initial commit of ebook 4871HEADmain

5 files changed, 2159 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6833f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* text=auto
+*.txt text
+*.md text
diff --git a/4871.txt b/4871.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0008f19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4871.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2143 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook History of United Netherlands, 1598-99
+#71 in our series by John Lothrop Motley
+
+Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the
+copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing
+this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook.
+
+This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project
+Gutenberg file.  Please do not remove it.  Do not change or edit the
+header without written permission.
+
+Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the
+eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file.  Included is
+important information about your specific rights and restrictions in
+how the file may be used.  You can also find out about how to make a
+donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved.
+
+
+**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts**
+
+**EBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971**
+
+*****These EBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers*****
+
+
+Title: History of the United Netherlands, 1598-99
+
+Author: John Lothrop Motley
+
+Release Date: January, 2004  [EBook #4871]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on April 9, 2002]
+
+Edition: 10
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+
+
+
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY UNITED NETHERLANDS, 1598-99 ***
+
+
+
+This eBook was produced by David Widger
+
+
+
+[NOTE: There is a short list of bookmarks, or pointers, at the end of the
+file for those who may wish to sample the author's ideas before making an
+entire meal of them.  D.W.]
+
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF THE UNITED NETHERLANDS
+From the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Year's Truce--1609
+
+By John Lothrop Motley
+
+
+
+MOTLEY'S HISTORY OF THE NETHERLANDS, Project Gutenberg Edition, Vol. 71
+
+History of the United Netherlands, 1598-1599
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVI.
+
+     Commercial prospects of Holland--Travels of John Huygen van
+     Linschoten Their effect on the trade and prosperity of the
+     Netherlands--Progress of nautical and geographical science--Maritime
+     exploration--Fantastic notions respecting the polar regions--State
+     of nautical science--First arctic expedition--Success of the
+     voyagers--Failure of the second expedition--Third attempt to
+     discover the north-east passage--Discovery of Spitzbergen--
+     Scientific results of the voyage--Adventures in the frozen regions--
+     Death of William Barendz--Return of the voyagers to Amsterdam--
+     Southern expedition against the Spanish power--Disasters attendant
+     upon it--Extent of Dutch discovery.
+
+During a great portion of Philip's reign the Netherlanders, despite their
+rebellion, had been permitted to trade with Spain.  A spectacle had thus
+been presented of a vigorous traffic between two mighty belligerents, who
+derived from their intercourse with each other the means of more
+thoroughly carrying on their mutual hostilities.  The war fed their
+commerce, and commerce fed their war.  The great maritime discoveries at
+the close of the fifteenth century had enured quite as much to the
+benefit of the Flemings and Hollanders as to that of the Spaniards and
+Portuguese, to whom they were originally due.  Antwerp and subsequently
+Amsterdam had thriven on the great revolution of the Indian trade which
+Vasco de Gama's voyage around the Cape had effected.  The nations of the
+Baltic and of farthest Ind now exchanged their products on a more
+extensive scale.  and with a wider sweep across the earth than when the
+mistress of the Adriatic alone held the keys of Asiatic commerce.  The
+haughty but intelligent oligarchy of shopkeepers, which had grown so rich
+and attained so eminent a political position from its magnificent
+monopoly, already saw the sources of its grandeur drying up before its
+eyes, now that the world's trade--for the first time in human history--
+had become oceanic.
+
+In Holland, long since denuded of forests, were great markets of timber,
+whither shipbuilders and architects came from all parts of the world to
+gather the utensils for their craft.  There, too, where scarcely a pebble
+had been deposited in the course of the geological transformations of our
+planet, were great artificial quarries of granite, and marble, and
+basalt.  Wheat was almost as rare a product of the soil as cinnamon, yet
+the granaries of Christendom, and the Oriental magazines of spices and
+drugs, were found chiefly on that barren spot of earth.  There was the
+great international mart where the Osterling, the Turk, the Hindoo, the
+Atlantic and the Mediterranean traders stored their wares and negotiated
+their exchanges; while the curious and highly-prized products of
+Netherland skill--broadcloths, tapestries, brocades, laces, substantial
+fustians, magnificent damasks, finest linens--increased the mass of
+visible wealth piled mountains high upon that extraordinary soil which
+produced nothing and teemed with everything.
+
+After the incorporation of Portugal with Spain however many obstacles
+were thrown in the way of the trade from the Netherlands to Lisbon and
+the Spanish ports.  Loud and bitter were the railings uttered, as we
+know, by the English sovereign and her statesmen against the nefarious
+traffic which the Dutch republic persisted in carrying on with the common
+enemy.  But it is very certain that although the Spanish armadas would
+have found it comparatively difficult to equip themselves without the tar
+and the timber, the cordage, the stores, and the biscuits furnished by
+the Hollanders, the rebellious commonwealth, if excluded from the world's
+commerce, in which it had learned to play so controlling a part, must
+have ceased to exist.  For without foreign navigation the independent
+republic was an inconceivable idea.  Not only would it have been
+incapable of continuing the struggle with the greatest monarch in the
+world, but it might as well have buried itself once and for ever beneath
+the waves from which it had scarcely emerged.  Commerce and Holland were
+simply synonymous terms.  Its morsel of territory was but the wharf to
+which the republic was occasionally moored; its home was in every ocean
+and over all the world.  Nowhere had there ever existed before so large a
+proportion of population that was essentially maritime.  They were born
+sailors--men and women alike--and numerous were the children who had
+never set foot on the shore.  At the period now treated of the republic
+had three times as many ships and sailors as any one nation in the world.
+Compared with modern times, and especially with the gigantic commercial
+strides of the two great Anglo-Saxon families, the statistics both of
+population and of maritime commerce in that famous and most vigorous
+epoch would seem sufficiently meagre.  Yet there is no doubt that in the
+relative estimate of forces then in activity it would be difficult to
+exaggerate the naval power of the young commonwealth.  When therefore,
+towards the close of Philip II.'s reign, it became necessary to renounce
+the carrying trade with Spain and Portugal, by which the communication
+with India and China was effected, or else to submit to the confiscation
+of Dutch ships in Spanish ports, and the confinement of Dutch sailors in
+the dungeons of the Inquisition, a more serious dilemma was presented to
+the statesmen of the Netherlands than they had ever been called upon to
+solve.
+
+For the splendid fiction of the Spanish lake was still a formidable fact.
+Not only were the Portuguese and Spaniards almost the only direct traders
+to the distant East, but even had no obstacles been interposed by
+Government, the exclusive possession of information as to the course of
+trade, the pre-eminent practical knowledge acquired by long experience of
+that dangerous highway around the world at a time when oceanic navigation
+was still in its infancy, would have given a monopoly of the traffic to
+the descendants of the bold discoverers who first opened the great path
+to the world's commerce.
+
+The Hollanders as a nation had never been engaged in the direct trade
+around the Cape of Good Hope.  Fortunately however at this crisis in
+their commercial destiny there was a single Hollander who had thoroughly
+learned the lesson which it was so necessary that all his countrymen
+should now be taught.  Few men of that period deserve a more kindly and
+more honourable remembrance by posterity for their contributions to
+science and the progress of civilization than John Huygen van Linschoten,
+son of a plain burgher of West Friesland.  Having always felt a strong
+impulse to study foreign history and distant nations and customs; he
+resolved at the early age of seventeen "to absent himself from his
+fatherland, and from the conversation of friends and relatives," in order
+to gratify this inclination for self-improvement.  After a residence of
+two years in Lisbon he departed for India in the suite of the Archbishop
+of Goa, and remained in the East for nearly thirteen years.  Diligently
+examining all the strange phenomena which came under his observation and
+patiently recording the results of his researches day by day and year by
+year, he amassed a fund of information which he modestly intended for the
+entertainment of his friends when he should return to his native country.
+It was his wish that "without stirring from their firesides or counting-
+houses" they might participate with him in the gratification and
+instruction to be derived fiom looking upon a world then so strange, and
+for Europeans still so new.  He described the manners and customs, the
+laws, the religions, the social and political institutions, of the
+ancient races who dwelt in either peninsula of India.  He studied the
+natural history, the botany, the geography of all the regions which he
+visited.  Especially the products which formed the material of a great
+traffic; the system of culture, the means of transportation, and the
+course of commerce, were examined by him with minuteness, accuracy, and
+breadth of vision.  He was neither a trader nor a sailor, but a man of
+letters, a scientific and professional traveller.  But it was obvious
+when he returned, rich with the spoils of oriental study during thirteen
+years of life, that the results of his researches were worthy of a wider
+circulation than that which he had originally contemplated.  His work was
+given to the public in the year 1596, and was studied with avidity not
+only by men of science but by merchants and seafarers.  He also added to
+the record of his Indian experiences a practical manual for navigators.
+He described the course of the voyage from Lisbon to the East, the
+currents, the trade-winds and monsoons, the harbours, the islands, the
+shoals, the sunken rocks and dangerous quicksands, and he accompanied
+his work with various maps and charts, both general and special, of land
+and water, rarely delineated before his day, as well as by various
+astronomical and mathematical calculations.  Already a countryman of
+his own, Wagenaar of Zeeland, had laid the mariners of the world under
+special obligation by a manual which came into such universal use that
+for centuries afterwards the sailors of England and of other countries
+called their indispensable 'vade-mecum' a Wagenaar.  But in that text-
+book but little information was afforded to eastern voyagers, because,
+before the enterprise of Linschoten, little was known of the Orient
+except to the Portuguese and Spaniards, by whom nothing was communicated.
+
+The work of Linschoten was a source of wealth, both from the scientific
+treasures which it diffused among an active and intelligent people, and
+the impulse which it gave to that direct trade between the Netherlands
+and the East which had been so long deferred, and which now came to
+relieve the commerce of the republic, and therefore the republic itself,
+from the danger of positive annihilation.
+
+It is not necessary for my purpose to describe in detail the series of
+voyages by way of the Cape of Good Hope which, beginning with the
+adventures of the brothers Houtmann at this period, and with the
+circumnavigation of the world by Olivier van Noord, made the Dutch for
+a long time the leading Christian nation in those golden regions, and
+which carried the United Netherlands to the highest point of prosperity
+and power.  The Spanish monopoly of the Indian and the Pacific Ocean was
+effectually disposed of, but the road was not a new road, nor did any
+striking discoveries at this immediate epoch illustrate the enterprise of
+Holland in the East.  In the age just opening the homely names most dear
+to the young republic were to be inscribed on capes, islands, and
+promontories, seas, bays, and continents.  There was soon to be a "Staten
+Island" both in the frozen circles of the northern and of the southern
+pole, as well as in that favoured region where now the mighty current of
+a worldwide commerce flows through the gates of that great metropolis of
+the western world, once called New Amsterdam.  Those well-beloved words,
+Orange and Nassau, Maurice and William, intermingled with the names of
+many an ancient town and village, or with the simple patronymics of hardy
+navigators or honoured statesmen, were to make the vernacular of the new
+commonwealth a familiar sound in the remotest corners of the earth; while
+a fifth continent, discovered by the enterprise of Hollanders, was soon
+to be fitly baptized with the name of the fatherland.  Posterity has been
+neither just nor grateful, and those early names which Dutch genius and
+enterprise wrote upon so many prominent points of the earth's surface,
+then seen for the first time by European eyes, are no longer known.
+
+The impulse given to the foreign trade of the Netherlands by the
+publication of Linschoten's work was destined to be a lasting one.
+Meantime this most indefatigable and enterprising voyager--one of those
+men who had done nothing in his own estimation so long as aught remained
+to do--was deeply pondering the possibility of a shorter road to the
+opulent kingdoms of Cathay and of China than the one which the genius of
+De Gama had opened to his sovereigns.  Geography as a science was
+manifesting the highest activity at that period, but was still in a
+rudimentary state.  To the Hollanders especially much of the progress
+already made by it was owing.  The maps of the world by Mercator of
+Leyden, published on a large scale, together with many astronomical and
+geographical charts, delineations of exploration, and other scientific
+works, at the magnificent printing establishment of William Blaeuw, in
+Amsterdam, the friend and pupil of Tycho Brahe, and the first in that
+line of typographers who made the name famous, constituted an epoch in
+cosmography.  Another ardent student of geography lived in Amsterdam,
+Peter Plancius by name, a Calvinist preacher, and one of the most zealous
+and intolerant of his cloth.  In an age and a country which had not yet
+thoroughly learned the lesson taught by hundreds of thousands of murders
+committed by an orthodox church, he was one of those who considered the
+substitution of a new dogma and a new hierarchy, a new orthodoxy and a
+new church, in place of the old ones, a satisfactory result for fifty,
+years of perpetual bloodshed.  Nether Torquemada nor Peter Titelmann
+could have more thoroughly abhorred a Jew or a Calvinist than Peter
+Plancius detested a Lutheran, or any other of the unclean tribe of
+remonstranta.  That the intolerance of himself and his comrades was
+confined to fiery words, and was not manifested in the actual burning
+alive of the heterodox, was a mark of the advance made by the mass of
+mankind in despite of bigotry.  It was at any rate a solace to those who
+believed in human progress; even in matters of conscience, that no other
+ecclesiastical establishment was ever likely to imitate the matchless
+machinery for the extermination of heretical vermin which the Church of
+Rome had found in the Spanish Inquisition.  The blasts of denunciation
+from the pulpit of Plancius have long since mingled with empty air and
+been forgotten, but his services in the cause of nautical enterprise and
+geographical science, which formed, as it were, a relaxation to what he
+deemed the more serious pursuits of theology, will endear his name for
+ever to the lovers of civilization.
+
+Plancius and Dr. Francis Maalzoon--the enlightened pensionary of
+Enkhuizen--had studied long and earnestly the history and aspects of the
+oceanic trade, which had been unfolding itself then for a whole century,
+but was still comparatively new, while Barneveld, ever ready to assist in
+the advancement of science, and to foster that commerce which was the
+life of the commonwealth, was most favourably disposed towards projects
+of maritime exploration.  For hitherto, although the Hollanders had been
+among the hardiest and the foremost in the art of navigation they had
+contributed but little to actual discovery.  A Genoese had led the way to
+America, while one Portuguese mariner had been the first to double the
+southern cape of Africa, and another, at the opposite side of the world,
+had opened what was then supposed the only passage through the vast
+continent which, according to ideas then prevalent, extended from the
+Southern Pole to Greenland, and from Java to Patagonia.  But it was
+easier to follow in the wake of Columbus, Gama, or Magellan, than to
+strike out new pathways by the aid of scientific deduction and audacious
+enterprise.  At a not distant day many errors, disseminated by the
+boldest of Portuguese navigators, were to be corrected by the splendid
+discoveries of sailors sent forth by the Dutch republic, and a rich
+harvest in consequence was to be reaped both by science and commerce.  It
+is true, too, that the Netherlanders claimed to have led the way to the
+great voyages of Columbus by their discovery of the Azores.  Joshua van
+den Berg, a merchant of Bruges, it was vigorously maintained, had landed
+in that archipelago in the year 1445.  He had found there, however, no
+vestiges of the human race, save that upon the principal island, in the
+midst of the solitude, was seen--so ran the tale--a colossal statue of a
+man on horseback, wrapped in a cloak, holding the reins of his steed in
+his left hand, and solemnly extending his right arm to the west.  This
+gigantic and solitary apparition on a rock in the ocean was supposed
+to indicate the existence of a new world, and the direction in which it
+was to be sought, but it is probable that the shipwrecked Fleeting was
+quite innocent of any such magnificent visions.  The original designation
+of the Flemish Islands, derived from their first colonization by
+Netherlanders, was changed to Azores by Portuguese mariners, amazed at
+the myriads of hawks which they found there.  But if the Netherlanders
+had never been able to make higher claims as discoverers than the
+accidental and dubious landing upon an unknown shore of a tempest-tost
+mariner, their position in the records of geographical exploration would
+not be so eminent as it certainly is.
+
+Meantime the eyes of Linschoten, Plancius, Maalzoon, Barneveld, and of
+many other ardent philosophers and patriots, were turned anxiously
+towards the regions of the North Pole.  Two centuries later--and still
+more recently in our own day and generation--what heart has not thrilled
+with sympathy and with pride at the story of the magnificent exploits,
+the heroism, the contempt of danger and of suffering which have
+characterized the great navigators whose names are so familiar to the
+world; especially the arctic explorers of England and of our own country?
+The true chivalry of an advanced epoch--recognizing that there can be no
+sublimer vocation for men of action than to extend the boundary of human
+knowledge in the face of perils and obstacles more formidable and more
+mysterious than those encountered by the knights of old in the cause of
+the Lord's sepulchre or the holy grail--they have thus embodied in a form
+which will ever awaken enthusiasm in imaginative natures, the noble
+impulses of our latter civilization.  To win the favour of that noblest
+of mistresses, Science; to take authoritative possession, in her name,
+of the whole domain of humanity; to open new pathways to commerce; to
+elevate and enlarge the human intellect, and to multiply indefinitely the
+sum of human enjoyments; to bring the inhabitants of the earth into
+closer and more friendly communication, so that, after some yet
+unimagined inventions and discoveries, and after the lapse of many years,
+which in the sight of the Omnipotent are but as one day, the human race
+may form one pacific family, instead of being broken up, as are the most
+enlightened of peoples now, into warring tribes of internecine savages,
+prating of the advancement of civilization while coveting each other's
+possessions, intriguing against each other's interests, and thoroughly in
+earnest when cutting each other's throats; this is truly to be the
+pioneers of a possible civilization, compared to which our present
+culture may seem but a poor barbarism.  If the triumphs and joys of the
+battle-field have been esteemed among the noblest themes for poet,
+painter, or chronicler, alike in the mists of antiquity and in the full
+glare of later days, surely a still more encouraging spectacle for those
+who believe in the world's progress is the exhibition of almost infinite
+valour, skill, and endurance in the cause of science and humanity.
+
+It was believed by the Dutch cosmographers that some ten thousand miles
+of voyaging might be saved, could the passage to what was then called the
+kingdoms of Cathay be effected by way of the north.  It must be
+remembered that there were no maps of the unknown regions lying beyond
+the northern headlands of Sweden.  Delineations of continents, islands,
+straits, rivers, and seas, over which every modern schoolboy pores, were
+not attempted even by the hand of fancy.  It was perhaps easier at the
+end of the sixteenth century than it is now, to admit the possibility of
+a practical path to China and India across the pole; for delusions as to
+climate and geographical configuration then prevalent have long since
+been dispelled.  While, therefore, at least as much heroism was required
+then as now to launch into those unknown seas, in hope to solve the dread
+mystery of the North; there was even a firmer hope than can ever be
+cherished again of deriving an immediate and tangible benefit from the
+enterprise.  Plancius and Maalzoon, the States-General and Prince
+Maurice, were convinced that the true road to Cathay would be found by
+sailing north-east.  Linschoten, the man who knew India and the beaten
+paths to India better than any other living Christian, was so firmly
+convinced of the truth of this theory, that he volunteered to take the
+lead in the first expedition.  Many were the fantastic dreams in which
+even the wisest thinkers of the age indulged as to the polar regions.
+Four straits or channels, pierced by a magic hand, led, it was thought,
+from the interior of Muscovy towards the arctic seas.  According to some
+speculators, however, those seas enclosed a polar continent where
+perpetual summer and unbroken daylight reigned, and whose inhabitants,
+having obtained a high degree of culture; lived in the practice of every
+virtue and in the enjoyment of every blessing.  Others peopled these
+mysterious regions with horrible savages, having hoofs of horses and
+heads of dogs, and with no clothing save their own long ears coiled
+closely around their limbs and bodies; while it was deemed almost certain
+that a race of headless men, with eyes in their breasts, were the most
+enlightened among those distant tribes.  Instead of constant sunshine,
+it was believed by such theorists that the wretched inhabitants of that
+accursed zone were immersed in almost incessant fogs or tempests, that
+the whole population died every winter and were only recalled to
+temporary existence by the advent of a tardy and evanescent spring.
+No doubt was felt that the voyager in those latitudes would have to
+encounter volcanoes of fire and mountains of ice, together with land and
+sea monsters more ferocious than the eye of man had ever beheld; but it
+was universally admitted that an opening, either by strait or sea, into
+the desired Indian haven would reveal itself at last.
+
+The instruments of navigation too were but rude and defective compared to
+the beautiful machinery with which modern art and science now assist
+their votaries along the dangerous path of discovery.  The small yet
+unwieldy, awkward, and, to the modern mind, most grotesque vessels in
+which such audacious deeds were performed in the sixteenth and
+seventeenth centuries awaken perpetual astonishment.  A ship of a hundred
+tons burden, built up like a tower, both at stem and stern, and
+presenting in its broad bulbous prow, its width of beam in proportion to
+its length, its depression amidships, and in other sins against symmetry,
+as much opposition to progress over the waves as could well be imagined,
+was the vehicle in which those indomitable Dutchmen circumnavigated the
+globe and confronted the arctic terrors of either pole.  An astrolabe--
+such as Martin Beheim had invented for the Portuguese, a clumsy
+astronomical ring of three feet in circumference--was still the chief
+machine used for ascertaining the latitude, and on shipboard a most
+defective one.  There were no logarithms, no means of determining at sea
+the variations of the magnetic needle, no system of dead reckoning by
+throwing the log and chronicling the courses traversed.  The firearms
+with which the sailors were to do battle with the unknown enemies that
+might beset their path were rude and clumsy to handle.  The art of
+compressing and condensing provisions was unknown.  They had no tea nor
+coffee to refresh the nervous system in its terrible trials; but there
+was one deficiency which perhaps supplied the place of many positive
+luxuries.  Those Hollanders drank no ardent spirits.  They had beer
+and wine in reasonable quantities, but no mention is ever made in the
+journals of their famous voyages of any more potent liquor; and to
+this circumstance doubtless the absence of mutinous or disorderly
+demonstrations, under the most trying circumstances, may in a great
+degree be attributed.
+
+Thus, these navigators were but slenderly provided with the appliances
+with which hazardous voyages have been smoothed by modern art; but they
+had iron hearts, faith in themselves, in their commanders, in their
+republic, and in the Omnipotent; perfect discipline and unbroken
+cheerfulness amid toil, suffering, and danger.  No chapter of history
+utters a more beautiful homily an devotion to duty as the true guiding
+principle of human conduct than the artless narratives which have been
+preserved of many of these maritime enterprises.  It is for these noble
+lessons that they deserve to be kept in perpetual memory.
+
+And in no individual of that day were those excellent qualities more
+thoroughly embodied than in William Barendz, pilot and burgher of
+Amsterdam.  It was partly under his charge that the first little
+expedition set forth on the 5th of June, 1594, towards those unknown
+arctic seas, which no keel from Christendom had ever ploughed, and to
+those fabulous regions where the foot of civilized men had never trod.
+Maalzoon, Plancius, and Balthaser Moucheron, merchant of Middelburg, were
+the chief directors of the enterprise; but there was a difference of
+opinion between them.
+
+The pensionary was firm in the faith that the true path to China would be
+found by steering through the passage which was known to exist between
+the land of Nova Zembla and the northern coasts of Muscovy, inhabited by
+the savage tribes called Samoyedes.  It was believed that, after passing
+those straits, the shores of the great continent would be found to trend
+in a south-easterly direction, and that along that coast it would
+accordingly be easy to make the desired voyage to the eastern ports of
+China.  Plancius, on the contrary, indicated as the most promising
+passage the outside course, between the northern coast of Nova Zembla and
+the pole.  Three ships and a fishing yacht were provided by the cities of
+Enkhuizen, Amsterdam, and by the province of Zeeland respectively.
+Linschoten was principal commissioner on board the Enkhuizen vessel,
+having with him an experienced mariner, Brandt Ijsbrantz by name, as
+skipper.  Barendz, with the Amsterdam ship and the yacht, soon parted
+company with the others, and steered, according to the counsels of
+Plancius and his own convictions; for the open seas of the north.  And in
+that memorable summer, for the first time in the world's history, the
+whole desolate region of Nova Zembla was visited, investigated, and
+thoroughly mapped out.  Barendz sailed as far as latitude 77 deg. and to
+the extreme north-eastern point of the island.  In a tremendous storm off
+a cape, which he ironically christened Consolationhook (Troost-hoek), his
+ship, drifting under bare poles amid ice and mist and tempest, was nearly
+dashed to pieces; but he reached at last the cluster of barren islets
+beyond the utmost verge of Nova Zembla, to which he hastened to affix the
+cherished appellation of Orange.  This, however, was the limit of his
+voyage.  His ship was ill-provisioned, and the weather had been severe
+beyond expectation.  He turned back on the 1st of August, resolving to
+repeat his experiment early in the following year.
+
+Meantime Linschoten, with the ships Swan and Mercury, had entered the
+passage which they called the Straits of Nassau, but which are now
+known to all the world as the Waigats.  They were informed by the
+Samoyedes of the coast that, after penetrating the narrow channel, they
+would find themselves in a broad and open sea.  Subsequent discoveries
+showed the correctness of the statement, but it was not permitted to the
+adventurers on this occasion to proceed so far.  The strait was already
+filled with ice-drift, and their vessels were brought to a standstill,
+after about a hundred and fifty English miles of progress beyond the
+Waigats; for the whole sea of Tartary, converted into a mass of ice-
+mountains and islands, and lashed into violent agitation by a north
+easterly storm, seemed driving down upon the doomed voyagers.  It was
+obvious that the sunny clime of Cathay was not thus to be reached, at
+least upon that occasion.  With difficulty they succeeded in extricating
+themselves from the dangers surrounding them, and emerged at last from
+the Waigats.
+
+On the 15th of August, in latitude 69 deg. 15', they met the ship of
+Barendz and returned in company to Holland, reaching Amsterdam on the
+16th of September.  Barendz had found the seas and coasts visited by him
+destitute of human inhabitants, but swarming with polar bears, with
+seals, with a terrible kind of monsters, then seen for the first time, as
+large as oxen, with almost human faces and with two long tusks protruding
+from each grim and grotesque visage.  These mighty beasts, subsequently
+known as walrusses or sea-horses, were found sometimes in swarms of two
+hundred at a time, basking in the arctic sun, and seemed equally at home
+on land, in the sea, and on icebergs.  When aware of the approach of
+their human visitors, they would slide off an iceblock into the water,
+holding their cubs in their arms, and ducking up and down in the sea as
+if in sport.  Then tossing the young ones away, they would rush upon the
+boats, and endeavour to sink the strangers, whom they instinctively
+recognised as their natural enemies.  Many were the severe combats
+recorded by the diarist of that voyage of Barendz with the walrusses and
+the bears.
+
+The chief result of this first expedition was the geographical
+investigation made, and, with unquestionable right; these earliest arctic
+pilgrims bestowed the names of their choice upon the regions first
+visited by themselves.  According to the unfailing and universal impulse
+on such occasions, the names dear to the fatherland were naturally
+selected.  The straits were called Nassau, the island at its mouth became
+States or Staten Island; the northern coasts of Tartary received the
+familiar appellations of New Holland, New Friesland, New Walcheren; while
+the two rivers, beyond which Linschoten did not advance, were designated
+Swan and Mercury respectively, after his two ships.  Barendz, on his
+part, had duly baptized every creek, bay, islet, and headland of Nova
+Zembla, and assuredly Christian mariner had never taken the latitude of
+77 deg. before.  Yet the antiquary, who compares the maps soon afterwards
+published by William Blaeuw with the charts now in familiar use, will
+observe with indignation the injustice with which the early geographical
+records have been defaced, and the names rightfully bestowed upon those
+terrible deserts by their earliest discoverers rudely torn away.  The
+islands of Orange can still be recognized, and this is almost the only
+vestige left of the whole nomenclature.  But where are Cape Nassau,
+William's Island, Admiralty Island, Cape Plancius, Black-hook, Cross-
+hook, Bear's-hook, Ice-hook, Consolation-hook, Cape Desire, the Straits
+of Nassau, Maurice Island, Staten Island, Enkhuizen Island, and many
+other similar appellations.
+
+The sanguine Linschoten, on his return, gave so glowing an account of the
+expedition that Prince Maurice and Olden-Barneveld, and prominent members
+of the States-General, were infected with his enthusiasm.  He considered
+the north-east passage to China discovered and the problem solved.  It
+would only be necessary to fit out another expedition on a larger scale
+the next year, provide it with a cargo of merchandize suitable for the
+China market, and initiate the direct polar-oriental trade without
+further delay.  It seems amazing that so incomplete an attempt to
+overcome such formidable obstacles should have been considered a decided
+success.  Yet there is no doubt of the genuineness of the conviction by
+which Linschoten was actuated.  The calmer Barendz, and his friend and
+comrade Gerrit de Veer, were of opinion that the philosopher had made
+"rather a free representation" of the enterprise of 1594 and of the
+prospects for the future.
+
+Nevertheless, the general Government, acting on Linschoten's suggestion,
+furnished a fleet of seven ships: two from Enkhuizen, two from Zeeland,
+two from Amsterdam; and a yacht which was to be despatched homeward with
+the news, so soon as the expedition should have passed through the
+straits of Nassau, forced its way through the frozen gulf of Tartary,
+doubled Cape Tabin, and turned southward on its direct course to China.
+The sublime credulity which accepted Linschoten's hasty solution of the
+polar enigma as conclusive was fairly matched by the sedateness with
+which the authorities made the preparations for the new voyage.  So
+deliberately were the broadcloths, linens, tapestries, and other assorted
+articles for this first great speculation to Cathay, via the North Pole,
+stowed on board the fleet, that nearly half the summer had passed before
+anchor was weighed in the Meuse.  The pompous expedition was thus
+predestined to an almost ridiculous failure.  Yet it was in the hands of
+great men, both on shore and sea.  Maurice, Barneveld, and Maalzoon had
+personally interested themselves in the details of its outfitting,
+Linschoten sailed as chief commissioner, the calm and intrepid Barendz
+was upper pilot of the whole fleet, and a man who was afterwards destined
+to achieve an immortal name in the naval history of his country, Jacob
+Heemskerk, was supercargo of the Amsterdam ship.  In obedience to the
+plans of Linschoten and of Maalzoon, the passage by way of the Waigats
+was of course attempted.  A landing was effected on the coast of Tartary.
+Whatever geographical information could be obtained from such a source
+was imparted by the wandering Samoyedes.  On the 2nd of September a party
+went ashore on Staten Island and occupied themselves in gathering some
+glistening pebbles which the journalist of the expedition describes with
+much gravity as a "kind of diamonds, very plentiful upon the island."
+While two of the men were thus especially engaged in a deep hollow, one
+of them found himself suddenly twitched from behind.  "What are you
+pulling at me for, mate?"  he said, impatiently to his comrade as he
+supposed.  But his companion was a large, long, lean white bear, and in
+another instant the head of the unfortunate diamond-gatherer was off and
+the bear was sucking his blood.  The other man escaped to his friends,
+and together a party of twenty charged upon the beast.  Another of the
+combatants was killed and half devoured by the hungry monster before a
+fortunate bullet struck him in the head.  But even then the bear
+maintained his grip upon his two victims, and it was not until his brains
+were fairly beaten out with the butt end of a snaphance by the boldest of
+the party that they were enabled to secure the bodies of their comrades
+and give them a hurried kind of Christian burial.  They flayed the bear
+and took away his hide with them, and this, together with an ample supply
+of the diamonds of Staten Island, was the only merchandize obtained upon
+the voyage for which such magnificent preparations had been made.  For,
+by the middle of September, it had become obviously hopeless to attempt
+the passage of the frozen sea that season, and the expedition returned,
+having accomplished nothing.  It reached Amsterdam upon the 18th of
+November, 1595.
+
+The authorities, intensely disappointed at this almost ridiculous result,
+refused to furnish direct assistance to any farther attempts at arctic
+explorations.  The States-General however offered a reward of twenty-five
+thousand florins to any navigators who might succeed in discovering the
+northern passage, with a proportionate sum to those whose efforts in that
+direction might be deemed commendable, even if not crowned with success.
+
+Stimulated by the spirit of adventure and the love of science far more
+than by the hope of gaining a pecuniary prize, the undaunted Barendz, who
+was firm in the faith that a pathway existed by the north of Nova Zembla
+and across the pole to farthest Ind, determined to renew the attempt the
+following summer.  The city of Amsterdam accordingly, early in the year
+1596, fitted out two ships.  Select crews of entirely unmarried men
+volunteered for the enterprise.  John Cornelisz van der Ryp, an
+experienced sea-captain, was placed in charge of one of the vessels,
+William Barendz was upper pilot of the other, and Heemskerk, "the man who
+ever steered his way through ice or iron," was skipper and supercargo.
+
+The ships sailed from the Vlie on the 18th May.  The opinions of Peter
+Plancius prevailed in this expedition at last; the main object of both
+Ryp and Barendz being to avoid the fatal, narrow, ice-clogged Waigats.
+Although identical in this determination, their views as to the
+configuration of the land and sea, and as to the proper course to be
+steered, were conflicting.  They however sailed in company mainly in a
+N.E.  by N. direction, although Barendz would have steered much more to
+the east.
+
+On the 5th June the watch on deck saw, as they supposed, immense flocks
+of white swans swimming towards the ships, and covering the sea as far as
+the eye could reach.  All hands came up to look at the amazing spectacle,
+but the more experienced soon perceived that the myriads of swans were
+simply infinite fields of ice, through which however they were able to
+steer their course without much impediment, getting into clear sea beyond
+about midnight, at which hour the sun was one degree above the horizon.
+
+Proceeding northwards two days more they were again surrounded by ice,
+and, finding the "water green as grass, they believed themselves to be
+near Greenland."  On the 9th June they discovered an island in latitude,
+according to their observation, 74 deg. 30', which seemed about five
+miles long.  In this neighbourhood they remained four days, having on one
+occasion a "great fight which lasted four glasses" with a polar bear, and
+making a desperate attempt to capture him in order to bring him as a show
+to Holland.  The effort not being successful, they were obliged to take
+his life to save their own; but in what manner they intended, had they
+secured him alive, to provide for such a passenger in the long voyage
+across the North Pole to China, and thence back to Amsterdam, did not
+appear.  The attempt illustrated the calmness, however, of those hardy
+navigators.  They left the island on the 13th June, having baptised it
+Bear Island in memory of their vanquished foe, a name which was
+subsequently exchanged for the insipid appellation of Cherry Island, in
+honour of a comfortable London merchant who seven years afterwards sent a
+ship to those arctic regions.
+
+Six days later they saw land again, took the sun, and found their
+latitude 80 deg. 11'.  Certainly no men had ever been within less than
+ten degrees of the pole before.  On the longest day of the year they
+landed on this newly discovered country, which they at first fancied to
+be a part of Greenland.  They found its surface covered with eternal
+snow, broken into mighty glaciers, jagged with precipitous ice-peaks; and
+to this land of almost perpetual winter, where the mercury freezes during
+ten months in the year, and where the sun remains four months beneath the
+horizon, they subsequently gave the appropriate and vernacular name of
+Spitzbergen.  Combats with the sole denizens of these hideous abodes,
+the polar bears, on the floating ice, on the water, or on land, were
+constantly occurring, and were the only events to disturb the monotony of
+that perpetual icy sunshine, where no night came to relieve the almost
+maddening glare.  They rowed up a wide inlet on the western coast, and
+came upon great numbers of wild-geese sitting on their eggs.  They proved
+to be the same geese that were in the habit of visiting Holland in vast
+flocks every summer, and it had never before been discovered where they
+laid and hatched their eggs.  "Therefore," says the diarist of the
+expedition, "some voyagers have not scrupled to state that the eggs grow
+on trees in Scotland, and that such of the fruits of those trees as fall
+into the water become goslings, while those which drop on the ground
+burst in pieces and come to nothing.  We now see that quite the contrary
+is the case," continues De Veer, with perfect seriousness, "nor is it to
+be wondered at, for nobody has ever been until now where those birds lay
+their eggs.  No man, so far as known, ever reached the latitude of eighty
+degrees before.  This land was hitherto unknown."
+
+The scientific results of this ever-memorable voyage might be deemed
+sufficiently meagre were the fact that the eggs of wild geese did not
+grow on trees its only recorded discovery.  But the investigations made
+into the dread mysteries of the north, and the actual problems solved,
+were many, while the simplicity of the narrator marks the infantine
+character of the epoch in regard to natural history.  When so illustrious
+a mind as Grotius was inclined to believe in a race of arctic men whose
+heads grew beneath their shoulders; the ingenuous mariner of Amsterdam
+may be forgiven for his earnestness in combating the popular theory
+concerning goslings.
+
+On the 23rd June they went ashore again, and occupied themselves, as well
+as the constant attacks of the bears would permit, in observing the
+variation of the needle, which they ascertained to be sixteen degrees.
+On the same day, the ice closing around in almost infinite masses, they
+made haste to extricate themselves from the land and bore southwards
+again, making Bear Island once more on the 1st July.  Here Cornelius Ryp
+parted company with Heemskerk and Barendz, having announced his intention
+to sail northward again beyond latitude 80 deg. in search of the coveted
+passage.  Barendz, retaining his opinion that the true inlet to the
+circumpolar sea, if it existed, would be found N.E. of Nova Zembla,
+steered in that direction.  On the 13th July they found themselves by
+observation in latitude 73 deg., and considered themselves in the
+neighbourhood of Sir Hugh Willoughby's land.  Four days later they were
+in Lomms' Bay, a harbour of Nova Zembla, so called by them from the
+multitude of lomms frequenting it, a bird to which they gave the
+whimsical name of arctic parrots.  On the 20th July the ice obstructed
+their voyage; covering the sea in all directions with floating mountains
+and valleys, so that they came to an anchor off an islet where on a
+former voyage the Hollanders had erected the precious emblem of Christian
+faith, and baptised the dreary solitude Cross Island.  But these
+pilgrims, as they now approached the spot, found no worshippers there,
+while, as if in horrible mockery of their piety, two enormous white bears
+had reared themselves in an erect posture, in order the better to survey
+their visitors, directly at the foot of the cross.  The party which had
+just landed were unarmed, and were for making off as fast as possible to
+their boats.  But Skipper Heemskerk, feeling that this would be death to
+all of them, said simply, "The first man that runs shall have this boat-
+hook of mine in his hide.  Let us remain together and face them off."  It
+was done.  The party moved slowly towards their boats, Heemskerlk
+bringing up the rear, and fairly staring the polar monsters out of
+countenance, who remained grimly regarding them, and ramping about the
+cross.
+
+The sailors got into their boat with much deliberation, and escaped to
+the ship, "glad enough," said De Veer, "that they were alive to tell the
+story, and that they had got out of the cat-dance so fortunately."
+
+Next day they took the sun, and found their latitude 76 deg. 15', and the
+variation of the needle twenty-six degrees.
+
+For seventeen days more they were tossing about in mist and raging snow-
+storms, and amidst tremendous icebergs, some of them rising in steeples
+and pinnacles to a hundred feet above the sea, some grounded and
+stationary, others drifting fearfully around in all directions,
+threatening to crush them at any moment or close in about them and
+imprison them for ever.  They made fast by their bower anchor on the
+evening of 7th August to a vast iceberg which was aground, but just as
+they had eaten their supper there was a horrible groaning, bursting, and
+shrieking all around them, an indefinite succession of awful, sounds
+which made their hair stand on end, and then the iceberg split beneath
+the water into more than four hundred pieces with a crash "such as no
+words could describe."  They escaped any serious damage, and made their
+way to a vast steepled and towered block like a floating cathedral, where
+they again came to anchor.
+
+On the 15th August they reached the isles of Orange, on the extreme
+north-eastern verge of Nova Zembla.  Here a party going ashore climbed to
+the top of a rising ground, and to their infinite delight beheld an open
+sea entirely free from ice, stretching to the S. E.  and E.S.E.  as far
+as eye could reach.  At last the game was won, the passage to Cathay was
+discovered.  Full of joy, they pulled back in their boat to the ship,
+"not knowing how to get there quick enough to tell William Barendz."
+Alas!  they were not aware of the action of that mighty ocean river, the
+Gulf-stream, which was sweeping around those regions with its warm
+dissolving current.
+
+Three days later they returned baffled in their sanguine efforts to sail
+through the open sea.  The ice had returned upon them, setting
+southwardly in obedience to the same impulse which for a moment had
+driven it away, and they found themselves imprisoned again near the "Hook
+of Desire."
+
+On the 25th August they had given up all the high hopes by which they had
+been so lately inspired, and, as the stream was again driving the ice
+from the land, they trusted to sail southward and westward back towards
+the Waigats.  Having passed by Nova Zembla, and found no opening into the
+seas beyond, they were disposed in the rapidly waning summer to effect
+their retreat by the south side of the island, and so through the Straits
+of Nassau home.  In vain.  The catastrophe was upon them.  As they
+struggled slowly past the "Ice-haven," the floating mountains and
+glaciers, impelled by the mighty current, once more gathered around and
+forced them back to that horrible harbour.  During the remaining days of
+August the ship struggled, almost like a living creature, with the perils
+that, beset her; now rearing in the air, her bows propped upon mighty
+blocks, till she absolutely sat erect upon her stern, now lying prostrate
+on her side, and anon righting again as the ice-masses would for a moment
+float away and leave her breathing space and room to move in.  A blinding
+snow-storm was raging the while, the ice was cracking and groaning in all
+directions, and the ship was shrieking, so that the medley of awful
+sights and sounds was beyond the power of language.  "'Twas enough to
+make the hair stand on end," said Gerrit de Veer, "to witness the hideous
+spectacle."
+
+But the agony was soon over.  By the 1st September the ship was hard and
+fast.  The ice was as immoveable as the dry land, and she would not move
+again that year even if she ever floated.  Those pilgrims from the little
+republic were to spend the winter in their arctic harbour.  Resigning
+themselves without a murmur to their inevitable fate, they set about
+their arrangements with perfect good humour and discipline.  Most
+fortunately a great quantity of drift wood, masses of timber, and great
+trees torn away with their roots from distant shores, lay strewn along
+the coast, swept thither by the wandering currents.  At once they
+resolved to build a house in which they might shelter themselves from the
+wild beasts, and from their still more cruel enemy, the cold.  So
+thanking God for the providential and unexpected supply of building
+material and fuel, they lost no time in making sheds, in hauling timber,
+and in dragging supplies from the ship before the dayless winter should
+descend upon them.
+
+Six weeks of steady cheerful labour succeeded.  Tremendous snow-storms,
+accompanied by hurricanes of wind, often filled the atmosphere to
+suffocation, so that no human being could move a ship's length without
+perishing; while, did any of their number venture forth, as the tempest
+subsided, it was often to find himself almost in the arms of a polar bear
+before the dangerous snow-white form could be distinguished moving
+sluggishly through the white chaos.
+
+For those hungry companions never left them so long as the sun remained
+above the horizon, swarming like insects and birds in tropical lands.
+When the sailors put their meat-tubs for a moment out upon the ice a
+bear's intrusive muzzle would forthwith be inserted to inspect the
+contents.  Maddened by hunger, and their keen scent excited by the salted
+provisions, and by the living flesh and blood of these intruders upon
+their ancient solitary domains, they would often attempt to effect their
+entrance into the ship.
+
+On one such occasion, when Heemskerk and two companions were the whole
+garrison, the rest being at a distance sledding wood, the future hero of
+Gibraltar was near furnishing a meal to his Nova Zembla enemies.  It was
+only by tossing sticks and stones and marling-spikes across the ice,
+which the bears would instantly turn and pursue, like dogs at play with
+children, that the assault could be diverted until a fortunate shot was
+made.
+
+Several were thus killed in the course of the winter, and one in
+particular was disembowelled and set frozen upon his legs near their
+house, where he remained month after month with a mass of snow and ice
+accumulated upon him, until he had grown into a fantastic and gigantic
+apparition, still wearing the semblance of their mortal foe.
+
+By the beginning of October the weather became so intensely cold that it
+was almost impossible to work.  The carpenter died before the house was
+half completed.  To dig a grave was impossible, but they laid him in a
+cleft of the ice, and he was soon covered with the snow.  Meantime the
+sixteen that were left went on as they best might with their task, and on
+October 2nd they had a house-raising.  The frame-work was set up, and in
+order to comply with the national usage in such cases, they planted,
+instead of the May-pole with its fluttering streamers, a gigantic icicle
+before their new residence.  Ten days later they moved into the house and
+slept there for the first time, while a bear, profiting by their absence,
+passed the night in the deserted ship.
+
+On the 4th November the sun rose no more, but the moon at first shone day
+and night, until they were once in great perplexity to know whether it
+were midday or midnight.  It proved to be exactly noon.  The bears
+disappeared with the sun, but white foxes swarmed in their stead, and all
+day and night were heard scrambling over their roof.  These were caught
+daily in traps and furnished them food, besides furs for raiment.  The
+cold became appalling, and they looked in each other's faces sometimes in
+speechless amazement.  It was obvious that the extreme limit of human
+endurance had been reached.  Their clothes were frozen stiff.  Their
+shoes were like iron, so that they were obliged to array themselves from
+head to foot in the skins of the wild foxes.  The clocks stopped.  The
+beer became solid.  The Spanish wine froze and had to be melted in
+saucepans.  The smoke in the house blinded them.  Fire did not warm them,
+and their garments were often in a blaze while their bodies were half
+frozen.  All through the month of December an almost perpetual snow-
+deluge fell from the clouds.  For days together they were unable to
+emerge, and it was then only by most vigorous labour that they could
+succeed in digging a passage out of their buried house.  On the night of
+the 7th December sudden death had nearly put an end to the sufferings of
+the whole party.  Having brought a quantity of seacoal from the ship,
+they had made a great fire, and after the smoke was exhausted, they had
+stopped up the chimney and every crevice of the house.  Each man then
+turned into his bunk for the night, "all rejoicing much in the warmth and
+prattling a long time with each other."  At last an unaccustomed
+giddiness and faintness came over them, of which they could not guess the
+cause, but fortunately one of the party had the instinct, before he lost
+consciousness, to open the chimney, while another forced open the door
+and fell in a swoon upon the snow.  Their dread enemy thus came to their
+relief, and saved their lives.
+
+As the year drew to a close, the frost and the perpetual snow-tempest
+became, if that were possible, still more frightful.  Their Christmas was
+not a merry one, and for the first few days of the new year, it was
+impossible for them to move from the house.  On the 25th January, the
+snow-storms having somewhat abated, they once more dug themselves as it
+were out of their living grave, and spent the whole day in hauling wood
+from the shore.  As their hour-glasses informed them that night was
+approaching, they bethought themselves that it was Twelfth Night, or
+Three Kings' Eve.  So they all respectfully proposed to Skipper
+Heemskerk, that, in the midst of their sorrow they might for once have a
+little diversion.  A twelfth-night feast was forthwith ordained.  A
+scanty portion of the wine yet remaining to them was produced.  Two
+pounds weight of flour, which they had brought to make paste with for
+cartridges, was baked into pancakes with a little oil, and a single hard
+biscuit was served out to each man to be sopped in his meagre allowance
+of wine.  "We were as happy," said Gerrit de veer, with simple pathos,
+"as if we were having a splendid banquet at home.  We imagined ourselves
+in the fatherland with all our friends, so much did we enjoy our repast."
+
+That nothing might be omitted, lots were drawn for king, and the choice
+fell on the gunner, who was forthwith proclaimed monarch of Nova Zembla.
+Certainly no men, could have exhibited more undaunted cheerfulness amid
+bears and foxes, icebergs and cold--such as Christians had never
+conceived of before--than did these early arctic pilgrims.  Nor did
+Barendz neglect any opportunity of studying the heavens.  A meridian was
+drawn near the house, on which the compass was placed, and observations
+of various stars were constantly made, despite the cold, with
+extraordinary minuteness.  The latitude, from concurrent measurement of
+the Giant, the Bull, Orion, Aldebaran, and other constellations--in the
+absence of the sun--was ascertained to be a little above seventy-six
+degrees, and the variations of the needle were accurately noted.
+
+On the 24th January it was clear weather and comparatively mild, so that
+Heemskerk, with De Veer and another, walked to the strand.  To their
+infinite delight and surprise they again saw the disk of the sun on the
+edge of the horizon, and they all hastened back with the glad tidings.
+But Barendz shook his head.  Many days must elapse, he said, before the
+declination of the sun should be once more 14 deg., at which point in the
+latitude of 76 deg. they had lost sight of the luminary on the 4th
+November, and at which only it could again be visible.  This, according
+to his calculations, would be on the 10th February.  Two days of mirky
+and stormy atmosphere succeeded, and those who had wagered in support of
+the opinion of Barendz were inclined to triumph over those who believed
+in the observation of Heemskerk.  On the 27th January there was, however,
+no mistake.  The sky was bright, and the whole disk of the sun was most
+distinctly seen by all, although none were able to explain the
+phenomenon, and Barendz least of all.  They had kept accurate diaries
+ever since their imprisonment, and although the clocks sometimes had
+stopped, the hour-glasses had regularly noted the lapse of time.
+Moreover, Barendz knew from the Ephemerides for 1589 to 1600, published
+by Dr. Joseph Scala in Venice, a copy of which work he had brought with
+him, that on the 24th January, 1597, the moon would be seen at one
+o'clock A.M. at Venice, in conjunction with Jupiter.  He accordingly took
+as good an observation as could be done with the naked eye and found that
+conjunction at six o'clock A.M. Of the same day, the two bodies appearing
+in the same vertical line in the sign of Taurus.  The date was thus
+satisfactorily established, and a calculation of the longitude of the
+house was deduced with an accuracy which in those circumstances was
+certainly commendable.  Nevertheless, as the facts and the theory of
+refraction were not thoroughly understood, nor Tycho Brahe's tables of
+refraction generally known, pilot Barendz could not be expected to be
+wiser than his generation.
+
+The startling discovery that in the latitude of 76 deg. the sun
+reappeared on the 24th January, instead of the 10th February, was
+destined to awaken commotion throughout the whole scientific world,
+and has perhaps hardly yet been completely explained.
+
+But the daylight brought no mitigation of their sufferings.  The
+merciless cold continued without abatement, and the sun seemed to mock
+their misery.  The foxes disappeared, and the ice-bears in their stead
+swarmed around the house, and clambered at night over the roof.  Again
+they constantly fought with them for their lives.  Daily the grave
+question was renewed whether the men should feed on the bears or the
+bears on the men.  On one occasion their dead enemy proved more dangerous
+to them than in life, for three of their number, who had fed on bear's
+liver, were nearly poisoned to death.  Had they perished, none of the
+whole party would have ever left Nova Zembla.  "It seemed," said the
+diarist, "that the beasts had smelt out that we meant to go away, and had
+just begin to have a taste for us."
+
+And thus the days wore on.  The hour-glass and the almanac told them
+that winter had given place to spring, but nature still lay in cold
+obstruction.  One of their number, who had long been ill, died.  They
+hollowed a grave for him in the frozen snow, performing a rude burial
+service, and singing a psalm; but the cold had nearly made them all
+corpses before the ceremony was done.
+
+At last, on the 17th April, some of them climbing over the icebergs to
+the shore found much open sea.  They also saw a small bird diving in the
+water, and looked upon it as a halcyon and harbinger of better fortunes.
+The open weather continuing, they began to hanker for the fatherland.  So
+they brought the matter, "not mutinously but modestly and reasonably,
+before William Barendz; that he might suggest it to Heemskerk, for they
+were all willing to submit to his better judgment."  It was determined to
+wait through the month of May.  Should they then be obliged to abandon
+the ship they were to make the voyage in the two open boats, which had
+been carefully stowed away beneath the snow.  It was soon obvious that
+the ship was hard and fast, and that she would never float again, except
+perhaps as a portion of the icebergs in which she had so long been
+imbedded, when they should be swept off from the shore.
+
+As they now set to work repairing and making ready the frail skiffs which
+were now their only hope, and supplying them with provisions and even
+with merchandize from the ship, the ravages made by the terrible winter
+upon the strength of the men became painfully apparent.  But Heemskerk
+encouraged them to persevere; "for," said he, "if the boats are not got
+soon under way we must be content to make our graves here as burghers of
+Nova Zembla."
+
+On the 14th June they launched the boats, and "trusting themselves to
+God," embarked once more upon the arctic sea.  Barendz, who was too ill
+to walk, together with Claas Anderson, also sick unto death, were dragged
+to the strand in sleds, and tenderly placed on board.
+
+Barendz had, however, despite his illness, drawn up a triple record of
+their voyage; one copy being fastened to the chimney of their deserted
+house, and one being placed in each of the boats.  Their voyage was full
+of danger as they slowly retraced their way along the track by which they
+reached the memorable Ice Haven, once more doubling the Cape of Desire
+and heading for the Point of Consolation--landmarks on their desolate
+progress, whose nomenclature suggests the immortal apologue so familiar
+to Anglo-Saxon ears.
+
+Off the Ice-hook, both boats came alongside each other, and Skipper
+Heemskerk called out to William Barendz to ask how it was with him.
+
+"All right, mate," replied Barendz, cheerfully; "I hope to be on my legs
+again before we reach the Ward-huis."  Then' he begged De Veer to lift
+him up, that he might look upon the Ice-hook once more.  The icebergs
+crowded around them, drifting this way and that, impelled by mighty
+currents and tossing on an agitated sea.  There was "a hideous groaning
+and bursting and driving of the ice, and it seemed every moment as if the
+boats were to be dashed into a hundred pieces."  It was plain that their
+voyage would now be finished for ever, were it not possible for some one
+of their number to get upon the solid ice beyond and make fast a line.
+"But who is to bell the cat?" said Gerrit de Veer, who soon, however,
+volunteered himself, being the lightest of all.  Leaping from one
+floating block to another at the imminent risk of being swept off into
+space, he at last reached a stationary island, and fastened his rope.
+Thus they warped themselves once more into the open sea.
+
+On the 20th June William Barendz lay in the boat studying carefully the
+charts which they had made of the land and ocean discovered in their
+voyage.  Tossing about in an open skiff upon a polar sea, too weak to sit
+upright, reduced by the unexampled sufferings of that horrible winter
+almost to a shadow, he still preserved his cheerfulness, and maintained
+that he would yet, with God's help, perform his destined task.  In his
+next attempt he would steer north-east from the North Cape, he said, and
+so discover the passage.
+
+While he was "thus prattling," the boatswain of the other boat came on
+board, and said that Claas Anderson would hold out but little longer.
+
+"Then," said William Barendz, "methinks I too shall last but a little
+while.  Gerrit, give me to drink."  When he had drunk, he turned his eyes
+on De Veer and suddenly breathed his last.
+
+Great was the dismay of his companions, for they had been deceived by
+the dauntless energy of the man, thus holding tenaciously to his great
+purpose, unbaffled by danger and disappointment, even to the last instant
+of life.  He was their chief pilot and guide, "in whom next to God they
+trusted."
+
+And thus the hero, who for vivid intelligence, courage, and perseverance
+amid every obstacle, is fit to be classed among the noblest of maritime
+adventurers, had ended his career.  Nor was it unmeet that the man who
+had led those three great although unsuccessful enterprises towards the
+North Pole, should be laid at last to rest--like the soldier dying in a
+lost battle--upon the field of his glorious labours.
+
+Nearly six weeks longer they struggled amid tempestuous seas.  Hugging
+the shore, ever in danger of being dashed to atoms by the ice, pursued by
+their never-failing enemies the bears, and often sailing through enormous
+herds of walrusses, which at times gave chase to the boats, they at last
+reached the Schanshoek on the 28th July.
+
+Here they met with some Russian fishermen, who recognised Heemskerk and
+De Veer, having seen them on their previous voyage.  Most refreshing it
+was to see other human faces again, after thirteen months' separation
+from mankind, while the honest Muscovites expressed compassion for the
+forlorn and emaciated condition of their former acquaintance.  Furnished
+by them with food and wine, the Hollanders sailed in company with the
+Russians as far as the Waigats.
+
+On the 18th August they made Candenoes, at the mouth of the White Sea,
+and doubling that cape stood boldly across the gulf for Kildin.  Landing
+on the coast they were informed by the Laps that there were vessels from
+Holland at Kola.
+
+On the 25th August one of the party, guided by a Lap, set forth on foot
+for that place.  Four days later the guide was seen returning without
+their comrade; but their natural suspicion was at once disarmed as the
+good-humoured savage straightway produced a letter which he handed to
+Heemakerk.
+
+Breaking the seal, the skipper found that his correspondent expressed
+great surprise at the arrival of the voyagers, as he he had supposed them
+all to be long since dead.  Therefore he was the more delighted with
+their coming, and promised to be with them soon, bringing with him plenty
+of food and drink.
+
+The letter was signed--
+                              "By me, JAN CORNELISZ RYP."
+
+The occurrence was certainly dramatic, but, as one might think,
+sufficiently void of mystery.  Yet, astonishing to relate, they all fell
+to pondering who this John Ryp might be who seemed so friendly and
+sympathetic.  It was shrewdly suggested by some that it might perhaps be
+the sea-captain who had parted company with them off Bear Island fourteen
+months before in order to sail north by way of Spitzbergen.  As his
+Christian name and surname were signed in full to the letter, the
+conception did not seem entirely unnatural, yet it was rejected on the
+ground that they had far more reasons to believe that he had perished
+than he for accepting their deaths as certain.  One might imagine it to
+have been an every day occurrence for Hollanders to receive letters by a
+Lapland penny postman in those, desolate regions.  At last Heemskerk
+bethought himself that among his papers were several letters from their
+old comrade, and, on comparison, the handwriting was found the same as
+that of the epistle just received.  This deliberate avoidance of any
+hasty jumping at conclusions certainly inspires confidence in the general
+right accuracy of the adventurers, and we have the better right to
+believe that on the 24th January the sun's disk was really seen by them
+in the ice harbour--a fact long disputed by the learned world--when the
+careful weighing of evidence on the less important matter of Ryp's letter
+is taken into account.
+
+Meantime while they were slowly admitting the identity of their friend
+and correspondent, honest John Cornelius Ryp himself arrived--no
+fantastic fly-away Hollander, but in full flesh and blood, laden with
+provisions, and greeting them heartily.
+
+He had not pursued his Spitzbergen researches of the previous year, but
+he was now on a trading voyage in a stout vessel, and he conveyed them
+all by way of the Ward-huis, where he took in a cargo, back to the
+fatherland.
+
+They dropped anchor in the Meuse on the 29th October, and on the 1st
+November arrived at Amsterdam.  Here, attired in their robes and caps of
+white fox-skin which they had worn while citizens of Nova Zembla, they
+were straightway brought before the magistrates to give an account of
+their adventures.
+
+They had been absent seventeen months, they had spent a whole autumn,
+winter, and spring--nearly ten months--under the latitude of 76 deg. in a
+frozen desert, where no human beings had ever dwelt before, and they had
+penetrated beyond 80 deg. north--a farther stride towards the pole than
+had ever been hazarded.  They had made accurate geographical,
+astronomical, and meteorological observations of the regions visited.
+They had carefully measured latitudes and longitudes and noted the
+variations of the magnet.  They had thoroughly mapped out, described, and
+designated every cape, island, hook, and inlet of those undiscovered
+countries, and more than all, they had given a living example of courage,
+endurance, patience under hardship, perfect discipline, fidelity, to
+duty, and trust in God, sufficient to inspire noble natures with
+emulation so long as history can read moral lessons to mankind.
+
+No farther attempt was made to discover the north-eastern passage.  The
+enthusiasm of Barendz had died with him, and it may be said that the
+stern negation by which this supreme attempt to solve the mystery of the
+pole was met was its best practical result.  Certainly all visions of a
+circumpolar sea blessed with a gentle atmosphere and eternal
+tranquillity, and offering a smooth and easy passage for the world's
+commerce between Europe and Asia, had been for ever dispelled.
+
+The memorable enterprise of Barendz and Heemskerk has been thought worthy
+of a minute description because it was a voyage of discovery, and
+because, however barren of immediate practical results it may, seem to
+superficial eyes, it forms a great landmark in the history of human
+progress and the advancement of science.
+
+Contemporaneously with these voyages towards the North Pole, the
+enlightened magistrates of the Netherland municipalities, aided by
+eminent private citizens, fitted out expeditions in the opposite
+direction.  It was determined to measure strength with the lord of the
+land and seas, the great potentate against whom these republicans had
+been so long in rebellion, in every known region of the globe.  Both from
+the newly discovered western world, and from the ancient abodes of
+oriental civilization, Spanish monopoly had long been furnishing the
+treasure to support Spanish tyranny, and it was the dearest object of
+Netherland ambition to confront their enemy in both those regions, and
+to clip both those overshadowing wings of his commerce at once.
+
+The intelligence, enthusiasm, and tenacity in wrestling against immense
+obstacles manifested by the young republic at this great expanding era of
+the world's history can hardly be exaggerated.  It was fitting that the
+little commonwealth, which was foremost among the nations in its hatred
+of tyranny, its love of maritime adventure, and its aptitude for foreign
+trade, should take the lead in the great commercial movements which
+characterized the close of the sixteenth and the commencement of the
+seventeenth centuries.
+
+While Barendz and Heemskerk were attempting to force the frozen gates
+which were then supposed to guard the northern highway of commerce,
+fleets were fitting out in Holland to storm the Southern Pole, or at
+least to take advantage of the pathways already opened by the genius and
+enterprise of the earlier navigators of the century.  Linschoten had
+taught his countrymen the value of the technical details of the Indian
+trade as then understood.  The voyages of the brothers Houtmann, 1595-
+1600, the first Dutch expeditions to reach the East by doubling the Cape
+of Good Hope, were undertaken according to his precepts, and directed by
+the practical knowledge obtained by the Houtmanns during a residence in
+Portugal, but were not signalized by important discoveries.  They are
+chiefly memorable as having laid the foundation of the vast trade out of
+which the republic was to derive so much material power, while at the
+same time they mark the slight beginnings of that mighty monopoly, the
+Dutch East India Company, which was to teach such tremendous lessons in
+commercial restriction to a still more colossal English corporation,
+that mercantile tyrant only in our own days overthrown.
+
+At the same time and at the other side of the world seven ships, fitted
+out from Holland by private enterprise, were forcing their way to the
+South Sea through the terrible strait between Patagonia and Fire Land;
+then supposed the only path around the globe.  For the tortuous mountain
+channel, filled with whirlpools and reefs, and the home of perpetual
+tempest, which had been discovered in the early part of the century by
+Magellan, was deemed the sole opening pierced by nature through the
+mighty southern circumpolar continent.  A few years later a daring
+Hollander was to demonstrate the futility of this theory, and to give his
+own name to a broader pathway, while the stormy headland of South
+America, around which the great current of universal commerce was
+thenceforth to sweep, was baptized by the name of the tranquil town in
+West Friesland where most of his ship's company were born.
+
+Meantime the seven ships under command of Jacob Mahu, Simon de Cordes,
+and Sebald de Weerdt; were contending with the dangers of the older
+route.  The expedition sailed from Holland in June, 1598, but already the
+custom was forming itself of directing those navigators of almost unknown
+seas by explicit instructions from those who remained on shore, and who
+had never navigated the ocean at all.  The consequence on this occasion
+was that the voyagers towards the Straits of Magellan spent a whole
+summer on the coast of Africa, amid pestiferous heats and distracting
+calms, and reached the straits only in April of the following year.
+Admiral Mahu and a large proportion of the crew had meantime perished of
+fevers contracted by following the course marked out for them by their
+employers, and thus diminished in numbers, half-stripped of provisions,
+and enfeebled by the exhausting atmosphere of the tropics, the survivors
+were ill prepared to confront the antarctic ordeal which they were
+approaching.  Five months longer the fleet, under command of Admiral de
+Cordes, who had succeeded to the command, struggled in those straits,
+where, as if in the home of Eolus, all the winds of heaven seemed holding
+revel; but indifference to danger, discipline, and devotion to duty
+marked the conduct of the adventurers, even as those qualities had just
+been distinguishing their countrymen at the other pole.  They gathered no
+gold, they conquered no kingdoms, they made few discoveries, they
+destroyed no fleets, yet they were the first pioneers on a path on which
+thereafter were to be many such achievements by the republic.
+
+At least one heroic incident, which marked their departure from the
+straits, deserves to be held in perpetual remembrance.  Admiral de Cordes
+raised on the shore, at the western mouth of the channel, a rude memorial
+with an inscription that the Netherlanders were the first to effect this
+dangerous passage with a fleet of heavy ships.  On the following day, in
+commemoration of the event, he founded an order of knighthood.  The chief
+officers of the squadron were the knights-commanders, and the most
+deserving of the crew were the knights-brethren.  The members of the
+fraternity made solemn oath to De Cordes, as general, and to each other,
+that "by no danger, no necessity, nor by the fear of death, would they
+ever be moved to undertake anything prejudicial to their honour, to, the
+welfare of the fatherland, or to the success of the enterprise in which
+they were engaged; pledging themselves to stake their lives in order,
+consistently with honour, to inflict every possible damage on the
+hereditary enemy, and to plant the banner of Holland in all those
+territories whence the King of Spain gathered the treasures with which he
+had carried on this perpetual war against the Netherlands."
+
+Thus was instituted on the desolate shores of Fire Land the order of
+Knights of the Unchained Lion, with such rude solemnities as were
+possible in those solitudes.  The harbour where the fleet was anchored
+was called the Chevaliers' Bay, but it would be in vain to look on modern
+maps for that heroic appellation.  Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego
+know the honest knights of the Unchained Lion no more; yet to an
+unsophisticated mind no stately brotherhood of sovereigns and patricians
+seems more thoroughly inspired with the spirit of Christian chivalry than
+were those weather-beaten adventurers.  The reefs and whirlwinds of
+unknown seas, polar cold, Patagonian giants, Spanish cruisers, a thousand
+real or fabulous dangers environed them.  Their provisions were already
+running near exhaustion; and they were feeding on raw seal-flesh, on
+snails and mussels, and on whatever the barren rocks and niggard seas
+would supply, to save them from absolutely perishing, but they held their
+resolve to maintain their honour unsullied, to be true to each other and
+to the republic, and to circumnavigate the globe to seek the proud enemy
+of their fatherland on every sea, and to do battle with him in every
+corner of the earth.  The world had already seen, and was still to see,
+how nobly Netherlanders could keep their own.  Meantime disaster on
+disaster descended on this unfortunate expedition.  One ship after
+another melted away and was seen no more.  Of all the seven, only one,
+that of Sebald de Weerdt, ever returned to the shores of Holland.
+Another reached Japan, and although the crew fell into hostile hands, the
+great trade with that Oriental empire was begun.  In a third--the Blyde
+Boodachaft, or Good News--Dirk Gerrits sailed nearer the South Pole than
+man had ever been before, and discovered, as he believed, a portion of
+the southern continent, which he called, with reason good, Gerrit's Land.
+The name in course of time faded from maps and charts, the existence of
+the country was disputed, until more than two centuries later the
+accuracy of the Dutch commander was recognised.  The rediscovered land
+however no longer bears his name, but has been baptized South Shetland.
+
+Thus before the sixteenth century had closed, the navigators of Holland
+had reached almost the extreme verge of human discovery at either pole.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXXVII.
+
+     Military Operations in the Netherlands--Designs of the Spanish
+     Commander--Siege of Orsoy--Advance upon Rheinberg--Murder of the
+     Count of Broeck and his garrison--Capture of Rees and Emmerich--
+     Outrages of the Spanish soldiers in the peaceful provinces--
+     Inglorious attempt to avenge the hostilities--State of trade in the
+     Provinces--Naval expedition under van der Does--Arrival of Albert
+     and Isabella at Brussels--Military operations of Prince Maurice--
+     Negotiation between London and Brussels--Henry's determination to
+     enact the Council of Trent--His projected marriage--Queen Elizabeth
+     and Envoy Caron--Peace proposals of Spain to Elizabeth--Conferences
+     at Gertruydenberg--Uncertain state of affairs.
+
+The military operations in the Netherlands during the whole year 1598
+were on a comparatively small scale and languidly conducted.  The States
+were exhausted by the demands made upon the treasury, and baffled by the
+disingenuous policy of their allies.  The cardinal-archduke, on the other
+hand, was occupied with the great events of his marriage, of his father-
+in-law's death, and of his own succession in conjunction with
+his wife to the sovereignty of the provinces.
+
+In the autumn, however, the Admiral of Arragon, who, as has been stated,
+was chief military commander during the absence of Albert, collected an
+army of twenty-five thousand foot and two thousand cavalry, crossed the
+Meuse at Roermond, and made his appearance before a small town called
+Orsoy, on the Rhine.  It was his intention to invade the duchies of
+Clever, Juliers, and Berg, taking advantage of the supposed madness of
+the duke, and of the Spanish inclinations of his chief counsellors, who
+constituted a kind of regency.  By obtaining possession of these
+important provinces--wedged as they were between the territory of the
+republic, the obedient Netherlands, and Germany--an excellent military
+position would be gained for making war upon the rebellious districts
+from the east, for crushing Protestantism in the duchies, for holding
+important passages of the Rhine, and for circumventing the designs of the
+Protestant sons-in-law and daughters of the old Duke of Cleves.  Of
+course, it was the determination of Maurice and the States-General to
+frustrate these operations.  German and Dutch Protestantism gave battle
+on this neutral ground to the omnipotent tyranny of the papacy and Spain.
+
+Unfortunately, Maurice had but a very slender force that autumn at his
+command.  Fifteen hundred horse and six thousand infantry were all his
+effective troops, and with these he took the field to defend the borders
+of the republic, and to out-manceuvre, so far as it might lie in his
+power, the admiral with his far-reaching and entirely unscrupulous
+designs.
+
+With six thousand Spanish veterans, two thousand Italians, and many
+Walloon and German regiments under Bucquoy, Hachincourt, La Bourlotte,
+Stanley, and Frederic van den Berg, the admiral had reached the frontiers
+of the mad duke's territory.  Orsoy was garrisoned by a small company of
+"cocks' feathers," or country squires, and their followers.
+
+Presenting himself in person before the walls of the town, with a priest
+at his right hand and a hangman holding a bundle of halters at the other,
+he desired to be informed whether the governor would prefer to surrender
+or to hang with his whole garrison.  The cock feathers surrendered.
+The admiral garrisoned and fortified Orsoy as a basis and advanced upon
+Rheinberg, first surprising the Count of Broeck in his castle, who was at
+once murdered in cold blood with his little garrison.
+
+He took Burik on the 11th October, Rheinberg on the 15th of the same
+month, and compounded with Wesel for a hundred and twenty thousand
+florins.  Leaving garrisons in these and a few other captured places, he
+crossed the Lippe, came to Borhold, and ravaged the whole country side.
+His troops being clamorous for pay were only too eager to levy black-mail
+on this neutral territory.  The submission of the authorities to this
+treatment brought upon them a reproach of violation of neutrality by the
+States-General; the Governments of Munster and of the duchies being
+informed that, if they aided and abetted the one belligerent, they must
+expect to be treated as enemies by the other.
+
+The admiral took Rees on the 30th October, and Emmerich on the 2nd
+November--two principal cities of Cleves.  On the 8th November he crossed
+into the territory of the republic and captured Deutekom, after a very
+short siege.  Maurice, by precaution, occupied Sevenaer in Cleves.  The
+prince--whose difficult task was to follow up and observe an enemy by
+whom he was outnumbered nearly four to one, to harass him by skirmishes,
+to make forays on his communications, to seize important points before he
+could reach them, to impose upon him by an appearance of far greater
+force than the republican army could actually boast, to protect the
+cities of the frontier like Zutphen, Lochem, and Doesburg, and to prevent
+him from attempting an invasion of the United Provinces in force, by
+crossing any of the rivers, either in the autumn or after the winter's
+ice had made them passable for the Spanish army-succeeded admirably in
+all his strategy.  The admiral never ventured to attack him, for fear of
+risking a defeat of his whole army by an antagonist whom he ought to have
+swallowed at a mouthful, relinquished all designs upon the republic,
+passed into Munster, Cleves, and Berg, and during the whole horrible
+winter converted those peaceful provinces into a hell.  No outrage which
+even a Spanish army could inflict was spared the miserable inhabitants.
+Cities and villages were sacked and burned, the whole country was placed
+under the law of black-mail.  The places of worship, mainly Protestant,
+were all converted at a blow of the sword into Catholic churches.  Men
+were hanged, butchered, tossed in sport from the tops of steeples,
+burned, and buried alive.  Women of every rank were subjected by
+thousands to outrage too foul and too cruel for any but fiends or Spanish
+soldiers to imagine.
+
+Such was the lot of thousands of innocent men and women at the hands of
+Philip's soldiers in a country at peace with Philip, at the very moment
+when that monarch was protesting with a seraphic smile on his expiring
+lips that he had never in his whole life done injury to a single human
+being.
+
+In vain did the victims call aloud upon their sovereign, the Emperor
+Rudolph.  The Spaniards laughed the feeble imperial mandates to scorn,
+and spurned the word neutrality.  "Oh, poor Roman Empire!" cried John
+Fontanus, "how art thou fallen!  Thy protector has become thy despoiler,
+and, although thy members see this and know it, they sleep through it
+all.  One day they may have a terrible awakening from their slumbers
+.  .  .  .  .  .  .  The Admiral of Arragon has entirely changed the
+character of the war, recognizes no neutrality, saying that there must be
+but one God, one pope, and one king, and that they who object to this
+arrangement must be extirpated with fire and sword, let them be where
+they may."
+
+The admiral, at least, thoroughly respected the claims of the dead Philip
+to universal monarchy.
+
+Maurice gained as much credit by the defensive strategy through which he
+saved the republic from the horrors thus aficting its neighbours, as he
+had ever done by his most brilliant victories.  Queen Elizabeth was
+enchanted with the prowess of the prince, and with the sagacious
+administration of those republican magistrates whom she never failed to
+respect, even when most inclined to quarrel with them.  "Never before was
+it written or heard of," said the queen, "that so great an extent of
+country could be defended with so few troops, that an invasion of so
+superior a hostile force could be prevented, especially as it appeared
+that all the streams and rivers were frozen."  This, she added, was owing
+to the wise and far-seeing counsels of the States-General, and to the
+faithful diligence of their military commander, who now, as she declared,
+deserved the title of the first captain of all Christendom.
+
+A period of languor and exhaustion succeeded.  The armies of the States
+had dwindled to an effective force of scarcely four or five thousand men,
+while the new levies came in but slowly.  The taxation, on the other
+hand, was very severe.  The quotas for the provinces had risen to the
+amount of five million eight hundred thousand florins for the year 1599,
+against an income of four millions six hundred thousand, and this deficit
+went on increasing, notwithstanding a new tax of one-half per cent. on
+the capital of all estates above three thousand florins in value, and
+another of two and a half per cent. on all sales of real property.  The
+finances of the obedient provinces were in a still worse condition, and
+during the absence of the cardinal-archduke an almost universal mutiny,
+occasioned by the inability of the exchequer to provide payment for the
+troops, established itself throughout Flanders and Brabant.  There was
+much recrimination on the subject of the invasion of the Rhenish duchies,
+and a war of pamphlets and manifestos between the archduke's Government
+and the States-General succeeded to those active military operations by
+which so much misery had been inflicted on the unfortunate inhabitants of
+that border land.  There was a slight attempt on the part of the Princes
+of Brunswick, Hesse, and Brandenburg to counteract and to punish the
+hostilities of the Spanish troops committed upon German soil.  An army
+--very slowly organized, against the wishes of the emperor, the bishops,
+and the Catholic party--took the field, and made a feeble demonstration
+upon Rheinberg and upon Rees entirely without result and then disbanded
+itself ingloriously.
+
+Meantime the admiral had withdrawn from German territory, and was amusing
+himself with a variety of blows aimed at vital points of the republic.
+An excursion into the Isle of Bommel was not crowned with much success.
+The assault on the city was repulsed.  The fortress of Crevecoeur was,
+however, taken, and the fort of St. Andrew constructed--in spite of the
+attempts of the States to frustrate the design--at a point commanding the
+course of both the Waal and the Meuse.  Having placed a considerable
+garrison in each of those strongholds, the admiral discontinued his
+labours and went into winter-quarters.
+
+The States-General for political reasons were urgent that Prince Maurice
+should undertake some important enterprise, but the stadholder, sustained
+by the opinion of his cousin Lewis William, resisted the pressure.  The
+armies of the Commonwealth were still too slender in numbers and too
+widely scattered for active service on a large scale, and the season for
+active campaigning was wisely suffered to pass without making any attempt
+of magnitude during the year.
+
+The trade of the provinces, moreover, was very much hampered, and their
+revenues sadly diminished by the severe prohibitions which had succeeded
+to the remarkable indulgence hitherto accorded to foreign commerce.
+Edicts in the name of the King of Spain and of the Archdukes Albert and
+Isabella, forbidding all intercourse between the rebellious provinces and
+the obedient Netherlands or any of the Spanish possessions, were met by
+countervailing decrees of the States-General.  Free trade with its
+enemies and with all the world, by means of which the commonwealth had
+prospered in spite of perpetual war, was now for a season destroyed, and
+the immediate results were at once visible in its diminished resources.
+To employ a portion of the maritime energies of the Hollanders and
+Zeelanders, thus temporarily deprived of a sufficient field, a naval
+expedition of seventy-five war vessels under Admiral van der Does was
+fitted out, but met with very trifling success.  They attacked and
+plundered the settlements and forts of the Canary Islands, inflicted much
+damage on the inhabitants, sailed thence to the Isle of St. Thomas, near
+the equator, where the towns and villages were sacked and burned, and
+where a contagious sickness broke out in the fleet, sweeping off in a
+very brief period a large proportion of the crew.  The admiral himself
+fell a victim to the disease and was buried on the island.  The fleet put
+to sea again under Admiral Storm van Wena, but the sickness pursued the
+adventurers on their voyage towards Brazil, one thousand of them dying at
+sea in fifteen days.  At Brazil they accomplished nothing, and, on their
+homeward voyage, not only the new commander succumbed to the same
+contagion, but the mortality continued to so extraordinary an extent
+that, on the arrival of the expedition late in the winter in Holland,
+there were but two captains left alive, and, in many of the vessels, not
+more than six sound men to each.  Nothing could be more wretched than
+this termination of a great and expensive voyage, which had occasioned
+such high hopes throughout the provinces; nothing more dismal than the
+political atmosphere which surrounded the republic during the months
+which immediately ensued.  It was obvious to Barneveld and the other
+leading personages, in whose hands was the administration of affairs,
+that a great military success was absolutely indispensable, if the
+treacherous cry of peace, when peace was really impossible, should
+not become universal and fatal.
+
+Meantime affairs were not much more cheerful in the obedient provinces.
+Archduke Albert arrived with his bride in the early days of September,
+1599, at Brussels, and was received with great pomp and enthusiastic
+rejoicings.  When are pomp and enthusiasm not to be obtained by imperial
+personages, at brief notice and in vast quantities, if managers
+understand their business?  After all, it may be doubted whether the
+theatrical display was as splendid as that which marked the beginning of
+the Ernestian era.  Schoolmaster Houwaerts had surpassed himself on that
+occasion, and was no longer capable of deifying the new sovereign as
+thoroughly as he had deified his brother.
+
+Much real discontent followed close upon the fictitious enthusiasm.  The
+obedient provinces were poor and forlorn, and men murmured loudly at the
+enormous extravagance of their new master's housekeeping.  There were one
+hundred and fifty mules, and as many horses in their sovereign's stables,
+while the expense of feeding the cooks; lackeys, pages, and fine
+gentlemen who swelled the retinue of the great household, was estimated,
+without, wages or salaries, at two thousand florins a day.  Albert
+had wished to be called a king, but had been unable to obtain the
+gratification of his wish.  He had aspired to be emperor, and he was at
+least sufficiently imperial in his ideas of expense.  The murmurers were
+loftily rebuked for their complaints, and reminded of the duty of
+obedient provinces to contribute at least as much for the defence of
+their masters as the rebels did in maintenance of their rebellion.
+The provincial estates were summoned accordingly to pay roundly for the
+expenses of the war as well as of the court, and to enable the new
+sovereigns to suppress the military mutiny, which amid the enthusiasm
+greeting their arrival was the one prominent and formidable fact.
+
+The archduke was now thirty-nine years of age, the Infanta Isabella six
+years younger.  She was esteemed majestically beautiful by her courtiers,
+and Cardinal Bentivoglio, himself a man of splendid intellect, pronounced
+her a woman of genius, who had grown to be a prodigy of wisdom, under the
+tuition of her father, the most sagacious statesman of the age.  In
+attachment to the Roman faith and ritual, in superhuman loftiness of
+demeanour, and in hatred of heretics, she was at least a worthy child of
+that sainted sovereign.  In a moral point of view she was his superior.
+The archdukes--so Albert and Isabella were always designated--were a
+singularly attached couple, and their household, if extravagant and
+imperial, was harmonious.  They loved each other--so it was believed--
+as sincerely as they abhorred heretics and rebels, but it does not appear
+that they had a very warm affection for their Flemish subjects.  Every
+characteristic of their court was Spanish.  Spanish costume, Spanish
+manners, the Spanish tongue, were almost exclusively predominant, and
+although the festivals, dances, banquets, and tourneys, were all very
+magnificent, the prevailing expression of the Brabantine capital
+resembled that of a Spanish convent, so severely correct, so stately, and
+so grim, was the demeanour of the court.
+
+The earliest military operations of the stadholder in the first year of
+the new century were successful.  Partly by menace; but more effectually
+by judicious negotiation.  Maurice recovered Crevecoeur, and obtained the
+surrender of St. Andrew, the fort which the admiral had built the
+preceding year in honour of Albert's uncle.  That ecclesiastic, with whom
+Mendoza had wrangled most bitterly during the whole interval of Albert's
+absence, had already taken his departure for Rome, where he soon
+afterwards died.  The garrisons of the forts, being mostly Walloon
+soldiers, forsook the Spanish service for that of the States, and were
+banded together in a legion some twelve hundred strong, which became
+known as the "New Beggars," and were placed under the nominal command of
+Frederick Henry of Nassau, youngest child of William the Silent.  The
+next military event of the year was a mad combat, undertaken by formal
+cartel, between Breaute, a young Norman noble in the service of the
+republic, and twenty comrades, with an equal number of Flemish warriors
+from the obedient provinces, under Grobbendonck.  About one half of the
+whole number were killed, including the leaders, but the encounter,
+although exciting much interest at the time, had of course no permanent
+importance.
+
+There was much negotiation, informal and secret, between Brussels and
+London during this and a portion of the following year.  Elizabeth,
+naturally enough, was weary of the war, but she felt, after all, as did
+the Government of France, that a peace between the United Netherlands and
+Spain would have for its result the restoration of the authority of his
+most Catholic Majesty over all the provinces.  The statesmen of France
+and England, like most of the politicians of Europe, had but slender
+belief in the possibility of a popular government, and doubted therefore
+the continued existence of the newly-organized republic.  Therefore they
+really deprecated the idea of a peace which should include the States,
+notwithstanding that from time to time the queen or some of her
+counsellors had so vehemently reproached the Netherlanders with their
+unwillingness to negotiate.  "At the first recognition that these people
+should make of the mere shadow of a prince," said Buzanval, the keenly
+observing and experienced French envoy at the Hague, "they lose the form
+they have.  All the blood of the body would flow to the head, and the
+game would be who should best play the valet. . . . . The house of
+Nassau would lose its credit within a month in case of peace."  As such
+statesmen could not imagine a republic, they ever dreaded the restoration
+in the United Provinces of the subverted authority of Spain.
+
+France and England were jealous of each other, and both were jealous of
+Spain.  Therefore even if the republican element, the strength and
+endurance of which was so little suspected, had been as trifling a factor
+in the problem, as was supposed, still it would have been difficult for
+any one of these powers to absorb the United Netherlands.  As for
+France, she hardly coveted their possession.  "We ought not to flatter
+ourselves," said Buzanval, "that these maritime peoples will cast
+themselves one day into our nets, nor do I know that it would be
+advisable to pull in the net if they should throw themselves in."
+
+Henry was full of political schemes and dreams at this moment--as much as
+his passion for Mademoiselle d'Entraigues, who had so soon supplanted the
+image of the dead Gabrielle in his heart, would permit.  He was very well
+disposed to obtain possession of the Spanish Netherlands, whenever he
+should see his way to such an acquisition, and was even indulging in
+visions of the imperial crown.
+
+He was therefore already, and for the time at least, the most intense
+of papists.  He was determined to sacrifice the Huguenot chiefs, and
+introduce the Council of Trent, in order, as he told Du Plessis, that all
+might be Christians.  If he still retained any remembrance of the ancient
+friendship between himself and the heretic republic, it was not likely
+to exhibit itself, notwithstanding his promises and his pecuniary
+liabilities to her, in anything more solid than words.  "I repeat it,"
+said the Dutch envoy at Paris; "this court cares nothing for us, for all
+its cabals tend to close union with Rome, whence we can expect nothing
+but foul weather.  The king alone has any memory of our past services."
+But imperturbable and self-confident as ever, Henry troubled himself
+little with fears in regard to the papal supremacy, even when his
+Parliament professed great anxiety in regard to the consequences of the
+Council of Trent, if not under him yet under his successors.  "I will so
+bridle the popes," said he, cheerfully, "that they will never pass my
+restrictions. My children will be still more virtuous and valiant than I.
+If I have none, then the devil take the hindmost.  Nevertheless I choose
+that the council shall be enacted.  I desire it more ardently than I
+pressed the edict for the Protestants."  Such being the royal humour at
+the moment, it may well be believed that Duplessis Mornay would find but
+little sunshine from on high on the occasion of his famous but forgotten
+conferences with Du Perron, now archbishop of Evreux, before the king and
+all the court at Fontainebleau.  It was natural enough that to please the
+king the king's old Huguenot friend should be convicted of false
+citations from the fathers; but it would seem strange, were the motives
+unknown, that Henry should have been so intensely interested in this most
+arid and dismal of theological controversies.  Yet those who had known
+and observed the king closely for thirty years, declared that he had
+never manifested so much passion, neither on the eve of battles nor of
+amorous assignations, as he then did for the demolition of Duplessis and
+his deductions.  He had promised the Nuncius that the Huguenot should be
+utterly confounded, and with him the whole fraternity, "for," said the
+king, "he has wickedly and impudently written against the pope, to whom I
+owe as much as I do to God."
+
+These were not times in which the Hollanders, battling as stoutly against
+Spain and the pope as they had done during the years when the republic
+stood shoulder to shoulder with Henry the Huguenot, could hope for aid
+and comfort from their ancient ally.
+
+It is very characteristic of that age of dissimulation and of reckless
+political gambling, that at the very moment when Henry's marriage with
+Marie de Medicis was already arranged, and when that princess was soon
+expected in Lyons, a cabal at the king's court was busy with absurd
+projects to marry their sovereign to the Infanta of Spain.  It is true
+that the Infanta was already the wife of the cardinal-archduke, but it
+was thought possible--for reasons divulged through the indiscretions or
+inventions of the father confessor--to obtain the pope's dispensation on
+the ground of the nullity of the marriage.  Thus there were politicians
+at the French court seriously occupied in an attempt to deprive the
+archduke of his wife, of his Netherland provinces, and of the crown of,
+the holy Roman empire, which he still hoped to inherit.  Yet the ink was
+scarcely dry with which Henry had signed the treaty of amity with Madrid
+and Brussels.
+
+The Queen of England, on the other hand--although often listenting to
+secret agents from Brussels and Madrid who offered peace, and although
+perfectly aware that the great abject of Spain in securing peace with
+England was to be able to swoop down at once upon the republic, thus
+deprived of any allies was beside herself with rage, whenever she
+suspected, with or without reason, that Brussels or Madrid had been
+sending peace emissaries to the republic.
+
+"Before I could get into the room," said Caron, on one such occasion,
+"she called out, 'Have you not always told me that the States never
+could, would, or should treat for peace with the enemy?  Yet now it
+is plain enough that they have proceeded only too far in negotiations.'
+And she then swore a big oath that if the States were to deceive her she
+meant to take such vengeance that men should talk of it for ever and
+ever."  It was a long time before the envoy could induce her to listen
+to a single word, although the, perfect sincerity of the States in their
+attitude to the queen and to Spain was unquestionable, and her ill-humour
+on the subject continued long after it had been demonstrated how much she
+had been deceived.
+
+Yet it was impossible in the nature of things for the States to play her
+false, even if no reliance were to be placed on their sagacity and their
+honour.  Even the recent naval expedition of the republic against the
+distant possessions of Spain--which in its result had caused so much
+disappointment to the States, and cost them so many lives, including that
+of the noble admiral whom every sailor in the Netherlands adored had been
+of immense advantage to England.  The queen acknowledged that the Dutch
+Navy had averted the storm which threatened to descend upon her kingdom
+out of Spain, the Spanish ships destined for the coast of Ireland having
+been dispersed and drawn to the other aide of the world by these
+demonstrations of her ally.  For this she vowed that she would be
+eternally grateful, and she said as much in "letters full of sugar and
+honey"--according to the French envoy--which she sent to the States by
+Sir Francis Vere.  She protested, in short, that she had been better and
+more promptly served in her necessities by the Netherlands than by her
+own subjects.
+
+All this sugar and honey however did not make the mission of Envoy
+Edmonds less bitter to the States.  They heard that he was going about
+through half the cities of the obedient Netherlands in a sort of
+triumphal procession, and it was the general opinion of the politicians
+and financiers of the continent that peace between Spain and England was
+as good as made.  Naturally therefore, notwithstanding the exuberant
+expressions of gratitude on the part of Elizabeth, the republican
+Government were anxious to know what all this parleying meant.  They
+could not believe that people would make a raree-show of the English
+envoy except for sufficient reason.  Caron accordingly presented himself
+before the queen, with respectful inquiries on the subject.  He found her
+in appearance very angry, not with him, but with Edmonds, from whom she
+had received no advices.  "I don't know what they are doing with him,"
+said her Majesty, "I hear from others that they are ringing the church
+bells wherever he goes, and that they have carried him through a great
+many more places than was necessary.  I suppose that they think him a
+monster, and they are carrying him about to exhibit him.  All this is
+done," she continued, "to throw dust in the eyes of the poor people, and
+to put it into their heads that the Queen of England is suing for peace,
+which is very wide of the mark."
+
+She further observed that, as the agents of the Spanish Government had
+been perpetually sending to her, she had been inclined once for all to
+learn what they had to say.  Thus she should make manifest to all the
+world that she was not averse to a treaty such as might prove a secure
+peace for herself and for Christendom; otherwise not.
+
+It subsequently appeared that what they had to say was that if the queen
+would give up to the Spanish Government the cautionary towns which she
+held as a pledge for her advances to the republic, forbid all traffic and
+intercourse between her subjects and the Netherlanders, and thenceforth
+never allow an Englishman to serve in or with the armies of the States,
+a peace might be made.
+
+Surely it needed no great magnanimity on the queen's part to spurn such
+insulting proposals, the offer of which showed her capable, in the
+opinion of Verreycken, the man who made them, of sinking into the very
+depths of dishonour.  And she did spurn them.  Surely, for the ally, the
+protrectress, the grateful friend of the republic, to give its chief
+seaports to its arch-enemy, to shut the narrow seas against its ships,
+so that they never more could sail westward, and to abandon its whole
+population to their fate, would be a deed of treachery such as history,
+full of human baseness as it is, has rarely been obliged to record.
+
+Before these propositions had been made by Verreycken Elizabeth protested
+that, should he offer them, she would send him home with such an answer
+that people should talk of it for some time to come.  "Before I consent
+to a single one of those points," said the queen, "I wish myself taken
+from this world.  Until now I have been a princess of my word, who would
+rather die than so falsely deceive such good people as the States." And
+she made those protestations with such expression and attitude that the
+Dutch envoy believed her incapable at that moment of dissimulation.
+
+Nevertheless her indignation did not carry her so far as to induce her to
+break off the negotiations.  The answer of which mankind was to talk in
+time to come was simply that she would not send her commissioners to
+treat for peace unless the Spanish Government should recede from the
+three points thus offered by Verreycken.  This certainly was not a very
+blasting reply, and the Spanish agents were so far from losing heart in
+consequence that the informal conferences continued for a long time, much
+to the discomfort of the Netherlanders.
+
+For more than an hour and a half on one occasion of an uncommonly hot
+afternoon in April did Noel de Caron argue with her Majesty against these
+ill-boding negotiations, and ever and anon, oppressed by the heat of the
+weather and the argument, did the queen wander from one room of the
+palace to the other in search of cool air, still bidding the envoy follow
+her footsteps.  "We are travelling about like pilgrims," said Elizabeth,
+"but what is life but a pilgrimage?"
+
+Yet, notwithstanding this long promenade and these moral reflections,
+Caron could really not make out at the end of the interview whether or no
+she intended to send her commissioners.  At last he asked her the
+question bluntly.
+
+"Hallo!  Hallo!"  she replied.  "I have only spoken to my servant once,
+and I must obtain more information and think over the matter before I
+decide.  Be assured however that I shall always keep you informed of the
+progress of the negotiations, and do you inform the States that they may
+build upon me as upon a rock."
+
+After the envoy had taken his leave, the queen said to him in Latin,
+"Modicae fidei quare dubitasti?"  Caron had however so nearly got out
+of the door that he did not hear this admonition.
+
+This the queen perceived, and calling him by name repeated, "O Caron!
+modicae fidei quare dubitasti?" adding the injunction that he should
+remember this dictum, for he well knew what she meant by it.
+
+Thus terminated the interview, while the negotiations with Spain, not for
+lack of good-will on her part, and despite the positive assertions to the
+contrary of Buzanval and other foreign agents, were destined to come to
+nothing.
+
+At a little later period, at the time of certain informal and secret
+conferences at Gertruydenberg, the queen threatened the envoy with her
+severest displeasure, should the States dare to treat with Spain without
+her permission.  "Her Majesty called out to me," said Caron, "as soon as
+I entered the room, that I had always assured her that the States neither
+would nor could make peace with the enemy.  Yet it was now looking very
+differently, she continued, swearing with a mighty oath that if the
+States should cheat her in that way she meant to revenge herself in such
+a fashion that men would talk of it through all eternity."
+
+The French Government was in a similar state of alarm in consequence of
+the Gertruydenberg conferences.
+
+The envoy of the archdukes, Marquis d'Havre, reported on the other
+hand that all attempts to negotiate had proved fruitless, that Olden-
+Barneveld, who spoke for all his colleagues, was swollen with pride, and
+made it but too manifest that the States had no intention to submit to
+any foreign jurisdiction, but were resolved to maintain themselves in the
+form of a republic.
+
+
+
+ETEXT EDITOR'S BOOKMARKS:
+
+Children who had never set foot on the shore
+Done nothing so long as aught remained to do
+Fed on bear's liver, were nearly poisoned to death
+Inhabited by the savage tribes called Samoyedes
+
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY UNITED NETHERLANDS, 1598-99 ***
+
+************ This file should be named 4871.txt or 4871.zip ************
+
+This eBook was produced by David Widger
+
+Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we usually do not
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+We are now trying to release all our eBooks one year in advance
+of the official release dates, leaving time for better editing.
+Please be encouraged to tell us about any error or corrections,
+even years after the official publication date.
+
+Please note neither this listing nor its contents are final til
+midnight of the last day of the month of any such announcement.
+The official release date of all Project Gutenberg eBooks is at
+Midnight, Central Time, of the last day of the stated month.  A
+preliminary version may often be posted for suggestion, comment
+and editing by those who wish to do so.
+
+Most people start at our Web sites at:
+https://gutenberg.org or
+http://promo.net/pg
+
+These Web sites include award-winning information about Project
+Gutenberg, including how to donate, how to help produce our new
+eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter (free!).
+
+
+Those of you who want to download any eBook before announcement
+can get to them as follows, and just download by date.  This is
+also a good way to get them instantly upon announcement, as the
+indexes our cataloguers produce obviously take a while after an
+announcement goes out in the Project Gutenberg Newsletter.
+
+http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext03 or
+ftp://ftp.ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext03
+
+Or /etext02, 01, 00, 99, 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90
+
+Just search by the first five letters of the filename you want,
+as it appears in our Newsletters.
+
+
+Information about Project Gutenberg (one page)
+
+We produce about two million dollars for each hour we work.  The
+time it takes us, a rather conservative estimate, is fifty hours
+to get any eBook selected, entered, proofread, edited, copyright
+searched and analyzed, the copyright letters written, etc.   Our
+projected audience is one hundred million readers.  If the value
+per text is nominally estimated at one dollar then we produce $2
+million dollars per hour in 2002 as we release over 100 new text
+files per month:  1240 more eBooks in 2001 for a total of 4000+
+We are already on our way to trying for 2000 more eBooks in 2002
+If they reach just 1-2% of the world's population then the total
+will reach over half a trillion eBooks given away by year's end.
+
+The Goal of Project Gutenberg is to Give Away 1 Trillion eBooks!
+This is ten thousand titles each to one hundred million readers,
+which is only about 4% of the present number of computer users.
+
+Here is the briefest record of our progress (* means estimated):
+
+eBooks Year Month
+
+    1  1971 July
+   10  1991 January
+  100  1994 January
+ 1000  1997 August
+ 1500  1998 October
+ 2000  1999 December
+ 2500  2000 December
+ 3000  2001 November
+ 4000  2001 October/November
+ 6000  2002 December*
+ 9000  2003 November*
+10000  2004 January*
+
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation has been created
+to secure a future for Project Gutenberg into the next millennium.
+
+We need your donations more than ever!
+
+As of February, 2002, contributions are being solicited from people
+and organizations in: Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Connecticut,
+Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois,
+Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts,
+Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New
+Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio,
+Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South
+Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West
+Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.
+
+We have filed in all 50 states now, but these are the only ones
+that have responded.
+
+As the requirements for other states are met, additions to this list
+will be made and fund raising will begin in the additional states.
+Please feel free to ask to check the status of your state.
+
+In answer to various questions we have received on this:
+
+We are constantly working on finishing the paperwork to legally
+request donations in all 50 states.  If your state is not listed and
+you would like to know if we have added it since the list you have,
+just ask.
+
+While we cannot solicit donations from people in states where we are
+not yet registered, we know of no prohibition against accepting
+donations from donors in these states who approach us with an offer to
+donate.
+
+International donations are accepted, but we don't know ANYTHING about
+how to make them tax-deductible, or even if they CAN be made
+deductible, and don't have the staff to handle it even if there are
+ways.
+
+Donations by check or money order may be sent to:
+
+Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+PMB 113
+1739 University Ave.
+Oxford, MS 38655-4109
+
+Contact us if you want to arrange for a wire transfer or payment
+method other than by check or money order.
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation has been approved by
+the US Internal Revenue Service as a 501(c)(3) organization with EIN
+[Employee Identification Number] 64-622154.  Donations are
+tax-deductible to the maximum extent permitted by law.  As fund-raising
+requirements for other states are met, additions to this list will be
+made and fund-raising will begin in the additional states.
+
+We need your donations more than ever!
+
+You can get up to date donation information online at:
+
+https://www.gutenberg.org/donation.html
+
+
+***
+
+If you can't reach Project Gutenberg,
+you can always email directly to:
+
+Michael S. Hart <hart@pobox.com>
+
+Prof. Hart will answer or forward your message.
+
+We would prefer to send you information by email.
+
+
+**The Legal Small Print**
+
+
+(Three Pages)
+
+***START**THE SMALL PRINT!**FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN EBOOKS**START***
+Why is this "Small Print!" statement here? You know: lawyers.
+They tell us you might sue us if there is something wrong with
+your copy of this eBook, even if you got it for free from
+someone other than us, and even if what's wrong is not our
+fault. So, among other things, this "Small Print!" statement
+disclaims most of our liability to you. It also tells you how
+you may distribute copies of this eBook if you want to.
+
+*BEFORE!* YOU USE OR READ THIS EBOOK
+By using or reading any part of this PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
+eBook, you indicate that you understand, agree to and accept
+this "Small Print!" statement. If you do not, you can receive
+a refund of the money (if any) you paid for this eBook by
+sending a request within 30 days of receiving it to the person
+you got it from. If you received this eBook on a physical
+medium (such as a disk), you must return it with your request.
+
+ABOUT PROJECT GUTENBERG-TM EBOOKS
+This PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm eBook, like most PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm eBooks,
+is a "public domain" work distributed by Professor Michael S. Hart
+through the Project Gutenberg Association (the "Project").
+Among other things, this means that no one owns a United States copyright
+on or for this work, so the Project (and you!) can copy and
+distribute it in the United States without permission and
+without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth
+below, apply if you wish to copy and distribute this eBook
+under the "PROJECT GUTENBERG" trademark.
+
+Please do not use the "PROJECT GUTENBERG" trademark to market
+any commercial products without permission.
+
+To create these eBooks, the Project expends considerable
+efforts to identify, transcribe and proofread public domain
+works. Despite these efforts, the Project's eBooks and any
+medium they may be on may contain "Defects". Among other
+things, Defects may take the form of incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
+intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged
+disk or other eBook medium, a computer virus, or computer
+codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.
+
+LIMITED WARRANTY; DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES
+But for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described below,
+[1] Michael Hart and the Foundation (and any other party you may
+receive this eBook from as a PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm eBook) disclaims
+all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including
+legal fees, and [2] YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE OR
+UNDER STRICT LIABILITY, OR FOR BREACH OF WARRANTY OR CONTRACT,
+INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE
+OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE
+POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
+
+If you discover a Defect in this eBook within 90 days of
+receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any)
+you paid for it by sending an explanatory note within that
+time to the person you received it from. If you received it
+on a physical medium, you must return it with your note, and
+such person may choose to alternatively give you a replacement
+copy. If you received it electronically, such person may
+choose to alternatively give you a second opportunity to
+receive it electronically.
+
+THIS EBOOK IS OTHERWISE PROVIDED TO YOU "AS-IS". NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, ARE MADE TO YOU AS
+TO THE EBOOK OR ANY MEDIUM IT MAY BE ON, INCLUDING BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A
+PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+
+Some states do not allow disclaimers of implied warranties or
+the exclusion or limitation of consequential damages, so the
+above disclaimers and exclusions may not apply to you, and you
+may have other legal rights.
+
+INDEMNITY
+You will indemnify and hold Michael Hart, the Foundation,
+and its trustees and agents, and any volunteers associated
+with the production and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
+texts harmless, from all liability, cost and expense, including
+legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the
+following that you do or cause:  [1] distribution of this eBook,
+[2] alteration, modification, or addition to the eBook,
+or [3] any Defect.
+
+DISTRIBUTION UNDER "PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm"
+You may distribute copies of this eBook electronically, or by
+disk, book or any other medium if you either delete this
+"Small Print!" and all other references to Project Gutenberg,
+or:
+
+[1]  Only give exact copies of it.  Among other things, this
+     requires that you do not remove, alter or modify the
+     eBook or this "small print!" statement.  You may however,
+     if you wish, distribute this eBook in machine readable
+     binary, compressed, mark-up, or proprietary form,
+     including any form resulting from conversion by word
+     processing or hypertext software, but only so long as
+     *EITHER*:
+
+     [*]  The eBook, when displayed, is clearly readable, and
+          does *not* contain characters other than those
+          intended by the author of the work, although tilde
+          (~), asterisk (*) and underline (_) characters may
+          be used to convey punctuation intended by the
+          author, and additional characters may be used to
+          indicate hypertext links; OR
+
+     [*]  The eBook may be readily converted by the reader at
+          no expense into plain ASCII, EBCDIC or equivalent
+          form by the program that displays the eBook (as is
+          the case, for instance, with most word processors);
+          OR
+
+     [*]  You provide, or agree to also provide on request at
+          no additional cost, fee or expense, a copy of the
+          eBook in its original plain ASCII form (or in EBCDIC
+          or other equivalent proprietary form).
+
+[2]  Honor the eBook refund and replacement provisions of this
+     "Small Print!" statement.
+
+[3]  Pay a trademark license fee to the Foundation of 20% of the
+     gross profits you derive calculated using the method you
+     already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  If you
+     don't derive profits, no royalty is due.  Royalties are
+     payable to "Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation"
+     the 60 days following each date you prepare (or were
+     legally required to prepare) your annual (or equivalent
+     periodic) tax return.  Please contact us beforehand to
+     let us know your plans and to work out the details.
+
+WHAT IF YOU *WANT* TO SEND MONEY EVEN IF YOU DON'T HAVE TO?
+Project Gutenberg is dedicated to increasing the number of
+public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed
+in machine readable form.
+
+The Project gratefully accepts contributions of money, time,
+public domain materials, or royalty free copyright licenses.
+Money should be paid to the:
+"Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+If you are interested in contributing scanning equipment or
+software or other items, please contact Michael Hart at:
+hart@pobox.com
+
+[Portions of this eBook's header and trailer may be reprinted only
+when distributed free of all fees.  Copyright (C) 2001, 2002 by
+Michael S. Hart.  Project Gutenberg is a TradeMark and may not be
+used in any sales of Project Gutenberg eBooks or other materials be
+they hardware or software or any other related product without
+express permission.]
+
+*END THE SMALL PRINT! FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN EBOOKS*Ver.02/11/02*END*
+
diff --git a/4871.zip b/4871.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9f83bd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4871.zip
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b7fc04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #4871 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4871)