωτῶν τῶν ἐμῶν, ὡς ἐμαυτὸν + πείθω, βιβλία ἀνελίξας οὐδενὸς ἀριθμὸν ἐλάττω. λέγεταί τοί ποτε τὸν + ἐπώνυμον τῆσδε τῆς πόλεως βασιλέα, μᾶλλον δὲ οὗπερ ἐπώνυμος ἥδε ἡ + πόλις συνῳκίσθη· πεπόλισται<a id="noteref_715" name="noteref_715" + href="#note_715"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">715</span></span></a> μὲν + γὰρ ὑπὸ Σελεύκου, τοὔνομα δὲ ἔχει ἀπὸ τοῦ Σελεύκου παιδός· ὃν δή + φασι δι᾽ ὑπερβολὴν ἁβρότητος [B] καὶ τρυφῆς ἐρῶντα ἀεὶ καὶ ἐρώμενον + τέλος ἄδικον ἔρωτα τῆς ἑαυτοῦ μητρυιᾶς ἐρασθῆναι· κρύπτειν δ᾽ + ἐθέλοντα τὸ πάθος οὐ δύνασθαι, τὸ σῶμα δ᾽ αὐτῷ κατὰ μικρὸν + τηκόμενον ἀφανῶς οἴχεσθαι, καὶ ὑπορρεῖν τὰς δυνάμεις, καὶ τὸ πνεῦμα + ἔλαττον εἶναι τοῦ συνήθους. ἐῴκει δ᾽ οἶμαι τὰ<a id="noteref_716" + name="noteref_716" href="#note_716"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">716</span></span></a> κατ᾽ + αὐτὸν αἰνίγματι, σαφῆ μὲν οὐκ ἐχούσης αἰτίαν τῆς νόσου, μᾶλλον δὲ + οὐδ᾽ αὐτῆς, [C] ἥτις ποτέ ἐστι, φαινομένης, ἐναργοῦς δ᾽ οὔσης τῆς + περὶ τὸ μειράκιον ἀσθηνίεας. ἐνθάδε μέγας ἆθλος ἰατρῷ προυτέθη τῷ + Σαμίῳ τὴν νόσον, ἥτις ποτέ ἐστιν, ἐξευρεῖν. ὁ δὲ ὑπονοήσας ἐκ τῶν + Ὁμήρου, τίνες ποτέ εἰσιν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page448">[pg + 448]</span><a name="Pg448" id="Pg448" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg449" id="Pg449" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> αἱ γυιοβόροι μελεδῶναι, καὶ ὅτι πολλάκις οὐκ + ἀσθένεια σώματος, ἀλλ᾽ ἀρροστία ψυχῆς αἰτία γίγνεται τηκεδόνος τῷ + σώματι, καὶ τὸ μειράκιον ὁρῶν ὑπό τε ἡλικίας καὶ συνηθείας οὐκ + ἀναφρόδιτον, ὁδὸν ἐτράπετο τοιαύτην ἐπὶ τὴν τοῦ νοσήματος θήραν. + [D] καθίζει πλησίον τῆς κλίνης ἀφορῶν εἰς τὸ πρόσωπον τοῦ + μειρακίου, παριέναι κελεύσας καλούς τε καὶ καλὰς ἀπὸ τῆς βασιλίδος + ἀρξαμένους. ἡ δ᾽ ὡς ἦλθεν, ἐπισκεψομένη δῆθεν αὐτόν, αὐτίκα ἐδίδου + τὰ συνθήματα τοῦ πάθους ὁ νεανίας, ἆσθμα τῶν θλιβομένον ἠφίει, + ἐπέχειν γὰρ αὐτὸ κινούμενον καίπερ σφόδρα ἐθέλων οὐχ οἷός τε ἦν, + καὶ ταραχὴ ἦν τοῦ πνεύματος καὶ πολὺ περὶ τὸ πρόσωπον ἐρύθημα. + [348] ταῦτα ὁρῶν ὁ ἰατρὸς προσάγει τῷ στέρνῳ τὴν χεῖρα, καὶ ἐπήδα + δεινῶς ἡ καρδία καὶ ἔξω ἵετο. τοιαῦτα ἄττα ἔπασχεν ἐκείνης + παρούσης· ἐπεὶ δὲ ἀπῆλθεν, ἐπιόντων ἄλλων, ἀτρέμας εἶχε καὶ ἦν + ὅμοιος τοῖς οὐδὲν πάσχουσι. συνιδὼν δὲ τὸ πάθος ὁ Ἐρασίστρατος + φράζει πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα, καὶ ὃς ὑπὸ τοῦ φιλόπαις εἶναι παραχωρεῖν + ἔφη τῷ παιδὶ τῆς γαμετῆς. ὁ δὲ αὐτίκα μὲν ἠρνήσατο· τελευτήσαντος + δὲ τοῦ πατρὸς μικρὸν ὕστερον, ἣν πρότερον διδομένην αὐτῷ χάριν + εὐγενῶς ἠρνήθη, μάλα κραταιῶς μετεδίωξεν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(When I take all + this into account, I do indeed congratulate you on your good + fortune, though I do not reproach myself. For perhaps it is some + god who has made me prefer my own ways. Be assured then that I have + no grievance against those who quarrel with my way of life and my + choice. But I myself add, as far as I can, to the sarcasms against + myself and with a more liberal hand I pour down on my own head + these abusive charges. For it was due to my own folly that I did + not understand what has been the temper of this city from the + beginning; and that too though I am convinced that I have turned + over quite as many books as any man of my own age. You know of + course the tale that is told about the king who gave his name to + this city—or rather whose name the city received when it was + colonised, for it was founded by Seleucus, though it takes its name + from the son<a id="noteref_717" name="noteref_717" href= + "#note_717"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">717</span></span></a> of + Seleucus—; they say<a id="noteref_718" name="noteref_718" href= + "#note_718"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">718</span></span></a> then + that out of excessive softness and luxury the latter was constantly + falling in love and being loved, and finally he conceived a + dishonourable passion for his own step-mother. And though he wished + to conceal his condition he could not, and little by little his + body began to waste away and to become transparent, and his powers + to wane, and his breathing was feebler than usual. But what could + be the matter with him was, I think, a sort of riddle, since his + malady had no visible cause, or rather it did not even appear what + was its nature, though the youth's weakness was manifest. Then the + physician of Samos<a id="noteref_719" name="noteref_719" href= + "#note_719"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">719</span></span></a> was + set a difficult problem, namely to discover what was the nature of + the malady. Now he, suspecting from the words of Homer<a id= + "noteref_720" name="noteref_720" href="#note_720"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">720</span></span></a> what + is the nature of <span class="tei tei-q">“cares that devour the + limbs,”</span> and that in many cases it is not a bodily weakness + but an infirmity of soul that causes a wasting of the body; and + seeing moreover that the youth was very susceptible to love because + of his time of life and his habits, he took the following way of + tracking down the disease. He sat near the youth's couch and + watched his face, after ordering handsome youths and women to walk + past him, beginning with the queen<a id="noteref_721" name= + "noteref_721" href="#note_721"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">721</span></span></a> + herself. Now when she entered, apparently to see how he was, the + young man at once began to show the symptoms of his malady. He + breathed like one who is being choked; for though he was very + anxious to control his agitated breathing, he could not, but it + became disordered, and a deep blush spread over his face. The + physician on seeing this laid his hand to his breast, and found + that his heart was beating terribly fast and was trying to burst + forth from his breast. Such were his symptoms while she was + present; but when she had gone away and others came in he remained + calm and was like a man in a normal state of health. Then + Erasistratus saw what ailed him and told the king, and he out of + love for his son said that he would give up his wife to him. Now + the youth for the moment refused; but when his father died not long + after, he sought with the greatest vehemence the favour which he + had so honourably refused when it was first offered to him.<a id= + "noteref_722" name="noteref_722" href="#note_722"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">722</span></span></a>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[B] Ἀντιόχῳ μὲν + δὴ ταῦτα ἐποιήθη. τοῖς δ᾽ ἀπ᾽ ἐκείνου γενομένοις οὐ νέμεσις ζηλοῦν + τὸν οἰκιστὴν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page450">[pg + 450]</span><a name="Pg450" id="Pg450" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg451" id="Pg451" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἢ τὸν ἐπώνυμον.<a id="noteref_723" name= + "noteref_723" href="#note_723"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">723</span></span></a> ὥσπερ + γὰρ ἐν τοῖς φυτοῖς εἰκός ἐστι διαδίδοσθαι μέχρι πολλοῦ τὰς + ποιότητας, ἴσως δὲ καὶ ἐπίπαν ὅμοια τὰ μετὰ ταῦτα τοῖς ἐξ ὧν + ἐβλάστησε φύεσθαι, οὕτω καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων εἶναι εἰκὸς παραπλήσια + τὰ ἤθη τῶν ἀπογόνων τοῖς προγόνοις. ἐγώ τοι καὶ αὐτὸς ἔγνων + Ἀθηναίους [C] Ἑλλήνων φιλοτιμοτάτους καὶ φιλανθρωποτάτους· καίτοι + τοῦτό γε ἐπιεικῶς ἐν πᾶσιν εἶδον τοῖς Ἕλλησιν, ἔχω δ᾽ ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν + εἰπεῖν, ὡς καὶ φιλόθεοι μάλιστα πάντων εἰσὶ καὶ δεξιοὶ τὰ πρὸς τοὺς + ξένους, καθόλου μὲν Ἕλληνες πάντες, αὐτῶν δ᾽ Ἑλλήνων πλέον τοῦτο + ἔχω μαρτυρεῖν Ἀθηναίοις. εἰ δὲ ἐκεῖνοι διασώζουσιν εἰκόνα τῆς + παλαιᾶς ἐν τοῖς ἤθεσιν ἀρετῆς, εἰκὸς δήπουθεν τὸ αὐτὸ ὑπάρχειν καὶ + Σύροις καὶ Ἀραβίοις καὶ Κελτοῖς καὶ Θρᾳξὶ καὶ Παίοσι καὶ τοῖς ἐν + μέσῳ κειμένοις Θρᾳκῶν [D] καὶ Παιόνων ἐπ᾽ αὐταῖς Ἴστρου ταῖς ᾐόσι + Μυσοῖς, ὅθεν δὴ καὶ τὸ γένος ἐστί μοι πᾶν ἄγροικον, αὐστηρόν, + ἀδέξιον, ἀναφρόδιτον, ἐμμένον τοῖς κριθεῖσιν ἀμετακινήτως· ἃ δὴ + πάντα ἐστὶ δείγματα δεινῆς ἀγροικίας.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now since this + was the conduct of Antiochus, I have no right to be angry with his + descendants when they emulate their founder or him who gave his + name to the city. For just as in the case of plants it is natural + that their qualities should be transmitted for a long time, or + rather that, in general, the succeeding generation should resemble + its ancestors; so too in the case of human beings it is natural + that the morals of descendants should resemble those of their + ancestors. I myself, for instance, have found that the Athenians + are the most ambitious for honour and the most humane of all the + Greeks. And indeed I have observed that these qualities exist in an + admirable degree among all the Greeks, and I can say for them that + more than all other nations they love the gods, and are hospitable + to strangers; I mean all the Greeks generally, but among them the + Athenians above all as I can bear witness. And if they still + preserve in their characters the image of their ancient virtue, + surely it is natural that the same thing should be true of the + Syrians also, and the Arabs and Celts and Thracians and Paeonians, + and those who dwell between the Thracians and Paeonians, I mean the + Mysians on the very banks of the Danube, from whom my own family is + derived, a stock wholly boorish, austere, awkward, without charm + and abiding immovably by its decisions; all of which qualities are + proofs of terrible boorishness.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Αἰτοῦμαι τοίνυν + ὑπὲρ ἐμαυτοῦ πρῶτον συγγνώμην, ἐν μέρει δὲ καὶ ὑμῖν νέμω τὰ πάτρια + ζηλοῦσιν, οὐδ᾽ ἐν ὀνείδει προφέρομαι τὸ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I therefore ask + for forgiveness, in the first place for myself, and in my turn I + grant it to you also since you emulate the manners of your + forefathers, nor do I bring it against you as a reproach when I say + that you are)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">[349] Ψεῦσταί τ᾽ ὀρχησταί τε + χοροιτυπίῃσιν ἄριστοι,</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Liars and + dancers, well skilled to dance in a chorus</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">;</span><a id="noteref_724" name="noteref_724" + href="#note_724"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">724</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">τοὐναντίον δὲ + ἀντ᾽ ἐγκωμίων ὑμῖν προσεῖναί <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page452">[pg 452]</span><a name="Pg452" id="Pg452" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg453" id="Pg453" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> φημι πατρίων ζῆλον ἐπιτηδευμάτων. ἐπεὶ καὶ + Ὅμηρος ἐπαινῶν τὸν Αὐτόλυκόν φησι περιεῖναι πάντων</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(on the contrary + it is in the place of a panegyric that I ascribe to you emulation + of the practice of your forefathers. For Homer too is praising + Autolycus when he says that he surpassed all men)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Κλεπτοσύνῃ θ᾽ ὅρκῳ τε.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">in stealing + and perjury.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_725" name= + "noteref_725" href="#note_725"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">725</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">καὶ ἐμαυτοῦ τὴν + σκαιότητα καὶ τὴν ἀμαθίαν καὶ τὴν δυσκολίαν [B] καὶ τὸ μὴ ῥᾳδίως + μαλάττεσθαι μηδὲ ἐπὶ τοῖς δεομένοις ἢ τοῖς ἐξαπατῶσι τὰ ἐμαυτοῦ + ποιεῖσθαι μηδὲ ταῖς βοαῖς εἴκειν καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα στέργω ὀνείδη. + πότερα μὲν οὖν ἐστι κουφότερα, θεοῖς ἴσως δῆλον, ἐπείπερ ἀνθρώπων + οὐδεὶς οἷός τε ἡμῖν ἐστιν ὑπὲρ τῶν διαφορῶν βραβεῦσαι· πεισόμεθα + γὰρ οὐδαμῶς αὐτῷ διὰ φιλαυτίαν, θαυμάζειν γὰρ εἰκὸς τὰ ἑαυτοῦ + ἕκαστον, ἀτιμάζειν δὲ τὰ παρὰ τοῖς ἄλλοις. ὁ δὲ τῷ τὰ ἐναντία + ζηλοῦντι νέμων συγγνώμην εἶναί μοι δοκεῖ πρᾳότατος.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And as for my + own awkwardness and ignorance and ill-temper, and my inability to + be influenced, or to mind my own business when people beg me to do + so or try to deceive me and that I cannot yield to their + clamour—even such reproaches I gladly accept. But whether your ways + or mine are more supportable is perhaps clear to the gods, for + among men there is no one capable of arbitrating in our + disagreement. For such is our self-love that we shall never believe + him, since everyone of us naturally admires his own ways and + despises those of other men. In fact he who grants indulgence to + one whose aims are the opposite of his own is, in my opinion, the + most considerate of men.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[C] Ἐγὼ δὲ + ἐννοήσας εὑρίσκω καὶ ἕτερα δεινὰ ἐμαυτὸν εἰργασμένον. πόλει γὰρ + προσιὼν ἐλευθέρᾳ, τὸν αὐχμὸν τῶν τριχῶν οὐκ ἀνεχομένῃ, ὥσπερ οἱ + κουρέων ἀποροῦντες ἄκαρτος καὶ βαθυγένειος εἰσέδραμον· ἐνόμισας ἂν + Σμικρίνην ὁρᾶν ἢ Θρασυλέοντα, δύσκολον πρεσβύτην ἢ στρατιώτην + ἀνόητον, ἐξὸν φανῆναι τῷ καλλωπισμῷ παῖδα ὡραῖον καὶ γενέσθαι + μειράκιον, εἰ μὴ τὴν ἡλικίαν, τὸν τρόπον γε [D] καὶ τὴν ἁβρότητα + τοῦ προσώπου. <span class="tei tei-q">“Οὐκ οἶσθα ἀνθρώποις ὁμιλεῖν, + οὐδ᾽ ἐπαινέτης <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page454">[pg + 454]</span><a name="Pg454" id="Pg454" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg455" id="Pg455" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> εἶ τοῦ Θεόγνιδος, οὐδὲ μιμῇ τὸν ἀφομοιούμενον + ταῖς πέτραις πολύπουν, ἀλλ᾽ ἡ λεγομένη Μυκόνιος ἀγροικία τε καὶ + ἀμαθία καὶ ἀβελτηρία πρὸς πάντας ἐπιτηδεύεται παρὰ σοῦ. λέληθέ σε + ὅτι<a id="noteref_726" name="noteref_726" href= + "#note_726"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">726</span></span></a> + πολλοῦ δεῖ ταῦτα εἶναι Κελτοὶ καὶ Θρᾷκες καὶ Ἰλλυριοί; οὐχ ὁρᾷς, + ὁπόσα μὲν ἐν τῇ πόλει ταύτῃ καπηλεῖα; [350] σὺ δὲ ἀπεχθάνῃ τοῖς + καπήλοις οὐ ξυγχωρῶν ὁπόσου βούλονται πωλεῖν αὐτοὺς<a id= + "noteref_727" name="noteref_727" href="#note_727"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">727</span></span></a> τῷ + δήμῳ τὰ ἐπιτήδεια καὶ τοῖς ἐπιδημοῦσιν. οἱ δὲ τοὺς κεκτημένους τὴν + γῆν αἰτιῶνται. σὺ δὲ καὶ τούτους ἐχθροὺς ποιεῖ σαυτῷ τὰ δίκαια + ποιεῖν ἀναγκάζων. οἱ δὲ ἐν τέλει τῆς πόλεως ἀμφοῖν μετέχοντες ταῖν + ζημίαιν, ὥσπερ οἶιμαι πρότερον ἔχαριρον διχόθεν καρπούμενοι τὰς + ὠφελείας, [B] καὶ ὡς κεκτημένοι καὶ ὡς καπηλεύοντες, τὰ νῦν εἰκότως + λυποῦνται δι᾽ ἀμφοτέρων ἀφῃρημένοι τὰς ἐπικερδείας. ὁ δὲ τῶν Σύρων + δῆμος οὐκ ἔχων μεθύειν οὐδὲ κορδακίζειν ἄχθεται. σὺ δὲ σῖτον + ἄφθονον παρέχων οἴει τρέφειν αὐτοὺς ἱκανῶς. ἐκεῖνο δέ σου χαρίεν, + ὅτι οὐδὲ ὅπως ἰχθὺς ἐν τῇ πόλει πετραῖος ἔσται σκοπεῖς· ἀλλὰ καὶ + πρῴην μεμφομένου τινός, ὡς οὔτε ἰχθυδίων οὔτε ὀρνίθων πολλῶν + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page456">[pg 456]</span><a name= + "Pg456" id="Pg456" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg457" id= + "Pg457" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> εὑρισκομένων ἐν ἀγορᾷ, [C] + τωθαστικὸν μάλα ἐγέλασας, ἄρτου καὶ οἴνου καὶ ἐλαίου τῇ σώφρονι + πόλει δεῖν φάμενος, κρεῶν δ᾽ ἤδη τῇ τρυφώσῃ· τὸ γὰρ καὶ ἰχθύων καὶ + ὀρνιθίων λόγον ποιεῖσθαι πέρα τρυφῆς εἶναι καὶ ἧς οὐδὲ τοῖς ἐν + Ἰθάκῃ μνηστῆρσι μετῆν ἀσελγείας. ὅτῳ δὲ οὐκ ἐν ἡδονῇ κρέα ὕεια καὶ + προβάτεια σιτεῖσθαι, τῶν ὀσπρίων ἁπτόμενος εὖ πράξει. ταῦτα + ἐνόμισας Θρᾳξὶ νομοθετεῖν [D] τοῖς σεαυτοῦ πολίταις ἢ τοῖς + ἀναισθήτοις Γαλάταις, οἵ σε ἐπαιδοτρίβησαν καθ᾽ ἡμῶν <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘πρίνινον, σφενδάμνινον,’</span> οὐκέτι μέντοι καὶ + <span class="tei tei-q">‘Μαραθωνομάχον,’</span> ἀλλ᾽ Ἀχαρνέα μὲν ἐξ + ἡμισείας, ἀηδῆ δ᾽ ἄνδρα παντάπασι καὶ ἄνθρωπον ἄχαριν. οὐ κρεῖττον + ἦν ὀδωδέναι μύρων τὴν ἀγορὰν βαδίζοντός σου καὶ παῖδας ἡγεῖσθαι + καλούς, εἰς οὓς ἀποβλέψουσιν οἱ πολῖται, καὶ χοροὺς γυναικῶν, + ὁποῖοι παρ᾽ ἡμῖν ἵστανται καθ᾽ ἑκάστην ἡμέραν;”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But now I come + to ponder the matter I find that I have committed yet other + terrible sins. For though I was coming to a free city which cannot + tolerate unkempt hair, I entered it unshaven and with a long beard, + like men who are at a loss for a barber. One would have thought it + was some Smicrines<a id="noteref_728" name="noteref_728" href= + "#note_728"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">728</span></span></a> he + saw, or some Thrasyleon, some ill-tempered old man or crazy + soldier, when by beautifying myself I might have appeared as a + blooming boy and transformed myself into a youth, if not in years, + at any rate in manners and effeminacy of features. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“You do not know,”</span> you answer, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“how to mix with people, and cannot approve of the + maxim of Theognis,<a id="noteref_729" name="noteref_729" href= + "#note_729"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">729</span></span></a> for + you do not imitate the polypus which takes on the colours of the + rocks. Nay rather you behave to all men with the proverbial + Myconian<a id="noteref_730" name="noteref_730" href= + "#note_730"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">730</span></span></a> + boorishness and ignorance and stupidity. Are you not aware that we + here are far from being Celts or Thracians or Illyrians? Do you not + see what a number of shops there are in this city? But you are + hated by the shopkeepers because you do not allow them to sell + provisions to the common people and those who are visiting the city + at a price as high as they please. The shopkeepers blame the + landowners for the high prices; but you make these men also your + enemies, by compelling them to do what is just. Again, those who + hold office in the city are subject to both penalties; I mean that + just as, before you came, they obviously used to enjoy profits from + both sources, both as landowners and as shopkeepers, so naturally + they are now aggrieved on both accounts, since they have been + robbed of their profits from both sources. Then the whole body of + Syrian citizens are discontented because they cannot get drunk and + dance the cordax.<a id="noteref_731" name="noteref_731" href= + "#note_731"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">731</span></span></a> You, + however, think that you are feeding them well enough if you provide + them with plenty of corn. Another charming thing about you is that + you do not even take care that the city shall have shell-fish. Nay + more, when someone complained the other day that neither shell-fish + nor much poultry could be found in the market, you laughed very + maliciously and said that a well-conducted city needs bread, wine + and olive oil, but meat only when it is growing luxurious.<a id= + "noteref_732" name="noteref_732" href="#note_732"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">732</span></span></a> For + you said that even to speak of fish and poultry is the extreme of + luxury and of profligacy such as was beyond the reach of even the + suitors in Ithaca; and that anyone who did not enjoy eating pork + and mutton<a id="noteref_733" name="noteref_733" href= + "#note_733"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">733</span></span></a> would + fare very well if he took to vegetables.<a id="noteref_734" name= + "noteref_734" href="#note_734"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">734</span></span></a> You + must have thought that you were laying down these rules for + Thracians, your own fellow-citizens, or for the uncultured people + of Gaul who—so much the worse for us!—trained you to be + <span class="tei tei-q">‘a heart of maple, a heart of oak,’</span> + though not indeed <span class="tei tei-q">‘one who fought at + Marathon’</span><a id="noteref_735" name="noteref_735" href= + "#note_735"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">735</span></span></a> also, + but rather to be half of you an Acharnian and altogether an + unpleasant person and an ungracious fellow. Would it not be better + that the market place should be fragrant with myrrh when you walk + there and that you should be followed by a troop of handsome boys + at whom the citizens could stare, and by choruses of women like + those that exhibit themselves every day in our city?”</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[351] Ἐμὲ δὲ + ὑγρὸν βλέπειν ῥιπτοῦντα πανταχοῦ τὰ ὄμματα, ὅπως ὑμῖν καλός, οὔτι + τὴν ψυχήν, ἀλλὰ τὸ πρόσωπον ὀφθείην, ὁ τρόπος οὐ συγχωρεῖ. ἔστι + γάρ, ὡς ὑμεῖς κρίνετε, ψυχῆς ἀληθινὸν κάλλος ὑγρότης βίου. ἐμὲ δὲ ὁ + παιδαγωγὸς ἐδίδασκεν εἰς γῆν βλέπειν ἐς διδασκάλου φοιτῶντα· + θέατρον δ᾽ οὐκ εἶδον πρὶν μᾶλλον κομῆσαι τῆς <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page458">[pg 458]</span><a name="Pg458" id="Pg458" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg459" id="Pg459" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> κεφαλῆς τὸ γένειον, ἐν ἐκείνῳ δὲ τῆς ἡλικίας + ἰδίᾳ μὲν καὶ κατ᾽ ἐμαυτὸν οὐδέποτε, τρίτον δὲ ἢ τέταρτον, εὖ ἴστε, + [B] Πατρόκλῳ ἐπίηρα φέρων ἄρχων ἐπέταττεν οἰκεῖος ὢν ἐμοὶ καὶ + ἀναγκαῖος· ἐτύγχανον δὲ ἰδιώτης ἔτι· σύγγνωτε οὖν ἐμοί· δίδωμι γὰρ + ὃν ἀντ᾽ ἐμοῦ δικαιότερον μισήσετε τὸν φιλαπεχθήμονα παιδαγωγόν, ὅς + με καὶ τότε ἐλύπει μίαν ὁδὸν ἰέναι διδάσκων καὶ νῦν αἴτιος ἐστί μοι + τῆς πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἀπεχθείας, [C] ἐνεργασάμενος τῇ ψυχῇ καὶ ὥσπερ + ἐντυπώσας ὅπερ ἐγὼ μὲν οὐκ ἐβουλόμην τότε, ὁ δὲ ὡς δή τι χαρίεν + ποιῶν μάλα προθύμως ἐνετίθει, καλῶν οἶμαι σεμνότητα τὴν ἀγροικίαν + καὶ σωφροσύνην τὴν ἀναισθησίαν, ἀνδρείαν δὲ τὸ μὴ εἴκειν ταῖς + ἐπιθυμίαις μηδ᾽ εὐδαίμονα ταύτῃ γίνεσθαι. ἔφη δέ μοι πολλάκις, εὖ + ἴστε, ναὶ μὰ Δία καὶ μούσας, ὁ παιδαγωγὸς ἔτι παιδαρίῳ κομιδῇ, Μή + σε παραπειθέτω τὸ πλῆθος τῶν ἡλικιωτῶν ἐπὶ τὰ θέατρα [D] φερόμενον + ὀρεχθῆναί ποτε ταυτησὶ τῆς θέας. ἱπποδρομίας ἐπιθυμεῖς; ἔστι παρ᾽ + Ὁμήρῳ δεξιώτατα πεποιημένη· λαβὼν ἐπέξιθι τὸ βιβλίον. τοὺς + παντομίμους ἀκούεις ὀρχηστάς; ἔα χαίρειν αὐτούς· ἀνδρικώτερον παρὰ + τοῖς Φαίαξιν ὀρχεῖται τὰ μειράκια· σὺ δ᾽ ἔχεις κιθαρῳδὸν τὸν Φήμιον + καὶ ᾠδὸν τὸν Δημόδοκον. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page460">[pg + 460]</span><a name="Pg460" id="Pg460" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg461" id="Pg461" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἔστι καὶ φυτὰ παρ᾽ αὐτῷ πολλὰ τερπνότερα + ἀκοῦσαι τῶν ὁρωμένων·</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(No, my + temperament does not allow me to look wanton, casting my eyes in + all directions in order that in your sight I may appear beautiful, + not indeed in soul but in face. For, in your judgment, true beauty + of soul consists in a wanton life. I, however, was taught by my + tutor to look on the ground when I was on my way to school; and as + for a theatre, I never saw one until I had more hair on my chin + than on my head,<a id="noteref_736" name="noteref_736" href= + "#note_736"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">736</span></span></a> and + even at that age it was never on my own account and by my own wish, + but three or four times, you must know, the governor who was my + kinsman and near relative, <span class="tei tei-q">“doing a favour + to Patroclus,”</span> ordered me to attend; it was while I was + still a private individual.<a id="noteref_737" name="noteref_737" + href="#note_737"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">737</span></span></a> + Therefore forgive me. For I hand over to you instead of myself one + whom you will more justly detest, I mean that curmudgeon my tutor + who even then used to harass me by teaching me to walk in one + straight path<a id="noteref_738" name="noteref_738" href= + "#note_738"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">738</span></span></a> and + now he is responsible for my quarrel with you. It was he who + wrought in my soul and as it were carved therein what I did not + then desire, though he was very zealous in implanting it, as though + he were producing some charming characteristic; and boorishness he + called dignity, lack of taste he called sobriety, and not yielding + to one's desires or achieving happiness by that means he called + manliness. I assure you, by Zeus and the Muses, that while I was + still a mere boy my tutor would often say to me: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Never let the crowd of your playmates who flock to the + theatres lead you into the mistake of craving for such spectacles + as these. Have you a passion for horse races? There is one in + Homer,<a id="noteref_739" name="noteref_739" href= + "#note_739"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">739</span></span></a> very + cleverly described. Take the book and study it. Do you hear them + talking about dancers in pantomime? Leave them alone! Among the + Phaeacians the youths dance in more manly fashion. And for + citharode<a id="noteref_740" name="noteref_740" href= + "#note_740"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">740</span></span></a> you + have Phemius; for singer Demodocus. Moreover there are in Homer + many plants more delightful to hear of than those that we can + see:)</span></p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Δήλῳ δή ποτε τοῖον Ἀπόλλωνος + παρὰ βωμὸν</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">[352] Φοίνικος νέον ἔρνος + ἀνερχόμενον ἐνόησα.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Even so did I once see the young shoot of a date + palm springing up near the altar of Apollo on + Delos.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><a id= + "noteref_741" name="noteref_741" href="#note_741"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">741</span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">καὶ ἡ δενδρήεσσα + τῆς Καλυψοῦς νῆσος καὶ τὰ τῆς Κίρκης σπήλαια καὶ ὁ Ἀλκίνου κῆπος· + εὖ ἴσθι, τούτων οὐδὲν ὄψει τερπνότερον.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(<span class= + "tei tei-q">“And consider the wooded island of Calypso and the + caves of Circe and the garden of Alcinous; be assured that you will + never see anything more delightful than these.”</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἆρα ποθεῖτε καὶ + τοὔνομα ὑμῖν φράσω τοῦ παιδαγωγοῦ, καὶ ὅστις ὢν γένος ταῦτα ἔλεγε; + βάρβαρος νὴ θεοὺς καὶ θεάς, Σκύθης μὲν τὸ γένος, ὁμώνυμος δὲ τοῦ + τὸν Ξέρξην ἀναπείσαντος ἐπὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα στρατεῦσαι, καὶ τὸ + πολυθρύλητον τοῦτο δὴ [B] πρὸ μηνῶν μὲν εἴκοσι προσκυνούμενον + ὄνομα, νυνὶ δὲ προφερόμενον ἀντ᾽ ἀδικήματος καὶ ὀνείδους, εὐνοῦχος + ἦν, ὑπὸ τὠμῷ τεθραμμένος πάππῳ, τὴν μητέρα τὴν ἐμὴν ὅπως ἀγάγοι διὰ + τῶν Ὁμήρου καὶ Ἡσιόδου ποιημάτων. ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ἐκείνη πρῶτον ἐμὲ καὶ + μόνον τεκοῦσα μησὶν ὕστερον ὀλίγοις ἐτελεύτησεν ὑπὸ τῆς ἀμήτορος + παρθένου πολλῶν [C] συμφορῶν ἐκκλαπεῖσα κόρη καὶ νέα, μετ᾽ ἐνιαυτὸν + ἕβδομον αὐτῷ παρεδόθην. οὗτος ἐξ ἐκείνου ταῦτα ἀνέπεισεν ἄγων ἐς + διδασκάλου μίαν ὁδόν· ἄλλην δ᾽ οὔτ᾽ αὐτὸς εἰδέναι <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page462">[pg 462]</span><a name="Pg462" id="Pg462" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg463" id="Pg463" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> θέλων οὔτ᾽ ἐμοὶ βαδίζειν ξυγχωρῶν ἐποίησεν + ἀπεχθάνεσθαί με πᾶσιν ὑμῖν. ἀλλ᾽, εἰ δοκεῖ, σπεισώμεθα πρὸς αὐτὸν + ἐγώ τε καὶ ὑμεῖς τὴν ἀπέχθειαν λύσαντες. οὔτε γὰρ ἠπίστατο πρὸς + ὑμᾶς ἀφιξόμενον οὔτ᾽, εἰ τὰ μάλιστα φοιτᾶν μέλλοιμι, [D] ὅτι καὶ + ἄρχων προσεδόκα, καὶ τοσαύτην ἀρχήν, ὅσην ἔδωκαν οἱ θεοί, πολλὰ + ὁμοῦ βιασάμενοι, πείσθητέ μοι, καὶ τὸν διδόντα καὶ τὸν δεχόμενον. + ἐῴκει γὰρ ἡμῶν οὐδέτερος ἐθέλειν οὔτε ὁ διδοὺς τὴν τιμὴν ἢ χάριν ἢ + ὅ,τι φίλον ὑμῖν αὐτὸ ὀνομάζειν δοῦναι, καὶ ὁ λαμβάνων, ὡς ἴσασιν οἱ + θεοὶ πάντες, ἀληθῶς ἠρνεῖτο. καὶ δὴ τοῦτο μὲν ὅπῃ τοῖς θεοῖς φίλον + ἔχει τε καὰ ἕξει. τυχὸν δὲ ὁ παιδαγωγὸς εἰ προύγνω τοῦτο, [353] + πολλὴν ἂν ἐποιήσατο προμήθειαν, ὅπως ὅ,τι μάλιστα ὑμῖν φανείην + κεχαρισμένος.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And now do you + want me to tell you also my tutor's name and the nationality of the + man who used to say these things? He was a barbarian, by the gods + and goddesses; by birth he was a Scythian, and he had the same + name<a id="noteref_742" name="noteref_742" href= + "#note_742"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">742</span></span></a> as + the man who persuaded Xerxes to invade Greece. Moreover he was a + eunuch, a word which, twenty months ago,<a id="noteref_743" name= + "noteref_743" href="#note_743"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">743</span></span></a> was + constantly heard and revered, though it is now applied as an insult + and a term of abuse. He had been brought up under the patronage of + my grandfather, in order that he might instruct my mother<a id= + "noteref_744" name="noteref_744" href="#note_744"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">744</span></span></a> in + the poems of Homer and Hesiod. And since she, after giving birth to + me her first and only child, died a few months later, snatched away + while she was still a young girl by the motherless maiden<a id= + "noteref_745" name="noteref_745" href="#note_745"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">745</span></span></a> from + so many misfortunes that were to come, I was handed over to him + after my seventh year. From that time he won me over to these views + of his, and led me to school by one straight path; and since + neither he himself desired to know any other nor allowed me to + travel by any other path, it is he who has caused me to be hated by + all of you. However, if you agree, let us make a truce with him, + you and I, and make an end of our quarrel. For he neither knew that + I should visit you nor did he anticipate that, even supposing I was + likely to come here, it would be as a ruler, and that too over so + great an empire as the gods bestowed on me; though they did not do + so, believe me, without using great compulsion both towards him who + offered and him who accepted it. For neither of us had the air of + being willing; since he who offered that honour or favour or + whatever you may please to call it, was unwilling to bestow it, + while he who received it was sincere in steadily refusing it. This + matter, however, is and shall be as the gods will. But perhaps if + my tutor had foreseen this he would have exercised much forethought + to the end that I might, as far as possible, seem agreeable in your + eyes.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Εἶτα οὐκ ἔξεστιν + ἀποθέσθαι νῦν καὶ μεταμαθεῖν εἴ τι πρότερον ἡμῖν ἄγροικον ἦθος + ἐνετράφη; Ἔθος, φασί, δευτέρη φύσις· φύσει μάχεσθαι δ᾽ ἔργον, ἐτῶν + τριάκοντα μελέτην ἀφεῖναι παγχάλεπον ἄλλως τε καὶ μετὰ τοσαύτης + ἐγγενομένην τῆς χαλεπότητος· ἐμοὶ δὲ ἤδη πλείω τούτων ἐστίν. Εἶεν· + [B] ἀλλὰ τί παθὼν αὐτὸς ἐπιχειρεῖς ἀκροᾶσθαι περὶ τῶν συμβολαίων + καὶ δικάζειν; οὐ γὰρ δὴ καὶ τοῦτό σε ὁ παιδαγωγὸς ἐδίδασκεν, ὃς + οὐδ᾽ εἰ ἄρξεις ἠπίστατο. Δεινὸς δὲ ἀνέπεισε γέρων, ὃν καὶ ὑμειῖς + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page464">[pg 464]</span><a name= + "Pg464" id="Pg464" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg465" id= + "Pg465" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ὡς ὄντα μάλιστα αἰτιώτατον τῶν + ἐμῶν ἐπιτηδευμάτων ὀρθῶς ποιοῦντες ξυλλοιδορεῖτέ μοι, καὶ τοῦτον + δ᾽, εὖ ἴστε, ὑπ᾽ ἄλλων ἐξηπατημένον. ὀνόματα ἥκει πρὸς ὑμᾶς + πολλάκις κωμῳδούμενα, Πλάτων καὶ Σωκράτης καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης καὶ + Θεόφραστος. [C] ἐκείνοις ὁ γέρων οὗτος πεισθεὶς ὑπ᾽ ἀφροσύνης, + ἔπειτα ἐμὲ νέον εὑρών, ἐραστὴν λόγων, ἀνέπεισεν, ὡς, εἰ τὰ πάντα + ἐκείνων ζηλωτὴς γενοίμην, ἀμείνων ἔσομαι τῶν μὲν ἄλλων ἀνθρώπων + ἴσως οὐδενός· οὐ γὰρ εἶναί μοι πρὸς αὐτοὺς τὴν ἅμιλλαν· ἐμαυτοῦ δὲ + πάντως. ἐγὼ δέ· οὐ γὰρ εἶχον ὅ,τι ποιῶ· πεισθεὶς οὐκέτι δύναμαι + μεταθέσθαι, καὶ ταῦτα ἐθέλων πολλάκις, [D] ἀλλ᾽ ὀνειδίζω μὲν + ἐμαυτῷ, διότι μὴ ποιῶ πᾶσιν ἄδειαν<a id="noteref_746" name= + "noteref_746" href="#note_746"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">746</span></span></a> + ἁπάντων ἀδικημάτων· ὕπεισι δέ με ἐκ τῶν Πλάτωνος ὅσα ὁ Ἀθηναῖος + διεξῆλθε ξένος, <span class="tei tei-q">“Τίμιος μὲν δὴ καὶ ὁ μηδὲν + ἀδικῶν, ὁ δὲ μηδ᾽ ἐπιτρέπων τοῖς ἀδικοῦσιν ἀδικεῖν πλέον ἢ + διπλασίας τιμῆς ἄξιος ἐκείνου· ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἑνός, ὁ δὲ πολλῶν ἀντάξιος + ἑτέρων, μηνύων τὴν τῶν ἄλλων τοῖς ἄρχουσιν ἀδικίαν. ὁ δὲ καὶ + συγκολάζων εἰς δύναμιν τοῖς ἄρχουσιν, [354] ὁ μέγας ἀνὴρ ἐν πόλει + καὶ τέλειος, οὗτος ἀναγορευέσθω νικηφόρος ἀρετῆς. τὸν αὐτὸν δὴ + τοῦτον ἔπαινον καὶ περὶ σωφροσύνης χρὴ λέγειν καὶ περὶ φρονήσεως + καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα ἀγαθά τις κέκτηται, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page466">[pg 466]</span><a name="Pg466" id="Pg466" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg467" id="Pg467" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> δυνατὰ μὴ μόνον αὐτὸν ἔχειν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἄλλοις + μεταδιδόναι.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(What then, you + will ask, is it not possible even now for me to lay aside my + character, and to repent of the boorish temper that was bred in me + in earlier days? Habit, as the saying goes, is second nature. But + to fight with nature is hard; and to shake off the training of + thirty years is very difficult, especially when it was carried on + with such painful effort, and I am already more than thirty years + old. <span class="tei tei-q">“Well and good,”</span> you answer, + <span class="tei tei-q">“but what is the matter with you that you + try to hear and decide cases about contracts? For surely your tutor + did not teach you this also, since he did not even know whether you + would govern.”</span> Yes, it was that terrible old man who + convinced me that I ought to do so; and you also do well to help me + to abuse him, since he is of all men most responsible for my way of + life; though he too, you must know, had in his turn been misled by + others. Theirs are names that you have often met when they are + ridiculed in Comedy—I mean Plato and Socrates, Aristotle and + Theophrastus. This old man in his folly was first convinced by + them, and then he got hold of me, since I was young and loved + literature, and convinced me that if I would emulate those famous + men in all things I should become better, not perhaps than other + men—for it was not with them that I had to compete—but certainly + better than my former self. Accordingly, since I had no choice in + the matter, I obeyed him, and now I am no longer able to change my + character, though indeed I often wish I could, and I blame myself + for not granting to all men impunity for all wrong-doing. But then + the words of the Athenian stranger in Plato occur to my mind: + <span class="tei tei-q">“Though he who does no wrong himself is + worthy of honour, he who does not allow the wicked to do wrong is + worthy of more than twice as much honour. For whereas the former is + responsible for one man only, the latter is responsible for many + others besides himself, when he reports to the magistrates the + wrong-doing of the rest. And he who as far as he can helps the + magistrates to punish wrong-doers, himself being the great and + powerful man in the city, let him I say be proclaimed as winner of + the prize for virtue. And we ought to utter the same eulogy with + regard to temperance also, and wisdom and all the other good + qualities that such a man possesses, and which are such that he is + able not only to have them himself but also to impart them to other + men.”</span><a id="noteref_747" name="noteref_747" href= + "#note_747"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">747</span></span></a>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ταῦτα ἐδίδασκέ + με νομίζων ἰδιώτην ἔσεσθαι· [B] καὶ γὰρ οὐδὲ προύγνω ταύτην ἐκ Διός + μοι τὴν τύχην ἐσομένην, εἰς ἣν νῦν ὁ θεὸς φέρων κατέστησεν. ἐγὼ δὲ + αἰσχυνόμενος ἄρχων ἰδιώτου φαυλότερος εἶναι λέληθα ἐμαυτόν, οὐδὲν + δέον, ὑμῖν τῆς ἀγροικίας μεταδιδοὺς τῆς ἐμαυτοῦ. καί με ἕτερος τῶν + Πλάτωνος νόμων ὑπομνησθέντα ἐμαυτοῦ πεποίηκεν ἀπεχθάνεσθαι πρὸς + ὑμᾶς, ὅς φησι δεῖν αἰδῶ καὶ σωφροσύνην ἀσκεῖν τοὺς ἄρχοντας καὶ + τοὺς πρεσβυτέρους, [C] ἵνα τὰ πλήθη πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἀποβλέποντα + κοσμῆται. μόνῳ οὖν μοι, μᾶλλον δὲ ξὺν ὀλίγοις ἐπιτηδεύοντι νῦν + τοῦτο πρὸς θάτερα περιέστη καὶ γέγονεν οὐκ ἀπεικότως ἐν ὀνείδει. + ἑπτὰ γάρ ἐσμεν οἵδε παρ᾽ ὑμῖν ξένοι νεήλυδες, εἷς δὲ καὶ πολίτης + ὑμέτερος, Ἑρμῇ φίλος καὶ ἐμοί, λόγων ἀγαθὸς δημιουργός, οἷς οὐδέν + ἐστι πρός τινα συμβόλαιον, οὐδ᾽ ἄλλην ὁδὸν βαδίζομεν ἦ πρὸς τὰ τῶν + θεῶν ἱερά, [D] καὶ ὀλιγάκις, οὐ πάντες, εἰς τὰ θέατρα, πεποιημένοι + τὸ δυσκλεέστατον τῶν ἔργων <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page468">[pg 468]</span><a name="Pg468" id="Pg468" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg469" id="Pg469" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ ἐπονειδιστότατον<a id="noteref_748" name= + "noteref_748" href="#note_748"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">748</span></span></a> τοῦ + βίου τέλος· ἐπιτρέψουσί μοι πάντως οἱ τῶν Ἑλλήνων σοφοὶ φάναι τι + τῶν παρ᾽ ὑμῖν ἐπιπολαζόντων· οὐ γὰρ ἔχω πῶς ἂν αὐτὸ μᾶλλον + ἐνδειξαίμην· ἐπὶ τῆς μεσιτείας αὑτοὺς ἐτάξαμεν, οὕτω περὶ πολλοῦ + ποιούμεθα τὸ προσκρούειν ὑμῖν καὶ ἀπεχθάνεσθαι, δέον ἀρέσκειν καὶ + θωπεύειν. ὁ δεῖνα ἐβιάσατο τὸν δεῖνα. Τί τοῦτο, ὦ μῶρε, πρὸς σέ; + κοινωνεῖν ἐξὸν μετ᾽ εὐνοίας τῶν ἀδικημάτων, ἀφεὶς τὸ κέρδος ἔχθραν + ἐπαναιρῇ, [355] καὶ τοῦτο ποιῶν ὀρθῶς οἴει ποιεῖν καὶ φρονεῖν ὑπὲρ + τῶν σεαυτοῦ. λογίσασθαι ἐχρῆν, ὅτι τῶν μὲν ἀδικουμένων οὐδεὶς + αἰτιᾶται τοὺς ἄρχοντας, ἀλλὰ τὸν ἀδικήσαντα, ὁ δ᾽ ἀδικῶν εἶτα + εἰργόμενος, ἀφεὶς μέμφεσθαι τὸν ἀδικούμενον, εἰς τοὺς ἄρχοντας + τρέπει τὸ ἄχθος.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(These things he + taught me when he thought that I should be a private citizen. For + he certainly did not foresee that there would be assigned to me by + Zeus this lot in life to which the god has now brought me and has + set me therein. But I, because I was ashamed to be less virtuous as + a ruler than I had been as a private citizen, have unconsciously + given you the benefit of my own boorishness, though there was no + necessity. And another of Plato's laws has made me take thought for + myself and so become hateful in your eyes: I mean the law which + says that those who govern, and also the older men, ought to train + themselves in respect for others and in self-control, in order that + the masses may look to them and so order their own lives aright. + Now since I alone, or rather in company with a few others, am now + pursuing this course, it has had a very different result and has + naturally become a reproach against me. For we here are only seven + persons, strangers and newcomers in your city,—though indeed one of + our number is a fellow-citizen of yours, a man dear to Hermes and + to me, an excellent craftsman of discourses.<a id="noteref_749" + name="noteref_749" href="#note_749"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">749</span></span></a> And + we have business dealings with no man, nor do we go by any road + that does not lead to the temples of the gods; and seldom, and then + not all of us, do we go to the theatres, since we have adopted the + most inglorious line of conduct and the most unpopular aim and end + of life. The wise men of Greece will surely allow me to repeat some + of the sayings current among you; for I have no better way of + illustrating what I mean. We have stationed ourselves in the middle + of the road, so highly do we prize the opportunity to collide with + you and to be disliked, when we ought rather to try to please and + flatter you. <span class="tei tei-q">“So-and-so has oppressed + So-and-so.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Fool! What business is + it of yours? When it was in your power to win his good-will by + becoming the partner in his wrong-doing, you first let the profit + go, and incur hatred besides; and when you do this you think that + you are doing right and are wise about your own affairs. You ought + to have taken into account that, when men are wronged, not one of + them ever blames the magistrates but only the man who has wronged + him; but the man who seeks to do wrong and is prevented from it, + far from blaming his proposed victim, turns his grievance against + the magistrates.</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐξὸν οὖν ὑπὸ τῆς + εὐλογιστίας ταύτης ἀπέχεσθαι μὲν τοῦ τὰ δίκαια ποιεῖν ἀναγκάζειν, + ἐπιτρέψαι δ᾽ ἑκάστῳ πράττειν ὅ, τι [B] ἂν ἐθέλῃ καὶ δυνατὸς ᾖ· τὸ + γὰρ τῆς πόλεως ἦθος οἶμαι τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν, ἐλεύθερον λίαν· σὺ δὲ οὐ + ξυνεὶς ἄρχεσθαι αὐτοὺς μετὰ φρονήσεως ἀξιοῖς; οὐδ᾽ ἀπέβλεψας ὅση + καὶ μέχρι τῶν ὄνων ἐστὶν ἐλευθερία παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς καὶ τῶν καμήλων; + ἄγουσί τοι καὶ ταύτας οἱ μισθωτοὶ διὰ τῶν στοῶν ὥσπερ τὰς νύμφας· + οἱ γὰρ ὑπαίθριοι στενωποὶ καὶ αἱ πλατεῖαι τῶν ὁδῶν οὐκ ἐπὶ τούτῳ + δήπου πεποίηνται, τῷ χρῆσθαι <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page470">[pg 470]</span><a name="Pg470" id="Pg470" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg471" id="Pg471" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> αὐταῖς τοὺς κανθηλίους, ἀλλ᾽ ἐκεῖναι μὲν αὐτὸ + δὴ τοῦτο κόσμου τινὸς ἕνεκα πρόκεινται καὶ πολυτελείας, [C] χρῆσθαι + δὲ ὑπ᾽ ἐλευθερίας οἱ ὄνοι βούλονται ταῖς στοαῖς, εἴργει δ᾽ αὐτοὺς + οὐδεὶς οὐδενός, ἵνα μὴ τὴν ἐλευθερίαν ἀφέληται· οὕτως ἡ πόλις ἐστὶν + ἐλευθέρα. σὺ δὲ ἀξιοῖς τοὺς ἐν αὐτῇ νεανίσκους ἄγειν ἡσυχίαν καὶ + μάλιστα μὲν φρονεῖν ὅ, τι σοι φίλον, εἰ δὲ μή, φθέγγεσθαι ὅσων ἂν + ἡδέως ἀκούσῃς.<a id="noteref_750" name="noteref_750" href= + "#note_750"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">750</span></span></a> οἱ δὲ + ὑπ᾽ ἐλευθερίας εἰώθασι κωμάζειν, ἀεὶ μὲν ἐπιεικῶς αὐτὸ ποιοῦντες, + ἐν δὲ ταῖς ἑορταῖς πλέον.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(<span class= + "tei tei-q">“Then when it was in your power by the aid of this + careful reasoning to refrain from compelling us to do what is just; + when you might have allowed every man to do whatever he pleases and + has the power to do,—for the temper of the city is surely like + that, excessively independent—do you then, I say, fail to + understand this and assert that the citizens ought to be wisely + governed? Have you not even observed what great independence exists + among the citizens, even down to the very asses and camels? The men + who hire them out lead even these animals through the porticoes as + though they were brides. For the unroofed alleys and the broad + highways were certainly not made for the use of pack-asses, but + they are provided merely for show and as an extravagance; but in + their independence the asses prefer to use the porticoes, and no + one keeps them out of any one of these, for fear he should be + robbing them of their independence; so independent is our city! And + yet you think that even the charming youths in the city ought to + keep quiet and, if possible, think whatever you like, but at any + rate utter only what is agreeable for you to hear! But it is their + independence that makes them hold revels; and this they always do + handsomely, but during the festivals they revel more than + usual.”</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἔδωκάν ποτε τῶν + τοιούτων σκωμμάτων Ῥωμαίοις Ταραντῖνοι δίκας, [D] ὅτι μεθύοντες ἐν + τοῖς Διονυσίοις ὕβρισαν αὐτῶν τὴν πρεσβείαν. ὑμεῖς δέ ἐστε τῶν + Ταραντίνων τὰ πάντα εὐδαιμονέστεροι, ἀντὶ μὲν ὀλίγων ἡμερῶν ὅλον + εὐπαθοῦντες ἐνιαυτόν, ἀντὶ δὲ τῶν ξένων πρέσβεων εἰς αὐτοὺς + ἐξυβρίζοντες τοὺς ἄρχοντας καὶ τούτων εἰς τὰς ἐπὶ τοῦ γενείου + τρίχας καὶ τὰ ἐν τοῖς νομίσμασι χαράγματα. [356] εὖ γε, ὦ πολῖται + σώφρονες, οἵ τε παίζοντες τὰ τοιαῦτα καὶ οἱ τῶν παιζόντων + ἀποδεχόμενοι καὶ ἀπολαύοντες. δῆλον γάρ, ὅτι τοῖς μὲν ἡδονὴν + παρέχει τὸ λέγειν, τοὺς δὲ τὸ ἀκροᾶσθαι τῶν τοιούτων σκωμμάτων + εὐφραίνει. ταύτης ὑμῖν ἐγὼ τῆς ὁμονοίας συνήδομαι, καὶ εὖ γε + ποιεῖτε μία δὴ πόλις ὄντες τὰ τοιαῦτα, ὡς ἐκεῖνό γε οὐδαμοῦ + σπουδαῖον οὐδὲ ζηλωτὸν εἴργειν [B] καὶ κολάζειν τῶν νέων τὸ + ἀκόλαστον. παραιρεῖσθαι γάρ ἐστι καὶ ἀποθραύειν τῆς ἐλευθερίας τὸ + κεφάλαιον, εἴ τις ἀφέλοιτο τοῦ λέγειν <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page472">[pg 472]</span><a name="Pg472" id="Pg472" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg473" id="Pg473" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ πράττειν ὅ,τι βούλονται τοὺς ἀνθρώπους. + ὀρθῶς οὖν ὑμεῖς τοῦτο εἰδότες, ὅτι δεῖ τὰ πάντα ἐλευθέρους εἶναι, + πρῶτον ἐπετρέψατε ταῖς γυναιξὶν ἄρχειν αὑτῶν, ἵνα ὑμῖν ὦσι λίαν + ἐλεύθεραι καὶ ἀκόλαστοι, εἶτα ἐκείναις ξυνεχωρήσατε ἀνάγειν τὰ + παιδία, [C] μή ποτε ὑμῖν ἀρχῆς πειρώμενα τραχυτέρας ἔπειτα ἀποφανθῇ + δοῦλα, καὶ γενόμενα μειράκια πρῶτον αἰδεῖσθαι διδαχθῇ τοὺς + πρεσβυτέρους, ὑπὸ δὲ τῆς οὕτω κακῆς συνηθείας εὐλαβέστερα γένηται + πρὸς τοὺς ἄρχοντασ, καὶ τέλος οὐκ εἰς ἄνδρας, ἀλλ᾽ εἰς ἀνδράποδα + τελέσαντες καὶ γενόμενοι σώφρονες καὶ ἐπιεικεῖς καὶ κόσμιοι λάθωσι + διαφθαρέντες παντάπασι. τί οὖν αἱ γυναῖκες; ἐπὶ τὰ σφέτερα + σεβάσματα ἄγουσιν αὐτὰ δι᾽ ἡδονῆς, ὃ δη μακαριώτατον εἶναι [D] + φαίνεται καὶ πολυτίμητον οὐκ ἀνθρώποις μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ θηρίοις. + ἔνθεν οἶμαι συμβαίνει μάλα ὑμῖν εὐδαίμοσιν εἶναι πᾶσαν ἀρνουμένοις + δουλείαν, ἀπὸ τῆς εἰς τοὺς θεοὺς ἀρξαμένοις<a id="noteref_751" + name="noteref_751" href="#note_751"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">751</span></span></a> + πρῶτον, εἶτα τοὺς νόμους καὶ τρίτον τοὺς νομοφύλακας ἡμᾶς. ἄτοποί + τε ἂν εἴημεν ἡμεῖς, εἰ τῶν θεῶν περιορώντων οὕτως ἐλευθέραν τὴν + πόλιν καὶ οὐκ ἐπεξιόντων ἀγανακτοίημεν καὶ χαλεπαίνοιμεν. [357] εὖ + γὰρ ἴστε ὅτι ταύτης ἡμῖν ἐκοινώνησαν οἱ θεοὶ τῆς ἀτιμίας παρὰ τῇ + πόλει.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Once upon a + time the citizens of Tarentum paid to the Romans the penalty for + this sort of jesting, seeing that, when drunk at the festival of + Dionysus, they insulted the Roman ambassadors.<a id="noteref_752" + name="noteref_752" href="#note_752"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">752</span></span></a> But + you are in all respects more fortunate than the citizens of + Tarentum, for you give yourselves up to pleasure throughout the + whole year, instead of for a few days; and instead of foreign + ambassadors you insult your own Sovereign, yes even the very hairs + on his chin and the devices engraved on his coins.<a id= + "noteref_753" name="noteref_753" href="#note_753"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">753</span></span></a> Well + done, O wise citizens, both ye who make such jests and ye who + welcome and find profit in the jesters! For it is evident that + uttering them gives pleasure to the former, while the latter + rejoice to hear jests of this sort. I share your pleasure in this + unanimity, and you do well to be a city of one mind in such + matters, since it is not at all dignified or an enviable task to + restrain and chastise the licentiousness of the young. For if one + were to rob human beings of the power to do and say what they + please, that would be to take away and curtail the first principle + of independence. Therefore, since you knew that men ought to be + independent in all respects, you acted quite rightly, in the first + place when you permitted the women to govern themselves, so that + you might profit by their being independent and licentious to + excess; secondly, when you entrusted to them the bringing up of the + children, for fear that if they had to experience any harsher + authority they might later turn out to be slaves; and as they grew + up to be boys might be taught first of all to respect their elders, + and then under the influence of this bad habit might show too much + reverence for the magistrates, and finally might have to be classed + not as men but as slaves; and becoming temperate and well-behaved + and orderly might be, before they knew it, altogether corrupted. + Then what effect have the women on the children? They induce them + to reverence the same things as they do by means of pleasure, which + is, it seems, the most blessed thing and the most highly honoured, + not only by men but by beasts also. It is for this reason, I think, + that you are so very happy, because you refuse every form of + slavery; first you begin by refusing slavery to the gods, secondly + to the laws, and thirdly to me who am the guardian of the laws. And + I should indeed be eccentric if, when the gods suffer the city to + be so independent and do not chastise her, I should be resentful + and angry. For be assured that the gods have shared with me in the + disrespect that has been shown to me in your city.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τὸ Χῖ, φασίν, + οὐδὲν ἠδίκησε τὴν πόλιν οὐδὲ τὸ Κάππα. τί μέν ἐστι τοῦτο τῆς + ὑμετέρας σοφίας τὸ αἴνιγμα ξυνεῖναι χαλεπόν, τυχόντες δ᾽ ἡμεῖς + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page474">[pg 474]</span><a name= + "Pg474" id="Pg474" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg475" id= + "Pg475" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐξηγητῶν ἀπὸ τῆς ὑμετέρας + πόλεως ἐδιδάχθημεν ἀρχὰς ὀνομάτων εἶναι τὰ γράμματα, δηλοῦν δ᾽ + ἐθέλειν τὸ μὲν Χριστόν, τὸ δὲ Κωνστάντιον. ἀνέχεσθε οὖν [B] μου + λέγοντος μετὰ παρρησίας. ἓν μόνον ὑμᾶς ὁ Κωνστάντιος ἠδίκησεν, ὅτι + με καίσαρα ποιήσας οὐκ ἀπέκτεινεν· ὡς τά γε ἄλλα ὑμῖν μόνοις ἐκ + πάντων Ῥωμαίων πολλῶν δοῖεν οἱ θεοὶ Κωνσταντίων πειραθῆναι, μᾶλλον + δὲ τῶν ἐκείνου φίλων τῆς πλεονεξίας. ἐμοὶ γὰρ ὁ ἀνὴρ καὶ ἀνεψιὸς + ἐγένετο καὶ φίλος. ἐπεὶ δὲ πρὸ τῆς φιλίας εἵλετο τὴν ἔχθραν, εἶτα + ἡμῖν οἱ θεοὶ τὸν πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἀγῶνα λίαν ἐβράβευσαν φιλανθρώπως, + [C] ἐγενόμην αὐτῷ πιστότερος φίλος ἢ προσεδόκησεν ἕξειν με πρῖν + ἐχθρὸν γενέσθαι. τί οὖν οἴεσθέ με τοῖς ἐκείνου λυπεῖν ἐγκωμίοις, ὃς + ἄχθομαι τοῖς λοιδορουμένοις αὐτῷ; Χριστὸν δὲ ἀγαπῶντες ἔχετε + πολιοῦχον ἀντὶ τοῦ Διὸς καὶ τοῦ Δαφναίου καὶ τῆς Καλλιίπης, ἣ τὸ + σόφισμα ὑμῶν ἀπεγύμνωσεν. Ἐμισηνοὶ Χριστὸν ἐπόθουν οἱ πῦρ + ἐμβαλόντες τοῖς τάφοις τῶν Γαλιλαίων; ἐλύπησα δ᾽ ἐγὼ τίνας Ἐμισηνῶν + πώποτε; [D] ὑμῶν μέντοι πολλοὺς καὶ ὀλίγου δέω φάναι πάντας, τὴν + βουλήν, τοὺς εὐπόρους, τὸν δῆμον. ὁ μὲν γὰρ δῆμος ἄχθεταί μοι τῷ + πλείστῳ μέρει, μᾶλλον δ᾽ ἅπας ἀθεότητα προελόμενος, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page476">[pg 476]</span><a name="Pg476" id="Pg476" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg477" id="Pg477" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ὅτι τοῖς πατρίοις ὁρᾷ τῆς ἁγιστείας θεσμοῖς + προσκείμενον, οἱ δὲ δυνατοὶ κωλυόμενοι πολλοῦ πάντα πωλεῖν + ἀργυρίου, πάντες δὲ ὑπὲρ τῶν ὀρχηστῶν καὶ τῶν θεάτρων, οὐχ ὅτι τοὺς + ἄλλους ἀποστερῶ τούτων, [358] ἀλλ᾽ ὅτι μέλει μοι τῶν τοιούτων ἧττον + ἢ τῶν ἐν τοῖς τέλμασι βατράχων. εἶτα οὐκ εἰκότως ἐμαυτοῦ κατηγορῶ + τοσαύτας ἀπεχθείας λαβὰς παρασχόντος;</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(<span class= + "tei tei-q">“The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Chi</span></span>,”</span> say the citizens, + <span class="tei tei-q">“never harmed the city in any way, nor did + the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kappa</span></span>.”</span> Now the meaning + of this riddle which your wisdom has invented is hard to + understand, but I obtained interpreters from your city and I was + informed that these are the first letters of names, and that the + former is intended to represent Christ, the latter Constantius. + Bear with me then, if I speak frankly. In one thing Constantius did + harm you, in that when he had appointed me as Caesar he did not put + me to death. Now for the rest may the gods grant to you alone out + of all the many citizens of Rome to have experience of the avarice + of many a Constantius, or I should say rather, of the avarice of + his friends. For the man was my cousin and dear to me; but after he + had chosen enmity with me instead of friendship, and then the gods + with the utmost benevolence arbitrated our contention with one + another, I proved myself a more loyal friend to him than he had + expected to find me before I became his enemy. Then why do you + think that you are annoying me by your praises of him, when I am + really angry with those who slander him? But as for Christ you love + him, you say, and adopt him as the guardian of your city instead of + Zeus and the god of Daphne and Calliope<a id="noteref_754" name= + "noteref_754" href="#note_754"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">754</span></span></a> who + revealed your clever invention? Did those citizens of Emesa long + for Christ who set fire to the tombs of the Galilaeans?<a id= + "noteref_755" name="noteref_755" href="#note_755"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">755</span></span></a> But + what citizens of Emesa have I ever annoyed? I have however annoyed + many of you, I may almost say all, the Senate, the wealthy + citizens, the common people. The latter indeed, since they have + chosen atheism, hate me for the most part, or rather all of them + hate me because they see that I adhere to the ordinances of the + sacred rites which our forefathers observed; the powerful citizens + hate me because they are prevented from selling everything at a + high price; but all of you hate me on account of the dancers and + the theatres. Not because I deprive others of these pleasures, but + because I care less for things of that sort than for frogs croaking + in a pond.<a id="noteref_756" name="noteref_756" href= + "#note_756"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">756</span></span></a> Then + is it not natural for me to accuse myself, when I have furnished so + many handles for your hatred?)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλ᾽ ὁ Ῥωμαῖος + Κάτων, ὅπως μὲν ἔχων πώγωνος οὐκ οἶδα, παρ᾽ ὁντινοῦν δὲ τῶν ἐπὶ + σωφροσύνῃ καὶ μεγαλοψυχίᾳ καὶ τὸ μέγιστον ἀνδρείᾳ μέγα φρονούντων + ἄξιος ἐπαινεῖσθαι, προσιὼν τῇδε τῇ πολυανθρώπῳ καὶ τρυφερᾷ καὶ + πλουσίᾳ πόλει [B] τοὺς ἐφήβους ἰδὼν ἐν τῷ προαστείῳ μετὰ τῶν + ἀρχόντων ἐσταλμένους ὡς ἐπί τινα δορυφορίαν ἐνόμισεν αὑτοῦ χάριν + ὑμῶν τοὺς προγόνους τὴν παρασκευὴν πᾶσαν πεποιῆσθαι· καὶ θᾶσσον + ἀποβὰς τοῦ ἵππου προῆγεν ἅμα καὶ πρὸς τοὺς προλαβόντας τῶν φίλων + δυσχεραίνων ὡς μηνυτὰς γενομένους αὐτοῖς, ὅτι Κάτων προσάγει, καὶ + ἀναπείσαντας ἐκδραμεῖν. ὄντος δ᾽ ἐν τοιούτοις αὐτοῦ καὶ + διαποροῦντος ἠρέμα καὶ ἐρυθριῶντος, ὁ γυμνασίαρχος προσδραμών, Ὦ + ξένε, ἔφη, [C] ποῦ Δημήτριος; ἦν δ᾽ οὗτος ἀπελεύθερος Πομπηίου, + κεκτημένος οὐσίαν πολλὴν πάνυ· μέτρον δ᾽ αὐτῆς εἰ ποθεῖτε μαθεῖν· + οἶμαι γὰρ ὑμᾶς ἐκ πάντων τῶν λεγομένων πρὸς <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page478">[pg 478]</span><a name="Pg478" id="Pg478" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg479" id="Pg479" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ταύτην μάλιστα ὡρμῆσθαι τὴν ἀκοήν· ἐγὼ τὸν + εἰπόντα φράσω. Δαμοφίλῳ τῷ Βιθυνῷ πεποίηται συγγράμματα τοιαῦτα, ἐν + οἷς δρεπόμενος ἐκ βίβλων πολλῶν<a id="noteref_757" name= + "noteref_757" href="#note_757"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">757</span></span></a> + εἰργάσατο [D] λόγους ἡδίστους νέῳ φιληκόῳ καὶ πρεσβυτέρῳ· φιλεῖ γὰρ + τὸ γῆρας ἐπανάγειν αὖθις εἰς τὴν τῶν νέων φιληκοΐαν τοὺς + ἀφηλικεστέρους· ὅθεν οἶμαι συμβαίνει νέους καὶ πρεσβύτας ἐξ ἴσης + εἶναι φιλομύθους· εἶεν. ὁ δὲ δὴ Κάτων ὅπως ἀπήντησε τῷ γυμνασιάρχῳ + βούλεσθε φράσω; μή με λοιδορεῖν ὑπολάβητε τὴν πόλιν· οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ + λόγος ἐμός. εἴ τις ἀφῖκται [359] περιφερομένη καὶ εἰς ὑμᾶς ἀκοὴ + Χαιρωνέως ἀνδρὸς ἐκ τοῦ φαύλου γένους, ὁ δὴ λέγεται παρὰ τῶν + ἀλαζόνων φιλόσοφον· οὗ δὴ καὶ αὐτὸς οὐκ ἐφικόμην μέν, ηὐξάμην δὲ + ὑπὸ ἀμαθίας κοινωνῆσαι καὶ μετασχεῖν. ταῦτα οὖν ἐκεῖνος ἔφρασεν, ὡς + ὁ Κάτων ἀπεκρίνατο μὲν οὐδέν, βοήσας δὲ μόνον οἷά τις ἔμπληκτος καὶ + ἀνόητος ἄνθρωπος, Ὢ τῆς κακοδαίμονος πόλεως, ἀπιὼν ᾤχετο.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Cato the + Roman,<a id="noteref_758" name="noteref_758" href= + "#note_758"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">758</span></span></a> + however,—how he wore his beard I do not know,<a id="noteref_759" + name="noteref_759" href="#note_759"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">759</span></span></a> but + he deserves to be praised in comparison with anyone of those who + pride themselves on their temperance and nobility of soul and on + their courage above all,—he, I say, once visited this populous and + luxurious and wealthy city; and when he saw the youths in the + suburb drawn up in full array, and with them the magistrates, as + though for some military display, he thought your ancestors had + made all those preparations in his honour. So he quickly dismounted + from his horse and came forward, though at the same time he was + vexed with those of his friends who had preceded him for having + informed the citizens that Cato was approaching, and so induced + them to hasten forth. And while he was in this position, and was + slightly embarrassed and blushing, the master of the gymnasium ran + to meet him and called out <span class="tei tei-q">“Stranger, where + is Demetrius?”</span> Now this Demetrius was a freedman of Pompey, + who had acquired a very large fortune; and if you want to know the + amount of it,—for I suppose that in all that I am now telling you + are most anxious to hear this,—I will tell you who has related the + story. Damophilus of Bithynia has written compositions of this + sort, and in them, by culling ancedotes from many books, he has + produced tales that give the greatest delight to anyone who loves + to listen to gossip, whether he be young or old. For old age + usually revives in the elderly that love of gossip which is natural + to the young; and this is, I think, the reason why both the old and + the young are equally fond of stories. Well then, to return to + Cato. Do you want me to tell you how he greeted the master of the + gymnasium? Do not imagine that I am slandering your city; for the + story is not my own.<a id="noteref_760" name="noteref_760" href= + "#note_760"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">760</span></span></a> If + any rumour has come round, even to your ears, of the man of + Chaeronea,<a id="noteref_761" name="noteref_761" href= + "#note_761"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">761</span></span></a> who + belongs to that worthless class of men who are called by impostors + philosophers,—I myself never attained to that class though in my + ignorance I claimed to be a member of it and to have part in + it,—well he, as I was saying, related that Cato answered not a + word, but only cried aloud like a man stricken with madness and out + of his senses, <span class="tei tei-q">“Alas for this ill-fated + city!”</span> and took himself off.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Μὴ δὴ θαυμάσητε, + τοῦτο εἰ καὶ ἐγὼ νυνὶ πάσχω πρὸς ὑμᾶς, [B] ἀνὴρ ἀγριώτερος ἐκείνου + καὶ θρασύτερος τοσούτῳ καὶ αὐθαδέστερος, ὅσον οἱ Κελτοὶ Ῥωμαίων. ὁ + μὲν γὰρ ἐκεῖσε τεχθεὶς ἐγγὺς ἦλθε γήρως ἅμα τοῖς πολίταις + τρεφόμενος· ἐμοὶ δὲ Κελτοὶ καὶ Γερμανοὶ καὶ δρυμὸς Ἑρκύνιος ἔμελεν + ἄρτι πρῶτον εἰς ἄνδρας τελοῦντι, καὶ διέτριψα πολὺν ἤδη χρόνον, + ὥσπερ τις κυνηγέτης <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page480">[pg + 480]</span><a name="Pg480" id="Pg480" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg481" id="Pg481" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀγρίοις ὁμιλῶν καὶ συμπλεκόμενος θηρίοις, [C] + ἤθεσιν ἐντυγχάνων οὔτε θοπεύειν οὔτε κολακεύειν εἰδόσιν, ἁπλῶς δὲ + καὶ ἐλευθέρως ἐκ τοῦ ἴσου πᾶσι προσφέρεσθαι. γέγονεν οὖν μοι μετὰ + τὴν ἐκ παίδον τροφὴν ἥ τε ἐν μειρακίοις ὁδὸς διὰ τῶν Πλάτωνος καὶ + Ἀριστοτέλους λόγων οὐδαμῶς ἐπιτηδείων δήμοις ἐντυγχάνειν οἰομένοις + ὑπὸ τρυφῆς εὐδαιμονεστάτοις<a id="noteref_762" name="noteref_762" + href="#note_762"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">762</span></span></a> + εἶναι, ἥ τε ἐν ἀνδράσιν αὐτουργία παρὰ τοῖς μαχιμωτάτοις καὶ + θυνικωτάτοις τῶν ἐθνῶν, ὅπου τὴν γαμηλίαν Ἀφροδίτην καὶ τὸν + μεθυδότην Διόνυσον γάμου τε ἕνεκα καὶ παιδοποιίας οἴνου τε ὁπόσης + ἑκάστῳ δυνατὸν πόσεως ἴσασι μόνον. [D] ἀσέλγεια δ᾽ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐν + τοῖς θεάτροις οὐδὲ ὕβρις, οὐδὲ ἕλκει τις εἴσω τῆς σκηνῆς τὸν + κόρδακα.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Therefore do + not be surprised if I now feel towards you as I do, for I am more + uncivilised than he, and more fierce and headstrong in proportion + as the Celts are more so than the Romans. He was born in Rome and + was nurtured among Roman citizens till he was on the threshold of + old age. But as for me, I had to do with Celts and Germans and the + Hercynian forest<a id="noteref_763" name="noteref_763" href= + "#note_763"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">763</span></span></a> from + the moment that I was reckoned a grown man, and I have by now spent + a long time there, like some huntsman who associates with and is + entangled among wild beasts. There I met with temperaments that + know not how to pay court or flatter, but only how to behave simply + and frankly to all men alike. Then after my nurture in childhood, + my path as a boy took me through the discourses of Plato and + Aristotle, which are not at all suited for the reading of + communities who think that on account of their luxury they are the + happiest of men. Then I had to work hard myself among the most + warlike and high-spirited of all nations, where men have knowledge + of Aphrodite, goddess of Wedlock, only for the purpose of marrying + and having children, and know Dionysus the Drink-Giver, only for + the sake of just so much wine as each can drink at a draught. And + in their theatres no licentiousness or insolence exists, nor does + any man dance the cordax on their stage.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Λέγεταί τοι + μικρῷ πρόσθεν ὡς ἐνθένδε ἐκεῖσέ τις Καππαδόκης φυγάς, ἐν τῇ παρ᾽ + ὑμῖν τραφεὶς πόλει παρὰ τῷ χρυσοχίῳ· γνωρίζετε δήπουθεν ὃν λέγω· + μαθὼν ὅπου καὶ ἔμαθεν, ὡς οὐ δέον ὁμιλεῖν γυναιξί, μειρακίοις δ᾽ + ἐπιχειρεῖν, οὐκ οἶδα ὁπόσα ἐνθάδε δράσας καὶ παθών, [360]ἐπειδὴ + παρὰ τὸν ἐκεῖσε βασιλέα πρῴην ἀφίκετο, μνήμῃ τῶν τῇδε πολλοὺς μὲν + ὀρχηστὰς αὐτοῖς ἐπαγαγεῖν, ἄλλα δὲ τὰ ἐντεῦθεν ἀγαθὰ τοιαῦτα, καὶ + δή καὶ τέλος ὡς ἐνεδέησεν ἔτι κοτυλιστοῦ· <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page482">[pg 482]</span><a name="Pg482" id="Pg482" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg483" id="Pg483" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τοῦτο δ᾽ ὑμεῖς ἴστε πρὸς τῷ ἔργῳ τὸ ὄνομα· + καὶ τοῦτον ἐνθένδε ἐκάλει πόθῳ καὶ ἔρωτι τῆς σεμνῆς παρ᾽ ὑμῖν + διαίτης. οἱ Κελτοὶ δὲ τὸν μὲν κοτυλιστὴν ἠγνόησαν, [B] ἐδέξατο γὰρ + αὐτὸν αὐτίκα τὰ βασίλεια, τοὺς ὀρχηστὰς δὲ ἐπιτραπέντας + ἐπιδείκνυσθαι<a id="noteref_764" name="noteref_764" href= + "#note_764"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">764</span></span></a> ἐν τῷ + θεάτρῳ τὴν τέχνην εἴασαν οἰόμενοι τοῖς νυμφολήπτοις αὐτοὺς + ἐοικέναι. καὶ ἦν αὐτοῖς ἐκεῖ παραπλησίως ἐμοὶ καταγελαστότατον τὸ + θέατρον· ἀλλ᾽ οἱ μὲν ὀλίγοι πολλῶν κατεγέλων, ἐγὼ δὲ ξὺν ὀλίγοις + ἐνθάδε γελοῖος ὑμῖν ἅπασι τὰ πάντα φαίνομαι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(A story is told + of them that not long ago a certain Cappadocian was exiled from + here to that place, a man who had been brought up in your city in + the house of the goldsmith—you know of course whom I mean,—and had + learned, as he naturally did learn there, that one ought not to + have intercourse with women but to pay attentions to youths. And + when, after doing and suffering here I know not what, he went to + the court of the king in that country, he took with him to remind + him of your habits here a number of dancers and other such delights + from this city; and then finally since he still needed a + cotylist<a id="noteref_765" name="noteref_765" href= + "#note_765"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">765</span></span></a>—you + know the word and the thing too—he invited him also from here, + because of his longing and love for the austere mode of life that + prevails with you. Now the Celts never made the acquaintance of the + cotylist, since he was at once admitted into the palace; but when + the dancers began to display their art in the theatre, the Celts + left them alone because they thought that they were like men + stricken with nympholepsy. And the theatre seemed to the men in + that country highly ridiculous, just as it does to me; but whereas + the Celts were a few ridiculing many, I here along with a few + others seem absurd in every way to all of you.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[C] Καὶ οὐκ + ἀγανακτῶ τῷ πράγματι. καὶ γὰρ ἂν εἴην ἄδικος εἰ μὴ καὶ τοῖς παροῦσι + στέργοιμι, διαφερόντως ἀσπασάμενος ἐκεῖνα. Κελτοὶ μὲν γὰρ οὕτω με + δι᾽ ὁμοιότητα τρόπων ἠγάπησαν, ὥστε ἐτόλμησαν οὐχ ὅπλα μόνον ὑπὲρ + ἐμοῦ λαβεῖν, ἀλλὰ καὶ χρήματα ἔδωκαν πολλά, καὶ παραιτούμενον + ὀλίγου καὶ ἐβιάσαντο λαβεῖν, καὶ πρὸς πάντα ἑτοίμως ὑπήκουσαν. ὃ δὲ + δὴ μέγιστον, ἐκεῖθεν εἰς ὑμᾶς ἐφέρετο πολὺ τὸ ἐμὸν ὄνομα, καὶ ἐβόων + πάντες ἀνδρεῖον, συνετόν, δίκαιον, οὐ πολέμῳ μόνον ὁμιλῆσαι δεινόν, + [D] ἀλλὰ καὶ εἴρηνῃ χρήσασθαι δεξιόν, εὐπρόσιτον, πρᾷον· ὑμεῖς δὲ + αὐτοῖς ἀντιδεδώκατε νῦν ἐνθένδε πρῶτον μέν, ὅτι παρ᾽ ἐμὲ τὰ τοῦ + κόσμου πράγματα ἀνατέτραπται· σύνοιδα δὲ οὐδὲν ἀνατρέπων ἐμαυτῷ + οὔτε ἑκὼν οὔτε ἄκων· εἶτα, ὡς ἐκ τοῦ πώγωνός μου χρὴ πλέκειν + σχοινία, καὶ ὅτι πολεμῶ τῷ Χῖ, πόθος δὲ ὑμᾶς εἴσεισι τοῦ Κάππα. καὶ + ὑμῖν γε αὐτὸ οἱ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page484">[pg + 484]</span><a name="Pg484" id="Pg484" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg485" id="Pg485" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> πολιοῦχοι τῆσδε τῆς πόλεως θεοὶ διπλοῦν + δοῖεν, ὅτι πρὸς τούτῳ [361] καὶ τὰς ἀστυγείτονας ἐσυκοφαντήσατε + πόλεις ἱερὰς καὶ ὁμοδούλους ἐμοί, ὡς δὴ παρ᾽ αὐτῶν εἴη τὰ εἰς ἐμὲ + ξυντεθέντα, ὃν εὖ οἶδ᾽ ὅτι φιλοῦσιν ἐκεῖναι μᾶλλον ἢ τοὺς ἑαυτῶν + υἱέας, οἳ τὰ μὲν τῶν θεῶν ἀνέστησαν αὐτίκα τεμένη, τοὺς τάφους δὲ + τῶν ἀθέων ἀνέτρεψαν πάντας. ἀπὸ τοῦ συνθήματος, ὃ δὴ δέδοται παρ᾽ + ἐμοῦ πρῴην, οὕτως ἐπαρθέντες τὸν νοῦν καὶ μετέωροι γενόμενοι τὴν + διάνοιαν, ὡς καὶ πλέον ἐπεξελθεῖν τοῖς [B] εἰς τοὺς θεοὺς + πλημμελοῦσιν ἢ βουλομένῳ μοι ἦν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(This is a fact + which I do not resent. And indeed it would be unjust of me not to + make the best of the present state of things, after having so + greatly enjoyed the life among the Celts. For they loved me so + much, on account of the similarity of our dispositions, that not + only did they venture to take up arms on my behalf, but they gave + me large sums of money besides; and when I would have declined it, + they almost forced me to take it, and in all things readily obeyed + me. And what was most wonderful of all, a great report of me + travelled thence to your city, and all men proclaimed loudly that I + was brave, wise and just, not only terrible to encounter in war, + but also skilful in turning peace to account, easy of access and + mild-tempered. But now you have sent them tidings from here in + return, that in the first place the affairs of the whole world have + been turned upside down by me—though indeed I am not conscious of + turning anything upside down, either voluntarily or involuntarily; + secondly, that I ought to twist ropes from my beard, and that I war + against the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Chi</span></span> and that you begin to regret + the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kappa</span></span>. Now may the guardian gods + of this city grant you a double allowance of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kappa</span></span>!<a id="noteref_766" name= + "noteref_766" href="#note_766"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">766</span></span></a> For + besides this you falsely accused the neighbouring cities, which are + holy and the slaves of the gods, like myself, of having produced + the satires which were composed against me; though I know well that + those cities love me more than their own sons, for they at once + restored the shrines of the gods and overturned all the tombs<a id= + "noteref_767" name="noteref_767" href="#note_767"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">767</span></span></a> of + the godless, on the signal that was given by me the other day; and + so excited were they in mind and so exalted in spirit that they + even attacked those who were offending against the gods with more + violence than I could have wished.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τὰ δ᾽ ὑμέτερα· + πολλοὶ μὲν ἐγειρομένους ἄρτι τοὺς βωμοὺς ἀνέτρεψαν, οὓς ἡ πρᾳότης + ἡμῶν ἐδίδαξε μόλις ἡσυχάζειν. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἀπεπεμψάμεθα τὸν νεκρὸν τῆς + Δάφνης, οἱ μὲν ἀφοσιούμενοι τὰ πρὸς τοὺς θεοὺς ἐξ ὑμῶν ἀντέδωκαν + τοῖς ὑπὲρ τῶν λειψάνων ἠγανακτηκόσι [C] τοῦ νεκροῦ τὸ τέμενος τοῦ + Δαφναίου θεοῦ, οἱ δὲ εἴτε λαθόντες εἴτε μὴ τὸ πῦρ ἐνεῖσαν<a id= + "noteref_768" name="noteref_768" href="#note_768"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">768</span></span></a> + ἐκεῖνο, τοῖς μὲν ἐπιδημοῦσι τῶν ξένων φρικῶδες, ὑμῶν δὲ τῷ δήμῳ μὲν + ἡδονὴν παρασχόν, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page486">[pg + 486]</span><a name="Pg486" id="Pg486" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg487" id="Pg487" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ὑπὸ δὲ τῆς βουλῆς ἀμεληθὲν καὶ εἰσέτι + ἀμελούμενον. ἐμοὶ μὲν οὖν ἐδόκει καὶ πρὸ τοῦ πυρὸς ἀπολελοιπέναι + τὸν νεὼν ὁ θεός, ἐπεσήμηνε γὰρ εἰσελθόντι μοι πρῶτον τὸ ἄγαλμα, καὶ + τούτου μάρτυρα καλῶ τὸν μέγαν Ἥλιον πρὸς τοὺς ἀπιστοῦντας, ὑμᾶς δὲ + ὑπομνῆσαι βούλομαι καὶ ἄλλης ἀπεχθείας εμῆς, [D] ἔπειτα, ὅπερ εἴωθα + ποιεῖν ἐπιεικῶς, ὀνειδίσαι ἐμαυτῷ καὶ ὑπὲρ ταύτης καὶ κατηγορῆσαι + καὶ μέμψασθαι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But now + consider your own behaviour. Many of you overturned the altars of + the gods which had only just been erected, and with difficulty did + my indulgent treatment teach you to keep quiet. And when I sent + away the body from Daphne,<a id="noteref_769" name="noteref_769" + href="#note_769"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">769</span></span></a> some + of you, in expiation of your conduct towards the gods, handed over + the shrine of the god of Daphne to those who were aggrieved about + the relics of the body, and the rest of you, whether by accident or + on purpose, hurled against the shrine that fire which made the + strangers who were visiting your city shudder, but gave pleasure to + the mass of your citizens and was ignored and is still ignored by + your Senate. Now, in my opinion, even before that fire the god had + forsaken the temple, for when I first entered it his holy image + gave me a sign thereof. I call mighty Helios to bear me witness of + this before all unbelievers. And now I wish to remind you of yet + another reason for your hatred of me, and then to abuse myself—a + thing which I usually do fairly well—and both to accuse and blame + myself with regard to that hatred.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Δεκάτῳ γάρ που + μηνὶ τῷ παρ᾽ ὑμῖν ἀριθμουμένῳ· Λῶον οἶμαι τοῦτον ὑμεῖς + προσαγορεύετε· τοῦ θεοῦ τούτου πάτριός ἐστιν ἑορτή, καὶ ἔδει σπουδῇ + πρὸς τὴν Δάφνην ἀπαντᾶν. ἐγὼ μὲν οὖν ἀπὸ τοῦ Κασίου Διὸς ἐπὶ τοῦτο + ἔδραμον, οἰόπμενος ἐνταῦθα μάλιστα τοῦ πλούτου καὶ τῆς φιλοτιμίας + ὑμῶν ἀπολαύσειν. εἶτα ἀνέπλαττον παρ᾽ ἐμαυτῷ πομπήν, [362] ὥσπερ + ὀνείρατα ὁρῶν, ἱερεῖα καὶ σπονδὰς καὶ χοροὺς τῷ θεῷ καὶ θυμιάματα + καὶ τοὺς ἐφήβους ἐκεῖ περὶ τὸ τέμενος θεοπρεπέστατα μὲν τὰς ψυχὰς + κατεσκευασμένους, λευκῇ δ᾽ ἐσθῆτι καὶ μεγαλοπρεπεῖ κεκοσμημένους. + ὡς δὲ εἴσω παρῆλθον τοῦ τεμένους, οὔτε θυμιάματα κατέλαβον οὔτε + πόπανον οὔτε ἱερεῖον. αὐτίκα μὲν οὖν ἐθαύμασα καὶ ᾤμην ἔξω τοῦ + τεμένους εἶναι, περιμένειν δ᾽ ὑμᾶς, [B] ἐμὲ δὴ τιμῶντας ὡς + ἀρχιερέα, τὸ σύνθημα παρ᾽ ἐμοῦ. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἠρόμην, τί μέλλει θύειν ἡ + πόλις ἐνιαύσιον ἑορτὴν ἄγουσα τῷ θεῷ, ὁ <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page488">[pg 488]</span><a name="Pg488" id="Pg488" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg489" id="Pg489" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἱερεὺς εἶπεν· ἐγὼ μὲν ἥκω φέρων οἴκοθεν τῷ + θεῷ χῆνα ἱερεῖον, ἡ πόλις δὲ τὰ νῦν οὐδὲν ηὐτέεπισται.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(In the tenth + month, according to your reckoning,—Loos I think you call it—there + is a festival founded by your forefathers in honour of this god, + and it was your duty to be zealous in visiting Daphne. Accordingly + I hastened thither from the temple of Zeus Kasios,<a id= + "noteref_770" name="noteref_770" href="#note_770"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">770</span></span></a> + thinking that at Daphne, if anywhere, I should enjoy the sight of + your wealth and public spirit. And I imagined in my own mind the + sort of procession it would be, like a man seeing visions in a + dream, beasts for sacrifice, libations, choruses in honour of the + god, incense, and the youths of your city there surrounding the + shrine, their souls adorned with all holiness and themselves + attired in white and splendid raiment. But when I entered the + shrine I found there no incense, not so much as a cake, not a + single beast for sacrifice. For the moment I was amazed and thought + that I was still outside the shrine and that you were waiting the + signal from me, doing me that honour because I am supreme pontiff. + But when I began to inquire what sacrifice the city intended to + offer to celebrate the annual festival in honour of the god, the + priest answered, <span class="tei tei-q">“I have brought with me + from my own house a goose as an offering to the god, but the city + this time has made no preparations.”</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐνταῦθα ὁ + φιλαπεχθήμων ἐγὼ πρὸς τὴν βουλὴν ἀνεπιεικεῖς πάνυ διελέχθην λόγους, + ὧν ἴσως οὐκ ἄτοπον καὶ νῦν μνημονεῦσαι. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Δεινόν,”</span> ἔφην ἐγώ, <span class="tei tei-q">“τὴν + τοσαύτην πόλιν οὕτω τῶν θεῶν ὀλιγώρως ἔχειν, ὡς οὐδεμία παροικοῦσα + ταῖς ἐσχατιαῖς τοῦ Πόντου κώμη· [C] μυρίους κλήρους γῆς ἰδίας + κεκτημένη, τῷ πατρίῳ θεῷ νῦν πρῶτον ἐπιστάσης ἑορτῆς ἐνιαυσίου, + ἐπειδὴ διεσκέδασαν οἱ θεοὶ τῆς ἀθεότητος τὴν νεφέλην, μίαν + ὄρνιν<a id="noteref_771" name="noteref_771" href= + "#note_771"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">771</span></span></a> ὑπὲρ + αὑτῆς οὐ προσάγει, ἣν ἐχρῆν μάλιστα μὲν καὶ κατὰ φυλὰς βουθυτεῖν, + εἰ δὲ μὴ ῥᾴδιον, ἕνα γε<a id="noteref_772" name="noteref_772" href= + "#note_772"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">772</span></span></a> κοινῇ + πᾶσαν ὑπὲρ αὑτῆς προσφέρειν τῷ θεῷ ταῦρον. [D] ὑμῶν δ᾽ ἕκαστος ἰδίᾳ + μὲν εἰς τὰ δεῖπνα καὶ τὰς ἑορτὰς χαίρει δαπανώμενος, καὶ εὖ οἶδα + πολλοὺς ὑμῶν πλεῖστα εἰς τὰ δεῖπνα τοῦ Μαϊουμᾶ χρήματα ἀπολέσαντας, + ὑπὲρ δ᾽ ὑμῶν αὐτῶν καὶ τῆς σωτηρίας τῆς πόλεως οὐδεὶς θύει οὔτε + ἰδίᾳ τῶν πολιτῶν οὔτε ἡ πόλις κοινῇ, μόνος δ᾽ ὁ ἱερεύς, ὃν οἶμαι + δικαιότερον ἦν ἀπὸ τοῦ πλήθους τῶν προσφερομένων τῷ θεῷ παρ᾽ ὑμῶν + οἴκαδε ἀπιέναι μερίδας ἔχοντα. τοῖς μὲν γὰρ ἱερεῦσιν οἱ θεοὶ + καλοκἀγαθίᾳ τιμᾶν αὑτοὺς καὶ ἀρετῆς ἐπιτηδεύσει προσέταξαν καὶ + λειτουργεῖν σφίσι τὰ εἰκότα· [363] πρέπει δ᾽ οἶμαι τῇ πόλει θύειν + ἰδίᾳ καὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page490">[pg + 490]</span><a name="Pg490" id="Pg490" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg491" id="Pg491" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> δημοσίᾳ· νυνὶ δὲ ὑμῶν ἕκαστος ἐπιτρέπει μὲν + τῇ γυναικὶ πάντα ἐκφέρειν ἔνδοθεν εἰς τοὺς Γαλιλαίους, καὶ + τρέφουσαι ἀπὸ τῶν ὑμετέρων ἐκεῖναι τοὺς πένητας πολὺ τῆς ἀθεότητος + ἐργάζονται θαῦμα πρὸς τοὺς τῶν τοιούτων δεομένουςλ ἔστι δὲ τοιοῦτον + οἶμαι τὸ πλεῖστον τῶν ἀνθρώπων γένος· ὑμεῖς δ᾽ αὐτοὶ πρῶτον μὲν τῶν + εἰς τοὺς θεοὺς τιμῶν ἀμελῶς ἔχοντες πράττειν οὐδὲν ἄτοπον + ὑπολαμβάνετε· [B] πρόσεισι δ᾽ οὐδεὶς τῶν δεομένων τοῖς ἱεροῖς· οὐ + γὰρ ἔστιν οἶμαι πόθεν διατραφῇ. καὶ γενέθλια μέν τις ἑστιῶν ἱκανῶς + παρασκευάζει δεῖπνον καὶ ἄριστον, ἐπὶ πολυτελῆ τράπεζαν τοὺς φίλους + παραλαμβάνων· ἐνιαυσίου δ᾽ ἑορτῆς οὔσης οὐδεὶς ἐκόμισεν ἔλαιον εἰς + λύχνον τῷ θεῷ οὐδὲ σπονδὴν οὐδ᾽ ἱερεῖον οὐδὲ λιβανωτόν. ἐγὼ μὲν + οὖν<a id="noteref_773" name="noteref_773" href= + "#note_773"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">773</span></span></a> οὐκ + οἶδα, ὅπως ἄν τις ταῦτα [C] ἀνὴρ ἀγαθὸς ὁρῶν παρ᾽ ὑμῖν ἀποδέξαιτο, + νομίζω δ᾽ ἔγωγε μηδὲ τοῖς θεοῖς ἀρέσκειν.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Thereupon, + being fond of making enemies, I made in the Senate a very unseemly + speech which perhaps it may now be pertinent to quote to you. + <span class="tei tei-q">“It is a terrible thing,”</span> I said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“that so important a city should be more + neglectful of the gods than any village on the borders of the + Pontus.<a id="noteref_774" name="noteref_774" href= + "#note_774"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">774</span></span></a> Your + city possesses ten thousand lots of land privately owned, and yet + when the annual festival in honour of the god of her forefathers is + to be celebrated for the first time since the gods dispelled the + cloud of atheism, she does not produce on her own behalf a single + bird, though she ought if possible to have sacrificed an ox for + every tribe, or if that were too difficult, the whole city in + common ought at any rate to have offered to the god one bull on her + own behalf. Yet every one of you delights to spend money privately + on dinners and feasts; and I know very well that many of you + squandered very large sums of money on dinners during the May + festival. Nevertheless, on your own behalf and on behalf of the + city's welfare not one of the citizens offers a private sacrifice, + nor does the city offer a public sacrifice, but only this priest! + Yet I think that it would have been more just for him to go home + carrying portions from the multitude of beasts offered by you to + the god. For the duty assigned by the gods to priests is to do them + honour by their nobility of character and by the practice of + virtue, and also to perform to them the service that is due; but it + befits the city, I think, to offer both private and public + sacrifice. But as it is, every one of you allows his wife to carry + everything out of his house to the Galilaeans, and when your wives + feed the poor at your expense they inspire a great admiration for + godlessness in those who are in need of such bounty—and of such + sort are, I think, the great majority of mankind,—while as for + yourselves you think that you are doing nothing out of the way when + in the first place you are careless of the honours due to the gods, + and not one of those in need goes near the temples—for there is + nothing there, I think, to feed them with—and yet when any one of + you gives a birthday feast he provides a dinner and a breakfast + without stint and welcomes his friends to a costly table; when, + however, the annual festival arrived no one furnished olive oil for + a lamp for the god, or a libation, or a beast for sacrifice, or + incense. Now I do not know how any good man could endure to see + such things in your city, and for my part I am sure that it is + displeasing to the gods also.”</span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τοιαῦτα εἰπὼν + τότε μέμνημαι, καὶ ὁ μὲν θεὸς ἐμαρτύρησέ μου τοῖς λόγοις, ὡς μήποτε + ὤφελεν, ἐκλιπὼν τὸ προάστειον, ὃ πολὺν ἐτήρησε χρόνον, ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ + ζάλῃ τρέψας ἀλλαχοῦ τῶν κρατούντων τὴν διάνοιαν καὶ τὼ χεῖρε + βιασάμενος. ὑμῖν δ᾽ ἀπηχθόμην ἐγὼ ποιῶν ἀνοήτως. ἐχρῆν γὰρ σιωπᾶν, + ὥσπερ οἶμαι πολλοὶ καὶ ἄλλοι τῶν συνεισελθόντων ἐμοί, καὶ μὴ + πολυπραγμονεῖν μηδ᾽ ἐπιτιμᾶν. [D] ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὸ προπετείας ἐγὼ καὶ + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page492">[pg 492]</span><a name= + "Pg492" id="Pg492" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg493" id= + "Pg493" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> τῆς καταγελάστου κολακείας· οὐ + γὰρ δὴ νομιστέον ὑπ᾽ εὐνοίας ἐμοὶ τότε εἰρῆσθαι τοὺς πρὸς ὑμᾶς + λόγους, ἀλλ᾽ οἶμαι δόξαν θηρεύων εὐλαβείας τε εἰς τοὺς θεοὺς καὶ + εἰς ὑμᾶς εὐνοίας ἀδόλου· τοῦτο δ᾽ ἐστὶν οἶμαι παγγέλοιος κολακεία· + πολλὰ ὑμῶν μάτην κατέχεα. [364] δίκαια ποίνυν ἐργάζεσθέ με τῶν + ἐπιτιμήσεων ἐκείνων ἀμυνόμενοι καὶ ἐναλλάττοντες τὰ χωρία. ἐγὼ μὲν + ὑπὸ τῷ θεῷ πρὸς τῷ βωμῷ καὶ τοῖς τοῦ ἀγάλματος ἴχνεσιν ἐν ὀλίγοις + ὑμῶν κατέδραμον· ὑμεῖς δ᾽ ἐπὶ τῆς ἀγορᾶς ἐν τῷ δήμῳ διὰ τῶν ἱκανῶν + τὰ τοιαῦτα χαριεντίζεσθαι πολιτῶν. εὖ γὰρ ἴστε, πάντες οἱ λέγοντες + κοινοῦνται πρὸς τοὺς ἀκούοντας τοὺς λόγους, καὶ ὁ ξὺν ἡδονῇ τῶν + βλασφημιῶν ἀκροασάμενος, μετέχων [B] τῆς ἴσης ἡδονῆς + ἀπραγμονέστερον τοῦ λέγοντος, κοινωνός ἐστι τῆς αἰτίας.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(This is what I + remember to have said at the time, and the god bore witness to the + truth of my words—would that he had not!—when he forsook your + suburb which for so long he had protected, and again during that + time of storm and stress<a id="noteref_775" name="noteref_775" + href="#note_775"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">775</span></span></a> when + he turned in the wrong direction the minds of those who were then + in power and forced their hands. But I acted foolishly in making + myself odious to you. For I ought to have remained silent as, I + think, did many of those who came here with me, and I ought not to + have been meddlesome or found fault. But I poured down all these + reproaches on your heads to no purpose, owing to my headlong temper + and a ridiculous desire to flatter,—for it is surely not to be + believed that out of goodwill towards you I spoke those words to + you then; but I was, I think, hunting after a reputation for piety + towards the gods and for sincere good-will towards you, which is, I + think, the most absurd form of flattery. Therefore you treat me + justly when you defend yourselves against those criticisms of mine + and choose a different place for making your defence. For I abused + you under the god's statue near his altar and the footprints of the + holy image, in the presence of few witnesses; but you abused me in + the market-place, in the presence of the whole populace, and with + the help of citizens who were capable of composing such pleasant + witticisms as yours. For you must be well aware that all of you, + those who uttered the sayings about me and those who listened to + them, are equally responsible; and he who listened with pleasure to + those slanders, since he had an equal share of the pleasure, though + he took less trouble than the speaker, must share the blame.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Εἴρηται οὖν ὑμῖν + δι᾽ ὅλης καὶ ἠκρόαται τῆς πόλεως ὁπόσα εἰς τουτονὶ πέπαικται τὸν + φαῦλον πώγωνα καὶ τὸν οὐδὲν ἐπιδείξαντα ὑμῖν καλὸν οὐδὲ ἐπιδείξοντα + τρόπον. οὐ γὰρ ἐπιδείξει βίον ὑμῖν, ὁποῖον ὑμεῖς ἀεὶ μὲν ζῆτε, + ποθεῖτε δὲ ὁρᾶν καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἄρχουσιν. ὑπὲρ μὲν δὴ τῶν βλασφημιῶν, + ἃς ἰδίᾳ [C] τε καὶ δημοσίᾳ κατεχέατέ μου παίζοντες ἐν τοῖς + ἀναπαίστοις, ἐμαυτοῦ προσκατηγορήσας <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page494">[pg 494]</span><a name="Pg494" id="Pg494" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg495" id="Pg495" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ὑμῖν ἐπιτρέπω χρῆσθαι μετὰ μείζονος αὐτῷ + παρρησίας, ὡς οὐδὲν ὑμᾶς ἐγὼ διὰ τοῦτο πώποτε δεινὸν ἐργάσομαι + σφάττων ἢ τύπτων ἢ δῶν ἦ ἀποκλείων ἢ κολάζων. πῶς γάρ; ὅς, ἐπείπερ + ὑμῖν ἐμαυτὸν ἐπιδείξας μετὰ τῶν φίλων σωφρονοῦντα, φαυλότατον ἐδεῖν + ὑμῖν καὶ ἀηδέστατον, οὐδὲν [D] ἐπέδειξα καλὸν θέαμα, μεταστῆναι τῆς + πόλεως<a id="noteref_776" name="noteref_776" href= + "#note_776"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">776</span></span></a> + ἔγνωκα καὶ ὑποχωρῆσαι, πεπεισμένος μὲν οὐδαμῶς, ὅτι πάντως ἐκείνοις + ἀρέσω, πρὸς οὓς πορεύομαι, κρίνων δ᾽ αἱρετώτερον, εἰ διαμάρτοιμι + τοῦ δόξαι γοῦν ἐκείνοις καλὸς κἀγαθός, ἐν μέρει μεταδοῦναι πᾶσι τῆς + ἀηδίας τῆς ἐμαυτοῦ καὶ μὴ τὴν εὐδαίμονα ταύτην ἀποκναῖσαι πόλιν + ὥσπερ ὑπὸ δυσωδίας τῆς ἐμῆς μετριότητος καὶ τῶν ἐμῶν ἐπιτηδείων τῆς + σωφροσύνης.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Throughout the + whole city, then, you both uttered and listened to all the jests + that were made about this miserable beard of mine, and about one + who has never displayed to you nor ever will display any charm of + manner. For he will never display among you the sort of life that + you always live and desire to see also among those who govern you. + Next with respect to the slanders which both in private and + publicly you have poured down on my head, when you ridiculed me in + anapaestic verse, since I too have accused myself I permit you to + employ that method with even greater frankness; for I shall never + on that account do you any harm, by slaying or beating or fettering + or imprisoning you or punishing you in any way. Why indeed should + I? For now that in showing you myself, in company with my friends, + behaving with sobriety,—a most sorry and unpleasing sight to you—I + have failed to show you any beautiful spectacle, I have decided to + leave this city and to retire from it; not indeed because I am + convinced that I shall be in all respects pleasing to those to whom + I am going, but because I judge it more desirable, in case I should + fail at least to seem to them an honourable and good man, to give + all men in turn a share of my unpleasantness,<a id="noteref_777" + name="noteref_777" href="#note_777"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">777</span></span></a> and + not to annoy this happy city with the evil odour, as it were, of my + moderation and the sobriety of my friends.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[365] Ἡμῶν γὰρ + οὐδεὶς ἀγρὸν οὐδὲ κῆπον ἐπρίατο παρ᾽ ὑμῖν οὐδὲ οἰκίαν ᾠκοδόμησεν + οὐδ᾽ ἔγημε παρ᾽ ὑμῶν οὐδ᾽ ἐξέδωκεν εἰς ὑμᾶς οὐδὲ ἠράσθημεν τῶν παρ᾽ + ὑμῖν καλῶν, οὐδ᾽ ἐζηλώσαμεν Ἀσσύριον πλοῦτον οὐδ᾽ ἐνειμάμεθα τὰς + προστασίας οὐδὲ παραδυναστεύειν ἡμῖν ἠνεσχόμεθά τινας τῶν ἐν τέλει + οὐδ᾽ ἐπείσαμεν τὸν δῆμον εἰς παρασκευὰς δείπνων ἢ θεάτρων, ὃν οὕτως + ἐποιήσαμεν τρυφᾶν, ὥστε ἄγων σχολὴν [B] ἀπὸ τῆς ἐνδείας τοὺς + ἀναπαίστους εἰς τοὺς αἰτίους αὑτῷ τῆς εὐθηνίας ξυνέθηκεν, οὐδ᾽ + ἐπεγράψαμεν χρυσίον οὐδὲ ᾐτήσαμεν ἀργύριον οὐδὲ ηὐξήσαμεν φόρους· + ἀλλὰ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page496">[pg 496]</span><a name= + "Pg496" id="Pg496" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg497" id= + "Pg497" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> πρὸς τοῖς ἐλλείμμασιν ἀνεῖται + πᾶσι τῶν εἰθισμένων εἰσφορῶν τὸ πέμπτον. οὐκ οἶμαι δ᾽ ἐξαρκεῖν τὸ + σωφρονεῖν ἐμέ, ἀλλὰ καὶ<a id="noteref_778" name="noteref_778" href= + "#note_778"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">778</span></span></a> + μέτριον ἔχω ναὶ μὰ Δία καὶ θεούς, ὡς ἐμαυτὸν πείθω, τὸν εἰσαγγελέα, + καλῶς ὑφ᾽ ὑμῶν ἐπιτιμηθέντα, διότι γέρων ὢν καὶ φαλακρὸς ἠρέμα τὰ + πρόσω διὰ δυστροπίαν [C] αἰσχύνεται κομᾶν ἐξόπισθεν, ὥσπερ Ὅμηρος + ἐποίησε τοὺς Ἄβαντας, οὐδὲν δ᾽ ἐκείνου φαυλοτέρους ἄνδρας οἴκοι + παρ᾽ ἐμαυτῷ δύο καὶ τρεῖς, ἀλλὰ καὶ τέτταρας, εἰ βούλεσθε δὲ νυνὶ + καὶ πέμπτον.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(For not one of + us has bought a field or garden in your city or built a house or + married or given in marriage among you, or fallen in love with any + of your handsome youths, or coveted the wealth of Assyria, or + awarded court patronage;<a id="noteref_779" name="noteref_779" + href="#note_779"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">779</span></span></a> nor + have we allowed any of those in office to exercise influence over + us, or induced the populace to get up banquets or theatrical shows; + nay rather we have procured for them such luxurious ease that, + since they have respite from want, they have had leisure to compose + their anapaests against the very author of their well-being. Again, + I have not levied gold money or demanded silver money or increased + the tribute; but in addition to the arrears, one-fifth of the + regular taxes has been in all cases remitted. Moreover I do not + think it enough that I myself practise self-restraint, but I have + also an usher who, by Zeus and the other gods, is moderate indeed, + as I believe, though he has been finely scolded by you, because, + being an old man and slightly bald in front, in his perversity he + is too modest to wear his hair long behind, as Homer made the + Abantes wear theirs.<a id="noteref_780" name="noteref_780" href= + "#note_780"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">780</span></span></a> And I + have with me at my court two or three men also who are not at all + inferior to him, nay four or even five now, if you please.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὁ δέ μοι θεῖος + καὶ ὁμώνυμος οὐ δικαιότατα μὲν ὑμῶν προύστη, μέχρις ἐπέτρεπον οἱ + θεοὶ ξυνεῖναι ἡμῖν αὐτὸν καὶ ξυμπράττειν; οὐ προμηθέστατα δὲ πάσαις + ἐπεξῆλθε ταῖς οἰκονομίαις τῆς πόλεως; ἡμῖν μὲν οὖν ἐδόκει ταῦτα + καλά, πρᾳότης ἀρχόντων μετὰ σωφροσύνης, [D] ᾠόμεθά τε ὑμῖν ἱκανῶς + διὰ τούτων καλοὶ φανεῖσθαι τῶν ἐπιτηδευμάτων. ἐπεὶ δὲ ὑμᾶς ἥ τε + βαθύτης ἀπαρέσκει τοῦ γενείου καὶ τὸ ἀτημέλητον τῶν τριχῶν καὶ τὸ + μὴ παραβάλλειν τοῖς θεάτροις καὶ τὸ ἀξιοῦν ἐν τοῖς ἱεροῖς εἶναι + σεμνοὺς καὶ πρὸ τούτων ἁπάντων ἡ περὶ τὰς κρίσεις ἡμῶν ἀσχολία καὶ + τὸ τῆς ἀγορᾶς εἴργειν τὴν πλεονεξίαν, [366] ἑκόντες ὑμῖν ἐξιστάμεθα + τῆς πόλεως. οὐ γὰρ οἶμαι ῥᾴδιον ἐν γήρᾳ μεταθεμένῳ διαφυγεῖν τὸν + λεγόμενον ὑπὲρ τοῦ ἰκτῖνος μῦθον. λέγεται γάρ τοι τὸν ἰκτῖνα φωνὴν + ἔχοντα παραπλησίαν τοῖς ἄλλοις ὄρνισιν ἐπιθέσθαι τῷ χρεμετίζειν, + ὥσπερ οἱ γενναῖοι τῶν ἵππων, εἶτα τοῦ <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page498">[pg 498]</span><a name="Pg498" id="Pg498" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg499" id="Pg499" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> μὲν ἐπιλαθόμενον, τὸ δὲ οὐ δυνηθέντα ἑλεῖν + ἱκανῶς ἀμφοῖν στέρεσθαι καὶ φαυλοτέραν τῶν ἄλλων ὀρνίθων εἶναι τὴν + φωνήν. [B] ὃ δὴ καὶ αὐτὸς εὐλαβοῦμαι παθεῖν, ἀγροικίας τε ἅμα καὶ + δεξιότητος ἁμαρτεῖν. ἤδη γάρ, ὡς καὶ ὑμεῖς αὐτοὶ συνορᾶτε, πλησίον + ἐσμὲν ἐθελόντων θεῶν,</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And as for my + uncle and namesake,<a id="noteref_781" name="noteref_781" href= + "#note_781"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">781</span></span></a> did + he not govern you most justly, so long as the gods allowed him to + remain with me and to assist me in my work? Did he not with the + utmost foresight administer all the business of the city? For my + part I thought these were admirable things, I mean mildness and + moderation in those who govern, and I supposed that by practising + these I should appear admirable in your eyes. But since the length + of my beard is displeasing to you, and my unkempt locks, and the + fact that I do not put in an appearance at the theatres and that I + require men to be reverent in the temples; and since more than all + these things my constant attendance at trials displeases you and + the fact that I try to banish greed of gain from the market-place, + I willingly go away and leave your city to you. For when a man + changes his habits in his old age it is not easy, I think, for him + to escape the fate that is described in the legend about the kite. + The story goes that the kite once had a note like that of other + birds, but it aimed at neighing like a high-spirited horse; then + since it forgot its former note and could not quite attain to the + other sound, it was deprived of both, and hence the note it now + utters is less musical than that of any other bird. This then is + the fate that I am trying to avoid, I mean failing to be either + really boorish or really accomplished. For already, as you can see + for yourselves, I am, since Heaven so wills, near the age)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Εὖτέ μοι λευκαὶ μελαίνοις + ἀναμεμίξονται τρίχες,</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">When on my + head white hairs mingle with black,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ὁ Τήιος ἔφη + ποιητής.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(as the poet of + Teos said.<a id="noteref_782" name="noteref_782" href= + "#note_782"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">782</span></span></a>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Εἶεν. ἀλλὰ τῆς + ἀχαριστίας, πρὸς θεῶν καὶ Διὸς ἀγοραίου καὶ πολιούχου, ὑπόσχετε + λόγον. ἠδίκησθέ τι παρ᾽ ἐμοῦ κοινῇ πώποτε ἢ καὶ<a id="noteref_783" + name="noteref_783" href="#note_783"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">783</span></span></a> ἰδίᾳ, + [C] καὶ δίκην ὑπὲρ τούτου λαβεῖν οὐ δυνάμενοι φανερῶς διὰ τῶν + ἀναπαίστων ἡμᾶς, ὥσπερ οἱ κωμῳδοὶ τὸν Ἡρακλέα καὶ τὸν Διόνυσον + ἕλκουσι καὶ περιφέρουσιν, οὕτω δὲ καὶ ὑμεῖς ἐν ταῖς ἀγοραῖς + ἐπιτρίβετε λοιδοροῦντες; ἢ τοῦ μὲν ποιεῖν τι χαλεπὸν εἰς ὑμᾶς + ἀπεσχόμην, τοῦ λέγειν δὲ ὑμᾶς κακῶς οὐκ ἀπεσχόμην, ἵνα με καὶ ὑμεῖς + διὰ τῶν αὐτῶν ἰόντες ἀμύνησθε; τίς οὖν ὑμῖν ἐστιν αἰτία τοῦ πρὸς + ἡμᾶς προσκρούσματος καὶ τῆς ἀπεχθείας; ἐγὼ γὰρ εὖ οἶδα δεινὸν [D] + οὐδένα ὑμῶν οὐδὲν οὐδὲ ἀνήκεστον ἐργασάμενος οὔτε ἰδίᾳ τοὺς ἄνδρας + οὔτε κοινῇ τὴν πόλιν, οὐδ᾽ εἰπὼν οὐδὲν φλαῦρον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπαινέσας, + ὡς ἔδοξέ μοι προσήκειν, καὶ μεταδοὺς χρηστοῦ τινος, ὅσον εἰκὸς ἦν + τὸν ἐπιθυμοῦντα μετὰ τοῦ δυνατοῦ πολλοὺς εὖ ποιεῖν ἀνθρώπους. + ἀδύνατον δ᾽ εὖ ἴστε καὶ τοῖς εἰσφέρουσι <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page500">[pg 500]</span><a name="Pg500" id="Pg500" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg501" id="Pg501" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> συγχωρεῖν ἅπαντα [367] καὶ διδόναι πάντα τοῖς + εἰωθόσι λαμβάνειν. ὅταν οὖν φανῶ μηδὲν ἐλαττώσας τῶν δημοσίων + συντάξεων, ὅσας εἴωθεν ἡ βασιλικὴ νέμειν δαπάνη, ὑμῖν δ᾽ ἀνεὶς τῶν + εἰσφορῶν οὐκ ὀλίγα, ἆρ᾽ οὐκ αἰνύγματι τὸ πρᾶγμα ἔοικεν;</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Enough of that. + But now, in the name of Zeus, God of the Market-place and Guardian + of the City, render me account of your ingratitude. Were you ever + wronged by me in any way, either all in common or as individuals, + and is it because you were unable to avenge yourselves openly that + you now assail me with abuse in your market-places in anapaestic + verse, just as comedians drag Heracles and Dionysus on the stage + and make a public show of them?<a id="noteref_784" name= + "noteref_784" href="#note_784"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">784</span></span></a> Or + can you say that, though I refrained from any harsh conduct towards + you, I did not refrain from speaking ill of you, so that you, in + your turn, are defending yourselves by the same methods? What, I + ask, is the reason of your antagonism and your hatred of me? For I + am very sure that I had done no terrible or incurable injury to any + one of you, either separately, as individuals, or to your city as a + whole; nor had I uttered any disparaging word, but I had even + praised you, as I thought I was bound to do, and had bestowed on + you certain advantages, as was natural for one who desires, as far + as he can, to benefit many men. But it is impossible, as you know + well, both to remit all their taxes to the taxpayers and to give + everything to those who are accustomed to receive gifts. Therefore + when it is seen that I have diminished none of the public + subscriptions which the imperial purse is accustomed to contribute, + but have remitted not a few of your taxes, does not this business + seem like a riddle?)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλ᾽ ὁπόσα μὲν + κοινῇ πρὸς πάντας πεποίηται τοὺς ἀρχομένους ὑπ᾽ ἐμοῦ, πρέποι ἂν + σιωπᾶν, ἵνα μὴ δοκοίην ὥσπερ [B] ἐξεπίτηδες αὐτοπρόσωπος ἐπαίνους + ᾄδειν ἐμαυτοῦ, καὶ ταῦτα ἐπαγγειλάμενος πολλὰς καὶ ἀσελγεστάτας + ὕβρεις καταχέαι· τὰ δὲ ἰδίᾳ μοι πρὸς ὑμᾶς πεποιημένα προπετῶς μὲν + καὶ ἀνοήτως, ἥκιστα δὲ ὑφ᾽ ὑμῶν ἄξια ἀχαριστεῖσθαι, πρέποι ἂν οἶμαι + προφέρειν ὥσπερ τινὰ ἐμὰ ὀνείδη τοσούτῳ τῶν ἔμπροσθεν χαλεπώτερα, + τοῦ τε αὐχμοῦ τοῦ περὶ τὸ πρόσωπον καὶ τῆς ἀναφροδισίας, ὅσῳ καὶ + ἀληθέστερα ὄντα τῇ ψυχῇ μάλιστα προσήκει. [C] καὶ δὴ πρότερον + ἐπῄνουν ὑμᾶς ὡς ἐνεδέχετό μοι φιλοτίμως οὐκ ἀναμείνας τὴν πεῖραν + οὐδ᾽ ὅπως ἕξομεν πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἐνθυμηθείς, ἀλλὰ νομίσας ὑμᾶς μὲν + Ἑλλήνων παῖδας, ἐμαυτὸν δέ, εἰ καὶ γένος ἐστί μοι Θρᾴκιον, Ἕλληνα + τοῖς ἐπιτηδεύμασιν ὑπελάμβανον, ὅτι μάλιστα ἀλλήλους ἀγαπήσομεν. ἓν + μὲν δὴ τοῦτο ἔστω μοι τῆς προπετείας ὄνειδος. ἔπειτα + πρεσβευσαμένοις ὑμῖν παρ᾽ ἐμὲ καὶ ἀφικομένοις ὑστέροις οὐ τῶν ἄλλων + μόνον, [D] ἀλλὰ καὶ Ἀλεξανδρέων <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page502">[pg 502]</span><a name="Pg502" id="Pg502" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg503" id="Pg503" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τῶν ἐπ᾽ Αἰγύπτῳ, πολὺ μὲν ἀνῆκα χρυσύον, πολὺ + δ᾽ ἀργύριον, φόρους δὲ παμπληθεῖς ἰδίᾳ παρὰ τὰς ἄλλας πόλεις, + ἔπειτα τοῦ βουλευτηρίου τὸν κατάλογον διακοσίοις βουλευταῖς + ἀνεπλήρωσα φεισάμενος οὐδενός. ἐσκόπουν γὰρ ὅπως ἡ πόλις ὑμῶν ἔσται + μείζων καὶ δυνατωτέρα.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(However, it + becomes me to be silent about all that I have done for all my + subjects in common, lest it should seem that I am purposely as it + were singing my praises with my own lips, and that too after + announcing that I should pour down on my own head many most + opprobrious insults. But as for my actions with respect to you as + individuals, which, though the manner of them was rash and foolish, + nevertheless did not by any means deserve to be repaid by you with + ingratitude, it would, I think, be becoming for me to bring them + forward as reproaches against myself; and these reproaches ought to + be more severe than those I uttered before, I mean those that + related to my unkempt appearance and my lack of charm, inasmuch as + they are more genuine since they have especial reference to the + soul. I mean that before I came here I used to praise you in the + strongest possible terms, without waiting to have actual experience + of you, nor did I consider how we should feel towards one another; + nay, since I thought that you were sons of Greeks, and I myself, + though my family is Thracian, am a Greek in my habits, I supposed + that we should regard one another with the greatest possible + affection. This example of my rashness must therefore be counted as + one reproach against me. Next, after you had sent an embassy to + me—and it arrived not only later than all the other embassies, but + even later than that of the Alexandrians who dwell in Egypt,—I + remitted large sums of gold and of silver also, and all the tribute + money for you separately apart from the other cities; and moreover + I increased the register of your Senate by two hundred members and + spared no man;<a id="noteref_785" name="noteref_785" href= + "#note_785"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">785</span></span></a> for I + was planning to make your city greater and more powerful.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Δέδωκα οὖν ὑμῖν + καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἐπιτροπευσάντων τοὺς θησαυροὺς τοὺς ἐμοὺς [368] καὶ ἀπὸ + τῶν ἐργασαμένων τὸ νόμισμα τοὺς πλουσιωτάτους ἑλομένοις ἔχειν· + ὑμεῖς δ᾽ ἐκείνων μεν οὐ τοὺς δυναμένους εἵλεσθε, λαβόμενοι δὲ τῆς + ἀφορμῆς εἰργάσασθε παραπλήσια πόλει μὲν οὐδαμῶς εὐνομουμένῃ, + πρέποντα δ᾽ ὑμῶν ἄλλως τῷ τρόπῳ. βούλεσθε ἑνὸς ὑμᾶς ὑπομνήσω; + βουλευτὴν ὀνομάσαντες, πρὶν προσγραφῆναι τῷ καταλόγῳ, μετεώρου τῆς + δίκης οὔσης, ὑπεβάλετε λειτουργίᾳ τὸν ἄνθρωπον. ἄλλον ἀπ᾽ ἀγορᾶς + [B] εἱλκύσατε πένητα καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἁπανταχοῦ μὲν ἀπολελειμμένων, παρ᾽ + ὑμῖν δὲ διὰ περιττὴν φρόνησιν ἀμειβομένων πρὸς χρυσίον συρφετῶν + εὐποροῦντα μετρίας οὐσίας εἵλεσθε κοινωνόν. πολλὰ τοιαῦτα περὶ τὰς + ὀνομασίας κακουργούντων ὑμῶν, ἐπειδὴ μὴ πρὸς ἅπαντα συνεχωρήσαμεν, + ὧν τε εὖ εἰργασάμεθα τὴν χάριν ἀπεστερήθημεν, καὶ ὧν ἀπεσχόμεθα ξὺν + δίκῃ παρ᾽ ὑμῶν δυσχεραινόμεθα.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I therefore + gave you the opportunity to elect and to have in your Senate the + richest men among those who administer my own revenues and have + charge of coining the currency. You however did not elect the + capable men among these, but you seized the opportunity to act like + a city by no means well-ordered, though quite in keeping with your + character. Would you like me to remind you of a single instance? + You nominated a Senator, and then before his name had been placed + on the register, and the scrutiny of his character was still + pending, you thrust this person into the public service. Then you + dragged in another from the market-place, a man who was poor and + who belonged to a class which in every other city is counted as the + very dregs, but who among you, since of your excessive wisdom you + exchange rubbish for gold, enjoys a moderate fortune; and this man + you elected as your colleague. Many such offences did you commit + with regard to the nominations, and then when I did not consent to + everything, not only was I deprived of the thanks due for all the + good I had done, but also I have incurred your dislike on account + of all that I in justice refrained from.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[C] Καὶ ταῦτα + μὲν ἦν τῶν μικρῶν πάνυ καὶ οὔπω δυνάμενα τὴν πόλιν ἐκπολεμῶσαι· τὸ + δὲ δὴ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page504">[pg 504]</span><a name= + "Pg504" id="Pg504" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg505" id= + "Pg505" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> μέγιστον, ἐξ οὗ τὸ μέγα ἤρθη + μῖσος, ἀφικομένου μου πρὸς ὑμᾶς ὁ δῆμος ἐν τῷ θεάτρῳ, πνιγόμενος + ὑπὸ τῶν πλουσίων, ἀφῆκε φωνὴν πρῶτον ταύτην· <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Πάντα γέμει, πάντα πολλοῦ.”</span> τῆς ἐπιούσης + διελέχθην ἐγὼ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὑμῶν ἐπιχειρῶν πείθειν, [D] ὅτι + κρεῖττόν ἐστιν ὑπεριδόντας ἀδίκου κτήσεως εὖ ποιῆσαι πολίτας καὶ + ξένους. οἱ δὲ ἐπαγγειλάμενοι τοῦ πράγματος ἐπιμελήσεσθαι μηνῶν ἑξῆς + τριῶν ὑπεριδόντος μου καὶ περιμείναντος οὕτως ὀλιγῶρως εἶχον τοῦ + πράγματος, ὡς οὐδεὶς ἂν ἤλπισεν. ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ἑώρων ἀληθῆ τὴν τοῦ δήμου + φωνὴν καὶ τὴν ἀγορὰν οὐχ ὑπ᾽ ἐνδείας, ἀλλ᾽ ὑπ᾽ ἀπληστίας [369] τῶν + κεκτημένων στενοχωρουμένην, ἕταξα μέτριον ἑκάστου τίμημα καὶ δῆλον + ἐποίησα πᾶσιν. ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ἦν τὰ μὲν ἄλλα παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς πολλὰ πάνυ· καὶ + γὰρ ἦν οἶνος καὶ ἔλαιον καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ πάντα· σίτου δ᾽ ἐνδεῶς εἶχον, + ἀφορίας δεινῆς ὑπὸ τῶν ἔμπροσθεν αὐχμῶν γενομένης, ἔδοξέ μοι + πέμπειν εἰς Χαλκίδα καὶ Ἱερὰν πόλιν καὶ πόλεις τὰς πέριξ, ἔνθεν + εἰσήγαγον ὑμῖν μέτρων τετταράκοντα μυριάδας. ὡς δ᾽ ἀνάλωτο καὶ + τοῦτο, πρότερον μὲν πεντάκις χιλίους, [B] ἑπτάκις χιλίους δ᾽ + ὕστερον, εἶτα νῦν μυρίους, οὓς ἐπιχώριόν ἐστι λοιπὸν ὀνομάζειν + μοδίους, ἀνάλισκον σίτου, πάντας οἴκοθεν ἔχων. ἀπὸ τῆς Αἰγύπτου + κομισθέντα μοι σῖτον ἔδωκα τῇ πόλει, πραττόμενος ἀργύριον οὐκ ἐπὶ + δέκα μέτρων,<a id="noteref_786" name="noteref_786" href= + "#note_786"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">786</span></span></a> ἀλλὰ + πεντεκαίδεκα τοσοῦτον, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page506">[pg + 506]</span><a name="Pg506" id="Pg506" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg507" id="Pg507" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ὅσον ἐπὶ τῶν δέκα πρότερον. εἰ δὲ τοσαῦτα + μέτρα θέρους ἦν παρ᾽ ὑμῖν τοῦ νομίσματος, τί προσδοκᾶν ἔδει + τηνικαῦτα, ἡνίκα, φησὶν ὁ Βοιώτιος ποιητής, [C] χαλεπὸν γενέσθαι + τὸν λιμὸν ἐπὶ δώματι; ἆρ᾽ οὐ πέντε μόγις καὶ ἀγαπητῶς ἄλλως τε καὶ + τηλικούτου χειμῶνος ἐπιγενομένου;</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now these were + very trivial matters and could not so far make the city hostile to + me. But my greatest offence of all, and what aroused that violent + hatred of yours, was the following. When I arrived among you the + populace in the theatre, who were being oppressed by the rich, + first of all cried aloud, <span class="tei tei-q">“Everything + plentiful; everything dear!”</span> On the following day I had an + interview with your powerful citizens and tried to persuade them + that it is better to despise unjust profits and to benefit the + citizens and the strangers in your city. And they promised to take + charge of the matter, but though for three successive months I took + no notice and waited, they neglected the matter in a way that no + one would have thought possible. And when I saw that there was + truth in the outcry of the populace, and that the pressure in the + market was due not to any scarcity but to the insatiate greed of + the rich, I appointed a fair price for everything, and made it + known to all men. And since the citizens had everything else in + great abundance, wine, for instance, and olive oil and all the + rest, but were short of corn, because there had been a terrible + failure of the crops owing to the previous droughts, I decided to + send to Chalcis and Hierapolis and the cities round about, and from + them I imported for you four hundred thousand measures of corn. And + when this too had been used, I first expended five thousand, then + later seven thousand, and now again ten thousand + bushels—<span class="tei tei-q">“modii”</span><a id="noteref_787" + name="noteref_787" href="#note_787"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">787</span></span></a> as + they are called in my country—all of which was my very own + property; moreover I gave to the city corn which had been brought + for me from Egypt; and the price which I set on it was a silver + piece, not for ten measures but for fifteen, that is to say, the + same amount that had formerly been paid for ten measures. And if in + summer, in your city, that same number of measures is sold for that + sum, what could you reasonably have expected at the season when, as + the Boeotian poet says, <span class="tei tei-q">“It is a cruel + thing for famine to be in the house.”</span><a id="noteref_788" + name="noteref_788" href="#note_788"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">788</span></span></a> Would + you not have been thankful to get five measures for that sum, + especially when the winter had set in so severe?)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τί οὖν ὑμῶν οἱ + πλούσιοι; τὸν μὲν ἐπὶ τῶν ἀγρῶν σίτον λάθρᾳ ἀπέδοντο πλείονος, + ἐβάρησαν δὲ τὸ κοινὸν τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀναλώμασι· καὶ οὐχ ἡ πόλις μόνον + ἐπὶ τοῦτο συρρεῖ, [D] οἱ πλεῖστοι δὲ καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἀγρῶν συντρέχουσιν, + ὃ μόνον ἐστὶν εὑρεῖν πολὺ καὶ εὔωνον, ἄρτους ὠνούμενοι. καίτοι τίς + μέμνηται παρ᾽ ὑμῖν εὐθηνουμένης τῆς πόλεως πεντεκαίδεκα μέτρα σίτου + πραθέντα τοῦ χρυσοῦ; ταύτης ἕνεκεν ὑμῖν ἀπηχθόμην ἐγὼ τῆς πράξεως, + ὅτι τὸν οἶνον ὑμῖν οὐκ ἐπέτρεψα καὶ τὰ λάχανα καὶ τὰς ὀπώρας + ἀποδόσθαι χρυσοῦ, καὶ τὸν ὑπὸ τῶν πλουσίων ἀποκεκλεισμένον ἐν ταῖς + ἀποθήκαις σῖτον ἄργυρον αὐτοῖς [370] καὶ χρυσὸν ἐξαίφνης παρ᾽ ὑμῶν + γενέσθαι. ἐκεῖνοι μὲν γὰρ αὐτὸν ἔξω τῆς πόλεως διέθεντο καλῶς, + ἐργασάμενοι τοῖς ἀνθρώποις λιμὸν ἀλοιητῆρα βρότειον, ὡς ὁ θεὸς ἔφη + τοὺς ταῦτα ἐπιτηδεύοντας ἐξελέγχων. ἡ πόλις δ᾽ ἐν ἀφθονίᾳ γέγονεν + ἄρτων ἕνεκα μόνον, ἄλλου δ᾽ οὐδενός.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But what did + your rich men do? They secretly sold the corn in the country for an + exaggerated price, and they oppressed the community by the expenses + that private persons had to incur. And the result is that not only + the city but most of the country people too are flocking in to buy + bread, which is the only thing to be found in abundance and cheap. + And indeed who remembers fifteen measures of corn to have been sold + among you for a gold piece, even when the city was in a prosperous + condition? It was for this conduct that I incurred your hatred, + because I did not allow people to sell you wine and vegetables and + fruit for gold, or the corn which had been locked away by the rich + in their granaries to be suddenly converted by you into silver and + gold for their benefit. For they managed the business finely + outside the city, and so procured for men <span class= + "tei tei-q">“famine that grinds down mortals,”</span><a id= + "noteref_789" name="noteref_789" href="#note_789"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">789</span></span></a> as + the god said when he was accusing those who behave in this fashion. + And the city now enjoys plenty only as regards bread, and nothing + else.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[B] Συνίην μὲν + οὖν καὶ τότε ταῦτα ποιῶν ὅτι μὴ πᾶσιν ἀρέσοιμι, πλὴν ἔμελεν οὐδὲν + ἐμοί· τῷ γὰρ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page508">[pg + 508]</span><a name="Pg508" id="Pg508" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg509" id="Pg509" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀδικουμένῳ πλήθει βοηθεῖν ᾤμην χρῆναι καὶ + τοῖς ἀφικνουμένοις ξένοις, ἐμοῦ τε ἕνεκα καὶ τῶν συνόντων ἡμῖν + ἀρχόντων. ἐπεὶ δ᾽ οἶμαι συμβαίνει τοὺς μὲν ἀπιέναι, τὴν πόλιν δ᾽ + εἶναι τὰ πρὸς ἐμὲ γνώμης μιᾶς· οἱ μὲν γὰρ μισοῦσιν, οἱ δ᾽ ὑπ᾽ ἐμοῦ + τραφέντες ἀχαριστοῦσιν· Ἀδραστείᾳ πάντα ἐπιτρέψας ἐς ἄλλο ἔθνος + οἰχήσομαι καὶ δῆμον ἕτερον, οὐδὲν ὑμᾶς ὑπομνήσας [C] ὧν ἐνιαυτοῖς + ἔμπροσθεν ἐννέα δίκαια δρῶντες εἰς ἀλλήλους εἰργάσασθε, φέρων μὲν ὁ + δῆμος ἐπὶ τὰς οἰκίας τῶν δυνατῶν ξὺν βοῇ τὴν φλόγα καὶ ἀποκτιννὺς + τὸν ἄρχοντα, δίκην δ᾽ αὖθις ἀποτίνων ὑπὲρ τούτων, ὧν ὀργιζόμενος + δικαίως ἔπραξεν οὐκέτι μετρίως.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now I knew even + then when I acted thus that I should not please everybody, only I + cared nothing about that. For I thought it was my duty to assist + the mass of the people who were being wronged, and the strangers + who kept arriving in the city both on my account and on account of + the high officials who were with me. But since it is now, I think, + the case that the latter have departed, and the city is of one mind + with respect to me—for some of you hate me and the others whom I + fed are ungrateful—I leave the whole matter in the hands of + Adrasteia<a id="noteref_790" name="noteref_790" href= + "#note_790"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">790</span></span></a> and I + will betake myself to some other nation and to citizens of another + sort. Nor will I even remind you how you treated one another when + you asserted your rights nine years ago; how the populace with loud + clamour set fire to the houses of those in power, and murdered the + Governor; and how later they were punished for these things + because, though their anger was justified, what they did exceeded + all limits.<a id="noteref_791" name="noteref_791" href= + "#note_791"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">791</span></span></a>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὕπὲρ τίνος οὖν + πρὸς θεῶν ἀχαριστούμεθα; ὅτι τρέφομεν ὑμᾶς οἴκοθεν, [D] ὃ μέχρι + σήμερον ὑπῆρξεν οὐδεμιᾷ πόλει, καὶ τρέφομεν οὕτω λαμπρῶς; ὅτι τὸν + κατάλογον ὑμῶν ηὐξήσαμεν; ὅτι κλέπτοντας ἑλόντες οὐκ ἐπεξήλθομεν; + ἑνὸς ἢ δύο βούλεσθε ὑμᾶς ὑπομνήσω, μή τις ὑπολάβῃ σχῆμα καὶ + ῥητορείαν εἶναι καὶ προσποίησιν τὸ πρᾶγμα; γῆς κλήρους οἶμαι + τρισχιλίους ἔφατε ἀσπόρους εἶναι καὶ ᾐτήσασθε λαβεῖν, λαβόντες + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page510">[pg 510]</span><a name= + "Pg510" id="Pg510" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg511" id= + "Pg511" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> δ᾽ ἐνείμασθε πάντες οἱ μὴ + δεόμενοι. τοῦτο ἐξετασθὲν ἀνεφάνη σαφῶς. ἀφελόμενος δ᾽ αὐτοὺς ἐγὼ + τῶν ἐχόντον οὐ δικαίως, καὶ πολυπραγμονήσας οὐδὲν ὑπὲρ τῶν + ἔμπροσθεν, ὧν ἔσχον ἀτελεῖς, [371] οὓς μάλιστα ἐχρῆν ὑποτελεῖς + εἶναι, ταῖς βαρυτάταις ἔνειμα λειτουργίαις αὐτοὺς τῆς πόλεως. καὶ + νῦν ἀτελεῖς ἔχουσιν οἱ καθ᾽ ἕκαστον ὑμῖν ἐνιαυτὸν ἱπποτροφοῦντες + γῆς κλήρους ἐγγὺς τρισχιλίους, ἐπινοίᾳ μὲν καὶ οἰκονομίᾳ τοῦ θείου + τοὐμοῦ καὶ ὁμωνύμου, χάριτι δ᾽ ἐμῇ, ὃς δὴ τοὺς πανούργους καὶ + κλέπτας οὕτω κολάζων εἰκότως ὑμῖν φαίνομαι τὸν κόσμον ἀνατρέπειν. + [B] εὖ γὰρ ἴστε ὅτι πρὸς τοὺς τοιούτους ἡ πρᾳότης αὔξει καὶ τρέφει + τὴν ἐν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις κακίαν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Why, I repeat, + in Heaven's name, am I treated with ingratitude? Is it because I + feed you from my own purse, a thing which before this day has never + happened to any city, and moreover feed you so generously? Is it + because I increased the register of Senators? Or because, when I + caught you in the act of stealing, I did not proceed against you? + Let me, if you please, remind you of one or two instances, so that + no one may think that what I say is a pretext or mere rhetoric or a + false claim. You said, I think, that three thousand lots of land + were uncultivated, and you asked to have them; and when you had got + them you all divided them among you though you did not need them. + This matter was investigated and brought to light beyond doubt. + Then I took the lots away from those who held them unjustly, and + made no inquiries about the lands which they had before acquired, + and for which they paid no taxes, though they ought most certainly + to have been taxed, and I appointed these men to the most expensive + public services in the city. And even now they who breed horses for + you every year hold nearly three thousand lots of land exempt from + taxation. This is due in the first place to the judgment and + management of my uncle and namesake<a id="noteref_792" name= + "noteref_792" href="#note_792"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">792</span></span></a> but + also to my own kindness; and since this is the way in which I + punish rascals and thieves, I naturally seem to you to be turning + the world upside down. For you know very well that clemency towards + men of this sort increases and fosters wickedness among + mankind.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὁ λόγος οὖν μοι + καὶ ἐνταῦθα περιίσταται πάλιν εἰς ὅπερ βούλομαι. πάντων γὰρ ἐμαυτῷ + τῶν κακῶν αἴτιος γίγνομαι εἰς ἀχάριστα καταθέμενος ἤθη τὰς χάριτας. + ἀνοίας οὖν ἐστι τῆς ἐμῆς τοῦτο καὶ οὐ τῆς ὑμετέρας ἐλευθερίας. ἐγὼ + μὲν δὴ τὰ πρὸς ὑμᾶς εἶναι πειράσομαι τοῦ λοιποῦ συνετώτερος· ὑμῖν + [C] δὲ οἱ θεοὶ τῆς εἰς ἡμᾶς εὐνοίας καὶ τιμῆς, ἣν ἐτιμήσατε + δημοσίᾳ, τὰς ἀμοιβὰς ἀποδοῖεν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Well then, my + discourse has now come round again to the point which I wished to + arrive at. I mean to say that I am myself responsible for all the + wrong that has been done to me, because I transformed your + graciousness to ungracious ways. This therefore is the fault of my + own folly and not of your licence. For the future therefore in my + dealings with you I indeed shall endeavour to be more sensible: but + to you, in return for your good will towards me and the honour + wherewith you have publicly honoured me, may the gods duly pay the + recompense!)</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page513">[pg 513]</span><a name= + "Pg513" id="Pg513" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc33" id="toc33"></a> <a name="pdf34" id="pdf34"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-top: 3.46em; margin-bottom: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Index</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abantes, the, <a href="#Pg497" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">497</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abaris, <a href="#Pg245" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">245</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abderos, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">113</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Academies, the, <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Academy, the, <a href="#Pg125" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">125</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Achaeans, the, <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">317</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Acheron, <a href="#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">129</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Achilles, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">91</a>, <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">189</a>, <a href="#Pg191" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">191</a>, <a href="#Pg387" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">387</a>, <a href= + "#Pg409" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">409</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Acropolis, the, <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">259</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Actium, <a href="#Pg389" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">389</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Adonis, gardens of, <a href="#Pg399" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">399</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Adrasteia, <a href="#Pg509" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">509</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aegean, the, <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">205</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aegina, <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">19</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aeschines, <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">153</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aeschylus, <a href="#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">107</a>, <a href="#Pg133" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">133</a>, <a href="#Pg141" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">141</a>, <a href="#Pg333" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">333</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aesop, <a href="#Pg081" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">81</a>, <a href="#Pg347" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">347</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aetios, <a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">47</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aetolians, the, <a href="#Pg387" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">387</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Africanus, <a href="#Pg257" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">257</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Agamemnon, <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">317</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Agathocles, <a href="#Pg405" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">405</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Agesilaus, <a href="#Pg157" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">157</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Agrippina, city of, <a href="#Pg271" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">271</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ajaxes, the, <a href="#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">191</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alcaeus, <a href="#Pg421" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">421</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Alcibiades</span></span>, the, <a href= + "#Pg027" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">27</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alcibiades, <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">21</a>, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">209</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alcinous, <a href="#Pg461" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">461</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alcmena, <a href="#Pg367" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">367</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alexander the Great, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">63</a>, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">91</a>, <a href="#Pg093" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">93</a>, <a href="#Pg191" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">191</a>, <a href= + "#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a>, + <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">203</a>, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">211</a>, <a href="#Pg229" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a>, <a href="#Pg231" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a>, <a href= + "#Pg367" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">367</a>, + <a href="#Pg373" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">373</a>, <a href="#Pg375" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">375</a>, <a href="#Pg377" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">377</a>, <a href="#Pg379" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">379</a>, <a href= + "#Pg381" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">381</a>, + <a href="#Pg389" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">389</a>, <a href="#Pg393" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">393</a>, <a href="#Pg399" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">399</a>, <a href="#Pg403" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">403</a>, <a href= + "#Pg407" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">407</a>, + <a href="#Pg413" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">413</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alexander, Severus, <a href="#Pg361" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">361</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alexandrians, the, <a href="#Pg503" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">503</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alps Cottian, the, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">287</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ammianus Marcellinus, <a href="#Pg241" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">241</a>, <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">253</a>, <a href="#Pg257" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">257</a>, <a href="#Pg265" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">265</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amphiaraus, <a href="#Pg333" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">333</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anacharsis, <a href="#Pg245" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">245</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anacreon, <a href="#Pg421" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">421</a>, <a href="#Pg499" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">499</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anatolius, <a href="#Pg121" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">121</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anaxagoras, <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">179</a>, <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">181</a>, <a href="#Pg185" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">185</a>, <a href="#Pg229" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anthology, Palatine, <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">53</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anticyra, <a href="#Pg121" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">121</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Antilochus, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">193</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Antinous, <a href="#Pg357" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">357</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Antioch, <a href="#Pg295" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">295</a>, <a href="#Pg418" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">418</a>, <a href="#Pg419" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">419</a>, <a href="#Pg427" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">427</a>, <a href= + "#Pg429" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">429</a>, + <a href="#Pg439" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">439</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Antiochus, <a href="#Pg447" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">447</a>, <a href="#Pg449" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">449</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Antipater, <a href="#Pg131" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">131</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Antisthenes, <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">2</a>, <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">5</a>, <a href="#Pg023" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">23</a>, <a href="#Pg025" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a>, <a href= + "#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>, + <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">99</a>, <a href="#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">103</a>, <a href="#Pg105" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a>, <a href="#Pg169" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">169</a>, <a href= + "#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Antoninus Pius, <a href="#Pg357" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">357</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Antony, M., <a href="#Pg387" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">387</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aphrodite, <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">155</a>, <a href="#Pg351" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">351</a>, <a href="#Pg357" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">357</a>, <a href="#Pg413" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">413</a>, <a href= + "#Pg481" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">481</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Apollo, <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">25</a>, <a href="#Pg037" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">37</a>, <a href="#Pg087" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>, <a href="#Pg091" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>, <a href= + "#Pg157" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">157</a>, + <a href="#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">159</a>, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">193</a>, <a href="#Pg245" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">245</a>, <a href="#Pg351" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">351</a>, <a href= + "#Pg355" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">355</a>, + <a href="#Pg365" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">365</a>, <a href="#Pg371" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">371</a>, <a href="#Pg413" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">413</a>, <a href="#Pg418" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">418</a>, <a href= + "#Pg439" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">439</a>, + <a href="#Pg445" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">445</a>, <a href="#Pg461" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">461</a>, <a href="#Pg475" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">475</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Apollodorus, <a href="#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">111</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Appian, <a href="#Pg383" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">383</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arabs, the, <a href="#Pg451" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">451</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Araxius, <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">217</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Archidamus, <a href="#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">93</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Archilochus, <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">79</a>, <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">89</a>, <a href="#Pg131" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">131</a>, <a href="#Pg325" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">325</a>, <a href= + "#Pg421" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">421</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Areius, <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">233</a>, <a href="#Pg391" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">391</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ares, <a href="#Pg283" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">283</a>, <a href="#Pg409" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">409</a>, <a href="#Pg413" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">413</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arete, <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">217</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Argentoratum (Strasburg), <a href="#Pg271" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">271</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ariovistus, <a href="#Pg379" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">379</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aristides the Just, <a href="#Pg245" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">245</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aristides the rhetorician, <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">153</a>, <a href="#Pg301" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">301</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aristophanes, <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">175</a>, <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">219</a>, <a href="#Pg355" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">355</a>, <a href="#Pg457" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">457</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aristotelian Paraphrases of Themistius, <a href="#Pg200" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aristotle, <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">15</a>, <a href="#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">31</a>, <a href="#Pg051" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a>, <a href="#Pg063" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">63</a>, <a href= + "#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a>, + <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">155</a>, <a href="#Pg157" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">157</a>, <a href="#Pg200" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a>, <a href="#Pg211" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>, <a href= + "#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a>, + <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">227</a>, <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">231</a>, <a href="#Pg325" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">325</a>, <a href="#Pg363" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">363</a>, <a href= + "#Pg465" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">465</a>, + <a href="#Pg481" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">481</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Asclepiades, the Cynic, <a href="#Pg123" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">123</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Asclepius, <a href="#Pg149" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">149</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Asia, <a href="#Pg213" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">213</a>, <a href="#Pg377" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">377</a>, <a href="#Pg379" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">379</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Asmus, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">70</a>, <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">165</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ate, <a href="#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">129</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page514">[pg 514]</span><a name= + "Pg514" id="Pg514" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athenaeus, <a href="#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">111</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athene, <a href="#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">111</a>, <a href="#Pg125" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">125</a>, <a href="#Pg137" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">137</a>, <a href="#Pg139" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">139</a>, <a href= + "#Pg141" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">141</a>, + <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">143</a>, <a href="#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">145</a>, <a href="#Pg147" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">147</a>, <a href="#Pg247" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">247</a>, <a href= + "#Pg249" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a>, + <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">259</a>, <a href="#Pg283" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">283</a>, <a href="#Pg301" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">301</a>, <a href="#Pg441" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">441</a>, <a href= + "#Pg461" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">461</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athenians, the, <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">19</a>, <a href="#Pg131" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">131</a>, <a href="#Pg181" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a>, <a href="#Pg213" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">213</a>, <a href= + "#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a>, + <a href="#Pg241" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">241</a>, <a href="#Pg451" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">451</a>, <a href="#Pg457" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">457</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Athenians, Letter to the</span></span>, + <a href="#Pg242" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">242-291</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athenodorus, <a href="#Pg353" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">353</a>, <a href="#Pg391" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">391</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athens, <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">15</a>, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">87</a>, <a href="#Pg093" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">93</a>, <a href="#Pg095" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a>, <a href= + "#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a>, + <a href="#Pg183" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">183</a>, <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">217</a>, <a href="#Pg219" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">219</a>, <a href="#Pg241" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">241</a>, <a href= + "#Pg243" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">243</a>, + <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">259</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athos, Mount, <a href="#Pg173" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">173</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Augustus, Emperor, <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">233</a>, <a href="#Pg353" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">353</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aurelian, <a href="#Pg361" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">361</a>, <a href="#Pg363" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">363</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Autolycus, <a href="#Pg453" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">453</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Babylas, <a href="#Pg485" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">485</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bacchanals, the, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">113</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Basilina, <a href="#Pg461" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">461</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bernays, <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">2</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bithynia, <a href="#Pg479" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">479</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bosporus, <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">205</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brigantia (Bregentz), <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">287</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Britain, <a href="#Pg271" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">271</a>, <a href="#Pg279" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">279</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brutus, <a href="#Pg389" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">389</a>, <a href="#Pg405" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">405</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Burton, <a href="#Pg423" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">423</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cadmeans, the, <a href="#Pg333" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">333</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cadmus, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">113</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caesar, Caius, <a href="#Pg405" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">405</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caesar, Julius, <a href="#Pg351" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">351</a>, <a href="#Pg367" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">367</a>, <a href="#Pg369" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">369</a>, <a href="#Pg375" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">375</a>, <a href= + "#Pg379" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">379</a>, + <a href="#Pg381" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">381</a>, <a href="#Pg389" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">389</a>, <a href="#Pg397" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">397</a>, <a href="#Pg403" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">403</a>, <a href= + "#Pg413" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">413</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caesarea, <a href="#Pg418" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">418</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Caesars, The</span></span>, <a href="#Pg344" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">344-415</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caligula, <a href="#Pg353" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">353</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Calliope, <a href="#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">103</a>, <a href="#Pg425" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">425</a>, <a href="#Pg475" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">475</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Callisthenes, <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">169</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Calypso, <a href="#Pg461" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">461</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cappadocia, <a href="#Pg251" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">251</a>, <a href="#Pg257" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">257</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Capri, <a href="#Pg353" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">353</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caracalla, <a href="#Pg359" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">359</a>, <a href="#Pg367" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">367</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caria, <a href="#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">72</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carians, the, <a href="#Pg377" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">377</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carterius, <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">217</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carus, <a href="#Pg365" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">365</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cassius, <a href="#Pg389" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">389</a>, <a href="#Pg405" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">405</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cato, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">209</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cato the Younger, <a href="#Pg477" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">477</a>, <a href="#Pg479" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">479</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cebes, <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Celts, the, <a href="#Pg195" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">195</a>, <a href="#Pg279" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">279</a>, <a href="#Pg377" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">377</a>, <a href="#Pg429" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">429</a>, <a href= + "#Pg433" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">433</a>, + <a href="#Pg451" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">451</a>, <a href="#Pg479" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">479</a>, <a href="#Pg483" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">483</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Centumcellae, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">287</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chaeronea, <a href="#Pg479" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">479</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chalcis, <a href="#Pg505" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">505</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chamavi, the, <a href="#Pg273" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">273</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Charmides, <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">175</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Charybdis, <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">51</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chnodomar, <a href="#Pg271" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">271</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chrisostomos, Johannes <a href="#Pg485" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">485</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Christ, <a href="#Pg475" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">475</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chrysippus, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">209</a>, <a href="#Pg325" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">325</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chrysostom, Saint, <a href="#Pg419" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">419</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chytron, <a href="#Pg123" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">123</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cicero, <a href="#Pg245" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">245</a>, <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">259</a>, <a href="#Pg427" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">427</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Circe, <a href="#Pg461" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">461</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Citium, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">17</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Claudius, Emperor, <a href="#Pg355" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">355</a>, <a href="#Pg361" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">361</a>, <a href="#Pg413" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">413</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Clazomenae, <a href="#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">229</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cleinias, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">209</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cleisthenes, <a href="#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">9</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cleitus, <a href="#Pg403" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">403</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cocytus, <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">51</a>, <a href="#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">129</a>, <a href="#Pg355" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">355</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Commodus, <a href="#Pg359" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">359</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Constance, Lake, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">287</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Constans, <a href="#Pg367" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">367</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Constantine, <a href="#Pg131" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">131</a>, <a href="#Pg367" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">367</a>, <a href="#Pg371" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">371</a>, <a href="#Pg397" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">397</a>, <a href= + "#Pg399" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">399</a>, + <a href="#Pg411" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">411</a>, <a href="#Pg413" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">413</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Constantine II, <a href="#Pg367" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">367</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Constantinople, <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">3</a>, <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">205</a>, <a href="#Pg343" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">342</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Constantius, <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">2</a>, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">70</a>, <a href="#Pg121" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">121</a>, <a href="#Pg143" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">143</a>, <a href= + "#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">165</a>, + <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">175</a>, <a href="#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">197</a>, <a href="#Pg200" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a>, <a href="#Pg241" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">241</a>, <a href= + "#Pg251" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a>, + <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">253</a>, <a href="#Pg255" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">255</a>, <a href="#Pg257" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">257</a>, <a href="#Pg259" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a>, <a href= + "#Pg267" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">267</a>, + <a href="#Pg269" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">269</a>, <a href="#Pg271" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">271</a>, <a href="#Pg273" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">273</a>, <a href="#Pg275" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">275</a>, <a href= + "#Pg279" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a>, + <a href="#Pg281" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">281</a>, <a href="#Pg285" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">285</a>, <a href="#Pg367" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">367</a>, <a href="#Pg418" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">418</a>, <a href= + "#Pg427" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">427</a>, + <a href="#Pg429" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">429</a>, <a href="#Pg461" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">461</a>, <a href="#Pg475" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">475</a>, <a href="#Pg485" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">485</a>, <a href= + "#Pg491" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">491</a>, + <a href="#Pg509" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">509</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Constantius Chlorus, <a href="#Pg365" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">365</a>, <a href="#Pg413" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">413</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Crassus, <a href="#Pg383" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">383</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Crates, <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">2</a>, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">17</a>, <a href="#Pg053" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a>, <a href="#Pg055" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">55</a>, <a href= + "#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">57</a>, + <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">59</a>, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">83</a>, <a href="#Pg089" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a>, <a href="#Pg095" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a>, <a href= + "#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cratinus, <a href="#Pg427" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">427</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Crete, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">77</a>, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">193</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Crito</span></span>, the, <a href="#Pg027" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">27</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Critoboulos, <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">181</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Croesus, <a href="#Pg435" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">435</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cyclades, the, <a href="#Pg455" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">455</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cyclops, the, <a href="#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">191</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cynics, the, <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">2</a>, <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">3</a>, <a href="#Pg231" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cynics, To the Uneducated</span></span>, + <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">4-65</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cyprus, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">17</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Damophilus, <a href="#Pg479" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">479</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Danube, the, <a href="#Pg271" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">271</a>, <a href="#Pg377" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">377</a>, <a href="#Pg391" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">391</a>, <a href="#Pg393" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">393</a>, <a href= + "#Pg451" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">451</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Daphne, <a href="#Pg418" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">418</a>, <a href="#Pg439" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">439</a>, <a href="#Pg445" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">445</a>, <a href="#Pg475" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">475</a>, <a href= + "#Pg487" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">487</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Daphnis, <a href="#Pg425" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">425</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Darius, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">63</a>, <a href="#Pg213" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">213</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Darius III, <a href="#Pg377" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">377</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Decentius, <a href="#Pg281" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">281</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Deioces, <a href="#Pg245" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">245</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Delos, <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">153</a>, <a href="#Pg461" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">461</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page515">[pg 515]</span><a name= + "Pg515" id="Pg515" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Delphi, <a href="#Pg363" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">363</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Delphic oracle, <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">189</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Demeter, <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">35</a>, <a href="#Pg445" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">445</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Demetrius, the freedman, <a href="#Pg477" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">477</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Democritus, <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">21</a>, <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">179</a>, <a href="#Pg229" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Demodocus, <a href="#Pg459" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">459</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Demonax, <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">2</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Demosthenes, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">65</a>, <a href="#Pg131" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">131</a>, <a href="#Pg153" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a>, <a href="#Pg175" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a>, <a href= + "#Pg237" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">237</a>, + <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">253</a>, <a href="#Pg291" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">291</a>, <a href="#Pg495" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">495</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dio of Sicily, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">209</a>, <a href="#Pg313" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">313</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dio Chrysostom, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">63</a>, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">70</a>, <a href="#Pg071" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">71</a>, <a href="#Pg077" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>, <a href= + "#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">93</a>, + <a href="#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">111</a>, <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">165</a>, <a href="#Pg175" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a>, <a href="#Pg189" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a>, <a href= + "#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">203</a>, + <a href="#Pg391" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">391</a>, <a href="#Pg423" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">423</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Diocletian, <a href="#Pg365" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">365</a>, <a href="#Pg367" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">367</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Diogenes, the Cynic, <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">2</a>, <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">3</a>, <a href="#Pg005" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">5</a>, <a href="#Pg019" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">19</a>, <a href= + "#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">23</a>, + <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">25</a>, <a href="#Pg027" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">27</a>, <a href="#Pg029" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">29</a>, <a href="#Pg033" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">33</a>, <a href= + "#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">35</a>, + <a href="#Pg037" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">37</a>, <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">39</a>, <a href="#Pg043" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">43</a>, <a href="#Pg049" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a>, <a href= + "#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a>, + <a href="#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">57</a>, <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">59</a>, <a href="#Pg061" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a>, <a href="#Pg063" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">63</a>, <a href= + "#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a>, + <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">89</a>, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">91</a>, <a href="#Pg093" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">93</a>, <a href="#Pg157" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">157</a>, <a href= + "#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">159</a>, + <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">161</a>, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">211</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Diogenes Laertius, <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">43</a>, <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">53</a>, <a href="#Pg125" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">125</a>, <a href="#Pg159" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">159</a>, <a href= + "#Pg177" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">177</a>, + <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">179</a>, <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">181</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Diomede, <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">219</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dionysius, <a href="#Pg405" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">405</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dionysus, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">70</a>, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">73</a>, <a href="#Pg107" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a>, <a href="#Pg109" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">109</a>, <a href= + "#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">111</a>, + <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">113</a>, <a href="#Pg115" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">115</a>, <a href="#Pg117" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">117</a>, <a href="#Pg203" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">203</a>, <a href= + "#Pg335" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">335</a>, + <a href="#Pg349" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">349</a>, <a href="#Pg353" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">353</a>, <a href="#Pg363" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">363</a>, <a href="#Pg371" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">371</a>, <a href= + "#Pg395" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">395</a>, + <a href="#Pg403" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">403</a>, <a href="#Pg407" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">407</a>, <a href="#Pg427" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">427</a>, <a href="#Pg475" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">475</a>, <a href= + "#Pg481" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">481</a>, + <a href="#Pg499" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">499</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Domitian, <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">165</a>, <a href="#Pg357" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">357</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dynamius, <a href="#Pg257" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">257</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dyrrachium, <a href="#Pg385" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">385</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Egypt, <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">155</a>, <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">233</a>, <a href="#Pg355" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">355</a>, <a href="#Pg379" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">379</a>, <a href= + "#Pg389" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">389</a>, + <a href="#Pg503" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">503</a>, <a href="#Pg505" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">505</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Egyptians, the, <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">167</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Emesa, <a href="#Pg361" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">361</a>, <a href="#Pg475" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">475</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Empedocles, <a href="#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">129</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Empedotimus, <a href="#Pg313" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">313</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Epameinondas, <a href="#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">159</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Epicharmus, <a href="#Pg183" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">183</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Epictetus, <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">2</a>, <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">153</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Epictetus Bishop, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">287</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Epicurus, <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">43</a>, <a href="#Pg207" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">207</a>, <a href="#Pg217" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a>, <a href="#Pg327" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">327</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Erasistratus, <a href="#Pg447" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">447</a>, <a href="#Pg449" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">449</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eretria, <a href="#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">229</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Euboea, <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">179</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Euclid of Megara, <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Euphrates, the, <a href="#Pg391" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">391</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eupolis, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">73</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Euripides, <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">5</a>, <a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">47</a>, <a href="#Pg049" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a>, <a href="#Pg057" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">57</a>, <a href= + "#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a>, + <a href="#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">97</a>, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">113</a>, <a href="#Pg133" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a>, <a href="#Pg185" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">185</a>, <a href= + "#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">205</a>, + <a href="#Pg249" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">249</a>, <a href="#Pg323" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">323</a>, <a href="#Pg333" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">333</a>, <a href="#Pg361" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">361</a>, <a href= + "#Pg397" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">397</a>, + <a href="#Pg403" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">403</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Europe, <a href="#Pg377" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">377</a>, <a href="#Pg379" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">379</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eurycleia, <a href="#Pg441" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">441</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eusebia, <a href="#Pg255" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">255</a>, <a href="#Pg257" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">257</a>, <a href="#Pg261" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eusebius, <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">253</a>, <a href="#Pg257" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">257</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fates, the, <a href="#Pg135" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">135</a>, <a href="#Pg137" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">137</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Faustina, <a href="#Pg359" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">359</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Felix, <a href="#Pg257" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">257</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Florentius, <a href="#Pg271" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">271</a>, <a href="#Pg273" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">273</a>, <a href="#Pg279" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a>, <a href="#Pg281" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">281</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Frazer, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">87</a>, <a href="#Pg399" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">399</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Furius Camillus, <a href="#Pg383" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">383</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gadara, <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">23</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gades, <a href="#Pg381" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">381</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Galba, <a href="#Pg355" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">355</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Galilaeans, the, <a href="#Pg037" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">37</a>, <a href="#Pg123" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">123</a>, <a href="#Pg327" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">327</a>, <a href="#Pg337" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">337</a>, <a href= + "#Pg475" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">475</a>, + <a href="#Pg491" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">491</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gallienus, <a href="#Pg361" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">361</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gallus, <a href="#Pg269" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">269</a>, <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">253</a>, <a href="#Pg255" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">255</a>, <a href="#Pg429" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">429</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ganymede, <a href="#Pg357" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">357</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gaudentius, <a href="#Pg257" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">257</a>, <a href="#Pg277" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">277</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gaul, <a href="#Pg121" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">121</a>, <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">165</a>, <a href="#Pg183" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a>, <a href="#Pg195" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a>, <a href= + "#Pg257" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">257</a>, + <a href="#Pg267" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">267</a>, <a href="#Pg269" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">269</a>, <a href="#Pg271" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">271</a>, <a href="#Pg279" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a>, <a href= + "#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a>, + <a href="#Pg289" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">289</a>, <a href="#Pg377" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">377</a>, <a href="#Pg379" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">379</a>, <a href="#Pg457" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">457</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gauls, the, <a href="#Pg385" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">385</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Genesis, <a href="#Pg037" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">37</a>, <a href="#Pg301" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">301</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Germans, the, <a href="#Pg269" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">269</a>, <a href="#Pg385" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">385</a>, <a href="#Pg389" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">389</a>, <a href="#Pg397" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">397</a>, <a href= + "#Pg479" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">479</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Geta, <a href="#Pg359" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">359</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Getae, the, <a href="#Pg357" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">357</a>, <a href="#Pg377" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">377</a>, <a href="#Pg393" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">393</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gintonius, <a href="#Pg279" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">279</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Glaucon, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">209</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Glaukos, <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">219</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Graces, the, <a href="#Pg351" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">351</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Greeks, the, <a href="#Pg385" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">385</a>, <a href="#Pg387" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">387</a>, <a href="#Pg451" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">451</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hades, <a href="#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">103</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hadrian, <a href="#Pg357" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">357</a>, <a href="#Pg418" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">418</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Harrison, J., <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">87</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hector, <a href="#Pg171" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">171</a>, <a href="#Pg401" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">401</a>, <a href="#Pg441" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">441</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Helen, <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">167</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heliogabalus, <a href="#Pg361" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">361</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Helios, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">83</a>, <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">119</a>, <a href="#Pg121" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">121</a>, <a href="#Pg135" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">135</a>, <a href= + "#Pg137" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">137</a>, + <a href="#Pg139" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">139</a>, <a href="#Pg141" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">141</a>, <a href="#Pg143" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">143</a>, <a href="#Pg145" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">145</a>, <a href= + "#Pg147" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">147</a>, + <a href="#Pg261" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">261</a>, <a href="#Pg283" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">283</a>, <a href="#Pg363" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">363</a>, <a href="#Pg379" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">379</a>, <a href= + "#Pg471" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">471</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hera, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">77</a>, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">113</a>, <a href="#Pg151" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a>, <a href="#Pg349" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">349</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heracleitus, <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">15</a>, <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">23</a>, <a href="#Pg103" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a>, <a href="#Pg129" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">129</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heracles, <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">23</a>, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">70</a>, <a href="#Pg073" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a>, <a href="#Pg091" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>, <a href= + "#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a>, + <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">105</a>, <a href="#Pg109" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">109</a>, <a href="#Pg111" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">111</a>, <a href="#Pg113" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a>, <a href= + "#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">203</a>, + <a href="#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">229</a>, <a href="#Pg347" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">347</a>, <a href="#Pg367" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">367</a>, <a href="#Pg375" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">375</a>, <a href= + "#Pg387" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">387</a>, + <a href="#Pg413" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">413</a>, <a href="#Pg499" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">499</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Heraclius, To the Cynic</span></span>, + <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">73-161</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heraclius the Cynic, <a href="#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">69</a>, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">70</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hercynian forest, <a href="#Pg479" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">479</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hermes, <a href="#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">9</a>, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">113</a>, <a href="#Pg125" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">125</a>, <a href="#Pg139" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">139</a>, <a href= + "#Pg141" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">141</a>, + <a href="#Pg147" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">147</a>, <a href="#Pg149" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">149</a>, <a href="#Pg157" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">157</a>, <a href="#Pg347" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">347</a>, <a href= + "#Pg349" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">349</a>, + <a href="#Pg357" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">357</a>, <a href="#Pg365" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">365</a>, <a href="#Pg367" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">367</a>, <a href="#Pg369" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">369</a>, <a href= + "#Pg371" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">371</a>, + <a href="#Pg373" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">373</a>, <a href="#Pg375" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">375</a>, <a href="#Pg399" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">399</a>, <a href="#Pg403" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">403</a>, <a href= + "#Pg405" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">405</a>, + <a href="#Pg407" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">407</a>, <a href="#Pg411" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">411</a>, <a href="#Pg415" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">415</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Herodotus, <a href="#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">9</a>, <a href="#Pg353" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">353</a>, <a href="#Pg435" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">435</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page516">[pg 516]</span><a name= + "Pg516" id="Pg516" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hesiod, <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">79</a>, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">83</a>, <a href="#Pg149" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">149</a>, <a href="#Pg177" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">177</a>, <a href= + "#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">179</a>, + <a href="#Pg363" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">363</a>, <a href="#Pg443" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">443</a>, <a href="#Pg447" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">447</a>, <a href="#Pg507" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">507</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hierapolis, <a href="#Pg505" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">505</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Himerius, <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">153</a>, <a href="#Pg467" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">467</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hippocleides, <a href="#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">9</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hipponax, <a href="#Pg325" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">325</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Homer, <a href="#Pg013" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">13</a>, <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">33</a>, <a href="#Pg037" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">37</a>, <a href="#Pg045" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">45</a>, <a href= + "#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a>, + <a href="#Pg081" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">81</a>, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">83</a>, <a href="#Pg087" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>, <a href="#Pg119" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>, <a href= + "#Pg131" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">131</a>, + <a href="#Pg137" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">137</a>, <a href="#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">145</a>, <a href="#Pg167" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a>, <a href="#Pg171" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">171</a>, <a href= + "#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a>, + <a href="#Pg177" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">177</a>, <a href="#Pg183" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">183</a>, <a href="#Pg187" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a>, <a href="#Pg189" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a>, <a href= + "#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">191</a>, + <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">193</a>, <a href="#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">197</a>, <a href="#Pg211" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>, <a href="#Pg219" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">219</a>, <a href= + "#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a>, + <a href="#Pg409" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">409</a>, <a href="#Pg425" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">425</a>, <a href="#Pg435" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">435</a>, <a href="#Pg441" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">441</a>, <a href= + "#Pg443" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">443</a>, + <a href="#Pg447" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">447</a>, <a href="#Pg451" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">451</a>, <a href="#Pg453" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">453</a>, <a href="#Pg459" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">459</a>, <a href= + "#Pg461" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">461</a>, + <a href="#Pg467" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">467</a>, <a href="#Pg497" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">497</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Horace, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">63</a>, <a href="#Pg121" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">121</a>, <a href="#Pg325" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">325</a>, <a href="#Pg421" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">421</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hylas, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">113</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hymettus, <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">169</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hyperboreans, the, <a href="#Pg245" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">245</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Iamblichus, <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">25</a>, <a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">47</a>, <a href="#Pg105" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a>, <a href="#Pg117" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">117</a>, <a href= + "#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Iberians, the, <a href="#Pg379" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">379</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Illyria, <a href="#Pg183" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">183</a>, <a href="#Pg195" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">195</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Illyrians, the, <a href="#Pg377" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">377</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Illyricum, <a href="#Pg241" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">241</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + India, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">77</a>, <a href="#Pg115" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">115</a>, <a href="#Pg387" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">387</a>, <a href="#Pg401" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">401</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Iolaus, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">113</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ionia, <a href="#Pg183" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">183</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ionian Sea, the, <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">205</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Iphicles, <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">51</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ismenias of Thebes, <a href="#Pg423" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">423</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Isocrates, <a href="#Pg150" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">150</a>, <a href="#Pg275" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">275</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Isthmus, the, <a href="#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">93</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Italians, the, <a href="#Pg377" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">377</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Italy, <a href="#Pg121" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">121</a>, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">287</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ithaca, <a href="#Pg459" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">459</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ixion, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">77</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jesus, <a href="#Pg327" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">327</a>, <a href="#Pg413" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">413</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jews, the, <a href="#Pg313" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">313</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Julian, Count, <a href="#Pg249" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">249</a>, <a href="#Pg429" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">429</a>, <a href="#Pg497" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">497</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jupiter Capitoline, <a href="#Pg355" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">355</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Juvenal, <a href="#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">11</a>, <a href="#Pg125" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">125</a>, <a href="#Pg355" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">355</a>, <a href="#Pg383" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">383</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kasios, Mt., <a href="#Pg487" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">487</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kronia</span></span>, the lost, <a href= + "#Pg343" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">343</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kronia, the, <a href="#Pg343" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">343</a>, <a href="#Pg345" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">345</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kronos, <a href="#Pg213" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">213</a>, <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">215</a>, <a href="#Pg345" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">345</a>, <a href="#Pg347" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">347</a>, <a href= + "#Pg369" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">369</a>, + <a href="#Pg371" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">371</a>, <a href="#Pg413" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">413</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lacedaemonians, the, <a href="#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">191</a>, <a href="#Pg243" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">243</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Laelius, <a href="#Pg177" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">177</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Laestrygons, the, <a href="#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">191</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lais, <a href="#Pg127" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">127</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lesbos, <a href="#Pg421" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">421</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leto, <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">153</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Letter, Fragment of a</span></span>, + <a href="#Pg296" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">296-339</a>, <a href="#Pg343" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">343</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Libanius, <a href="#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">200</a>, <a href="#Pg241" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">241</a>, <a href="#Pg301" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">301</a>, <a href="#Pg418" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">418</a>, <a href= + "#Pg419" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">419</a>, + <a href="#Pg467" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">467</a>, <a href="#Pg485" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">485</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lichas, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">113</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Licinius, <a href="#Pg367" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">367</a>, <a href="#Pg397" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">397</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Livy, <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">161</a>, <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">179</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Loos, the month, <a href="#Pg487" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">487</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lotos-Eaters, the, <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">15</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lucian, <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">2</a>, <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">5</a>, <a href="#Pg023" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">23</a>, <a href="#Pg245" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">245</a>, <a href= + "#Pg323" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">323</a>, + <a href="#Pg343" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">343</a>, <a href="#Pg353" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">353</a>, <a href="#Pg375" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">375</a>, <a href="#Pg383" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">383</a>, <a href= + "#Pg391" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">391</a>, + <a href="#Pg401" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">401</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lucilianus, <a href="#Pg279" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">279</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lucius Gellius, <a href="#Pg383" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">383</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lucius Verus, <a href="#Pg359" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">359</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lucretius, <a href="#Pg029" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">29</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lucullus, <a href="#Pg383" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">383</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lupicinus, <a href="#Pg275" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">275</a>, <a href="#Pg279" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">279</a>, <a href="#Pg281" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">281</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lutetia (Paris), <a href="#Pg429" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">429</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lyceum, the, <a href="#Pg125" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">125</a>, <a href="#Pg157" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">157</a>, <a href="#Pg231" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lycurgus, <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">205</a>, <a href="#Pg225" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">225</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lydians, the, <a href="#Pg435" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">435</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Macedonians, the, <a href="#Pg213" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">213</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Macellum, <a href="#Pg251" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">251</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Macrinus, <a href="#Pg361" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">361</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Magnentius, <a href="#Pg367" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">367</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Magnesia, <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">89</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mallians, the, <a href="#Pg401" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">401</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mammaea, <a href="#Pg361" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">361</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marathon, <a href="#Pg457" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">457</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marcellus, <a href="#Pg267" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">267</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marcus Aurelius, <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">203</a>, <a href="#Pg359" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">359</a>, <a href="#Pg371" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">371</a>, <a href="#Pg395" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">395</a>, <a href= + "#Pg399" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">399</a>, + <a href="#Pg407" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">407</a>, <a href="#Pg409" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">409</a>, <a href="#Pg411" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">411</a>, <a href="#Pg413" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">413</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mardonius, <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">169</a>, <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">259</a>, <a href="#Pg461" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">461</a>, <a href="#Pg463" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">463</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marinus, <a href="#Pg257" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">257</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marius, Caius, <a href="#Pg383" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">383</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Martial, <a href="#Pg349" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">349</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Matthew</span></span>, Gospel of, <a href= + "#Pg007" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">7</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maxentius, <a href="#Pg397" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">397</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maximians, the, <a href="#Pg365" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">365</a>, <a href="#Pg367" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">367</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maximus of Ephesus, <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">151</a>, <a href="#Pg467" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">467</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maximus of Tyre, <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">71</a>, <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">175</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Medes, the, <a href="#Pg245" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">245</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mediterranean, the, <a href="#Pg379" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">379</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Megarian philosophy, <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Megarians, the, <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">189</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Memmorius, <a href="#Pg121" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">121</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Menander the dramatist, <a href="#Pg433" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">433</a>, <a href="#Pg453" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">453</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Menander the rhetorician, <a href="#Pg030" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">30</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Menedemus, <a href="#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">229</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Messalina, <a href="#Pg355" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">355</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Metroum, the, <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">5</a>, <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">19</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Milan, <a href="#Pg257" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">257</a>, <a href="#Pg261" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">261</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Milton, <a href="#Pg395" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">395</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Minos, <a href="#Pg359" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">359</a>, <a href="#Pg361" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">361</a>, <a href="#Pg367" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">367</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Misopogon, the</span></span>, <a href= + "#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a>, + <a href="#Pg371" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">371</a>, <a href="#Pg420" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">420-511</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page517">[pg 517]</span><a name= + "Pg517" id="Pg517" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mithras, <a href="#Pg415" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">415</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mithridates, <a href="#Pg383" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">383</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moses, <a href="#Pg299" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">299</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mother of the Gods, <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">5</a>, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">113</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Multan, <a href="#Pg401" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">401</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Murray, <a href="#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">69</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Muses, the, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">65</a>, <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">153</a>, <a href="#Pg157" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">157</a>, <a href="#Pg349" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">349</a>, <a href= + "#Pg421" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">421</a>, + <a href="#Pg423" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">423</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Musonius, <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">233</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mykonos, <a href="#Pg455" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">455</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mysians, the, <a href="#Pg451" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">451</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mysteries, the, <a href="#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">103</a>, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">105</a>, <a href="#Pg107" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a>, <a href="#Pg109" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">109</a>, <a href= + "#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>, + <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">161</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Narcissus, the freedman, <a href="#Pg355" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">355</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nausicaa, <a href="#Pg461" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">461</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Naxos, <a href="#Pg421" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">421</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nebridius, <a href="#Pg281" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">281</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nemesis, <a href="#Pg509" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">509</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Neocles, <a href="#Pg207" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">207</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nero, <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">233</a>, <a href="#Pg355" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">355</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nerva, <a href="#Pg357" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">357</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nestor, <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">15</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nicolaus, <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">233</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nicomedia, <a href="#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">200</a>, <a href="#Pg418" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">418</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nireus, <a href="#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">191</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Octavian, <a href="#Pg351" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">351</a>, <a href="#Pg389" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">389</a>, <a href="#Pg397" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">397</a>, <a href="#Pg399" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">399</a>, <a href= + "#Pg405" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">405</a>, + <a href="#Pg413" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">413</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Odysseus, <a href="#Pg171" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">171</a>, <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">189</a>, <a href="#Pg191" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">191</a>, <a href="#Pg441" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">441</a>, <a href= + "#Pg459" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">459</a>, + <a href="#Pg461" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">461</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oedipus, <a href="#Pg133" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">133</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oenomaus, <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">23</a>, <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">53</a>, <a href="#Pg085" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>, <a href="#Pg091" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Olympia, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">91</a>, <a href="#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">93</a>, <a href="#Pg097" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>, <a href="#Pg159" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">159</a>, <a href= + "#Pg225" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Olympus, <a href="#Pg109" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">109</a>, <a href="#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">129</a>, <a href="#Pg147" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">147</a>, <a href="#Pg323" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">323</a>, <a href= + "#Pg325" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">325</a>, + <a href="#Pg347" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">347</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oreibasius, <a href="#Pg265" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">265</a>, <a href="#Pg467" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">467</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Orpheus, <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">99</a>, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">105</a>, <a href="#Pg167" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Otho, <a href="#Pg355" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">355</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Paeonians, the, <a href="#Pg451" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">451</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pallas, the freedman, <a href="#Pg355" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">355</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pan, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">83</a>, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">105</a>, <a href="#Pg113" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a>, <a href="#Pg149" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">149</a>, <a href= + "#Pg425" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">425</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Paris (Lutetia), <a href="#Pg241" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">241</a>, <a href="#Pg279" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">279</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Parisians, the, <a href="#Pg429" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">429</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Paros, <a href="#Pg421" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">421</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Parthians, the, <a href="#Pg357" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">357</a>, <a href="#Pg387" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">387</a>, <a href="#Pg395" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">395</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Patroclus, <a href="#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">191</a>, <a href="#Pg459" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">459</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Paul, St., <a href="#Pg309" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">309</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Paul, a sycophant, <a href="#Pg277" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">277</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Peirithous, <a href="#Pg173" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">173</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Peleus, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">193</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Penelope, <a href="#Pg457" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">457</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pentadius, <a href="#Pg277" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">277</a>, <a href="#Pg281" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">281</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pentheus, <a href="#Pg117" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">117</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pericles, <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">179</a>, <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">181</a>, <a href="#Pg187" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Peripatetics, the, <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">25</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Perseus, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">105</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Persia, <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">155</a>, <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">231</a>, <a href="#Pg295" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">295</a>, <a href="#Pg387" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">387</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Persia, king of, <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">43</a>, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">63</a>, <a href="#Pg091" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Persians, the, <a href="#Pg213" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">213</a>, <a href="#Pg385" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">385</a>, <a href="#Pg439" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">439</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pertinax, <a href="#Pg359" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">359</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Petavius, <a href="#Pg029" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">29</a>, <a href="#Pg030" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">30</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Peter, St.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg145" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">145</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Petulantes, the, <a href="#Pg279" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">279</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Peucestes, <a href="#Pg401" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">401</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phaeacians, the, <a href="#Pg435" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">435</a>, <a href="#Pg459" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">459</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phaedo, <a href="#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">229</a>, <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phaethon, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">83</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phalaris, <a href="#Pg357" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">357</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phemius, <a href="#Pg459" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">459</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Philebus</span></span>, the, <a href= + "#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Philippi, <a href="#Pg389" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">389</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Philiscus, <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">19</a>, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">91</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Philostratus, <a href="#Pg301" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">301</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phoenicians, the, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">113</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phrygia, <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">219</a>, <a href="#Pg431" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">431</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phryne, <a href="#Pg127" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">127</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pindar, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">77</a>, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">113</a>, <a href="#Pg149" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">149</a>, <a href="#Pg301" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">301</a>, <a href= + "#Pg507" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">507</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pittacus, <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">205</a>, <a href="#Pg225" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">225</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Plato, <a href="#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">9</a>, <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">21</a>, <a href="#Pg025" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a>, <a href="#Pg027" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">27</a>, <a href= + "#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">31</a>, + <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">39</a>, <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">41</a>, <a href="#Pg051" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a>, <a href="#Pg063" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">63</a>, <a href= + "#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">70</a>, + <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">77</a>, <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">79</a>, <a href="#Pg081" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">81</a>, <a href="#Pg093" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">93</a>, <a href= + "#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">99</a>, + <a href="#Pg101" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">101</a>, <a href="#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">103</a>, <a href="#Pg105" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a>, <a href="#Pg117" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">117</a>, <a href= + "#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>, + <a href="#Pg133" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">133</a>, <a href="#Pg139" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">139</a>, <a href="#Pg145" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">145</a>, <a href="#Pg149" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">149</a>, <a href= + "#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a>, + <a href="#Pg157" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">157</a>, <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">169</a>, <a href="#Pg173" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">173</a>, <a href="#Pg179" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">179</a>, <a href= + "#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a>, + <a href="#Pg213" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">213</a>, <a href="#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">221</a>, <a href="#Pg223" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">223</a>, <a href="#Pg231" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a>, <a href= + "#Pg263" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">263</a>, + <a href="#Pg307" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">307</a>, <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">317</a>, <a href="#Pg325" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">325</a>, <a href="#Pg345" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">345</a>, <a href= + "#Pg347" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">347</a>, + <a href="#Pg353" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">353</a>, <a href="#Pg363" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">363</a>, <a href="#Pg365" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">365</a>, <a href="#Pg369" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">369</a>, <a href= + "#Pg409" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">409</a>, + <a href="#Pg457" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">457</a>, <a href="#Pg465" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">465</a>, <a href="#Pg467" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">467</a>, <a href="#Pg481" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">481</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pliny, <a href="#Pg401" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">401</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Plotinus, <a href="#Pg117" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">117</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Plutarch, <a href="#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">55</a>, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">83</a>, <a href="#Pg089" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a>, <a href="#Pg125" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">125</a>, <a href= + "#Pg131" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">131</a>, + <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">231</a>, <a href="#Pg245" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">245</a>, <a href="#Pg383" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">383</a>, <a href="#Pg385" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">385</a>, <a href= + "#Pg401" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">401</a>, + <a href="#Pg423" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">423</a>, <a href="#Pg427" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">427</a>, <a href="#Pg447" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">447</a>, <a href="#Pg449" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">449</a>, <a href= + "#Pg477" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">477</a>, + <a href="#Pg479" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">479</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pnyx, the, <a href="#Pg207" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">207</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Polemon, <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">169</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pompey, <a href="#Pg377" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">377</a>, <a href="#Pg381" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">381</a>, <a href="#Pg383" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">383</a>, <a href="#Pg385" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">385</a>, <a href= + "#Pg389" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">389</a>, + <a href="#Pg405" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">405</a>, <a href="#Pg477" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">477</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pontus, the, <a href="#Pg489" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">489</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Porphyry, <a href="#Pg117" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">117</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Portico, the, <a href="#Pg125" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">125</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Poseidon, <a href="#Pg373" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">373</a>, <a href="#Pg389" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">389</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Praechter, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">70</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Priam, <a href="#Pg441" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">441</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Priscus, <a href="#Pg467" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">467</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Probus, <a href="#Pg363" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">363</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Prodicus, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">70</a>, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">105</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Prometheus, <a href="#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">9</a>, <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">41</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Propontis, the, <a href="#Pg195" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">195</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Protagoras</span></span>, the, <a href= + "#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page518">[pg 518]</span><a name= + "Pg518" id="Pg518" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Protarchus, <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">155</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pylos, <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">15</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pyrrho, <a href="#Pg327" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">327</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pyrrhus, <a href="#Pg387" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">387</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pythagoras, <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">15</a>, <a href="#Pg022" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">22</a>, <a href="#Pg025" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a>, <a href="#Pg033" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">33</a>, <a href= + "#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a>, + <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">51</a>, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">63</a>, <a href="#Pg155" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a>, <a href="#Pg161" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a>, <a href= + "#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">179</a>, + <a href="#Pg195" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">195</a>, <a href="#Pg325" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">325</a>, <a href="#Pg353" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">353</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pythagoreans, the, <a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">47</a>, <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">155</a>, <a href="#Pg231" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pythian oracle, <a href="#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">11</a>, <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">15</a>, <a href="#Pg023" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">23</a>, <a href="#Pg033" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">33</a>, <a href= + "#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a>, + <a href="#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">159</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Quadi, the, <a href="#Pg271" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">271</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Quirinus, <a href="#Pg347" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">347</a>, <a href="#Pg355" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">355</a>, <a href="#Pg367" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">367</a>, <a href="#Pg369" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">369</a>, <a href= + "#Pg383" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">383</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rhadamanthus, <a href="#Pg363" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">363</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rhea, <a href="#Pg349" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">349</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rhine, the, <a href="#Pg269" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">269</a>, <a href="#Pg271" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">271</a>, <a href="#Pg273" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">273</a>, <a href="#Pg377" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">377</a>, <a href= + "#Pg423" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">423</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rhodes, <a href="#Pg301" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">301</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Romans, the, <a href="#Pg379" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">379</a>, <a href="#Pg385" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">385</a>, <a href="#Pg397" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">397</a>, <a href="#Pg471" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">471</a>, <a href= + "#Pg479" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">479</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rome, <a href="#Pg241" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">241</a>, <a href="#Pg331" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">331</a>, <a href="#Pg391" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">391</a>, <a href="#Pg475" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">475</a>, <a href= + "#Pg479" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">479</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Romulus, <a href="#Pg347" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">347</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Salii, the, <a href="#Pg273" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">273</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sallust, Address to</span></span>, <a href= + "#Pg166" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166-197</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sallust, <a href="#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">69</a>, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">70</a>, <a href="#Pg121" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">121</a>, <a href="#Pg165" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">165</a>, <a href= + "#Pg277" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">277</a>, + <a href="#Pg279" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">279</a>, <a href="#Pg343" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">343</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Salmoneus, <a href="#Pg149" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">149</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Samos, <a href="#Pg081" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">81</a>, <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">155</a>, <a href="#Pg179" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">179</a>, <a href="#Pg447" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">447</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sardis, <a href="#Pg435" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">435</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sarmatians, the, <a href="#Pg271" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">271</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saturn, <a href="#Pg345" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">345</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Satyrs, the, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">113</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Scipio Africanus, <a href="#Pg177" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">177</a>, <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">179</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Scipios, the, <a href="#Pg383" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">383</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Scythians, the, <a href="#Pg245" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">245</a>, <a href="#Pg305" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">305</a>, <a href="#Pg391" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">391</a>, <a href="#Pg397" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">397</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Selene, <a href="#Pg261" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">261</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Seleucus, <a href="#Pg353" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">353</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Semele, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">70</a>, <a href="#Pg109" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">109</a>, <a href="#Pg113" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a>, <a href="#Pg115" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">115</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Serapis, <a href="#Pg355" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">355</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Serenianus, the Cynic, <a href="#Pg123" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">123</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Severus, Emperor, <a href="#Pg359" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">359</a>, <a href="#Pg367" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">367</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sextus Empiricus, <a href="#Pg029" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">29</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sextus Pompeius, <a href="#Pg389" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">389</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sicilians, the, <a href="#Pg313" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">313</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Silenus, <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">21</a>, <a href="#Pg349" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">349</a>, <a href="#Pg351" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">351</a>, <a href="#Pg353" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">353</a>, <a href= + "#Pg355" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">355</a>, + <a href="#Pg357" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">357</a>, <a href="#Pg359" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">359</a>, <a href="#Pg361" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">361</a>, <a href="#Pg363" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">363</a>, <a href= + "#Pg365" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">365</a>, + <a href="#Pg369" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">369</a>, <a href="#Pg373" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">373</a>, <a href="#Pg393" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">393</a>, <a href="#Pg395" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">395</a>, <a href= + "#Pg399" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">399</a>, + <a href="#Pg401" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">401</a>, <a href="#Pg403" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">403</a>, <a href="#Pg405" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">405</a>, <a href="#Pg407" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">407</a>, <a href= + "#Pg409" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">409</a>, + <a href="#Pg411" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">411</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Silvanus, <a href="#Pg257" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">257</a>, <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">259</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Simmias, <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Simonides, <a href="#Pg407" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">407</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sinope, <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">5</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sirens, the, <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">167</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sirmium, <a href="#Pg257" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">257</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Smicrines, <a href="#Pg453" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">453</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Socrates, <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">5</a>, <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">21</a>, <a href="#Pg025" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a>, <a href="#Pg027" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">27</a>, <a href= + "#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">31</a>, + <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">33</a>, <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">85</a>, <a href="#Pg157" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">157</a>, <a href="#Pg159" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">159</a>, <a href= + "#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a>, + <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">169</a>, <a href="#Pg173" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">173</a>, <a href="#Pg175" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a>, <a href="#Pg189" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a>, <a href= + "#Pg207" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">207</a>, + <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">217</a>, <a href="#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">229</a>, <a href="#Pg231" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a>, <a href="#Pg313" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">313</a>, <a href= + "#Pg365" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">365</a>, + <a href="#Pg465" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">465</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Solon, <a href="#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">55</a>, <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">205</a>, <a href="#Pg225" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a>, <a href="#Pg435" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">435</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sophroniscus, <a href="#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">229</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sparta, <a href="#Pg241" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">241</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spartacus, <a href="#Pg383" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">383</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stoa, the, <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stoics, the, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">17</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stratonice, <a href="#Pg449" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">449</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Suetonius, <a href="#Pg351" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">351</a>, <a href="#Pg353" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">353</a>, <a href="#Pg381" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">381</a>, <a href="#Pg389" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">389</a>, <a href= + "#Pg391" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">391</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sulla, <a href="#Pg383" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">383</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sura, <a href="#Pg393" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">393</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Synesius, <a href="#Pg427" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">427</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Syracuse, <a href="#Pg313" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">313</a>, <a href="#Pg405" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">405</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Syria, <a href="#Pg509" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">509</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Syrians, the, <a href="#Pg451" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">451</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tacitus, <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">233</a>, <a href="#Pg353" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">353</a>, <a href="#Pg355" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">355</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tarentum, <a href="#Pg471" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">471</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tartarus, <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">51</a>, <a href="#Pg139" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">139</a>, <a href="#Pg323" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">323</a>, <a href="#Pg325" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">325</a>, <a href= + "#Pg355" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">355</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Taurus, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">287</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Telamon, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">113</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Teos, <a href="#Pg499" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">499</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Termerus, <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">89</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thebans, the, <a href="#Pg379" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">379</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thebes, <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">25</a>, <a href="#Pg333" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">333</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Themistius, Letter to</span></span>, + <a href="#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">202-237</a>, <a href="#Pg043" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">43</a>, <a href="#Pg097" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>, <a href= + "#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a>, + <a href="#Pg383" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">383</a>, <a href="#Pg391" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">391</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Themistius, <a href="#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">9</a>, <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">71</a>, <a href="#Pg153" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a>, <a href="#Pg167" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a>, <a href= + "#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a>, + <a href="#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">200</a>, <a href="#Pg201" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">201</a>, <a href="#Pg363" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">363</a>, <a href="#Pg391" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">391</a>, <a href= + "#Pg423" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">423</a>, + <a href="#Pg489" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">489</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Themistocles, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">63</a>, <a href="#Pg245" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">245</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Theocritus, <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">155</a>, <a href="#Pg177" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">177</a>, <a href="#Pg189" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a>, <a href="#Pg197" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">197</a>, <a href= + "#Pg357" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">357</a>, + <a href="#Pg399" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">399</a>, <a href="#Pg425" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">425</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Theodosius, <a href="#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">200</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Theognis, <a href="#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">107</a>, <a href="#Pg185" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">185</a>, <a href="#Pg455" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">455</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Theophilus, Governor of Antioch, <a href="#Pg491" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">491</a>, <a href="#Pg509" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">509</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Theophrastus, <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">15</a>, <a href="#Pg465" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">465</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Theseus, <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">89</a>, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">105</a>, <a href="#Pg173" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">173</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thesmophoria, the, <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">35</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Thessalonians</span></span>, <a href= + "#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">145</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thessaly, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">75</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thrace, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">75</a>, <a href="#Pg183" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">183</a>, <a href="#Pg195" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thracians, the, <a href="#Pg353" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">353</a>, <a href="#Pg391" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">391</a>, <a href="#Pg451" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">451</a>, <a href="#Pg457" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">457</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thrasyleon, <a href="#Pg453" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">453</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thrasyllus, <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">233</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thucydides, <a href="#Pg081" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">81</a>, <a href="#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">191</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tiberius, <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">233</a>, <a href="#Pg353" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">353</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tigris, the, <a href="#Pg387" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">387</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Timaeus, <a href="#Pg157" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">157</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span>, the, <a href="#Pg155" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page519">[pg 519]</span><a name= + "Pg519" id="Pg519" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Titus, <a href="#Pg357" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">357</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Trajan, <a href="#Pg357" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">357</a>, <a href="#Pg369" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">369</a>, <a href="#Pg373" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">373</a>, <a href="#Pg395" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">395</a>, <a href= + "#Pg397" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">397</a>, + <a href="#Pg405" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">405</a>, <a href="#Pg413" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">413</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tralles, <a href="#Pg251" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">251</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Trojans the, <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">167</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Troy, <a href="#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">191</a>, <a href="#Pg441" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">441</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Valerian, <a href="#Pg361" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">361</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vespasian, <a href="#Pg355" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">355</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vienne, <a href="#Pg267" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">267</a>, <a href="#Pg279" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">279</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vindex, <a href="#Pg355" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">355</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vitellius, <a href="#Pg355" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">355</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vosges Mts., <a href="#Pg271" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">271</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Xenophon, <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">51</a>, <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">85</a>, <a href="#Pg087" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>, <a href="#Pg105" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a>, <a href= + "#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a>, + <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">181</a>, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">209</a>, <a href="#Pg229" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a>, <a href="#Pg459" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">459</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Xerxes, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">63</a>, <a href="#Pg173" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">173</a>, <a href="#Pg213" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">213</a>, <a href="#Pg461" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">461</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zamolxis, <a href="#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">175</a>, <a href="#Pg353" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">353</a>, <a href="#Pg393" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">393</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zeller, <a href="#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">200</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zeno, <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">25</a>, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">63</a>, <a href="#Pg177" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">177</a>, <a href="#Pg325" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">325</a>, <a href= + "#Pg351" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">351</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zeus, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">17</a>, <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">41</a>, <a href="#Pg043" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">43</a>, <a href="#Pg083" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a>, <a href= + "#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">93</a>, + <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">105</a>, <a href="#Pg109" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">109</a>, <a href="#Pg111" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">111</a>, <a href="#Pg113" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a>, <a href= + "#Pg115" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">115</a>, + <a href="#Pg135" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">135</a>, <a href="#Pg137" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">137</a>, <a href="#Pg141" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">141</a>, <a href="#Pg145" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">145</a>, <a href= + "#Pg149" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">149</a>, + <a href="#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">197</a>, <a href="#Pg283" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">283</a>, <a href="#Pg305" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">305</a>, <a href="#Pg307" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">307</a>, <a href= + "#Pg351" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">351</a>, + <a href="#Pg367" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">367</a>, <a href="#Pg369" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">369</a>, <a href="#Pg395" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">395</a>, <a href="#Pg409" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">409</a>, <a href= + "#Pg411" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">411</a>, + <a href="#Pg413" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">413</a>, <a href="#Pg445" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">445</a>, <a href="#Pg467" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">467</a>, <a href="#Pg475" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">475</a>, (Kasios) + <a href="#Pg487" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">487</a>, <a href="#Pg499" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">499</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zonaras, <a href="#Pg425" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">425</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zosimus, <a href="#Pg241" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">241</a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-back" style= + "margin-top: 6.00em; margin-bottom: 2.00em"> + <div id="footnotes" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc35" id="toc35"></a> <a name="pdf36" id="pdf36"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 3.46em; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Footnotes</span></h1> + + <dl class="tei tei-list-footnotes"> + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_1" name="note_1" href= + "#noteref_1">1.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. Bernays, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lukian und die + Kyniker</span></span>, Berlin, 1879.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_2" name="note_2" href= + "#noteref_2">2.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">224 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_3" name="note_3" href= + "#noteref_3">3.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aristides, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Orations</span></span> 402 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_4" name="note_4" href= + "#noteref_4">4.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The precise meaning of the phrase is + uncertain; it has been suggested that it arose from the custom of + altering or <span class="tei tei-q">“countermarking”</span> coins + so as to adapt them for the regular currency; see 192 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 7. 208 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_5" name="note_5" href= + "#noteref_5">5.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἱκανὰς Naber adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_6" name="note_6" href= + "#noteref_6">6.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">φαμεν Hertlein suggests, φασι + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_7" name="note_7" href= + "#noteref_7">7.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A proverb signifying that all is + topsy-turvy: cf. Euripides, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Medea</span></span> 413 ἄνω ποταμῶν ἱερῶν + χωροῦσι παγαί.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_8" name="note_8" href= + "#noteref_8">8.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Of Sinope: he was the pupil of + Antisthenes and is said to have lived in a jar in the Metroum, the + temple of the Mother of the Gods at Athens; he died 323 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_9" name="note_9" href= + "#noteref_9">9.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For the tradition that Diogenes died + of eating a raw octopus cf. Lucian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sale of + Creeds</span></span> 10.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_10" name="note_10" href= + "#noteref_10">10.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A pupil of Socrates and founder of the + Cynic sect.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_11" name="note_11" href= + "#noteref_11">11.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A proverb, but Julian may allude to + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Matthew</span></span> 6. 28.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_12" name="note_12" href= + "#noteref_12">12.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus 6.129; Hippocleides, when + told by Cleisthenes that by his unbecoming method of dancing he had + <span class="tei tei-q">“danced away his marriage,”</span> made + this answer which became a proverb.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_13" name="note_13" href= + "#noteref_13">13.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">καταπεμφθεῖσα Reiske would add.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_14" name="note_14" href= + "#noteref_14">14.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τῆς ζωῆς Wright σώματος Hertlein, MSS. + Petavius suspects corruption.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_15" name="note_15" href= + "#noteref_15">15.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">θεῷ Klimek, θεῶν Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_16" name="note_16" href= + "#noteref_16">16.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">An echo of Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Philebus</span></span> 16 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>; cf. Themistius 338 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_17" name="note_17" href= + "#noteref_17">17.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span> eloquence, commerce, and + social intercourse.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_18" name="note_18" href= + "#noteref_18">18.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ταῦτα Hertlein suggests, τὰ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_19" name="note_19" href= + "#noteref_19">19.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">προσήκειν—ἄνθρωπον, Hertlein suggests, + cf. Maximus of Tyre 4. 7; ἔφη τὰ μεταξὺ τοῦ ζῷον εἶναι τὸν ἄνθρωπον + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_20" name="note_20" href= + "#noteref_20">20.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. 188 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>; Juvenal, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Satires</span></span> + 11. 27; E caelo descendit γνῶθι σεαυτόν.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_21" name="note_21" href= + "#noteref_21">21.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 4. 379.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_22" name="note_22" href= + "#noteref_22">22.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 13. 355.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_23" name="note_23" href= + "#noteref_23">23.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Nestor; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> + 3. 174.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_24" name="note_24" href= + "#noteref_24">24.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Heracleitus <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> + 80.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_25" name="note_25" href= + "#noteref_25">25.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 4. 143 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_26" name="note_26" href= + "#noteref_26">26.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">οὐδ᾽ ὁ Hertlein suggests, οὐδὲ + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_27" name="note_27" href= + "#noteref_27">27.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἔτι Hertlein suggests, ἤδη Reiske, + ἐστὶν MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_28" name="note_28" href= + "#noteref_28">28.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Zeno of Citium in Cyprus, the founder + of the Stoic school.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_29" name="note_29" href= + "#noteref_29">29.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian seems to mean that Zeno and the + Stoics could not accept without modification the manner of life + advocated by the Cynic Crates.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_30" name="note_30" href= + "#noteref_30">30.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δὴ Hertlein suggests, δὲ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_31" name="note_31" href= + "#noteref_31">31.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀπεληλακόσι Naber, ἀπεληλάκασι + Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_32" name="note_32" href= + "#noteref_32">32.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">παρίασιν Cobet, παριᾶσιν Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_33" name="note_33" href= + "#noteref_33">33.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">οἳ διχάδε Hertlein suggests, cf. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Symposium</span></span> 215, οἱ δὲ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_34" name="note_34" href= + "#noteref_34">34.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 5. 159 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_35" name="note_35" href= + "#noteref_35">35.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 7. 210 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>, 212 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_36" name="note_36" href= + "#noteref_36">36.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Symposium</span></span> 215.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_37" name="note_37" href= + "#noteref_37">37.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Before αἴτιος Cobet omits τις.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_38" name="note_38" href= + "#noteref_38">38.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Before κατέλιπεν Cobet omits + οὗτος.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_39" name="note_39" href= + "#noteref_39">39.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">οὕτω φιλοσοφῆσαι Reiske suggests, + lacuna Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_40" name="note_40" href= + "#noteref_40">40.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μόνον Hertlein suggests, πρῶτον + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_41" name="note_41" href= + "#noteref_41">41.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Of Gadara, a Cynic philosopher whose + date is probably the second century <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span>; cf. 199 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, 209 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, 210 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>, 212 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_42" name="note_42" href= + "#noteref_42">42.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lucian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sale of + Creeds</span></span> 8, makes Diogenes say that he had modelled + himself on Heracles.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_43" name="note_43" href= + "#noteref_43">43.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Heracleitus <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> 16, + Bywater.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_44" name="note_44" href= + "#noteref_44">44.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 7. 208 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>, 211 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, 211 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_45" name="note_45" href= + "#noteref_45">45.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Apollo.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_46" name="note_46" href= + "#noteref_46">46.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Of Thebes, the Cynic philosopher, a + pupil of Diogenes; he lived in the latter half of the fourth + century <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_47" name="note_47" href= + "#noteref_47">47.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span> + 730 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_48" name="note_48" href= + "#noteref_48">48.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Alcibiades</span></span> i. 129 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_49" name="note_49" href= + "#noteref_49">49.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Crito</span></span> 44 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_50" name="note_50" href= + "#noteref_50">50.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Epistle</span></span> 2. 314 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>; Julian quotes from + memory and slightly alters the original; Plato meant that in his + dialogues he had suppressed his own personality in favour of + Socrates.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_51" name="note_51" href= + "#noteref_51">51.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τῇ καθαρᾷ χρῆσθαι Hertlein suggests, + τῇ γε ὡς ἀρχῃ MSS., corrupt.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_52" name="note_52" href= + "#noteref_52">52.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δὲ Hertlein suggests.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_53" name="note_53" href= + "#noteref_53">53.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὴν Naber suggests.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_54" name="note_54" href= + "#noteref_54">54.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. Lucretius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De Rerum + Natura</span></span> 3. 359 foll.; Sextus Empiricus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Adversus + Mathematicos</span></span> 7. 350.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_55" name="note_55" href= + "#noteref_55">55.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">αὐτὸ τοῦτο Hertlein suggests, αὐτοῦ + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_56" name="note_56" href= + "#noteref_56">56.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὴν θεωρίαν Hertlein suggests, πρὸς + τὴν θεωρίαν MSS., θεωρίας Petavius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_57" name="note_57" href= + "#noteref_57">57.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δὲ after ἀπέδοσαν Hertlein suggests, + τε MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_58" name="note_58" href= + "#noteref_58">58.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δοκοῦσιν· Hertlein suggests, δοκοῦσιν, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_59" name="note_59" href= + "#noteref_59">59.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δὲ Hertlein suggests, δὴ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_60" name="note_60" href= + "#noteref_60">60.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τούτους; οὐχ ὡς Hertlein suggests, + τούτους, ὡς MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_61" name="note_61" href= + "#noteref_61">61.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">καὶ γὰρ Hertlein suggests, καίτοι + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_62" name="note_62" href= + "#noteref_62">62.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Protagoras</span></span> 314 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_63" name="note_63" href= + "#noteref_63">63.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Phaedo</span></span> 81 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_64" name="note_64" href= + "#noteref_64">64.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 5. 304.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_65" name="note_65" href= + "#noteref_65">65.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δὲ after ἀνθρώπων Hertlein + suggests.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_66" name="note_66" href= + "#noteref_66">66.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀνάλωται Hertlein suggests, δείκνυται + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_67" name="note_67" href= + "#noteref_67">67.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μᾶλλον Hertlein suggests, μόνον + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_68" name="note_68" href= + "#noteref_68">68.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πως Hertlein suggests, ἴσως MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_69" name="note_69" href= + "#noteref_69">69.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Demeter, who regulated the customs of + civilised life, especially agriculture: her festival was the + Thesmophoria.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_70" name="note_70" href= + "#noteref_70">70.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 12. 331.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_71" name="note_71" href= + "#noteref_71">71.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">οὔτι ἄλογον Hertlein suggests, οὐ + χαλεπὸν MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_72" name="note_72" href= + "#noteref_72">72.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Genesis</span></span> 9. 3.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_73" name="note_73" href= + "#noteref_73">73.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span> 77 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_74" name="note_74" href= + "#noteref_74">74.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Protagoras</span></span> 321 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>; Plato however says that + the theft of fire by Prometheus saved mankind, and that later Zeus + bestowed on them the political art.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_75" name="note_75" href= + "#noteref_75">75.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἔχων οὐδ᾽ οἰκέτην Kaibel, οὐκ οἰκέτην + ἔχων Hertlein, MSS.; Hertlein prints the second verse as + prose.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_76" name="note_76" href= + "#noteref_76">76.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Letter to + Themistius</span></span> 256 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>; Nauck, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Adespota + Fragmenta</span></span> 6; Diogenes Laertius, 6. 38, says that this + was a favourite quotation of Diogenes; its source is unknown.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_77" name="note_77" href= + "#noteref_77">77.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. 188 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>, Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span> + 730 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_78" name="note_78" href= + "#noteref_78">78.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The stater or Daric was worth about a + sovereign.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_79" name="note_79" href= + "#noteref_79">79.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 5. 766.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_80" name="note_80" href= + "#noteref_80">80.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ταῦτὰ Hertlein suggests, ταῦτα + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_81" name="note_81" href= + "#noteref_81">81.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">An oath used by the Pythagoreans, who + regarded the tetrad, the sum of the first four numbers, as + symbolical of all proportion and perfection; cf. Aetios, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Placita</span></span> 1. 7. Pythagoras, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aureum + Carmen</span></span> 47, Mullach νὰ μὰ τὸν ἁμετέρᾳ ψυχᾷ παραδόντα + τετρακτύν.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_82" name="note_82" href= + "#noteref_82">82.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πως Hertlein suggests, πάντως + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_83" name="note_83" href= + "#noteref_83">83.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 268 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>; Euripides <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> + 1007 Nauck ὁ νοῦς γὰρ ἡμῶν ἐστιν ἐν ἑκάστῳ θεός; Iamblichus, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Protrepticus</span></span> 8. 138.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_84" name="note_84" href= + "#noteref_84">84.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ζηλωταὶ ἐάσαντες Hertlein suggests, + ζηλώσαντες MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_85" name="note_85" href= + "#noteref_85">85.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πρὶν Hertlein suggests, καὶ τρίτον + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_86" name="note_86" href= + "#noteref_86">86.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Euripides <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> + 488; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Misopogon</span></span> 358 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_87" name="note_87" href= + "#noteref_87">87.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 1. 40 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, 2. 74 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>, notes.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_88" name="note_88" href= + "#noteref_88">88.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ταῦτα καὶ Hertlein suggests, καὶ ταῦτα + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_89" name="note_89" href= + "#noteref_89">89.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δύνῃ Hertlein suggests, cf. Diogenes + Laertius 6. 5. 2; δύνασαι MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_90" name="note_90" href= + "#noteref_90">90.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Epistles</span></span> 326 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_91" name="note_91" href= + "#noteref_91">91.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">An echo of Xenophon, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Anabasis</span></span> 7. 1. 29.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_92" name="note_92" href= + "#noteref_92">92.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Diogenes Laertius 6. 86; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Palatine + Anthology</span></span> 9. 497; Julian paraphrases the verses of + Crates, cf. Crates <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> 14, Diels.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_93" name="note_93" href= + "#noteref_93">93.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Palatine Anthology</span></span> 10. 104.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_94" name="note_94" href= + "#noteref_94">94.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἑθεράπευε Hertlein suggests, + ἐθεράπευσε MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_95" name="note_95" href= + "#noteref_95">95.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">I.e.</span></span> parodies such as the verses + here quoted which parody Solon's prayer <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> 12, + Bergk; cf. 213 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_96" name="note_96" href= + "#noteref_96">96.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὄλβον Wright, cf. 213<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, οἶτον MSS., + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_97" name="note_97" href= + "#noteref_97">97.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀγείρειν Cobet, ἀγινεῖν Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_98" name="note_98" href= + "#noteref_98">98.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">καθυφείσθω Hertlein suggests, καθείσθω + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_99" name="note_99" href= + "#noteref_99">99.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Before κεκλημένος Cobet adds καὶ; cf. + Oration 8. 250 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_100" name="note_100" + href="#noteref_100">100.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">An echo of Euripides, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Phoenissae</span></span> 551, περιβλέπεσθαι + τίμιον, κενὸν μὲν οὖν.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_101" name="note_101" + href="#noteref_101">101.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Thucydides 1. 118.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_102" name="note_102" + href="#noteref_102">102.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">εὐδαιμονήσουσιν Hertlein suggests, + εὐδαιμονήσωσιν MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_103" name="note_103" + href="#noteref_103">103.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">αὐτῷ Cobet, οὕτω Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_104" name="note_104" + href="#noteref_104">104.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δρᾶν, Petavius, φάναι Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_105" name="note_105" + href="#noteref_105">105.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ψυχρῷ Naber, θερμῷ Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_106" name="note_106" + href="#noteref_106">106.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">φιλονεικῶν Hertlein suggests, φιλῶν + νεκρὸν, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_107" name="note_107" + href="#noteref_107">107.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. Dio Chrysostom, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 6. 12, Arnim.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_108" name="note_108" + href="#noteref_108">108.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A proverb; Sicily was famous for good + cooking; cf. Plato, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span> 404 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>; Horace, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Odes</span></span> 1. + 1. 18, <span class="tei tei-q">“Siculae dapes.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_109" name="note_109" + href="#noteref_109">109.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Demosthenes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + Corona</span></span> 47.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_110" name="note_110" + href="#noteref_110">110.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">σὺ Reiske adds, παραμενέτω μέν σοι + Reiske conjectures, lacuna Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_111" name="note_111" + href="#noteref_111">111.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Demosthenes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + Corona</span></span>, 308, cf. Vol. I. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 5. 178 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_112" name="note_112" + href="#noteref_112">112.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Murray's translation of Sallust in + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Four + Stages of Greek Religion</span></span>, New York, 1912.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_113" name="note_113" + href="#noteref_113">113.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> 7, 219.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_114" name="note_114" + href="#noteref_114">114.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. Vol. I, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 2. 56 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_115" name="note_115" + href="#noteref_115">115.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Asmus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Julian und Dion + Chrysostomus</span></span>, 1895; cf. Praechter, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Archiv für Geschichte + der Philosophie</span></span> 5. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dion Chrysostomus als + Quelle Julians.</span></span> Julian only once mentions Dio by + name, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> 7, 212 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_116" name="note_116" + href="#noteref_116">116.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Themistius, 280 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_117" name="note_117" + href="#noteref_117">117.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Maximus of Tyre, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dissertation</span></span> 20.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_118" name="note_118" + href="#noteref_118">118.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Eupolis <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> + 4.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_119" name="note_119" + href="#noteref_119">119.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Misopogon</span></span> 366 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_120" name="note_120" + href="#noteref_120">120.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 20. 18.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_121" name="note_121" + href="#noteref_121">121.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">After Καρίᾳ Reiske suggests + ἀνέφανη.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_122" name="note_122" + href="#noteref_122">122.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">οἱ Cobet adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_123" name="note_123" + href="#noteref_123">123.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">οἱ Cobet adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_124" name="note_124" + href="#noteref_124">124.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τε Hertlein suggests, τι MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_125" name="note_125" + href="#noteref_125">125.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ἰξίων νεφέλῃ τινὶ Cobet, lacuna + Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_126" name="note_126" + href="#noteref_126">126.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τούτοις ἀντ᾽ ἀληθοῦς ψευδὴς Cobet, + lacuna Hertlein, MSS., ἐντέτηκε Wright, τέτηκε Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_127" name="note_127" + href="#noteref_127">127.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">αὐτοῖς Wright, αὐτῷ Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_128" name="note_128" + href="#noteref_128">128.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">προσαρτῶσι Hertlein suggests, + προσαρτᾶν MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_129" name="note_129" + href="#noteref_129">129.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ἱππεῖς ἐν Θετταλίᾳ καὶ Θραᾴκῃ was a + well-known proverb; cf. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> 2. 63 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_130" name="note_130" + href="#noteref_130">130.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> Hera; cf. Pindar, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pythian</span></span> 2. 20 foll.; Dio + Chrysostom 4. 130, Arnim.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_131" name="note_131" + href="#noteref_131">131.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Theaetetus</span></span> 151 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">e</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_132" name="note_132" + href="#noteref_132">132.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The whole passage echoes Plato, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Phaedrus</span></span> 251.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_133" name="note_133" + href="#noteref_133">133.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. Archilochus <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">frr.</span></span> + 86, 89; Archilochus used the beast-fable or parable: Julian here + ignores his own distinction and uses the wider term <span class= + "tei tei-q">“myth.”</span> Hesiod used myth as well as fable.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_134" name="note_134" + href="#noteref_134">134.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Phaedo</span></span> + 61 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_135" name="note_135" + href="#noteref_135">135.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὴν τύχην Cobet, οὐ τὴν τύχην + Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_136" name="note_136" + href="#noteref_136">136.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μὴν Hertlein suggests, μὲν MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_137" name="note_137" + href="#noteref_137">137.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τί δέον ὀνομάσαι; τί Reiske, δέον + ὀνομάσαι, τὸν Hertlein MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_138" name="note_138" + href="#noteref_138">138.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ῥᾷον Hertlein suggests, ῥᾴδιον + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_139" name="note_139" + href="#noteref_139">139.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Literally a boat: a proverb; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Anonym. + Com. Gr. Frag.</span></span> 199.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_140" name="note_140" + href="#noteref_140">140.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 5. 442; Hesiod, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Theogony</span></span> 272.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_141" name="note_141" + href="#noteref_141">141.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">An echo of Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Antonius</span></span> 28: τὸ πολυτελέστατον, + ὡς Ἀντιφῶν εἶπεν, ἀνάλωμα, τὸν χρόνον.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_142" name="note_142" + href="#noteref_142">142.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">οὕτω Hertlein suggests, αὐτῷ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_143" name="note_143" + href="#noteref_143">143.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μήτι Cobet μήτοι Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_144" name="note_144" + href="#noteref_144">144.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">διαλέξομαι Cobet, διηγήσομαι Spanheim, + Hertlein, V illegible.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_145" name="note_145" + href="#noteref_145">145.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">παιομένους Cobet, πολεμουμένους + Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_146" name="note_146" + href="#noteref_146">146.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 6. 188 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_147" name="note_147" + href="#noteref_147">147.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 6. 187 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_148" name="note_148" + href="#noteref_148">148.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The pit or chasm at Athens into which + the bodies of criminals were thrown; cf. Xenophon, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Hellenica</span></span> 1. 7. 20.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_149" name="note_149" + href="#noteref_149">149.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For the ceremony of driving out the + scapegoat see Harrison, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Prolegomena to Greek Religion</span></span> + 97; Frazer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Golden Bough</span></span>, Vol. 3, p. + 93.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_150" name="note_150" + href="#noteref_150">150.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> Homer.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_151" name="note_151" + href="#noteref_151">151.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 3. 73.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_152" name="note_152" + href="#noteref_152">152.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἄρα περιπατοῦσιν Hertlein suggests, + ἀναστρέφονται καὶ περιπατοῦσιν Cobet, ἀναπατοῦσιν MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_153" name="note_153" + href="#noteref_153">153.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὁμολογουμένως Cobet, ὁμολογουμένας + Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_154" name="note_154" + href="#noteref_154">154.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">χωρείτω Hertlein suggests, χαιρέτω + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_155" name="note_155" + href="#noteref_155">155.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τῆς Cobet, τῆς τοῦ Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_156" name="note_156" + href="#noteref_156">156.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A proverb; cf. Archilochus + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> 27, Bergk.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_157" name="note_157" + href="#noteref_157">157.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A robber whom Theseus killed; + Plutarch, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Theseus</span></span> 11.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_158" name="note_158" + href="#noteref_158">158.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> Alexander.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_159" name="note_159" + href="#noteref_159">159.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Phaedo</span></span> + 63 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_160" name="note_160" + href="#noteref_160">160.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dio Chrysostom, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 4. 12, Arnim.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_161" name="note_161" + href="#noteref_161">161.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀγείρειν Cobet, ἀσινῆ Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_162" name="note_162" + href="#noteref_162">162.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 6. 199 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_163" name="note_163" + href="#noteref_163">163.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bacchae</span></span> 370.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_164" name="note_164" + href="#noteref_164">164.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">συνεκροτείτην Cobet, Hertlein + approves, συνεκροτεῖτον MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_165" name="note_165" + href="#noteref_165">165.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">συνεγιγνέσθην Cobet, Hertlein + approves, συνεγέγνεσθον MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_166" name="note_166" + href="#noteref_166">166.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> in honour of Olympian + Zeus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_167" name="note_167" + href="#noteref_167">167.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. Themistius 182 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_168" name="note_168" + href="#noteref_168">168.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Phoenissae</span></span> 472.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_169" name="note_169" + href="#noteref_169">169.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">φαίνονται Hertlein suggests, ἐφαίνοντο + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_170" name="note_170" + href="#noteref_170">170.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐπιτιθεὶς Hertlein suggests, ἐπιθεὶς + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_171" name="note_171" + href="#noteref_171">171.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">προρρητέον Reiske, lacuna Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_172" name="note_172" + href="#noteref_172">172.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τῷ πρακτικῷ Hertlein suggests, τῷ τε + ἠθικῷ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_173" name="note_173" + href="#noteref_173">173.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">λογίσαισθε Cobet, λογίσεσθε Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_174" name="note_174" + href="#noteref_174">174.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span> + 54 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_175" name="note_175" + href="#noteref_175">175.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοῦ φυσικοῦ τῷ Hertlein suggests, τῷ + φυσικῷ οὔτε MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_176" name="note_176" + href="#noteref_176">176.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Heracleitus <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> + 123, Diels; cf. Themistius 69 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_177" name="note_177" + href="#noteref_177">177.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">σ᾽ ἐχρῆν Hertlein suggests, ἐχρῆν + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_178" name="note_178" + href="#noteref_178">178.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Orpheus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_179" name="note_179" + href="#noteref_179">179.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> in his allegory the Choice + of Heracles; Xenophon, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Memorabilia</span></span> 2. 1. 2; Julian, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> 2. 56 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_180" name="note_180" + href="#noteref_180">180.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> Pan and Zeus; cf. 208 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_181" name="note_181" + href="#noteref_181">181.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> ethics and theology; cf. + 216 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_182" name="note_182" + href="#noteref_182">182.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Iamblichus; cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 4. 157 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_183" name="note_183" + href="#noteref_183">183.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 5. 170.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_184" name="note_184" + href="#noteref_184">184.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 4. 144 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_185" name="note_185" + href="#noteref_185">185.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A proverb for mysterious silence; cf. + Theognis 815; Aesch. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ag.</span></span> 36.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_186" name="note_186" + href="#noteref_186">186.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δὴ Cobet, δὲ Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_187" name="note_187" + href="#noteref_187">187.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">κατὰ Cobet, καὶ Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_188" name="note_188" + href="#noteref_188">188.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 4. 149 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_189" name="note_189" + href="#noteref_189">189.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 5. 170 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_190" name="note_190" + href="#noteref_190">190.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. Dio Chrysostom, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 1. 61, Arnim.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_191" name="note_191" + href="#noteref_191">191.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. 230 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_192" name="note_192" + href="#noteref_192">192.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Apollodorus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bibliotheca</span></span> 2; Athenaeus 11. + 470.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_193" name="note_193" + href="#noteref_193">193.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This is perhaps a passing sneer at the + Christians and need not be taken too seriously.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_194" name="note_194" + href="#noteref_194">194.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">σωμάτιον ἓν τῶν κτυπημάτων Friederich; + Hertlein approves but would omit ἕν: δωμάτιον ἓν τῶν κτημάτων + Hertlein, MSS., τὸ δωμάτιον ἓν κτύπημα τῶν Reiske, ἐνσκήψαντος + Arnoldt.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_195" name="note_195" + href="#noteref_195">195.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. Euripides, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bacchae</span></span> + 279 foll.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_196" name="note_196" + href="#noteref_196">196.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. Pindar <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> + 85.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_197" name="note_197" + href="#noteref_197">197.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 4. 134 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_198" name="note_198" + href="#noteref_198">198.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">An oracular verse from an unknown + source.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_199" name="note_199" + href="#noteref_199">199.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μεταβαλεῖν Hertlein suggests, + μεταβάλλειν MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_200" name="note_200" + href="#noteref_200">200.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τινῶν Hertlein suggests, τινὰ + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_201" name="note_201" + href="#noteref_201">201.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἡμερίς = the vine; ἥμερος = + gentle.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_202" name="note_202" + href="#noteref_202">202.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">κόσμω ... κατ ... γματ ... ξιν V, + lacuna MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_203" name="note_203" + href="#noteref_203">203.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἄξια, φράζειν δέ γ᾽ οὐ ῥᾴδια ἐμοί + Hertlein suggests, lacuna MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_204" name="note_204" + href="#noteref_204">204.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Here follows a lacuna of several + words.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_205" name="note_205" + href="#noteref_205">205.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span> 382 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_206" name="note_206" + href="#noteref_206">206.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Πενθεὺς ἔπαθε MSS.; Hertlein would + omit ἔπαθε.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_207" name="note_207" + href="#noteref_207">207.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἂν Hertlein would add.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_208" name="note_208" + href="#noteref_208">208.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τελεσιουργηθῇ Hertlein suggests, + τελεσιουργηθείη MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_209" name="note_209" + href="#noteref_209">209.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A proverb for forced laughter, cf. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 22. 302; Plato, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span> 337 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_210" name="note_210" + href="#noteref_210">210.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δράτω τοῦτο Hertlein suggests, πρῶτον + τῷ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_211" name="note_211" + href="#noteref_211">211.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοῖς ξύλοις Hertlein would add; Naber + suggest βάκτροις.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_212" name="note_212" + href="#noteref_212">212.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">προσκτῶνται Hertlein suggests, προσῆν + οἶμαι MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_213" name="note_213" + href="#noteref_213">213.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">προσαχθῆναι Hertlein suggests, + πραχθῆναι MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_214" name="note_214" + href="#noteref_214">214.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hellebore, supposed to be a cure for + madness, grew at Anticyra; hence the proverb: cf. Horace, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Satires</span></span> 2. 3. 166.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_215" name="note_215" + href="#noteref_215">215.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“solitaries”</span>; the word also means <span class= + "tei tei-q">“heretic”</span>; but Julian evidently alludes to + Christian monks who lived on charity.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_216" name="note_216" + href="#noteref_216">216.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἰέναι Cobet, πορευόμεθα Hertlein + suggests, lacuna V.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_217" name="note_217" + href="#noteref_217">217.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δὴ Cobet, δὲ Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_218" name="note_218" + href="#noteref_218">218.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A proverb to express emulation; cf. + Juvenal 2. 81.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_219" name="note_219" + href="#noteref_219">219.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Erotici</span></span> + p. 759, says this of the Cynics; cf. Diogenes Laertius 7. 121.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_220" name="note_220" + href="#noteref_220">220.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοῦ δεῖνος Cobet, τοῦ δὲ Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_221" name="note_221" + href="#noteref_221">221.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Empedocles, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> 21, + Diels.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_222" name="note_222" + href="#noteref_222">222.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Heracleitus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> 96, + Diels.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_223" name="note_223" + href="#noteref_223">223.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὡς φασὶ ταύτῃ Cobet, cf. Oration 4. + 148 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, lacuna Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_224" name="note_224" + href="#noteref_224">224.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">σός· Hertlein suggests; σός, ὡς ἔφης + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_225" name="note_225" + href="#noteref_225">225.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 4. 148 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_226" name="note_226" + href="#noteref_226">226.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">223 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_227" name="note_227" + href="#noteref_227">227.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Archilochus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_228" name="note_228" + href="#noteref_228">228.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐπεκτήσατο Naber, ἐκτήσατο Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_229" name="note_229" + href="#noteref_229">229.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">αὐτῷ τῶν Klimek, αὐτῷ καὶ τῶν + Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_230" name="note_230" + href="#noteref_230">230.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Constantine.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_231" name="note_231" + href="#noteref_231">231.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 2. 474.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_232" name="note_232" + href="#noteref_232">232.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 20. 221.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_233" name="note_233" + href="#noteref_233">233.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Charmides</span></span> 156 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">e</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_234" name="note_234" + href="#noteref_234">234.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The curse of Oedipus on his sons; cf. + Euripides, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Phoenissae</span></span> 67; Plato, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Alcibiades</span></span> 2. 138 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>; Aeschylus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Seven Against + Thebes</span></span> 817, 942.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_235" name="note_235" + href="#noteref_235">235.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Christian churches were so called + because they were built over the tombs of the martyrs.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_236" name="note_236" + href="#noteref_236">236.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">γένει αἴτιος Cobet, γένει καὶ παισὶν + αἴτιος Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_237" name="note_237" + href="#noteref_237">237.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐπικρατήσει Hertlein suggests, + ἐπικρατήσῃ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_238" name="note_238" + href="#noteref_238">238.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> between cousins.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_239" name="note_239" + href="#noteref_239">239.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὸ σὸν Hertlein suggests, σὸν + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_240" name="note_240" + href="#noteref_240">240.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian himself.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_241" name="note_241" + href="#noteref_241">241.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 9. 231.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_242" name="note_242" + href="#noteref_242">242.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 11. 164.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_243" name="note_243" + href="#noteref_243">243.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 24. 348.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_244" name="note_244" + href="#noteref_244">244.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">λειοτέρας, Klimek, λείας Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_245" name="note_245" + href="#noteref_245">245.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δόρυ Hertlein suggests, μάχαιραν MSS; + cf. 231 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_246" name="note_246" + href="#noteref_246">246.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> as the god of + eloquence.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_247" name="note_247" + href="#noteref_247">247.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span> 618 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_248" name="note_248" + href="#noteref_248">248.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. Aeschylus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Agamemnon</span></span> 160.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_249" name="note_249" + href="#noteref_249">249.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">περιβαλὼν Cobet, περιβάλλων Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_250" name="note_250" + href="#noteref_250">250.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">καταδυόμενος Naber thinks corrupt, but + cf. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Letter to the Athenians</span></span> 285 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_251" name="note_251" + href="#noteref_251">251.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Literally <span class="tei tei-q">“the + Gorgon's head,”</span> which formed the centre of the aegis or + breastplate of Athene; cf. 234 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_252" name="note_252" + href="#noteref_252">252.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Constantius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_253" name="note_253" + href="#noteref_253">253.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 3. 415.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_254" name="note_254" + href="#noteref_254">254.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">φιλεῖν Cobet, φίλων Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_255" name="note_255" + href="#noteref_255">255.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">λάθοι Hertlein suggests, λάθῃ + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_256" name="note_256" + href="#noteref_256">256.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Peter</span></span> 1. 5. 8; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Thessalonians</span></span> 1. 5. 6.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_257" name="note_257" + href="#noteref_257">257.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">An echo of Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span> 495 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">e</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_258" name="note_258" + href="#noteref_258">258.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ταῖς ἐκείνων Cobet, ἐκείνων ταῖς + Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_259" name="note_259" + href="#noteref_259">259.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὴν πανοπλίαν Hertlein suggests, + πανοπλίαν MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_260" name="note_260" + href="#noteref_260">260.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τῶν ἐντολῶν Hertlein suggests, ἐντολῶν + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_261" name="note_261" + href="#noteref_261">261.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοῦτο Hertlein suggests, τοῦτον + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_262" name="note_262" + href="#noteref_262">262.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μαινομένου Hertlein suggests, τοῦ + μαινομένου MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_263" name="note_263" + href="#noteref_263">263.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Phaedrus</span></span> 244 foll.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_264" name="note_264" + href="#noteref_264">264.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 11. 235; Pindar, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pythian</span></span> 4. 143; Salmoneus was + destroyed by a thunder-bolt for imitating the thunder and lightning + of Zeus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_265" name="note_265" + href="#noteref_265">265.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Maximus of Ephesus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_266" name="note_266" + href="#noteref_266">266.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Iamblichus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_267" name="note_267" + href="#noteref_267">267.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Literally <span class= + "tei tei-q">“winged.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_268" name="note_268" + href="#noteref_268">268.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">φίλα Cobet, φιλικὰ Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_269" name="note_269" + href="#noteref_269">269.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A direct quotation from Demosthenes, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + Corona</span></span> 128; the word omitted by Julian is κάθαρμα = + <span class="tei tei-q">“off-scourings,”</span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“outcast,”</span> addressed by Demosthenes to + Aeschines.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_270" name="note_270" + href="#noteref_270">270.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">An echo of Xenophon, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Anabasis</span></span> 1. 5. 14.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_271" name="note_271" + href="#noteref_271">271.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For this device of introducing + hackneyed poetical and mythological allusions cf. Themistius 330, + 336 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>; Aristides, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 20. 428 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>; Himerius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 18. 1. Epictetus 3. 282.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_272" name="note_272" + href="#noteref_272">272.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A proverb for wealth; cf. Theocritus + 10. 13.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_273" name="note_273" + href="#noteref_273">273.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δῆτα Cobet adds, lacuna Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_274" name="note_274" + href="#noteref_274">274.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">συστατικὸν Cobet, ἀστατικὸν V, + Hertlein, ἐνστατικὸν Reiske, εὐστατικὸν Spanheim.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_275" name="note_275" + href="#noteref_275">275.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δὴ Cobet, δὲ Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_276" name="note_276" + href="#noteref_276">276.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">προηγόρευτο Cobet, προηγορεύετο + Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_277" name="note_277" + href="#noteref_277">277.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pythagoras.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_278" name="note_278" + href="#noteref_278">278.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Philebus</span></span> 12 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_279" name="note_279" + href="#noteref_279">279.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span> 40 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>; Julian fails to see + that Plato is not speaking seriously.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_280" name="note_280" + href="#noteref_280">280.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aristotle.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_281" name="note_281" + href="#noteref_281">281.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐκφοβήσεις Cobet, ἐκφοβήσῃς Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_282" name="note_282" + href="#noteref_282">282.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὁποίας Hertlein suggests, ὅπως + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_283" name="note_283" + href="#noteref_283">283.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">συνιεὶς Hertlein suggests, συνεὶς + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_284" name="note_284" + href="#noteref_284">284.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μέγα φρονοῦντα Cobet, μεγαλοφρονοῦντα + Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_285" name="note_285" + href="#noteref_285">285.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοῖς Naber, τούτοις Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_286" name="note_286" + href="#noteref_286">286.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Diogenes Laertius</span></span> 6. 39.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_287" name="note_287" + href="#noteref_287">287.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Diogenes like Socrates claimed that he + had a δαιμόνιον, a private revelation to guide his conduct; cf. 212 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_288" name="note_288" + href="#noteref_288">288.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 4. 148 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, note.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_289" name="note_289" + href="#noteref_289">289.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This was the πρόρρησις or praefatio + sacrorum; cf. Livy 45. 5.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_290" name="note_290" + href="#noteref_290">290.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. vol. i. p. 351.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_291" name="note_291" + href="#noteref_291">291.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">κοινὸν Wright, καινὸν Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_292" name="note_292" + href="#noteref_292">292.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἂν—μιμήσαιτο Hertlein suggests, + μιμήσεται MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_293" name="note_293" + href="#noteref_293">293.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀντηχήσειε Hertlein suggests, + ἀντηχήσει MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_294" name="note_294" + href="#noteref_294">294.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 4. 227; a sophistic + commonplace; cf. 412 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>, Themistius 357 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>; Julian seems to mean + that the nepenthe was not really a drug but a story told by + Helen.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_295" name="note_295" + href="#noteref_295">295.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Phaedo</span></span> + 60 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_296" name="note_296" + href="#noteref_296">296.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 2. 101 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_297" name="note_297" + href="#noteref_297">297.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mardonius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_298" name="note_298" + href="#noteref_298">298.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 17. 720.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_299" name="note_299" + href="#noteref_299">299.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 11. 401.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_300" name="note_300" + href="#noteref_300">300.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 11. 163.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_301" name="note_301" + href="#noteref_301">301.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 17. 242.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_302" name="note_302" + href="#noteref_302">302.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μόνος—φροντίδος Brambs regards as a + verse; Hertlein prints as prose.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_303" name="note_303" + href="#noteref_303">303.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Nauck, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Adespota + fragmenta</span></span> 430.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_304" name="note_304" + href="#noteref_304">304.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀλλὰ Reiske supplies, lacuna Hertlein: + after πραττόμενα several words are lost.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_305" name="note_305" + href="#noteref_305">305.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πολυειδοῦς Cobet, πολυτελοῦς Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_306" name="note_306" + href="#noteref_306">306.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian quotes from memory and + paraphrases <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Epistle</span></span> 7. 325 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_307" name="note_307" + href="#noteref_307">307.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This feat of Xerxes became a + rhetorical commonplace.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_308" name="note_308" + href="#noteref_308">308.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aristophanes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Acharnians</span></span> 1; cf. 248 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_309" name="note_309" + href="#noteref_309">309.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A commonplace; Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span> + 659 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">e</span></span>; Julian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caesars</span></span> + 314 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>; Dio Chrysostom 33. 10; + Themistius 63 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, 302 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>; Maximus of Tyre 10. + 6.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_310" name="note_310" + href="#noteref_310">310.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 11. 202.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_311" name="note_311" + href="#noteref_311">311.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Demosthenes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + Corona</span></span> 97; cf. Julian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Epistle</span></span> + 53. 439 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_312" name="note_312" + href="#noteref_312">312.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caesars</span></span> + 309 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span> note.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_313" name="note_313" + href="#noteref_313">313.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Charmides</span></span> 156 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_314" name="note_314" + href="#noteref_314">314.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 9. 524.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_315" name="note_315" + href="#noteref_315">315.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 9. 14.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_316" name="note_316" + href="#noteref_316">316.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">οὐ μόνον οὐ δυσχεραίνω χαίρω δὲ + Hertlein suggests, cf. 37 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, 255 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>; καὶ χαίρω γε MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_317" name="note_317" + href="#noteref_317">317.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀρετῆς Hertlein suggests, τῆς ἀρετῆς + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_318" name="note_318" + href="#noteref_318">318.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Theocritus 12. 15.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_319" name="note_319" + href="#noteref_319">319.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hesiod, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Works and + Days</span></span> 293, 295 ὃς αὑτῷ πάντα νοήσῃ; Diogenes Laertius + 7. 25.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_320" name="note_320" + href="#noteref_320">320.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">καὶ θατέρῳ Hertlein suggests, θατέρῳ + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_321" name="note_321" + href="#noteref_321">321.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Diogenes Laertius 8. 10; Pythagoras + persuaded his disciples to share their property in common.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_322" name="note_322" + href="#noteref_322">322.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὢν Hertlein would add.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_323" name="note_323" + href="#noteref_323">323.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὁπουοῦν Cobet, ὅπου Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_324" name="note_324" + href="#noteref_324">324.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὴν οὗ Hertlein suggests, οὗ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_325" name="note_325" + href="#noteref_325">325.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">θηρίοις Cobet, ὄρνισιν Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_326" name="note_326" + href="#noteref_326">326.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. Livy 27. 7.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_327" name="note_327" + href="#noteref_327">327.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cobet rejects this sentence as a + gloss; but Julian perhaps echoes Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Menexenus</span></span> 246 C.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_328" name="note_328" + href="#noteref_328">328.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This a very inappropriate application + to Pericles of the speech of Critoboulos in Xenophon, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Symposium</span></span> 4. 12; cf. Diogenes + Laertius 2. 49.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_329" name="note_329" + href="#noteref_329">329.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Attic stade = about 600 feet.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_330" name="note_330" + href="#noteref_330">330.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Epicharmus <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> + 13.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_331" name="note_331" + href="#noteref_331">331.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 15. 80.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_332" name="note_332" + href="#noteref_332">332.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐπῄει Reiske adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_333" name="note_333" + href="#noteref_333">333.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">νυκτέρων Cobet, νυκτερινῶν Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_334" name="note_334" + href="#noteref_334">334.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Theognis 153. τίκτει τοι κόρος ὕβριν, + ὅταν κακῷ ὄλβος ἔπηται.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_335" name="note_335" + href="#noteref_335">335.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Euripides, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Phoenissae</span></span> 165, μορφῆς τύπωμα + στέρνα τ᾽ ἐξῃκασμένα.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_336" name="note_336" + href="#noteref_336">336.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Nauck, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Adespota trag. + frag.</span></span> 108.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_337" name="note_337" + href="#noteref_337">337.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐνδίδωσι Hertlein suggests, δίδωσι + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_338" name="note_338" + href="#noteref_338">338.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δῆλον Cobet, δῆλοι Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_339" name="note_339" + href="#noteref_339">339.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πρωτεῖα Cobet, πρῶτα Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_340" name="note_340" + href="#noteref_340">340.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 5. 304.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_341" name="note_341" + href="#noteref_341">341.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. 243 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_342" name="note_342" + href="#noteref_342">342.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Two familiar proverbs.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_343" name="note_343" + href="#noteref_343">343.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 9. 420.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_344" name="note_344" + href="#noteref_344">344.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 1. 55.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_345" name="note_345" + href="#noteref_345">345.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Megarians on inquiring their rank + among the Greeks from the Delphic oracle were told that they were + not in the reckoning at all, ὑμεῖς δ᾽ οἱ Μεγαρεῖς οὐκ ἐν λόγῳ οὐδ᾽ + ἐν ἀριθμῷ; cf. Theocritus 14. 47.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_346" name="note_346" + href="#noteref_346">346.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πόνων Hertlein suggests, φόβων + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_347" name="note_347" + href="#noteref_347">347.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. Dio Chrysostom 13. 4, Arnim.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_348" name="note_348" + href="#noteref_348">348.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 5. 84.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_349" name="note_349" + href="#noteref_349">349.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 2. 673.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_350" name="note_350" + href="#noteref_350">350.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 10. 119 foll.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_351" name="note_351" + href="#noteref_351">351.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 13. 332.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_352" name="note_352" + href="#noteref_352">352.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 6. 201 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>; Thucydides 1. 118.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_353" name="note_353" + href="#noteref_353">353.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 24. 63.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_354" name="note_354" + href="#noteref_354">354.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 8. 1.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_355" name="note_355" + href="#noteref_355">355.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 3. 1.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_356" name="note_356" + href="#noteref_356">356.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 19. 172.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_357" name="note_357" + href="#noteref_357">357.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὑπερέχον Naber, ὑπάρχον Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_358" name="note_358" + href="#noteref_358">358.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὀρέγεσθαι Petavius, lacuna Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_359" name="note_359" + href="#noteref_359">359.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἄγουσα Cobet, ῥέπουσα Hertlein, ... + οὐσα V.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_360" name="note_360" + href="#noteref_360">360.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Propontis.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_361" name="note_361" + href="#noteref_361">361.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sallust was a native of Gaul.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_362" name="note_362" + href="#noteref_362">362.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">These are regular epithets of + Zeus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_363" name="note_363" + href="#noteref_363">363.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Theocritus 7. 57.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_364" name="note_364" + href="#noteref_364">364.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 24. 402; and 10. + 562.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_365" name="note_365" + href="#noteref_365">365.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Themistius 260 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>, 345 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_366" name="note_366" + href="#noteref_366">366.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">245 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_367" name="note_367" + href="#noteref_367">367.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">33, 295 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_368" name="note_368" + href="#noteref_368">368.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Vol. 5, p. 742.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_369" name="note_369" + href="#noteref_369">369.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Libanius <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Epistle</span></span> + 1061 mentions an Oration by Themistius in praise of Julian, but + this is not extant.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_370" name="note_370" + href="#noteref_370">370.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">διαιτημάτων Naber, διηγημάτων + Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_371" name="note_371" + href="#noteref_371">371.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Emperor Marcus Aurelius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_372" name="note_372" + href="#noteref_372">372.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Apparently an echo of Dio Chrysostom, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> 1. 9, Arnim.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_373" name="note_373" + href="#noteref_373">373.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Euripides, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Orestes</span></span> + 16.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_374" name="note_374" + href="#noteref_374">374.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">γ᾽ ἂν Hertlein suggests, γοῦν + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_375" name="note_375" + href="#noteref_375">375.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">εὐφυῶς Reiske adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_376" name="note_376" + href="#noteref_376">376.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">καὶ Γλαύκωνα ... λέγει· τὸν δὲ + Wyttenbach, Γλαύκωνα δὲ ἐκεῖνον ὡς Ξενοφῶν λέγει, καὶ τὸν Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_377" name="note_377" + href="#noteref_377">377.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">After λεγόμενον several words are + lost.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_378" name="note_378" + href="#noteref_378">378.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">λόγῳ Reiske, λόγοι Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_379" name="note_379" + href="#noteref_379">379.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Bosporus; Themistius was probably + at Constantinople.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_380" name="note_380" + href="#noteref_380">380.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Epicurus; his advice was λαθὲ + βιώσας.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_381" name="note_381" + href="#noteref_381">381.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Literally <span class= + "tei tei-q">“from the βῆμα,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> + the stone on the Pnyx from which the Athenian orator addressed the + people.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_382" name="note_382" + href="#noteref_382">382.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Memorabilia</span></span> 3. 6. 1.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_383" name="note_383" + href="#noteref_383">383.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Alcibiades.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_384" name="note_384" + href="#noteref_384">384.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Stoic philosopher.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_385" name="note_385" + href="#noteref_385">385.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. Aristotle, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nicomachean + Ethics</span></span> 1. 10. 6.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_386" name="note_386" + href="#noteref_386">386.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 6. 195<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, note.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_387" name="note_387" + href="#noteref_387">387.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 2. 25.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_388" name="note_388" + href="#noteref_388">388.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">παρασκευῆς Hertlein would read, τῆς + παρασκευῆς MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_389" name="note_389" + href="#noteref_389">389.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">θαυμασιώτερον MSS.; Hertlein following + Cobet reads θαυμαστότερον but in later Preface would restore MSS. + reading.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_390" name="note_390" + href="#noteref_390">390.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Alexander.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_391" name="note_391" + href="#noteref_391">391.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">θεῖον Hertlein suggests, θεὸν + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_392" name="note_392" + href="#noteref_392">392.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Laws</span></span> 709<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_393" name="note_393" + href="#noteref_393">393.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A play on words: διανομὴ and νόμος are + both connected with νέμω = <span class="tei tei-q">“to + distribute.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_394" name="note_394" + href="#noteref_394">394.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Laws</span></span> 713-714; Julian condenses + and slightly alters the original.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_395" name="note_395" + href="#noteref_395">395.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ἀθηνῶν Cobet, Ἀθηναίων Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_396" name="note_396" + href="#noteref_396">396.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">We know nothing more of the events + here mentioned.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_397" name="note_397" + href="#noteref_397">397.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A proverb derived from <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> + 6. 236, where Glaukos exchanges his golden armour for the bronze + armour of Diomede.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_398" name="note_398" + href="#noteref_398">398.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aristophanes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Wasps</span></span> + 1431.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_399" name="note_399" + href="#noteref_399">399.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὡς Klimek, ὅς Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_400" name="note_400" + href="#noteref_400">400.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὸν τοιοῦτον εἶδος πολιτείας Hertlein + suggests, cf. Aristotle <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Politics</span></span> 3. 16, 1287 a, τὸ + τοιοῦτον εἶδος MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_401" name="note_401" + href="#noteref_401">401.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὃς Hertlein would add.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_402" name="note_402" + href="#noteref_402">402.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Several words indicating the second + point enumerated seem to have been lost.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_403" name="note_403" + href="#noteref_403">403.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">οἷόν Hertlein suggests, ὃ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_404" name="note_404" + href="#noteref_404">404.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A proverb; cf. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“bringing coals to Newcastle.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_405" name="note_405" + href="#noteref_405">405.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aristotle, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Politics</span></span> 3. 15. 1286<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_406" name="note_406" + href="#noteref_406">406.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ibid</span></span> 3. 16. 1287<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_407" name="note_407" + href="#noteref_407">407.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Theaetetus</span></span> 153.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_408" name="note_408" + href="#noteref_408">408.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Before Solon's measure to cancel debts + was generally known, some of his friends borrowed large sums, + knowing that they would not have to repay them.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_409" name="note_409" + href="#noteref_409">409.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aristotle, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Politics</span></span> 7. 3. 1325<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_410" name="note_410" + href="#noteref_410">410.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 21. 26.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_411" name="note_411" + href="#noteref_411">411.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐν τῷ πράττειν ... τοὺς κυρίους + Hertlein suggests, τοὺς ἐν τῷ πράττειν ... κυρίους MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_412" name="note_412" + href="#noteref_412">412.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πρότερος Hertlein suggests, πρότερον + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_413" name="note_413" + href="#noteref_413">413.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The father of Socrates.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_414" name="note_414" + href="#noteref_414">414.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This school was founded by Phaedo in + Elis and later was transferred by Menedemus to Eretria.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_415" name="note_415" + href="#noteref_415">415.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Megarian school founded by Euclid + was finally absorbed by the Cynics.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_416" name="note_416" + href="#noteref_416">416.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Simmias and Cebes were Pythagoreans; + cf. Plato, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Phaedo</span></span>, where they discuss with + Socrates.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_417" name="note_417" + href="#noteref_417">417.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Alexander; Julian seems to be + misquoting Plutarch, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Moralia</span></span> 78 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_418" name="note_418" + href="#noteref_418">418.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caesars</span></span> + 326 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span> note.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_419" name="note_419" + href="#noteref_419">419.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A historian under Augustus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_420" name="note_420" + href="#noteref_420">420.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Platonic philosopher and + astrologer, cf. Tacitus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Annals</span></span> 6. 21.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_421" name="note_421" + href="#noteref_421">421.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Stoic philosopher exiled by + Nero.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_422" name="note_422" + href="#noteref_422">422.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἁπάσῃ μηχανῇ follows ὑμῶν in MSS.; + Hertlein suggests present reading.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_423" name="note_423" + href="#noteref_423">423.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τε Hertlein suggests, γε MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_424" name="note_424" + href="#noteref_424">424.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Demosthenes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + Corona</span></span> 23.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_425" name="note_425" + href="#noteref_425">425.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caesars</span></span> + 323 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_426" name="note_426" + href="#noteref_426">426.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The first King of Media; reigned + 709-656 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_427" name="note_427" + href="#noteref_427">427.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A priest of Apollo whose story and + date are uncertain.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_428" name="note_428" + href="#noteref_428">428.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A Scythian prince who visited Athens + at the end of the sixth century <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>; cf. Cicero, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tusculan + Disputations</span></span> 5. 32; Lucian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Anacharsis</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_429" name="note_429" + href="#noteref_429">429.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The story is told in Plutarch, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Themistocles</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_430" name="note_430" + href="#noteref_430">430.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Athene.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_431" name="note_431" + href="#noteref_431">431.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὸν ἐμὸν Hertlein suggests, ἐμὸν + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_432" name="note_432" + href="#noteref_432">432.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐξέδυσε Hertlein suggests, ἐρρύσατο + οὐδὲ Cobet, ἐρρύσατο MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_433" name="note_433" + href="#noteref_433">433.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gallus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_434" name="note_434" + href="#noteref_434">434.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Euripides, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Orestes</span></span> + 14, τί τἄρρητ᾽ ἀναμετρήσασθαί με δεῖ;</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_435" name="note_435" + href="#noteref_435">435.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἡμᾶς Hertlein, Reiske suggest, ὑμᾶς + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_436" name="note_436" + href="#noteref_436">436.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀπὸ τῆς ἐν Τράλλεσι φυγῆς Hertlein + suggests, ἁπὸ τραλφυγῆς V, ἀπο τρα φυγῆς Petavius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_437" name="note_437" + href="#noteref_437">437.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">διάγοντε Hertlein suggests, + διαγαγόντες MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_438" name="note_438" + href="#noteref_438">438.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The castle of Macellum.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_439" name="note_439" + href="#noteref_439">439.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. Demosthenes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Against + Meidias</span></span> 41.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_440" name="note_440" + href="#noteref_440">440.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Eusebius; cf. Ammianus Marcellinus 14. + 11; 22. 3.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_441" name="note_441" + href="#noteref_441">441.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The sister of Gallus was the first + wife of Constantius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_442" name="note_442" + href="#noteref_442">442.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀκηκόατε Cobet, ἠκούσατ</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_443" name="note_443" + href="#noteref_443">443.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δὴ Hertlein suggests, δὲ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_444" name="note_444" + href="#noteref_444">444.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The title of Caesar.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_445" name="note_445" + href="#noteref_445">445.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gaudentius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_446" name="note_446" + href="#noteref_446">446.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A town in Illyricum.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_447" name="note_447" + href="#noteref_447">447.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For the account of this alleged + conspiracy cf. Ammianus Marcellinus 15. 3.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_448" name="note_448" + href="#noteref_448">448.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 1. 48 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>; 2. 98 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_449" name="note_449" + href="#noteref_449">449.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">At Milan.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_450" name="note_450" + href="#noteref_450">450.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Milan.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_451" name="note_451" + href="#noteref_451">451.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Eusebius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_452" name="note_452" + href="#noteref_452">452.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">περιβλέπων ... σοβῶν Hertlein + suggests, περιβλέποντες ... σοβοῦντες MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_453" name="note_453" + href="#noteref_453">453.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 1. 32 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>. The origin of the + proverb is obscure; cf. Cicero, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Letter to + Atticus</span></span> 9. 13.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_454" name="note_454" + href="#noteref_454">454.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mardonius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_455" name="note_455" + href="#noteref_455">455.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐδεχόμην Naber, δὲ εἱλόμην Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_456" name="note_456" + href="#noteref_456">456.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὁμωρόφιος Cobet, ὁμορόφιος Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_457" name="note_457" + href="#noteref_457">457.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἔδειξεν Hertlein suggests, ἐπέδειξεν + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_458" name="note_458" + href="#noteref_458">458.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τριακοστὸν Hertlein suggests, + τριακοσιοστὸν MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_459" name="note_459" + href="#noteref_459">459.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀφελῶς Cobet, ἀσφαλῶς Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_460" name="note_460" + href="#noteref_460">460.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">An echo of Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Phaedo</span></span> + 62 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>; cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fragment of a + Letter</span></span> 297 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_461" name="note_461" + href="#noteref_461">461.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. Ammianus Marcellinus 15. 8.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_462" name="note_462" + href="#noteref_462">462.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Oreibasius; cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Letter</span></span> + 17.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_463" name="note_463" + href="#noteref_463">463.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὑπακούοντα Hertlein suggests, + ὑπακούσοντα MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_464" name="note_464" + href="#noteref_464">464.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">355 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_465" name="note_465" + href="#noteref_465">465.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">αὐτὸς MSS., Cobet, [αὐτὸς] + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_466" name="note_466" + href="#noteref_466">466.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">At Vienne.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_467" name="note_467" + href="#noteref_467">467.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Marcellus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_468" name="note_468" + href="#noteref_468">468.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὀλίγον Hertlein suggests, ὀλίγῳ + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_469" name="note_469" + href="#noteref_469">469.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">357 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_470" name="note_470" + href="#noteref_470">470.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cologne.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_471" name="note_471" + href="#noteref_471">471.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Strasburg.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_472" name="note_472" + href="#noteref_472">472.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Chnodomar.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_473" name="note_473" + href="#noteref_473">473.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐπέστειλε πρός με τὸ αὐτὸ πράττειν + Horkel, ἐπέστειλεν αὐτὸ πρός με, πράττειν Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_474" name="note_474" + href="#noteref_474">474.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δ᾽ after ἀφελόμενος Hertlein + suggests.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_475" name="note_475" + href="#noteref_475">475.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. Isocrates, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">To + Demonicus</span></span> 14.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_476" name="note_476" + href="#noteref_476">476.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἄσμενος</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_477" name="note_477" + href="#noteref_477">477.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">βλέπων ... κατανόησας Horkel, + κατανόησας ... βλέπων Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_478" name="note_478" + href="#noteref_478">478.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">γραμματεῖον Horkel adds, δέλτον + Naber.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_479" name="note_479" + href="#noteref_479">479.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δή Hertlein would add.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_480" name="note_480" + href="#noteref_480">480.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian was at Paris.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_481" name="note_481" + href="#noteref_481">481.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. Thucydides I, lxxvii. 2.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_482" name="note_482" + href="#noteref_482">482.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὢν Cobet, τῶν Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_483" name="note_483" + href="#noteref_483">483.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 3. 173.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ᾐτέομεν δὲ + θεὸν φῆναι τέρας, αὐτὰρ ὅ γ᾽ ἡμῖν δεῖξε καὶ ἠνώγει.</p> + </dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_484" name="note_484" + href="#noteref_484">484.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the title of Augustus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_485" name="note_485" + href="#noteref_485">485.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐπιθήσεσθαι Cobet, ἐπιθέσθαι Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_486" name="note_486" + href="#noteref_486">486.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὡς καίσαρι Hertlein suggests, καίσαρι + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_487" name="note_487" + href="#noteref_487">487.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Athanasius says that Epictetus was + bishop of Centumcellae; hence Petavius suggests Κεντουμκελλῶν for + τῶν Γαλλιῶν.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_488" name="note_488" + href="#noteref_488">488.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bregentz, on Lake Constance.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_489" name="note_489" + href="#noteref_489">489.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Epictetus was bishop of Centumcellae + (Civita Vecchia); see critical note.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_490" name="note_490" + href="#noteref_490">490.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class="tei tei-q">“Write in + dust”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“write in + water.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_491" name="note_491" + href="#noteref_491">491.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Demosthenes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Olynthiac</span></span> 1. 27.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_492" name="note_492" + href="#noteref_492">492.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">αἰδέσονται Cobet, εἴσονται Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_493" name="note_493" + href="#noteref_493">493.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">p. 256 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>, between τὸ δὴ λεγόμενον + and καὶ πεποιήκασι.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_494" name="note_494" + href="#noteref_494">494.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The beginning is lost: Julian has + apparently been describing the functions of good demons, and now + passes on to the demons whose task is to punish evil-doers; cf. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> 2. 90 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_495" name="note_495" + href="#noteref_495">495.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀξιοῖμεν Hertlein suggests, ἀξιοῦμεν + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_496" name="note_496" + href="#noteref_496">496.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">παρὰ θεῶν Hertlein suggests, παρ᾽ + αὐτῶν MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_497" name="note_497" + href="#noteref_497">497.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Genesis</span></span> 3. 21.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_498" name="note_498" + href="#noteref_498">498.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pindar, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Olympian + Ode</span></span> 7. 49; this became a Sophistic commonplace. Cf. + Menander (Spengel) 3. 362; Aristides 1. 807; Libanius 31. 6, + Foerster; Philostratus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-weight: 700">Imagines</span></span> 2. 270.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_499" name="note_499" + href="#noteref_499">499.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πονηροῖς Hertlein suggests, πολεμίοις + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_500" name="note_500" + href="#noteref_500">500.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 6. 207.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_501" name="note_501" + href="#noteref_501">501.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὑποστῆσαι Reiske would add.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_502" name="note_502" + href="#noteref_502">502.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐθῶν Hertlein suggests, ἀγαθῶν + Petavius, ἠθῶν MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_503" name="note_503" + href="#noteref_503">503.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τέκνα Hertlein would add.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_504" name="note_504" + href="#noteref_504">504.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">φυτευσάντων τῶν Hertlein suggests, + νευσάντων MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_505" name="note_505" + href="#noteref_505">505.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The connection of the thought is not + clear, and Petavius thinks that something has been lost.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_506" name="note_506" + href="#noteref_506">506.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian here prefers the Platonic + account of the creation in the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span> + to the Biblical narrative.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_507" name="note_507" + href="#noteref_507">507.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">σωματικῶς Petavius, Hertlein approves, + σωματικὰς MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_508" name="note_508" + href="#noteref_508">508.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἕτερον Hertlein suggests, δεύτερον + Reiske, τρίτον MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_509" name="note_509" + href="#noteref_509">509.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. St. Paul, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Acts</span></span> + 17. 25, <span class="tei tei-q">“neither is he worshipped with + men's hands, as though he needed anything.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_510" name="note_510" + href="#noteref_510">510.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Of Syracuse, whose claim to be + immortal was accepted by the Sicilians.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_511" name="note_511" + href="#noteref_511">511.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Agamemnon; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> + 1. 23.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_512" name="note_512" + href="#noteref_512">512.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">καὶ—ποιήσει Hertlein suggests, lacuna + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_513" name="note_513" + href="#noteref_513">513.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀγαπῶμεν Hertlein suggests, ἀγαπήσομεν + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_514" name="note_514" + href="#noteref_514">514.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐξελέγξῃ Hertlein suggests, ἐξελέγχῃ + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_515" name="note_515" + href="#noteref_515">515.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Phaedo</span></span> + 62 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Letter to the + Athenians</span></span> 276 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_516" name="note_516" + href="#noteref_516">516.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Apollo.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_517" name="note_517" + href="#noteref_517">517.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">An oracle from an unknown source: + these verses occur again in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Epistle</span></span> 62. 451 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_518" name="note_518" + href="#noteref_518">518.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sc.</span></span> I will protect.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_519" name="note_519" + href="#noteref_519">519.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Euripides, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> 488 + Nauck; cf. 197 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>, 358 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>, 387 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, 391 this phrase became + a proverb; cf. Lucian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Hermotimus</span></span> 789.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_520" name="note_520" + href="#noteref_520">520.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀχλυόεντος Hertlein suggests; + ἀχλυόεσσαν MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_521" name="note_521" + href="#noteref_521">521.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">An oracle from an unknown source.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_522" name="note_522" + href="#noteref_522">522.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">θέα Brambs, MSS., θεῷ Reiske, Cobet, + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_523" name="note_523" + href="#noteref_523">523.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πῶς Hertlein suggests, πάντως + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_524" name="note_524" + href="#noteref_524">524.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὥσπερ Hertlein suggests, ὅπερ + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_525" name="note_525" + href="#noteref_525">525.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hipponax of Ephesus, a scurrilous poet + who wrote in choliambics (the skazon) and flourished about the + middle of the sixth century <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>; cf. Horace, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Epodes</span></span> 6. 12.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_526" name="note_526" + href="#noteref_526">526.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">γε Hertlein suggests, τε MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_527" name="note_527" + href="#noteref_527">527.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τῷ Wright, ὡς Hertlein, MSS. The + meaning is not clear and Petavius suspects corruption.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_528" name="note_528" + href="#noteref_528">528.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τῷ Hertlein suggests, ὡς MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_529" name="note_529" + href="#noteref_529">529.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">κατὰ τῆς συμφορᾶς Hertlein suggests, + καὶ τὰς συμφορὰς MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_530" name="note_530" + href="#noteref_530">530.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὡς καὶ Hertlein would add.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_531" name="note_531" + href="#noteref_531">531.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἡμᾶς—σωφρονεῖν Cobet suggests, lacuna + Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_532" name="note_532" + href="#noteref_532">532.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">εἰ γὰρ τοῦτο Hertlein suggests, εἴπερ + ἐκ τούτου MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_533" name="note_533" + href="#noteref_533">533.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἔν ἄλλοις Cobet would add; cf. 298 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_534" name="note_534" + href="#noteref_534">534.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cf. Aeschylus, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Seven + Against Thebes</span></span>; Euripides, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Phoenissae</span></span> 1118.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ὁ μάντις + Ἀμφιάραος οὐ σημεῖ᾽ ἔχων<br /> + ὑβρισμέν᾽, ἀλλὰ σωφρόνως ἄσημ᾽ ὅπλα.</p> + </dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_535" name="note_535" + href="#noteref_535">535.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐχέτω Petavius suggests, lacuna + Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_536" name="note_536" + href="#noteref_536">536.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">εὐδοκιμοῦντος Hertlein suggests, + καλλίστου δοκοῦντος Reiske, δοκοῦντος MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_537" name="note_537" + href="#noteref_537">537.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">γὰρ Hertlein would add.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_538" name="note_538" + href="#noteref_538">538.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The conclusion is lost, and may have + been suppressed by Christian copyists.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_539" name="note_539" + href="#noteref_539">539.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 4. 157 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_540" name="note_540" + href="#noteref_540">540.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">306 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_541" name="note_541" + href="#noteref_541">541.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Better known by its Latin name + Saturnalia. Saturn is the Greek Kronos.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_542" name="note_542" + href="#noteref_542">542.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">φασί Cobet, lacuna V., Hertlein, + ἐπιδείξει MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_543" name="note_543" + href="#noteref_543">543.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> not a fable with a moral + nor an animal fable.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_544" name="note_544" + href="#noteref_544">544.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">αὐτοὺς Hertlein suspects to be an + interpolation.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_545" name="note_545" + href="#noteref_545">545.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Phaedrus</span></span> 247 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_546" name="note_546" + href="#noteref_546">546.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 6. 42.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_547" name="note_547" + href="#noteref_547">547.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐκαθεζέσθην Hertlein suggests, + ἐκαθέζετον V., ἐκαθεζέτην MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_548" name="note_548" + href="#noteref_548">548.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 4. 149 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, 154 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_549" name="note_549" + href="#noteref_549">549.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. Martial 8. 51. 5: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Vera minus flavo radiant electra metallo”</span>; it + is often uncertain whether electron means amber, or a combination + of 4/5 gold and 1/5 silver.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_550" name="note_550" + href="#noteref_550">550.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">χαριτοδότην Spanheim, cf. 148 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>, χαριδότην Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_551" name="note_551" + href="#noteref_551">551.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This is not in our Homer, but Julian + may have in mind <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 11. 76.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_552" name="note_552" + href="#noteref_552">552.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">συνεκεκρότητο Hertlein suggests, + συνεκροτεῖτο MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_553" name="note_553" + href="#noteref_553">553.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀπαντώντων Spanheim, πάντων Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_554" name="note_554" + href="#noteref_554">554.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Silenus is usually represented as + bald.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_555" name="note_555" + href="#noteref_555">555.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Suetonius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Augustus</span></span> 16.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_556" name="note_556" + href="#noteref_556">556.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Stoic philosopher.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_557" name="note_557" + href="#noteref_557">557.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian probably alludes to the + influence on Augustus of Athenodorus the Stoic.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_558" name="note_558" + href="#noteref_558">558.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A deity among the Thracians, who + according to one tradition had been a slave of Pythagoras; cf. + Herodotus 4. 94; Plato, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Charmides</span></span> 156 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>; Julian 8. 244 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_559" name="note_559" + href="#noteref_559">559.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gorgias</span></span> + 525 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">e</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span> 611 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>; Tacitus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annals</span></span> + 6. 6; Lucian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cataplus</span></span> 27.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_560" name="note_560" + href="#noteref_560">560.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 16. 181; there is a play + on the word πάροιθεν which means also <span class="tei tei-q">“in + front.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_561" name="note_561" + href="#noteref_561">561.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Δήμου Cobet, δήμου Hertlein, MSS., + Δημοσθένους Spanheim.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_562" name="note_562" + href="#noteref_562">562.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> Seleucus; cf. Suetonius, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tiberius</span></span> 56, 70.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_563" name="note_563" + href="#noteref_563">563.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Suetonius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tiberius</span></span> 60.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_564" name="note_564" + href="#noteref_564">564.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Caligula.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_565" name="note_565" + href="#noteref_565">565.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Knights</span></span> 1111 foll.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_566" name="note_566" + href="#noteref_566">566.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Their riches were proverbial, cf. + Juvenal 1. 109; 14. 32.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_567" name="note_567" + href="#noteref_567">567.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tacitus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annals</span></span> + 11. 12; Juvenal 10. 330 foll.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_568" name="note_568" + href="#noteref_568">568.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὸ σμῆνος Hertlein suggests, τὸν δῆμον + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_569" name="note_569" + href="#noteref_569">569.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">An allusion partly to the smoke of + civil war, partly to the burning of the temple of Jupiter + Capitoline under Vitellius; the temple was restored by Vespasian; + Tacitus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Annals</span></span> 4. 81.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_570" name="note_570" + href="#noteref_570">570.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Titus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_571" name="note_571" + href="#noteref_571">571.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Domitian.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_572" name="note_572" + href="#noteref_572">572.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Phalaris of Agrigentum.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_573" name="note_573" + href="#noteref_573">573.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Nerva.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_574" name="note_574" + href="#noteref_574">574.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἵστασθαι Cobet, ἵπτασθαι Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_575" name="note_575" + href="#noteref_575">575.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hadrian.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_576" name="note_576" + href="#noteref_576">576.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Antoninus Pius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_577" name="note_577" + href="#noteref_577">577.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A proverb for niggardliness; cf. + Theocritus 10. 50.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_578" name="note_578" + href="#noteref_578">578.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Verus was the family name of Marcus + Aurelius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_579" name="note_579" + href="#noteref_579">579.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lucius Verus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_580" name="note_580" + href="#noteref_580">580.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Commodus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_581" name="note_581" + href="#noteref_581">581.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Faustina.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_582" name="note_582" + href="#noteref_582">582.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">καὶ before κολαστικός Hertlein + suggests.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_583" name="note_583" + href="#noteref_583">583.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">παιδάρια Cobet, MSS., παιδαρίδια + Hertlein, V., m.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_584" name="note_584" + href="#noteref_584">584.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">εἶπεν Hertlein suggests, ἐπεῖπεν + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_585" name="note_585" + href="#noteref_585">585.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Geta.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_586" name="note_586" + href="#noteref_586">586.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Caracalla.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_587" name="note_587" + href="#noteref_587">587.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Heliogabalus; cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 4. 150 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>, note.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_588" name="note_588" + href="#noteref_588">588.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Alexander Severus was assassinated in + 235 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_589" name="note_589" + href="#noteref_589">589.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mammaea.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_590" name="note_590" + href="#noteref_590">590.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Valerian died in captivity among the + Persians.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_591" name="note_591" + href="#noteref_591">591.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Euripides, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Phoenissae</span></span> 120.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_592" name="note_592" + href="#noteref_592">592.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Slightly altered from <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> + 2. 872.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_593" name="note_593" + href="#noteref_593">593.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 1. 6 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_594" name="note_594" + href="#noteref_594">594.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 4. 155 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_595" name="note_595" + href="#noteref_595">595.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">An oracular verse ascribed to + Rhadamanthus by Aristotle, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nic. Ethics</span></span> 5. 5. 3; attributed + to Hesiod, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fragments</span></span> 150 Goettling; it + became a proverb.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_596" name="note_596" + href="#noteref_596">596.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span> + 659 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">e</span></span>; a rhetorical + commonplace; Themistius 63 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_597" name="note_597" + href="#noteref_597">597.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Symposium</span></span> 215; cf. Julian, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> 6. 187 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_598" name="note_598" + href="#noteref_598">598.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A reference to the oracle of Apollo + which declared that Socrates was the wisest man of his times.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_599" name="note_599" + href="#noteref_599">599.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 1. 7 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_600" name="note_600" + href="#noteref_600">600.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the two Maximians, the + colleagues of Diocletian.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_601" name="note_601" + href="#noteref_601">601.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Constantine II, Constans and + Constantius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_602" name="note_602" + href="#noteref_602">602.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 1. 31, 33 foll.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_603" name="note_603" + href="#noteref_603">603.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἑνός εἰσιν ἀντάξιοι Naber, ἑνὸς ὦσιν + οὐκ ἀντάξιοι Hertlein, MSS.; V omits οὐκ.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_604" name="note_604" + href="#noteref_604">604.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Caracalla.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_605" name="note_605" + href="#noteref_605">605.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span> + 730 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>; Julian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Misopogon</span></span> 353 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_606" name="note_606" + href="#noteref_606">606.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐκροφήσουσι Hertlein suggests, + ἐκροφήσωσι MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_607" name="note_607" + href="#noteref_607">607.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀφελοῦνται Hertlein suggests, + ἀφέλωνται MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_608" name="note_608" + href="#noteref_608">608.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Marcus Aurelius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_609" name="note_609" + href="#noteref_609">609.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A reference to the water-clock, + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">clepsydra</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_610" name="note_610" + href="#noteref_610">610.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In this doggerel made up of tags of + anapaestic verse, Julian reproduces in the first five and last two + verses the proclamation made at the Olympic games. The first three + verses occur in Lucian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Demonax</span></span> 65.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_611" name="note_611" + href="#noteref_611">611.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πλεῖν Cobet, πλέον Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_612" name="note_612" + href="#noteref_612">612.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐπῆλθε Hertlein suggests, περιῆλθε + Cobet, παρῆλθε MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_613" name="note_613" + href="#noteref_613">613.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">οὔτι ταὐτὸν Hertlein suggests, τί + τοσοῦτον MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_614" name="note_614" + href="#noteref_614">614.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 1. 8 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_615" name="note_615" + href="#noteref_615">615.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Darius III.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_616" name="note_616" + href="#noteref_616">616.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 2. 56 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_617" name="note_617" + href="#noteref_617">617.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The <span class= + "tei tei-q">“inner”</span> sea was the Mediterranean.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_618" name="note_618" + href="#noteref_618">618.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Caesar, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De Bello + Gallico</span></span> 4. 25, ascribes this to the standard-bearer + of the tenth legion.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_619" name="note_619" + href="#noteref_619">619.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">γεγονὼς Petavius, Naber, γέγονας + Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_620" name="note_620" + href="#noteref_620">620.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τῇ νίκῃ before νικῶν Hertlein + suggests; cf. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> 1. 59 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_621" name="note_621" + href="#noteref_621">621.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">At Gades, on seeing a statue of + Alexander; cf. Suetonius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Julius Caesar</span></span> 7.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_622" name="note_622" + href="#noteref_622">622.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Led by Spartacus 73-71 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>; Appian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Civil + Wars</span></span> I. 116-120.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_623" name="note_623" + href="#noteref_623">623.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lucius Gellius; Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Crassus</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_624" name="note_624" + href="#noteref_624">624.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Licinius Lucullus the conqueror of + Mithridates.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_625" name="note_625" + href="#noteref_625">625.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Caius Marius the rival of Sulla.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_626" name="note_626" + href="#noteref_626">626.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Furius Camillus repulsed the Gauls 390 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>; cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 1. 29 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_627" name="note_627" + href="#noteref_627">627.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Letter to + Themistius</span></span>, 267 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_628" name="note_628" + href="#noteref_628">628.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A proverb for effeminacy; cf. + Plutarch, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pompeius</span></span> 48; Juvenal 9. 133, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">qui + digito scalpunt uno caput</span></span>; Lucian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Rhetorician's + Guide</span></span> 11.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_629" name="note_629" + href="#noteref_629">629.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">At Dyrrhachium; Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Julius + Caesar</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_630" name="note_630" + href="#noteref_630">630.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">An echo of Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Apophthegmata</span></span> 206 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_631" name="note_631" + href="#noteref_631">631.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ἀντώνιος Cobet rejects, since Julian + prefers to substitute descriptive phrases for names.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_632" name="note_632" + href="#noteref_632">632.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὅμως Cobet, ὅμως δὲ Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_633" name="note_633" + href="#noteref_633">633.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Heracles.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_634" name="note_634" + href="#noteref_634">634.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὸν Hertlein would add.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_635" name="note_635" + href="#noteref_635">635.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀποδεδειγμένα Cobet, ἀποδεδομένα + Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_636" name="note_636" + href="#noteref_636">636.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἡσυχάζειν Reiske adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_637" name="note_637" + href="#noteref_637">637.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Suetonius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Augustus</span></span> 16; during the campaign + against Pompey when the fleet of Augustus was lost in a storm, he + swore that he would win in spite of Neptune.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_638" name="note_638" + href="#noteref_638">638.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Augustus was Julius Caesar's nephew, + and his son only by adoption.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_639" name="note_639" + href="#noteref_639">639.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A Stoic philosopher; cf. + pseudo-Lucian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Long Lives</span></span> 21. 23; Suetonius, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Augustus</span></span>; Dio Chrysostom 33. + 48.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_640" name="note_640" + href="#noteref_640">640.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Letter</span></span> 51. 434 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Letter to + Themistius</span></span> 265 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>; Themistius 63 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_641" name="note_641" + href="#noteref_641">641.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἄλλοι Reiske adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_642" name="note_642" + href="#noteref_642">642.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐμαυτοῦ Hertlein suggests, ἐμοῦ + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_643" name="note_643" + href="#noteref_643">643.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἔκγονον Wright, ἔγγονον Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_644" name="note_644" + href="#noteref_644">644.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. 309 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 8. 244 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span> and note.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_645" name="note_645" + href="#noteref_645">645.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For this idiom + cf. Milton, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Paradise Lost</span></span> 4. 324.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Adam the goodliest of men since born<br /> + His sons, the fairest of her daughters Eve.”</span></p> + </dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_646" name="note_646" + href="#noteref_646">646.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Euripides, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> 417 + Nauck.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_647" name="note_647" + href="#noteref_647">647.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀσθενῆ Sylburg adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_648" name="note_648" + href="#noteref_648">648.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">After ἐτετελέκει Cobet suspects that + several words are lost.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_649" name="note_649" + href="#noteref_649">649.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">νίκης Cobet, MSS, δίκης Hertlein, V, + M.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_650" name="note_650" + href="#noteref_650">650.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Maxentius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_651" name="note_651" + href="#noteref_651">651.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Licinius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_652" name="note_652" + href="#noteref_652">652.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A proverb for whatever perishes + quickly; cf. Theocritus 15. Frazer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Attis, Adonis and + Osiris</span></span>, p. 194.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_653" name="note_653" + href="#noteref_653">653.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">οὐ κρίνειν ἐκ Hertlein suggests, οὐκ + ἐκ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_654" name="note_654" + href="#noteref_654">654.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">At the storming of the capital of the + Mallians, probably the modern city Multan, in 326 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, cf. Plutarch, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Alexander</span></span>; Lucian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dialogues of the + Dead</span></span> 14.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_655" name="note_655" + href="#noteref_655">655.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Peucestes was wounded but saved + Alexander's life; Pliny 34. 8.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_656" name="note_656" + href="#noteref_656">656.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Andromache</span></span> 693 foll.: the + passage continues <span class="tei tei-q">“Tis not those who did + the work that gain the credit but the general wins all the + glory.”</span> Cleitus was killed by Alexander at a banquet for + quoting these verses.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_657" name="note_657" + href="#noteref_657">657.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὸν Κλεῖτον ἔδρασεν ἐργάσηται MSS.; + Hertlein suggests omission of ἔδρασεν.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_658" name="note_658" + href="#noteref_658">658.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μήτε εἶναι μήτε νομίζεσθαι Hertlein + suggests, εἶναι μήτε νομίζεσθαι MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_659" name="note_659" + href="#noteref_659">659.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">εἰπέ Hertlein suggests; cf. 333 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>, εἶπε MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_660" name="note_660" + href="#noteref_660">660.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">οὔτοι V, Cobet, οὔτι Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_661" name="note_661" + href="#noteref_661">661.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This is not according to history. The + Senate gave Brutus and Cassius proconsular power in their + provinces.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_662" name="note_662" + href="#noteref_662">662.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tyrant of Syracuse 405-367 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_663" name="note_663" + href="#noteref_663">663.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tyrant of Syracuse 317-289 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_664" name="note_664" + href="#noteref_664">664.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Caius Caesar.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_665" name="note_665" + href="#noteref_665">665.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian refers to the custom of + deifying the Emperors.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_666" name="note_666" + href="#noteref_666">666.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μὲν οὖν Hertlein suggests, οὖν MSS. + καὶ before σὺ Cobet adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_667" name="note_667" + href="#noteref_667">667.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">εἰπέ Hertlein suggests, cf. 331 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>, εἶπε MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_668" name="note_668" + href="#noteref_668">668.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">διαπορήσας Reiske suggests to complete + the construction.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_669" name="note_669" + href="#noteref_669">669.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Simonides <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> 5 + Bergk.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_670" name="note_670" + href="#noteref_670">670.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Protagoras</span></span> 339 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">e</span></span> + ὥσπερ ὑπὸ ἀγαθοῦ πύκτου πληγείς.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_671" name="note_671" + href="#noteref_671">671.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 9. 343.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_672" name="note_672" + href="#noteref_672">672.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A paraphrase of <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> + 5. 897.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_673" name="note_673" + href="#noteref_673">673.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ζῶν Cobet, ἄγων Reiske, ἔχων Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_674" name="note_674" + href="#noteref_674">674.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 3. 55.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_675" name="note_675" + href="#noteref_675">675.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Kronos.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_676" name="note_676" + href="#noteref_676">676.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Introduction to Volume I. p. vii.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_677" name="note_677" + href="#noteref_677">677.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Constantius Chlorus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_678" name="note_678" + href="#noteref_678">678.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. Libanius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 29. 220, where he warns the people of Antioch that Caesarea had + already robbed them of one sophist by the offer of a higher salary, + and exhorts them not to neglect rhetoric, the cause of their + greatness.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_679" name="note_679" + href="#noteref_679">679.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">"The Discourse at Antioch" is an + alternative title in the MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_680" name="note_680" + href="#noteref_680">680.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In the seventh century <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> Alcaeus of Lesbos and + Archilochus both suffered exile, and the latter fell in battle + against Naxos. For the misfortunes of Alcaeus, cf. Horace, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odes</span></span> 2. 13.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_681" name="note_681" + href="#noteref_681">681.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For Ismenias of Thebes cf. Plutarch, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pericles</span></span>. The saying became a + proverb; cf. Dio Chrysostom, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> 78. 420; Themistius 366 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>; Burton, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Anatomy of + Melancholy</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“I have lived + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">mihi et + Musis</span></span> in the University.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_682" name="note_682" + href="#noteref_682">682.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">συγκαταφαγὼν Cobet, καὶ συγκαταφαγὼν + Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_683" name="note_683" + href="#noteref_683">683.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Daphnis is the hero of bucolic poetry; + Julian echoes Theocritus 12. 32 ὃς δέ κε προσμάξῃ γλυκερώτερα + χείλεσι χείλη.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_684" name="note_684" + href="#noteref_684">684.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 22. 151; cf. Zonaras 13. + 12. 213, Dindorf.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_685" name="note_685" + href="#noteref_685">685.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Κικέρωνι Naber, cf. Plutarch, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cicero</span></span>, Κίμωνι Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_686" name="note_686" + href="#noteref_686">686.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">εἰ Reiske, ἃ Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_687" name="note_687" + href="#noteref_687">687.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὑμῖν καὶ Reiske, μὲν Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_688" name="note_688" + href="#noteref_688">688.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cicero</span></span>, + who says that Cicero had a wart on his nose.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_689" name="note_689" + href="#noteref_689">689.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the altar of Dionysus which + was set up in the orchestra.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_690" name="note_690" + href="#noteref_690">690.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀναμιμνήσκεσθε—φρενῶν Hertlein writes + as prose; Brambs identified as a fragment of Cratinus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_691" name="note_691" + href="#noteref_691">691.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cratinus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eunidae</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> 1; cf. Synesius, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Epistle</span></span> 129; Julian refers to + Constantius, whom the people of Antioch now compare with him.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_692" name="note_692" + href="#noteref_692">692.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Constantius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_693" name="note_693" + href="#noteref_693">693.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Count Julian who had been Governor of + Antioch. cf. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Letter</span></span> 13.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_694" name="note_694" + href="#noteref_694">694.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gallus his half-brother.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_695" name="note_695" + href="#noteref_695">695.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὀλιγιστάκις Hertlein suggests, + ὀλιγάκις MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_696" name="note_696" + href="#noteref_696">696.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">περιλαμβάνει Cobet, καταλαμβάνει + Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_697" name="note_697" + href="#noteref_697">697.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">εἰσιν οἳ Cobet, τινές εἰσιν οἳ + Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_698" name="note_698" + href="#noteref_698">698.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὸν—κρύσταλλα Hertlein suggests, ᾧ + ἐῴικει μάλιστα τοῦ λευκοῦ τούτου τὰ κρύσταλλα, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_699" name="note_699" + href="#noteref_699">699.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὑπογαίοις Naber, cf. Pliny + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ep.</span></span> 2. 17; ὑπὸ ταῖς Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_700" name="note_700" + href="#noteref_700">700.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 3. 113 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>, note. Cobet thinks that + the verse in Menander, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Duskolos</span></span> was αὐτὸς δ᾽ ἐμαυτῷ + προστίθημι τοὺς πόνους.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_701" name="note_701" + href="#noteref_701">701.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For Solon's visit to Croesus at Sardis + cf. Herodotus 1. 29.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_702" name="note_702" + href="#noteref_702">702.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 8. 249.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_703" name="note_703" + href="#noteref_703">703.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> bringing false accusations, + which was the trade of the sycophant or blackmailer.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_704" name="note_704" + href="#noteref_704">704.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Apollo who was worshipped at Daphne + near Antioch.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_705" name="note_705" + href="#noteref_705">705.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> + 7. 195</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">τόφρ᾽ ὑμεῖς + εὔχεσθε Διί Κρονίωνι, ἄνακτι σιγῇ ἐφ᾽ ὑμείων, ἵνα μὴ Τρῶές γε + πύθωνται.</p> + </dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_706" name="note_706" + href="#noteref_706">706.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 22. 411.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_707" name="note_707" + href="#noteref_707">707.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 6. 301.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_708" name="note_708" + href="#noteref_708">708.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὁρμῇ μιᾷ Naber, ὁρώμενόν Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_709" name="note_709" + href="#noteref_709">709.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μόνον θεούς Hertlein suggests, θεούς + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_710" name="note_710" + href="#noteref_710">710.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοῖς ὧν Naber, ὧν Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_711" name="note_711" + href="#noteref_711">711.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 5. 12.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_712" name="note_712" + href="#noteref_712">712.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The phrase δρῦς καὶ πέτρα, literally, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the oak tree and the rock”</span> became a + proverb for something hackneyed; cf. Hesiod, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Theogony</span></span> 35, ἀλλὰ τίη μοι ταῦτα + περὶ δρῦν ἢ περὶ πέτρην;</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_713" name="note_713" + href="#noteref_713">713.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Christians invaded the shrine of + Apollo at Daphne and the priests of Apollo abandoned it to them. + Julian destroyed the Christian Church there and restored the + worship of Apollo.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_714" name="note_714" + href="#noteref_714">714.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Literally the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“day not to be mentioned,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“unholy day,”</span> <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nefastus dies</span></span>, on which business + was suspended.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_715" name="note_715" + href="#noteref_715">715.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πεπόλισται Cobet, Hertlein approves, + πεποίητα</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_716" name="note_716" + href="#noteref_716">716.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὰ Hertlein suggests, τὸ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_717" name="note_717" + href="#noteref_717">717.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> Antiochus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_718" name="note_718" + href="#noteref_718">718.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Demetrius</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_719" name="note_719" + href="#noteref_719">719.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> Erasistratus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_720" name="note_720" + href="#noteref_720">720.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The phrase occurs in Hesiod, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Works and + Days</span></span> 66, but not in Homer.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_721" name="note_721" + href="#noteref_721">721.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Stratonice.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_722" name="note_722" + href="#noteref_722">722.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In Plutarch's version Antiochus + married Stratonice during his father's lifetime.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_723" name="note_723" + href="#noteref_723">723.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐπώνυμον Hertlein suggests, ὁμώνυμον + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_724" name="note_724" + href="#noteref_724">724.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 24. 261.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_725" name="note_725" + href="#noteref_725">725.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 19. 396.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_726" name="note_726" + href="#noteref_726">726.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">σε ὅτι—δεῖ Cobet, σε—δεῖν Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_727" name="note_727" + href="#noteref_727">727.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">αὐτοὺς Reiske, αὐτοῖς Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_728" name="note_728" + href="#noteref_728">728.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Smicrines is a typical name in New + Comedy for an avaricious old man; Thrasyleon is said to have been + used by Menander as the name of a boasting soldier, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“miles gloriosus.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_729" name="note_729" + href="#noteref_729">729.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Theognis 215 foll. advises men to + imitate the adaptability of the polypus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_730" name="note_730" + href="#noteref_730">730.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mykonos was an island in the Cyclades + whose inhabitants were proverbial for poverty and greed.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_731" name="note_731" + href="#noteref_731">731.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The cordax was a lascivious + dance.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_732" name="note_732" + href="#noteref_732">732.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span> 372 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">e</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_733" name="note_733" + href="#noteref_733">733.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The suitors of Penelope lived on pork + and mutton.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_734" name="note_734" + href="#noteref_734">734.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Literally <span class= + "tei tei-q">“pulse.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_735" name="note_735" + href="#noteref_735">735.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aristophanes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Acharnians</span></span> 180 uses these words + to describe the older, more robust generation of Athenians.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_736" name="note_736" + href="#noteref_736">736.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Xenophon, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Symposium</span></span> 4. 28.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_737" name="note_737" + href="#noteref_737">737.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> before he had been + appointed Caesar.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_738" name="note_738" + href="#noteref_738">738.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 352 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_739" name="note_739" + href="#noteref_739">739.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The chariot race in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> + 23.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_740" name="note_740" + href="#noteref_740">740.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The citharode played and sang to the + lyre: Phemius was at the court of Odysseus in Ithaca; Demodocus in + Phaeacia.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_741" name="note_741" + href="#noteref_741">741.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Odysseus thus refers to Nausicaa in + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 6. 162.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_742" name="note_742" + href="#noteref_742">742.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> Mardonius; it was a + Sophistic mannerism to use such a periphrasis instead of giving the + name directly; see vol. i. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Introduction</span></span>, p. xi.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_743" name="note_743" + href="#noteref_743">743.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Constantius was under the influence of + the powerful eunuchs of his court; they had been expelled by + Julian, but Mardonius was an exception to his class.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_744" name="note_744" + href="#noteref_744">744.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Basilina.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_745" name="note_745" + href="#noteref_745">745.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Athene.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_746" name="note_746" + href="#noteref_746">746.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πᾶσιν ἄδειαν Cobet, πᾶσι πᾶσαν ἄδειαν + Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_747" name="note_747" + href="#noteref_747">747.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span> + 730 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_748" name="note_748" + href="#noteref_748">748.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐπονειδιστότατον Hertlein suggests, + ἐπονείδιστον MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_749" name="note_749" + href="#noteref_749">749.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian refers to Libanius the famous + rhetorician; with him were also Maximus of Ephesus, Priscus, + Himerius and Oreibasius the physician.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_750" name="note_750" + href="#noteref_750">750.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀκούσῃς Hertlein suggests, ἀκούσαις + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_751" name="note_751" + href="#noteref_751">751.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀρξαμένοις before πρῶτον Hertlein + suggests, Klimek ἀποστᾶσι τῆς for ἀπὸ τῆς.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_752" name="note_752" + href="#noteref_752">752.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In 272 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> the Romans took + Tarentum.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_753" name="note_753" + href="#noteref_753">753.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The people of Antioch ridiculed the + Pagan symbols, such as the figures of Helios, the sun-god, which + Julian had engraved on his coinage.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_754" name="note_754" + href="#noteref_754">754.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">There was a statue of Calliope in the + market-place at Antioch.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_755" name="note_755" + href="#noteref_755">755.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The people of Emesa burned the + Christian churches and spared only one, which they converted into a + temple of Dionysus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_756" name="note_756" + href="#noteref_756">756.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A proverb to express complete + indifference.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_757" name="note_757" + href="#noteref_757">757.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐκ βίβλων πολλῶν Hertlein suggests, ἐκ + τῶν πολλῶν MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_758" name="note_758" + href="#noteref_758">758.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The anecdote which follows is told by + Plutarch in his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cato the Younger</span></span> and also in his + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pompeius</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_759" name="note_759" + href="#noteref_759">759.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian must have known that in Cato's + day the Romans never wore beards.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_760" name="note_760" + href="#noteref_760">760.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fragment of a + Letter</span></span> 299 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>, note.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_761" name="note_761" + href="#noteref_761">761.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_762" name="note_762" + href="#noteref_762">762.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐπιτηδείων—οἰομένοις—εὐδαιμονεστάτοις + Hertlein suggests, ἐπιτηδείῳ δήμοις ἐντυγχάνειν καὶ ὑπὸ τρυφῆς + εὐδαιμονεστάτῳ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_763" name="note_763" + href="#noteref_763">763.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. Caesar, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gallic + War</span></span>, 6. 24.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_764" name="note_764" + href="#noteref_764">764.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐπιδείκνυσθαι Hertlein would add.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_765" name="note_765" + href="#noteref_765">765.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">We do not know what sort of + performance was given by a cotylist; he was evidently a mime and + may have played with cups; κοτύλη = a pint-cup.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_766" name="note_766" + href="#noteref_766">766.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> may they have two such + rulers as Constantius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_767" name="note_767" + href="#noteref_767">767.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the sepulchres over which + the Christian churches were built; cf. 357 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>, note.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_768" name="note_768" + href="#noteref_768">768.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐνεῖσαν Hertlein suggests, ἔδειξαν + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_769" name="note_769" + href="#noteref_769">769.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Babylas, Bishop of Antioch, had been + buried in the grove of Daphne, and the priests of Apollo retired + from it. When the church over his tomb was demolished by Julian he + removed the body of St. Babylas to Antioch, and that night (October + 22. 362 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span>) the people of + Antioch burned the temple of Apollo which Julian had restored. Cf. + Johannes Chrysostomos, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">De S. Babyla et contra Julianum</span></span>; + and Libanius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Monody on the Temple of Apollo at + Daphne</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_770" name="note_770" + href="#noteref_770">770.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Kasios was the name of a mountain near + Antioch where there was a temple of Zeus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_771" name="note_771" + href="#noteref_771">771.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μίαν ὄρνιν Hertlein suggests, ὄρνιν + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_772" name="note_772" + href="#noteref_772">772.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἕνα γε Hertlein suggests, ἕνα + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_773" name="note_773" + href="#noteref_773">773.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μὲν οὖν Hertlein suggests, μὲν + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_774" name="note_774" + href="#noteref_774">774.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. Themistius 332 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_775" name="note_775" + href="#noteref_775">775.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian probably alludes to the riot + which took place at Antioch on account of the famine in 354, when + the populace killed Theophilus the Governor and were punished for + the murder by Constantius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_776" name="note_776" + href="#noteref_776">776.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τῆς πόλεως Hertlein suggests, τὴν + πόλι</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_777" name="note_777" + href="#noteref_777">777.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Demosthenes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Against + Meidias</span></span> 153 ἀποκναίει γὰρ ἀηδίᾳ καὶ ἀναισθησίᾳ.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_778" name="note_778" + href="#noteref_778">778.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀλλὰ καὶ Reiske would add.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_779" name="note_779" + href="#noteref_779">779.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">προστασία is sometimes used of the + Imperial protection of a municipal guild, and that may be Julian's + meaning here.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_780" name="note_780" + href="#noteref_780">780.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 2. 542.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_781" name="note_781" + href="#noteref_781">781.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian, Count of the East.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_782" name="note_782" + href="#noteref_782">782.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Anacreon <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> 77, + Bergk.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_783" name="note_783" + href="#noteref_783">783.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἢ καὶ Hertlein suggests, καὶ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_784" name="note_784" + href="#noteref_784">784.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 7. 204 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_785" name="note_785" + href="#noteref_785">785.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Senatorship was an expensive + burden.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_786" name="note_786" + href="#noteref_786">786.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">οὐκ ἐπὶ—μέτρων Hertlein suggests, οὐ + κατὰ—μέτρα MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_787" name="note_787" + href="#noteref_787">787.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The modius was a bushel measure.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_788" name="note_788" + href="#noteref_788">788.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This does not occur in Hesiod or + Pindar.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_789" name="note_789" + href="#noteref_789">789.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A phrase from an unknown oracular + source.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_790" name="note_790" + href="#noteref_790">790.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The avenging goddess who is more + familiarly known as Nemesis.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_791" name="note_791" + href="#noteref_791">791.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In 354 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> there was a riot at + Antioch in consequence of scarcity of food; Constantius sent troops + to punish the citizens for the murder of Theophilus the Governor of + Syria.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_792" name="note_792" + href="#noteref_792">792.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 340 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, 365 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + </dl> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"> + <div id="pgfooter" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <pre class="pre tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 3.00em; margin-bottom: 3.00em"> +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WORKS OF THE EMPEROR JULIAN (VOL. 2 OF 2)*** +</pre> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 3.00em; margin-bottom: 3.00em"> + <a name="rightpageheader37" id="rightpageheader37"></a><a name= + "pgtoc38" id="pgtoc38"></a><a name="pdf39" id="pdf39"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em; text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Credits</span></h1> + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th class="tei tei-label tei-label-gloss">April 24, + 2015 </th> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="tei tei-item tei-item-gloss"> + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" + style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Project Gutenberg TEI + edition 1</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"><span class= + "tei tei-respStmt"><span class= + "tei tei-name">Produced by Ted Garvin, David King, + and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at + <http://www.pgdp.net/>.</span></span></td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 3.00em; 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