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diff --git a/48664-tei/48664-tei.tei b/48664-tei/48664-tei.tei new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4d6748a --- /dev/null +++ b/48664-tei/48664-tei.tei @@ -0,0 +1,18197 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> + +<!DOCTYPE TEI.2 SYSTEM "http://www.gutenberg.org/tei/marcello/0.4/dtd/pgtei.dtd" [ + +<!ENTITY u5 "http://www.tei-c.org/Lite/"> + +]> + +<TEI.2 lang="en"> +<teiHeader> + <fileDesc> + <titleStmt> + <title>The Works of the Emperor Julian (Vol. 1 of 2)</title> + <author><name reg="Julian, Emperor of Rome">Julian, Emperor of Rome</name></author> + <respStmt><resp>Translated by</resp> <name>Wilmer Cave Wright</name></respStmt> + </titleStmt> + <editionStmt> + <edition n="1">Edition 1</edition> + </editionStmt> + <publicationStmt> + <publisher>Project Gutenberg</publisher> + <date>April 7, 2015</date> + <idno type="etext-no">48664</idno> + <availability> + <p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and + most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions + whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of + the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at + www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have + to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.</p> + </availability> + </publicationStmt> + <sourceDesc> + <bibl> + Created electronically. + </bibl> + </sourceDesc> + </fileDesc> + <encodingDesc> + </encodingDesc> + <profileDesc> + <langUsage> + <language id="en"></language> + <language id="la"></language> + </langUsage> + </profileDesc> + <revisionDesc> + <change> + <date value="2015-04-07">April 7, 2015</date> + <respStmt> + <name> + Produced by Ted Garvin, David King, and the Online + Distributed Proofreading Team at <http://www.pgdp.net/>. + </name> + </respStmt> + <item>Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1</item> + </change> + </revisionDesc> +</teiHeader> + +<pgExtensions> + <pgStyleSheet> + .boxed { x-class: boxed } + .shaded { x-class: shaded } + .rules { x-class: rules; rules: all } + .indent { margin-left: 2 } + .bold { font-weight: bold } + .italic { font-style: italic } + .smallcaps { font-variant: small-caps } + </pgStyleSheet> + + <pgCharMap formats="txt.iso-8859-1"> + <char id="U0x2014"> + <charName>mdash</charName> + <desc>EM DASH</desc> + <mapping>--</mapping> + </char> + <char id="U0x2003"> + <charName>emsp</charName> + <desc>EM SPACE</desc> + <mapping> </mapping> + </char> + <char id="U0x2026"> + <charName>hellip</charName> + <desc>HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS</desc> + <mapping>...</mapping> + </char> + </pgCharMap> +</pgExtensions> + +<text lang="en"> + <front> + <div> + <divGen type="pgheader" /> + </div> + <div> + <divGen type="encodingDesc" /> + </div> + + <div rend="page-break-before: always"> + <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">The Works of the Emperor Julian</p> + <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">Volume 1</p> + <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">With an English Translation by</p> + <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">Wilmer Cave Wright</p> + <p rend="text-align: center">Harvard University Press</p> + <p rend="text-align: center">Cambridge, Massachusetts</p> + <p rend="text-align: center">1913</p> + </div> + <div rend="page-break-before: always"> + <head>Contents</head> + <divGen type="toc" /> + </div> + + </front> +<body> + +<div> +<p rend='text-align: center'> + <figure url='images/cover.jpg' rend='width: 30%'> + <figDesc>Cover Art</figDesc> + </figure> +</p> +<p> +[Transcriber's Note: The above cover image was produced by the submitter at +Distributed Proofreaders, and is being placed into the public domain.] +</p> +</div> + +<pb n='vii'/><anchor id='Pgvii'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Introduction</head> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Flavius Claudius Julianus</hi>,<note place='foot'>The chief sources for the life of Julian are his <hi rend='italic'>Orations</hi>, +his <hi rend='italic'>Letter to the Athenians</hi>, Ammianus Marcellinus, and the +<hi rend='italic'>Orations</hi> and <hi rend='italic'>Epistles</hi> of Libanius.</note> son of Julius Constantius +and nephew of the Emperor Constantine, +was born at Constantinople in 331 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> His father, +eldest brother, and cousins were slain in the massacre +by which Constantius, Constantine II., and Constans +secured the empire for themselves on the death of +their father Constantine in 337. Julian and his +elder brother Gallus spent a precarious childhood +and youth, of which six years were passed in close +confinement in the remote castle of Macellum in +Cappadocia, and their position was hardly more +secure when, in 350, Gallus was elevated to the +Caesarship by Constantius, who, after the violent +deaths of his two brothers, was now sole ruler of +the empire. But Julian was allowed to pursue his +favourite studies in Greek literature and philosophy, +partly at Nicomedia and Athens, partly in the cities +<pb n='viii'/><anchor id='Pgviii'/> +of Asia Minor, and he was deeply influenced by +Maximus of Ephesus, the occult philosopher, +Libanius of Nicomedia, the fashionable sophist, and +Themistius the Aristotelian commentator, the only +genuine philosopher among the sophists of the fourth +century <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +When the excesses of the revolutionary Gallus +ended in his death at the hands of Constantius, +Julian, an awkward and retiring student, was +summoned to the court at Milan, where he was +protected by the Empress Eusebia from the suspicions +of Constantius and the intrigues of hostile courtiers. +Constantius had no heir to continue the dynasty of +the Constantii. He therefore raised Julian to the +Caesarship in 355, gave him his sister Helena in +marriage, and dispatched him to Gaul to pacify the +Gallic provinces. To the surprise of all, Julian in +four successive campaigns against the Franks and +the Alemanis proved himself a good soldier and +a popular general. His <hi rend='italic'>Commentaries</hi> on these +campaigns are praised by Eunapius<note place='foot'>fr. 89.</note> and Libanius,<note place='foot'>Epistle, 33.</note> +but are not now extant. In 357-358 Constantius, +who was occupied by wars against the Quadi and +the Sarmatians, and threatened with a renewal of +hostilities by the Persian king Sapor, ordered Julian, +<pb n='ix'/><anchor id='Pgix'/> +who was then at Paris, to send to his aid the best of +the Gallic legions. Julian would have obeyed, but +his troops, unwilling to take service in the East, +mutinied and proclaimed him Emperor (359 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>). +Julian issued manifestoes justifying his conduct to +the Senates of Rome and Athens and to the Spartans +and Corinthians, a characteristic anachronism, since +their opinion no longer had any weight. It was not +till 361 that he began his march eastward to +encounter the army of Constantius. His troops, +though seasoned and devoted, were in numbers no +match for the legions of his cousin. But the latter, +while marching through Cilicia to oppose his advance, +died suddenly of a fever near Tarsus, and Julian, now +in his thirtieth year, succeeded peacefully to the +throne and made a triumphal entry into Constantinople +in December, 361. +</p> + +<p> +The eunuchs and courtiers who had surrounded +Constantius were replaced by sophists and philosophers, +and in the next six months Julian set on foot +numerous economic and administrative reforms. He +had long been secretly devoted to the Pagan religion, +and he at once proclaimed the restoration of the +Pagan gods and the temple worship. Christianity +he tolerated, and in his brief reign of sixteen months +the Christians were not actively persecuted. His +<pb n='x'/><anchor id='Pgx'/> +treatise <hi rend='italic'>Against the Christians</hi>, which survives only in +fragments, was an explanation of his apostasy. The +epithet <q>Apostate</q> was bestowed on him by the +Christian Fathers. Meanwhile he was preparing—first +at Constantinople then at Antioch, where he +wrote the <hi rend='italic'>Misopogon</hi>, a satire on the luxury +and frivolity of the inhabitants—for a campaign +against Sapor, a task which he had inherited from +Constantius. In March, 362 he left Antioch and +crossed the Euphrates, visited Carrhae, memorable +for the defeat of Crassus, then crossed the Tigris, +and, after burning his fleet, retired northwards +towards Armenia. On the march he fought an +indecisive battle with the Persians at Maranga, and +in a skirmish with the retreating enemy he was +mortally wounded by a javelin (January 26th, 363). +His body was carried to Tarsus by his successor the +Emperor Jovian, and was probably removed later to +Constantinople. The legend that as he died he +exclaimed: Γαλιλαῖε νενίκηκας, <q>Thou hast conquered, +O Galilæan!</q> appears first in the Christian historian +Theodoret in the fifth century. Julian was the last +male descendant of the famous dynasty founded by +Constantius Chlorus. +</p> + +<p> +In spite of his military achievements, he was, first +of all, a student. Even on his campaigns he took his +<pb n='xi'/><anchor id='Pgxi'/> +books with him, and several of his extant works were +composed in camp. He had been trained, according +to the fashion of his times, in rhetorical studies by +professional sophists such as Libanius, and he has all +the mannerisms of a fourth century sophist. It was +the sophistic etiquette to avoid the direct use of +names, and Julian never names the usurpers Magnentius, +Silvanus, and Vetranio, whose suppression +by Constantius he describes in his two first <hi rend='italic'>Orations</hi>, +regularly refers to Sapor as <q>the barbarian,</q> and +rather than name Mardonius, his tutor, calls him <q>a +certain Scythian who had the same name as the man +who persuaded Xerxes to invade Hellas.</q><note place='foot'>352 A.</note> He +wrote the literary Greek of the fourth century <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> +which imitates the classical style, though barbarisms +and late constructions are never entirely avoided. +His pages are crowded with echoes of Homer, +Demosthenes, Plato, and Isocrates, and his style is +interwoven with half verses, phrases, and whole +sentences taken without acknowledgment from the +Greek masterpieces. It is certain that, like other +sophists, he wished his readers to recognise these +echoes, and therefore his source is always classical, so +that where he seems to imitate Dio Chrysostom or +Themistius, both go back to a common source, which +<pb n='xii'/><anchor id='Pgxii'/> +Julian had in mind. Another sophistic element in +his style is the use of commonplaces, literary +allusions that had passed into the sophistic language +and can be found in all the writers of reminiscence +Greek in his day. He himself derides this practice<note place='foot'>236 A.</note> +but he cannot resist dragging in the well-worn +references to Cyrus, Darius, and Alexander, to the +nepenthe poured out by Helen in the <hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi>, to the +defiance of nature by Xerxes, or the refusal of +Socrates to admit the happiness of the Great King. +Julian wished to make Neo-Platonism the philosophy +of his revived Hellenism, but he belonged to the +younger or Syrian branch of the school, of which +Iamblichus was the real founder, and he only once +mentions Plotinus. Iamblichus he ranked with +Plato and paid him a fanatical devotion. His +philosophical writing, especially in the two prose +<hi rend='italic'>Hymns</hi>, is obscure, partly because his theories are +only vaguely realised, partly because he reproduces +the obscurity of his model, Iamblichus. In satire +and narrative he can be clear and straightforward. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='xiii'/><anchor id='Pgxiii'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Bibliography</head> + +<div> +<head>Manuscripts</head> + +<p> +The <hi rend='italic'>Vossianus</hi> (V), Leyden, 13th or 14th cent. (contains +also the <hi rend='italic'>Letters</hi> of Libanius), is the only reliable MS. of +Julian, and was once complete except for a few <hi rend='italic'>Letters</hi>. +Where pages are lost from V a group of inferior MSS. +are used, <hi rend='italic'>Marcianus</hi> 366 (M), 251 (Mb), both 15th cent., +five <hi rend='italic'>Monacenses</hi> (at Munich), and several <hi rend='italic'>Parisini</hi> +(at Paris). Cobet's contributions to the text are in +<hi rend='italic'>Mnemosyne</hi> 8, 9, 10 (old series 1859-1861) and 10, 11 +(new series 1882-1883). A. Papadoulos Kerameus published +in <hi rend='italic'>Rheinisches Museum</hi>, 1887, six new <hi rend='italic'>Letters</hi> +discovered on the island of Chalcis. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<head>Editions</head> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Misopogon</hi> and <hi rend='italic'>Letters</hi> (with Latin version) Martin, +Paris, 1566. Martin and Cantoclarus, Paris, 1583. +Petau (Petavius) Paris, 1630. Spanheim, Leipzig, 1696. +<hi rend='italic'>Oration I</hi>, Schaefer, Leipzig, 1802 (with Latin version +and Wyttenbach's <hi rend='italic'>Critical Epistle to Ruhnken</hi>). Hertlein, +Leipzig (Teubner), 1875-1876.<note place='foot'>The text of the present edition is Hertlein's, revised.</note> <hi rend='italic'>Against the Christians</hi>, +Neumann, Leipzig, 1880. <hi rend='italic'>Letters:</hi> Heyler, Mainz, 1828. +Westermann, Leipzig, 1854. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<head>Literature</head> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>La Vie de l'Empereur Julien</hi>, Abbé de la Bleterie, +Paris, 1735. Strauss, <hi rend='italic'>Der Romantiker auf dem Throne +der Caesaren</hi>, Mannheim, 1847. Mücke <hi rend='italic'>Julian's Leben +und Schriften</hi>, Gotha, 1868. Naville, <hi rend='italic'>Julien l'Apostat</hi>, +Neufchâtel, 1877. Schwartz, <hi rend='italic'>De vita et scriptis Juliani</hi>, +Bonn, 1888. Gildersleeve <hi rend='italic'>Julian</hi> in <hi rend='italic'>Essays and Studies</hi>, +Baltimore, 1890. Gardner, <hi rend='italic'>Julian</hi>, New York, 1895. +France (W. C. Wright), <hi rend='italic'>Julian's Relation to Neo-Platonism +<pb n='xiv'/><anchor id='Pgxiv'/> +and the New Sophistic</hi>, London, 1896. Negri, +<hi rend='italic'>L'Imperatore Giuliano</hi>, Milan, 1902 (translated by +Letta-Visconti-Arese, London, 1906). Bidez and Cumont, +<hi rend='italic'>Recherches sur la tradition manuscrite des lettres de +Julien</hi>, Brussels, 1898. Asmus, <hi rend='italic'>Julian und Dio Chrysostomus</hi>, +Tauberbischofsheim, 1895. Brambs, <hi rend='italic'>Studien</hi>, +Eichstätt, 1897. Allard, <hi rend='italic'>Julien l'Apostat</hi>, Paris, 1903. +Cumont, <hi rend='italic'>Sur l'authenticité de quelques lettres de Julien</hi>, +Gaud, 1889. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<head>Translations</head> + +<p> +Latin: <hi rend='italic'>Misopogon</hi> and <hi rend='italic'>Letters</hi>, Martin in edition. +<hi rend='italic'>Oration I</hi>, Schaefer in edition. <hi rend='italic'>Letters</hi>, Heyler in +edition. French: Tourlet, Paris, 3 vols. 1821. <hi rend='italic'>Traduction +de quelques Ouvrages de l'Empereur Julien</hi>, Abbé de +la Bleterie, Paris, 1748. <hi rend='italic'>Caesars</hi>, Spanheim, Paris, 1683. +German: <hi rend='italic'>Against the Christians</hi>, Neumann, Leipzig, +1880. English: <hi rend='italic'>Select Works</hi> by Duncombe, London, +1784 (contains also some translations of Libanius). +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<head>Bibliographical Addendum (1980)</head> + +<p> +J. Bidez: <hi rend='italic'>La tradition manuscrite et les éditions des discours +de Julien</hi> (1929). +J. Bidez: <hi rend='italic'>La vie de l'empereur Julien</hi> (1930). +G. W. Bowersock: <hi rend='italic'>Julian the Apostate</hi>, Cambridge, Mass. +(1978). +R. Browning: <hi rend='italic'>The Emperor Julian</hi> (1975). +G. Gigli: <hi rend='italic'>Giuliano l'Apostata</hi> (1960). +W. E. Kaegi: <q>Research on Julian, 1945-1964,</q> <hi rend='italic'>CW</hi> 58 +(1965) 229ff. +G. Ricciotti: <hi rend='italic'>Julian the Apostate</hi>, trans. M. J. Costelloe +(1960). + +</p> + +</div> + +</div> + +<pb n='003'/><anchor id='Pg003'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Oration I</head> + +<p> +[Transcriber's Note: The original book had pages with Greek on the left page and the +corresponding English translation on the facing right page. In this e-book, each Greek +paragraph will be immediately followed by the English translation paragraph, +surrounded in parentheses. The Greek text contains markings such as [3] and [B]; they +are section and sub-section markings that in the original book were in the right +margin. These are different from numbers within parentheses such as (10), which are +used as footnote references in some e-book formats.] +</p> + +<pb n='004'/><anchor id='Pg004'/><anchor id='Pg005'/> + +<p> +ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΕΓΚΩΜΙΟΝ ΕΙΣ +ΤΟΝ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΑ ΚΩΝΣΤΑΝΤΙΟΝ +</p> + +<p> +(PANEGYRIC IN HONOUR OF THE +EMPEROR CONSTANTIUS) +</p> + +<p> +Πάλαι με προθυμούμενον, ὦ μέγιστε βασιλεῦ, +τὴν σὴν ἀρετὴν καὶ πράξεις ὑμνῆσαι καὶ +τοὺς πολέμους ἀπαριθμήσασθαι, καὶ τὰς τυραννίδας +ὅπως ἀνῄιρηκας, τῆς μὲν λόγῳ καὶ πειθοῖ +τοὺς δορυφόρους ἀποστήσας, τῆς δὲ τοῖς ὅπλοις +κρατήσας, τὸ μέγεθος εἶργε τῶν πράξεων, οὐ τὸ +βραχὺ λειφθῆναι τῷ λόγῳ τῶν ἔργων δεινὸν +κρίνοντα, ἀλλὰ τὸ παντελῶς τῆς ὑποθέσεως +διαμαρτεῖν δόξαι. τοῖς μὲν γὰρ περὶ τοὺς πολιτικοῦς +ἀγῶνας καὶ τὴν ποίησιν διατρίβουσιν οὐδὲν +θαυμαστὸν εἰ ῥᾳδίως ἔξεστιν ἐγχειρεῖν τοῖς ἐπαίνοις +τῶν σοι πραχθέντων· [2] περίεστι γὰρ αὐτοῖς ἐκ +τῆς τοῦ λέγειν μελέτης καὶ τῆς πρὸς τὰς ἐπιδείξεις +συνηθείας τὸ θαρσεῖν ἐν δίκῃ. ὅσοι δὸ τοῦ μὲν +τοιούτου μέρους κατωλιγώρησαν, ὥρμησαν δ᾽ ἐφ᾽ +ἕτερον παιδείας εἶδος καὶ λόγων ξυγγραφὴν οὐ +δήμῳ κεχαρισμένην οὐδ᾽ ἐς θέατρα παντοδαπὰ +τολμῶσαν ἀποδύεσθαι, πρὸς τὰς ἐπιδείξεις ἔχοιεν +ἂν εἰκότως εὐλαβεστέρως. ἔστι γὰρ οὐκ ἄδηλον +τοῦθ᾽ ὅτι [B] τοῦς μὲν ποιηταῖς Μοῦσαι καὶ τὸ δοκεῖν +ἐκεῖθεν ἐπιπνεομένους τὴν ποίησιν γράφειν ἄφθονον +<pb n='006'/><anchor id='Pg006'/><anchor id='Pg007'/> +παρέχει τὴν ἐξουσίαν τοῦ πλάσματος· τοῖς +ῥήτορσι δὲ ἡ τέχνη τὴν ἴσην παρέσχεν ἄδειαν, +τὸ μὲν πλάττειν ἀφελομένη, τὸ δὲ κολακεύειν +οὐδαμῶς ἀπαγορεύσασα, οὐδὲ αἰσχύνην ὁμολογουμένην +τῷ λέγοντι τὸ ψευδῶς<note place='foot'>ψεῦδος V.</note> ἐπαινεῖν τοὺς οὐκ +ἀξίους ἐπαίνου κρίνασα. ἀλλ᾽ οἱ μὲν ἐπειδὰν καινόν +τινα μῦθον καὶ μηδέπω τοῖς πρόσθεν ἐπινοηθέντα +φέρωσιν αὐτοὶ ξυνθέντες, [C] τῷ ξένῳ τοὺς ἀκούοντας +ψυχαγωγήσαντες πλέον θαυμάζονται· οἱ δὲ τῆς +τέχνης ἀπολαῦσαί φασιν ἐν τῷ δύνασθαι περὶ τῶν +μικρῶν μειζόνως διελθεῖν, καὶ τὸ μέγεθος ἀφελεῖν +τῶν ἔργων τῷ λόγῳ, καὶ ὄλως ἀντιτάττειν τῇ +τῶν πραγμάτων φύσει τὴν δύναμιν<note place='foot'>τὴν δύναμιν Wyttenbach, δύνασθαι τὴν +MSS, Hertlein.</note> τῶν λόγων. +</p> + +<p> +(I have long desired, most mighty Emperor, to +sing the praises of your valour and achievements, +to recount your campaigns, and to tell how you +suppressed the tyrannies; how your persuasive +eloquence drew away one usurper's<note place='foot'>Vetranio.</note> bodyguard; how +you overcame another<note place='foot'>Magnentius.</note> by force of arms. But the +vast scale of your exploits deterred me, because +what I had to dread was not that my words +would fall somewhat short of your achievements, +but that I should prove wholly unequal to my +theme. That men versed in political debate, or +poets, should find it easy to compose a panegyric on +your career is not at all surprising. Their practice +in speaking, their habit of declaiming in public +supplies them abundantly with a well-warranted +confidence. But those who have neglected this field +and chosen another branch of literary study which +devotes itself to a form of composition little adapted +to win popular favour and that has not the hardihood +to exhibit itself in its nakedness in every theatre, +no matter what, would naturally hesitate to make +speeches of the epideictic sort. As for the poets, +their Muse, and the general belief that it is she who +inspires their verse, obviously gives them unlimited +license to invent. To rhetoricians the art of rhetoric +allows just as much freedom; fiction is denied them, +but flattery is by no means forbidden, nor is it +counted a disgrace to the orator that the object of his +panegyric should not deserve it. Poets who compose +and publish some legend that no one had +thought of before increase their reputation, because +an audience is entertained by the mere fact of +novelty. Orators, again, assert<note place='foot'>Isocrates, <hi rend='italic'>Panegyricus</hi>, 42 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c.</hi></note> that the advantage +of their art is that it can treat a slight theme in +the grand manner, and again, by the use of mere +words, strip the greatness from deeds, and, in +short, marshall the power of words against that of +facts.) +</p> + +<p> +Ἐγὼ δὲ εἰ μὲν ἑώρων ταύτης ἐμαυτὸν ἐπὶ τοῦ +παρόντος ἐν χρείᾳ τῆς τέχνης, ἦγον ἂν τὴν προσήκουσαν +ἡσυχίαν τοῖς ἀμελετήτως ἔχουσι τῶν +τοιούτων λόγων, [D] παραχωρῶν τῶν σῶν ἐγκωμίων +ἐκείνοις, ὧν μικρῷ πρόσθεν ἐμνήσθην. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἅπαν +τοὐναντίον ὁ παρὼν ἀπαιτεῖ λόγος τῶν πραγμάτων +ἁπλῆν διήγησιν οὐδενὸς ἐπεισάκτου κόσμου +δεομένην, ἔδοξε κἀμοὶ προσήκειν, τοῦ<note place='foot'>τοῦ Reiske adds.</note> ἀξίως +διηγήσασθαι τῶν ἔργων ἀνεφίκτου καὶ τοῖς προλαβοῦσιν<note place='foot'>τοῖς προλαβοῦσιν +Hertlein suggests, τότε προλαβοῦσιν MSS.</note> +ἤδη φανέντος. ἅπαντες γὰρ σχεδὸν οἱ +[3] περὶ παιδείαν διατρίβοντες σε<note place='foot'>σε Schaefer adds.</note> ἐν μέτρῳ καὶ +καταλογάδην ὑμνοῦσιν, οἱ μὲν ἅπαντα περιλαβεῖν +ἐν βραχεῖ τολμῶντες, οἱ δὲ μέρεσιν +αὑτοὺς ἐπιδόντες τῶν πράξεων ἀρκεῖν ᾠήθησαν, +εἰ τούτων τῆς ἀξίας μὴ διαμάρτοιεν. ἄξιον δὲ ἄγασθαι +τὴν προθυμίαν τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἁπάντων, ὅσοι +τῶν σῶν ἐπαίνων ἥψαντο. οἱ μὲν γάρ, ὅπως μηδὲν +ὑπὸ τοῦ χρόνου τῶν σοι πραχθέντων ἀμαυρωθείη, +τὸν μέγιστον ὑποδῦναι πόνον ἐτόλμησαν, οἱ δέ, +ὅτι τοῦ παντὸς διαμαρτήσειν ἤλπιζον, τὴν αὑτῶν +γνώμην ἐν μέρει προύφηναν, [B] ἄμεινον τοῦ τῆς +σιωπῆς ἀκινδύνου γέρως κρίναντες κατὰ δύναμίν +σοι τῶν οἰκείων πόνων ἀπάρξασθαι. +</p> + +<p> +(If, however, I had seen that on this occasion I +should need their art, I should have maintained the +silence that befits those who have had no practice in +such forms of composition, and should leave your +praises to be told by those whom I just now mentioned. +Since, on the contrary, the speech I am to +make calls for a plain narrative of the facts and +needs no adventitious ornament, I thought that even +I was not unfit, seeing that my predecessors had +already shown that it was beyond them to produce a +record worthy of your achievements. For almost all +who devote themselves to literature attempt to sing +your praises in verse or prose; some of them venture +to cover your whole career in a brief narrative, while +others devote themselves to a part only, and think +that if they succeed in doing justice to that part +they have proved themselves equal to the task.) +</p> + +<pb n='008'/><anchor id='Pg008'/><anchor id='Pg009'/> + +<p> +Εἰ μὲν οὖν καὶ αὐτὸς εἷς ὢν ἐτύγχανον τῶν τοὺς +ἐπιδεικτικοὺς ἀγαπώντων λόγους, ἐχρῆν ἐντεῦθεν +ἄρχεσθαι τῆς ὑποθέσεως, τὴν ἴσην εὔνοιαν ἀπαιτήσαντα +τῆς ὑπαρχούσης ἤδη σοι παρ᾽ ἡμῶν καὶ +δεηθέντα τῶν λόγων ἀκροατὴν εὐμενῆ γενέσθαι, +οὐχὶ δὲ ἀκριβῆ καὶ ἀπαραίτητον κριτὴν καταστῆναι. +[C] ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐν ἄλλοις μαθήμασι τραφέντες +καὶ παιδευθέντες, καθάπερ ἐπιτηδεύμασι καὶ +νόμοις, ἀλλοτρίων κατατολμᾶν ἔργων δοκοῦμεν +οὐκ ὀρθῶς, μικρά μοι δοκεῖ χρῆναι καὶ περὶ +τούτων δηλῶσαι, οἰκειοτέραν ἀρχὴν προθέντα +τοῦ λόγου. +</p> + +<p> +(Yet one can but admire the zeal of all who have +made you the theme of a panegyric. Some did not +shrink from the tremendous effort to secure every +one of your achievements from the withering touch +of time; others, because they foresaw that they could +not compass the whole, expressed themselves only +in part, and chose to consecrate to you their individual +work so far as they were able. Better this, +they thought, than <q>the reward of silence that +runs no risk.</q><note place='foot'>Simonides <hi rend='italic'>fr.</hi> 66. Horace, <hi rend='italic'>Odes</hi> 3. 2. 25.</note> +Now if I were one of those whose favourite pursuit +is epideictic oratory, I should have to begin my +speech by asking from you no less goodwill than I +now feel towards yourself, and should beg you +graciously to incline your ear to my words and not +play the part of a severe and inexorable critic. But +since, bred as I have been and educated in other +studies, other pursuits, other conventions, I am +criticised for venturing rashly into fields that +belong to others, I feel that I ought to explain +myself briefly on this head and begin my speech +more after my own fashion.) +</p> + +<p> +Νόμος ἐστὶ παλαιὸς παρὰ τοῦ πρώτου φιλοσοφίαν +ἀνθρώποις φήναντος οὑτωσὶ κείμενος· ἅπαντας +[D] πρὸς τὴν ἀρετὴν καὶ πρὸς τὸ καλὸν βλέποντας +ἐπιτηδεύειν ἐν λόγοις, ἐν ἔργοις, ἐν ξυνουσίαις, ἐν +πᾶσιν ἁπλῶς τοῖς κατὰ τὸν βίον μικροῖς καὶ +μείζοσι τοῦ καλοῦ πάντως ἐφίεσθαι. πάντων δὲ +ὅτι κάλλιστον ἀρετή, τίς ἂν ἡμῖν τῶν νοῦν ἐχόντων +ἀμφισβητήσειε; ταύτης τοίνυν ἀντέχεσθαι +διακελεύεται τοὺς μὴ μάτην τουτὶ περιοίσοντας +τοὔνομα, προσῆκον οὐδὲν αὐτοῖς σφετερισαμένους. +ταῦτα δὲ διαγορεύων ὁ νόμος οὐδεμίαν ἰδέαν ἐπιτάττει +λόγων, οὐδ᾽ ὥσπερ ἔκ τινος τραγικῆς +μηχανῆς, φησὶ, χρῆναι προαγορεύει τοῖς ἐντυγχάνουσ [4] +σπεύδειν μὲν πρὸς τὴν ἀρετήν, ἀποφεύγειν +δὲ τὴν πονηρίαν, ἀλλὰ πολλαῖς ὁδοῖς ἐπὶ τοῦτο +δίδωσι χρῆσθαι τῷ βουληθέντι μιμεῖσθαι τὴν ἐκείνου +φύσιν. καὶ γὰρ παραίνεσιν ἀγαθὴν καὶ λόγων +προτρεπτικῶν χρῆσιν καὶ τὸ μετ᾽ εὐνοίας ἐπιπλήττειν +τοῖς ἁμαρτήμασιν ἐπαινεῖν τε αὖ τὰ καλῶς +πραχθέντα καὶ ψέγειν, ὅταν ᾖ καιρός, τὰ μὴ [B] +τοιαῦτα τῶν ἔργων. ἐφίησι δὲ καὶ<note place='foot'>καὶ Reiske adds.</note> ταῖς ἄλλαις +ἰδεαις, εἴ τις ἐθέλοι, πρὸς τὸ βέλτιστον τῶν λόγων +χρῆσθαι, ἐπὶ παντὶ δὲ οἶμαι καὶ λόγῳ καὶ πράξει +μεμνῆσθαι προστάττων, ὅπῃ τούτων ὑφέξουσιν +εὐθύνας, ὧν ἂν τύχωσιν εἰπόντες, λέγειν δὲ οὐδὲν +ὅ τι μὴ πρὸς ἀρετὴν καὶ φιλοσοφίαν ἀνοίσουσι. +τὰ μὲν οὖν ἐκ τοῦ νόμου ταῦτα καὶ τοιαῦτα ἕτερα. +</p> + +<p> +(There is an ancient maxim taught by him who first +introduced philosophy to mankind, and it is as +follows. All who aspire to virtue and the beautiful +must study in their words, deeds, conversation, in +short, in all the affairs of life, great and small, to aim in +every way at beauty. Now what sensible man would +deny that virtue is of all things the most beautiful? +Wherefore those are bidden to lay firm hold on her +who do not seek to blazon abroad her name in vain, +appropriating that which in no way belongs to them. +Now in giving this counsel, the maxim does not prescribe +any single type of discourse, nor does it +proclaim to its readers, like a god from the machine +in tragedy, <q>Ye must aspire to virtue and eschew +evil.</q> Many are the paths that it allows a man to +follow to this goal, if he desire to imitate the nature +of the beautiful. For example, he may give good +advice, or use hortatory discourse, or he may rebuke +error without malice, or applaud what is well done, +or condemn, on occasion, what is ill done. It permits +men also to use other types of oratory, if they please, +so as to attain the best end of speech, but it enjoins +on them to take thought in every word and act +how they shall give account of all they utter, and to +speak no word that cannot be referred to the +standard of virtue and philosophy. That and +more to the same effect is the tenour of that +precept.) +</p> + +<pb n='010'/><anchor id='Pg010'/><anchor id='Pg011'/> + +<p> +Ἡμεῖς δὲ ἄρα τί ποτε δράσομεν, εἰργόμενοι μὲν +τῷ δοκεῖν ποιεῖσθαι πρὸς χάριν τὴν εὐφημίαν, [C] τοῦ +γένους δὲ ἤδη τῶν ἐπαίνων διὰ τούς οὐκ ὀρθῶς +μετιόντας ὑπόπτου καθεστῶτος δεινῶς, καὶ κολακείας +ἀγεννοῦς, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ μαρτυρίας ἀληθοῦς τῶν +ἀρίστων ἔργων εἶναι νομισθέντος; ἢ δῆλον ὅτι τῇ +περὶ τὸν ἐπαινούμενον ἀρετῇ πεπιστευκότες ἐπιδώσομεν +ἑαυτοὺς θαρροῦντες τοῖς ἐγκωμίοις; τίς +ἂν οὖν ἡμῖν ἀρχὴ καὶ τάξις τοῦ λόγου γένοιτο +καλλίστη; [D] ἢ δῆλον ὡς ἡ τῶν προγόνων ἀρετή, δι᾽ +ἣν ὑπῆρξέ σοι καὶ τὸ τοιούτῳ γενέσθαι; τροφῆς +δὲ οἶμαι καὶ παιδείας ἑξῆς προσήκει μνησθῆναι, +ἥπερ σοι τὸ πλεῖστον εἰς τῆν ὑπάρχουσαν ἀρετὴν +συνεισηνέγκατο, ἐφ᾽ ἅπασι δὲ τούτοις ὥσπερ +γνωρίσματα τῶν τῆς ψυχῆς ἀρετῶν τὰς πράξεις +διελθεῖν, καὶ τέλος ἐπιτιθέντα τῷ λόγῳ τὰς ἕξεις +δηλῶσαι, ὅθεν ὁρμώμενος τὰ κάλλιστα τῶν ἔργων +ἔδρασας καὶ ἐβουλεύσω. [5] τούτῳ γὰρ οἶμαι καὶ +τῶν ἄλλων πάντων διοίσειν τὸν λόγον. οἱ μὲν +γὰρ ἐπὶ τῶν πράξεων ἵστανται, ἀποχρῆν οἰόμενοι +πρὸς τὴν τελείαν εὐφημίαν τὸ τούτων μνησθῆναι, +ἐγὼ δὲ οἶμαι δεῖν περὶ τῶν ἀρετῶν τὸν πλεῖστον +λόγον ποιήσασθαι, ἀφ᾽ ὧν ὁρμώμενος ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον +τῶν κατορθωμάτων ἦλθες. τὰ μὲν γὰρ πλεῖστα +τῶν ἔργων, σχεδὸν δὲ πάντα, τύχη καὶ δορυφόροι +καὶ στρατιωτῶν φάλαγγες καὶ τάξεις ἱππέων<note place='foot'>ἱππέων καὶ πεζῶν MSS.</note> +συγκατορθοῦσι, [B] τὰ δὲ τῆς ἀρετῆς ἔργα μόνου τέ +ἐστι τοῦ δράσαντος, καὶ ὁ ἐκ τούτων ἔπαινος +ἀληθής καθεστὼς ἴδιος ἐστι τοῦ κεκτημένου. οὐκοῦν +ἐπειδὴ ταῦθ᾽ ἡμῖν σαφῶς διώρισται, τῶν λόγων +ἄρξομαι. +</p> + +<p> +(And now, what am I to do? What embarrasses +me is the fact that, if I praise you, I shall be thought +simply to curry favour, and in fact, the department +of panegyric has come to incur a grave suspicion due +to its misuse, and is now held to be base flattery +rather than trustworthy testimony to heroic deeds. +Is it not obvious that I must put my faith in the +merit of him whom I undertake to praise, and with +full confidence devote my energies to this panegyric? +What then shall be the prelude of my speech and the +most suitable arrangement? Assuredly I must +begin with the virtues of your ancestors through +which it was possible for you to come to be what +you are. Next I think it will be proper to describe +your upbringing and education, since these contributed +very much to the noble qualities that you +possess, and when I have dealt with all these, I must +recount your achievements, the signs and tokens, as +it were, of the nobility of your soul, and finally, as +the crown and consummation of my discourse, I shall +set forth those personal qualities from which was +evolved all that was noble in your projects and their +execution. It is in this respect that I think my +speech will surpass those of all the others. For some +limit themselves to your exploits, with the idea that +a description of these suffices for a perfect panegyric, +but for my part I think one ought to devote the +greater part of one's speech to the virtues that were +the stepping-stones by which you reached the height +of your achievements. Military exploits in most +cases, nay in almost all, are achieved with the help +of fortune, the body-guard, heavy infantry and cavalry +regiments. But virtuous actions belong to the doer +alone, and the praise that they inspire, if it be +sincere, belongs only to the possessor of such virtue. +Now, having made this distinction clear, I will +begin my speech.) +</p> + +<pb n='012'/><anchor id='Pg012'/><anchor id='Pg013'/> + +<p> +Ὁ μὲν οὖν τῶν ἐπαίνων νόμος οὐδὲν ἔλαττον +τῆς πατρίδος ἢ τῶν προγόνων ἀξιοῖ μεμνῆσθαι. +ἐγὼ δὲ οὐκ οἶδα, τίνα χρὴ πρῶτον ὑπολαβεῖν +πατρίδα σήν· ἔθνη γὰρ μυρία περὶ ταύτης ἀμφισβητεῖ +πολὺν ἤδη χρόνον. [C] καὶ ἡ μὲν βασιλεύουσα +τῶν ἁπάντων πόλις, μήτηρ οὖσα σὴ καὶ τροφὸς +καὶ τὴν βασιλείαν σοι μετὰ τῆς ἀγαθῆς τύχης +παρασχοῦσα, ἐξαίρετον αὑτῆς φησιν εἶναι τὸ +γέρας, οὐ τοῖς κοινοῖς ἐφ᾽ ἁπάντων τῶν αὐτοκρατόρων +δικαίοις χρωμένη· λέγω δὲ ὅτι, κἂν ἀλλαχόθεν +<pb n='014'/><anchor id='Pg014'/><anchor id='Pg015'/> +τυγχάνωσι, τῷ μετέχειν ἅπαντας ἤδη τοῦ +πολιτεύματος καὶ τοῖς ἐκεῖθεν ἡμῖν καταδειχθεῖσιν +ἔθεσι καὶ νόμοις χρῆσθαι πολῖται γεγόνασιν· +οὔκουν οὕτως, ἀλλ᾽ ὡς<note place='foot'>γεγόνασιν· οὐκοῦν ὡς MSS, οὔκουν ἀλλ᾽ ὡς M, οὔκουν οὕτως, +ἀλλ ὡς Hertlein suggests.</note> τεκοῦσα τὴν σὴν μητέρα [D] +καὶ θρεψαμένη βασιλικῶς καὶ τῶν ἐσομένων +ἐκγόνων<note place='foot'>ἐκγόνων Wright, ἐγγόνων MSS, Hertlein.</note> ἀξίως. ἡ δὲ ἐπὶ τῷ Βοσπόρῳ πόλις, +ὅλου τοῦ γένους τοῦ Κωνσταντίων ἐπώνυμος, +πατρὶς μὲν οὐκ εἶναι φησι, γεγονέναι δὲ ὑπὸ τοῦ +σοῦ πατρὸς ὁμολογεῖ, καὶ δεινὰ πάσχειν οἰήσεται, +εἰ ταύτης γοῦν τις αὐτὴν τῷ λόγῳ τῆς συγγενείας +ἀφαιροῖτο. Ἰλλυριοὶ δέ, ὅτι παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς γέγονας, +οὐκ ἀνέξονται τοῦ καλλίστου τῶν εὐτυχημάτων +στερόμενοι, [6] εἴ τις ἄλλην σοι πατρίδα προσνέμοι. +ἀκούω δὲ ἔγωγε καὶ τῶν ἑῴων ἤδη τινὰς λέγειν, +ὅτι μὴ δίκαια δρῶμεν ἀφαιρούμενοι σφᾶς τὸν +ἐπὶ σοὶ λόγον· αὐτοὶ γάρ φασι τὴν τήθην ἐπὶ +τὸν τοῦ μητροπάτορος τοῦ σοῦ προπέμψαι γάμον. +καὶ σχεδὸν ἅπαντες οἱ λοιποὶ προφάσεις ἐπινοοῦντες +μικρὰς ἢ μείζονας αὑτοῖς σε<note place='foot'>σε Schaefer adds.</note> εἰσποιεῖν +ἐκ παντὸς ἐγνώκασιν. ἐχέτω μὲν οὖν τὸ γέρας +ἣν αὐτὸς ἐθέλεις, [B] καὶ ἣν ἀρετῶν μητέρα καὶ +διδάσκαλον πολλάκις ἐπαινῶν εἴρηκας, τυγχανόντων +δὲ ἑκάστη κατὰ τὴν ἀξίαν αἱ λοιπαὶ τοῦ +προσήκοντος. ἐγὼ δὲ ἐπαινεῖν μὲν ἁπάσας +<pb n='016'/><anchor id='Pg016'/><anchor id='Pg017'/> +ἐθέλοιμ᾽<note place='foot'>ἐθέλοιμ᾽ ἄν Cobet, ἔχοιμ᾽ ἄν Hertlein, εὔχομαι MSS.</note> ἂν ἀξίας οὔσας δόξης<note place='foot'>δόξης Wyttenbach ἀξίας MSS, Hertlein.</note> καὶ τιμῆς, ὀκνῶ +δὲ μὴ διὰ τὸ μῆκος, εἰ καὶ δοκεῖ λίαν οἰκεῖα τοῦ +παρόντος λόγου, διὰ τὸν καιρὸν ἀλλότρια φανῇ. +τῶν μὲν οὖν ἄλλων τοὺς ἐπαίνους διὰ τοῦτ᾽ ἀφήσειν +μοι δοκῶ, τῆς Ῥώμης δὲ τὸ κεφάλαιον τῶν +ἐπαίνων αὐτός, [C] ὦ βασιλεῦ, συλλαβὼν ἐν βραχεῖ +καὶ διδάσκαλον ἀρετῆς προσειπών, τῷ δοῦναι τὸ +κάλλιστον τῶν ἐγκωμίων, τοὺς παρὰ τῶν ἄλλων +λόγους ἀφῄρησαι. τί γὰρ λέξομεν ἡμεῖς περὶ +αὐτῆς τοιοῦτον ἕτερον; τί δὲ ἄλλος τις εἰπεῖν +ἔχει; ὥστε μοι δοκῶ σεβόμενος εἰκότως τὴν πόλιν +τούτῳ τιμᾶν αὐτὴν πλέον, τῷ παραχωρεῖν σοι +τῶν εἰς αὐτὴν λόγων. +</p> + +<p> +(The rules of panegyric require that I should +mention your native land no less than your ancestors. +But I am at a loss what country I ought to consider +peculiarly yours. For countless nations have long +asserted their claim to be your country. The city<note place='foot'>Rome.</note> +that rules over them all was your mother and nurse, +and in an auspicious hour delivered to you the +imperial sceptre, and therefore asserts her sole title +to the honour, and that not merely by resorting to +the plea that has prevailed under all the emperors. +I mean that, even if men are born elsewhere, they +all adopt her constitution and use the laws and +customs that she has promulgated, and by that fact +become Roman citizens. But her claim is different, +namely that she gave your mother birth, rearing her +royally and as befitted the offspring who were to be +born to her. Then again, the city on the Bosporus +which is named after the family of the Constantii, +though she does not assert that she is your native +place, but acknowledges that she became your +adopted land by your father's act, will think she is +cheated of her rights if any orator should try to +deprive her of at least this claim to kinship. +Thirdly, the Illyrians, on whose soil you were born, +will not tolerate it if anyone assign you a different +fatherland and rob them of the fairest gift of fortune. +And now I hear some even of the Eastern provinces +protest that it is unjust of me to rob them of +the lustre they derive from you. For they say +that they sent forth your grandmother to be the +consort of your grandfather on the mother's side. +Almost all the rest have hit on some pretension +of more or less weight, and are determined, on +one ground or another, to adopt you for their own. +Therefore let that country<note place='foot'>Rome.</note> have the prize which +you yourself prefer and have so often praised as +the mother and teacher of the virtues; as for the +rest, let each one according to her deserts obtain +her due. I should be glad to praise them all, +worthy as they are of glory and honour, but I am +afraid that my compliments, however germane they +may seem to my subject, might, on account of their +length, be thought inappropriate to the present +occasion. For this reason, then, I think it better to +omit a eulogy of the others, but as for Rome, your +imperial Majesty summed up her praises in two +words when you called her the teacher of virtue, +and, by bestowing on her the fairest of all +encomiums, you have forestalled all that others +might say. What praise of mine would come up to +that? What indeed is left for anyone to say? So +I feel that I, who naturally hold that city in +reverence, shall pay her a higher honour if I leave +her praise in your hands.) +</p> + +<p> +Ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ τῆς εὐγενείας τῆς σῆς ἴσως ἄξιον +ἐπὶ τοῦ παρόντος ἐν βραχεῖ διελθεῖν. ἀπορεῖν δὲ +ἔοικα κάνταῦθα, [D] πόθεν ἄρχεσθαι χρή. πρόγονοί +τε γάρ εἰσί σοι καὶ πάπποι καὶ γονεῖς ἀδελφοί τε +καῖ ἀνεψιοὶ καὶ ξυγγενεῖς βασιλεῖς ἅπαντες, +αὐτοὶ κτησάμενοι τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐννόμως ἢ παρὰ τῶν +κρατούντων εἰσποιηθέντες. καὶ τὰ μὲν παλαιὰ +τί δεῖ λέγειν, Κλαυδίου μνησθέντα, καὶ τῆς ἀρετῆς +τῆς ἐκείνου ἐναργῆ παρέχειν καὶ γνώριμα πᾶσι +τεκμήρια, τῶν ἀγώνων τῶν<note place='foot'>τῶν Hertlein adds.</note> πρὸς τοὺς ὑπὲρ τὸν +Ἴστρον οἰκοῦντας βαρβάρους ἀναμιμνήσκοντα, +καὶ ὅπως τὴν ἀρχὴν ὁσίως ἅμα καὶ δικαίως ἑκτήσατο, [7] +καὶ τὴν ἐν βασιλείᾳ τῆς διαίτης λιτότητα, +καὶ τὴν ἀφέλειαν τῆς ἐσθῆτος ἐπὶ τῶν εἰκόνων +ὁρωμένην ἔτι; τὰ δὲ ὑπὲρ τῶν πάππων τῶν σῶν +ἐστι μὲν τούτων νεώτερα, λαμπρὰ δὲ οὐ μεῖον +<pb n='018'/><anchor id='Pg018'/><anchor id='Pg019'/> +ἐκείνων. ἔτυχον μὲν γὰρ ἄμφω τῆς ἀρχῆς δι᾽ +ἀρετὴν ἀξίω κριθέντε, γενομένω δὲ ἐπὶ τῶν πραγμάτων +οὕτω πρός τε ἀλλήλους εὐνοïκῶς ἔσχον καὶ +πρὸς τὸν μεταδόντα τῆς βασιλείας εὐσεβῶς, ὥσθ᾽ +ὁ μὲν ὡμολόγει μηδὲν τούτου πώποτε κρεῖττον +βεβουλεῦσθαι, [B] πολλὰ καὶ ἄλλα σωτήρια τοῖς +κοινοῖς ἐξευρών, οἱ δὲ τὴν μετ᾽ ἀλλήλων κοινωνίαν +μᾶλλον ἢ τὴν τῶν ὅλων ἀρχήν, εἴπερ οἷόν τε ἦν, +ἑκάστῳ περιγενομένην ἠγάπων. οὕτω δὲ διακείμενοι +τὰς ψυχὰς τῶν ἔργων ἔδρων τὰ κάλλιστα, +σεβόμενοι μὲν μετὰ τὴν κρείττονα φύσιν τὸν τὴν +ἀρχὴν αὐτοῖς παρασχόντα, τοῖς ὑπηκόοις δὲ +πρᾴως<note place='foot'>πρᾴως Cobet, ὁσίως MSS, Hertlein.</note> καὶ φιλανθρώπως χρώμενοι, καὶ τοὺς +[C] βαρβάρους οὐκ ἐλαύνοντες μόνον πάλαι κατοικοῦντας +καὶ νεμομένους καθάπερ τὴν οἰκείαν +ἀδεῶς τὰ ἡμέτερα, φρούρια δὲ ἐπιτειχίζοντες +αὐτοῖς τοσαύτην πρὸς αὐτοὺς εἰρήνην τοῖς ὑπηκόοις +κατέστησαν, ὅσην οὐδὲ εὔξασθαι τότε ῥᾴδιον +ἐδόκει. ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ μὲν τούτων οὐκ ἄξιον ἐν +παρέργῳ λέγειν. τῆς δὲ ὁμονοίας αὐτῶν τῆς +πρὸς ἀλλήλους τὸ μέγιστον σημεῖον παραλιπεῖν +οὐδαμῶς εὔλογον, καὶ ἄλλως προσῆκον τῷ λόγῳ. +[D] κοινωνίαν γὰρ τὴν καλλίστην τοῖς αὑτῶν παισὶν +ἐπινοήσαντες τῶν σῶν πατέρων τοὺς γάμους +ἥρμοσαν. προσήκει δὲ οἶμαι καὶ περὶ τούτων ἐν +βραχεῖ διελθεῖν, ὅπως μῆ τῆς ἀρχῆς φανῇς μόνον, +ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς ἀρετῆς κληρονόμος. τὴν μὲν οὖν βασιλείαν +ὅπως μετὰ τὴν τοῦ πατρὸς κατέσχε τελευτὴν +αὐτοῦ τε ἐκείνου τῇ κρίσει καὶ τῶν στρατοπέδων +ἁπάντων τῇ ψήφῳ πατὴρ ὁ σός, τί χρὴ νῦν περιεργάζεσθαι; +<pb n='020'/><anchor id='Pg020'/><anchor id='Pg021'/> +τὴν δὲ ἐς τοὺς πολέμους ῥώμην ἐκ +τῶν ἔργων μᾶλλον ἢ διὰ τῶν λόγων ἄν τις γνωρίσειε. +τυραννίδας γάρ, [8] ἀλλ᾽ οὐ βασιλείας ἐννόμους +καθαιρῶν τὴν οἰκουμένην ἐπῆλθεν ἅπασαν. τοσαύτην +δὲ εὔνοιαν αὑτοῦ τοῖς ὑπηκόοις παρέστησεν, +ὥσθ᾽ οἱ μὲν στρατευόμενοι τῆς περὶ τὰς δωρεὰς +καὶ τὰς χάριτας μεγαλοψυχίας ἔτι μεμνημένοι +καθάπερ θεὸν διατελοῦσι σεβόμενοι· τὸ δὲ ἐν ταῖς +πόλεσι καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀγρῶν πλῆθος, οὐχ οὕτω τῆς +τῶν τυράννων ἀπαλλαγῆναι βαρύτητος εὐχόμενοι, +ὡς παρὰ τοῦ σοῦ πατρὸς ἀρχθῆναι, [B] τὴν κατ᾽ +ἐκείνων αὐτῷ νίκην ἐπηύχοντο. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἁπάντων +κύριος κατέστη, ὥσπερ ἐξ αὐχμοῦ τῆς ἀπληστίας +τοῦ δυναστεύσαντος πολλῆς ἀπορίας χρημάτων +οὔσης καὶ τοῦ πλούτου τῶν βασιλείων ἐν μυχοῖς +συνεληλαμένου, τὸ κλεῖθρον ἀφελὼν ἐπέκλυσεν +ἀθρόως τῷ πλούτῳ πάντα, πόλιν τε ἐπώνυμον +αὑτοῦ κατέστησεν ἐν οὐδὲ ὅλοις ἔτεσι δέκα, +τοσούτῳ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπασῶν μείζονα, [C] ὅσῳ τῆς +Ῥώμης ἐλαττοῦσθαι δοκεῖ, ἧς τὸ δευτέραν τετάχθαι +μακρῷ βέλτιον ἔμοιγε φαίνεται ἢ τὸ τῶν ἄλλων +ἁπασῶν πρώτην νομίζεσθαι. καλὸν ἴσως ἐνταῦθα +καὶ τῶν ἀοιδίμων Ἀθηνῶν μνησθῆναι, ἂς ἐκεῖνος +ἔργοις καὶ λόγοις τιμῶν τὸν πάντα χρόνον διετέλει. +βασιλεὺς γὰρ ὢν καὶ κύριος πάντων, στρατηγὸς +ἐκείνων ἠξίου καλεῖσθαι, καὶ τοιαύτης εἰκόνος +τυγχάνων μετ᾽ ἐπιγράμματος ἐγάνυτο πλέον ἢ +τῶν μεγίστων τιμῶν ἀξιωθείς. [D] ἀμειβόμενος δὲ +ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ τὴν πόλιν, πυρῶν μεδίμνους δίδωσι +πολλάκις μυρίους καθ᾽ ἕκαστον ἔτος δωρεὰν καρποῦσθαι, +ἐξ ὧν ὑπῆρχε τῇ πόλει μὲν ἐν ἀφθόνοις +<pb n='022'/><anchor id='Pg022'/><anchor id='Pg023'/> +εἶναι, ἐκείνῳ δὲ ἔπαινοι καὶ τιμαὶ παρὰ τῶν +βελτίστων. +</p> + +<p> +(Now perhaps I ought at this point to say a few +words about your noble ancestors. Only that here +too I am at a loss where to begin. For all your +ancestors, grandfathers, parents, brothers, cousins +and kinsfolk were emperors, who had either +acquired their power by lawful means or were +adopted by the reigning house. Why should I +recall ancient history or hark back to Claudius +and produce proofs of his merit, which are manifest +and known to all? To what end recount his +campaigns against the barbarians across the +Danube or how righteously and justly he won the +empire? How plainly he lived while on the throne! +How simple was his dress, as may be seen to +this day in his statues! What I might say about +your grandparents<note place='foot'>Constantius Chlorus and Maximianus.</note> is comparatively recent, but +equally remarkable. Both of them acquired the +imperial sceptre as the reward of conspicuous merit, +and having assumed the command, they were on +such good terms with each other and displayed +such filial piety to him<note place='foot'>Diocletian.</note> who had granted them +a share in the empire, that he used to say that of +all the safeguards designed by him for the realm, +and they were many, this was his master-stroke. +They, meanwhile, valued their mutual understanding +more than undivided empire, supposing that it could +have been bestowed on either of them separately. +This was the temper of their souls, and nobly they +played their part in action, while next to the +Supreme Being they reverenced him who had +placed authority in their hands. With their subjects +they dealt righteously and humanely, and +expelled the barbarians who had for years settled +in our territory and had occupied it with impunity +as though it were their own, and they built forts to +hinder encroachment, which procured for those +subjects such peaceful relations with the barbarians +as, at that period, seemed to be beyond their dreams. +This, however, is a subject that deserves more than +a passing mention. Yet it would be wrong to omit +the strongest proof of their unanimity, especially +as it is related to my subject. Since they desired +the most perfect harmony for their children, they +arranged the marriage of your father and mother.<note place='foot'>Constantine and Fausta.</note> +On this point also I think I must say a few words to +show that virtue was bequeathed to you as well +as a throne. But why waste time in telling how +your father, on his father's death, became emperor +both by the choice of the deceased monarch and by +the vote of all the armies? His military genius was +made evident by his achievements and needs no +words of mine. He traversed the whole civilised +world suppressing tyrants, but never those who ruled +by right. His subjects he inspired with such affection +that his veterans still remember how generous he +was with largess and other rewards, and to this day +worship him as though he were a god. As for +the mass of the people, in town and country alike, +they prayed that your father might be victorious +over the tyrants, not so much because they would be +delivered from that oppression as because they would +then be governed by him. But when he had made +his power supreme, he found that the tyrant's<note place='foot'>Maxentius.</note> +greed had worked like a drought, with the result +that money was very scarce, while there were great +hoards of treasure in the recesses of the palace; so +he unlocked its doors and on the instant flooded the +whole country with wealth, and then, in less than +ten years, he founded and gave his name to a city<note place='foot'>Constantinople.</note> +that as far surpasses all others as it is itself inferior +to Rome; and to come second to Rome seems to me +a much greater honour than to be counted first and +foremost of all cities beside. Here it may be proper +to mention Athens <q>the illustrious,</q><note place='foot'>Pindar <hi rend='italic'>fr.</hi> 46.</note> seeing that +during his whole life he honoured her in word and +deed. He who was emperor and lord of all did +not disdain the title of General of the Athenians, +and when they gave him a statue with an inscription +to that effect he felt more pride than if he +had been awarded the highest honours. To repay +Athens for this compliment he bestowed on her +annually a gift of many tens of thousands of bushels +of wheat, so that while she enjoyed plenty, he won +applause and reverence from the best of men.) +</p> + +<p> +Πολλῶν δὲ καὲ καλῶν ἔργων τῷ πατρὶ τῷ σῷ +πραχθέντων, ὧν τε ἐπεμνήσθην καὶ ὅσα διὰ τὸ +μῆκος παραλιπεῖν δοκῶ, πάντων ἄριστον ἔγογε +φαίην ἄν, [9] οἶμαι δὲ καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους ἅπαντας +ὁμολογήσειν, τὴν σὴν γένεσιν καὶ τροφὴν καὶ +παιδείαν· ἐξ ἧς ὑπάρχει τοῖς λοιποῖς οὐ τὸ πρὸς +ὀλίγον ἀπολαῦσαι τῆς ἀρίστης ἀρχῆς, ἀλλ᾽ ὡς +οἷον τέ ἐστιν εἰς πλείονα χρόνον. δοκεῖ γοῦν +ἄρχειν ἐκεῖνος εἰσέτι. καὶ Κύρῳ μὲν οὐχ ὑπῆρχε +τοῦτο. τελευτήσαντος γὰρ ὁ παῖς ὤφθη μακρῷ +φαυλότερος, ὥστε ὁ μὲν ἐκαλεῖτο πατήρ, ὁ δὲ +ἐπωνομάσθη δεσπότης. [B] σὲ δὲ πρᾳότερον μὲν τοῦ +πατρὸς καὶ ἐν ἄλλοις πολλοῖς κρείττονα σαφῶς +τε<note place='foot'>τε Cobet, εὖ MSS, Hertlein.</note> οἶδα, καὶ δηλώσω τοῦ καιροῦ φανέντος ἐν τῷ +λόγῳ. ἐκείνῳ δὲ προσήκειν καὶ τούτου νομίζω +μεταδόντι σοι τῆς ἀρίστης τροφῆς, ὑπὲρ ἧς ἤδη +λέγειν πειράσομαι, μητρὸς καὶ ἀδελφῶν τῶν σῶν +ἐπιμνησθείς. +</p> + +<p> +(Your father's achievements were many and +brilliant. Some I have just mentioned, and others I +must omit for the sake of brevity. But the most +notable of all, as I make bold to say and I think all +will agree, was that he begat, reared and educated +you. This secured to the rest of the world the +advantages of good government, and that not for a +limited time but for a period beyond his own lifetime, +as far as this is possible. At any rate your +father seems still to be on the throne. This is more +than Cyrus himself could achieve. When he died +his son proved far inferior, so that while men called +Cyrus <q>father,</q> his successor was called <q>master.</q><note place='foot'>Herodotus 3. 89.</note> +But you are even less stern than your father, and +surpass him in many respects, as I well know and will +demonstrate in my speech as occasion shall arise. +Yet, in my opinion, he should have the credit of this +as well, since it was he who gave you that admirable +training concerning which I shall presently speak, +but not till I have described your mother and +brothers.<note place='foot'>Constantine II. and Constans.</note>) +</p> + +<p> +Τῇ μὲν γὰρ εὐγενείας τοσοῦτον περιῆν καὶ κάλλους +σώματος καὶ τρόπων ἀρετῆς, ὄσον οὐκ ἄλλῃ +γυναικὶ ῥᾳδίως ἄν τις ἐξεύροι. ἐπεὶ καὶ Περσῶν +ἀκούω τὸν ὑπὲρ Παρυσάτιδος λόγον, [C] ὅτι μόνη γέγονεν +ἀδελφὴ καὶ μήτηρ καὶ γαμετὴ καὶ παῖς βασιλέως. +ἀλλ᾽ ἦν γε αὕτη τοῦ γήμαντος ἀδελφὴ τῇ +φύσει, νόμος δὲ ἐδίδου γαμεῖν ἀδελφὴν τῷ Πέρσῃ. +τὴν σὴν δὲ μητέρα κατὰ τοὺς παρ᾽ ἡμῖν νόμους +ἀχράντους καὶ καθαρὰς τὰς οἰκειότητας ταύτας +<pb n='024'/><anchor id='Pg024'/><anchor id='Pg025'/> +φυλάττουσαν συνέβαινε<note place='foot'>συνέβαινε Reiske, lacuna Hertlein.</note> τοῦ μὲν εἶναι παῖδα, +γαμετὴν δὲ ἑτέρου, καὶ ἀδελφὴν ἄλλου, καὶ πολλῶν +αὐτοκρατόρων, οἰχὶ δὲ ἑνὸς μητέρα. [D] ὧν ὁ μέν τις +τῷ πατρὶ συγκατειργάσατο τὸν πρὸς τοὺς τυράννους +πόλεμον, ὁ δὲ τὴν πρὸς τοὺς Γέτας ἡμῖν +εἰρήνην τοῖς ὅπλοις κρατήσας ἀσφαλῆ παρεσκεύασεν, +ὁ δὲ ἐτήρησεν ἄβατον τοῖς πολεμίοις +τὴν χώραν, αὐτὸς ἐπιστρατεύων ἐκείνοις πολλάκις, +ἕως ἐπέτρεπον οἱ μικρὸν ὕστερον τῶν εἰς +ἐκεῖνον ἀδικημάτων δίκην ὑποσχόντες. πολλῶν +δὲ ὑπαρχόντων ἐκείνοις περιφανῶν ἔργων, ἐφ᾽ +οἷς ἄν τις αὐτοὺς δικαίως ἐπαινεῖν ἔχοι, καὶ +τῶν ἐκ τῆς τύχης ἀγαθῶν περιουσίας οὔσης,<note place='foot'>οὔσης Wyttenbach adds, περιουσίας· MSS, Hertlein.</note> +[10] οὐδέν ἐστι τοιοῦτον τῶν ἄλλων, ἐφ᾽ ᾧ μακαρίζων +ἄν<note place='foot'>ἄν Schaefer adds.</note> τις αὐτοὺς εἰκότως σεμνύνοι, ὡς ὅτι +τῶν μὲν ἀπόγονοι, τῶν δὲ ἔκγονοι<note place='foot'>ἔκγονοι Petavius, ἔγγονοι MSS, Hertlein.</note> γεγόνασιν.<note place='foot'>γεγόνασιν Wyttenbach adds.</note> +ἀλλ᾽ ἵνα μὴ μακρότερα περὶ αὐτῶν λέγων τὸν +ὀφειλόμενον τοῖς ἐπαίνοις τοῖς σοῖς καιρὸν +ἀναλώσω τοῦ λόγου, πειράσομαι λοιπὸν ὡς ἡμῖν +ἄξιον, μᾶλλον δέ, εἰ δεῖ μηδὲν ὑποστειλάμενον +εἰπεῖν, μακρῷ τῶν προγόνων ἐπιδείξω σε<note place='foot'>σε Wyttenbach adds.</note> +σεμνότερον. +</p> + +<p> +(Your mother's ancestry was so distinguished, her +personal beauty and nobility of character were such +that it would be hard to find her match among +women. I have heard that saying of the Persians +about Parysatis, that no other woman had been the +sister, mother, wife, and daughter of kings. Parysatis, +however, was own sister of her husband, since +their law does not forbid a Persian to marry his +sister. But your mother, while in accordance with +our laws she kept pure and unsullied those ties +of kinship, was actually the daughter of one +emperor,<note place='foot'>Maximianus.</note> the wife of another, the sister of a third, +and the mother not of one emperor but of several. +Of these one aided your father in his war against the +tyrants; another conquered the Getae and secured +for us a lasting peace with them; the third<note place='foot'>Constans.</note> kept our +frontiers safe from the enemy's incursions, and often +led his forces against them in person, so long at least +as he was permitted by those who were so soon +punished for their crimes against him. Though by +the number and brilliance of their achievements they +have indeed earned our homage, and though all the +blessings of fortune were theirs in abundance, yet in +the whole tale of their felicity one could pay them no +greater compliment than merely to name their sires +and grandsires. But I must not make my account of +them too long, lest I should spend time that I ought +to devote to your own panegyric. So in what +follows I will, as indeed I ought, endeavour—or +rather, since affectation is out of place, let me say I +will demonstrate—that you are far more august than +your ancestors.) +</p> + +<p> +[B] Φήμας μὲν δὴ καὶ μαντείας καὶ ὄψεις τὰς +ἐν τοῖς ὕπνοις, καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα θρυλεῖν εἰώθασιν +ἐπὶ τῶν οὕτω λαμπρὰ καὶ περιφανῊ πραξάντων, +Κύρου καὶ τοῦ τῆς ἡμετέρας οἰκιστοῦ +πόλεως καὶ Ἀλεξάνδρου τοῦ Φιλίππου, καὶ +εἴ τις ἄλλος τοιοῦτος γέγονεν, ἑκὼν ἀφίημι· +<pb n='026'/><anchor id='Pg026'/><anchor id='Pg027'/> +δοκεῖ γὰρ οὐ πόρρω ταῦτα τῆς ποιητικῆς ἐξουσίας +εἶναι. καὶ τὰ παρὰ τὴν πρώτην ὑπάρξαντά +σοι γένεσιν ὡς λαμπρὰ καὶ βασιλικὰ +καὶ<note place='foot'>καὶ Wyttenbach adds.</note> τὸ λέγειν εὔηθες. [C] ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ τῆς ἐν τοῖς +παισὶν ἀγωγῆς ὁ καιρὸς ὑπομέμνηκεν, ἔδει σοι +τῆς βασιλικῆς τροφῆς δήπουθεν, ἣ τὸ μὲν σῶμα +πρὸς ἰσχὺν καὶ ῥώμην καὶ εὐεξίαν καὶ κάλλος +ἀσκήσει, τὴν ψυχὴν δὲ πρὸς ἀνδρείαν καὶ δικαιοσύνην +καὶ σωφροσύνην καὶ φρόνησιν ἐμμελῶς +παρασκευάσει. ταῦτα δὲ οὐ ῥᾴδιον διὰ τῆς +ἀνειμένης ὑπάρχειν διαίτης, θρυπτούσης μέν, ὡς +εἰκός, τὰς ψυχὰς καὶ τὰ σώματα, ἀσθενεστέρας δὲ +[D] ἐργαζομένης πρός τε τοὺς κινδύνους τὰς γνώμας +καὶ πρὸς τοὺς πόνους τὰ σώματα. οὐκοῦν τῷ μὲν +ἔδει γυμναστικῆς, τῷ σώματι, τὴν ψυχὴν δὲ τῇ τῶν +λόγων ἐκόσμεις μελέτῃ. ἐπὶ πλέον δὲ ὑπὲρ ἀμφοτέρων +ἄξιον διελθεῖν· ἀρχὴ γάρ τις αὕτη τῶν μετὰ +ταῦτα πράξεων γέγονε. τῆς μὲν οὖν ἐπιμελείας τῆς +περὶ τὴν ἰσχὺν οὐ τὸ πρὸς τὰς ἐπιδείξεις ἁρμόζον +ἤσκησας, ἥκιστα βασιλεῖ πρέπειν ὑπολαβὼν τῶν +τὰς παλαίστρας κατειληφότων τὴν θρυλουμένην εὐεξίαν, [11] +μέλλοντι τῶν ἀληθινῶν ἀγώνων μεθέξειν, ὕπνου +τε ἐλαχίστου δεομένῳ καὶ τροφῆς οὐ πολλῆς, +καὶ ταύτης οὔτε κατὰ πλῆθος οὔτε κατὰ ποιότητα +πάντως ὡρισμένης οὔτε κατὰ τὸν καιρόν, ὃν χρὴ προσφέρεσθαι, +τῆς ἐπιτυχούσης δέ, ἐπειδὰν αἱ πράξεις +τὸν καιρὸν ἐνδῶσιν. ὅθεν ᾤου δεῖν καὶ τὰ γυμνάσια +πρὸς ταύτην ποιεῖσθαι,<note place='foot'>ποιεῖσθαι Wyttenbach, ποιεῖσθαι εἶναι δὲ MSS, Hertlein.</note> πολλὰ καὶ στρατιωτικά, +χορείαν τὴν ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις, [B] δρόμον τὸν ἐν τούτοις, +τὴν ἱππικὴν τέχνην, οἷς ἅπασι διατετέλεκας ἐξ +<pb n='028'/><anchor id='Pg028'/><anchor id='Pg029'/> +ἀρχῆς ἐν καιρῷ χρώμενος· καὶ κατώρθωται παρὰ +σοὶ τούτων ἕκαστον ὡς παρ᾽ οὐδενὶ τῶν ἄλλων +ὁπλιτῶν. οὐκοῦν ὁ μέν τις ἐκείνων, πεζὸς ὢν +ἀγαθός, τὴν ἱππικὴν τέχνην ἠγνόησεν, ὁ δέ, ἐπιστάμενος +χρῆσθαι τοῖς ἱππικοῖς, ὀκνεῖ πεζὸς εἰς +μάχην ἰέναι. μόνῳ δὲ ὑπάρχει σοὶ τῶν μὲν +ἱππέων ἀρίστῳ φαίνεσθαι παραπλησίως ἐκείνοις +σταλέντι, [C] μετασκευασαμένῳ δὲ ἐς τοὺς ὁπλίτας +κρατεῖν ἁπάντων ῥώμῃ καὶ τάχει καὶ τῇ τῶν +ποδῶν κουφότητι. ὅπως δὲ μὴ τὰς ἀνέσεις +ῥᾳιθύμους εἶναι μηδ᾽ ἄνευ τῶν ὅπλων ποιεῖσθαι +συμβαίνῃ, ἐπίσκοπα τοξεύειν ἤσκησας. καὶ τὸ +μὲν σῶμα διὰ τῶν ἑκουσίων πόνων πρὸς τοὺς +ἀκουσίους εὖ ἔχειν παρεσκεύασας, τῇ ψυχῇ δὲ +ἡγεῖτο μὲν ἡ τῶν λόγων μελέτη καὶ τὰ προσήκοντα +τοῖς τηλικούτοις μαθήματα. [D] ὅπως δὲ μὴ +παντάπασιν ἀγύμναστος ᾖ μηδὲ καθάπερ ᾄσματα +καὶ μύθους τοὺς ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐπακούῃ λόγους, +ἔργων δὲ ἀγαθῶν καὶ πράξεων ἄπειρος οὖσα τὸν +τοσοῦτον διαμείνῃ χρόνον, καθάπερ ὁ γενναῖος +ἠξίωσε Πλάτων οἱονεὶ πτερὰ τοῖς παισὶ χαριζόμενον +καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς ἵππους ἀναβιβάζοντα<note place='foot'>ἀναβιβάζοντα Cobet, ἀνάγοντα MSS, Hertlein.</note> ἄγειν εἰς +τὰς μάχας, θεατὰς ἐσομένους ὧν οὐκ εἰς μακρὰν +ἀγωνιστὰς ἐχρῆν καταστῆναι, πατέρα τὸν σὸν +[12] διανοηθέντα φαίην ἂν εἰκότως τοῖς Κελτῶν ἔθνεσιν +ἐπιστῆσαι σε φύλακα καὶ βασιλέα, μειράκιον +ἔτι, μᾶλλον δὲ παῖδα κομιδῇ τῷ χρόνῳ, ἐπεὶ τῇ γε +συνέσει καὶ ῥώμῃ τοῖς καλοῖς κἀγαθοῖς ἀνδράσιν +<pb n='030'/><anchor id='Pg030'/><anchor id='Pg031'/> +ἐνάμιλλον ἤδη. τοῦ μὲν ἀκίνδυνον γενέσθαι σοι +τὴν πολεμικὴν ἐμπειρίαν ὁ πατὴρ προυνόησε +καλῶς, εἰρήνην ἐπιτάξας πρὸς τοὸς ὑπηκόους ἄγειν +τοῖς βαρβάροις· [B] μάχεσθαι δὲ ἀναπείθων καὶ στασιάζειν +πρὸς ἀλλήλουσ, ἐν ταῖς ἐκείνων συμφοραῖς +καὶ τοῖς σώμασι στρατηγικὴν ἐδίδασκε τέχνην, +ἀσφαλέστερον βουλευόμενος τοῦ σοφοῦ Πλάτωνος. +τῷ μὲν γὰρ, εἰ πεζὸς ἐπέλθοι πολεμίων στρατός, +οἱ παῖδες θεαταὶ καὶ κοινωνοὶ τῶν ἔργων, ἤν που +δεηθῶσι, τοῖς πατράσι γένοιντ᾽ ἄν· κρατούντων δὲ +ἱππεῦσι τῶν πολεμίων, ὥρα μηχανᾶσθαι τοῖς +μειρακίοις σωτηρίας τρόπον δυσεπινόητον. [C] τὸ δὲ +ἐν ἀλλοτρίοις κινδύνοις τοὺς παῖδας ἐθίζειν πολεμίων +ἀνέχεσθαι καὶ πρὸς τὴν χρείαν ἀρκούντως +καὶ πρὸς τὴν ἀσφάλειαν δοκεῖ βεβουλεῦσθαι. +</p> + +<p> +(Now as for heavenly voices and prophecies and +visions in dreams and all such portents<note place='foot'>Isocrates, <hi rend='italic'>Evagoras</hi> 21.</note> as are common +gossip when men like yourself have achieved brilliant +and conspicuous success, Cyrus, for instance, and the +founder<note place='foot'>Romulus.</note> of our capital, and Alexander, Philip's son, +and the like, I purposely ignore them. Indeed +I feel that poetic license accounts for them all. +And it is foolish even to state that at the hour of your +birth all the circumstances were brilliant and suited +to a prince. And now the time has come for me to +speak of your education as a boy. You were of +course bound to have the princely nurture that +should train your body to be strong, muscular, +healthy, and handsome, and at the same time duly +equip your soul with courage, justice, temperance, +and wisdom. But this cannot result from that loose +indulgence which naturally pampers body and soul, +weakening men's wills for facing danger and their +bodies for work. Therefore your body required +training by suitable gymnastics, while you adorned +your mind by literary studies. But I must speak at +greater length about both branches of your education, +since it laid the foundation of your later career. In +your physical training you did not pursue those +exercises that fit one merely for public display. +What professional athletes love to call the pink of +condition you thought unsuitable for a king who +must enter for contests that are not make-believe. +Such a one must put up with very little sleep and +scanty food, and that of no precise quantity or +quality or served at regular hours, but such as can +be had when the stress of work allows. And so you +thought you ought to train yourself in athletics with +a view to this, and that your exercises must be +military and of many kinds, dancing and running in +heavy armour, and riding. All these you have +continued from early youth to practise at the right +time, and in every exercise you have attained to +greater perfection than any other hoplite. Usually +a hoplite who is a good infantryman cannot ride, or, +if he is an expert horseman, he shirks marching on +foot to battle. But of you alone it can be said that +you can put on the cavalry uniform and be a match +for the best of them, and when changed into a hoplite +show yourself stronger, swifter, and lighter on +your feet than all the rest. Then you practised +shooting at a mark, that even your hours of leisure +might not be hours of ease or be found without the +exercise of arms. So by work that was voluntary +you trained your body to stand the exertions that +you would be compelled to undertake. +Your mind, meanwhile, was trained by practice in +public speaking and other studies suitable to your +years. But it was not to be wholly without the +discipline of experience, nor was it for you to listen +merely to lectures on the virtues as though they +were ballads or saga stories, and so wait all that time +without actual acquaintance with brave works +and undertakings. Plato, that noble philosopher, +advised<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Republic</hi> 467 <hi rend='smallcaps'>e</hi>.</note> that boys should be furnished as it were +with wings for flight by being mounted on horseback, +and should then be taken into battle so that +they may be spectators of the warfare in which they +must soon be combatants. This, I make bold to say, +was in your father's mind when he made you +governor and king of the Celtic tribes while you +were still a youth, or rather a mere boy in point of +years, though in intelligence and endurance you +could already hold your own with men of parts. +Your father wisely provided that your experience of +war should be free from risks, having arranged that +the barbarians should maintain peace with his +subjects. But he instigated them to internal feuds +and civil war, and so taught you strategy at the +expense of their lives and fortunes. This was a +safer policy than the wise Plato's. For, by his +scheme, if the invading army were composed of +infantry, the boys could indeed be spectators of +their fathers' prowess, or, if need arose, could even +take part. But supposing that the enemy won in a +cavalry engagement, then, on the instant, one would +have to devise some means to save the boys, which +would be difficult indeed. But to inure the boys to +face the enemy, while the hazard belongs to others, +is to take counsel that both suffices for their need +and also secures their safety.) +</p> + +<p> +Ἐν μὲν δὴ τούτοις σοι πρὸς ἀνδρείαν ὑπῆρχε +μελέτη. φρονήσεως δὲ ἡ μὲν φύσις, ἣν εἴληχας, +αὐταρκὴς ἡγεμών· παρῆσαν δὲ οἶμαι καὶ τῶν πολιτῶν +οἱ κράτιστοι τὰ πολιτικὰ διδάσκοντες. καὶ +[D] παρεῖχον ἠθῶν καὶ νόμων καὶ ξένων ἐπιτηδευμάτων +ἐμπειρίαν αἱ πρὸς τοὺς ἡγεμόνας τῶν τῇδε +βαρβάρων ἐντεύξεις. καίτοι τὸν Ὀδυσσέα συνετὸν +Ὅμηρος ἐκ παντὸς ἀποφῆναι προαιρούμενος +πολύτροπον εἶναὶ φησι καὶ πολλῶν ἀνθρώπων +τὸν νοῦν καταγνῶναι καὶ ἐπελθεῖν τὰς πόλεισ,<note place='foot'>τὰς πόλεις Cobet, ταῖς πόλεσιν MSS, Hertlein.</note> ἵν᾽ +ἐξ ἁπάντων ἐπιλεξάμενος ἔχοι τὰ κράτιστα +καὶ πρὸς παντοδαποὺς ἀνθρώπους ὁμιλεὶν +δύναιτο. ἀλλὰ τῷ μὲν ὃς<note place='foot'>τῷ μὲν ὃς Wright, τὸν μὲν MSS, Hertlein, τὸ μὲν V.</note> οὐκ ἐβασίλευσε +<pb n='032'/><anchor id='Pg032'/><anchor id='Pg033'/> +ποικίλων ἠθῶν ἐμπειρίας χρεία· [13] τὸν δὲ πρὸς +τοσαύτην ἡγεμονίαν τρεφόμενον οὐκ ἐν οἰκίσκῳ +που χρῆν διδάσκεσθαι οὐδὲ τὴν βασιλείαν, +καθάπερ ὁ Κῦρος, παίζοντα μιμεῚσθαι οὐδὲ +χρηματίζειν τοῖς ἥλιξι, καθάπερ ἐκεῖνον λέγουσιν, +ἀλλ᾽ ἔθνεσιν ὁμιλεῖν καὶ δήμοις, καὶ στρατιωτῶν +τάγμασιν ἐπιτάττειν ἁπλῶς τὸ πρακτέον· ὅλως δὲ +οὐδενὸς ἀπολείπεσθαι τούτων, ὧν ἐχρῆν ἄνδρα +γενόμενον ἐπ᾽ ἀδείας πράττειν. +</p> + +<p> +(It was in this way then that you were first trained +in manliness. But as regards wisdom, that nature +with which you were endowed was your self-sufficing +guide. But also, I think, the wisest citizens were +at your disposal and gave you lessons in statecraft. +Moreover, your intercourse with the barbarian leaders +in that region gave you an acquaintance at first hand +with the manners, laws, and usages of foreigners. +Indeed, when Homer set out to prove the consummate +wisdom of Odysseus, he called him <q>much-travelled,</q> +and said that he had come to know the +minds of many peoples and visited their cities, so +that he might choose what was best in every one +and be able to mix with all sorts and conditions of +men. Yes, even Odysseus, who never ruled an +empire, needed experience of the many and divers +minds of men. How much more necessary that one +who was being brought up to guide an empire like +this should not fit himself for the task in some +modest dwelling apart; neither should he, like young +Cyrus in his games, play at being emperor, nor give +audiences to his playmates, as they say<note place='foot'>Herodotus 1. 114.</note> Cyrus did. +Rather he ought to mix with nations and peoples, +and give orders to his troops definitely indicating +what is to be done, and generally he should be found +wanting in none of those things which, when he +comes to manhood, he must perform without fear.) +</p> + +<p> +[B] Οὐκοῦν ἐπειδὴ τὰ παρὰ τούτοις ἐδιδάχθης +καλῶς, ἐπὶ τὴν ἑτέραν ἤπειρον μετιὼν τοῖς +Παρθυαίων καὶ Μήδων ἔθνεσιν ἀντετάχθης +μόνος. ὑποτυφομένου δὲ ἤδη τοῦ πολέμου +καὶ οὐκ εἰς μακρὰν μέλλοντος ἀναρριπίζεσθαι, +ταχέως καὶ τούτου κατέγνως τὸν τρόπον, καὶ +τὴν τῶν ὅπλων ἰσχὺν ἐμιμήσω, καὶ πρὸς τὴν +ὥραν τοῦ θέρους εἴθισας καρτερεῖν τὸ σῶμα. +πυνθάνομαι δὲ Ἀλκιβιάδην μόνον ἐξ ἁπάντων +Ἑλλήνων οὕτως εὐφυῶς μεταβολὰς ἐνεγκεῖν, [C] ὡς +καὶ μιμήσασθαι πρῶτον<note place='foot'>πρῶτον Cobet adds.</note> μὲν τὴν τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων +ἐγκράτειαν, ἐπειδὴ Σπαρτιάταις αὑτὸν +ἐδεδώκει, εἶτα Θηβαίους, καὶ Θρᾴκας ὕστερον, καὶ +ἐπὶ τέλει τὴν τῶν Περσῶν τρυφήν. ἀλλ᾽ ἐκεῖνος +μὲν τοῖς χωρίοις συμμεταβάλλων καὶ τὸν τρόπον +ἀνεπίμπλατο πολλῆς δυσχερείας καὶ τὸ πάτριον +ἐκινδύνευε παντελῶς ἀποβαλεῖν, σὺ δὲ τῆς μὲν +<pb n='034'/><anchor id='Pg034'/><anchor id='Pg035'/> +ἐγκρατοῦς διαίτης ᾤου δεῖν ἔχεσθαι πανταχοῦ, +[D] ἐθίζων δὲ τὸ σῶμα τοῖς πόνοις πρὸς τὰς μεταβολὰς +ῥᾷον ἤνεγκας<note place='foot'>ἤνεγκας Cobet, διήνεγκας MSS, Hertlein.</note> τὴν ἐκ Γαλατῶν εἰς Παρθυαίους +ἄνοδον ἢ<note place='foot'>ἢ Reiske adds.</note> τῶν πλουσίων οἱ ταῖς ὥραις τὴν οἴκησιν +συμμεταβάλλοντες, εἰ παρὰ τὸν καιρὸν βιασθεῖεν. +καί μοι δοκεῖ θεὸς εὐμενὴς πρὸς τὴν τῶν ὅλων +ἡγεμονίαν ἐξ ἀρχῆς τὴν σὴν ἀρετὴν παρασκευάζειν +ἐθέλων, κύκλῳ σε περιαγαγεῖν καὶ ἐπιδεῖξαι τῆς +ἀρχῆς ἁπάσης ὅρους καὶ πέρατα καὶ φύσιν χωρίων +[14] καὶ μέγεθος χώρας καὶ δύναμιν ἐθνῶν καὶ πλῆθος +πόλεων καὶ φύσιν δήμων καὶ τὶ κράτιστον αὐτῶν +ἐκείνων τὴν περιουσίαν<note place='foot'>περιουσίαν Petavius, γερουσίαν MSS, Hertlein.</note> ὧν οὐδενὸς ἀπολελεῖφθαι +χρὴ τὸν πρὸς τοσαύτην ἀρχὴν τρεφόμενον. τὸ +μέγιστον δὲ μικροῦ με διέφυγεν εἰπεῖν, ὅτι τούτων +ἁπάντων ἄρχειν ἐκ παίδων διδασκόμενος, ἄρχεσθαι +κρεῖττον ἔμαθες, ἀρχῇ τῇ πασῶν ἀρίστῃ καὶ +δικαιοτάτῃ, φύσει τε καὶ νόμῳ, σαυτὸν ὑποτιθείς· +πατρὶ γὰρ ὑπήκουες ἅμα καὶ βασιλεῖ· ὧν εἰ καὶ +θάτερον ὑπῆρχεν ἐκείνῳ μόνον, ἄρχειν αὐτῷ +πάντως προσῆκον ἦν. [B] καίτοι τίνα ποτ᾽ ἄν τις +ἐξεύροι βασιλικὴν τροφὴν καὶ παιδείαν ἀμείνω +ταύτης πάλαι γενομένην; οὔτε γὰρ Λακεδαιμόνιοι +τῶν Ἑλλήνων, οἵπερ δὴ δοκοῦσιν ἀρίστης ἀρχῆς +τῆς τῶν βασιλέων μεταλαβεῖν, οὕτω τοὺς Ἡρακλείδας +ἐπαίδευον, οὔτε τῶν βαρβάρων οἱ Καρχηδόνιοι, +<pb n='036'/><anchor id='Pg036'/><anchor id='Pg037'/> +βασιλευόμενοι διαφερόντως, τῆς ἀρίστης +ἐπιμελείας τὸν ἄρξοντα<note place='foot'>ἄρξοντα Hertlein suggests, ἄρχοντα MSS.</note> σφῶν ἠξίουν· ἀλλὰ +πᾶσιν ἦν κοινὰ τὰ παρὰ τῶν νόμων τῆς ἀρετῆς +γυμνάσια καὶ τὶ παιδεύματα, [C] καθάπερ ἀδελφοῖς +τοῖς πολίταις ἄρξειν τε καὶ ἀρχθήσεσθαι μέλλουσι, +καὶ οὐδὲν διάφορον προσῆν εἰς παιδείας +λόγον τοῖς ἡγεμόσι τῶν ἄλλων. καίτοι πῶς οὐκ +εὔηθες ἀπαιτεῖν μὲν ἀρετῆς μέγεθος ἀνυπέρβλητον +παρὰ τῶν ἀρχόντων, προνοεῖν δὲ μηδέν, ὅπως +ἔσονται τῶν πολλῶν διαφέροντες; καὶ τοῖς μὲν +βαρβάροις, ἅπασιν ἐν κοινῷ τῆς ἀρχῆς ταύτης +προκειμένης, τὸ τὴν ἐπιμέλειαν τῶν ἠθῶν ὁμοίαν +γίγνεσθαι παράσχοι συγγνώμην· τὸν Λυκοῦργον +[D] δὲ τοῖς ἀφ᾽ Ἡρακλέους ἀστυφέλικτον τὴν βασιλείαν +διαφυλάττοντα<note place='foot'>διαφυλάττοντα [καὶ] Hertlein.</note> μηδεμίαν ὑπεροχὴν ἐν ταῖς +ἐπιμελείαις τῶν νέων εὑρόντα σφόδρα ἄν τις +εἰκότως μέμψαιτο. οὐδὲ γὰρ εἰ πάντας Λακεδαιμονίους +ἀθλητὰς ἀρετῆς καὶ τροφίμους ᾤετο δεῖν +εἶναι, τῆς ἴσης ἀξιοῦν ἐχρῆν τροφῆς καὶ παιδείας +τοὺς ἰδιώτας τοῖς ἄρξουσιν.<note place='foot'>ἄρξουσιν Cobet, ἄρχουσιν MSS, Hertlein.</note> [15] ἡ γὰρ τοιαύτη κατὰ +μικρὸν παραδυομένη<note place='foot'>παραδυομένη Wright, cf. Rep. 424 D, ὑποδυομένη MSS, +Hertlein.</note> συνήθεια ταῖς ψυχαῖς ἐνέτεκεν<note place='foot'>ἐνέτεκεν Wyttenbach, ἐντεκεῖν MSS, Hertlein, πέφυκεν +ἐντεκεῖν Petavius.</note> +ὑπεροψίαν τῶν κρειττόνων· ὅλως γὰρ οὐδὲ +κρείττονας νομιστέον τοὺς οὐ δι᾽ ἀρετὴν πρωτεύειν +<pb n='038'/><anchor id='Pg038'/><anchor id='Pg039'/> +λαχόντας. τοῦτο δὲ οἶμαι καὶ Σπαρτιάτας χαλεπωτέρους +ἀρχθῆναι τοῖς βασιλεῦσι παρεῖχε πολλάκις. +χρήσαιτο δ᾽ ἄν τις σαφεῖ τεκμηρίῳ τῶν +[B] ῥηθέντων τῇ Λυσάνδρου πρὸς Ἀγησίλαον φιλοτιμίᾳ +καὶ ἄλλοις πλείοσιν, ἐπιὼν τὰ πεπραγμένα +τοῖς ἀνδράσιν. +</p> + +<p> +(Accordingly, when you had gained a thorough +knowledge of the Celts, you crossed to the other +continent and were given sole command against the +Parthians and Medes. There were already signs +that a war was smouldering and would soon burst +into flame. You therefore quickly learned how to +deal with it, and, as though you took as model the +hardness of your weapons, steeled yourself to bear +the heat of the summer season. I have heard say +that Alcibiades alone, among all the Greeks, was +naturally so versatile that when he cast in his lot +with the Spartans he copied the self-restraint of the +Lacedaemonians, then in turn Theban and Thracian +manners, and finally adopted Persian luxury. But +Alcibiades, when he changed his country changed +his character<note place='foot'>Cf. Aeschines <hi rend='italic'>Against Ctesiphon</hi> 78. Horace <hi rend='italic'>Epistles</hi> 1. +11. 27.</note> too, and became so tainted with +perversity and so ill-conditioned that he was likely to +lose utterly all that he was born to. You, however, +thought it your duty to maintain your severity of +life wherever you might be, and by hard work +inuring your constitution to change, you easily bore +the march inland from Galatia to Parthia, more easily +in fact than a rich man who lives now here, now +there, according to the season, would bear it if he +were forced to encounter unseasonable weather. I +think Heaven smiled on you and willed that you +should govern the whole world, and so from the first +trained you in virtue, and was your guide when you +journeyed to all points, and showed you the bounds +and limits of the whole empire, the character of each +region, the vastness of your territory, the power of +every race, the number of the cities, the characteristics +of the masses, and above all the vast +number of things that one who is bred to so great a +kingship cannot afford to neglect. But I nearly +forgot to mention the most important thing of all. +From a boy you were taught to govern this great +empire, but a better thing you learned, to be +governed, submitting yourself to the authority that +is the best in the world and the most just, that is to +say nature and law. I mean that both as son and +subject you obeyed your father. Indeed, had he +been only your father or only your king, obedience +was his due. +Now what rearing and education for a king could +one find in history better than this? Consider the +Greeks. Not thus did the Spartans train the +Heracleidae, though they are thought to have +enjoyed the best form of government, that of their +kings. As for the barbarians, not even the Carthaginians, +though they were particularly well-governed +by their kings, chose the best method of training +their future rulers. The moral discipline and the +studies prescribed by their laws were pursued by all +alike, as though the citizens were brothers, all +destined both to govern and be governed, and in the +matter of education they made no difference +between their princes and the rest of the citizens. +Yet surely it is foolish to demand superlative +excellence from one's rulers when one takes no +pains to make them better than other men. Among +the barbarians, indeed, no man is debarred from +winning the throne, so one can excuse them for +giving the same moral training to all. But that +Lycurgus, who tried to make the dynasty of the +Heracleidae proof against all shocks,<note place='foot'>cf. Xenophon <hi rend='italic'>Rep. Lac.</hi> 15. 7.</note> should not +have arranged for them a special education better +than that of other Spartan youths is an omission for +which he may well be criticised. He may have +thought that all the Lacedaemonians ought to enter +the race for virtue, and foster it, but for all that +it was wrong to provide the same nurture and +education for private citizens as for those who were +to govern. The inevitable familiarity little by little +steals into men's souls and breeds contempt for their +betters. Though, for that matter, they are not +in any sense one's betters unless it was their own +merit that earned them the right to rule. This, in +my opinion, is the reason why the Spartan kings +often found their subjects hard to govern. In proof +of what I say one might quote the rivalry of +Lysander and Agesilaus, and many other instances, +if one should review the history of the Spartan +kings.) +</p> + +<p> +Ἀλλὰ τοῖς μὲν ἡ πολιτεία τὰ<note place='foot'>τὰ Wyttenbach adds.</note> πρὸς ἀρετὴν +ἀρκούντως παρασκευάζουσα, εἰ καὶ μηδὲν διαφέρον +ἐπιτηδεύειν ἐδίδου τῶν πολλῶν, ἀλλὰ τὸ +καλοῖς κἀγαθοῖς ὑπάρχειν παρεῖχεν ἀνδράσι· +Καρχηδονίων δὲ οὐδὲ τὰ κοινὰ τῶν ἐπιτηδευμάτων +ἐπαινεῖν ἄξιον. ἐξελαύνοντες γὰρ τῶν +οἰκιῶν οἱ γονεῖς τοὺς παῖδας ἐπέταττον εὐπορεῖν +διὰ τῶν πόνων τῶν πρὸς τὴν χρείαν ἀναγκαίων, +[C] τὸ δρᾶν τι τῶν δοκούντων αἰσχρῶν ἀπαγορεύοντες. +τὸ δὲ ἦν, οὐ τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν ἐξελεῖν τῶν +νέων, ἀλλὰ λαθεῖν<note place='foot'>λαθεῖν Cobet, τὸ λαθεῖν MSS, Hertlein, τοῦ λαθεῖν +Schaefer.</note> πειρᾶσθαι τι δρῶντα<note place='foot'>τι δρῶντα Spanheim, ἱδρῶτα MSS, Hertlein.</note> προστάττειν. +πέφυκε γὰρ οὐ τρυφὴ μόνον ἦθος διαφθείρειν, +ἀλλὰ καὶ ἡ τῶν ἀναγκαίων ἐνδεὴς δίαιτα, +ἐφ᾽ ὧν οὔπω τὸ κρίνειν ὁ λόγος προσλαβὼν +ἕπεται ταῖς χρείαις ὑπὸ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας ἀναπειθόμενος, +[D] ἄλλως τε εἰ καὶ τούτου μὴ κρατοίη τοῦ +πάθους, πρὸς χρηματισμὸν ἐκ παίδων συνεθιζόμενος +καί τινας ἀμοιβὰς ἐμποριῶν καὶ καπηλείας +τὰς μὲν αὐτὸς εὑρὼν τὰς δὲ παρὰ τῶν εἰδότων +μαθών, ὑπὲρ ὧν οὐ λέγειν μόνον, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ ἀκούειν +<pb n='040'/><anchor id='Pg040'/><anchor id='Pg041'/> +ἄξιον ἐλευθέρῳ παιδί, πλείστας ἂν κηλῚδας +ἐναπόθοιτο τῇ ψυχῇ, ὧν πασῶν καθαρὸν εἶναι +χρὴ καὶ τὸν ἐπιεικῆ πολίτην, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ τὸν βασιλέα +καὶ στρατηγὸν μόνον. +</p> + +<p> +(The Spartan polity, however, by securing a +satisfactory development of the moral qualities in +their kings, even if it gave them a training in no +way different from that of the crowd, at least +endowed them with the attributes of well-bred +men. But as for the Carthaginians, there was +nothing to admire even in the discipline that they +all shared. The parents turned their sons out of +doors and bade them win the necessaries of life +by their own efforts, with the injunction to do +nothing that is considered disgraceful. The effect +of this was not to uproot the evil inclinations of the +young, but to require them to take pains not to be +caught in wrong-doing. For it is not self-indulgence +only that ruins character, but the lack of mere +necessaries may produce the same result. This is +true at any rate in the case of those whose reason +has not yet assumed the power to decide, being +swayed by physical needs and persuaded by desire. +It is especially true when one fails to control the +passion for money-getting, if from boyhood one is +accustomed to it and to the trading and bartering of +the market-places. This business, unfit for a youth +of gentle birth to mention, or so much as hear +spoken of, whether the youth finds it out for himself +or learns it from those of greater experience, leaves +many scars on the soul; and even a respectable citizen +ought to be free from all this, not a king or general +alone.) +</p> + +<p> +ἐμοὶ δὲ οὐκ ἐπιτιμᾶν ἐπὶ τοῦ παρόντος ἐκείνοις +προσήκει· [16] δείξω δὲ μόνον τῆς τροφῆς<note place='foot'>τροφῆς MSS, Cobet, διατροφῆς V, Hertlein.</note> τὸ +διαφέρον, ᾗ χρησάμενος κάλλει καὶ ῥώμῃ καὶ +δικαιοσύνῃ καὶ σωφροσύνῃ διήνενκας, διὰ μὲν +τῶν πόνων τὴν εὐεξίαν περιβαλόμενος, δὰα δὲ +τῶν νόμων τὴν σωφροσύνην κατακτησόμενος,<note place='foot'>κατακτησάμενος Cobet κτησάμενος MSS, Hertlein, καταχρησάμενος +V.</note> +καὶ τῷ μὲν σώματι ῥωμαλεωτέρῳ διὰ τὴν ἐγκράτειαν +τῆς ψυχῆς, τῇ ψυχῇ δ᾽ αὖ διὰ τὴν τοῦ +σώματος καρτερίαν δικαιοτέρᾳ χρώμενος, τὰ μὲν +ἐκ φύσεως ἀγαθὰ συναύξων ἐκ παντός, τὰ δὲ ταῖς +ἐπιμελείαις ἔξωθεν ἀεὶ προσλαμβάνων· [B] καὶ δεόμενος<note place='foot'>δεόμενος MSS, Cobet, ἐνδεόμενος Hertlein.</note> +μὲν οὐδενός, ἐπαρκῶν δ᾽ ἄλλοις καὶ χαριζόμενος +μεγάλας δωρεὰς καὶ ὅσαι τοὺς λαβόντας +ἤρκουν ἀποφῆναι τῷ Λυδῶν δυνάστῃ παραπλησίους, +ἐνδεέστερον μὲν ἀπολαύων αὐτὸς τῶν +ὑπαρχόντων ἀγαθῶν ἢ Σπαρτιατῶν ὁ σωφρονέστατος, +τοῦ τρυφᾶν δὲ παρέχων ἄλλοις χορηγίαν, +καὶ τοῖς βουλομένοις σωφρονεῖν παρέχων σαυτὸν +μιμεῖσθαι, ἄρχων μὲν πρᾴως καὶ φιλανθρώπως +τῶν ἄλλων, [C] ἀρχόμενος δὲ ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς σωφρόνως +καὶ ὡς εἷς τῶν πολλῶν τόν ἅπαντα +διετέλεις χρόνον. παιδὶ μὲν ὄντι σοι καὶ μειρακίῳ +ταῦτά τε ὑπῆρχε καὶ ἄλλα πλείονα, περὶ ὧν νῦν +λέγειν μακρότερον ἂν εἴη τοῦ καιροῦ. +</p> + +<p> +(But it is not for me to criticise the Carthaginians +in this place. I will only point out how +different was your education, and how you profited +by it and have come to excel in looks, strength, +justice, and temperance. By your active life you +achieved perfect health; your temperance was +the result of obedience to the laws; you enjoy a +body of unusual strength by reason of your self-control, +and a soul of unusual rectitude because +of your physical powers of endurance. You left +nothing undone to improve your natural talents, but +ever acquired new talents by new studies. You +needed nothing yourself but gave assistance to +others, and lavished such generous gifts that the +recipients seemed as rich as the monarch of the +Lydians.<note place='foot'>Gyges.</note> Though you indulged yourself less in the +good things that were yours than the most austere +of the Spartans, you gave others the means of +luxury in abundance, while those who preferred +temperance could imitate your example. As a ruler +you were mild and humane; as your father's subject +you were ever as modest as any one of his people. +All this was true of you in boyhood and youth, and +much more about which there is now no time to +speak at length.) +</p> + +<pb n='042'/><anchor id='Pg042'/><anchor id='Pg043'/> + +<p> +Γενόμενος δὲ ἐφ᾽ ἡλικίας, καὶ τῷ πατρὶ τὴν +εἱμαρμένην τελευτὴν τοῦ δαίμονος μάλα ὀλβίαν +παρασχόντος, οὐ μόνον τῷ πλήθει καὶ κάλλει τῶν +ἐπενεχθέντων τὸν τάφον ἐκόσμεις, γενέσεως καὶ +τροφῆς ἀποτίνων τὰ χαριστήρια, [D] πολὺ δὲ πλέον +τῷ μόνος ἐκ πάντων τῶν ἐκείνου παίδων ζῶντος +μὲν ἔτι καὶ πιεζομένου τῇ νόσῳ πρὸς αὐτὸν ὁρμῆσαι, +τελευτήσαντος δὲ τὰς μεγίστας τιμὰς καταστῆσαι, +ὑπὲρ ὧν ἐξαρκεῖ καὶ τὸ μνησθῆναι. καλοῦσι γὰρ +ἡμᾶς ἐφ᾽ αὑτὰς αἱ πράξεις ὑπομιμνήσκουσαι τῆς +ῥώμης, τῆς εὐψυχίας, εὐβουλίας τε ἅμα καὶ δικαιότητος, +οἷς ἄμαχος ὤφθης καὶ ἀνυπέρβλητος, τὰ +μὲν πρὸς τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τοὺς πολίτας καὶ +[17] τοὺς πατρῴους σοι φίλους καὶ τὰ στρατεύματα +δικαίως καὶ σωφρόνως καταστησάμενος· πλὴν εἴ +που βιασθεὶς ὑπὸ τῶν καιρῶν ἄκων ἑτέρους +ἐξαμαρτεῖν οὐ διεκώλυσας· τὰ δὲ πρὸς τοὺς +πολεμίους ἀνδρείως καὶ μεγαλοπρεπῶς καὶ τῆς +προüπαρχούσης ἀξίως τοῪ γένους δόξης καταστρησάμενος. +τοῖς μὲν δι᾽ ὁμονοίας τὸν ἅπαντα +χρόνον συγγέγονας, ἀστασίαστον μὲν τὴν πόλιν +[B] διαφυλάττων καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς συνάρχοντας +θεραπεύων ἀεί, τοῖς φίλοις δὲ τῆς ἰσηγορίας<note place='foot'>ἰσηγορίας Petavius, ἴσης παρηγορίας MSS, Hertlein.</note> μεταδιδοὺς +καὶ τῆς παρρησίας μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων ἀγαθῶν +ἀφθόνως, κοινωνῶν μὲν ἅπασι τῶν ὑπαρχόντων, +μεταδιδοὺς δὲ ὧν ἕκαστος ἐνδεὴς δόξειε. καὶ +τούτων μάρτυσι μὲν αὐτοῖς ἐκείνοις εἰκότως ἄν τις +χρήσαιτο, καὶ τὰ πράγματα δὲ τοῖς ἀπολειφθεῖσι +<pb n='044'/><anchor id='Pg044'/><anchor id='Pg045'/> +τῆς πρὸς ἐκείνους συνουσίας ἱκανὰ δηλῶσαι τὴν +προαίρεσιν τοῦ βίου παντός. +</p> + +<p> +(When you had come to man's estate, and after +fate had decreed the ending of your father's life<note place='foot'>At Nicomedia 337 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></note> +and Heaven had granted that his last hours should +be peculiarly blest, you adorned his tomb not only +by lavishing on it splendid decorations<note place='foot'>Isocrates, <hi rend='italic'>Evagoras</hi> 1.</note> and so paying +the debt of gratitude for your birth and education, +but still more by the fact that you alone of his sons +hastened to him when he was still alive and stricken +by illness, and paid him the highest possible honours +after his death. But all this I need only mention in +passing. For now it is your exploits that cry aloud +for notice and remind me of your energy, courage, +good judgment, and justice. In these qualities you +are unsurpassed, unrivalled. In your dealings with +your brothers,<note place='foot'>Constans and Constantine.</note> your subjects, your father's friends, +and your armies you displayed justice and moderation; +except that, in some cases, forced as you were +by the critical state of affairs, you could not, in spite +of your own wishes, prevent others from going +astray. Towards the enemy your demeanour was +brave, generous, and worthy of the previous reputation +of your house. While you maintained the +friendly relations that already existed, kept the capital +free from civil discord, and continued to cherish +your brothers who were your partners in empire, you +granted to your friends, among other benefits, +the privilege of addressing you as an equal and full +freedom of speech without stint, and perfect frankness. +Not only did you share with them all whatever +you possessed, but you gave to each what he seemed +most to need. Anyone who wants testimony to all +this might reasonably call your friends to witness, +but if he does not know your friends, the facts +themselves are sufficient to demonstrate the policy +of your whole life.) +</p> + +<p> +[C] Ῥητέον δὲ ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν ἤδη τῶν πράξεων ἀναβαλλομένοις +τὸν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἕξεων λόγον. Πέρσαι +τῆς Ἀσίας ἁπάσης πάλαι κρατήσαντες καὶ τῆς +Εὐρώπης τὰ πολλὰ καταστρεψάμενοι, μικροῦ δέω +φάναι πᾶσαν τὴν οἰκουμένην περιβαλόμενοι +κύκλῳ ταῖς ἐλπίσιν, ἐπειδὴ τὴν ἀρχὴν ὑπὸ +Μακεδόνων ἀφῄρηντο, τῆς Ἀλεξάνδρου στρατηγίας +ἔργον γενόμενοι, μᾶλλον δὲ παίγνιον, +χαλεπῶς φέροντες<note place='foot'>φέροντες πρὸς MSS.</note> τὸ δουλεύειν, ὡς ἐκεῖνον +ᾔσθοντο τετελευτηκότα, τῶν διαδόχων ἀποστάντες +[D] Μακεδόσι τε εἰς τὴν ἀντίπαλον δύναμιν αὖθις +κατέστησαν καὶ ἡμῚν τὸ λειπόμενον τῆς Μακεδόνων +ἀρχῆς. κατακτησαμένοις ἀξιόμαχοι διὰ τέλους +ἔδοξαν εἶναι πολέμιοι. καὶ τῶν μὲν παλαιῶν τί χρὴ +νῦν ὑπομιμνήσκειν, Ἀντωνίου καὶ Κράσσου, στρατηγῶν +αὐτοκρατόρων, καὶ ὡς ἐκεῖνα διὰ μακρῶν ἀπωσάμεθα +κινδύνων τὰ αἴσχη, πολλῶν καὶ σωφρόνων +αὐτοκρατόρων ἀναμαχεσαμένων τὰ πταίσματα; +τί δὲ χρὴ τῶν δευτέρων ἀτυχημάτων μεμνῆσθαι +καὶ τῶν ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς τοῦ Κάρου πράξεων, [18] ὅσπερ +μετὰ τὰς συμφορὰς ᾑρέθη στρατηγός;<note place='foot'>ὅσπερ . . . . στρατηγός MSS.</note> ἀλλ᾽ οἱ +τὴν θαυμαστὴν καὶ παρὰ πᾶσιν ἀγαπωμένην +εἰρήνην ἐπιτάξαντες ἐκείνοις ἄγειν, οἱ πρὸ τοῦ σοῦ +πατρὸς τὴν βασιλείαν κατασχόντες, οὐχ ὁ μὲν +καῖσαρ καθ᾽ αὑτὸν συμβαλὼν αἰσχρῶς ἀπήλλαξεν; +ἐπιστραφέντος δὲ τοῦ τῆς οἰκουμένης +ἁπάσης ἄρχοντος καὶ τὰς δυνάμεις τῆς ἡγεμονίας +<pb n='046'/><anchor id='Pg046'/><anchor id='Pg047'/> +[B] ἁπάσης ἐκεῖσε τρέψαντος καὶ προκαταλαβέντος +τὰς εἰσβολὰς στρατεύμασι καὶ καταλόγοις ὁπλιτῶν +παλαιῶν καὶ νεολέκτων καὶ παντοδαπαῖς +παρασκευαῖς, δεδιότες μόλις τὴν εἰρήνην ἠγάπησαν. +ἣν οὐκ οἶδ᾽ ὅπως περιόντος τοῦ πατρὸς τοῦ +σοῦ συγχέαντες καὶ συνταράξαντες, τῆς μὲν παρ᾽ +ἐκείνου τιμωρίας διήμαρτον, ἐν ταῖς πρὸς τὸν +πόλεμον παρασκευαῖς τὸν βίον μεταλλάξαντος· +σοὶ δὲ ὑπέσχον τὴν δίκην ὕστερον τῶν τετολμημένων. +μέλλων δὲ ἔτι δὴ τῶν πρὸς αὐτοὺς +ἀγώνων γενομένων σοι πολλάκις ἅπτεσθαι τοσοῦτον +ἁξιῶ σκοπεῖν τοὺς ἀκροωμένους, [C] ὅτι τοῦ +τρίτου μορίου τῆς ἀρχῆς καθεστὼς κύριος οὐδαμῶς +πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον ἐρρῶσθαι δοκοῦντος, οὐχ +ὅπλοις, οὐκ ἀνδράσι τοῖς στρατευομένοις, οὐδενὶ +τῶν ἄλλων, ὅσα πρὸς τηλικοῦτον πόλεμον ἐχρῆν +ἐπιρρεῖν ἄφθονα, πρὸς τούτοις δὲ οὐδὲ τῶν ἀδελφῶν +σοι δι᾽ ἁσδηποτοῦν αἰτίας τὸν πόλεμον +ἐλαφρυνόντων· καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδεὶς οὕτως ἀναίσχυντος +οὐδὲ βάσκανος συκοφάντης, [D] ὃς οὐκ αἰτιώτατον +γενέσθαι σὲ τῆς πρὸς ἐκείνους ὁμονοίας +φήσει· ὄντος δὲ οἶμαι τοῦ πολέμου καθ᾽ αὑτὸν +δυσχεροῦς, τὰ τὼν στρατοπέδων πρὸς τὴν μεταβολὴν +διεταράττετο, τὸν μὲν παλαιὸν σφῶν +ἡγεμόνα ποθεῖν ἐκβοῶντες, ὑμῶν δὲ ἄρχειν ἐθέλοντες· +καὶ ἄλλα μυρία ἄτοπα καὶ δυσχερῆ πανταχόθεν +ἀναφυόμενα χαλεπωτέρας τὰς ὑπὲρ τοῦ +πολέμου παρεῖχεν ἐλπίδας· Ἀρμένιοι παλαιοὶ +[19] σύμμαχοι στασιάζοντες καὶ μοῖρα σφῶν οὐ φαύλη +Πέρσαις προσθέμενοι, τὴν ὅμορον σφίσι λῃσταῖς +κατατρέχοντες· καὶ ὅπερ ἐν τοῖς παροῦσιν ἐφαίνετο +<pb n='048'/><anchor id='Pg048'/><anchor id='Pg049'/> +μόνον σωτήριον, τὸ σὲ τῶν πραγμάτων ἔχεσθαι +καὶ βουλεύεσθαι, τέως οὐχ ὑπῆρχε διὰ τὰς πρὸς +τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς ἐν Παιονίᾳ συνθήκας, ἃς αὐτὸς +παρὼν οὕτω διῴκησας, ὡς μηδεμίαν ἀφορμὴν +ἑκείνοις παρασχεῖν μέμψεως. μικροῦ με ἔλαθεν ἡ<note place='foot'>ἡ Schaefer adds.</note> +τῶν πράξεων ἀρχὴ διαφυγοῦσα καλλίων ἁπασῶν +ἢ ταῖς καλλίσταις ἐξ ἴσης θαυμαστή. [B] τὸ γὰρ +ὑπὲρ τοσούτων πραγμάτων βουλευόμενον μηδὲν +ἐλαττοῦσθαι δοκεῖν, εἰ τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς τὸ πλέον +ἔχειν ἑκὼν συγχωροίης, σωφροσύνης καὶ +μεγαλοψυχίας μέγιστον ἂν εἴη σημεῖον. νῦν +δὲ εἰ μέν τις τὴν πατρῴαν οὐσίαν πρὸς +τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς νεμόμενος ἑκατὸν ταλάντων, +κείσθω δέ, εἰ βούλει, τοσούτων ἄλλων, εἶτα +ἔχων πεντήκοντα<note place='foot'>πεντήκοντα μναῖς Reiske, Cobet, μνᾶς MSS.</note> μναῖς ἔλαττον ἠγάπησε δή, καὶ +μικροῦ παντελῶς ἀργυρίου τὴν πρὸς ἐκείνους ὁμόνοιαν +ἀνταλλαξάμενος, [C] ἐπαίνων ἂν ἐδόκει καὶ +τιμῆς ἄξιος ὡς χρημάτων κρείττων, ὡς εὔβουλος +φύσει, ξυνελόντι δὲ εἰπεῖν, ὡς καλὸς κἀγαθός. +ὁ δὲ ὑπὲρ τῆς τῶν ὅλων ἀρχῆς οὅτω μεγαλοψύχως +καὶ σωφρόνως δοκῶν βεβουλεῦσθαι, ὡς τὸν μὲν ἐκ +τῆς ἐπιμελείας αὑτῷ μείζονα μὴ προσθεῖναι πόνον, +τῶν δὲ ἐκ τῆς ἀρχῆς προσόδων ἑκὼν ὑφίεσθαι +ὑπὲρ ὁμονοίας καὶ τῆς πρὸς ἀλλήλους Ῥωμαίων +ἁπάντων εἰρήνης, [D] πόσων ἐπαίνων ἄξιον κρινεῖ τις; +οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ ἐκεῖνο λέγειν ἔνεστιν ἐνταῦθα, ὡς +καλῶς μέν, ἀλυσιτελῶς δέ· λυσιτελὲς<note place='foot'>ἀλυσιτελῶς δέ· λυσιτελὲς Petavius, Wyttenbach, Hertlein, +ἀλυσιτελὲς MSS.</note> μὲν γὰρ +<pb n='050'/><anchor id='Pg050'/><anchor id='Pg051'/> +οὐδέν, ὅ, τι μὲ τὸ αὐτὸ καὶ καλόν, ἔμοιγε φαίνεται. +ὅλως δὲ εἴ τινι καθ᾽ αὑτὸ τὸ συμφέρον ἐξετάζειν +δοκεῖ, κρινέτω μὴ πρὸς ἀργύριον σκοπῶν μηδὲ +προσόδους χωρίων ἀπαριθμοόμενος, καθάπερ οἱ +φιλάργυροι γέροντες ὑπὸ τῶν κωμῳδῶν ἐπὶ τὴν +σκηνὴν ἑλκόμενοι, ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὸ μέγεθος τῆς +ἀρχῆς καὶ τὴν ἀξίωσιν. [20] φιλονεικῶν μὲν γὰρ ὑπὲρ +τῶν ὁρίων καὶ δυσμενῶς ἔχων ἐκείνων ἂν ἦρξε +μόνων ὧν ἔλαχεν, εἰ καὶ πλέον ἔχων ἀπῄει· +ὑπερορῶν δὲ τῶν μικρῶν καὶ καταφρονήσας ἦρχε +μὲν ἁπάσης μετὰ τῶν ἀδελφῶν τῆς οἰκουμένης, +ἐπεμελεῖτο δὲ τοῦ λαχόντος μέρους, ἀπολαύων +μὲν τελείας τῆς τιμῆς, μετέχων δὲ ἔλαττον τῶν ἐπ᾽ +αὐτῇ πόνων. +</p> + +<p> +(But I must postpone the description of your +personal qualities and go on to speak of your +achievements. The Persians in the past conquered +the whole of Asia, subjugated a great part of Europe, +and had embraced in their hopes I may almost say +the whole inhabited world, when the Macedonians +deprived them of their supremacy, and they provided +Alexander's generalship with a task, or rather with +a toy. But they could not endure the yoke of +slavery, and no sooner was Alexander dead, than +they revolted from his successors and once more +opposed their power to the Macedonians, and so +successfully that, when we took over what was left +of the Macedonian empire, we counted them to the +end as foes with whom we must reckon. I need not +now remind you of ancient history, of Antony and +Crassus,<note place='foot'>Defeated at Carrhae <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.c.</hi> 53: the Roman standards were +recovered by Augustus <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.c.</hi> 20.</note> who were generals with the fullest powers, +or tell how after long-continued dangers we succeeded +in wiping out the disgrace they incurred, and +how many a prudent general retrieved their blunders. +Nor need I recall the second chapter of our misfortunes +and the exploits of Carus<note place='foot'>Emperor 282-283 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></note> that followed, +when after those failures he was appointed general. +Among those who sat on the throne before your +father's time and imposed on the Persians conditions +of peace admired and welcomed by all, did not the +Caesar<note place='foot'>Galerius Maximianus, son-in-law of Diocletian, was defeated +in Mesopotamia, 296 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>, by Narses.</note> incur a disgraceful defeat when he attacked +them on his own account? It was not till the +ruler of the whole world<note place='foot'>Diocletian.</note> turned his attention to +them, directing thither all the forces of the empire, +occupying all the passes with his troops and +levies of hoplites, both veterans and new recruits, +and employing every sort of military equipments, +that fear drove them to accept terms of peace. +That peace they somehow contrived to disturb and +break during your father's lifetime, but they escaped +punishment at his hands because he died in the +midst of preparations for a campaign. It was left +for you later on to punish them for their audacity. +I shall often have to speak of your campaigns against +them, but this one thing I ask my hearers to +observe. You became master of a third of the +empire,<note place='foot'>The provinces of the East.</note> that part in fact which seemed by no +means strong enough to carry on a war, since it +had neither arms nor troops in the field, nor any +of those military resources which ought to flow in +abundantly in preparation for so important a war. +Then, too, your brothers, for whatever reason, did +nothing to make the war easier for you. And yet +there is no sycophant so shameless and so envious +as not to admit that the harmony existing between +you was mainly due to you. The war in itself +presented peculiar difficulties, in my opinion, and +the troops were disaffected owing to the change +of government; they raised the cry that they missed +their old leader and they wished to control your +actions. Nay, more; a thousand strange and perplexing +circumstances arose on every hand to render +your hopes regarding the war more difficult to +realise. The Armenians, our ancient allies, revolted, +and no small part of them went over to the Persians +and overran and raided the country on their borders. +In this crisis there seemed to be but one hope of +safety, that you should take charge of affairs and +plan the campaign, but at the moment this was +impossible, because you were in Paeonia<note place='foot'>Regularly in Greek for Pannonia.</note> making +treaties with your brothers. Thither you went in +person, and so managed that you gave them no +opening for criticism. Indeed, I almost forgot to +mention the very first of your achievements, the +noblest of all, or at any rate equal to the noblest. +For there is no greater proof of your prudence and +magnanimity than the fact that, in planning for +interests of such importance, you thought it no disadvantage +if you should, of your own free will, +concede the lion's share to your brothers. Imagine, +for instance, a man dividing among his brothers their +father's estate of a hundred talents, or, if you prefer, +twice as much. Then suppose him to have been +content with fifty minae less than the others, and to +raise no objection, because he secured their goodwill +in exchange for that trifling sum. You would think +he deserved all praise and respect as one who had a +soul above money, as far-sighted, in short as a man of +honour. But here is one whose policy with regard +to the empire of the world seems to have been so +high minded, so prudent, that, without increasing +the burdens of administration, he willingly gave up +some of the imperial revenues in order to secure +harmony and peace among all Roman citizens. What +praise such a one deserves! And certainly one cannot, +in this connection, quote the saying, <q>Well +done, but a bad bargain.</q> Nothing, in my opinion, +can be called a good bargain if it be not honourable +as well. In general, if anyone wish to apply the test +of expediency alone, he ought not to make money +his criterion or reckon up his revenues from estates, +like those old misers whom writers of comedy bring +on to the stage, but he should take into account the +vastness of the empire and the point of honour involved. +If the Emperor had disputed about the +boundaries and taken a hostile attitude, he might +have obtained more than he did, but he would have +governed only his allotted share. But he scorned +and despised such trifles, and the result was that +he really governed the whole world in partnership +with his brothers, but had the care of his own portion +only, and, while he kept his dignity unimpaired, he +had less than his share of the toil and trouble that +go with such a position.) +</p> + +<p> +Ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ μὲν τούτων καὶ αὖθις ἐξέσται +διὰ μακροτέρων δηλῶσαι. ὅπως δὲ τῶν πραγμάτων +ἐπεμελήθης, [B] τοσούτων κύκλῳ περιστάντων +μετὰ τὴν τοῦ πατρὸς τελευτὴν κινδύνων +καὶ παντοδαπῶν πραγμάτων, θορύβου,<note place='foot'>πραγμάτων θορύβου Wyttenbach, θορύβου πραγμάτων MSS, +Hertlein.</note> πολέμου +ἀναγκαίου,<note place='foot'>ἀναγκαίου Capps suggests, γενναίου MSS, Hertlein.</note> πολλῆς καταδρομῆς συμμάχων ἀποστάσεως, +στρατοπέδων ἀταξίας, ὅσα ἄλλα τότε +δυσχερῆ κατελάμβανεν, ἴσως ἤδη διελθεῖν ἄξιον. +ἐπειδὴ γάρ σοι τὰ τῶν συνθηκῶν μετὰ τῆς ἀρίστης +ὁμονοίας διῴκητο, παρῆν δὲ ὁ καιρὸς τοῖς πράγμασιν +ἐπιτάττων βοηθεῖν κινδυνεύουσι, [C] πορείαις +ταχείαις<note place='foot'>πορείαις ταχείαις Capps suggests, πορείας μὲν τάχει MSS, +Hertlein.</note> χρησάμενος ὅπως μὲν ἐκ<note place='foot'>ὅπως μὲν ἐκ Petavius, ἀθρόως ἐκ MSS, Hertlein.</note> Παιόνων ἐν +Σύροις ὤφθης, οὐδὲ τῷ λόγῳ δεῖξαι ῥᾴδιον· ἀρκεῖ +<pb n='052'/><anchor id='Pg052'/><anchor id='Pg053'/> +δὲ τοῖς ἐγνωκόσιν ἡ πεῖρα. ὅπως δὲ πρὸς τὴν +παρουσίαν τὴν σὴν ἀθρόως ἅπαντα μεταβαλόντα +καὶ μεταστάντα πρὸς τὸ βέλτιον οὐ μόνον τῶν +ἐπικρεμασθέντων ἡμᾶς ἀπήλλαξε φόβων, ἀμείνους +δὲ μακρῷ τὰς ὑπὲρ τῶν μελλόντων παρέσχεν +ἐλπίδας, [D] τίς ἂν ἀρκέσειε τῶν ἁπάντων εἰπεῖν; τὰ +μὲν τῶν στρατοπέδων, πλησίον γενομένου μόνον, +ἐπέπαυτο τῆς ἀταξίας καὶ μεθειστήκει πρὸς +κόσμον, Ἀρμενίων δὲ οἱ προσθέμενοι τοῖς πολεμίοις +εὐθὺς μετάστησαν, σοῦ τοὺς μὲν αἰτίους τῆς +φυγῆς τῷ τῆς χώρας ἐκείνης ἄρχοντι παρ᾽ ἡμᾶς +ἐξαγαγόντος, τοῖς φεύγουσι δὲ τὴν ἐς τὴν οἰκείαν +κάθοδον ἀδεᾶ παρασκευάσαντος. οὕτω δὲ φιλανθρώπως +τοῖς τε παρ᾽ ἡμᾶς ἀφικομένοις ἄρτι +[21] χρησαμένου καὶ τοῖς ἐκ τῆς φυγῆς μετὰ τοῦ +σφῶν ἄρχοντος κατεληλυθόσι πρᾴως ὁμιλοῦντος, +οἱ μέν, ὅτι καὶ πρότερον ἀπέστησαν, αὑτοὺς ἀπωλοφύραντο, +οἱ δὲ τὴν παροῦσαν τύχην τῆς πρόσθεν +ἠγάπων μᾶλλον δυναστείας. καὶ οἱ μὲν φεύγοντες +ἔμπροσθεν ἔργῳ σωφρονεῖν ἔφασαν ἐκμαθεῖν, οἱ +δὲ τοῦ μὴ μεταστῆναι τῆς ἀμοιβῆς ἀξίας τυγχάνειν. +τοσαύτῃ δὲ ἐχρήσω περὶ τοὺς κατελθόντας +ὑπερβολῇ δωρεῶν καὶ τιμῆς, ὥστε μηδὲ +[B] τοῖς ἐχθίστοις σφῶν εὖ πράττουσι καὶ τὰ εἰκότα +τιμωμένοις ἄχθεσθαι μηδὲ βασκαίνειν. ταῦτα δὲ +ἐν βραχεῖ καταστησάμενος καὶ τοὺς ἐξ Ἀραβίας +λῃστὰς ἐπὶ τοὺς πολεμίους ταῖς πρεσβείαις +τρέψας, ἐπὶ τὰς τοῦ πολέμου παρασκευὰς ἦλθες, +ὑπὲρ ὧν οὐ χεῖρον ἐν βραχεῖ προειπεῖν. +</p> + +<p> +(On that subject, however, I shall have a chance +later to speak in more detail. This is perhaps the +right moment to describe how you controlled the +situation, encompassed as you were, after your +father's death, by so many perils and difficulties of +all sorts—confusion, an unavoidable war, numerous +hostile raids, allies in revolt, lack of discipline in the +garrisons, and all the other harassing conditions of +the hour. You concluded in perfect harmony the +negotiations with your brothers, and when the time +had arrived that demanded your aid for the dangerous +crisis of affairs, you made forced marches, and immediately +after leaving Paeonia appeared in Syria. +But to relate how you did this would tax my powers +of description, and indeed for those who know the +facts their own experience is enough. But who in +the world could describe adequately how, at the prospect +of your arrival, everything was changed and +improved all at once, so that we were set free from +the fears that hung over us and could entertain +brighter hopes than ever for the future? Even +before you were actually on the spot the mutiny +among the garrisons ceased and order was restored. +The Armenians who had gone over to the enemy at +once changed sides again, for you ejected from the +country and sent to Rome those who were responsible +for the governor's<note place='foot'>Tiranus, King of Armenia, was now, 337 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>, deposed +and imprisoned by Sapor. His son, Arsaces, succeeded him +in 341. Julian is describing the interregnum. Gibbon, chap. +18, wrongly ascribes these events to the reign of Tiridates, +who died 314 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></note> exile, and you secured +for the exiles a safe return to their own country. +You were so merciful to those who now came to +Rome as exiles, and so kind in your dealings with +those who returned from exile with the governor, +that the former did, indeed, bewail their misfortune in +having revolted, but still were better pleased with their +present condition than with their previous usurpation; +while the latter, who were formerly in exile, +declared that the experience had been a lesson in +prudence, but that now they were receiving a worthy +reward for their loyalty. On the returned exiles +you lavished such magnificent presents and rewards +that they could not even resent the good fortune of +their bitterest enemies, nor begrudge their being +duly honoured. All these difficulties you quickly +settled, and then by means of embassies you turned +the marauding Arabs against our enemies. Then +you began preparations for the war, about which I +may as well say a few words.) +</p> + +<pb n='054'/><anchor id='Pg054'/><anchor id='Pg055'/> + +<p> +Τῆς γὰρ εἰρήνης τῆς πρόσθεν τοῖς μὲν στρατευομένοις +ἀνείσης τοὺς πόνους, τοῖς λειτουργοῦσι +δὲ κουφοτέρας τὰς λειτουργίας<note place='foot'>ὰς λειτουργίας Reiske adds.</note> παρασχούσης, +τοῦ πολέμου δὲ χρημάτων καὶ σιτηρεσίου καὶ +χορηγίας λαμπρᾶς δεομένου, [C] πολὺ δὲ πλέον ἰσχύος +καὶ ῥώμης καὶ τῆς ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις ἐμπειρίας τῶν +στρατευομένων, ὑπάρχοντος δὲ οὐδενὸς σχεδὸν +τῶν τοιούτων, αὐτὸς ἐξηῦρες καὶ κατέστησας, τοῖς +μὲν ἐν<note place='foot'>ἐν Reiske adds.</note> ἡλικίᾳ στρατεύεσθαι λαχοῦσιν ἀποδείξας +τῶν πόνων μελέτην, παπαπλησίαν δὲ τοῖς πολεμίοις +ἱππικὴν καταστησάμενος δύναμιν, τῷ πεζῷ +δὲ ἐπιτάξας τῶν πόνων ἔχεσθαι· καὶ ταῦτα οὐ +ῥήμασι μόνον οὐδὲ ἐξ ἐπιτάγματος, μελετῶν δὲ +[D] αὐτὸς καὶ συνασκούμενος καὶ δεικνύων ἔργῳ τὸ +πρακτέον, πολέμων ἐργάτας ἄφνω κατέστησας. +χρημάτων δὲ ἐπενόεις πόρους, οὐκ αὔξων τοὺς +φόρους οὐδὲ τὰς συντάξεις, καθάπερ Ἀθηναῖοι +πρόσθεν, εἰς τὸ διπλάσιον ἢ καὶ ἐπὶ πλέον καταστήσας, +ἐμμένων δὲ οἶμαι τοῖς ἀρχαίοις πλὴν εἴ +που πρὸς βραχὺ καὶ πρὸς καιρὸν<note place='foot'>καιρὸν Cobet, εὔκαιρον MSS, Hertlein. ἄκαιρον V, ἀκαριᾶιον +Hertlein conjectures.</note> ἐχρῆν αἰσθέσθαι +δαπανηροτέρων τῶν λειτουργημάτων. ἐν +τοσαύτηι δὲ<note place='foot'>δὲ Wright, τε Schaefer, Hertlein.</note> τοὺς στρατευομένους ἦγες ἀφθονίᾳ, [22] ὡς +μὴτε ὑβρίζειν τῷ κόρῳ μήτε ὑπὸ τῆς ἐνδείας +πλημμελεῖν ἀναγκασθῆναι. ὅπλων δὲ καὶ ἵππων +παρασκευὴν καὶ νεῶν τῶν ποταμίων καὶ μηχανημάτων +καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων τὸ πλῆθος σιωπῇ +κατέχω. ἐπεὶ δὲ τὰ τῆς παρασκευῆς τέλος εἶχε +<pb n='056'/><anchor id='Pg056'/><anchor id='Pg057'/> +καὶ ἔδει χρῆσθαι τοῖς προρρηθεῖσιν εἰς δέον, +ἐζεύγνυτο μὲν ὁ Τίγρης σχεδίᾳ πολλάκις, ἤρθη +δὲ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ φρούρια, καὶ τῶν πολεμίων οὐδεὶς +ἐτόλμησεν ἀμῦναι τῇ χώρᾳ πορθουμένῃ, [B] πάντα +δὲ παρ᾽ ἡμᾶς ἤγετο τἀκείνων ἀγαθά, τῶν μὲν οὐδὲ +εἰς χεῖρας ἰέναι τολμώντων, τῶν θρασυνομένων δὲ +παρ᾽ αὐτὰ τὴν τιμωρίαν ὑποσχόντων. τὸ μὲν δὴ +κεφάλαιον τῶν εἰς τὴν πολεμίαν εἰσβολῶν τοιοῦτον. +καθ᾽ ἕκαστον γὰρ ἐπεξιέναι τίς ἂν ἀξίως ἐν +βραχεῖ λόγῳ δυνηθείη, τῶν μὲν τὰς συμφορὰς τῶν +δὲ τὰς ἀριστείας ἀπαριθμούμενος; τοσοῦτον δὲ +ἴσως εἰπεῖν οὐ χαλεπόν, [C] ὅτι πολλάκις τὸν ποταμὸν +ἐκεῖνον περαιωθεὶς ξὺν τῷ στρατεύματι καὶ +πολὺν ἐν τῇ πολεμίᾳ διατρίψας<note place='foot'>διατρίψας Cobet, τρίψας MSS, Hertlein.</note> χρόνον, λαμπρὸς +ἐπανῄεις τοῖς τροπαίοις, τὰς διὰ σὲ πόλεις ἐλευθέρας +ἐπιὼν καὶ χαριζόμενος εἰρήνην καὶ πλοῦτον, +πάντα ἀθρόως τὰ ἀγαθά, καὶ τῶν πάλαι ποθουμένων +διδοὺς ἀπολαύειν, νίκης κατὰ τῶν βαρβάρων, +τροπαίων ἐγειρομένων κατὰ τῆς Παρθυαίων +ἀπιστίας καὶ ἀνανδρίας,<note place='foot'>ἀνανδρίας [καὶ δειλίας] Hertlein. M omits καὶ before +δειλίας, hence Petavius omits δειλίας.</note> ὧν τὸ μὲν ἐπεδείξαντο +[D] τὰς σπονδὰς λύσαντες καὶ τὴν εἰρήνην συγχέαντες, +τὸ δὲ μὴ τολμῶντες ὑπὲρ τῆς χώρας καὶ +τῶν φιλτάτων ἀμύνεσθαι. +</p> + +<p> +(The previous period of peace had relaxed the +labours of the troops, and lightened the burdens of +those who had to perform public services. But the +war called for money, provisions, and supplies on a +vast scale, and even more it demanded endurance, +energy, and military experience on the part of the +troops. In the almost entire absence of all these, +you personally provided and organised everything, +drilled those who had reached the age for military +service, got together a force of cavalry to match the +enemy's, and issued orders for the infantry to +persevere in their training. Nor did you confine +yourself to speeches and giving orders, but yourself +trained and drilled with the troops, showed them +their duty by actual example, and straightway made +them experts in the art of war. Then you discovered +ways and means, not by increasing the +tribute or the extraordinary contributions, as the +Athenians did in their day, when they raised these +to double or even more. You were content, I +understand, with the original revenues, except in +cases where, for a short time, and to meet an +emergency, it was necessary that the people should +find their services to the state more expensive. The +troops under your leadership were abundantly +supplied, yet not so as to cause the satiety that leads +to insolence, nor, on the other hand, were they driven +to insubordination from lack of necessaries. +I shall say nothing about your great array of arms, +horses, and river-boats, engines of war and the like. +But when all was ready and the time had come to +make appropriate use of all that I have mentioned, +the Tigris was bridged by rafts at many points and +forts were built to guard the river. Meanwhile the +enemy never once ventured to defend their country +from plunder, and every useful thing that they +possessed was brought in to us. This was partly +because they were afraid to offer battle, partly +because those who were rash enough to do so were +punished on the spot. This is a mere summary of +your invasions of the enemy's country. Who, indeed, +in a short speech could do justice to every event, or +reckon up the enemy's disasters and our successes? +But this at least I have space to tell. You often +crossed the Tigris with your army and spent a +long time in the enemy's country, but you always +returned crowned with the laurels of victory. Then +you visited the cities you had freed, and bestowed +on them peace and plenty, all possible blessings and +all at once. Thus at your hands they received what +they had so long desired, the defeat of the barbarians +and the erection of trophies of victory over the +treachery and cowardice of the Parthians. Treachery +they had displayed when they violated the treaties +and broke the peace, cowardice when they lacked +the courage to fight for their country and all that +they held dear.) +</p> + +<p> +Ἀλλ᾽ ὅπως μή τις ὑπολάβῃ με τούτων μὲν +ἡδέως μεμνῆσθαι τῶν ἔργων, ὀκνεῖν δὲ ἐκεῖνα, +περὶ ἃ καὶ τοῖς πολεμίοις πλεονεκτῆσαι παρέσχεν +ἡ τύχη, μᾶλλον δὲ ἡ χώρα τὴν ἐκ τοῦ καιροῦ +προσλαβοῦσα ῥοπήν, ὡς αἰσχύνην ἡμῖν, οὐχὶ δὲ +<pb n='058'/><anchor id='Pg058'/><anchor id='Pg059'/> +ἔπαινον καὶ τιμὴν φέροντα, καὶ ὑπὲρ τούτων +πειράσομαι δηλῶσαι διὰ βραχέων, οὐ πρὸς τὸ +[23] λυσιτελέστατον ἐμαυτῷ τοὺς λόγους πλάττων, +τὴν ἀλήθειαν δὲ ἀγαπῶν ἐν πᾶσιν. ἧς εἴ τις ἑκὼν +ἁμαρτάνοι, τὴν ἐκ τοῦ κολακεύειν αἰσχύνην +οὐδαμῶς ἐκφεύγει, προστίθησι δὲ τοῖς ἐπαινουμένοις +τὸ δοκεῖν μηδ᾽ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἄλλων εὖ ἀκούειν +κατὰ τὴν ἀξίαν· ὃ παθεῖν εὐλαβησόμεθα. δείξει +δὲ ὁ λόγος αὐτός, εἰ μηδαμοῦ τὸ ψεῦδος πρὸ τῆς +ἀληθείας τετίμηκεν. οὐκοῦν εὖ οἶδα, ὅτι πάντες +ἂν μέγιστον φήσειαν πλεονέκτημα τῶν βαρβάρων +τὸν πρὸ τῶν Σιγγάρων πόλεμον. [B] ἐγὼ δὲ ἐκείνην +τὴν μάχην ἴσα μὲν ἐνεγκεῖν τοῖς στρατοπέδοις τὰ +δυστυχήματα, δεῖξαι δὲ τὴν σὴν ἀρετὴν περιγενομένην +τῆς ἐκείνων τύχης φαίην ἂν εἰκότως, καὶ +ταῦτα στρατοπέδῳ χρησαμένου<note place='foot'>χρησαμένου Hertlein suggests, χρησάμενον V, χρησαμένην +MSS.</note> θρασεῖ καὶ τολμηρῷ +καὶ πρὸς τὴν ὥραν καὶ τὴν τοῦ πνίγους +ῥώμην οὐχ ὁμοίως ἐκείνοις συνήθει. ὅπως δὲ +ἕκαστον ἐπράχθη, διηγήσομαι. θέρος μὲν γὰρ ἦν +ἀκμάζον ἔτι, συνῄει δὲ ἐς ταὐτὸν τὰ στρατόπεδα +πολὺ πρὸ τῆς μεσημβρίας. [C] ἐκπληττόμενοι δὲ οἱ +πολέμιοι τὴν εὐταξίαν καὶ τὸν κόσμον καὶ τὴν ἡσυχίαν, +αὐτοὶ δὲ πλήθει θαυμαστοὶ φανέντες, ἤρχετο +μὲν οὐδεὶς τῆς μάχης, τῶν μὲν εἰς χεῖρας ἰέναι πρὸς +οὕτω παρεσκευασμένην δύναμιν ὀκνούντων, τῶν δὲ +περιμενόντων ἐκείνους ἄρχειν, ὅπως ἀμυνόμενοι +μᾶλλον ἐν πᾶσιν, οὐχὶ δὲ αὐτοὶ πολέμου μετὰ τὴν +<pb n='060'/><anchor id='Pg060'/><anchor id='Pg061'/> +εἰρήνην ἄρχοντες φανεῖεν. τέλος δὲ ὁ τῆς βαρβαρικῆς +ἐκείνης δυνάμεως ἡγεμών, [D] μετέωρος ἀρθεὶς +ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀσπίδων καὶ καταμαθὼν τὸ πλῆθος ἐν +τάξει, οἷος ἐξ οἵου γέγονε καὶ ποίας ἀφίει φωνάς; +προδεδόσθαι βοῶν καὶ τοὺς ὑπὲρ τοῦ πολέμου +πείσαντας αἰτιώμενος, φεύγειν ᾤετο χρῆναι διὰ +τάχους καὶ τοῦτο μόνον οἱ πρὸς σωτηρίαν ἀρκέσειν, +εἰ φθήσεται τὸν ποταμὸν διαβῆναι, ὅσπερ +ἐστὶ τῆς χώρας ἐκείνης πρὸς τὴν ἡμετέραν +ὅρος ἀρχαῖος. ταῦτα διανοηθεὶς ἐκεῖνος πρῶτον +ἐπὶ πόδα σημαίνει τὴν ἀναχώρησιν, καὶ κατ᾽ +[24] ὀλίγον προστιθεὶς τῷ τάχει τέλος ἤδη καρτερῶς +ἔφευγεν, ἔχων ὀλίγους ἱππάας ἀμφ᾽ +αὑτόν, τὴν δύναμιν ἅπασαν τῷ παιδὶ καὶ τῷ +πιστοτάτῳ τῶν φίλων ἐπιτρέψας ἄγειν. ταῦτα +ὁρῶντες τὸ στράτευμα καὶ χαλεπαίνοντες, ὅτι +μηδεμίαν ὑπέσχον τῶν τετολμημένων δίκην, ἐβόων +ἄγειν ἐπ᾽ αὐτούς, καὶ κελεύοντος σοῦ<note place='foot'>κελεύοντος σοῦ Hertlein suggests, κελεύοντος MSS.</note> μένειν ἀχθόμενοι +μετὰ τῶν ὅπλων ἕθεον ὡς ἕκαστος εἶχε +ῥώμης τε καὶ τάχους, ἄπειροι μὲν ὄντες αὐτοὶ τέως +τῆς σῆς στρατηγίας, [B] εἰς δὲ τὴν ἡλικίαν ὁρῶντες +ἄμεινον αὑτῶν τὸ συμφέρον κρίνειν ἧττον ἐπίστευον· +καὶ τῷ πολλὰς<note place='foot'>τῷ πολλὰς Cobet, τὸ MSS, Hertlein.</note> συγκατειργάσθαι τῷ +πατρὶ τῷ σῷ μάχας καὶ κρατῆσαι παντχοῦ τὸ<note place='foot'>τὸ Cobet, τῷ MSS, Hertlein.</note> +δοκεῖν ἀηττήτους εἶναι συνηγωνίζετο. τούτων δὲ +οὐδενὸς ἔλαττον τὸ παρεστὼς Παρθυαίων δέος +ἐπῆρεν ὡς οὐκ ἀγωνισαμένους<note place='foot'>ἀγωνισαμένους Rouse +suggests, ἀγωνισομένους MSS, Hertlein.</note> πρὸς τοὺς ἄνδρας +<pb n='062'/><anchor id='Pg062'/><anchor id='Pg063'/> +μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς τὴν χώραν αὐτήν, καὶ εἴ τι +μεῖζον ἔξωθεν προσπίπτοι, καὶ τούτου πάντως +κρατήσοντας. ταχέως οὖν ἑκατὸν μεταξὺ στάδια +[C] διαδραμόντες<note place='foot'>διαδραμόντες Naber, δραμόντες MSS, Hertlein.</note> ἐφειστήκεσαν ἤδη Παρθυαίοις εἰς τὸ +τεῖχος καταπεφευγόσιν, ὃ πρότερον ἤδη πεποίητο +σφίσιν ὥσπερ στρατόπεδον. ἑσπέρα δὲ ἦν λοιπὸν +καὶ ὁ πόλεμος αὐτόθεν ξυνερρήγνυτο. καὶ τὸ μὲν +τεῖχος αἱροῦσιν εὐθέως τοὺς ὑπὲρ<note place='foot'>τοὺς ὑπὲρ MSS, Cobet (τοὺς ἀμυνομένους) ὑπὲρ Hertlein.</note> αὐτοῦ κτείναντες· +γενόμενοι δὲ εἴσω τῶν ἐρυμάτων πολὺν μὲν ἠρίστευον +χρόνον, ὑπὸ δὲ τοῦ δίψους ἀπειρηκότες ἤδη +καὶ λάκκοις ὕδατος ἐντυχόντες ἔνδον, τὴν καλλίστην +νίκην διέφθειραν καὶ τοῖς πολεμίοις παρέσχον +ἀναμαχέσασθαι τὸ πταῖσμα. [D] τοῦτο τέλος τῆς +μάχης ἐκείνης γέγονε, τρεῖς μὲν ἢ τέτταρας +ἀφελομένης τῶν παρ᾽ ἡμῖν, Παρθυαίων δὲ τὸν +ἐπὶ τῇ βασιλείᾳ τρεφόμενον, ἁλόντα πρότερον, +καὶ τῶν ἀμφ᾽ αὐτὸν παμπληθεῖς ξυνδιαφθειράσης· +τούτοις δὲ ἅπασι δρωμένοις ὁ μὲν τῶν βαρβάρων +ἡγεμὼν οὐδὲ ὄναρ παρῆν· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐπέσχε τὴν +φυγὴν πρὶν ἢ κατὰ νώτου τὸν ποταμὸν ἐποιέσατο· +[25] αὐτὸς δὲ διέμενες ἐν τοῖς ὄπλοις δι᾽ ὄλης +ἡμέρας καὶ νυκτὸς ἁπάσης, συμμετέχων μὲν τοῖς +κρατοῦσι τῶν ἀγωνισμάτων, τοῖς πονοῦσι δὲ ἐπαρκῶν +διὰ ταχέων. ὑπὸ δὲ τῆς ἀνδρείας καὶ τῆς εὐψυχίας +εἰς τοσοῦτον τὸν ἀγῶνα μετέστησας, ὥστε +αὐτοὺς μὲν ἐπὶ τὴν αὑτῶν τῆς ἡμέρας ἐπιλαβούσης +ἀσμένως ἀποσώζεσθαι, ἀναχωρεῖν δὲ ἐκ τῆς +μάχης, ἑπομένου σου, καὶ τοὺς τραυματίας; οὕτω +τὸ δέος πᾶσιν ἀνῆκας τῆς φυγῆς. [B] ποῖον οὖν +<pb n='064'/><anchor id='Pg064'/><anchor id='Pg065'/> +ἥλω φρούριον; τίς δὲ ἐπολιορκήθη πόλις; τίνος +δὲ ἀποσκευῆς οἱ πολέμιοι κρατήσαντες ἔσχον ἐφ᾽ +ὅτῳ σεμνύνωνται μετὰ τὸν πόλεμον; +</p> + +<p> +(But lest anyone should suppose that, while I +delight in recalling exploits like these, I avoid +mentioning occasions when luck gave the enemy +the advantage—or rather it was the nature of the +ground combined with opportunity that turned +the scale—and that I do so because they brought +us no honour or glory but only disgrace, I will +try to give a brief account of those incidents +also, not adapting my narrative with an eye to my +own interests, but preferring the truth in every +case. For when a man deliberately sins against the +truth he cannot escape the reproach of flattery, and +moreover he inflicts on the object of his panegyric +the appearance of not deserving the praise that +he receives on other accounts. This is a mistake +of which I shall beware. Indeed my speech +will make it clear that in no case has fiction been +preferred to the truth. Now I am well aware that +all would say that the battle we fought before +Singara<note place='foot'>In Mesopotamia, 348 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> (Bury argues for 344 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>)</note> was a most important victory for the +barbarians. But I should answer and with justice +that this battle inflicted equal loss on both armies, +but proved also that your valour could accomplish +more than their luck; and that although +the legions under you were violent and reckless +men, and were not accustomed, like the enemy, to +the climate and the stifling heat. I will relate +exactly what took place. +It was still the height of summer, and the legions +mustered long before noon. Since the enemy were +awestruck by the discipline, accoutrements and calm +bearing of our troops, while to us they seemed +amazing in numbers, neither side began the battle; +for they shrank from coming to close quarters with +forces so well equipped, while we waited for them to +begin, so that in all respects we might seem to be +acting rather in self-defence, and not to be responsible +for beginning hostilities after the peace. But +at last the leader<note place='foot'>Sapor.</note> of the barbarian army, raised high +on their shields, perceived the magnitude of our +forces drawn up in line. What a change came over +him! What exclamations he uttered! He cried +out that he had been betrayed, that it was the fault +of those who had persuaded him to go to war, and +decided that the only thing to be done was to flee +with all speed, and that one course alone would +secure his safety, namely to cross, before we could +reach it, the river, which is the ancient boundary-line +between that country and ours. With this +purpose he first gave the signal for a retreat in good +order, then gradually increasing his pace he finally +took to headlong flight, with only a small following +of cavalry, and left his whole army to the leadership +of his son and the friend in whom he had most confidence. +When our men saw this they were enraged +that the barbarians should escape all punishment for +their audacious conduct, and clamoured to be led in +pursuit, chafed at your order to halt, and ran after +the enemy in full armour with their utmost energy +and speed. For of your generalship they had had +no experience so far, and they could not believe +that you were a better judge than they of what was +expedient. Moreover, under your father they had +fought many battles and had always been victorious, +a fact that tended to make them think themselves +invincible. But they were most of all elated by the +terror that the Parthians now shewed, when they +thought how they had fought, not only against the +enemy, but against the very nature of the ground, +and if any greater obstacle met them from some +fresh quarter, they felt that they would overcome +it as well. Accordingly they ran at full +speed for about one hundred stades, and only +halted when they came up with the Parthians, +who had fled for shelter into a fort that they +had lately built to serve as a camp. It was, +by this time, evening, and they engaged battle +forthwith. Our men at once took the fort and +slew its defenders. Once inside the fortifications +they displayed great bravery for a long time, +but they were by this time fainting with thirst, +and when they found cisterns of water inside, they +spoiled a glorious victory and gave the enemy a +chance to retrieve their defeat. This then was the +issue of that battle, which caused us the loss of only +three or four of our men, whilst the Parthians lost +the heir to the throne<note place='foot'>Sapor's son.</note> who had previously been +taken prisoner, together with all his escort. While all +this was going on, of the leader of the barbarians +not even the ghost was to be seen, nor did he stay +his flight till he had put the river behind him. You, +on the other hand, did not take off your armour for +a whole day and all the night, now sharing the struggles +of those who were getting the upper hand, now +giving prompt and efficient aid to those who were hard-pressed. +And by your bravery and fortitude you so +changed the face of the battle that at break of day the +enemy were glad to beat a safe retreat to their own +territory, and even the wounded, escorted by you, +could retire from the battle. Thus did you relieve them +all from the risks of flight. Now what fort was taken +by the enemy? What city did they besiege? What +military supplies did they capture that should give +them something to boast about after the war?) +</p> + +<p> +Ἀλλ᾽ ἴσως, φήσει τισ, τὸ μηδέποτε τῶν πολεμίων +ἧττον ἔχοντα ἀπελθεῖν εὐτυχὲς καὶ εὔδαιμον +ἡγητέον,<note place='foot'>ἡγητέον Schaefer, ἡγεῖ τὸ δὲ Cobet, Hertlein, ἡγεῖτο δὲ +V, M, ἡγῇ τὸ δὲ MSS.</note> τὸ δὲ ἀντιστῆναι τῇ τύχῃ ῥωμαλεώτερον +καὶ<note place='foot'>καὶ Reiske, ὃ καὶ MSS.</note> μείζονος ἀρετῆς ὑπάρχει σημεῖον. +</p> + +<p> +(But perhaps some one will say that never to come +off worse than the enemy must indeed be considered +good fortune and felicity, but to make a stand +against fortune calls for greater vigour and is a +proof of greater valour.) +</p> + +<p> +Τίς μὲν γὰρ ἀγαθὸς κυβερνήτης ἐν εὐδίᾳ τὴν +ναῦν κατευθύνων, [C] γαλήνης ἀκριβοῦς κατεχούσης +τὸ πέλαγος; τίς δὲ ἡνίοχος ἅρματος δεξιὸς ἐν +ὁμαλῷ καὶ λείῳ χωρίῳ εὐπειθεῖς καὶ πρᾴους καὶ +ταχεῖς ἵππους ζευξάμενος, εἶτα ἐν τούτοις ἐπιδεικνύμενος +τὴν τέχνην; πόσῳ δὲ ἀμείνων νεὼς +μὲν ἰθυντὴρ ὁ καὶ τὸν μέλλοντα χειμῶνα προμαθὼν +καὶ προαισθόμενος καὶ πειραθείς γε τοῦτον +ἐκκλῖναι, εἶτα δι᾽ ἁσδηποτοῦν αἰτίας ἐμπεσὼν +καὶ διασώσας ἀπαθῆ τὴν ναῦν αὐτῷ φόρτῳ; +[D] ἄρματος δ᾽ ἐπιστάτης ὁ καὶ πρὸς χωρίων ἀγωνιζόμενος +τραχύτητα καὶ τοὺς ἵππους μετατιθεὶς +ἅμα καὶ βιαζόμενος, ἤν τι πλημμελῶσιν; ὅλως +δὲ οὐδεμίαν ἄξιον τέχνην μετὰ τῆς τύχης ἐξετάζειν, +ἀλλ᾽ αὐτὴν ἐφ᾽ αὑτῆς σκοπεῖν. οὐδὲ +στρατηγὸς ἀμείνων ὁ Κλέων Νικίου, ἐπειδὴ τὰ +περὶ τὴν Πύλον ηὐτύχησεν, οὐδ᾽ ἄλλος οὐδεὶς τῶν +τύχῃ μᾶλλον ἢ γνώμῃ κρατούντων. ἐγὼ δὲ εἰ μὴ +καὶ τὴν τύχην τὴν σὴν ἀμείνω καὶ δικαιοτέραν +τῆς τῶν ἀντιταξαμένων, μᾶλλον δὲ τῆς ἁπάντων +ἀνθρώπων κρατίστην φήσαιμι, [26] ἀδικεῖν ἂν εἰκότως +<pb n='066'/><anchor id='Pg066'/><anchor id='Pg067'/> +δοκοίην, τὴν μὴ παρασχοῦσαν τοῖς πολεμίοις +αἰσθέσθαι τὸ πλεονέκτημα. χρὴ γὰρ οἶμαι τὸν +δικαίως ὑπὲρ τῶν ῥηθέντων κρινοῦντα<note place='foot'>κρινοῦντα Cobet, κρίνοντα MSS, Hertlein.</note> τὸ μὲν +ἐλάττωμα τῇ τοῦ πνίγους ἀνανταγωνίστῳ ῥώμῃ +λογίζεσθαι, τὸ δὲ εἰς ἴσον καταστῆσαι τοὺς +πολεμίους ταῖς συμφοραῖς τῆς σῆς ἀρετῆς ἔργον +ὑπολαβεῖν, τὸ δὲ τῶν μὲν οἰκείων αἰσθέσθαι +συμφορῶν, ἀγνοῆσαι δὲ τὰ κατορθώματα τῆς +ἀγαθῆς τύχης ἔργον λογέζεσθαι. +</p> + +<p> +(Is a man a skilful pilot because he can steer his +ship in fair weather when the sea is absolutely +calm? Would you call a charioteer an expert driver +who on smooth and level ground has in harness +horses that are gentle, quiet and swift, and under +such conditions gives a display of his art? How +much more skilful is the pilot who marks and perceives +beforehand the coming storm and tries to avoid its +path, and then, if for any reason he must face it, +brings off his ship safe and sound, cargo and all? +Just so, the skilful charioteer is he who can contend +against the unevenness of the ground, and guide his +horses and control them at the same time, if they +grow restive. In short, it is not fair to judge of skill +of any sort when it is aided by fortune, but one must +examine it independently. Cleon was not a better +general than Nicias because he was fortunate in the +affair of Pylos, and the same may be said of all +whose success is due to luck rather than to good +judgment. But if I did not claim that your fortune +was both better and better deserved than that of +your opponents, or rather of all men, I should with +reason be thought to do it an injustice, since it +prevented the enemy from even perceiving their +advantage. For, in my opinion, an impartial judge +of my narrative ought to ascribe our reverse to the +extreme and insupportable heat, and the fact that +you inflicted loss on the enemy equal to ours he +would regard as achieved by your valour, but that, +though they were aware of their losses, they took no +account of their success, he would regard as brought +about by your good fortune.) +</p> + +<p> +[B] Ἀλλ᾽ ὅπως μὴ μακρότερα περὶ τούτων λέγων +τὸν ὑπὲρ τῶν μειζόνων καιρὸν ἀναλώσω, πειράσομαι +λοιπὸν τὸ μετὰ τοῦτο περιστὰν ἡμᾶς τῶν +πραγμάτων πλῆθος διεξιέναι<note place='foot'> διεξιέναι Reiske, lacuna Hertlein following Petavius.</note> καὶ τῶν κινδύνων +τὸ μέγεθος, καὶ ὅπως ἅπασιν ἀντισχὼν τυράννων +μὲν πλῆθος, βαρβάρων δὲ ἐτρέψω δυνάμεις. ἦν +μὲν γὰρ ὁ χειμὼν ἐπ᾽ ἐξόδοις ἤδη, ἕκτον που +μάλιστα μετὰ τὸν πόλεμον ἔτος, οὗ μικρῷ πρόσθεν +ἐμνήσθην, [C] ἧκε δὲ ἀγγέλλων τισ, ὡς Γαλατία +μὲν συναφεστῶσα τῷ τυράννῳ ἀδελφῷ τῷ σῷ +ἐβοὐλευσέ τε καὶ ἐπετέλεσε τὸν φόνον, εἶτα ὡς +Ἰταλία καὶ Σικελία κατείληπται, τὰ δὲ ἐν +Ἰλλυριοῖς στρατόπεδα ταραχωδῶς ἔχει καὶ Βασιλέα +σφῶν ἀπέδειξε τὸν τέως στρατηγὸν ἀντισχεῖν +ἐθέλοντα πρὸς τὴν ἄμαχον δοκοῦσαν τῶν +τυράννων φοράν. ἱκέτευε δὲ αὐτὸς οὗτος χρήματα +πέμπειν καὶ δύναμιν τὴν βοηθήσουσαν, σφόδρα +ὑπὲρ αὑτοῦ δεδιὼς καὶ τρέμων, μὴ πρὸς τῶν +τυράννων κρατηθείη. [D] καὶ τέως μὲν ἐπηγγέλλετο +τὰ προσήκοντα δράσειν, οὐδαμῶς αὑτὸν ἀξιῶν +<pb n='068'/><anchor id='Pg068'/><anchor id='Pg069'/> +τῆς ἀρχῆς, ἐπίτροπον δὲ οἶμαι πιστὸν καὶ φύλακα +παρέξειν ἐπαγγελλόμενος· ἔμελλε δὲ οὐκ εἰς +μακρὰν ἄπιστος φανεῖσθαι καὶ δίκην ὑφέξειν +καίτοι<note place='foot'>καίτοι Reiske, καὶ MSS, Hertlein. Petavius omits καὶ.</note> φιλάνθρωπον. ταῦτα πυθόμενος οὐκ ᾤου +δεῖν ἐν ῥᾳστώνῃ πολλῇ τὸν χρόνον ἀναλίσκειν +μάτην. ἀλλὰ τὰς μὲν ἐπὶ τῇ Συρίᾳ πόλεις +μηχανημάτων καὶ φρουρᾶς καὶ σίτου καὶ τῆς +ἄλλης παρασκευῆς<note place='foot'>παρασκευῆς V, παρασκευῆς ἁπάσης MSS.</note> ἐμπλήσας, καὶ ἀπὼν ἀρκέσειν +τοῖς τῇδε προσεδόκησας, [27] αὐτὸς δὲ ἐπὶ τοὺς +τυράννους ὁρμᾶν ἐβουλεύου. +</p> + +<p> +(That I may not, however, by saying more on this +subject, spend time that belongs to more important +affairs, I will try to describe next the multitude of +difficulties that beset us, the magnitude of our perils, +and how you faced them all, and not only routed +the numerous following of the usurpers, but the +barbarian forces as well. +About six years had passed since the war I have +just described, and the winter was nearly over, when +a messenger arrived with the news<note place='foot'>cf. Demosthenes, <hi rend='italic'>De Corona</hi> 169.</note> that Galatia<note place='foot'>Gaul.</note> +had gone over to the usurper, that a plot had been +made to assassinate your brother and had been +carried out, also that Italy and Sicily had been +occupied, lastly that the Illyrian garrisons were in +revolt and had proclaimed their general<note place='foot'>Vetranio.</note> emperor, +though for a time he had been inclined to resist +what seemed to be the irresistible onset of the +usurpers.<note place='foot'>Demosthenes, <hi rend='italic'>De Corona</hi> 61.</note> Indeed, he himself kept imploring you +to send money and men to his aid, as though he +were terribly afraid on his own account of being +overpowered by them. And for a while he kept +protesting that he would do his duty, that for +his part he had no pretensions to the throne, but +would faithfully guard and protect it for you. Such +were his assertions, but it was not long before +his treachery came to light and he received his +punishment, tempered though it was with mercy. +On learning these facts you thought you ought not +to waste your time in idleness to no purpose. The +cities of Syria you stocked with engines of war, +garrisons, food supplies, and equipment of other +kinds, considering that, by these measures, you +would, though absent, sufficiently protect the inhabitants, +while you were planning to set out in +person against the usurpers.) +</p> + +<p> +Πέρσαι δὲ ἐξ ἐκείνου τὸν καιρὸν τοῦτον +παραφυλάξαντες, ὡς ἐξ ἐφόδου τὴν Συρίαν +ληψόμενοι, πᾶσαν ἐξαναστήσαντες ἡλικίαν καὶ +φύσιν καὶ τύχην ἐφ᾽ ἡμᾶς ὥρμηντο, ἄνδρες, +μειράκια, πρεσβῦται καὶ γυναικῶν πλῆθος καὶ +θεραπόντων, οὐ μόνον τῶν πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον +ὑπουργιῶν χάριν, ἐκ περιουσίας δὲ πλεῖστον +ἑπόμενον. διενοοῦντο γὰρ ὡς καὶ τὰς πόλεις +[B] καθάξοντες καὶ τῆς χώρας ἤδη κρατήσαντες +κληρούχους ἡμῖν ἐπάγειν.<note place='foot'>ἐπάγειν Hertlein suggests, ἐπάξοντες Wyttenbach, ἐπαύξουσι +V, ἐπάξουσι MSS.</note> κενὰς δὲ ἀπέφηνεν +αὐτοῖς τὰς προσδοκίας τῆς παρασκευῆς τῆς σῆς +τὸ μέγεθος. ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἐς πολιορκίαν κατέστησαν, +ἐπετειχίζετο μὲν ἡ πόλις κύκλῳ τοῖς +χώμασιν, ἐπέρρει δὲ ὁ Μυγδόνιος πελαγίζων τὸ +περὶ τῷ τείχει χωρίον, καθάπερ ὁ Νεῖλος, φασὶ, +τὴν Αἴγυπτον. προσήγετο δὲ ἐπὶ νεῶν ταῖς +ἐπάλξεσι τὰ μηχανήματα, καὶ ἐπιπλεῖν ἄλλοι +<pb n='070'/><anchor id='Pg070'/><anchor id='Pg071'/> +διενοοῦντο τοῖς τείχεσιν, [C] ἄλλοι δὲ ἔβαλλον ἀπὸ +τῶν χωμάτων τοὺς ἀμυνομένους ὑπὲρ τῆς πόλεως. +οἱ δὲ ἐκ τῶν τειχῶν ἤμυνον καρτερῶς τῇ πίλει. +μεστὰ δὲ ἦν ἅπαντα σωμάτων καὶ ναυαγίων καὶ +ὅπλων καὶ βελῶν, τῶν μὲν ἄρτι καταδυομένων, +τῶν δέ, ἐπειδὴ τὸ πρῶτον ὑπὸ τῆς βίας κατενεχθέντα +κατέδυ, κουφιζομένων ὑπὸ τοῦ κύματος. +ἀσπίδες μὲν ἐπενήχοντο βαρβάρων παμπληθεῖς +καὶ νεῶν σέλματα<note place='foot'>σέλματα Reiske, ἕρματα MSS, Herlein. Reiske suggests +συντριβομένων. ἐπ᾽ αὐταῖς δὲ μηχανημάτων καὶ βελῶν πλῆθος.</note> συντριβομένων ἐπ᾽ αὐταῖς τῶν +μηχανημάτων. [D] βελῶν πλῆθος ἐπινηχόμενον μικροῦ +δεῖν ἐπεῖχεν ἅπαν τὸ μεταξὺ τοῦ τείχους +καὶ τῶν χωμάτων. ἐτέτραπτο δὲ ἡ λίμνη πρὸς +λύθρον, καὶ κύκλῳ τὸ τεῖχος ἐπήχουν οἰμωγαὶ +βαρβάρων ὀλλύντων μὲν οὐδαμῶς, ὀλλυμένων<note place='foot'>ὀλλυμένων Cobet, ἀπολλυμένων MSS, Hertlein.</note> +δὲ πολυτρόπως καὶ τιτρωσκομένων ποικίλοις +τραύμασι. +</p> + +<p> +(But the Persians ever since the last campaign +had been watching for just such an opportunity, +and had planned to conquer Syria, by a single +invasion. So they mustered all forces, every age, +sex, and condition, and marched against us, men +and mere boys, old men and crowds of women +and slaves, who followed not merely to assist in +the war, but in vast numbers beyond what was +needed. For it was their intention to reduce the +cities, and once masters of the country, to bring +in colonists in spite of us. But the magnitude of +your preparations made it manifest that their expectations +were but vanity. They began the siege +and completely surrounded the city<note place='foot'>Nisibis.</note> with dykes, +and then the river Mygdonius flowed in and +flooded the ground about the walls, as they say +the Nile floods Egypt. The siege-engines were +brought up against the ramparts on boats, and their +plan was that one force should sail to attack the +walls while the other kept shooting on the city's +defenders from the mounds. But the garrison made +a stout defence of the city from the walls. The +whole place was filled with corpses, wreckage, +armour, and missiles, of which some were just +sinking, while others, after sinking from the violence +of the first shock, floated on the waters. A vast +number of barbarian shields and also ship's benches, +as a result of the collisions of the siege-engines on +the ships, drifted on the surface. The mass of floating +weapons almost covered the whole surface between +the wall and the mounds. The lake was turned to +gore, and all about the walls echoed the groans of +the barbarians, slaying not, but being slain<note place='foot'>cf. <hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi>, 4. 451. ὀλλύντων τε καὶ ὀλλυμένων.</note> in +manifold ways and by all manner of wounds.) +</p> + +<p> +Τίς ἂν ἀξίως τῶν δρωμένων διηγοῖτο; πῦρ μὲν +ἐνίετο ταῖς ἀσπίσιν, ἐξέπιπτον δὲ τῶν ὁπλιτῶν +ἡμίκαυτοι πολλοί, ἄλλοι δὲ ἀποδιδράσκοντες +τὴν φλόγα τὸν ἐκ τῶν βελῶν οὐκ ἀπέφευγον +κίνδυνον· [28] ἀλλ᾽ οἱ μὲν ἔτι νηχόμενοι τὰ νῶτα +τρωθέντες ἐς βυθὸν κατεδύοντο, οἱ δὲ ἐξαλλόμενοι +τῶν μηχανημάτων πρὶν ὕδατος ἅψασθαι +βληθέντες οὐ σωτηρίαν, κουφότερον δὲ εὗρον τὸν<note place='foot'>εὗρον τὸν Cobet, ηὕροντο Hertlein, εὗρον τὸν V, εὕραντο +MSS.</note> +θάνατον. τοὺς δὲ οὐδὲ νεῖν εἰδότας ἀκλεέστερον +τῶν πρόσθεν ἀπολλυμένους τίς ἂν ἀξιώσειεν +ἁριθμοῦ καὶ μνήμης; ἐπιλείψει με, καθ᾽ ἕκαστον +εἰ πᾶσιν ἐπεξελθεῖν βουλοίμην, ὁ χρόνος· τὸ +<pb n='072'/><anchor id='Pg072'/><anchor id='Pg073'/> +κεφάλαιον δὲ ἀκούειν ἀπόχρη. [B] ταύτην ἥλιος +ἐπεῖδε τὴν μάχην ἄγνωστον ἀνθρώποις τὸν ἔμπροσθεν +χρόνον· ταῦτα τὴν παλαιὰν ἀλαζονείαν +ἤλενξε τῶν Μήδων τῦφον ὄντα κενόν· ταῦτα τῆς +Ξέρξου παρασκευῆς ἀπιστουμένης τέως τὸ μέγεθος, +εἰ τοσαύτη γενομένη τέλος ἔσχεν αἰσχρὸν καὶ +ἐπονείδιστον, ἐναργέστερον τῶν δοκούντων εἶναι +γνωρίμων ἡμῖν κατέστησεν. ὁ μὲν ἐπειρᾶτο πλεῖν +καὶ πεζεύειν ἀπεναντίον τῇ φύσει μαχόμενος +καὶ, [C] ὥσπερ οὖν ᾤετο, κρατῶν ἠπείρου φύσεως +καὶ θαλάττης ἀνδρὸς Ἕλληνος ἡττᾶτο σοφίας καὶ +ῥώμης στρατιωτῶν οὐ τρυφᾶν μεμελετηκότων οὐδὲ +δουλεύειν, ἀλλ᾽ ἐλευθέρως ἄρχεσθαι καὶ πονεῖν εἰδότων. +ὁ δὲ ταῖς παρασκευαῖς ἐκείνου καταδεέστερος, +ἔμπληκτος δὲ μᾶλλον καὶ τῇ μανίᾳ τοὺς +Ἀλωάδας ὑπερβαλλόμενος μόνον οὐχὶ τὸ πλησίον +ὄρος ἐγνωκὼς ἀμφικαλύψαι τῇ πόλει, ἐπαφιεὶς δὲ +[D] ποταμῶν ῥεύματα καὶ τὰ τείχη διαλύσας οὐδὲ +ἀτειχίστου τῆς πόλεως περιγενόμενος ἔσχεν ἐφ᾽ +ὅτῳ σεμνύνηται, καθάπερ ὁ Ξέρξης ταῖς Ἀθήναις +ἐμβαλὼν τὴν φλόγα. ἐπανῄει δὲ τεττάρων μηνῶν +ἀναλώσας χρόνον μυριάσι πολλαῖς ἧττον ἀπάγων +τὸ στάατευμα, καὶ τὴν ἡσυχίαν ἠγάπησεν ὁ πρόσθεν +ἀφόρητος δοκῶν, τὴν σὴν ἀσχολίαν καὶ τὴν +τῶν παρ᾽ ἡμῖν πραγμάτων παραχὴν ὥσπερ ἔρυμα +τῆς αὑτοῦ προβαλλόμενος σωτηρίας. +</p> + +<p> +(Who could find suitable words to describe all +that was done there? They hurled fire down on +to the shields, and many of the hoplites fell half-burned, +while others who fled from the flames +could not escape the danger from the missiles. But +some while still swimming were wounded in the +back and sank to the bottom, while others who +jumped from the siege-engines were hit before they +touched the water, and so found not safety indeed +but an easier death. As for those who knew not +how to swim, and perished more obscurely than those +just mentioned, who would attempt to name or +number them? Time would fail me did I desire to +recount all this in detail. It is enough that you +should hear the sum of the matter. On that day the +sun beheld a battle the like of which no man had ever +known before. These events exposed the historic +boastings of the Medes as only empty conceit. Till +then men had hardly believed that Xerxes could +have had so huge an armament, seeing that for all +its size its fate was so shameful and ignominious; +but these events made the fact clearer to us than +things long familiar and obvious. Xerxes tried to +sail and to march by fighting against the laws of +nature, and, as he thought, overcame the nature of +the sea and of the dry land, but he proved to be no +match for the wisdom and endurance of a Greek +whose soldiers had not been bred in the school of +luxury, nor learned to be slaves, but knew how to +obey and to use their energies like free-born men. +That man,<note place='foot'>Sapor.</note> however, though he had no such vast +armament as Xerxes, was even more insensate, and +outdid the Aloadae in his infatuation, as if almost +he had conceived the idea of overwhelming the city +with the mountain<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 8. 49.</note> that was hard by. Then he +turned the currents of rivers against its walls and +undermined them, but even when the city had lost +its walls he could not succeed in taking it, so that +he had not even that triumph to boast of, as Xerxes +had when he set fire to Athens. So, after spending +four months, he retreated with an army that had lost +many thousands, and he who had always seemed to +be irresistible was glad to keep the peace, and to +use as a bulwark for his own safety the fact that you +had no time to spare and that our own affairs were +in confusion.) +</p> + +<p> +Ταῦτα καταλιπὼν ἐπὶ τῆς Ἀσίας τρόπαια καὶ +<pb n='074'/><anchor id='Pg074'/><anchor id='Pg075'/> +νίκας, [29] ἐπὶ τὴν Εὐρώπην ἀκμῆτας ἦγες τὸ στράτευμα, +τὴν οἰκουμένην ἅπασαν ἐμπλῆσαι τροπαίων +ἐγνωκώς. ἐμοὶ δὲ ἀρκεῖ<note place='foot'>ἀρκεῖ Cobet, ἤρκει MSS, Hertlein.</note> τὰ πρόσθεν ῥηθέντα, εἰ +καὶ μηδὲν ἔτι περὶ σοῦ λέγειν εἶχον σεμνότερον, +πρὸς τὸ πάντων ἀποφῆναι σε τῶν ἔμπροσθεν τῆς +αὐτῆς σοι μετασχόντων τύχης συνέσει καὶ ῥώμῃ +κρατοῦντα. τὸ γὰρ ἀπαθῶς ὤσασθαι μεὲ τὴν +Περσῶν δύναμιν, οὐ πόλιν οὐδὲ φρούριον, ἀλλ᾽ +[B] οὐδὲ στρατιώτην τῶν ἐκ καταλόγου προέμενον, +πολιορκίᾳ δὲ τέλος ἐπιθεῖναι λαμπρὸν καὶ οἷον +οὔπω πρόσθεν ἠκούσαμεν, τίνι χρὴ τῶν ἔμπροσθεν +παραβαλεῖν ἔργων; περιβόητος γέγονεν ἡ +Καρχηδονίων ἐν τοῖς δεινοῖς τόλμα, ἀλλ᾽ ἐτελεύτησεν +εἰς συμφοράς· λαμπρὰ τὰ περὶ τὴν Πλαταιέων +πολιορκίαν γενόμενα, ἐχρήσαντο δὲ οἱ +δείλαιοι γνωριμώτερον τοῖς δυστυχήμασι. τί χρὴ +Μεσσήνης καὶ Πύλου μεμνῆσθαι, οὔτε ἀγωνισαμένων +καρτερῶς οὔτε ἁλόντων ξὺν βίᾳ; [C] Συρακούσιοι +δὲ τὸν σοφὸν ἐκεῖνον ἀντιτάξαντες ταῖς παρασκευαῖς +τῆς ἡμετέρας πόλεως καὶ τῷ καλῷ κἀγαθῷ +στρατηγῷ τί πλέον ὤναντο; οὐχ ἑάλωσαν μὲν +τῶν ἄλλων αἴσχιον, ἐσώζοντο δὲ καλὸν ὑπόμνημα +τῆς τῶν ἑλόντων πρᾳότητος; Ἀλλ᾽ εἰ πάσας +ἐξαριθμεῖσθαι τὰς πόλεις βουλοίμην, αἳ πρὸς τὰς +ὑποδεεστέρας οὐ κατήρκεσαν παρασκευάς, πόσας +οἴει μοι βίβλους ἀρκέσειν; τῆς Ῥώμης δὲ ἴσως +ἄξιον μνησθῆναι πάλαι ποτὲ χρησαμένης τύχῃ +τοιαύτῃ, [D] Γαλατῶν οἶμαι καὶ Κελτῶν ἐς ταύτὸ +<pb n='076'/><anchor id='Pg076'/><anchor id='Pg077'/> +πνευσάντων καὶ φερομένων ἐπ᾽ αὐτὴν καθάπερ +χειμάρρους ἐξαίφνης. κατέλαβον μὲν γὰρ τὸν +λόφον ἐκεῖνον, οὗ τὸ τοῦ Διὸς ἀφίδρυται βρέτας; +γέρροις δὲ καί τισι τοιούτοις οἱονεὶ τείχει φραξάμενοι, +πολυπραγμονούντων οὐδὲν προσιέναι τῶν +πολεμίων βίᾳ τολμώντων, ἐκράτησαν. +</p> + +<p> +(Such were the trophies and victories that you +left behind you in Asia, and you led your troops to +Europe in perfect condition, determined to fill the +whole world with the monuments of your victories. +Even if I had nothing more wonderful to relate +about you, what I have said is enough to demonstrate +that in good sense and energy you surpass all +those in the past whose fortune was the same as +yours. Indeed to have repulsed the whole strength +of Persia and remain unscathed, not to have lost so +much as a soldier from the ranks, much less a town +or fort, and finally to have brought the siege to so +brilliant and unprecedented a conclusion,—what +achievement I ask in the past could one compare +with this? The Carthaginians were famous for their +daring in the face of danger, but they ended in +disaster. The siege of Plataea shed lustre on its +citizens, but all that their valour could do for those +unhappy men was to make their misfortunes more +widely known. What need to quote Messene or +Pylos, since there the defeated did not make a +brave defence nor was a vigorous assault necessary +to subdue them? As for the Syracusans, they had +their famous man of science<note place='foot'>Archimedes.</note> to aid them against +the armaments of Rome and our illustrious general,<note place='foot'>Marcellus 212 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.c.</hi></note> +but what did he avail them in the end? Did they +not fall more ignominiously than the rest, and were +only spared to be a glorious monument of their +conqueror's clemency? But if I wished to reckon +up all the states that could not withstand armaments +inferior to their own, how many volumes do you +think would suffice? Rome, however, I ought +perhaps to mention, because long ago she had just +such a fortune, I mean when the Galatians and +Celts<note place='foot'>The Galatians, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the Gauls, and Celts are often thus +incorrectly distinguished, cf. 34 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c.</hi> 36 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.</hi> 124 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.</hi></note> conspired together, and without warning +poured down on the city like a winter torrent.<note place='foot'>390 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.c.</hi> under Brennus.</note> +The citizens occupied the famous hill<note place='foot'>The Capitoline.</note> on which +stands the statue of Jupiter. There they intrenched +themselves with wicker barricades and such like +defences, as though with a wall, while the enemy +offered no hindrance nor ventured to approach to +attack at close quarters, and so they won the day.) +</p> + +<p> +[30] Ταύτῃ παραβαλεῖν ἄξιον τῇ πολιορκίᾳ τὴν +ἔναγχος τῷ τέλει τῆς τύχης, ἐπεὶ τοῖς γε ἔργοις +οὐδεμιᾷ τῶν ὅσαι πάλαι γεγόνασι. τίς γὰρ ἔγνω +κυκλουμένην μὲν ὕδασι πόλιν,<note place='foot'>πόλιν Reiske, τὴν πόλιν MSS.</note> λόφοις δὲ ἔξωθεν +καθάπερ δικτύοις περιβληθεῖσαν, καὶ ποταμὸν +ἐπαφιέμενον οἱονεὶ μηχάνημα, συνεχῶς ῥέοντα καὶ +προσρηγνύμενον τοῖς τείχεσι, τάς τε ὑπὲρ τῶν +ὑδάτων μάχας καὶ ὅσαι περὶ τῷ τείχει κατενεχθέντι +γεγόνασιν;<note place='foot'>γεγόνασιν; Wright, γεγόνασιν. Hertlein.</note> ἐμοὶ μὲν οὖν, ὅπερ ἔφην, +ἀπόχρη καὶ ταῦτα· τὰ λειπόμενα δέ ἐστι μακρῷ +σεμνότερα. [B] καὶ τυχὸν οὐδαμῶς εὔλογον ἅπαξ +ἑλόμενον ἁπάντων ἐς δύναμιν μνησθῆναι τῶν σοι +πραχθέντων, ἀκμαζουσῶν ἔτι τῶν πράξεων, +ἁφεῖναι τὴν διήγησιν. ὅσα μὲν οὖν ἔτι τοῖς +ἔργοις προσκαθήμενος, ὧν μικρῷ πρόσθεν ἐμνήσθην, +περὶ τὴν Εὐρώπην διῴκησας, πρεσβείας +πέμπων καὶ ἀναλίσκων χρήματα καὶ στρατόπεδα +τὰ προσκαθήμενα τοῖς Σκύθαις ἐν Παιονίᾳ ἐκπέμπων, +τοῦ μὴ κρατηθῆναι τὸν πρεσβύτην ὑπὸ +<pb n='078'/><anchor id='Pg078'/><anchor id='Pg079'/> +τοῦ τυράννου προνοῶν, πῶς ἄν τις ἐν βραχεῖ λόγῳ +[C] παραστῆσαι δύναιτο καὶ πάνυ σπουδάζων; +</p> + +<p> +(It is with this siege that the recent one may +well be compared, at least in the issue of its +fortunes; for the actual occurrences could not be +paralleled in all history. For who ever heard of +surrounding a city with water, and from without +throwing hills about it like nets, then hurling at it, +like a siege-engine, a river that flowed in a steady +stream and broke against its walls, or of fighting like +that which took place in the water and about the +wall where it had fallen in? For my purpose, this +is, as I said, evidence enough. But what remains to +tell is far more awe-inspiring. And perhaps, since +I have undertaken to record, as far as possible, all +that you accomplished, it is not fair to break off my +narrative at the point where you were at the very +height of your activity. For even while you were +occupied by the interests I have just described, you +arranged your affairs in Europe, despatching embassies, +spending money, and sending out the legions +that were garrisoning Paeonia against the Scythians, +all of which was with the intention of preventing +that feeble old man<note place='foot'>Vetranio.</note> from being overpowered by the +usurper.<note place='foot'>Magnentius.</note> But how could one, with the best will in +the world, present all this in a short speech?) +</p> + +<p> +Ἐπει δέ, ἤδη σου πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον ὡρμημένου, +οὐκ οἶδα παρ᾽ ὅτου δαιμόνων ἐξαιρεθεὶς τὸν νοῦν καὶ +τὰς φρένας ὁ τέως πιστὸς μενεῖν φύλαξ ἐπαγγελλόμενος +καὶ χρήμασι καὶ στρατοπέδοις καὶ τοῖς +ἄλλοις ἅπασιν ὑπὸ σοῦ περισωζόμενος εἰρήνην +ὡμολόγησε τῷ πάντων ἀνθρώπων ἀνοσιωτάτῳ +καὶ πολεμίῳ κοινῇ μὲν ἁπάντων, ὁπόσοις εἰρήνης +μέλει καὶ τὴν ὁμόνοιαν ἐκ παντὸς στέργουσιν, [D] ἰδίᾳ +δὲ σοὶ καὶ πλέον τῶν ἄλλων· οὔτε ἔδεισας τῆς +παρασκευῆς τὸ μέγεθος οὔτε ἀπίστων ἀνδρῶν +ξυμμαχίαν πλέον ἔχειν<note place='foot'>πλέον ἔχειν Hertlein suggests, πλέον MSS.</note> ὑπέλαβες τῆς ἔμφρονος +γνώμης. ἐγκαλῶν δέ, ὡς εἰκός, τῷ μὲν ἀπιστίαν, +τῷ δὲ πρὸς ταύτῃ πράξεων ἀναγῶν καὶ παρανόμων +τολμήματα, τὸν μὲν εἰς δίκην καὶ κρίσιν ἐπὶ τῶν +στρατοπέδων προυκάλεις, τοῦ δὲ κριτὴν ὑπελάμβανες +εἶναι τὸν πόλεμον. ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ πρῶτον ὁ +καλὸς καὶ συνετὸς ἀπήντα πρεσβύτης, [31] εὐχερέστερον +παιδαρίου τινὸς μετατιθέμενος τὰ δόξαντα καὶ +ὧν εὖ πάθοι δεόμενος μετὰ τὴν χρείαν ἐπιλήσμων· +παρῆν δὲ ἄγων ὁπλιτῶν φάλαγγας καὶ τάξεις +ἱππέων, ὡς, εἰ μὴ πείθοι, βιασόμενος σε<note place='foot'>σε Hertlein adds.</note> ὀπίσω +πάλιν ἀπιέναι τὴν αὐτὴν ἄπρακτον· οὐδὲν ἐκπλαγείς, +ὅτι τὸν σύμμαχον καὶ στρατηγὸν μενεῖν +ἐπαγγελλόμενον πολέμιον εἶδες ἐξ ἴσης ἄρχειν +ἐθέλοντα, καίτοι τῷ πλήθει τῶν στρατευμάτων +<pb n='080'/><anchor id='Pg080'/><anchor id='Pg081'/> +ἐλαττούμενος, ἐπεὶ μὴ πάντες εἵποντο, [B] πρὸς πλήθει +κρατοῦντα διαγωνίζεσθαι τολμηρὸν μὲν ἴσως, +σφαλερὸν δὲ πάντως<note place='foot'>πάντως Hertlein suggests, ἄλλως MSS, cf. 222 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi> 353 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> ὑπολαβὼν καὶ κρατήσαντι +τῇ μάχῃ διὰ τὸν ἐφεδρεύοντα τοῖς καιροῖς καὶ τοῖς +πράγμασιν ἄγριον τύραννον, ἐβουλεύσω καλῶς +μόνον εἶναι σὸν ἐθέλων τὸ κατόρθωμα, καὶ παρῄεις +ἐπὶ τὸ βῆμα μετὰ τοῦ τέως συνάρχοντος· συνῄει +δὲ ὁπλίτης δῆμος στίλβων τοῖς ὅπλοις, τὰ ξίφη +γυμνὰ καὶ τὰ δόρατα προτείνοντες, [C] δειλῷ μὲν φρικῶδες +καὶ δεινὸν θέαμα, εὐψύχῳ δὲ καὶ θαρραλέῳ καὶ +οἷος αὐτὸς γέγονας ὄφελος γενναῖον. οὐκοῦν ἐπειδὴ +πρῶτον ἤρξω τῶν λόγων, σιγὴ μὲν ἐπέσχε, πρὸς τὴν +ἀκοὴν ὡρμημένων πάντων, τὸ στράτευμα· δάκρυα δὲ +προυχεῖτο πολλοῖς, καὶ ἐς τὸν οὐρανὸν τὰς χεῖρας +ὤρεγον, σιγῇ καὶ ταῦτα δρῶντες, ὡς μήτις αἴσθηται. +τὴν εὔνοιαν δὲ οἱ μὲν ἐνεδείκνυντο καὶ<note place='foot'>καὶ Hertlein adds.</note> διὰ τῆς +ὄψεως, πάντες δὲ τῷ σφόδρα ὡρμῆσθαι τῶν λόγων +ἀκούειν. [D] ἀκμαζούσης δὲ τῆς δημηγορίας συνενθουσιῶντες +τῷ λόγῳ πάντες ἐπεκρότουν, εἶτα αὖθις +ἀκούειν ἐπιθυμοῦντες ἡσύχαζον. τέλος δὲ ὑπὸ +τῶν λόγων ἀναπειθόμενοι σὲ<note place='foot'>σὲ Reiske adds.</note> μόνον ἐκάλουν +βασιλέα, μόνον ἄρχειν ἠξίουν ἁπάντων, ἡγεῖσθαι +σφῶν ἐκέλευον ἐπὶ τὸν πολέμιον, ἀκολουθήσειν +ὡμολόγουν, ἀπολαμβάνειν ἠξίουν τῆς ἀρχῆς τὰ +γνωρίσματα. σὺ δὲ οὐδὲ τὴν χεῖρα προσάγειν +ᾤου δεῖν οὐδὲ ἀφελέσθαι ξὺν βίᾳ· ὁ δὲ ἄκων μὲν +καὶ μόλις, εἴξας δὲ ὅμως ὀψέ ποτε, φασί, τῇ +<pb n='082'/><anchor id='Pg082'/><anchor id='Pg083'/> +Θετταλικῇ πειθανάνκῃ, [32] προσῆγέ σοι περιελόμενος +τὴν ἁλουργίδα. οἷός τις ἐνταῦθα γέγονας τοσούτων +μὲν ἐθνῶν καὶ στρατοπέδων καὶ χρημάτων ἐν +ἡμέρᾳ μιᾷ γεγονὼς κύριος, τὸν πολέμιον δέ, εἰ καὶ +μὴ τοῖς ἔργοις, ἀλλα τῇ γνώμῃ φανέντα, τὴν +ἀρχὴν ἀφελόμενος καὶ τοῦ σώματος κρατήσας; +</p> + +<p> +(No sooner had you set out for the seat of war, than +this very man, who had all along protested that he +would loyally continue to guard your interests, +though you had reinforced him with money, troops, +and everything of the sort, was driven to folly and +madness by I know not what evil spirit, and came +to terms with the most execrable of mankind, the +common enemy of all who care for peace and cherish +harmony above all things, and more particularly +your enemy for personal reasons. But you were +undismayed by the magnitude of his preparations, +nor would you admit that a conspiracy of traitors +could overreach your own wise purpose. One<note place='foot'>Vetranio.</note> of +the pair you justly accused of treason, the other<note place='foot'>Magnentius.</note> of +infamous crimes besides, and deeds of lawless +violence, and you summoned the former to trial and +judgment before the legions, the latter you decided +to leave to the arbitrament of war. Then he met +you face to face, that honourable and prudent old +man, who used to change his opinions more easily +than any child, and, though he had begged for them, +forgot all your favours as soon as the need had +passed. He arrived with his phalanxes of hoplites +and squadrons of cavalry, intending to compel, if he +could not persuade you, to take no action and return +the way you came. When, then, you saw this man, +who had protested that he would continue to be +your ally and general, playing an enemy's part and +claiming an equal share of your empire, you were +not at all dismayed, though his troops outnumbered +yours. For you had not brought your whole force with +you since you decided that to fight it out with such +odds against you might be courageous but was in +every way hazardous, even if you won the battle, +because of that other savage usurper<note place='foot'>Magnentius.</note> who was +lying in wait for a favourable opportunity<note place='foot'>Demosthenes, <hi rend='italic'>De Chersoneso</hi> 42.</note> when +you should be in difficulties. You therefore made +a wise resolve in preferring to achieve success +single-handed, and you mounted the platform with +him who for the moment was your colleague in +empire. He was escorted by a whole host of +hoplites with glittering weapons,<note place='foot'>Euripides, <hi rend='italic'>Andromache</hi> 1146.</note> presenting drawn +swords and spears, a sight to make a coward shake +with fear, though it inspired and supported one +so brave and gallant as yourself. Now when first +you began to speak, silence fell on the whole army +and every man strained his ears to hear. Many +shed tears and raised their hands to heaven, though +even this they did in silence, so as to be unobserved. +Some again showed their affection in their faces, but +all showed it by their intense eagerness to hear your +words. When your speech reached its climax, they +were carried away by enthusiasm and burst into +applause, then eager to miss no word they became +quiet again. Finally, won by your arguments, they +hailed you as their only Emperor, demanded that +you alone should rule the whole empire, and bade +you lead them against your adversary, promising to +follow you and begging you to take back the imperial +insignia. You, however, thought it beneath you to +stretch out your hand for them or to take them by +force. Then against his will and with reluctance, but +yielding at last to what is called Thessalian persuasion,<note place='foot'>A proverb for necessity disguised as a choice, cf. 274 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> +he took off the purple robe and offered it to +you. What a heroic figure yours was then, when, in a +single day, you became master of all those races, those +legions, all that wealth, when you stripped of his +power and took prisoner one who, if not in fact +yet in intention, had shown that he was your enemy!) +</p> + +<p> +Ἆρ᾽ οὐ τούτῳ μὲν ἄμεινον καὶ δικαιότερον +προσηνέχθης ἢ Κῦρος τῷ πάππῳ, τοῖς περὶ αὐτὸν +δὲ τὰς τιμὰς διεφύλαξας οὐδὲν οὐδενὸς ἀφελόμενος, +προσθεὶς δὲ οἶμαι δωρεὰς πολλοῖς; [B] τίς δέ σ᾽<note place='foot'>σ᾽ Reiske adds.</note> +εἶδεν ἢ πρὸ τοῦ κρατῆσαι σκυθρωπὸν λίαν ἢ μετὰ +τοῦθ᾽ ὑπερηδόμενον; καίτοι πῶς<note place='foot'>ἴσως Hertlein suggests.</note> ἄξιον ἐπαινεῖν +ἐστί σε δημηγόρον ἅμα καὶ στρατηγὸν ἢ βασιλέα +χρηστὸν καὶ γενναῖον ὁπλίτην προσαγορεύοντας; +ὃς πάλαι μὲν ἀπορραγὲν τὸ στρατηγεῖον<note place='foot'>στρατηγεῖον Cobet, Hertlein, στρατήγιον MSS.</note> ἀπὸ τοῦ +βήματος ἐς ταὐτὸν πάλιν ἐπαναγαγεῖν ἠξίωσας +σχῆμα, μιμούμενος οἶμαι Ὀδυσσέα καὶ Νέστορα +καὶ τοὺς ἐξελόντας Καρχηδόνα Ῥωμαίων στρατηγοὺς, [C] +οἳ φοβερωτέρους αὑτοὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ βήματος +τοῖς ἀδικοῦσιν ἢ τοῖς πολεμίοις ἐπὶ τῆς παρατάξεως +ἀεὶ κατέστησαν. Δημοσθένους δὲ καὶ ὅστις +τοῦτον ἐζήλωκε τὴν ἐν τοῖς λόγοις ἰσχὺν αἰδούμενος, +τῷ τρόπῳ τῆς δημηγορίας οὔποτ᾽ ἂν +ἀξιώσαιμι τῷ<note place='foot'>After τῷ Petavius adds σῷ.</note> σῷ παραβαλεῖν τἀκείνων θέατρα. +οὐ γὰρ ἐν τοῖς ὁπλίταις ἐδημηγόρουν οὐδὲ ὑπέρ +τοσούτων κινδυνεόοντες, ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ χρημάτων ἢ +<pb n='084'/><anchor id='Pg084'/><anchor id='Pg085'/> +τιμῆς ἢ δόξης, ἢ φίλοις συνερεῖν ἐπαγγειλάμενοι, +ἀπῄεσαν οἶμαι πολλάκις ἀπὸ τοῦ βήματος, [D] τοῦ +δήμου θορυβήσαντος, ὠχροὶ καὶ τρέμοντες, ὥσπερ +οἱ δειλοὶ τῶν πολεμίων ἐν ὄψει στρατηγοὶ παραταττόμενοι. +καὶ οὐδεὶς ἂν εἰπεῖν ἔχοι τοσοῦτον +ἔργον ἑτέρῳ πραχθὲν πώποτε καὶ τοσούτων ἐθνῶν +κτῆσιν ἐκ δικαστηρίου, ἄλλως τε καὶ πρὸς ἄνδρα +τῆς δίκης οὔσης οὐχ, ὡς οἱ πολλοί φασιν, [33] εὐκαταφρόνητον, +ἁλλὰ πολλαῖς μὲν στρατείαις γνώριμον, +πρεσβύτην δὲ ἤδη καὶ τὴν ἐμπειρίαν ἐκ τοῦ +χρόνου δοκοῦντα προσειληφέναι καὶ τῶν στρατοπέδων +ἐκείνων ἄρχειν λαχόντα πολὺν ἤδη χρόνον. +τίς οὖν ἡ ῥώμη γέγονε τῶν λόγων; τίς δὲ ἡ πειθὼ +τοῖς χείλεσιν ἐπικαθημένη, ἡ<note place='foot'>ἡ Cobet, ἣ Reiske adds, Hertlein.</note> παντοδαπῶν ἀνθρώπων +συνειλεγμένων τὸ κέντρον ἐγκαταλιπεῖν<note place='foot'>ἐγκαταλιπεῖν ἰσχύσασα Cobet, ἐναπολιπεῖν ἴσχυσε Schaefer, +Hertlein, ἐναπολιπεῖν ἰσχύσαι MSS.</note> +ἰσχύσασα ταῖς ψυχαῖς, καὶ νίκην παρασχεῖν τῷ +[B] μεγέθει μὲν ἐνάμιλλον ταῖς ἐκ τῶν ὅπλων περιγινομέαις, +εὐαγῆ δὲ καὶ καθαράν, ὥσπερ ἱερέως +ἐς θεοῦ ποιτῶντος, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ βασιλέως ἐς πόλεμον, +ἔργον γενομένην; καίτοι γε μὴν ταὺτης εἰκόνα τῆς +πράξεως μακρῷ λειπομένην καὶ Πέρσαι θρυλοῦσι, +τοὺς Δαρείου παῖδας τοῦ πατρὸς τελευτήσαντος +ὑπὲρ τῆς άρχῆς διαφερομένους δίκῃ τὰ καθ᾽ +αὑτοὺς καὶ οὐ τῇ τῶν ὅπλων ἐπιτρέψαι κρίσει. +σοὶ δὲ πρὸς μὲν τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς οὔτε ἐν τοῖς λόγοις +οὄτε ἐν τοῖς ἔργοις ἀγὼν γέγονεν οὐδὲ εἷς· [C] ἕχαιρες +<pb n='086'/><anchor id='Pg086'/><anchor id='Pg087'/> +δὲ οἶμαι τῷ κοινὴν πρὸς ἐκείνους εἶναί σοι τὴν +ἐπιμέλειαν μᾶλλον ἢ τῷ μόνος ἁπάντων γενέσθαι +κύριος· πρὸς δὲ τὸν ἀσεβὲς μὲν ἢ παράνομον οὐδὲν +εἰργασμένον, ἄπιστον δὲ τῇ γνώμῃ φανέντα ἐν<note place='foot'>ἐν Reiske adds, ἐλέγχου σοι V.</note> +ἐλέγχοις, οἳ τὴν ἀπιστίαν ἐκείνου δείξουσι. +</p> + +<p> +(Did you not behave more nobly and more generously +to him than Cyrus did to his own grandfather? +For you deprived your enemy's followers of nothing, +but protected their privileges and, I understand, +gave many of them presents besides. Who saw you +despondent before your triumph or unduly elated +after it? Orator, general, virtuous emperor, distinguished +soldier, though men give you all these +titles, how can any praise of ours be adequate? +Long had the orator's platform been wholly disconnected +from the general's functions<note place='foot'>Aeschines, <hi rend='italic'>Ctesiphon</hi> 74. 18.</note>; and it +was reserved for you to combine them once more +in your person, in this surely following the example +of Odysseus and Nestor and the Roman generals +who sacked Carthage; for these men were always +even more formidable to wrong-doers whom they +attacked from the platform than to the enemy in the +field of battle. Indeed I pay all the homage due to +the forcible eloquence of Demosthenes and his +imitators, but when I consider the conditions of +your harangue I can never admit that there is any +comparison between your theatre and theirs. For +they never had to address an audience of hoplites +nor had they such great interests at stake, but only +money, or honour, or reputation, or friends whom +they had undertaken to assist, yet when the citizens +clamoured in dissent, they often, I believe, left the +platform pale and trembling, like generals who prove +to be cowards when they have to face the enemy in +battle-line. Indeed from all history it would be +impossible to cite an achievement as great as yours +when you acquired control of all those races by +judicial pleading alone; and moreover you had to +make out your case against a man not by any means +to be despised, as many people think, but one who +had won distinction in many campaigns, who was full +of years, who had the reputation of experience gained +in a long career, and had for a considerable period +been in command of the legions there present. What +overwhelming eloquence that must have been! How +truly did <q>persuasion sit on your lips</q><note place='foot'>From the description of the oratory of Pericles, Eupolis +<hi rend='italic'>fr.</hi> 94: πειθώ τις ἐπεκάθιζεν ἐπὶ τοῖς χείλεσιν· | οὕτως ἐκήλει καὶ +μόνος τῶν ῥητόρων | τὸ κέντρον ἐγκατέλειπε τοῖς ἀκροωμάνοις. +Cf. 426 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> and had +the power to <q>leave a sting</q> in the souls of that +motley crowd of men, and to win you a victory that +in importance rivals any that were ever achieved +by force of arms, only that yours was stainless and +unalloyed, and was more like the act of a priest +going to the temple of his god than of an emperor +going to war. It is true indeed that the Persians +have a similar instance to quote, but it falls far short +of what you did, I mean that on their father's death +the sons of Darius quarrelled about the succession to +the throne and appealed to justice rather than to +arms to arbitrate their case. But between you and +your brothers there never arose any dispute, either +in word or deed, nay not one, for it was in fact more +agreeable to you to share the responsibility with +them than to be the sole ruler of the world. But +your quarrel was with one who, though his actions +had not so far been impious or criminal, was shown +to have a treasonable purpose, and you brought +proofs to make that treason manifest.) +</p> + +<p> +Ταύτην ἐκδέχεται στρατεία λαμπρὰ τὴν δημηγορίαν +καὶ πόλεμος ἱερός, οὐχ ὑπὲρ ἱεροῦ χωρίου, +ὁποῖον τὸν Φωκικὸν ἀκούομεν συστῆναι<note place='foot'>συστῆναι Petavius, Cobet, ἐνστῆναι Schaefer, Hertlein, +στῆναι MSS.</note> κατὰ +τοὺς ἔμπροσθεν, [D] ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ τῶν νόμων καὶ τῆς +πολιτείας καὶ φόνου πολιτῶν μυρίων, ὧν τοὺς +μὲν ἀνῃρήκει, τοὺς δὲ ἐμέλλησε, τοὺς δὲ ἐπεχείρησε +συλλαβεῖν, ὥσπερ οἶμαι δεδιὼς μή τις αὐτὸν +πολίτην μοχθηρόν, ἀλλ᾽ οὐχὶ βάρβαρον ὑπολάβῃ +φύσει. τὰ γὰρ εἰς τὴν σὴν οἰκίαν ἀδικήματα +οὐδενὸς ὄντα τῶν κοινῇ τολμηθέντων αὐτῷ φαυλότερα +καὶ ἐλάττονος ἀξιοῦν ᾤου δεῖν φροντίδος· +οὕτω σοι τὰ κοινὰ πρὸ τῶν ἰδίων ἔδοξε καὶ δοκεῖ +τίμια. +</p> + +<p> +(After your harangue there followed a brilliant +campaign and a war truly sacred, though it was +not on behalf of sacred territory, like the Phocian +war, which we are told was waged<note place='foot'>Demosthenes, <hi rend='italic'>De Corona</hi> 230, a favourite common-place.</note> in the days of +our ancestors, but was to avenge the laws and the +constitution and the slaughter of countless citizens, +some of whom the usurper<note place='foot'>Magnentius.</note> had put to death, while +others he was just about to kill or was trying to +arrest. It was really as though he was afraid that +otherwise he might be considered, for all his vices, +a Roman citizen instead of a genuine barbarian. +As for his crimes against your house, though they +were quite as flagrant as his outrages against the +state, you thought it became you to devote less +attention to them. So true it is, that, then as now, +you rated the common weal higher than your private +interests.) +</p> + +<p> +[34] Πότερον οὖν χρὴ τῶν ἀδικημάτων ἁπάντων +μεμνῆσθαι ὧν εἴς τε<note place='foot'>ὧν εἴς τε Schaefer, ὧν τε εἰς Hertlein, εἰς V, ἐς MSS.</note> τὸ κοινὸν καὶ κατ᾽ ἰδίαν +ἔδρασε, κτείνας μὲν τὸν αὐτὸς αὑτοῦ δεσπίτην· +ἁνδράποδον γὰρ ἦν τῶν ἐκείνου προγόνων, τῆς +ἁπὸ Γερμανῶν λείας λείψανον δυστυχὲς περισωζόμενον· +ἄρχειν δὲ ἡμῶν ἐπιχειρῶν, ᾧ μηδὲ +ἐλευθέρῳ προσῆκον ἦν νομισθῆναι μὴ τοῦτο παρ᾽ +<pb n='088'/><anchor id='Pg088'/><anchor id='Pg089'/> +ὑμῶν λαβόντι· καὶ ὡς<note place='foot'>ὡς Hertlein adds.</note> τοὺς ἐπὶ τοῦ στρατοπέδου +ξυνδῶν καὶ ἀποκτιννὺς καὶ δουλεύων αἰσχρῶς τῷ +πλήθει καὶ κολακεύων τὴν εὐταξίαν διέφθειρε· +καὶ ὡς τοὺς καλοὺς ἐκείνους ἐτίθει νόμους, [B] τὴν +ἡμίσειαν εἰσφέρειν, θάνατον ἀπειλῶν τοῖς ἀπειθοῦσι, +μηνυτὰς δὲ εἶναι τὸν βουλόμενον τῶν +οἰκετῶν· καὶ ὅπως ἠνάγκαζε τοὺς οὐδὲν δεομένους +τὰ βασιλικὰ κτήματα πρίασθαι; ἐπιλείψει με +τἀκείνου διηγούμενον ὁ χρόνος ἀδικήματα καὶ +τῆς τυραννίδος τῆς καταλαβούσης τὸ μέγεθος. +ἀλλὰ τῆς παρασκευῆς τῆς ἐς τὸν πόλεμον, ἣν +κατέβαλε μὲν ἐπὶ τοὺς βαρβάρους, [C] ἐχρήσατο δὲ +ἐφ᾽ ἡμᾶς, τὴν ἰσχὺν τίς ἂν<note place='foot'>ἂν Schaefer adds.</note> ἀξίως παραστήσειε; +Κελτοὶ καὶ Γαλάται, ἔθνη καὶ τοῖς πάλαι φανέντα +δυσανταγώνιστα, πολλάκις μὲν ἐπιρρεύσαντα +καθάπερ χειμάρρους ἀνυπόστατος Ἰταλοῖς καὶ +Ἰλλυριοῖς, ἤδη δὲ καὶ τῆς Ἀσίας ἁψάμενα τῷ +κρατεῖν τοῖς ἐνόπλοις ἀγῶσιν, ἄκοντες<note place='foot'>ἄκοντες Reiske, Hertlein, ἁλόντες MSS.</note> ἡμῖν +ὑπήκουσαν, ἔς τε<note place='foot'>τε Wyttenbach adds.</note> τοὺς καταλόγους τῶν στρατευμάτων +ἐγγράφονται καὶ τέλη παρέχονται λαμπρὰ +παρὰ τῶν σῶν προγόνων καὶ πατρὸς κατειλεγμένα· +εἰρήνης δὲ μακρᾶς καὶ τῶν ἐκ ταύτης ἀγαθῶν +ἀπολαύοντες, [D] ἐπιδούσης αὐτοῖς τῆς χώρας πρὸς +πλοῦτον καὶ εὐανδρίαν, καὶ ἀδελφοῖς τοῖς σοῖς +στρατιώτας καταλέξαι πολλοὺς παρέσχοντο, +τέλος δὲ τῷ τυράννῳ βίᾳ καὶ οὐ γνώμῃ πανδημεὶ +συνεστρατεύοντο. ἠκολούθουν δὲ αὐτῷ κατὰ τὸ +ξυγγενὲς ξύμμαχοι προθυμότατοι Φράγγοι καὶ +<pb n='090'/><anchor id='Pg090'/><anchor id='Pg091'/> +Σάξονες, τῶν ὑπὲρ τὸν Ῥῆνον καὶ περὶ<note place='foot'>περὶ Hertlein suggests.</note> τὴν +ἑσπερίαν θάλατταν ἐθνῶν τὰ μαχιμώτατα. καὶ +[35] πόλις πᾶσα καὶ φρούριον πρόσοικον Ῥήνῳ τῶν +ἐνοικούντων φυλάκων ἐξερημωθέντα προδέδοτο +μὲν ἀφύλακτα πάντα τοῖς βαρβάροις, ἐφ᾽ ἡμᾶς +δὲ ἐξεπέμπετο παρεσκευασμένον λαμπρῶς τὸ +στράτευμα· πᾶσα δὲ ἐῴκει πόλις Γαλατικὴ +στρατοπέδῳ παρασκευαζομένῳ πρὸς πόλεμον· καὶ +πάντα ἦν ὅπλων καὶ παρασκευῆς ἱππέων καὶ +πεζῶν καὶ τοξοτῶν καὶ ἀκοντιστῶν πλήρη. συρρέοντων +[B] δὲ ἐς τὴν Ἰταλίαν ἁπανταχόθεν τῶν +ἐκείνου ξυμμάχων καὶ τοῖς ἐνταῦθα πάλαι κατειλεγμένοις +στρατιώταις ἐς ταὐτὸν ἐλθόντων, οὐδεὶς +οὕτως ἐφάνη τολμηρός, ὃς οὐκ ἔδεισεν οὐδὲ +ἐξεπλάγη τὸν ἐπιόντα χειμῶνα. σκηπτὸς ἐδόκει +πᾶσιν ὁ φερόμενος ἀπὸ τῶν Ἄλπεων, σκηπτὸς +ἀφόρητος ἔργῳ καὶ ἄρρητος λόγῳ. τοῦτον ἔδεισαν +Ἰλλυριοὶ καὶ Παίονες καὶ Θρᾷκες καὶ Σκύθαι, +τοῦτον οἱ τὴν Ἀσίαν οἰκοῦντες ἄνθρωποι ἐφ᾽ +αὑτοὺς ὡρμῆσθαι πάντως ὑπέλαβον, τούτῳ +[C] πολεμέσειν ἤδη περὶ τῆς αὑτῶν καὶ Πέρσαι +παρεσκευάζοντο. ὁ δὲ μικρὰ μὲν ἐνόμιζεν εἶναι +τὰ παρόντα καὶ πόνον οὐ πολὺν τῆς σῆς συνέσεως +καὶ ῥώμης κρατῆσαι, τοὺς Ἰνδῶν δὲ ἐσκόπει +πλούτους καὶ Περσῶν τὴν πολυτέλειαν· τοσοῦτον<note place='foot'>[καὶ] τοσοῦτον Hertlein.</note> +αὐτῷ περιῆν ἀνοίας καὶ θράσους ἐκ μικροῦ παντελῶς +περὶ τοὺς κατασκόπους πλεονεκτέματος, +οὓς ἀφυλάκτους ὅλῃ τῇ στρατιᾷ λοχήσας ἔκτεινεν. +οὕτω τὸ πράττειν εὖ παρὰ τὴν ἀξίαν ἀρχὴ +πολλάκις γέγονε τοῖς ἀνοήτοις μειζόνων συμφορῶν. +<pb n='092'/><anchor id='Pg092'/><anchor id='Pg093'/> +[D] ἀρθεὶς γὰρ ὁ δείλαιος ὑπὸ τῆς εὐτυχίας ταύτης +μετέωρος κατέλιπε μὲν τὰ προκείμενα τῆς Ἰταλίας +ἐρυμνὰ χωρία, ἐς Νωρικοὺς δὲ καὶ Παίονας ἀφυλάκτως +ᾔει, δεῖν αὑτῷ τάχους, ἀλλ᾽ οὐχ ὅπλων +οὐδὲ ἀνδρείας οἰόμενος. +</p> + +<p> +(I need not mention all the usurper's offences +against the community and against individuals. +He assassinated his own master. For he had +actually been the slave of the murdered emperor's +ancestors, a miserable remnant saved from the +spoils of Germany. And then he aimed at +ruling over us, he who had not even the right +to call himself free, had you not granted him the +privilege. Those in command of the legions he +imprisoned and put to death, while to the common +soldiers he behaved with such abject servility and +deference that he ruined their discipline. Then +he enacted those fine laws of his, a property tax +of fifty per cent., and threatened the disobedient +with death, while any slave who pleased might +inform against his master. Then he compelled +those who did not want it to purchase the imperial +property. But time would fail me were I to tell of +all his crimes and of the vast proportions that his +tyranny had assumed. As for the armament which +he had collected to use against the barbarians but +actually employed against us, who could give you an +adequate report of its strength? There were Celts +and Galatians<note place='foot'>Gauls.</note> who had seemed invincible even to +our ancestors, and who had so often like a winter +torrent that sweeps all before it,<note place='foot'>Demosthenes, <hi rend='italic'>De Corona</hi> 153.</note> poured down on the +Italians and Illyrians, and, following up their repeated +victories on the field of battle, had even invaded +Asia, and then became our subjects because they had +no choice. They had been enrolled in the ranks of +our armies and furnished levies that won a brilliant +reputation, being enlisted by your ancestors, and, +later, by your father. Then, since they enjoyed the +blessings of long-continued peace, and their country +increased in wealth and population, they furnished +your brothers with considerable levies, and finally, +by compulsion, not choice, they all in a body took +part in the usurper's campaign. The most enthusiastic +of his followers were, in virtue of their ties of +kinship, the Franks and Saxons, the most warlike of +the tribes who live beyond the Rhine and on the +shores of the western sea. And since every city and +every fortified place on the banks of the Rhine was +shorn of its garrison, that whole region was left with +no defence against the barbarians, and all that splendidly +organised army was despatched against us. +Every town in Galatia<note place='foot'>Gaul.</note> was like a camp preparing +for war. Nothing was to be seen but weapons +of war and forces of cavalry, infantry, archers, +and javelin men. When these allies of the +usurper began to pour into Italy from all quarters +and there joined the troops who had been enrolled +long before, there was no one so bold as not to feel +terror and dismay at the tempest that threatened.<note place='foot'>351 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></note> +It seemed to all as though a thunderbolt had fallen +from the Alps, a bolt that no action could avert, no +words describe. It struck terror into the Illyrians, +the Paeonians, the Thracians, the Scythians; the +dwellers in Asia believed it was directed entirely +against themselves, and even the Persians began to +get ready to oppose it in their country's defence. +But the usurper thought his task was easy, and that +he would have little difficulty in baffling your +wisdom and energy, and already fixed his covetous +gaze on the wealth of India and the magnificence of +Persia. To such an excess of folly and rashness had +he come, and after a success wholly insignificant, I +mean the affair of the scouts whom, while they were +unprotected by the main army, he ambushed and +cut in pieces. So true it is that when fools meet +with undeserved success<note place='foot'>Demosthenes, <hi rend='italic'>Olynthiac</hi> l. 23.</note> they often find it is but the +prelude to greater misfortunes. And so, elated by +this stroke of luck, he left the fortified posts that +protected the Italian frontier, and marched towards +the Norici and the Paeonians, taking no precautions, +because he thought that speed would serve +him better than force of arms or courage.) +</p> + +<p> +Ὃ δὴ καταμαθὼν ἐπανῆγες ἀπὸ τῶν δυσχωριῶν +τὸ στράτευμα, εἵπετο δὲ ἐκεῖνος, διώκειν, οὐχὶ +δὲ καταστρατηγεῖσθαι νομίσας, ἕως εἰς τὴν +εὐρυχωρίαν ἄμφω κατέστητε. τῶν πεδίων δὲ +τῶν πρὸ τῆς Μύρσης ὀφθέντων, [36] ἐτάττοντο +μὲν ἐπὶ κέρως<note place='foot'>ἐπὶ κέρως Wyttenbach, Hertlein, ἐπικαίρως MSS.</note> ἱππεῖς ἑκατέρου πεζοί τε +ἐν μέσῳ· ἔχων δὲ αὐτός, ὦ βασιλεῦ, τὸν +ποταμὸν ἐν δεξιᾷ, τῷ λαιῷ τοὺς πολεμίους ὑπερβαλλόμενος +ἐτρέψω μὲν εὐθέως καὶ διέλυσας +τὴν φάλαγγα οὐδὲ τὴν ἀρχὴν συγκειμένην ὀρθῶς, +ἅτε ἀνδρὸς ἀπείρου πολέμων καὶ στρατηγίας +αὐτὴν κοσμήσαντος. ὁ δὲ τέως διώκειν ὑπολαμβάνων, +οὐδὲ ἐς χεῖρας ἀφικόμενος, [B] ἔφευγε +καρτερῶς ἐκπλαγεὶς τὸν κτύπον τῶν ὅπλων, οὐδὲ +τὸν ἐνυάλιον παιᾶνα τῶν στρατοπέδων ἐπαλαλαζόντων +ἀδεῶς ἀκούων. διαλυθείσης δὲ οἱ στρατιῶται +τῆς τάξεως συνιστάμενοι κατὰ λόχους +πάλιν τὸν ἀγῶνα συνέβαλον, αἰσχυνόμενοι μὲν +ὀφθῆναι φεύγοντες καὶ τὸ τέως ἄπιστον ἅπασιν +ἀνθρώποις ἐφ᾽ αὑτῶν δεῖξαι συμβαῖνον, στρατιώτην +Κελτόν, στρατιώτην ἐκ Γαλατίας τὰ νῶτα +τοῖς πολεμίοις δείξαντα. [C] οἱ βάρβαροι δὲ τὴν +ἐπάνοδον ἀπεγνωκότες, εἰ πταίσειαν, ἢ κρατεῖν +ἢ θνήσκειν δράσαντές τι δεινὸν τοὺς πολεμίους +ἠξίουν. τοῖς μὲν οὖν ξὺν τῷ τυράννῳ τοσοῦτον περιῆν +<pb n='094'/><anchor id='Pg094'/><anchor id='Pg095'/> +θράσους<note place='foot'>θράσους Wyttenbach, Cobet, θράσος MSS, Hertlein. +πρὸς . . . καὶ τοῦ Hertlein suggests, καὶ πρὸς . . . τοῦ MSS.</note> πρὸς τὰ δεινὰ καὶ τοῦ χωρεῖν ὁμόσε +πολλὴ προθυμία. +</p> + +<p> +(The moment that you learned this, you led your +army out of the narrow and dangerous passes, and he +followed in pursuit, as he thought, unaware that he +was being outgeneralled, until you both reached +open country. When the plains before Myrsa<note place='foot'>In Pannonia 353 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></note> +were in sight, the cavalry of both armies were +drawn up on the wings, while the infantry formed +the centre. Then your Majesty kept the river on +your right, and, outflanking the enemy with your +left, you at once turned and broke his phalanx, +which indeed had from the first the wrong formation, +since it had been drawn up by one who knew +nothing of war or strategy. Then he who so far +had thought he was the pursuer did not even +join battle, but took to headlong flight, dismayed +by the clash of weapons; he could not even +listen without trembling when the legions shouted +their battle-song. His ranks had been thrown +into disorder, but the soldiers formed into +companies and renewed the battle. For they +disdained to be seen in flight, and to give an example +in their own persons of what had hitherto been +inconceivable to all men, I mean a Celtic or Galatian<note place='foot'>Gallic.</note> +soldier turning his back to the enemy. The barbarians +too, who, if defeated, could not hope to make +good their retreat, were resolved either to conquer, +or not to perish till they had severely punished +their opponents. Just see the extraordinary daring +of the usurper's troops in the face of dangers and +their great eagerness to come to close quarters!) +</p> + +<p> +Οἱ δὲ τῶν ὅλων κρατήσαντες, αἰδούμενοι μὲν +ἀλλήλους καὶ τὸν βασιλέα, παροξυνόμενοι δὲ +ὐπὸ τῶν πάλαι κατορθωμάτων καὶ τῶν ἐν +χερσὶ λαμπρῶν καὶ τέως ἀπίστων ἔργων, τέλος +[D] ἄξιον τοῖς προϋπηργμένοις ἐπιθεῖναι φιλοτιμούμενοι +πάντα ὑπέμενον ἡδέως πόνον καὶ +κίνδυνον. ὥσπερ οὖν ἄρτι τῆς παρατάξεως +ἀρχομένης, συνιόντες πάλιν ἔργα τόλμης ἀπεδείκνυντο +καὶ θυμοῦ γενναῖα, οἱ μὲν ὠθούμενοι +περὶ τοῖς ξίφεσιν, ἄλλοι δὲ λαμβανόμενοι τῶν +ἀσπίδων, καὶ τῶν ἱππέων ὁπόσους ἵπποι τρωθέντες +ἀπεσείοντο πρὸς τοὺς ὁπλίτας μετεσκευάζοντο. +ταῦτα ἔδρων οἱ ξὺν τῷ τυράννῳ τοῖς πεζοῖς ἐπιβρέσαντες· +καὶ ἦν ὁ πόλεμος ἐξ ἴσης, ἕως οἱ +θωρακοφόροι καὶ τὸ λοιπὸν τῶν ἱππέων πλῆθος, [37] +οἱ μὲν ἐκ τόξων βάλλοντες, ἄλλοι δὲ ἐπελαύνοντες +τοὺς ἵππους, πολλοὺς μὲν ἔκτεινον, ἐδίωκον δὲ +ἅπαντας καρτερῶς, τινὰς μὲν πρὸς τὸ πεδίον +ὡρμηκότας φεύγειν, ὧν ἡ νὺξ ὀλίγους ἀπέσωσε +μόλις, τὸ λοιπὸν δὲ ἐς τὸν ποταμὸν κατηνέχθη, +καθάπερ βοῶν ἢ βοσκημάτων ἀγέλη συνελαυνόμενοι. +τοσαῦτα ἐκεῖνο τὸ στράτευμα τῆς τοῦ +τυράννου δειλίας, οὐδὲν ἐκεῖνον ὀνῆσαν ἐκ τῆς +[B] ἀνδρείας τῆς αὑτοῦ, μάτην ἀπέλαυσε. +</p> + +<p> +(Our men, on the other hand, had so far carried all +before them and were anxious to retain the good +opinion of their comrades and of the Emperor, and +were moreover stimulated by their successes in +the past and by the almost incredible brilliance of +their exploits in this very engagement, and, +ambitious as they were to end the day as +gloriously as they had begun it, cheerfully encountered +toil and danger. So they charged again as +though the battle had only just begun, and gave +a wonderful display of daring and heroism. For +some hurled themselves full on the enemy's swords, +or seized the enemy's shields, others, when their +horses were wounded and the riders thrown, at once +transformed themselves into hoplites. The usurper's +army meanwhile did the same and pressed our +infantry hard. Neither side gained the advantage, +till the cuirassiers by their archery, aided by the +remaining force of cavalry, who spurred on their +horses to the charge, had begun to inflict great +loss on the enemy, and by main force to drive the +whole army before them. Some directed their +flight to the plain, and of these a few were saved +just in time by the approach of night. The rest +were flung into the river, crowded together like a +herd of oxen or brute beasts. Thus did the +usurper's army reap the fruits of his cowardice, +while their valour availed him nothing.) +</p> + +<p> +Τρόπαιον δὲ ἀνέστησας ἐπὶ τῇ νίκῃ τοῦ πατρῴου +λαμπρότερον. ὁ μὲν γὰρ τοὺς τέως ἀμάχους +<pb n='096'/><anchor id='Pg096'/><anchor id='Pg097'/> +δοκοῦντας ἄγων ἐκράτει γέροντος δυστυχοῦς· σὺ +δὲ ἡβῶσαν καὶ ἀκμάζουσαν οὐ τοῖς κακοῖς μόνον οἷς +ἔδρα, τῇ νεότητι δὲ πλέον, τὴν τυραννίδα παρεστήσω, +τοῖς ὑπὸ σοῦ παρασκευασθεῖσι στρατοπέδοις +παραταξάμενος. τίς γὰρ εἰπεῖν ἔχει τῶν πρόσθεν +αὐτοκρατόρων ἱππικὴν δύναμιν καὶ σκευὴν τῶν +[C] ὅπλων τοιαύτην ἐπινοήσαντα καὶ μιμησάμενον; +ᾗ πρῶτος αὐτὸς ἐγγυμνασάμενος διδάσκαλος +ἐγένου τοῖς ἄλλοις ὅπλων χρήσεως ἀμάχου. ὑπὲρ +ἧς εἰπεῖν τολμήσαντες πολλοὶ τῆς ἀξίας διήμαρτον, +ὥσθ᾽ ὅσοι τῶν λόγων ἀκούσαντες ὕστερον ἰδεῖν +ηὐτύχησαν τὰς ἀκοὰς σαφῶς ἀπιστοτέρας ἔγνωσαν +εἶναι τῶν ὀμμάτων. ἄπειρον γὰρ ἦγες<note place='foot'>ἦγες V, Hertlein, εἶχες MSS.</note> ἱππέων +πλῆθος, καθάπερ ἀνδριάντας ἐπὶ τῶν ἵππων +ὀχουμένους, οἷς συνήρμοστο τὰ μέλη κατὰ μίμησιν +τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης φύσεως· [D] ἀπὸ μὲν τῶν ἄκρων +καρπῶν ἐς τοὺς ἀγκῶνας, ἐκεῖθεν δὲ ἐπὶ τοὺς +ὤμους, καὶ ὁ θώραξ ἐκ<note place='foot'>ἐκ Reiske adds.</note> τμημάτων κατὰ τὸ στέρνον +καὶ τὰ νῶτα συναρμοζόμενος, τὸ κράνος αὐτῷ +προσώπῳ σιδηροῦν ἐπικείμενον ἀνδριάντος λαμπροῦ +καὶ στίλβοντος παρέχει τὴν ὄψιν, ἐπεὶ μηδὲ +κνῆμαι καὶ μηροὶ μηδὲ ἄκροι πόδες τῆς σκευῆς +ταύτης ἔρημοι λείπονται. συναρμοζομένων δὲ +αὐτῶν τοῖς θώραξι διά τινων ἐκ κρίκου λεπτοῦ +πεποιημένων οἱονεὶ ὑφασμάτων οὐδὲν ἂν ὀφθείη +τοῦ σώματος γυμνὸν μέρος, ἅτε καὶ τῶν χειρῶν +[38] τοῖς ὑφάσμασι τούτοις σκεπομένων πρὸς τὸ καὶ +καμπτομένοις ἐπακολουθεῖν τοῖς δακτύλοις. ταῦτα +<pb n='098'/><anchor id='Pg098'/><anchor id='Pg099'/> +ὁ λόγος παραστῆσαι μὲν σαφῶς ἐπιθυμεῖ, ἀπολειπόμενος +δὲ θεατὰς τῶν ὅπλων τοὺς μαθεῖν τι +πλέον ἐθέλοντας, οὐχὶ δὲ ἀκροατὰς τῆς ὑπὲρ +αὐτῶν διηγήσεως ἀξιοῖ γενέσθαι. +</p> + +<p> +(The trophy that you set up for that victory was +far more brilliant than your father's. He led an +army that had always proved itself invincible, and +with it conquered a miserable old man.<note place='foot'>Licinius.</note> But the +tyranny that you suppressed was flourishing and had +reached its height, partly through the crimes that +had been committed, but still more because so many +of the youth were on that side, and you took the +field against it with legions that had been trained by +yourself. What emperor can one cite in the past +who first planned and then reproduced so admirable +a type of cavalry, and such accoutrements? First +you trained yourself to wear them, and then you +taught others how to use such weapons so that none +could withstand them. This is a subject on which +many have ventured to speak, but they have failed +to do it justice, so much so that those who heard +their description, and later had the good fortune to +see for themselves, decided that their eyes must +accept what their ears had refused to credit. Your +cavalry was almost unlimited in numbers and they +all sat their horses like statues, while their limbs +were fitted with armour that followed closely the +outline of the human form. It covers the arms from +wrist to elbow and thence to the shoulder, while a +coat of mail protects the shoulders, back and breast. +The head and face are covered by a metal mask +which makes its wearer look like a glittering statue, +for not even the thighs and legs and the very ends +of the feet lack this armour. It is attached to the +cuirass by fine chain-armour like a web, so that no +part of the body is visible and uncovered, for this +woven covering protects the hands as well, and is so +flexible that the wearers can bend even their fingers.<note place='foot'>cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 2. 57 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> +All this I desire to represent in words as vividly as +I can, but it is beyond my powers, and I can only +ask those who wish to know more about this armour +to see it with their own eyes, and not merely to +listen to my description.) +</p> + +<p> +Ἡμεῖς δὲ ἐπειδὴ τὸν πρῶτον πόλεμον διεληλύθαμεν, +ληγούσης ἤδη τῆς ὀπώρας, [B] ἆρ᾽ ἐνταῦθα τὴν +διήγησιν πάλιν ἀφήσομεν; ἢ πάντως τὸ τέλος +ἁποδοῦναι τῶν ἔργων τοῖς ποθοῦσιν<note place='foot'>τοῖς ποθοῦσιν Hertlein suggests, ποθοῦσιν MSS.</note> ἄξιον; +ἐπέλαβε μὲν ὁ χειμὼν καὶ παρέσχε διαφυγεῖν τῆν +τιμωρίαν τὸν τύραννον. κηρύγματα δὲ ἦν λαμπρὰ +καὶ βασιλικῆς ἄξια μεγαλοψυχίας· ἄδεια δὲ +πᾶσιν ἐδίδοτο τοῖς ταξαμένοις μετὰ τοῦ τυράννου, +πλὴν εἴ τις ἀνοσίων ἐκείνῳ φόνων ἐκοινώνει· +ἀπελάμβανον τὰς οἰκίας ἅπαντες καὶ τὰ χρήματα +καὶ πατρίδας οἱ μηδὲ ὄψεσθαί τι τῶν φιλτάτων +αὐτοῖς ἐλπίζοντες. [C] ὑπεδέχου τὸ ναυτικὸν ἐκ τῆς +Ἰταλίας ἐπανερχόμενον, πολλοὺς ἐκεῖθεν πολίτας +κατάγον φεύγοντας οἶμαι τὴν τῶν τυράννων +ὠμότητα. ἐπεὶ δὲ ὁ καιρὸς ἐκάλει στρατεύεσθαι, +πάλιν ἐφειστήκεις δεινὸς τῷ τυράννῳ. ὁ δὲ προυβάλλετο +τὰς Ἰταλῶν δυσχωρίας, καὶ τοῖς ὄρεσι +τοῖς ἐκεῖ καθάπερ θηρίον ἐναποκρύψας τὰς +δυνάμεις αὐτὸς οὐδὲ ὑπαίθριος ἐτόλμα στρατεύειν. +[D] ἀναλαβὼν δὲ ἁὑτὸν εἰς τὴν πλησίον πόλιν +τρυφῶσαν καὶ πολυτελῆ, ἐν πανηγύρεσι καὶ +τρυφαῖς ἔτριβε τὸν χρόνον, ἀρκέσειν μὲν αὑτῷ +πρὸς σοτηρίαν τῶν ὀρῶν τὴν δυσχωρίαν μόνον +οἰόμενος. ἀκόλαστος δὲ ὢν φύσει κερδαίνειν ᾤετο +τὸ χαρίζεσθαι ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις ἐν τοσούτοις κακοῖς, +<pb n='100'/><anchor id='Pg100'/><anchor id='Pg101'/> +δῆλός τε ἦν λίαν πεπιστευκὼς ἀσφαλῶς αὐτῷ τὰ +παρόντα ἔχειν, ἀποτειχιζομένης ἐν κύκλῳ τῆς +Ἰταλίας τοῖς ὄρεσι, [39] πλὴν ὅσον ἐξ ἡμισείας ἡ +θάλασσα τεναγώδης οὖσα καὶ τοῖς Αἰγυπτίων +ἕλεσιν ἐμφερὴς ἄβατον καὶ νηίτῃ στρατῷ πολεμίων +ἀνδρῶν καθίστησιν. ἀλλ᾽ ἔοικεν οὐδὲ ἓν ᾑ φύσις +πρὸς ἀνδρὸς ἀρετὴν καὶ σωφροσύνην τοῖς ἀκολάστοις +καὶ δειλοῖς ἔρυμα μηχανήσασθαι, πάντα +ὑποχωρεῖν φρονήσει μετὰ ἀνδρείας ἐπιούσῃ +παρασκευάζουσα· πάλαι τε ἡμῖν ἐξηῦρε τὰς +τέχνας, [B] δι᾽ ὧν εἰς εὐπορίαν τῶν τέως δοξάντων +ἀπόρων κατέστημεν, καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν καθ᾽ ἕκαστον +ἔργων τὸ πολλοῖς ἀδύνατον εἶναι φαινόμενον<note place='foot'>After φαινόμενον Reiske thinks ἐπέδειξε has fallen out.</note> +ἐπιτελούμενον πρὸς ἀνδρὸς σώφρονος. ὃ δὴ καὶ +τότε τοῖς ἔργοις, ὦ βασιλεῦ, δείξας εἰκότως ἂν +ἀποδέχοιο τοὺς ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ λόγους. +</p> + +<p> +(Now that I have told the story of this first +campaign, which was fought at the end of the +autumn, shall I here break off my narrative? Or is +it altogether unfair to withhold the end and issue of +your achievements from those who are eager to hear? +Winter overtook us and gave the usurper a chance to +escape punishment. Then followed a splendid +proclamation worthy of your imperial generosity. +An amnesty was granted to those who had taken +sides with the usurper, except when they had +shared the guilt of those infamous murders. Thus +they who had never hoped even to see again anything +that they held dear, recovered their houses, +money, and native land. Then you welcomed the +fleet which arrived from Italy bringing thence many +citizens who, no doubt, had fled from the usurper's +savage cruelty. Then when the occasion demanded +that you should take the field, you again menaced +the usurper. He however took cover in the fastnesses +of Italy and hid his army away there in the +mountains, wild-beast fashion, and never even dared +to carry on the war beneath the open heavens. But +he betook himself to the neighbouring town<note place='foot'>Aquileia.</note> which is +devoted to pleasure and high living, and spent his +time in public shows and sensual pleasures, believing +that the impassable mountains alone would suffice +for his safety. Moreover, intemperate as he was by +nature, he thought it clear gain to be able to +indulge his appetites at so dangerous a crisis, and +he evidently placed too much confidence in the +safety of his position, because the town is cut +off from that part of Italy by a natural rampart +of mountains, except the half that is bounded by +a shoaling sea, which resembles the marshes of +Egypt and makes that part of the country inaccessible +even to an invading fleet. It seems however +as though nature herself will not devise any safeguard +for the sensual and cowardly against the +temperate and brave, for when prudence and +courage advance hand in hand she makes everything +give way before them. Long since she revealed to +us those arts through which we have attained +an abundance of what was once thought to be +unattainable, and in the field of individual effort we +see that what seemed impossible for many working +together to achieve can be accomplished by a +prudent man. And since by your own actions you +demonstrated this fact it is only fair, O my Emperor, +that you should accept my words to that effect.) +</p> + +<p> +Ἐστράτευες μὲν γὰρ αὐτὸς ὑπαίθριος, καὶ ταῦτα +πλησίον παρούσης πόλεως οὐ φαύλης, τοῖς στρατευομένοις +δὲ οὐκ ἐξ ἐπιτάγματος τὸ πονεῖν καὶ +κινδυνεύειν, ἐξ ὧν δὲ αὐτὸς ἔδρας παρεγγυῶν· +ἄτραπον μὲν ἐξηῦρες ἄγνωστον τοῖς πᾶσι, πέμψας +[C] δὲ ἀξιόμαχον τῆς δυνάμεως ἁπάσης ὁπλιτῶν +μοῖραν, εἶτα ἐπειδὴ σαφῶς ἔγνως αὐτοὺς τοῖς +πολεμίοις ἐφεστῶτας, αὐτὸς ἀναλαβὼν ἦγες τὸ +στράτευμα, καὶ κύκλῳ περιέχων πάντων ἐκράτησας. +ταῦτα ἐδρᾶτο πρὸ τῆς ἕω, ἤγγελτο δὲ πρὸ +μεσημβρίας τῷ τυράννῳ ἁμίλλαις ἱππικαῖς καὶ +<pb n='102'/><anchor id='Pg102'/><anchor id='Pg103'/> +πανηγύρει προσκαθημένῳ καὶ τῶν παρόντων οὐδὲν +ἐλπίζοντι. [D] τίς μὲν οὖν γέγονεν ἐκ τίνος, καὶ +ποταπὴν γνώμην εἶχεν ὑπὲρ τῶν παρόντων, καὶ +ὅπως ἐκλιπὼν ἔφυγε τὴν πόλιν καὶ τὴν Ἰταλίαν +πᾶσαν, τοὺς φόνους καὶ τὰς πρόσθεν ἀδικίας +ἐκκαθαιρόμενος, οὐ τοῦ παρόντος ἂν εἴη λόγου +διηγεῖσθαι. ἔμελλε δὲ βραχείας ἀνοκωχῆς τυχὼν +οὐδέν τι μεῖον τῶν ἔμπροσθεν δράσειν. οὕτως +οὐδὲν πρὸς πονηρίαν ψυχῆς ἄνθρωπος ἀνόσιος<note place='foot'>ἀνόσιος Cobet, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ θεὸς V, ἀλλ᾽ ὁ θεὸς MSS.</note> +ἐξηῦρε καθάρσιον διὰ τοῦ σώματος. ἀφικόμενος +γὰρ εῖς Γαλατίαν ὁ χρηστὸς οὑτοσὶ καὶ νόμιμος +[40] ἄρχων τοσοῦτον αὐτοῦ γέγονε χαλεπώτερος, +ὡς, εἴ τις πρότερον αὐτὸν διαφυγὼν ἐλελήθει +τιμωρίας τρόπος ὠμότατος, τοῦτον ἐξευρὼν +θέαμα κεχαρισμένον αὑτῷ τὰς τῶν ἀθλίων +πολιτῶν παρεῖχε συμφοράς· ἅρματος ζῶντας +ἐκδήσας καὶ μεθεὶς φέρεσθαι τοῖς ἡνιόχοις ἕλκειν +ἂν ἐκέλευεν, αὐτὸς ἐφεστηκὼς καὶ θεώμενος +τὰ δρώμενα· καί τισι τοιούτοις ἑτέροις αὑτὸν +ψυχαγωγῶν τὸν πάντα διετέλει χρόνον, ἕως +[B] αὐτὸν καθάπερ Ὀλυμπιονίκης περὶ τῷ τρίτῳ +παλαίσματι καταβαλὼν δίκην ἐπιθεῖναι τῶν +τετολμημένων ἀξίαν κατηνάγκασας ὤσαντα διὰ +τῶν στέρνων τὸ αὐτὸ ξίφος, ὃ πολλῶν πολιτῶν +ἐμίανε φόνῳ. ταύτης ἐγὼ τῆς νίκης<note place='foot'>νίκης</note> ἀμείνω +καὶ δικαιοτέραν οὔποτε γενέσθαι φημὶ οὐδὲ ἐφ᾽ ᾗ +μᾶλλον τὸ κοινὸν τῶν ἀνθρώπων ηὐφράνθη γένος, +τοσαύτης ὠμότητος καὶ πικρίας ἀφεθὲν ὄντως +ἐλεύθερον, εὐνομίᾳ δὲ ἤδη γανύμενον, ἧς τέως +<pb n='104'/><anchor id='Pg104'/><anchor id='Pg105'/> +[C] ἀπολαύομεν καὶ ἀπολαύσαιμέν γε ἐπὶ πλέον, ὦ +πάντα ἀγαθὴ πρόνοια. +</p> + +<p> +(For you conducted the campaign under the open +skies, and that though there was a city of some importance +near at hand, and moreover you encouraged +your men to work hard and to take risks, not +merely by giving orders, but by your own personal +example. You discovered a path hitherto unknown +to all, and you sent forward a strong detachment of +hoplites chosen from your whole army; then when +you had ascertained that they had come up with +the enemy, you led forward your army in person, +surrounded them, and defeated his whole force. +This happened before dawn, and before noon the +news was brought to the usurper. He was attending +a horse-race at a festival, and was expecting +nothing of what took place. How his attitude +changed, what was his decision about the crisis, +how he abandoned the town and in fact all Italy, +and fled, thus beginning to expiate his murders and +all his earlier crimes, it is not for this speech to +relate. Yet though the respite he gained was so +brief, he proceeded to act no less wickedly than in +the past. So true is it that by the sufferings of +the body alone it is impossible for the wicked to +cleanse their souls of evil. For when he reached +Galatia,<note place='foot'>Gaul.</note> this ruler who was so righteous and law-abiding, +so far surpassed his own former cruelty that +he now bethought himself of all the ruthless and +brutal modes of punishment that he had then overlooked, +and derived the most exquisite pleasure +from the spectacle of the sufferings of the wretched +citizens. He would bind them alive to chariots and, +letting the teams gallop, would order the drivers to +drag them along while he stood by and gazed at their +sufferings. In fact he spent his whole time in amusements +of this sort, until, like an Olympic victor, you +threw him in the third encounter<note place='foot'>In wrestling, the third fall secured the victory. Cf. <hi rend='italic'>Or.</hi> +2. 74 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> and forced him to +pay a fitting penalty for his infamous career, namely +to thrust into his own breast that very sword which +he had stained with the slaughter of so many +citizens.<note place='foot'>355 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></note> Never, in my opinion, was there a punishment +more suitable or more just than this, nor one +that gave greater satisfaction to the whole human +race, which was now really liberated from such +cruelty and harshness, and at once began to exult +in the good government that we enjoy to this day. +Long may we continue to enjoy it, O all-merciful +Providence!) +</p> + +<p> +Ἐμοὶ δὲ ποθοῦντι μὲν ἐπεξελθεῖν ἅπασι τοῖς +σοι πραχθεῖσιν, ἀπολειπομένῳ δὲ συγγνώμην +εἰκότως, ὦ μέγιστε βασιλεῦ, παρέξεις, εἰ μήτε +τῶν ἀποστόλων τῶν ἐπὶ Καρχηδόνα μνημονεύοιμι +ἀπό τε Αἰγύπτου παρασκευασθέντων καὶ +ἐξ<note place='foot'>ἐξ Reiske, τῶν ἐξ MSS.</note> Ἰταλίας ἐπ᾽ αὐτὴν πλευσάντων, μήτε +ὡς τῶν Πυρηναίων ὀρῶν ἐκράτησας ναυσὶν +ἐκπέμψας ἐπ᾽ αὐτὰ στράτευμα, μήτε τῶν +[D] ἔναγχός σοι πολλάκις πρὸς τοὺς βαρβάρους +πραχθέντων, μήτ᾽ εἴ τι τοιοῦτον ἕτερον τῶν πάλαι +γεγονὸς λέληθε τοὺς πολλούς. ἐπεὶ καὶ τὴν +Ἀντιόχου πόλιν ἑαυτὴν σοῦ<note place='foot'>πόλιν ἑαυτὴν σοῦ Wyttenbach, ἐπώνυμόν σοι ἑαυτὴν Reiske, +πόλιν ἐπώνυμον MSS, Hertlein.</note> ἐπώνυμον ἐπονομάζουσαν +ἀκούω πολλάκις. ἔστι μὲν γὰρ διὰ τὸν +κτίσαντα, πλουτεῖ δὲ ἤδη καὶ πρὸς ἅπασαν +εὐπορίαν ἐπιδέδωκε διὰ σὲ λιμένας εὐόρμους τοῖς +καταίρουσι παρασχόντα· τέως δὲ οὐδὲ παραπλεῖν +ἀσφαλὲς οὐδὲ ἀκίνδυνον ἐδόκει· [41] οὕτως ἦν πάντα +σκοπέλων τινῶν καὶ πετρῶν ὑφάλων ἀνάπλεα τῆς +θαλάσσης τῆσδε πρὸς ταῖς ᾐόσι. στοὰς δὲ καὶ +κρήνας καὶ ὅσα τοιαῦτα παρὰ τῶν ὑπάρχων διὰ +σὲ γέγονεν οὐδὲ ὀνομάζειν ἄξιον. ὁπόσα δὲ τῇ +πατρῴᾳ πόλει προστέθεικας, τεῖχος μὲν αὐτῇ +κύκλῳ περιβαλὼν ἀρξάμενον τότε, τὰ δοκοῦντα +δὲ οὐκ ἀσφαλῶς ἔχειν<note place='foot'>ἔχειν Hertlein suggests.</note> τῶν οἰκοδομημάτων εἰς +ἀθάνατον ἀσφάλειαν κατατιθεῖς, τίς ἂν ἀπαριθμήσαιτο; +[B] ἐπιλείψει με τούτων ἕκαστον ὁ χρόνος +διηγούμενον. +</p> + +<p> +(I would fain recite every single one of your +achievements, but you will with reason pardon me, +most mighty Emperor, if I fall short of that ambition +and omit to mention the naval armament against +Carthage which was equipped in Egypt and set sail +from Italy to attack her, and also your conquest of +the Pyrenees, against which you sent an army by sea, +and your successes against the barbarians, which of +late have been so frequent, and all such successes in +the past as have not become a matter of common +knowledge. For example, I often hear that even +Antioch now calls herself by your name. Her existence +she does indeed owe to her founder,<note place='foot'>Seleucus son of Antiochus.</note> but her present +wealth and increase in every sort of abundance she +owes to you, since you provided her with harbours +that offer good anchorage for those who put in +there. For till then it was considered a dangerous +risk even to sail past Antioch; so full were all the +waters of that coast, up to the very shores, of rocks +and sunken reefs. I need not stop to mention +the porticoes, fountains, and other things of the +kind that you caused to be bestowed on Antioch +by her governors. As to your benefactions to the +city of your ancestors,<note place='foot'>Constantinople.</note> you built round it a wall +that was then only begun, and all buildings that +seemed to be unsound you restored and made safe +for all time. But how could one reckon up all these +things? Time will fail me if I try to tell everything +separately.) +</p> + +<pb n='106'/><anchor id='Pg106'/><anchor id='Pg107'/> + +<p> +Σκοπεῖν δὲ ὑπὲρ ἁπάντων ἄξιον ἤδη τῶν ῥηθέντων, +εἰ μετὰ ἀρετῆς καὶ τῆς βελτίστης ἕξεως +ἅπαντα γέγονε· τούτῳ γὰρ ἤδη καὶ τῶν λόγων +ἀρχόμενος μάλιστα προσέχειν τὸν νοῦν ἠξίουν. +οὐκοῦν τῷ πατρὶ μὲν εὐσεβῶς καὶ φιλανθρώπως +ὅπως προσηνέχθης, ὁμονοῶν δὲ πρὸς τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς +διετέλεσας τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον, ἀρχόμενος μὲν +προθύμως, [C] συνάρχων δὲ ἐκείνοις σωφρόνως, πάλαι +τε εἴρηται καὶ νῦν ἀξιούσθω μνήμης. τοῦτο δὲ +ὅστις μικρᾶς ἀρετῆς ἔργον ὑπέλαβεν Ἀλέξανδρον +τὸν Φιλίππου καὶ Κῦρον τὸν Καμβύσου σκοπῶν +ἐπαινείτω. ὁ μὲν γὰρ μειράκιον ἔτι κομιδῇ νέον +δῆλος ἦν τοῦ πατρὸς οὐκ ἀνεξόμενος ἄρχοντος, ὁ +δὲ ἀφείλετο τὴν ἀρχὴν τὸν πάππον. καὶ ταῦτα +οὐδείς ἐστιν οὕτως<note place='foot'>οὕτως Reiske adds.</note> ἠλίθιος, ὅστις οὐκ οἴεταί σε,<note place='foot'>σε Reiske adds.</note> +μηδὲν ἐκείνων μεγαλοψυχίᾳ καὶ τῇ πρὸς τὰ καλὰ +φιλοτιμίᾳ λειπόμενον, οὕτως ἐγκρατῶς καὶ σωφρόνως +[D] τῷ πατρὶ καὶ τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς προσενηνέχθαι. +παρασχούσης γὰρ τῆς τύχης τὸν καιρὸν, ἐν ᾧ τῆς +ἁπάντων ἡγεμονίας ἐχρῆν μεταποιηθῆναι, πρῶτος +ὡρμήθης, πολλῶν ἀπαγορευόντων καὶ πρὸς τἀναντία +ξυμπείθειν ἐπιχειρούντων· ῥᾷστα δὲ καὶ πρὸς +ἀσφάλειαν τὸν ὲν χερσὶ πόλεμον διοικησάμενος +ἐλευθεροῦν ἔγνως τῆς ἀρχῆς τὰ κατειλημμένα, +[42] δικαιοτάτην μὲν καὶ οἵαν οὔπω πρόσθεν ἔλαβε +πρόφασιν πόλεμος τῆς πρὸς ἐκείνους ἔχθρας +<pb n='108'/><anchor id='Pg108'/><anchor id='Pg109'/> +τιθέμενος. οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐμφύλιον ἄξιον προσαγορεύειν +τὸν πόλεμον, οὗ βάρβαρος ἦν ἡγεμὼν +ἑαυτὸν ἀναγορεύσας βασιλέα καὶ χειροτονήσας +στρατηγόν. τῶν ἀδικημάτων δὲ τῶν ἐκείνου καὶ +ὧν ἔδρασεν εἰς οἰκίαν τὴν σὴν οὐχ ἡδύ μοι +πολλάκις μεμνῆσθαι. ἀνδρειοτέραν δὲ τ῀εσδε τῆς +πράξεως τίς ἂν εἰπεῖν ἔχοι; ἐφ᾽ ἧς δῆλος μὲν +[B] ἦν ἀποτυχόντι τῶν ἔργων ὁ<note place='foot'>Hertlein suggests ὁ.</note> κίνδυνος· ὑπέμενες +δὲ οὐδὲν κέρδους χάριν οὐδὲ κλέος ἀείμνηστον +ἀντωνούμενος, ὑπὲρ οὗ καὶ ἀποθνήσκειν ἄνδρες +ἀγαθοὶ πολλάκις τολμῶσιν, οἷον πρὸς ἀργύριον +τὴν δόξαν τὰς ψυχὰς ἀποδιδόμενοι, οὐδὲ μὴν +δι᾽ ἐπιθυμίαν ἀρχῆς μείζονος καὶ λαμπροτέρας, +ὅτι μηδὲ νέῳ σοι τούτων ἐπιθυμῆσαι συνέβη, +ἀλλ᾽ αὐτὸ τὸ καλὸν στέργων τῆς πράξεως +πάντα ὑπομένειν ᾤου δεῖν πρὶν ἰδεῖν Ῥωμαίων +βάρβαρον βασιλεύοντα καὶ νόμων κύριον καὶ +[C] πολιτείας καθεστῶτα καὶ τὰς ὑπὲρ τῶν κοινῶν +εὐχὰς ποιούμενον τὸν τοσούτοις ἀσεβήμασιν +ἔνοχον καὶ φόνοις. τῆς παρασκευῆς δὲ αὐτῆς +ἡ λαμπρότης καὶ τῶν ἀναλωμάτων τὸ μέγεθος +τίνα οὐχ ἱκανὸν ἐκπλῆξαι; καίτον Ξέρξην μὲν +ἀκούω τὸν τὴν Ἀσίαν ἐπὶ τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἐξαναστήσαντα +χρόνον ἐτῶν οὐκ ἐλάσσονα δέκα πρὸς +τὸν πόλεμον ἐκεῖνον παρασκευάζεσθαι, εἶτα ἐπαγαγεῖν +πρὸς ταῖς χιλίαις τριήρεσι διακοσίας ἐκ +τούτων αὐτῶν οἶμαι τῶν χωρίων, [D] ἐξ ὧν αὐτὸς ἐν +οὐδὲ ὅλοις μησὶ δέκα ναυπηγησάμενος ἤγειρας τὸν +στόλον, πλήθει νεῶν ἐκεῖνον ὑπερβαλλόμενος· τῇ +τύχῃ δὲ οὐδὲ ἄξιον συμβαλεῖν οὐδὲ τοῖς ἔργοις. +</p> + +<p> +(The time has now come when it is proper to consider +whether your career, so far as I have described +it, is at every point in harmony with virtue and the +promptings of a noble disposition. For to this, as I +said at the beginning of my speech, I think it right +to pay special attention. Let me therefore mention +once more what I said some time ago, that to your +father you were dutiful and affectionate, and that +you constantly maintained friendly relations with +your brothers, for your father you were ever willing +to obey, and as the colleague of your brothers in the +empire you always displayed moderation. And if +anyone thinks this a trifling proof of merit, let him +consider the case of Alexander the son of Philip, and +Cyrus the son of Cambyses, and then let him applaud +your conduct. For Alexander, while still a mere +boy, showed clearly that he would no longer brook +his father's control, while Cyrus dethroned his grandfather. +Yet no one is so foolish as to suppose that, +since you displayed such modesty and self-control +towards your father and brothers, you were not fully +equal to Alexander and Cyrus in greatness of soul +and ambition for glory. For when fortune offered +you the opportunity to claim as your right the +empire of the world, you were the first to make the +essay, though there were many who advised otherwise +and tried to persuade you to the contrary +course. Accordingly, when you had carried through +the war that you had in hand, and that with the +utmost ease and so as to ensure safety for the future, +you resolved to liberate that part of the empire +which had been occupied by the enemy, and the +reason that you assigned for going to war was most +just and such as had never before arisen, namely +your detestation of those infamous men. Civil war +one could not call it, for its leader was a barbarian +who had proclaimed himself emperor and elected +himself general. I dislike to speak too often of his +evil deeds and the crimes that he committed against +your house. But could anything be more heroic +than your line of action? For should you fail in +your undertaking the risk involved was obvious. +But you faced it, and you were not bidding for gain, +nay nor for undying renown, for whose sake brave +men so often dare even to die, selling their lives for +glory as though it were gold, nor was it from desire +of wider or more brilliant empire, for not even +in your youth were you ambitious of that, but it was +because you were in love with the abstract beauty of +such an achievement, and thought it your duty +to endure anything rather than see a barbarian +ruling over Roman citizens, making himself master +of the laws and constitution and offering public +prayers for the common weal, guilty as he was of so +many impious crimes and murders. Who could fail +to be dazzled by the splendour of your armament +and the vast scale of your expenditure? And yet I +am told that Xerxes, when he mustered all Asia +against the Greeks, spent no less than ten years in +preparing for that war. Then he set out with +twelve hundred triremes, from the very spot, as I +understand, where you gathered your fleet together, +having built it in rather less than ten +months, and yet you had more ships than Xerxes. +But neither his fortune nor his achievements can +properly be compared with yours.) +</p> + +<pb n='110'/><anchor id='Pg110'/><anchor id='Pg111'/> + +<p> +Τὴν δὲ εἰς τὰ λοιπὰ δαπανήματα μεγαλοπρέπειαν +μὴ πολὺ λίαν ἔργον ᾖ φράζειν, οὐδὲ ὁπόσα +ταῖς πόλεσι πάλαι στερομέναις ἀπεδίδους ἀπαριθμούμενος +ἐνοχλήσω τὰ νῦν. [43] πλουτοῦσι μὲν γὰρ +ἅπασαι διὰ σὲ ἐπὶ τῶν<note place='foot'>ἐπὶ τῶν Cobet, διὰ τῶν Wyttenbach, Hertlein, τῶν V, τὸν +MSS.</note> ἔμπροσθεν ἐνδεεῖς οὖσαι +καὶ τῶν ἀναγκαίων, ἐπιδίδωσι δὲ τῶν ἰδίων +ἕκαστος οἴκων διὰ τὰς κοινὰς τῶν πόλεων +εὐετηρίας. ἀλλὰ τῶν εἰς τοὺς ἰδιώτας ἄξιον +δωρεῶν μεμνῆσθαι, ἐλευθέριόν σε καὶ μεγαλόδωρον +βασιλέα προσαγορεύοντα, ὃς πολλοῖς μὲν στερομένοις +πάλαι τῶν αὑτῶν κτημάτων, τοῦ +πατρῴου κλήρου συμφορᾷ περιπεπτωκότος ἐν δίκῃ +καὶ παρὰ δίκην, ἐπειδὴ πρῶτον ἐγένου κύριος, +[B] τοῖς μὲν καθάπερ δικαστὴς ἀγαθὸς τὰ τῶν +ἔμπροσθεν ἁμαρτήματα διορθωσάμενος κυρίους +εἶναι τῆς αὑτῶν οὐσίας παρέσχες, τοῖς δὲ ἐπιεικὴς +κριτὴς γενόμενος ταῦτα μὲν ὧν ἀφῄρηντο πάλιν +ἐχαρίσω, ἀρκεῖν οἰόμενος τὸ μῆκος τοῦ χρόνου +πρὸς τιμωρίαν τοῖς παθοῦσιν· ὅσα δὲ αὐτὸς οἴκοθεν +χαριζόμενος πλουσιωτέρους ἀπέθηνας πολλοὺς +τῶν πάλαι δοξάντων ἐπὶ τῇ τῶν χρημάτων +εὐπορίᾳ σεμνύνεσθαι, [C] τί χρὴ νῦν ὑπομιμνήσκοντα +περὶ μικρὰ διατρίβειν δοκεῖν; ἄλλως τε καὶ πᾶσιν +ὄντος καταφανοῦς, ὅτι μηδεὶς πώποτε πλὴν +Ἀλεξάνδρου τοῦ Φιλίππου τοσαῦτα βασιλεῦς +τοῖς αὑτοῦ φίλοις διανέμων ὤφθη. ἀλλὰ τοῖς μὲν +ὁ τῶν φίλων πλοῦτος τῆς τῶν πολεμίων ῥώμης +ὕποπτος ἐφάνη μᾶλλον καὶ φοβερώτερος, ἄλλοι +<pb n='112'/><anchor id='Pg112'/><anchor id='Pg113'/> +δὲ τὴν τῶν ἀρχομένων εὐγένειαν ὑπιδόμενοι +πάντα τρόπον τοὺς εὖ γεγονότας προπηλακίζοντες +[D] ἢ καὶ ἀναιροῦντες ἄρδην τὰς οἰκίας κοινῇ μὲν ταῖς +πόλεσι συμφορῶν, ἰδίᾳ δὲ αὑτοῖς ἀνοσίων ἔργων +αἰτιώτατοι κατέστησαν. οὐκ ἀπέσχοντο δὲ ἤδη +τινὲς τοῖς τοῦ σώματος ἀγαθοῖς, ὑγιείᾳ φημὶ καὶ +κάλλει καὶ εὐεξίᾳ, βασκαίνοντες· ψυχῆς τε ἀρετὴν +ἔν τινι τῶν πολιτῶν γενομένην οὐδὲ ἀκούειν ὑπέμενον, +ἀλλ᾽ ἦν ἀδίκημα τοῦτο, καθάπερ ἀνδροφονία +καὶ κλοπὴ καὶ προδοσία, τὸ δοκεῖν ἀρετῆς μεταποιηθῆναι. +[44] καὶ ταῦτα τυχὸν ἀληθῶς οὐ βασιλέων +φήσει τις, πονηρῶν δὲ καὶ ἀνελευθέρων τυράννων +ἔργα καὶ πράξεις. ἐκεῖνο δὲ ἤδη τὸ πάθος +οὐ τῶν ἀνοήτων μόνον, ἀλλά τινων ἐπιεικῶν +καὶ πρᾴων ἀνδρῶν ἁψάμενον, τὸ τοῖς φίλοις +ἄχθεσθαι πλέον ἔχουσι<note place='foot'>πλέον ἔχουσι Reiske, πλέον MSS, Hertlein.</note> καὶ πολλάκις ἐλαττοῦν +ἐθέλειν καὶ τῶν προσηκόντων αὐτοὺς ἀφαιρεῖσθαι, +τίς ἐπὶ σοῦ λέγειν ἐτόλμησε; τοῦτο καὶ Κῦρόν +φασι τὸν Πέρσην γάμβρον ὄντα βασιλέως παρὰ +τοῦ κηδεστοῦ παθεῖν ἀχθομένου τῇ παρὰ τοῦ +πλήθους εἰς τὸν ἄνδρα τιμῇ, καὶ ἀγησίλαος δὲ +[B] δῆλος ἦν ἀχθόμενος τιμωμένῳ παρὰ τοῖς Ἴωσι +Λυσάνδρῳ. +</p> + +<p> +(I fear that it is beyond my powers to describe +the magnificence of your outlay for other purposes, +nor will I risk being tedious by staying now to +count up the sums you bestowed on cities that +had long been destitute. For whereas, in the +time of your predecessors, they lacked the necessaries +of life, they have all become rich through +you, and the general prosperity of each city +increases the welfare of every private household +in it. But it is proper that I should mention your +gifts to private persons, and give you the title of a +generous and open-handed Emperor; for since there +were many who long ago had lost their property, +because, in some cases justly, in others unjustly, +their ancestral estates had suffered loss, you had no +sooner come into power, than like a just judge you +set right in the latter cases the errors committed by +men in the past, and restored them to the control +of their property, while in the former cases you +were a kindly arbiter, and granted that they should +recover what they had lost, thinking that to have +suffered so long was punishment enough. Then you +lavished large sums from your privy purse, and +increased the reputation for wealth of many who +even in the past had prided themselves on their +large incomes. But why should I remind you of all +this and seem to waste time over trifles? Especially +as it must be obvious to all that no king except +Alexander the son of Philip was ever known to +bestow such splendid presents on his friends. Indeed +some kings have thought that the wealth of their +friends gave more grounds for suspicion and alarm +than did the resources of their enemies, while +others were jealous of the aristocrats among their +subjects, and therefore persecuted the well-born +in every possible way, or even exterminated their +houses, and thus were responsible for the public +disasters of their cities and, in private life, for the +most infamous crimes. There were some who +went so far as to envy mere physical advantages, +such as health or good looks, or good condition. +And as for a virtuous character among their subjects, +they could not bear even to hear of it, but counted +it a crime like murder or theft or treason to appear +to lay claim to virtue. But perhaps someone will +say, and with truth, that these were the actions and +practices not of genuine kings but of base and contemptible +tyrants. Nay, but that other malady +which has been known to attack not only those who +were irrational, but some even who were just and +mild, I mean the tendency to quarrel with friends +who were too prosperous and to wish to humble +them and deprive them of their rightful possessions, +who I ask has ever dared so much as to mention +such conduct in your case? Yet such, they say, +was the treatment that Cyrus the Persian, the king's +son-in-law, received from his kinsman,<note place='foot'>Cyaxares.</note> who could +not brook the honour in which Cyrus was held by +the common people, and Agesilaus also is well known +to have resented the honours paid to Lysander by +the Ionians.) +</p> + +<p> +Τούτους οὖν<note place='foot'>οὖν ὅτι MSS.</note> πάντας ὑπερβαλλόμενος ἀρετῇ, +τοῖς πλουτοῦσι μὲν τὸ πλουτεῖν ἀσφαλέστερον +ἢ πατὴρ τοῖς αὑτοῦ παισί κατέστησας, εὐγενείας +<pb n='114'/><anchor id='Pg114'/><anchor id='Pg115'/> +δὲ τῆς τῶν ὑπηκόων προνοεῖς καθάπερ +ἁπάσης πόλεως οἰκιστὴς καὶ νομοθέτης· καὶ τοὶς +ἐκ τῆς τύχης ἀγαθοῖς πολλὰ μὲν προστιθείς, +πολλὰ δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς ἐξ ἀρχῆς χαριζόμενος, δῆλος +[C] εἶ τῷ μεγέθει μὲν τὰς παρὰ τῶν βασιλέων +δωρεὰς ὑπερβαλλόμενος, τῇ βεβαιότητι δὲ τῶν +ἅπαξ δοθέντων τὰς παρὰ τῶν δήμων χάριτας +ἁποκρυπτόμενος. τοῦτο δὲ οἶμαι καὶ μάλα +εἰκότως συμβαίνει. οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἐφ᾽ οἷς συνίσασιν +αὑτοῖς ἀπολειφθεῖσιν ἀγαθοῖς, τοῖς κεκτημένοις +βασκαίνουσιν, ὅτῳ δὲ τὰ μὲν ἐκ τῆς τύχης ἐστὶ +λαμπρὰ καὶ οἷα οὐδενὶ τῶν ἄλλων, τὰ δὲ ἐκ τῆς +προαιρέσεως τῶν ἐκ τῆς τύχης μακρῷ σεμνότερα, +οὐκ ἔστιν ὅτου δεόμενος τῷ κεκτημένῳ φθονήσειεν. [D] +ὃ δὴ καὶ σαυτῷ μάλιστα πάντων ὑπάρχειν ἐγνωκὼς +χαίρεις μὲν ἐπὶ τοῖς τῶν ἄλλων ἀγαθοῖς, +εὐφραίνει δὲ σε τὰ τῶν ὑπηκόων κατορθώματα· +καὶ τιμὰς ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς τὰς μὲν ἐχαρίσω, τὰς δὲ +ἤδη μέλλεις, ὑπὲρ δὲ ἐνίων βουλεύῃ· καὶ οὐκ +ἀπόχρη σοι πόλεως μιᾶς οὐδὲ ἔθνους ἑνὸς οὐδὲ +πολλῶν ὁμοῦ τοῖς φίλοις ἀρχὰς καὶ τὰς ἐπ᾽ +αὐταῖς τιμὰς διανέμειν· ἀλλ᾽ εἰ μὴ καὶ βασιλείας +[45] ἕλοιο κοινωνόν, ὑπὲρ ἧς τοσοῦτον ὑπομείνας +πόνον τὸ τῶν τυράννων γένος ἀνῄρηκας, οὐδὲν +ἄξιον τῶν σαυτοῦ κατορθωμάτων ἔργον ὑπέλαβες. +καὶ ὅτι μὴ χρείᾳ μᾶλλον ἢ τῷ χαίρειν πάντα +<pb n='116'/><anchor id='Pg116'/><anchor id='Pg117'/> +δωρούμενος ἐπὶ ταύτην ὥρμησας τὴν γνώμην, +ἅπασιν οἶμαι γνώριμον γέγονε. τῶν μὲν γὰρ +πρὸς τοὺς τυράννους ἀγώνων κοινωνὸν οὐχ εἵλου, +τῆς τιμῆς δὲ τὸν οὐ μετασχόντα τῶν πόνων +ἠξίωσας μεταλαβεῖν μόνον, ὅτε μηδὲν ἔτι φοβερὸν +ἐδόκει. [B] καὶ τῆς μὲν οὐδὲ ἐπ᾽ ὀλίγον ἀφελὼν δῆλος +εἶ, τῶν πόνων δὲ οὐδὲ ἐπὶ σμικρὸν κοινωνεῖν +ἀξιοῖς. πλὴν εἴ που δέοι πρὸς ὀλίγον ἑπόμενον +σοι στρατεύεσθαι. πότερον οὖν καὶ περὶ τούτων +μαρτύρων τινῶν καὶ τεκμηρίων τῷ λόγῳ προσδεῖ; +ἢ δῆλον ἐκ τοῦ λέγοντος, ὅτι μὴ ψευδεῖς ἐπεισάγει +λόγους; ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ μὲν τούτων οὐδὲν ἔτι πλέον +ἄξιον ἐνδιατρίβειν. +</p> + +<p> +(All these, then, you have surpassed in merit, +for you have made their wealth more secure for +the rich than a father would for his own children, +and you take thought that your subjects shall be +well-born, as though you were the founder and law-giver +of every single city. Those to whom fortune +has been generous you still further enrich, and in +many cases men owe all their wealth to your +generosity, so that in amount your gifts clearly +surpass those of other princes, while, in security +of ownership of what has once been given, you +cast into the shade any favours bestowed by democracies.<note place='foot'>An echo of Demosthenes, <hi rend='italic'>Against Leptines</hi> 15.</note> +And this is, I think, very natural. For +when men are conscious that they lack certain +advantages, they envy those who do possess them, +but when a man is more brilliantly endowed by +fortune than any of his fellows, and by his own +initiative has won even higher dignities than fate +had assigned him, he lacks nothing, and there is +none whom he need envy. And since you realise +that in your case this is especially true, you rejoice +at the good fortune of others and take pleasure in +the successes of your subjects. You have already +bestowed on them certain honours, and other +honours you are on the point of bestowing, and you +are making plans for the benefit of yet other +persons. Nor are you content to award to your +friends the government of a single city or nation, or +even of many such, with the honours attaching +thereto. But unless you chose a colleague<note place='foot'>Gallus 351 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>: then Julian 355 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></note> to share +that empire on whose behalf you had spared no pains +to exterminate the brood of usurpers, you thought +that no act of yours could be worthy of your former +achievements. That you reached this decision not +so much because it was necessary as because you +take pleasure in giving all that you have to give, +is, I suppose, well known to all. For you chose no +colleague to aid you in your contests with the +usurpers, but you thought it right that one who had +not shared in the toil should share in the honour +and glory, and that only when all danger seemed to +be over. And it is well known that from that +honour you subtract not even a trifling part, though +you do not demand that he should share the danger +even in some small degree, except indeed when it was +necessary for a short time that he should accompany +you on your campaign. Does my account of this +call for any further witnesses or proofs? Surely it +is obvious that he who tells the tale would not be +the one to introduce a fictitious account. But on +this part of my subject I must not spend any more +time.) +</p> + +<p> +Σωφροσύνης δὲ ὑπὲρ τῆς σῆς καὶ φρονήσεως +καὶ ὅσην εὔνοιαν τοῖς ὑπηκόοις ἐνειργάσω, [C] +βραχέα διελθεῖν ἴσως οὐκ ἄτοπον. τίς γάρ σ᾽<note place='foot'>σ᾽ Hertlein suggests.</note> +ἀγνοεῖ τῶν ἁπάντων τοσαύτην ἐκ παίδων τῆς +ἀρετῆς ταύτης ἐπιμέλειαν ἐσχηκότα, ὅσην οὐδεὶς +ἄλλος τῶν ἔμπροσθεν; καὶ τῆς μὲν ἐν παισὶ +σωφροσύνης μάρτυς ὁ πατὴρ γέγονεν ἀξιόχρεως, +σοὶ τὰ περὶ τὴς ἀρχὴν καὶ τὰ πρὸς τοὺς +ἀδελφοὺς διοικεῖν ἐπιτρέψας μόνῳ, ὄντι γε οὐδὲ +πρεσβυτάτῳ τῶν ἐκείνου παίδων· τῆς δὲ ἐν +ἀνδράσιν ἅπαντες αἰσθανόμεθα, [D] καθάπερ πολίτου +τοῖς νόμοις ὑπακούοντος, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ βασιλέως +τῶν νόμων ἄρχοντος, ἀεί σου προσφερομένου τῷ +πλήθει καὶ τοῖς ἐν τέλει. τίς γάρ σ᾽<note place='foot'>σ᾽ Hertlein suggests.</note> ἔγνω μεῖζον +ὑπὸ τῆς εὐτυχίας φρονήσαντα; τίς δὲ ἐπαρθέντα +<pb n='118'/><anchor id='Pg118'/><anchor id='Pg119'/> +τοῖς κατορθώμασι τοσούτοις<note place='foot'>τοσούτοις τῷ πλήθει V, τοσούτοις τὸ πλῆθος MSS.</note> καὶ τηλικούτοις ἐν +βραχεῖ χρόνῳ γενομένοις; ἀλλὰ τὸν Φιλίππου +φασὶν Ἀλέξανδρον, ἐπειδὴ τὴν Περσῶν καθεῖλε +δύναμιν, οὐ μόνον τὴν ἄλλην δίαιταν πρὸς ὄγκον +μείζονα καὶ λίαν ἐπαχθῆ τοῖς πᾶσιν ὑπεροψίαν +μεταβαλεῖν, [46] ἀλλ᾽ ἤδη καὶ τοῦ φύσαντος ὑπερορᾶν +καὶ τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης ἁπάσης φύσεως. ἠξίου γὰρ +υἱὸς Ἄμμωνος, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ Φιλίππου νομίζεσθαι, καὶ +τῶν συστρατευσαμένων ὄσοι μὴ κολακεύειν μηδὲ +δουλεύειν ἠπίσταντο τῶν ἑαλωκότων πικρότερον +ἐκολάζοντο. ἀλλὰ σοῦ γε τῆς εἰς τὸν πατέρα +τιμῆς ἆρα ἄξιον ἐνταῦθα μεμνῆσθαι; ὃν οὐκ ἰδίᾳ +μόνον σεβόμενος, ἀεὶ δὲ ἐν τοῖς κοινοῖς συλλόγοις +διετέλεις ἀνακηρύττων καθάπερ ἀγαθὸν ἥρωα. +τῶν φίλων δέ, [B] ἀξιοῖς γὰρ αὐτοὺς οὐκ ἄχρις +ὀνόματος μόνον τῆς τιμῆς, πολὺ δὲ πλέον διὰ τῶν +πραγμάτων βεβαιοῖς ἐπ᾽ αὐτῶν τοὔνομα· ἔστιν +οὖν ἄρα τις ὁ μεμφόμενος ἀτιμίαν ἢ ζημίαν ἢ +βλάβην ἤ τινα μικρὰν ὑπεροψίαν ἢ μείζονα; ἀλλ᾽ +οὐκ ἂν οὐδαμῶς εἰπεῖν ἔχοι τοιοῦτον οὐδὲν. τούτων +γὰρ οἱ μὲν γηραιοὶ σφόδρα, ταῖς ἀρχαῖς εἰς +τὴν εἱμαρμένην τελευτὴν τοῦ βίου παραμείναντες, +τὰς ἐπιμελείας τῶν κοινῶν συναπέθεντο τοῖς +σώμασι, [C] παισὶν ἢ φίλοις ἤ τισι πρὸς γένους τοὺς +κλήρους παραπέμποντες· ἄλλοι δὲ πρὸς τοὺς +πόνους καὶ τὰς στρατείας ἀπαγορεύοντες, ἀφέσεως +ἐντίμου τυχόντες, ζῶσιν ὄλβιοι· τινὲς δὲ καὶ +μετήλλαξαν, εὐδαίμονες παρὰ τοῦ πλήθους εἶναι +<pb n='120'/><anchor id='Pg120'/><anchor id='Pg121'/> +κρινόμενοι. ὅλως δὲ οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδὲ εἷς, ὃς ἐπειδὴ +ταύτης ἠξιώθη τῆς τιμῆς, εἰ καὶ μοχθηρὸς ὕστερον +ἐφάνη, τιμωρίας ἔτυχε μικρᾶς ἢ μείζονος· ἤρκεσε +δὲ αὐτὸν ἀπηλλάχθαι μόνον καὶ μηδὲν ἐνοχλεῖν +ἔτι. +</p> + +<p> +(A few words about your temperance, your wisdom, +and the affection that you inspired in your subjects, +will not, I think, be out of place. For who is there +among them all who does not know that from boyhood +you cultivated the virtue of temperance as no +one had ever done before you? That in your youth +you possessed that virtue your father is a trustworthy +witness, for he entrusted to you alone the +management of affairs of state and all that related to +your brothers, although you were not even the eldest +of his sons. And that you still display it, now that +you are a man, we are all well aware, since you ever +behave towards the people and the magistrates like +a citizen who obeys the laws, not like a king who is +above the laws. For who ever saw you made +arrogant by prosperity? Who ever saw you uplifted +by those successes, so numerous and so +splendid, and so quickly achieved? They say that +Alexander, Philip's son, when he had broken the +power of Persia, not only adopted a more ostentatious +mode of life and an insolence of manner +obnoxious to all, but went so far as to despise the +father that begat him, and indeed the whole human +race. For he claimed to be regarded as the son of +Ammon instead of the son of Philip, and when some +of those who had taken part in his campaigns could +not learn to flatter him or to be servile, he punished +them more harshly than the prisoners of war. But +the honour that you paid to your father need I speak +of in this place? Not only did you revere him in +private life, but constantly, where men were gathered +together in public, you sang his praises as though he +were a beneficent hero-god. And as for your friends, +you grant them that honour not merely in name, but +by your actions you make their title sure. Can any +one of them, I ask, lay to your charge the loss of +any right, or any penalty or injury suffered, or any +overbearing act either serious or trifling? Nay there +is not one who could bring any such accusation. +For your friends who were far advanced in years +remained in office till the appointed end of their +lives, and only laid down with life itself their control +of public business, and then they handed on their +possessions to their children or friends or some +member of their family. Others again, when their +strength failed for work or military service, received +an honourable discharge, and are now spending +their last days in prosperity; yet others have +departed this life, and the people call them blessed. +In short there is no man who having once been held +worthy of the honour of your friendship, ever suffered +any punishment great or small, even though later he +proved to be vicious. For them all that he had to do +was to depart and give no further trouble.) +</p> + +<p> +[D] Ἐν δὲ τούτοις ἅπασιν ὢν καὶ γεγονὼς τοιοῦτος +ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἡδονῆς ἁπάσης, ᾗ πρόσεστιν ὄνειδος καὶ +μικρόν, καθαρὰν τὴν ψυχὴν διεφύλαξας. μόνον δὲ +οἶμαι σὲ τῶν πρόσθεν αὐτοκρατόρων, σχεδὸν δὲ +πλὴν σφόδρα ὀλίγων καὶ πάντων ἀνθρώπων οὐκ +ἀνδράσι μόνον παράδειγμα πρὸς σωφροσύνην παρασχεῖν +κάλλιστον, καὶ γυναιξὶ δὲ τῆς πρὸς τοὺς ἄνδρας +κοινωνίας. [47] ὅσα γὰρ ἐκείναις ἀπαγορεύουσιν οἱ +νόμοι τοῦ γνησίους<note place='foot'>γνησίους MSS, Cobet, γνησίως V, Hertlein.</note> φύεσθαι τοὺς παῖδας ἐπιμελόμενοι, +ταῦτα ὁ λόγος ἀπαγορεύει ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις +παρὰ σοί. ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ μὲν τούτων ἔχων ἔτι πλείονα +λίγειν ἀφίημι. +</p> + +<p> +(While this has been your character from first to last +in all these relations, you always kept your soul pure +of every indulgence to which the least reproach is +attached. In fact I should say that you alone, of all +the emperors that ever were, nay of all mankind +almost, with very few exceptions, are the fairest +example of modesty, not to men only but to women +also in their association with men. For all that is +forbidden to women by the laws that safeguard the +legitimacy of offspring, your reason ever denies to +your passions. But though I could say still more on +this subject, I refrain.) +</p> + +<p> +Τῆς φρονήσεως δὲ ἄξιον μὲν ἔπαινον διελθεῖν +οὐδαμῶς εὐχερές, μικρὰ δὲ ὅμως καὶ ὑπὲρ ταύτης +ῥητέον. ἔστι δὲ τὰ μὲν ἔργα τῶν λόγων οἶμαι +πιστότερα. οὐ γάρ ἐστιν εἰκὸς τοσαύτην ἀρχὴν +[B] καὶ δύναμιν μὴ παρὰ τῆς ἴσης διοικουμένην καὶ +κρατουμένην φρονήσεως πρὸς τοσοῦτον μέγεθος +ἀφικέσθαι καὶ κάλλος πράξεων· ἀγαπητὸν δὶ, εἰ καὶ +τῇ τύχῃ μόνον δίχα φρονήσεως ἐπιτρεπομένη<note place='foot'>M and Petavius omit πρὸς . . . ἐπιτρεπομένη.</note> ἐπὶ +πολὺ μένει.<note place='foot'>μένει Wyttenbach, μένειν MSS, Hertlein, ἐπὶ πολὺ μένειν +V and Spanheim omit.</note> ἀνθῆσαι μὲν γὰρ τῇ τύχῃ προσσχόντα +πρὸς βραχὺ ῥάδιον, διαφυλάξαι δὲ τὰ δοθέντα +ἀγαθὰ δίχα φρονήσεως οὐ λίαν εὔκολον, μᾶλλον +<pb n='122'/><anchor id='Pg122'/><anchor id='Pg123'/> +δὲ ἀδύνατον ἴσως. ὄλως δὲ εἰ χρὴ καὶ περὶ +τούτων ἐναργὲς φράζειν τεκμήριον, πολλῶν καὶ +γνωρίμων οὐκ ἀπορήσομεν. [C] τὴν γὰρ εὐβουλίαν +ὑπολαμβάνομεν τῶν περὶ τὰς πράξεις ἀγαθῶν καὶ +συμφερόντων ἐξευρίσκειν τὰ κράτιστα. σκοπεῖν +οὖν ἄξιον ἐφ᾽ ἁπάντων ἁπλῶς, εἰ μὴ τοῦθ᾽ ἕν ἐστι +τῶν σοι πραχθέντων. οὐκοῦν ὅπου μὲν ἦν +ὁμονοίας χρεία, ἔχαιρες ἐλαττούμενος, ὅπου δὲ +τοῖς κοινοῖς ἐχρῆν βοηθεῖν, τὸν πόλεμον ἀνείλου<note place='foot'>ἀνείλου Hertlein suggests, Cobet, cf. 94 D 95 A, εἵλω V, +εἵλου MSS.</note> +προθυμότατα. καὶ Περσῶν μὲν τὴν δύναμιν +καταστρατηγήσας οὐδένα τῶν ὁπλιτῶν ἀποβαλὼν +διέφθειρας, τὸν πρὸς τοὺς τυράννους δὲ πόλεμον +διελὼν τοῦ μὲν ἐκράτησας ταῖς δημηγορίαις, [D] καὶ +τὴν μετ᾽ ἐκείνου δύναμιν ἀκέραιον καὶ κακῶν +ἀπαθῆ προσλαβὼν κατεπολέμησας μᾶλλον διὰ +τῆς συνέσεως ἢ διὰ τῆς ῥώμης τὸν τοσούτων τοῖς +κοινοῖς αἴτιον συμφορῶν. βούλομαι δὲ σαφέστερον +περὶ τούτων εἰπὼν ἅπασι δεῖξαι, τίνι +μάλιστα πιστεύσας<note place='foot'>πιστεύσας καὶ MSS.</note> τοσούτοις σαυτὸν ἐπιδοὺς +πράγμασιν οὐδενὸς ὅλως διήμαρτες. [48] εὔνοιαν οἴει +δεῖν παρὰ τῶν ὑπηκόων ὑπάρχειν τῷ βασιλεύοντι +ἐρυμάτων ἀσφαλέστατον. ταύτην δὲ ἐπιτάττοντα +μὲν καὶ κελεύοντα καθάπερ εἰσφορὰς καὶ φόρους +κτήσασθαι παντελῶς ἄλογον. λείπεται δὴ λοιπόν, +καθάπερ αὐτὸς ὥρμηκας, τὸ πάντας εὖ ποιεῖν καὶ +μιμεῖσθαι τὴν θείαν ἐν ἀνθρώποις φύσιν· πρᾴως +<pb n='124'/><anchor id='Pg124'/><anchor id='Pg125'/> +μὲν ἔχειν πρὸς ὀργήν, [B] τῶν τιμωριῶν δὲ ἀφαιρεῖσθαι +τὰς χαλεπότητας, πταίσασι δὲ οἶμαι τοῖς +ἐχθροῖς ἐπιεικῶς καὶ εὐγνωμόνως προσφέρεσθαι. +ταῦτα πράττων, ταῦτα θαυμάζων, ταῦτα τοῖς +ἄλλοις προστάττων μιμεῖσθαι τὴν Ῥώμην μέν, +ἔτι τοῦ τυράννου κρατοῦντος τῆς Ἰταλίας, διὰ τῆς +γερουσίας εἰς Παιονίαν μετέστησας, προθύμους δὲ +εἶχες τὰς πόλεις πρὸς τὰς λειτουργίας. +</p> + +<p> +(Your wisdom it is by no means easy to praise as it +deserves, but I must say a few words about it. Your +actions, however, are more convincing, I think, than +my words. For it is not likely that this great and +mighty empire would have attained such dimensions +or achieved such splendid results, had it not been +directed and governed by an intelligence to match. +Indeed, when it is entrusted to luck alone, unaided +by wisdom, we may be thankful if it last for any +length of time. It is easy by depending on luck to +flourish for a brief space, but without the aid of +wisdom it is very hard, or rather I might say +impossible, to preserve the blessings that have been +bestowed. And, in short, if we need cite a convincing +proof of this, we do not lack many notable instances. +For by wise counsel we mean the ability to discover +most successfully the measures that will be good and +expedient when put into practice. It is therefore +proper to consider in every case whether this wise +counsel may not be counted as one of the things you +have achieved. Certainly when there was need of +harmony you gladly gave way, and when it was your +duty to aid the community as a whole you declared +for war with the utmost readiness. And when you +had defeated the forces of Persia without losing a +single hoplite, you made two separate campaigns +against the usurpers, and after overcoming one of +them<note place='foot'>Vetranio.</note> by your public harangue, you added to your +army his forces, which were fresh and had suffered +no losses, and finally, by intelligence rather than by +brute force, you completely subdued the other +usurper who had inflicted so many sufferings on the +community. I now desire to speak more clearly on +this subject and to demonstrate to all what it was +that you chiefly relied on and that secured you from +failure in every one of those great enterprises to +which you devoted yourself. It is your conviction +that the affection of his subjects is the surest defence +of an emperor. Now it is the height of absurdity +to try to win that affection by giving orders, +and levying it as though it were a tax or tribute. +The only alternative is the policy that you +have yourself pursued, I mean of doing good to +all men and imitating the divine nature on earth. +To show mercy even in anger, to take away their +harshness from acts of vengeance, to display kindness +and toleration to your fallen enemies, this was +your practice, this you always commended and +enjoined on others to imitate, and thus, even while +the usurper still controlled Italy, you transferred +Rome to Paeonia by means of the Senate and +inspired the cities with zeal for undertaking public +services.) +</p> + +<p> +Τῶν στρατευμάτων δὲ τὴν εὔνοιαν τίς ἂν ἀξίως +διηγήσαιτο; τάξις μὲν ἱππέων πρὸ τῆς ἐν τῇ Μύρσῃ +παρατάξεως μεθειστήκει, [C] ἐπεὶ δὲ τῆς Ἰταλίας ἐκράτησας, +πεζῶν κατάλογοι καὶ τέλη λαμπρά. ἀλλὰ +τὸ μικρὸν μετὰ τὴν τοῦ τυράννου δυστυχῆ τελευτὴν +ἐν Γαλατίᾳ γενόμενον κοινὴν ἁπάντων ἔδειξε +στρατοπέδων τὴν εὔνοιαν, τὸν θρασυνόμενον +καθάπερ ἐπ᾽ ἐρημίας καὶ τὴν γυναικείαν ἁλουργίδα +περιβαλόμενον ὥσπερ τινὰ λύκον<note place='foot'>τινὰ λύκον MSS, τινῶν λύκων Hertlein suggests.</note> ἐξαίφνης διασπασαμένων. +ὅστις δὲ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ γέγονας τῇ +πράξει, καὶ ὅπως πρᾴως ἅπασι καὶ φιλανθρώπως +τοῖς ἐκείνου γνωρίμοις προσηνέχθης, ὅσοι μηδὲν +ἠλέγχοντο ἐκείνῳ συμπράξαντες, πολλῶν ἐφεστηκότων +τῇ κατηγορίᾳ συκοφαντῶν, [D] καὶ τὴν +πρὸς ἐκεῖνον φιλίαν ὑποπτεύειν μόνον κελευόντων, +ἐγὼ μὲν ἁπάσης ἀρετῆς τίθεμαι τοῦτο<note place='foot'>τοῦτο Hertlein suggests, τὸ MSS.</note> κεφάλαιον. +καὶ γὰρ ἐπιεικῶς καὶ δικαίως φημὶ καὶ πολὺ πλέον +ἐμφρόνως πεπράχθαι. ὅστις δὲ ἄλλως ἡγεῖται +καὶ τῆς περὶ τοῦ πράγματος ἀληθοῦς ὑπολήψεως +καὶ τῆς σῆς γνώμης διήμαρτε. τοὺς μὲν γὰρ οὐκ +ἐλεγχθέντας δίκαιον ἦν, ὡς εἰκός, [49] σώζεσθαι, +<pb n='126'/><anchor id='Pg126'/><anchor id='Pg127'/> +ὑπόπτους δὲ τὰς φιλίας καὶ διὰ τοῦτο φευκτὰς +οὐδαμῶς ᾤου δεῖν κατασκευάζειν, ὑπὸ τῆς τῶν +ὑπηκόων εὐνοίας ἐς τοῦτο μεγέθους ἀρθεὶς καὶ +πράξεων. ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν παῖδα τοῦ τετολμηκότος +νήπιον κομιδῇ τῆς πατρῴας οὐδὲν εἴασας μετασχεῖν +ζημίας. οὕτω σοι πρὸς ἐπιείκειαν ἡ πρᾶξις +ῥέπουσα τελείας ἀρετῆς ὑπάρχει γνώρισμα. * * * +</p> + +<p> +(As for the affection of your armies, what description +could do it justice? Even before the battle at +Myrsa, a division of cavalry came over to your side,<note place='foot'>Under Silvanus.</note> +and when you had conquered Italy bodies of infantry +and distinguished legions did the same. But +what happened in Galatia<note place='foot'>Gaul.</note> shortly after the +usurper's miserable end demonstrated the universal +loyalty of the garrisons to you; for when, emboldened +by his isolated position, another<note place='foot'>Silvanus.</note> dared +to assume the effeminate purple, they suddenly +set on him as though he were a wolf and tore +him limb from limb.<note place='foot'>355 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></note> Your behaviour after +that deed, your merciful and humane treatment +of all those of his friends who were not convicted +of having shared his crimes, and that in +spite of all the sycophants who came forward with +accusations and warned you to show only suspicion +against friends of his, this I count as the culmination +of all virtue. What is more, I maintain that your +conduct was not only humane and just, but prudent +in a still higher degree. He who thinks otherwise +falls short of a true understanding of both the +circumstances and your policy. For that those who +had not been proved guilty should be protected was +of course just, and you thought you ought by no +means to make friendship a reason for suspicion and +so cause it to be shunned, seeing that it was due to +the loyal affection of your own subjects that you +had attained to such power and accomplished so +much. But the son of that rash usurper, who was +a mere child, you did not allow to share his father's +punishment. To such a degree does every act of +yours incline towards clemency and is stamped with +the mint-mark of perfect virtue * * * * *.)<note place='foot'>The peroration is lost.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='131'/><anchor id='Pg131'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Oration II</head> + +<div> +<head>Introduction To Oration II</head> + +<p> +The Second Oration is a panegyric of the +Emperor Constantius, written while Julian, after +his elevation to the rank of Caesar, was campaigning +in Gaul.<note place='foot'>56 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi> and 101 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> It closely resembles and +often echoes the First, and was probably never +delivered. In his detailed and forced analogies of +the achievements of Constantius with those of the +Homeric heroes, always to the advantage of the +former, Julian follows a sophistic practice that he +himself condemns,<note place='foot'>74 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> and though he more than once +contrasts himself with the <q>ingenious rhetoricians</q> +he is careful to observe all their rules, even in his +historical descriptions of the Emperor's campaigns. +The long Platonic digression on Virtue and the +ideal ruler is a regular feature of a panegyric of this +type, though Julian neglects to make the direct +application to Constantius. In the First Oration +he quoted Homer only once, but while the Second +contains the usual comparisons with the Persian +monarchs and Alexander, its main object is to prove, +by direct references to the Iliad, that Constantius +surpassed Nestor in strategy, Odysseus in eloquence, +and in courage Hector, Sarpedon and Achilles. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='132'/><anchor id='Pg132'/><anchor id='Pg133'/> + +<div> + +<p> +ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ +</p> + +<p> +(Julian, Caesar) +</p> + +<p> +ΠΕΡΙ ΤΩΝ ΤΟΥ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΟΣ ΠΡΑΞΕΩΝ +Η ΠΕΡΙ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΑΣ. +</p> + +<p> +(The Heroic Deeds of the +Emperor Constantius, +Or, On Kingship) +</p> + +<p> +Τὸν Ἀχιλλέα φησὶν ἡ ποίησις, ὁπότε ἐμήνισε +καὶ διηνέχθη πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα, μεθεῖναι μὲν ταῖν +χεροῖν τὴν αἰχμὴν καὶ τὴν ἀσπίδα, ψαλτήριον δὲ +ἁρμοσάμενον καὶ κιθάραν ᾄδειν καὶ ὑμνεῖν τῶν +ἡμιθέων τὰς πράξεις, καὶ ταύτην διαγωγὴν τῆς +ἡσυχίας ποιεῖσθαι, εὖ μάλα ἐμφρόνως τοῦτο διανοηθέντα. +[D] τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἀπεχθάνεσθαι καὶ παροξύνειν +τὸν βασιλέα λίαν αὔθαδες καὶ ἄγριον· +τυχὸν δὲ οὐδὲ ἐκείνης ἀπολύεται τῆς μέμψεως ὁ +τῆς Θέτιδος, ὅτι τῷι καιρῷ τῶν ἔργων εἰς ᾠδὰς +καταχρῆται καὶ κρούματα, ἐξὸν τότε μὲν ἔχεσθαι +τῶν ὅπλων καὶ μὴ μεθιέναι, αὖθις δὲ ἐφ᾽ ἡσυχίας +ὑμνεῖν τὸν βασιλέα καὶ ᾄδειν τὰ κατορθώματα. +[50] οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ τὸν Ἀγαμέμνονά φησιν ὁ πατὴρ +ἐκείνων τῶν λόγων μετρίως καὶ πολιτικῶς προσενεχθῆναι +τῷ στρατηγῷ, ἀλλ᾽ ἀπειλῇ τε χρῆσθαι +καὶ ἔργοις ὑβρίζειν, τοῦ γέρως ἀφαιρούμενον. +συνάγων δὲ αὐτοὺς ἐς ταὐτὸν ἀλλήλοις ἐπὶ τῆς +ἐκκλησίας μεταμελομένους, τὸν μὲν τῆς Θέτιδος +ἐκβοῶντα +</p> + +<p> +(Achilles, as the poet tells us, when his wrath was +kindled and he quarrelled with the king,<note place='foot'>Agamemnon.</note> let fall +from his hands his spear and shield; then he strung +his harp and lyre and sang and chanted the deeds of +the demi-gods, making this the pastime of his idle +hours, and in this at least he chose wisely. For to +fall out with the king and affront him was excessively +rash and violent. But perhaps the son of Thetis is +not free from this criticism either, that he spent in +song and music the hours that called for deeds, +though at such a time he might have retained his +arms and not laid them aside, but later, at his +leisure, he could have sung the praises of the king +and chanted his victories. Though indeed the +author of that tale tells us that Agamemnon also +did not behave to his general either temperately or +with tact, but first used threats and proceeded to +insolent acts, when he robbed Achilles of his prize of +valour. Then Homer brings them, penitent now, +face to face in the assembly, and makes the son of +Thetis exclaim) +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<lg> +<l>Ἀτρείδη, ἦ ἄρ τι τόδ᾽ ἀμφοτέροισιν ἄρειον</l> +<l>Ἔπλετο, σοὶ καὶ ἐμοί,</l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>Son of Atreus, verily it had been better on this +wise for both thee and me!</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 19. 56.</note>) +</p> +</quote> + +<pb n='134'/><anchor id='Pg134'/><anchor id='Pg135'/> + +<p> +[B] εἶτα ἐπαρώμενον τῇ προφάσει τῇ ἀπεχθείας καὶ +ἀπαριθμούμενον τὰς ἐκ τῆς μήνιδος ξυμφοράς, τὸν +βασιλέα δὲ αἰτιώμενον Δία καὶ Μοῖραν<note place='foot'>Μοῖραν Hertlein suggests, Μοίρας MSS.</note> καὶ +Ἐρινύν, δοκεῖ μοι διδάσκειν, ὥσπερ ἐν δράματι +τοῖς προκειμένοις ἀνδράσιν οἷον εἰκόσι χρώμενος, +ὅτι χρὴ τοὺς μὲν βασιλέας μηδὲν ὕβρει πράττειν +μηδὲ τῇ δυνάμει πρὸς ἅπαν χρῆσθαι μηδὲ ἐφιέναι +τῷ θυμῷ, καθάπερ ἵππῳ θρασεῖ χήτει χαλινοῦ +καὶ ἡνιόχου φερομένῳ, παραινεῖν δὲ αὖ τοῖς +[C] στρατηγοῖς ὑπεροψίαν βασιλικὴν μὴ δυσχεραίνειν, +φέρειν δὲ ἐγκρατῶς καὶ πρᾴως τὰς ἐπιτιμήσεις, +ἵνα μὴ μεταμελείας αὐτοῖς ὁ βίος μεστὸς ᾖ. +</p> + +<p> +(Later on he makes him curse the cause of their +quarrel, and recount the disasters due to his own +wrath, and we see the king blaming Zeus and Fate +and Erinys. And here, I think, he is pointing a moral, +using those heroes whom he sets before us, like +types in a tragedy, and the moral is that kings ought +never to behave insolently, nor use their power without +reserve, nor be carried away by their anger like +a spirited horse that runs away for lack of the bit +and the driver; and then again he is warning +generals not to resent the insolence of kings but to +endure their censure with self-control and serenely, +so that their whole life may not be filled with +remorse.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Republic</hi> 577 <hi rend='smallcaps'>e</hi>.</note>) +</p> + +<p> +Ταῦτα κατ᾽ ἐμαυτὸν ἐννοῶν, ὦ φίλε βασιλεῦ, καὶ +σὲ μὲν ὁρῶν ἐπὶ τῶν ἔργων τὴν Ὁμηρικὴν παιδείαν +ἐπιδεικνύμενον καὶ ἐθέλοντα πάντως κοινῇ μὲν<note place='foot'>κοινῇ μὲν Hertlein suggests, κοινῇ τε MSS, cf. 43 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>, 51 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> +ἅπαντας ἀγαθόν τι δρᾶν, ἡμῖν δὲ ἰδίᾳ τιμὰς καὶ +γέρα ἄλλα ἐπ᾽ ἄλλοις παρασκευάζοντα, τοσούτῳ δὲ +οἶμαι κρείττονα τοῦ τῶν Ἐλλήνων βασιλέως εἶναι +ἐθέλοντα, ὥστε ὁ μὲν ἠτίμαζε τοὺς ἀρίστους, σὺ +δὲ οἶμαι καὶ τῶν φαύλων πολλοῖς τὴν συγγνώμην +νέμεις, τὸν Πιττακὸν ἐπαινῶν τοῦ λόγου, ὃς τὴν +συγγνώμην τῆς τιμωρίας προυτίθει, [D] αἰσχυνοίμην +ἄν, εἰ μὴ τοῦ Πηλέως φαινοίμην εὐγνωμονέστερος +μηδὲ<note place='foot'>μηδὲ Hertlein suggests, καὶ MSS.</note> ἐπαινοίην εἰς δύναμιν τὰ προσόντα σοί, οὔτι +φημὶ χρυσὸν καὶ ἁλουργῆ χλαῖναν, οὐδὲ μὰ Δία +πέπλους παμποικίλους, γυναικῶν ἔργα Σιδωνίων, +οὐδὲ ἵππων Νισαίων κάλλη καὶ χρυσοκολλήτων +ἁρμάτων ἀστράπτουσαν αἴγλην, [51] οὐδὲ τὴν Ἰνδῶν +<pb n='136'/><anchor id='Pg136'/><anchor id='Pg137'/> +λίθον εὐανθῆ καὶ χαρίεσσαν. καίτοι γε εἴ τις +ἐθέλοι τούτοις τὸν νοῦν προσέχων ἕκαστον ἀξιοῦν +λόγου, μικροῦ πᾶσαν οἶμαι τὴν Ὁμήρου ποίησιν +ἀποχετεύσας ἔτι δεήσεται λόγων, καὶ οὐκ ἀποχρήσει +σοὶ μόνῳ τὰ ξύμπασι ποιηθέντα τοῖς +ἡμιθέιος ἐγκώμια. ἀρξώμεθα δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ σκήπτρου +πρῶτον, εἰ βούλει, καὶ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτῆς· +[B] τί γὰρ δή φησιν ὁ ποιητὴς ἐπαινεῖν ἐθέλων τῆς +τῶν Πελοπιδῶν οἰκίας τὴν ἀρχαιότητα καὶ τὸ +μέγεθος τῆς ἡγεμονίας ἐνδείξασθαι; +</p> + +<p> +(When I reflect on this, my beloved Emperor, +and behold you displaying in all that you do +the result of your study of Homer, and see you +so eager to benefit every citizen in the community +in every way, and devising for me individually such +honours and privileges one after another, then I +think that you desire to be nobler than the king +of the Greeks, to such a degree, that, whereas +he insulted his bravest men, you, I believe, grant +forgiveness to many even of the undeserving, since +you approve the maxim of Pittacus which set mercy +before vengeance. And so I should be ashamed not +to appear more reasonable than the son of Peleus, or +to fail to praise, as far as in me lies, what appertains +to you, I do not mean gold, or a robe of purple, nay +by Zeus, nor raiment embroidered all over, the work +of Sidonian women,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 6. 289.</note> nor beautiful Nisaean horses,<note place='foot'>Herodotus 7. 40; horses from the plain of Nisaea drew +the chariot of Xerxes when he invaded Greece.</note> +nor the gleam and glitter of gold-mounted chariots, +nor the precious stone of India, so beautiful and +lovely to look upon. And yet if one should choose +to devote his attention to these and think fit to +describe every one of them, he would have to draw +on almost the whole stream of Homer's poetry and +still he would be short of words, and the panegyrics +that have been composed for all the demi-gods +would be inadequate for your sole praise. First, +then, let me begin, if you please, with your sceptre +and your sovereignty itself. For what does the poet +say when he wishes to praise the antiquity of the +house of the Pelopids and to exhibit the greatness +of their sovereignty?) +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l rend='margin-left: 18'>ἀνὰ δὲ κρείων Ἀγαμέμνων</l> +<l>Ἔστη σκῆπτρον ἔχων, τὸ μὲν Ἥφαιστος κάμε τεύξων,</l> +</lg> + +<p> +<q>(Then uprose their lord Agamemnon and in his +hand was the sceptre that Hephaistos made and +fashioned.)</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 2. 101.</note> +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +καὶ ἔδωκε Διί, ὁ δὲ τῷ τῆς Μαίας καὶ ἑαυτοῦ +παιδί, Ἑρμείας δὲ ἄναξ δῶκε Πέλοπι,<note place='foot'>[, ὁ δὲ] Πέλοπι Reiske, Hertlein.</note> Πέλοψ δὲ +</p> + +<p> +(and gave to Zeus; then Zeus gave it to his own and +Maia's son, and Hermes the prince gave it to Pelops, +and Pelops) +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l rend='margin-left: 20'>δῶκ᾽ Ἀτρέι ποιμένι λαῶν·</l> +<l>Ἀτρεὺς δὲ θνήσκων ἔλιπε πολύαρνι Θυέστῃ·</l> +<l>Αὐτὰρ ὅγ᾽ αὖτε Θυέστ᾽ Ἀγαμέμνονι δῶκε φορῆναι, [C]</l> +<l>Πολλῇσιν νήσοισι καὶ Ἄργεï παντὶ ἀνάσσειν·</l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>Gave it to Atreus, shepherd of the host, and +Atreus at his death left it to Thyestes, rich in flocks; +and he in turn gave it into the hands of Agamemnon, +so that he should rule over many islands and all +Argos.</q>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +Αὕτη σοι τῆς Πελοπιδῶν οἰκίας ἡ γενεαλογία, +εἰς τρεῖς οὐδὲ ὅλας μείνασα γενεάς· τά γε μὴν +τῆς ἡμετέρας ξυγγενείας ἤρξατο μὲν ἀπὸ Κλαυδίου, +μικρὰ δὲ ἐν μέσῳ διαλιπούσης τῆς ἡγεμονίας τὼ +πάππω τὼ σὼ διαδέχεσθον. καὶ ὁ μὲν τῆς μητρὸς +πατὴρ τὴν Ῥώμην διῴκει καὶ τὴν Ἰταλίαν, [D] καὶ +τὴν Λιβύην τε ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ, καὶ Σαρδὼ καὶ Σικελίαν, +οὔτι φαυλοτέραν τῆς Ἀργείας καὶ Μυκηναίας +<pb n='138'/><anchor id='Pg138'/><anchor id='Pg139'/> +δυναστείαν, ὅ γε μὴν τοῦ πατρὸς γεννήτωρ +Γαλατίας ἔθνη τὰ μαχιμώτατα καὶ τοῦς Ἑσπερίους +Ἴβηρας καὶ τὰς ἐντὸς Ὠκεανοῦ νήσους, αἳ +τοσούτῳ μείζους τῶν ἐν τῇ θαλάττῃ τῇ καθ᾽ ἡμᾶς +ὁρωμένων εἰσίν, ὅσῳ καὶ τῆς εἴσω θαλάττης ἡ τῶν +Ἡρακλείων στηλῶν ὑπερχεομένη. ταύτας δὲ +ὅλας τὰς χώρας καθαρὰς ἀπέφηναν πολεμίων, +κοινῇ μὲν ἐπιστρατεύοντες, [52] εἴ ποτε τούτου +δεήσειεν, ἐπιφοιτῶντες δὲ ἔστιν ὅτε καὶ κατ᾽ ἰδίαν +ἕκαστος τῶν ὁμόρων βαρβάρων ὕβριν τε καὶ +ἀδικίαν ἐξέκοπτον. ἐκεῖνοι μὲν δὴ τούτοις ἐκοσμοῦντο. +ὁ πατὴρ δὲ τὴν μὲν προσήκουσαν αὐτῷ +μοῖραν μάλα εὐσεβῶς καὶ ὁσίως ἐκτήσατο, περιμείνας +τὴν εἱμαρμένην τελευτὴν τοῦ γεγεννηκότος, +τὰ λοιπὰ δὲ ἀπὸ βασιλείας εἰς τυραννίδας +ὑπενεχθέντα δουλείας ἔπαυσε χαλεπῆς, [B] καὶ ἦρξε +συμπάντων τρεῖς ὑμᾶς τοὺς αὑτοῦ παῖδας προσελόμενος +ξυνάρχοντας. ἆρ᾽ οὖν ἄξιον μέγεθος +δυνάμεως παραβαλεῖν καὶ τὸν ἐν τῇ δυναστείᾳ +χρόνον καὶ πλῆθος βασιλευσάντων;<note place='foot'>[τῶν] βασιλευσάντων Hertlein.</note> ἢ τοῦτο μέν +ἐστιν ἀληθῶς ἀρχαῖον, μετιτέον δὲ ἐπὶ τὸν πλοῦτον +καὶ θαυμαστέον σου τὴν χλαμύδα ξὺν τῇ πόρπῃ, +ἃ δὴ καὶ Ὁμήρῳ διατριβὴν παρέσχεν ἡδεῖαν; +λόγου τε ἀξιωτέον πολλοῦ τὰς Τρωὸς ἵππουσ, αἳ +τρισχίλιαι οὖσαι +</p> + +<p> +(Here then you have the genealogy of the house of +Pelops, which endured for barely three generations. +But the story of our family began with Claudius; then +its supremacy ceased for a short time, till your two +grandfathers succeeded the throne. And your +mother's father<note place='foot'>Maximianus.</note> governed Rome and Italy and Libya +besides, and Sardinia and Sicily, an empire not +inferior certainly to Argos and Mycenae. Your +father's father<note place='foot'>Constantius Chlorus.</note> ruled the most warlike of all the tribes +of Galatia,<note place='foot'>Gaul.</note> the Western Iberians<note place='foot'>Julian is in error; according to Bury, in Gibbon, Vol. 2, +p. 588, Spain was governed by Maximianus.</note> and the islands +that lie in the Ocean,<note place='foot'>The Atlantic.</note> which are as much larger +than those that are to be seen in our seas as the sea +that rolls beyond the pillars of Heracles is larger +than the inner sea.<note place='foot'>The Mediterranean.</note> These countries your grandfathers +entirely cleared of our foes, now joining forces +for a campaign, when occasion demanded, now making +separate expeditions on their own account, and so +they annihilated the insolent and lawless barbarians +on their frontiers. These, then, are the distinctions +that they won. Your father inherited his proper +share of the Empire with all piety and due observance, +waiting till his father reached his appointed end. +Then he freed from intolerable slavery the remainder, +which had sunk from empire to tyranny, and so +governed the whole, appointing you and your brothers, +his three sons, as his colleagues. Now can I fairly +compare your house with the Pelopids in the extent +of their power, the length of their dynasty, or the +number of those who sat on the throne? Or is +that really foolish, and must I instead go on to +describe your wealth, and admire your cloak and +the brooch that fastens it, the sort of thing on which +even Homer loved to linger? Or must I describe +at length the mares of Tros that numbered three +thousand, and)</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>ἕλος κάτα βουκολέοντο, [C]</l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>pastured in the marsh-meadow</q>)<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 20. 221.</note> +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +καὶ τὰ φώρια τὰ ἐντεῦθεν; ἢ τοὺς Θρᾳκίους +ἵππους εὐλαβησόμεθα λευκοτέρους μὲν τῆς χιόνος, +θεῖν δὲ ὠκυτέρους τῶν χειμερίων πνευμάτων, καὶ +τὰ ἐν αὐτοῖς ἅρματα; καὶ ἔχομέν σε ἐν τούτοις +<pb n='140'/><anchor id='Pg140'/><anchor id='Pg141'/> +ἐπαινεῖν, οἰκίαν τε οἶμαι τὴν Ἀλκίνου καὶ τὰ τοῦ +Μενέλεω δώματα καταπληξάμενα καὶ τὸν τοῦ +πολύφρονος Ὀδυσσέως παῖδα καὶ τοιαῦτα ληρεῖν +ἀναπείσαντα τοῖς σοῖς παραβαλεῖν ἀξιώσομεν, [D] μὴ +ποτε ἄρα ἔλασσον ἔχειν ἐν τούτοις δοκῇς, καὶ οὐκ +ἀπωσόμεθα τὴν φλυαρίαν; ἀλλ᾽ ὅρα μή τις ἡμᾶς +μικρολογίας καὶ ἀμαθίας τῶν ἀληθῶς καλῶν +γραψάμενος ἕλῃ. οὐκοῦν ἀφέντας χρὴ τοῖς +Ὁμηρίδαις τὰ τοιαῦτα πολυπραγμονεῖν ἐπὶ τὰ +τούτων ἐγγυτέρω πρὸς ἀρετήν, καὶ ὧν μείζονα +ποιεῖ προμήθειαν, σώματος ῥώμης καὶ τῆς ἐν τοῖς +ὅπλοις ἐμπειρίας, θαρροῦντας<note place='foot'>θαρροῦντας Cobet, θαρρούντως MSS, Hertlein.</note> ἰέναι. +</p> + +<p> +(and the theft that followed?<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 5. 222.</note> Or shall I pay my +respects to your Thracian horses, whiter than snow +and faster than the storm winds, and your Thracian +chariots? For in your case also we can extol all +these, and as for the palace of Alcinous and those +halls that dazzled even the son of prudent Odysseus +and moved him to such foolish expressions of +wonder,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 4. 69 foll.</note> shall I think it worth while to compare +them with yours, for fear that men should one +day think that you were worse off than he in +these respects, or shall I not rather reject such +trifling? Nay, I must be on my guard lest someone +accuse and convict me of using frivolous +speech and ignoring what is really admirable. So I +had better leave it to the Homerids to spend their +energies on such themes, and proceed boldly to what +is more closely allied to virtue, and things to which +you yourself pay more attention, I mean bodily +strength and experience in the use of arms.) +</p> + +<p> +Τίνι δήποτε οὖν τῶν ὑπὸ τῆς Ὁμηρικῆς ὑμνουμένων +σειρῆνος εἴξομεν; [53] ἔστι μὲν γὰρ τοξότης παρ᾽ +αὐτῷ Πάνδαρος, ἀνὴρ ἄπιστος καὶ χρημάτων ἥττων, +ἀλλα καὶ ἀσθενὴς τὴν χεῖρα καὶ ὁπλίτης φαῦλος, +Τεῦκρος τε ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ καὶ Μηριόνης, ὁ μὲν ἐπὶ τῆς +πελειάδος τῷ τόξῳ χρώμενος, ὁ δὲ ἠρίστευε μὲν ἐν +τῇ μάχῃ ἐδεῖτο δὲ ὥσπερ ἐρύματος καὶ τειχίου. +ταῦτά τοι καὶ προβάλλεται τὴν ἀσπίδα, οὔτι τὴν +οἰκείαν, τἀδελφοῦ δέ, καὶ στοχάζεται καθ᾽ +ἡσυχίαν τῶν πολεμίων, γελοῖος ἀναφανεὶς στρατιώτης, +[B] ὅς γε ἐδεῖτο μείζονος φύλακος καὶ οὐκ ἐν +τοῖς ὅπλοις ἐποιεῖτο τῆς σωτηρίας τὰς ἐλπίδας. +σὲ δῆτα ἐθεασάμην, ὦ φίλε βασιλεῦ, ἄρκτους καὶ +παρδάλεις καὶ λέοντας συχνοὺς καταβάλλοντα +<pb n='142'/><anchor id='Pg142'/><anchor id='Pg143'/> +τοῖς ἀφιεμένοις βέλεσι, χρώμενον δὲ πρὸς θήραν +καὶ παιδιὰν τόξῳ, ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς παρατάξεως ἀσπίς +ἐστί σοι καὶ θώραξ καὶ κράνος· καὶ οὐκ ἂν καταδείσαιμι +τὸν ἀχιλλέα τοῖς Ἡφαιστείοις λαμπρυνόμενον +καὶ ἀποπειρώμενον αὑτοῦ καὶ τῶν +ὅπλον, +</p> + +<p> +(And now which one of those heroes to whom +Homer devotes his enchanting strains shall I admit +to be superior to you? There is the archer Pandaros +in Homer, but he is treacherous and yields to bribes<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 4. 97.</note>; +moreover his arm was weak and he was an inferior +hoplite: then there are besides, Teucer and Meriones. +The latter employs his bow against a pigeon<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 23. 870.</note> while +Teucer, though he distinguished himself in battle, +always needed a sort of bulwark or wall. Accordingly +he keeps a shield in front of him,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 8. 266.</note> and +that not his own but his brother's, and aims at the +enemy at his ease, cutting an absurd figure as +a soldier, seeing that he needed a protector taller +than himself and that it was not in his weapons that +he placed his hopes of safety. But I have seen you +many a time, my beloved Emperor, bringing down +bears and panthers and lions with the weapons +hurled by your hand, and using your bow both for +hunting and for pastime, and on the field of battle +you have your own shield and cuirass and helmet. +And I should not be afraid to match you with +Achilles when he was exulting in the armour that +Hephaistos made, and testing himself and that +armour to see) +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>[C] Εἴ οἱ ἐφαρμόσσειε καὶ ἐντρέχοι ἀγλαὰ γυῖα·</l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>Whether it fitted him and whether his glorious +limbs ran free therein;</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 19. 385.</note>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +ἀνακηρύττει γὰρ εἰς ἅπαντας τὴν σὴν ἐμπειρίαν +τὰ κατορθώματα. +</p> + +<p> +(for your successes proclaim to all men your proficiency.) +</p> + +<p> +Τήν γε μὴν ἱππικὴν καὶ τὴν ἐν τοῖς δρόμοις +κουφότητα ἆρά σοι παραβαλεῖν ἄξιον τῶν +πρόσθεν τοὺς ἀραμένους ὄνομα καὶ δόξαν +μείζονα; ἢ τὸ μὲν οὐδὲ ηὕρητό πω; ἅρμασι +γὰρ ἐχρῶντο καὶ οὔπω πώλοις ἄζυξι· τάχει δὲ +ὅστις διήνεγκε, τούτῳ πρὸς σὲ γέγονεν ἀμφήριστος +κρίσις· [D] τάξιν δὲ κοσμῆσαι καὶ φάλαγγα +διατάξαι καλῶς δοκεῖ Μενεσθεὺς κράτιστος, καὶ +τούτῳ διὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν ὁ Πύλιος οὐχ ὑφίεται τῆς +ἐμπειρίας. ἀλλὰ τῶν μὲν οἱ πολέμιοι πολλάκις +τὰς τάξεις συνετάραξαν, καὶ οὐδὲ ἐπὶ τοῦ τείχους +ἴσχυον ἀντέχειν παραταττόμενοι· σοὶ δὲ μυρίαις +μάχαις ξυμμίξαντι καὶ πολεμίοις πολλοῖς μὲν βαρβάροις, +οὐκ ἐλάττοσι δὲ τούτων τοῖς οἴκοθεν ἀφεστῶσι +καὶ συνεπιθεμένοις τῷ τὴν ἀρχὴν σφετερίσασθαι +προελομένῳ ἀρραγὴς ἔμεινεν ἡ φάλανξ καὶ +ἀδιάλυτος, [54] οὐδ᾽ ἐπὶ σμικρὸν ἐνδοῦσα. καὶ ὅτι +μὴ λῆρος ταῦτα μηδὲ προσποίησις λόγων τῆς +<pb n='144'/><anchor id='Pg144'/><anchor id='Pg145'/> +ἐπὶ τῶν ἔργων ἀληθείας κρείττων, ἐθέλω τοῖς +παροῦσι διεξελθεῖν. γελοῖον γὰρ οἶμαι πρὸς σὲ +περὶ τῶν σῶν ἔργων διηγεῖσθαι· καὶ ταὐτὸν ἂν +πάθοιμι φαύλῳ καὶ ἀκόμψῳ θεατῇ τῶν Φειδίου +δημιουργημάτων πρὸς αὐτὸν Φειδίαν ἐπιχειροῦντι +διεξιέναι περὶ τῆς ἐν ἀκροπόλει παρθένου καὶ τοῦ +παρὰ τοῖς Πισαίοις Διός. εἰ δὲ ἐς τοὺς ἄλλους +ἐκφέροιμι τὰ σεμνότατα τῶν ἔργων, [B] ἴσως ἂν +ἀποφύγοιμι τὴν ἁμαρτάδα, καὶ οὐκ ἔσομαι ταῖς +διαβολαῖς ἔνοχος· ὥστε ἤδη θαρροῦντα χρὴ +λέγειν. +</p> + +<p> +(As for your horsemanship and your agility in +running, would it be fair to compare with you any +of those heroes of old who won a name and great +reputation? Is it not a fact that horsemanship had +not yet been invented? For as yet they used only +chariots and not riding-horses. And as for their +fastest runner, it is an open question how he +compares with you. But in drawing up troops and +forming a phalanx skilfully Menestheus<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 2. 552.</note> seems to +have excelled, and on account of his greater age the +Pylian<note place='foot'>Nestor: <hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 2. 555.</note> is his equal in proficiency. But the enemy +often threw their line into disorder, and not even at +the wall<note place='foot'>The building of a wall with towers, to protect the ships, +is described in <hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 7. 436 foll.</note> could they hold their ground when they +encountered the foe. You, however, engaged in +countless battles, not only with hostile barbarians in +great numbers, but with just as many of your own +subjects, who had revolted and were fighting on the +side of one who was ambitious of grasping the +imperial power; yet your phalanx remained unbroken +and never wavered or yielded an inch. That this is +not an idle boast and that I do not make a +pretension in words that goes beyond the actual +facts, I will demonstrate to my hearers. For I think +it would be absurd to relate to you your own +achievements. I should be like a stupid and tasteless +person who, on seeing the works of Pheidias +should attempt to discuss with Pheidias himself the +Maiden Goddess on the Acropolis, or the statue of +Zeus at Pisa. But if I publish to the rest of the +world your most distinguished achievements, I shall +perhaps avoid that blunder and not lay myself open +to criticism. So I will hesitate no more but proceed +with my discourse.) +</p> + +<p> +Καί μοι μή τις δυσχεράνῃ πειρωμένῳ πράξεων +ἅπτεσθαι μειζόνων, εἰ καὶ τὸ τοῦ λόγου συνεκθέοι +μῆκος, καὶ ταῦτα θέλοντος ἐπέχειν καὶ +βιαζομένου, ὅπως μὴ τῷ μεγέθει τῶν ἔργων ἡ +τῶν λόγων ἀσθένεια περιχεομένη διαλυμήνηται· +καθάπερ δὴ τὸν χρυσόν φασι τοῦ Θεσπιᾶσιν +[C] Ἔρωτος τοῖς πτεροῖς ἐπιβληθέντα τὴν ἀκρίβειαν +ἀφελεῖν τῆς τέχνης. δεῖται γὰρ ἀληθῶς τῆς +Ὁμηρικῆς σάλπιγγος τὰ κατορθώματα, καὶ πολὺ +πλέον ἢ τὰ τοῦ Μακεδόνος ἔργα. δῆλον δὲ ἔσται +χρωμένοις ἡμῖν τῷ τρόπῳ τῶν λόγων, ὅνπερ ἐξ +ἀρχῆς προυθέμεθα. ἐφαίνετο δὲ τῶν βασιλέως +ἔργων πρὸς τὰ τῶν ἡρώων πολλὴ ξυγγένεια, καὶ +αὐτὸν ἔφαμεν ἁπάντων προφέρειν ἐν ᾧ μάλιστα +τῶν ἄλλων ἕκαστος διήνεγκε, καὶ ὅπως ἐστὶ τοῦ +μὲν δὴ βασιλέως αὐτοῦ βασιλικώτερος, [D] εἴ που +μεμνήμεθα τῶν ἐν προοιμίῳ ῥηθέντων, ἐπεδείκνυμεν, +ἔσται δὲ καὶ μάλα αὖθις καταφανές. νῦν +δὲ, εἰ βούλεσθε, τὰ περί τὰς μάχας καὶ τοὺς +<pb n='146'/><anchor id='Pg146'/><anchor id='Pg147'/> +πολέμους ἀθρήσωμεν. τίνας οὖν Ὅμηρος διαφερόντως +ὕμνησεν Ἑλλήνων ὁμοῦ καὶ βαρβάρων; +αὐτὰ ὑμῖν ἀναγνώσομαι τῶν ἐπῶν τὰ καιριώτατα. +</p> + +<p> +(I hope no one will object if, when I attempt to +deal with exploits that are so important, my speech +should become proportionately long, and that though +I desire to limit and restrain it lest my feeble words +overwhelm and mar the greatness of your deeds; +like the gold which when it was laid over the wings +of the Eros at Thespiae<note place='foot'>By Praxiteles.</note> took something, so they +say, from the delicacy of its workmanship. For your +triumphs really call for the trumpet of Homer +himself, far more than did the achievements of the +Macedonian.<note place='foot'>Alexander.</note> This will be evident as I go on to +use the same method of argument which I adopted +when I began. It then became evident that there +is a strong affinity between the Emperor's exploits +and those of the heroes, and I claimed that while +one hero excelled the others in one accomplishment +only, the Emperor excels them all in all those +accomplishments. That he is more kingly than the +king himself<note place='foot'>Agamemnon.</note> I proved, if you remember, in what I +said in my introduction, and again and again it will +be evident. But now let us, if you please, consider +his battles and campaigns. What Greeks and +barbarians did Homer praise above their fellows? I +will read you those of his verses that are most to the +point.) +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>[55] Τίς τ᾽ ἂρ τῶν ὄχ᾽ ἄριστος ἔην, σύ μοι ἔννεπε, Μοῦσα,</l> +<l>Ἀνδρῶν ἠδ᾽ ἵππων, οἳ ἃμ᾽ Ἀτρείδαισιν ἕποντο.</l> +<l>Ἀνδρῶν μὲν μέγ᾽ ἄριστος ἔην Τελαμώνιος Αἴας,</l> +<l>Ὄφρ᾽ Ἀχιλεὺς μήνιεν· ὁ γὰρ πολὺ φέρτατος ἦεν.</l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>Tell me, Muse, who was foremost of those +warriors and horses that followed the sons of Atreus. +Of warriors far the best was Ajax, son of Telamon, +so long as the wrath of Achilles endured. For he +was far the foremost.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 2. 761 foll.</note>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +καὶ αὖθις ὑπὲρ τοῦ Τελαμωνίου φησίν· +</p> + +<p> +(And again he says of the +son of Telamon:) +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>Αἴας, ὃς περὶ μὲν εἶδος, περὶ δ᾽ ἔργ᾽ ἐτέτυκτο,</l> +<l>[B] Τῶν ἄλλων Δαναῶν μετ᾽ ἀμύμονα Πηλείωνα.</l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>Ajax who in beauty and in the deeds he wrought +was of a mould above all the other Danaans, except +only the blameless son of Peleus.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 11. 550.</note>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +Ἑλλήνων μὲν δὴ τούτους ἀρίστους ἀφῖχθαί φησι, +τῶν δὲ ἀμφὶ τοὺς Τρῶας Ἕκτορα καὶ Σαρπηδόνα. +βούλεσθε οὖν αὐτῶν τὰ λαμπρότατα ἐπιλεξάμενοι +περιαθρῶμεν τὸ μέγεθος; καὶ γάρ πως ἐς ταὐτόν +τισι τῶν βασιλέως<note place='foot'>[τοῦ] βασιλέως Hertlein.</note> ξυμφέρεται ἥ τε ἐπὶ τῷ +ποταμῷ τοῦ Πηλέως μάχη καὶ ὁ περὶ τὸ τεῖχος +τῶν Ἀχαιῶν πόλεμος· [C] Αἴας τε ὑπεραγωνιζόμενος +τῶν νεῶν καὶ ἐπιβεβηκὼς τῶν ἰκρίων ἴσως ἂν +τυγχάνοι τινὸς ἀξίας εἰκόνος. ἐθέλω δὲ ὑμῖν +διγγεῖσθαι τὴν ἐπὶ τῷ ποταμῷ μάχην, ἣν ἠγωνίσατο +βασιλεὺς ἔναγχος. ἴστε δὲ ὅθεν ὁ πόλεμος +ἐξερράγη, καὶ ὅτι ξὺν δίκῃ καὶ οὐ τοῦ πλείονος +ἐπιθυμίᾳ διεπολεμήθη. κωλύει δὲ οὐδὲν ὑπομνησθῆναι +δι᾽ ὀλίγων. +</p> + +<p> +(These two, he says, were the bravest of the Greeks +who came to the war, and of the Trojan army Hector +and Sarpedon. Do you wish, then, that I should +choose out their most brilliant feats and consider +what they amounted to? And, in fact, the fighting +of Achilles at the river resembles in some respects +certain of the Emperor's achievements, and so does +the battle of the Achaeans about the wall. Or Ajax +again, when, in his struggle to defend the ships, he +goes up on to their decks, might be allowed some +just resemblance to him. But now I wish to describe +to you the battle by the river which the Emperor +fought not long ago. You know the causes of the +outbreak of the war, and that he carried it through, +not from desire of gain, but with justice on his side. +There is no reason why I should not briefly remind +you of the facts.) +</p> + +<p> +Ἀνὴρ ἄπιστος καὶ θρασὺς τῆς οὐ προσηκούσης +[D] ὀρεχθεὶς ἡγεμονίας κτείνει τὸν ἀδελφὸν βασιλέως +<pb n='148'/><anchor id='Pg148'/><anchor id='Pg149'/> +καὶ τῆς ἀρχῆς κοινωνόν, καὶ ᾔρετο λαμπραῖς ταῖς +ἐλπίσιν, ὡς τὸν Ποσειδῶνα μιμησόμενος καὶ +ἀποφανῶν οὐ μῦθον τὸν Ὁμήρου λόγον, παντὸς δὲ +ἀληθῆ μᾶλλον, ὃς ἔφη περὶ τοῦ θεοῦ· +</p> + +<p> +(A rash and traitorous man<note place='foot'>Magnentius.</note> tried to grasp at +power to which he had no right, and assassinated the +Emperor's brother and partner in empire. Then +he began to be uplifted and dazzled by his hopes, +as though he was about to imitate Poseidon and to +prove that Homer's story was not mere fiction but +absolutely true, where he says about the god) +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>Τρὶς μὲν ὀρέξατ᾽ ἰών, τὸ δὲ τέτρατον ἵκετο τέκμωρ,</l> +<l>Αἰγάς,</l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>Three strides did he make, and with the fourth +came to his goal, even to Aegae,</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 13. 20.</note>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +καὶ ὡς ἐντεῦθεν τὴν πανοπλίαν ἀναλαβῶν καὶ +ὑποζεύξας τοὺς ἵππους διὰ τοῦ πελάγους ἐφέρετο. +</p> + +<p> +(and how he took thence all his armour and harnessed +his horses and drove through the waves:) +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>[56] Γηθοσύνῃ δὲ θάλασσα διίστατο· τοὶ δ᾽ ἐπέτοντο</l> +<l>Ῥίμφα μάλ᾽, οὐδ᾽ ὑπένερθε διαίνετο χάλκεος ἄξων,</l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>And with gladness the sea parted before him, +and the horses fared very swiftly, and the bronze +axle was not wetted beneath,</q>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +ἅτε οὐδενὸς ἐμποδὼν ὄντος, πάντων δὲ ἐξισταμένων +καὶ ὑποχωρούντων ἐν χαρμονῇ. οὔκουν +οὐδὲν αὑτῷ πολέμιον οὐδὲ ἀντίπαλον ᾤετο +καταλιπέσθαι, οὐδὲ αὑτὸν κατείργειν οὐδὲ ἓν τὸ +μὴ ἐπὶ τοῦ Τίγρητος στῆναι ταῖς ἐκβολαῖς. +εἵπετο δὲ αὐτῷ πολὺς μὲν ὁπλίτης,<note place='foot'>ὁπλίτης Cobet, ὁπλίτης πεζός MSS., Hertlein.</note> ἱππεῖς δὲ οὐχ +ἥττους, [B] ἀλλ᾽ οἳπερ ἄλκιμοι, Κελτοὶ καὶ Ἴβηρες +Γερμανῶν τε οἱ πρόσοικοι Ῥήνῳ καὶ τῇ θαλάττῃ +τῇ πρὸς ἑσπέραν, ἣν εἴτε Ὠκεανὸν χρὴ καλεῖν +εἴτε Ἀτλαντικὴν θάλατταν εἴτε ἄλλῃ τινὶ χρῆσθαι +προσωνυμίᾳ προσῆκον, οὐκ ἰσχυρίζομαι· πλὴν +ὅτι δὴ αὐτῇ προσοικεῖ δύσμαχα καὶ ῥώμῃ +διαφέροντα τῶν ἄλλων ἐθνῶν γένη βαρβάρων, +οὐκ ἀκοῇ μόνον, ἥπερ δὴ τυγχάνει πίστις οὐκ +ἀσφαλής, ἀλλ᾽ αὐτῇ πείρᾳ τοῦτο ἐκμαθὼν οἶδα. +[C] τούτων δὴ τῶν ἐθνῶν ἐξαναστήσας οὐκ ἔλαττον +<pb n='150'/><anchor id='Pg150'/><anchor id='Pg151'/> +πλῆθος τῆς οἴκοθεν αὐτῷ ξυνεπισπομένης<note place='foot'>ξυνεπισπομένης Cobet, ξυνεπομένης V Hertlein ξυνεφεπομένης +MSS.</note> +στρατιᾶς, μᾶλλον δὲ τὸ μὲν ὡς οἰκεῖον εἵπετο +πολὺ καὶ αὐτῷ ξύμφυλον, τὸ δὲ ἡμέτερον· οὕτω +γὰρ καλεῖν ἄξιον· ὁπόσον Ῥωμαίων βίᾳ καὶ οὐ +γνώμῃ ξυνηκολούθησεν, ἐοικὸς ἐπικούροις καὶ +μισθοφόροις, ἐν Καρὸς εἵπετο τάξει καὶ σχήματι, +δύσνουν μέν, ὡς εἰκός, βαρβάρῳ καὶ ξένῳ, μέθῃ +[D] καὶ κραιπάλῃ τὴν δυναστείαν περιφρονήσαντι καὶ +ἀνελομένῳ, ἄρχοντι δέ, ὥσπερ ἦν ἄξιον τὸν ἐκ +τοιούτων προοιμίων καὶ προνομίων ἀρξάμενον. +ἡγεῖτο δὲ αὐτὸς οὔτι κατὰ τὸν Τυφῶνα, ὃν ἡ +ποιητικὴ τερατεία φησὶ τῷ Διὶ χαλεπαίνουσαν +τὴν Γῆν ὠδῖναι, οὐδὲ ὡς γιγάντων ὁ κράτιστος, +ἀλλ᾽ οἵαν ὁ σοφὸς ἐν μύθοις Πρόδικος τὴν Κακίαν +δημιουργεῖ πρὸς τὴν Ἀρετὴν<note place='foot'>(τὴν) Ἁρετὴν Hertlein, ἀρετὴν MSS.</note> διαμιλλωμένην καὶ +ἐθέλουσαν τὸν τοῦ Διὸς ἀναπείθειν παῖδα, ὅτι +ἄρα αὐτῷ μάλιστα πάντων τιμητέα εἴη. προάγων +[57] δὲ ἐπὶ τὴν μάχην προυφέρετο τὰ τοῦ Καπανέως, +βαρβαρίζων<note place='foot'>βαρβαρίζων MSS., Hertlein, βατταρίζων Cobet, cf. Plato, +<hi rend='italic'>Theaetetus</hi> 175 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> καὶ ἀνοηταίνων, οὔτι μὴν κατ᾽ +ἐκεῖνον τῇ ῥώμῃ τῆς ψυχῆς πίσυνος οὐδὲ ἀλκῇ +τοῦ σώματος, τῷ πλήθει δὲ τῶν ξυνεπομένων +βαρβάρων, οἷς δὴ καὶ λείαν ἅπαντα προθήσειν +ἠπείλει, ταξίαρχον ταξιάρχῳ καὶ λοχαγὸν λοχαγῷ +καὶ στρατιώτην στρατιώτῃ τῶν ἐξ ἐναντίας αὐταῖς +ἀποσκευαῖς καὶ κτήμασιν, οὐδὲ τὸ σῶμα ἁφιεὶς +ἐλεύθερον. αὔξει δὲ αὐτοῦ τὴν διάνοιαν ἡ +<pb n='152'/><anchor id='Pg152'/><anchor id='Pg153'/> +βασιλέως<note place='foot'>[τοῦ] βασιλέως Hertlein, cf. 55 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> δεινότης, [B] καὶ ἐκ τῶν δυσχωριῶν εἰς τὰ +πεδία κατάγει γανύμενον καὶ οὐ ξυνιέντα, δρασμὸν +δὲ ἀτεχνῶς καὶ οὐ στρατηγίαν τὸ πρᾶγμα +κρίνοντα. ταῦτά τοι καὶ ἁλίσκεται, καθάπερ +ὄρνιθες καὶ ἰχθύες δικτύοις. ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἐς τὴν +εὐρυχωρίαν καὶ τὰ πεδία τῶν Παιόνων ἦλθε καὶ +ἐδόκει λῷον ἐνταῦθα διαγωνίζεσται, τότε δὴ βασιλεὺς +τούς τε ἱππέας ἐπὶ κέρως τάττει χωρὶς +ἑκατέρου. +</p> + +<p> +(for nothing stood in his way, but all things stood +aside and made a path for him in their joy. Even +so the usurper thought that he had left behind him +nothing hostile or opposed to him, and that there +was nothing at all to hinder him from taking up a +position at the mouth of the Tigris. And there +followed him a large force of heavy infantry and as +many cavalry, yes, and good fighters they were, +Celts, Iberians and Germans from the banks of the +Rhine and from the coasts of the western sea. +Whether I ought to call that sea the Ocean or the +Atlantic, or whether it is proper to use some other +name for it, I am not sure. I only know that its +coasts are peopled by tribes of barbarians who are not +easy to subdue and are far more energetic than any +other race, and I know it not merely from hearsay, +on which it is never safe to rely, but I have learned +it from personal experience. From these tribes, +then, he mustered an army as large as that which +marched with him from home, or rather many +followed him because they were his own people, +allied to him by the ties of race, but our subjects—for +so we must call them—I mean all his Roman +troops followed from compulsion and not from +choice, like mercenary allies, and their position and +<hi rend='italic'>rôle</hi> was like that of the proverbial Carian,<note place='foot'>The Carians were proverbially worthless; cf. 320 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> since +they were naturally ill-disposed to a barbarian and a +stranger who had conceived the idea of ruling and +embarked on the enterprise at the time of a drunken +debauch, and was the sort of leader that one might +expect from such a preface and prelude as that. He +led them in person, not indeed like Typho, who, as +the poet tells us,<note place='foot'>Hesiod, <hi rend='italic'>Theogony</hi>.</note> in his wonder tale, was brought +forth by the earth in her anger against Zeus, nor was +he like the strongest of the Giants, but he was like +that Vice incarnate which the wise Prodicus created in +his fable,<note place='foot'>Xenophon, <hi rend='italic'>Memorabilia</hi> 2. 1. 2.</note> making her compete with Virtue and attempt +to win over the son of Zeus,<note place='foot'>Heracles.</note> contending that he +would do well to prize her above all else. And as he led +them to battle he outdid the behaviour of Capaneus,<note place='foot'>Aeschylus, <hi rend='italic'>Seven Against Thebes</hi> 440; Euripides, <hi rend='italic'>Phoenissae</hi> +1182.</note> +like the barbarian that he was, in his insensate folly, +though he did not, like Capaneus, trust to the energy +of his soul or his physical strength, but to the numbers +of his barbarian followers; and he boasted that he +would lay everything at their feet to plunder, that +every general and captain and common soldier of his +should despoil an enemy of corresponding rank of +his baggage and belongings, and that he would +enslave the owners as well. He was confirmed in +this attitude by the Emperor's clever strategy, and +led his army out from the narrow passes to the +plains in high spirits and little knowing the truth, +since he decided that the Emperor's march was +merely flight and not a manoeuvre. Thus he was +taken unawares, like a bird or fish in the net. For +when he reached the open country and the plains of +Paeonia, and it seemed advantageous to fight it out +there, then and not before the Emperor drew up his +cavalry separately on both wings.) +</p> + +<p> +Τούτων δὲ οἱ μέν εἰσιν αἰχμοφόροι, θώραξιν +ἐλατοῖς καὶ κράνεσιν ἐκ σιδήρου πεποιημένοις +σκεπόμενοι· [C] κνημῖδές τε τοῖς σφυροῖς εὖ μάλα +περιηρμοσμέναι καὶ περιγονατίδες καὶ περὶ τοὶς +μηροῖς ἕτερα τοιαῦτα ἐκ σιδήρου καλύμματα· +αὐτοὶ δὲ ἀτεχνῶς ὥσπερ ἀνδριάντες ἐπὶ τῶν +ἵππων φερόμενοι, οὐδὲν ἀσπίδος δεόμενοι. τούτοις +εἵπετο τῶν ἄλλων ἱππέων πλῆθος ἀσπίδας +φέροντες, οἱ δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν ἵππων τοξεύοντες. πεζῶν +[D] δὲ ὁ μὲν ὁπλίτης ἦν ἐν τῷ μώσῳ συνάπτων +ἐφ᾽ ἑκάτερα τοῖς ἱππεῦσιν· ἐξόπισθεν δὲ οἱ σφενδονῆται +καὶ τοξόται καὶ ὁπόσον ἐκ χειρὸς βάλλει +γυμνὸν ἀσπίδος καὶ θώρακος. οὕτω κοσμηθείσης +τῆς φάλαγγος, μικρὰ τοῦ λαιοῦ κέρως προελθόντος +ἅπαν τὸ πολέμιον συνετετάρακτο καὶ οὐκ ἐφύλαττε +τὴν τάξιν.<note place='foot'>τὴν τάξιν Hertlein suggests, τάξιν MSS.</note> ἐγκειμένων δὲ τῶν ἱππέων καὶ οὐκ +ἀνιέντων φεύγει μὲν αἰσχρῶς ὁ τὴν βασιλείαν +αἴσχιον ἁρπάσας, λείπει δὲ αὐτοῦ τὸν ἵππαρχον +καὶ χιλιάρχους καὶ ταξιάρχους πάνυ πολλοὺς καὶ +<pb n='154'/><anchor id='Pg154'/><anchor id='Pg155'/> +ἐρρωμένως ἀγωνιζομένους, ἐπὶ πᾶσι δὲ τὴν ποιητὴν +τοῦ τερατώδους καὶ ἐξαγίστου δράματος, [58] ὃς πρῶτος +ἐπὶ νοὺν ἐβάλετο μεταποιῆσαι τὴν βασιλείαν καὶ +ἀφελέσθαι τοῦ γέρως ἡμᾶς. +</p> + +<p> +(Of these troops some carry lances and are +protected by cuirasses and helmets of wrought +iron mail. They wear greaves that fit the legs +closely, and knee-caps, and on their thighs the +same sort of iron covering. They ride their +horses exactly like statues, and need no shield. +In the rear of these was posted a large body of the +rest of the cavalry, who carried shields, while others +fought on horseback with bows and arrows. Of the +infantry the hoplites occupied the centre and +supported the cavalry on either wing. In their rear +were the slingers and archers and all troops that +shoot their missiles from the hand and have neither +shield nor cuirass. This, then, was the disposition of +our phalanx. The left wing slightly outflanked the +enemy, whose whole force was thereby thrown into +confusion, and their line broke. When our cavalry +made a charge and maintained it stubbornly, he who +had so shamefully usurped the imperial power +disgraced himself by flight, and left there his cavalry +commander and his numerous chiliarchs and taxiarchs, +who continued to fight bravely, and in +command of all these the real author<note place='foot'>Marcellinus.</note> of that +monstrous and unholy drama, who had been the first +to suggest to him that he should pretend to the +imperial power and rob us of our royal privilege.) +</p> + +<p> +Καὶ τέως μὲν<note place='foot'>μὲν Reiske adds.</note> ἔχαιρε τῆς πρώτης πείρας +οὐκ ἀποσφαλεὶς οὐδὲ ἁμαρτήσας, τέτε δὲ ἐφεστώσας +ξὺν δίκῃ ποινὰς ἀπαιτεῖται τῶν ἔργων +καὶ ἄπιστον τιμωρίαν εἰσπράττεται. πάντων +γὰρ ὁπόσοι τοῦ πολέμου τῷ τυράννῳ συνεφήψαντο +ἐμφανὴς μὲν ὁ θάνατος, δήλη δ᾽ ἡ φυγὴ +καὶ ἄλλων μεταμέλεια· ἰκέτευον γὰρ πολλόι, [B] καὶ +ἔτυχον ἅπαντες συγγνώμης, βασιλέως τὸν τῆς +Φέτιδος ὑπερβαλλομένου μεγαλοφροσύνῃ. ὁ +μὲν γάρ, ἐπειδὴ Πάτροκλος ἔπεσεν, οὐδὲ πιπράκειν +ἁλόντας ἔτι τοὺς πολεμίους ἠξίου, ἀλλ᾽ +ἱκετεύοντας περὶ τοῖς γόνασιν ἔκτεινεν· ὁ δὲ +ἐκήρυττεν ἄδειαν τοῖς ἐξαρνουμένοις τὴν ξυνωμοσίαν, +οὐ θανάτου μόνον ἢ φυγῆς ἤ τινος ἄλλης +τιμωρίας ἀφαιρῶν τὸν φόβον, ὥσπερ δὲ ἔκ τινος +ταλαιπωρίας καὶ ἄλης δυστυχοῦς τῆς ξὺν [C] τῷ +τυράννῳ βιοτῆς κατάγειν σφᾶς ἐπ᾽ ἀκεραίοις τοῖς +πρόσθεν ἠξίου. τοῦτο μὲν δὴ καὶ αὖθις τεύξεται +λόγου. +</p> + +<p> +(For a time indeed he enjoyed success, and at his +first attempt met with no repulse or failure, but on +that day he provoked the punishment that justice +had in store for his misdeeds, and had to pay a +penalty that is hardly credible. For all the others +who abetted the usurper in that war met death +openly or their flight was evident to all, as was +the repentance of others. For many came as +suppliants, and all obtained forgiveness, since the +Emperor surpassed the son of Thetis in generosity. +For Achilles, after Patroclus fell, refused any longer +even to sell those whom he took captive, but slew +them as they clasped his knees and begged for +mercy. But the Emperor proclaimed an amnesty +for those who should renounce the conspiracy, and +so not only freed them from the fear of death or +exile or some other punishment, but, as though their +association with the usurper had been due to some +misadventure or unhappy error, he deigned to +reinstate them and completely cancel the past. I +shall have occasion to refer to this again.) +</p> + +<p> +Ἐκεῖνο δὲ ἤδη ῥητέον, ὡς οὔτε ἐν τοῖς κειμένοις +ἦν οὔτε ἐν τοῖς φεύγουσιν ὁ παιδοτρίβης +τοῦ τυράννου. τὸ γὰρ μηδὲ ἐλπίσαι συγγνώμην +εὔλογον οὕτω μὲν ἄδικα διανοηθέντα, ἀσεβῆ δὲ +ἐργασάμενον, φόνων τε ἀδίκων ἀνδρῶν καὶ γυναικῶν, +πολλῶν μὲν ἰδιωτῶν, [D] πάντων δὲ σχεδὸν +<pb n='156'/><anchor id='Pg156'/><anchor id='Pg157'/> +ὁπόσοι τοῦ βασιλείου γένους μετεῖχον ἁψάμενον, +οὔτι ξὺν δείματι οὐδὲ ἄν τις ἐμφύλιον φόνον +διανοηθείν δρῶν, παλαμναίους τινὰς καὶ μιάστορας +δεδιὼς καὶ ὑφορώμενος ἐκ τοῦ μιάσματος, +ἀλλα ὥσπερ τισὶ καθαρσίοις καινοῖς καὶ ἀτόποις +τοὺς πρόσθεν ἀπονιπτόμενος ἄνδρα ἐπ᾽ ἀνδρὶ καὶ +γυναῖκας ἐπὶ τοῖς φιλτάτοις ἀποκτιννὺς εἰκότως +ἀπέγνω τὴν ἱκετηρίαν. ταῦτα εἰκὸς μὲν αὐτὸν +διανοηθῆναι, [59] εἰκὸς δὲ καὶ ἄλλως ἔχειν. οὐ γὰρ δὴ +ἴσμεν ὅ, τί ποτε παθὼν ἢ δράσας ᾤχετο ἄιστος, +ἄφαντος. ἀλλ᾽ εἴτε αὐτὸν δαίμων τιμωρὸς ξυναρπάσας, +καθάπερ Ὅμηρός φησι τὰς τοῦ Πανδάρεω<note place='foot'>Πανδάρεω V, Naber, cf. <hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 20, 66 Τυνδάρεω MSS., +Hertlein.</note> +θυγατέρας, ἐπὶ γῆς ἄγει πέρατα ποινὰς ἀπαιτήσων +τῶν διανοημάτων, εἴτε αὐτὸν ὁ ποταμὸς ὑποδεξάμενος +ἑστιᾶν κελεύει τοὺς ἰχθῦς, οὔτι πω δῆλον. +ἄχρι μὲν γὰρ τῆς μάχης αὐτῆς καὶ ὁπηνίκα οἱ +λόχοι συνετάττοντο πρὸς φάλαγγα θρασὺς [B] ἦν ἐν +μέσοις ἀναστρεφόμενος; ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐπράχθη<note place='foot'>ἐπράχθη MSS., Hertlein, ἐταράχθη Naber.</note> τὰ τῆς +μάχης, ὥσπερ ἦν ἄξιον, ἀφανὴς ᾤχετο οὐκ οἶδα +ὑπὸ τοῦ θεῶν ἢ δαιμόνων κρυφθείς, πλὴν ὅτι γε +οὐκ ἐπ᾽ ἀμείνοσι ταῖς τύχαις εὔδηλον. οὐ γὰρ +δὴ αὖθις ἔμελλε φανεὶς ἐπ᾽ ἐξουσίας ὑβρίζων +ἀδεῶς εὐδαιμονήσειν, ὡς ᾤετο, ἀλλα ἐς τὸ παντελὲς +ἀφανισθεὶς τιμωρίαν ὑφέξειν αὐτῷ μὲν +<pb n='158'/><anchor id='Pg158'/><anchor id='Pg159'/> +δυστυχῆ, πολλοῖς δὲ ὠφέλιμον καὶ πρὸς ἐπανόρθωσιν. +</p> + +<p> +(But what I must now state is that the man who had +trained and tutored the usurper was neither among +the fallen nor the fugitives. It was indeed natural +that he should not even hope for pardon, since his +schemes had been so wicked, his actions so infamous, +and he had been responsible for the slaughter of so +many innocent men and women, of whom many were +private citizens, and of almost all who were connected +with the imperial family. And he had done this not +with shrinking nor with the sentiments of one who +sheds the blood of his own people, and because of +that stain of guilt fears and is on the watch for the +avenger and those who will exact a bloody reckoning, +but, with a kind of purification that was new and +unheard of, he would wash his hands of the blood of +his first victims, and then go on to murder man after +man, and then, after those whom they held dear, he +slew the women as well. So he naturally abandoned +the idea of appealing for mercy. But likely as it is +that he should think thus, yet it may well be otherwise +For the fact is that we do not know what he +did or suffered before he vanished out of sight, out +of our ken. Whether some avenging deity snatched +him away, as Homer says of the daughters of +Pandareos,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 20. 66.</note> and even now is carrying him to the +very verge of the world to punish him for his evil +designs, or whether the river<note place='foot'>The Drave.</note> has received him and +bids him feed the fishes, has not yet been revealed. +For till the battle actually began, and while the +troops were forming the phalanx, he was full of +confidence and went to and fro in the centre of their +line. But when the battle was ended as was fitting, +he vanished completely, taken from our sight by I +know not what god or supernatural agency, only it is +quite certain that the fate in store for him was far +from enviable. At any rate he was not destined to +appear again, and, after insulting us with impunity, +live prosperous and secure as he thought he should; +but he was doomed to be completely blotted out +and to suffer a punishment that for him indeed was +fatal but to many was beneficial and gave them a +chance of recovery.) +</p> + +<p> +Τὰ μὲν δὴ περὶ τὸν μηχανοποιὸν τῆς ὅλης +ὑποθέσεως πλείονος ἀξιωθέντα λόγου, [C] μέσῃ τῇ +πράξει<note place='foot'>μέσῃ τῇ πράξει V, Hertlein, μισητῆς πράξεως Reiske, +μέση τῆς πράξεως MSS.</note> παρελόμενα τὸ ξυνεχὲς τῆς διηγήσεως, +ἐνταῦθά που πάλιν ἀφετέα. ἐπανιτέον δὲ +ὅθενπερ ἐξὴλθον καὶ ἀποδοτέον τὸ τέλος τῆς +μάχης. οὐ γὰρ δὴ ξὺν τῇ τῶν στρατηγῶν δειλίᾳ +καὶ τὰ τῶν στρατιωτῶν πίπτει φρονήματα, ἀλλ᾽ +ἐπειδὴ τὰ τῆς τάξεως αὐτοῖς διεφθάρη, οὐ +κακίᾳ σφῶν, ἀπειρίᾳ δὲ καὶ ἀμαθίᾳ τοῦ τάττοντος, +κατὰ λόχους συνιστάμενοι διηγωνίζοντο· +καὶ ἦν τὸ ἔργον ἁπάσης ἐλπίδος μεῖζον, [D] τῶν μὲν +οὐχ ὑφιεμένων ἐς τὸ παντελὲς τοῖς κρατοῦσι, +τῶν δὲ ἐπεξελθεῖν τελέως τῇ νίκῃ φιλοτιμουμένων, +ξυμμιγής τε ᾔρετο τάραχος καὶ βοὴ καὶ κτύπος +τῶν ὅπλων, ξιφῶν τε ἀγνυμένων ἀμφὶ τοῖς κράνεσι +καὶ τῶν ἀσπίδων περὶ τοῖς δόρασιν. ἀνὴρ δὲ +ἀνδρὶ ξυνίστατο, καὶ ἀπορριπτοῦντες τὰς ἀσπίδας +αὐτοῖς τοῖς ξίφεσιν ὠθοῦντο<note place='foot'>Naber suggests ὢθουν ὠθοῦντο.</note> μικρὰ τοῦ παθεῖν +φροντίζοντες, ἅπαντα δὲ εἰς τὸ δρᾶσαί τι δεινὸν +τοὺς πολεμίους τὸν θυμὸν τρέποντες, τοῦ μὴ +καθαρὰν αὐτοῖς μηδὲ ἄδακρυν παρασχεῖν τὴν +νίκην καὶ τὸ ἀποθνήσκειν ἀνταλλαττόμενοι. [60] καὶ +ταῦτα ἔδρων οὐ πεζοὶ μόνον πρὸς τοὺς διώκοντας, +ἀλλὰ καὶ ὅσοις τῶν ἱππέων ὑπὸ τῶν θραυμάτων +ἀχρεῖα παντελῶς ἐγεγόνει τὰ δόρατα.<note place='foot'>After δόρατα Petavius, Hertlein omit σφῶν.</note> ξυστοὶ +δέ εἰσιν εὐμήκεις, οὓς συγκαταγνύντες καὶ +ἀποπηδῶντες εἰς τοὺς ὁπλίτας μετεσκευάζοντο. +<pb n='160'/><anchor id='Pg160'/><anchor id='Pg161'/> +καὶ χρόνον μὲν τινα χαλεπῶς καὶ μόλις ἀντεῖχον· +ἐπεὶ δὲ οἵ τε ἱππεῖς ἔβαλλον ἐκ τόξων πόρρωθεν +ἐφιππαζόμενοι<note place='foot'>ἐφιππαζόμενοι Hertlein suggests, ἀφιππαζόμενοι MSS.</note> καὶ οἱ θωρακοφόροι πυκναῖς ἐπ᾽ +αὐτοὺς ἐχρῶντο ταῖς ἐπελάσεσιν ἅτε [B] ἐν πεδίῳ +καθαρῷ καὶ λείῳ νύξ τε ἐπέλαβεν, ἐνταῦθα οἱ +μὲν ἀπέφευγον ἄσμενοι, οἱ δὲ ἐδίωκον καρτερῶς +ἄχρι τοῦ χάρακος, καὶ αὐτὸν αἱροῦσιν αὐταῖς +ἀποσκευαῖς καὶ ἀνδραπόδοις καὶ κτήνεσιν. ἀρξαμένης +δὲ, ὅπερ ἔφην, ἄρτι τῆς τροπῆς τῶν πολεμίων +καὶ τῶν διωκόντων οὐκ ἀνιέντων, ἐπὶ τὸ +λαιὸν ὠθοῦνται, ἵναπερ ὁ ποταμὸς ἦν τοῖς +κρατοῦσιν ἐν δεξιᾳ. ἐνταῦθα δὲ ὁ πολὺς ἐγένετο +φόνος, [C] καὶ ἐπλήσθη νεκρῶν ἀνδρῶν τε καὶ ἵππων +ἀναμίξ. οὐ γὰρ δὴ ὁ Δρᾶος ἐῴκει Σκαμάνδρῳ, +οὐδὲ ἦν εὐμενὴς τοῖς φεύγουσιν, ὡς τοὺς μὲν +νεκροὺς αὐτοῖς ὅπλοις ἐξωθεῖν καὶ ἀπορριπτεῖν +τῶν ῥευμάτων, τοὺς ζῶντας δὲ ξυγκαλύπτειν καὶ +ἀποκρύπτειν ἀσφαλῶς ταῖς δίναις. τοῦτο γὰρ ὁ +ποταμὸς ὁ Τρὼς τυχὸν μὲν ὑπὸ εὐνοίας ἔδρα, τυχὸν +δὲ οὕτως ἔχων μεγέθους, ὡς ῥᾴδιον παρέχειν βαδίζειν +τε ἐθέλοντι καὶ νηχομένῳ τὸν πόρον· ἐπεὶ +[D] καὶ γεφυροῦται μιᾶς ἐμβληθείσης εἰς αὐτὸν +πτελέας, ἅπας τε ἀναμορμύρων ἀφρῷ καὶ αἵματι +πλάζ᾽ ὤμους Ἀχιλῆος, εἰ χρὴ καὶ τοῦτο πιστεῦσαι, +βιαιότερον δὲ οὐδὲν εἰργάζετο· καὶ ἐπιλαβόντος +ὀλίγου καύματος ἀπαγορεύει τὸν πόλεμον +καὶ ἐξόμνυται τὴν ἐπικουρίαν. Ὁμήρου δὲ ἔοικεν +εἶναι καὶ τοῦτο παίγνιον, καινὸν καὶ ἄτοπον +μονομαχίας τρόπον ἐπινοήσαντος. ἐπεὶ καὶ τἆλλα +<pb n='162'/><anchor id='Pg162'/><anchor id='Pg163'/> +δῆλός ἐστιν Ἀχιλλεῖ χαριζόμενος, καὶ ὥσπερ +[61] θεατὰς ἄγων τὸ στράτευμα μόνον ἄμαχον καὶ +ἀνυπόστατον ἐπάγει τοῖς πολεμίοις, κτείνοντα +μὲν τοὺς ἐντυγχάνοντας, τρεπόμενον δὲ ἁπαξαπλῶς +πάντας φωνῇ καὶ σχήματι καὶ τῶν +ὀμμάτων ταῖς προσβολαῖς, ἀρχομένης τε οἶμαι +τῆς παρατάξεως καὶ<note place='foot'>προσβολαῖς—καὶ Wright προσβολαῖς.—[καὶ] Hertlein +προσβολαῖς.—καὶ MSS.</note> ἐπὶ τοῦ Σκαμάνδρου ταῖς +ᾐόσιν, ἕως εἰς τὸ τεῖχος ἄσμενοι ξυνελέγησαν οἱ +διαφυγόντες. ταῦτα ἐκεῖνος πολλοῖς ἔπεσι διηγούμενος +καὶ θεῶν ἀναπλάττων μάχας καὶ ἐπικοσμῶν +μύθοις τὴν ποίησιν δεκάζει τοὺς κριτὰς +καὶ οὐκ ἐπιτρέπει δικαίαν φέρειν καὶ ἀψευδῆ +ψῆφον. [B] ὅστις δὲ ἐθέλει μηδὲν ὑπὸ τοὺ κάλλους +ἐξαπατᾶσθαι τῶν ῥημάτων καὶ τῶν ἔξωθεν ἐπιφερομένων +πλασμάτων, † ὥσπερ ἐν ἐρχῇ περὶ +ἀρωμάτων τινῶν καὶ χρωμάτων,†<note place='foot'>ὥσπερ—χρωμάτων Hertlein suggests ὥσπερ ἐν γραφῇ ὑπ᾽ +ἀργυρωμάτων τινῶν καὶ χρυσωμάτων <q>as though by gold or +silver work in a picture.</q></note> ἀρεοπαγίτης +ἔστω κριτής, καὶ οὐκ εὐλαβησόμεθα τὴν κρίσιν. +εἶναι μὲν γὰρ ἀγαθὸν στρατιώτην ὁμολογοῦμεν +τὸν Πηλέως, ἐκ τῆς ποιήσεως ἀναπειθόμενοι. +κτείνει μὲν ἄνδρας εἴκοσι, +</p> + +<p> +(Now though it would be well worth while to devote +more of my speech to this man who was the author +of that whole enterprise, yet it breaks the thread +of my narrative, which had reached the thick of the +action. So I must leave that subject for the present, +and going back to the point where I digressed, +describe how the battle ended. For though their +generals showed such cowardice, the courage of the +soldiers was by no means abated. When their line +was broken, which was due not to their cowardice +but to the ignorance and inexperience of their leader, +they formed into companies and kept up the fight. +And what happened then was beyond all expectation; +for the enemy refused altogether to yield to +those who were defeating them, while our men did +their utmost to achieve a signal victory, and so there +arose the wildest confusion, loud shouts mingled +with the din of weapons, as swords were shattered +against helmets and shields against spears. It was +a hand to hand fight, in which they discarded their +shields and attacked with swords only, while, indifferent +to their own fate, and devoting the utmost +ardour to inflicting severe loss on the foe, they were +ready to meet even death if only they could make +our victory seem doubtful and dearly bought. It was +not only the infantry who behaved thus to their pursuers, +but even the cavalry, whose spears were broken +and were now entirely useless. Their shafts are long +and polished, and when they had broken them they +dismounted and transformed themselves into hoplites. +So for some time they held their own against the +greatest odds. But since our cavalry kept shooting +their arrows from a distance as they rode after them, +while the cuirassiers made frequent charges, as was +easy on that unobstructed and level plain, and moreover +night overtook them, the enemy were glad at +last to take to flight, while our men kept up a +vigorous pursuit as far as the camp and took it by +assault, together with the baggage and slaves and +baggage animals. Directly the rout of the enemy +had begun, as I have described, and while we kept +up a hot pursuit, they were driven towards the left, +where the river was on the right of the victors. +And there the greatest slaughter took place, and the +river was choked with the bodies of men and horses, +indiscriminately. For the Drave was not like the +Scamander, nor so kind to the fugitives; it did not +put ashore and cast forth from its waters the dead +in their armour, nor cover up and hide securely in +its eddies those who escaped alive. For that is what +the Trojan river did<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 21. 325 foll.</note>, perhaps out of kindness, +perhaps it was only that it was so small that it +offered an easy crossing to one who tried to swim or +walk. In fact, when a single poplar was thrown into +it, it formed a bridge,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 21. 242.</note> and the whole river roared +with foam and blood and beat upon the shoulders of +Achilles,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 21. 269.</note> if indeed we may believe even this, but it +never did anything more violent. When a slight +fire scorched it, it gave up fighting at once and swore +not to play the part of ally. However this, too, was +probably a jest on Homer's part, when he invented +that strange and unnatural sort of duel. For in the +rest of the poem also he evidently favours Achilles, +and he sets the army there as mere spectators while +he brings Achilles on to the field as the only invincible +and resistless warrior, and makes him slay +all whom he encounters and put every one of the +foe to flight, simply by his voice and bearing and the +glance of his eyes, both when the battle begins and +on the banks of the Scamander, till the fugitives were +glad to gather within the wall of the city. Many +verses he devotes to relating this, and then he invents +the battles of the gods, and by embellishing +his poem with such tales he corrupts his critics and +prevents us from giving a fair and honest vote. But +if there be any one who refuses to be beguiled by +the beauty of the words and the fictions that are +imported into the poem ...<note place='foot'>For eight words the text is hopelessly corrupt.</note>, then, though he is +as strict as a member of the Areopagus, I shall not +dread his decision. For we are convinced by the +poem that the son of Peleus is a brave soldier. He +slays twenty men; then) +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>Ζωοὺς δ᾽ ἐκ ποταμοῖο δυώδεκα λέξατο κούρους,</l> +<l>Τοὺς ἐξῆγε θύραζε τεθηπότας ἠύτε νεβρούς,</l> +<l>Ποινὴν Πατρόκλοιο Μενοιτιάδαο θανόντος.</l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>He chose twelve youths alive out of the river +and led them forth amazed like fawns to atone for +the death of Patroclus, son of Menoitius.</q>)<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 21. 27.</note> +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +τοσαύτην μέντοι ἤνεγκεν εἰς τὰ πράγματα τῶν +Ἀχαιῶν ἡ νίκη τὴν ῥοπήν, [C] ὥστε οὐδὲ μείζονα +φόβον τοῖς πολεμίοις ἐνέβαλεν οὐδὲ ἀπογνῶναι ἐς +τὸ παντελὲς ὑπὲρ σφῶν ἐποίει. καὶ ὑπὲρ τούτων +<pb n='164'/><anchor id='Pg164'/><anchor id='Pg165'/> +ἆρ᾽ ἑτέρου τινὸς μάρτυρος δεησόμεθα τὸν Ὅμηρον +παραλιπόντες; [D] καὶ οὐκ ἀπόχρη τῶν ἐπῶν μνησθῆναι, +ἃ πεποίηκεν ἐκεῖνος, ὁπηνίκα ἐπὶ τὰς +ναῦς ἦλθεν ὁ Πρίαμος φέρων ὑπὲρ τοῦ παιδὸς τὰ +λύτρα; ἐρομένου γὰρ μετὰ τὰς διαλύσεις, ὑπὲρ<note place='foot'>[τὰς] ὑπὲρ Reiske, Hertlein.</note> +ὧν ἀφῖκτο, τοῦ τῆς Θέτιδος υἱέος +</p> + +<p> +(But his victory, though it had some influence on +the fortunes of the Achaeans, was not enough to inspire +any great fear in the enemy, nor did it make +them wholly despair of their cause. On this point +shall we set Homer aside and demand some other +witness? Or is it not enough to recall the verses +in which he describes how Priam came to the ships +bringing his son's ransom? For after he had made +the truce for which he had come, and the son of +Thetis asked:) +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>Ποσσῆμαρ μέμονας κτερεïζέμεν Ἕκτορα δῖον,</l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>For how many days dost thou desire to make a +funeral for noble Hector?</q>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +τά τε ἄλλα διέξεισι καὶ περὶ τοῦ πολέμου φησί· +</p> + +<p> +(He told him not only that, but concerning the war +he said:) +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>Τῇ δὲ δυωδεκάτῃ πολεμίξομεν,<note place='foot'>πολεμίξομεν Cobet, MSS., πολιμίζομεν V, Hertlein, +πτολεμίζομεν M.</note> εἴπερ ἀνάγκη.</l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>And on the twelfth day we will fight again, if +fight we must.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 24. 657.</note>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +[62] οὕτως οὐδὲ ἐπαγγέλλειν ὀκνεῖ μετὰ τὴν ἐκεχειρίαν +τὸν πόλεμον. ὁ δὲ ἀγεννὴς καὶ δειλὸς τύραννος +ὄρη τε ὑψηλὰ προυτείνετο τῆς αὑτοῦ φυγῆς καὶ +ἐξοικοδομήσας ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς φρούρια οὐδὲ τῇ τῶν +τόπων ὀχυρότητι πιστεύει, ἀλλὰ ἱκετεύει συγγνώμης +τυγχάνειν. καὶ ἔτυχεν ἄν,<note place='foot'>ἂν Reiske adds.</note> εἴπερ ἦν ἄξιος +καὶ μὴ ἐφωράθη πολλάκις ἄπιστος καὶ θρασύς, +ἄλλα ἐπ᾽ ἄλλοις προστιθεὶς ἀδικήματα. +</p> + +<p> +(You see he does not hesitate to announce that war +will be resumed after the armistice. But the unmanly +and cowardly usurper sheltered his flight +behind lofty mountains and built forts on them; +nor did he trust even to the strength of the position, +but begged for forgiveness. And he would have +obtained it had he deserved it, and not proved himself +on many occasions both treacherous and insolent, +by heaping one crime on another.) +</p> + +<p> +Τὰ μὲν δὴ κατὰ τὴν μάχην, εἰ μὴ δόξῃ τις τῶν +διηγουμένων προσέχειν ἐθέλοι μηδὲ [B] ἔπεσιν εὖ +πεποιημένοις, ἐς αὐτὰ δὲ ὁρᾶν τὰ ἔργα, κρινέτω. +ἑξῆς δ᾽, εἰ βούλεσθε τὴν Αἴαντος ὑπὲρ τῶν νεῶν +καὶ τὴν ἐπὶ τοῦ τείχους τῶν Ἀχαιῶν ἀντιθεῖναι +μάχην τοῖς ἐπὶ τῆς πόλεως ἐκείνης ἔργοις· ᾗ δὴ +Μυγδόνιος ποταμῶν κάλλιστος τὴν αὑτοῦ προστίθησι +<pb n='166'/><anchor id='Pg166'/><anchor id='Pg167'/> +φήμην, οὔσῃ δὲ καὶ Ἀντιόχου βασιλέως +ἐπωνύμῳ· γέγονε δὲ αὐτῇ καὶ ἕτερον ὄνομα βάρβαρον, +σύνηθες τοῖς πολλοῖς ὑπὸ τῆς πρὸς τοὺς +τῇδε βαρβάρους ἐπιμιξίας· ταύτην δὴ τὴν πὸλιν +στρατὸς ἀμήχανος πλήθει Παρθυαίων [C] ξὺν Ἰνδοῖς +περιέσχεν, ὁπηνίκα ἐπὶ τὸν τύραννον βαδίζειν +προύκειτο· καὶ ὅπερ Ἡρακλεῖ φασιν ἐπὶ τὸ +Λερναῖον ἰόντι θηρίον συνενεχθῆναι, τὸν θαλάττιον +καρκίνον, τοῦτο ἦν ὁ Παρθυαίων βασιλεὺς ἐκ τῆς +ἠπείρου Τίγρητα διαβὰς καὶ περιτειχίζων<note place='foot'>περιτειχίζων Hertlein suggests, cf. 27 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>, ἐπετειχίζων MSS.</note> τὴν +πόλιν χώμασιν· εἶτα εἰς ταῦτα δεχόμενος τὸν +Μυγδόνιον λίμνην ἀπέφηνε τὸ περὶ τῷ ἄστει +χωρίον καὶ ὥσπερ νῆσον ἐν αὐτῇ συνεῖχε τὴν +πόλιν, [D] μικρὸν ὑπερεχουσῶν καὶ ὑπερφαινομένων +τῶν ἐπάλξεων. ἐπολιόρκει δὲ ναῦς τε ἐπάγων καὶ +ἐπὶ νεῶν μηχανάς· καὶ ἦν οὐχ ἡμέρας ἔργον, +μηνῶν δὲ οἶμαι σχεδόν τι τεττάρων. οἱ δὲ ἐν +τῷ τείχει συνεχῶς ἀπεκρούοντο τοὺς βαρβάρους +καταπιμπράντες τὰς μηχανὰς τοῖς πυρφόροις· +ναῦς δὲ ἀνεῖλκον πολλὰς μὲν ἐκ τοῦ τείχους, ἄλλαι +δὲ κατεάγνυντο ὑπὸ ῥώμης τῶν ἀφιεμένων ὀργάνων +καὶ βάρους τῶν βελῶν. [63] ἐφέροντο γὰρ εἰς αὐτὰς +λίθοι ταλάντων ὁλκῆς Ἀττικῶν ἑπτά. καὶ +ἐπειδὴ συχναῖς ἡμέραις ταῦτ᾽ ἐδρᾶτο, ῥήγνυται +μέρος τοῦ χώματος καὶ ἡ τῶν ὑδάτων εἰσρεῖ<note place='foot'>εἰσρεῖ Cobet, ἐκρεῖ MSS., Hertlein.</note> +πλήμμυρα, καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ τοῦ τείχους μέρος οὐκ +ἔλασσον πήχεων ἑκατὸν συγκατηνέχθη. +</p> + +<p> +(And now with regard to the battle, if there be +anyone who declines to heed either the opinion expressed +in my narrative or those admirably written +verses, but prefers to consider the actual facts, let +him judge from those. Accordingly we will next, if +you please, compare the fighting of Ajax in defence +of the ships and of the Achaeans at the wall with the +Emperor's achievements at that famous city. I mean +the city to which the Mygdonius, fairest of rivers, +gives its name, though it has also been named after +King Antiochus. Then, too, it has another, a barbarian +name<note place='foot'>Nisibis.</note> which is familiar to many of you from +your intercourse with the barbarians of those parts. +This city was besieged by an overwhelming number +of Parthians with their Indian allies, at the very time +when the Emperor was prepared to march against +the usurper. And like the sea crab which they say +engaged Heracles in battle when he sallied forth to +attack the Lernaean monster,<note place='foot'>Sapor becomes the ally of Magnentius as the crab was the +ally of the Hydra in the conflict with Heracles.</note> the King of the Parthians, +crossing the Tigris from the mainland, encircled +the city with dykes. Then he let the Mygdonius +flow into these, and transformed all the space +about the city into a lake, and completely hemmed +it in as though it were an island, so that only the +ramparts stood out and showed a little above the +water. Then he besieged it by bringing up ships +with siege-engines on board. This was not the work +of a day, but I believe of almost four months. But +the defenders within the wall continually repulsed +the barbarians by burning the siege-engines with +their fire-darts. And from the wall they hauled up +many of the ships, while others were shattered by +the force of the engines when discharged and the +weight of the missiles. For some of the stones that +were hurled on to them weighed as much as +seven Attic talents.<note place='foot'>400 lbs. in all.</note> When this had been going +on for many days in succession, part of the dyke +gave way and the water flowed in in full tide, +carrying with it a portion of the wall as much +as a hundred cubits long.<note place='foot'>150 feet.</note>) +</p> + +<p> +Ἐνταῦθα κοσμεῖ τὴν στρατιὰν τὸν Περσικὸν +<pb n='168'/><anchor id='Pg168'/><anchor id='Pg169'/> +τρόπον. διασώζουσι γὰρ καὶ ἀπομιμοῦνται τὰ +Περσικὰ οὐκ ἀξιοῦντες, ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν, Παρθυαῖοι +νομίζεσθαι, [B] Πέρσαι δὲ εἶναι προσποιούμενοι. +ταῦτά τοι καὶ στολῇ Μηδικῇ χαίρουσι. καὶ ἐς +μάχας ἔρχονται ὁμοίως ἐκείνοις ὅπλοις τε ἀγαλλόμενοι +τοιούτοις καὶ ἐσθήμασιν ἐπιχρύσοις καὶ +ἁλουργέσι. σοφίζονται δὲ ἐντεῦθεν τὸ μὴ δοκεῖν +ἀφεστάναι Μακεδόνων, ἀναλαβεῖν δὲ τὴν ἐξ +ἀρχαίου βασιλείαν προσήκουσαν. οὐκοῦν καὶ ὁ +βασιλεὺς Ξέρξην μιμούμενος ἐπί τινος χειροποιήτου +καθῆστο γηλόφου, προῆγε<note place='foot'>προῆγε Hertlein suggests, προσῆγε MSS.</note> δὲ ἡ στρατιὰ ξὺν +τοῖς θηρίοις. ταῦτα δὲ ἐξ Ἰνδῶν εἵπετο, καὶ ἔφερεν +ἐκ σιδήρου πύργους τοξοτῶν πλήρεις. ἡγοῦντο δὲ +αὐτῶν ἱππεῖς οἱ θωρακοφόροι καὶ οἱ τοξόται, [C] ἕτερον +ἱππέων πλῆθος ἀμήχανον. τὸ πεζὸν γάρ σφιν +ἀχρεῖον ἐς τὰ πολεμικὰ καθέστηκεν οὔτε ἐντίμου +μετέχον τάξεως οὔτε ὄν σφιν ἐν χρείᾳ, πεδιάδος +οὔσης καὶ ψιλῆς τῆν χώρας ὁπόσην νέμονται +ἔιοκε γὰρ δὴ τὰ τοιαῦτα πρὸς τὰς τοῦ πολέμου +χρείας τιμῆς καὶ ἀτιμίας ἀξιοῦσθαι. ὡς οὖν +ἀχρεῖον τῇ φύσει οὐδὲ ἐκ τῶν νόμων πολυωρίας +ἀξιοῦται. συνέβη δὲ οὕτω καὶ περὶ τὴν Κρήτην +καὶ Καρίαν καὶ ἐν ἄλλοις [D] δὲ μυρίοις ἔθνεσι τὰ +περὶ τὸν πόλεμον κατασκευασθῆναι. οὐκοῦν καὶ ἡ +Θετταλῶν οὖσα πεδιὰς ἱππεῦσιν ἐναγωνίζεσθαι +καὶ ἐμμελετᾶν ἐπιτήδειος ἐφάνη. τὰ γὰρ δὴ τῆς +ἡμετέρας πόλεως, ἅτε ἐς ἀντιπάλους παντοδαποὺς +καταστάντα, εὐβουλίᾳ καὶ τύχῃ περιγενόμενα, +<pb n='170'/><anchor id='Pg170'/><anchor id='Pg171'/> +εἰκότως ἐς ἅπαν εἶδος ὅπλων τε καὶ παρασκευῆς +ἄλλης<note place='foot'>παρασκευῆς ἄλλης Cobet, MSS., παρασκευῆς (ἄλλοτε) ἄλλης +Reiske, Hertlein.</note> ἡρμόσθη. +</p> + +<p> +(Thereupon he arrayed the besieging army in the +Persian fashion. For they keep up and imitate +Persian customs, I suppose, because they do not +wish to be considered Parthians, and so pretend +to be Persians. That is surely the reason why +they prefer the Persian manner of dress. And +when they march to battle they look like them, +and take pride in wearing the same armour, and +raiment adorned with gold and purple. By this +means they try to evade the truth and to make it +appear that they have not revolted from Macedon, +but are merely resuming the empire that was theirs +of old. Their king, therefore, imitating Xerxes, sat +on a sort of hill that had been artificially made, and +his army advanced accompanied by their beasts.<note place='foot'>Elephants.</note> +These came from India and carried iron towers full of +archers. First came the cavalry who wore cuirasses, +and the archers, and then the rest of the cavalry in +huge numbers. For infantry they find useless for their +sort of fighting and it is not highly regarded by +them. Nor, in fact, is it necessary to them, since the +whole of the country that they inhabit is flat and +bare. For a military force is naturally valued or +slighted in proportion to its actual usefulness in war. +Accordingly, since infantry is, from the nature of the +country, of little use to them, it is granted no great +consideration in their laws. This happened in the +case of Crete and Caria as well, and countless nations +have a military equipment like theirs. For instance +the plains of Thessaly have proved suitable for +cavalry engagements and drill. Our state, on the +other hand, since it has had to encounter adversaries +of all sorts, and has won its pre-eminence by good +judgment combined with good luck, has naturally +adapted itself to every kind of armour, and to a +varying equipment.) +</p> + +<p> +Ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν ἴσως οὐδὲν πρὸς τὸν λόγον, +ὡς ἂν εἴποιεν οἱ ταῖς τῶν ἐπαίνων τέχναις +καθάπερ νόμοις ἐπιτεταγμένοι· ἐγὼ δὲ εἰ μὲν τί +σοι προσήκει καὶ τούτων, ἐν καιρῷ σκέψομαι, [64] τά +γε μὴν ὀνείδη τῶν ἀνθρώπων οὐ χαλεπῶς +ἀπολύομαι. φημὶ γὰρ ὡς οὔτε ἐγὼ τῶν τεχνῶν +μεταποιοῦμαι οὔτε ὅστις μή τισιν ὡμολόγησεν +ἐμμενεῖν ἀδικεῖ μὴ φυλάττων ταῦτα· τυχὸν δὲ καὶ +ἄλλων οὐκ ἀπορήσομεν εὐπρεπῶν παραιτήσεων. +ἀλλ᾽ οὐ γὰρ ἄξιον μακρότερον εἰς οὐδὲν δέον +ἀπαρτᾶν τὸν λόγον καὶ ἀποπλανᾶσθαι τῆς ὑποθέσεως. +ἐπαναβῶμεν οὖν αὖθις εἰς ἴχνος καὶ ὅθεν +ἐξέβην. +</p> + +<p> +(But perhaps those who watch over the rules for +writing panegyric as though they were laws, may +say that all this is irrelevant to my speech. Now +whether what I have been saying partly concerns +you I shall consider at the proper time. But at any +rate I can easily clear myself from the accusation of +such persons. For I declare that I make no claim +to be an expert in their art, and one who has not +agreed to abide by certain rules has the right to +neglect them. And it may be that I shall prove +to have other convincing excuses besides. But it is +not worth while to interrupt my speech and digress +from my theme any longer when there is no need. +Let me, then, retrace my steps to the point at +which I digressed.) +</p> + +<p> +[B] Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ οἱ Παρθυαῖοι κοσμηθέντες ὅπλοις +αὐτοί τε καὶ ἵπποι ξὺν τοῖς Ἰνδικοῖς θηρίοις προσῆγον +τῷ τείχει, λαμπροὶ ταῖς ἐλπίσιν ὡς αὐτίκα +μάλα ἀναρπασόμενοι,<note place='foot'>ἀναρπασόμενοι Hertlein suggests, διαρπασάμενοι V, διαρπασόμενοι +MSS.</note> καὶ ἐδέδοτό σφιν τοῦ +πρόσω χωρεῖν τὸ σημεῖον, ὠθοῦντο ξύμπαντες, +αὐτός τις ἐθέλων πρῶτος ἐσαλέσθαι τὸ τεῖχος καὶ +οἴχεσθαι φέρων τὸ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ κλέος· εἶναί τε οὐδὲν +ἐτόπαζον δέος· οὐδὲ γὰρ ὑπομενεῖν σφῶν τὴν +ὁρμὴν τοὺς ἔνδον. [C] Παρθυαίοις μὲν τοσοῦτον +περιῆν ἐλπίδος. οἱ δὲ πυκνήν τε εἶχον τὴν +φάλαγγα κατὰ τὸ διερρηγμένον τοῦ τείχους, καὶ +ὑπὲρ τοῦ συνεστῶτος ὁπόσον ἦν ἀχρεῖον πλῆθος +<pb n='172'/><anchor id='Pg172'/><anchor id='Pg173'/> +ἐν τῇ πόλει κατέστησαν ἀναμίξαντες τῶν στρατιωτῶν +οὐκ ἐλάττω μοῖραν. ἐπεὶ δὲ οἱ πολέμιοι +προσήλαυνον καὶ οὐδὲν ἐπ᾽ αὐτοὺς ἐκ τοῦ τείχους +ἀφίετο βέλος, βεβαιοτέραν εἶχον τὴν ἐλπίδα τοῦ +κατ᾽ ἄκρας αἱρήσειν τὴν πόλιν, καὶ τοὺς ἵππους +ἔπαιον μάστιξι καὶ ᾕμασσον τὰς πλευρὰς τοῦς κέντροις, +[D] ἕως ἐποιήσαντο σφῶν κατὰ νώτου τὰ +χώματα· ἐπεποίητο δὲ ὑπ᾽ αὐτῶν ἐκεῖνα πρότερον +πρὸς τὸ ἐπέχειν τοῦ Μυγδονίου τὰς ἐκροάς, ἰλύς +τε ἦν περὶ τὸ χωρίον εὖ μάλα βαθεᾶα † οὐδὲ +αὐτοῦ παντελῶς ὄντος ὑπὸ τῆς ὕλης<note place='foot'>οὐδὲ—ὕλης corrupt. Reiske suggests οὐδὲ αὐτὸ παντελῶς ὂν +ξηρὸν ὑπό τε ὕλης. ἕλης V, ὕλης MSS.</note>† καὶ +διὰ τὸ πίειραν εἶναι τὴν γῆν καὶ στέγειν +δύνασθαι φύσει τὰς λιβάδας. ἦν δὲ ἐνταῦθα +καὶ παλαιὸν ἔρυμα τῇ πόλει τάφρος εὐρεῖα, καὶ ἐν +αὐτῇ βαθύτερον συνειστήκει τέλμα. [65] ἁπτομένων +δὲ ἤδη τῶν πολεμίων καὶ ταύτης καὶ διαβαίνειν +πειρωμένων, ἐπεξῇσαν<note place='foot'>ἐπεξῇσαν Hertlein suggests, ἐπεξῄεσαν MSS., V omits.</note> πολλοὶ μὲν ἔνδοθεν, +πολλοὶ δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν τειχῶν ἔβαλλον τοῖς λίθοις· +καὶ αὐτῶν μὲν πολὺς ἐγένετο φόνος, φυγῇ δὲ +ἔτρεπον τοὺς ἵππους ξύμπαντες, τῷ μόνον ἐθέλειν +καὶ δηλοῦν τὴν γνώμην διὰ τοῦ σχήματος. ἐπιστρεφόντων +γὰρ ἔπιπτον εὐθέως καὶ κατέφερον +τοὺς ἱππέας· βαρεῖς δὲ ὄντες τοῖς ὅπλοις μᾶλλον +ἐνείχοντο τῷ τέλματι. [B] καὶ αὐτῶν ἐνταῦθα γίνεται +φόνος, ὅσος οὔπω πρόσθεν ἐν πολιορκίᾳ τοιαύτῃ<note place='foot'>τοιαύτῃ Reiske suggests, τοσαύτῃ MSS., Hertlein.</note> +γέγονεν. +</p> + +<p> +(Now when the Parthians advanced to attack the +wall in their splendid accoutrements, men and +horses, supported by the Indian elephants, it was with +the utmost confidence that they would at once take +it by assault. And at the signal to charge they all +pressed forward, since every man of them was eager +to be the first to scale the wall<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 12. 438; cf. 71 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> and win the glory +of that exploit. They did not imagine that there +was anything to fear, nor did they believe that +the besieged would resist their assault. Such was +the exaggerated confidence of the Parthians. The +besieged, however, kept their phalanx unbroken at +the gap in the wall, and on the portion of the wall +that was still intact they posted all the non-combatants +in the city, and distributed among them +an equal number of soldiers. But when the enemy +rode up and not a single missile was hurled at them +from the wall, their confidence that they would completely +reduce the city was strengthened, and they +whipped and spurred on their horses so that their +flanks were covered with blood, until they had left +the dykes behind them. These dykes they had +made earlier to dam the mouth of the Mygdonius, +and the mud thereabouts was very deep. In fact +there was hardly any ground at all because of +the wood,<note place='foot'>The text here is corrupt.</note> and because the soil was so rich, and +of the sort that conceals springs under its surface. +Moreover there was in that place a wide moat that +had been made long ago to protect the town, and +had become filled up with a bog of considerable +depth. Now when the enemy had already reached +this moat and were trying to cross it, a large force of +the besieged made a sally, while many others hurled +stones from the walls. Then many of the besiegers +were slain, and all with one accord turned their +horses in flight, though only from their gestures +could it be seen that flight was what they desired +and intended. For, as they were in the act of +wheeling them about, their horses fell and bore +down the riders with them. Weighed down as they +were by their armour, they floundered still deeper in +the bog, and the carnage that ensued has never yet +been paralleled in any siege of the same kind.) +</p> + +<p> +Ἐπεὶ δὲ τὰ τῶν ἱππέων ὧδε ἐπεπράγει, τῶν +ἐλεφάντων πειρῶνται, καταπλήξεσθαι μᾶλλον +<pb n='174'/><anchor id='Pg174'/><anchor id='Pg175'/> +οἰόμενοι τῷ ξένῳ τῆς μάχης· οὐ γὰρ δὴ τοσοῦτον +αὐτοῖς τὰ τῶν ὀμμάτων διέφθαρτο, ὡς μὴ καθορᾶν +βαρύτερον μὲν ὂν ἵππου τὸ θηρίον, φέρον δὲ ἄχθος +οὐχ ἵππων δυοῖν ἢ πλειόνων, ἁμαξῶν δὲ οἶμαι +συχνῶν, [C] τοξότας καὶ ἀκοντιστὰς καὶ σιδηροῦν +πύργον. ταῦτα δὲ ἦν ἅπαντα πρὸς τὸ χωρίον +χειροποίητον γεγονὸς τέλμα κωλύματα, καὶ ἦν +αὐτοῖς ἔργῳ φανερά· ὅθεν οὐκ εἰκὸς εἰς μάχην +ἰέναι, ἀλλὰ ἐς κατάπληξιν τῶν ἔνδον παρασκευάζεσθαι. +προσῆγον δὲ ἐν τάξει μέτρον διεστῶτες +ἀλλήλων ἴσον, καὶ ἐῴκει τείχει τῶν Παρθυαίων ἡ +φάλανξ· τὰ μὲν θηρία<note place='foot'>τὰ μὲν θηρία corrupt, Hertlein.</note> τοὺς πύργους φέροντα, +τῶν ὁπλιτῶν δὲ ἀναπληρούντων τὰ ἐν μέσῳ. +ταχθέντες δὲ οὕτως οὐ μέγα ὄφελος ἦσαν τῷ +βαρβάρῳ· [D] παρεῖχον γὰρ ἡδονὴν καὶ τέρψιν τοῖς +ἐκ τοῦ τείχους θεωμένοις. ὡς δὲ ἐγένοντο διακορεῖς +οἱονεὶ λαμπρᾶς καὶ πολυτελοῦς πομπῆς πεμπομένης, +λίθους ἐκ μηχανῶν ἀφιέντες καὶ τόξοις +βάλλοντες ἐς τὴν τειχομαχίαν προυκαλοῦντο +τοὺς βαρβάρους. φύσει δὲ ὄντες εἰς ὀργὴν ὀξύρροποι +καὶ δεινὸν ποιούμενοι τὸ γέλωτα ὀφλῆσαι +καὶ ἀπαγαγεῖν ὀπίσω τὴν παρασκευὴν ἄπρακτον, +ἐγκελευομένου σφίσι τοῦ βασιλέως, προσῆγον τῷ +τείχει καὶ ἐβάλλοντο πυκνοῖς<note place='foot'>πυκνοῖς Cobet, πυκνῶς MSS., Hertlein.</note> τοῖς λίθοις καὶ +τοῖς τοξεύμασι· [66] καὶ ἐτρώθη τῶν θηρίων τινὰ καὶ +ἀπέθανεν κατενεχθέντα<note place='foot'>κατενεχθέντα Reiske, εἰσενεχθέντα MSS., Hertlein.</note> ὑπὸ τῆς ἰλυος. δείσαντες +δὶ καὶ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἄλλων ἀπῆγον ὀπίσω πάλιν εἰς +τὸ στρατόπεδον. +</p> + +<p> +(Since this fate had overtaken the cavalry, they tried +the elephants, thinking that they would be more +likely to overawe us by that novel sort of fighting. +For surely they had not been stricken so blind as not +to see that an elephant is heavier than a horse, since +it carries the load, not of two horses or several, but +what would, I suppose, require many waggons, I mean +archers and javelin men and the iron tower besides. +All this was a serious hindrance, considering that the +ground was artificially made and had been converted +into a bog. And this the event made plain. Hence +it is probable that they were not advancing to give +battle, but rather were arrayed to overawe the +besieged. They came on in battle line at equal +distances from one another, in fact the phalanx of +the Parthians resembled a wall, with the elephants +carrying the towers, and hoplites filling up the spaces +between. But drawn up as these were they were of +no great use to the barbarian. It was, however, +a spectacle which gave the defenders on the wall +great pleasure and entertainment, and when they had +gazed their fill at what resembled a splendid and +costly pageant in procession, they hurled stones from +their engines, and, shooting their arrows, challenged +the barbarians to fight for the wall. Now the +Parthians are naturally quick-tempered, and they +could not endure to incur ridicule and lead back +this imposing force without striking a blow; so by +the king's express command they charged at the +wall and received a continuous fire of stones and +arrows, while some of the elephants were wounded, +and perished by sinking into the mud. Thereupon, in +fear for the others also, they led them back to the +camp.) +</p> + +<pb n='176'/><anchor id='Pg176'/><anchor id='Pg177'/> + +<p> +Ὡς δὲ καὶ ταύτης ὁ Παρθυαῖος ἥμαρτε τῆς +πείρας, τοὺς τοξότας διελὼν εἰς μοίρας διαδέχεσθαί +τε ἀλλήλους κελεύει καὶ συνεχῶς βάλλειν +πρὸς τὸ διερρηγμένον τοῦ τείχους, ὡς μὴ δυνηθεῖεν +ἀποικοδομῆσαι καὶ ἔχειν ἀσφαλῶς τὴν πόλιν· +οὕτω γὰρ αἱρήσειν λαθὼν ἢ βιασάμενος τῷ +πλήθει τους ἔνδον ἤλπιζε. [B] ἀλλὰ μάταιον γὰρ<note place='foot'>ἀλλὰ μάταιον γὰρ Hertlein suggests, μάταιον δ᾽ ἄρα Reiske, +μάταιον γὰρ MSS.</note> +ἀπέφηνεν ἡ βασιλέως παρασκευὴ τοῦ βαρβάρου +τὸ διανόημα. κατὰ νώτου γὰρ τῶν ὁπλιτῶν ἕτερον +τεῖχος εἰργάζετο· ὁ δὲ ᾤετο τοῖς ἀρχαίοις ἴχνεσιν +ἐς τὰ θεμέλια χρωμένους μέλλειν ἔτι. ἡμέρᾳ δὲ +ὅληι καὶ νυκτὶ συνεχῶς ἐργασαμένων ἔστε ἐπὶ +τέτταρας πήχεις ὕψους ἠγείρετο, καὶ ἕωθεν ὤφθη +λαμπρὸν καὶ νεουργές, ἐκείνων οὐδὲ ἀκαρῆ χρόνον +ἐνδιδόντων, διαδεχομένων δὲ ἀλλήλους καὶ ἀκοντιζόντων +ἐς τοὺς ἐφεστῶτας τῷ κειμένῳ τείχει, +τοῦτο ἐξέπληξε δεινῶς τὸν βάρβαρον. [C] οὐ μὴν +ἀπῆγεν εὐθὺς τὴν στρατιάν, ἀλλ᾽ αὖθις τοῖς +αὐτοῖς χρῆται παλαίσμασι. δράσας δὲ οἶμαι καὶ +παθὼν παραπλήσια ἀπῆγε τὴν στρατιὰν ὀπίσω, +πολλοὺς μὲν ὑπὸ τῆς ἐνδείας δήμους ἀπολέσας, +πολλὰ δὲ ἀναλώσας περὶ τοῖς χώμασι καὶ τῇ +πολιορκίᾳ σώματα, [D] σατράπας δὲ ἀνελὼν συχνούς, +ἄλλον ἄλλο ἐπαιτιώμενος, τὸν μὲν ὅτι μὴ καρτερῶς +ἐπεποίητο τὰ χώματα, εἶξε δὲ καὶ ἐπεκλύσθη +παρὰ τῶν ποταμίων ῥευμάτων, τὸν δὲ ὡς φαύλως +<pb n='178'/><anchor id='Pg178'/><anchor id='Pg179'/> +ἀγωνισάμενον ὑπὸ τοῖς τείχεσι, καὶ ἄλλους ἄλλας +ἐπάγων αἰτίας ἔκτεινεν. ἔστι γὰρ εὖ μάλα τοῖς +κατὰ τὴν Ἀσίαν βαρβάροις σύνηθες ἐς τοὺς +ὑπηκόους τὰς αἰτίας τῆς δυσπραγίας ἀποσκευάζεσθαι, +ὃ δὴ καὶ τότε δράσας ἀπιὼν ᾤχετο. καὶ +ἄγει πρὸς ἡμᾶς εἰρήνην ἐκ τούτου, καὶ οὔτε ὅρκων +οὔτε συνθηκῶν ἐδέησεν, [67] ἀγαπᾷ δὲ οἴκοι μένων, εἰ +μὴ στρατεύοιτο βασιλεὺς ἐπ᾽ αὐτὸν καὶ δίκην +ἀπαιτοίη τοῦ θράσους καὶ τῆς ἀπονοίας. +</p> + +<p> +(Having failed in this second attempt as well, +the Parthian king divided his archers into companies +and ordered them to relieve one another and to +keep shooting at the breach in the wall, so that the +beseiged could not rebuild it and thus ensure the +safety of the town. For he hoped by this means +either to take it by surprise, or by mere numbers +to overwhelm the garrison. But the preparations +that had been made by the Emperor made it clear +that the barbarian's plan was futile. For in the rear +of the hoplites a second wall was being built, and +while he thought they were using the old line +of the wall for the foundations and that the work +was not yet in hand, they had laboured continuously +for a whole day and night till the wall had risen +to a height of four cubits. And at daybreak it +became visible, a new and conspicuous piece of +work. Moreover the besieged did not for a moment +yield their ground, but kept relieving one another +and shooting their javelins at those who were +attacking the fallen wall, and all this terribly +dismayed the barbarian. Nevertheless he did not +at once lead off his army but employed the same +efforts over again. But when he had done as before, +and as before suffered repulse, he did lead his army +back, having lost many whole tribes through famine, +and squandered many lives over the dykes and +in the siege. He had also put to death many satraps +one after another, on various charges, blaming one +of them because the dykes had not been made +strong enough, but gave way and were flooded by +the waters of the river, another because when +fighting under the walls he had not distinguished +himself; and others he executed for one offence or +another. This is in fact the regular custom among +the barbarians in Asia, to shift the blame of their +ill-success on to their subjects. Thus then the king +acted on that occasion, and afterwards took himself +off. And from that time he has kept the peace with +us and has never asked for any covenant or treaty, but +he stays at home and is thankful if only the +Emperor does not march against him and exact +vengeance for his audacity and folly.) +</p> + +<p> +Ἆρά γε ἄξιον ταύτην παραβαλεῖν τὴν μάχην +ταῖς ὑπὲρ τῶν νεῶν τῶν Ἑλληνικῶν καὶ τοῦ τείχους; +ἀθρεῖτε δὲ ὧδε τὴν ὁμοιότητα καὶ τὸ διάφορον λογίζεσθε. +Ἑλλήνων μὲν Αἴαντε καὶ οἱ Λαπίθαι καὶ +Μενεσθεὺς τοῦ τείχους εἶξαν καὶ περιεῖδον τὰς πύλας +συντριβομένας ὑφ᾽ Ἕκτορος καὶ τῶν ἐπάλξεων +ἐπιβεβηκότα τὸν Σαρπηδάνα. [B] οἱ δὲ οὐδὲ διαρραγέντος +αὐτομάτως τοῦ τείχους ἐνέδοσαν, ἀλλὰ +ἐνίκων μαχόμενοι καὶ ἀπεκρούοντο Παρθυαίους +ξὺν Ἰνδοῖς ἐπιστρατεύσαντας. εἶτα ὁ μὲν ἐπιβὰς +τῶν νεῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ἰκρίων ὥσπερ ἐρύματος πεζὸς +διαγωνίζεται, οἱ δὲ πρότερον ἀπὸ τῶν τειχῶν +ἀναυμάχουν, τέλος δὲ οἱ μὲν τῶν ἐπάλξεων εἶξαν +καὶ τῶν νεῶν, οἱ δὲ ἐνίκων ναυσὶ τε ἐπιόντας καὶ +πεζῇ τοὺς πολεμίους. ἀλλὰ γὰρ εὖ ποιῶν ὁ λόγος +ἐπὶ τὸν Ἕκτορα καὶ τὸν Σαρπηδόνα, οὐκ οἶδα +ὅπως, [C] ὑπηνέχθη καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτό γέ φασι τῶν ἔργων +<pb n='180'/><anchor id='Pg180'/><anchor id='Pg181'/> +τὸ κεφάλαιον, τὴν καθαίρεσιν τοῦ τείχους, ὃ<note place='foot'>ὅ Reiske adds.</note> μιᾷ +πρότερον ἡμέρᾳ τοὺς Ἀχαιούς φησι, τοῦ Πυλίου +δημαγωγοῦ καὶ βασιλέως ξυμπείθοντος, ἄρρηκτον +νηῶν τε καὶ αὐτῶν εἶλαρ κατασκευάσασθαι. +</p> + +<p> +(And now am I justified in comparing this +battle with those that were fought in defence +of the Greek ships and the wall? Observe the +following points of similarity, and note also the +difference. Of the Greeks the two Ajaxes, the +Lapithae and Menestheus fell back from the wall +and looked on helplessly while the gates were battered +down by Hector, and Sarpedon scaled the +battlements. But our garrison did not give way +even when the wall fell in of itself, but they fought +and won, and repulsed the Parthians, aided though +these were by their Indian allies. Then again Hector +went up on to the ships and fought from their decks +on foot, and as though from behind a rampart, +whereas our garrison first had to fight a naval battle +from the walls, and finally, while Hector and +Sarpedon had to retreat from the battlements and the +ships, the garrison routed not only the forces that +brought ships to the attack but the land force as +well. Now it is appropriate that by some happy +chance my speech should have alluded to Hector +and Sarpedon, and to what I may call the very +crown of their achievements, I mean the destruction +of that wall which Homer tells us the +Achaeans built only the day before, on the advice of +the princely orator<note place='foot'>Nestor.</note> of Pylos <q>to be an impregnable +bulwark for the ships and the army.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 14. 56.</note>) +</p> + +<p> +Σχεδὸν γάρ μοι τοῦτο φαίνεται τὸ γενναιότατον +τῶν ἔργων Ἕκτορος, καὶ οὐχὶ Γλαύκου τέχνης<note place='foot'>τέχνης Reiske, τέχνη cant. Hertlein, τέχνῃ MSS.</note> +συνεῖναι οὐδὲ σοφωτέρας ἐπινοίας δεῖται, Ὁμήρου +σαφῶς διδάσκοντος, ὡς Ἀχιλλέως μὲν φανέντος +</p> + +<p> +(For that I think was almost the proudest of +Hector's achievements, and he did not need the +craft of Glaucus to help him, or any wiser plan, for +Homer says plainly that the moment Achilles appeared) +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<lg> +<l>ἐδύσετο οὐλαμὸν ἀνδρῶν.</l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>He shrank back into the crowd of men.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 20. 379.</note>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +[D] Ἀγαμέμνονος δὲ τοῖς Τρωσὶν ἐπικειμένου καὶ ἐς τὸ +τεῖχος καταδιώξαντος Ἕκτορα ὕπαγε Ζεύς, ἵνα +ἀποσώζοιτο καθ᾽ ἡσυχίαν. προσπαίζων δὲ αὐτὸν +ὁ ποιητὴς καὶ καταγελῶν τῆς δειλίας ὑπὸ τῇ +φηγῷ καὶ πρὸς ταῖς πύλαις ἤδη καθημένῳ τὴν +Ἶριν ἥκειν ἔφη παρὰ τοῦ Διὸς φράζουσαν +</p> + +<p> +(Again, when Agamemnon attacked the Trojans and +pursued them to the wall, Zeus stole away<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 11. 163.</note> Hector +so that he might escape at his leisure. And the +poet is mocking him and ridiculing his cowardice +when he says that as he was sitting under the oak-tree, +being already near the gate, Iris came to him +with this message from Zeus:) +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>Ὄφρ᾽ ἂν μέν κεν ὁρᾷς Ἀγαμέμνονα ποιμένα λαῶν</l> +<l>Θύνοντ᾽ ἐν προμάχοισιν, ἐναίροντα στίχας ἀνδρῶν, [68]</l> +<l>Τόφρ᾽ ὑπόεικε μάχης.</l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>So long as thou seest Agamemnon, shepherd of +the host, raging among the foremost fighters and +cutting down the ranks of men, so long do thou +keep back from the fight.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 11. 202.</note>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +πῶς γὰρ εἰκὸς οὕτως ἀγεννῆ καὶ δειλὰ παραινεῖν +τὸν Δία, ἄλλως τε οὐδὲ μαχομένῳ, ξὺν πολλῇ δὲ +ἑστῶτι ῥᾳστώνῃ; καὶ ὁπηνίκα δὲ ὁ τοῦ Τυδέως, +τῆς ἀθηνᾶς πολλὴν ἐκ τοῦ κράνους ἀναπτούσης +φλόγα, πολλοὺς μὲν ἔκτεινε, φεύγειν δὲ ἠνάνκαζε +τοὺς ὑπομένοντας, [B] πόρῥω τε ἀφειστήκει τοῦ πολέμου, +καὶ πολλὰ ὑπομένων ὀνείδη ἀπέγνω μὲν +κρατοῦσι τοῖς Ἀχαιοῖς ἀντιστῆναι, εὐπρεπῆ δὲ +ποιεῖται τὴν εἰς τὸ ἄστυ πορείαν, ὡς τῇ μητρὶ +<pb n='182'/><anchor id='Pg182'/><anchor id='Pg183'/> +παραινέσων ἐξιλεοῦσθαι τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν μετὰ τῶν +Τρωάδων. καίτοι εἰ μὲν αὐτὸς ἱκέτευε πρὸ τοῦ +νεὼ ξὺν τῇ γερουσίᾳ, πολὺν ἂν<note place='foot'>ἄν Hertlein adds.</note> εἶχε λόγον· προσήκει +γὰρ οἶμαι τὸν στρατηγὸν ἢ βασιλέα +καθάπερ ἱερέα καὶ προφήτην θεραπεύειν ἀεὶ ξὺν +κόσμῳ τὸν θεὸν καὶ μηδὲν ὀλιγωρεῖν [C] μηδὲ ἑτέρῳ +μᾶλλον προσήκειν ἡγεῖσθαι μηδὲ ἐπιτρέπειν, ἀνάξιον +αὑτοῦ νομίζοντα τὸ διακόνημα. +</p> + +<p> +(For is it likely that Zeus would give such base and +cowardly advice, especially to one who was not even +fighting, but was standing there very much at his +ease? And while the son of Tydeus, on whose head +Athene kindled a mighty flame, was slaying many +and forcing to flight all who stayed to encounter him, +Hector stood far away from the battle. Though +he had to endure many taunts, he despaired of +making a stand against the Achaeans, but made a +specious excuse for going to the city to advise his +mother to propitiate Athene in company with the +Trojan women. And yet if in person he had besought +the goddess before the temple, with the +elders, he would have had good reason for that, for +it is only proper, in my opinion, that a general or +king should always serve the god with the appointed +ritual, like a priest or prophet, and not neglect this +duty nor think it more fitting for another, and depute +it as though he thought such a service beneath +his own dignity.) +</p> + +<p> +Οἶμαι γὰρ τὴν Πλάτωνος μικρὰ παρατρέψας +λέξιν οὐχ ἁμαρτήσεσθαι, ὡς ὅτῳ ἀνδρί, μᾶλλον +δὲ βασιλεῖ, ἐς τὸν θεὸν ἀνήρτηται πάντα τὰ πρὸς +εὐδαιμονίαν φέροντα καὶ μὴ ἐν ἄλλοις ἀνθρώποις +αἰωρεῖται, ἐξ ὧν εὖ ἢ κακῶς πραξάντων πλανᾶσθαι +[D] ἀναγκάζεται αὐτὸς καὶ τὰ ἐκείνου πράγματα, +τούτῳ ἄριστα παρεσκεύασται πρὸς τὸ ζῆν. εἰ δὲ +ἐπιτρέποι μηδεὶς μεταγράφειν<note place='foot'>μεταγράφειν Cobet, παραγράφειν MSS., Hertlein.</note> μηδὲ ἐκτρέπειν +μηδὲ μεταλαμβάνειν τοὔνομα, ἀλλὰ ὥσπερ ἱερὸν +ἀρχαῖον κελεύοι μένειν ἐᾶν ἀκίνητον, οὐδὲ οὕτως +ἄλλο τι διανοεῖσθαι τὸν σοφὸν ἐροῦμεν. τὸ γὰρ +εἰς ἑαυτὸν<note place='foot'>εἰς ἑαυτὸν Cobet, cf. <hi rend='italic'>Menexenus</hi> 247 <hi rend='smallcaps'>e</hi> σεαυτοῦ Hertlein +suggests ἑαυτὸν, σεαυτὸ V, σεαυτοῦ MSS.</note> οὐ δήπου τὸ σῶμά φησιν οὐδὲ τὰ +χρήματα οὐδὲ εὐγένειαν καὶ δόξαν πατέρων· ταῦτα +γὰρ αὐτοῦ μέν τινος οἰκεῖα κτήματα, οὐ μήν ἐστι +ταῦτα αὐτός· ἀλλὰ νοῦν καὶ φρόνησιν,<note place='foot'>νοῦν—φρόνησιν Hertlein suggests, νῷ—φρονήσει MSS.</note> φησί, καὶ +τὸ ὅλον τὸν ἐν ἡμῖν θεόν·<note place='foot'>τὸν—θεόν Hertlein suggests, τῷ—θεῷ MSS. Hertlein +suspects corruption.</note> ὃ δὴ καὶ αὐτὸς [69] ἑτέρωθι +<pb n='184'/><anchor id='Pg184'/><anchor id='Pg185'/> +κυριώτατον ἐν ἡμῖν ψυχῆς εἶδος ἔφη, καὶ ὡς ἄρα +αὐτὸν δαίμονα θεὸς ἑκάστῳ δέδωκε, τοῦτο ὃ δή +φαμεν οἰκεῖν μὲν ἡμῶν ἐπ᾽ ἄκρῳ τῷ σώματι, πρὸς +δὲ τὴν ἐν οὐρανῷ ξυγγένειαν ἀπὸ γῆς ἡμᾶς αἴρειν. +ἐς τοῦτο γὰρ ἔοικεν ἐπιτάττειν ἀνηρτῆσθαι χρῆναι +ἑκάστῳ ἀνδρί, καὶ οὐκ εἰς ἄλλους ἀνθρώπους, οἳ +τὰ μὲν ἄλλα βλάπτειν καὶ κωλύειν ἐθέλοντες +πολλάκις ἐδυνήθησαν· ἤδη δέ τινες καὶ μὴ βουλόμενοι +τῶν ἡμετέρων τινὰ παρείλοντο. [B] τοῦτο δὲ +ἀκώλυτον μόνον καὶ ἀπαθές ἐστιν, ἐπεὶ μηδὲ +θεμιτὸν ὑπὸ τοῦ χείρονος τὸ κρεῖττον βλάπτεσθαι. +ἔστι δὲ καὶ οὗτος ἐκεῖθεν ὁ λόγος. ἀλλ᾽ +ἔοικα γὰρ καταφορτίζειν ὑμᾶς τοῖς τοῦ Πλάτωνος +λόγοις μικρὰ ἐπιπάττων τῶν ῥημάτων ὥσπερ +ἁλῶν ἢ χρυσοῦ ψήγματος. τούτων δὲ οἱ μὲν<note place='foot'>[ὡς] ἡδίω Hertlein, μᾶλλον V adds.</note> +ἡδίω τὴν τροφήν, ὁ δὲ εὐπρεπῆ μᾶλλον παρέχει +τὴν θέαν. ἀμφότερα δὲ ἐν τοῖς Πλάτωνος λόγοις· +[C] καὶ γὰρ αἰσθέσθαι διὰ τῆς ἀκοῆς ἡδίους τῶν ἁλῶν +καὶ θρέψαι ψυχὴν ξὺν ἡδονῇ καὶ καθῆραι θαυμαστοί· +ὥστε οὐκ ἀποκνητέον οὐδὲ εὐλαβητέον +τὸν ψόγον, εἴ τις ἄρα καταμέμφοιτο τὴν ἀπληστίαν, +καὶ ὅτι παντὸς ἐπιδραττόμεθα ὥσπερ ἐν +τοῖς συμποσίοις οἱ λίχνοι τῶν ἐδωδίμων ἁπάντων, +οὐχ ὑπομένοντες τὸ μὴ τῶν προκειμένων +ἅψασθαι. τοῦτο γὰρ δὴ τρόπον τινὰ καὶ ἡμῖν ἔοικε +συμβαίνειν, ἐπαίνους ἅμα καὶ δόγματα ᾄδειν καὶ +πρὶν ἢ μετρίως ἐφικέσθαι [D] τοῦ προτέρου λόγου +μέσον ὑποτεμομένοις φιλοσόφων ἐξηγεῖσθαι ῥήσεις. +<pb n='186'/><anchor id='Pg186'/><anchor id='Pg187'/> +πρὸς δὴ τοὺς τὰ τοιαῦτα καταμεμφομένους +εἴρηται μὲν ἤδη καὶ πρότερον καὶ αὖθις δὲ ἴσως +λελέξεται. +</p> + +<p> +(For here I think I may without offence adapt +slightly Plato's language where he says that the +man, and especially the king, best equipped for this +life is he who depends on God for all that relates to +happiness, and does not hang in suspense on other +men, whose actions, whether good or bad, are liable +to force him and his affairs out of the straight path.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Menexenus</hi> 247 <hi rend='smallcaps'>e</hi>.</note> +And though no one should allow me to paraphrase +or change that passage or alter that word,<note place='foot'>Plato says εἰς ἑαυτὸν ἀνήρτηται <q>who depends on <emph>himself</emph>.</q></note> and +though I should be told that I must leave it undisturbed +like something holy and consecrated by +time, even in that case I shall maintain that this is +what that wise man meant. For when he says +<q>depends on himself,</q> assuredly he does not refer +to a man's body or his property, or long descent, or +distinguished ancestors. For these are indeed his +belongings, but they are not the man himself; his +real self is his mind, his intelligence, and, in a +word, the god that is in us. As to which, Plato +elsewhere calls it <q>the supreme form of the soul +that is within us,</q> and says that <q>God has given +it to each one of us as a guiding genius, even +that which we say dwells in the summit of our +body and raises us from earth towards our celestial +affinity.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Timaeus</hi> 90 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> It is on this that he plainly says every +man ought to depend, and not on other men, who +have so often succeeded when they wish to harm +and hinder us in other respects. Indeed it has +happened before now that even without such a +desire men have deprived us of certain of our possessions. +But this alone cannot be hindered or harmed, +since <q>Heaven does not permit the bad to injure +what is better than itself.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Apology</hi> 30 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> This saying also is from +Plato. But it may be that I am wearying you with +these doctrines of his with which I sprinkle my own +utterances in small quantities, as with salt or gold dust. +For salt makes our food more agreeable, and gold +enhances an effect to the eye. But Plato's doctrines +produce both effects. For as we listen to them they +give more pleasure than salt to the sense, and they +have a wonderful power of sweetly nourishing and +cleansing the soul. So that I must not hesitate or +be cautious of criticism if someone reproaches me +with being insatiable and grasping at everything, +like persons at a banquet who, in their greed to +taste every dish, cannot keep their hands from what +is set before them.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Republic</hi> 354 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> For something of this sort +seems to happen in my case when, in the same +breath, I utter panegyric and philosophic theories, +and, before I have done justice to my original theme, +break off in the middle to expound the sayings of +philosophers. I have had occasion before now to +reply to those who make such criticisms as these, +and perhaps I shall have to do so again.) +</p> + +<p> +Νῦν δὲ τὸ συνεχὲς ἀποδόντες τῷ παρόντι λόγῳ +ἐπὶ τὸν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἐπανάγωμεν ὥσπερ οἱ προεκθέοντες +ἐν τοῖς δρόμοις. ἐλέγετο δ᾽ οὖν ἐν τοῖς +πρόσθεν ὡς αὐτὸν μέν τινά φησι Πλάτων τὸν +νοῦν καὶ τὴν ψυχήν, [70] αὐτοῦ δὲ τὸ σῶμα καὶ τὴν +κτῆσιν. ταῦτα δὲ ἐν τοῖς θαυμασίοις διώρισται +νόμοις. ὥσπερ οὖν, εἴ τις ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἀναλαβὼν +λέγοι· <q>Ὅτῳ ἀνδρὶ ἐς νοῦν καὶ φρόνησιν ἀνήρτηται +πάντα τὰ ἐς εὐδαιμονίαν φέροντα καὶ μὴ +ἐν τοῖς ἐκτός, ἐξ ὧν εὖ ἢ κακῶς πραξάντων ἢ +καὶ πασχόντων πλανᾶσθαι ἀναγκάζεται, τούτῳ +ἄριστα παρεσκεύασται πρὸς τὸ ζῆν,</q> οὐ παρατρέπει +τὴν λέξιν οὐδὲ παραποιεῖ, ἐξηγεῖται δὲ +ὀρθῶς καὶ ἑρμηνεύει· [B] οὕτω δὲ καὶ ὅστις ἀντὶ +τῆς αὐτοῦ λέξεως τὸν θεὸν παραλαμβάνει οὐκ +ἀδικεῖ. εἰ γὰρ τὸν ἐν ἡμῖν δαίμονα, ὄντα μὲν +ἀπαθῆ τῇ φύσει καὶ θεῷ ξυγγενῆ, πολλὰ δὲ +ἀνατλάντα καὶ ὑπομείναντα διὰ τὴν πρὸς τὸ +σῶμα κοινωνίαν καὶ τοῦ πάσχειν τε καὶ φθείρεσθαι +φαντασίαν τοῖς πολλοῖς<note place='foot'>τοῖς πολλοῖς Hertlein suggests, πολλοῖς MSS.</note> παρασχόντα, +τοῦ παντὸς ἐκεῖνος προïσταται βίου τῷ γε +εὐδαιμονήσειν μέλλοντι, τί χρὴ προσδοκᾶν αὐτὸν +ὑπὲρ τοῦ καθαροῦ καὶ ἀμιγοῦς γηίνῳ σώματι διανοηθῆναι +νοῦ, [C] ὅν δὴ καὶ θεὸν εἶναί φαμεν καὶ +αὐτῷ τὰς ἡνίας ἐπιτρέπειν τοῦ βίου χρῆναι +παραινοῦμεν πάντα ἰδιώτην τε<note place='foot'>ἰδιώτην τε Hertlein suggests, τε ἰδιώτην MSS.</note> καὶ βασιλέα, +<pb n='188'/><anchor id='Pg188'/><anchor id='Pg189'/> +τόν γε ὡς ἀληθῶς ἄξιον τῆς ἐπικλήσεως καὺ οὐ +νόθον οὐδὲ ψευδώνυμον, συνιέντα μὲν αὐτοῦ +καὶ αἰσθανόμενον διὰ συγγένειαν, ὑφιέμενον δὲ +αὐτῷ τῆς ἀρχῆς καὶ ὑποχωροῦντα τῆς ἐπιμελείας +ὡς ἔμφρονα; ἀνόητον γὰρ καὶ μάλα αὔθαδες τὸ +μὴ καθάπαξ ἐς δύναμιν πείθεσθαι [D] τῷ θεῷ ἀρετῆς +ἐπιμελομένους· τούτῳ γὰρ μάλιστα χαίρειν +ὑποληπτέον τὸν θεόν. οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ τῆς ἐννόμου +θεραπείας ἀποστατέον οὐδὲ τὴν τοιαύτην τιμὴν +ὑπεροπτέον τοῦ κρείττονος, θετέον δὲ ἐν ἀρετῆς +μοίρᾳ τὴν εὐσέβειαν τὴν κρατίστην. ἔστι γὰρ +ὁσιότης τῆς δικαιοσύνης ἔκγονος· αὕτη δὲ ὅτι +τοῦ θειοτέρου ψυχῆς εἴδους ἐστίν, οὐδένα λέληθε +τῶν ὅσοι τὰ τοιαῦτα μεταχειρίζονται. +</p> + +<p> +(I will now, however, resume the thread of my discourse +and go back to my starting-point, like those +who, when a race is being started, run ahead out +of the line. Well, I was saying, a moment ago, that +Plato declares that a man's real self is his mind and +soul, whereas his body and his estate are but his +possessions. This is the distinction made in that +marvellous work, the Laws. And so if one were +to go back to the beginning and say <q>That man +is best equipped for life who makes everything +that relates to happiness depend on his mind and +intelligence and not on those outside himself who, +by doing or faring well or ill force him out of the +straight path,</q> he is not changing or perverting the +sense of the words, but expounds and interprets +them correctly. And if for Plato's word <q>genius</q><note place='foot'>δαίμων, cf. 69 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> +he substitutes the word <q>God</q> he has a perfect +right to do so. For if Plato gives the control of our +whole life to the presiding <q>genius</q> within us which +is by nature unaffected by sensation and akin to God, +but must endure and suffer much because of its +association with the body, and therefore gives the +impression to the crowd that it also is subject to +sensation and death; and if he says that this is true +of every man who wishes to be happy, what must we +suppose is his opinion about pure intelligence unmixed +with earthly substance, which is indeed +synonymous with God? To this I say every man, +whether he be a private citizen or a king, ought to +entrust the reins of his life, and by a king I mean +one who is really worthy of the name, and not counterfeit +or falsely so called, but one who is aware of +God and discerns his nature because of his affinity +with him, and being truly wise bows to the divine +authority and yields the supremacy to God. For it +is senseless and arrogant indeed for those who cultivate +virtue not to submit to God once and for all, +as far as possible. For we must believe that this +above all else is what God approves. Again, no man +must neglect the traditional form of worship or +lightly regard this method of paying honour to the +higher power, but rather consider that to be virtuous +is to be scrupulously devout. For Piety is the child +of Justice, and that justice is a characteristic of the +more divine type of soul is obvious to all who discuss +such matters.) +</p> + +<p> +Ταῦτά τοι καὶ ἐπαινοῦμεν τὸν Ἕκτορα σπένδειν +μὲν οὐκ ἐθέλοντα διὰ τὸν ἐπὶ τῶν χειρῶν λύθρον· +[71] ἠξιοῦμεν δὲ μηδὲ ἐς ἄστυ ἰίναι μηδὲ ἀπολείπειν +τὴν μάχην μέλλοντά γε οὐ στρατηγοῦ καὶ +βασιλέως ἐπιτελεῖν ἔργον, διακόνου δὲ καὶ +ὑπηρέτου, Ἰδαίου τινὸς ἢ Ταλθυβίου τάξιν +ἀναληψόμενον. ἀλλ᾽ ἔοικε γάρ, ὅπερ ἔφαμεν +ἐξ ἀρχῆς, πρόφασις εὐπρεπὴς<note place='foot'>εὐπρεπὴς Cobet, εὐπρεποῦς MSS., Hertlein suggests +εὐπρεπὴς ἀπρεποῦς cf. 19 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> εἶναι φυγῆς +τοῦτο. καὶ γὰρ ὁπότε τῷ Τελαμωνίῳ ξυνίστατο +πεισθεὶς τῷ φήμῃ τοῦ μάντεως, ἀσπασίως +διελύθη καὶ ἔδωκε δῶρα, τὸν θάνατον ἐκφυγὼν +ἄσμενος·<note place='foot'>ἄσμενος Hertlein suggests, ἀσμένως MSS.</note> [B] καθόλου δὲ εἰπεῖν, φεύγουσιν ἕπεται +<pb n='190'/><anchor id='Pg190'/><anchor id='Pg191'/> +θρασέως, αἴτιος δέ ἐστιν οὐδαμοῦ νίκης καὶ +τροπῆς, πλὴν ὅτε +</p> + +<p> +(For this reason, then, while I applaud Hector for +refusing to make a libation because of the blood-stains +on his hands, he had, as I said, no right to go +back to the city or forsake the battle, seeing that +the task he was about to perform was not that of a +general or of a king, but of a messenger and +underling, and that he was ready to take on himself +the office of an Idaeus or Talthybius. However, as +I said at first, this seems to have been simply a +specious excuse for flight. And indeed when he +obeyed the bidding of the seer and fought a duel +with the son of Telamon,<note place='foot'>Ajax.</note> he was very ready to +make terms and to give presents, and rejoiced to +have escaped death. In short, as a rule, he is brave +when in pursuit of the retreating foe, but in no case +has he the credit of a victory or of turning the tide +of battle, except when) +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>πρῶτος ἐσήλατο τεῖχος Ἀχαιῶν</l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>He was the first to leap within the wall of the +Achaeans</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 12. 438.</note>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +ξὺν τῷ Σαρπηδόνι. πότερον οὖν ὡς οὐκ ἔχοντες +τηλικοῦτον ἔργον βασιλέως εὐλαβησόμεθα τὸν +ἀγῶνα, μή ποτε ἄρα μικρὰ μεγάλοις καὶ φαῦλα +σπουδῆς ἀξίοις μείζονος παρατιθέναι δόζωμεν, [C] ἢ +τολμήσομεν καὶ πρὸς τηλικοῦτον ἔργον ἁμιλλᾶσθαι; +οὐκοῦν ἐκεῖνο μὲν ἦν τὸ τεῖχος ὑπὲρ τῆς +ᾐόνος, ἐν οὐδὲ ὅλῳ τῷ πρὸ μεσημβρίας χρόνῳ +συντελεσθέν, ὁποίους ἡμῖν τοὺς χάρακας ἔννομον +κατασκευάζεσθαι· τὸ δὲ ὑπὲρ τῶν Ἄλπεων τεῖχος +παλαιόν τε ἦν φρούριον, καὶ αὐτῷ χρῆται μετὰ +τὴν φυγὴν ὁ τύραννος, ὥσπερ ἔρυμά τι νεουργὲς +ἀποφήνας καὶ ἀξιόλογον φρουρὰν ἀπολιπὼν +ἐρρωμένων ἀνδρῶν. [D] οὐδὲ αὐτὸς ὡς πορρωτάτω +πορεύεται, ἔμενε δὲ ἐν τῇ πλησίον πόλει. ἔστι δὲ +Ἰταλῶν ἐμπόριον πρὸς θαλάττῃ μάλα εὔδαιμον +καὶ πλούτῳ βρύον, φέρουσι γὰρ ἐντεῦθεν φορτία +Μυσοὶ καὶ Παίονες καὶ τῶν Ἰταλῶν ὁπόσοι τὴν +μεσόγαιαν κατοικοῦσιν, Ἑνετοὶ δὲ οἶμαι τὸ πρόσθεν +ὠνομάζοντο. νῦν δὲ ἤδη Ῥωμαίων τὰς πόλεις +ἐχόντων τὸ μὲν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ὄνομα σώζουσι βραχείᾳ +προσθήκῃ γράμματος ἐν ἀρχῇ τῆς ἐπωνυμίας· +ἔστι δὲ αὐτοῦ σύμβολον χαρακτὴρ εἷς, [72] ὀνομάζουσι +δὲ αὐτὸν οὔ, καὶ χρῶνται ἀντὶ τοῦ βῆτα πολλάκις +προσπνεύσεως οἶμαι τινὸς ἕνεκα καὶ ἰδιότητος τῆς +<pb n='192'/><anchor id='Pg192'/><anchor id='Pg193'/> +γλώττης. τὸ μὲν δὴ ξύμπαν ἔθνος ὦδε ἐπονομάζεται· +τῇ πόλει δὲ ἀετός, ὥς φασιν, οἰκιζομένῃ +δεξιὸς ἐκ Διὸς ἱπτάμενος τὴν αὑτοῦ φήμην +χαρίζεται. οἰκεῖται δὲ ὑπὸ τοῖς ποσὶ τῶν Ἄλπεων· +ὄρη δέ ἐστι ταῦτα παμμεγέθη<note place='foot'>παμμεγέθη Hertlein suggests, παμμιγῆ MSS.</note> καὶ ἀπορρῶγες ἐν +αὐτοῖς πέτραι, μόλις ἁμάξῃ μιᾷ καὶ ὀρικῷ ζεύγει +τὴν ὑπέρβασιν βιαζομένοις ξυγχωροῦντα, [B] ἀρχόμενα +μὲν ἀπὸ θαλάττης, ἣν δὴ τὸν Ἰόνιον εἶναί +φαμεν, ἀποτειχίζοντα δὲ τὴν νῦν Ἰταλίαν ἀπό τε +Ἰλλυριῶν καὶ Γαλατῶν καὶ ἐς τὸ Τυρρηνὸν +πέλαγος ἀναπαυόμενα. Ῥωμαῖοι γὰρ ἐπειδὴ τῆς +χώρας ἁπάσης ἐκράτουν· ἔστι δὲ ἐν αὐτῇ τό τε +τῶν Ἑνετῶν ἔθνος καὶ Λίγυές τινες καὶ τῶν ἄλλων +Γαλατῶν οὐ φαύλη μοῖρα· τὰ μὲν ἀρχαῖα σφῶν +ὀνόματα σώζειν οὐ διεκώλυσαν, τῷ κοινῷ δὲ τῶν +Ἰταλῶν ξυγχωρεῖν κατηνάγκασαν. καὶ νῦν ὁπόσα +μέν εἴσω τῶν Ἄλπεων κατοικεῖται, [C] ἔστε ἐπὶ +τὸν Ἰόνιον καὶ τὸν Τυρρηνὸν καθήκοντα, ταύτῃ +κοσμεῖται τῇ προσωνυμίᾳ· τὰ δὲ ὑπὲρ τῶν +Ἄλπεων τῶν πρὸς ἑσπέραν Γαλάται νέμονται, καὶ +Ῥαιτοὶ δὲ τὰ ὑπὸ τῆν ἄρκτον, ἵνα Ῥήνου τέ εἰσιν +αἱ πηγαὶ καὶ αἱ τοῦ Ἴστρου πλησίον παρὰ τοῖς +γείτοσι βαρβάροις· τὰ δὲ ἐκ τῆς ἕω ταῦτα δὴ +τὰς Ἄλπεις ὀχυροῦν ἔφαμεν, ἵναπερ ὁ τύραννος +τὴν φρουρὰν κατεσκευάσατο. οὕτω δὴ τῆς +Ἰταλίας ἁπανταχόθεν ὄρεσὶ [D] τε συνεχομένης +λίαν δυσβάτοις καὶ θαλάσσῃ τεναγώδει, ἅτε +ἐσρεόντων ποταμῶν μυρίων, οἳ ποιοῦσιν ἕλος +προσεοικὸς τοῖς Αἰγυπτίοις ἕλεσι, τὸ ξύμπαν +<pb n='194'/><anchor id='Pg194'/><anchor id='Pg195'/> +τῆς ἐκείνῃ θαλάττης πέρας βασιλεὺς ὑπὸ σοφίας +ἔλαβε καὶ ἐβιάσατο τὴν ἄνοδον. +</p> + +<p> +(together with Sarpedon. Shall I therefore shrink +from competition as though I could not cite on +behalf of the Emperor any such exploit, and must +therefore avoid seeming to compare the trivial with +the important and things of little account with what +deserves more serious consideration, or shall I +venture to enter the lists even against an achievement +so famous? Now that wall was to protect the +beach, and was a palisade such as we are wont to +construct, and was completed in less than a morning. +But the wall that was on the Alps was an ancient +fort, and the usurper used it after his flight, +converting it into a defence as strong as though +it had been newly built, and he left there an +ample garrison of seasoned troops. But he did not +himself march all the way there, but remained in +the neighbouring city.<note place='foot'>Aquileia.</note> This is a trading centre of +the Italians on the coast, very prosperous and +teeming with wealth, since the Mysians and Paeonians +and all the Italian inhabitants of the interior +procure their merchandise thence. These last used, +I think, to be called Heneti in the past, but now +that the Romans are in possession of these cities +they preserve the original name, but make the +trifling addition of one letter at the beginning of +the word. Its sign is a single character<note place='foot'><q>v</q>.</note> and +they call it <q>oo,</q> and they often use it instead +of <q>b,</q> to serve, I suppose, as a sort of breathing, +and to represent some peculiarity of their pronunciation. +The nation as a whole is called by this name, +but at the time of the founding of the city an eagle +from Zeus flew past on the right, and so bestowed on +the place the omen derived from the bird.<note place='foot'>Because of this favourable omen the city was called +Aquileia, <q>the city of the Eagle.</q></note> It is +situated at the foot of the Alps, which are very high +mountains with precipices in them, and they hardly +allow room for those who are trying to force their +way over the passes to use even a single waggon and +a pair of mules. They begin at the sea which we +call Ionian, and form a barrier between what is now +Italy and the Illyrians and Galatians, and extend as +far as the Etruscan sea. For when the Romans +conquered the whole of this country, which includes +the tribe of the Heneti and some of the Ligurians and +a considerable number of Galatians besides, they did +not hinder them from retaining their ancient names, +but compelled them to acknowledge the dominion of +the Italian republic. And, in our day, all the territory +that lies within the Alps and is bounded by the +Ionian and the Etruscan seas has the honour of +being called Italy. On the other side of the Alps, on +the west, dwell the Galatians, and the Rhaetians to +the north where the Rhine and the Danube have +their sources hard by in the neighbouring country of +the barbarians. And on the east, as I said, the Alps +fortify the district where the usurper stationed his +garrison. In this way, then, Italy is contained on +all sides, partly by mountains that are very hard to +cross, partly by a shallow sea into which countless +streams empty and form a morass like the marshlands +of Egypt. But the Emperor by his skill +gained control of the whole of that boundary of the +sea, and forced his way inland.) +</p> + +<p> +Καὶ ἵνα μὴ διατρίβειν δοκῶ αὖθίς τε ὑπὲρ τῶν +δυσχωριῶν διαλεγόμενος, καὶ ὡς οὔτε στρατόπεδον +ἦν οὐδὲ χάρακα πλησίον καταβαλέσθαι, οὔτε ἐπάγειν +μηχανὰς καὶ ἑλεπόλεις, ἀνύδρου δεινῶς ὄντος +καὶ οὐδὲ μικρὰς λιβάδας ἔχοντος [73] τοῦ πέριξ χωρίου, +ἐπ᾽ αὐτὴν εἶμι τὴν αἵρεσιν. καὶ εἰ βούλεσθε τὸ +κεφάλαιον ἀθρόως ἑλεῖν τοῦ λόγου, ὑπομνήσθητε +τῆς τοῦ Μακεδόνος ἐπὶ τοὺς Ἰνδοὺς πορείας, οἳ +τὴν πέτραν ἐκείνην κατῴκουν, ἐφ᾽ ἣν οὐδὲ τῶν +ὀρνίθων ἦν τοῖς κουφοτάτοις ἀναπτῆναι, ὅπως +ἑάλω, καὶ οὐδὲν πλέον ἀκούειν ἐπιθυμήσετε· +πλὴν τοσοῦτον μόνον, ὅτι Ἀλέξανδρος μὲν ἀπέβαλε +πολλοὺς Μακεδόνας ἐξελὼν τὴν πέτραν, +ὁ δὲ ἡμέτερος ἄρχων καὶ στρατηγὸς οὐδὲ χιλίαρχον +ἀποβαλὼν ἢ λοχαγόν τινα, [B] ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ +ὁπλίτην τῶν ἐκ καταλόγου, καθαρὰν καὶ ἄδακρυν +περιεποιήσατο τὴν νίκην. Ἕκτωρ δὲ οἶμαι καὶ +Σαρπηδὼν πολλοὺς ἐκ τοῦ τειχίσματος κατέβαλον,<note place='foot'>κατέβαλον Reiske, ἔβαλον MSS., Hertlein.</note> +ἐντυχόντες δὲ ἀριστεύοντι Πατρόκλῳ ὁ μὲν ἐπὶ +τῶν νεῶν κτείνεται, ὁ δὲ ἔφευγεν αἰσχρῶς οὐδὲ +ἀνελόμενος τὸ σῶμα τοῦ φίλου. οὕτως οὐδενὶ +ξὺν νῷ, ῥώμῃ δὲ μᾶλλον σωμάτων θρασυνόμενοι +τὴν ἐς τὸ τεῖχος πάροδον ἐτόλμων. βασιλεὺς δὲ +οὗ μὲν ἀλκῆς ἔργον ἐστι καὶ θυμοῦ χρῆται τοῖς +ὅπλοις καὶ κρατεῖ ξὺν εὐβουλίᾳ,<note place='foot'>ξὺν εὐβουλίᾳ Hertlein suggests, εὐβουλίᾳ Wyttenbach, +ξυμβουλίᾳ MSS.</note> [C] οὗ δὲ μόνον +<pb n='196'/><anchor id='Pg196'/><anchor id='Pg197'/> +ἐδέησε γνώμης, ταύτῃ κυβερνᾷ καὶ κατεργάζεται +πράγματα τοσαῦτα, ὁπόσα οὐδ᾽ ἄν ὁ σίδηρος +ἐξελεῖν ἰσχύσειεν.<note place='foot'>Hertlein suggests ἐκτελεῖν, but cf. Phoenissae 516, ἐξελεῖν +MSS. οὐδ᾽ ἂν—ἰσχύσειεν Hertlein suggests, οὐδὲ—ἰσχύσει MSS.</note> +</p> + +<p> +(I will now relate how the city was actually +taken, lest you should think I am wasting time by +describing once more the difficulties of the ground, +and how it was impossible to plant a camp or even +a palisade near the city or to bring up siege-engines +or devices for storming it, because the country all +about was terribly short of water, and there were not +even small pools. And if you wish to grasp the main +point of my narrative in a few words, remember the +Macedonian's<note place='foot'>Alexander.</note> expedition against those Indians who +lived on the famous rock<note place='foot'>A hill fort in Sogdiana where the Bactrian chief Oxyartes +made his last stand against Alexander, 327 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.c.</hi></note> up to which not even the +lightest birds could wing their flight, and how he +took it by storm, and you will be content to hear no +more from me. However I will add this merely, +that Alexander in storming the rock lost many of his +Macedonians, whereas our ruler and general lost +not a single chiliarch or a captain, nay not even a +legionary from the muster-roll, but achieved an unsullied +and <q>tearless</q><note place='foot'>cf. 77 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.</hi>, Plutarch, <hi rend='italic'>de Fort. Rom.</hi> c. 4.</note> victory. Now Hector and +Sarpedon, no doubt, hurled down many men from the +wall, but when they encountered Patroclus in all his +glory Sarpedon was slain near the ships, while Hector, +to his shame, fled without even recovering the body +of his friend. Thus without intelligence and emboldened +by mere physical strength they ventured +to attack the wall. But the Emperor, when strength +and daring are required, employs force of arms and +good counsel together, and so wins the day, but +where good judgment alone is necessary it is by this +that he steers his course, and thus achieves triumphs +such as not even iron could ever avail to erase.<note place='foot'>Julian refers to the triumph of Constantius over Vetranio, +described in <hi rend='italic'>Or.</hi> 1. 31 foll. and echoes Euripides, <hi rend='italic'>Phoenissae</hi> +516, πᾶν γὰρ ἐξαιρεῖ λόγος | ὃ καὶ σίδηρος πολεμίων δράσειεν ἄν. +Themistius, <hi rend='italic'>Or.</hi> 2, 37 B quotes these verses to illustrate the +same incident.</note>) +</p> + +<p> +Ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ καθ᾽ αὑτὸν ὁ λόγος φερόμενος +ἥκει πάλαι ποθῶν τὴν ξύνεσιν ἐπαινεῖν καὶ τὴν +εὐβουλίαν, ἀποδοτέον. καὶ ὑπὲρ τούτων ὀλίγα +πάλαι<note place='foot'>πάλαι Hertlein suggests, ἅπαντα MSS.</note> διεληλύθαμεν· ὁπόσα δὲ ἡμῖν ἐφαίνετο +[D] πρὸς τὰ τῶν ἡρώων ἐκείνων ἔχειν ξυγγένειαν, +μεγάλα μικροῖς εἰκάζοντες, δι᾽ ὁμοιότητα διήλθομεν.<note place='foot'>διήλθομεν Reiske, δηλοῦμεν MSS., Hertlein.</note> +δῆλον δὲ ἀποβλέψαντι πρὸς τὸ τῆς παρασκευῆς +μέγεθος καὶ τῆς δυνάμενως τὴν περιουσίαν. +τότε γὰρ ἥ τε Ἑλλὰς ἐκεκίνητο ξύμπασα καὶ +Θρᾳκῶν μοῖρα καὶ Παιόνων τό τε τοῦ Πριάμου +ξύμπαν ὑπήκοον, +</p> + +<p> +(But since my speech has of its own accord reached +this point in its course and has long been eager to +praise the Emperor's wisdom and wise counsel, I +allow it to do so. And in fact I spoke briefly on this +subject some time ago, and all the cases where there +seemed to me to be any affinity between the heroes +of Homer and the Emperor, I described because +of that resemblance, comparing great things with +small. And indeed if one considers the size of their +armaments, the superiority of his forces also becomes +evident. For in those days all Greece was set in +motion,<note place='foot'>Isocrates, <hi rend='italic'>Evagoras</hi> 65, <hi rend='italic'>Panegyricus</hi> 83.</note> and part of Thrace and Paeonia, and all the +subject allies of Priam,) +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>Ὅσσον Λέσβος ἔσω Μάκαρος ἕδος ἐντὸς ἐέργει</l> +<l>Καὶ Φρυγίη καθύπερθε καὶ Ἑλλήσποντος ἀπείρων.</l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>All that Lesbos, the seat of Makar, contains +within, and Phrygia on the north and the boundless +Hellespont.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 24. 544.</note>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +[74] τὰ δὲ νῦν ἔθνη συνιόντα βασιλεῖ καὶ συμπολεμοῦντα +τὸν πόλεμον καὶ τοὺς ἀντιταξαμένους +καταριθμεῖν μὴ λῆρος ᾖ καὶ φλυαρία περιττὴ καὶ +λίαν ἀρχαῖον.<note place='foot'>ἀρχαῖον Reiske, ἀρχαῖος Hertlein, ὕθλος λίαν ἀρχαῖος Cobet, +ἀρχαῖος MSS.</note> ὅσῳ δὲ μείζους αἱ συνιοῦσαι +δυνάμεις, τοσούτῳ τὰ ἔργα προφέρειν εἰκός· ὥστε +ἀνάγκη καὶ ταῦτα ἐκείνων ὑπεραίρειν. πλήθει +γε μὴν ποῦ ποτε ἄξιον συμβαλεῖν; οἱ μὲν γὰρ περὶ +<pb n='198'/><anchor id='Pg198'/><anchor id='Pg199'/> +μιᾶς ἐμάχοντο πόλεως ξυνεχῶς, καὶ οὔτε Τρῶες<note place='foot'>Τρῶες Hertlein adds.</note> +ἀπελάσαι τοὺς Ἀχαιοὺς ἐπικρατοῦντες ἠδύναντο, +οὔτε ἐκεῖνοι νικῶντες ἐξελεῖν καὶ ἀνατρέψαι τῶν +Πριαμιδῶν τὴν ἀρχὴν καὶ τὴν βασιλείαν ἴσχυον, +δεκαέτης δὲ αὐτοῖς ἀναλώθη χρόνος. [B] βασιλεῖ δὲ +πολλοὶ μέν εἰσιν ἀγῶνες· καὶ γὰρ<note place='foot'>καὶ γὰρ Horkel, lacuna Hertlein; the inappropriate verb +ἀναγράφω = <q>register, record,</q> indicates corruption.</note> ἀνεγράφη +Γερμανοῖς τοῖς ὑπὲρ τοῦ Ῥήνου πολεμῶν, τά τε +ἐπὶ τῷ Τίγρητι ζεύγματα καὶ τῆς Παρθυαίων +δυνάμεως καὶ τοῦ φρονήματος ἔλεγχος οὐ φαῦλος, +ὅτε οὐχ ὑπέμενον ἀμῦναι τῇ χώρᾳ πορθουμένῃ, +ἀλλὰ περιεῖδον ἅπασαν τμηθεῖσαν τὴν εἴσω +Τίγρητος καὶ Λύκου, [C] τῶν γε μὴν πρὸς τὸν τύραννον +πραχθέντων ὅ τε ἐπὶ Σικελίαν ἔκπλους καὶ ἐς +Καρχηδόνα, Ἠριδανοῦ τε αἱ προκαταλήψεις τῶν +ἐκβολῶν ἁπάσας αὐτοῦ τὰς ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ δυνάμεις +ἀφελόμεναι, καὶ τὸ τελευταῖον καὶ τρίτον πάλαισμα +περὶ ταῖς Κοττίαις Ἄλπεσιν, ὃ δὴ βασιλεῖ +μὲν παρέσχεν ἀσφαλῆ καὶ τοῦ μέλλοντος ἀδεᾶ +τὴν ὑπὲρ τῆς νίκης ἡδονήν, τὸν δὲ ἡττηθέντα δίκην +ἐπιθεῖναι δικαίαν αὑτῷ καὶ τῶν ἐξειργασμένων +[D] πάνυ ἀξίαν κατηνάγκασε. +</p> + +<p> +(But to try to count up the nations who lately +marched with the Emperor and fought on his side +in the war, would be idle talk, superfluous verbiage, +and absurd simplicity. And it is natural that, in +proportion as the armies are larger, their achievements +are more important. So it follows of necessity +that, in this respect as well, the Emperor's army surpassed +Homer's heroes. In mere numbers, at any +rate, at what point, I ask, could one justly compare +them? For the Greeks fought all along for a single +city and the Trojans when they prevailed were not +able to drive away the Greeks, nor were the Greeks +strong enough, when they won a victory, to destroy +and overthrow the power and the royal sway of the +house of Priam, and yet the time they spent over it +was ten years long. But the Emperor's wars and +undertakings have been numerous. He has been +described as waging war against the Germans across +the Rhine, and then there was his bridge of boats +over the Tigris, and his exposure of the power and +arrogance of the Parthians<note place='foot'>cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 1. 22. 28.</note> was no trivial thing, on +that occasion when they did not venture to defend +their country while he was laying it waste, but had +to look on while the whole of it was devastated between +the Tigris and the Lycus. Then, when the +war against the usurper was concluded, there followed +the expeditions to Sicily and Carthage, and that +stratagem of occupying beforehand the mouth of +the Po, which deprived the usurper of all his forces +in Italy, and finally that third and last fall<note place='foot'>In wrestling the third fall was final: the phrase became +proverbial, cf. Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Phaedrus</hi> 256 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>, Aeschylus, <hi rend='italic'>Eumenides</hi> +592, Julian, <hi rend='italic'>Or.</hi> 1. 40 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> at the +Cottian Alps, which secured for the Emperor the +pleasure of a victory that was sure, and carried with +it no fears for the future, while it compelled the defeated +man to inflict on himself a just penalty wholly +worthy of his misdeeds.) +</p> + +<p> +Τοσαῦτα ὑπὲρ τῶν βασιλέως ἔργων ἐν βραχεῖ +διεληλύθαμεν, οὔτε κολακείᾳ προστιθέντες καὶ +αὔξειν ἐπιχειροῦντες τυχὸν οὐδενὸς διαφέροντα +τῶν ἄλλων, οὔτε πόρρωθεν ἕλκοντες καὶ βιαζόμενοι +τῶν ἔργων τὰς ὁμοιότητας, καθάπερ οἱ τοὺς +<pb n='200'/><anchor id='Pg200'/><anchor id='Pg201'/> +μύθους ἐξηγούμενοι τῶν ποιητῶν καὶ ἀναλύοντες +ἐς λόγους πιθανοὺς καὶ ἐνδεχομένους τὰ πλάσματα +ἐκ μικρᾶς πάνυ τῆς ὑπονοίας ὁρμώμενοι [75] καὶ +ἀμυδρὰς λίαν παραλαβόντες τὰς ἀρχὰς πειρῶνται +ξυμπείθειν, ὡς δὴ ταῦτα γε αὐτὰ ἐκείνων ἐθελόντων +λέγειν. ἐνταῦθα δὲ εἴ τις ἐξέλοι τῶν Ὁμήρου +μόνον τὰ τῶν ἡρώων ὀνόματα, ἐνθείη δὲ τὸ +βασιλέως καὶ ἐναρμόσειεν, οὐ μᾶλλον εἰς ἐκείνους +ἢ τοῦτον πεποιῆσθαι δόξει τὰ<note place='foot'>Before τῆς Hertlein, Reiske omit ὑπὲρ.</note> τῆς Ἰλιάδος ἔπη. +</p> + +<p> +(I have given this brief account of the Emperor's +achievements, not adding anything in flattery and +trying to exaggerate things that are perhaps of no +special importance, nor dragging in what is far-fetched +and unduly pressing points of resemblance +with those achievements, like those who interpret +the myths of the poets and analyse them into +plausible versions which allow them to introduce +fictions of their own, though they start out from very +slight analogies, and having recourse to a very +shadowy basis, try to convince us that this is the +very thing that the poets intended to say. But +in this case if anyone should take out of Homer's +poems merely the names of the heroes, and insert +and fit in the Emperor's, the epic of the Iliad would +be seen to have been composed quite as much in his +honour as in theirs.) +</p> + +<p> +Ἀλλ᾽ ὅπως μὴ τὰ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἔργων μόνον ἀκούοντες +τὰ τῶν κατορθωμάτων τῶν<note place='foot'>τῶν Hertlein adds.</note> ἐς τὸν πόλεμον +ἔλαττον [B] ἔχειν ὑπολαμβάνητε βασιλέα περὶ τὰ +σεμνότερα καὶ ὧν ἄξιον μείζονα ποιεῖσθαι λόγον, +δημηγοριῶν φημι καὶ ξυμβουλιῶν, καὶ ὁπόσα +γνώμη μετὰ νοῦ καὶ φρονήσεως κατευθύνει, +ἀθρεῖτε ἐν Ὀδυσσεῖ καὶ Νέστορι τοῖς ἐπαινουμένοις +κατὰ τὴν ποίησιν, καὶ ἤν τι μεῖον ἐν +βασιλεῖ καταμανθάνητε, τοῖς ἐπαινέταις τοῦτο +λογίζεσθε, πλέον δὲ ἔχοντα δικαίως ἂν<note place='foot'>ἂν Hertlein adds.</note> αὐτὸν +μᾶλλον ἀποδεχοίμεθα. οὐκοῦν ὁ μέν, ὁπηνίκα +χαλεπαίνειν καὶ στασιάζειν ἤρχοντο περὶ τῆς +αἰχμαλώτου κόρης, λέγειν ἐπιχειρῶν οὕτω δή τι +πείθει τὸν βασιλέα καὶ τὸν τῆς Θέτιδος, [C] ὥστε +ὁ μὲν ἀκόσμος διέλυσε τὸν ξύλλογον, ὁ δὲ οὐδὲ +περιμείνας ἀφοσιώσασθαι τὰ πρὸς τὸν θεόν, ἔτι +δὲ αὐτὰ δρῶν καὶ ἀφορῶν ἐς τὴν θεωρίδα, στέλλει +τοὺς κήρυκας ἐπὶ τὴν Ἀχιλλέως σκηνὴν, ὥσπερ +οἶμαι δεδιὼς μὴ τῆς ὀργῆς ἐπιλαθόμενος καὶ +<pb n='202'/><anchor id='Pg202'/><anchor id='Pg203'/> +ἀπαλλαγεὶς τοῦ πάθους μεταγνοίη καὶ ἀποφύγοι +τὴν ἁμαρτάδα· ὁ δὲ ἐκ τῆς Ἰθάκης ῥήτωρ +πολύτροπος πείθειν ἐπιχειρῶν πρὸς διαλλαγὰς +Ἀχιλλέα καὶ δῶρα πολλὰ διδούς, [D] μυρία δὲ +ἐπαγγελλόμενος, οὕτω τὸν νεανίσκον παρώξυνεν, +ὥστε πρότερον οὐ<note place='foot'>πρότερον οὐ Hertlein suggests, οὐ πρότερον MSS.</note> βουλευσάμενον τὸν ἀπόπλουν +νῦν<note place='foot'>νῦν Cobet adds.</note> παρασκευάζεσθαι. ἔστι δὲ αὐτῶν τὰ +θαυμαστὰ τῆς συνέσεως δείγματα αἵ τε ἐπὶ τὸν +πόλεμον παρακλήσεις καὶ ἡ τειχοποιία τοῦ Νέστορος, +πρεσβυτικὸν λίαν καὶ ἄτολμον ἐπινόημα. +οὔκουν οὐδὲ ὄφελος ἦν πολὺ τοῖς Ἀχαιοῖς τοῦ +μηχανήματος· [76] ἀλλὰ ἡττῶντον τῶν Τρώων τὸ τεῖχος +ἐπιτελέσαντες, καὶ μάλα εἰκότως. τότε μὲν γὰρ +αὐτοὶ τῶν νεῶν ᾤοντο προβεβλῆσθαι καθάπερ +ἔρυμα γενναῖον· ἐπεὶ δὲ ᾔσθοντο σφῶν<note place='foot'>ᾔσθοντο σφῶν Cobet, ᾔσθοντο τὸ MSS., Hertlein.</note> προκείμενον +καὶ ἀποικοδομούμενον<note place='foot'>ἀπῳκοδομημένον Hertlein suggests, ἀποικοδομούμενον MSS.</note> τεῖχος τάφρῳ βαθείᾳ +καὶ πασσάλοις ὀξέσι διηλούμενον,<note place='foot'>διειλημμένον Hertlein suggests, διηλούμενον MSS.</note> κατερρᾳθύμουν +καὶ ὑφίεντο τῆς ἀλκῆς τῷ τειχίσματι πεποιθότες. +ἀλλ᾽ οὐ γὰρ εἴ τις ἐκείνοις μέμφοιτο καὶ ἐπιδεικνύοι +διαμαρτάνοντας, οὗτός ἐστι βασιλέως +ἀξιόχρεως ἐπαινέτης· ὅστις δὲ οἶμαι τῶν ἔργων +ἀξίως μνησθείη, [B] οὐ μάτην οὐδὲ αὐτομάτως οὐδὲ +ἀλόγῳ φορᾷ γενομένων, προβουλευθέντων δὲ ὀρθῶς +καὶ διοικηθέντων, οὗτος ἀρκούντως ἐπαινεῖ τὴν +βασιλέως ἀγχίνοιαν. +</p> + +<p> +(But that you may not think, if you hear only +about his achievements and successes in war, that +the Emperor is less well endowed for pursuits that +are loftier and rightly considered of more importance, +I mean public speaking and deliberations and +all those affairs in which judgment combined with +intelligence and prudence take the helm, consider +the case of Odysseus and Nestor, who are so highly +praised in the poem; and if you find that the Emperor +is inferior to them in any respect, put that +down to his panegyrists, but we should rather in +fairness concede that he is far superior. Nestor, for +instance, when they began to disagree and quarrel +about the captive damsel,<note place='foot'>Briseis, <hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 1. 247.</note> tried to address them, +and he did persuade the king and the son of Thetis, +but only to this extent that Achilles broke up the +assembly in disorder, while Agamemnon did not even +wait to complete his expiation to the god, but while +he was still performing the rite and the sacred ship +was in view, he sent heralds to the tent of Achilles, +just as though, it seems to me, he were afraid that +he would forget his anger, and, once free from that +passion, would repent and avoid his error. Again, +the far-travelled orator from Ithaca, when he tried +to persuade Achilles to make peace, and offered him +many gifts and promised him countless others, so +provoked the young warrior that, though he had not +before planned to sail home, he now began to make +preparations.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 9. 260.</note> Then there are those wonderful +proofs of their intelligence, their exhortations to +battle and Nestor's building of the wall, a cowardly +notion and worthy indeed of an old man. Nor in +truth did the Achaeans benefit much from that +device. For it was after they had finished the wall +that they were worsted by the Trojans, and naturally +enough. For before that, they thought that they +were themselves protecting the ships, like a noble +bulwark. But when they realised that a wall lay +in front of them, built with a deep moat and set at +intervals with sharp stakes, they grew careless and +slackened their valour, because they trusted to the +fortification. Yet it is not anyone who blames them +and shows that they were in the wrong who is therefore +a fit and proper person to praise the Emperor. +But he who, in a worthy manner, recounts the +Emperor's deeds, which were done not idly or +automatically, or from an irrational impulse, but +were skilfully planned beforehand and carried +through, he alone praises adequately the Emperor's +keen intelligence.) +</p> + +<p> +Τὸ δὲ ἐφ᾽ ἑκάστῃ συνόδῳ τὰς δημηγορίας +ἐκλέγειν τὰς<note place='foot'>τὰς Reiske adds.</note> ἐς τὰ στρατόπεδα καὶ δήμους καὶ +<pb n='204'/><anchor id='Pg204'/><anchor id='Pg205'/> +βουλευτήρια μακροτέρας δεῖται τῆς ξυγγραφῆς. +ἑνὸς δὲ ἴσως ἐπακούειν οὐ χαλεπόν. καί μοι +πάλιν ἐννοήσατε τὸν Λαέρτου, ὁπότε ὡρμημένους +ἐκπλεῖν τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἐπέχει τῆς ὁρμῆς [C] καὶ ἐς +τὸν πόλεμον μετατίθησι τὴν προθυμίαν, καὶ<note place='foot'>[τοῦ] βασιλέως Hertlein.</note> +βασιλέως τὸν ἐν Ἰλλυριοῖς ξύλλογον, ἵνα δὴ +πρεσβύτης ἀνὴρ ὑπὸ μειρακίων παιδικὰ φρονεῖν +ἀναπειθόμενος ὁμολογιῶν ἐπελανθάνετο καὶ +πίστεων, καὶ τῷ μὲν σωτῆρι καὶ εὐεργέτῃ +δυσμενὴς ἦν, σπονδὰς δὲ ἐποιεῖτο πρὸς ὃν ἦν +ἄσπονδος καὶ ἀκήρυκτος βασιλεῖ πόλεμος, στρατόν +τε ἤγειρε καὶ ἐπὶ τοῖς [D] ὁρίοις ἀπήντα τῆς +χώρας, κωλῦσαι τοῦ πρόσω χωρεῖν ἐπιθυμῶν. +ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐς ταὐτὸν ἦλθον ἀμφοτέρω τὼ στρατεύματε +καὶ ἐχρῆν ἐπὶ τῶν ὁπλιτῶν ποιεῖσθαι +τὴν ἐκκλησίαν, βῆμά τε ὑψηλὸν ᾔρετο καὶ +αὐτὸ περιέσχεν ὁπλιτῶν δῆμος καὶ ἀκοντιστῶν +καὶ τοξοτῶν ἱππεῖς τε ἐνσκευασάμενοι +τοὺς ἵππους καὶ τὰ σημεῖα τῶν τάξεων· ἀνῄει +τε ἐπ᾽ αὐτὸ βασιλεὺς μετὰ τοῦ τέως ξυνάρχοντος +οὔτε αἰχμὴν φέρων οὔτε ἀσπίδα [77] καὶ +κράνος, ἀλλὰ ἐσθῆτα τὴν συνήθη. καὶ οὐδὲ +αὐτῷ τις τῶν δορυφόρων εἵπετο, μόνος δὲ ἐπὶ +τοῦ βήματος εἱστήκει πεποιθὼς τῷ λόγῳ σεμνῶς +ἡρμοσμένῳ. ἐργάτης γάρ ἐστι καὶ τούτων ἀγαθός, +οὐκ ἀποσμιλεύων οὐδὲ ἀπονυχίζων τὰ ῥήματα +οὐδὲ ἀποτορνεύων τὰς περιόδους καθάπερ +<pb n='206'/><anchor id='Pg206'/><anchor id='Pg207'/> +οἱ κομψοὶ ῥήτορες, σεμνὸς δὲ ἅμα καὶ +καθαρὸς καὶ τοῖς ὀνόμασι ξὺν καιρῷ χρώμενος, +ὥστε ἐνδύεσθαι ταῖς ψυχαῖς [B] οὐ τῶν παιδείας +καὶ ξυνέσεως μεταποιουμένων μόνον, ἀλλ᾽ ἤδη +καὶ τῶν ἰδιωτῶν ξυνιέναι πολλοὺς καὶ ἐπαïειν +τῶν ῥημάτων. οὐκοῦν ᾕρει μυριάδας +ὁπλιτῶν συχνὰς καὶ χιλιάδας ἱππέων εἴκοσι +καὶ ἔθνη μαχιμώτατα<note place='foot'>τὰ before μαχιμώτατα V, Hertlein omit.</note> καὶ χώραν πάμφορον, οὐ +βίᾳ ἕλκων οὐδὲ αἰχμαλώτους ἄγων, ἑκόντας δὲ +αὐτῷ πειθομένους καὶ τὸ ἐπιταττόμενον ποιεῖν +ἐθέλοντας. ταύτην ἐγὼ τὴν νίκην κρίνω τῆς +Λακωνικῆς ἐκείνης<note place='foot'>ἐκείνης Naber adds.</note> μακρῷ σεμνοτέραν· ἡ μέν γε +ἦν ἄδακρυς μόνοις<note place='foot'>μόνοις Hertlein suggests, μόνον MSS.</note> τοῖς κρατοῦσιν, [C] ἡ δὲ οὐδὲ τοῖς +κρατηθεῖσιν ἤνεγκε δάκρυα, ἀλλ᾽ ἀπὸ τοῦ βήματος +κατῆλθεν ὁ τῆς βασιλείας ὑποκριτὴς δικασάμενος +καὶ ὥσπερ ὄφλημα βασιλεῖ πατρῷον +ἀποδοὺς τὴν ἁλουργίδα· τἆλλα δὲ αὐτῷ δίδωσι +βασιλεὺς ἄφθονα μᾶλλον ἢ Κῦρόν φασι παρασχεῖν +τῷ πάππῳ, ζῆν τε ἐποίησε καὶ διαιτᾶσθαι +καθάπερ Ὅμηρος ἀξιοῖ τῶν ἀνδρῶν τοὺς ἀφηλικεστέρους, +</p> + +<p> +(But to report to you those speeches which he +made at every public gathering to the armies and +the common people and the councils, demands too +long a narrative, though it is perhaps not too much +to ask you to hear about one of these. Pray then +think once more of the son of Laertes when the +Greeks were rushing to set sail and he checked the +rush and diverted their zeal back to the war,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 2. 188.</note> and +then of the Emperor's assembly in Illyria, when that +old man,<note place='foot'> Vetranio; Themistius, <hi rend='italic'>Or.</hi> 2. 37 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>, who in a panegyric +on Constantius describes this oratorical triumph.</note> persuaded by mere youths to think +childish thoughts, forgot his treaties and obligations +and proved to be the enemy of his preserver and +benefactor, and came to terms with one against +whom the Emperor was waging a war that allowed +no truce nor herald of a truce,<note place='foot'>Demosthenes, <hi rend='italic'>De Corona</hi> 262, ἦν γὰρ ἄσπονδος καὶ +ἀκήρυκτος ... πόλεμος.</note> and who was not only +getting an army together, but came to meet the +Emperor on the border of the country, because he +was anxious to hinder him from advancing further. +And when those two armies met, and it was +necessary to hold an assembly in the presence of the +hoplites, a high platform was set up and it was +surrounded by a crowd of hoplites, javelin-men and +archers and cavalry equipped with their horses and +the standards of the divisions. Then the Emperor, +accompanied by him who for the moment was +his colleague, mounted the platform, carrying no +sword or shield or helmet, but wearing his usual +dress. And not even one of his bodyguard followed +him, but there he stood alone on the platform, +trusting to that speech which was so impressively +appropriate. For of speeches too he is a good craftsman, +though he does not plane down and polish his +phrases nor elaborate his periods like the ingenious +rhetoricians, but is at once dignified and simple, and +uses the right words on every occasion, so that they +sink into the souls not only of those who claim to be +cultured and intelligent, but many unlearned persons +too understand and give hearing to his words. And so +he won over many tens of thousands of hoplites and +twenty thousand cavalry and most warlike nations, +and at the same time a country that is extremely +fertile, not seizing it by force, or carrying off +captives, but by winning over men who obeyed him +of their own free will and were eager to carry out +his orders. This victory I judge to be far more +splendid than that for which Sparta is famous.<note place='foot'>The victory of Archidamus over the Arcadians Xenophon, +<hi rend='italic'>Hellenica</hi> 7. 1. 32.</note> For +that was <q>tearless</q> for the victors only, but +the Emperor's did not cause even the defeated +to shed tears, but he who was masquerading as +Emperor came down from the platform when he had +pleaded his cause, and handed over to the Emperor +the imperial purple<note place='foot'>cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 1. 32 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> as though it were an ancestral +debt. And all else the Emperor gave him in +abundance, more than they say Cyrus gave to his +grandfather, and arranged that he should live and be +maintained in the manner that Homer recommends +for men who are past their prime:—) +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>Τοιούτῳ γὰρ ἔοικεν, ἐπεὶ λούσαιτο φάγοι τε,</l> +<l>Εὐδέμεναι μαλακῶς· [D] ἣ γὰρ δίκη ἐστὶ γερόντων.</l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>For it is fitting that such a one, when he has +bathed and fed, should sleep soft, for that is the +manner of the aged.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 24. 253.</note>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +τὸ μὲν οὖν ἐμὸν ἡδέως ἂν τοὺς ῥηθέντας λόγους +διεξῆλθον, καὶ οὐκ ἄν με ὄκνος καταλάβοι οὕτω +καλῶν ἁπτόμενον λόγων· αἰδὼς δὲ οἶμαι κατείργει +καὶ οὐκ ἐπιτρέπει μετατιθέναι καὶ ἐξερμηνεύειν +ἐς ὑμᾶς τοὺς λόγους. ἀδικοίην γὰρ ἂν διαφθείρων +<pb n='208'/><anchor id='Pg208'/><anchor id='Pg209'/> +καὶ ἐλεγχόμενος αἰσχυνοίμην, εἴ τις ἄρα τὸ +βασιλέως ἀναγνοὺς ξύγγραμμα ἢ τότε ἀκούσας +ἀπομνημονεύοι καὶ ἀπαιτοίη οὐ τὰ νοήματα μόνον, +[78] ὅσαις δὲ ἀρεταῖς ἐκεῖνα κοσμεῖται κατὰ τὴν +πάτριον φωνὴν ξυγκείμενα. τοῦτο δὲ οὐκ ἦν +Ὁμήρῳ τὸ δέος πολλαῖς μὲν ὕστερον γενεαῖς +τοὺς λόγους διηγουμένῳ, λιπόντων δὲ ἐκείνων +οὐδὲν ὑπόμνημα τῶν ἐς τοὺς ξυλλόγους ῥηθέντων, +καὶ σαφῶς οἶμαι πιστεύοντι, ὅτι ἄμεινον<note place='foot'>ἄμεινον Petavius, Cobet, ἄρα Hertlein, MSS., ἄρα κἀκείνων +cant. and fl.</note> τἀκείνων +αὐτὸς ἐξαγγελεῖ καὶ διηγήσεται. τὸ δὲ ἐπὶ +τὸ χεῖρον μιμεῖσθαι καταγέλαστον καὶ οὐκ ἄξιον +ἐλευθέρας ψυχῆς καὶ γενναίας. [B] τὰ μὲν δὴ θαυμαστὰ +τῶν ἔργων καὶ ὁπόσων ὁ πολὺς ὅμιλος θεατῆς +τε ἐγένετο καὶ διασώζει τὴν μνήμην ξὺν εὐφημίᾳ, +ἅτε ἐς τὸ<note place='foot'>τὸ Reiske adds.</note> τέλος ἀφορῶν καὶ τῶν εὖ ἢ κακῶς +ἀποβάντων κριτὴς καθεστὼς καὶ ἐπαινέτης οὐ +μάλα ἀστεῖος, ἀκηκόατε πολλάκις τῶν μακαρίων +σοφιστῶν καὶ τοῦ ποιητικοῦ γένους πρὸς αὐτῶν +τῶν μουσῶν ἐπιπνεομένου, ὥστε ὑμᾶς τούτων +ἕνεκα καὶ διωχλήκαμεν, μακροτέρους τοὺς ὑπὲρ +αὐτῶν ποιούμενοι λόγους· [C] καὶ γάρ ἐστε λίαν +αὐτῶν ἤδη διακορεῖς καὶ ὑμῶν ἐστι τὰ ὦτα πλήρη, +καὶ οὐ μή ποτε ἐπιλίπωσιν οἱ τούτων ποιηταί, +πολέμους ὑμνοῦντες καὶ νίκας ἀνακηρύττοντες +λαμπρᾷ τῇ φωνῇ κατὰ τοὺς Ὀλυμπίασι κήρυκας· +παρέσχεσθε γὰρ ὑμεῖς τῶν ἀνδρῶν τούτων ἀφθονίαν, +ἀσμένως ἐπακούοντες. καὶ οὐδὲν θαυμαστόν. +εἰσὶ γὰρ αἱ τούτων ὑπολήψεις ἀγαθῶν +<pb n='210'/><anchor id='Pg210'/><anchor id='Pg211'/> +πέρι καὶ φαύλων ταῖς ὑμετέραις ξυγγενεῖς, [D] καὶ +ἀπαγγέλλουσι πρὸς ὑμᾶς τὰ ὑμῶν αὐτῶν διανοήματα, +ἃ<note place='foot'>ἂ Reiske adds.</note> ὥσπερ ἐσθῆτι ποικίλῃ<note place='foot'>ἐσθῆτι ποικίλῃ MSS., Cobet, ἐσθῆτα ποικίλην Hertlein.</note> τοῖς +ὀνόμασι σκιαγραφήσαντες καὶ διαπλάσαντες +ἡδίστοις ῥυθμοῖς καὶ σχήμασιν ὡς δή τι καινὸν +εὑρόντες εἰς ὑμᾶς φέρουσιν· ὑμεῖς δὲ ἄσμενοι +παραδέχεσθε, καὶ ἐκείνους τε οἴεσθε ὀρθῶς +ἐπαινεῖν, τούτοις τε ἀποδίδοσθαι τὸ προσῆκόν +φατε. τὸ δὲ ἐστι μὲν ἴσως ἀληθές, τυχὸν δὲ +καὶ ἄλλως ἔχει, ἀγνοούμενον πρὸς ὑμῶν ὅπῃ +ποτὲ ἂν ὀρθῶς γίγνοιτο. +</p> + +<p> +(Now for my part I should have been glad to repeat +to you the words that the Emperor used, and no fear +would overtake me when handling words so noble. +But modesty restrains me and does not permit me +to change or interpret his words to you. For it +would be wrong of me to tamper with them, and I +should blush to have my ignorance exposed, if someone +who had read the Emperor's composition or +heard it at the time should remember it by heart, +and demand from me not only the ideas in it but all +the excellences with which they are adorned, though +they are composed in the language of our ancestors.<note place='foot'>Latin; of which Julian had only a slight knowledge. +The fourth century Sophists were content with Greek. +Themistius never learned Latin, and Libanius needed an +interpreter for a Latin letter, <hi rend='italic'>Epistle 956</hi>.</note> +Now this at any rate Homer had not to fear when, +many generations later, he reported his speeches, since +his speakers left no record of what they said in their +assemblies, and I think he was clearly confident that +he was able to relate and report what they said in a +better style. But to make an inferior copy is absurd +and unworthy of a generous and noble soul. Now as to +the marvellous portion of his achievements and those +of which the great multitude was spectator and hence +preserves their memory and commends them, since +it looks to the result and is there to judge whether +they turn out well or ill, and eulogises them in +language that is certainly not elegant,—as to all +this I say you have often heard from the ingenious +sophists, and from the race of poets inspired by the +Muses themselves, so that, as far as these are concerned, +I must have wearied you by speaking about +them at too great length. For you are already +surfeited with them, your ears are filled with them, +and there will always be a supply of composers of +such discourses to sing of battles and proclaim victories +with a loud clear voice, after the manner of the +heralds at the Olympic games. For you yourselves, +since you delight to listen to them, have produced an +abundance of these men. And no wonder. For their +conceptions of what is good and bad are akin to your +own, and they do but report to you your own +opinions and depict them in fine phrases, like a dress +of many colours, and cast them into the mould of +agreeable rhythms and forms, and bring them forth +for you as though they had invented something new. +And you welcome them eagerly, and think that this +is the correct way to eulogise, and you say that these +deeds have received their due. And this is perhaps +true but it may well be otherwise, since you do not +really know what the correct way should be.) +</p> + +<p> +[79] Ἐπεὶ καὶ τὸν Ἀθηναῖον ἐνενόησα Σωκράτη· +ἴστε δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀκοῇ τὸν ἄνδρα καὶ τὸ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ +κλέος τῆς σοφίας παρὰ τῆς Πυθίας ἐκβοηθέν· +οὐ ταῦτα ἐπαινοῦντα<note place='foot'>ἐπαινοῦντα Reiske, εὐδαιμονοῦντα MSS., Hertlein.</note> οὐδὲ εὐδαίμονας καὶ μακαρίους +ὁμολογοῦντα τοὺς πολλὴν κεκτημένους +χώραν, πλεῖστα δ᾽ ἔθνη καὶ ἐν αὐτοῖς πολλοὺς +μὲν Ἑλλήνων, πλείους δὲ ἔτι καὶ μείζους +βαρβάρων καὶ τὸν Ἄθω διορύττειν δυναμένους +καὶ σχεδίᾳ τὰς ἠπείρους, ἐπειδὰν ἐθέλωσι +διαβαίνειν, συνάπτοντας καὶ ἔθνη καταστρεφομένους +[B] καὶ αἱροῦντας νήσους καὶ σαγηνεύοντας +καὶ λιβανωτοῦ χίλια τάλαντα καταθύοτας. +οὔτε οὖν Ξέρξην ἐκεῖνος ἐπῄνει ποτὲ οὔτε +ἄλλον τινὰ Περσῶν ἢ Λυδῶν ἢ Μακεδόνων +βασιλέα, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ Ἑλλήνων στρατηγόν, πλὴν +σφόδρα ὀλίγων, ὁπόσους ἠπίστατο χαίροντας +ἀρετῇ καὶ ἀσπαζομένους ἀνδρείαν μετὰ σωφροσύνης +καὶ φρόνησιν μετὰ δικαιοσύνης στέργοντας. +<pb n='212'/><anchor id='Pg212'/><anchor id='Pg213'/> +ὅσους δὲ ἀγχίνους ἢ δεινοὺς ἢ στρατηγικοὺς ἢ +κομψοὺς καὶ τῷ πλήθει πιθανοὺς ἑώρα, σμίκρ᾽ +ἄττα μόρια κατανειμαμένους ἀρετῆς, [C] οὐδὲ τούτους +ἐς ἅπαν ἐπῄνει. ἕπεται δὲ αὐτοῦ τῇ κρίσει σοφῶν +ἀνδρῶν δῆμος ἀρετὴν θεραπεύοντες, τὰ κλεινὰ δὲ +οἶμαι ταῦτα καὶ θαυμαστὰ οἱ μὲν ὀλίγου τινός, οἱ +δὲ οὐδενὸς ἄξια λέγοντες. +</p> + +<p> +(For I have observed that Socrates the Athenian—you +know the man by hearsay and that his reputation +for wisdom was proclaimed aloud by the Pythian +oracle<note place='foot'>cf. 191 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note>—I say I have observed that he did not praise +that sort of thing, nor would he admit<note place='foot'>Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Gorgias</hi> 470 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> that they +are happy and fortunate who are masters of a great +territory and many nations, with many Greeks too +among them, and still more numerous and powerful +barbarians, such men as are able to cut a canal through +Athos and join continents<note place='foot'>Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi> 699 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> by a bridge of boats +whenever they please, and who subdue nations and +reduce islands by sweeping the inhabitants into a +net,<note place='foot'>Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi> 698 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>; Herodotus 6. 31.</note> and make offerings of a thousand talents' worth +of frankincense.<note place='foot'>Herodotus 1. 183.</note> Therefore he never praised Xerxes +or any other king of Persia or Lydia or Macedonia, +and not even a Greek general, save only a very +few, whomsoever he knew to delight in virtue and +to cherish courage with temperance and to love +wisdom with justice. But those whom he saw to be +cunning, or merely clever, or generals and nothing +more, or ingenious, or able, though each one could +lay claim to only one small fraction of virtue, to +impose on the masses, these too he would not praise +without reserve. And his judgment is followed by +a host of wise men who reverence virtue, but as for +all those wonders and marvels that I have described, +some say of them that they are worth little, others +that they are worth nothing.) +</p> + +<p> +Εἰ μὲν οὖν καὶ ὑμῖν ταύτῃ πῃ ξυνδοκεῖ, δέος οὐ +φαῦλόν με ἔχει περὶ τῶν ἔμπροσθεν λόγων καὶ +ἐμαυτοῦ, μή ποτε ἄρα τοὺς μὲν παιδιὰν<note place='foot'>παιδιὰν Cobet, <hi rend='italic'>Mnemosyne</hi> 10. παιδιὰς (earlier conjecture +Cobet) Hertlein, παιδείους V, παῖδας MSS.</note> ἀποφήνητε, +σοφιστὴν δὲ ἐμὲ γελοῖον καὶ ἀμαθῆ, +μεταποιούμενον τέχνης, [D] ἧς σφόδρα ἀπείρως ἔχειν +ὁμολογῶ, ὥς γ᾽ ἐμοὶ πρὸς ὑμᾶς ὁμολογητέον ἐστὶ +τοὺς ἀληθεῖς ἐπαίνους διεξιόντι καὶ ὧν ἀκούειν +ἄξιον ὑμῖν οἴεσθε, εἰ καὶ ἀγροικότεροι καὶ ἐλάττους +μακρῷ τῶν ῥηθέντων τοῖς πολλοῖς φαίνοιντο. +εἰ δέ, ὅπερ ἔμπροσθεν ἔφην, ἀποδέχεσθε τοὺς +ἐκείνων ποιητάς, ἐμοὶ μὲν ἀνεῖται τὸ δέος εὖ μάλα. +οὐ γὰρ πάντα ὑμῖν ἄτοπος φανοῦμαι, ἀλλὰ +πολλῶν μὲν οἶμαι φαυλότερος, κατ᾽ ἐμαυτὸν δὲ +ἐξεταζόμενος οὐ παντάπασιν [80] ἀπόβλητος οὐδὲ +ἀτόποις ἐπιχειρῶν. ὑμῖν δὲ ἴσως οὐ ῥᾴδιον σοφοῖς +καὶ θείοις ἀπιστεῖν ἀνδράσιν, οἳ δὴ λέγουσι πολλὰ +μὲν ἕκαστος ἰδίᾳ, τὸ κεφάλαιον δέ ἐστι τῶν λόγων +ἀρετῆς ἔπαινος. ταύτην δὲ τῇ ψυχῇ φασιν +ἐμφύεσθαι καὶ αὐτὴν ἀποφαίνειν εὐδαίμονα καὶ +βασιλικὴν καὶ ναὶ μὰ Δία πολιτικὴν καὶ στρατηγικὴν +<pb n='214'/><anchor id='Pg214'/><anchor id='Pg215'/> +καὶ μεγαλόφρονα καὶ πλουσίαν γε ἀληθῶς +οὐ τὸ Κολοφώνιον ἔχουσαν χρυσίον. +</p> + +<p> +(Now if you also are of their opinion, I feel no inconsiderable +alarm for what I said earlier, and for +myself, lest possibly you should declare that my words +are mere childishness, and that I am an absurd and +ignorant sophist and make pretensions to an art in +which I confess that I have no skill, as indeed I must +confess to you when I recite eulogies that are really +deserved, and such as you think it worth while to +listen to, even though they should seem to most of +you somewhat uncouth and far inferior to what +has been already uttered. But if, as I said before, +you accept the authors of those other eulogies, then +my fear is altogether allayed. For then I shall not +seem wholly out of place, but though, as I admit, +inferior to many others, yet judged by my own +standard, not wholly unprofitable nor attempting +what is out of place. And indeed it is probably +not easy for you to disbelieve wise and inspired +men who have much to say, each in his own manner, +though the sum and substance of all their speeches +is the praise of virtue. And virtue they say is implanted +in the soul and makes it happy and kingly, +yes, by Zeus, and statesmanlike and gifted with true +generalship, and generous and truly wealthy, not because +it possesses the Colophonian<note place='foot'>The gold work of Colophon was proverbial for its excellence. +Cf. Aristophanes, <hi rend='italic'>Cocalus fr.</hi> 8.</note> treasures of gold,) +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>[B] Οὐδ᾽ ὅσα λάϊνος οὐδὸς ἀφήτορος ἐντὸς ἐέργε</l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>Nor all that the stone threshold of the Far-Darter contained within,</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 9. 404.</note>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +τὸ πρὶν ἐπ᾽ εἰρήνης, ὅτε ἦν ὀρθὰ τὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων +πράγματα, οὐδὲ ἐσθῆτα πολυτελῆ καὶ ψήφους Ἰνδικὰς +καὶ γῆς πλέθρων μυριάδας πάνυ πολλάς, +ἀλλ᾽ ὃ πάντων ἅμα τούτων καὶ κρεῖττον καὶ +θεοφιλέστερον, ὃ καὶ ἐν ναυαγίαις ἔνεστι διασώσασθαι +καὶ ἐν ἀγορᾷ καὶ ἐν δήμῳ καὶ ἐν οἰκίᾳ καὶ +ἐπ᾽ ἐρημίας, [C] ἐν λῃσταῖς μέσοις καὶ ἀπὸ τυράννων +βιαίων. +</p> + +<p> +<q>in the old days, in times of peace,</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 22. 156.</note> when the +fortunes of Greece had not yet fallen; nay nor costly +clothing and precious stones from India and many +tens of thousands of acres of land, but that which is +superior to all these things together and more pleasing +to the gods; which can keep us safe even in +shipwreck, in the market-place, in the crowd, in the +house, in the desert, in the midst of robbers, and +from the violence of tyrants. +</p> + +<p> +Ὅλως γὰρ οὐδέν ἐστιν ἐκείνου κρεῖττον, ὃ +βιασάμενον καθέξει καὶ ἀφαιρήσεται τὸν ἔχοντα +ἅπαξ. ἔστι γὰρ ἀτεχνῶς ψυχῇ τὸ κτῆμα τοῦτο +τοιοῦτον, ὁποῖον οἶμαι τὸ φῶς ἡλίῳ. καὶ γὰρ δὴ +τοῦδε νεὼς μὲν καὶ ἀναθήματα πολλοὶ πολλάκις +ὑφελόμενοι καὶ διαφθείραντες ᾤχοντο, δόντες μὲν +ἄλλοι τὴν δίκην, ἄλλοι δὲ ὠλιγωρηθέντες ὡς οὐκ +ἄξιοι κολάσεως εἰς ἐπανόρθωσιν φερούσης· τὸ +φῶς δὲ οὐδεὶς αὐτὸν ἀφαιρεῖται, οὐδὲ ἐν ταῖς +συνόδοις [D] ἡ σελήνη τὸν κύκλον ὑποτρέχουσα, +οὐδὲ εἰς αὑτὴν δεχομένη τὴν ἀκτῖνα καὶ ἡμῖν +πολλάκις, τοῦτο δὴ τὸ λεγόμενον, ἐκ μεσημβρίας +νύκτα δεικνῦσα. ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ αὐτὸς αὑτὸν ἀφαιρεῖται +φωτὸς τὴν σελήνην ἐξ ἐναντίας ἱσταμένην +περιλάμπρων καὶ μεταδιδοὺς αὐτῇ τῆς αὑτοῦ +φύσεως οὐδὲ τὸν μέγαν καὶ θαυμαστὸν τουτονὶ +κόσμον ἐμπλήσας αὐγῆς καὶ ἡμέρας. οὔκουν +<pb n='216'/><anchor id='Pg216'/><anchor id='Pg217'/> +οὐδὲ ἀνὴρ ἀγαθὸς ἀρετῆς μεταδιδοὺς ἄλλῳ τῷ +μεταδοθέντι μεῖον ἔχων ἐφάνη ποτέ· [81] οὕτω θεῖόν +ἐστι κτῆμα καὶ πάγκαλον, καὶ οὐ ψευδὴς ὁ λόγος +τοῦ Ἀθηναίου ξένου, ὅστις ποτὲ ἄρα ἦν ἐκεῖνος +ὁ θεῖος ἀνήρ· πᾶς γὰρ ὅ τε ὑπὸ γῆς καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς +χρυσὸς ἀρετῆς οὐκ ἀντάξιος. θαρροῦντες οὖν +ἤδη πλούσιον καλῶμεν τὸν ταύτην ἔχοντα, οἶμαι +δὲ ἐγὼ καὶ εὐγενῆ καὶ βασιλέα μόνον τῶν +ἁπάντων, εἴ τῳ ξυνδοκεῖ. κρείττων μὲν εὐγένεια +φαυλότητος γένους, [B] κρείττων δὲ ἀρετὴ διαθέσεως +οὐ πάντη σπουδαίας. καὶ μή τις οἰέσθω τὸν +λόγον δύσεριν καὶ βίαιον εἰς τὴν συνήθειαν +ἀφορῶν τῶν ὀνομάτων· φασὶ γὰρ οἱ πολλοὶ τοὺς +ἐκ πάλαι πλουσίων εὐγενεῖς. καίτοι πῶς οὐκ +ἄτοπον μάγειρον μὲν ἢ σκυτέα καὶ ναὶ μὰ Δία +κεραμέα τινὰ χρήματα ἐκ τῆς τέχνης ἢ καὶ +ἄλλοθέν ποθεν ἀθροίσαντα μὴ δοκεῖν εὐγενῆ μηδὲ +ὑπὸ τῶν πολλῶν ἐπονομάζεσθαι τοῦτο τὸ ὄνομα, +εἰ δὲ ὁ τούτου παῖς διαδεξάμενος τὸν κλῆρον εἰς +τοὺς ἐκγόνους διαπορθμεύσειε, [C] τούτους δὲ ἤδη μέγα +φρονεῖν καὶ τοῖς Πελοπίδαις ἢ τοῖς Ἡρακλείδαις +ὑπὲρ τῆς εὐγενείας ἁμιλλᾶσθαι; ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ ὅστις +προγόνων ἀγαθῶν ἔφυ, αὐτὸς δὲ ἐπὶ τὴν ἐναντίαν +τοῦ βίου ῥοπὴν κατηνέχθη, δικαίως ἂν μεταποιοῖτο +τῆς πρὸς ἐκείνους ξυγγενείας, εἰ<note place='foot'>εἰ Hertlein adds.</note> μηδὲ ἐς +τοὺς Πελοπίδας ἐξῆν ἐγγράφεσθαι τοὺς μὴ +φέροντας ἐπὶ τὸν ὤμον τοῦ γένους τὰ γνωρίσματα. +λόγχη δὲ λέγεται περὶ τὴν Βοιωτίαν +τοῖς Σπαρτοῖς ἐντυπωθῆναι παρὰ τῆς τεκούσης +<pb n='218'/><anchor id='Pg218'/><anchor id='Pg219'/> +καὶ θρεψαμένης αὐτοὺς βώλου, [D] καὶ τὸ +ἐντεῦθεν ἐπὶ πολὺ διασωθῆναι τοῦτο τῷ γένει +σύμβολον. ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν ψυχῶν οὐδὲν οἰόμεθα +δεῖν ἐγκεχαράχθαι τοιοῦτον, ὃ τοὺς πατέρας +ἡμῖν ἀκριβῶς κατερεῖ καὶ ἀπελέγξει τὸν τόκον +γνήσιον; ὑπάρχειν δὲ φασι καὶ Κελτοῖς ποταμὸν +ἀδέκαστον κριτὴν τῶν ἐκγόνων·<note place='foot'>ἐκγόνων MSS., cf. 82 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a b</hi>, ἐγγόνων Hertlein.</note> καὶ οὐ πείθουσιν +αὐτὸν οὔτε αἱ μητέρες ὀδυρόμεναι συγκαλύπτειν +αὐταῖς [82] καὶ ἀποκρύπτειν τὴν ἁμαρτάδα οὔτε +οἱ πατέρες ὑπὲρ τῶν γαμετῶν καὶ τῶν ἐκγόνων<note place='foot'>ἐκγόνων MSS., ἐγγόνων Hertlein.</note> +ἐπὶ τῇ κρίσει δειμαίνοντες, ἀτρεκὴς δὲ ἐστι καὶ +ἀψευδὴς κριτής. ἡμᾶς δὲ δεκάζει μέν πλοῦτος, +δεκάζει δὲ ἰσχὺς καὶ ὥρα σώματος καὶ δυναστεία +προγόνων ἔξωθεν ἐπισκιάζουσα, καὶ οὐκ ἐπιτρέπει +διορᾶν οὐδὲ ἀποβλέπειν ἐς τὴν ψυχὴν, ᾗπερ δὴ τῶν +ἄλλων ζῴων διαφέροντες εἰκότως ἂν κατ᾽ αὐτὸ τὴν +ὑπὲρ τῆς εὐγενείας ποιοίμεθα κρίσιν. καί μοι δοκοῦσιν +εὐστοχίᾳ φύσεως [B] οἱ πάλαι θαυμαστῇ χρώμενοι, +καὶ οὐκ ἐπίκτητον ὥσπερ ἡμεῖς ἔχοντες τὸ +φρονεῖν, οὔτι πλαστῶς, ἀλλ᾽ αὐτοφυῶς φιλοσοφοῦντες, +τοῦτο κατανοῆσαι, καὶ τὸν Ἡρακλέα +τοῦ Διὸς ἀνειπεῖν ἔκγονον<note place='foot'>ἔκγονον MSS., Cobet, ἔγγονον Hertlein.</note> καὶ τὼ τῆς Λήδας ιἱέε, +Μίνω τε οἶμαι τὸν νομοθέτην καὶ Ῥαδάμανθυν τὸν +Κνώσιον τῆς αὐτῆς ἀξιῶσαι φήμης· καὶ ἄλλους δὲ +ἄλλων ἐκγόνους ἀνεκήρυττον πολλοὺς διαφέροντας +τῶν φύσει πατέρων. ἔβλεπον γὰρ ἐς τὴν ψυχὴν +αὐτὴν καὶ τὰς πράξεις, ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἐς πλοῦτον βαθὺν +<pb n='220'/><anchor id='Pg220'/><anchor id='Pg221'/> +καὶ χρόνῳ πολιόν, οὐδὲ δυναστείαν ἐκ πάππων +τινῶν καὶ ἐπιπάππων ἐς αὐτοὺς ἥκουσαν· [C] καίτοι +γε ὑπῆρχέ τισιν οὐ παντάπασιν ἀδόξων γενέσθαι +πατέρων· ἀλλὰ διὰ τὴν ὑπερβολὴν ἧς ἐτίμων τε +καὶ ἐθεράπευον ἀρετῆς αὐτῶν ἐνομίζοντο τῶν θεῶν +παῖδες. δῆλον δὲ ἐνθένδε· ἄλλων γὰρ οὐδὲ εἰδότες +τοὺς φύσει γονέας ἐς τὸ δαιμόνιον ἀνῆπτον τὴν +φήμην, τῇ περὶ αὐτοὺς ἀρετῇ χαριζόμενοι. καὶ οὐ +πειστέον τοῖς λέγουσιν, ὡς ἄρα ἐκεῖνοι ὑπ᾽ ἀμαθίας +ἐξαπατώμενοι ταῦτα τῶν θεῶν κατεψεύδοντο. +εἰ γὰρ δὴ [D] καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων εἰκὸς ἦν ἐξαπατηθῆναι +θεῶν ἢ δαιμόνων, σχήματα περιτιθέντας +ἀνθρώπινα καὶ μορφὰς τοιαύτας, ἀφανῆ μὲν +αἰσθήσει καὶ ἀνέφικτον κεκτημένων αὐτῶν φύσιν, +νῷ δὲ ἀκριβεῖ διὰ ξυγγένειαν μόλις προσπίπτουσαν· +οὔτι γε καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἐμφανῶν θεῶν τοῦτο +παθεῖν εὔλογον ἐκείνους, Ἡλίου μὲν ἐπιφημίζοντας +Αἰήτην υἱέα, Ἑωσφόρου δὲ ἕτερον, καὶ ἄλλους ἄλλων. +ὅπερ δὲ ἔφην, [83] χρὴ περὶ αὐτῶν πειθομένους +ἡμᾶς ταύτην ποιεῖσθαι τὴν ὑπὲρ τῆς εὐγενείας +ἐξέτασιν· καὶ ὅτῳ μὲν ἂν ὦσιν ἀγαθοὶ πατέρες καὶ +αὐτὸς ἐκείνοις ἐμφερής, τοῦτον ὀνομάζειν θαρρούντως +εὐγενῆ· ὅτῳ δὲ τὰ μὲν τῶν πατέρων ὑπῆρξεν +ἀρετῆς ἐνδεᾶ, αὐτὸς δὲ μετεποιήθη τούτου τοῦ κτήματος, +τούτου δὲ νομιστέον πατέρα τὸν Δία καὶ +φυτουργόν, καὶ οὐδὲν μεῖον αὐτῷ δοτέον ἐκείνων, +οἳ γεγονότες πατέρων ἀγαθῶν τοὺς σφῶν τοκέας +ἐζήλωσαν· [B] ὅστις δὲ ἐξ ἀγαθῶν γέγονε μοχθηρός, +<pb n='222'/><anchor id='Pg222'/><anchor id='Pg223'/> +τοῦτον τοῖς νόθοις ἐγγράφειν ἄξιον· τοὺς δὲ ἐκ +μοχθηρῶν φῦντας καὶ προσομοίους τοῖς αὑτῶν τοκεῦσιν +οὔποτε εὐγενεῖς φατέον, οὐδὲ εἰ πλουτοῖεν +ταλάντοις μυρίοις, οὐδὲ εἰ ἀπαριθμοῖντο προγόνους +δυνάστας ἢ ναὶ μὰ Δία τυράννους εἴκοσιν, οὐδὲ εἰ +νίκας Ὀλυμπιακὰς ἢ Πυθικὰς ἢ τῶν πολεμικῶν +ἀγώνων, [C] αἳ δὴ τῷ παντὶ ἐκείνων εἰσὶ λαμπρότεραι, +ἀνελομένους ἔχοιεν δείκνυσθαι πλείους ἢ Καῖσαρ +ὁ πρῶτος, ὀρύγματά τε<note place='foot'>τε Hertlein adds.</note> τὰ Ἀσσύρια καὶ τὰ Βαβυλωνίων +τείχη πυραμίδας τε ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς τὰς +Αἰγυπτίων, καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα πλούτου καὶ χρημάτων +καὶ τρυφῆς γέγονε σημεῖα καὶ διανοίας ὑπὸ +φιλοτιμίας ἀναφλεγομένης καὶ ἀπορουμένης<note place='foot'>καὶ ἀπορουμένης Hertlein suggests.</note> ἐς +ὅ,τι τῷ πλούτῳ χρήσεται, εἶτα ἐς τοῦτο τὰς τῶν +χρημάτων εὐπορίας καταβαλλομένης. εὖ γὰρ +δὴ ἴστε, ὡς οὔτε πλοῦτος ἀρχαῖος ἢ νεωστί ποθεν +ἐπιρρέων Βασιλέα ποιεῖ οὔτε [D] ἁλουργὲς ἱμάτιον +οὔτε τιάρα καὶ σκῆπτρον καὶ διάδημα καὶ θρόνος +ἀρχαῖος, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ ὁπλῖται πολλοῖ καὶ ἱππεῖς +μυρίοι, οὐδὲ εἰ πάντες ἄνθρωποι βασιλέα σφῶν +τοῦτον ὁμολογοῖεν συνελθόντες, ὅτι μηδὲ ἀρετὴν +οὗτοι χαρίζονται, ἀλλὰ δυναστείαν μὲν οὐ μάλα +εὐτυχῆ τῷ λαβόντι, πολὺ δὲ πλέον τοῖς παρασχομένοις. +δεξάμενος γὰρ ὁ τοιοῦτος αἴρεται μετέωρος +ἐπίπαν, οὐδὲν διαφέρων τοῦ περὶ τὸν Φαέθοντα +μύθου καὶ πάθους. καὶ οὐδὲν ἑτέρων δεῖ παραδειγμάτων +πρὸς πίστιν τῷ λόγῳ, [84] τοῦ βίου παντὸς +ἀναπεπλησμένου τοιούτων παθημάτων καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς +λόγων. ὑμῖν δὲ εἰ θαυμαστὸν δοκεῖ τὸ μὴ +<pb n='224'/><anchor id='Pg224'/><anchor id='Pg225'/> +δικαίως μεταποιεῖσθαι τῆς καλῆς ταύτης καὶ θεοφιλοῦς +ἐπωνυμίας τοὺς πολλῆς μὲν γῆς καὶ ἐθνῶν +ἀπείρων ἄρχοντας, γνώμῃ δὲ αὐτεξουσίῳ δίχα νοῦ +καὶ φρονήσεως καὶ τῶν ταύτῃ ξυνεπομένων ἀρετῶν +τὰ προστυχόντα κρίνοντας· ἴστε οὐδὲ ἐλευθέρους +ὄντας, [B] οὐ μόνον εἰ τὰ παρόντα οὐδενός σφισιν +ἐμποδὼν ὄντος ἔχοιεν καὶ ἐμφοροῖντο τῆς ἐξουσίας, +ἀλλὰ καὶ εἰ τῶν ἐπιστρατευόντων κρατοῖεν καὶ +ἐπιόντες ἀνυπόστατοί τινες καὶ<note place='foot'>τινες καὶ Hertlein suggests, τινες σφόδρα καὶ MSS.</note> ἄμαχοι φαίνοιντο. +εἰ δὲ ἀπιστεῖ τις ὑμῶν τῷ λόγῳ τῷδε, +μάλα ἐμφανῶν μαρτύρων οὐκ ἀπορήσομεν, Ἑλλήνων +ὁμοῦ καὶ βαρβάρων, οἳ μάχας πολλὰς καὶ +ἰσχυρὰς λίαν μαχεσάμενοι καὶ νενικηκότες ἔθνη +μὲν ἐκτῶντο καὶ [C] αὑτοῖς φόρους ἀπάγειν κατηνάνκαζον, +ἐδούλευον δὲ αἴσχιον ἐκείνων ἡδονῇ καὶ +τρυφῇ καὶ ἀκολασίᾳ καὶ ὕβρει καὶ ἀδικίᾳ. +τούτους δὲ οὐδὲ ἰσχυροὺς ἂν φαίη νοῦν ἔχων +ἀνήρ, εἰ καὶ ἐπιφαίνοιτο καὶ ἐπιλάμποι μέγεθος +τοῖς ἔργοις. μόνος γάρ ἐστι τοιοῦτος ὁ μετὰ +ἀρετῆς ἀνδρεῖος καὶ μεγαλόφρων· ὅστις δὲ ἥττων +μὲν ἡδονῶν, ἀκράτωρ δὲ ὀργῆς καὶ ἐπιθυμιῶν +παντοιῶν, καὶ ὑπὸ σμικρῶν ἀπαγορεύειν ἀναγκαζόμενος, +οὗτος δὲ [D] οὐδὲ ἰσχυρὸς οὐδὲ ἀνδρεῖος +ἀνθρωπίνην ἰσχύν· ἐπιτρεπτέον δὲ ἴσως αὐτῷ κατὰ +τοὺς ταύρους ἢ τοὺς λέοντας ἢ τὰς παρδάλεις τῇ +ῥώμῃ γάνυσθαι, εἰ μὴ καὶ ταύτην ἀποβαλὼν +καθάπερ οἱ κηφῆνες ἀλλοτρίοις ἐφέστηκε πόνοις, +αὐτὸς ὢν μαλθακὸς αἰχμητὴς καὶ δειλὸς καὶ +ἀκόλαστος. τοιοῦτος δὲ ὢν οὐ μόνον ἀληθοῦς +ἐνδεὴς πλούτου καθέστηκεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦ πολυτιμήτου +καὶ σεμνοῦ καὶ ἀγαπητοῦ, ἐξ οὗ παντοδαπαὶ +<pb n='226'/><anchor id='Pg226'/><anchor id='Pg227'/> +κρεμάμεναι ψυχαὶ πράγματα ἔχουσι μυρία καὶ +πόνους, [85] τοῦ καθ᾽ ἡμέραν κέρδους ἕνεκα πλεῖν τε ὑπομένουσαι +καὶ καπηλεύειν καὶ λῃστεύειν καὶ ἀναρπάζειν +τὰς τυραννίδας. ζῶσι γὰρ ἀεὶ μὲν κτώμενοι, +ἀεὶ δὲ ἐνδεεῖς, οὔτι τῶν ἀναγαίων φημὶ σιτίων +καὶ ποτῶν καὶ ἐσθημάτων· ὥρισται γὰρ ὁ τοιοῦτος +πλοῦτος εὖ μάλα παρὰ τῆς φύσεως, καὺ οὐκ +ἔστιν αὐτοῦυ στέρεσθαι οὔτε τοὺς ὄρνιθας οὔτε τοὺς +ἰχθῦς<note place='foot'>ἰχθῦς Hertlein suggests, ἰχθύας MSS., cf. 59 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>, ἰχθῦας V.</note> οὔτε τὰ θηρία, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ ἀνθρώπων τοὺς +σώφρονας· [B] ὅσους δὲ ἐνοχλεῖ χρημάτων ἀπιθυμία +καὶ ἔρως δυστυχής, τούτους δὲ ἀνάγκη πεινῆν διὰ +βίου καὶ ἀθλιώτερον ἀπαλλάττειν μακρῷ τῶν τῆς +ἐφημέρου τροφῆς ἐνδεομένων. τούτοις μὲν γὰρ +ἀποπλήσασι τὴν γαστέρα πολλὴ γέγονεν εἰρήνη +καὶ ἀνοκωχὴ τῆς ἀλγηδόνος, ἐκείνοις δὲ οὔτε +ἡμέρα πέφηνεν ἀκερδὴς ἡδεῖα, οὔτε εὐφρόνη τὸν +λυσιμελῆ καὶ λυσιμέριμνον ὕπνον ἐπάγουσα +παῦλαν ἐνεποίησε τῆς ἐμμανοῦς λύττης, [C] στροβεῖ +δὲ αὐτῶν καὶ στρέφει τὴν ψυχὴν ἐκλογιζομένων +καὶ ἀπαριθμουμένων τὰ χρήματα· καὶ οὐκ +ἐξαιρεῖται τοὺς ἄνδρας τῆς ἐπιθυμίας καὶ τῆς ἐπ᾽ +αὐτῇ ταλαιπωρίας<note place='foot'>ταλαιπωρίας Hertlein suggests, λοιδορίας MSS.</note> οὐδὲ ὁ Ταντάλου καὶ Μίδου +πλοῦτος περιγενόμενος οὐδὲ ἡ μεγίστη καὶ +χαλεπωτάτη δαιμόνων τυραννὶς προσγενομένη. ἢ +γὰρ οὐκ ἀκηκόατε Δαρεῖον τὸν Περσῶν μονάρχην,<note place='foot'>μονάρχην Cobet, μονάρχην μισθωτόν MSS., Hertlein suggests +μόναρχον μισθωτόν, ἢ μισθωτὸν Reiske, μονάρχου V.</note> +οὐ παντάπασι μοχθηρὸν ἄνθρωπον, δυσέρωτα δὲ +αἰσχρῶς εἰς χρήματα καὶ νεκρῶν θήκας ὑπὸ τῆς +ἐπιθυμίας διορύττειν<note place='foot'>After διορύττειν Cobet omits ἀναπειθόμενον.</note> καὶ πολυτελεῖς [D] ἐπιτάττειν +<pb n='228'/><anchor id='Pg228'/><anchor id='Pg229'/> +φόρουσ; ὅθεν αὐτῷ τὸ κλεινὸν ὄνομα γέγονε κατὰ +πάντας ἀνθρώπους·<note place='foot'>ἀνθρώπους· Cobet, ἀνθρώπους ἐκφανέσ· Hertlein, ἐκφανὲς +V, M, ἐμφανὲς MSS.</note> ἐκάλουν γὰρ αὐτὸν Περσῶν +οἱ γνώριμοι ὅτιπερ Ἀθηναῖοι τὸν Σάραμβον. +</p> + +<p> +(For there is nothing at all superior to it, nothing +that can constrain and control it, or take it from him +who has once possessed it. Indeed it seems to me +that this possession bears the same relation to the +soul as its light to the sun. For often men have +stolen the votive offerings of the Sun and destroyed +his temples and gone their way, and some have +been punished, and others let alone as not worthy of +the punishment that leads to amendment. But his +light no one ever takes from the sun, not even the +moon when in their conjunctions she oversteps his +disc, or when she takes his rays to herself, and +often, as the saying is, turns midday into night.<note place='foot'>First used by Archilochus, <hi rend='italic'>fr.</hi> 74, in a description of an +eclipse of the sun.</note> +Nor is he deprived of his light when he illumines +the moon in her station opposite to himself and +shares with her his own nature, nor when he fills +with light and day this great and wonderful universe. +Just so no good man who imparts his goodness to +another was ever thought to have less virtue by as +much as he had bestowed. So divine and excellent +is that possession, and most true is the saying of the +Athenian stranger, whoever that inspired man may +have been: <q>All the gold beneath the earth and +above ground is too little to give in exchange for virtue.</q><note place='foot'>Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi> 728 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> +Let us therefore now boldly call its possessor +wealthy, yes and I should say well-born also, and +the only king among them all,<note place='foot'>Horace, <hi rend='italic'>Epistles</hi> 1. 1. 106.</note> if anyone agree to +this. For as noble birth is better than a lowly +pedigree, so virtue is better than a character not in +all respects admirable. And let no one say that this +statement is contentious and too strong, judging by +the ordinary use of words. For the multitude are +wont to say that the sons of those who have long +been rich are well-born. And yet is it not extraordinary +that a cook or cobbler, yes, by Zeus, or +some potter who has got money together by his +craft, or by some other means, is not considered +well-born nor is given that title by the many, +whereas if this man's son inherit his estate and hand +it on to his sons, they begin to give themselves airs +and compete on the score of noble birth with the +Pelopids and the Heraclids? Nay, even a man who +is born of noble ancestors, but himself sinks down in +the opposite scale of life, could not justly claim +kinship with those ancestors, seeing that no one +could be enrolled among the Pelopids who had not +on his shoulder the birth-mark<note place='foot'>One shoulder was white as ivory.</note> of that family. +And in Boeotia it was said that there was the +impression of a spear on the Sown-men<note place='foot'>The Sparti, sprung from the dragon's teeth sown by +Cadmus.</note> from the +clod of earth that bore and reared them, and that +hence the race long preserved that distinguishing +mark. And can we suppose that on men's souls no +mark of that sort is engraved, which shall tell us +accurately who their fathers were and vindicate +their birth as legitimate? They say that the Celts +also have a river<note place='foot'>The Rhine; cf. Julian, <hi rend='italic'>Epistle</hi> 16.</note> which is an incorruptible +judge of offspring, and neither can the mothers +persuade that river by their laments to hide and +conceal their fault for them, nor the fathers who are +afraid for their wives and sons in this trial, but it is +an arbiter that never swerves or gives a false verdict. +But we are corrupted by riches, by physical strength +in its prime, by powerful ancestors, an influence from +without that overshadows and does not permit us to +see clearly or discern the soul; for we are unlike all +other living things in this, that by the soul and by +nothing else, we should with reason make our decision +about noble birth. And it seems to me that the +ancients, employing a wondrous sagacity of nature, +since their wisdom was not like ours a thing acquired, +but they were philosophers by nature, not manufactured,<note place='foot'>Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi> 642 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> +perceived the truth of this, and so they +called Heracles the son of Zeus, and Leda's two +sons also, and Minos the law-giver, and Rhadamanthus +of Cnossus they deemed worthy of the same +distinction. And many others they proclaimed to +be the children of other gods, because they so +surpassed their mortal parents. For they looked at +the soul alone and their actual deeds, and not at +wealth piled high and hoary with age, nor at the +power that had come down to them from some +grandfather or great-grandfather. And yet some of +them were the sons of fathers not wholly inglorious. +But because of the superabundance in them of that +virtue which men honoured and cherished, they +were held to be the sons of the gods themselves. +This is clear from the following fact. In the case of +certain others, though they did not know those who +were by nature their sires, they ascribed that title +to a divinity, to recompense the virtue of those men. +And we ought not to say that they were deceived, +and that in ignorance they told lies about the gods. +For even if in the case of other gods or deities it +was natural that they should be so deceived, when +they clothed them in human forms and human +shapes, though those deities possess a nature not +to be perceived or attained by the senses, but +barely recognisable by means of pure intelligence, +by reason of their kinship with it; nevertheless in +the case of the visible gods it is not probable +that they were deceived, for instance, when they +entitled Aeetes <q>son of Helios</q> and another<note place='foot'>Memnon.</note> <q>son of +the Dawn,</q> and so on with others. But, as I said, +we must in these cases believe them, and make our +enquiry about noble birth accordingly. And when a +man has virtuous parents and himself resembles +them, we may with confidence call him nobly born. +But when, though his parents lack virtue, he himself +can claim to possess it, we must suppose that the +father who begat him is Zeus, and we must not pay +less respect to him than to those who are the sons +of virtuous fathers and emulate their parents. But +when a bad man comes of good parents, we ought to +enrol him among the bastards, while as for those who +come of a bad stock and resemble their parents, +never must we call them well-born, not even though +their wealth amounts to ten thousand talents, not +though they reckon among their ancestors twenty +rulers, or, by Zeus, twenty tyrants, not though they +can prove that the victories they won at Olympia or +Pytho or in the encounters of war—which are in +every way more brilliant than victories in the games—were +more than the first Caesar's, or can point to +excavations in Assyria<note place='foot'>cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 3. 126.</note> or to the walls of Babylon and +the Egyptian pyramids besides, and to all else that is +a proof of wealth and great possessions and luxury +and a soul that is inflamed by ambition and, being at +a loss how to use money, lavishes on things of that sort +all those abundant supplies of wealth. For you are +well aware that it is not wealth, either ancestral or +newly acquired and pouring in from some source or +other, that makes a king, nor his purple cloak nor +his tiara and sceptre and diadem and ancestral +throne, nay nor numerous hoplites and ten thousand +cavalry; not though all men should gather together +and acknowledge him for their king, because virtue +they cannot bestow on him, but only power, ill-omened +indeed for him that receives it, but still +more for those that bestow it. For once he has +received such power, a man of that sort is altogether +raised aloft in the clouds, and in nowise +differs from the legend of Phaethon and his fate. +And there is no need of other instances to make +us believe this saying, for the whole of life is +full of such disasters and tales about them. And +if it seems surprising to you that the title of king, +so honourable, so favoured by the gods, cannot +justly be claimed by men who, though they rule +over a vast territory and nations without number, +nevertheless settle questions that arise by an +autocratic decision, without intelligence or wisdom +or the virtues that go with wisdom, believe me they +are not even free men; I do not mean if they merely +possess what they have with none to hinder them +and have their fill of power, but even though they +conquer all who make war against them, and, when +they lead an invading army, appear invincible and +irresistible. And if any of you doubt this statement, +I have no lack of notable witnesses, Greek and +barbarian, who fought and won many mighty battles, +and became the masters of whole nations and compelled +them to pay tribute, and yet were themselves +slaves in a still more shameful degree of pleasure, +money and wantonness, insolence and injustice. And +no man of sense would call them even powerful, not +though greatness should shine upon and illumine +all that they achieved. For he alone is strong whose +virtue aids him to be brave and magnanimous. But +he who is the slave of pleasure and cannot control his +temper and appetites of all sorts, but is compelled to +succumb to trivial things, is neither brave himself +nor strong with a man's strength, though we may +perhaps allow him to exult like a bull or lion or +leopard<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 17, 20.</note> in his brute force, if indeed he do not lose +even this and, like a drone, merely superintend the +labours of others, himself a <q>feeble warrior,</q><note place='foot'>Homeric phrase: <hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 17. 588.</note> and +cowardly and dissolute. And if that be his character, +he is lacking not only in true riches, but in that wealth +also which men so highly honour and reverence and +desire, on which hang the souls of men of all sorts, +so that they undergo countless toils and labours for +the sake of daily gain, and endure to sail the sea and +to trade and rob and grasp at tyrannies. For they live +ever acquiring but ever in want, though I do not say +of necessary food and drink and clothes; for the limit +of this sort of property has been clearly defined by +nature and none can be deprived of it, neither birds +nor fish nor wild beasts, much less prudent men. +But those who are tortured by the desire and fatal +passion for money must suffer a lifelong hunger,<note place='foot'>Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi> 832 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> and +depart from life more miserably than those who lack +daily food. For these, once they have filled their +bellies, enjoy perfect peace and respite from their +torment, but for those others no day is sweet that +does not bring them gain, nor does night with her +gift of sleep that relaxes the limbs and frees men +from care<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 20. 56.</note> bring for them any remission of their raging +madness, but distracts and agitates their souls as +they reckon and count up their money. And not even +the wealth of Tantalus and Midas, should they possess +it, frees those men from their desire and their +hard toil therewith, nay nor <q>Tyranny the greatest +and sternest of the gods,</q><note place='foot'>Euripides, <hi rend='italic'>Phoenissae</hi> 506 and <hi rend='italic'>fr.</hi> 252, Nauck.</note> should they become +possessed of this also. For have you not heard that +Darius, the ruler of Persia, a man not wholly base, +but insatiably and shamefully covetous of money, dug +up in his greed even the tombs of the dead<note place='foot'>Of Queen Nitocris, Herodotus 1. 187.</note> and +exacted the most costly tribute? And hence he +acquired the title<note place='foot'><q>Huckster</q> (κάπηλος) Herodotus 3. 89.</note> that is famous among all mankind. +For the notables of Persia called him by the +name that the Athenians gave to Sarambos.<note place='foot'>Or Sarabos, a Plataean wineseller at Athens; Plato, +<hi rend='italic'>Gorgias</hi> 518 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>; perhaps to be identified with the <hi rend='italic'>Vinarius +Exaerambus</hi> in Plautus, <hi rend='italic'>Asinaria</hi> 436; cf. Themistius 297 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note>) +</p> + +<p> +Ἀλλ᾽ ἔοικε γὰρ ὁ λόγος, ὥσπερ ὁδοῦ τινος κατάντους +ἐπιλαβόμενος, ἀφειδῶς ἐμφορεῖσθαι τῆς +καταρρήσεως καὶ πέρα τοῦ δέοντος κολάζειν τῶν +ἀνδρῶν τοὺς τρόπους, ὥστε οὐκ ἐπιτρεπτέον αὐτῷ +περαιτέρω φοιτᾶν. [86] ἀπαιτητέον δὲ εἰς δύναμιν τὸν +ἀγαθὸν ἄνδρα καὶ βασιλικὸν καὶ μεγαλόφρονα. +ἔστι δὲ πρῶτον μὲν εὐσεβὴς καὶ οὐκ ὀλίγωρος +θεραπείας θεῶν, εἶτα ἐς τοὺς τοκέας ζῶντάς τε +οἶμαι καὶ τελευτήσαντας ὅσιος καὶ ἐπιμελής, +ἀδελφοῖς τε εὔνους, καὶ ὁμογνίους θεοὺς αἰδούμενος, +ἱκέταις καὶ ξένοις πρᾷος καὶ μείλιχος, τοῖς +μὲν ἀγαθοῖς τῶν πολιτῶν ἀρέσκειν ἐθέλων, τῶν +πολλῶν δὲ ἐπιμελόμενος ἐν δίκῃ καὶ ἐπ᾽ ὠφελείᾳ· +ἀγαπᾷ δὲ πλοῦτον, [B] οὔτι τὸν χρυσῷ καὶ ἀργύρῳ +βριθόμενον, φίλων δὲ ἀληθοῦς εὐνοίας καὶ ἀκολακεύτου +θεραπείας μεστόν· ἀνδρεῖος μὲν φύσει +καὶ μεγαλοπρεπής, πολέμῳ δὲ ἥκιστα χαίρων +καὶ στάσιν ἐμφύλιον ἀπεχθαίρων, τούς γε +μὴν ἔκ τινος τύχης ἐπιφυομένους ἢ διὰ τὴν +σφῶν αὐτῶν μοχθηρίαν ἀνδρείως ὑφιστάμενος +καὶ ἀμυνόμενος ἐγκρατῶς, τέλος τε ἐπάγων τοῖς +ἔργοις καὶ οὐ πρότερον ἀφιστάμενος, πρὶν ἂν +ἐξέλῃ [C] τῶν πολεμίων τὴν δύναμιν καὶ ὑποχείριον +αὑτῷ ποιήσηται. κρατήσας δὲ μετὰ τῶν ὅπλων +<pb n='230'/><anchor id='Pg230'/><anchor id='Pg231'/> +ἔπαυσε τὸ ξίφος φόνων, μίασμα κρίνων τὸν +οὐκ ἀμυνόμενον ἔτι κτείνειν καὶ ἀναιρεῖν. φιλόπονος +δὲ ὢν φύσει καὶ μεγαλόψυχος κοινωνεῖ +μὲν ἅπασι τῶν πόνων, καὶ ἔχειν ἐν αὐτοῖς τὸ +πλέον ἀξιοῖ, μεταδίδωσι δὲ ἐκείνοις τῶν κινδύνων +τὰ ἔπαθλα, χαίρων καὶ γεγηθὼς οὔτι τῷ +πλέον ἔχειν τῶν ἄλλων χρυσίον καὶ ἀργύριον καὶ +ἐπαύλεις κόσμῳ πολυτελεῖ κατεσκευασμένας, [D] +ἀλλὰ τῷ πολλοὺς μὲν εὖ ποιεῖν δύνασθαι, χαρίζεσθαι +δὲ ἅπασιν ὅτου ἂν τύχωσιν ἐνδεεῖς ὄντες· +τούτων αὑτὸν ὅ γε ἀληθινὸς ἀξιοῖ βασιλεύς. +φιλόπολις<note place='foot'>φιλοπολίτης Hertlein suggests, but cf. Isocrates <hi rend='italic'>To Nicocles</hi> 15.</note> δὲ ὢν καὶ φιλοστρατιώτης τῶν μὲν +καθάπερ νομεὺς ποιμνίων ἐπιμελεῖται, προνοῶν +ὅπως ἂν αὐτῷ θάλλῃ καὶ εὐθηνῆται τὰ θρέμματα +δαψιλοῦς καὶ ἀταράχου τῆς νομῆς ἐμπιμπλάμενα, +τοὺς δὲ ἐφορᾷ καὶ συνέχει, πρὸς ἀνδρείαν καὶ +ῥώμην καὶ πρᾳότητα γυμνάζων καθάπερ σκύλακας +εὐφυεῖς [87] καὶ γενναίους τῆς ποίμνης φύλακας, +ἔργων τε αὑτῷ κοινωνοὺς καὶ ἐπικούρους τῷ +πλήθει νομίζων, ἀλλ᾽ οὐχὶ ἁρπακτῆρας τινας +οὐδὲ λυμεῶνας τῶν ποιμνίων καθάπερ οἱ λύκοι +καὶ κυνῶν οἱ φαυλότατοι, οἳ<note place='foot'>οἳ Hertlein adds.</note> τῆς αὑτῶν φύσεως +καὶ τροφῆς ἐπιλαθόμενοι ἀντὶ σωτήρων καὶ +προαγωνιστῶν ἀνεφάνησαν αὐτοὶ δηλήμονες· +οὐδὲ μὴν ὑπνηλοὺς ἀνέξεται εἶναι καὶ ἀργοὺς +καὶ ἀπολέμους, ὅπως ἂν μὴ φυλάκων ἑτέρων +οἱ φρουροὶ δέωνται, [B] ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ ἀπειθεῖς τοῖς<note place='foot'>τοῖς Hertlein suggests.</note> +ἄρχουσιν, εἰδὼς ὅτι τοῦτο μάλιστα πάντων, ἔστι +δὲ ὅπου καὶ μόνον ἀπόχρη σωτήριον ἐπιτήδευμα +<pb n='232'/><anchor id='Pg232'/><anchor id='Pg233'/> +πρὸς πόλεμον· πόνων δὲ ἁπάντων ἀδεεῖς<note place='foot'>ἀδεεῖς Reiske, ἐνδεεῖς MSS., Hertlein.</note> καὶ +ἀτεράμονας, οὔτι ῥᾳθύμους ἐργάσεται, ἐπιστάμενος +ὅτι μὴ μέγα ὄφελος φύλακος τὸν πόνον +φεύγοντος καὶ οὐ δυναμένου καρτερεῖν οὐδὲ ἀντέχειν +πρὸς κάματον. ταῦτα δὲ οὐ παραινῶν μόνον +οὐδὲ ἐπαινῶν τοῦς ἀγαθοὺς προθύμως καὶ χαριζόμενος +ἢ κολάζων ἐγκρατῶς [C] καὶ ἀπαραιτήτως ξυμπείθει +καὶ βιάζεται, ἀλλὰ πολὺ πρότερον αὑτὸν +τοιοῦτον ἐπιδεικνύων, ἀπεχόμενος μὲν ἡδονῆς +ἁπάσης, χρημάτων δὲ οὐδὲν οὔτε σμικρὸν οὔτε +μεῖζον ἐπιθυμῶν καὶ ἀφαιρούμενος τῶν ὑπηκόων, +ὕπνῳ τε εἴκων ὀλίγα καὶ τὴν ἀργίαν ἀποστρεφόμενος, +ἀληθῶς γὰρ οὐδεὶς οὐδενὸς εἰς οὐδὲν ἄξιος +καθεύδων ἀνὴρ ἢ καὶ ἐγρηγορὼς τοῖς καθεύδουσιν +ἐμφερής. πειθομένους δὲ αὐτοὺς ἕξει καλῶς αὑτῷ +τε οἲμαι καὶ τοῖς ἄρχουσιν, [D] εἰ τοῖς ἀρίστοις +πειθόμενος νόμοις καὶ τοῖς ὀρθοῖς ξυνεπόμενος +διατάγμασι δῆλος εἴη, καὶ ὅλως τὴν ἡγεμονίαν +ἀποδοὺς τῷ φύσει βασιλικῷ καὶ ἡγεμονικῷ τῆς +ψυχῆς μορίῳ, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ τῷ θυμοειδεῖ καὶ ἀκολάστῳ. +καὶ καρτερεῖν δὲ καὶ ὑπομένειν τόν τε +ἐπὶ στρατιᾶς καὶ ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις κάματον ὁπόσα +τε κατὰ τὴν εἰρήνην ἐξηυρέθη γυμνάσια μελέτης +ἕνεκα τῆς πρὸς τοὺς ὀθνείους ἀγῶνας, πῶς ἄν +τις μάλιστα πείσας εἴη,<note place='foot'>πείσας εἴη Naber, cf. 272 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>, 281 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>, πείτειεν Hertlein, +πεισθείη MSS.</note> ἢ δῆλον ὡς αὐτὸς ὁρώμενος +καρτερὸς καὶ ἀδαμάντινος; [88] ἔστι γὰρ ἀληθῶς +ἥδιστον θέαμα στρατιώτῃ πονουμένῳ σώφρων +αὐτοκράτωρ, συνεφαπτόμενος ἔργων καὶ προθυμούμενος +<pb n='234'/><anchor id='Pg234'/><anchor id='Pg235'/> +καὶ παρακαλῶν καὶ ἐν τοῖς δοκοῦσι +φοβεροῖς φαιδρὸς καὶ ἀδεὴς καὶ ὅπου λίαν θαρροῦσι +σεμνὸς καὶ ἐμβριθής. πέφυκε γὰρ ἐξομοιοῦσθαι +πρὸς τὸν ἄρχοντα τὰ τῶν ὑπηκόων εὐλαβείας +πέρι καὶ θράσους. προνοητέον δὲ αὐτῷ +τῶν εἰρημένων οὐ μεῖον ὅπως ἄφθονον τὴν τροφὴν +ἔχωσι καὶ οὐδενὸς τῶν ἀναγκαίων ἐνδέωνται. +[B] πολλάκις γὰρ οἱ πιστότατοι τῶν ποιμνίων φρουροὶ +καὶ φύλακες ὑπὸ τῆς ἐνδείας ἀναγκαζόμενοι +ἄγριοι τέ εἰσι τοῖς νομεῦσι καὶ αὐτοὺς πόρρωθεν +ἰδόντες περιυλακτοῦσι καὶ οὐδὲ τῶν προβάτων +ἀπέσχοντο. +</p> + +<p> +(But it seems that my argument, as though it had +reached some steep descent, is glutting itself with +unsparing abuse, and is chastising the manners of +these men beyond what is fitting, so that I must not +allow it to travel further. But now I must demand +from it an account, as far as is possible, of the man +who is good and kingly and great-souled. In the +first place, then, he is devout and does not neglect +the worship of the gods, and secondly he is pious +and ministers to his parents, both when they are +alive and after their death, and he is friendly to his +brothers, and reverences the gods who protect the +family, while to suppliants and strangers he is mild +and gentle; and he is anxious to gratify good +citizens, and governs the masses with justice and for +their benefit. And wealth he loves, but not that +which is heavy with gold and silver, but that which +is full of the true good-will of his friends,<note place='foot'>A saying of Alexander, cf. Themistius 203 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>; Stobaeus, +<hi rend='italic'>Sermones</hi> 214; Isocrates, <hi rend='italic'>To Nicocles</hi> 21.</note> and +service without flattery. Though by nature he is +brave and gallant, he takes no pleasure in war, and +detests civil discord, though when men do attack him, +whether from some chance, or by reason of their own +wickedness, he resists them bravely and defends himself +with energy, and carries through his enterprises +to the end, not desisting till he has destroyed the +power of the foe and made it subject to himself. +But after he has conquered by force of arms, he +makes his sword cease from slaughter, because he +thinks that for one who is no longer defending +himself to go on killing and laying waste is to incur +pollution. And being by nature fond of work, and +great of soul, he shares in the labours of all; and claims +the lion's share of those labours, then divides with +the others the rewards for the risks which he has +run, and is glad and rejoices, not because he has +more gold and silver treasure than other men, and +palaces adorned with costly furniture, but because he +is able to do good to many, and to bestow on all men +whatever they may chance to lack. This is what he +who is truly a king claims for himself. And since +he loves both the city and the soldiers,<note place='foot'>Isocrates, <hi rend='italic'>To Nicocles</hi> 15; Dio Chrysostom, <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> i. +28.</note> he cares +for the citizens as a shepherd for his flock, planning +how their young may flourish and thrive, eating +their full of abundant and undisturbed pasture; and +his soldiers he oversees and keeps together, training +them in courage, strength and mercy, like well-bred +dogs, noble guardians of the flock,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Republic</hi> 416 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> regarding them +both as the partners of his exploits and the +protectors of the masses, and not as spoilers and +pillagers of the flock, like wolves and mongrel dogs +which, forgetting their own nature and nurture, turn +out to be marauders instead of preservers and +defenders. Yet on the other hand, he will not +suffer them to be sluggish, slothful and unwarlike, +lest the guardians should themselves need others +to watch them, nor disobedient to their officers, +because he knows that obedience above all else, +and sometimes alone, is the saving discipline in +war. And he will train them to be hardy and +not afraid of any labour, and never indolent, for +he knows that there is not much use in a guardian +who shirks his task and cannot hold out or endure +fatigue. And not only by exhorting, or by his +readiness to praise the deserving or by rewarding +and punishing severely and inexorably, does he win +them over to this and coerce them; but far rather +does he show that he is himself what he would have +them be, since he refrains from all pleasure, and as +for money desires it not at all, much or little, nor +robs his subjects of it; and since he abhors indolence +he allows little time for sleep, For in truth no +one who is asleep is good for anything,<note place='foot'>Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi> 808 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> nor if, when +awake he resembles those who are asleep. And he +will, I think, succeed in keeping them wonderfully +obedient to himself and to their officers, since he +himself will be seen to obey the wisest laws and to +live in accordance with right precepts, and in short +to be under the guidance of that part of the +soul which is naturally kingly and worthy to take +the lead, and not of the emotional or undisciplined +part. For how could one better persuade men +to endure and undergo fatigue, not only in a campaign +and under arms, but also in all those exercises +that have been invented in times of peace to give +men practice for conflicts abroad, than by being +clearly seen to be oneself strong as adamant? For in +truth the most agreeable sight for a soldier, when +he is fighting hard, is a prudent commander who +takes an active part in the work in hand, himself +zealous while exhorting his men, who is cheerful and +calm in what seems to be a dangerous situation, but +on occasion stern and severe whenever they are over +confident. For in the matter of caution or boldness +the subordinate naturally imitates his leader. And he +must plan as well, no less than for what I have +mentioned, that they may have abundant provisions +and run short of none of the necessaries of life. For +often the most loyal guardians and protectors of the +flock are driven by want to become fierce towards +the shepherds, and when they see them from afar +they bark at them and do not even spare the sheep.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Republic</hi> 416 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note>) +</p> + +<p> +Τοιοῦτος μὲν ἐπὶ στρατοπέδων ὁ γενναῖος, πόλει +δὲ σωτὴρ καὶ κηδεμών, οὔτι τοὺς ἔξωθεν μόνον +ἀπείργων κινδύνους οὐδὲ ἀντιταττόμενος ἢ καὶ +ἐπιστρατεύων βαρβάροις γείτοσι· στάσιν δὲ +ἐξαιρῶν καὶ ἔθη [C] μοχθηρὰ καὶ τρυφὴν καὶ ἀκολασίαν +τῶν μεγίστων κακῶν παρέξει ῥᾳστώνην. +ὕβριν δὲ ἐξείργων καὶ παρανομίαν καὶ ἀδικίαν +καὶ ἐπιθυμίαν ἀμέτρου κτήσεως τὰς<note place='foot'>Before τὰς Hertlein omits καὶ.</note> ἐκ τούτων +ἀναφυομένας στάσεις καὶ ἔριδας εἰς οὐδὲν χρηστὸν +τελευτώσας οὐδὲ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἀνέξεται φῶναι, γενομένας +δὲ ὡς ἔνι τάχιστα ἀφανιεῖ<note place='foot'>ἀφανιεῖ Cobet, ἀφανίσει MSS., Hertlein.</note> καὶ ἐξελάσει +τῆς αὑτοῦ πόλεως. λήσεται δὲ αὐτὸν οὐδεὶς +ὑπερβὰς τὸν νόμον καὶ βιασάμενος, οὐ<note place='foot'>οὐ Hertlein adds.</note> μᾶλλον ἢ +τῶν πολεμίων τις τὸν χάρακα. [D] φύλαξ δὲ ὢν +ἀγαθὸς τῶν νόμων, ἀμείνων ἔσται δημιουργός, εἴ +ποτε καιρὸς καὶ τύχη καλοίη· καὶ οὐδεμία μηχανὴ +πείθει τὸν τοιοῦτον ψευδῆ καὶ κίβδηλον καὶ νόθον +<pb n='236'/><anchor id='Pg236'/><anchor id='Pg237'/> +τοῖς κειμένοις ἐπεισάγειν νόμον, οὐ μᾶλλον ἢ τοῖς +αὑτοῦ παισὶ δούλειον καὶ ἀγεννὲς ἐπεισαγαγεῖν<note place='foot'>ἐπεισαγαγεῖν Hertlein, ἐπαγαγεῖν MSS.</note> +σπέρμα. δίκης δὲ αὐτῷ μέλει καὶ θέμιδος, καὶ +οὔτε γονεῖς οὔτε ξυγγενεῖς καὶ φίλοι πείθουσι +καταχαρίσασθαί [89] σφιν καὶ προδοῦναι τὸ ἔνδικον. +ὑπολαμβάνει γὰρ ἁπάντων εἶναι τὴν πατρίδα +κοινὴν ἑστίαν καὶ μητέρα, πρεσβυτέραν μὲν καὶ +σεμνοτέραν τῶν<note place='foot'>After τῶν Hertlein omits φίλων καὶ.</note> πατέρων, φιλτέραν δὲ ἀδελφῶν +καὶ ξένων καὶ φίλων· ἧς ἀποσυλῆσαι τὸν νόμον +καὶ βιάσασθαι μεῖζον ἀσέβημα κρίνει τῆς περὶ τὰ +χρήματα τῶν θεῶν παρανομίας. ἔστι γὰρ ὁ νόμος +ἔκγονος<note place='foot'>ἔγγονος Hertlein, MSS.</note> τῆς δίκης, ἱερὸν ἀνάθημα καὶ θεῖον ἀληθῶς +τοῦ μεγίστου θεοῦ, ὃν οὐδαμῶς ὅ γε ἔμφρων ἀνὴρ +περὶ σμικροῦ ποιήσεται οὐδὲ ἀτιμάσει· [B] ἀλλὰ ἐν +δίκῃ πάντα δρῶν τοὺς μὲν ἀγαθοὺς τιμήσει προθύμως, +τοὺς μοχθηροὺς δὲ ἐς δύναμιν ἰᾶσθαι +καθάπερ ἰατρὸς ἀγαθὸς προθυμήσεται. +</p> + +<p> +(Such then is the good king at the head of his +legions, but to his city he is a saviour and protector, +not only when he is warding off dangers from without +or repelling barbarian neighbours or invading them; +but also by putting down civil discord, vicious +morals, luxury and profligacy, he will procure relief +from the greatest evils. And by excluding insolence, +lawlessness, injustice and greed for boundless +wealth, he will not permit the feuds that arise from +these causes and the dissensions that end in disaster +to show even the first sign of growth, and if they +do arise he will abolish them as quickly as possible +and expel them from his city. And no one who +transgresses and violates the law will escape his +notice, no more than would an enemy in the act of +scaling his defences. But though he is a good +guardian of the laws, he will be still better at +framing them, if ever occasion and chance call on +him to do so. And no device can persuade one of +his character to add to the statutes a false and +spurious and bastard law, any more than he would +introduce among his own sons a servile and vulgar +strain. For he cares for justice and the right, and +neither parents nor kinsfolk nor friends can persuade +him to do them a favour and betray the cause of +justice. For he looks upon his fatherland as the +common hearth and mother of all, older and more +reverend than his parents, and more precious than +brothers or friends or comrades; and to defraud or +do violence to her laws he regards as a greater +impiety than sacrilegious robbery of the money that +belongs to the gods. For law is the child of justice, +the sacred and truly divine adjunct of the most +mighty god, and never will the man who is wise +make light of it or set it at naught. But since all +that he does will have justice in view, he will be +eager to honour the good, and the vicious he will, +like a good physician, make every effort to cure.) +</p> + +<p> +Διττῶν δὲ ὄντων τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων, καὶ τῶν +μὲν ὑποφαινόντων ἐλπίδας ἀμείνους καὶ οὐ πάντη +τὴν θεραπείαν ἀπεστραμμένων, τῶν δὲ ἀνίατα +πλημμελούντων· τούτοις δὲ οἱ νόμοι θάνατον +λύσιν τῶν κακῶν ἐπενόησαν, οὐκ εἰς τὴν ἐκείνων +μᾶλλον, εἰς δὲ τὴν ἄλλων ὠφέλειαν· [C] διττὰς +δ᾽ ἀνάγκη τὰς κρίσεις γίγνεσθαι. οὐκοῦν τῶν +μὲν ἰασίμων αὑτῷ προσήκειν ὑπολήψεται τήν +τε ἐπίγνωσιν καὶ τὴν θεραπείαν, ἀφέξεται δὲ +τῶν ἄλλων μάλα ἐρρωμένως, καὶ οὐκ ἄν ποτε +ἑκὼν ἅψαιτο κρίσεως, ἐφ᾽ ᾗ θάνατος ἡ ζημία +παρὰ τῶν νόμων τοῖς ὠφληκόσι τὴν δίκην +<pb n='238'/><anchor id='Pg238'/><anchor id='Pg239'/> +προηγόρευται.<note place='foot'>προηγόρευται Hertlein suggests, προαγορεύεται MSS.</note> νομοθετῶν δὲ ὑπὲρ τῶν τοιούτων +ὕβριν μὲν καὶ χαλεπότητα καὶ πικρίαν τῶν τιμωριῶν +ἀφαιρήσει, ἀποκληρώσει δὲ αὐτοῖς ἀνδρῶν +σωφρόνων καὶ [D] διὰ παντὸς τοῦ βίου βάσανον οὐ φαύλην +τῆς αὑτῶν ἀρετῆς παρασχομένων δικαστήριον,<note place='foot'>δικαστήριον Hertlein suggests, τὸ δικαστήριον MSS.</note> +οἳ μηδὲν αὐθαδῶς μηδὲ ὁρμῇ τινι παντελῶς ἀλόγῳ +χρώμενοι, ἐν ἡμέρας μορίῳ σμικρῷ βουλευσάμενοι, +τυχὸν δὲ οὐδὲ βουλῇ δόντες, ὑπὲρ ἀνδρὸς πολίτου +τὴν μέλαιναν οἴσουσι ψῆφον. αὐτῷ δὲ οὔτε ἐν +τῇ χειρὶ ξίφος εἰς πολίτου, κἂν ἀδικῇ τὰ ἔσχατα, +φόνον οὔτε ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ κέντρον ὑπεῖναι χρή, +ὅπου καὶ τὴν τῶν μελιττῶν ὁρῶμεν βασιλεύουσαν +καθαρὰν [90] ὑπὸ τῆς φύσεως πλήκτρου γενομένην. +ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ εἰς μελίττας βλεπτέον, εἰς αὐτὸν δὲ +οἶμαι τῶν θεῶν τὸν βασιλέα οὗπερ εἶναι χρὴ +τὸν ἀληθῶς ἄρχοντα προφήτην καὶ ὑπηρέτην. +οὐκοῦν ὅσα μὲν ἀγαθὰ γέγονε παντελῶς τῆς +ἐναντίας ἄμικτα φύσεως καὶ ἐπ᾽ ὠφελείᾳ κοινῇ +τῶν ἀνθρώπων καὶ τοῦ παντὸς κόσμου, τούτων +δὲ αὐτὸς ἦν τε καὶ ἔστι δημιουργός· τὰ κακὰ +δὲ οὔτ᾽ ἐγέννησεν οὔτ᾽ ἐπέταξεν εἶναι, ἀλλ᾽ αὐτὰ +μὲν ἐφυγάδευσεν ἐξ οὐρανοῦ, [B] περὶ δὲ τὴν γῆν +στρεφόμενα καὶ τὴν ἐκεῖθεν ἀποικίαν σταλεῖσαν +τῶν ψυχῶν διαλαβόμενα κρίνειν ἐπέταξε καὶ +διακαθαίρειν τοῖς αὑτοῦ παισὶ καὶ ἐγγόνοις. τούτων +δὲ οἱ μέν εἰσι σωτῆρες καὶ ἐπίκουροι τῆς +ἀνθρωπίνης φύσεως, ἄλλοι δὲ ἀπαραίτητοι κριταί, +τῶν ἀδικημάτων ὀξεῖαν καὶ δεινὴν ἐπάγοντες δίκην +ζῶσί τε ἀνθρώποις καὶ ἀπολυθεῖσι τῶν σωμάτων, +<pb n='240'/><anchor id='Pg240'/><anchor id='Pg241'/> +οἱ δὲ ὥσπερ δήμιοι [C] τιμωροί τινες καὶ ἀποπληρωταὶ +τῶν δικασθέντων, ἕτερον τῶν φαύλων καὶ +ἀνοήτων δαιμόνων τὸ φῦλον· ἃ δὴ μιμητέον τῷ +γενναίῳ καὶ θεοφιλεῖ, καὶ μεταδοτέον πολλοῖς +μὲν τῆς ἑαυτοῦ ἀρετῆς<note place='foot'>τῆς ἑαυτοῦ ἀρετῆς Reiske, ἀρετῆς MSS., Hertlein.</note> διὰ φιλίας ἐς ταύτην τὴν +κοινωνίαν προσληφθεῖσιν.<note place='foot'>κοινωνίαν προσληφθεῖσιν. Reiske, κοινωνίαν, MSS., Hertlein.</note> ἀρχὰς δὲ ἐπιτρεπτέον +οἰκείας ἑκάστου τῇ φύσει καὶ προαιρέσει, +τῷ μὲν ἀνδρώδει καὶ τολμηρῷ καὶ μεγαλοθύμῳ +μετὰ ξυνέσεως στρατιωτικάς, ἵν᾽ εἰς δέον ἔχῃ +τῷ θυμῷ χρῆσθαι καὶ τῇ ῥώμῃ, τῷ δικαίῳ δὲ καὶ +πρᾴῳ καὶ [D] φιλανθρώπῳ καὶ πρὸς οἶκτον εὐχερῶς +ἐπικλωμένῳ τῶν πολιτικῶν τὰς ἀμφὶ τὰ συναλλάγματα, +βοηθείας τοῖς ἀσθενεστέροις καὶ ἁπλουστέροις +μηχανώμενον καὶ πένησι πρὸς τοὺς +ἰσχυροὺς καὶ ἀπατεῶνας καὶ πανούργους καὶ +ἐπαιρομένους τοῖς χρήμασιν ἐς τὸ βιάζεσθαι +καὶ ὑπερορᾶν τῆς δίκης, τῷ δὲ ἐξ ἀμφοῖν κεκραμένῳ +μείζονα ἐν<note place='foot'>μείζονα ἐν Hertlein suggests, μείζονα τε ἐν MSS.</note> τῇ πόλει τιμὴν καὶ δύναμιν +περιθετέον, καὶ αὐτῷ τὰς ὑπὲρ τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων +κρίσεις, [91] οἷς ἕπεται τιμωρία καὶ κόλασις +ἔνδικος ἐπ᾽ ὠφελείᾳ τῶν ἀδικουμένων ἐπιτρέπων<note place='foot'>ἀδικουμένων ἐπιτρέπων Reiske, ἀδικουμένων, MSS., Hertlein.</note> +ὀρθῶς ἂν καὶ ἐμφρόνως λογίζοιτο. κρίνας γὰρ ὁ +τοιοῦτος ἀδεκάστως ἅμα τοῖς συνέδροις παραδώσει +τῷ δημίῳ τὰ γνωσθέντα ἐπιτελεῖν, οὔτε διὰ θυμοῦ +μέγεθος οὔτε διὰ μαλακίαν ψυχῆς ἁμαρτάνων +τοῦ φύσει διακαίου. κινδυνεύει δὲ ὁ κράτιστος ἐν +πόλει τοιοῦτός τις εἶναι, [B] τὰ μὲν ἐν ἀμφοτέροις +ἔχων ἀγαθά, τὰς δὲ οἷον κῆρας ἐκ τοῦ πλεονάζοντος +<pb n='242'/><anchor id='Pg242'/><anchor id='Pg243'/> +ἐν ἑκάστῳ τῶν ἔμπροσθεν εἰρημένων ἐκφεύγων. +ἐφορῶν δὲ αὐτὸς ἅπαντα καὶ κατευθύνων καὶ +ἄρχων ἀρχόντων τοὺς μὲν ἐπὶ τῶν μεγίστων ἔργων +καὶ διοικήσεων τεταγμένους καὶ αὐτῷ τῆς ὑπὲρ +ἁπάντων βουλῆς κοινωνοῦντας ἀγαθούς τε εἶναι +καὶ ὅ,τι μάλιστα αὑτοῦ παραπλησίους εὔξεται +γενέσθαι. αἱρήσεται δὲ οὐχ ἁπλῶς οὐδὲ ὡς +ἔτυχεν, οὐδ᾽ ἐθελήσει φαυλότερος εἶναι κριτὴς τῶν +λιθογνωμόνων [C] καὶ τῶν βασανιζόντων τὸ χρυσίον +ἢ τὴν πορφύραν. τούτοις γὰρ οὐ μία ὁδὸς ἐπὶ τὴν +ἐξέτασιν ἀπόχρη, ἀλλὰ συνιέντες οἶμαι τῶν +πανουργεῖν ἐθελόντων ποικίλην καὶ πολύτροπον +τὴν μοχθηρίαν καὶ τὰ ἐπιτεχνήματα εἰς δύναμιν +ἅπασιν ἀντετάξαντο, καὶ ἀντέστησαν ἐλέγχους +τοὺς ἐκ τῆς τέχνης. ὃ δὴ καὶ αὐτὸς περὶ τῆς +κακίας ὑπολαμβάνων, ὡς ἐστὶ ποικίλη καὶ ἀπατηλὴ +καὶ τοῦτό ἐστι χαλεπώτατον τῶν ἐκείνης +ἔργων, [D] ὅτι δὴ ψεύδεται πολλάκις ἀρετὴν ὑποδυομένη +καὶ ἐξαπατᾷ τοὺς οὐ δυναμένους ὀξύτερον +ὁρᾶν ἢ καὶ ἀποκάμνοντας τῷ μήκει τοῦ χρόνου +πρὸς τὴν ἐξέτασιν, τὸ παθεῖν τι τοιοῦτον ὀρθῶς +φυλάξεται. ἑλόμενος δὲ ἅπαξ καὶ περὶ αὑτὸν +τοὺς ἀρίστους ἔχων τούτοις ἐπιτρέψει τὴν τῶν +ἐλασσόνων ἀρχόντων αἵρεσιν. +</p> + +<p> +(But there are two kinds of error, for in one type +of sinner may dimly be discerned a hope of improvement, +nor do they wholly reject a cure, while the +vices of others are incurable. And for the latter the +laws have contrived the penalty of death as a release +from evil, and this not only for the benefit of the +criminal, but quite as much in the interest of others. +Accordingly there must needs be two kinds of trials. +For when men are not incurable the king will +hold it to be his duty to investigate and to +cure. But with the others he will firmly refuse +to interfere, and will never willingly have anything +to do with a trial when death is the penalty +that has been ordained by the laws for the +guilty. However, in making laws for such offences, +he will do away with violence and harshness and +cruelty of punishment, and will elect by lot, to +judge them, a court of staid and sober men who +throughout their lives have admitted the most rigid +scrutiny of their own virtue, men who will not +rashly, or led by some wholly irrational impulse, +after deliberating for only a small part of the day, +or it may be without even debating, cast the black +voting-tablet in the case of a fellow-citizen. But in +his own hand no sword should lie ready to slay a +citizen, even though he has committed the blackest +crimes, nor should a sting lurk in his soul, considering +that, as we see, nature has made even the +queen-bee free from a sting. However it is not to +bees that we must look for our analogy, but in my +opinion to the king of the gods himself, whose +prophet and vice-regent the genuine ruler ought to +be. For wherever good exists wholly untainted by its +opposite, and for the benefit of mankind in common +and the whole universe, of this good God was and is +the only creator. But evil he neither created nor +ordered to be,<note place='foot'>Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Theaetetus</hi> 176 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> but he banished it from heaven, and +as it moves upon earth and has chosen for its abode +our souls, that colony which was sent down from +heaven, he has enjoined on his sons and descendants +to judge and cleanse men from it. Now of these +some are the friends and protectors of the human +race, but others are inexorable judges who inflict on +men harsh and terrible punishment for their misdeeds, +both while they are alive and after they are +set free from their bodies, and others again are as it +were executioners and avengers who carry out the +sentence, a different race of inferior and unintelligent +demons. Now the king who is good and a favourite +of the gods must imitate this example, and share +his own excellence with many of his subjects, whom, +because of his regard for them, he admits into this +partnership; and he must entrust them with offices +suited to the character and principles of each; +military command for him who is brave and daring +and high-spirited, but discreet as well, so that when +he has need he may use his spirit and energy; and +for him who is just and kind and humane and easily +prone to pity, that office in the service of the state +that relates to contracts, devising this means of protection +for the weaker and more simple citizens and +for the poor against the powerful, fraudulent and +wicked and those who are so buoyed up by their +riches that they try to violate and despise justice; +but to the man who combines both these temperaments +he must assign still greater honour and power +in the state, and if he entrust to him the trials of +offences for which are enacted just pains and penalties +with a view to recompensing the injured, that +would be a fair and wise measure. For a man of +this sort, together with his colleagues, will give an +impartial decision, and then hand over to the public +official the carrying out of the verdict, nor will he +through excess of anger or tender-heartedness fall +short of what is essentially just. Now the ruler in +our state will be somewhat like this, possessing only +what is good in both those qualities, and in every +quality that I mentioned earlier avoiding a fatal +excess.<note place='foot'>Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi> 937 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> And though he will in person oversee and +direct and govern the whole, he will see to it that +those of his officials who are in charge of the most +important works and management and who share his +councils for the general good, are virtuous men and as +far as possible like himself. And he will choose them, +not carelessly or at random, nor will he consent to be +a less rigorous judge than a lapidary or one who tests +gold plate or purple dye. For such men are not +satisfied with one method of testing, but since they +know, I suppose, that the wickedness and devices of +those who are trying to cheat them are various and +manifold, they try to meet all these as far as possible, +and they oppose to them the tests derived from their +art. So too our ruler apprehends that evil changes +its face and is apt to deceive, and that the cruellest +thing that it does is that it often takes men in by +putting on the garb of virtue, and hoodwinks those +who are not keen sighted enough, or who in course of +time grow weary of the length of the investigation, +and therefore he will rightly be on his guard against +any such deception. But when once he has chosen +them, and has about him the worthiest men, he will +entrust to them the choice of the minor officials.) +</p> + +<p> +Νόμων μὲν δὴ πέρι καὶ ἀρχόντων τοιάδε +γινώσκει. τοῦ πλήθους δὲ τὸ μὲν ἐν τοῖς ἄστεσιν +οὔτε ἀργὸν οὔτε αὔθαδες ἀνέξεται εἶναι οὔτε μὴν +ἐνδεὲς τῶν ἀναγκαίων· [92] τὸ δὲ ἐν τοῖς ἀγροῖς τῶν +γεωργῶν φῦλον ἀροῦντες καὶ φυτεύοντες τροφὴν +<pb n='244'/><anchor id='Pg244'/><anchor id='Pg245'/> +ἀποίσουσι τοῖς φύλαξι καὶ ἐπικούροις σφῶν, +μισθὸν καὶ ἐσθῆτα τὴν ἀναγκαίαν. οἰκοδομήματα +δὲ Ἀσσύρια καὶ πολυτελεῖς καὶ δαπανηρὰς +λειτουργίας χαίρειν ἐάσαντες ἐν εἰρήνῃ πολλῇ τῶν +τε ἔξωθεν πολεμίων καὶ τῶν οἴκοθεν καταβιώσονται, +ἀγαπῶντες μὲν τὸν αἴτιον τῶν παρόντων +σφίσι καθάπερ ἀγαθὸν δαίμονα, [B] ὑμνοῦντες δὲ ἐπ᾽ +αὐτῷ τὸν θεὸν καὶ ἐπευχόμενοι, οὔτι πλαστῶς οὐδὲ +ἀπὸ γλώττης, ἔνδοθεν δὲ ἀπ᾽ αὐτῆς τῆς ψυχῆς +αἰτοῦσιν αὐτῷ τὰ ἀγαθά. φθάνουσι δὲ οἱ θεοὶ τὰς +εὐχάς, καὶ αὐτῷ πρότερον τὰ θεῖα δόντες οὐτὲ τῶν +ἀνθρωπίνων ἐστέρησαν. εἰ δὲ τὸ χρεὼν βιάζοιτο +κακῷ τῷ περιπεσεῖν, τούτων δὴ τῶν θρυλουμένων +ἀνηκέστων, χορευτήν τε αὑτῶν ἐποιήσαντο καὶ +συνέστιον, [C] καὶ αὐτῷ κλέος καθ᾽ ἅπαντας ἤγειραν +ἀνθρώπους. ταῦτα ἐγὼ τῶν σοφῶν ἀκούω πολλάκις, +καί με ὁ λόγος ἰσχυρῶς πείθει. οὐκοῦν +καὶ ἐς ὑμᾶς αὐτὸν διεξῆλθον, μακρότερα μὲν τυχὸν +ἴσως τοῦ καιροῦ φθεγγόμενος, ἐλάττονα δὲ οἶμαι τῆς +ὑποθέσεως· καὶ ὅτῳ γέγονε τῶν τοιούτων λόγων +ἐπακούειν ἐν φροντίδι, οὗτος ὅτι μὴ ψεύδομαι +σαφῶς ἐπίσταται. ἑτέρα δέ ἐστιν αἰτία τοῦ +μήκους τῆς μὲν εἰρημένης ἧττον ἀναγκαία, [D] προσεχεστέρα +δὲ οἶμαι τῷ παρόντι λόγῳ· τυχὸν δὲ +οὐδὲ ταύτης ἀγηκόους ὑμᾶς εἶναι χρή. +</p> + +<p> +(Such is his policy with regard to the laws and +magistrates. As for the common people, those who +live in the towns he will not allow to be idle or impudent, +but neither will he permit them to be without +the necessaries of life. And the farming class +who live in the country, ploughing and sowing to +furnish food for their protectors and guardians, will +receive in return payment in money, and the clothes +that they need. But as for Assyrian palaces and +costly and extravagant public services, they will +have nothing to do with them, and will end their +lives in the utmost peace as regards enemies at home +and abroad, and will adore the cause of their good +fortune as though he were a kindly deity, and praise +God for him when they pray, not hypocritically or +with the lips only, but invoking blessings on him +from the bottom of their hearts. But the gods do +not wait for their prayers, and unasked they give +him celestial rewards, but they do not let him lack +human blessings either; and if fate should compel +him to fall into any misfortune, I mean one of those +incurable calamities that people are always talking +about, then the gods make him their follower and +associate, and exalt his fame among all mankind. +All this I have often heard from the wise, and in +their account of it I have the firmest faith. And so +I have repeated it to you, perhaps making a longer +speech than the occasion called for, but too short in +my opinion for the theme. And he to whom it has +been given to hear such arguments and reflect on +them, knows well that I speak the truth. But there +is another reason for the length of my speech, less +forcible, but I think more akin to the present +argument. And perhaps you ought not to miss +hearing this also.) +</p> + +<p> +Πρῶτον μὲν οὖν ὑπομνησθῶμεν μικρὰ τῶν +ἔμπροσθεν, ὁπότε τῆς ὑπὲρ τούτων διηγήσεως +ἀπεπαυόμεθα. ἔφαμέν που χρῆναι τοὺς σπουδαίους +τῶν ἀληθινῶν ἐπαίνων ἀκροατὰς οὐκ εἰς +ταῦτα ὁρᾶν, ὧν ἡ τύχη καὶ τοῖς μοχθηροῖς πολλάκις +<pb n='246'/><anchor id='Pg246'/><anchor id='Pg247'/> +μεταδίδωσιν, εἰς δὲ τὰς ἕξεις καὶ τὴν ἀρετήν, +ἧς μόνοις μέτεστι τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς ἀνδράσι καὶ φύσει +σπουδαίοις. [93] εἶτα ἐντεῦθεν ἑλόντες<note place='foot'>ἑλόντες Cobet, ἑλόντες τὴν ἀρχὴν MSS., Hertlein.</note> τοὺς ἑξῆς +ἐπεραίνομεν λόγους, ὡς πρὸς<note place='foot'>ὡς πρὸς Cobet, ὥσπερ MSS., Hertlein.</note> κανόνα τινὰ καὶ +στάθμην ἀπευθύνοντες, ᾗ τοὺς τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀνδρῶν +καὶ βασιλέων ἐπαίνους ἐναρμόττειν ἐχρῆν. καὶ +ὅτῳ μὲν ἀληθὴς καὶ ἀπαράλλακτος ἁρμονία πρὸς +τοῦτο γέγονε τὸ ἀρχέτυπον, ὄλβιος μὲν αὐτὸς καὶ +ὄντως εὐδαίμων, εὐτυχεῖς δὲ οἱ μεταλαβάντες τῆς +τοιαύτης ἀρχῆς· ὅστις δὲ ἐγγὺς ἀφίκετο, τῶν +[B] πλέον ἀπολειφθέντων ἀμείνων καὶ εὐτυχέστερος· +οἱ δὲ ἀπολειφθέντες παντελῶς ἢ καὶ τὴν ἐναντίαν +τραπόμενοι δυστυχεῖς καὶ ἀνόντοι καὶ μοχθηροί, +αὑτοῖς τε καὶ ἄλλοις τῶν μεγίστων αἴτιοι συμφορῶν. +</p> + +<p> +(In the first place, then, let me remind you briefly +of what I said before, when I broke off my discourse +for the sake of this digression. What I said was +that, when serious-minded people listen to sincere +panegyrics, they ought not to look to those things +of which fortune often grants a share even to the +wicked, but to the character of the man and his +virtues, which belong only to those who are good +and by nature estimable; and, taking up my tale at +that point, I pursued the arguments that followed, +guiding myself as it were by the rule and measure +to which one ought to adjust the eulogies of good +men and good kings. And when one of them +harmonises exactly and without variation with this +model, he is himself happy and truly fortunate, and +happy are those who have a share in such a +government as his. And he who comes near to +being like him is better and more fortunate than +those who fall further short of him. But those who +fail altogether to resemble him, or who follow an +opposite course, are ill-fated, senseless and wicked, +and cause the greatest disasters to themselves and +others.) +</p> + +<p> +Εἰ δὴ οὖν καὶ ὑμῖν ταῦτῃ πῃ ξυνδοκεῖ, ὥρα +ἐπεξιέναι τοῖς ἔργοις, ἂ τεθαυμάκαμεν. καὶ ὅπως +μή τις ὑπολάβῃ τὸν λόγον καθ᾽ αὑτὸν ἰόντα, +καθάπερ ἵππον ἀνταγωνιστοῦ στερόμενον ἐν τοῖς +δρόμοις, κρατεῖν καὶ ἀποφέρειν τὰ νικητήρια, +πειράσομαι, πῇ ποτε διαφέρετον ἀλλήλων ὅ τε +ἡμέτερος [C] καὶ ὁ τῶν σοφῶν ῥητόρων ἔπαινος, δεῖξαι. +οὐκοῦν οἱ μὲν τὸ προγόνων γενέσθαι δυναστῶν καὶ +βασιλέων θαυμάζουσι μάλα, ὀλβίων καὶ εὐδαιμόνων +μακαρίους ὑπολαμβάνοντες τοὺς ἐκγόνους· +τὸ δὲ ἐπὶ τούτοις οὔτε ἐνενόησαν οὔτε ἐσκέψαντο, +τίνα τρόπον διατελοῦσιν τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς<note place='foot'>τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς Hertlein suggests, ἀλλήλοις MSS.</note> χρώμενοι. +<pb n='248'/><anchor id='Pg248'/><anchor id='Pg249'/> +καίτοι γε τοῦτο ἦν τῆς εὐτυχίας ἐκείνης τὸ +κεφάλαιον καὶ σχεδὸν ἁπάντων τῶν ἐκτὸς ἀγαθῶν· +εἰ μή τις καὶ πρὸς τοὔνομα δυσχεραίνει, [D] τὴν κτῆσιν +ὑπὸ τῆς ἔμφρονος χρήσεως ἀγαθὴν καὶ φαύλην +ὑπὸ τῆς ἐναντίας γίγνεσθαι συμβαίνειν· ὥστε +οὐ μέγα, καθάπερ οἴονται, τὸ βασιλέως πλουσίου +καὶ πολυχρύσου γενέσθαι, μέγα δὲ ἀληθῶς τὸ τὴν +ἀρετὴν τὴν πατρῴαν ὑπερβαλλόμενον ἄμεμπτον +αὑτὸν τοῖς γειναμένοις παρασχεῖν εἰς ἅπαν. +</p> + +<p> +(And now if you are in any way of my opinion, +it is time to proceed to those achievements that +we have so admired. And lest any should think +that my argument is running alone, like a horse +in a race that has lost its competitor and for that +reason wins and carries off the prizes, I will try +to show in what way my encomium differs from that +of clever rhetoricians. For they greatly admire the +fact that a man is born of ancestors who had power +or were kings, since they hold that the sons of the +prosperous and fortunate are themselves blest. But +the question that next arises they neither think of +nor investigate, I mean how they employed their +advantages throughout their lives. And yet, after +all, this is the chief cause of that happiness, and of +almost all external goods. Unless indeed someone +objects to this statement that it is only by wise use +of it that property becomes a good, and that it is +harmful when the opposite use is made. So that it +is not a great thing, as they think, to be descended +from a king who was wealthy and <q>rich in gold,</q> +but it is truly great, while surpassing the virtue +of one's ancestors, to behave to one's parents in a +manner beyond reproach in all respects.) +</p> + +<p> +Βούλεσθε οὖν εἰ τοῦτο ὑπάρχει βασελεῖ καταμαθεῖν; +παρέξομαι δὲ ὑμῖν ἐγὼ μαρτυρίαν πιστὴν, +[94] καί με οὐχ αἱρήσετε ψευδομαρτυρίων,<note place='foot'>ψευδομαρτυρίων Cobet, ψευδομαρτυριῶν Hertlein, V, M, ψευδομαρτυρίας +MSS.</note> εὖ οἶδα· +ὑπομνήσω γὰρ ὑμᾶς<note place='foot'>ὑμᾶσ Hertlein suggests, ὑμᾶς αὐτοὺς MSS.</note> ὧν ἴστε· τυχὸν δὲ καὶ ἤδη +τοῦ λεγομένου ξυνίετε, εἴ τε οὔπω δῆλον, αὐτίκα +μάλα ξυνήσετε ἐννοήσαντες πρῶτον μὲν ὡς αὐτὸν +ὁ πατὴρ ἠγάπα διαφερόντως, οὔτι πρᾷος ὢν λίαν +τοῖς ἐκγόνοις οὐδὲ τῇ φύσει πλέον ἢ τῷ τρόπῳ +διδούς, ἡττώμενος δὲ οἶμαι τῆς θεραπείας καὶ +οὐκ ἔχων, [B] ὄτι μέμφοιτο, δῆλος ἦν εὔνους ὤν. +καὶ αὐτοῦ σημεῖον τῆς γνώμης, πρῶτον μὲν +ὅτι Κωνσταντίῳ ταύτην ἐξεῖλε τὴν μοῖραν, ἣν +αὑτῷ πρότερον προσήκειν ἔχειν ὑπέλαβεν, εἶθ᾽ +ὅτι τελευτῶν τὸν βίον, τὸν πρεσβύτατον καὶ τὸν +νεώτατον ἀφεὶς σχολὴν ἄγοντας, τοῦτον δὴ ἄσχολον +ἐκάλει καὶ ἐπέτρεπε τὰ περὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν +ξύμπαντα. γενόμενος δὲ ἐγκρατὴς ἁπάντων οὕτω +<pb n='250'/><anchor id='Pg250'/><anchor id='Pg251'/> +τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς δικαίως ἅμα καὶ σωφρόνως προσηνέχθη, +ὥστε οἱ μὲν οὔτε κληθέντες οὔτε ἀφικόμενοι +πρὸς [C] ἀλλήλους ἐστασίαζον καὶ διεμάχοντο, +τούτῳ δὲ ἐχαλέπαινον οὐδὲν οὐδὲ ἐμέμφοντο. +ἐπεὶ δὲ αὐτῶν ἡ στάσις τέλος εἶχεν οὐκ εὐτυχές, +ἐξὸν μεταποιεῖσθαι πλειόνων, ἑκὼν ἀφῆκε, τῆς +αὐτῆς ἀρετῆς ὑπολαμβάνων πολλά τε ἔθνη καὶ +ὀλίγα δεῖσθαι, περικεῖσθαι δέ, οἶμαι, φροντίδας +μείζονας ὅτῳ πλειόνων ἀνάνκη τημελεῖν καὶ<note place='foot'>τημελεῖν καὶ Cobet, [ἐπιμελεῖν καὶ] Hertlein, who suggests +κήδεσθαι καὶ ἐπαμύνειν, ἐπιμένειν M, ἐπισυνέχειν V, ἐπιμελεῖν +MSS.</note> +κήδεσθαι. οὐ γὰρ δὴ τρυφῆς ὑπολαμβάνει τὴν +βασιλείαν εἶναι παρασκευὴν οὐδέ, ὥσπερ ἐπὶ τῶν +χρημάτων εἰς πότους [D] καὶ ἡδονὰς οἱ καταχρώμενοι +μειζόνων εὐπορίαν προσόδων ἐπινοοῦσιν, οὕτω +χρῆναι τὸν βασιλέα παρασκευάζεσθαι, οὐδὲ ἀναιρεῖσθαι +πόλεμον, ὅ,τι μὴ τῶν ἀρχομένων τῆς +ὠφελείας ἕνεκα. οὐκοῦν ἐκείνῳ μὲν ἔχειν τὸ +πλέον ξυγχωρῶν, αὐτὸς δὲ μετὰ ἀρετῆς ἔλαττον +ἔχων τῷ κρατίστῳ πλεονεκτεῖν ὑπέλαβε. καὶ +ὅτι μὴ δέει [95] μᾶλλον τῆς ἐκείνου παρασκευῆς τὴν +ἡσυχίαν ἠγάπα, τεκμήριον ὑμῖν ἐμφανὲς ἔστω ὁ +μετὰ ταῦτα ξυμπεσὼν πόλεμος. ἐχρήσατο γοῦν +πρὸς τὰς ἐκείνου δυνάμεις ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ τοῖς ὅπλοις +ὕστερον. πάλιν δὲ ἐνταῦθα ἐκεῖνοι μέν που τὸ +νικᾶν τεθαυμάκασιν· ἐγὼ δὲ πολὺ πλέον τὸ ξὺν +δίκῃ μὲν ἀνελέσθαι τὸν πόλεμον, διενεγκεῖν δὲ +<pb n='252'/><anchor id='Pg252'/><anchor id='Pg253'/> +ἀνδρείως καὶ μάλα ἐμπείρως, ἐπιθείσης δὲ τὸ +τέλος τῆς τύχης δεξιὸν χρήσασθαι τῇ νίκῃ σωφρόνως +καὶ βασιλικῶς, καὶ ὅλως ἄξιον τοῦ κρατεῖν +φανῆναι. +</p> + +<p> +(Do you wish to learn whether this is true of the +Emperor? I will offer you trustworthy evidence, +and I know well that you will not convict me of +false witness. For I shall but remind you of what +you know already. And perhaps you understand +even now what I mean, but if it is not yet evident +you very soon will, when you call to mind that the +Emperor's father loved him more than the others, +though he was by no means over-indulgent to his +children, for it was character that he favoured rather +than the ties of blood; but he was, I suppose, won +over by the Emperor's dutiful service to him, and +as he had nothing to reproach him with, he made his +affection for him evident. And a proof of his feeling +is, first, that he chose for Constantius that portion of +the empire which he had formerly thought best suited +to himself, and, secondly, that when he was at the +point of death he passed over his eldest<note place='foot'>Constantine II.</note> and +youngest<note place='foot'>Constans.</note> sons, though they were at leisure, and +summoned Constantius, who was not at leisure, and +entrusted him with the whole government. And +when he had become master of the whole, he behaved +to his brothers at once so justly and with such +moderation, that, while they who had neither been +summoned nor had come of themselves quarrelled +and fought with one another, they showed no resentment +against Constantius, nor ever reproached him. +And when their feud reached its fatal issue<note place='foot'>Constantine II was slain while marching against +Constans.</note>, though +he might have laid claim to a greater share of +empire, he renounced it of his own free will, because +he thought that many nations or few called for the +exercise of the same virtues, and also, perhaps, that +the more a man has to look after and care for the +greater are the anxieties beset him. For he does +not think that the imperial power is a means of +procuring luxury, nor that, as certain men who have +wealth and misapply it for drink and other pleasures +set their hearts on lavish and ever-increasing revenues, +this ought to be an emperor's policy, nor that he ought +ever to embark on a war except only for the benefit of +his subjects. And so he allowed his brother<note place='foot'>Constans.</note> to have +the lion's share, and thought that if he himself possessed +the smaller share with honour, he had the advantage +in what was most worth having. And that +it was not rather from fear of his brother's resources +that he preferred peace, you may consider clearly +proved by the war that broke out later. For he had +recourse to arms later on against his brother's forces, +but it was to avenge him<note place='foot'>Constans was slain by the soldiers of Magnentius.</note>. And here again there +are perhaps some who have admired him merely for +having won the victory. But I admire far more the +fact that it was with justice that he undertook the +war, and that he carried it through with great +courage and skill, and, when fortune gave him a +favourable issue, used his victory with moderation +and in imperial fashion, and showed himself entirely +worthy to overcome.) +</p> + +<p> +[B] Βούλεσθε οὖν καὶ τούτων ὑμῖν ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς +δικαστηρίοις ὀνομαστὶ καλῶμεν τοὺς μάρτυρας; +καὶ ὅτι μὲν οὐδείς πω πόλεμος συνέστη πρότερον +οὐδὲ ἐπὶ τὴν Τροίαν τοῖς Ἕλλησιν οὐδὲ ἐπὶ τοὺς +Πέρσας Μακεδόσιν, οἵπερ δὴ δοκοῦσιν ἐν δίκῃ +γενέσθαι, τοσαύτην ἔχων ὑπόθεσιν, καὶ παιδί που +δῆλον, τοῖς μέν γε λίαν ἀρχαίων ἀδικημάτων +τιμωρίας σφόδρα νεαρᾶς<note place='foot'>νεαρᾶς Hertlein suggests, νεωτέρας MSS.</note> οὔτ᾽ εἰς παῖδας οὔτε εἰς +ἐγγόνους γενομένης, ἀλλὰ εἰς τὸν ἀφελόμενον καὶ +ἀποστερήσαντα [C] τὴν ἀρχὴν τοὺς τῶν ἀδικησάντων +ἀπογόνους· Ἀγαμέμνων δὲ ὥρμητο +</p> + +<p> +(Now do you wish that, as though I were in a law-court, +I should summon before you by name witnesses +of this also? But it is plain even to a child that no +war ever yet arose that had so good an excuse, not +even of the Greeks against Troy or of the Macedonians<note place='foot'>Under Alexander.</note> +against the Persians, though these wars, at +any rate, are thought to have been justified, since +the latter was to exact vengeance in more recent +times for very ancient offences, and that not on sons or +grandsons, but on him<note place='foot'>Darius III.</note> who had robbed and deprived +of their sovereignty the descendants of those +very offenders. And Agamemnon set forth) +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>τίσασθαι Ἑλένης ὁρμήματά τε στοναχάς τε,</l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>To avenge the strivings and groans of Helen,</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 2. 356.</note>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς Τρῶας ἐστράτευε γυναῖκα μίαν ἐκδικεῖν +ἐθέλων. τῷ δὲ ἔτι μὲν ἦν νεαρὰ τὰ ἀδικήματα, +ἦρχε δὲ οὐ κατὰ Δαρεῖον οὐδὲ Πρίαμον +ἀνὴρ εὐγενὴς καὶ τυχὸν δι᾽ ἀρετὴν ἢ κατὰ γένος +προσηκούσης αὐτῷ τῆς βασιλείας ἀξιωθείς, ἀλλὰ +ἀναιδὴς καὶ τραχὺς βάρβαρος τῶν ἑαλωκότων οὐ +πρὸ πολλοῦ. [D] καὶ ὅσα μὲν ἔπραξε καὶ ὅπως +ἦρχεν, οὔτε ἡδύ μοι λέγειν οὔτε ἐν καιρῷ· ἐν δίκῃ +δὲ ὅτι πρὸς αὐτὸν ἐπολέμησεν, ἀκηκόατε. τῆς δὲ +ἐμπειρίας καὶ τῆς ἀνδρείας ἱκανὰ μὲν τὰ πρόσθεν +ῥηθέντα σημεῖα, πιστότερα δέ, οἶμαι, τὰ ἔργα τῶν +<pb n='254'/><anchor id='Pg254'/><anchor id='Pg255'/> +λόγων. τὰ δὲ ἐπὶ τῇ νίκῃ γενόμενα καὶ ὅπως +ξίφους μὲν οὐδὲν ἐδέησεν ἔτι, οὐδ᾽ εἴ τις ἀδικημάτων +μειζόνων εἶχεν ὑποψίαν, [96] οὐδὲ εἴ τῳ πρὸς τὸν +τύραννον οἰκειοτέρα γέγονε φιλία, οὐδὲ μὴν εἴ τις +ἐκείνῳ χαριζόμενος φέρειν τε ἠξίου κηρύκιον καὶ +ἐλοιδορεῖτο βασιλεῖ, τῆς προπετείας ἀπέτισε +δίκην, ὅ,τι μὴ τἆλλα μοχθηρὸς ἦν, ἐννοήσατε δὴ +πρὸς φιλίου Διός. ποταπὸν δὲ χρῆμα λοιδορία; +ὡς θυμοδακὲς ἀληθῶς καὶ ἀμύττον ψυχὴν μᾶλλον +ἢ σίδηρος χρῶτα; οὐκοῦν καὶ τὸν Ὀδυσσέα +παρώξυνεν εἰς δύναμιν ἀμύνασθαι λόγῳ τε καὶ +ἔργῳ· διηνέχθη γοῦν ὑπὲρ τούτου πρὸς τὸν +ξενοδόκον αὐτὸς ὢν ἀλήτης καὶ ξένος, καὶ ταῦτα +εἰδώς, ὅτι +</p> + +<p> +(for it was because he desired to avenge one woman +that he went to war with the Trojans. But the +wrongs done to Constantius were still fresh, and he<note place='foot'>Magnentius.</note> +who was in power was not, like Darius or Priam, a man +of royal birth who, it may be, laid claim to an empire +that belonged to him by reason of his birth or his +family, but a shameless and savage barbarian who not +long before had been among the captives of war.<note place='foot'>cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> l. 34 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> +But all that he did and how he governed is neither +agreeable for me to tell nor would it be well-timed. +And that the Emperor was justified in making war on +him you have heard, and of his skill and courage +what I said earlier is proof enough, but deeds are, I +think, more convincing than words. But what happened +after the victory, and how he no longer made +use of the sword, not even against those who were +under suspicion of serious crimes, or who had been +familiar friends of the usurper, nay not even against +anyone who, to curry favour with the latter, had +stooped to win a tale-bearer's fee by slandering the +Emperor, consider, in the name of Zeus the god of +friendship, that not even these paid the penalty of +their audacity, except when they were guilty of other +crimes. And yet what a terrible thing is slander! +How truly does it devour the heart and wound the +soul as iron cannot wound the body! This it was +that goaded Odysseus to defend himself by word and +deed. At any rate it was for this reason that he +quarrelled with his host<note place='foot'>Alcinous.</note> when he was himself a +wanderer and a guest, and though he knew that) +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>Ἄφρων ... καὶ οὐτιδανὸς πέλει ἀνήρ,</l> +<l>Ὅστις ξεινοδόκῳ ἔριδα προφέρῃσι βαρεῖαν,</l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>Foolish and of nothing worth is that man who +provokes a violent quarrel with his host.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 8. 209.</note>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +καὶ Ἀλέξανδρον τὸν Φιλίππου καὶ Ἀχιλλέα +τὸν Θέτιδος<note place='foot'>τὸν V, τὸν τῆς MSS.</note> καὶ ἄλλους δὲ τινας οὐ φαύλος +οὐδὲ ἀγεννεῖς ἀνθρώπους. [C] μόνῳ δὲ ὑπῆρχεν, +οἶμαι, Σωκράτει καὶ σπανίοις τισὶν ἐκείνου +ζηλωταῖς, εὐδαίμοσιν ἀληθῶς καὶ μακαρίοις +γενομένοις, τὸν ἔσχατον ἀποδύσασθαι χιτῶνα +τῆς φιλοτιμίας. φιλότιμον γὰρ δεινῶς τὸ πάθος, +καὶ ἔοικεν ἐμφύεσθαι διὰ τοῦτο μᾶλλον ταῖς +γενναίαις ψυχαῖς· ἄχθονται γὰρ ὡς ἐναντιωτάτῳ +σφίσι λοιδορίᾳ, [D] καὶ τοὺς ἀπορρίπτοντας ἐς αὐτοὺς +<pb n='256'/><anchor id='Pg256'/><anchor id='Pg257'/> +τοιαῦτα ῥήματα μισοῦσι μᾶλλον ἢ τοὺς ἐπάγοντας +τὸν σίδηρον καὶ ἐπιβουλεύοντας φόνον, διαφόρους +τε αὑτοῖς ὑπολαμβάνουσι φύσει καὶ οὐ νόμῳ, εἴ γε +οἱ μὲν ἐπαίνου καὶ τιμῆς ἐρῶσιν, οἱ δὲ οὐ τούτων +μόνον ἀφαιροῦνται, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς μηχανῶνται +βλασφημίας ψευδεῖς. τούτου καὶ Ἡρακλέα +φασὶ καὶ ἄλλους δέ τινας ἀκράτορας τοῦ πάθους +γενέσθαι. ἐγὼ δὲ οὔτε περὶ ἐκείνων τῷ λόγῳ +πείθομαι, καὶ βασιλέα τεθέαμαι σφόδρα ἐγκρατῶς +τὴν λοιδορίαν ἀποτρεψάμενον,<note place='foot'>ἀποτρεψάμενον Hertlein suggests, δεξάμενον Petavius, +τρεψάμενον MSS.</note> [97] οὔτι φαυλότερον +ἔργον, ὡς ἐγὼ κρίνω, τοῦ Τροίαν ἑλεῖν καὶ +φάλαγγα γενναίαν τρέψασθαι. εἰ δὲ ἀπιστεῖ τις +καὶ οὐ μέγα οἴεται οὐδὲ ἄξιον έπαίνων τοσούτων, +ἐς αὑτὸν ἀφορῶν, ὅταν ἔν τινι τοιαύτῃ ξυμφορᾷ +γένηται, κρινέτω, καὶ αὐτῷ οὐ σφόδρα ληρεῖν +δόξομεν, ὡς ἐγὼ πείθομαι. +</p> + +<p> +(And so it was with Alexander, Philip's son, and +Achilles, son of Thetis, and others who were not +worthless or ignoble men. But only to Socrates, I +think, and a few others who emulated him, men +who were truly fortunate and happy, was it given +to put off the last garment that man discards—the +love of glory.<note place='foot'><p>Dioscorides in Athenaeus 507 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>; Tacitus <hi rend='italic'>Hist.</hi> 4. 6; cf. +Milton <hi rend='italic'>Lycidas</hi>, +</p> +<p> +<q>Fame is the spur that the clear spirit doth raise<lb/> +(That last infirmity of noble mind).</q></p></note> For resentment of calumny is due +to the passion for glory, and for this reason it is +implanted most deeply in the noblest souls. For +they resent it as their deadliest foe, and +those who hurl at them slanderous language they +hate more than men who attack them with the +sword or plot their destruction; and they regard +them as differing from themselves, not merely in +their acquired habits, but in their essential nature, +seeing that they love praise and honour, and the +slanderer not only robs them of these, but also +manufactures false accusations against them. They +say that even Heracles and certain other heroes +were swayed by these emotions. But for my part +I do not believe this account of them, and as for the +Emperor I have seen him repelling calumny with +great self-restraint, which in my judgment is no +slighter achievement than <q>to take Troy</q><note place='foot'>A proverb, cf. Euripides, <hi rend='italic'>Andromache</hi> 368.</note> or rout +a powerful phalanx. And if anyone does not believe +me, and thinks it no great achievement nor worth +all these praises, let him observe himself when +a misfortune of this sort happens to him, and then +let him decide; and I am convinced that he will not +think that I am talking with exceeding folly.) +</p> + +<p> +Τοιοῦτος δὲ ὢν καὶ γενόμενος βασιλεὺς μετὰ +τὸν πόλεμον εἰκότως οὐ μόνον ἐστὶ ποθεινὸς τοῖς +φίλοις καὶ ἀγαπητός, [B] πολλοῖς<note place='foot'>πολλοῖς fl., Hertlein prefers, πολλῆς MSS.</note> μὲν τιμῆς καὶ +δυνάμεως καὶ παρρησίας μεταδιδούς, χρήματα δὲ +αὐτοῖς ἄφθονα χαριζόμενος καὶ χρῆσθαι ὅπως τις +βούλεται τῷ πλούτῳ ξυγχωρῶν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς +πολεμίοις τοιοῦτος ἐδόκει. τεκμήριον δὲ ὑμῖν +ἐμφανὲς καὶ τοῦδε γιγνέσθω· ἄνδρες, τῆς γερουσίας +ὅτιπερ ὄφελος, ἀξιώσει καὶ πλούτῳ καὶ +ξυνέσει διαφέροντες τῶν ἄλλων, ὥσπερ ἐς λιμένα +καταφεύγοντες τὴν τούτου δεξιάν, ἑστίας τε +<pb n='258'/><anchor id='Pg258'/><anchor id='Pg259'/> +λιπόντες [C] καὶ οἴκους καὶ παῖδας Παιονίαν μὲν ἀντὶ +τῆς Ῥώμης, τὴν μετὰ τούτου δὲ ἀντὶ τῶν φιλτάτων +συνουσίαν ἠσπάσαντο, ἴλη τε τῶν ἐπιλέκτων +ἱππέων ξὺν τοῖς σημείοις καὶ τὸν στρατηγὸν +ἄγουσα τούτῳ τοῦ κινδύνου ξυμμετέχειν μᾶλλον +ἢ ἐκείνῳ τῆς εὐτυχίας ἠξίου. καὶ ταῦτα ἅπαντα +ἐδρᾶτο πρὸ τῆς μάχης ἣν ἐπὶ τοῦ Δράου ταὶς +ᾐόσιν ὁ πρόσθεν λόγος παρέστησεν· ἐντεῦθεν γὰρ +ἤδη βεβαίως ἐθάρρουν, τέως δ ἐδόκει τὰ τῶν +τυράννων ἐπικρατεῖν, [D] πλεονεκτήματός τινος περὶ +τοὺς κατασκόπους τοὺς<note place='foot'>τοὺς Hertlein suggests, τοῦ MSS.</note> βασιλέως γενομένου, ὁ δὴ +ἐκεῖνόν τε ἐποίησεν ὑπὸ τῆς ἡδονῆς ἄφρονα καὶ +ἐξετάραττε τοὺς οὐ δυναμένους ἐφικνεῖσθαι οὐδὲ +διορᾶν τὴν στρατηγίαν. ὁ δὲ ἦν ἀκατάπληκτος καὶ +γεννάδας καθάπερ ἀγαθὸς νεὼς κυβερνήτης, +ἐξαπίνης νεφῶν ῥαγείσης λαίλαπος, εἶτα ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ +τοῦ θεοῦ σείοντος τὸν βυθὸν καὶ τὰς ᾐόνας. +ἐνταῦθα γὰρ τοὺς μὲν ἀπείρους δεινὸν καὶ ἄτοπον +κατέλαβε δέος, [98] ὁ δὲ ἤδη χαίρει καὶ γάνυται, +γαλήνην ἀκριβῆ καὶ νηνεμίαν ἐλπίζων. λέγεται +γὰρ δὴ καὶ ὁ Ποσειδῶν συνταράττων τὴν γῆν +παύειν τὰ κύματα. καὶ ἡ τύχη δὲ τοὺς ἀνοήτους +ἐξαπατᾷ καὶ σφάλλει περὶ τοῖς μείζοσι, μικρὰ +πλεονεκτεῖν ἐπιτρέπουσα, τοῖς ἔμφροσι δὲ τὸ +βεβαίως θαρσεῖν ὑπὲρ τῶν μειζόνων, ὅταν ἐν τοῖς +ἐλάττοσιν αὐτοὺς διαταράττῃ, παρέχει. τοῦτο +Λακεδαιμόνιοι παθόντες ἐν Πύλαις οὐκ ἀπηγόρευον +οὐδὲ ἔδεισαν [B] τὸν Μῆδον ἐπιφερόμενον, +<pb n='260'/><anchor id='Pg260'/><anchor id='Pg261'/> +τριακοσίους Σπαρτιατῶν καὶ τὸν βασιλέα περὶ +τὰς εἰσβολὰς τῆς Ἑλλάδος προέμενοι· τοῦτο +Ῥωμαῖοι πολλάκις παθόντες μείζονα κατώρθουν +ὕστερον· ὁ δὴ καὶ βασιλεὺς ἐννοῶν καὶ λογιζόμενος +οὐδαμῶς ἐσφάλη τῆς γνώμης. +</p> + +<p> +(Now since this was and is the Emperor's behaviour +after the war, he is naturally loved and <q>longed for +by his friends,</q><note place='foot'>Aristophanes, <hi rend='italic'>Frogs</hi> 84.</note> since he has admitted many of them +to honour and power and freedom of speech, and has +bestowed on them as well vast sums of money, and +permits them to use their wealth as they please; but +even to his enemies he is the same. The following +may serve as a clear proof of this. Those members +of the Senate who were of any account and surpassed +the rest in reputation and wealth and wisdom, fled +to the shelter of his right hand as though to a +harbour, and, leaving behind their hearths and +homes and children, preferred Paeonia<note place='foot'>Pannonia.</note> to Rome, +and to be with him rather than with their dearest. +Again, a division of the choicest of the cavalry +together with their standards, and bringing their +general<note place='foot'>Silvanus, cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 1. 60.</note> with them, chose to share danger with him +rather than success with the usurper. And all this +took place before the battle on the banks of the +Drave, which the earlier part of my speech described +to you. For after that they began to feel perfect +confidence, though before that it looked as though +the usurper's cause was getting the upper hand, +when he gained some slight advantage in the affair +of the Emperor's scouts,<note place='foot'>cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 1. 35 <hi rend='smallcaps'>C</hi>.</note> which indeed made the +usurper beside himself with joy and greatly agitated +those who were incapable of grasping or estimating +generalship. But the Emperor was unperturbed +and heroic, like a good pilot when a tempest has +suddenly burst from the clouds, and next moment, +the god shakes the depths and the shores. Then +a terrible and dreadful panic seizes on those who +are inexperienced, but the pilot begins to rejoice, +and is glad, because he can now hope for a perfect +and windless calm. For it is said that Poseidon, +when he makes the earth quake, calms the waves. +And just so fortune deceives the foolish and deludes +them about more important things by allowing them +some small advantage, but in the wise she inspires +unshaken confidence about more serious affairs even +when she disconcerts them in the case of those that +are less serious. This was what happened to the +Lacedaemonians at Pylae,<note place='foot'>Thermopylae.</note> but they did not despair +nor fear the onset of the Mede because they had lost +three hundred Spartans and their king<note place='foot'>Leonidas.</note> at the +entrance into Greece. This often happened to the +Romans, but they achieved more important successes +later on. Wherefore, since the Emperor knew this and +counted on it, he in no way wavered in his purpose.) +</p> + +<p> +Ἀλλ᾽ ἐπείπερ ἅπαξ ἑκὼν ὁ λόγος ἐς τοῦτο +ἀφῖκται καὶ τὴν εὔνοιαν τοῦ πλήθους καὶ τῶν ἐν +τέλει καὶ τῶν φυλάκων, οἵπερ δὴ ξυμφυλάττουσιν +αὐτῷ τὴν ἀρχὴν καὶ ἀπείργουσι τοὺς πολεμίους, +διηγεῖται βούλεσθε [C] ὑμῖν ἐναργὲς εἴπω τεκμήριον +χθές που ἢ καὶ πρῴην γενόμενον; ἀνὴρ τῶν ἐπιταχθέντων +τοῖς ἐν Γαλατίᾳ στρατοπέδοις· ἴστε +ἴσως καὶ τοὔνομα καὶ τὸν τρόπον· ὅμηρον φιλίας +καὶ πίστεως ἀπέλιπεν οὐδὲν δεομένῳ βασιλεῖ τὸν +παῖδα· εἶτα ἦν ἀπιστότερος τῶν λεόντων, οἷς οὐκ +ἔστι, φησί, πρὸς ἄνδρας<note place='foot'>[Ὅμηρος] ὅρκια Hertlein.</note> ὅρκια πιστά, ἁρπάζων +τε ἐκ τῶν πόλεων [D] τὰ χρήματα καὶ διανέμων τοῖς +ἐπιοῦσι βαρβάροις καὶ ὥσπερ λύτρα καταβαλλόμενος, +ἐξὸν τῷ σιδήρῳ παρασκευάζειν καὶ οὐ τοῖς +χρήμασι ποιεῖσθαι τὴν ἀσφάλειαν· ὁ δὲ ἐκείνους +ὑπήγετο διὰ τῶν χρημάτων εἰς εὔνοιαν· καὶ τέλος +ἐκ τῆς γυναικωνίτιδος ἀνελόμενος ἁλουργὲς +ἱμάτιον γελοῖος ἀληθῶς τύραννος καὶ τραγικὸς +ὄντως ἀνεφάνη. ἐνταῦθα οἱ στρατιῶται χαλεπῶς +μὲν εἶχον πρὸς τὴν ἀπιστίαν, θῆλυν δὲ οὐχ +ὑπομένοντες ὁρᾶν ἐνδεδυκότα [99] στολὴν τὸν δείλαιον +<pb n='262'/><anchor id='Pg262'/><anchor id='Pg263'/> +ἐπιθέμενοι σπαράττουσιν, οὐδὲ τὸν τῆς σελήνης +κύκλον ἄρξαι σφῶν ἀνασχόμενοι. τοῦτο μὲν δὴ +παρὰ τῆς τῶν φυλάκων εὐνοίας ὑπῆρξε βασιλεί +τὸ γέρας, ἀρχῆς ἀμεμφοῦς καὶ δικαίας ἀμοιβὴ +θαυμαστή. ὅστις δὲ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ γέγονε ποθεῖτε +ἀκούειν· ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ τοῦτο ὑμᾶς λέληθεν, ὅτι μήτε +ἐς τὸν ἐκείνου παῖδα χαλεπὸς μήτε ἐς τοὺς φίλους +ὕποπτος καὶ δεινὸς εἵλετο γενέσθαι, [B] ἀλλα ὡς +ἔνι μάλιστα πρᾴως εἶχε καὶ εὐμενὴς πᾶσιν ἦν +καίτοι πολλῶν συκοφαντεῖν ἐθελόντων καὶ διηρμένων +ἐπὶ τοὺς οὐκ αἰτίους τὰ κέντρα. πολλῶν +δὲ τυχὸν ἀληθῶς ἐνόχων ὄντων ταῖς περὶ αὐτῶν +ὑποψίαις, ὁμοίως ἅπασιν ἦν πρᾷος τοῖς οὐκ +ἐξελεγχθεῖσιν<note place='foot'>ἐξελεγχθεῖσιν Hertlein suggests, ἐλεγχθεῖσιν MSS.</note> οὐδὲ ἀποφανθεῖσι κοινωνοῖς τῶν +ἀτόπων καὶ ἐξαγίστων βουλευμάτων. τὴν δὲ ἐς +τὸν τοῦ παρανομήσαντος παῖδα καὶ πατήσαντος +πίστιν καὶ ὅρκια [C] φειδὼ ἆρα βασιλικὸν +ἀληθῶς καὶ θεῖον φήσομεν, ἢ μᾶλλον ἀποδεξόμεθα +τὸν ἀγαμέμνονα χαλεπαίνοντα καὶ +πικραινόμενον τῶν Τρώων οὐ τοῖς ξυνεξελθοῦσι +μόνον τῷ Πάριδι καὶ καθυβρίσασι τοῦ Μενέλεω +τὴν ἑστίαν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς κυουμένοις ἔτι καὶ ὧν +τυχὸν οὐδὲ αἱ μητέρες τότ᾽ ἐγεγόνεσαν, ὁπότε +ἐκεῖνος τὰ περὶ τὴν ἁρπαγὴν ἐνενόει; εἰ δὴ τὸ +μὲν ὠμόν τις οἴεται [D] καὶ τραχὺ καὶ ἀπάνθρωπον +ἥκιστα βασιλεῖ πρέπειν, τὸ πρᾷον δὲ οἶμαι καὶ +χρηστὸν καὶ φιλάνθρωπον ἁρμόττειν ἥκιστα +μὲν χαίροντι τιμωρίαις, ἀχθομένωι δὲ ἐπὶ ταῖς +τῶν ὑπηκόων ξυμφοραῖς, ὅπως ἂν γίγνωνται, εἴτε +<pb n='264'/><anchor id='Pg264'/><anchor id='Pg265'/> +κακίᾳ σφῶν καὶ ἀμαθίᾳ, εἴτε ἔξωθεν παρὰ τῆς +τύχης ἐπάγοιντο, δῆλός ἐστι τούτῳ διδοὺς τὰ +νικητήρια. ἐννοεῖτε γάρ, ὡς περὶ τὸν παῖδα +γέγονε τοῦ φύσαντος ἀμείνων καὶ δικαιότερος, +περὶ δὲ τοὺς ἐκείνου φίλους [100] πιστότερος τοῦ τὴν +φιλίαν ὁμολογήσαντος. ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἅπαντας +προεῖτο, ὁ δὲ ἀπέσωσεν ἅπαντας. καὶ εἰ μὲν +ἐκεῖνος ταῦτα περὶ τοῦ βασιλέως ἐγνωκὼς<note place='foot'>ἐγνωκὼς τρόπου—κατανοήσας Hertlein suggests, ἐγνωκώς—τὸν +τρόπου κατανοήσας MSS.</note> τρόπου +ἅτε ἐν πολλῷ χρόνῳ κατανοήσας σφόδρα ἐπίστευεν, +ἀσφαλῶς μέν οἱ τὰ τοῦ παιδός, βεβαίως +δὲ ὁρμεῖν τὰ τῶν φίλων, συνίει μὲν ὀρθῶς, +πολλάκις δὲ ἧν πανοῦργος καὶ μοχθηρὸς καὶ +δυστυχής, πολέμιος ἐθέλων εἶναι τῷ τοιοίτῳ καὶ +ὃν σφόδρα ἀγαθὸν καὶ διαφερόντως [B] πρᾷον +ἠπίστατο μισῶν καὶ ἐπιβουλεύων καὶ ἀφαιρούμενος +ὧν οὐδαμῶς ἐχρῆν. εἰ δέ, ἀνελπίστου μέν +οἱ τοῦ παιδὸς τῆς σωτηρίας τυγχανούσης, +χαλεπῆς δὲ καὶ ἀδυνάτου τῆς<note place='foot'>τῆς Hertlein adds.</note> τῶν φίλων καὶ +τῶν συγγενῶν, τὴν ἀπιστίαν ὅμως προείλετο, +ὁ μὲν ἦν καὶ διὰ ταῦτα μοχθηρὸς καὶ ἀνόητος +καὶ ἀγριώτερος τῶν θηρίων, ὁ δὲ ἥμερος καὶ +πρᾷος καὶ μεγαλόφρων, τοῦ μὲν νηπίου κατελεήσας +τὴν ἡλικίαν καὶ τὸν τρόπον, [C] τοῖς δὲ +οὐκ ἐξελεγχθεῖσι πρᾷως ἔχων, τοῦ δὲ ὑπεριδὼν καὶ +καταφρονήσας τῶν πονηρευμάτων. ὁ γὰρ ἃ μηδὲ +τῶν ἐχθρῶν τις διὰ μέγεθος ὧν αὑτῷ σύνοιδεν +ἀδικημάτων ἐλπίζει ξυγχωρῶν εἰκότως ἀρετῆς ἐστι +<pb n='266'/><anchor id='Pg266'/><anchor id='Pg267'/> +νικηφόρος, τὴν δίκην μὲν ἐπὶ τὸ κρεῖττον καὶ πρᾳότερον +μετατιθεῖς, σωφροσύνῃ δὲ ὑπερβαλλόμενος +τοὺς τὸ μέτριον ἐπιτιθέντας ταῖς τιμωρίαις, ἀνδρείᾳ +δὲ διαφέρων τῷ μηδένα [D] πολέμιον ἀξιόχρεων ὑπολαμβάνειν, +φρόνησιν δὲ ἐπιδεικνύμενος τῷ συγκαταλύειν +τὰς ἔχθρας καὶ οὐ παραπέμπειν εἰς +τοὺς παῖδας οἐδὲ εἰς ἐγγόνους προφάσει τῆς +ἀκριβοῦς δίκης καὶ τοῦ βούλεσθαι<note place='foot'>βούλεσθαι Hertlein suggests, βούλεσθαί περ MSS.</note> ἐπιεικῶς μάλα +πίτυος δίκην τῶν πονηρῶν ἀφανίζειν τὰ σπέρματα. +ἐκείνων γὰρ δὴ καὶ τὸ ἔργον τόδε, καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ +τὴν εἰκόνα παλαιὸς ἀπέφηνε λόγος. ὁ δὲ ἀγαθὸς +βασιλεὺς μιμούμενος ἀτεχνῶς τὸν θεὸν [101] οἶδε μὲν +καὶ ἐκ τῶν πετρῶν ἑσμοὺς μελιττῶν ἐξιπταμένους, +καὶ ἐκ τοῦ δριμυτάτου ξύλου τὸν γλυκὺν καρπὸν +φυόμενον, σῦκά φημι τὰ χαρίεντα, καὶ ἐξ ἀκανθῶν +τὴν σίδην καὶ ἄλλα ἐξ ἄλλων φυόμενα ἀνόμοια +τοῖς γεννῶσι καὶ ἀποτίκτουσιν. οὔκουν οἴεται +ταῦτα χρῆναι πρὸ τῆς ἀκμῆς διαφθείρειν, ἀλλὰ +περιμένειν τὸν χρόνον καὶ ἐπιτρέπειν αὐτοῖς ἀπωσαμένοις +τῶν πατέρων τὴν ἄνοιαν [B] καὶ τὴν μωρίαν +ἀγαθοῖς γενέσθαι καὶ σώφροσι, ζηλωτὰς δὲ γενομένους +τῶν πατρῴων ἐπιτηδευμάτων ὑφέξειν ἐν +καιρῷ τὴν δίκην, οὐκ ἀλλοτρίοις ἔργοις καὶ ξυμφοραῖς +παραναλωθέντας. +</p> + +<p> +(But seeing that my argument has, of its own +accord, once reached this point and is describing the +affection that the Emperor inspires in the common +people, the magistrates, and the garrisons who aid +him to protect the empire and repulse its enemies, +are you willing that I should relate to you a signal +proof of this, which happened, one may say, yesterday +or the day before? A certain man<note place='foot'>Silvanus.</note> who had +been given the command of the garrisons in Galatia—you +probably know his name and character—left +his son behind him as a hostage for his friendship +and loyalty to the Emperor, though not at the +Emperor's request. Then he proved to be more +treacherous than <q>lions who have no faithful +covenants with man,</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 22. 262.</note> as the poet says, and +plundered the cities of their wealth and distributed +it among the invading barbarians, paying it down as +a sort of ransom, though he was well able to take +measures to win security by the sword rather than +by money. But he tried to win them over to +friendliness by means of money. And finally he +took from the women's apartments a purple dress, +and showed himself truly a tyrant and tragical +indeed. Then the soldiers, resenting his treachery, +would not tolerate the sight of him thus dressed up +in women's garb,<note place='foot'>Euripides, <hi rend='italic'>Bacchae</hi> 822.</note> and they set on the miserable +wretch and tore him limb from limb,<note place='foot'>cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 1. 48 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> nor would they +endure either that the crescent moon<note place='foot'>His Oriental dress suggested Persian rule, symbolised by +the crescent.</note> should rule +over them. Now it was the affection of his garrison +that gave the Emperor this guerdon, a wonderful +recompense for his just and blameless rule. But you +are eager to hear how he behaved after this. This +too, however, you cannot fail to know, that he chose +neither to be harsh towards that man's son<note place='foot'>cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> l. 49 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> nor +suspicious and formidable to his friends, but in the +highest possible degree he was merciful and kindly +to them all, though many desired to bring false +accusations<note place='foot'>cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> l. 48 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> and had raised their stings to strike the +innocent. But though many were perhaps really +involved in the crimes of which they were suspected, +he was merciful to all alike, provided they had not +been convicted or proved to be partners in the +usurper's monstrous and abominable schemes. And +shall we not declare that the forbearance shown by +him towards the son of one who had broken the laws +and trampled on loyalty and sworn covenants was +truly royal and godlike; or shall we rather approve +Agamemnon, who vented his rage and cruelty not +only on those Trojans who had accompanied Paris +and had outraged the hearth of Menelaus, but even +on those who were yet unborn, and whose mothers +even were perhaps not yet born when Paris plotted +the rape? Anyone therefore who thinks that +cruelty and harshness and inhumanity ill become a +king, and that mercy and goodness and human +kindness befit one who takes no pleasure in acts of +vengeance, but grieves at the misfortunes of his subjects, +however they may arise, whether from their +own wickedness and ignorance or aimed at them +from without by fate, will, it is evident, award +to the Emperor the palm of victory. For bear in +mind that he was kinder and more just to the +boy than his own father, and to the usurper's +friends he was more loyal than he who acknowledged +the tie of friendship. For the usurper forsook +them all, but the Emperor saved them all. And +if the usurper, knowing all this about the Emperor's +character, since he had for a long time been able to +observe it, was entirely confident that his son was +safely at anchor and his friends securely also, then +he did indeed understand him aright, but he was +many times over criminal and base and accursed for +desiring to be at enmity with such a man, and for +hating one whom he knew to be so excellent and +so surpassingly mild, and for plotting against him +and trying to rob him of what it was a shame to +take from him. But if, on the other hand, his son's +safety was something that he had never hoped for, +and the safety of his friends and kinsfolk he had +thought difficult or impossible, and he nevertheless +chose to be disloyal, this is yet another proof that he +was wicked and infatuated and fiercer than a wild +beast, and that the Emperor was gentle and mild and +magnanimous, since he took pity on the youth of the +helpless child, and was merciful to those who were not +proved guilty, and ignored and despised the crimes +of the usurper. For he who grants what not one of +his enemies expects, because the guilt that is on their +conscience is so great, beyond a doubt carries off the +prize for virtue: for while he tempers justice with +what is nobler and more merciful, in self-restraint he +surpasses those who are merely moderate in their +vengeance; and in courage he excels because he thinks +no enemy worthy of notice; and his wisdom he displays +by suppressing enmities and by not handing them +down to his sons and descendants on the pretext of +strict justice, or of wishing, and very reasonably too, +to blot out the seed of the wicked like the seed of +a pine-tree.<note place='foot'>A proverb; the pine when cut down does not send up +shoots again.</note> For this is the way of those trees, and +in consequence an ancient tale<note place='foot'>Herodotus 6. 37.</note> gave rise to this +simile. But the good Emperor, closely imitating +God, knows that even from rocks swarms of bees fly +forth, and that sweet fruits grow even from the +bitterest wood, pleasant figs, for instance, and from +thorns the pomegranate, and there are other instances +where things are produced entirely unlike the +parents that begat them and brought them forth. +Therefore he thinks that we ought not to destroy +these before they have reached maturity, but to wait +for time to pass, and to trust them to cast off the folly +and madness of their fathers and become good and +temperate, but that, if they should turn out to emulate +their fathers' practices, they will in good time +suffer punishment, but they will not have been uselessly +sacrificed because of the deeds and misfortunes +of others. +</p> + +<p> +Ἆρ᾽ οὖν ὑμῖν ἱκανῶς δοκοῦμεν ἐκτετελεκέναι +τὸν ἀληθινὸν ἔπαινον; ἢ ποθεῖτε ἀκούειν ὑμεῖς καὶ +τὴν καρτερίαν καὶ τὴν σεμνότητα, καὶ ὡς οὐ μόνον +ἐστὶ τῶν πολεμίων ἀήττητος, [C] ἀλλ᾽ οὔτε αἰσχρᾶς +ἐπιθυμίας ἑάλω πώποτε, οὔτε οἰκίας καλῆς οὔτ᾽ +<pb n='268'/><anchor id='Pg268'/><anchor id='Pg269'/> +ἐπαύλεως πολυτελοῦς οὔτε ὅρμων σμαραγδίνων +ἐπιθυμήσας ἀφείλετο βίᾳ ἢ καὶ πειθοῖ τοὺς κεκτημένους, +ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ γυναικὸς ἐλευθέρας οὐδὲ θεραπαίνης, +οὐδὲ ὅλως τὴν ἄδικον ἀφροδίτην ἠγάπησε, +καὶ ὡς οὐδὲ ὧν ὧραι φύουσιν ἀγαθῶν τὴν ἄμετρον +ἀπαιτεῖ πλησμονήν, οὐδὲ αὐτῷ θέρους ὥρᾳ τοῦ +κρυστάλλου μέλει, [D] οὐδὲ μεταβάλλει πρὸς τὰς +ὥρας τὴν οἴκησιν, τοῖς πονουμένοις δὲ ἀεὶ πάρεστι +τῆς ἀρχῆς μέρεσιν ἀντέχων καὶ πρὸς τὸ κρύος καὶ +πρὸς τὰ θάλπη τὰ γενναῖα; τούτων δὲ εἴ με +κελεύοιτε φέρειν ὑμῖν ἐμφανῆ τὰ τεκμήρια, γνώριμα +μὲν ἐρῶ καὶ οὐκ ἀπορήσω, μακρὸς δὲ ὁ λόγος καὶ +διωλύγιος, ἐμοί τε οὐ σχολὴ τὰς μούσας ἐπὶ +τοσοῦτον θεραπεύειν, ἀλλ᾽ ὥρα λοιπὸν πρὸς ἔργον +τρέπεσθαι. +</p> + +<p> +(Now do you think I have made my sincere panegyric +sufficiently thorough and complete? Or are +you anxious to hear also about the Emperor's powers +of endurance and his august bearing, and that not +only is he unconquerable by the enemy, but has +never yet succumbed to any disgraceful appetite, and +never coveted a fine house or a costly palace or a +necklace of emeralds, and then robbed their owners +of them either by violence or persuasion; and that he +has never coveted any free-born woman or handmaid +or pursued any dishonourable passion; and that he +does not even desire an immoderate surfeit of the +good things that the seasons produce, or care for ice +in summer, or change his residence with the time of +year; but is ever at hand to aid those portions of the +empire that are in trouble, enduring both frost and +extreme heat? But if you should bid me bring +before you plain proofs of this, I shall merely say +what is familiar to all, and I shall not lack evidence, +but the account would be long, a monstrous speech, +nor indeed have I leisure to cultivate the Muses +to such an extent, for it is now time for me to turn +to my work.<note place='foot'>His campaign in Gaul.</note>) +</p> + +</div> + +</div> + +<pb n='273'/><anchor id='Pg273'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Oration III</head> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Introduction To Oration III</head> + +<p> +The Third Oration is an expression of gratitude +(χαριστήριος λόγος)<note place='foot'>cf. Quintilian 3. 7. 10. on the <hi rend='italic'>Gratiarum actio</hi>.</note> to the Empress Eusebia, the +first wife of Constantius. After Julian's intractable +step-brother Gallus Caesar had been murdered by the +Emperor, he was summoned to the court at Milan, +and there, awkward and ill at ease, cut off from his +favourite studies and from the society of philosophers, +surrounded by intriguing and unfriendly +courtiers, and regarded with suspicion by the +Emperor, Julian was protected, encouraged and +advised by Eusebia. His praise and gratitude are, +for once, sincere. The oration must have been +composed either in Gaul or shortly before Julian set +out thither after the dangerous dignity of the +Caesarship had been thrust upon him. His sincerity +has affected his style, which is simpler and more +direct than that of the other two Panegyrics. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='274'/><anchor id='Pg274'/><anchor id='Pg275'/> + +<div> + +<p> +ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΕΥΣΕΒΙΑΣ +</p> + +<p> +(Julian, Caesar) +</p> + +<p> +ΤΗΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΙΔΟΣ ΕΓΚΩΜΙΟΝ +</p> + +<p> +(Panegyric in Honour of the +Empress Eusebia) +</p> + +<p> +[102] Τί ποτε ἄρα χρὴ διανοεῖσθαι περὶ τῶν ὀφειλόντων +μεγάλα καὶ πέρα<note place='foot'>πέρα Cobet, ὑπὲρ MSS., Hertlein.</note> μεγάλων, οὔτι φημὶ +χρυσίον οὐδὲ ἀργύριον, ἀλλὰ ἁπλῶς ὅ,τι ἂν τύχῃ +τις παρὰ τοῦ πέλας εὖ παθών· εἶτα τοιαῦτα μὲν +ἀποτίνειν οὔτε ἐπιχειρούντων οὔτε διανοουμένων, +ῥᾳθύμως δὲ καὶ ὀλιγώρως ἐχόντων πρὸς τὸ τὰ +δυνατὰ ποιεῖν καὶ διαλύεσθαι τὸ ὄφλημα; [B] ἢ +δῆλον ὅτι φαύλους καὶ μοχθηροὺς νομιστέον; +οὐδενὸς γὰρ οἶμαι τῶν ἄλλων ἀδικημάτων ἔλαττον +μισοῦμεν ἀχαριστίαν καὶ ὀνειδίζομεν τοῦς ἀνθρώποις, +ὅταν εὖ παθόντες περὶ τοὺς εὐεργέτας ὦσιν +ἀχάριστοι· ἔστι δὲ οὐχ οὗτος ἀχάριστος μόνον, +ὅστις εὖ παθὼν δρᾷ κακῶς ἢ λέγει, ἀλλὰ καὶ +ὅστις σιωπᾷ καὶ ἀποκρύπτει, λήθῃ παραδιδοὺς +καὶ ἀφανίζων τὰς χάριτας. καὶ τῆς μὲν θηριώδους +ἐκείνης [C] καὶ ἀπανθρώπου μοχθηρίας σφόδρα ὀλίγα +καὶ εὐαρίθμητα κομιδῇ τὰ παραδείγματα· πολλοὶ +δὲ ἀποκρύπτουσι τὸ δοκεῖν εὖ παθεῖν, οὐκ οἶδα +ὅ,τι βουλόμενοι· φασὶ δὲ ὅμως θωπείας τινὸς καὶ +ἀγεννοῦς κολακείας τὴν δόξαν ἐκκλίνειν. ἐγὼ δὲ +<pb n='276'/><anchor id='Pg276'/><anchor id='Pg277'/> +[103] τούτους<note place='foot'>τούτους Cobet, οὗτοι MSS., Hertlein.</note> μὲν ὅτι μηδὲν ὑγιὲς λέγουσι σαφῶς +εἰδὼς ὅμως ἀφίημι, καὶ κείσθω διαφεύγειν αὐτούς, +καθάπερ οἴονται, κολακείας οὐκ ἀληθῆ δόξαν, +πολλοῖς ἅμα πάθεσιν ἐνόχους φανέντας καὶ +νοσήμασιν αἰσχίστοις πάνυ καὶ ἀνελευθέροις. ἢ +γὰρ οὐ συνιέντες ἀναίσθητοι λίαν εἰσίν, ὧν οὐδαμῶς +ἁναίσθητον εἶναι χρῆν, ἢ συνιέντες ἐπιλήσμονες +ὧν ἐχρῆν εἰς ἅπαντα μεμνῆσθαι τὸν +χρόνον· μεμνημένοι δὲ καὶ ἀποκνοῦντες δι᾽ ἁσδηποτοῦν +αἰτίας δειλοὶ καὶ βάσκανοι φύσει καὶ +ἁπλῶς ἅπασιν ἀνθρώποις δυσμενεῖς, [B] οἵ γε οὐδὲ +τοῖς εὐεργέταις πρᾷοι καὶ προσηνεῖς ἐθέλοντες +εἶναι, εἶτα, ἂν μὲν δέῃ λοιδορῆσαί που καὶ δακεῖν, +ὥσπερ τὰ θηρία ὀργίλον καὶ ὀξὺ βλέπουσιν· +ὥσπερ δὲ ἀνάλωμα πολυτελὲς φεύγοντες τὸν +ἀληθινὸν ἔπαινον, οὐκ οἶδ᾽ ὅπως, αἰτιῶνται τὰς +ὑπὲρ τῶν καλῶν ἔργων εὐφημίας, ἐξὸν ἐκεῖνο +ἐξετάζειν μόνον, εἰ τὴν ἀλήθειαν τιμῶσι καὶ +περὶ πλείονος ποιοῦνται [C] τοῦ δοκεῖν ἐν τοῖς ἐπαίνοις +χαρίζεσθαι. οὐδὲ γὰρ τοῦτο ἔνεστιν εἰπεῖν, +ὡς ἀνωφελὲς χρῆμα ἡ εὐφημία οὔτε τοῖς ὑπὲρ ὧν +γέγονεν οὔτε αὖ τοῖς ἄλλοις, ὁπόσι τὴν ἴσην +ἐκείνοις κατὰ τὸν βίον τάξιν εἰληχότες τῆς ἐν ταῖς +πράξεσιν ἀρετῆς ἀπελείφθησαν. τοῖς μὲν γὰρ +ἄκουσμά τέ ἐστιν ἡδὺ καὶ προθυμοτέρους παρέχει +περὶ τὰ καλὰ καὶ διαφέροντα τῶν ἔργων· τοὺς +δὲ ἐπὶ τὸ ζηλοῦν ἐκεῖνα πειθοῖ καὶ βίᾳ παρώρμησεν +ὁρῶντας ὅτι μηδὲ τῶν προλαβόντων +<pb n='278'/><anchor id='Pg278'/><anchor id='Pg279'/> +τινὲς ἀπεστερήθησαν ὃ μόνον δοῦναί τε καὶ λαβεῖν +ἐστι δημοσίᾳ καλόν. [D] χρήματα μὲν γὰρ εἰς τὸ +ἐμφανὲς διδόναι καὶ περιβλέπειν, ὅπως ὅτι +πλεῖστοι τὸ δοθὲν εἴσονται, πρὸς ἀνδρὸς ἀπειροκάλου· +ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ ὑποσχὼν<note place='foot'>ὑποσχὼν Cobet, ὑποσχεῖν MSS., Hertlein.</note> τὼ χεῖρε ὑποδέξαιτ᾽ +ἄν τις ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς πάντων, μὴ παντάπασιν +ἀποσεισάμενος αἰδῶ καὶ ἐπιείκειαν τοῦ τρόπου. +Ἀρκεσίλαος δὲ [104] καὶ διδοὺς τὸν λαβόντα ἐπειρᾶτο +λαθεῖν· συνίει δὲ ἐκεῖνος ἐκ τῆς πράξεως τὸν +δράσαντα. ἐπαίνων δὲ ζηλωτὸν μὲν ἀκροατὰς +ὡς πλείστους εὑρεῖν, ἀγαπητὸν δὲ οἶμαι καὶ +ὀλίγους. καὶ ἐπῄνει δὲ Σωκράτης πολλοὺς καὶ +Πλάτων καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης· Ξενοφῶν δὲ καὶ +Ἀγησίλαον τὸν βασιλέα καὶ Κῦρον τὸν Πέρσην, +οὔτι τὸν ἀρχαῖον ἐκεῖνον μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν ᾧ<note place='foot'>τὸν ᾧ Cobet, Naber ᾧ MSS., Hertlein.</note> +συνεστράτευτο ἐπὶ βασιλέα<note place='foot'>ἐπὶ βασιλέα Cobet, [ἐφ᾽ Ἑλλάδα] Hertlein.</note> καὶ τοὺς ἐπαίνους +ξυγγράφων οὐκ ἀπεκρύπτετο. [B] ἐμοὶ δὲ θαυμαστὸν +εἶναι δοκεῖ, εἰ τοὺς ἄνδρας μὲν τοὺς καλούς τε +κἀγαθοὺς<note place='foot'>καλούς τε κἀγαθοὺς Cobet, καλοὺς MSS., Hertlein.</note> προθύμως ἐπαινεσόμεθα, γυναῖκα δὲ +ἀγαθὴν τῆς εὐφημίας οὐκ ἀξιώσομεν, ἀρετῆς οὐδὲν +μεῖον αὐταῖς ἤπερ τοῖς ἀνδράσι προσήκειν ὑπολαμβάνοντες. +ἢ γὰρ εἶναι σώφρονα καὶ συνετὴν +καὶ οἴαν νέμειν<note place='foot'>οἵαν νέμειν Hertlein suggests, νέμειν MSS.</note> ἑκάστῳ τὰ πρὸς τὴν ἀξίαν καὶ +θαρραλέαν ἐν τοῖς δεινοῖς καὶ μεγαλόφρονα καὶ +ἐλευθέριον καὶ πάντα ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν ὑπάρχειν +ἐκείνῃ<note place='foot'>ἐκείνῃ Petavius, ἐκείνην MSS., Hertlein.</note> οἰόμενοι χρῆναι τὰ τοιαῦτα, εἶτα<note place='foot'>εἶτα Cobet adds.</note> τῶν +<pb n='280'/><anchor id='Pg280'/><anchor id='Pg281'/> +ἐπὶ τοῖς ἔργοις [C] ἐγκωμίων ἀφαιρησόμεθα τὸν ἐκ +τοῦ κολακεύειν δοκεῖν ψόγον δεδοικότεσ; Ὅμηρος +δὲ οὐκ ᾐσχύνετο τὴν Πηνελόπην ἐπαινέσας οὐδὲ +τὴν Ἀλκίνου γαμετήν, οὐδὲ εἴ τις ἄλλη διαφερόντως +ἀγαθὴ γέγονεν ἢ καὶ ἐπὶ σμικρὸν ἀρετῆς +μετεποιήθη. οὔκουν οὐδὲ ἐκείνη τῆς ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ +τούτωι διήμαρτεν εὐφημίας. πρὸς δὲ αὖ τούτοις +παθεῖν μὲν εὖ καὶ τυχεῖν τινος ἀγαθοῦ, σμικροῦ +τε ὁμοίως καὶ μείζονος, [D] οὐδὲν ἔλαττον παρὰ +γυναικὸς ἢ παρὰ ἀνδρὸς δεξόμεθα, τὴν δὲ ἐπ᾽ +αὐτῷ χάριν ἀποτίνειν ὀκνήσομεν; ἀλλὰ μή ποτε +καὶ αὐτὸ τὸ δεῖσθαι καταγέλαστον εἶναι φῶσι καὶ +οὐκ ἄξιον ἀνδρὸς ἐπιεικοῦς καὶ γενναίου, εἶναι δὲ +καὶ τὸν Ὀδυσσέα τὸν σοφὸν ἀγεννῆ καὶ δειλόν, +ὅτι τὴν τοῦ βασιλέως ἱκέτευε θυγατέρα παίζουσαν +ἐπὶ τοῦ λειμῶνος ξὺν ταῖς ὁμήλιξι παρθένοις +παρὰ τοῦ ποταμοῦ ταῖς ᾐόσι. μή ποτε οὖν +οὐδὲ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς τῆς τοῦ Διὸς ἀπόσχωνται +παιδός, [105] ἣν Ὅμηρός φησιν ἀπεικασθεῖσαν παρθένῳ +καλῇ καὶ γενναίᾳ Ὀδυσσεῖ μὲν ἡγήσασθαι +τῆς ἐπὶ τὰ βασίλεια φερούσης ὁδοῦ, σύμβουλον +δὲ αὐτῷ<note place='foot'>αὐτῷ Cobet, αὐτοῦ MSS., Hertlein.</note> καὶ διδάσκαλον γενομένην, ὧν ἐχρῆν +εἴσω παρελθόντα δρᾶν καὶ λέγειν, καθάπερ τινὰ +ῥήτορα ξὺν τέχνῃ<note place='foot'>[τῇ] τέχνῃ Hertlein.</note> τέλειον ᾆσαι βασιλίδος ἐγκώμιον, +ἄνωθεν ἀπὸ τοῦ γένους ἀρξαμένην. ἔχει δὲ +αὐτῷ τὰ ὑπὲρ τούτων ἔπη τὸν τρόπον τόνδε· +</p> + +<p> +(What, pray, ought we to think of those who owe +things of price and beyond price—I do not mean +gold or silver, but simply any benefit one may +happen to receive from one's neighbour—suppose +that they neither try nor intend to repay that +kindness, but are indolent and do not trouble +themselves to do what they can and try to discharge +the debt? Is it not evident that we must think +them mean and base? Far more I think than +any other crime do we hate ingratitude, and we +blame those persons who have received benefits +and are ungrateful to their benefactors. And the +ungrateful man is not only he who repays a kindness +with evil deeds or words, but also he who is silent +and conceals a kindness and tries to consign it to +oblivion and abolish gratitude. Now of such brutal +and inhuman baseness as the repayment with evil +the instances are few and easily reckoned; but there +are many who try to conceal the appearance of +having received benefits, though with what purpose +I know not. They assert, however, that it is +because they are trying to avoid a reputation for a +sort of servility and for base flattery. But though I +know well enough that what they say is all insincere, +nevertheless I let that pass, and suppose we +assume that they, as they think, do escape an +undeserved reputation for flattery, still they at the +same time appear to be guilty of many weaknesses +and defects of character that are in the highest +degree base and illiberal. For either they are too +dense to perceive what no one should fail to perceive, +or they are not dense but forgetful of what they +ought to remember for all time. Or again, they do +remember, and yet shirk their duty for some reason or +other, being cowards and grudging by nature, and their +hand is against every man without exception, seeing +that not even to their benefactors do they consent +to be gentle and amiable; and then if there be +any opening to slander and bite, they look angry +and fierce like wild beasts. Genuine praise they +somehow or other avoid giving, as though it were a +costly extravagance, and they censure the applause +given to noble actions, when the only thing that +they need enquire into is whether the eulogists +respect truth and rate her higher than the reputation +of showing their gratitude by eulogy. For +this at any rate they cannot assert, that praise is +a useless thing, either to those who receive it or to +others besides, who, though they have been assigned +the same rank in life as the objects of their praise, +have fallen short of their merit in what they have +accomplished. To the former it is not only agreeable +to hear, but makes them zealous to aim at a still +higher level of conduct, while the latter it stimulates +both by persuasion and compulsion to imitate that +noble conduct, because they see that none of those +who have anticipated them have been deprived of +that which alone it is honourable to give and receive +publicly. For to give money openly, and to look +anxiously round that as many as possible may know +of the gift, is characteristic of a vulgar person. Nay +no one would even stretch out his hands to receive +it in the sight of all men, unless he had first cast off all +propriety of manner and sense of shame. Arcesilaus +indeed, when offering a gift, used to try to hide his +identity even from the recipient.<note place='foot'>Plutarch, <hi rend='italic'>Moralia</hi> 63 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> But in his case +the manner of the deed always made known the +doer. For a eulogy, however, one is ambitious to +obtain as many hearers as possible, and even a small +audience is, I think, not to be despised. Socrates, for +instance, spoke in praise of many, as did Plato also and +Aristotle. Xenophon, too, eulogised King Agesilaus +and Cyrus the Persian, not only the elder Cyrus, but +him whom he accompanied on his campaign against +the Great King, nor did he hide away his eulogies, +but put them into his history. Now I should think +it strange indeed if we shall be eager to applaud men +of high character, and not think fit to give our +tribute of praise to a noble woman, believing as we +do that excellence is the attribute of women no less +than of men. Or shall we who think that such a one +ought to be modest and wise and competent to assign +to every man his due, and brave in danger, high-minded +and generous, and that in a word all such +qualities as these should be hers,—shall we, I say, +then rob her of the encomium due to her good deeds, +from any fear of the charge of appearing to flatter? +But Homer was not ashamed to praise Penelope and +the consort of Alcinous<note place='foot'>Arete.</note> and other women of exceptional +goodness, or even those whose claim to virtue +was slight. Nay nor did Penelope fail to obtain her +share of praise for this very thing. But besides these +reasons for praise, shall we consent to accept kind +treatment from a woman no less than from a man, +and to obtain some boon whether small or great, and +then hesitate to pay the thanks due therefor? But +perhaps people will say that the very act of making +a request to a woman is despicable and unworthy +of an honourable and high-spirited man, and that +even the wise Odysseus was spiritless and cowardly +because he was a suppliant to the king's daughter<note place='foot'>Nausicaa.</note> +as she played with her maiden companions by the +banks of the river. Perhaps they will not spare even +Athene the daughter of Zeus, of whom Homer says<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 7. 20.</note> +that she put on the likeness of a fair and noble +maiden and guided him along the road that led +to the palace, and was his adviser and instructed +him what he must do and say when he had entered +within; and that, like some orator perfect in the +art of rhetoric, she sang an encomium of the +queen, and for a prelude told the tale of her +lineage from of old. Homer's verses about this are +as follows:) +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>Δέσποιναν μὲν πρῶτα κιχήσεαι ἐν μεγάροισιν,</l> +<l>Ἀρήτη δ᾽ ὄνομ᾽ ἐστὶν ἐπώνυμον, [B] ἐκ δὲ τοκήων</l> +<l>Τῶν αὐτῶν, οἵπερ τέκον Ἀλκίνοον βασιλῆα.</l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>The queen thou shalt find first in the halls. +Arete is the name she is called by, and of the same +parents is she as those who begat king Alcinous.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 7. 54.</note>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<pb n='282'/><anchor id='Pg282'/><anchor id='Pg283'/> + +<p> +ἀναλαβὼν δὲ ἄνωθεν ἀπὸ τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος οἶμαι +τὴν ἀρχὴν τοῦ γένους καὶ ὅσα ἔδρασάν τε καὶ +ἔπαθον εἰπών, καὶ ὅπως αὐτὴν ὁ θεῖος, τοῦ πατρὸς +ἀπολομένου νέου καὶ νυμφίου, ἔγημέ τε καὶ +ἐτίμησεν, +</p> + +<p> +(Then he goes back and begins with Poseidon and +tells of the origin of that family and all that they +did and suffered, and how when her father perished, +still young and newly-wed, her uncle married her, +and honoured her) +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>ὡς οὔτις ἐπὶ χθονὶ τίεται ἄλλη,</l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>As no other woman in the world is honoured,</q>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +καὶ ὅσων τυγχάνει C +</p> + +<p> +(and he tells of all the honour she receives) +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>Ἔκ τε φίλων παίδων ἔκ τ᾽ αὐτοῦ Ἀλκινόοιο,</l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>From her dear children and from Alcinous +himself,</q>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +ἔπι δὲ οἷμαι τῆς γερουσίας καὶ τοῦ δήμου, οἱ +καθάπερ θεὸν ὁρῶσι πορευομένην διὰ τοῦ ἄστεος, +τέλος ἐπέθηκε ταῖς εὐφημίαις ζηλωτὸν ἀνδρὶ καὶ +γυναικί, +</p> + +<p> +(and from the council of elders also, I think, and from +the people who look upon her as a goddess as she +goes through the city; and on all his praises he sets +this crown, one that man and woman alike may well +envy, when he says) +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>Οὐ μὲν γάρ τι νόου γε καὶ αὐτὴ δεύεται ἐσθλοῦ</l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>For indeed she too has no lack of excellent +understanding,</q>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +λέγων, καὶ ὡς κρίνειν εὖ ἠπίστατο, οἷσίν τ᾽ εὗ +φρονέῃσι, [D] καὶ διαλύειν τὰ πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἐγκλήματα +τοῖς πολίταις ἀναφυόμενα ξὺν δίκῃ. ταύτην +δὴ οὖν ἱκετεύσας εἰ τύχοις εὔνου, πρὸς αὐτὸν +ἔφη, +</p> + +<p> +(and that she knows well how to judge between +men, and, for those citizens to whom she is kindly +disposed, how to reconcile with justice the +grievances that arise among them. Now if, when +you entreat her, the goddess says to him, you find +her well disposed,) +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>Ἐλπωρή τοι ἔπειτα φίλους τ᾽ ἰδέειν καὶ ἱκέσθαι</l> +<l>Οἶκον ἐς ὑψόροφον·</l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>Then is there hope that you will see your friends +and come to your high-roofed house.</q>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +ὁ δ᾽ ἐπείσθη τῇ ξυμβουλῇ. ἆρ᾽ οὖν ἔτι δεησόμεθα +μειζόνων εἰκόνων καὶ ἀποδείξεων ἐναργεστέρων, +ὥστε ἀποφυγεῖν τὴν ἐκ τοῦ κολακεύειν δοκεῖν +ὑποψίαν; [106] οὐχὶ δὲ ἤδη μιμούμενοι τὸν σοφὸν +ἐκεῖνον καὶ θεῖον ποιητὴν ἐπαινέσομεν Εὐσεβίαν +τὴν ἀρίστην, ἐπιθυμοῦντες μὲν ἔπαινον αὐτῆς +ἄξιον διεξελθεῖν, ἀγαπῶντες δέ, εἰ καὶ μετρίως +τυγχάνοιμεν οὕτω καλῶν καὶ πολλῶν ἐπιτηδευμάτων; +<pb n='284'/><anchor id='Pg284'/><anchor id='Pg285'/> +καὶ τῶν<note place='foot'>καὶ τῶν Petavius, οὐ τῶν MSS., Hertlein suggests οὕτως +ἀγαθῶν ὑπαρχόντων, Reiske suggests ἐπιτηδευμάτων. ἀπορῶ μὲν +οὖν ὅτου ἅψωμαι πρώτου τῶν ἀγαθῶν. <q>I am at a loss which +of her noble qualities to discuss first.</q></note> ἀγαθῶν τῶν ὑπαρχόντων ἐκείνῃ, +σωφροσύνης καὶ δικαιοσύνης ἢ πρᾳότητος καὶ +ἐπιεικείας ἢ τῆς περὶ τὸν ἄνδρα φιλίας ἢ τῆς περὶ +τὰ χρήματα μεγαλοψυχίας [B] ἢ τῆς περὶ τοὺς +οἰκείους καὶ ξυγγενεῖς τιμῆς. προσήκει δὲ οἶμαι +καθάπερ ἴχνεσιν ἑπόμενον τοῖς ἤδη ῥηθεῖσιν οὕτω +ποιεῖσθαι τὴν ξὺν εὐφημίᾳ τάξιν, ἀποδιδόντα τὴν +αὐτὴν ἐκείνῃ, πατρίδος τε, ὡς εἰκός, καὶ πατέρων +μνημονεύοντα, καὶ ὅπως ἐγήματο καὶ ᾧτινι, καὶ +τἆλλα πάντα τὸν αὐτὸν ἐκείνοις τρόπον. +</p> + +<p> +(And he was persuaded by her counsel. Shall I then +need yet greater instances and clearer proofs, so +that I may escape the suspicion of seeming to flatter? +Shall I not forthwith imitate that wise and inspired +poet and go on to praise the noble Eusebia, eager as +I am to compose an encomium worthy of her, though +I shall be thankful if, even in a moderate degree, I +succeed in describing accomplishments so many and +so admirable? And I shall be thankful if I succeed +in describing also those noble qualities of hers, +her temperance, justice, mildness and goodness, +or her affection for her husband, or her generosity +about money, or the honour that she pays to her own +people and her kinsfolk. It is proper for me, I +think, to follow in the track as it were of what I +have already said, and, as I pursue my panegyric, so +arrange it as to give the same order as Athene, +making mention, as is natural, of her native land, her +ancestors, how she married and whom, and all +the rest in the same fashion as Homer.) +</p> + +<p> +Περὶ μὲν οὖν τῆς πατρίδος πολλὰ σεμνὰ λέγειν +ἔχων, τὰ μὲν διὰ παλαιότητα παρήσειν μοι δοκῶ· +φαίνεται γὰρ εἶναι τῶν μύθων οὐ πόρρω· [C] ὁποῖον +δή τι καὶ τὸ περὶ τῶν Μουσῶν λεγόμενον, ὡς εἶεν +δήπουθεν ἐκ τῆς Πιερίας, οὐχὶ δὲ ἐξ Ἑλικῶνος εἰς +τὸν Ὄλυμπον ἀφίκοιντο παρὰ τὸν πατέρα κληθεῖσαι. +τοῦτο μὲν δὴ καὶ εἰ δή τι τοιοῦτον ἕτερον, μύθῳ +μᾶλλον ἢ λόγῳ προσῆκον, ἀπολειπτέον· ὀλίγα δὲ +εἰπεῖν τῶν οὐ πᾶσι γνωρίμων τυχὸν οὐκ ἄτοπον οὐδὲ +ἀπὸ τοῦ παρόντος λόγου. Μακεδόνων γὰρ οἰκίσαι +φασὶ τὴν χώραν τοὺς Ἡρακλέους ἐγγόνους, Τημένου +παῖδας, [D] οἵ τὴν Ἀργείαν λῆξιν νεμόμενοι καὶ στασιάζοντες +τέλος ἐποιήσαντο τὴν ἀποικίαν τῆς πρὸς +ἀλλήλους ἔριδος καὶ φιλοτιμίας· εἶτα ἑλόντες τὴν +Μακεδονίαν καὶ γένος ὄλβιον ἀπολιπόντες<note place='foot'>ἀπολιπόντες MSS., ἀπολείποντες V, Hertlein.</note> βασιλεῖς +<pb n='286'/><anchor id='Pg286'/><anchor id='Pg287'/> +ἐκ βασιλέων διετέλουν καθάπερ κλῆρον τὴν +τιμὴν διαδεχόμενοι. πάντας μὲν οὖν αὐτοὺς +ἐπαινεῖν οὔτε ἀληθὲς οὔτε οἶμαι ῥάδιον. πολλῶν +δὲ ἀγαθῶν ἀνδρῶν γενομένων καὶ καταλιπόντων +Ἑλληνικοῦ τρόπου μνημεῖα πάγκαλα, Φίλιππος +καὶ ὁ τούτου παῖς ἀρετῇ διηνεγκάτην πάντων, [107] ὅσοι +πάλαι Μακεδονίας καὶ Θρᾴκης ἦρξαν, οἶμαι δὲ +ἔγωγε καὶ ὅσοι Λυδῶν ἢ Μήδων καὶ Περσῶν καὶ +Ἀσσυρίων, πλὴν μόνου τοῦ Καμβύσου παιδός, ὃς +ἐκ τῶν Μήδων ἐς Πέρσας τὴν βασιλείαν μετέστησεν. +ὁ μὲν γὰρ πρῶτος ἐπειράθη τὴν Μακεδόνων +αὐξῆσαι δύναμιν, καὶ τῆς Εὐρώπες τὰ +πλεῖστα καταστρεψάμενος ὅρον ἐποιήσατο πρὸς +ἕω μὲν καὶ πρὸς μεσημβρίαν τὴν θάλατταν, ἀπ᾽ +ἄρκτων δὲ οἶμαι [B] τὸν Ἴστρον καὶ πρὸς ἑσπέραν τὸ +Ὠρικὸν ἔθνος. ὁ τούτου δὲ αὖ παῖς ὑπὸ τῷ +Σταγειρίτηι σοφῷ τρεφόμενος τοσοῦτον μεγαλοψυχίᾳ +τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων διήνεγκε καὶ προσέτι τὸν +αὑτοῦ πατέρα τῇ στρατηγίᾳ καὶ τῇ θαρραλεότητι +καὶ ταῖς ἄλλαις ἀρεταῖς ὑπερβαλλόμενος, ὥστ᾽<note place='foot'>ὥστ᾽ Hertlein suggests.</note> +οὐκ ἄξιον αὑτῷ ζῆν ὑπερλάμβανεν, εἰ μὴ ξυμπάντων +μὲν ἀνθρώπων, πάντων δὲ ἐθνῶν κρατήσειεν. +οὐκοῦν [C] τὴν μὲν Ἀσίαν ἐπῆλθε σύμπασαν καταστρεφόμενος, +καὶ ἀνίσχοντα πρῶτος ἀνθρώπων +τὸν ἥλιον προσεκύνει, ὡρμημένον δὲ αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὴν +Εὐρώπην, ὅπως τὰ λειπόμενα περιβαλόμενος γῆς +τε ἁπάσης καὶ θαλάττης κύριος γένοιτο, τὸ χρεὼν +ἐν Βαβυλῶνι κατέλαβε. Μακεδόνες δὲ ἁπάντων +ἦρχον, ὧν ὑπ᾽ ἐκείνῳ κτησάμενοι πόλεων καὶ +ἐθνῶν ἔτυχον. ἆρ᾽ οὖν ἔτι χρὴ διὰ μειζόνων +<pb n='288'/><anchor id='Pg288'/><anchor id='Pg289'/> +τεκμηρίων δηλοῦν, [D] ὡς ἔνδοξος μὲν ἡ Μακεδονία +καὶ μεγάλη τὸ πρόσθεν γένοιτο; ταύτης δὲ αὐτῆς +τὸ κράτιστον ἡ πόλις ἐκείνη, ἣν ἀνέστησαν, +πεσόντων, οἶμαι, Θετταλῶν, τῆς κατ᾽ ἐκείνων +ἐπώνυμον νίκης. καὶ περὶ μὲν τούτων οὐδὲν ἔτι +δέομαι μακρότερα λέγειν. +</p> + +<p> +(Now though I have much that is highly honourable +to say about her native land,<note place='foot'>Eusebia belonged to a noble family of Thessalonica, in +Macedonia; she was married to Constantius in 352 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></note> I think it well to +omit part, because of its antiquity. For it seems to +be not far removed from myth. For instance, the +sort of story that is told about the Muses, that +they actually came from Pieria<note place='foot'>Near Mount Olympus.</note> and that it was not +from Helicon that they came to Olympus, when +summoned to their father's side. This then, and +all else of the same sort, since it is better suited +to a fable than to my narrative, must be omitted. +But perhaps it is not out of the way nor alien +from my present theme to tell some of the facts +that are not familiar to all. They say<note place='foot'>Herodotus 8. 137.</note> that +Macedonia was colonised by the descendants of +Heracles, the sons of Temenus, who had been +awarded Argos as their portion, then quarrelled, and +to make an end of their strife and jealousy led out a +colony. Then they seized Macedonia, and leaving a +prosperous family behind them, they succeeded +to the throne, king after king, as though the +privilege were an inheritance. Now to praise +all these would be neither truthful, nor in my +opinion easy. But though many of them were brave +men and left behind them very glorious monuments +of the Hellenic character, Philip and his son +surpassed in valour all who of old ruled over +Macedonia and Thrace, yes and I should say all +who governed the Lydians as well, or the Medes and +Persians and Assyrians, except only the son of +Cambyses,<note place='foot'>Cyrus.</note> who transferred the sovereignty from the +Medes to the Persians. For Philip was the first to +try to increase the power of the Macedonians, and +when he had subdued the greater part of Europe, he +made the sea his frontier limit on the east and south, +and on the north I think the Danube, and on the +west the people of Oricus,<note place='foot'>A town on the coast of Illyria.</note> And after him, his son, +who was bred up at the feet of the wise Stagyrite,<note place='foot'>Aristotle; <q>who bred | Great Alexander to subdue the +world.</q> Milton, <hi rend='italic'>Paradise Regained</hi> 4.</note> +so far excelled all the rest in greatness of soul, and +besides, surpassed his own father in generalship and +courage and the other virtues, that he thought that +life for him was not worth living unless he could +subdue all men and all nations. And so he traversed +the whole of Asia, conquering as he went, +and he was the first of men<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> of Greeks.</note> to adore the rising +sun; but as he was setting out for Europe in order +to gain control of the remainder and so become +master of the whole earth and sea, he paid the debt +of nature in Babylon. Then Macedonians became +the rulers of all the cities and nations that they had +acquired under his leadership. And now is it still +necessary to show by stronger proofs that Macedonia +was famous and great of old? And the most important +place in Macedonia is that city which they +restored, after, I think, the fall of the Thessalians, +and which is called after their victory over them.<note place='foot'>Thessalonica.</note> +But concerning all this I need not speak at greater +length.) +</p> + +<p> +Εὐγενείας γε μὴν τί ἂν ἔχοιμεν ἔτι πράγματα +ἐπιζητοῦντες φανερώτερον καὶ ἐναργὲς μᾶλλον +τεκμήριον; θυγάτηρ γάρ ἐστιν ἀνδρὸς ἀξίου νομισθέντος +τὴν ἐπώνυμον τοῦ ἔτους ἀρχὴν ἄρχειν,<note place='foot'>ἄρχειν Hertlein adds.</note> +πάλαι [108] μὲν ἰσχυρὰν καὶ βασιλείαν ἀτεχνῶς ὀνομαζομένην, +μεταβαλοῦσαν δὲ διὰ τοὺς οὐκ ὀρθῶς +χρωμένους τῇ δυνάμει τὸ ὄνομα· νῦν δὲ ἤδη τῆς +δυνάμεως ἐπιλειπούσης, ἐπειδὴ πρὸς μοναρχίαν +τὰ τῆς πολιτείας μεθέστηκε, τιμὴ καθ᾽ αὑτὴν τῶν +ἄλλων ἁπάντων στερομένη πρὸς πᾶσαν ἰσχὺν +ἀντίρροπος εἶναι δοκεῖ, τοῖς μὲν ἰδιώταις οἷον +ἆθλον ἀποκειμένη καὶ γέρας ἀρετῆς ἦ πίστεως +ἤ τινος εὐνοίας καὶ ὑπηρεσίας περὶ τοὺς τῶν +ὅλων ἄρχοντας ἢ πράξεως λαμπρᾶς, [B] τοῖς βασιλεῦσι +δὲ πρὸς οἷς ἔχουσιν ἀγαθοῖς οἷον ἄγαλμα +καὶ κόσμος ἐπιτιθεμένη· τῶν μὲν γὰρ ἄλλων +ὀνομάτων τε καὶ ἔργων, ὁπόσα τῆς παλαιᾶς +ἐκείνης πολιτείας διασώζει τινὰ φαύλην καὶ +ἀμυδρὰν εἰκόνα, ἢ παντάπασιν ὑπεριδόντες διὰ +τὴν ἰσχὺν κατέγνωσαν, ἢ προσιέμενοὶ γε διὰ +βίου καρποῦνται τὰς ἐπωνυμίας· μόνης δέ, οἶμαι, +ταύτης οὔτε τὴν ἀρχὴν ὑπερεῖδον, χαίρουσί +τε<note place='foot'>οὔτε—τε Hertlein suggests, οὐδὲ—δὲ MSS.</note> καὶ πρὸς ἐνιαυτὸν τυγχάνοντες· [C] καὶ οὔτε +<pb n='290'/><anchor id='Pg290'/><anchor id='Pg291'/> +ἐδιώτης οὐδεὶς οὔτε βασιλεύς ἐστιν ἢ γέγονεν, ὃς +οὐ ζηλωτὸν ἐνόμισεν ὕπατος ἐπονομασθῆναι. εἰ +δέ, ὅτι πρῶτος ὔτυχεν ἐκεῖνος καὶ γέγονεν ἀρχηγὸς +τῷ γένει τῆς εὐδοξίας, ἔλαττὸν τις ἔχειν αὐτὸν +τῶν ἄλλων ὑπολαμβάνει, λίαν ἐξαπατώμενος +οὐ μανθάνει· τῷ παντὶ γὰρ οἶμαι κρεῖττον ἐστι +καὶ σεμνότερον ἀρχὴν παρασχεῖν τοῖς ἐγγόνοις +περιφανείας τοσαύτης [D] ἢ λαβεῖν παρὰ τῶν προγόνων. +ἐπεὶ καὶ πόλεως μεγίστης οἰκιστὴν +γενέσθαι κρεῖττον ἢ πολίτην, καὶ λαβεῖν ὁτιοῦν +ἀγαθὸν τοῦ δοῦναι τῷ παντὶ καταδεέστερον. +λαμβάνειν δὲ ἐοίκασι παρὰ τῶν πατέρων οἱ +παῖδες καὶ οἱ πολῖται παρὰ τῶν πόλεων οἷον +ἁφορμάς τινας πρὸς εὐδοξίαν. ὅστις δὲ ἀποδίδωσι +πάλιν ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ προγόνοις τε καὶ πατρίδι +μείζονα τιμῆς ὑπόθεσιν, λαμπροτέραν μὲν ἐκείνην +καὶ σεμνοτέραν, τοὺς πατέρας δὲ ἐνδοξοτέρους +ἀποφαίνων, οὗτος οὐδενὶ δοκεῖ καταλιπεῖν<note place='foot'>δοκεῖ καταλιπεῖν Hertlein suggests, καταλιπεῖν V, M, καταλείπει +MSS.</note> πρὸς +εὐγενείας λόγον ἅμιλλαν· [109] οὐδὲ ἔστιν ὅστις +ἐκείνου φήσει κρείττων γεγονέναι· ἐξ ἀγαθῶν +μὲν γὰρ ἀγαθὸν φῦναι χρή. ὁ δὲ ἐξ ἐνδόξων +ἐνδοξότερος γενόμενος, ἐς ταὐτὸν ἀρετῇ τῆς τύχης +πνεούσης, οὗτος οὐδενὶ δίδωσιν ἀπορεῖν, εἰ τῆς +εὐγενείας εἰκότως μεταποιεῖται. +</p> + +<p> +(And of her noble birth why should I take any +further trouble to seek for clearer or more manifest +proof than this? I mean that she is the daughter of +a man who was considered worthy to hold the office +that gives its name to the year,<note place='foot'>The consulship.</note> an office that in the +past was powerful and actually called royal, but lost +that title because of those who abused their power. +But now that in these days its power has waned, +since the government has changed to a monarchy, +the bare honour, though robbed of all the rest, is +held to counterbalance all power, and for private +citizens is set up as a sort of prize and a reward of +virtue, or loyalty, or of some favour done to the +ruler of the empire, or for some brilliant exploit, +while for the emperors, it is added to the advantages +they already possess as the crowning glory and adornment. +For all the other titles and functions that still +retain some feeble and shadowy resemblance to the +ancient constitution they either altogether despised +and rejected, because of their absolute power, or +they attached them to themselves and enjoy the +titles for life. But this office alone, I think, they +from the first did not despise, and it still gratifies +them when they obtain it for the year. Indeed +there is no private citizen or emperor, nor has ever +been, who did not think it an enviable distinction to +be entitled consul. And if there be anyone who +thinks that, because he I spoke of was the first of his +line to win that title and to lay the foundations of +distinction for his family, he is therefore inferior to +the others, he fails to understand that he is deceived +exceedingly. For it is, in my opinion, altogether +nobler and more honourable to lay the foundations +of such great distinction for one's descendants than +to receive it from one's ancestors. For indeed it is +a nobler thing to be the founder of a mighty city than +a mere citizen and to receive any good thing is altogether +less dignified than to give. Indeed it is evident +that sons receive from their fathers, and citizens from +their cities, a start, as it were, on the path of glory. +But he who by his own effort pays back to his +ancestors and his native land that honour on a +higher scale, and makes his country show more +brilliant and more distinguished, and his ancestors +more illustrious, clearly yields the prize to no man +on the score of native nobility. Nor is there any man +who can claim to be superior to him I speak of. +For the good must needs be born of good parents. +But when the son of illustrious parents himself +becomes more illustrious, and fortune blows the +same way as his merit, he causes no one to feel +doubt, if he lays claim, as is reasonable, to be of +native nobility.) +</p> + +<p> +Εὐσεβία δέ, περὶ ἧς ὁ λόγος, παῖς μὲν ὑπάτου +γέγονε, γαμετὴ δέ ἐστι βασιλέως ἐνδρείου, +σώφρονος, συνετοῦ, δικαίου, χρηστοῦ καὶ πρᾴου +καὶ μεγαλοψύχου, [B] ὃς ἐπειδὴ πατρῴαν οὖσαν αὐτῷ +<pb n='292'/><anchor id='Pg292'/><anchor id='Pg293'/> +τὴν ἀρχὴν ἀνεκτήσατο, ἀφελόμενος τοῦ βίᾳ +λαβόντος, γάμου τε ἐδεῖτο πρὸς παίδων γένεσιν, +οἳ κληρονομήσουσι τῆς τιμῆς καὶ τῆς ἐξουσίας, +ταύτην ἀξίαν ἔκρινε τῆς κοινωνίας γεγονὼς ἤδη +σχεδόν τι τῆς οἰκουμένης ἁπάσης κύριος. καίτοι +πῶς ἄν τις μείζονα μαρτυρίαν ἐπιζητήσειε τῆσδε; +οὐ μόνον περὶ τῆς εὐγενείας αὐτῆς, [C] ὑπὲρ δὲ +ἁπάντων ἁπλῶς, ὅσα χρῆν οἶμαι τὴν βασιλεῖ +τοσούτῳ συνιοῦσαν, καθάπερ φερνὴν οἴκοθεν +ἐπιφερομένην, κομίζειν ἀγαθά, παιδείαν ὀρθήν, +σύνεσιν ἐμμελῆ, ἀκμὴν καὶ ὥραν σώματος καὶ +κάλλος τοσοῦτον, ὥστε ἀποκρύπτεσθαι τᾶς +ἄλλας παρθένους, καθάπερ οἶμαι περὶ τῇ σελήνῃ +πληθούσῃ οἱ διαφανεῖς ἀστέρες καταυγαζόμενοι +κρύπτουσι τὴν μορφὴν. ἓν μὲν γὰρ τούτων +οὐδὲν<note place='foot'>οὐδὲν MSS., οὐδὲ ἕν V, Hertlein.</note> ἐξαρκεῖν δοκεῖ πρὸς κοινωνίαν βασιλέως, +πάντα δὲ ἅμα, [D] ὥσπερ θεοῦ τινος ἀγαθῷ βασιλεῖ +καλὴν καὶ σώφρονα πλάττοντος τὴν νύμφην, +εἰς ταὐτὸ συνεληλυθότα πόρρωθεν καὶ οὐκ ἀπὸ +τῶν ὀμμάτων ἐφελκυσάμενα μάλα ὄλβιον ἦγε τὸν +νυμφίον. κάλλος μὲν γὰρ τῆς ἐκ τοῦ γένους +βοηθείας καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἀγαθῶν οἶμαι στερόμενον +οὐδὲ ἰδιώτην ἀκόλαστον ἰσχύει πείθειν τὴν +γαμήλιον ἀνάψαι λαμπάδα, ἄμφω δὲ ἅμα συνελθόντα +γάμον μὲν ἧρμοσε πολλάκις, ἀπολειπόμενα +δὲ [110] τῆς ἐκ τῶν τρόπων ἁρμονίας καὶ χάριτος οὐ +λίαν ἐφάνη ζηλωτά. +</p> + +<p> +(Now Eusebia, the subject of my speech, was the +daughter of a consul, and is the consort of an Emperor +who is brave, temperate, wise, just, virtuous, +mild and high-souled, who, when he acquired the +throne that had belonged to his ancestors, and had +won it back from him who had usurped it by violence, +and desired to wed that he might beget sons to inherit +his honour and power, deemed this lady worthy +of his alliance, when he had already become master +of almost the whole world. And indeed why should +one search for stronger evidence than this? Evidence, +I mean, not only of her native nobility, but of all +those combined gifts which she who is united to so +great an Emperor ought to bring with her from her +home as a dowry, wit and wisdom, a body in the +flower of youth, and beauty so conspicuous as to +throw into the shade all other maidens beside, even +as, I believe, the radiant stars about the moon at +the full are outshone and hide their shape.<note place='foot'>Ἄστερες μὲν ἀμφὶ κάλαν σελάνναν ἄψ᾽ ἀποκρύπτοισι φάεννον +εἶδος. Sappho <hi rend='italic'>fr.</hi> 3.</note> For no +single one of these endowments is thought to suffice +for an alliance with an Emperor, but all together, as +though some god were fashioning for a virtuous Emperor +a fair and modest bride, were united in her +single person and, attracting not his eyes alone, +brought from afar that bridegroom blest of heaven. +For beauty alone, if it lacks the support of birth and +the other advantages I have mentioned, is not enough +to induce even a licentious man, a mere citizen, to +kindle the marriage torch, though both combined +have brought about many a match, but when they +occur without sweetness and charm of character they +are seen to be far from desirable.) +</p> + +<p> +Ταῦτα ἐπιστάμενον σαφῶς τὸν βασιλέα τὸν +σώφρονα φαίην ἂν εἰκότως πολλάκις βουλευσάμενον +ἑλέσθαι τὸν γάμον, τὰ μὲν οἶμαι πυνθανόμενον, +<pb n='294'/><anchor id='Pg294'/><anchor id='Pg295'/> +ὅσα χρῆν δι᾽ ἀκοῆς περὶ αὐτῆς μαθεῖν, +τεκμαιρόμενον δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς μητρὸς τὴν εὐταξίαν· +ὑπὲρ ἧς τὰ μὲν ἄλλα τί δεῖ λέγοντας διατρίβειν, +καθάπερ οὐκ ἔχοντας ἴδιον ἐγκώμιον τῆς,<note place='foot'>τῆς Cobet adds.</note> ὑπὲρ +ἧς ὁ λόγος, [B] διελθεῖν; τοσοῦτον δὲ ἴσως οὔτε +εἰπεῖν οὔτε ἐπακοῦσαι πολὺ καὶ ἐργῶδες, ὅτι +δὴ γένος μὲν αὐτῇ σφόδρα Ἑλληνικόν, Ἑλλήνων +τῶν πάνυ, καὶ πόλις ἡ μητρόπολις τῆς Μακεδονίας, +σωφροσύνη δὲ ὑπέρ τε Εὐάδνην τὴν +Καπανέως καὶ τὴν Θετταλὴν ἐκείνην Λαοδάμειαν. +αἱ μὲν γὰρ καλοὺς καὶ νέους καὶ ἔτι νυμφίους +τοὺς ἄνδρας ἀφαιρεθεῖσαι διαμόνων βίᾳ βασκάνων +ἢ μοιρῶν νήμασι τοῦ ζῆν ὑπερεῖδον διὰ τὸν ἔρωτα, +ἡ δέ, [C] ἐπειδὴ τὸ χρεὼν τὸν κουρίδιον αὐτῆς ἄνδρα +κατέλαβε, τοῖς παισὶ προσκαθημένη τοσοῦτον ἐπὶ +σωφροσύνῃ κλέος αὑτῇ εἰργάσατο, ὥστε τῇ μὲν +Πηνελόπῃ περιόντος ἔτι καὶ πλανωμένου τοῦ γήμαντος, +προσῄει τὰ μειράκια μνηστευσόμενα ἔκ τε +Ἰθάκης καὶ Σάμου καὶ Δουλιχίου, τῇ δὲ ἀνὴρ μὲν +οὐδεὶς καλὸς καὶ μέγας ἢ ἰσχυρὸς καὶ πλούσιος +ὑπὲρ<note place='foot'>Before ὑπὲρ Horkel and Hertlein omit ὃς.</note> τούτων εἰς λόγους ἐλθεῖν ὑπέμεινέ ποτε· τὴν +θυγατέρα δὲ βασιλεὺς ἑαυτῷ συνοικεῖν ἀξίαν +ἔκρινε, [D] καὶ ἔδρασε τὸν γάμον λαμπρῶς μετὰ τὰ +τρόπαια, ἔθνη καὶ πόλεις καὶ δήμους<note place='foot'>δήμους Naber, μούσας MSS., Hertlein.</note> ἑστιῶν. +</p> + +<p> +(I have good reason to say that the Emperor in +his prudence understood this clearly, and that it +was only after long deliberation that he chose this +marriage, partly making enquiries about all that was +needful to learn about her by hearsay, but judging +also from her mother of the daughter's noble +disposition. Of that mother why should I take time +to say more, as though I had not to recite a special +encomium on her who is the theme of my speech? +But so much perhaps I may say briefly and you may +hear without weariness, that her family is entirely +Greek, yes Greek of the purest stock, and her native +city was the metropolis of Macedonia, and she was +more self-controlled than Evadne<note place='foot'>Euripides, <hi rend='italic'>Suppliants</hi> 494.</note> the wife of Capaneus, +and the famous Laodameia<note place='foot'>The wife of Protesilaus.</note> of Thessaly. For +these two, when they had lost their husbands, who +were young, handsome and still newly-wed, whether by +the constraint of some envious powers, or because the +threads of the fates were so woven, threw away their +lives for love. But the mother of the Empress, when +his fate had come upon her wedded lord, devoted +herself to her children, and won a great reputation for +prudence, so great indeed, that whereas Penelope, +while her husband was still on his travels and wanderings, +was beset by those young suitors who came +to woo her from Ithaca and Samos and Dulichium, +that lady no man however fair and tall or powerful +and wealthy ever ventured to approach with any +such proposals. And her daughter the Emperor +deemed worthy to live by his side, and after setting +up the trophies of his victories, he celebrated the +marriage with great splendour, feasting nations and +cities and peoples.) +</p> + +<p> +Εἰ δέ τις ἄρα ἐκείνων ἐπακούειν ποθεῖ, ὅπως μὲν +ἐκ Μακεδονίας ἐκαλεῖτο μετὰ τῆς μητρὸς ἡ νύμφη, +<pb n='296'/><anchor id='Pg296'/><anchor id='Pg297'/> +τίς δὲ ἧν ὁ τῆς πομπῆς τρόπος, ἁρμάτων καὶ +ἵππων καὶ ὀχημάτων παντοδαπῶν χρυσῷ καὶ +ἀργύρῳ καὶ ὀρειχάλκῳ μετὰ τῆς ἀρίστης τέχνης +εἰργασμένων, ἴστω παιδικῶν σφόδρα ἀκουσμάτων +ἐπιθυμῶν· [111] καθάπερ γὰρ οἶμαι κιθαρῳδοῦ τινος +δεξιοῦ τὴν τέχνην· ἔστω δέ, εἰ βούλει, Τέρπανδρος +οὗτος ἢ ὁ Μηθυμναῖος ἐκεῖνος, ὃν δὴ λόγος ἔχει +δαιμονίᾳ πομπῇ χρησάμενον φιλομουσοτέρου τοῦ +δελφῖνος τυχεῖν ἢ τῶν ξυμπλεόντων, καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν +Λακωνικὴν ἄκραν κομισθῆναι· ἔθελγε γὰρ οἶμαι +τοὺς δυστυχεῖς ναύτας ὅσα ἐκεῖνος ἀπὸ τῆς τέχνης +εἰργάσατο, αὐτῆς δὲ ἐκείνης ὑπερεώρων καὶ +οὐδεμίαν ὤραν ἐποιοῦντο τῆς μουσικῆς· [B] εἰ δὴ οὖν +τις τοῖν ἀνδροῖν ἐκείνοιν τὸν κράτιστον ἐπιλεξάμενος +καὶ ἀποδοὺς τὸν περὶ τὸ σῶμα κόσμον τῇ +τέχνῃ πρέποντα εἶτα ἐς θέατρον παραγάγοι +παντοδαπῶν ἀνδρῶν καὶ γυναικῶν καὶ παίδων +φύσει τε καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἐπιτηδεύμασι +διαφερόντων, οὐκ ἂν οἴεσθε τοὺς μὲν παῖδας καὶ +τῶν ἀνδρῶν καὶ γυναικῶν<note place='foot'>τῶν before γυναικῶν Hertlein omits.</note> ὁπόσοι τοιοῦτοι εἰς +τὴν ἐσθῆτα καὶ τὴν κιθάραν ἀποβλέποντας ἐκπεπλῆχθαι +δεινῶς πρὸς τὴν ὄψιν, τῶν ἀνδρῶν δὲ +τοὺς ἀμαθεστέρους καὶ γυναικῶν πλὴν σφόδρα +ὀλίγων ἅπαν τὸ πλῆθος ἡδονῇ [C] καὶ λύπῃ κρίνειν +τὰ κρούματα, μουσικὸν δὲ ἄνδρα, τοὺς νόμους<note place='foot'>νόμους Hertlein suggests, λόγους MSS.</note> +ἐξεπιστάμενον τῆς τέχνης, οὔτε μιγνύμενα τὰ μέλη +τῆς ἡδονῆς χάριν φαύλως ἀνέχεσθαι, δυσχεραίνειν +τε<note place='foot'>τε Hertlein suggests, δὲ MSS.</note> καὶ εἰ<note place='foot'>εἰ [τις] Hertlein.</note> τοὺς τρόπους τῆς μουσικῆς διαφθείροι +<pb n='298'/><anchor id='Pg298'/><anchor id='Pg299'/> +καὶ εἰ ταῖς ἁρμονίαις μὴ δεόντως χρῷτο μηδὲ +ἑπομένως τοῖς νόμοις τῆς ἀληθινῆς καὶ θείας +μουσικῆς; ὁρῶν δὲ ἐμμένοντα τοῖς νομισθεῖσι καὶ +οὐ κίβδηλον ἡδονήν, καθαρὰν δὲ [D] καὶ ἀκήρατον +τοῖς θεαταῖς ἐνεργασάμενον ἄπεισι τοῦτον ἐπαινῶν +καὶ ἐκπληττόμενος, ὄτι δὴ σὺν τέχνῃ μηδὲν ἀδικῶν +τὰς Μούσας τῷ θεάτρῳ ξυγγέγονε. τὸν δὲ τὴν +ἁλουργίδα καὶ τὴν κιθάραν ἐπαινοῦντα ληρεῖν +οἴεται καὶ ἀνοηταίνειν· καὶ εἰ διὰ πλείονων<note place='foot'>διὰ πλειόνων. Hertlein suggests, μετὰ πλείονος MSS.</note> τὰ +τοιαῦτα διηγεῖται, λέξει τε ἡδίστῃ κοσμῶν καὶ +ἐπιλεαίνων τὸ φαῦλον καὶ ἀγεννὲς τῶν διηγημάτων, +γελοιότερον νομίζει [112] τῶν ἀποτορνείειν τὰς +κέγχρους ἐπιχειρούντων, καθάπερ οἶμαι φασὶ τὸν +Μυρμηκίδην ἀντιταττόμενον τῇ Φειδίου τέχνῃ. +οὔκουν οὐδὲ ἡμεῖς ἑκόντες αὑτοὺς ταύταις ὑποθήσομεν +ταῖς αἰτίαις, ἱματίων πολυτελῶν καὶ +δώρων παντοίων ὅρμων τε καὶ στεφάνων κατάλογον +τῶν ἐκ βασιλέως μακρόν τινα τοῦτον +ᾄδοντες, οὐδὲ ὡς ἀπήντων οἱ δῆμοι δεξιούμενοι καὶ +χαίροντες, οὐδὲ ὅσα κατὰ τὴν ὁδὸν ἐκείνην λαμπρὰ +καὶ ζηλωτὰ γέγονε καὶ ἐνομίσθη. [B] ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ +τῶν βασιλείων εἴσω παρῆλθε καὶ τῆς ἐπωνυμίας +ταύτης ἠξιώθη, τί πρῶτον ἔργον ἐκείνης γέγονε, +καὶ αὖθις δεύτερον, καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ τρίτον, καὶ πολλὰ +δὴ μάλα τὸ ἐντεῦθεν; οὐ γάρ, εἰ σφόδρα λέγειν +ἐθέλοιμι καὶ μακρὰς ὑπὲρ τούτων βίβλους ξυντιθέναι, +ἀρκέσειν ὑπολαμβάνω τῷ πλήθει τῶν +ἔργων, ὅσα ἐκείνῃ φρόνησιν καὶ πρᾳότητα καὶ +<pb n='300'/><anchor id='Pg300'/><anchor id='Pg301'/> +σωφροσύνην καὶ φιλανθρωπίαν ἐπιείκειάν τε καὶ +ἐλευθεριότητα [C] καὶ τὰς ἄλλας ἀρετὰς ἐξεμαρτύρησε +λαμπρότερον, ἢ νῦν ὁ παρὼν περὶ αὐτῆς λόγος +δηλοῦν ἐπιχειρεῖ καὶ ἐκδιδάσκειν τοὺς πάλαι διὰ +τῶν ἔργων ἐγνωκότας. οὐ μὴν ἐπειδὴ ἐκεῖνο +δυσχερές, μᾶλλον δὲ ἀδύνατον ἐφάνη, παντελῶς +ἄξιον ὑπὲρ ἁπάντων ἀποσιωπῆσαι, πειράσθαι δὲ +εἰς δύναμιν φράζειν ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν καὶ τῆς μὲν +φρονήσεως ποιεῖσθαι σημεῖον καὶ τῆς ἄλλης ἀρετῆς +πάσης, ὅτι τὸν γήμαντα διέθηκεν οὕτω περὶ αὑτὴν, +ὥσπερ οὖν ἄξιον γυναῖκα καλὴν καὶ γενναίαν. +</p> + +<p> +(But should any haply desire to hear of such things +as how the bride was bidden to come from Macedonia +with her mother, and what was the manner of the +cavalcade, of the chariots and horses and carriages +of all sorts, decorated with gold and silver and +copper of the finest workmanship, let me tell him +that it is extremely childish of him to wish to hear +such things. It is like the case of some player on +the cithara who is an accomplished artist—let us +say if you please Terpander or he of Methymna<note place='foot'>Arion.</note> +of whom the story goes that he enjoyed a divine +escort and found that the dolphin cared more +for music than did his fellow-voyagers, and was +thus conveyed safely to the Laconian promontory.<note place='foot'>Taenarum.</note> +For though he did indeed charm those miserable +sailors by his skilful performance, yet they despised +his art and paid no heed to his music. Now, as I +was going to say, if some one were to choose the +best of those two musicians, and were to clothe +him in the raiment suited to his art, and were then to +bring him into a theatre full of men, women and +children of all sorts, varying in temperament and age +and habits besides, do you not suppose that the +children and those of the men and women who had +childish tastes would gaze at his dress and his lyre, and +be marvellously smitten with his appearance, while +the more ignorant of the men, and the whole crowd of +women, except a very few, would judge his playing +simply by the criterion of pleasure or the reverse; +whereas a musical man who understood the rules of +the art would not endure that the melodies should +be wrongly mixed for the sake of giving pleasure, +but would resent it if the player did not preserve +the modes of the music and did not use the +harmonies properly, and conformably to the laws of +genuine and inspired music? But if he saw that he +was faithful to the principles of his art and produced +in the audience a pleasure that was not spurious but +pure and uncontaminated, he would go home +praising the musician, and filled with admiration +because his performance in the theatre was artistic +and did the Muses no wrong. But such a man +thinks that anyone who praises the purple raiment +and the lyre is foolish and out of his mind, while, +if he goes on to give full details about such +outward things, adorning them with an agreeable +style and smoothing away all that is worthless +and vulgar in the tale, then the critic thinks him +more ridiculous than those who try to carve cherry-stones,<note place='foot'>Literally seeds or small beads.</note> +as I believe is related of Myrmecides<note place='foot'>Famed for his minute carving of ivory.</note> who +thus sought to rival the art of Pheidias. And so +neither will I, if I can help it, lay myself open to +this charge by reciting the long list of costly robes +and gifts of all kinds and necklaces and garlands +that were sent by the Emperor, nor how the folk in +each place came to meet her with welcome and +rejoicing, nor all the glorious and auspicious incidents +that occurred on that journey, and were reported. +But when she entered the palace and was honoured +with her imperial title, what was the first thing she +did and then the second and the third and the many +actions that followed? For however much I might +wish to tell of them and to compose lengthy volumes +about them, I think that, for the majority, those of +her deeds will be sufficient that more conspicuously +witnessed to her wisdom and clemency and modesty +and benevolence and goodness and generosity and +her other virtues, than does now the present account +of her, which tries to enlighten and instruct those +who have long known it all from personal experience. +For it would not be at all proper, merely because +the task has proved to be difficult or rather +impossible, to keep silence about the whole, but one +should rather try, as far as one can, to tell about +those deeds, and to bring forward as a proof of her +wisdom and of all her other virtues the fact that she +made her husband regard her as it is fitting that he +should regard a beautiful and noble wife.) +</p> + +<p> +Ὥστε ἔγωγε τῆς Πηνελόπης πολλὰ καὶ ἄλλα +νομίσας ἐπαίνων ἄξια [D] τοῦτο ἐν τοῖς μάλιστα +θαυμάζω, ὅτι δὴ τὸν ἄνδρα λίαν ἔπειθε στέργειν +καὶ ἀγαπᾶν αὑτὴν ὑπερορῶντα μέν, ὡς φασί, +δαιμονίων γάμων, ἀτιμάζοντα δὲ οὐ μεῖον τὴν τῶν +Φαιάκων ξυγγένειαν. Καίτοι γε εἶχον αὐτοῦ +πᾶσαι ἐρωτικῶς, Καλυψὼ καὶ Κίρκη καὶ Ναυσικάα· +καὶ ἦν αὐταῖς τὰ βασίλεια πάγκαλα, +κήπων τινῶν [113] καὶ παραδείσων ἐν αὐτοῖς πεφυτευμένων +μάλα ἀμφιλαφέσι καὶ κατασκίοις τοῖς +δένδρεσι, λειμῶνές τε ἄνθεσι ποικίλοις καὶ μαλακῇ +τῆ πόᾳ βρύοντες· +</p> + +<p> +(Therefore, though I think that many of the other +qualities of Penelope are worthy of praise, this I +admire beyond all, that she so entirely persuaded +her husband to love and cherish her, that he +despised, we are told, unions with goddesses, and +equally rejected an alliance with the Phaeacians. +And yet they were all in love with him, Calypso, +Circe, Nausicaa. And they had very beautiful +palaces and gardens and parks withal, planted with +wide-spreading and shady trees, and meadows gay +with flowers, in which soft grass grew deep: <q>And +four fountains in a row flowed with shining water.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 5. 70.</note>) +</p> + +<p> +Κρῆναι δ᾽ ἑξείης πίσυρες ῥέον ὕδατι λευκῷ· +καὶ ἐτεθήλει περὶ τὴν οἰκίαν ἡμερὶς ἡβώωσα<note place='foot'>ἡβώωσα Cobet, ἡβῶσα MSS., Hertlein.</note> +σταφυλῆς οἶμαι τῆς γενναίας, βριθομένη τοῖς +βότρυσι· καὶ παρὰ τοῖς Φαίαξιν ἕτερα τοιαῦτα, +πλὴν ὅσῳ πολυτελέστερα, [B] ἅτε οἶμαι ποιητὰ ξὺν +τέχνῃ, τῆς τῶν αὐτοφυῶν ἄλαττον μετεῖχε χάριτος +καὶ ἧττον εἶναι ἐδόκει ἐκείνων ἐράσμια. τῆς +<pb n='302'/><anchor id='Pg302'/><anchor id='Pg303'/> +τρυφῆς δὲ αὖ καὶ τοῦ πλούτου καὶ προσέτι τῆς +περὶ τὰς νήσους ἐκείνας εἰρήνης καὶ ἡσυχίας τίνα +οὐκ ἂν ἡττηθῆναι δοκεῖτε<note place='foot'>δοκεῖτε Hertlein suggests, εἰκὸς Reiske δοκεῖ MSS.</note> τοσούτους ἀνατλάντα +πόνους καὶ κινδύνους καὶ ἔτι ὑφορώμενον δεινότερα<note place='foot'>δεινότερα Hertlein suggests, δεινόταιτα MSS.</note> +πείσεσθαι, τὰ μὲν ἐν θαλάττῃ τὰ δὲ ἐπὶ τῆς οἰκίας +αὐτῆς, [C] πρὸς ἑκατὸν νεανίσκους ἡβῶντας εὖ μάλα +μόνον ἀγωνίζεσθαι μέλλοντα, ὅπερ οὐδὲ ἐν Τροίᾳ +ἐκείνῳ ποτὲ συνηνέχθη; εἴ τις οὖν ἔροιτο τὸν +Ὀδυσσέα παίζων ὧδέ πως· τί ποτε, ὦ σοφώτατε +ῥῆτορ ἦ στρατηγὲ ἦ ὅ τι χρή σε ὀνομάζειν, τοσούτους +ἑκὼν ὑπέμεινας πόνους, ἐξὸν εἶναι ὄλβιον καὶ +εὐδαίμονα, τυχὸν δὲ καὶ ἀθάνατον εἴ τι χρὴ +ταῖς ἐπαγγελίαις Καλυψοῦς πιστεύειν, σὺ δὲ +ἑλόμενος τὰ χείρω πρὸ τῶν βελτιόνων τοσούτους +σαυτῷ προστέθεικας πόνους, οὐδὲ ἐν τῇ Σχερίᾳ +καταμεῖναι ἐθελήσας, [D] ἐξὸν ἐκεῖ που παυσάμενον +τῆς πλάνης καὶ τῶν κινδύνων ἀπηλλάχθαι· σὺ +δὲ ἡμῖν ἐπὶ τῆς οἰκίας ἔγνως στρατεύεσθαι καὶ +ἄθλους δή τινας καὶ ἀποδημίαν ἑτέραν ἐκτελεῖν +οὔτι τῆς πρόσθεν, ὥς γε τὸ εἰκὸς ἀπονωτέραν +οὐδὲ κουφοτέραν. τί δὴ οὖν οἴεσθε πρὸς ταῦτα +ἐκεῖνον εἰπεῖν ἔχειν; ἆρ᾽ οὐχ ὅτι τῇ Πηνελόπῃ +συνεῖναι ἐθέλων τοὺς ἄθλους αὐτῇ καὶ τὰς +στρατείας χαρίεντα διηγήματα φέρειν ὑπέλαβε; +ταῦτά τοι καὶ τὴν μητέρα πεποίηκεν αὐτῷ +παραινοῦσαν μεμνῆσθαι πάντων, [114] ὧν τε εἶδε +θεαμάτων καὶ ὧν ἤκουσεν ἀκουσμάτων, +</p> + +<p> +(And a lusty wild vine bloomed about her dwelling,<note place='foot'>The cave of Calypso.</note> +with bunches of excellent grapes, laden with clusters. +And at the Phaeacian court there were the same +things, except that they were more costly, seeing +that, as I suppose, they were made by art, and +hence had less charm and seemed less lovely than +those that were of natural growth. Now to all +that luxury and wealth, and moreover to the peace +and quiet that surrounded those islands, who do +you think would not have succumbed, especially one +who had endured so great toils and dangers and +expected that he would have to suffer still more +terrible hardships, partly by sea and partly in his +own house, since he had to fight all alone against a +hundred youths in their prime, a thing which had +never happened to him even in the land of Troy? +Now if someone in jest were to question Odysseus +somewhat in this fashion: <q>Why, O most wise +orator or general, or whatever one must call you, did +you endure so many toils, when you might have been +prosperous and happy and perhaps even immortal, if +one may at all believe the promises of Calypso? But +you chose the worse instead of the better, and +imposed on yourself all those hardships<note place='foot'>cf. <hi rend='italic'>Misopogon</hi> 342<hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>. In both passages Julian evidently +echoes some line, not now extant, from Menander, <hi rend='italic'>Duskolos</hi>.</note> and refused +to remain even in Scheria, though you might surely +have rested there from your wandering and been +delivered from your perils; but behold you resolved +to carry on the war in your own house and to +perform feats of valour and to accomplish a second +journey, not less toilsome, as seemed likely, nor +easier than the first!</q> What answer then do you +think he would give to this? Would he not answer +that he longed always to be with Penelope, and +that those contests and campaigns he purposed to +take back to her as a pleasant tale to tell? For this +reason, then, he makes his mother exhort him to +remember everything, all the sights he saw and all +the things he heard, and then she says:)</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>ἵνα καὶ μετόπισθε τεῇ εἴπῃσθα γυναικί,</l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>So that in +the days to come thou mayst tell it to thy wife.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 11. 223.</note>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<pb n='304'/><anchor id='Pg304'/><anchor id='Pg305'/> + +<p> +φησίν. ὁ δὲ οὐδενὸς ἐπιλαθόμενος, ἐπειδὴ πρῶτον +ἀφίκετο καὶ τῶν μειρακίων ἐπὶ τὰ βασίλεια +κωμαζόντων ἐκράτει ξὺν δίκῃ, πάντα ἀθρόως αὐτῇ +διηγεῖτο, ὅσα τε ἔδρασε καὶ ὅσα ἀνέτλη, καὶ εἰ δὴ +τι ἄλλο ὑπὸ τῶν χρησμῶν ἀναπειθόμενος ἐκτελεῖν +διενοεῖτο· ἀπόρρητον δὲ ἐποιεῖτο πρὸς αὐτὴν +οὐδὲ ἕν, [B] ἀλλ᾽ ἠξίου κοινωνὸν γίγνεσθαι τῶν +βουλευμάτων καὶ ὅ,τι πρακτέον εἴη συννοεῖν +καὶ συνεξευρίσκειν. ἆρα τοῦτο ὑμῖν τῆς Πηνελόπης +ὀλίγον ἐγκώμιον δοκεῖ, ἢ ἤδη<note place='foot'>ἤδη Horkel, εἰ δή MSS.</note> τις ἄλλη +τὴν ἐκείνης ἀρετὴν ὑπερβαλλομένη γαμετή τε +οὖσα βασιλέως ἀνδρείου καὶ μεγαλοψύχου καὶ +σώφρονος τοσαύτην εὔνοιαν ἐνεποίησεν αὑτῆς +τῷ γήμαντι, [C] συγκερασαμένη τῇ παρὰ τῶν ἐρώτων +ἐπιπνεομένῃ φιλίᾳ τὴν ἐκ τῆς ἀρετῆς καθάπερ +ῥεῦμα θεῖον ἐπιφερομένην ταῖς ἀγαθαῖς καὶ +γενναίαις ψυχαῖς; δύο γὰρ δὴ τώδε τινὲ πίθω<note place='foot'>πίθω Bruno Friederich, πειθώ τε καὶ ἰδέα MSS., Hertlein, +τε καὶ ἰδέα Cobet omits.</note> +φιλίας ἔστον, ὧν ἥδε κατ᾽ ἴσον ἀρυσαμένη βουλευμάτων +τε αὐτῷ γέγονε κοινωνὸς καὶ πρᾷον ὄντα +φύσει τὸν βασιλέα καὶ χρηστὸν καὶ εὐγνώμονα +πρὸς ἃ πέφυκε παρακαλεῖ μᾶλλον πρεπόντως καὶ +πρὸς συγγνώμην τὴν δίκην τρέπει. ὥστε οὐκ ἂν +τις εἰπεῖν ἔχοι, ὅτωι γέγονεν ἡ βασιλὶς ἥδε ἐν δίκῃ +τυχὸν ἢ καὶ παρὰ δίκην αἰτία τιμωρίας καὶ κολάσεως +μικρᾶς ἢ μείζονος. [D] Ἀθήνησι μὲν οὖν φασιν, +ὅτε τοῖς πατρίοις ἔθεσιν ἐχρῶντο καὶ ἔζων τοῖς +οἰκείοις πειθόμενοι νόμοις μεγάλην καὶ πολυάνθρωπον +οἰκοῦντες πόλιν, εἴ ποτε τῶν δικαζόντων +<pb n='306'/><anchor id='Pg306'/><anchor id='Pg307'/> +αἱ ψῆφοι κατ᾽ ἴσον γένοιντο τοῖς φεύγουσι πρὸς +τοὺς διώκοντας, τὴν τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς ἐπιτιθεμένην τῷ +τὴν δίκην ὀφλήσειν μέλλοντι ἀπολύειν ἄμφω τῆς +αἰτίας, [115] τὸν μὲν ἐπάγοντα τὴν κατηγορίαν τοῦ +δοκεῖν εἶναι συκοφάντην, τὸν δέ, ὡς εἰκός, τοῦ +δοκεῖν ἔνοχον εἶναι τῷ πονηρεύματι. τοῦτον δὴ +φιλάνθρωπον ὄντα καὶ χαρίεντα τὸν νόμον ἐπὶ τῶν +δικῶν, ἃς βασιλεὺς κρίνει, σωζόμενον πρᾳότερον +αὕτη καθίστησιν. οὗ γὰρ ἂν ὁ φεύγων παρ᾽ +ὀλίγον ἔλθῃ τὴν ἴσην ἐν ταῖς ψήφοις λαχεῖν, +πείθει, τὴν ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ δέησιν προσθεῖσα καὶ +ἱκετηρίαν, ἀφεῖναι πάντως τῆς αἰτίας. ὁ δὲ ἑκὼν +ἑκόντι τῷ θυμῷ χαρίζεται τὰ τοιαῦτα, [B] καὶ οὐ, καθάπερ +Ὅμηρός φησι τὸν Δία ἐκβιαζόμενον παρὰ τῆς +γαμετῆς ὁμολογεῖν<note place='foot'>φησι τὸν Δία ἐκβιαζόμενον—ὁμολογεῖν Cobet, φησιν, +ἐκβιαζόμενος—ὁμολογεῖ MSS., Hertlein, ἐκβιαζόμενον V, ὁμολογεῖν +V, M.</note> ὅ,τι ξυγχωροίη,<note place='foot'>ξυγχωρεῖ Reiske.</note> δίδωσιν +ἑκὼν ἀέκοντί γε θυμῷ. καὶ τυχὸν οὐκ ἄτοπον +χαλεπῶς καὶ μόλις τὰ τοιαῦτα ξυγχωρεῖν κατὰ +ἀνδρῶν ὑβριστῶν καὶ ἀλαζόνων. ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ<note place='foot'>ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ Hertlein suggests.</note> γὰρ +εἰ σφόδρα ἐπιτήδειοί τινές εἰσι πάσχειν κακῶς +καὶ κολάζεσθαι, τούτους ἐκ παντὸς ἀπολέσθαι +χρεών· ὃ δὴ καὶ ἡ βασιλὶς ἥδε ξυννοοῦσα κακὸν μὲν +οὐδὲν ἐκέλευσεν οὔτε ἄλλο ποτε οὔτε<note place='foot'>ἐκέλευσεν οὔτε ἄλλο ποτε οὔτε Hertlein suggests, οὔτε +ἤτησεν ἄλλῳ ποτέ τινι οὔτε MSS.</note> [C] κόλασιν οὔτε +τιμωρίαν ἐπαγαγεῖν οὐχ ὅπως βασιλείᾳ τινὸς ἢ +πόλει, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ οἰκίᾳ μιᾷ τῶν πολιτῶν. προσθείην +δ᾽ ἂν ἔγωγε θαρρῶν εὖ μάλα ὅτι μηδὲν +<pb n='308'/><anchor id='Pg308'/><anchor id='Pg309'/> +ψεῦδός φημι, ὡς οὐδὲ ἐφ᾽ ἑνὸς ἀνδρὸς ἢ γυναικὸς +μιᾶς ἔστιν αὐτὴν αἰτιᾶσθαι ξυμφορᾶς τῳ τῆς +τυχούσης, ἀγαθὰ δὲ ὅσα καὶ οὕστινας δρᾷ καὶ +ἔδρασεν, ἡδέως ἂν ὑμῖν τὰ πλεῖστα ἐξαριθμησαίμην +καθ᾽ ἕκαστα ἀπαγγέλλων, ὡς ὅδε μὲν τὸν +πατρῷον δι᾽ ἐκείνην νέμεται κλῆρον, ἐκεῖνος δὲ +ἀπηλλάγη τιμωρίας, [D] ὀφλήσας τοῖς νὀμοις, ἄλλος +συκοφαντίαν διέφυγε, παρ᾽ ὀλίγον ἐλθὼν κινδύνου, +τιμῆς δὲ ἔτυχον καὶ ἀρχῆς μυρίοι. καὶ ταῦτα οὐκ +ἔστιν ὅστις ἐμὲ ψεύδεσθαι τῶν ἁπάντων φήσει, εἰ +καὶ ὀνομαστὶ τοὺς ἄνδρας μὴ καταλέγοιμι. ἀλλ᾽ +ὀκνῶ, μή τισιν ἐξονειδίζειν δόξω τὰς συμφορὰς +καὶ οὐκ ἔπαινον τῶν ταύτης ἀγαθῶν, κατάλογον +δὲ τῶν ἀλλοτρίων συγγράφειν ἀτυχημάτων. +τοσούτων δὲ ἔργων μηδὲν παρασχέσθαι μηδὲ εἰς +τὸ ἐμφανὲς ἄγειν [116] τεκμήριον κενόν πως εἶναι δοκεῖ +καὶ ἐς ἀπιστίαν ἄγει<note place='foot'>ἄγει Cobet, ἄγειν MSS., Hertlein.</note> τὸν ἔπαινον. οὐκοῦν ἐκεῖνα +παραιτησάμενος, ὁπόσα γ᾽ ἐμοί τε εἰπεῖν ἀνεπίφθονον +ταύτῃ τε ἀκούειν καλὰ λέγοιμ᾽ ἂν ἤδη. +</p> + +<p> +(And indeed he forgot nothing, and no sooner had he +come home and vanquished, as was just, the youths +who caroused in the palace, than he related all to +her without pause, all that he had achieved and endured, +and all else that, obeying the oracles, he purposed +still to accomplish.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 23. 284.</note> And from her he kept +nothing secret, but chose that she should be the +partner of his counsels and should help him to plan +and contrive what he must do. And do you think +this a trifling tribute to Penelope, or is there not now +found to be yet another woman whose virtue surpasses +hers, and who, as the consort of a brave, magnanimous +and prudent Emperor, has won as great +affection from her husband, since she has mingled +with the tenderness that is inspired by love that +other which good and noble souls derive from their +own virtue, whence it flows like a sacred fount? For +there are two jars,<note place='foot'>cf. <hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 24. 527; <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 7. 236 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> so to speak, of these two kinds +of human affection, and Eusebia drew in equal measure +from both, and so has come to be the partner +of her husband's counsels, and though the Emperor +is by nature merciful, good and wise, she encourages +him to follow yet more becomingly his natural bent, +and ever turns justice to mercy. So that no one could +ever cite a case in which this Empress, whether with +justice, as might happen, or unjustly, has ever been +the cause of punishment or chastisement either great +or small. Now we are told that at Athens, in the +days when they employed their ancestral customs +and lived in obedience to their own laws, as the +inhabitants of a great and humane city, whenever the +votes of the jurymen were cast evenly for defendant +and plaintiff, the vote of Athene<note place='foot'>The traditional founding of the ancient court of the +Areopagus, which tried cases of homicide, is described in +Aeschylus, <hi rend='italic'>Eumenides</hi>. Orestes, on trial at Athens for +matricide, is acquitted, the votes being even, by the decision +of Athene, who thereupon founds the tribunal, 485 foll.</note> was awarded to him +who would have incurred the penalty, and thus both +were acquitted of guilt, he who had brought the accusation, +of the reputation of sycophant, and the +defendant, naturally, of the guilt of the crime. Now +this humane and gracious custom is kept up in the suits +which the Emperor judges, but Eusebia's mercy goes +further. For whenever the defendant comes near to +obtaining an equal number of votes, she persuades +the Emperor, adding her request and entreaty on his +behalf, to acquit the man entirely of the charge. +And of free will with willing heart he grants the +boon, and does not give it as Homer says Zeus, constrained +by his wife, agreed as to what he should concede +to her <q>of free will but with soul unwilling.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 4. 43.</note> +And perhaps it is not strange that he should concede +this pardon reluctantly and under protest in the case +of the violent and depraved. But not even when +men richly deserve to suffer and be punished ought +they to be utterly ruined. Now since the Empress +recognises this, she has never bidden him inflict any +injury of any kind, or any punishment or chastisement +even on a single household of the citizens, +much less on a whole kingdom or city. And I might +add, with the utmost confidence that I am speaking +the absolute truth, that in the case of no man or +woman is it possible to charge her with any misfortune +that has happened, but all the benefits that she +confers and has conferred, and on whom, I would +gladly recount in as many cases as possible, and +report them one by one, how for instance this man, +thanks to her, enjoys his ancestral estate, and that +man has been saved from punishment, though he was +guilty in the eyes of the law, how a third escaped a +malicious prosecution, though he came within an ace +of the danger, how countless persons have received +honour and office at her hands. And on this subject +there is no one of them all who will assert that I +speak falsely, even though I should not give a list of +those persons by name. But this I hesitate to do, +lest I should seem to some to be reproaching them +with their sufferings, and to be composing not so much +an encomium of her good deeds as a catalogue of the +misfortunes of others. And yet, not to cite any of +these acts of hers, and to bring no proof of them +before the public seems perhaps to imply that they +are lacking, and brings discredit on my encomium. +Accordingly, to deprecate that charge, I shall relate +so much as it is not invidious for me to speak +or for her to hear.) +</p> + +<p> +Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ τὴν τοῦ γήμαντος εὔνοιαν τηλαυγέστατον +πρόσωπον, κατὰ τὸν σοφὸν Πίνδαρον, +ἀρχομένη τῶν ἔργων ἔθετο, γένος τε ἅπαν καὶ +ξυγγενεῖς εὐθὺς ἐνέπλησε τιμῆς, τοὺς μὲν ἤδη +γνωρίμους καὶ πρεσβυτέρους ἐπὶ μειζόνων τάττουσα +πράξεων καὶ ἀποφήνασα μακαρίους καὶ +ζηλωτοὺς βασιλεῖ τ᾽ ἐποίησε φίλους καὶ τῆς +εὐτυχίας τῆς παρούσης ἔδωκε τὴν ἀρχήν. [B] καὶ +<pb n='310'/><anchor id='Pg310'/><anchor id='Pg311'/> +γὰρ εἴ τῳ δοκοῦσιν, ὥσπερ οὖν ἀληθές, δι᾽ αὑτοὺς +τίμιοι, ταύτῃ γε οἶμαι προσθήσει τὸν ἔπαινον· δῆλον +γὰρ ὅτι μὴ τῇ τοῦ γένους κοινωνίᾳ μόνον, +πολὺ δὲ πλέον ἀρετῇ φαίνεται νέμουσα· οὗ μεῖζον +οὐκ οἶδα ὅπως τις ἐγκώμιον ἐρεῖ. περὶ μὲν τούσδε +γέγονε τοιάδε. ὅσοι δὲ ἀγνῶτες ἔτι διὰ νεότητα +τοῦ γνωρισθῆναι καὶ ὁπωσοῦν ἐδέοντο, [C] τούτοις +ἐλάττονας διένειμε τιμάς. ἀπέλιπε δὲ οὐδὲν εὐεργετοῦσα +ξύμπαντας. καὶ οὐ τοὺς ξυγγενεῖς μόνον +τοσαῦτα ἔδρασεν ἀγαθά, ξενίαν δὲ ὅτῳ πρὸς τοὺς +ἐκείνης πατέρας ὑπάρξασαν ἔγνω, οὐκ ἀνόνητον +ἀφῆκε τοῖς κτησαμένοις, τιμᾷ δὲ οἶμαι καὶ τούτους +καθάπερ ξυγγενεῖς, καὶ ὅσους τοῦ πατρὸς ἐνόμισε +φίλους, [D] ἅπασιν ἔνειμε τῆς φιλίας ἔπαθλα θαυμαστά. +</p> + +<p> +(When she had, in the beginning, secured her +husband's good-will for her actions like a <q>frontage +shining from afar,</q> to use the words of the great poet +Pindar,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Olympian Ode</hi> 6. 4. Pindar says that, as though he were +building the splendid forecourt of a house, he will begin his +Ode with splendid words.</note> she forthwith showered honours on all her +family and kinsfolk, appointing to more important +functions those who had already been tested and +were of mature age, and making them seem fortunate +and enviable, and she won for them the Emperor's +friendship and laid the foundation of their present +prosperity. And if anyone thinks, what is in fact +true, that on their own account they are worthy of +honour, he will applaud her all the more. For it is +evident that it was their merit, far more than +the ties of kinship, that she rewarded; and one +could hardly pay her a higher compliment than that. +Such then was her treatment of these. And to all +who, since they were still obscure on account of +their youth, needed recognition of any sort, she +awarded lesser honours. In fact she left nothing +undone to help one and all. And not only on her +kinsfolk has she conferred such benefits, but whenever +she learned that ties of friendship used to exist +with her ancestors, she has not allowed it to be +unprofitable to those who owned such ties, but she +honours them, I understand, no less than her own +kinsfolk, and to all whom she regards as her father's +friends she dispensed wonderful rewards for their +friendship.) +</p> + +<p> +Ἐγὲ δέ, ἐπειδή μοι τεκμηρίων καθάπερ ἐν +δικαστηρίῳ τὸν λόγον ὁρῶ δεόμενον, αὐτὸς ὑμῖν +ἐμαυτὸν τούτων ἐκείνῳ<note place='foot'>ἐκείνῳ Hertlein suggests, ἐκείνων MSS.</note> μάρτυρα καὶ ἐπαινέτην +παρέξομαι· ἀλλ᾽ ὅπως μου μή ποτε ὑπιδόμενοι +τὴν μαρτυρίαν πρὶν ἐπακοῦσαι τῶν λόγων διαταράττησθε, +ὄμνυμι ὑμῖν, ὡς οὐδὲν ψεῦδος οὐδὲ +πλάσμα ἐρῶ· ὑμεῖς δὲ κἂν ἀνωμότῳ ἐπιστεύσατε +πάντα οὐ κολακείας ἕνεκα λέγειν<note place='foot'>κἂν—ἐπιστεύσατε πάντα—λέγειν Cobet, καὶ—πιστεύσετε +πάντα—λέγοντι MSS., πάντως V, Hertlein, πιστεύσατε V.</note>. [117] ἔχω γὰρ ἤδη +τοῦ θεοῦ διδόντος καὶ τοῦ βασιλέως ἅπαντα τὰ +ἀγαθά, αὐτῆς γε οἶμαι καὶ ταύτης<note place='foot'>αὐτῆς γε—ταύτης Hertlein suggests, αὐτοῦ τε—αὐτῆς MSS.</note> ξυμπροθυμουμένης, +ὑπὲρ ὧν ἄν τις κολακεύων ἅπαντα ἀφείη +<pb n='312'/><anchor id='Pg312'/><anchor id='Pg313'/> +ῥήματα, ὥστε, εἰ μὲν πρὸ τούτων ἔλεγον, ἴσως +ἐχρῆν ὀρρωδεῖν τὴν ἄδικον ὑποψίαν· νῦν δὲ ἐν +ταύτῃ γεγονὼς τῇ τύχῃ καὶ ἀπομνημονεύων τῶν +ἐκείνης εἰς ἐμαυτὸν ἔργων παρέξομαι ὑμῖν εὐγνωμοσύνης +μὲν ἐμαυτοῦ σημεῖον, μαρτύριον δὲ +ἀληθὲς τῶν ἐκείνης ἔργων. [B] πυνθάνομαι γὰρ +δὴ καὶ Δαρεῖον, ἕως ἔτι δορυφόρος ἦν τοῦ +Περσῶν μονάρχου, τῷ Σαμίῳ ξένῳ περὶ τὴν +Αἴγυπτον συμβαλεῖν φεύγοντι τὴν αὑτοῦ, καὶ +λαβόντα φοινικίδα τινὰ δῶρον, οὗ σφόδρα +ἐπεθύμει, τὴν Σαμίων ὕστερον ἀντιδοῦναι τυραννίδα, +ὁπηνίκα, οἶμαι, τῆς Ἀσίας ἁπάσης κύριος +κατέστη. εἰ δὴ οὖν καὶ αὐτὸς πολλὰ μὲν παρ᾽ +αὐτῆς, ὅτε ἔτι ζῆν ἐξῆν ἐν ἡσυχίᾳ, τὰ μέγιστα δὲ +δι᾽ αὐτὴν παρὰ τοῦ γενναίου [C] καὶ μεγαλόφρονος +βασιλέως λαβὼν ὁμολογοίην τοῦ μὲν ἀντιδοῦναι +τὴν ἴσην λείπεσθαι· ἔχει γάρ, οἶμαι, ξύμπαντα +παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ τοῦ καὶ ἡμῖν χαρισαμένου λαβοῦσα· +τῷ βούλεσθαι δὲ τὴν μνήμην ἀθάνατον αὐτῇ τῶν +ἔργων γενέσθαι καὶ ἐς ὑμᾶς ταῦτα ἀπαγγέλλειν +τυχὸν οὐκ ἀγνωμονέστερος φανοῦμαι τοῦ Πέρσου, +εἴπερ εἰς τὴν γνώμην ὁρῶντα χρὴ κρίνειν, ἀλλ᾽ οὐχ +ὅτῳ παρέσχεν ἡ τύχη πολλαπλάσιον ἀποτῖσαι +τὸ εὐεργέτημα. +</p> + +<p> +(But since I see that my account is in need +of proofs, just as in a law-court, I will offer myself to +bear witness on its behalf to these actions and +to applaud them. But lest you should mistrust my +evidence and cause a disturbance before you have +heard what I have to say, I swear that I will tell +you no falsehood or fiction; although you would +have believed, even without an oath, that I am +saying all this without intent to flatter. For I +already possess, by the grace of God and the +Emperor, and because the Empress too was zealous +in my behalf, all those blessings to gain which +a flatterer would leave nothing unsaid, so that, if I +were speaking before obtaining these, perhaps I +should have to dread that unjust suspicion. But as +it is, since this is the state of my fortunes, I +will recall her conduct to me, and at the same time +give you a proof of my own right-mindedness +and truthful evidence of her good deeds. I have +heard that Darius, while he was still in the bodyguard +of the Persian monarch,<note place='foot'>Cambyses.</note> met, in Egypt, a Samian +stranger<note place='foot'>Syloson, Herodotus 3. 139; cf. Julian, <hi rend='italic'>Epistle</hi> 29; +Themistius 67 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>, 109 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> who was an exile from his own country, +and accepted from him the gift of a scarlet cloak to +which Darius had taken a great fancy, and that later +on, in the days when, I understand, he had become +the master of all Asia, he gave him in return the +tyranny of Samos. And now suppose that I acknowledge +that, though I received many kindnesses +at Eusebia's hands, at a time when I was still +permitted to live in peaceful obscurity, and many +also, by her intercession, from our noble and +magnanimous Emperor, I must needs fall short +of making an equal return; for as I know, she +possesses everything already, as the gift of him who +was so generous to myself; yet since I desire that +the memory of her good deeds should be immortal, +and since I am relating them to you, perhaps I shall +not be thought less mindful of my debt than the +Persian, seeing that in forming a judgment it is to the +intention that one must look, and not to an instance +in which fortune granted a man the power to repay +his obligation many times over.) +</p> + +<p> +[D] Τί ποτε οὖν ἐγὼ τοσοῦτον εὖ παθεῖν φημι καὶ +ἀνθ᾽ ὅτου τὸν ἄπαντα χρόνον ὑπόχρεων ἀμαυτὸν +<pb n='314'/><anchor id='Pg314'/><anchor id='Pg315'/> +εἶναι χάριτος ὁμολογῶ τῇδε, σφόδρα ὥρμησθε +ἀκούειν. ἐγὼ δὲ οὐκ ἀποκρύψομαι· ἐμοὶ γὰρ +βασιλεὺς οὑτοσὶ σχεδὸν ἐκ παιδὸς νηπίου +γεγονὼς ἤπιος πᾶσαν ὑπερεβάλλετο φιλοτιμίαν, +κινδύνων τε ἐξαρπάσας τηλικούτων, οὓς οὐδ᾽ +ἂν ἡβῶν ἀνὴρ εὖ μάλα διαφύγοι, [118] μὴ θείας +τινὸς καὶ ἀμηχάνου σωτηρίας τυχών, εἶτα τὴν +οἰκίαν καταληφθεῖσαν καθάπερ ἐπ᾽ ἐρημίας παρά +τοῦ τῶν δυναστῶν ἀφείλετο ξὺν δίκῃ καὶ ἀπέφηνεν +αὖθις πλούσιον. καὶ ἄλλα ἂν ἔχοιμι +περὶ αὐτοῦ πρὸς ὑμᾶς εἰπεῖν εἰς ἐμαυτὸν ἔργα +πολλῆς ἄξια χάριτος, ὑπὲρ ὧν τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον +εὔνουν ἐμαυτὸν ἐκείνῳ καὶ πιστὸν παρέχων +οὐκ οἶδα ἐκ τίνος [B] αἰτίας τραχυτέρως ἔχοντος +ᾐσθόμην ἔναγχος. ἡ δὲ ἐπειδὴ τὸ πρῶτον +ἤκουσεν ἀδικήματος μὲν οὐδενὸς ὄνομα, ματαίας +δὲ ἄλλως ὑποψίας, ἠξίου διελέγχειν καὶ μὴ +πρότερον προσέσθαι μηδὲ ἐνδέξασθαι ψευδῆ καὶ +ἄδικον διαβολήν, καὶ οὐκ ἀνῆκε ταῦτα δεομένη +πρὶν ἐμὲ ἤγαγεν ἐς ὄψιν τὴν βασιλέως καὶ τυχεῖν +ἐποίησε λόγου· καὶ ἀπολυομένῳ πᾶσαν αἰτίαν +ἄδικον συνήσθη, καὶ οἴκαδε ἐπιθυμοῦντι πάλιν +ἀπιέναι πομπὴν ἀσφαλῆ παρέσχεν, [C] ἐπιτρέψαι +πρῶτον τὸν βασιλέα ξυμπείσασα. δαίμονος δέ, +ὅσπερ οὖν ἐῴκει μοι τὰ πρόσθεν μηχανήσασθαι, +ἤ τινος ξυντυχίας ἀλλοκότου τὴν ὁδὸν ταύτην +ὑποτεμομένης, ἐποψόμενον πέμπει τὴν Ἑλλάδα, +ταύτην αἰτήσασα παρὰ βασιλέως ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ καὶ +ἀποδημοῦντος ἤδη τὴν χάριν, ἐπειδ\η με λόγοις +ἐπέπυστο χαίρειν καὶ παιδείᾳ τὸ χωρίον ἐπιτήδειον +εἶναι ξυννοοῦσα. ἐγὼ δὲ τότε μὲν αὐτῇ +<pb n='316'/><anchor id='Pg316'/><anchor id='Pg317'/> +καὶ πρώτῳ γε, [D] ὡς εἰκός, βασιλεῖ πολλὰ καὶ +ἀγαθὰ διδόναι τὸν θεὸν ηὐχόμην, ὅτι μοι τὴν +ἀληθινὴν ποθοῦντι καὶ ἀγαπῶντι πατρίδα παρέσχον +ἰδεῖν· ἐσμὲν γὰρ τῆς Ἑλλάδος οἱ περὶ τὴν +Θρᾴκην καὶ τὴν Ἰωνίαν οἰκοῦντες ἔγγονοι, καὶ +ὄστις ἡμῶν μὴ λίαν ἀγνώμων, ποθεῖ προσειπεῖν +τοὺς πατέρας καὶ τὴν χώραν αὐτὴν ἀσπάσασθαι. +ὃ δὴ καὶ ἐμοὶ πάλαι μὲν ἦν, ὡς εἰκός, ποθεινόν, +[119] καὶ ὑπάρξαι μοι τοῦτο ἐβουλόμην μᾶλλον ἢ +πολὺ χρυσίον καὶ ἀργύριον. ἀνδρῶν γὰρ +ἀγαθῶν φημι ξυντυχίαν πρὸς χρυσίου πλῆθος +ὁσονδηοῦν ἐξεταζομένην καθέλκειν τὸν ζυγὸν +καὶ οὐκ ἐπιτρέπειν τῷ σώφρονι κριτῇ οὐδὲ ἐπ᾽ +ὀλίγον ῥοπῆς ἐπιστῆσαι. +</p> + +<p> +(Why, then, I say that I have been so kindly treated, +and in return for what I acknowledge that I am her +debtor for all time, that is what you are eager to hear. +Nor shall I conceal the facts. The Emperor was kind +to me almost from my infancy, and he surpassed all +generosity, for he snatched me from dangers so great +that not even <q>a man in the strength of his youth</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 12. 382 ἀνὴρ οὐδὲ μάλ᾽ ἡβῶν.</note> +could easily have escaped them, unless he obtained +some means of safety sent by heaven and not attainable +by human means, and after my house had been +seized by one of those in power, as though there were +none to defend it, he recovered it for me, as was just, +and made it wealthy once more. And I could tell you +of still other kindnesses on his part towards myself, +that deserve all gratitude, in return for which I +ever showed myself loyal and faithful to him; but +nevertheless of late I perceived that, I know not +why, he was somewhat harsh towards me. Now the +Empress no sooner heard a bare mention, not of any +actual wrong-doing but of mere idle suspicion, than +she deigned to investigate it, and before doing so +would not admit or listen to any falsehood or unjust +slander, but persisted in her request until she +brought me into the Emperor's presence and procured +me speech with him. And she rejoiced when +I was acquitted of every unjust charge, and when I +wished to return home, she first persuaded the +Emperor to give his permission, and then furnished +me with a safe escort. Then when some deity, the +one I think who devised my former troubles, or +perhaps some unfriendly chance, cut short this +journey, she sent me to visit Greece, having asked +this favour on my behalf from the Emperor, when I +had already left the country. This was because she +had learned that I delighted in literature, and she +knew that that place is the home of culture. Then +indeed I prayed first, as is meet, for the Emperor, +and next for Eusebia, that God would grant them +many blessings, because when I longed and desired +to behold my true fatherland, they made it possible. +For we who dwell in Thrace and Ionia are the sons +of Hellas, and all of us who are not devoid of feeling +long to greet our ancestors and to embrace the very +soil of Hellas. So this had long been, as was natural, +my dearest wish, and I desired it more than to possess +treasures of gold and silver. For I consider that intercourse +with distinguished men, when weighed in the +balance with any amount whatever of gold, drags +down the beam, and does not permit a prudent judge +even to hesitate over a slight turn of the scale.) +</p> + +<p> +Παιδείας δὲ ἕνεκα καὶ φιλοσοφίας πέπονθεν +οἶμαι νῦν τὰ τῆς Ἑλλάδος παραπλήσιόν τι +τοῖς Αἰγυπτίοις μυθολογήμασι καὶ λόγοις. +λέγουσι γὰρ δὴ [B] καὶ Αἰγύπτιοι τὸν Νεῖλον παρ᾽ +αὐτοῖς εἶναι τά τ᾽ ἄλλα σωτῆρα καὶ εὐεργέτην +τῆς χώρας καὶ ἀπείργειν αὐτοῖς τὴν ὑπὸ τοῦ +πυρὸς φθοράν, ὁπόταν ᾕλιος διὰ μακρῶν τινων +περιόδων ἄστροις γενναίοις συνελθῶν ἢ συγγενόμενος +ἐμπλήσῃ τὸν ἀέρα πυρὸς καὶ ἐπιφλέγῃ +τὰ σύμπαντα. οὐ γὰρ ἰσχύει, φασίν, ἀφανίσαι +οὐδὲ ἐξαναλῶσαι τοῦ Νείλου τὰς πηγάς. οὔκουν +οὐδὲ ἐξ Ἑλλήνων παντελῶς [C] οἴχεται φιλοσοφία, +οὐδὲ ἐπέλιπε τὰς Ἀθήνας οὐδὲ τὴν Σπάρτην οὐδὲ +τὴν Κόρινθον· ἥκιστα δὲ ἐστι τούτων<note place='foot'>τούτων Reiske adds.</note> τῶν πηγῶν +ἕκητι τὸ Ἄργος πολυδίψιον· πολλαὶ μὲν γὰρ ἐν +αὐτῷ τῷ ἄστει, πολλαὶ δὲ καὶ πρὸ τοῦ ἄστεος +περὶ τὸν παλαιον ἐκεῖνον Μάσητα· τὴν Πειρήνην +<pb n='318'/><anchor id='Pg318'/><anchor id='Pg319'/> +δὲ αὐτὴν ὁ Σικυὼν ἔχει καὶ οὐχ ἡ Κόρινθος. τῶν +Ἀθηνῶν δὲ πολλὰ μὲν καὶ καθαρὰ καὶ ἐπιχώρια +τὰ νάματα, πολλὰ δὲ ἔξωθεν ἐπιρρεῖ καὶ ἐπιφέρεται +τίμια τῶν ἔνδον οὐ μεῖον· οἱ δὲ ἀγαπῶσι +καὶ στέργουσι, [D] πλουτεῖν ἐθέλοντες οὗ μόνου +σχεδὸν ὁ πλοῦτος ζηλωτόν. +</p> + +<p> +(Now, as regards learning and philosophy, the +condition of Greece in our day reminds one somewhat +of the tales and traditions of the Egyptians. +For the Egyptians say that the Nile in their country +is not only the saviour and benefactor of the land, +but also wards off destruction by fire, when the sun, +throughout long periods, in conjunction or combination +with fiery constellations, fills the atmosphere +with heat and scorches everything. For it has not +power enough, so they say, to evaporate or exhaust +the fountains of the Nile. And so too neither from +the Greeks has philosophy altogether departed, nor +has she forsaken Athens or Sparta or Corinth. And, +as regards these fountains, Argos can by no means be +called <q>thirsty,</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 4. 171.</note> for there are many in the city +itself and many also south of the city, round about +Mases,<note place='foot'>The port of Argolis.</note> famous of old. Yet Sicyon, not Corinth, +possesses Peirene itself. And Athens has many +such streams, pure and springing from the soil, and +many flow into the city from abroad, but no less +precious than those that are native. And her people +love and cherish them and desire to be rich in that +which alone makes wealth enviable.) +</p> + +<p> +Ἡμεῖς δὲ τί ποτε ἄρα πεπόνθαμεν; καὶ τίνα +νῦν περαίνειν διανοούμεθα<note place='foot'>περαίνειν διανοούμεθα Hertlein suggests, διαπεραίνειν οἰόμεθα +MSS.</note> λόγον, εἰ μὴ τῆς φίλης +Ἑλλάδος ἔπαινον, ἧς<note place='foot'>ἧς Horkel adds.</note> οὐκ ἔστι μνησθέντα μὴ +πάντα θαυμάζειν; ἀλλ᾽ οὐ φήσει τις τυχὸν ὑπομνησθεὶς +τῶν ἔμπροσθεν ταῦτα ἐθέλειν ἡμᾶς ἐξ +ἀρχῆς διελθεῖν, καθάπερ δὲ τοὺς Κορυβαντιῶντας +ὑπὸ τῶν αὐλῶν ἐπεγειρομένους χορεύειν καὶ +πηδᾶν οὐδενὶ ξὺν λόγῳ, [120] καὶ ἡμᾶς ὑπὸ τῆς μνήμης +τῶν παιδικῶν ἀνακινηθέντας ᾆσαι τῆς χώρας καὶ +τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἐγκώμιον. πρὸς δὴ τοῦτον ἀπολογεῖσθαι +χρεὼν ὧδέ πως λέγοντα· ὦ δαιμόνιε, καὶ +τέχνης ἀληθῶς γενναίας ἡγεμών, σοφὸν μὲν +χρῆμα ἐπινοεῖς, οὐκ ἐφιεὶς οὐδὲ ἐπιτρέπων τῶν +ἐπαινουμένων οὐδὲ ἐπὶ σμικρὸν μεθίεσθαι, ἅτε +αὐτὸς οἶμαι ξὺν τέχνῃ τοῦτο δρῶν. ἡμῖν δὲ τὸν +ἔρωτα τοῦτον, [B] ὃν σὺ φὴς αἴτιον εἶναι τῆς ἐν τοῖς +λόγοις ἀταξίας, ἐπειδὴ προσγέγονεν, οἶμαι, παρακελεύεσθαι +μὴ σφόδρα ἐκνεῖν μηδὲ εὐλαβεῖσθαι +τὰς αἰτίας. οὐ γὰρ ἀλλοτρίων ἁπτόμεθα<note place='foot'>ἁπτόμεθα Cobet, ἡττώμεθα V, ἡψάμεθα MSS., Hertlein.</note> λόγων +δεῖξαι ἐθέλοντες, ὅσων ἡμῖν ἀγαθῶν αἰτία γέγονε +τιμῶσα τὸ φιλοσοφίας ὄνομα. τοῦτο δὲ οὐκ οἶδα +ὅντινά μοι τρόπον ἐπικείμενον ἀγαπήσαντι μὲν +<pb n='320'/><anchor id='Pg320'/><anchor id='Pg321'/> +εὖ μάλα τὸ ἔργον καὶ ἐρασθέντι δεινῶς τοῦ +πράγματος, ἀπολειφθέντι δὲ οὐκ οἶδε ὅντινα +τρόπον ὄνομα [C] ἐτύγχανε μόνον καὶ λόγος ἔργου +στερόμενος. ἡ δὲ ἐτίμα καὶ τοὔνομα· αἰτίαν +γὰρ δὴ ἄλλην οὔτε αὐτὸς εὑρίσκω οὔτε ἄλλου +του πυθέσθαι δύναμαι, δι᾽ ἣν οὕτω μοι πρόθυμος +γέγονε βοηθὸς καὶ ἀλεξίκακος καὶ σώτειρα, +τὴν τοῦ γενναίου βασιλέως εὔνοιαν ἀκέραιον +ἡμῖν καὶ ἀσινῆ μένειν ξὺν πολλῷ πόνῳ +πραγματευσαμένη, ἧς μεῖζον ἀγαθὸν οὔποτε ἐγώ τι +τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων νομίσας ἑάλων, οὐ τὸν ἐπὶ γῆς +καὶ ὑπὸ γῆς χρυσὸν ἀντάξιον [D] οὐδ᾽ ἀργύρου πλῆθος, +ὁπόσος νῦν ἐστιν ὑπ᾽ αὐγὰς ἡλίου, καὶ εἴ ποτε +ἄλλος προσγένοιτο, τῶν μεγίστων ὀρῶν αὐταῖς, +οἶμαι, πέτραις καὶ δένδρεσι μεταβαλλόντων εἰς +τήνδε τὴν φύσιν, οὐδὲ ἀρχὴν τὴν μεγίστην οὐδὲ +ἄλλο τῶν πάντων οὐδέν· ἐκ μὲν γὰρ δὴ ἐκείνης +ταῦτά μοι γέγονε πολλὰ καὶ ὅσα οὐδεὶς ἂν +ἤλπισεν, οὐ σφόδρα πολλῶν δεομένῳ γε οὐδὲ +ἐμαυτὸν ἐλπίσι τοιαύταις τρέφοντι. +</p> + +<p> +(But as for me, what has come over me? And +what speech do I intend to achieve if not a panegyric +of my beloved Hellas, of which one cannot make +mention without admiring everything? But perhaps +someone, remembering what I said earlier, will say +that this is not what I intended to discuss when I +began, and that, just as Corybants when excited +by the flute dance and leap without method, so I, +spurred on by the mention of my beloved city, +am chanting the praises of that country and her +people. To him I must make excuse somewhat as +follows: Good sir, you who are the guide to an art +that is genuinely noble, that is a wise notion of +yours, for you do not permit or grant one to let +go even for a moment the theme of a panegyric, +seeing that you yourself maintain your theme +with skill. Yet in my case, since there has come +over me this impulse of affection which you say is +to blame for the lack of order in my arguments, you +really urge me, I think, not to be too much afraid of it +or to take precautions against criticism. For I am +not embarking on irrelevant themes if I wish to show +how great were the blessings that Eusebia procured +for me because she honoured the name of philosophy. +And yet the name of philosopher which has been, I +know not why, applied to myself, is really in my +case nothing but a name and lacks reality, for +though I love the reality and am terribly enamoured +of the thing itself, yet for some reason I have fallen +short of it. But Eusebia honoured even the name. +For no other reason can I discover, nor learn from anyone +else, why she became so zealous an ally of mine, +and an averter of evil and my preserver, and took +such trouble and pains in order that I might retain +unaltered and unaffected our noble Emperor's good-will; +and I have never been convicted of thinking +that there is any greater blessing in this world than +that good-will, since all the gold above the earth or +beneath the earth is not worth so much, nor all the +mass of silver that is now beneath the sun's rays or +may be added thereto,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 9. 380.</note> not though the loftiest +mountains, let us suppose, stones and trees and all +were to change to that substance, nor the greatest +sovereignty there is, nor anything else in the whole +world. And I do indeed owe it to her that these +blessings are mine, so many and greater than anyone +could have hoped for, for in truth I did not ask for +much, nor did I nourish myself with any such hopes.) +</p> + +<p> +Εὔνοιαν δὲ ἀληθινὴν οὐκ ἔστι πρὸς χρυσίον ἀμείψασθαι, +οὐδὲ ἄν τις αὐτὴν ἐντεῦθεν πρίαιτο, [121] θείᾳ δέ +τινι καὶ κρείττονι μοίρᾳ ἀνθρώπων ἀγαθῶν συμπροθυμουμένων +παραγέγνεται.<note place='foot'>παραγίγνεται Reiske, lacuna MSS., Hertlein.</note> ὃ δὴ καὶ ἐμοὶ παρὰ +βασιλέως παιδὶ μὲν ὑπῆρχε κατὰ θεόν, ὀλίγου δὲ +οἴχεσθαι δεῆσαν ἀπεσώθη πάλιν τῆς βασιλίδος +ἀμυνούσης καὶ ἀπειργούσης τὰς ψευδεῖς καὶ ἀλλοκότους +ὑποψίας. ἃς ἐπειδὴ παντελῶς ἐκείνη +διέλυσεν, ἐναργεῖ τεκμηρίῳ τῷ βίῳ τὠμῷ χρωμένη, +<pb n='322'/><anchor id='Pg322'/><anchor id='Pg323'/> +καλοῦντός τε αὖθις [B] τοῦ βασιλέως ἀπὸ τῆς Ἑλλάδος +ὑπήκουον, ἆρα ἐνταῦθα κατέλιπεν, ὡς οὐκέτι +πολλῆς βοηθείας, ἅτε οὐδενὸς ὄντος ἐν μέσῳ +δυσχεροῦς οὐδὲ ὑπόπτου, δεόμενον; καὶ πῶς ἂν +ὅσια δρῴην οὕτως ἐναργῆ καὶ σεμνὰ σιωπῶν καὶ +ἀποκρύπτων; κυρουμένης τε γὰρ ἐπ᾽ ἐμοὶ τοῦ +βασιλέως ταυτησὶ τῆς γνώμης διαφερόντως ηὐφραίνετο +καὶ συνεπήχει μουσικόν, θαρρεῖν κελεύουσα +καὶ μήτε τὸ μέγεθος δείσαντα τῶν διδομένων +ἀρνεῖσθαι τὸ λαβεῖν, [C] μήτε ἀγροίκῳ καὶ αὐθάδει<note place='foot'>[λιάν] αὐθάδει Hertlein.</note> +χρησάμενον παρῥησίᾳ φαύλως ἀτιμάσαι τοῦ +τοσαῦτα ἐργασαμένου ἀγαθὰ τὴν ἀναγκαίαν +αἴτησιν. ἐγὼ δὲ ὑπήκουον οὔτι τοῦτό γε ἡδέως +σφόδρα ὑπομένων, ἄλλως δὲ ἀπειθεῖν χαλεπὸν +ὂν σφόδρα ἠπιστάμην, οἷς γὰρ ἂν ἐξῇ πράττειν +ὅ,τι ἂν ἐθέλωσι σὺν βίᾳ, ἦ που δεόμενοι δυσωπεῖν +καὶ πείθειν ἀρκοῦσιν. οὐκοῦν ἐπειδή μοι πεισθέντι +γέγονε [D] καὶ μεταβαλόντι ἐσθῆτα καὶ θεραπείαν καὶ +διατριβὰς τὰς συνήθεις καὶ τὴν οἴκησιν δὲ αὐτὴν +καὶ δίαιταν πάντα ὄγκου πλέα καὶ σεμνότητος ἐκ +μικρῶν, ὡς εἰκός, καὶ φαύλων τῶν πρόσθεν, ἐμοὶ +μὲν ὑπὸ ἀηθείας ἡ ψυχὴ διεταράττετο, οὔτι τὸ +μέγεθος ἐκπληττομένῳ τῶν παρόντων ἀγαθῶν· +σχεδὸν γὰρ ὑπὸ ἀμαθίας οὐδὲ μεγάλα ταῦτα +ἐνόμιζον, ἀλλὰ δυνάμεις τινὰς χρωμένοις μὲν +ὀρθῶς σφόδρα ωφελίμους, ἁμαρτάνουσι δὲ περὶ +τὴν χρῆσιν βλαβερὰς [122] καὶ οἴκοις καὶ πόλεσι +πολλαῖς μυρίων αἰτίας ξυμφορῶν. παραπλήσια +<pb n='324'/><anchor id='Pg324'/><anchor id='Pg325'/> +δὲ ἐπεπονθεῖν ἀνδρὶ σφόδρα ἀπείρως ἡνιοχικῆς +ἔχοντι καὶ οὐδὲ ἐθελήσαντι τύυτης μεταλαβεῖν +τῆς τέχνης, κᾆτα ἀναγκαζομένῳ καλοῦ καὶ +γενναίου κομίζειν ἅρμα ἡνιόχου, πολλὰς μὲν +ξυνωρίδας, πολλὰ δέ, οἶμαι, τέτρωρα τρέφοντος +καὶ ἅπασι μὲν ἐπιβεβηκότος, διὰ δὲ<note place='foot'>δὲ Hertlein adds.</note> γενναιότητα +φύσεως καὶ ῥώμην ὑπερβάλλουσαν ἔχοντος +οἶμαι τὰς ἡνίας πάντων ἐγκρατῶς, [B] εἰ καὶ +ἐπὶ τῆς μιᾶς ἄντυγος βαίνοι, οὐ μὴν ἀεί γε ἐπ᾽ +αὐτῆς μένοντος, μεταφερομένου δὲ πολλάκις +ἐνθένδε ἐκεῖσε καὶ ἀμείβοντος δίφρον ἐκ δίφρου, εἴ +ποτε τοὺς ἵππους πονουμένους ἢ καὶ ὑβρίσαντας +αἴσθοιτο, ἐν δὲ δὴ τοῖς ἅρμασι τοῖσδε κεκτημένου +τέτρωρον ὑπὸ ἀμαθίας καὶ θράσους ὑβρίζον, +πιεζόμενον τῇ συνεχεῖ ταλαιπωρίᾳ καὶ τοῦ +θράσους οὐδέν τι μᾶλλον ἐπιλαθόμενον, ἀγριαῖνον +δὲ ἀεὶ [C] καὶ παροξυνόμενον ὑπὸ τῶν συμφορῶν ἐπὶ +τὸ μᾶλλον ὑβρίζειν καὶ ἀπειθεῖν καὶ ἀντιτείνειν, +οὐ δεχόμενον ἀμῶς γέ πη πορεύεσθαι, ἀλλ᾽ εἰ μὴ +καὶ αὐτὸν ὁρῴη τὸν ἡνίοχον<note place='foot'>ἀμῶς γέ πη—τὸν ἡνίοχον Reiske, ἄλλως ἐπὶ τὸν ἡνίοχον +MSS., Hertlein.</note> διὰ τέλους χαλεπαῖνον +ἤ, τό γε ἔλαττον, στολὴν γοῦν ἡνιοχικὴν ἄνθρωπον +φοροῦντα·<note place='foot'>φοροῦντα Hertlein suggests, φέροντα MSS.</note> οὕτως ἐστὶν ἀλόγιστον φύσει. ὁ δέ, +οἶμαι, παραμυθούμενος αὐτοῦ τὴν ἄνοιαν ἄνδρα +ἐπέστησε, δοὺς φορεῖν<note place='foot'>φορεῖν Hertlein suggests, φέρειν MSS.</note> τοιαύτην ἐσθῆτα καὶ +σχῆμα περιβαλὼν ἡνιόχου σεμνοῦ [D] καὶ ἐπιστήμονος, +ὃς εἰ μὲν ἄφρων εἴη παντελῶς καὶ ἀνόητος, +χαίρει καὶ γέγηθε καὶ μετέωρος ὑπὸ τῶν ἱματίων +καθάπερ πτερῶν ἐπαίρεται, συνέσεως δὲ εἰ καὶ +<pb n='326'/><anchor id='Pg326'/><anchor id='Pg327'/> +ἐπὶ σμικρὸν μετέχοι καὶ σώφρονος νοῦ, σφόδρα +εὐλαβεῖται, +</p> + +<p> +(But genuine kindness one cannot obtain in exchange +for money, nor could anyone purchase it by such +means, but it exists only when men of noble +character work in harmony with a sort of divine and +higher providence. And this the Emperor bestowed +on me even as a child, and when it had almost +vanished it was restored again to me because the +Empress defended me and warded off those false +and monstrous suspicions. And when, using the +evidence of my life as plain proof, she had completely +cleared me of them, and I obeyed once more the +Emperor's summons from Greece, did she ever forsake +me, as though, now that all enmity and +suspicion had been removed, I no longer needed +much assistance? Would my conduct be pious if +I kept silence and concealed actions so manifest +and so honourable? For when a good opinion of me +was established in the Emperor's mind, she rejoiced +exceedingly, and echoed him harmoniously, bidding +me take courage and neither refuse out of awe to +accept the greatness<note place='foot'>The title of Caesar.</note> of what was offered to me, nor, +by employing a boorish and arrogant frankness, +unworthily slight the urgent request of him who had +shown me such favour. And so I obeyed, though it +was by no means agreeable to me to support this +burden, and besides I knew well that to refuse was +altogether impracticable. For when those who have +the power to exact by force what they wish +condescend to entreat, naturally they put one out +of countenance and there is nothing left but to obey. +Now when I consented, I had to change my mode of +dress, and my attendants, and my habitual pursuits, +and my very house and way of life for what seemed +full of pomp and ceremony to one whose past had +naturally been so modest and humble, and my mind +was confused by the strangeness, though it was +certainly not dazzled by the magnitude of the favours +that were now mine. For in my ignorance I hardly +regarded them as great blessings, but rather as +powers of the greatest benefit, certainly, to those +who use them aright, but, when mistakes are made +in their use, as being harmful to many houses and +cities and the cause of countless disasters. So I felt +like a man who is altogether unskilled in driving a +chariot,<note place='foot'>To illustrate the skill and, at the same time, the difficult +position of Constantius as sole Emperor, Julian describes an +impossible feat. The restive teams are the provinces of the +Empire, which had hitherto been controlled by two or more +Emperors.</note> and is not at all inclined to acquire the art, +and then is compelled to manage a car that belongs +to a noble and talented charioteer, one who keeps +many pairs and many four-in-hands too, let us +suppose, and has mounted behind them all, and +because of his natural talent and uncommon strength +has a strong grip on the reins of all of them, even +though he is mounted on one chariot; yet he does +not always remain on it, but often moves to this side +or that and changes from car to car, whenever he +perceives that his horses are distressed or are +getting out of hand; and among these chariots +he has a team of four that become restive from +ignorance and high spirit, and are oppressed by +continuous hard work, but none the less are mindful +of that high spirit, and ever grow more unruly and +are irritated by their distress, so that they grow +more restive and disobedient and pull against the +driver and refuse to go in a certain direction, and +unless they see the charioteer himself or at least +some man wearing the dress of a charioteer, end by +becoming violent, so unreasoning are they by nature. +But when the charioteer encourages some unskilful +man, and sets him over them, and allows him to +wear the same dress as his own, and invests him with +the outward seeming of a splendid and skilful +charioteer, then if he be altogether foolish and witless, +he rejoices and is glad and is buoyed up and exalted +by those robes, as though by wings, but, if he has +even a small share of common sense and prudent +understanding, he is very much alarmed)</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>μήπως αὑτὸν τε τρώσῃ σύν θ᾽ ἅρματα ἄξῃ,</l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>Lest he +both injure himself and shatter his chariot withal,</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 23. 341.</note>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +καὶ τῷ μὲν ἡνιόχῳ ζημίας, αὑτῷ δὲ αἰσχρᾶς καὶ +ἀδόξου συμφορᾶς αἴτιος γένηται. ταῦτα ἐγὼ +ἐλογιζόμην ἐν νυκτὶ βουλεύων καὶ δι᾽ ἡμέρας κατ᾽ +ἐμαυτὸν ἐπισκοπούμενος, [123] σύννους ὢν ἀεὶ καὶ +σκυθρωπός. ὁ γενναῖος δὲ καὶ θεῖος ἀληθῶς αὐτοκράτωρ +ἀφῄρει τι πάντως τῶν ἀλγεινῶν, ἔργοις +καὶ λόγοις τιμῶν καὶ χαριζόμενος. τέλος δὲ τὴν +βασιλίδα προσειπεῖν κελεύει, θάρσος τε ἡμῖν +ἐνδιδοὺς καὶ τοῦ σφόδρα πιστεύειν γενναῖον εὖ +μάλα παρέχων γνώρισμα. ἐγὼ δὲ ἐπειδὴ πρῶτον +ἐς ὄψιν ἐκείνης ἦλθον, ἐδόκουν μὲν ὥσπερ ἐν ἱερῷ +καθιδρυμένον ἄγαλμα σωφροσύνης ὁρᾶν· [B] αἰδὼς δὲ +ἐπεῖχε τὴν ψυχήν, καὶ ἐπέπηκτό μοι κατὰ γῆς τὰ +ὄμματα συχνὸν ἐπιεικῶς χρόνον, ἕως ἐκείνη +θαρρεῖν ἐκέλευε. καὶ τὰ μέν, ἔφη, ἤδη παρ᾽ ἡμῶν +ἔχεις, τὰ δὲ καὶ ἕξεις σὺν θεῷ, μόνον εἰ πιστὸς καὶ +δίκαιος εἰς ἡμᾶς γένοιο. τοσαῦτα ἤκουσα σχεδόν· +οὐδὲ γὰρ αὐτὴ πλεῖονα<note place='foot'>πλείονα Hertlein suggests, πλεῖον MSS.</note> ἐφθέγξατο, καὶ ταῦτα +ἐπισταμένη τῶν γενναίων ῥητόρων οὐδὲ ἓν φαυλοτέρους +ἀπαγγέλλειν λόγους. ταύτης ἐγὼ τῆς +ἐντεύξεως ἀπαλλαγεὶς σφόδρα ἐθαύμασα καὶ +ἐξεπεπλήγμην, ἐναργῶς δοκῶν ἀκηκοέναι σωφροσύνης +αὐτῆς φθεγγομένης· οὕτω πρᾷον ἦν αὐτῇ +φθέγμα καὶ μείλιχον, [C] ταῖς ἐμαῖς ἀκοαῖς ἐγκαθιδρυμένον. +</p> + +<p> +(and so cause loss to the charioteer and bring on himself +shameful and inglorious disaster. On all this, then, +I reflected, taking counsel with myself in the night +season, and in the daytime pondering it with myself, +and I was continually thoughtful and gloomy. +Then the noble and truly godlike Emperor lessened +my torment in every way, and showed me honour and +favour both in deed and word. And at last he bade +me address myself to the Empress, inspiring me with +courage and giving me a very generous indication +that I might trust her completely. Now when first +I came into her presence it seemed to me as though +I beheld a statue of Modesty set up in some temple. +Then reverence filled my soul, and my eyes were +fixed upon the ground<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 3. 217.</note> for some considerable time, +till she bade me take courage. Then she said: +<q>Certain favours you have already received from us +and yet others you shall receive, if God will, if only you +prove to be loyal and honest towards us.</q> This was +almost as much as I heard. For she herself did not +say more, and that though she knew how to utter +speeches not a whit inferior to those of the most +gifted orators. And I, when I had departed from +this interview, felt the deepest admiration and awe, +and was clearly convinced that it was Modesty herself +I had heard speaking. So gentle and comforting +was her utterance, and it is ever firmly settled in +my ears.) +</p> + +<p> +Βούλεσθε οὖν τὰ μετὰ ταῦτα πάλιν ἔργα καὶ +ὅσα ἔδρασεν ἡμᾶς ἀγαθὰ καθ᾽ ἕκαστον λεπτουργοῦντες +<pb n='328'/><anchor id='Pg328'/><anchor id='Pg329'/> +ἀπαγγέλλωμεν; ἢ τά γε ἐντεῦθεν ἀθρόως +ἑλόντες, καθάπερ ἔδρασεν αὐτὴ,<note place='foot'>αὐτὴ Hertlein suggests, αὕτη MSS.</note> πάντα ὁμοῦ +διηγησώμεθα; [D] ὁπόσους μὲν εὖ ἐποίησε τῶν ἐμοὶ +γνωρίμων, ὅπως δὲ ἐμοὶ μετὰ τοῦ βασιλέως τὸν +γάμον ἥρμοσεν. ὑμεῖς δὲ ἴσως ποθεῖτε καὶ τὸν +κατάλογον ἀκοίειν τῶν δώρων, +</p> + +<p> +(Do you wish then that I should report to you +what she did after this, and all the blessings she +conferred on me, and that I should give precise +details one by one? Or shall I take up my tale +concisely as she did herself, and sum up the whole? +Shall I tell how many of my friends she benefited, +and how with the Emperor's help she arranged my +marriage? But perhaps you wish to hear also the +list of her presents to me:)</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>ἕπτ᾽ ἀπύρους τρίποδας, δέκα δὲ χρυσοῖο τάλαντα</l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>Seven tripods untouched +by fire and ten talents of gold,</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 9. 122.</note>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +καὶ λέβητας ἐείκοσιν. ἀλλ᾽ οὔ μοι σχολὴ περὶ +τῶν τοιούτων ἀδολεσχεῖν· ἑνὸς δὲ ἴσως τῶν +ἐκείνης δώρων τυχὸν οὐκ ἄχαρι καὶ εἰς ὑμᾶς +ἀπομνημονεῦσαι, ᾧ μοι δοκῶ καὶ αὐτὸς ἡσθῆναι<note place='foot'>[σφόδρα] ἡσθῆναι Hertlein.</note> +διαφερόντως· βίβλους γὰρ φιλοσόφων καὶ ξυγγραφέων +ἀγαθῶν [124] καὶ ῥετόρων πολλῶν καὶ ποιητῶν, +ἐπειδὴ παντελῶς ὀλίγας οἴκοθεν ἔφερον, +ἐλπίδι καὶ πόθῳ τοῦ πάλιν οἴκαδε ἐπανελθεῖν τὴν +ταχίστην ψυχαγωγούμενος, ἔδωκεν ἀθρόως τοσαύτας, +ὥστε ἐμοῦ μὲν ἀποπλῆσαι τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν +σφόδρα ἀκορέστως ἔχοντος τῆς πρὸς ἐκείνας<note place='foot'>ἐκείνας Reiske, ἐκεῖνα MSS., Hertlein.</note> +συνουσίας, μουσεῖον δὲ Ἑλληνικὸν ἀποφῆναι +βιβλίων ἕκητι τὴν Γαλατίαν καὶ τὴν Κελτίδα. +τούτοις ἐγὼ προσκαθήμενος συνεχῶς τοῖς δώροις, +εἴ ποτε σχολὴν ἄγοιμι, οὐκ ἔστιν ὅπως ἐπιλανθάνωμαι +τῆς χαρισαμένης· [B] ἀλλὰ καὶ στρατευομένῳ +μοι ἕν γέ τι πάντως ἕπεται οἷον ἐφόδιον +τῆς στρατείας πρὸς αὐτόπτου πάλαι ξυγκείμενον. +πολλὰ γὰρ δὴ τῆς τῶν παλαιῶν<note place='foot'>παλαιῶν [ἔργων] Hertlein.</note> ἐμπειρίας +ὑπομνήματα ξὺν τέχνηι γραφέντα τοῖς ἁμαρτοῦσι +<pb n='330'/><anchor id='Pg330'/><anchor id='Pg331'/> +διὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν τῆς θέας ἐναργῆ καὶ λαμπρὰν +εἰκόνα φέρει τῶν πάλαι πραχθέντων, ὑφ᾽ ἧς ἤδη +καὶ νέοι πολλοὶ γερόντων μυρίων πολιὸν μᾶλλον +ἐκτήσαντο τὸν νοῦν καὶ τὰς φρένας, [C] καὶ τὸ δοκοῦν +ἀγαθὸν ἐκ τοῦ γήρως ὑπάρχειν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις +μόνον, τὴν ἐμπειρίαν, δι᾽ ἣν ὁ πρεσβύτης ἔχει τι +λέξαι τῶν νέων σοφώτερον, τοῖς οὐ ῥᾳθύμοις τῶν +νέων ἔδωκεν. ἔστι δὲ οἶμαί τις ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ +παιδαγωγία πρὸς ἦθος γενναῖον, εἴ τις ἐπίσταιτο +τοὺς ἀρίστους ἄνδρας καὶ λόγους καὶ πράξεις, +οἷον ἀρχέτυπα προτιθέμενος δημιουργός, πλάττειν +ἤδη πρὸς ταῦτα τὴν αὑτοῦ διάνοιαν καὶ +ἀφομοιοῦν τοὺς<note place='foot'>Before τοὺς Klimek omits πρὸς.</note> λόγους. ὧν εἰ μὴ παμπληθὲς +ἀπολειφθείη, [D] τυγχάνοι δὲ καὶ ἐπ᾽ ὀλίγον τῆς +ὁμοιότητος, οὐ σμικρὰ ἂν ὄναιτο, εὖ ἴστε. ὃ δὴ +καὶ αὐτὸς πολλάκις ξυννοῶν παιδιάν τε οὐκ +ἄμουσον ἐν αὐτοῖς ποιοῦμαι καὶ στρατευόμενος +καθάπερ σιτία φέρειν ἀναγκαῖα καὶ ταῦτα ἐθέλω· +μέτρον δέ ἐστι τοῦ πλήθους τῶν φερομένων ὁ +καιρός. +</p> + +<p> +(and twenty caldrons. +But I have no time to gossip about such +subjects. Nevertheless one of those gifts of hers it +would perhaps not be ungraceful to mention to you, +for it was one with which I was myself especially +delighted. For she gave me the best books on +philosophy and history, and many of the orators and +poets, since I had brought hardly any with me from +home, deluding myself with the hope and longing to +return home again, and gave them in such numbers, +and all at once, that even my desire for them was +satisfied, though I am altogether insatiable of converse +with literature; and, so far as books went, she +made Galatia<note place='foot'>Gaul.</note> and the country of the Celts resemble +a Greek temple of the Muses. And to these gifts I +applied myself incessantly whenever I had leisure, +so that I can never be unmindful of the gracious +giver. Yes, even when I take the field one thing +above all else goes with me as a necessary provision +for the campaign, some one narrative of a +campaign composed long ago by an eye-witness. +For many of those records of the experience of +men of old, written as they are with the greatest +skill, furnish to those who, by reason of their +youth, have missed seeing such a spectacle, a +clear and brilliant picture of those ancient exploits, +and by this means many a tiro has acquired a +more mature understanding and judgment than +belongs to very many older men; and that +advantage which people think old age alone can +give to mankind, I mean experience (for experience +it is that enables an old man <q>to talk more wisely +than the young</q><note place='foot'>Euripides, <hi rend='italic'>Phoenissae</hi> 532.</note>), even this the study of history can +give to the young if only they are diligent. Moreover, +in my opinion, there is in such books a means of +liberal education for the character, supposing that +one understands how, like a craftsman, setting before +himself as patterns the noblest men and words and +deeds, to mould his own character to match them, +and make his words resemble theirs. And if he +should not wholly fall short of them, but should +achieve even some slight resemblance, believe me +that would be for him the greatest good fortune. +And it is with this idea constantly before me that +not only do I give myself a literary education by +means of books, but even on my campaigns I never +fail to carry them like necessary provisions. The +number that I take with me is limited only by +particular circumstances.) +</p> + +<p> +Ἀλλὰ μή ποτε οὐκ ἐκείνων χρὴ νῦν τὸν +ἔπαινον γράφειν οὐδὲ ὅσα ἡμῖν ἀγαθὰ γένοιτ᾽ ἂν +ἐνθένδε, [125] ὁπόσου δὲ τὸ δῶρον ἄξιον καταμαθόντας +χάριν ἀποτίνειν τυχὸν οὐκ ἀλλοτρίαν τοῦ δοθέντος +τῇ χαρισαμένῃ. λόγων γὰρ ἀστείων καὶ +παντοδαπῶν θησαυροὺς τὸν ἐν ταῖς βίβλοις δεξάμενον +<pb n='332'/><anchor id='Pg332'/><anchor id='Pg333'/> +οὐκ ἄδικον διὰ σμικρῶν καὶ φαύλων ῥημάτων +ἰδιωτικῶς καὶ ἀγροίκως ἄγαν ξυγκειμένων +ᾄδειν εὐφημίαν. οὐδὲ γὰρ γεωργὸν φήσεις εὐγνώμονα, +ὃς καταφυτεύειν μὲν τὴν φυταλιὰν ἀρχόμενος +κλήματα ᾔτει παρὰ τῶν γειτόνων, εἶτα ἐκτρέφων +τὰς ἀμπέλους δίκελλαν καὶ αὖθις σμινύην, +καὶ τέλος ἤδη κάλαμον, [B] ᾧ χρὴ προσδεδέσθαι καὶ +ἐπικεῖσθαι τὴν ἄμπελον, ἵνα αὐτή τε ἀνέχηται +καὶ οἱ βότρυες ἐξηρτημένοι μηδαμοῦ ψαύωσι τῆς +βώλου, τυχόντα δὲ ὧν ἐδεῖτο μόνον ἐμπίπλασθαι +τοῦ Διονύσου τῆς χάριτος οὔτε τῶν βοτρύων οὔτε +τοῦ γλεύκους μεταδιδόντα τοῖς,<note place='foot'>τοῖς Naber, τούτοις MSS., Hertlein.</note> ὧν πρὸς τὴν +γεωργίαν ἔτυχε προθύμων. οὔκουν οὐδὲ νομέα +ποιμνίων οὐδὲ βουκολίων οὐδὲ μὴν αἰπολίων +ἐπιεικῆ καὶ ἀγαθὸν καὶ εὐγνώμονα φήσει τις, ὃς +τοῦ μὲν χειμώνος, ὅτε αὐτῷ στέγης καὶ πόας +ἐδεῖτο τὰ βοσκήματα, [C] σφόδρα ἐτύγχανε προθύμων +τῶν φίλων, πολλὰ μὲν αὐτῷ ξυμποριζόντων καὶ +μεταδιδόντων τροφῆς ἀφθόνου καὶ καταγωγίων, +ἦρος δὲ οἶμαι καὶ θέρους φανέντος μάλα γενναίως +ἐπιλαθόμενον ὧν εὖ πάθοι, οὔτε τοῦ γάλακτος οὔτε +τῶν τυρῶν οὔτε ἄλλου τοῦ μεταδιδόντα τοῖς<note place='foot'>τοῖς Naber, τούτοις MSS., Hertlein.</note> ὑφ᾽ ὧν +αὐτῷ διεσώθη ἀπολόμενα ἂν ἄλλως τὰ θρέμματα. +</p> + +<p> +(But perhaps I ought not now to be writing a +panegyric on books, nor to describe all the benefits +that we might derive from them, but since I recognise +how much that gift was worth, I ought to pay back +to the gracious giver thanks not perhaps altogether +different in kind from what she gave. For it is only +just that one who has accepted clever discourses of all +sorts laid up as treasure in books, should sound a +strain of eulogy if only in slight and unskilful +phrases, composed in an unlearned and rustic +fashion. For you would not say that a farmer +showed proper feeling who, when starting to +plant his vineyard, begs for cuttings from his +neighbours, and presently, when he cultivates his +vines, asks for a mattock and then for a hoe, and +finally for a stake to which the vine must be +tied and which it must lean against, so that it may +itself be supported, and the bunches of grapes +as they hang may nowhere touch the soil; and +then, after obtaining all he asked for, drinks +his fill of the pleasant gift of Dionysus, but +does not share either the grapes or the must +with those whom he found so willing to help him in +his husbandry. Just so one would not say that a +shepherd or neatherd or even a goatherd was honest +and good and right-minded, who in winter, when his +flocks need shelter and fodder, met with the utmost +consideration from his friends, who helped him +to procure many things, and gave him food in +abundance, and lodging, and presently when spring +and summer appeared, forgot in lordly fashion all +those kindnesses, and shared neither his milk nor +cheeses nor anything else with those who had saved +his beasts for him when they would otherwise have +perished.) +</p> + +<p> +Ὅστις οὖν λόγους ὁποιουσοῦν τρέφων νέος +μὲν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡγεμόνων πολλῶν δεόμενος, τροφῆς +δὲ πολλῆς [D] καὶ καθαρᾶς τῆς ἐκ τῶν παλαιῶν +γραμμάτων, εἶτα ἀθρόως πάντων στερηθείη<note place='foot'>στερηθείη Cobet, δεηθείη MSS., Hertlein.</note> ἆρα +<pb n='334'/><anchor id='Pg334'/><anchor id='Pg335'/> +ὑμῖν μικρᾶς δεῖσθαι βοηθείας δοκεῖ ἢ μικρῶν αὐτῷ +γεγονέναι ἄξιος ὁ πρὸς ταῦτα συλλαμβανόμενος; +καὶ τυχὸν οὐ χρὴ πειρᾶσθαι χάριν ἀποτίνειν αὐτῷ +τῆς προθυμίας καὶ τῶν ἔργων; ἀλλὰ μή ποτε τὸν +Θαλῆν ἐκεῖνον, τῶν σοφῶν τὸ κεφάλαιον μιμητέον,<note place='foot'>μιμητέον Petavius adds.</note> +οὗ τὰ ἐπαινούμενα ἀκηκόαμεν; ἐρομένου γάρ τινος +ὑπὲρ ὧν ἔμαθεν [126] ὁπόσον τινὰ χρὴ καταβαλεῖν +μισθόν· ὁμολογῶν, ἔφη, τι<note place='foot'>τι Horkel, τὸ MSS., Hertlein.</note> παρ᾽ ἡμῶν μαθεῖν τὴν +ἀξίαν ἡμῖν ἐκτίσεις. οὐκοῦν καὶ ὅστις διδάσκαλος +μὲν αὐτὸς οὐ γέγονε, πρὸς τὸ μαθεῖν δὲ καὶ ὁτιοῦν +συνηνύγκατο, ἀδικοῖτ᾽ ἄν, εἰ μὴ τυγχάνοι τῆς +χάριτος καὶ τῆς ἐπὶ τοῖς δοθεῖσιν ὁμολογίας, ἣν +δὴ καὶ ὁ σοφὸς ἀπαιτῶν φαίνεται. εἶεν. ἀλλὰ +τοῦτο μὲν χαρίεν καὶ σεμνὸν τὸ δῶρον· χρυσίον δὲ +καὶ ἀργύριον οὔτε ἐδεόμην ἐγὼ λαβεῖν οὔτε ὑμᾶς +δὴ [B] ὑπὲρ τούτων ἡδέως ἂν ἐνοχλήσαιμι. +</p> + +<p> +(And now take the case of one who cultivates +literature of any sort, and is himself young +and therefore needs numerous guides and the +abundant food and pure nourishment that is to be +obtained from ancient writings, and then suppose +that he should be deprived of all these all at once, is +it, think you, slight assistance that he is asking? +And is it slight payment that he deserves who +comes to his aid? But perhaps he ought not even +to attempt to make him any return for his zeal and +kind actions? Perhaps he ought to imitate the +famous Thales, that consummate philosopher, and +that answer which we have all heard and which is so +much admired? For when someone asked what fee +he ought to pay him for knowledge he had acquired, +Thales replied <q>If you let it be known that it was I +who taught you, you will amply repay me.</q> Just so +one who has not himself been the teacher, but has +helped another in any way to gain knowledge, would +indeed be wronged if he did not obtain gratitude +and that acknowledgement of the gift which even +the philosopher seems to have demanded. Well +and good. But this gift of hers was both welcome +and magnificent. And as for gold and silver I +neither asked for them nor, were they in question, +should I be willing thus to wear out your patience.) +</p> + +<p> +Λόγον δὲ ὑμῖν εἰπεῖν ἐθέλω μάλα δή τι<note place='foot'>τι Cobet, τινος MSS., Hertlein.</note> ὑμῖν +ἀκοῆς ἄξιον, εἰ μὴ τυγχάνομεν ἀπειρηκότες πρὸς τὸ +μῆκος τῆς ἀδολεσχίας· τυχὸν δὲ<note place='foot'>δὲ MSS., Cobet, γὰρ V, M, Hertlein.</note> οὐδὲ τῶν ῥηθέντων +ἠκρόασθε ξὺν ἡδονῇ ἅτε ἀνδρὸς ἰδιώτου καὶ σφόδρα +ἀμαθοῦς λόγων, πλάττειν μὲν οὐδὲν οὐδὲ τεχνάζειν +εἰδότος, φράζοντος δὲ ὅπως ἂν ἐπίῃ τάληθές· ὁ δὲ +δὴ λόγος σχεδόν τι περὶ τῶν παρόντων ἐστί. +φήσουσι γάρ, [C] οἶμαι, πολλοὶ παρὰ τῶν μακαρίων +<pb n='336'/><anchor id='Pg336'/><anchor id='Pg337'/> +σοφιστῶν ἀναπειθόμενοι, ὅτι ἄρα μικρὰ καὶ φαῦλα +πράγματα ἀναλεξάμενος ὡς δή τι σεμνὸν ὑμῖν +ἀπαγγέλλω. τοῦτο δὲ οὐ φιλονεικοῦντες πρὸς +τοὺς ἐμοὺς λόγους οὐδὲ ἐμὲ τῆς ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς ἀφαιρεῖσθαι +δόξης ἐθέλοντες ἴσως ἂν εἴποιεν· ἴσασι +γὰρ σαφῶς, ὅτι μήτε ἀντίτεχνος εἶναι βούλομαι +τοῖς ἐκείνων λόγοις τοὺς ἐμαυτοῦ παρατιθείς, μήτε +ἄλλως ἀπεχθάνεσθαι ἐκείνοις ἐθέλω· ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ +οἶδα ὅντινα τρόπον [D] τοῦ μεγάλα λέγειν ἐκ παντὸς +ὀρεγόμενοι χαλεπῶς ἔχουσι πρὸς τοὺς μὴ τἀκείνων +ζηλοῦντας καὶ δι᾽ αἰτίας ἄγουσιν ὡς καθαιροῦντας +τὴν τῶν λόγων ἰσχύν. μόνα γὰρ εἶναι τῶν ἔργων +ζηλωτά φασι καὶ σπουδῆς ἄξια καὶ πολλῶν +ἐπαίνων ὁπόσα διὰ μέγεθος ἤδη τισὶν ἄπιστα +ἐφάνη, ὁποῖα δή τινα τὰ περὶ τῆς Ἀσσυρίας +ἐκείνης γυναικός, ἣ μεταβαλοῦσα καθάπερ ῥεῖθρον +εὐτελὲς τὸν διὰ τῆς Βαβυλῶνος ποταμὸν ῥέοντα +βασίλειά [127] τε ᾠκοδόμησεν ὑπὸ γῆς πάγκαλα καὶ +μεθῆκεν ὑπὲρ τῶν χωμάτων αὖθις. ὑπὲρ γὰρ δὴ +ταύτης πολὺς μὲν λόγος, ὡς ἐναυμάχει ναυσὶ +τρισχιλίαις, καὶ πεζῇ παρετάττετο μυριάδας +ὁπλιτῶν τριακοσίας ἄγουσα, τό τε ἐν Βαβυλῶνι +τεῖχος ᾠκοδόμει πεντακοσίων σταδίων μικρὸν +ἀποδέον, καὶ τὰ περὶ τὴν πόλιν ὀρύγματα καὶ +ἄλλα πολυτελῆ καὶ δαπανηρὰ κατασκευάσματα +ἐκείνης ἔργα γενέσθαι [B] λέγουσι. Νίτωκρις δὲ +ταύτης νεωτέρα καὶ Ῥοδογούνη καὶ Τώμυρις καὶ +<pb n='338'/><anchor id='Pg338'/><anchor id='Pg339'/> +μυρίος δή τις ἐπιρρεῖ γυναικῶν ὄχλος ἀνδριζομένων +οὐ λίαν εὐπρεπῶς. τινὰς δὲ ἤδη διὰ τὸ +κάλλος περιβλέπτους καὶ ὀνομαστὰς γενομένας +οὐ σφόδρα εὐτυχῶς, ἐπειδὴ ταραχῆς αἴτιαι καὶ +πολέμων μακρῶν ἔθνεσι μυρίοις καὶ ἀνδράσιν, ὅσους +ἦν εἰκὸς ἐκ τοσαύτης χώρας ἀθροίζεσθαι, γενέσθαι +δοκοῦσιν, ὡς μεγάλων αἰτίας ὑμνοῦσι πράξεων. +ὅστις δὲ τοιοῦτον οὐδὲν εἰπεῖν ἔχει, [C] καταγέλαστος +εἶναι δοκεῖ ἅτε οὐκ ἐκπλήττειν οὐδὲ θαυματοποιεῖν +ἐν τοῖς λόγοις σφόδρα ἐπιχειρῶν. βούλεσθε οὖν +ἐπανερωτῶμεν αὐτούς, εἴ τις αὐτῶν γαμετὴν ἢ +θυγατέρα οἱ τοιαύτην εὔχεται γενέσθαι μᾶλλον ἢ +τὴν Πηνελόπην; καίτοι ἐπὶ ταύτης οὐδὲν Ὅμηρος +εἰπεῖν ἔσχε πλέον τῆς σωφροσύνης καὶ τῆς +φιλανδρίας καὶ τῆς ἐς τὸν ἑκυρὸν ἐπιμελείας καὶ +τὸν παῖδα· ἔμελε δὲ ἄρα οὔτε τῶν ἀγρῶν ἐκείνῃ +οὔτε τῶν ποιμνίων· στρατηγίαν δὲ ἢ δημηγορίαν +οὐδὲ ὄναρ εἰκὸς<note place='foot'>εἰκὸς Reiske adds.</note> ἐκείνῃ παραστῆναί ποτε· [D] ἀλλὰ +καὶ ὁπότε λέγειν ἐχρῆν εἰς τὰ μειράκια, +</p> + +<p> +(But I wish to tell you a story very well worth your +hearing, unless indeed you are already wearied +by the length of this garrulous speech. Indeed +it may be that you have listened without enjoyment +to what has been said so far, seeing that the speaker +is a layman and entirely ignorant of rhetoric, and +knows neither how to invent nor how to use +the writer's craft, but speaks the truth as it occurs to +him. And my story is about something almost +of the present time. Now many will say, I suppose, +persuaded by the accomplished sophists, that I have +collected what is trivial and worthless, and relate it +to you as though it were of serious import. And +probably they will say this, not because they are +jealous of my speeches, or because they wish to +rob me of the reputation that they may bring. For +they well know that I do not desire to be their rival +in the art by setting my own speeches against theirs, +nor in any other way do I wish to quarrel with them. +But since, for some reason or other, they are +ambitious of speaking on lofty themes at any cost, +they will not tolerate those who have not their +ambition, and they reproach them with weakening +the power of rhetoric. For they say that only those +deeds are to be admired and are worthy of serious +treatment and repeated praise which, because of +their magnitude, have been thought by some to be +incredible, those stories for instance about that +famous woman<note place='foot'>Semiramis, Herodotus 1. 184.</note> of Assyria who turned aside as +though it were an insignificant brook the river<note place='foot'>The Euphrates.</note> that +flows through Babylon, and built a gorgeous palace +underground, and then turned the stream back +again beyond the dykes that she had made. +For of her many a tale is told, how she fought a +naval battle with three thousand ships, and on land +she led into the field of battle three million hoplites, +and in Babylon she built a wall very nearly +five hundred stades in length, and the moat that +surrounds the city and other very costly and expensive +edifices were, they tell us, her work. And +Nitocris<note place='foot'>Herodotus 1. 185; <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 2. 85 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> who came later than she, and Rhodogyne<note place='foot'>Rhodopis? wrongly supposed to have built the third +pyramid.</note> +and Tomyris,<note place='foot'>Herodotus 1. 205.</note> aye and a crowd of women beyond +number who played men's parts in no very seemly +fashion occur to my mind. And some of them +were conspicuous for their beauty and so became +notorious, though it brought them no happiness, but +since they were the causes of dissension and long +wars among countless nations and as many men as +could reasonably be collected from a country of that +size, they are celebrated by the orators as having +given rise to mighty deeds. And a speaker who has +nothing of this sort to relate seems ridiculous because +he makes no great effort to astonish his hearers +or to introduce the marvellous into his speeches. +Now shall we put this question to these orators, +whether any one of them would wish to have a wife +or daughter of that sort, rather than like Penelope? +And yet in her case Homer had no more to tell than +of her discretion and her love for her husband and +the good care she took of her father-in-law and her +son. Evidently she did not concern herself with +the fields or the flocks, and as for leading an army +or speaking in public, of course she never even +dreamed of such a thing. But even when it was +necessary for her to speak to the young suitors,) +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>ἄντα παρειάων σχομένη λιπαρὰ κρήδεμνα</l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>Holding up before her face her shining veil</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 1. 334.</note>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +πρᾴως ἐφθέγγετο. καὶ οὐκ ἀπορῶν Ὅμηρος +οἶμαι τηλικούτων ἔργων οὐδὲ ὀνομαστῶν ἐπ᾽ +αὐτοῖς γυναικῶν ταύτην ὕμνησε διαφερόντως· +ἐξῆν γοῦν αὐτῷ τὴν τῆς Ἀμαζόνος φιλοτίμως +πάνυ στρατείαν διηγησαμένῳ τὴν ποίησιν ἅπασαν +ἐμπλῆσαι τοιούτων διηγημάτων τέρπειν εὖ μάλα +καὶ ψυχαγωγεῖν δυναμένων. [128] οὐ γὰρ δὴ τείχους +<pb n='340'/><anchor id='Pg340'/><anchor id='Pg341'/> +μὲν αἵρεσιν, καὶ πολιορκίαν καὶ τρόπον τινὰ +ναυμαχίαν εἶναι δοκοῦσαν, τὸν πρὸς τοῖς νεωρίοις +πόλεμον, ἀνδρός τε ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ καὶ ποταμοῦ μάχην +ἐπεισάγειν οἴκοθεν διενοεῖτο τῇ ποιήσει καινόν τι +λέγειν ἐπιθυμῶν· τοῦτο δὲ εἴπερ ἦν, ὥσπερ οὖν +φασι, σεμνότατον, ὀλιγώρως οὕτω παρέλιπε. τί +ποτε οὖν ἄν τις αἴτιον λέγοι τοῦ κείνην μὲν ἐπαινεῖν +προθύμως, τούτων δ᾽ οὐδ᾽<note place='foot'>τούτων δ᾽ οὐδ᾽ Hertlein suggests, τούτων δὲ MSS.</note> ἐπὶ σμικρὸν μνημονεύειν; +ὅτι [B] διὰ μὲν τὴν ἐκείνης ἀρετὴν καὶ σωφροσύνην +πολλὰ ἴδίᾳ τε<note place='foot'>πολλὰ ἰδίᾳ τε Hertlein suggests, πολλά τε ἰδίᾳ MSS.</note> τοῖς ἀνθρώποις καὶ εἰς τὸ +κοινὸν ἀγαθὰ συμβαίνει, ἐκ δὲ δὴ τῆς τούτων φιλοτιμίας +ὄφελος μὲν οὐδὲ ἕν, συμφοραὶ δὲ ἀνήκεστοι. +ἅτε δὴ ὢν οἶμαι σοφὸς καὶ θεῖος ποιητὴς +ταύτην ἔκρινεν ἀμείνω καὶ δικαιοτέραν τὴν εὐφημίαν. +ἆρ᾽ οὖν ἔτι προσῆκον<note place='foot'>προσῆκον Hertlein suggests, προσῆκεν MSS.</note> εὐλαβηθῆναι +τοσοῦτον ἡγεμόνα ποιουμένοις, μή τις ἄρα μικροὺς +ὑπολάβῃ καὶ φαύλους; +</p> + +<p> +(it was in mild accents that she expressed herself. +And it was not because he was short of such great +deeds, or of women famous for them, that he sang +the praises of Penelope rather than the others. For +instance, he could have made it his ambition to tell +the story of the Amazon's<note place='foot'>Penthesilea.</note> campaign and have filled +all his poetry with tales of that sort, which certainly +have a wonderful power to delight and charm. For +as to the taking of the wall and the siege, and +that battle near the ships which in some respects +seems to have resembled a sea-fight, and then the +fight of the hero and the river,<note place='foot'>Achilles and the Scamander; <hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 21. 234 foll., <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> +2. 60 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> he did not bring +them into this poem with the desire to relate something +new and strange of his own invention. +And even though this fight was, as they say, most +marvellous, he neglected and passed over the +marvellous as we see. What reason then can anyone +give for his praising Penelope so enthusiastically +and making not the slightest allusion to those +famous women? Because by reason of her virtue +and discretion many blessings have been gained for +mankind, both for individuals and for the common +weal, whereas from the ambition of those others +there has arisen no benefit whatever, but incurable +calamities. And so, as he was, I think, a wise and +inspired poet, he decided that to praise Penelope +was better and more just. And since I adopt so +great a guide, is it fitting that I should be afraid +lest some person think me trivial or inferior?) +</p> + +<p> +[C] Ἐγὼ δὲ ὑμῖν καὶ τὸν γενναῖον ἐκεῖνον +ῥήτορα Περικλέα τὸν πάνυ, τὸν Ὀλύμπιον, +μάρτυρα ἀγαθὸν ἤδη παρέξομαι. κολάκων γὰρ +δή, φασὶ, ποτὲ τὸν ἄνδρα περιεστὼς δῆμος +διελάγχανον τοὺς ἐπαίνους, ὁ μὲν ὅτι τὴν Σάμον +ἐξεῖλεν, ἄλλος δὲ ὅτι τὴν Εὔβοιαν, τινὲς δὲ +ἤδη τὸ περιπλεῦσαι τὴν Πελοπόννησον, ἦσαν δὲ +οἱ τῶν ψηφισμάτων μεμνημένοι, τινὲς δὲ τῆς πρὸς +τὸν Κίμωνα φιλοτιμίας, σφόδρα ἀγαθὸν πολίτην +<pb n='342'/><anchor id='Pg342'/><anchor id='Pg343'/> +καὶ στρατηγὸν εἶναι δόξαντα γενναῖον. [D] ὁ δὲ +τούτοις μὲν οὔτε ἀχθόμενος οὔτε γανύμενος δῆλος +ἦν, ἐκεῖνο δὲ ἠξίου τῶν αὑτῷ πεπολιτευμένων +ἐπαινεῖν, ὅτι τοσοῦτον χρόνον<note place='foot'>χρόνον Cobet adds.</note> ἐπιτροπεύσας τὸν +Ἀθηναίων δῆμον οὐδενὶ θανάτου γέγονεν αἴτιος, +οὐδὲ ἱμάτιον μέλαν τῶν πολιτῶν τις περιβαλόμενος +Περικλέα γενέσθαι ταύτης αἴτιον αὐτῷ τῆς +συμφορᾶς ἔφη. ἄλλου του, πρὸς φιλίου Διός, +δοκοῦμεν ὑμῖν μάρτυρος δεῖσθαι, ὅτι μέγιστον +ἀρετῆς σημείον [129] καὶ πάντων μάλιστα ἐπαίνων +ἄξιον τὸ μηδένα κτεῖναι τῶν πολιτῶν μηδὲ ἀφελέσθαι +τὰ χρήματα μηδὲ ἀδίκῳ φυγῇ περιβαλεῖν; +ὅστις δὲ πρὸς τὰς τοιαύτας συμφορὰς αὑτὸν +ἀντιτάξας καθάπερ ἰατρὸς γενναῖος οὐδαμῶς +ἀποχρῆν ὑπέλαβεν αὑτῷ τὸ μηδενὶ νοσήματος +αἰτίῳ γενέσθαι, ἀλλ᾽ εἰ μὴ πάντα εἰς δύναμιν +ἰῷτο καὶ θεραπεύοι, οὐδὲν ἄξιον τῆς αὐτοῦ τέχνης +ἔργον ὑπέλαβεν, ἆρα ὑμῖν δοκεῖ τῶν ἴσων +ἐπαίνων ἐν δίκῃ τυγχάνειν; [B] καὶ οὐδὲν προτιμήσομεν +οὔτε τὸν τρόπον οὔτε τὴν δύναμιν, ὑφ᾽ ἧς +ἔξεστι μὲν αὐτῇ δρᾶν ὅ,τι ἂν ἐθέλῃ, θέλει δὲ ἅπασι +τἀγαθά; τοῦτο ἐγὼ κεφάλαιον τοῦ παντὸς ἐπαίνου +ποιοῦμαι, οὐκ ἀπορῶν ἄλλων θαυμασίων εἶναι +δοκούντων καὶ λαμπρῶν διηγημάτων. +</p> + +<p> +(But it is indeed a noble witness that I shall now +bring forward, that splendid orator Pericles, the +renowned, the Olympian. It is said<note place='foot'>Julian tells, incorrectly, the anecdote in Plutarch, +<hi rend='italic'>Pericles</hi> 38.</note> that once +a crowd of flatterers surrounded him and were +distributing his praises among them, one telling +how he had reduced Samos,<note place='foot'>440 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.c.</hi></note> another how he +had recovered Euboea,<note place='foot'>445 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.c.</hi></note> some how he had sailed +round the Peloponnesus, while others spoke of +his enactments, or of his rivalry with Cimon, who +was reputed to be a most excellent citizen and a +distinguished general. But Pericles gave no sign +either of annoyance or exultation, and there was but +one thing in all his political career for which he +claimed to deserve praise, that, though he had +governed the Athenian people for so long, he had +been responsible for no man's death, and no citizen +when he put on black clothes had ever said that +Pericles was the cause of his misfortune. Now, by +Zeus the god of friendship, do you think I need any +further witness to testify that the greatest proof of +virtue and one better worth praise than all the rest +put together is not to have caused the death of any +citizen, or to have taken his money from him, or +involved him in unjust exile? But he who like a +good physician tries to ward off such calamities +as these, and by no means thinks that it is +enough for him not to cause anyone to contract +a disease, but unless he cures and cares for +everyone as far as he can, considers that his +work is unworthy of his skill, do you think that +in justice such a one ought to receive no higher +praise than Pericles? And shall we not hold in +higher honour her character and that authority +which enables her to do what she will, since what +she wills is the good of all? For this I make the +sum and substance of my whole encomium, though +I do not lack other narratives such as are commonly +held to be marvellous and splendid.) +</p> + +<p> +Εἰ γὰρ δή τις τὴν περὶ τῶν ἄλλων σιωπὴν +ὑποπτεύσειεν ὡς ματαίαν οὖσαν προσποίησιν καὶ +ἀλαζονείαν κενὴν καὶ αὐθάδη, οὔτι που καὶ τὴν +ἔναγχος ἐπιδημίαν γενομένην αὐτῇ τὴν εις τὴν +<pb n='344'/><anchor id='Pg344'/><anchor id='Pg345'/> +Ῥώμην, [C] ὁπότε ἐστρατεύετο βασιλεὺς ζεύγμασι καὶ +ναυσὶ τὸν Ῥῆνον διαβὰς ἄγχου τῶν Γαλατίας ὁρίων, +ψευδῆ καὶ πεπλασμένην ἄλλως ὑποπτεύσει. ἐξῆν +δὴ οὖν, ὡς εἰκός, διηγουμένῳ ταῦτα τοῦ δήμου μεμνῆσθαι +καὶ τῆς γερουσίας, ὅπως αὐτὴν ὑπεδέχετο +σὺν χαρμονῇ, προθύμως ὑπαντῶντες καὶ δεξιούμενοι +καθάπερ νόμος βασιλίδα, καὶ τῶν ἀναλωμάτων τὸ +μέγεθος, ὡς ἐλευθέριον καὶ μεγαλοπρεπές, καὶ τῆς +παρασκευῆς τὴν πολυτέλειαν, ὁπόσα τε ἔνειμε +τῶν φυλῶν [D] τοῖς ἐπιστάταις καὶ ἑκατοντάρχαις +τοῦ πλήθους ἀπαριθμήσασθαι. ἀλλ᾽ ἔμοιγε τῶν +τοιούτων οὔτε ἔδοξέ ποτε ζηλωτὸν οὐδέν, οὔτε +ἐπαινεῖν ἐθέλω πρὸ τῆς ἀρετῆς τὸν πλοῦτον. +καίτοι με<note place='foot'>με Cobet adds.</note> οὐ λέληθεν ἡ τῶν χρημάτων ἐλευθέριος +δαπάνη μετέχουσά τινος ἀρετῆς· ἀλλ᾽ οἶμαι κρεῖττον +ἐπιείκειαν καὶ σωφροσύνην καὶ φρόνησιν καὶ +ὅσα δὴ ἄλλα περὶ αὐτῆς λέγων πολλοὺς μὲν καὶ +ἄλλους, [130] ἀτὰρ δὴ καὶ ἐμαυτὸν ὑμῖν καὶ τὰ ἐπ᾽ +ἐμοὶ πραχθέντα παρεῖχον μάρτυρα. εἰ δὴ οὖν +καὶ ἄλλοι τὴν ἐμὴν εὐγνωμοσύνην ζηλοῦν ἐπιχειρήσειαν, +πολλοὺς ἔχει τε ἤδη καὶ ἕξει τοὺς +ἐπαινέτας. +</p> + +<p> +(For if anyone should suspect that my silence +about the rest is vain affectation and empty and +insolent pretension, this at least he will not suspect, +that the visit which she lately made to Rome,<note place='foot'>357 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></note> +when the Emperor was on his campaign and +had crossed the Rhine by bridges of boats near +the frontiers of Galatia, is a false and vain invention. +I could indeed very properly have given +an account of this visit, and described how the people +and the senate welcomed her with rejoicings and +went to meet her with enthusiasm, and received her +as is their custom to receive an Empress, and told +the amount of the expenditure, how generous and +splendid it was, and the costliness of the preparations, +and reckoned up the sums she distributed to +the presidents of the tribes and the centurions of +the people. But nothing of that sort has ever +seemed to me worth while, nor do I wish to praise +wealth before virtue. And yet I am aware that +the generous spending of money implies a sort of +virtue. Nevertheless I rate more highly goodness +and temperance and wisdom and all those other +qualities of hers that I have described, bringing +before you as witnesses not only many others but +myself as well and all that she did for me. Now +if only others also try to emulate my proper feeling, +there are and there will be many to sing her +praises.) +</p> + +</div> + +</div> + +<pb n='348'/><anchor id='Pg348'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Oration IV</head> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Introduction To Oration IV</head> + +<p> +In the fourth century <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> poetry was practically +extinct, and hymns to the gods were almost always +written in prose. Julian's Fourth Oration is, +according to the definition of the rhetorician Menander, +a φυσικὸς ὕμνος, a hymn that describes the +physical qualities of a god. Julian was an uncritical +disciple of the later Neo-Platonic school, and +apparently reproduces without any important modification +the doctrines of its chief representative, +the Syrian Iamblichus, with whom begins the +decadence of Neo-Platonism as a philosophy. +Oriental superstition took the place of the severe +spiritualism of Plotinus and his followers, and a +philosophy that had been from the first markedly +religious, is now expounded by theurgists and +the devotees of strange Oriental cults. It is +Mithras the Persian sun-god, rather than Apollo, +whom Julian identifies with his <q>intellectual god</q> +Helios, and Apollo plays a minor part among his +manifestations. Mithras worship, which Tertullian +called <q>a Satanic plagiarism of Christianity,</q> because +in certain of its rites it recalled the sacraments +of the Christian church, first made its appearance +among the Romans in the first century <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.c.</hi><note place='foot'>Plutarch, <hi rend='italic'>Pompeius</hi> 24. For a full description of the +origin and spread of Mithraism see Cumont, <hi rend='italic'>Textes et Monuments +figurés relatifs aux mystères de Mithra</hi>, 1896, 1899, <hi rend='italic'>Les +Mystères de Mithra</hi>, 1902, and <hi rend='italic'>Les religions orientales dans le +paganisme romain</hi>, 1909 (English translation by G. Showerman, +1911).</note> Less +<pb n='349'/><anchor id='Pg349'/> +hospitably received at first than the cults of Isis +and Serapis and the Great Mother of Pessinus, +it gradually overpowered them and finally dominated +the whole Roman Empire, though it was never +welcomed by the Hellenes. For the Romans it +supplied the ideals of purity, devotion and self-control +which the other cults had lacked. The +worshippers of Mithras were taught to contend +against the powers of evil, submitted themselves +to a severe moral discipline, and their reward after +death was to become as pure as the gods to whom +they ascend. <q>If Christianity,</q> says Renan, <q>had +been checked in its growth by some deadly disease, +the world would have become Mithraic.</q> Julian, +like the Emperor Commodus in the second century, +had no doubt been initiated into the Mysteries of +Mithras, and the severe discipline of the cult +was profoundly attractive to one who had been +estranged by early associations from the very +similar teaching of the Christians. +</p> + +<p> +Julian followed Plotinus and Iamblichus in making +the supreme principle the One (ἓν) or the Good +(τὸ ἀγαθὸν) which presides over the intelligible +world (νοητὸς κόσμος), where rule Plato's Ideas, now +called the intelligible gods (νοητοὶ θεοί). Iamblichus +had imported into the Neo-Platonic system the +intermediary world of intellectual gods (νοεροὶ θεοί). +On them Helios-Mithras, their supreme god and +centre, bestows the intelligence and creative and +unifying forces that he has received from his +transcendental counterpart among the intelligible +gods. The third member of the triad is the world +of sense-perception governed by the sun, the visible +counterpart of Helios. What distinguishes Julian's +<pb n='350'/><anchor id='Pg350'/> +triad<note place='foot'>On Julian's triad cf. Naville, <hi rend='italic'>Julien l'Apostat et la +philosophie du polythéisme</hi>, Paris, 1877.</note> from other Neo-Platonic triads is this +hierarchy of three suns in the three worlds: and +further, the importance that he gives to the +intermediary world, the abode of Helios-Mithras. +He pays little attention to the remote intelligible +world and devotes his exposition to Helios, the intellectual +god, and the visible sun. Helios is the +link that relates the three members of the triad. +His <q>middleness</q> (μεσότης) is not only local: he +is in every possible sense the mediator and unifier. +μεσότης is the Aristotelian word for the <q>mean,</q> but +there is no evidence that it was used with the active +sense of mediation before Julian. A passage in Plutarch +however seems to indicate that the <q>middleness</q> +of the sun was a Persian doctrine: <q>The principle +of good most nearly resembles light, and the principle +of evil darkness, and between both is Mithras; +therefore the Persians called Mithras the Mediator</q> +(μεσίτης).<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Concerning Isis and Osiris</hi> 46.</note> Naville has pointed out the resemblance +between the sun as mediator and the Christian +Logos, which Julian may have had in mind. Julian's +system results in a practically monotheistic worship +of Helios, and here he probably parts company with +Iamblichus. +</p> + +<p> +But though deeply influenced by Mithraism, Julian +was attempting to revive the pagan gods, and +if he could not, in the fourth century, restore the +ancient faith in the gods of Homer he nevertheless +could not omit from his creed the numerous deities +whose temples and altars he had rebuilt. Here +he took advantage of the identification of Greek, +<pb n='351'/><anchor id='Pg351'/> +Roman, and Oriental deities which had been going +on for centuries. The old names, endeared by +the associations of literature, could be retained +without endangering the supremacy of Helios. +Julian identifies Zeus, Helios, Hades, Oceanus and +the Egyptian Serapis. But the omnipotent Zeus +of Greek mythology is now a creative force which +works with Helios and has no separate existence. +Tradition had made Athene the child of Zeus, but +Julian regards her as the manifestation of the +intelligent forethought of Helios. Dionysus is the +vehicle of his fairest thoughts, and Aphrodite a +principle that emanates from him. He contrives +that all the more important gods of Greece, Egypt +and Persia shall play their parts as manifestations +of Helios. The lesser gods are mediating demons +as well as forces. His aim was to provide the +Hellenic counterpart of the positive revealed religion +of Christianity. Hence his insistence on the +inspiration of Homer, Hesiod, and Plato, and his +statement<note place='foot'>148 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> that the allegorical interpretations of +the mysteries are not mere hypotheses, whereas the +doctrines of the astronomers deserve no higher title. +</p> + +<p> +The Oration is dedicated to his friend and +comrade in arms Sallust who is probably identical +with the Neo-Platonic philosopher, of the school +of Iamblichus, who wrote about 360 the treatise +<hi rend='italic'>On the Gods and the World</hi>. Cumont calls this +<q>the official catechism of the Pagan empire,</q> and +Wilamowitz regards it as the positive complement +of Julian's pamphlet <hi rend='italic'>Against the Christians</hi>. Julian's +Eighth Oration is a discourse of consolation, παραμυθητικὸς, +for the departure of Sallust when Constantius +recalled him from Gaul in 358. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='352'/><anchor id='Pg352'/><anchor id='Pg353'/> + +<div> + +<p> +ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΟΣ +</p> + +<p> +(Julian, Caesar) +</p> + +<p> +ΕΙΣ ΤΟΝ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΑ ΗΛΙΟΝ ΠΡΟΣ ΣΑΛΟΥΣΤΙΟΝ +</p> + +<p> +(Hymn To King Helios. Dedicated To Sallust) +</p> + +<p> +[B] Προσήκειν ὑπολαμβάνω τοῦ λόγου τοῦδε μάλιστα +μὲν ἅπασιν, +</p> + +<p> +(What I am now about to say I consider to be of +the greatest importance for all things) +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>ὅσσα τε γαῖαν ἔπι πνείει τε καὶ ἕρπει,<note place='foot'>Iliad 17. 447.</note></l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>That breathe +and move upon the earth,</q>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +καὶ τοῦ εἶναι καὶ λογικῆς ψυχῆς καὶ νοῦ μετείληφεν, +οὐχ ἥκιστα δὲ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων ἐμαυτῷ· +καὶ γάρ εἰμι τοῦ βασιλέως ὀπαδὸς Ἡλίου. [C] τούτου +δὲ ἔχω μὲν οἴκοι παρ᾽ ἐμαυτῷ τὰς πίστεις ἀκριβεστέρας· +ὃ δέ μοι θέμις εἰπεῖν καὶ ἀνεμέσητον, +ἐντέτηκέ μοι δεινὸς ἐκ παίδων τῶν αὐγῶν τοῦ +θεοῦ πόθος, καὶ πρὸς τὸ φῶς οὕτω δὴ τὸ αἰθέριον +ἐκ παιδαρίου κομιδῇ τὴν διάνοιαν ἐξιστάμην, +ὥστε οὐκ εἰς αὐτὸν μόνον ἀτενὲς ὁρᾶν ἐπεθύμουν, +ἀλλὰ καί, εἴ ποτε νύκτωρ ἀνεφέλου καὶ καθαρᾶς +αἰθρίας οὔσης προέλθοιμι, [D] πάντα ἀθρόως ἀφεὶς +τοῖς οὐρανίοις προσεῖχον κάλλεσιν, οὐκέτι ξυνιεὶς +οὐδὲν εἴ τις λέγοι τι πρός με οὐδὲ αὐτὸς ὅ τι +πράττοιμι προσέχων. ἐδόκουν τε περιεργότερον +ἔχειν πρὸς αὐτὰ καὶ πολυπράγμων τις εἶναι, καί +<pb n='354'/><anchor id='Pg354'/><anchor id='Pg355'/> +μέ τις ἤδη [131] ἀστρόμαντιν ὑπέλαβεν ἄρτι γενειήτην. +καίτοι μὰ τοὺς θεοὺς οὔποτε τοιαύτη βίβλος εἰς +ἐμὰς ἀφῖκτο χεῖρας, οὐδὲ ἠπιστάμην ὅ τί ποτέ +ἐστι τὸ χρῆμά πω τότε.<note place='foot'>πω τότε Cobet, πώποτε MSS, Hertlein.</note> ἀλλὰ τί ταῦτα ἐγώ +φημι, μείζω ἔχων εἰπεῖν, εἰ φράσαιμι ὅπως +ἐφρόνουν τὸ τηνικαῦτα περὶ θεῶν; λήθη δὲ ἔστω +τοῦ σκότους ἐκείνου. τοῦ<note place='foot'>τοῦ Reiske, τὸ MSS, Hertlein.</note> δὲ ὅτι με τὸ οὐράνιον +πάντη περιήστραπτε φῶς ἤγειρέ τε καὶ παρώξυνεν +ἐπὶ τὴν θέαν, ὥστε ἤδη καὶ τῆς σελήνης τὴν +ἐναντίαν πρὸς τὸ πᾶν αὐτὸς ἀπ᾽ ἐμαυτοῦ κίνησιν +ξυνεῖδον, [B] οὐδενί πω ξυντυχὼν τῶν τὰ τοιαῦτα +φιλοσοφούντων, ἔστω μοι τὰ ῥηθέντα σημεῖα. +ζηλῶ μὲν οὖν ἔγωγε τῆς εὐποτμίας καὶ εἴ τῳ τὸ +σῶμα παρέσχε θεὸς ἐξ ἱεροῦ καὶ προφητικοῦ +συμπαγὲν σπέρματος ἀναλαβόντι σοφίας ἀνοῖξαι +θησαυρούς· οὐκ ἀτιμάζω δὲ ταύτην, ἧς ἠξιώθην +αὐτὸς παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦδε μερίδος, ἐν τῷ +κρατοῦντι καὶ βασιλεύοντι τῆς γῆς γένει τοῖς κατ᾽ +ἐμαυτὸν χρόνοις γενόμενος, [C] ἀλλ᾽ ἡγοῦμαι,<note place='foot'>ἡγοῦμαι Petavius, ἡγοῦμαι κοινότερον μὲν MSS, Hertlein.</note> εἴπερ +χρὴ πείθεσθαι τοῖς σοφοῖς, ἁπάντων ἀνθρώπων +εἶναι τοῦτον κοινὸν πατέρα. λέγεται γὰρ ὀρθῶς +ἄνθρωπος ἄνθροπων γεννᾶν καὶ ἥλιος,<note place='foot'>Aristotle, <hi rend='italic'>Physics</hi> 2. 2. 194 b; cf. 151 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> ψυχὰς οὐκ +ἀφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ παρὰ τῶν ἄλλων +θεῶν σπείρων<note place='foot'>σπείρων Hertlein suggests, σπείρειν MSS.</note> εἰς γῆν,<note place='foot'>Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Timaeus</hi> 42 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> ἐφ᾽ ὅ τι δὲ χρῆμα δηλοῦσιν +<pb n='356'/><anchor id='Pg356'/><anchor id='Pg357'/> +αὗται τοῖς βίοις, οὗς προαιροῦνται. κάλλιστον +μὲν οὖν, εἴ τῳ ξυνηνέχθη καὶ πρὸ τριγονίας ἀπὸ +πολλῶν πάνυ προπατόρων ἐφεξῆς τῷ θεῷ δουλεῦσαι, +μεμπτὸν δὲ οὐδὲ ὅστις, [D] ἐπεγνωκὼς ἑαυτὸν +τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦδε θεράποντα φύσει, μόνος ἐξ ἁπάντων +ἢ ξὺν ὀλίγοις αὑτὸν ἐπιδίδωσι τῇ θεραπείᾳ +τοῦ δεσπότου. +</p> + +<p> +(and have a share in +existence and a reasoning soul<note place='foot'>As opposed to the unreasoning soul, ἄλογος ψυχή, that +is in animals other than man. Plato, Aristotle, Plotinus, +and Porphyry allowed some form of soul to plants, but this +was denied by Iamblichus, Julian, and Sallust.</note> and intelligence, +but above all others it is of importance to myself. +For I am a follower of King Helios. And of this +fact I possess within me, known to myself alone, +proofs more certain that I can give.<note place='foot'>He refers to his initiation into the cult of Mithras.</note> But this at +least I am permitted to say without sacrilege, that +from my childhood an extraordinary longing for +the rays of the god penetrated deep into my soul; +and from my earliest years my mind was so completely +swayed by the light that illumines the +heavens that not only did I desire to gaze intently +at the sun, but whenever I walked abroad +in the night season, when the firmament was clear +and cloudless, I abandoned all else without exception +and gave myself up to the beauties of the heavens; +nor did I understand what anyone might say +to me, nor heed what I was doing myself. I was +considered to be over-curious about these matters +and to pay too much attention to them, and +people went so far as to regard me as an astrologer +when my beard had only just begun to grow. +And yet, I call heaven to witness, never had a book +on this subject come into my hands; nor did I +as yet even know what that science was. But why +do I mention this, when I have more important +things to tell, if I should relate how, in those days, +I thought about the gods? However let that darkness<note place='foot'>When he was still a professed Christian.</note> +be buried in oblivion. But let what I have +said bear witness to this fact, that the heavenly +light shone all about me, and that it roused and +urged me on to its contemplation, so that even then +I recognised of myself that the movement of the +moon was in the opposite direction to the universe, +though as yet I had met no one of those who are +wise in these matters. Now for my part I envy +the good fortune of any man to whom the god has +granted to inherit a body built of the seed of +holy and inspired ancestors, so that he can unlock +the treasures of wisdom; nor do I despise +that lot with which I was myself endowed by the +god Helios, that I should be born of a house that +rules and governs the world in my time; but further, +I regard this god, if we may believe the wise, as the +common father of all mankind.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> not only prophets and emperors but all men are +related to Helios.</note> For it is said with +truth that man and the sun together beget man, +and that the god sows this earth with souls which +proceed not from himself alone but from the other +gods also; and for what purpose, the souls reveal by +the kind of lives that they select. Now far the best +thing is when anyone has the fortune to have inherited +the service of the god, even before the third generation, +from a long and unbroken line of ancestors; +yet it is not a thing to be disparaged when anyone, +recognising that he is by nature intended to be the +servant of Helios, either alone of all men, or in company +with but few, devotes himself to the service of +his master.) +</p> + +<p> +Φέρε οὖν, ὅπως ἂν οἷοί τε ὦμεν, ὑμνήσωμεν +αὐτοῦ τὴν ἑορτήν, ἣν ἡ βασιλεύουσα πόλις ἐπετησίοις +ἀγάλλει θυσίαις. ἔστι μὲν οὖν, εὖ οἶδα, +χαλεπὸν καὶ τὸ ξυνεῖναι περὶ αὐτοῦ μόνον, ὁπόσος +τίς ἐστιν ὁ ἀφανὴς [132] ἐκ τοῦ φανεροῦ λογισαμένῳ, +φράσαι δὲ ἴσως ἀδύνατον, εἰ καὶ τῆς ἀξίας ἔλαττον +ἐθελήσειέ τις. ἐφικέσθαι μὲν γὰρ τοῦ πρὸς +ἀξίαν εὖ οἶδα ὅτι τῶν ἁπάντων οὐδεὶς ἂν δύναιτο, +τοῦ μετρίου δὲ μὴ διαμαρτεῖν ἐν τοῖς ἐπαίνοις τὸ +κεφάλαιόν ἐστι τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης ἐν τῷ δύνασθαι +φράζειν δυνάμεως. ἀλλ᾽ ἔμοιγε τούτου παρασταίη +βοηθὸς ὅ τε λόγιος<note place='foot'>cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 7. 237 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> Ἑρμῆς ξὺν ταῖς +Μούσαις ὅ τε Μουσηγέτης Ἀπόλλων,<note place='foot'>cf. 144 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>, 149 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> [B] ἐπεὶ καὶ +αὐτῷ προσήκει τῶν λόγων, καὶ δοῖεν δὲ εἰπεῖν +ὁπόσα τοῖς θεοῖς φίλα λέγεσθαί τε καὶ πιστεύεσθαι +περὶ αὐτῶν. τίς οὖν ὁ τρόπος ἔσται +τῶν ἐπαίνων; ἢ δῆλον ὅτι περὶ τῆς οὐσίας +αὐτοῦ καὶ ὅθεν προῆλθε καὶ τῶν δυνάμεων καὶ +τῶν ἐνεργειῶν διελθόντες, ὁπόσαι φανεραὶ ὅσαι τ᾽ +ἀφανεῖς, καὶ περὶ τῆς τῶν ἀγαθῶν δόσεως, ἣν +κατὰ πάντας ποιεῖται τοὺς κόσμους, οὐ παντάπασιν +<pb n='358'/><anchor id='Pg358'/><anchor id='Pg359'/> +ἀπᾴδοντα ποιησόμεθα τῷ θεῷ τὰ ἐγκώμια; +[C] ἀρκτέον δὲ ἐνθένδε. +</p> + +<p> +(Come then, let me celebrate, as best I may, his +festival which the Imperial city<note place='foot'>Rome.</note> adorns with annual +sacrifices.<note place='foot'>At the beginning of January; cf. 156 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> Now it is hard, as I well know, merely +to comprehend how great is the Invisible, if one +judge by his visible self,<note place='foot'>Julian distinguishes the visible sun from his archetype, +the offspring of the Good.</note> and to tell it is perhaps +impossible, even though one should consent to fall +short of what is his due. For well I know that no +one in the world could attain to a description that +would be worthy of him, and not to fail of a certain +measure of success in his praises is the greatest +height to which human beings can attain in the +power of utterance. But as for me, may Hermes, the +god of eloquence, stand by my side to aid me, and +the Muses also and Apollo, the leader of the Muses, +since he too has oratory for his province, and may +they grant that I utter only what the gods approve +that men should say and believe about them. What, +then, shall be the manner of my praise? Or is it +not evident that if I describe his substance and his +origin, and his powers and energies, both visible and +invisible, and the gift of blessings which he bestows +throughout all the worlds,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the intelligible world, νοητός, comprehended only by +pure reason; the intellectual, νοερός, endowed with intelligence; +and thirdly the world of sense-perception αἰσθητός. The +first of these worlds the Neo-Platonists took over from Plato, +<hi rend='italic'>Republic</hi> 508 foll.; the second was invented by Iamblichus.</note> I shall compose an +encomium not wholly displeasing to the god? +With these, then, let me begin.) +</p> + +<p> +Ὁ θεῖος οὗτος καὶ πάγκαλος κόσμος ἀπ᾽ ἄκρας +ἁψῖδος οὐρανοῦ μέχρι γῆς ἐσχάτης ὑπὸ τῆς ἀλύτου +συνεχόμενος τοῦ θεοῦ προνοίας ἐξ ἀιδίου γέγονεν +ἀγέννητος<note place='foot'>ἀγέννητος Hertlein suggests, ἀγεννήτως MSS.</note> ἔς τε τὸν ἐπίλοιπον χρόνον ἀίδιος, οὐχ +ὑπ᾽ ἄλλου του φρουρούμενος ἢ προσεχῶς μὲν ὑπὸ +τοῦ πέμπτου σώματος, οὗ τὸ κεφάλαιόν ἐστιν +ἀκτὶς ἀελίου,<note place='foot'>Pindar <hi rend='italic'>fr.</hi> 107, and Sophocles, <hi rend='italic'>Antigone</hi> 100 ἀκτὶς ἀελίου.</note> βαθμῷ δὲ ὥσπερ δευτέρῳ τοῦ νοητοῦ +κόσμου, πρεσβυτέρως δὲ ἔτι διὰ τὸν πάντων +βασιλέα, περὶ ὃν πάντα ἐστίν. [D] οὗτος τοίνυν, εἴτε +τὸ ἐπέκεινα τοῦ νοῦ καλεῖν αὐτὸν θέμις εἴτε ἰδέαν +τῶν ὄντων, ὃ δή φημι τὸ νοητὸν ξύμπαν, εἴτε ἕν, +ἐπειδὴ πάντων τὸ ἓν δοκεῖ πως πρεσβύτατον, εἴτε +ὃ Πλάτων εἴωθεν ὀνομάζειν τἀγαθόν, αὕτη δὴ οὖν +ἡ μονοειδὴς τῶν ὅλων αἰτία, πᾶσι τοῖς οὖσιν +ἐξηγουμένη κάλλους τε καὶ τελειότητος ἑνώσεώς +τε καὶ δυνάμεως ἀμηχάνου, κατὰ τὴν ἐν αὐτῇ +μένουσαν πρωτουργὸν οὐσίαν μέσον ἐκ μέσων τῶν +νοερῶν [133] καὶ δημιουργικῶν αἰτιῶν Ἥλιον θεὸν +μέγιστον ἀνέφηνεν ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ πάντα ὅμοιον ἑαυτῷ· +καθάπερ καὶ ὁ δαιμόνιος οἴεται Πλάτων, <q>Τοῦτον +τοίνυν,</q> λέγων, <q>ἦν δ᾽ ἐγώ, φάναι με λέγειν τὸν τοῦ +<pb n='360'/><anchor id='Pg360'/><anchor id='Pg361'/> +ἀγαθοῦ ἔκγονον, ὃν τἀγαθὸν ἐγέννησεν ἀνάλογον +ἑαυτῷ, ὅτιπερ αὐτὸ ἐν τῷ νοητῷ τόπῳ πρός τε νοῦν +καὶ τὰ νοούμενα, τοῦτο τοῦτον ἐν τῷ ὁρατῷ πρός τε +ὄψιν καὶ τὰ ὁρώμενα.</q><note place='foot'>Republic 508 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> ἔχει μὲν δὴ τὸ φῶς αὐτοῦ +ταύτην οἶμαι τὴν ἀναλογίαν πρὸς τὸ ὁρατόν, +ἥνπερ πρὸς τὸ νοητὸν ἁλήθεια.<note place='foot'>ἁλήθεια Hertlein suggests, ἀλήθεια MSS.</note> αὐτὸς δὲ ὁ ξύμπας, +ἅτε δὴ τοῦ πρώτου [B] καὶ μεγίστου τῆς ἐδέας +τἀγαθοῦ γεγονὼς ἔκγονος, ὑποστὰς αὐτοῦ περὶ +τὴν μόνιμον οὐσίαν ἐξ ἀιδίου καὶ τὴν ἐν τοῖς +νοεροῖς θεοῖς παρεδέξατο δυναστείαν, ὧν τἀγαθόν +ἐστι τοῖς νοητοῖς αἴτιον, ταῦτα αὐτὸς τοῖς νοεροῖς +νέμων. ἔστι δ᾽ αἴτιον οἶμαι τἀγαθὸν τοῖς νοητοῖς +θεοῖς κάλλους, οὐσίας, τελειότητος, ἑνώσεως, +συνέχον αὐτὰ καὶ περιλάμπον ἀγαθοειδεῖ δυνάμει· +ταῦτα δὴ καὶ τοῖς νοεροῖς [C] Ἥλιος δίδωσιν, ἄρχειν +καὶ βασιλεύειν αὐτῶν ὑπὸ τἀγαθοῦ τεταγμένος, εἰ +καὶ συμπροῆλθον αὐτῷ καὶ συνυπέστησαν, ὅπως +οἶαμι καὶ τοῖς νοεροῖς θεοῖς ἀγαθοειδὴς αἰτία +προκαθηγουμένη τῶν ἀγαθῶν πᾶσιν ἅπαντα κατὰ +νοῦν εὐθύνῃ. +</p> + +<p> +(This divine and wholly beautiful universe, from +the highest vault of heaven to the lowest limit of +the earth, is held together by the continuous providence +of the god, has existed from eternity +ungenerated, is imperishable for all time to come, +and is guarded immediately by nothing else than +the Fifth Substance<note place='foot'>Though Aristotle did not use this phrase, it was his +theory of a fifth element superior to the other four, called by +him <q>aether</q> or <q>first element,</q> <hi rend='italic'>De Coelo</hi> 1. 3 270 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>, that +suggested to Iamblichus the notion of a fifth substance or +element; cf. <hi rend='italic'>Theologumena Arithmeticae</hi> 35, 22 Ast, where +he calls the fifth element <q>aether.</q></note> whose culmination is the beams +of the sun; and in the second and higher degree, +so to speak, by the intelligible world; but in a still +loftier sense it is guarded by the King of the whole +universe, who is the centre of all things that exist. +He, therefore, whether it is right to call him the +Supra-Intelligible, or the Idea of Being, and by +Being I mean the whole intelligible region, or the +One, since the One seems somehow to be prior to +all the rest, or, to use Plato's name for him, the +Good; at any rate this uncompounded cause of +the whole reveals to all existence beauty, and +perfection, and oneness, and irresistible power; and +in virtue of the primal creative substance that abides +in it, produced, as middle among the middle and +intellectual, creative causes, Helios the most mighty +god, proceeding from itself and in all things like +unto itself. Even so the divine Plato believed, when +he writes, <q>Therefore (said I) when I spoke of this, +understand that I meant the offspring of the Good +which the Good begat in his own likeness, and that +what the Good is in relation to pure reason and its +objects in the intelligible world, such is the sun in +the visible world in relation to sight and its +objects.</q> Accordingly his light has the same +relation to the visible world as truth has to the +intelligible world. And he himself as a whole, +since he is the son of what is first and greatest, +namely, the Idea of the Good, and subsists from +eternity in the region of its abiding substance, has +received also the dominion among the intellectual +gods, and himself dispenses to the intellectual gods +those things of which the Good is the cause for the +intelligible gods. Now the Good is, I suppose, the +cause for the intelligible gods of beauty, existence, +perfection, and oneness, connecting these and illuminating +them with a power that works for good. +These accordingly Helios bestows on the intellectual +gods also, since he has been appointed by the Good +to rule and govern them, even though they came +forth and came into being together with him, and +this was, I suppose, in order that the cause which +resembles the Good may guide the intellectual gods +to blessings for them all, and may regulate all things +according to pure reason.) +</p> + +<p> +Ἀλλὰ καὶ τρίτος ὁ φαινόμενος οὑτοσί δίσκος +ἐναργῶς αἴτιός ἐστι τοῖς αἰσθητοῖς τῆς σωτηρίας, +καὶ ὅσων ἔφαμεν τοῖς νοεροῖς θεοῖς τὸν μέγαν +<pb n='362'/><anchor id='Pg362'/><anchor id='Pg363'/> +Ἥλιον, τοσούτων αἴτιος<note place='foot'>After τοσούτων Hertlein suggests αἴτοις.</note> καὶ ὁ φαινόμενος ὅδε +τοῖς φανεροῖς. τούτων δ᾽ ἐναργεῖς αἱ πίστεις ἐκ +τῶν φαινομένων [D] τὰ ἀφανῆ σκοποῦντι.<note place='foot'>cf. 138 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> φέρε δὴ +πρῶτον αὐτὸ τὸ φῶς οὐκ εἶδός ἐστιν ἀσώματόν τι +θεῖον τοῦ κατ᾽ ἐνέργειαν διαφανοῦς; αὐτὸ δὲ ὅ, τί +ποτέ ἐστι τὸ διαφανές, πᾶσι μὲν ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν +συνυποκείμενον τοῖς στοιχείοις καὶ ὂν αὐτῶν προσεχὲς +εἶδος, οὐ σωματοειδὲς οὐδὲ συμμιγνύμενον +οὐδὲ τὰς οἰκείας σώματι προσιέμενον ποιότητας. +οὔκουν ἰδίαν αὐτοῦ θέρμην ἐρεῖς,<note place='foot'>Aristotle, <hi rend='italic'>De Anima</hi> 418 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> οὐ τὴν ἐναντίαν +αὐτῇ ψυχρότητα, οὐ τὸ σκληρόν, οὐ τὸ μαλακὸν +ἀποδώσεις, [134] οὐδ᾽ ἄλλην τινὰ τῶν κατὰ τὴν ἁφὴν +διαφορῶν, οὔκουν οὐδὲ γεῦσιν οὐδὲ ὀδμήν, ὄψει δὲ +μόνον ὑποπίπτει πρὸς ἐνέργειαν ὑπὸ τοῦ φωτὸς ἡ +τοιαύτη φύσις ἀγομένη. τὸ δὲ φῶς εἶδός ἐστι +ταύτης οἷον ὕλης ὑπεστρωμένης καὶ παρεκτεινομένης +τοῖς σώμασιν. αὐτοῦ δὲ τοῦ φωτὸς ὄντος +ἀσωμάτου ἀκρότης ἂν εἴη τις καὶ ὥσπερ ἄνθος +ἀκτῖνες. ἡ μὲν οὖν τῶν Φοινίκων δόξα, σοφῶν +τὰ θεῖα καὶ ἐπιστημόνων, ἄχραντον εἶναι ἐνέργειαν +αὐτοῦ τοῦ καθαροῦ [B] νοῦ τὴν ἁπανταχῇ +προϊοῦσαν αὐγὴν ἔφη· οὐκ ἀπᾴδει δὲ οὐδὲ ὁ +λόγος, εἴπερ αὐτὸ τὸ φῶς ἀσώματον, εἴ τις αὐτοῦ +μηδὲ τὴν πηγὴν ὑπολάβοι σῶμα, νοῦ δὲ ἐνέργειαν +ἄχραντον εἰς τὴν οἰκείαν ἕδραν ἐλλαμπομένην, ἣ +<pb n='364'/><anchor id='Pg364'/><anchor id='Pg365'/> +τοῦ παντὸς οὐρανοῦ τὸ μέσον εἴληχεν, ὅθεν ἐπιλάμπουσα +πάσης μὲν εὐτονίας πληροῖ τοὺς οὐρανίους +κύκλους, πάντα δὲ περιλάμπει θείῳ καὶ +ἀχράντῳ φωτί. τὰ μέντοι ἐν τοῖς θεοῖς ἔργα +προϊόντα παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ μετρίως γε<note place='foot'>γε Hertlein suggests, τε MSS.</note> ἡμῖν ὀλίγῳ +πρότερον εἴρηται<note place='foot'>133 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> καὶ ῥηθήσεται μετ᾽ ὀλίγον. [C] ὄσα +δὲ ὁρῶμεν αὐτῇ πρῶτον ὄψει ὄνομα μόνον ἐστὶν +ἔργου τητώμενον, εἰ μὴ προσλάβοι τὴν τοῦ φωτὸς +ἡγεμονικὴν βοήθειαν. ὁρατὸν δὲ ὅλως εἴη ἂν τί +μὴ φωτὶ πρῶτον ὥσπερ ὕλη τεχνίτῃ προσαχθέν, +ἵν᾽ οἶμαι τὸ εἶδος δέξηται; καὶ γὰρ τὸ χρυσίον +ἁπλῶς οὑτωσὶ κεχυμένον ἔστι μὲν χρυσίον, οὐ +μὴν ἄγαλμα οὐδὲ εἰκών, πρὶν ἂν ὁ τεχνίτης αὐτῷ +περιθῇ τὴν μορφήν. οὐκοῦν καὶ ὅσα πέφυκεν +ὁρᾶσθαι μὴ ξὺν [D] φωτὶ τοῖς ὁρῶσι προσαγόμενα +τοῦ ὁρατὰ εἶναι παντάπασιν ἐστέρηται. διδοὺς +οὖν τοῖς τε ὁρῶσι τὸ ὁρᾶν τοῖς τε ὁρωμένοις τὸ +ὁρᾶσθαι δύο φύσεις ἐνεργείᾳ μιᾷ τελειοῖ, ὄψιν καὶ +ὁρατόν· αἱ δὲ τελειότητες εἴδη τέ εἰσι καὶ οὐσία. +</p> + +<p> +(But this visible disc also, third<note place='foot'>Julian conceives of the sun in three ways; first as +transcendental, in which form he is indistinguishable from +the Good in the intelligible world, secondly as Helios-Mithras, +ruler of the intellectual gods, thirdly as the visible +sun.</note> in rank, is clearly, +for the objects of sense-perception the cause of +preservation, and this visible Helios<note place='foot'>133 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>-134 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi> is a digression on the light of the sun.</note> is the cause +for the visible gods<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the stars.</note> of just as many blessings as we +said mighty Helios bestows on the intellectual gods. +And of this there are clear proofs for one who +studies the unseen world in the light of things seen. +For in the first place, is not light itself a sort of +incorporeal and divine form of the transparent in a +state of activity? And as for the transparent itself, +whatever it is, since it is the underlying basis, so to +speak, of all the elements, and is a form peculiarly +belonging to them, it is not like the corporeal or +compounded, nor does it admit qualities peculiar to +corporeal substance.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>De Anima</hi> 419 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>; Aristotle there says that light is the +actualisation or positive determination of the transparent +medium. Julian echoes the whole passage.</note> You will not therefore say that +heat is a property of the transparent, or its opposite +cold, nor will you assign to it hardness or softness or +any other of the various attributes connected with +touch or taste or smell; but a nature of this sort is +obvious to sight alone, since it is brought into activity +by light. And light is a form of this substance, so to +speak, which is the substratum of and coextensive +with the heavenly bodies. And of light, itself incorporeal, +the culmination and flower, so to speak, +is the sun's rays. Now the doctrine of the Phoenicians, +who were wise and learned in sacred lore, declared +that the rays of light everywhere diffused are the +undefiled incarnation of pure mind. And in harmony +with this is our theory, seeing that light itself +is incorporeal, if one should regard its fountainhead, +not as corporeal, but as the undefiled activity of +mind<note place='foot'>Mind, νοῦς, is here identified with Helios; cf. Macrobius, +<hi rend='italic'>Saturnalia</hi> 1. 19. 9. Sol mundi mens est, <q>the sun is the +mind of the universe</q>; Iamblichus, <hi rend='italic'>Protrepticus</hi> 21, 115; +Ammianus Marcellinus, 21. 1. 11.</note> pouring light into its own abode: and this is +assigned to the middle of the whole firmament, +whence it sheds its rays and fills the heavenly +spheres with vigour of every kind and illumines all +things with light divine and undefiled. Now the +activities proceeding from it and exercised among +the gods have been, in some measure at least, +described by me a little earlier and will shortly be +further spoken of. But all that we see merely +with the sight at first is a name only, deprived +of activity, unless we add thereto the guidance and +aid of light. For what, speaking generally, could be +seen, were it not first brought into touch with light +in order that, I suppose, it may receive a form, as +matter is brought under the hand of a craftsman? +And indeed molten gold in the rough is simply gold, +and not yet a statue or an image, until the craftsman +give it its proper shape. So too all the objects +of sight, unless they are brought under the eyes of +the beholder together with light, are altogether +deprived of visibility. Accordingly by giving the +power of sight to those who see, and the power +of being seen to the objects of sight, it brings to +perfection, by means of a single activity, two faculties, +namely vision and visibility.<note place='foot'>Julian echoes Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Republic</hi> 507, 508.</note> And in forms and +substance are expressed its perfecting powers.) +</p> + +<p> +Ἀλλὰ τοῦτο μὲν ἴσως λεπτότερον· ᾧ δὲ +παρακολουθοῦμεν ξύμπαντες, ἀμαθεῖς καὶ ἰδιῶται, +φιλόσοφοι καὶ λόγιοι, τίνα ἐν τῷ παντὶ +δύναμιν ἀνίσχων ἔχει καὶ καταδυόμενος ὁ θεός; +νύκτα καὶ ἡμέραν ἐργάζεται καὶ μεθίστησι +φανερῶς καὶ τρέπει τὸ πᾶν. [135] καίτοι τίνι τοῦτο +<pb n='366'/><anchor id='Pg366'/><anchor id='Pg367'/> +τῶν ἄλλων ἀστέρων ὑπάρχει; πῶς οὖν οὐκ ἐκ +τούτων ἤδη καὶ περὶ τῶν θειοτέρων πιστεύομεν, +ὡς ἄρα καὶ τὰ ὑπὲρ τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀφανῆ καὶ θεῖα +νοερῶν θεῶν γένη τῆς ἀγαθοειδοῦς ἀποπληροῦται +παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ δυνάμεως, ᾧ πᾶς μὲν ὑπείκει χορὸς +ἀστέρων, ἕπεται δὲ ἡ γένεσις ὑπὸ τῆς τούτου +κυβερνωμένη προμηθείας; [B] οἱ μὲν γὰρ πλάνητες<note place='foot'>cf. 146 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> +ὅτι περὶ αὐτὸν ὥσπερ βασιλέα χορεύοντες ἔν +τισιν ὡρισμένοις πρὸς αὐτὸν διαστήμασιν ἁρμοδιώτατα +φέρονται κύκλῳ, στηριγμούς τινας +ποιούμενοι καὶ πρόσω καὶ ὀπίσω πορείαν, ὡς οἱ +τῆς σφαιρικῆς ἐπιστήμονες θεωρίας ὀνομάζουσι τὰ +περὶ αὐτοὺς φαινόμενα, καὶ ὡς τὸ τῆς σελήνης +αὔξεται καὶ λήγει φῶς, πρὸς τὴν ἀπόστασιν +ἡλίου πάσχον, πᾶσί που δῆλον. πῶς οὖν οὐκ +εἰκότως καὶ τὴν πρεσβυτέραν τῶν σωμάτων ἐν +τοῖς νοεροῖς [C] θεοῖς διακόσμησιν ὑπολαμβάνομεν +ἀνάλογον ἔχειν τῇ τοιαύτῃ τάξει; +</p> + +<p> +(However, this is perhaps somewhat subtle; but as +for that guide whom we all follow, ignorant and +unlearned, philosophers and rhetoricians, what power +in the universe has this god when he rises and sets? +Night and day he creates, and before our eyes +changes and sways the universe. But to which of +the other heavenly bodies does this power belong? +How then can we now fail to believe, in view of +this, in respect also to things more divine that the +invisible and divine tribes of intellectual gods above +the heavens are filled with power that works for +good by him, even by him to whom the whole +band of the heavenly bodies yields place, and whom +all generated things follow, piloted by his providence? +For that the planets dance about him as +their king, in certain intervals, fixed in relation to +him, and revolve in a circle with perfect accord, +making certain halts, and pursuing to and fro their +orbit,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the stationary positions and the direct and retrograde +movements of the planets.</note> as those who are learned in the study of the +spheres call their visible motions; and that the light +of the moon waxes and wanes varying in proportion +to its distance from the sun, is, I think, clear to all. +Then is it not natural that we should suppose that +the more venerable ordering of bodies among the +intellectual gods corresponds to this arrangement?) +</p> + +<p> +Λάβωμεν οὖν ἐξ ἁπάντων τὸ μὲν τελεσιουργὸν +ἐκ τοῦ παντὸς ἀποφαίνειν ὁρᾶν τὰ ὁρατικά· +τελειοῖ γὰρ αὐτὰ διὰ τοῦ φωτός· τὸ δὲ δημιουργικὸν +καὶ γόνιμον<note place='foot'>157 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> ἀπὸ τῆς περὶ τὸ ξύμπαν μεταβολῆς, +τὸ δὲ ἐν ἑνὶ πόντων συνεκτικὸν ἀπὸ τῆς +περὶ τὰς κινήσεις πρὸς ἓν καὶ τὸ αὐτὸ συμφωνίας, +τὸ δὲ μέσον ἐξ αὐτοῦ<note place='foot'>αὐτοῦ Hertlein suggests, ἑαυτοῦ MSS.</note> μέσου, τὸ δὲ τοῖς νοεροῖς +αὐτὸν ἐνιδρύσθαι βασιλέα ἐκ τῆς ἐν τοῖς πλανωμένοις +μέσης τάξεως. [D] εἰ μὲν οὖν ταῦτα περί τινα +<pb n='368'/><anchor id='Pg368'/><anchor id='Pg369'/> +τῶν ἄλλων ἐμφανῶν ὁρῶμεν θεῶν ἢ τοσαῦτα +ἕτερα, μή τοι τούτῳ τὴν περὶ τοὺς θεοὺς ἡγεμονίαν +προσνείμωμεν· εἰ δὲ οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδὲν αὐτῷ +κοινὸν πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους ἔξω τὴς ἀγαθοεργίας, ἧς +καὶ αὐτῆς μεταδέδωσι τοῖς πᾶσι, μαρτυράμενοι +τούς τε Κυπρίων ἱερέας, οἱ κοινοὺς ἀποφαίνουσι +βωμοὺς Ἡλίῳ καὶ Διί, πρὸ τούτων δὲ ἔτι τὸν +Ἀπόλλω<note place='foot'>144 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>, 149 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> συνεδρεύοντα τῷ θεῷ τῷδε παρακαλέσαντες +μάρτυρα· φησὶ γὰρ ὁ θεὸς οὗτος +<q>Εἷς Ζεύς, εἷς Ἀίδης, [136] εἷς Ἥλιός ἐστι Σέραπις· +κοινὴν ὑπολάβωμεν</q>, μᾶλλον δὲ μίαν Ἡλίου καὶ +Διὸς ἐν τοῖς νοεροῖς θεοῖς δυναστείαν· ὅθεν μοι +δοκεῖ καὶ Πλάτων οὐκ ἀπεικότως φρόνιμον θεὸν +Ἅιδην ὀνομάσαι. καλοῦμεν δὲ τὸν αὐτὸν τοῦτον +καὶ Σάραπιν, τὸν ἀιδῆ δηλονότι καὶ νοερόν, πρὸς +ὅν φησιν<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Cratylus</hi> 403 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> ἄνω πορεύεσθαι τὰς ψυχὰς τῶν +ἄριστα βιωσάντων καὶ δικαιότατα. μὴ γὰρ δή +τις ὑπολάβῃ τοῦτον, [B] ὃν οἱ μῦθοι πείθουσι φρίττειν, +ἀλλὰ τὸν πρᾷον καὶ μείλιχον, ὃς ἀπολύει +παντελῶς τῆς γενέσεως τὰς ψυχάς, οὐχὶ δὲ +λυθείσας αὐτὰς σώμασιν ἑτέροις προσηλοῖ<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Phaedo</hi> 83 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> κολάζων +καὶ πραττόμενος δίκας, ἀλλὰ πορεύων ἄνω +καὶ ἀνατείνων τὰς ψυχὰς ἐπὶ τὸν νοητὸν κόσμον. +ὅτι δὲ οὐδὲ νεαρὰ παντελῶς ἐστιν ἡ δόξα, προύλαβον +δὲ αὐτὴν οἱ πρεσβύτατοι τῶν ποιητῶν, +<pb n='370'/><anchor id='Pg370'/><anchor id='Pg371'/> +Ὅμηρός τε καὶ Ἡσίοδος, εἴτε καὶ νοοῦντες οὅτως +εἴτε καὶ ἐπιπνοίᾳ θείᾳ καθάπερ οἱ μάντεις ἐνθουσιῶντες +πρὸς τὴν ἀλήθειαν, [C] ἐνθένδ᾽ ἂν γίγνοιτο +γνώριμον. ὁ μὲν γενεαλογῶν αὐτὸν Ὑπερίονος +ἔφη καὶ Θείας, μόνον οὐχὶ διὰ τούτων αἰνιττόμενος +τοῦ πάντων ὑπερέχοντος αὐτὸν ἔκγονον<note place='foot'>ἔκγονον MSS, ἔγγονον V, Hertlein.</note> γνήσιον +φῦναι· ὁ γὰρ Ὑπερίων τίς ἂν ἕτερος εἴη παρὰ +τοῦτον; ἡ Θεία δὲ αὐτὴ τρόπον ἕτερον οὐ τὸ +θειότατον τῶν ὄντων λέγεται; μὴ δὲ συνδυασμὸν +μηδὲ γάμους ὑπολαμβάνωμεν, ἄπιστα καὶ παράδοξα +ποιητικῆς μούσης ἀθύρματα. [D] πατέρα δὲ +αὐτοῦ καὶ γεννήτορα νομίζωμεν τὸν θειότατον καὶ +ὑπέρτατον· τοιοῦτος δὲ τίς ἂν ἄλλος<note place='foot'>δὲ τίς ἂν ἄλλος Hertlein suggests, δέ τις ἂν εἴη MSS.</note> εἴη τοῦ +πάντων ἐπέκεινα καὶ περὶ ὃν πάντα καὶ οὗ ἕνεκα +πάντα ἐστίν; Ὅμηρος δὲ αὐτὸν ἀπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς +Ὑπερίονα καλεῖ,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 8. 480; <hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 1. 8.</note> καὶ δείκνυσί γε αὐτοῦ τὸ αὐτεξούσιον +καὶ πάσης ἀνάγκης κρεῖττον. ὁ γάρ τοι +Ζεύς, ὡς ἐκεῖνός φησιν, ἁπάντων ὢν κύριος τοὺς +ἄλλους προσαναγκάζει· ἐν δὲ τῷ μύθῳ τοῦ θεοῦ +τοῦδε λέγοντος,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 12. 383.</note> ὅτι ἄρα διὰ τὴν ἀσέβειαν τῶν +Ὀδυσσέως ἑταίρων [137] ἀπολείψει τὸν Ὄλυμπον, +οὐκέτι φησίν +</p> + +<p> +(Let us therefore comprehend, out of all his +functions, first his power to perfect, from the fact +that he makes visible the objects of sight in the +universe, for through his light he perfects them; +secondly, his creative and generative power from +the changes wrought by him in the universe; thirdly, +his power to link together all things into one whole, +from the harmony of his motions towards one and +the same goal; fourthly, his middle station we can +comprehend from himself, who is midmost; and +fifthly, the fact that he is established as king among +the intellectual gods, from his middle station among +the planets. Now if we see that these powers, or +powers of similar importance, belong to any one of +the other visible deities, let us not assign to Helios +leadership among the gods. But if he has nothing +in common with those other gods except his beneficent +energy, and of this too he gives them all a +share, then let us call to witness the priests of +Cyprus who set up common altars to Helios and +Zeus; but even before them let us summon as +witness Apollo, who sits in council with our god. +For this god declares: <q>Zeus, Hades, Helios +Serapis, three gods in one godhead!</q><note place='foot'>This oracular verse is quoted as Orphic by Macrobius, +<hi rend='italic'>Saturnalia</hi> 1. 18. 18; but Julian, no doubt following Iamblichus, +substitutes Serapis for Dionysus at the end of the +verse. The worship of Serapis in the Graeco-Roman world +began with the foundation of a Serapeum by Ptolemy +Soter at Alexandria. Serapis was identified with Osiris, +the Egyptian counterpart of Dionysus.</note> Let us +then assume that, among the intellectual gods, +Helios and Zeus have a joint or rather a single +sovereignty. Hence I think that with reason Plato +called Hades a wise god.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Phaedo</hi> 80 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>; in <hi rend='italic'>Cratylus</hi> 403 Plato discusses, though +not seriously, the etymology of the word <q>Hades.</q></note> And we call this same +god Hades Serapis also, namely the Unseen<note place='foot'>Ἁΐδης, <q>Unseen.</q></note> and +Intellectual, to whom Plato says the souls of those +who have lived most righteously and justly mount +upwards. For let no one conceive of him as the +god whom the legends teach us to shudder at, but +as the mild and placable, since he completely frees +our souls from generation: and the souls that he has +thus freed he does not nail to other bodies, punishing +them and exacting penalties, but he carries aloft +and lifts up our souls to the intelligible world. +And that this doctrine is not wholly new, but that +Homer and Hesiod the most venerable of the poets +held it before us, whether this was their own view +or, like seers, they were divinely inspired with a +sacred frenzy for the truth, is evident from the +following. Hesiod, in tracing his genealogy, said<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Theogony</hi> 371; cf. Pindar, <hi rend='italic'>Isthmian</hi> 4. 1.</note> +that Helios is the son of Hyperion and Thea, intimating +thereby that he is the true son of him who is +above all things. For who else could Hyperion<note place='foot'>Hyperion means <q>he that walks above.</q></note> +be? And is not Thea herself, in another fashion, +said to be most divine of beings? But as for a +union or marriage, let us not conceive of such a +thing, since that is the incredible and paradoxical +trifling of the poetic Muse. But let us believe that +his father and sire was the most divine and supreme +being; and who else could have this nature save +him who transcends all things, the central point and +goal of all things that exist? And Homer calls him +Hyperion after his father and shows his unconditioned +nature, superior to all constraint. For Zeus, +as Homer says, since he is lord of all constrains the +other gods. And when, in the course of the myth, +Helios says that on account of the impiety of the +comrades of Odysseus<note place='foot'>They had devoured the oxen of the sun; <hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 12. +352 foll.</note> he will forsake Olympus, +Zeus no longer says,) +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>Αὐτῇ κεν γαίῃ ἐρύσαιμ᾽ αὐτῇ τε θαλάσσῃ,</l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>Then with very earth would +I draw you up and the sea withal,</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 8. 24; Zeus utters this threat against the gods if +they should aid either the Trojans or the Greeks.</note>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +οὐδὲ ἀπειλεῖ δεσμὸν οὐδὲ βίαν, ἀλλὰ τὴν δίκην +φησὶν ἐπιθήσειν τοῖς ἡμαρτηκόσιν, αὐτὸν δὲ ἀξιοῖ +φαίνειν ἐν τοῖς θεοῖς. ἆρ᾽ οὐξὶ διὰ τούτων πρὸς +τῷ αὐτεξουσίῳ καὶ τελεσιουργὸν εἶναί φησι τὸν +<pb n='372'/><anchor id='Pg372'/><anchor id='Pg373'/> +Ἥλιον; ἐπὶ τί γὰρ αὐτοῦ οἱ θεοὶ δέονται, πλὴν εἰ +μὴ πρὸς τὴν οὐσίαν [B] καὶ τὸ εἶναι ἀφανῶς ἐναστράπτων +ὧν ἔφαμεν ἀγαθῶν ἀποπληρωτικὸς τυγχάνοι; +τὸ γὰρ +</p> + +<p> +(nor does he +threaten him with fetters or violence, but he says +that he will inflict punishment on the guilty and +bids Helios go on shining among the gods. Does +he not thereby declare that besides being unconditioned, +Helios has also the power to perfect? +For why do the gods need him unless by sending +his light, himself invisible, on their substance +and existence, he fulfils for them the blessings +of which I spoke? For when Homer says that) +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>Ἠέλιόν τ᾽ ἀκάμαντα βοῶπις πότνια Ἥρη</l> +<l>Πέμψεν ἐπ᾽ Ὠκεανοῖο ῥοὰς ἀέκοντα νέεσθαι<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 18. 239.</note></l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>Ox-eyed Hera, the queen, sent unwearied Helios +to go, all unwilling, to the streams of Oceanus,</q>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +πρὸ τοῦ καιροῦ φησι νομισθῆναι τὴν νύκτα διὰ +τινα χαλεπὴν ὁμίχλην. αὕτη γὰρ ἡ θεός που, +καὶ ἄλλοθι τῆς ποιήσεώς φησιν,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 21. 6.</note> +</p> + +<p> +(he means that, by reason of a heavy mist, it was +thought to be night before the proper time. And +this mist is surely the goddess herself, and in +another place also in the poem he says,) +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l rend='margin-left: 24'>ἠέρα δ᾽ Ἥρη</l> +<l>Πίτνα πρόσθε βαθεῖαν. [C]</l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>Hera spread +before them a thick mist.</q>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +ἁλλὰ τὰ μὲν τῶν ποιητῶν χαίρειν ἐάσωμεν· ἔχει +γὰρ μετὰ τοῦ θείου πολὺ καὶ τἀνθρώπινον· ἃ δὲ +ἡμᾶς ἔοικεν αὐτὸς ὁ θεὸς διδάσκειν ὑπέρ τε αὑτοῦ +καὶ τῶν ἄλλων, ἐκεῖνα ἤδη διέλθωμεν. +</p> + +<p> +(But let us leave the +stories of the poets alone. For along with what +is inspired they contain much also that is merely +human. And let me now relate what the god +himself seems to teach us, both about himself and +the other gods.) +</p> + +<p> +Ὁ περὶ γῆν τόπος ἐν τῷ γίνεσθαι τὸ εἶναι ἔχει. +τίς οὖν ἐστιν ὁ τὴν ἀιδιότητα δωρούμενος αὐτῷ; +ἆρ᾽ οὐχ ὁ ταῦτα μέτροις ὡρισμένοις συνέχων; +ἄπειρον μὲν γὰρ [D] εἶναι φύσιν σώματος οὐχ οἷόν τ᾽ +ἦν, ἐπεὶ μηδὲ ἀγέννητός ἐστι μηδὲ αὐθυπόστατος· +ἑκ δὲ τῆς οὐσίας εἰ πάντως ἐγίνετό τι συνεχῶς, +ἀνελύετο δὲ εἰς αὐτὴν μηδέν, ἐπέλειπεν ἂν τῶν +γιγνομένων ἡ οὐσία. τὴν δὴ τοιαύτην φύσιν ὁ +θεὸς ὅδε μέτρῳ κινούμενος προσιὼν μὲν ὀρθοῖ καὶ +ἐγείρει, πόρρω δὲ ἀπιὼν ἐλαττοῖ καὶ φθείρει, +μᾶλλον δὲ αὐτὸς ἀεὶ ζωοποιεὶ κινῶν καὶ ἐποχετεύων +αὐτῇ τὴν ζωὴν· ἡ δὲ ἀπόλειψις αὐτοῦ καὶ +ἡ πρὸς θάτερα [138] μετάστασις αἰτία γίνεται φθορᾶς +<pb n='374'/><anchor id='Pg374'/><anchor id='Pg375'/> +τοῖς φθίνουσιν. ἀεὶ μὲν οὖν ἡ παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ τῶν +ἀγαθῶν δόσις ἴση κάτεισιν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν· ἄλλοτε +γὰρ ἄλλη δέχεται τὰ τοιαῦτα χώρα πρὸς τὸ μήτε +τὴν γένεσιν ἐπιλείπειν μήτε τοῦ συνήθους ποτὲ +τὸν θεὸν ἔλαττον ἢ πλέον εὖ ποιῆσαι τὸν παθητὸν +κόσμον. ἡ γὰρ ταυτότης ὥσπερ τῆς οὐσίας, οὕτω +δὲ καὶ τῆς ἐνεργείας ἐν τοῖς θεοῖς καὶ πρό γε τῶν +ἄλλων παρὰ τῷ βασιλεῖ τῶν ὅλων Ἡλίῳ, ὃς καὶ +τὴν κίνησιν ἁπλουστάτην ὑπὲρ ἅπαντας ποιεῖται +τοὺς τῷ παντὶ [B] τὴν ἐναντίαν φερομένους· ὃ δὴ καὶ +αὐτὸ τῆς πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους ὑπεροχῆς αὐτοῦ +σημεῖον ποιεῖται ὁ κλεινὸς Ἀριστοτέλης· ἀλλὰ +καὶ παρὰ τῶν ἄλλων νοερῶν θεῶν οὐκ ἀμυδραὶ +καθήκουσιν εἰς τὸν κόσμον τόνδε δυνάμεις. εἶτα +τί τοῦτο; μὴ γὰρ ἀποκλείομεν τοὺς ἄλλους τούτῳ +τὴν ἡγεμονίαν ὁμολογοῦντες δεδόσθαι; πολὺ δὲ +πλέον ἐκ τῶν ἐμφανῶν ἀξιοῦμεν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀφανῶν +πιστεύειν. ὥσπερ [C] γὰρ τὰς ἐνδιδομένας ἅπασιν +ἐκεῖθεν δυνάμεις εἰς τὴν γῆν οὗτος φαίνεται +τελεσιουργῶν καὶ συναρμόζων πρός τε ἑαυτὸν καὶ +τὸ πᾶν, οὕτω δὴ νομιστέον καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἀφανέσιν +αὐτῶν τὰς συνουσίας ἔχειν πρὸς ἀλλήλας, ἡγεμόνα +μὲν ἐκείνην, συμφωνούσας δὲ πρὸς αὐτὴν +τὰς ἄλλας ἅμα. ἐπεὶ καί, εί μέσον ἔφαμεν ἐν +μέσοις ἱδρῦσθαι τὸν θεὸν τοῖς νοεροῖς θεοῖς, +ποταπή τις ἡ μεσότης ἐστὶν ὧν αὖ χρὴ μέσον +<pb n='376'/><anchor id='Pg376'/><anchor id='Pg377'/> +αὐτὸν ὑπολαβεῖν, αὐτὸς ἡμῖν ὁ βασιλεὺς εἰπεῖν +Ἥλιος δοίη. +</p> + +<p> +(The region of the earth contains being in a state +of becoming. Then who endows it with imperishability? +Is it not he<note place='foot'>Julian now describes the substance or essential nature, +οὐσία, of Helios, 137 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>-142 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> who keeps it all together by +means of definite limits? For that the nature of +being should be unlimited was not possible, since it +is neither uncreated nor self-subsistent. And if +from being something were generated absolutely +without ceasing and nothing were resolved back +into it, the substance of things generated would fail. +Accordingly this god, moving in due measure, raises +up and stimulates this substance when he approaches +it, and when he departs to a distance he diminishes +and destroys it; or rather he himself continually +revivifies it by giving it movement and flooding it +with life. And his departure and turning in the +other direction is the cause of decay for things that +perish. Ever does his gift of blessings descend +evenly upon the earth. For now one country now +another receives them, to the end that becoming +may not cease nor the god ever benefit less or more +than is his custom this changeful world. For sameness, +as of being so also of activity, exists among the +gods, and above all the others in the case of the +King of the All, Helios; and he also makes the +simplest movement of all the heavenly bodies<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> The sun, moon and planets; the orbits of the +planets are complicated by their direct and retrograde +movements.</note> that +travel in a direction opposite to the whole. In fact +this is the very thing that the celebrated Aristotle +makes a proof of his superiority, compared with the +others. Nevertheless from the other intellectual +gods also, forces clearly discernible descend to this +world. And now what does this mean? Are we not +excluding the others when we assert that the +leadership has been assigned to Helios? Nay, far +rather do I think it right from the visible to have +faith about the invisible.<note place='foot'>cf. 133 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> For even as this god is +seen to complete and to adapt to himself and to the +universe the powers that are bestowed on the earth +from the other gods for all things, after the same +fashion we must believe that among the invisible +gods also there is intercourse with one another; his +mode of intercourse being that of a leader, while the +modes of intercourse of the others are at the same +time in harmony with his. For since we said that +the god is established midmost among the midmost +intellectual gods, may King Helios himself grant +to us to tell what is the nature of that middleness +among things of which we must regard him as the +middle.) +</p> + +<p> +[D] Μεσότητα μὲν δή φαμεν οὐ τὴν ἐν τοῖς ἐναντίοις +θεωρουμένην ἴσον ἀφεστῶσαν τῶν ἄκρων, οἷον ἐπὶ +χρωμάτων τὸ ξανθὸν ἢ φαιόν, ἐπὶ δὲ θερμοῦ καὶ +ψυχροῦ τὸ χλιαρόν, καὶ ὅσα τοιαῦτα, ἀλλὰ τὴν +ἑνωτικὴν καὶ συνάγουσαν τὰ διεστῶτα, ὁποίαν +τινά φησιν Ἐμπεδοκλῆς τὴν ἁρμονίαν ἐξορίζων +αὐτῆς παντελῶς τὸ νεῖκος. τίνα οὖν ἐστιν, ἃ +συνάγει, καὶ τίνων ἐστὶ μέσος; φημὶ δὴ οὖν ὅτι +τῶν τε ἐμφανῶν καὶ περικοσμίων θεῶν καὶ τῶν +ἀύλων καὶ νοητῶν, [139] οἳ περὶ τἀγαθόν εἰσιν, ὥσπερ +πολυπλασιαζομένης ἀπαθῶς καὶ ἄνευ προσθήκης +τῆς νοητῆς καὶ θείας οὐσίας. ὡς μὲν οὖν ἐστι +μέση τις, οὐκ ἀπὸ τῶν ἄκρων κραθεῖσα, τελεία δὲ +καὶ ἀμιγὴς ἀφ᾽ ὅλων τῶν θεῶν ἐμφανῶν τε καὶ +ἀφανῶν καὶ αἰσθητῶν καὶ νοητῶν ἡ τοῦ βασιλέως +Ἡλίου νοερὰ καὶ πάνκαλος οὐσία, καὶ ὁποίαν τινὰ +χρὴ τὴν μεσότητα νομίζειν, εἴρηται. εἰ δὲ δεῖ καὶ +τοῖς καθ᾽ ἕκαστον ἐπεξελθεῖν, ἵν᾽ αὐτοῦ καὶ κατ᾽ +εἴδη τὸ μέσον τῆς οὐσίας, ὅπως ἔχει πρός τε τὰ +πρῶτα καὶ τὰ τελευταῖα,<note place='foot'>τὰ τελευταῖα Hertlein suggests, τελευταῖα MSS.</note> [B] τῷ νῷ κατίδωμεν, εἰ καὶ +<pb n='378'/><anchor id='Pg378'/><anchor id='Pg379'/> +μὴ πάντα διελθεῖν ῥᾴδιον, ἀλλ᾽ οὖν τὰ δυνατὰ +φράσαι πειραθῶμεν. +</p> + +<p> +(Now <q>middleness</q><note place='foot'>Julian defines the ways in which Helios possesses +μεσότης, or middleness; he is mediator and connecting link +as well as locally midway between the two worlds and the +centre of the intellectual gods; see Introduction, p. 350.</note> we define not as that mean +which in opposites is seen to be equally remote from +the extremes, as, for instance, in colours, tawny or +dusky, and warm in the case of hot and cold, and +the like, but that which unifies and links together +what is separate; for instance the sort of thing that +Empedocles<note place='foot'>cf. Empedocles, <hi rend='italic'>fr.</hi> 18; 122, 2; 17, 19 Diels.</note> means by Harmony when from it he +altogether eliminates Strife. And now what does +Helios link together, and of what is he the middle? +I assert then that he is midway between the visible +gods who surround the universe and the immaterial +and intelligible gods who surround the Good—for +the intelligible and divine substance is as it were +multiplied without external influence and without +addition. For that the intellectual and wholly +beautiful substance of King Helios is middle in the +sense of being unmixed with extremes, complete in +itself, and distinct from the whole number of the +gods, visible and invisible, both those perceptible by +sense and those which are intelligible only, I have +already declared, and also in what sense we must +conceive of his middleness. But if I must also +describe these things one by one, in order that we +may discern with our intelligence how his intermediary +nature, in its various forms, is related both +to the highest and the lowest, even though it is +not easy to recount it all, yet let me try to say +what can be said.) +</p> + +<p> +Ἓν παντελῶς τὸ νοητὸν ἀεὶ προüπάρχον, τὰ<note place='foot'>τὰ Hertlein suggests, ταῦτα MSS.</note> +δὲ πάντα ὁμοῦ συνειληφὸς ἐν τῷ ἑνί. τί δέ; οὐχὶ +καὶ ὁ σύμπας κόσμος ἕν ἐστι ζῷον ὅλον δι᾽ ὅλου +ψυχῆς καὶ νοῦ πλῆρες, τέλειον ἐκ μερῶν τελείων;<note place='foot'>Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Timaeus</hi> 33 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> +ταύτης οὖν τῆς διπλῆς ἑνοειδοῦς τελειότητος· φημὶ +δὲ τῆς ἐν τῷ νοητῷ πάντα ἐν ἑνὶ συνεχούσης, καὶ +τῆς περὶ τὸν κόσμον [C] εἰς μίαν καὶ τὴν αὐτὴν φύσιν +τελείαν συναγομένης ἑνώσεως· ἡ τοῦ βασιλέως +Ἡλίου μέση τελειότης ἑνοειδής ἐστιν, ἐν τοῖς +νοεροῖς ἱδρυμένη θεοῖς. ἀλλὰ δὴ τὸ μετὰ τοῦτο +συνοχή τίς ἐστιν ἐν τῷ νοητῷ τῶν θεῶν κόσμῳ +πάντα πρὸς τὸ ἓν συντάττουσα. τί δέ; οὐχὶ καὶ +περὶ τὸν οὐρανὸν φαίνεται κύκλῳ πορευομένη τοῦ +πέμπτου σώματος οὐσία,<note place='foot'>cf. 139 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>; <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 5. 165 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>, 166 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>, 170 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> ἣ πάντα συνέχει τὰ +μέρη καὶ σφίγγει πρὸς αὑτὰ συνέχουσα τὸ φύσει +σκεδαστὸν αὐτῶν καὶ ἀπορρέον ἀπ᾽ ἀλλήλων; +δύο δὴ ταύτας τὰς<note place='foot'>τὰς Hertlein suggests.</note> οὐσίας συνοχῆς αἰτίας, τὴν +μὲν ἐν τοῖς νοητοῖς, [D] τὴν δὲ ἐν τοῖς αἰσθητοῖς +φαινομένην ὁ βασιλεὺς Ἥλιος εἰς ταὐτὸ συνάπτει, +τῆς μὲν μιμούμενος τὴν συνεκτικὴν +δύναμιν ἐν τοῖς νοεροῖς, ἅτε ἐξ αὐτῆς προελθών, +τῆς δὲ τελευταίας προκατάρχων, ἣ περὶ τὸν +ἐμφανῆ θεωρεῖται κόσμον. μή ποτε οὖν καὶ τὸ +<pb n='380'/><anchor id='Pg380'/><anchor id='Pg381'/> +αὐθυπόστατον πρῶτον μὲν ἐν τοῖς νοητοῖς ὑπάρχον, +τελευταῖον δ᾽ [140] ἐν τοῖς κατ᾽ οὐρανὸν φαινομένοις +μέσην ἔχει τὴν τοῦ βασιλέως οὐσίαν +αὐθυπόστατον Ἡλίου, ἀφ᾽ ἧς κάτεισιν οἰσίας +πρωτουργοῦ εἰς τὸν ἐμφανῆ κόσμον ἡ περιλάμπουσα +τὰ σύμπαντα αὐγή; πάλιν δὲ κατ᾽ +ἄλλο σκοποῦντι εἷς μὲν ὁ τῶν ὅλων δημιουργός, +πολλοὶ δὲ οἱ κατ᾽ οὐρανὸν περιπολοῦντες δημιουργικοὶ +θεοί. μέσην ἄρα καὶ τούτων τὴν ἀφ᾽ +Ἡλίου καθήκουσαν εἰς τὸν κόσμον δημιουργίαν +θετέον. [B] ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ γόνιμον τῆς ζωῆς πολὺ μὲν +καὶ ὑπέρπληρες ἐν τῷ νοητῷ, φαίνεται δὲ ζωῆς +γονίμου καὶ ὁ κόσμος ὢν πλήρης. πρόδηλον οὖν +ὅτι καὶ τὸ γόνιμον τοῦ βασιλέως Ἡλίου τῆς ζωῆς +μέσον ἐστὶν ἀμφοῖν, ἐπεὶ τούτῳ μαρτυρεῖ καὶ τὰ +φαινόμενα· τὰ μὲν γὰρ τελειοῖ τῶν εἰδῶν, τὰ δὲ +ἐργάζεται, τὰ δὲ κοσμεῖ, τὰ δὲ ἀνεγείρει, καὶ ἓν οὐδέν +ἐστιν, ὃ δίχα τῆς ἀφ᾽ Ἡλίου δημιουργικῆς δυνάμεως +εἰς φῶς πρόεισι [C] καὶ γένεσιν. ἔτι πρὸς τούτοις +εἰ τὴν ἐν τοῖς νοητοῖς ἄχραντον καὶ καθαρὰν ἄυλον +οὐσίαν νοήσαιμεν, οὐδενὸς ἔξωθεν αὐτῇ προσιόντος +οὐδὲ ἐνυπάρχοντος ἀλλοτρίου, πλήρη δὲ τῆς +οἰκείας ἀχράντου καθαρότητος, τήν τε ἐν τῷ +<pb n='382'/><anchor id='Pg382'/><anchor id='Pg383'/> +κόσμῳ περὶ τὸ κύκλῳ φερόμενον σῶμα πρὸς πάντα +ἀμιγῆ τὰ στοιχεῖα λίαν εἰλικρινῆ καὶ καθαρὰν +φύσιν ἀχράντου καὶ δαιμονίου σώματος, ἑυρήσομεν +καὶ τὴν τοῦ βασιλέως [D] Ἡλίου λαμπρὰν καὶ +ἀκήρατον οὐσίαν ἀμφοῖν μέσην, τῆς τε ἐν τοῖς +νοητοῖς ἀύλου καθαρότητος καὶ τῆς ἐν τοῖς αἰσθητοῖς +ἀχράντου καὶ ἀμιγοῦς πρὸς γένεσιν καὶ +φθορὰν καθαρᾶς εἰλικρινείας. μέγιστον δὲ τούτου +τεκμήριον, ὅτι μηδὲ τὸ φῶς, ὃ μάλιστα +ἐκεῖθεν ἐπὶ γῆν φέρεται, συμμίγνυταί τινι μηδὲ +ἀναδέχεται ῥύπον καὶ μίασμα, μένει δὲ πάντως +ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς οὖσιν ἄχραντον καὶ ἀμόλυντον καὶ +ἀπαθές. +</p> + +<p> +(Wholly one is the intelligible world, pre-existent +from all time, and it combines all things together +in the One. Again is not our whole world also one +complete living organism, wholly throughout the +whole of it full of soul and intelligence, <q>perfect, +with all its parts perfect</q>? Midway then between +this uniform two-fold perfection—I mean that one +kind of unity holds together in one all that exists in +the intelligible world, while the other kind of unity +unites in the visible world all things into one and +the same perfect nature—between these, I say, is +the uniform perfection of King Helios, established +among the intellectual gods. There is, however, +next in order, a sort of binding force in the intelligible +world of the gods, which orders all things +into one. Again is there not visible in the +heavens also, travelling in its orbit, the nature of +the Fifth Substance, which links and compresses<note place='foot'>cf. 167 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>. In <hi rend='italic'>Timaeus</hi> 58 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi> it is the revolution of the +whole which by constriction compresses all matter together, +but Julian had that passage in mind. In Empedocles it is +the Titan, Aether, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the Fifth Substance, that <q>binds the +globe.</q> <hi rend='italic'>fr.</hi> 38 Diels.</note> +together all the parts, holding together things that +by nature are prone to scatter and to fall away +from one another? These existences, therefore, +which are two causes of connection, one in the +intelligible world, while the other appears in the +world of sense-perception, King Helios combines +into one, imitating the synthetic power of the former +among the intellectual gods, seeing that he proceeds +from it, and subsisting prior to the latter which +is seen in the visible world. Then must not the +unconditioned also, which exists primarily in the +intelligible world, and finally among the visible +bodies in the heavens, possess midway between these +two the unconditioned substance of King Helios, +and from that primary creative substance do not +the rays of his light, illumining all things, descend +to the visible world? Again, to take another point +of view, the creator of the whole is one, but many +are the creative gods<note place='foot'>Plato in <hi rend='italic'>Timaeus</hi> 41 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>, distinguishes <q>the gods who +revolve before our eyes</q> from <q>those who reveal themselves +so far as they will.</q> Julian regularly describes, as here, a +triad; every one of his three worlds has its own unconditioned +being (αὐθυπόστατον); its own creative power (δημιουργία); +its own power to generate life (γόνιμον τῆς ζωῆς); and in +every case, the middle term is Helios as a connecting link +in his capacity of thinking or intellectual god (νοερός).</note> who revolve in the heavens. +Midmost therefore of these also we must place the +creative activity which descends into the world from +Helios. But also the power of generating life is +abundant and overflowing in the intelligible world; +and our world also appears to be full of generative life. +It is therefore evident that the life-generating power +of King Helios also is midway between both the +worlds: and the phenomena of our world also bear +witness to this. For some forms he perfects, others +he makes, or adorns, or wakes to life, and there is +no single thing which, apart from the creative power +derived from Helios, can come to light and to birth. +And further, besides this, if we should comprehend +the pure and undefiled and immaterial substance<note place='foot'>Julian now describes the three kinds of substance +(οὐσία) and its three forms (εἴδη) in the three worlds.</note> +among the intelligible gods—to which nothing external +is added, nor has any alien thing a place +therein, but it is filled with its own unstained +purity—and if we should comprehend also the pure +and unmixed nature of unstained and divine substance, +whose elements are wholly unmixed, and +which, in the visible universe, surrounds the substance +that revolves,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the visible heavenly bodies.</note> here also we should discover +the radiant and stainless substance of King Helios, +midway between the two; that is to say, midway +between the immaterial purity that exists among +the intelligible gods, and that perfect purity, unstained +and free from birth and death, that exists in +the world which we can perceive. And the greatest +proof of this is that not even the light which comes +down nearest to the earth from the sun is mixed +with anything, nor does it admit dirt and defilement, +but remains wholly pure and without stain and +free from external influences among all existing +things.) +</p> + +<p> +Ἔτι δὲ προσεκτέον τοῖς ἀύλοις εἴδεσι καὶ +νοητοῖς, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς αἰσθητοῖς, ὅσα περὶ τὴν +ὕλην ἐστὶν [141] ἢ περὶ τὸ ὑποκείμενον. ἀναφανήσεται +πάλιν ἐνταῦθα μέσον τὸ νοερὸν τῶν περὶ τὸν +μέγαν Ἥλιον εἰδῶν, ὑφ᾽ ὧν καὶ τὰ περὶ τὴν +ὕλην εἴδη βοηθεῖται μήποτε ἂν δυνηθέντα μήτε +εἶναι μήτε σώζεσθαι μὴ παρ᾽ ἐκείνου πρὸς +τὴν οὐσίαν συνεργούμενα. τί γάρ; οὐχ οὗτος +ἐστι τῆς διακρίσεως τῶν εἰδῶν καὶ συγκρίσεως +τῆς ὕλης αἴτιος, οὐ νοεῖν ἡμῖν αὑτὸν μόνον παρέχων, +ἁλλὰ καὶ ὁρᾶν ὄμμασιν; ἡ γάρ τοι τῶν +<pb n='384'/><anchor id='Pg384'/><anchor id='Pg385'/> +ἀκτίνων εἰς πάντα τὸν κόσμον διανομὴ καὶ ἡ τοῦ +φωτὸς ἕνωσις [B] τὴν δημιουργικὴν ἐνδείκνυται διάκρισιν +τῆς ποιήσεως. +</p> + + +<p> +(But we must go on to consider the immaterial +and intelligible forms,<note place='foot'>Helios connects the forms (Plato's Ideas) which exist in +the intelligible world, with those which in our world ally +themselves with matter; cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 5. 171 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> and also those visible +forms which are united with matter or the substratum. +Here again, the intellectual will be found +to be midmost among the forms that surround mighty +Helios, by which forms in their turn the material +forms are aided; for they never could have existed +or been preserved, had they not been brought, by +his aid, into connection with being. For consider: +is not he the cause of the separation of the forms, +and of the combination of matter, in that he not only +permits us to comprehend his very self, but also to +behold him with our eyes? For the distribution of +his rays over the whole universe, and the unifying +power of his light, prove him to be the master workman +who gives an individual existence to everything +that is created.) +</p> + +<p> +Πολλῶν δὲ ὄντων ἔτι περὶ τὴν οὐσίαν τοῦ θεοῦ +τῶν φαινομένων ἀγαθῶν, ἃ δὴ ὅτι μέσος ἐστὶ τῶν +τε νοητῶν καὶ τῶν ἐγκοσμίων θεῶν παρίστησιν, +ἐπὶ τὴν τελευταίαν αὐτοῦ μετίωμεν ἐμφανῆ λῆξιν. +πρώτη μὲν οὖν ἐστιν αὐτοῦ τῶν περὶ τὸν τελευταῖον +κόσμον ἡ τῶν ἡλιακῶν ἀγγέλων οἷον ἐν παραδείγματι +τὴν ἰδέαν καὶ τὴν ὑπόστασιν ἔχουσα· μετὰ +ταύτην δὲ ἡ τῶν αἰσθητῶν γεννητική, [C] ἧς τὸ μὲν +τιμιώτερον οὐρανοῦ καὶ ἀστέρων ἔχει τὴν αἰτίαν, +τὸ δὲ ὑποδεέστερον ἐπιτροπεύει τὴν γένεσιν, ἐξ +ἀιδίου περιέχον αὐτῆς ἐν ἑαυτῷ τὴν ἀγέννητον +αἰτίαν. ἅπαντα μὲν οὖν τὰ περὶ τὴν οὐσίαν τοῦ +θεοῦ τοῦδε διελθεῖν οὐδὲ εἴ τῳ δοίη νοῆσαι αὐτὰ<note place='foot'>αὐτὰ V, αὐτὸς MSS, Hertlein.</note> ὁ +θεὸς οὗτος δυνατόν, ὅπου καὶ τὰ πάντα περιλαβεῖν +τῷ νῷ ἔμοιγε φαίνεται ἀδύνατον. +</p> + +<p> +(Now though there are many more blessings connected +with the substance of the god and apparent +to us, which show that he is midway between the +intelligible and the mundane gods<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the heavenly bodies.</note> let us proceed to +his last visible province. His first province then in +the last of the worlds is, as though by way of a +pattern, to give form and personality to the sun's +angels.<note place='foot'>These angels combine, as does a model, the idea and its +hypostazisation; cf. 142 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Letter to the Athenians</hi> 275 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>. +Julian nowhere defines angels, but Porphyry as quoted by +Augustine, <hi rend='italic'>De civitate Dei</hi> 10, 9, distinguished them from +daemons and placed them in the aether.</note> Next is his province of generating the +world of sense-perception, of which the more honourable +part contains the cause of the heavens and +the heavenly bodies, while the inferior part guides +this our world of becoming, and from eternity contains +in itself the uncreated cause of that world. +Now to describe all the properties of the substance +of this god, even though the god himself should +grant one to comprehend them, is impossible, seeing +that even to grasp them all with the mind is, in my +opinion, beyond our power.) +</p> + +<p> +Ἐπεὶ δὲ πολλὰ διεληλύθαμεν, ἐπιθετέον ὥσπερ +σφραγῖδα τῷ λόγῳ τῷδε μέλλοντας ἐφ᾽ ἕτερα μεταβαίνειν +οὐκ ἐλάττονος [D] τῆς θεωρίας δεόμενα. τίς +οὖν ἡ σφραγὶς καὶ οἷον ἐν κεφαλαίῳ τὰ πάντα +περιλαμβάνουσα ἡ περὶ τῆς οὐσίας τοῦ θεοῦ +νόησις, αὐτὸς ἡμῖν ἐπὶ νοῦν θείη βουλομένοις ἐν +βραχεῖ συνελεῖν τήν τε αἰτίαν, ἀφ᾽ ἧς προῆλθε, +<pb n='386'/><anchor id='Pg386'/><anchor id='Pg387'/> +καὶ αὐτὸς ὅστις ἐστί, τίνων τε ἀποπληροῖ τὸν +ἐμφανῆ κόσμον. ῥητέον οὖν ὡς ἐξ ἑνὸς μὲν προῆλθε +τοῦ θεοῦ εἷς ἀφ᾽ ἑνὸς τοῦ νοητοῦ κόσμου +βασιλεὺς Ἥλιος, [142] τῶν νοερῶν θεῶν μέσος ἐν μέσοις +τεταγμένος κατὰ παντοίαν μεσότητα, τὴν ὁμόφρονα +καὶ φίλην καὶ τὰ διεστῶτα συνάγουσαν, +εἰς ἕνωσιν ἄγων τὰ τελευταῖα τοῖς πρώτοις, +τελειότητος καὶ συνοχῆς καὶ γονίμου ζωῆς καὶ +τῆς ἑνοειδοῦς οὐσίας τὰ μέσα ἔχων ἐν ἑαυτῷ, τῷ +τε αἰσθητῷ κόσμῳ παντοίων ἀγαθῶν προηγούμενος,<note place='foot'>προηγούμενος V, προκαθηγούμενος MSS, Hertlein.</note> +οὐ μόνον δι᾽ ἧς αὐτὸς αὐγῆς περιλάμπει +κοσμῶν καὶ φαιδρύνων, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν οὐσίαν τῶν +ἡλιακῶν ἀγγέλων<note place='foot'>cf. 141 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> ἑαυτῷ συνυποστήσας καὶ τὴν +ἀγέννητον αἰτίαν [B] τῶν γινομένων περιέχων, ἔτι τε +πρὸ ταύτης τῶν ἀιδίων σωμάτων τὴν ἀγήρω καὶ +μόνιμον τῆς ζωῆς αἰτίαν. +</p> + +<p> +(But since I have already described many of them, +I must set a seal, as it were, on this discourse, now +that I am about to pass to other subjects that +demand no less investigation. What then that seal +is, and what is the knowledge of the god's substance +that embraces all these questions, and as it were +sums them up under one head, may he himself +suggest to my mind, since I desire to describe in a +brief summary both the cause from which he proceeded, +and his own nature, and those blessings with +which he fills the visible world. This then we must +declare, that King Helios is One and proceeds from +one god, even from the intelligible world which is +itself One; and that he is midmost of the intellectual +gods, stationed in their midst by every kind of +mediateness that is harmonious and friendly, and that +joins what is sundered; and that he brings together +into one the last and the first, having in his own +person the means of completeness, of connection, of +generative life and of uniform being: and that for +the world which we can perceive he initiates blessings +of all sorts, not only by means of the light with +which he illumines it, adorning it and giving it its +splendour, but also because he calls into existence, +along with himself, the substance of the Sun's angels; +and that finally in himself he comprehends the +ungenerated cause of things generated, and further, +and prior to this, the ageless and abiding cause of +the life of the imperishable bodies.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the heavenly bodies; cf. <hi rend='italic'>Fragment of a Letter</hi> 295 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note>) +</p> + +<p> +Ἃ μὲν οὖν περὶ τῆς οὐσίας ἐχρῆν εἰπεῖν τοῦ +θεοῦ τοῦδε, καίτοι τῶν πλείστων παραλειφθέντων, +εἴρηται ὅμως οὐκ ὀλίγα· ἐπεὶ δὲ τὸ τῶν δυνάμεων +αὐτοῦ πλῆθος καὶ τὸ τῶν ἐνεργειῶν κάλλος τοσοῦτόν +ἐστιν, ὥστε εἶναι τῶν περὶ τὴν οὐσίαν αὐτοῦ +θεωρουμένων ὑπερβολήν, ἐπεὶ καὶ πέφυκε τὰ θεῖα +προϊόντα εἰς τὸ ἐμφανὲς πληθύνεσθαι διὰ τὸ +περιὸν καὶ γόνιμον τῆς ζωῆς, ὅρα τί δράσομεν, [C] οἳ +<pb n='388'/><anchor id='Pg388'/><anchor id='Pg389'/> +πρὸς ἀχανὲς πέλαγος ἀποδυόμεθα, μόγις καὶ +ἀγαπητῶς ἐκ πολλοῦ τοῦ πρόσθεν ἀναπαυόμενοι +λόγου. τολμητέον δ᾽ ὅμως τῷ θεῷ θαρροῦντα καὶ +πειρατέον ἅψασθαι τοῦ λόγου. +</p> + +<p> +(Now as for what it was right to say about the +substance of this god, though the greater part has +been omitted, nevertheless much has been said. But +since the multitude of his powers and the beauty of +his activities is so great that we shall now exceed the +limit of what we observed about his substance,—for +it is natural that when divine things come forth into +the region of the visible they should be multiplied, +in virtue of the superabundance of life and life-generating +power in them,—consider what I have to +do. For now I must strip for a plunge into this +fathomless sea, though I have barely, and as best I +might, taken breath, after the first part of this discourse. +Venture I must, nevertheless, and putting +my trust in the god endeavour to handle the theme.) +</p> + +<p> +Κοινῶς μὲν δὴ τὰ πρόσθεν ῥηθέντα περὶ τῆς +οὐσίας αὐτοῦ ταῖς δυνάμεσι προσήκειν ὑποληπτέον. +οὐ γὰρ ἄλλο μέν ἐστιν οὐσία θεοῦ, δύναμις +δὲ ἄλλο, [D] καὶ μὰ Δία τρίτον παρὰ ταῦτα ἐνέργεια. +πάντα γὰρ ἅπερ βούλεται, ταῦτα ἔστι καὶ δύναται +καὶ ἐνεργεῖ· οὔτε γὰρ ὃ μὴ ἔστι βούλεται, +οὔτε ὃ βούλεται δρᾶν οὐ σθένει, οὔθ᾽ ὃ μὴ δύναται +ἐνεργεῖν ἐθέλει. ταῦτα μὲν οὖν περὶ τὸν ἄνθρωπον +οὐχ ὧδε ἔχει· διττὴ γάρ ἐστι μαχομένη φύσις +εἰς ἓν κεκραμένη ψυχῆς καὶ σώματος, τῆς μὲν +θείας, τοῦ δὲ σκοτεινοῦ τε καὶ ζοφώδους· ἔοικέ τε +εἶναι μάχη τις καὶ στάσις. ἐπεὶ καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης +φησὶ<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Nichomachean Ethics</hi> 7. 14. 1154 b.</note> διὰ τὸ τοιοῦτο [143] μήτε τὰς ἡδονὰς ὁμολογεῖν +μήτε τὰς λύπας ἀλλήλαις ἐν ἡμῖν· τὸ γὰρ +θατέρᾳ, φησί, τῶν ἐν ἡμῖν φύσεων ἡδὺ τῇ πρὸς +ταύτην ἀντικειμένῃ πέφυκεν ἀλγεινόν· ἐν δὲ τοῖς +θεοῖς οὐδέν ἐστι τοιοῦτον·<note place='foot'>τοιοῦτον Hertlein suggests, τούτων MSS.</note> οὐσίᾳ γὰρ αὐτοῖς ὑπάρχει +τἀγαθὰ καὶ διηνεκῶς, οὐ ποτὲ μὲν, ποτὲ +δ᾽ οὔ. πρῶτον οὖν ὅσαπερ ἔφαμεν, τὴν οὐσίαν +αὐτοῦ παραστῆσαι βουλόμενοι, ταῦθ᾽ ἡμῖν εἰρῆσθαι +καὶ περὶ τῶν δυνάμεων καὶ ἐνεργειῶν νομιστέον. +ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐν τοῖς τοιούτοις ὁ λόγος ἔοικεν +ἀντιστρέφειν, ὅσα καὶ περὶ τῶν δυνάμεων αὐτοῦ +καὶ ἐνεργειῶν ἐφεξῆς σκοποῦμεν, [B] ταῦτα οὐκ ἔργα +μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ οὐσίαν νομιστέον. εἰσὶ γάρ τοι +<pb n='390'/><anchor id='Pg390'/><anchor id='Pg391'/> +θεοὶ συγγενεῖς Ἡλίῳ καὶ συμφυεῖς, τὴν ἄχραντον +οὐσίαν τοῦ θεοῦ κορυφούμενοι, πληθυνόμενοι μὲν +ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ, περὶ αὐτὸν δὲ ἑνοειδῶς ὄντες. +ἄκουε δὴ πρῶτον ὅσα φασὶν οἱ τὸν οὐρανὸν οὐχ +ὥσπερ ἵπποι καὶ βόες ὁρῶντες ἤ τι τῶν ἀλόγων +καὶ ἀμαθῶν ζῴων, ἀλλ᾽ ἐξ αὐτοῦ τὴν ἀφανῆ +πολυπραγμονοῦντες φύσιν· ἔτι δὲ πρὸ τούτων, εἴ +σοι φίλον, [C] περὶ τῶν ὑπερκοσμίων δυνάμεων αὐτοῦ +καὶ ἐνεργειῶν, καὶ ἐκ μυρίων τὸ πλῆθος ὀλίγα +θέασαι. +</p> + +<p> +(We must assume that what has just been said +about his substance applies equally to his powers.<note place='foot'>The powers and activities of Helios are now described, +142 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>-152 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> +For it cannot be that a god's substance is one thing, +and his power another, and his activity, by Zeus, a +third thing besides these. For all that he wills he is, +and can do, and puts into action. For he does not +will what is not, nor does he lack power to do what +he wills, nor does he desire to put into action what +he cannot. In the case of a human being, however, +this is otherwise. For his is a two-fold contending +nature of soul and body compounded into one, the +former divine, the latter dark and clouded. Naturally, +therefore, there is a battle and a feud between +them. And Aristotle also says that this is why +neither the pleasures nor the pains in us harmonise +with one another. For he says that what is pleasant +to one of the natures within us is painful to the +nature which is its opposite. But among the gods +there is nothing of this sort. For from their very +nature what is good belongs to them, and perpetually, +not intermittently. In the first place, then, all that +I said when I tried to show forth his substance, I +must be considered to have said about his powers +and activities also. And since in such cases the +argument is naturally convertible, all that I observe +next in order concerning his powers and activities +must be considered to apply not to his activities +only, but to his substance also. For verily there +are gods related to Helios and of like substance +who sum up the stainless nature of this god, and +though in the visible world they are plural, in +him they are one. And now listen first to what +they assert who look at the heavens, not like horses +and cattle, or some other unreasoning and ignorant +animal,<note place='foot'>cf. 148 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Timaeus</hi> 47 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Republic</hi> 529 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>, where Plato +distinguishes mere star-gazing from astronomy.</note> but from it draw their conclusions about the +unseen world. But even before this, if you please, +consider his supra-mundane powers and activities, +and out of a countless number, observe but a few.) +</p> + +<p> +Πρώτη δὴ τῶν δυνάμεών ἐστιν αὐτοῦ, δι᾽ ἧς +ὅλην δι᾽ ὅλης τὴν νοερὰν οὐσίαν, τὰς ἀκρότητας +αὐτῆς εἰς ἓν καὶ ταὐτὸ συνάγων, ἀποφαίνει μίαν. +ὅσπερ γὰρ περὶ τὸν αἰσθητόν ἐστι κόσμον ἐναργῶς +κατανοῆσαι, πυρὸς καὶ γῆς εἰλημμένον ἀέρα +καὶ ὕδωρ ἐν μέσῳ, τῶν ἄκρων σύνδεσμον, τοῦτο +οὐκ ἄν τις εἰκότως [D] ἐπὶ τῆς πρὸ τῶν σωμάτων +αἰτίας κεχωρισμένης, ἣ τῆς γενέσεως ἔχουσα τὴν +ἀρχὴν οὐκ ἔστι γένεσις, οὕτω διατετάχθαι νομίσειεν, +ὥστε καὶ ἐν ἐκείνοις τὰς ἄκρας αἰτίας κεχωρισμένας +πάντη τῶν σωμάτων ὑπό τινων μεσοτήτων +εἰς ταὐτὸ παρὰ τοῦ βασιλέως Ἡλίου συναγομένας +ἑνοῦσθαι περὶ αὐτόν; συντρέχει δὲ αὐτῷ +καὶ ἡ τοῦ Διὸς δημιουργικὴ δύναμις, δι᾽ ἣν ἔφαμεν +καὶ πρότερον ἱδρῦσθαί τε αὐτοῖς ἐν Κύπρῳ καὶ +ἀποδεδεῖχθαι κοινῇ τὰ τεμένη· [144] καὶ τὸν Ἀπόλλω +δὲ αὐτὸν ἐμαρτυρόμεθα τῶν λόγων, ὃν εἰκὸς +δήπουθεν ὑπὲρ τῆς ἑαυτοῦ φύσεως ἄμεινον εἰδέναι· +<pb n='392'/><anchor id='Pg392'/><anchor id='Pg393'/> +σύνεστι γὰρ καὶ οὗτος Ἡλίῳ καὶ ἐπικοινωνεῖ διὰ +τὴν<note place='foot'>διὰ τὴν Hertlein suggests, καὶ τὴν MSS.</note> ἁπλότητα τῶν νοήσεων καὶ τὸ μόνιμον τῆς +οὐσίας καὶ κατὰ ταὐτὰ ὂν τῆς ἐνεργείας.<note place='foot'>cf. 144 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +(First, then, of his powers is that through which +he reveals the whole intellectual substance throughout +as one, since he brings together its extremes. +For even as in the world of sense-perception +we can clearly discern air and water set between +fire and earth,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Timaeus</hi> 32 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>; Plato says that to make the universe +solid, <q>God set air and water between fire and earth.</q></note> as the link that binds together +the extremes, would one not reasonably suppose +that, in the case of the cause which is separate +from elements and prior to them—and though +it is the principle of generation, is not itself +generation—it is so ordered that, in that world also, +the extreme causes which are wholly separate from +elements are bound together into one through +certain modes of mediation, by King Helios, and are +united about him as their centre? And the creative +power of Zeus also coincides with him, by reason of +which in Cyprus, as I said earlier, shrines are founded +and assigned to them in common. And Apollo +himself also we called to witness to our statements, +since it is certainly likely that he knows better than +we about his own nature. For he too abides with +Helios and is his colleague by reason of the singleness +of his thoughts and the stability of his substance and +the consistency of his activity.) +</p> + +<p> +Ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν Διονύσου μεριστὴν δημιουργίαν +οὐδαμοῦ φαίνεται χωρίζων ὁ θεὸς Ἡλίου· τούτῳ +δὲ αὐτὴν ὑποτάττων ἀεὶ καὶ ἀποφαίνων σύνθρονον +ἐξηγητὴς ἡμῖν ἐστι τῶν ἐπὶ τοῦ θεοῦ καλλίστων +διανοημάτων. [B] πάσας δὲ ἐν αὑτῷ περιέχων ὁ θεὸς +ὅδε τὰς ἀρχὰς τῆς καλλίστης νοερᾶς συγκράσεως +Ἥλιος Ἀπόλλων ἐστὶ Μουσηγέτης. ἐπεὶ δὲ καὶ +ὅλην ἡμῖν τὴν τῆς εὐταξίας ζωὴν συμπληροῖ, +γεννᾷ μὲν ἐν κόσμῳ τὸν Ἀσκληπιόν, ἔχει δὲ αὐτὸν +καὶ πρὸ τοῦ κόσμου παρ᾽ ἑαυτῷ. +</p> + +<p> +(But Apollo too in no case appears to separate +the dividing creative function of Dionysus<note place='foot'>cf. 144 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>. 179 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>; Proclus on Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Timaeus</hi> 203 <hi rend='smallcaps'>e</hi>, says +that because Dionysus was torn asunder by the Titans, his +function is to divide wholes into their parts and to separate +the forms (εἴδη).</note> from +Helios. And since he always subordinates it to +Helios and so indicates that Dionysus<note place='foot'>Julian calls Dionysus the son of Helios 152 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>, and the +son of Zeus, <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 5. 179 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> is his partner +on the throne, Apollo is the interpreter for us of the +fairest purposes that are to be found with our god. +Further Helios, since he comprehends in himself all +the principles of the fairest intellectual synthesis, is +himself Apollo the leader of the Muses. And since +he fills the whole of our life with fair order, he +begat Asclepios<note place='foot'>cf. 153 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>, where Asclepios is called <q>the saviour of the +All,</q> and <hi rend='italic'>Against the Christians</hi> 200 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> in the world, though even before +the beginning of the world he had him by his +side.) +</p> + +<p> +Ἀλλὰ πολλὰς μὲν ἄν τις καὶ ἄλλας περὶ τὸν +θεὸν τόνδε δυνάμεις θεωρῶν οὔποτ᾽ ἂν ἐφίκοιτο +πασῶν· ἀπόχρη δὲ τῆς μὲν χωριστῆς καὶ πρὸ τῶν +σωμάτων ἐπ᾽ αὐτῶν οἶμαι τῶν αἰτιῶν, αἳ κεχωρισμέναι +τῆς φανερᾶς προϋπάρχουσι δημιουργίας, +ἴσην Ἡλίῳ [C] καὶ Διὶ τὴν δυναστείαν καὶ μίαν +ὑπάρχουσαν τεθεωρηκέναι, τὴν δὲ ἁπλότητα τῶν +νοήσεων μετὰ τοῦ διαιωνίου καὶ κατὰ ταὐτὰ μονίμου +ξὺν Ἀπόλλωνι τεθεαμένοις, τὸ δὲ μεριστὸν τῆς +<pb n='394'/><anchor id='Pg394'/><anchor id='Pg395'/> +δημιουργίας μετὰ τοῦ τὴν μεριστὴν ἐπιτροπεύοντος +οὐσίαν Διονύσου, τὸ δὲ τῆς καλλίστης +συμμετρίας καὶ νοερᾶς κράσεως περὶ τὴν τοῦ +Μουσηγέτου δύναμιν τεθεωρηκόσι, τὸ συμπληροῦν +δὲ τὴν εὐταξίαν τῆς ὅλης ζωῆς ξὺν Ἀσκληπιῳ +νοοῦσι. +</p> + +<p> +(But though one should survey many other powers +that belong to this god, never could one investigate +them all. It is enough to have observed the +following: That there is an equal and identical +dominion of Helios and Zeus over the separate +creation which is prior to substances, in the region, +that is to say, of the absolute causes which, separated +from visible creation, existed prior to it; secondly +we observed the singleness of his thoughts which is +bound up with the imperishableness and abiding sameness +that he shares with Apollo; thirdly, the dividing +part of his creative function which he shares with +Dionysus who controls divided substance; fourthly +we have observed the power of the leader of the +Muses, revealed in fairest symmetry and blending +of the intellectual; finally we comprehended that +Helios, with Asclepios, fulfils the fair order of the +whole of life.) +</p> + +<p> +[D] Τοσαῦτα μὲν ὑπὲρ τῶν προκοσμίων αὐτοῦ +δυνάμεων, ἔργα δὲ ὁμοταγῆ ταύταις ὑπὲρ τὸν +ἐμφανῆ κόσμον ἡ τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀποπλήρωσις. +ἐπειδὴ γάρ ἐστι γνήσιος ἔκγονος<note place='foot'>ἔκγονος MSS, ἔγγονος V, Hertlein.</note> τἀγαθοῦ, παραδεξάμενος +παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ τελείαν τὴν ἀγαθὴν μοῖραν, +αὐτὸς ἅπασι τοῖς νοεροῖς διανέμει θεοῖς, ἀγαθοεργὸν +καὶ τελείαν αὐτοῖς διδοὺς τὴν οὐσίαν. ἓν +μὲν δὴ τουτί. δεύτερον δὲ ἔργον ἐστὶ τοῦ θεοῦ ἡ +τοῦ νοητοῦ κάλλους [145] ἐν τοῖς νοεροῖς καὶ ἀσωμάτοις +εἴδεσι τελειοτάτη διανομή. τῆς γὰρ ἐν τῇ φύσει +φαινομένης οὐσίας γονίμου γεννᾶν ἐφιεμένης ἐν τῷ +καλῷ καὶ ὑπεκτίθεσθαι τὸν τόκον, ἔτι ἀνάγκη +προηγεῖσθαι τὴν ἐν τῷ νοητῷ κάλλει τοῦτο αὐτὸ +διαιωνίως καὶ ἀεὶ ποιοῦσαν, ἀλλ᾽ οὐχὶ νῦν μὲν, +εἰσαῦθις δὲ οὔ, καὶ ποτὲ μὲν γεννῶσαν, αὖθις δὲ +ἄγονον. ὅσα γὰρ ἐνταῦθα ποτὲ καλά, ταῦτα ἐν +τοῖς νοητοῖς ἀεί. ῥητέον τοίνυν αὐτοῦ τῆς ἐν τοῖς +φαινομένοις αἰτίας [B] γονίμου προκαθηγεῖσθαι τὸν ἐν +τῷ νοερῷ καὶ διαιωνίῳ κάλλει τόκον ἀγέννητον, ὃν +ὁ θεὸς οὗτος ἔχει περὶ ἑαυτὸν ὑποστήσας, ᾧ καὶ +τὸν τέλειον νοῦν διανέμει, καθάπερ ὄμμασιν ἐνδιδοὺς +<pb n='396'/><anchor id='Pg396'/><anchor id='Pg397'/> +διὰ τοῦ φωτὸς τὴν ὄψιν, οὕτω δὲ καὶ ἐν τοῖς +νοητοῖς<note place='foot'>νοητοῖς Petavius adds.</note> διὰ τοῦ νοεροῦ παραδείγματος, ὃ προτείνει +πολὺ φανότερον τῆς αἰθερίας αὐγῆς, πᾶσιν οἶμαι +τοῖς νοεροῖς τὸ νοεῖν καὶ τὸ νοεῖσθαι παρέχει. +ἑτέρα πρὸς ταύταις [C] ἐνέργεια θαυμαστὴ φαίνεται +περὶ τὸν βασιλέα τῶν ὅλων Ἥλιον ἡ τοῖς κρείττοσι +γένεσιν ἐνδιδομένη μοῖρα βελτῖων, ἀγγέλοις,<note place='foot'>cf. 141 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Letter to the Athenians</hi> 275 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> +δαίμοσιν, ἥρωσι ψυχαῖς τε μερισταῖς, ὁπόσαι +μένουσιν ἐν παραδείγματος καὶ ἰδέας λόγῳ, +μήποτε ἑαυτὰς διδοῦσαι σώματι. τὴν μὲν οὖν +προκόσμιον οὐσίαν τοῦ θεοῦ δυνάμεις τε αὐτοῦ +καὶ ἔργα τὸν βασιλέα τῶν ὅλων ὑμνοῦντες Ἥλιον, +ἐφ᾽ ὅσον ἡμῖν [D] οἷόν τε ἦν ἐφικέσθαι τῆς περὶ αὐτὸν +εὐφημίας σπεύδοντες, διεληλύθαμεν. ἐπεὶ δὲ +ὄμματα, φησίν, ἀκοῆς ἐστι πιστότερα, καίτοι τῆς +νοήσεως ὄντα γε ἀπιστότερα καὶ ἀσθενέστερα, +φέρε καὶ περὶ τῆς ἐμφανοῦς αὐτοῦ δημιουργίας +αἰτησάμενοι παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ τὸ μετρίως εἰπεῖν +πειραθῶμεν. +</p> + +<p> +(So much then in respect to those powers of his +that existed before the beginning of the world; and +co-ordinate with these are his works over the whole +visible world, in that he fills it with good gifts. For +since he is the genuine son of the Good and from it +has received his blessed lot in fulness of perfection, +he himself distributes that blessedness to the +intellectual gods, bestowing on them a beneficent +and perfect nature. This then is one of his works. +And a second work of the god is his most perfect +distribution of intelligible beauty among the intellectual +and immaterial forms. For when the +generative substance<note place='foot'>The sun.</note> which is visible in our world +desires to beget in the Beautiful<note place='foot'>Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Symposium</hi> 206 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi> τόκος ἐν καλῷ.</note> and to bring forth +offspring, it is further necessary that it should be +guided by the substance that, in the region of +intelligible beauty, does this very thing eternally and +always and not intermittently, now fruitful now +barren. For all that is beautiful in our world only +at times, is beautiful always in the intelligible world. +We must therefore assert that the ungenerated +offspring in beauty intelligible and eternal guides +the generative cause in the visible world; which +offspring<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> Intellectual Helios.</note> this god<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> Intelligible Helios.</note> called into existence and keeps at +his side, and to it he assigns also perfect reason. +For just as through his light he gives sight to our +eyes, so also among the intelligible gods through his +intellectual counterpart—which he causes to shine +far more brightly than his rays in our upper air—he +bestows, as I believe, on all the intellectual gods the +faculty of thought and of being comprehended by +thought. Besides these, another marvellous activity +of Helios the King of the All is that by which he +endows with superior lot the nobler races—I mean +angels, daemons,<note place='foot'>Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi> 713 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi> defines daemons as a race superior to +men but inferior to gods; they were created to watch over +human affairs; Julian, <hi rend='italic'>Letter to Themistius</hi> 258 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi> echoes +Plato's description; cf. Plotinus 3. 5. 6; pseudo-Iamblichus, +<hi rend='italic'>De Mysteriis</hi> 1. 20. 61; Julian 2. 90 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> heroes, and those divided souls<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the individual souls; by using this term, derived +from the Neo-Platonists and Iamblichus, Julian implies that +there is an indivisible world soul; cf. Plotinus 4. 8. 8 ἡ μὲν +ὅλη (ψυχὴ) ... αἱ δὲ ἑν μέρει γενόμεναι.</note> +which remain in the category of model and archetype +and never give themselves over to bodies. I have +now described the substance of our god that is prior +to the world and his powers and activities, celebrating +Helios the King of the All in so far as it was possible +for me to compass his praise. But since eyes, as the +saying goes, are more trustworthy than hearing—although +they are of course less trustworthy and +weaker than the intelligence—come, let me endeavour +to tell also of his visible creative function; +but let first me entreat him to grant that I speak +with some measure of success.) +</p> + +<p> +Ὕπέστη μὲν οὖν περὶ αὐτὸν ὁ φαινόμενος ἐξ +αἰῶνος κόσμος, ἕδραν δὲ ἔχει τὸ περικόσμιον φῆς +ἐξ αἰῶνος, οὐχὶ νῦν μέν, τότε δὲ οὔ, οὐδὲ ἄλλοτε +ἄλλως, ἀεὶ δὲ ὡσαύτως. ἀλλ᾽ εἴ τις ταύτην τὴν +<pb n='398'/><anchor id='Pg398'/><anchor id='Pg399'/> +διαιώνιον φύσιν ἄχρις ἐπινοίας ἐθελήσειε χρονικῶς +κατανοῆσαι, [146] τὸν βασιλέα τῶν ὅλων Ἥλιον +ἀθρόως καταλάμποντα ῥᾷστα ἂν γνοίη, πόσων +αἴτιός ἐστι δι᾽ αἰῶνος ἀγαθῶν τῷ κόσμῳ. οἶδα +μὲν οὗν καὶ Πλάτωνα τὸν μέγαν καὶ μετὰ τοῦτον +ἄνδρα τοῖς χρόνοις, οὔτι μὴν τῇ φύσει καταδεέστερον· +τὸν Χαλκιδέα φημί, τὸν Ἰάμβλιχον· +ὃς ἡμᾶς τά τε ἄλλα περὶ τὴν φιλοσοφίαν καὶ δὴ +καὶ ταῦτα διὰ τῶν λόγων ἐμύησεν, ἄχρις ὑποθέσεως +τῷ γεννητῷ προσχρωμένους καὶ οἱονεὶ +χρονικήν τινα [B] τὴν ποίησιν ὑποτιθεμένους, ἵνα τὸ +μέγεθος τῶν παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ γινομένων ἔργων ἐπινοηθείη. +πλὴν ἀλλ᾽ ἔμοιγε τῆς ἐκείνων ἀπολειπομένῳ +παντάπασι δυνάμεως οὐδαμῶς ἐστι παρακινδυνευτέον, +ἐπείπερ ἀκίνδυνον οὐδὲ αὐτὸ τὸ μέχρι +ψιλῆς ὑποθέσεως χρονικήν τινα περὶ τὸν κόσμον +ὑποθέσθαι ποίησιν ὁ κλεινὸς ἤρως ἐνόμισεν Ἰάμβλιχος. +πλὴν ἀλλ᾽ ἐπείπερ ὁ θεὸς ἐξ αἰωνίου +προῆλθεν αἰτίας, μᾶλλον δὲ προήγαγε πάντα +ἐξ αἰῶνος, [C] ἀπὸ τῶν ἀφανῶν τὰ φανερὰ βουλήσει +θείᾳ καὶ ἀρρήτῳ τάχει καὶ ἀνυπερβλήτῳ δυνάμει +πάντα ἀθρόως ἐν τῷ νῦν ἀπογεννήσας χρόνῳ, +ἀπεκληρώσατο μὲν οἷον οἰκειοτέραν ἕδραν τὸ +μέσον οὐρανοῦ, ἵνα πανταχόθεν ἴσα διανέμῃ +τἀγαθὰ τοῖς ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ καὶ σὺν αὐτῷ προελθοῦσι +θεοῖς, ἐπιτροπεύῃ δὲ τὰς ἑπτὰ καὶ τὴν ὀγδόην +<pb n='400'/><anchor id='Pg400'/><anchor id='Pg401'/> +οὐρανοῦ κυκλοφορίαν, ἐνάτην τε οἶμαι δημιουργίαν +τὴν ἐν γενέσει καὶ φθορᾷ συνεχεῖ διαιωνίως +ἀνακυκλουμένην γένεσιν. οἵ τε γὰρ πλάνητες +εὔδηλον ὅτι περὶ [D] αὐτὸν χορεύοντες μέτρον ἔχουσι +τῆς κινήσεως τὴν πρὸς τὸν θεὸν τόνδε τοιάνδε +περὶ τὰ σχήματα συμφωνίαν, ὅ τε ὅλος οὐρανὸς +αὐτῷ κατὰ πάντα συναρμοζόμενος ἑαυτοῦ τὰ +μέρη θεῶν ἐστιν ἐξ Ἡλίου πλήρης. ἔστι +γὰρ ὁ θεὸς ὅδε πέντε μὲν κύκλων ἄρχων κατ᾽ +οὐρανόν, τρεῖς δὲ ἐκ τούτων ἐπιὼν ἐν τρισὶ +τρεῖς γεννᾷ τὰς χάριτας· οἱ λειπόμενοι δὲ +μεγάλης ἀνάγκης εἰσὶ πλάστιγγες. [147] ἀξύνετον +ἴσως λέγω τοῖς Ἕλλησιν, ὥσπερ δέον μόνον τὰ +συνήθη καὶ γνώριμα λέγειν· οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ τοῦτό +ἐστιν, ὡς ἄν τις ὑπολάβοι, παντελῶς ξένον. οἱ +Διόσκουροι τίνες ὑμῖν εἰσιν, ὦ σοφώτατοι καὶ +ἀβασανίστως τὰ πολλὰ παραδεχόμενοι; οὐχ +ἑτερήμεροι<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi> 11, 303; Philo Judaeus, <hi rend='italic'>De Decalogo</hi> 2. 190, τόν +τε οὐρανὸν εἰς ἡμισφαίρια τῷ λόγῳ διχῇ διανείμαντες, τὸ μὲν ὑπὲρ +γῆς τὸ δ᾽ ὑπὸ γῆς, Διοσκούρους ἐκάλεσαν τὸ περὶ τῆς ἑτερημέρου +ζωῆς αὐτῶν προστερατευσάμενοι διήγημα.</note> λέγονται, διότι μὴ θέμις ὁρᾶσθαι τῆς +αὐτῆς ἡμέρας; ὑμεῖς ὅπως ἀκούετε εὔδηλον ὅτι +τῆς χθὲς καὶ τήμερον. εἶτα τί νοεῖ τοῦτο, πρὸς +αὐτῶν τῶν Διοσκούρων; ἐφαρμόσωμεν αὐτὸ φύσει +<pb n='402'/><anchor id='Pg402'/><anchor id='Pg403'/> +τινὶ καὶ πράγματι, κενὸν<note place='foot'>κενὸν Hertlein suggests, καινὸν Mb, κοινὸν MSS.</note> [B] ἵνα μηδὲν μηδὲ ἀνόητον +λέγωμεν. ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἂν εὕροιμεν ἀκριβῶς ἐξετάζοντες· +οὐδὲ γὰρ ὡς ὑπέλαβον εἰρῆσθαί τινες πρὸς +τῶν θεολόγων ἡμισφαίρια τοῦ παντὸς τὰ δύο +λόγον ἔχει τινά· πῶς γάρ ἐστιν ἑτερήμερον αὐτῶν +ἕκαστον οὐδὲ ἐπινοῆσαι ῥᾴδιον, ἡμέρας ἑκάστης +ἀνεπαισθήτου τῆς κατὰ τὸν φωτισμὸν αὐτῶν +παραυξήσεως γινομένης. σκεψώμεθα δὲ νῦν ὑπὲρ +ὧν αὐτοὶ καινοτομεῖν ἴσως τῳ δοκοῦμεν. τῆς +αὐτῆς ἡμέρας ἐκεῖνοι [C] μετέχειν ὀρθῶς ἂν ῥηθεῖεν, +ὁπόσοις ἴσος ἐστὶν ὁ τῆς ὑπὲρ γῆν ἡλίου πορείας +χρόνος ἐν ἑνὶ καὶ τῷ αὐτῷ μηνί. ὁράτω τις οὖν, εἰ +μὴ τὸ ἑτερήμερον τοῖς κύκλοις ἐφαρμόζει τοῖς τε +ἄλλοις καὶ τοῖς τροπικοῖς. ὑπολήψεται τις· οὐκ +ἴσον ἐστιν. οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἀεὶ φαίνονται, καὶ τοῖς +τὴν ἀντίσκιον οἰκοῦσι γῆν ἀμφοτέροις ἀμφότεροι, +τῶν δὲ οἱ θάτερον ὁρῶντες οὐδαμῶς ὁρῶσι θάτερον. +</p> + +<p> +(From eternity there subsisted, surrounding Helios, +the visible world, and from eternity the light that +encompasses the world has its fixed station, not +shining intermittently, nor in different ways at different +times, but always in the same manner. And +if one desired to comprehend, as far as the mind +may, this eternal nature from the point of view of +time, one would understand most easily of how many +blessings for the world throughout eternity he is the +cause, even Helios the King of the All who shines +without cessation. Now I am aware that the great +philosopher Plato,<note place='foot'> <hi rend='italic'>Timaeus</hi> 37 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>; when the Creator had made the universe, +he invented Time as an attribute of <q>divided substance.</q></note> and after him a man who, though +he is later in time, is by no means inferior to him in +genius—I mean Iamblichus<note place='foot'>For Julian's debt to Iamblichus cf. 150 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>, 157 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> of Chalcis, who through +his writings initiated me not only into other philosophic +doctrines but these also—I am aware, I say, +that they employed as a hypothesis the conception +of a generated world, and assumed for it, so to speak, +a creation in time in order that the magnitude of +the works that arise from Helios might be recognised. +But apart from the fact that I fall short altogether +of their ability, I must by no means be so rash; +especially since the glorious hero Iamblichus thought +it was not without risk to assume, even as a bare +hypothesis, a temporal limit for the creation of the +world. Nay rather, the god came forth from an +eternal cause, or rather brought forth all things from +everlasting, engendering by his divine will and with +untold speed and unsurpassed power, from the invisible +all things now visible in present time. And +then he assigned as his own station the mid-heavens, +in order that from all sides he may bestow equal +blessings on the gods who came forth by his agency +and in company with him; and that he may guide +the seven spheres<note place='foot'>Kronos, Zeus, Ares, Helios, Aphrodite, Hermes, Selene +are the seven planets; cf. 149 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>. Though Helios guides the +others he is counted with them.</note> in the heavens and the eighth +sphere<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the fixed stars; cf. Iamblichus, <hi rend='italic'>Theologumena +arithmeticae</hi> 56. 4 ἡ περιέχουσα τὰ πάντα σφαῖρα ὀγδόη, <q>the +eighth sphere that encompasses all the rest.</q></note> also, yes and as I believe the ninth creation +too, namely our world which revolves for ever in a +continuous cycle of birth and death. For it is +evident that the planets, as they dance in a circle +about him, preserve as the measure of their motion a +harmony between this god and their own movements +such as I shall now describe; and that the whole +heaven also, which adapts itself to him in all its +parts, is full of gods who proceed from Helios. For +this god is lord of five zones in the heavens; and +when he traverses three of these he begets in those +three the three Graces.<note place='foot'>The Graces are often associated with Spring; Julian +seems to be describing obscurely the annual course of the sun.</note> And the remaining zones +are the scales of mighty Necessity.<note place='foot'>Necessity played an important part in the cult of +Mithras and was sometimes identified with the constellation +Virgo who holds the scales of Justice.</note> To the Greeks +what I say is perhaps incomprehensible—as though +one were obliged to say to them only what is known +and familiar. Yet not even is this altogether strange +to them as one might suppose. For who, then, in +your opinion, are the Dioscuri,<note place='foot'>For the adoption of the Dioscuri into the Mithraic cult +see Cumont. Julian does not give his own view, though he +rejects that of the later Greek astronomers. Macrobius, +<hi rend='italic'>Saturnalia</hi> 1. 21. 22 identifies them with the sun.</note> O ye most wise, ye +who accept without question so many of your traditions? +Do you not call them <q>alternate of days,</q> +because they may not both be seen on the same day? +It is obvious that by this you mean <q>yesterday</q> and +<q>to-day.</q> But what does this mean, in the name +of those same Dioscuri? Let me apply it to some +natural object, so that I may not say anything empty +and senseless. But no such object could one find, +however carefully one might search for it. For the +theory that some have supposed to be held by the +theogonists, that the two hemispheres of the universe +are meant, has no meaning. For how one could call +each one of the hemispheres <q>alternate of days</q> is +not easy to imagine, since the increase of their light +in each separate day is imperceptible. But now let +us consider a question on which some may think that +I am innovating. We say correctly that those persons +for whom the time of the sun's course above the +earth is the same in one and the same month share +the same day. Consider therefore whether the +expression <q>alternate of days</q> cannot be applied +both to the tropics and the other, the polar, circles. +But some one will object that it does not apply +equally to both. For though the former are always +visible, and both of them are visible at once to those +who inhabit that part of the earth where shadows +are cast in an opposite direction,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the torrid zone. On the equator in the winter months +shadows fall due north at noon, in the summer months due +south; this is more or less true of the whole torrid zone; cf. +ἀμφίσκιος which has the same meaning.</note> yet in the case of +the latter those who see the one do not see the +other.) +</p> + +<p> +[D] Ἀλλ᾽ ἵνα μὴ πλείω περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν λέγων +διατρίβω, τὰς τροπὰς ἐργαζόμενος, ὥσπερ ἴσμεν, +πατὴρ ὡρῶν ἐστιν, οὐκ ἀπολείπων δὲ οὐδαμῶς +τοὺς πόλους Ὠκεανὸς ἂν εἴη, διπλῆς ἡγεμὼν +οὐσίας. μῶν ἀσαφές τι καὶ τοῦτο λέγομεν, +ἐπείπερ πρὸ ἡμῶν αὐτὸ καὶ Ὅμηρος ἔφη· +</p> + +<p> +However, not to dwell too long on the same subject; +since he causes the winter and summer solstice, +Helios is, as we know, the father of the seasons; +and since he never forsakes the poles, he is Oceanus, +the lord of two-fold substance. My meaning here +is not obscure, is it, seeing that before my time +Homer said the same thing? +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>Ὠκεανοῦ, ὅσπερ γένεσις πάντεσσι τέτυκται,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 14. 246.</note></l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>Oceanus who is the +father of all things</q>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +θνητῶν τε θεῶν θ᾽, ὡς ἂν αὐτὸς φαίη, μακάρων; +<pb n='404'/><anchor id='Pg404'/><anchor id='Pg405'/> +ἀληθῶς. [148] ἒν γὰρ τῶν πάντων οὐδέν ἐστιν, ὃ μὴ +τῆς Ὠκεανοῦ πέφυκεν οὐσίας ἔκγονον. ἀλλὰ τί +τοῦτο πρὸς τοὺς πόλους; βούλει σοι φράσω; +καίτοι σιωπᾶσθαι κρεῖσσον ἦν· εἰρήσεται δὲ +ὅμως. +</p> + +<p> +(yes, for mortals and for the +blessed gods too, as he himself would say; and what +he says is true. For there is no single thing in the +whole of existence that is not the offspring of the +substance of Oceanus. But what has that to do with +the poles? Shall I tell you? It were better indeed +to keep silence<note place='foot'>For the affectation of mystery cf. 152 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>, 159 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>, 172 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note>; but for all that I will speak.) +</p> + +<p> +Λέγεται γοῦν, εἰ καὶ μὴ πάντες ἑτοίμως ἀποδέχονται, +ὁ δίσκος ἐπὶ τῆς ἀνάστρου φέρεσθαι πολὺ +τῆς ἀπλανοῦς ὑψηλότερος· καὶ οὕτω δὴ<note place='foot'>δὴ Hertlein suggests, δὲ MSS.</note> τῶν μὲν +πλανωμένων οὐχ ἕξει τὸ μέσον, τριῶν δὲ τῶν κόσμων +κατὰ τὰς τελεστικὰς [B] ὑποθέσεις, εἰ χρὴ τὰ +τοιαῦτα καλεῖν ὑποθέσεις, ἀλλὰ μὴ ταῦτα μὲν +δόγματα, τὰ δὲ τῶν σφαιρικῶν ὑποθέσεις. οἱ μὲν +γὰρ θεῶν ἢ δαιμόνων μεγάλων δή τινων ἀκούσαντές +φασιν, οἱ δὲ ὑποτίθενται τὸ πιθανὸν ἐκ τῆς +πρὸς τὰ φαινόμενα συμφωνίας. αἰνεῖν μὲν οὖν +ἄξιον καὶ τούσδε, πιστεύειν δὲ ἐκείνοις ὅτῳ +βέλτιον εἶναι δοκεῖ, τοῦτον ἐγὼ παίζων καὶ σπουδάζων +ἄγαμαί τε καὶ τεθαύμακα. καὶ ταῦτα μὲν +δὴ ταύτῃ, φασί. +</p> + +<p> +(Some say then, even though all men are not +ready to believe it, that the sun travels in the starless +heavens far above the region of the fixed stars. +And on this theory he will not be stationed midmost +among the planets but midway between the three +worlds: that is, according to the hypothesis of the +mysteries, if indeed one ought to use the word +<q>hypothesis</q> and not rather say <q>established truths,</q> +using the word <q>hypothesis</q> for the study of the +heavenly bodies. For the priests of the mysteries tell +us what they have been taught by the gods or mighty +daemons, whereas the astronomers make plausible +hypotheses from the harmony that they observe in +the visible spheres. It is proper, no doubt, to +approve the astronomers as well, but where any +man thinks it better to believe the priests of the +mysteries, him I admire and revere, both in jest +and earnest. And so much for that, as the saying +is.<note place='foot'>Plutarch, <hi rend='italic'>Demosthenes</hi> 4, quotes this phrase as peculiarly +Platonic; cf. Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi> 676 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note>) +</p> + +<p> +[C] Πολὺ δὲ πρὸς οἷς ἔφην πλῆθός ἐστι περὶ τὸν +οὐρανὸν θεῶν, οὓς κατενόησαν οἱ τὸν οὐρανὸν μὴ +παρέργως μηδὲ ὥσπερ τὰ βοσκήματα θεωροῦντες.<note place='foot'>cf. 143 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi> and note.</note> +τοὺς τρεῖς γὰρ τετραχῇ τέμνων διὰ τῆς τοῦ ζῳοφόρου +<pb n='406'/><anchor id='Pg406'/><anchor id='Pg407'/> +κύκλου πρὸς ἕκαστον αὐτῶν κοινωνίας τοῦτον +αὖθις τὸν ζῳοφόρον εἰς δώδεκα θεῶν δυνάμεις +διαιρεῖ, καὶ μέντοι τούτων ἕκαστον εἰς τρεῖς, ὥστε +ποιεῖν ἓξ ἐπὶ τοῖς τριάκοντα. ἔνθεν οἶμαι καθήκει +ἄνωθεν ἡμῖν ἐξ οὐρανῶν [D] τριπλῆ χαρίτων δόσις, ἐκ +τῶν κύκλων, οὗς ὁ θεὸς ὅδε τετραχῇ τέμνων τὴν +τετραπλῆν ἐπιπέμπει τῶν ὡρῶν ἀγλαΐαν, αἳ δὴ +τὰς τροπὰς ἔχουσι τῶν καιρῶν. κύκλον τοι καὶ +αἱ Χάριτες ἐπὶ γῆς διὰ τῶν ἀγαλμάτων μιμοῦνται. +χαριτοδότης<note place='foot'>χαριτοδότης Spanheim, χαριδότης Hertlein, MSS.</note> δέ ἐστιν ὁ Διόνυσος ἐς ταὐτὸ λεγόμενος +Ἡλίῳ συμβασιλεύειν. τύ οὖν ἔτι σοι τὸν +Ὧρον λέγω καὶ τἇλλα θεῶν ὀνόματα, τὰ πάντα +Ἡλίῳ προσήκοντα; συνῆκαν γὰρ ἅνθρωποι τὸν θεὸν +ἐξ ὧν ὁ θεὸς [149] ὅδε ἐργάζεται, τὸν σύμπαντα οὐρανὸν +τοῖς νοεροῖς ἀγαθοῖς τελειωσάμενος καὶ μεταδοὺς +αὐτῷ τοῦ νοητοῦ κάλλους, ἀρξάμενοί τε ἐκεῖθεν +ὅλον τε αὐτὸν καὶ τὰ μέρη τῇ τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἁδρᾷ<note place='foot'>ἁδρᾷ Hertlein suggests, ἀνδρῶν MSS.</note> +δόσει. πᾶσαν γὰρ ἐπιτροπεύει<note place='foot'>ἐπιτροπεύει Wright, ἐπιτροπεύουσι Hertlein, MSS lacuna +Petavius.</note> κίνησιν ἄχρι τῆς +τελευταίας τοῦ κόσμου λ\ηξεως· φύσιν τε καὶ +ψυχὴν καὶ πᾶν ὅ,τι ποτέ ἐστι, πάντα πανταχοῦ +τελειοῦται. τὴν δὲ τοσαύτην στρατιὰν τῶν θεῶν +εἰς μίαν ἡγεμονικὴν [B] ἕνωσιν συντάξας Ἀθηνᾷ +Προνοίᾳ παρέδωκεν, ἣν ὁ μὲν μῦθός φησιν ἐκ τῆς +<pb n='408'/><anchor id='Pg408'/><anchor id='Pg409'/> +τοῦ Διὸς γενέσθαι κορυφῆς, ἡμεῖς δὲ ὅλην ἐξ ὅλου +τοῦ βασιλέως Ἡλίου προβληθῆναι συνεχομένην ἐν +αὐτῷ, ταύτῃ διαφέροντες τοῦ μύθου, ὅτι μὴ ἐκ +τοῦ ἀκροτάτου μέρους, ὅλην δὲ ἐξ ὅλου· ἐπεὶ +τἆλλά γε οὐδὲν διαφέρειν Ἡλίου Δία νομίζοντες +ὁμολογοῦμεν τῇ παλαιᾷ φήμῃ. καὶ τοῦτο δὲ αὐτὸ +Πρόνοιαν Ἀθηνᾶν λέγοντες οὐ καινοτομοῦμεν, +εἴπερ ὀρθῶς ἀκούομεν· +</p> + +<p> +(Now besides those whom I have mentioned, there +is in the heavens a great multitude of gods who have +been recognised as such by those who survey the +heavens, not casually, nor like cattle. For as he +divides the three spheres by four through the zodiac,<note place='foot'>Literally <q>life-bringer,</q> Aristotle's phrase for the zodiac.</note> +which is associated with every one of the three, +so he divides the zodiac also into twelve divine +powers; and again he divides every one of these +twelve by three, so as to make thirty-six gods in<note place='foot'>cf. Zeller, <hi rend='italic'>Philosophie der Griechen</hi> III. 2, p. 753, notes.</note> all. +Hence, as I believe, there descends from above, +from the heavens to us, a three-fold gift of the +Graces: I mean from the spheres, for this god, by +thus dividing them by four, sends to us the fourfold +glory of the seasons, which express the +changes of time. And indeed on our earth the +Graces imitate a circle<note place='foot'>There is a play on the word κύκλος, which means both +<q>sphere</q> and <q>circle.</q></note> in their statues. And it +is Dionysus who is the giver of the Graces, and in +this very connection he is said to reign with Helios. +Why should I go on to speak to you of Horus<note place='foot'>The Egyptian sun-god, whose worship was introduced +first into Greece and later at Rome.</note> and +of the other names of gods, which all belong to +Helios? For from his works men have learned to +know this god, who makes the whole heavens perfect +through the gift of intellectual blessings, and gives +it a share of intelligible beauty; and taking the +heavens as their starting-point, they have learned to +know him both as a whole and his parts also, from +his abundant bestowal of good gifts. For he +exercises control over all movement, even to the +lowest plane of the universe. And everywhere he +makes all things perfect, nature and soul and +everything that exists. And marshalling together +this great army of the gods into a single commanding +unity, he handed it over to Athene Pronoia<note place='foot'>Athene as goddess of Forethought was worshipped at +Delphi, but her earlier epithet was προναία <q>whose statue is +in front of the temple</q>; cf. Aeschylus, <hi rend='italic'>Eumenides</hi> 21, +Herodotus 8. 37; late writers often confuse these forms. +Julian applies the epithet πρόνοια to the mother of the gods +179 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>, and to Prometheus 182 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>; cf. 131 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> who, +as the legend says, sprang from the head of Zeus, but +I say that she was sent forth from Helios whole from +the whole of him, being contained within him; though +I disagree with the legend only so far as I assert that +she came forth not from his highest part, but whole +from the whole of him. For in other respects, +since I believe that Zeus is in no wise different from +Helios, I agree with that ancient tradition. And +in using this very phrase Athene Pronoia, I am not +innovating, if I rightly understand the words:) +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>Ἵκετο δ᾽ ἐς Πυθῶνα καὶ ἐς Γλαυκῶπα Προνοίην.</l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>He came to Pytho and to grey-eyed Pronoia.</q><note place='foot'>This verse was quoted from an unknown source by +Eustathius on <hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 1. p. 83. <q>The Grey-eyed</q> is a name +of Athene.</note>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +[C] οὕτως ἄρα καὶ τοῖς παλαιοῖς ἐφαίνετο Ἀθηνᾶ +Πρόνοια σύνθρονος Ἀπόλλωνι τῷ νομιζομένῳ +μηδὲν Ἡλίου διαφέρειν. μή ποτε οὖν καὶ θείᾳ +μοίρᾳ τοῦτο Ὅμηρος· ἦν γάρ, ὡς εἰκός, θεόληπτος· +ἀπεμαντεύσατο πολλαχοῦ τῆς ποιήσεως· +</p> + +<p> +(This proves that the ancients also thought that +Athene Pronoia shared the throne of Apollo, who, +as we believe, differs in no way from Helios. +Indeed, did not Homer by divine inspiration—for +he was, we may suppose, possessed by a god—reveal +this truth, when he says often in his poems:) +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>Τιοίμην δ᾽ ὡς τίετ᾽ Ἀθηναίη καὶ Ἀπόλλων,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 8. 538; 13. 827.</note></l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>May +I be honoured even as Athene and Apollo were +honoured</q>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +ὑπὸ Διὸς δήπουθεν, ὅσπερ ἐστὶν ὁ αὐτὸς Ἡλίῳ; +καθάπερ δ᾽<note place='foot'>δ᾽ Hertlein adds.</note> ὁ βασιλεὺς Ἀπόλλων ἐπικοινωνεῖ +διὰ τῆς ἁπλότητος τῶν νοήσεων Ἡλίῳ, οὕτω δὲ +καὶ τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν [D] νομιστέον ἀπ᾽ αὐτοῦ παραδεξαμένην +τὴν οὐσίαν οὖσάν τε αὐτοῦ τελείαν νόησιν +συνάπτειν μὲν τοὺς περὶ τὸν Ἥλιον θεοὺς αὖ τῷ +βασιλεῖ τῶν ὅλων Ἡλίῳ δίχα συγχύσεως εἰς +<pb n='410'/><anchor id='Pg410'/><anchor id='Pg411'/> +ἕνωσιν, αὐτὴν δὲ τὴν ἄχραντον καὶ καθαρὰν ζωὴν +ἁπ᾽ ἅκρας ἁψῖδος οὐρανοῦ διὰ τῶν ἑπτὰ κύκλων +ἄχρι τῆς Σελήνης [150] νέμουσαν ἐποχετεύειν, ἣν ἡ θεὸς +ἥδε τῶν κυκλικῶν οὖσαν σωμάτων ἐσχάτην ἐπλήρωσε +τῆς φρονήσεως, ὑφ᾽ ἧς ἡ Σελήνη τά τε ὑπὲρ +τὸν οὐρανὸν θεωρεῖ νοητὰ καὶ τὰ ὑφ᾽ ἑαυτὴν +κοσμοῦσα τὴν ὕλην τοῖς εἴδεσιν ἀναιρεῖ τὸ θηριῶδες +αὐτῆς καὶ ταραχῶδες καὶ ἄτακτον. ἀνθρώποις +δὲ ἀγαθὰ δίδωσιν Ἀθηνᾶ σοφίαν τό<note place='foot'>τὸ Hertlein adds.</note> τε +νοεῖν καὶ τὰς δημιουργικὰς τέχνας. κατοικεῖ δὲ +τὰς ἀκροπόλεις αὕτη δήπουθεν καταστησαμένη +τὴν πολιτικὴν διὰ σοφίας κοινωνίαν. [B] ὀλίγα ἔτι +περὶ Ἀφροδίτης, ἣν συνεφάπτεσθαι τῆς δημιουργίας +τῷ θεῷ Φοινίκων ὁμολογοῦσιν οἱ λόγιοι, καὶ +ἐγὼ πείθομαι. ἔστι δὴ οὖν αὕτη σύγκρασις τῶν +οὐρανίων θεῶν, καὶ τῆς ἁρμονίας αὐτῶν ἔτι φιλία +καὶ ἕνωσις. Ἡλίου γὰρ ἐγγὺς οὖσα καὶ συμπεριθέουσα +καὶ πλησιάζουσα πληροῖ μὲν τὸν οὐρανὸν +εὐκρασίας, ἐνδίδωσι δὲ τὸ γόνιμον τῇ γῇ, προμηθουμένη +καὶ αὐτὴ τῆς ἀειγενεσίας τῶν ζῴων, ἧς ὁ +μὲν βασιλεὺς Ἥλιος ἔχει τὴν πρωτουργὸν αἰτίαν, +ἀφροδίτη δὲ αὐτῷ συναίτιος, [C] ἡ θέλγουσα μὲν τὰς +ψυχὰς ἡμῶν σὺν εὐφροσύνῃ, καταπέμπουσα δὲ +εἰς γῆν ἐξ αἰθέρος αὐγὰς ἡδίστας καὶ ἀκηράτους +<pb n='412'/><anchor id='Pg412'/><anchor id='Pg413'/> +αὐτοῦ τοῦ χρυσίου στιλπνοτέρας. ἔτι ἐπιμετρῆσαι<note place='foot'>ἐπιμετρῆσαι Hertlein suggests, μετριάσαι MSS.</note> +βούλομαι τῆς Φοινίκων θεολογίας· εἰ δὲ μὴ +μάτην, ὁ λόγος προïὼν δείξει. οἱ τὴν Ἔμεσαν<note place='foot'>Ἔμεσαν Spanheim, cf. 154 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>, Ἔδεσσαν MSS.</note> +οἰκοῦντες, ἱερὸν ἐξ αἰῶνος Ἡλίου χωρίον, Μόνιμον +αὐτῷ καὶ Ἄζιζον συγκαθιδρύουσιν. [D] αἰνίττεσθαί +φησιν Ἰάμβλιχος, παρ᾽ οὗ καὶ τᾶλλα +πάντα ἐκ πολλῶν μικρὰ ἐλάβομεν, ὡς ὁ Μόνιμος +μὲν Ἑρμῆς εἴη, Ἄζιζος δὲ Ἄρης, Ἡλίου πάρεδροι, +πολλὰ καὶ ἀγαθὰ τῷ περὶ γῆν ἐποχετεύοντες +τόπῳ. +</p> + +<p> +(—by Zeus, that is to say, who is identical +with Helios? And just as King Apollo, through +the singleness of his thoughts, is associated with +Helios, so also we must believe that Athene<note place='foot'>On Athene cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 7. 230 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>; <hi rend='italic'>Against the Christians</hi> +235 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> has +received her nature from Helios, and that she is +his intelligence in perfect form: and so she binds +together the gods who are assembled about Helios +and brings them without confusion into unity with +Helios, the King of the All: and she distributes and +is the channel for stainless and pure life throughout +the seven spheres, from the highest vault of the +heavens as far as Selene the Moon:<note place='foot'>cf. 152 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>. Julian derives his theory of the position and +functions of the moon from Iamblichus; cf. Proclus on +Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Timaeus</hi> 258 f.</note> for Selene +is the last of the heavenly spheres which Athene +fills with wisdom: and by her aid Selene beholds the +intelligible which is higher than the heavens, and +adorns with its forms the realm of matter that lies +below her, and thus she does away with its savagery +and confusion and disorder. Moreover to mankind +Athene gives the blessings of wisdom and intelligence +and the creative arts. And surely she dwells +in the capitols of cities because, through her wisdom, +she has established the community of the state. I +have still to say a few words about Aphrodite, who, as +the wise men among the Phoenicians affirm, and as I +believe, assists Helios in his creative function. She +is, in very truth, a synthesis of the heavenly gods, +and in their harmony she is the spirit of love and +unity.<note place='foot'>cf. 154 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>, and Proclus on Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Timaeus</hi> 155 <hi rend='smallcaps'>f</hi>, 259 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>, +where Aphrodite is called <q>the binding goddess</q> συνδετικήν, +and <q>harmoniser</q> συναρμοστικήν.</note> For she<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> as the planet Venus.</note> is very near to Helios, and when +she pursues the same course as he and approaches +him, she fills the skies with fair weather and gives +generative power to the earth: for she herself takes +thought for the continuous birth of living things. +And though of that continuous birth King Helios is +the primary creative cause, yet Aphrodite is the +joint cause with him, she who enchants our souls +with her charm and sends down to earth from the +upper air rays of light most sweet and stainless, aye, +more lustrous than gold itself. I desire to mete out +to you still more of the theology of the Phoenicians, +and whether it be to some purpose my argument as +it proceeds will show. The inhabitants of Emesa,<note place='foot'>cf. <hi rend='italic'>Caesars</hi> 313 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Misopogon</hi> 357 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>. Emesa in Syria was +famous for its temple to Baal, the sun-god. The Emperor +Heliogabalus (218-222 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>) was born at Emesa and was, as +his name indicates, a priest of Baal, whose worship he +attempted to introduce at Rome.</note> a +place from time immemorial sacred to Helios, associate +with Helios in their temples Monimos and Azizos.<note place='foot'>The <q>strong god,</q> identified with the star Lucifer.</note> +Iamblichus, from whom I have taken this and all +besides, a little from a great store, says that the +secret meaning to be interpreted is that Monimos +is Hermes and Azizos Ares, the assessors of Helios, +who are the channel for many blessings to the +region of our earth.) +</p> + +<p> +Τὰ μὲν οὖν περὶ τὸν οὐρανὸν ἔργα τοῦ θεοῦ +τοιαῦτά ἐστι, καὶ διὰ τούτων ἐπιτελούμενα μέχρι +τῶν τῆς γῆς προήκει τελευταίων ὅρων· ὅσα δὲ +ὑπὸ τὴν Σελήνην ἐργάζεται, μακρὸν ἂν εἴη τὰ +πάντα ἀπαριθμεῖσθαι. πλὴν ὡς ἐν κεφαλαίῳ καὶ +ταῦτα ῥητέον. [151] οἶδα μὲν οὖν ἔγωγε καὶ πρότερον +μνημονεύσας, ὁπηνίκα ἠξίουν ἐκ τῶν φαινομένων +τὰ ἀφανῆ περὶ τῆς τοῦ θεοῦ σκοπεῖν οὐσίας, ὁ +λόγος δὲ ἀπαιτεῖ με καὶ νῦν ἐν τάξει περὶ αὐτῶν +δηλῶσαι. +</p> + +<p> +(Such then are the works of Helios in the heavens, +and, when completed by means of the gods whom I +have named, they reach even unto the furthest +bounds of the earth. But to tell the number of all +his works in the region below the moon would take +too long. Nevertheless I must describe them also in +a brief summary. Now I am aware that I mentioned +them earlier when I claimed<note place='foot'>133 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>, 138 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> that from things visible +we could observe the invisible properties of the god's +substance, but the argument demands that I should +expound them now also, in their proper order.) +</p> + +<p> +Καθάπερ οὖν ἐν τοῖς νοεροῖς ἔχειν ἔφαμεν τὴν +ἡγεμονίαν Ἥλιον, πολὺ περὶ τὴν ἀμέριστον οὐσίαν +ἑαυτοῦ πλῆθος ἑνοειδῶς ἔχοντα τῶν θεῶν, ἔτι δὲ +ἐν τοῖς αἰσθητοῖς, [B] ἃ δὴ τὴν κύκλῳ διαιωνίαν +<pb n='414'/><anchor id='Pg414'/><anchor id='Pg415'/> +πορεύεται μάλα εὐδαίμονα πορείαν, ἀπεδείκνυμεν +ἀρχηγὸν καὶ κύριον, ἐνδιδόντα μὲν τὸ γόνιμον τῇ +φύσει,<note place='foot'>τὸ γόνιμον τῇ φύσει Marcilius, cf. 150 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>, 151 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>, lacuna +MSS., Hertlein.</note> πληροῦντα δὲ τὸν ὅλον οὐρανὸν ὥσπερ +τῆς φαινομένης αὐγῆς οὕτω δὲ καὶ μυρίων ἀγαθῶν +ἀφανῶν ἄλλων, τελειούμενα δὲ ἐξ αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰ +παρὰ τῶν ἄλλων ἐμφανῶν θεῶν ἀγαθὰ χορηγούμενα, +καὶ πρό γε τούτων αὐτοὺς ἐκείνους ὑπὸ τῆς +ἀπορρήτου καὶ θείας αὐτοῦ τελειουμένους ἐνεργείας· +οὕτω δὲ καὶ περὶ τὸν ἐν γενέσει τόπον θεούς τινας +ἐπιβεβηκέναι νομιστέον [C] ὑπὸ τοῦ βασιλέως Ἡλίου +συνεχομένουσ, οἳ τὴν τετραπλῆν τῶν στοιχείων +κυβερνῶντες φύσιν, περὶ ἃς ἐστήρικται ταῦτα +ψυχὰς μετὰ τῶν τριῶν κρειττόνων ἐνοικοῦσι γενῶν. +αὐταῖς δὲ ταῖς μερισταῖς ψυχαῖς ὅσων ἀγαθῶν +ἐστιν αἴτιος, κρίσιν τε αὐταῖς προτείνων καὶ δίκῃ +κατευθύνων καὶ ἀποκαθαίρων λαμπρότητι; τὴν +ὅλην δὲ οὐχ οὗτος φύσιν, ἐνδιδοὺς ἄνωθεν αὐτῇ τὸ +γόνιμον, κινεῖ καὶ ἀναζωπυρεῖ; ἀλλὰ καὶ ταῖς +μερισταῖς φύσεσιν [D] οὐ τῆς εἰς τέλος πορείας οὗτος +ἐστιν ἀληθῶς αἴτιος; ἄνθρωπον γὰρ ὑπὸ ἀνθρώπου +γεννᾶσθαί φησιν Ἀριστοτέλης καὶ ἡλίου.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Physics</hi> 2. 2. 194 b; cf. 131 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> ταὐτὸν +δὴ οὖν καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων, ὅσα τῶν +μεριστῶν ἐστι φύσεων ἔργα, περὶ τοῦ βασιλέως +Ἡλίου προσήκει διανοεῖσθαι. τί δέ; οὐχ ἡμῖν +ὄμβρους καὶ ἀνέμους καὶ τὰ ἐν τοῖς μεταρσίοις +γινόμενα τῷ διττῷ τῆς ἀναθυμιάσεως οἷον ὕλῃ +χρώμενος ὁ θεὸς οὗτος ἐργάζεται; [152] θερμαίνων γὰρ +τὴν γῆν ἀτμίδα καὶ καπνὸν ἕλκει, γίνεται δὲ ἐκ +<pb n='416'/><anchor id='Pg416'/><anchor id='Pg417'/> +τούτων οὐ τὰ μετάρσια μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὅσα ἐπὶ +γῆς πάθη, σμικρὰ καὶ μεγάλα. +</p> + +<p> +(I said then that Helios holds sway among the +intellectual gods in that he unites into one, about +his own undivided substance, a great multitude of +the gods: and further, I demonstrated that among +the gods whom we can perceive, who revolve +eternally in their most blessed path, he is leader +and lord; since he bestows on their nature its +generative power, and fills the whole heavens not +only with visible rays of light but with countless +other blessings that are invisible; and, further, that +the blessings which are abundantly supplied by the +other visible gods are made perfect by him, and that +even prior to this the visible gods themselves are +made perfect by his unspeakable and divine activity. +In the same manner we must believe that on this +our world of generation certain gods have alighted +who are linked together with Helios: and these +gods guide the four-fold nature of the elements, and +inhabit, together with the three higher races,<note place='foot'>cf. 145 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> those +souls which are upborne by the elements. But +for the divided souls<note place='foot'>cf. 145 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> also, of how many blessings is +he the cause! For he extends to them the faculty +of judging, and guides them with justice, and purifies +them by his brilliant light. Again, does he not set +in motion the whole of nature and kindle life +therein, by bestowing on it generative power from +on high? But for the divided natures also, is not +he the cause that they journey to their appointed +end?<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> their ascent after death to the gods.</note> For Aristotle says that man is begotten +by man and the sun together. Accordingly the +same theory about King Helios must surely apply +to all the other activities of the divided souls. +Again, does he not produce for us rain and wind +and the clouds in the skies, by employing, as though +it were matter, the two kinds of vapour? For +when he heats the earth he draws up steam and +smoke, and from these there arise not only the +clouds but also all the physical changes on our +earth, both great and small.) +</p> + +<p> +Τί οὖν περὶ<note place='foot'>περὶ Hertlein suggests, ἐπὶ MSS.</note> τῶν αὐτῶν ἐπέξειμι μακρότερα, +ἐξὸν ἐπὶ τὸ πέρας ἤδη βαδίζειν ὑμνήσαντα πρότερον +ὅσα ἔδωκεν ἀνθρώποις Ἥλιος ἀγαθά; γινόμενοι +γὰρ ἐξ αὐτοῦ τρεφόμεθα παρ᾽ ἐκείνου. [B] τὰ +μὲν οὖν θειότερα καὶ ὅσα ταῖς ψυχαῖς δίδωσιν +ἀπολύων αὐτὰς τοῦ σώματος, εἶτα ἐπανάγων ἐπὶ +τὰς τοῦ θεοῦ συγγενεῖς οὐσίας, καὶ τὸ λεπτὸν καὶ +εὔτονον τῆς θείας αὐγῆς οἷον ὄχημα τῆς εἰς τὴν +γένεσιν ἀσφαλοῦς διδόμενον καθόδου ταῖς ψυχαῖς +ὑμνείσθω τε ἄλλοις ἀξίως καὶ ὑφ᾽ ἡμῶν πιστευέσθω +μᾶλλον ἢ δεικνύσθω· τὰ δὲ ὅσα γνώριμα +πέφυκε τοῖς πᾶσιν οὐκ ὀκνητέον ἐπεξελθεῖν. +οὐρανόν φησι Πλάτων<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Republic</hi> 529, 530; <hi rend='italic'>Epinomis</hi> 977 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> ἡμῖν γενέσθαι σοφίας διδάσκαλον. +ἐνθένδε γὰρ [C] ἀριθμοῦ κατενοήσαμεν +φύσιν, ἧς τὸ διαφέρον οὐκ ἄλλως ἢ διὰ τῆς ἡλίου +περιόδου κατενοήσαμεν. φησί τοι καὶ αὐτὸς +Πλάτων ἡμέραν καὶ νύκτα πρότερον. εἶτα ἐκ τοῦ +φωτὸς τῆς σελήνης, ὃ δὴ δίδοται τῇ θεῷ ταύτῃ +παρ᾽ ἡλίου, μετὰ τοῦτο προήλθομεν ἐπὶ πλέον τῆς +τοιαύτης συνέσεως, ἁπανταχοῦ τῆς πρὸς τὸν θεὸν +τοῦτον στοχαζόμενοι συμφωνίας. ὅπερ αὐτός πού +φησιν,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Laws</hi> 653 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>, 665 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> ὡς ἄρα τὸ γένος ἡμῶν ἐπίπονον ὂν φύσει +θεοὶ ἐλεήσαντες [D] ἔδωκαν ἡμῖν τὸν Διόνυσον καὶ +τὰς Μούσας συγχορευτάς. ἐφάνη δὲ ἡμῖν Ἥλιος +<pb n='418'/><anchor id='Pg418'/><anchor id='Pg419'/> +τούτων κοινὸς ἡγεμών, Διονύσου μὲν πατὴρ +ὑμνούμενος, ἡγεμῶν δὲ Μουσῶν. ὁ δὲ αὐτῷ +συμβασιλεύων Ἀπόλλων οὐ πανταχοῦ μὲν ἀνῆκε +τῆς γῆς χρηστήρια, σοφίαν δὲ ἔδωκεν ἀνθρώποις +ἔνθεον, ἐκόσμησε δὲ ἱεροῖς καὶ πολιτικοῖς τὰς +πόλεις θεσμοῖς; οὗτος ἡμέρωσε μὲν διὰ τῶν +Ἑλληνικῶν ἀποικιῶν τὰ πλεῖστα τῆς οἰκουμένης, +παρεσκεύασε δὲ ῥᾷον ὑπακοῦσαι Ῥωμαίοις ἔχουσι +καὶ αὐτοῖς οὐ [153] γένος μόνον Ἑλληνικόν, ἀλλὰ καὶ +θεσμοὺς ἱεροὺς καὶ τὴν περὶ τοὺς θεοὺς εὐπιστίαν +ἐξ ἀρχῆς εἰς τέλος Ἑλληνικὴν καταστησαμένοις τε +καὶ φυλάξασι, πρὸς δὲ τούτοις καὶ τὸν περὶ τὴν +πόλιν κόσμον οὐδεμιᾶς τῶν ἄριστα πολιτευσαμένων +πόλεων καταστησαμένοις φαυλότερον, εἰ μὴ +καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπασῶν, ὅσαι γε ἐν χρήσει γεγόνασι +πολιτεῖαι, κρείσσονα· ἀνθ᾽ ὧν οἶμαι καὶ +αὐτὸς ἔγνων τὴν πόλιν Ἑλληνίδα γένος τε καὶ +πολιτείαν. +</p> + +<p> +(But why do I deal with the same questions at +such length, when I am free at last to come to my +goal, though not till I have first celebrated all the +blessings that Helios has given to mankind? For +from him are we born, and by him are we nourished. +But his more divine gifts, and all that he bestows on +our souls when he frees them from the body and +then lifts them up on high to the region of those +substances that are akin to the god; and the fineness +and vigour of his divine rays, which are assigned +as a sort of vehicle for the safe descent of our souls +into this world of generation; all this, I say, let +others celebrate in fitting strains, but let me believe +it rather than demonstrate its truth. However, I +need not hesitate to discuss so much as is known +to all. Plato says that the sky is our instructor in +wisdom. For from its contemplation we have +learned to know the nature of number, whose distinguishing +characteristics we know only from the course +of the sun. Plato himself says that day and night +were created first.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> as a unit of measurement; <hi rend='italic'>Timaeus</hi> 39 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>, 47 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> And next, from observing the +moon's light, which was bestowed on the goddess by +Helios, we later progressed still further in the understanding +of these matters: in every case conjecturing +the harmony of all things with this god. For Plato +himself says somewhere that our race was by nature +doomed to toil, and so the gods pitied us and gave +us Dionysus and the Muses as playfellows. And +we recognised that Helios is their common lord, +since he is celebrated as the father of Dionysus and +the leader of the Muses. And has not Apollo, who +is his colleague in empire, set up oracles in every +part of the earth, and given to men inspired +wisdom, and regulated their cities by means of +religious and political ordinances? And he has +civilised the greater part of the world by means +of Greek colonies, and so made it easier for the +world to be governed by the Romans. For the +Romans themselves not only belong to the Greek +race, but also the sacred ordinances and the pious +belief in the gods which they have established +and maintain are, from beginning to end, Greek. +And beside this they have established a constitution +not inferior to that of any one of the best governed +states, if indeed it be not superior to all others that +have ever been put into practice. For which +reason I myself recognise that our city is Greek, +both in descent and as to its constitution.) +</p> + +<p> +[B] Τί ἔτι σοι λέγω, πῶς τῆς ὑγιείας καὶ σωτηρίας +πάντων προυνόησε τὸν σωτῆρα τῶν ὅλων ἀπογεννήσας +Ἀσκληπιόν, ὅπως δὲ ἀρετὴν ἔδωκε παντοίαν +Ἀφροδίτην Ἀθηνᾷ συγκαταπέμψας ἡμῖν, +κηδεμόνα μόνον οὐχὶ νόμον θέμενος, πρὸς μηδὲν +ἕτερον χρῆσθαι τῇ μίξει ἢ πρὸς τὴν γέννησιν<note place='foot'>γέννησιν Mau, γένεσιν MSS, Hertlein.</note> τοῦ +ὁμοίου; διά τοι τοῦτο καὶ κατὰ τὰς περιόδους +αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ φυόμενα καὶ τὰ παντοδαπῶν +ζῴων φῦλα κινεῖται [C] πρὸς ἀπογέννησιν τοῦ ὁμοίου. +τί χρὴ τὰς ἀκτῖνας αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸ φῶς σεμνῦναι; +<pb n='420'/><anchor id='Pg420'/><anchor id='Pg421'/> +νὺξ γοῦν ἀσέληνός τε καὶ ἄναστρος ὅπως ἐστὶ +φοβερά, ἆρα ἐννοεῖ τις, ἵν᾽ ἐντεῦθεν, ὁπόσον +ἔχομεν ἀγαθὸν ἐξ ἡλίου τὸ φῶς, τεκμήρηται; +τοῦτο δὲ αὐτὸ συνεχὲς παρέχων καὶ ἀμεσολάβητον +νυκτὶ ἐν οἷς χρὴ τόποις ἀπὸ τῆς σελήνης +τοῖς ἄνω, ἐκεχειρίαν ἡμῖν διὰ τῆς νυκτὸς τῶν +πόνων δίδωσιν. οὐδὲν ἂν γένοιτο πέρας τοῦ +λόγου, εἰ πάντα ἐπεξιέναι [D] τις ἐθελήσειε τὰ τοιαῦτα. +ἓν γὰρ οὐδέν ἐστιν ἀγαθὸν κατὰ τὸν βίον, +ὃ μὴ παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦδε λαβόντες ἔχομεν, ἤτοι +παρὰ μόνου τέλειον, ἢ διὰ τῶν ἄλλων θεῶν παρ᾽ +αὐτοῦ τελειούμενον. +</p> + +<p> +(Shall I now go on to tell you how Helios took +thought for the health and safety of all men by +begetting Asclepios<note place='foot'>cf. 144 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>: <hi rend='italic'>Against the Christians</hi> 200, 235 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.c.</hi> Asclepios +plays an important part in Julian's religion, and may have +been intentionally opposed, as the son of Helios-Mithras and +the <q>saviour of the world,</q> to Jesus Christ.</note> to be the saviour of the whole +world? and how he bestowed on us every kind of +excellence by sending down to us Aphrodite together +with Athene, and thus laid down for our protection +what is almost a law, that we should only unite to +beget our kind? Surely it is for this reason that, +in agreement with the course of the sun, all plants +and all the tribes of living things are aroused to +bring forth their kind. What need is there for me +to glorify his beams and his light? For surely +everyone knows how terrible is night without a +moon or stars, so that from this he can calculate +how great a boon for us is the light of the sun? +And this very light he supplies at night, without +ceasing, and directly, from the moon in those upper +spaces where it is needed, while he grants us through +the night a truce from toil. But there would be no +limit to the account if one should endeavour to +describe all his gifts of this sort. For there is no +single blessing in our lives which we do not receive +as a gift from this god, either perfect from him alone, +or, through the other gods, perfected by him.) +</p> + +<p> +Ἡμῖν δέ ἐστιν ἐρχηγὸς καὶ τῆς πόλεως. οἰκεῖ +γοῦν αὐτῆς οὐ τὴν ἀκρόπολιν μόνον μετὰ τῆς +Ἀθηνᾶς καὶ Ἀφροδίτης Ζεὺς ὁ πάντων πατὴρ +ὑμνούμενος, ἀλλὰ καὶ Ἀπόλλων ἐπὶ τῷ Παλλαντίῳ +λόφῳ καὶ Ἥλιος αὐτὸς τοῦτο τὸ<note place='foot'>τὸ Hertlein suggests.</note> κοινὸν +ὄνομα πᾶσι καὶ γνώριμον. [154] ὅπως δὲ αὐτῷ πάντη +καὶ πάντα προσήκομεν οἱ Ῥωμυλίδαι τε καὶ +Αἰνεάδαι, πολλὰ ἔχων εἰπεῖν ἐρῶ βραχέα τὰ γνωριμώτατα. +γέγονε, φασίν, ἐξ Ἀφροδίτης Αἰνείας, +ἥπερ ἐστὶν ὑπουργὸς Ἡλίῳ καὶ συγγενής. αὐτὸν +δὲ τὸν κτίστην ἡμῶν τῆς πόλεως Ἄρεως ἡ φήμη +παρέδωκε παῖδα, πιστουμένη τὸ παράδοξον τῶν +λόγων διὰ τῶν ὕστερον ἐπακολουθησάντων σημείων. +ὑπέσχε γὰρ αὐτῷ, φασί, μαζὸν θήλεια +λύκος. ἐγὼ δὲ ὅτι μὲν Ἄρης Ἄζιζος λεγόμενος +<pb n='422'/><anchor id='Pg422'/><anchor id='Pg423'/> +ὑπὸ τῶν οἰκούντων τὴν Ἔμεσαν<note place='foot'>Ἔμεσαν Spanheim, Ἔδεσσαν MSS, Hertlein; cf. 150 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> [B] Σύρων Ἡλίου +προπομπεύει, καίπερ εἰδὼς καὶ προειπὼν ἀφήσειν +μοι δοκῶ. τοῦ χάριν δὲ ὁ λύκος Ἄρει μᾶλλον, οὐχὶ +δὲ Ἡλίῳ προσήκει; καίτοι λυκάβαντά φασιν ἀπὸ +τοῦ λύκου τὸυ ἐνιαύσιον χρόνον· ὀνομάζει δὲ +αὐτὸν οὐχ Ὅμηρος μόνον οὐδὲ οἱ γνώριμοι τῶν +Ἑλλήνων τοῦτο τὸ ὄνομα, πρὸς δὲ καὶ ὁ θεός· +διανύων γάρ φησιν +</p> + +<p> +(Moreover he is the founder of our city.<note place='foot'>Rome.</note> For not +only does Zeus, who is glorified as the father of all +things, inhabit its citadel<note place='foot'>This refers to the famous temple of Jupiter +on the Capitoline; cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 1. 29 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>. The three shrines in +this temple were dedicated to Jupiter, Minerva and Juno, +but Julian ignores Juno because he wishes to introduce +Aphrodite in connection with Aeneas.</note> together with Athene +and Aphrodite, but Apollo also dwells on the Palatine +Hill, and Helios himself under this name of his which +is commonly known to all and familiar to all. And +I could say much to prove that we, the sons of +Romulus and Aeneas, are in every way and in all +respects connected with him, but I will mention +briefly only what is most familiar. According to the +legend, Aeneas is the son of Aphrodite, who is +subordinate to Helios and is his kinswoman. And +the tradition has been handed down that the +founder of our city was the son of Ares, and the +paradoxical element in the tale has been believed +because of the portents which later appeared to +support it. For a she-wolf, they say, gave him +suck. Now I am aware that Ares, who is called +Azizos by the Syrians who inhabit Emesa, precedes +Helios in the sacred procession, but I mentioned it +before, so I think I may let that pass. But why is +the wolf sacred only to Ares and not to Helios? +Yet men call the period of a year <q>lycabas,</q><note place='foot'>Julian accepts the impossible etymology <q>path of the +wolf</q>; Lycabas means <q>path of light,</q> cf. <hi rend='italic'>lux</hi>.</note> which +is derived from <q>wolf.</q> And not only Homer<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Odyssey</hi>, 14. 161. The word was also used on Roman +coins with the meaning <q>year.</q></note> and +the famous men of Greece call it by this name, but +also the god himself, when he says:) +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>Ὀρχηθμῷ λυκάβαντα δυωδεκάμηνα κέλευθα.</l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>With dancing +does he bring to a close his journey of twelve +months, even the lycabas.</q>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +[C] βούλει οὖν ἔτι σοι φράσω μεῖζον τεκμήριον, +ὅτι ἄρα ὁ τῆς πόλεως ἡμῶν οἰκιστὴς οὐχ ὑπ᾽ +Ἀρεως κατεπέμφθη μόνον, ἀλλ᾽ ἴσως αὐτῷ τῆς +μὲν τοῦ σώματος κατασκευῆς συνεπελάβετο δαίμων +ἀρήιος καὶ γενναῖος, ὁ λεγόμενος ἐπιφοιτῆσαι +τῇ Σιλβίᾳ λουτρὰ τῇ θεῷ φερούσῃ, τὸ δὲ ὅλον ἐξ +Ἡλίου κατῆλθεν ἡ ψυχὴ τοῦ θεοῦ Κυρίνου· +πειστέον γὰρ οἶμαι τῇ φήμῃ. [D] σύνοδος ἀκριβὴς +τῶν τὴν ἐμφανῆ κατανειμαμένων βασιλείαν +Ἡλίου τε καὶ Σελήνης ὥσπερ οὖν εἰς τὴν γῆν +κατήγαγεν, οὕτω καὶ ἀνήγαγεν ὃν<note place='foot'>ὃν Marcilius, ἣν MSS, Hertlein.</note> ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς +ἐδέξατο, τὸ θνητὸν ἀφανίσασα πυρὶ κεραυνίῳ +τοῦ σώματος. οὕτω προδήλως ἡ τῶν περιγείων +<pb n='424'/><anchor id='Pg424'/><anchor id='Pg425'/> +δημιουργὸς ὑπὸ αὐτὸν ἄκρως γενομένη τὸν ἥλιον +ἐδέξατο εἰς γῆν πεμπόμενον διὰ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς τῆς +Προνοίας τὸν Κυρῖνον, ἀνιπτάμενόν τε αὖθις ἀπὸ +γῆς ἐπὶ τὸν βασιλέα τῶν ὅλων ἐπανήγαγεν αὐτίκα +Ἥλιον. +</p> + +<p> +(Now do you wish me +to bring forward a still greater proof that the +founder of our city was sent down to earth, not by +Ares alone, though perhaps some noble daemon with +the character of Ares did take part in the fashioning +of his mortal body, even he who is said to have +visited Silvia<note place='foot'>Silvia the Vestal virgin gave birth to twins, Romulus +and Remus, whose father was supposed to be Mars (Ares).</note> when she was carrying water for the +bath of the goddess,<note place='foot'>Vesta, the Greek Hestia, the goddess of the hearth.</note> but the whole truth is that the +soul of the god Quirinus<note place='foot'>The name given to Romulus after his apotheosis; cf. +<hi rend='italic'>Caesars</hi> 307 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> came down to earth from +Helios; for we must, I think, believe the sacred tradition. +And the close conjunction of Helios and Selene, +who share the empire over the visible world, even as it +had caused his soul to descend to earth, in like +manner caused to mount upwards him whom it +received back from the earth, after blotting out +with fire from a thunderbolt<note place='foot'>For the legend of his translation see +Livy 1. 16; Plutarch, <hi rend='italic'>Romulus</hi> 21; Ovid, <hi rend='italic'>Fasti</hi> 2. 496; +Horace, <hi rend='italic'>Odes</hi> 3. 3. 15 foll.</note> the mortal part of his +body. So clearly did she who creates earthly matter, +she whose place is at the furthest point below the +sun, receive Quirinus when he was sent down to +earth by Athene, goddess of Forethought; and when +he took flight again from earth she led him back +straightway to Helios, the King of the All.) +</p> + +<p> +[155] Ἔτι σοι βούλει περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν φράσω τεκμήριον +τοῦ Νόμα τοῦ βασιλέως ἔργον; ἄσβεστον ἐξ ἡλίου +φυλάττουσι φλόγα παρθένοι παρ᾽ ἡμῖν ἱεραὶ κατὰ +τὰς διαφόρους ὥρας, αἳ δὴ τὸ γενόμενον<note place='foot'>After γενόμενον Hertlein omits ὑπὸ τῆς σελήνης.</note> περὶ τὴν +γῆν ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ πῦρ φυλάττουσιν. ἔτι τούτων +μεῖζον ἔχω σοι φράσαι τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦδε τεκμήριον, +αὐτοῦ τοῦ θειοτάτου βασιλέως ἔργον. οἱ μῆνες +ἅπασι μὲν τοῖς ἄλλοις ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν ἀπὸ τῆς +σελήνης ἀριθμοῦνται, [B] μόνοι δὲ ἡμεῖς καὶ Αἰγύπτιοι +πρὸς τὰς ἡλίου κινήσεις ἑκάστου μετροῦμεν ἐνιαυτοῦ +τὰς ἡμέρας. εἴ σοι μετὰ τοῦτο φαίην, ὡς +καὶ τὸν Μίθραν τιμῶμεν καὶ ἄγομεν Ἡλίῳ τετραετηρικοὺς +ἀγῶνας, ἐρῶ νεώτερα· βέλτιον δὲ ἴσως +ἕν τι τῶν παλαιοτέρων προθεῖναι. τοῦ γὰρ +ἐνιαυσιαίου κύκλου τὴν ἀρχὴν ἄλλος ἄλλοθεν +ποιούμενος, οἱ μὲν τὴν ἐαρινὴν ἰσημερίαν, οἱ δὲ +τὴν ἀκμὴν τοῦ θέρους, οἱ πολλοὶ δὲ φθίνουσαν +ἤδη τὴν ὀπώραν, [C] Ἡλίου τὰς ἐμφανεστάτας ὑμνοῦσι +<pb n='426'/><anchor id='Pg426'/><anchor id='Pg427'/> +δωρεάς ὁ μέν τις τὴν τῆς ἐργασίας ἐνδιδομένην +εὐκαιρίαν, ὅτε ἡ γῆ θάλλει καὶ γαυριᾷ, φυομένων +ἄρτι των καρπῶν ἁπάντων, γίνεται δὲ ἐπιτῆδεια +πλεῖσθαι τὰ πελάγη καὶ τὸ τοῦ χειμῶνος ἀηδὲς +καὶ σκυθρωπὸν ἐπὶ τὸ φαιδρότερον μεθίσταται, +οἱ δὲ τὴν τοῦ θέρους ἐτίμησαν ὥραν,<note place='foot'>ὥραν Hertlein, Naber suggest, ἡμέραν MSS, cf. Episile 444. +425 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> ὡς ἀσφαλῶς +τότε ὑπὶρ τῆς τῶν καρπῶν ἔχοντες θαρρῆσαι +γενέσεως, τῶν μὲν σπερμάτων ἤδη συνειλεγμένων, +ἀκμαίας δὲ οὔσης [D] τῆς ὀπώρας ἤδη και πεπαινομένων +τῶν ἐπικειμένων καρπῶν τοῖς δένδροις. +ἄλλοι δὲ τούτων ἔτι κομψότεροι τέλος ἐνιαυτοῦ +ὑπέλαβον τὴν τελειοτάτην τῶν καρπῶν ἁπάντων +ἀκμὴν καὶ φθίσιν· ταῦτά τοι καὶ φθινούσης ἤδη +τῆς ὀπώρας ἄγουσι τὰς κατ᾽ ἐνιαυτὸν νουμηνίας. +οἱ δὲ ἡμέτεροι προπάτορες ἀπ᾽ αὐτοῦ τοῦ θειοτάτου +βασιλέως τοῦ Νόμα μειζόνως ἔτι τὸν θεὸν τοῦτον +σεβόμενοι τὰ μὲν τῆς χρείας ἀπέλιπον, ἅτε οἶμαι +φύσει θεῖοι καὶ περιττοὶ τὴν διάνοιαν, αὐτὸν δὲ +εἶδον τούτων τὸν αἴτιον [156] καὶ ἄγειν ἔταξαν συμφώνως +ἐν τῇ παρούσῃ τῶν ὡρῶν τὴν νουμηνίαν, +ὁπότε ὁ βασιλεὺς Ἥλιος αὖθις ἐπανάγει πρὸς +ἡμᾶς ἀφεὶς τῆς μεσημβρίας τὰ ἔσχατα καὶ ὥσπερ +περὶ νύσσαν τὸν αἰγοκέρωτα κάμψας ἀπὸ τοῦ +νότου πρὸς τὸν βορρᾶν ἔρχεται μεταδώσων ἡμῖν +τῶν ἐπετείων ἀγαθῶν. ὅτι δὲ τοῦτο ἀκριβῶς +ἐκεῖνοι διανοηθέντες οὕτως ἐνεστήσαντο τὴν +ἐπέτειον νουμηνίαν, ἐνθένδ᾽ ἄν τις κατανοήσειεν. +οὐ γὰρ οἶμαι καθ᾽ ἣν ἡμέραν ὁ θεὸς τρέπεται, καθ᾽ +ἣν δὲ τοῖς [B] πᾶσιν ἐμφανὴς γίνεται χωρῶν ἀπὸ τῆς +<pb n='428'/><anchor id='Pg428'/><anchor id='Pg429'/> +μεσημβρίας ἐς τὰς ἄρκτους ἄταξαν οὗτοι τὴν +ἑορτήν. οὔπω μὲν γὰρ ἦν αὐτοῖς ἡ τῶν κανόνων +λεπτότης γνώριμος, οὓς ἐξηῦρον μὲν Χαλδαῖοι καὶ +Αἰγύπτιοι, Ἵππαρχος δὲ καὶ Πτολεμαῖος ἐτελειώσαντο, +κρίνοντες δὲ αἰσθήσει τοῖς φαινομένοις +ἠκολούθουν. +</p> + +<p> +(Do you wish me to mention yet another proof of this, +I mean the work of King Numa?<note place='foot'>To Numa Pompilius, the legendary king who reigned +next after Romulus, the Romans ascribed the foundation of +many of their religious ceremonies.</note> In Rome maiden +priestesses<note place='foot'>The Vestal virgins.</note> guard the undying flame of the sun at +different hours in turn; they guard the fire that is +produced on earth by the agency of the god. And +I can tell you a still greater proof of the power of this +god, which is the work of that most divine king himself. +The months are reckoned from the moon by, one +may say, all other peoples; but we and the Egyptians +alone reckon the days of every year according to +the movements of the sun. If after this I should say +that we also worship Mithras, and celebrate games in +honour of Helios every four years, I shall be speaking +of customs that are somewhat recent.<note place='foot'>The Heliaia, <foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>solis agon</foreign>, was founded by the Emperor +Aurelian at Rome in 274 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>; but the <q>unconquerable +sun,</q> <foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>sol invictus</foreign>, had been worshipped there for fully a +century before Aurelian's foundation; see Usener, <hi rend='italic'>Sol +invictus</hi>, in <hi rend='italic'>Rheinisches Museum</hi>, 1905. Julian once again, +<hi rend='italic'>Caesars</hi> 336 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi> calls Helios by his Persian name Mithras.</note> But perhaps +it is better to cite a proof from the remote past. +The beginning of the cycle of the year is placed at +different times by different peoples. Some place it +at the spring equinox, others at the height of +summer, and many in the late autumn; but they +each and all sing the praises of the most visible gifts +of Helios. One nation celebrates the season best +adapted for work in the fields, when the earth bursts +into bloom and exults, when all the crops are just +beginning to sprout, and the sea begins to be safe +for sailing; and the disagreeable, gloomy winter puts +on a more cheerful aspect, others again award the +crown to the summer season,<note place='foot'>The Attic year began with the summer solstice.</note> since at that time +they can safely feel confidence about the yield of +the fruits, when the grains have already been +harvested and midsummer is now at its height, and +the fruits on the trees are ripening. Others again, +with still more subtlety, regard as the close of the +year the time when all the fruits are in their perfect +prime and decay has already set in. For this reason +they celebrate the annual festival of the New Year +in late autumn. But our forefathers, from the time +of the most divine king Numa, paid still greater +reverence to the god Helios. They ignored the +question of mere utility, I think, because they were +naturally religious and endowed with unusual intelligence; +but they saw that he is the cause of all +that is useful, and so they ordered the observance of +the New Year to correspond with the present season; +that is to say when King Helios returns to us again, +and leaving the region furthest south and, rounding +Capricorn as though it were a goal-post, advances +from the south to the north to give us our share of +the blessings of the year. And that our forefathers, +because they comprehended this correctly, thus established +the beginning of the year, one may perceive +from the following. For it was not, I think, the time +when the god turns, but the time when he becomes +visible to all men, as he travels from south to north, +that they appointed for the festival. For still +unknown to them was the nicety of those laws +which the Chaldæans and Egyptians discovered, and +which Hipparchus<note place='foot'>A Greek astronomer who flourished in the middle of the +second century <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.c.</hi> His works are lost.</note> and Ptolemy<note place='foot'>Claudius Ptolemy an astronomer at Alexandria 127-151 +<hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></note> perfected: but +they judged simply by sense-perception, and were +limited to what they could actually see.) +</p> + +<p> +Οὕτω δὲ ταῦτα καὶ παρὰ τῶν μεταγενεστέρων, +ὡς ἔφην, ἔχοντα κατενοήθη. πρὸ τῆς νουμηνίας, +εὐθέως μετὰ τὸν τελευταῖον τοῦ Κρόνου μῆνα, +ποιοῦμεν Ἡλίῳ [C] τὸν περιφανέστατον ἀγῶνα, τὴν +ἑορτὴν Ἡλίῳ καταφημίσαντες ἀνικήτῳ, μεθ᾽ ὃν +οὐδὲν θέμις ὧν ὁ τελευταῖος μὴν ἔχει σκυθρωπῶν +μέν, ἀναγκαίων δ᾽ ὅμως, ἐπιτελεσθῆναι θεαμάτων, +ἀλλὰ τοῖς Κρονίοις οὖσι τελευταίοις εὐθὺς συνάπτει +κατὰ τὸν κύκλον τὰ Ἡλίαια, ἃ δὴ πολλάκις +μοι δοῖεν οἱ βασιλεῖς ὑμνῆσαι καὶ ἐπιτελέσαι θεοί, +καὶ πρό γε τῶν ἄλλων αὐτὸς ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν ὅλων +Ἥλιος, ὁ περὶ τὴν τἀγαθοῦ γόνιμον οὐσίαν ἐξ +ἁιδίου προελθὼν μέσος [D] ἐν μέσοις τοῖς νοεροῖς θεοῖς, +συνοχῆς τε αὐτοὺς πληρώσας καὶ κάλλους μυρίου +καὶ περιουσίας γονίμου καὶ τελείου νοῦ καὶ πάντων +ἀθρόως τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀχρόνως, καὶ ἐν τῷ νῦν +ἐλλάμπων εἰς τὴν ἐμφανῆ μέσην τοῦ παντὸς +<pb n='430'/><anchor id='Pg430'/><anchor id='Pg431'/> +οὐρανοῦ φερομένην ἕδραν οἰκείαν ἐξ ἀιδίου, καὶ +μεταδιδοὺς τῷ φαινομένῳ παντὶ τοῦ νοητοῦ +κάλλους, τὸν δὲ οὐρανὸν σύμπαντα πληρώσας +τοσούτων θεῶν [157] ὁπόσων αὐτὸς ἐν ἑαυτῷ νοερῶς +ἔχει, περὶ αὐτὸν ἀμερίστως πληθυνομένων καὶ +ἑνοειδῶς αὐτῷ συνημμένων, οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ +τὸν ὑπὸ τὴν σελήνην τόπον διὰ τῆς ἀειγενεσίας +συνέχων καὶ τῶν ἐνδιδομένων ἐκ τοῦ κυκλικοῦ +σώματος ἀγαθῶν, ἐπιμελόμενος τοῦ τε<note place='foot'>τοῦ τε Hertlein suggests, τε τοῦ MSS.</note> κοινοῦ +τῶν ἀνθρώπων γένους ἰδίᾳ τε τῆς ἡμετέρας +πόλεως, ὥσπερ οὖν καὶ τὴν ἡμετέραν ἐξ ἀιδίου +ψυχὴν ὑπέστησεν, ὀπαδὸν ἀποφήνας αὑτοῦ. +ταῦτά τε οὖν, ὅσα [B] μικρῷ πρόσθεν ηὐξάμην, δοίη, +καὶ ἔτι κοινῇ μὲν τῇ πόλει τὴν ἐνδεχομένην ἀιδιότητα +μετ᾽ εὐνοίας χορηγῶν φυλάττοι, ἡμῖν δὲ ἐπὶ +τοσοῦτον εὖ πρᾶξαι τά τε ἀνθρώπινα καὶ τὰ θεῖα +δοίη, ἐφ᾽ ὅσον βιῶναι συγχωρεῖ, ζῆν δὲ καὶ ἐμπολιτεύεσθαι +τῷ βίῳ δοίη ἐφ᾽ ὅσον αὐτῷ τε ἐκείνῳ +φίλον ἡμῖν τε λώιον καὶ τοῖς κοινοῖς συμφέρον +Ῥωμαίων πράγμασιν. +</p> + +<p> +(But the truth of these facts was recognised, as I +said, by a later generation. Before the beginning of +the year, at the end of the month which is called +after Kronos,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> December.</note> we celebrate in honour of Helios the +most splendid games, and we dedicate the festival +to the Invincible Sun. And after this it is not +lawful to perform any of the shows that belong to +the last month, gloomy as they are, though necessary. +But, in the cycle, immediately after the end +of the Kronia<note place='foot'>The festival of Saturn, the Saturnalia, was celebrated by +the Latins at the close of December, and corresponds to our +Christmas holidays. Saturn was identified with the Greek +god Kronos, and Julian uses the Greek word for the festival +in order to avoid, according to sophistic etiquette, a Latin +name.</note> follow the Heliaia. That festival +may the ruling gods grant me to praise and to +celebrate with sacrifice! And above all the others +may Helios himself, the King of the All, grant me +this, even he who from eternity has proceeded from +the generative substance of the Good: even he who +is midmost of the midmost intellectual gods; who +fills them with continuity and endless beauty and +superabundance of generative power and perfect +reason, yea with all blessings at once, and independently +of time! And now he illumines his own +visible abode, which from eternity moves as the +centre of the whole heavens, and bestows a share +of intelligible beauty on the whole visible world, +and fills the whole heavens with the same number +of gods as he contains in himself in intellectual +form. And without division they reveal themselves +in manifold form surrounding him, but they are +attached to him to form a unity. Aye, but also, +through his perpetual generation and the blessings +that he bestows from the heavenly bodies, he holds +together the region beneath the moon. For he +cares for the whole human race in common, but +especially for my own city,<note place='foot'>Rome.</note> even as also he brought +into being my soul from eternity, and made it his +follower. All this, therefore, that I prayed for +a moment ago, may he grant, and further may +he, of his grace, endow my city as a whole with +eternal existence, so far as is possible, and protect +her; and for myself personally, may he grant that, so +long as I am permitted to live, I may prosper in my +affairs both human and divine; finally may he grant +me to live and serve the state with my life, so long +as is pleasing to himself and well for me and +expedient for the Roman Empire!) +</p> + +<p> +Ταῦτά σοι, ὦ φίλε Σαλούστιε, κατὰ τὴν τριπλῆν +τοῦ θεοῦ δημιουργίαν [C] ἐν τρισὶ μάλιστα νυξὶν ὡς +οἷόν τε ἦν ἐπελθόντα μοι τῇ μνήμῃ καὶ γράψαι +πρὸς σὲ ἐτόλμησα, ἐπεί σοι καὶ τὸ πρότερον εἰς +τὰ Κρόνια γεγραμμένον ἡμῖν οὐ παντάπασιν +<pb n='432'/><anchor id='Pg432'/><anchor id='Pg433'/> +ἀπόβλητον ἐφάνη. τελειοτέροις δ᾽ εἰ βούλει περὶ +τῶν αὐτῶν καὶ μυστικωτέροις λόγοις ἐπιστῆσαι, +ἐντυχὼν τοῖς παρὰ τοῦ θείου γενομένοις Ἰαμβλίχου +περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν τούτων συγγράμμασι τὸ τέλος +ἐκεῖσε τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης [D] εὑρήσεις σοφίας. δοίη δ᾽ +ὁ μέγας Ἥλιος μηδὲν ἔλαττόν με τὰ περὶ αὐτοῦ +γνῶναι, καὶ διδάξαι κοινῇ τε ἅπαντας, ἰδίᾳ δὲ τοὺς +μανθάνειν ἀξίους. ἕως δέ μοι τοῦτο δίδωσιν ὁ +θεός, κοινῇ θεραπεύωμεν τὸν τῷ θεῷ φίλον +Ἰάμβλιχον, ὅθεν καὶ νῦν ὀλίγα ἐκ πολλῶν ἐπὶ +νοῦν ἐλθόντα διεληλύθαμεν. ἐκείνου δὲ εὖ οἶδα +ὡς οὐδεὶς ἐρεῖ τι τελειότερον, οὐδὲ εἰ πολλὰ πάνυ +προσταλαιπωρήσας καινοτομήσειεν· ἐκβήσεται +γάρ, ὡς εἰκός, [158] τῆς ἀληθεστάτης τοῦ θεοῦ νοήσεως. +ἦν μὲν οὖν ἴσως μάταιον, εἰ διδασκαλίας χάριν +ἐποιούμην τοὺς λόγους, αὐτὸν<note place='foot'>αὐτὸν Hertlein suggests, αὐτοῦ MSS.</note> μετ᾽ ἐκεῖνόν τι +συγγράφειν, ἐπεὶ δὲ ὕμνον ἐθέλων διελθεῖν τοῦ θεοῦ +χαριστήριον ἐν τούτῳ τόπον ὑπελάμβανον τοῦ<note place='foot'>τοῦ Hertlein suggests, τὸ M, τῷ MSS.</note> +περὶ τῆς οὐσίας αὐτοῦ φράσαι κατὰ δύναμιν τὴν +ἐμήν, οὐ μάτην οἶμαι πεποιῆσθαι τοὺς λόγους +τούσδε, τὸ +</p> + +<p> +(This discourse, friend Sallust,<note place='foot'>See Introduction, p. 351.</note> I composed in +three nights at most, in harmony with the three-fold +creative power of the god,<note place='foot'>For the threefold creative force cf. Proclus on <hi rend='italic'>Timaeus</hi> +94 <hi rend='smallcaps'>cd</hi>. Here Julian means that there are three modes of +creation exercised by Helios now in one, now in another, of +the three worlds; cf. 135 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.c.</hi></note> as far as possible just as +it occurred to my memory: and I have ventured to +write it down and to dedicate it to you because +you thought my earlier work on the Kronia<note place='foot'>This work is lost.</note> was not +wholly worthless. But if you wish to meet with +a more complete and more mystical treatment of the +same theme, then read the writings of the inspired +Iamblichus on this subject,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> his treatise <hi rend='italic'>On the Gods</hi>, which is not extant.</note> and you will find there +the most consummate wisdom which man can achieve. +And may mighty Helios grant that I too may attain +to no less perfect knowledge of himself, and that I +may instruct all men, speaking generally, but +especially those who are worthy to learn. And so +long as Helios grants let us all in common revere +Iamblichus, the beloved of the gods. For he is the +source for what I have here set down, a few thoughts +from many, as they occurred to my mind. However +I know well that no one can utter anything more +perfect than he, nay not though he should labour +long at the task and say very much that is new. +For he will naturally diverge thereby from the +truest knowledge of the god. Therefore it would +probably have been a vain undertaking to compose +anything after Iamblichus on the same subject if +I had written this discourse for the sake of giving +instruction. But since I wished to compose a hymn +to express my gratitude to the god, I thought that +this was the best place in which to tell, to the best +of my power, of his essential nature. And so I think +that not in vain has this discourse been composed. +For the saying)</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>Κὰδ δύναμιν δ᾽ ἕρδειν ἱέρ᾽ ἀθανάτοισι θεοῖσιν<note place='foot'>Hesiod, <hi rend='italic'>Works and Days</hi> 336.</note></l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>To the extent of your powers offer +sacrifice to the immortal gods,</q>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +οὐκ ἐπὶ τῶν θυσιῶν μόνον, [B] ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν εὐφημιῶν +τῶν εἰς τοὺς θεοὺς ἀποδεχόμενος. εὔχομαι +οὖν τρίτον ἀντὶ τῆς προθυμίας μοι ταύτης εὐμενῆ +γενέσθαι τὸν βασιλέα τῶν ὅλων Ἥλιον, καὶ +<pb n='434'/><anchor id='Pg434'/><anchor id='Pg435'/> +δοῦναι βίον ἀγαθὸν καὶ τελειοτέραν φρόνησιν καὶ +θεῖον νοῦν ἀπαλλαγήν τε τὴν εἱμαρμένην ἐκ τοῦ +βίου πρᾳοτάτην ἐν καιρῷ τῷ προσήκοντι, ἄνοδόν +τε ἐπ᾽ αὐτὸν [C] τὸ μετὰ τοῦτο καὶ μονὴν παρ᾽ αὐτῷ, +μάλιστα μὲν ἀίδιον, εἰ δὲ τοῦτο μεῖζον εἴη τῶν +ἐμοὶ βεβιωμένων, πολλὰς πάνυ καὶ πολυετεῖς +περιίδους. +</p> + +<p> +(I apply not to +sacrifice only, but also to the praises that we offer to +the gods. For the third time, therefore, I pray that +Helios, the King of the All, may be gracious to me +in recompense for this my zeal; and may he grant +me a virtuous life and more perfect wisdom and +inspired intelligence, and, when fate wills, the +gentlest exit that may be from life, at a fitting +hour; and that I may ascend to him thereafter and +abide with him, for ever if possible, but if that be +more than the actions of my life deserve, for many +periods of many years!) +</p> + +</div> + +</div> + +<pb n='439'/><anchor id='Pg439'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Oration V</head> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Introduction To Oration V</head> + +<p> +The cult of Phrygian Cybele the Mother of the +Gods, known to the Latin world as the Great +Mother, Magna Mater, was the first Oriental religion +adopted by the Romans. In the Fifth Oration, which +is, like the Fourth, a hymn, Julian describes the +entrance of the Goddess into Italy in the third +century <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.c.</hi> In Greece she had been received long +before, but the more civilised Hellenes had not +welcomed, as did the Romans, the more barbarous +features of the cult, the mutilated priests, the Galli, +and the worship of Attis.<note place='foot'>For the Attis cult see Frazer, <hi rend='italic'>Attis, Adonis and Osiris</hi>; +for the introduction of the worship of Cybele into Italy, +Cumont, <hi rend='italic'>Les religions orientales dans le paganisme romain</hi>.</note> They preferred the less +emotional cult of the Syrian Adonis. In Athens the +Mother of the Gods was early identified with Gaia +the Earth Mother, and the two became inextricably +confused.<note place='foot'>See Harrison, <hi rend='italic'>Mythology and Monuments of Ancient +Athens</hi>.</note> But Julian, in this more Roman than +Greek, does not shrink from the Oriental conception +of Cybele as the lover of Attis, attended by eunuch +priests, or the frenzy of renunciation described by +Catullus.<note place='foot'>Catullus 63.</note> But he was first of all a Neo-Platonist, +and the aim of this hymn as of the Fourth Oration is +to adapt to his philosophy a popular cult and to give +its Mysteries a philosophic interpretation. +</p> + +<pb n='440'/><anchor id='Pg440'/> + +<p> +The Mithraic religion, seeking to conciliate the +other cults of the empire, had from the first +associated with the sun-god the worship of the +Magna Mater, and Attis had been endowed with the +attributes of Mithras. Though Julian's hymn is in +honour of Cybele he devotes more attention to Attis. +Originally the myth of Cybele symbolises the succession +of the seasons; the disappearance of Attis +the sun-god is the coming of winter; his mutilation +is the barrenness of nature when the sun has +departed; his restoration to Cybele is the renewal of +spring. In all this he is the counterpart of Persephone +among the Greeks and of Adonis in Syria. +Julian interprets the myth in connection with the +three worlds described in the Fourth Oration. +Cybele is a principle of the highest, the intelligible +world, the source of the intellectual gods. Attis +is not merely a sun-god: he is a principle of the +second, the intellectual world, who descends to the +visible world in order to give it order and fruitfulness. +Julian expresses the Neo-Platonic dread and +dislike of matter, of the variable, the plural and +unlimited. Cybele the intelligible principle would +fain have restrained Attis the embodiment of intelligence +from association with matter. His recall and +mutilation symbolise the triumph of unity over +multiformity, of mind over matter. His restoration +to Cybele symbolises the escape of our souls from the +world of generation. +</p> + +<p> +Julian follows Plotinus<note place='foot'>5. 1. 7; 3. 6. 19; 1. 6. 8; cf. Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Theaetetus</hi> 152 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>; +and Plutarch, <hi rend='italic'>On Isis and Osiris</hi>, ὁ μῦθος ... λόγου τινὸς +ἔμφασίς ἐστιν ἀνακλῶντος ἐπ᾽ ἄλλα τὴν διάνοιαν.</note> in regarding the myths as +allegories to be interpreted by the philosopher and +<pb n='441'/><anchor id='Pg441'/> +the theosophist. They are riddles to be solved, and +the paradoxical element in them is designed to turn +our minds to the hidden truth. For laymen the +myth is enough. Like all the Neo-Platonists he +sometimes uses phrases which imply human weakness +or chronological development for his divinities +and then withdraws those phrases, explaining that +they must be taken in another sense. His attitude +to myths is further defined in the Sixth<note place='foot'>Cf. 206 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>. Myths are like toys which help children +through teething.</note> and Seventh +Orations. The Fifth Oration can hardly be understood +apart from the Fourth, and both must present +many difficulties to a reader who is unfamiliar with +Plotinus, Porphyry, the treatise <hi rend='italic'>On the Mysteries</hi>, +formerly attributed to Iamblichus, Sallust, <hi rend='italic'>On the +Gods and the World</hi>, and the extant treatises and +fragments of Iamblichus. Julian composed this +treatise at Pessinus in Phrygia, when he was on his +way to Persia, in 362 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='442'/><anchor id='Pg442'/><anchor id='Pg443'/> + +<div> + +<p> +ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΟΣ +</p> + +<p> +(Julian, Caesar) +</p> + +<p> +ΕΙΣ ΤΗΝ ΜΗΤΕΡΑ ΤΩΝ ΘΕΩΝ +</p> + +<p> +(Hymn to the Mother +of the Gods) +</p> + +<p> +Ἆρά γε χρὴ φάναι καὶ ὑπὲρ τούτων; καὶ ὑπὲρ +τῶν ἀρρήτων γράψομεν καὶ τὰ ἀνέξοιστα ἐξοίσομεν<note place='foot'>ἐξοίσομεν Cobet adds, ἀνέξοιστα καὶ MSS, Hertlein.</note> +καὶ τὰ ἀνεκλάλητα ἐκλαλήσομεν; [159] τίς μὲν +ὁ Ἄττις ἤτοι Γάλλος, τίς δὲ ἡ τῶν θεῶν Μήτηρ, +καὶ ὁ τῆς ἁγνείας ταυτησί τρόπος ὁποῖος, καὶ +προσέτι τοῦ χάριν οὑτοσὶ<note place='foot'>οὑτοσὶ Hertlein suggests, οὑτωσὶ MSS.</note> τοιοῦτος ἡμῖν ἐξ ἀρχῆς +κατεδείχθη, παραδοθεὶς μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν ἀρχαιοτάτων +Φρυγῶν, παραδεχθεὶς δὲ πρῶτον ὑφ᾽ Ἑλλήνων, +καὶ τούτων οὐ τῶν τυχόντων, ἀλλ᾽ Ἀθηναίων, +ἔργοις διδαχθέντων, ὅτι μὴ καλῶς ἐτώθασαν ἐπὶ +τῷ τελοῦντι τὰ ὄργια τῆς Μητρός; λέγονται γὰρ +οὗτοι περιυβρίσαι [B] καὶ ἀπελάσαι τὸν Γάλλον ὡς +τὰ θεῖα καινοτομοῦντα, οὐ ξυνέντες ὁποῖόν τι τῆς +θεοῦ τὸ χρῆμα καὶ ὡς ἡ παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς τιμωμένη +Δηὼ καὶ Ῥέα καὶ Δημήτηρ. εἶτα μῆνις τὸ ἐντεῦθεν +τῆς θεοῦ καὶ θεραπεία τῆς μήνιδος. ἡ γὰρ +<pb n='444'/><anchor id='Pg444'/><anchor id='Pg445'/> +ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς καλοῖς ἡγεμὼν γενομένη τοῖς Ἕλλησιν, +ἡ τοῦ Πυθίου πρόμαντις θεοῦ, τὴν τῆς +Μητρὸς τῶν θεῶν μῆνιν ἐκέλευσεν ἱλάσκεσθαι· +καὶ ἀνέστη, φασίν, ἐπὶ τούτῳ τὸ μητρῷον, οὗ τοῖς +Ἀθηναίοις δημοσίᾳ πάντα ἐφυλάττετο τὰ γραμματεῖα. +μετὰ δὴ [C] τοὺς Ἕλληνας αὐτα Ῥωμαῖοι +παρεδέξαντο, συμβουλεύσαντος καὶ αὐτοῖς τοῦ +Πυθίου ἐπὶ τὸν πρὸς Καρχηδονίους πόλεμον ἄγειν +ἐκ Φρυγίας τὴν θεὸν σύμμαχον. καὶ οὐδὲν ἴσως +κωλύει προσθεῖναι μικρὰν<note place='foot'>μικρὰν Hertlein, μικρὸν Naber, who thinks ἱστορίαν a gloss, +cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> vii. 276 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>, μικρὸν ἱστορίαν MSS, μικρὸν ἱστορίας +Reiske.</note> ἱστορίαν ἐνταῦθα. +μαθόντες γὰρ τὸν χρησμὸν στέλλουσιν οἱ τῆς +θεοφιλοῦς οἰκήτορες Ῥώμης πρεσβείαν αἰτήσουσαν +παρὰ τῶν Περγάμου βασιλέων, οἳ τότε +ἐκράτουν τῆς Φρυγίας, καὶ παρ᾽ αὐτῶν δὲ τῶν +Φρυγῶν τῆς θεοῦ [D] τὸ ἁγιώτατον ἄγαλμα. λαβόντες +δὲ ἦγον τὸν ἱερὸν φόρτον ἐνθέντες εὐρείᾳ +φορτίδι πλεῖν εὐπετῶς δυναμένῃ τὰ τοσαῦτα +πελάγη. περαιωθεῖσα δὲ Αἴγαιόν τε καὶ Ἰόνιον, +εἶτα περιπλεύσασα Σικελίαν τε καὶ τὸ Τυρρηνὸν +πέλαγος ἐπὶ τὰς ἐκβολὰς τοῦ Τύβριδος κατήγετο· +καὶ δῆμος ἐξεχεῖτο τῆς πόλεως σὺν τῇ γερουσίᾳ, +ὑπήντων γε μὴν πρὸ τῶν ἄλλων ἱερεῖς τε καὶ +ἱέρειαι πᾶσαι καὶ πάντες ἐν κόσμῳ τῷ πρέποντι +κατὰ τὰ πάτρια, [160] μετέωροι πρὸς τὴν ναῦν οὐριοδρομοῦσαν +ἀποβλέποντες, καὶ περὶ τὴν τρόπιν +<pb n='446'/><anchor id='Pg446'/><anchor id='Pg447'/> +ἀπεσκόπουν τὸ ῥόθιον σχιζομένων τῶν κυμάτων· +εἶτα εἰσπλέουσαν ἐδεξιοῦντο τὴν ναῦν προσκυνοῦντες +ἕκαστος ὡς ἔτυχε προσεστὼς πόρρωθεν. ἡ +δὲ ὥσπερ ἐνδείξασθαι τῷ Ῥωμαίων ἐθέλουσα +δήμῳ, ὅτι μὴ ξόανον ἄγουσιν ἀπὸ τῆς Φρυγίας +ἄψυχον, ἔχει δὲ ἄρα δύναμίν τινα μείζω καὶ +θειοτέραν ὃ δὴ παρὰ τῶν Φρυγῶν λαβόντες +ἔφερον, ἐπειδὴ τοῦ Τύβριδος ἥψατο, [B] τὴν ναῦν +ἵστησιν ὥσπερ ῥιζωθεῖσαν ἐξαίφνης κατὰ τοῦ +Τύβριδος. εἷλκον δὴ οὖν πρὸς ἀντίον τὸν ῥοῦν, +ἡ δὲ οὐχ εἵπετο. ὡς<note place='foot'>ὡς Petavius adds.</note> βραχέσι δὲ ἐντετυχηκότες +ὠθεῖν ἐπειρῶντο τὴν ναῦν, ἡ δὲ οὐκ εἶκεν +ὠθούντων. πᾶσα δὲ μηχανὴ προσήγετο τὸ ἐντεῦθεν, +ἡ δὲ οὐχ ἧττον ἀμετακίνητος ἦν· ὥστε +ἐμπίπτει κατὰ τῆς ἱερωμένης τὴν παναγεστάτην +ἱερωσύνην παρθένου δεινὴ καὶ ἄδικος ὑποψία, καὶ +τὴν Κλωδίαν ᾐτιῶντο· [C] τοῦτο γὰρ ὄνομα ἦν τῇ +σεμνῇ παρθένῳ· μὴ παντάπασιν ἄχραντον μηδὲ +καθαρὰν φυλάττειν ἑαυτὴν τῷ θεῷ· ὀργίζεσθαι +οὖν αὐτὴν καὶ μηνίειν ἐμφανῶς· ἐδόκει γὰρ ἤδη +τοῖς πᾶσιν εἶναι τὸ χρῆμα δαιμονιώτερον. ἡ δὲ +τὸ μὲν πρῶτον αἰδοῦς ὑπεπίμηπλατο πρός τε τὸ +ὄνομα καὶ τὴν ὑποψίαν· οὕτω πάνυ πόρρω ἐτύγχανε +τῆς αἰσχρᾶς καὶ παρανόμου πράξεως. ἐπεὶ +δὲ ἑώρα τὴν αἰτίαν ἤδη καθ᾽ ἑαυτῆς ἐξισχύουσαν, +περιελοῦσα τὴν ζώνην [D] καὶ περιθεῖσα τῆς νεὼς +τοῖς ἄκροις, ὥσπερ ἐξ ἐπιπνοίας τινὸς ἀποχωρεῖν +ἐκέλευεν ἅπαντας, εἶτα ἐδεῖτο τῆς θεοῦ μὴ περιιδεῖν +αὐτὴν<note place='foot'>αὐτὴν Hertlein suggests, αὑτὴν MSS.</note> ἀδίκοις ἐνεχομένην βλασφημίας. +<pb n='448'/><anchor id='Pg448'/><anchor id='Pg449'/> +βοῶσα δὲ ὥσπερ τι κέλευσμα, φασί, ναυτικόν, +Δέσποινα Μῆτερ εἴπερ εἰμὶ σώφρων, ἕπου μοι, +ἔφη. καὶ δὴ τὴν ναῦν οὐκ ἐκίνησε μόνον, ἀλλὰ +καὶ εἵλκυσεν ἐπὶ πολὺ πρὸς τὸν ῥοῦν· καὶ δύο +ταῦτα Ῥωμαίοις ἔδειξεν ἡ θεὸς οἶμαι κατ᾽ ἐκείνην +τὴν ἡμέραν. [161] ὡς οὔτε μικροῦ τινος τίμιον ἀπὸ τῆς +Φρυγίας ἐπήγοντο<note place='foot'>ἐπήγοντο Hertlein suggests, ἐπῆγον τὸν MSS.</note> φόρτον, ἀλλὰ τοῦ παντὸς +ἄξιον, οὔτε ὡς ἀνθρώπινον τοῦτον, ἀλλὰ ὄντως +θεῖον, οὔτε ἄψυχον γῆν, ἀλλὰ ἔμπνουν τι χρῆμα +καὶ δαιμόνιον. ἓν μὲν δὴ τοιοῦτον ἔδειξεν αὐτοῖς +ἡ θεός· ἕτερον δέ, ὡς τῶν πολιτῶν οὐδὲ εἶς λάθοι +ἂν αὐτὴν χρηστὸς ἢ φαῦλος ὤν. κατωρθώθη +μέντοι καὶ ὁ πόλεμος αὐτίκα Ῥωμαίοις πρὸς +Καρχηδονίους, ὥστε τὸν τρίτον ὑπὲρ τῶν τειχῶν +αὐτῆς μόνον Καρχηδόνος γενέσθαι. +</p> + +<p> +(Ought I to say something on this subject also? +And shall I write about things not to be spoken of +and divulge what ought not to be divulged? Shall +I utter the unutterable? Who is Attis<note place='foot'>The Phrygian god of vegetation who corresponds to the +Syrian Adonis. His name is said to mean <q>father,</q> and he +is at once the lover and son of the Mother of the Gods. +His death and resurrection were celebrated in spring.</note> or Gallus,<note place='foot'>The generic name for the eunuch priests of Attis.</note> +who is the Mother of the Gods,<note place='foot'>The Phrygian Cybele, the Asiatic goddess of fertility; +the chief seat of her worship was Pessinus in Phrygia.</note> and what is the +manner of their ritual of purification? And further +why was it introduced in the beginning among us +Romans? It was handed down by the Phrygians in +very ancient times, and was first taken over by +the Greeks, and not by any ordinary Greeks but +by Athenians who had learned by experience that +they did wrong to jeer at one who was celebrating +the Mysteries of the Mother. For it is said that +they wantonly insulted and drove out Gallus, on the +ground that he was introducing a new cult, because +they did not understand what sort of goddess they +had to do with, and that she was that very Deo +whom they worship, and Rhea and Demeter too. +Then followed the wrath of the goddess and the +propitiation of her wrath. For the priestess of the +Pythian god who guided the Greeks in all noble +conduct, bade them propitiate the wrath of the +Mother of the Gods. And so, we are told, the +Metroum was built, where the Athenians used to +keep all their state records.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> after the middle of the fifth century <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.c.</hi>; before that +date the records were kept in the Acropolis.</note> After the Greeks the +Romans took over the cult, when the Pythian god +had advised them in their turn to bring the goddess +from Phrygia as an ally for their war against the +Carthaginians.<note place='foot'>In 204 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.c.</hi>; cf. Livy 29. 10 foll.; Silius Italicus 17. 1 foll.; +Ovid, <hi rend='italic'>Fasti</hi> 4. 255 foll. tells the legend and describes the +ritual of the cult.</note> And perhaps there is no reason +why I should not insert here a brief account of what +happened. When they learned the response of the +oracle, the inhabitants of Rome, that city beloved +of the gods, sent an embassy to ask from the kings +of Pergamon<note place='foot'>The Attalids.</note> who then ruled over Phrygia and +from the Phrygians themselves the most holy statue<note place='foot'>A black meteoric stone embodied the goddess of Pessinus.</note> +of the goddess. And when they had received it +they brought back their most sacred freight, putting +it on a broad cargo-boat which could sail smoothly +over those wide seas. Thus she crossed the Aegean +and Ionian Seas, and sailed round Sicily and over +the Etruscan Sea, and so entered the mouth of the +Tiber. And the people and the Senate with them +poured out of the city, and in front of all the others +there came to meet her all the priests and priestesses +in suitable attire according to their ancestral custom. +And in excited suspense they gazed at the ship as +she ran before a fair wind, and about her keel they +could discern the foaming wake as she cleft the +waves. And they greeted the ship as she sailed in +and adored her from afar, everyone where he happened +to be standing. But the goddess, as though +she desired to show the Roman people that they +were not bringing a lifeless image from Phrygia, but +that what they had received from the Phrygians and +were now bringing home possessed greater and more +divine powers than an image, stayed the ship directly +she touched the Tiber, and she was suddenly as +though rooted in mid-stream. So they tried to tow +her against the current, but she did not follow. +Then they tried to push her off, thinking they had +grounded on a shoal, but for all their efforts she did +not move. Next every possible device was brought +to bear, but in spite of all she remained immovable. +Thereupon a terrible and unjust suspicion fell on the +maiden who had been consecrated to the most sacred +office of priestess, and they began to accuse Claudia<note place='foot'>Claudia, turritae rara ministra deae. <q>Claudia thou +peerless priestess of the goddess with the embattled crown.</q>—Propertius +4. 11. 52.</note>—for +that was the name of that noble maiden<note place='foot'>A matron in other versions.</note>—of +not having kept herself stainless and pure for the +goddess; wherefore they said that the goddess was +angry and was plainly declaring her wrath. For by +this time the thing seemed to all to be supernatural. +Now at first she was filled with shame at the mere +name of the thing and the suspicion; so very far +was she from such shameless and lawless behaviour. +But when she saw that the charge against her was +gaining strength, she took off her girdle and fastened +it about the prow of the ship, and, like one divinely +inspired, bade all stand aside: and then she besought +the goddess not to suffer her to be thus implicated +in unjust slanders. Next, as the story goes, she +cried aloud as though it were some nautical word of +command, <q>O Goddess Mother, if I am pure follow +me!</q> And lo, she not only made the ship move, +but even towed her for some distance up stream. +Two things, I think, the goddess showed the Romans +on that day: first that the freight they were bringing +from Phrygia had no small value, but was +priceless, and that this was no work of men's hands +but truly divine, not lifeless clay but a thing possessed +of life and divine powers. This, I say, was +one thing that the goddess showed them. And the +other was that no one of the citizens could be good +or bad and she not know thereof. Moreover the +war of the Romans against the Carthaginians forthwith +took a favourable turn, so that the third war +was waged only for the walls of Carthage itself.<note place='foot'>In the Third Punic War, which began 149 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.c.</hi>, Carthage +was sacked by the Romans under Scipio.</note>) +</p> + +<p> +[B] Τὰ μὲν οὖν τῆς ἱστορίας, εἰ καί τισιν ἀπίθανα +δόξει καὶ φιλοσόφῳ προσήκειν οὐδὲν οὐδὲ θεολόγῳ, +λεγέσθω μὴ μεῖον, κοινῇ μὲν ὑπὸ πλείστων ἱστοριογράφων +ἀναγραφόμενα, σωζόμενα δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ +χαλκῶν εἰκόνων ἐν τῇ κρατίστῃ καὶ θεοφιλεῖ +Ῥώμῃ. καίτοι με οὐ λέληθεν ὅτι φήσουσιν αὐτά +τινες τῶν λίαν σοφῶν ὕθλους εἶναι γρᾳδίων οὐκ +ἀνεκτούς. ἐμοὶ δὲ δοκεῖ ταῖς πόλεσι πιστεύειν +μᾶλλον τὰ τοιαῦτα ἢ τουτοισὶ τοῖς κομψοῖς, ὧν +τὸ ψυχάριον δριμὺ μέν, ὑγιὲς δὲ οὐδὲ ἓν βλέπει.<note place='foot'>Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Republic</hi> 519 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi> δριμὺ μὲν βλέπει τὸ ψυχάριον.</note> +</p> + +<p> +(As for this narrative, though some will think it +incredible and wholly unworthy of a philosopher or +a theologian, nevertheless let it here be related. +For besides the fact that it is commonly recorded by +most historians, it has been preserved too on bronze +statues in mighty Rome, beloved of the gods.<note place='foot'>A relief in the Capitoline Museum shows Claudia in the +act of dragging the ship.</note> And +yet I am well aware that some over-wise persons +will call it an old wives' tale, not to be credited. +But for my part I would rather trust the traditions +of cities than those too clever people, whose puny +souls are keen-sighted enough, but never do they +see aught that is sound.) +</p> + +<p> +Ὕπὲρ δὲ ὧν εἰπεῖν ἐπῆλθέ μοι παρ᾽ αὐτὸν ἄρτι +<pb n='450'/><anchor id='Pg450'/><anchor id='Pg451'/> +τὸν τῆς ἁγιστείας καιρόν, ἀκούω μὲν ἔγωγε καὶ +Πορφυρίῳ τινὰ πεφιλοσοφῆσθαι περὶ αὐτῶν, οὐ +μὴν οἶδά γε, οὐ γὰρ ἐνέτυχον, εἰ καὶ συνενεχθῆναί +που συμβαίη τῷ λόγῳ. τὸν Γάλλον δὲ ἐγὼ τουτονὶ +καὶ τὸν Ἄττιν αὐτὸς οἴκοθεν ἐπινοῶ τοῦ +γονίμου καὶ δημιουργικοῦ νοῦ τὴν ἄχρι τῆς +ἐσχάτης ὕλης ἅπαντα γεννῶσαν οὐσίαν εἶναι, +ἔχουσάν τε ἐν ἑαυτῇ πάντας τοὺς λόγους καὶ τὰς +αἰτίας τῶν ἐνύλων εἰδῶν· [D] οὐ γὰρ δὴ πάντων ἐν +πᾶσι τὰ εἴδη, οὐδὲ ἐν τοῖς ἀνωτάτω καὶ πρώτοις +αἰτίοις τὰ τῶν ἐσχάτων καὶ τελευταίων, μεθ᾽ ἃ +οὐδέν ἐστιν ἣ τὸ τῆς στερῆσεως ὄνομα μετὰ ἀμυδρᾶς +ἐπινοίας. οὐσῶν δὴ πολλῶν οὐσιῶν καὶ πολλῶν +πάνυ δημιουργῶν τοῦ τρίτου δημιουργοῦ, ὃς +τῶν ἐνύλων εἰδῶν τοὺς λόγους ἐξῃρημένους ἔχει καὶ +συνεχεῖς τὰς αἰτίας, ἡ τελευταία καὶ μέχρι γῆς +ὑπὸ περιουσίας τοῦ γονίμου [162] διὰ τῆς ἄνωθεν παρὰ +τῶν ἄστρων καθήκουσα φύσις ὁ ζητούμενός ἐστιν +Ἀττις. ἴσως δὲ ὑπὲρ οὗ λέγω χρὴ διαλαβεῖν +σαφέστερον. εἶναί τι λέγομεν ὕλην, ἀλλὰ καὶ +ἔνυλον εἶδος. ἀλλὰ τούτων εἰ μή τις αἰτία +προτέτακται, λανθάνοιμεν ἂν ἑαυτοὺς εἰσάγοντες +τὴν Ἐπικούρειον δόξαν. ἀρχαῖν γὰρ δυοῖν εἰ +μηδέν ἐστι πρεσβύτερον, αὐτόματός τις αὐτὰς +φορὰ καὶ τύχη συνεκλήρωσεν. ἀλλ᾽ ὁρῶμεν, +<pb n='452'/><anchor id='Pg452'/><anchor id='Pg453'/> +φησὶ Περιπατητικός [B] τις ἀγχίνους ὥσπερ ὁ Ξέναρχος, +τούτων αἴτιον ὂν τὸ πέμπτον καὶ κυκλικὸν +σῶμα. γελοῖος δὲ καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης ὑπὲρ τούτων +ζητῶν τε καὶ πολυπραγμονῶν, ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ +Θεόφραστος· ἠγνόησε γοῦν τὴν ἑαυτοῦ φωνήν. +ὥσπερ γὰρ εἰς τὴν ἀσώματον οὐσίαν ἐλθὼν καὶ +νοητὴν ἔστη μὴ πολυπραγμονῶν τὴν αἰτίαν, +ἀλλὰ φὰς οὕτω ταῦτα πεφυκέναι· χρῆν δὲ δήπουθεν +καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ πέμπτου σώματος τὸ πεφυκέναι +ταῦτῃ λαμβάνοντα μηκέτι ζητεῖν τὰς αἰτίας, +ἵστασθαι δὲ ἐπὶ αὐτῶν καὶ μὴ πρὸς τὸ νοητὸν +ἐκπίπτειν ὂν μὲν οὐδὲν [C] φύσει καθ᾽ ἑαυτό, ἔχον δὲ +ἄλλως κενὴν ὑπόνοιαν. τοιαῦτα γὰρ ἐγὼ μέμνημαι +τοῦ Ξενάρχου λέγοντος ἀκηκοώς. εἰ μὲν οὖν +ὀρθῶς ἢ μὴ ταῦτα ἐκεῖνος ἔφη, τοῖς ἄγαν ἐφείσθω +Περιπατητικοῖς ὀνυχίζειν, ὅτι δὲ οὐ προσηνῶς +ἐμοὶ παντί που δῆλον, ὅπου γε καὶ τὰς Ἀριστοτελικὰς +ὑποθέσεις ἐνδεεστέρως ἔχειν ὑπολαμβάνω, +εἰ μή τις αὐτὰς ἐς ταὐτὸ τοῖς Πλάτωνος +ἄγοι, [D] μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ ταῦτα ταῖς ἐκ θεῶν δεδομέναις +προφητείαις. +</p> + +<p> +(I am told that on this same subject of which I am +impelled to speak at the very season of these sacred +rites, Porphyry too has written a philosophic treatise. +But since I have never met with it I do not know +whether at any point it may chance to agree with my +discourse. But him whom I call Gallus or Attis +I discern of my own knowledge to be the substance +of generative and creative Mind which engenders +all things down to the lowest plane of matter,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the world of sense-perception.</note> and +comprehends in itself all the concepts and causes +of the forms that are embodied in matter. For +truly the forms of all things are not in all things, +and in the highest and first causes we do not find +the forms of the lowest and last, after which there is +nothing save privation<note place='foot'>Plotinus 1. 8. 4 called matter <q>the privation of the +Good,</q> στέρησις ἀγαθοῦ.</note> coupled with a dim idea. +Now there are many substances and very many +creative gods, but the nature of the third creator,<note place='foot'>Helios; cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 4. 140 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>. Attis is here identified +with the light of the sun.</note> +who contains in himself the separate concepts +of the forms that are embodied in matter and +also the connected chain of causes, I mean that +nature which is last in order, and through its superabundance +of generative power descends even unto +our earth through the upper region from the stars,—this +is he whom we seek, even Attis. But perhaps +I ought to distinguish more clearly what I mean. +We assert that matter exists and also form embodied +in matter. But if no cause be assigned prior to +these two, we should be introducing, unconsciously, +the Epicurean doctrine. For if there be nothing of +higher order than these two principles, then a spontaneous +motion and chance brought them together. +<q>But,</q> says some acute Peripatetic like Xenarchus, +<q>we see that the cause of these is the fifth or cyclic +substance. Aristotle is absurd when he investigates +and discusses these matters, and Theophrastus likewise. +At any rate he overlooked the implications of a +well-known utterance of his. For just as when he came +to incorporeal and intelligible substance he stopped +short and did not inquire into its cause, and merely +asserted that this is what it is by nature; surely in the +case of the fifth substance also he ought to have assumed +that its nature is to be thus; and he ought not +to have gone on to search for causes, but should have +stopped at these, and not fallen back on the intelligible, +which has no independent existence by itself, +and in any case represents a bare supposition.</q> This +is the sort of thing that Xenarchus says, as I remember +to have heard. Now whether what he says is +correct or not, let us leave to the extreme Peripatetics +to refine upon. But that his view is not agreeable to +me is, I think, clear to everyone. For I hold that the +theories of Aristotle himself are incomplete unless +they are brought into harmony with those of Plato<note place='foot'>Julian here sums up the tendency of the philosophy of +his age. The Peripatetics had been merged in the Platonists +and Neo-Platonists, and Themistius the Aristotelian +commentator often speaks of the reconciliation, in contemporary +philosophy, of Plato and Aristotle; cf. 235 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>, 236, +366 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>. Julian, following the example of Iamblichus, would +force them into agreement; but the final appeal was to +revealed religion.</note>; +or rather we must make these also agree with the +oracles that have been vouchsafed to us by the gods.) +</p> + +<p> +Ἐκεῖνο δὲ ἴσως ἄξιον πυθέσθαι, πῶς τὸ κυκλικὸν +σῶμα δύναται τὰς ἀσωμάτους ἔχειν αἰτίας +τῶν ἐνύλων εἰδῶν. ὅτι μὲν γὰρ δίχα τούτων +<pb n='454'/><anchor id='Pg454'/><anchor id='Pg455'/> +ὑποστῆναι τὴν γένεσιν οὐκ ἐνδέχεται, πρόδηλόν +ἐστί που καὶ σαφές. τοῦ χάριν γάρ ἐστι τοσαῦτα +τὰ γιγνόμενα; πόθεν δὲ ἄρρεν καὶ θῆλυ; +πόθεν δὲ ἡ κατὰ γένος τῶν ὄντων ἐν ὡρισμένοις +εἴδεσι διαφορά, [163] εἰ μή τινες εἶεν προϋπάρχοντες +καὶ προϋφεστῶτες<note place='foot'>προϋφεστῶτες Hertlein suggests, cf. 165 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>, προεστῶτες +MSS.</note> λόγοι αἰτίαι τε ἐν +παραδείγματος λόγῳ προϋφεστῶσαι; πρὸς ἃς +εἴπερ ἀμβλυώττομεν, ἔτι καθαιρώμεθα τὰ ὄμματα +τῆς ψυχῆς. κάθαρσις δὲ ὀρθὴ στραφῆναι πρὸς +ἑαυτὸν καὶ κατανοῆσαι, πῶς μὲν ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ +ὁ ἔνυλος νοῦς ὥσπερ ἐκμαγεῖόν τι τῶν ἐνύλων +εἰδῶν καὶ εἰκών ἐστιν. ἓν γὰρ οὐδέν ἐστι τῶν +σωμάτων ἢ τῶν [B] περὶ τὰ σώματα γινομένων τε +καὶ θεωρουμένων ἀσωμάτων, οὗ τὴν φαντασίαν +ὁ νοῦς οὐ δύναται λαβεῖν ἀσωμάτως, ὅπερ οὔποτ᾽ +ἂν ἐποίησεν, εἰ μή τι ξυγγενὲς εἶχεν αὐτοῖς +φύσει. ταῦτά τοι καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης τὴν ψυχὴν +τόπον εἰδῶν ἔφη, πλὴν οὐκ ἐνεργείᾳ, ἀλλὰ +δυνάμει. τὴν μὲν οὖν τοιαύτην ψυχὴν καὶ τὴν +ἐπεστραμμένην πρὸς τὸ σῶμα δυνάμει ταῦτα +ἔχειν ἀναγκαῖον· εἰ δέ τις ἄσχετος εἴη καὶ ἀμιγὴς +ταύτῃ, τοὺς λόγους οὐκέτι δυνάμει, [C] πάντας δὲ +<pb n='456'/><anchor id='Pg456'/><anchor id='Pg457'/> +ὑπάρχειν ἐνεργείᾳ νομιστέον. λάβωμεν δὲ αὐτὰ +σαφέστερον διὰ τοῦ παραδείγματος, ᾧ καὶ +Πλάτων ἐν τῷ Σοφιστῇ<note place='foot'>233 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> πρὸς ἕτερον μὲν λόγον, +ἐχρήσατο δ᾽ οὖν ὅμως. τὸ παράδειγμα δὲ οὐκ +εἰς ἀπόδειξιν φέρω τοῦ λόγου· καὶ γὰρ οὐδὲ +ἀποδείξει χρὴ λαβεῖν αὐτόν,<note place='foot'>αὐτόν Hertlein suggests, αὐτό MSS.</note> ἀλλ᾽ ἐπιβολῇ μόνῃ, +περὶ γὰρ τῶν πρώτων αἰτιῶν ἐστιν ἢ τῶν γε ὁμοστοίχων +τοῖς πρώτοις, εἴπερ ἡμῖν ἐστιν, ὥσπερ +οὖν ἄξιον νομίζειν, [D] καὶ ὁ Ἄττις θεός. τί δὲ καὶ +ποῖόν ἐστι τὸ παράδειγμα; φησί<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Sophist</hi> 235 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>; cf. <hi rend='italic'>Republic</hi> 596 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> που Πλάτων, +τῶν περὶ τὴν μίμησιν διατριβόντων εἰ μὲν ἐθέλοι +τις μιμεῖσθαι, ὥστε καθυφεστάναι τὰ μιμητά, +ἐργώδη τε εἶναι καὶ χαλεπὴν καὶ νὴ Δία γε +τοῦ ἀδυνάτου πλησίον μᾶλλον, εὔκολον δὲ καὶ +ῥᾳδίαν καὶ σφόδρα δυνατὴν τὴν διὰ τοῦ δοκεῖν +τὰ ὄντα μιμουμένην. ὅταν οὖν τὸ κάτοπτρον +λαβόντες περιφέρωμεν ἐκ πάντων τῶν ὄντων +ῥᾳδίως ἀπομαξάμενοι, [164] δείκνυμεν ἑκάστου τοὺς +τύπους. ἐκ τούτου τοῦ παραδείγματος ἐπὶ τὸ +εἰρημένον μεταβιβάσωμεν τὸ ὁμοίωμα, ἵν᾽ ᾖ τὸ +μὲν κάτοπτρον ὁ λεγόμενος ὑπὸ Ἀριστοτέλους +δυνάμει τόπος εἰδῶν. +</p> + +<p> +(But this it is perhaps worth while to inquire, how +the cyclic substance<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> aether, the fifth substance.</note> can contain the incorporeal +causes of the forms that are embodied in matter. +For that, apart from these causes, it is not possible +for generation to take place is, I think, clear and +manifest. For why are there so many kinds of +generated things? Whence arise masculine and +feminine? Whence the distinguishing characteristics +of things according to their species in well-defined +types, if there are not pre-existing and pre-established +concepts, and causes which existed beforehand +to serve as a pattern?<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the causes of the forms that are embodied in matter +have a prior existence as Ideas.</note> And if we discern these +causes but dimly, let us still further purify the eyes +of the soul. And the right kind of purification is +to turn our gaze inwards and to observe how the +soul and embodied Mind are a sort of mould<note place='foot'>An echo of Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Theaetetus</hi> 191 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>, 196 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>; <hi rend='italic'>Timaeus</hi> 50 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> and +likeness of the forms that are embodied in matter. +For in the case of the corporeal, or of things that +though incorporeal come into being and are to be +studied in connection with the corporeal, there is no +single thing whose mental image the mind cannot +grasp independently of the corporeal. But this it +could not have done if it did not possess something +naturally akin to the incorporeal forms. Indeed it is +for this reason that Aristotle himself called the soul +the <q>place of the forms,</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>De Anima</hi> 3. 4. 429 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>; Aristotle quotes the phrase with +approval and evidently attributes it to Plato; the precise +expression is not to be found in Plato, though in <hi rend='italic'>Parmenides</hi> +132 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi> he says that the Ideas are <q>in our souls.</q></note> only he said that the +forms are there not actually but potentially. Now +a soul of this sort, that is allied with matter, must +needs possess these forms potentially only, but a +soul that should be independent and unmixed in +this way we must believe would contain all the +concepts, not potentially but actually. Let us make +this clearer by means of the example which Plato +himself employed in the Sophist, with reference +certainly to another theory, but still he did employ +it. And I bring forward the illustration, not to +prove my argument; for one must not try to +grasp it by demonstration, but only by apprehension. +For it deals with the first causes, or at +least those that rank with the first, if indeed, +as it is right to believe, we must regard Attis +also as a god. What then, and of what sort +is this illustration? Plato says that, if any man +whose profession is imitation desire to imitate in such +a way that the original is exactly reproduced, this +method of imitation is troublesome and difficult, +and, by Zeus, borders on the impossible; but pleasant +and easy and quite possible is the method which +only seems to imitate real things. For instance, +when we take up a mirror and turn it round we +easily get an impression of all objects, and show the +general outline of every single thing. From this +example let us go back to the analogy I spoke of, +and let the mirror stand for what Aristotle calls the +<q>place of the forms</q> potentially.) +</p> + +<p> +Αὐτὰ δὲ χρὴ τὰ εἴδη πρότερον ὑφεστάναι +πάντως ἐνεργείᾳ τοῦ δυνάμει. τῆς τοίνυν ἐν +ἡμῖν ψυχῆς, ὡς καὶ Ἀριστοτέλει δοκεῖ, δυνάμει +τῶν ὄντων ἐχούσης τὰ εἴδη, ποῦ πρῶτον ἐνεργείᾳ +θησόμεθα ταῦτα; πότερον ἐν τοῖς ἐνύλοις; [B] ἀλλ᾽ +ἔστι γε ταῦτα φανερῶς τὰ τελευταῖα. λείπεται +<pb n='458'/><anchor id='Pg458'/><anchor id='Pg459'/> +δὴ λοιπὸν ἀύλους αἰτίας ζητεῖν ἐνεργείᾳ προτεταγμένας +τῶν ἐνύλων, αἷς παρυποστᾶσαν καὶ +συμπροελθοῦσαν ἡμῶν τὴν ψυχὴν δέχεσθαι μὲν +ἐκεῖθεν, ὥσπερ ἐξ ὄντων τινῶν τὰ ἔσοπτρα, τοὺς +τῶν εἰδῶν ἀναγκαῖον λόγους, ἐνδιδόναι δὲ διὰ +τῆς φύσεως τῇ τε ὕλῃ καὶ τοῖς ἐνύλοις τουτοισὶ +σώμασιν. ὅτι μὲν γὰρ ἡ φύσις ἐστὶ δημιουργὸς +τῶν σωμάτων ἴσμεν, ὡς ὅλη τις οὖσα τοῦ παντός, +ἡ δὲ καθ᾽ ἕκαστον [C] ἑνὸς ἑκάστου τῶν ἐν μέρει, +πρόδηλόν ἐστί που καὶ σαφές, ἀλλ᾽ ἡ φύσις +ἐνεργείᾳ δίχα φαντασίας ἐν ἡμῖν, ἡ δὲ ὑπὲρ +ταύτης ψυχὴ καὶ τὴν φαντασίαν προσείληφεν. +εἰ τοίνυν ἡ φύσις καὶ ὧν οὐκ ἔχει τὴν φαντασίαν +ἔχειν ὅμως ὁμολογεῖται τὴν αἰτίαν, ἀνθ᾽ +ὅτου πρὸς θεῶν οὐχὶ τοῦτο αὐτὸ μᾶλλον ἔτι καὶ +πρεσβύτερον τῇ ψυχῇ δώσομεν, ὅπου καὶ φανταστικῶς +αὐτὸ γιγνώσκομεν ἤδη [D] καὶ λόγῳ καταλαμβάνομεν; +εἶτα τίς οὕτως ἐστὶ φιλόνεικος, ὡς +τῇ φύσει μὲν ὑπάρχειν ὁμολογεῖν τοὺς ἐνύλους +λόγους, εἰ καὶ μὴ πάντας καὶ κατὰ τὸ αὐτὸ +ἐνεργείᾳ, ἀλλὰ δυνάμει γε πάντας, τῇ ψυχῇ δὲ +μὴ δοῦναι τοῦτο αὐτό; οὐκοῦν εἰ δυνάμει μὲν +ἐν τῇ φύσει καὶ οὐκ ἐνεργείᾳ τὰ εἴδη, δυνάμει +δὲ ἔτι καὶ ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ καθαρώτερον καὶ δικεκριμένως +<pb n='460'/><anchor id='Pg460'/><anchor id='Pg461'/> +μᾶλλον, ὥστε δὴ καὶ καταλαμβάνεσθαι +καὶ γινώσκεσθαι, ἐνεργείᾳ δὲ οὐδαμοῦ· +πόθεν ἀναρτήσομεν τῆς ἀειγενεσίας τὰ πείσματα; +ποῦ δὲ ἑδράσομεν [165] τοὺς ὑπὲρ τῆς ἀιδιότητος +κόσμου λόγους; τὸ γὰρ τοι κυκλικὸν σῶμα ἐξ +ὑποκειμένου καὶ εἴδους ἐστίν. ἀνάγκη δὴ οὖν, +εἰ καὶ μήποτε ἐνεργείᾳ ταῦτα δίχα ἀλλήλων, +ἀλλὰ ταῖς γε ἐπινοίαις ἐκεῖνα πρῶτα ὑπάρχοντα +εἶναί τε καὶ νομίζεσθαι πρεσβύτερα. οὐκοῦν +ἐπειδὴ δέδοταί τις καὶ τῶν ἐνύλων εἰδῶν αἰτία +προηγουμένη παντελῶς ἄυλος ὑπὸ τὸν τρίτον +δημιουργόν, ὃς ἡμῖν οὐ τούτων μόνον ἐστίν, ἀλλὰ +καὶ τοῦ φαινομένου καὶ πέμπτου σώματος πατὴρ +καὶ δεσπότης· [B] ἀποδιελόντες ἐκείνου τὸν Ἄττιν, +τὴν ἄχρι τῆς ὕλης καταβαίνουσαν αἰτίαν, καὶ +θεὸν γόνιμον Ἄττιν εἶναι καὶ Γάλλον πεπιστεύκαμεν, +ὃν δή φησιν ὁ μῦθος ἀνθῆσαι μὲν ἐκτεθέντα +παρὰ Γάλλου ποταμοῦ ταῖς δίναις, εἶτα +καλὸν φανέντα καὶ μέγαν ἀγαπηθῆναι παρὰ +τῆς Μητρὸς τῶν θεῶν. τὴν δὲ τά τε ἄλλα +πάντα ἐπιτρέψαι αὐτῷ καὶ τὸν ἀστερωτὸν περιθεῖναι<note place='foot'>περιθεῖναι Hertlein suggests, cf. Sallust, <hi rend='italic'>On the Gods and +the World</hi> 249, τὸν ἀστερωτὸν αὐτῷ περιθεῖναι πῖλον: ἐπιθεῖναι +MSS.</note> +πῖλον. [C] ἀλλ᾽ εἰ τὴν κορυφὴν σκέπει τοῦ +Ἄττιδος ὁ φαινόμενος οὐρανὸς οὑτοσί, τὸν Γάλλον +ποταμὸν ἄρα μή ποτε χρὴ τὸν γαλαξίαν +αἰνίττεσθαι<note place='foot'>αἰνίττεσθαι Hertlein suggests, cf. Sallust 250 τὸν γαλαξόαν +αἰνίττεται κύκλον: μαντεύεσθαι MSS.</note> κύκλον; ἐνταῦθα γάρ φασι μίγνυσθαι +τὸ παθητὸν σῶμα πρὸς τὴν ἀπαθῆ τοῦ +<pb n='462'/><anchor id='Pg462'/><anchor id='Pg463'/> +πέμπτου κυκλοφορίαν. ἄχρι τοι τούτων ἐπέτρεψεν +ἡ Μήτηρ τῶν θεῶν σκιρτᾶν τε καὶ χορεύειν +τῷ καλῷ τούτῳ καὶ ταῖς ἡλιακαῖς ἀκτῖσιν +ἐμφερεῖ τῷ νοερῷ θεῷ, τῷ Ἄττιδι. ὁ δὲ ἐπειδὴ +προïὼν ἦλθεν ἄχρι τῶν ἐσχάτων, ὁ μῦθος αὐτὸν +εἰς τὸ ἄντρον<note place='foot'>cf. Porphyry, <hi rend='italic'>On the Cave of the Nymph</hi> 7; and Plato, +<hi rend='italic'>Republic</hi> 514 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> κατελθεῖν ἔφη καὶ συγγενέσθαι τῇ +νύμφῃ, [D] τὸ δίυγρον αἰνιττόμενος τῆς ὕλης· καὶ +οὐδὲ τὴν ὕλην αὐτὴν νῦν ἔφη, τὴν τελευταίαν δὲ +αἰτίαν ἀσώματον, ἣ τῆς ὕλης προüφέστηκε.<note place='foot'>προüφέστηκε Hertlein suggests, προέστηκε MSS.</note> +λέγεταί τοι καὶ πρὸς Ἡρακλείτου<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>fr.</hi> 36, Diels.</note> +</p> + +<p> +(Now the forms themselves must certainly subsist +actually before they subsist potentially. If, therefore, +the soul in us, as Aristotle himself believed, +contains potentially the forms of existing things, +where shall we place the forms in that previous +state of actuality? Shall it be in material things? +No, for the forms that are in them are evidently the +last and lowest. Therefore it only remains to search +for immaterial causes which exist in actuality prior +to and of a higher order than the causes that are +embodied in matter. And our souls must subsist +in dependence on these and come forth together +with them, and so receive from them the concepts of +the forms, as mirrors show the reflections of things; +and then with the aid of nature it bestows them on +matter and on these material bodies of our world. +For we know that nature is the creator of bodies, +universal nature in some sort of the All; while that +the individual nature of each is the creator of particulars +is plainly evident. But nature exists in us in +actuality without a mental image, whereas the soul, +which is superior to nature, possesses a mental +image besides. If therefore we admit that nature +contains in herself the cause of things of which she +has however no mental image, why, in heaven's +name, are we not to assign to the soul these same +forms, only in a still higher degree, and with priority +over nature, seeing that it is in the soul that we recognise +the forms by means of mental images, and +comprehend them by means of the concept? Who +then is so contentious as to admit on the one hand that +the concepts embodied in matter exist in nature—even +though not all and equally in actuality, yet all +potentially—while on the other hand he refuses to +recognise that the same is true of the soul? If therefore +the forms exist in nature potentially, but not actually, +and if also they exist potentially in the soul,<note place='foot'>For the superiority of the soul to nature cf. <hi rend='italic'>De Mysteriis</hi> +8. 7. 270; and for the theory that the soul gives form to +matter, Plotinus 4. 3. 20.</note> only in +a still purer sense and more completely separated, +so that they can be comprehended and recognised; +but yet exist in actuality nowhere at all; to what, +I ask, shall we hang the chain of perpetual generation, +and on what shall we base our theories of the +imperishability of the universe? For the cyclic +substance<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the fifth substance.</note> itself is composed of matter and form. It +must therefore follow that, even though in actuality +these two, matter and form, are never separate from +one another, yet for our intelligence the forms must +have prior existence and be regarded as of a higher +order. Accordingly, since for the forms embodied +in matter a wholly immaterial cause has been assigned, +which leads these forms under the hand of +the third creator<note place='foot'>Helios; cf. 161 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>. The whole passage implies the +identification of Attis with nature, and of the world-soul +with Helios; cf. 162 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi> where Attis is called <q>Nature,</q> φύσις.</note>—who for us is the lord and father +not only of these forms but also of the visible fifth +substance—from that creator we distinguish Attis, +the cause which descends even unto matter, and we +believe that Attis or Gallus is a god of generative +powers. Of him the myth relates that, after being +exposed at birth near the eddying stream of the +river Gallus, he grew up like a flower, and when he +had grown to be fair and tall, he was beloved by the +Mother of the Gods. And she entrusted all things +to him, and moreover set on his head the starry cap.<note place='foot'>cf. 170 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>, 168 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>; Sallust, <hi rend='italic'>On the Gods and the World</hi> +4. 16. 1.</note> +But if our visible sky covers the crown of Attis, +must one not interpret the river Gallus as the Milky +Way?<note place='foot'>cf. 171 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>; Sallust also identifies Gallus with the Milky +Way, 4. 14. 25.</note> For it is there, they say, that the substance +which is subject to change mingles with the passionless +revolving sphere of the fifth substance. Only +as far as this did the Mother of the Gods permit +this fair intellectual god Attis, who resembles the +sun's rays, to leap and dance. But when he passed +beyond this limit and came even to the lowest +region, the myth said that he had descended into +the cave, and had wedded the nymph. And the +nymph is to be interpreted as the dampness of +matter; though the myth does not here mean +matter itself, but the lowest immaterial cause which +subsists prior to matter. Indeed Heracleitus also +says:) +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<lg> +<l>ψυχῇσιν θάνατος ὑγρῇσι γενέσθαι·</l> +</lg> + +<p> +(<q>It is death to souls to become wet.</q>) +</p> + +</quote> + +<p> +τοῦτον οὖν τὸν Γάλλον, τὸν νοερὸν θεόν, τὸν τῶν +ἐνύλων καὶ ὑπὸ σελήνην εἰδῶν συνοχέα, τῇ προτεταγμένῃ +τῆς ὕλης αἰτίᾳ συνιόντα, συνιόντα δὲ οὐχ +ὡς ἄλλον ἄλλῃ, [166] ἀλλ᾽ οἷον αὐτὸ εἰς ἑαυτὸ<note place='foot'>ἑαυτὸ Shorey suggests, τοῦτο Hertlein, MSS.</note> λέγομεν<note place='foot'>λέγομεν Petavius suggests, lacuna Hertlein, MSS.</note> +ὑποφερόμενον. +</p> + +<p> +(We +mean therefore that this Gallus, the intellectual god, +the connecting link between forms embodied in +matter beneath the region of the moon, is united +with the cause that is set over matter, but not in +the sense that one sex is united with another, but +like an element that is gathered to itself.) +</p> + +<p> +Τίς οὖν ἡ Μήτηρ τῶν θεῶν; ἡ τῶν κυβερνώντων +τοὺς ἐμφανεῖς νοερῶν καὶ δημιουργικῶν θεῶν +πηγή, ἡ καὶ τεκοῦσα καὶ συνοικοῦσα τῷ μεγάλῳ +Διὶ θεὸς ὑποστᾶσα μεγάλη μετὰ τὸν μέγαν καὶ +σὺν τῷ μεγάλῳ δημιουργῷ, ἡ πάσης μὲν κυρία +ζωῆς, πάσης δὲ γενέσεως αἰτία, ἡ ῥᾷστα μὲν +ἐπιτελοῦσα τὰ ποιούμενα, γεννῶσα δὲ δίχα πάθους +καὶ δημιουργοῦσα τὰ ὄντα μετὰ τοῦ πατρός· +αὕτη [B] καὶ παρθένος ἀμήτωρ καὶ Διὸς σύνθωκος καὶ +μήτηρ θεῶν ὄντως οὖσα πάντων. τῶν γὰρ νοητῶν +<pb n='464'/><anchor id='Pg464'/><anchor id='Pg465'/> +ὑπερκοσμίων τε<note place='foot'>τε Hertlein suggests.</note> θεῶν δεξαμένη πάντων τὰς<note place='foot'>τὰς Hertlein suggests.</note> +αἰτίας ἐν ἑαυτῇ πηγὴ τοῖς νοεροῖς ἐγένετο. ταύτην +δὴ τὴν θεὸν οὖσαν καὶ πρόνοιαν ἔρως μὲν ὑπῆλθεν +ἀπαθὴς Ἄττιδος· ἐθελούσια γὰρ αὐτῇ καὶ κατὰ +γνώμην ἐστὶν οὐ τὰ ἔνυλα μόνον εἴδη, πολὺ δὲ +πλέον τὰ τούτων αἴτια. τὴν δὴ τὰ γινόμενα καὶ +φθειρόμενα σώζουσαν [C] προμήθειαν ἐργᾶν ὁ μῦθος +ἔφη τῆς δημιουργικῆς τούτων αἰτίας καὶ γονίμου, +καὶ κελεύειν μὲν αὐτὴν ἐν τῷ νοητῷ τίκτειν +μᾶλλον καὶ βούλεσθαι μὲν<note place='foot'>μὲν Hertlein suggests, γε MSS.</note> πρὸς ἑαυτὴν ἐπεστράφθαι +καὶ συνοικεῖν, ἐπίταγμα δὲ ποιεῖσθαι, +μηδενὶ τῶν ἄλλων, ἅμα μὲν τὸ ἑνοειδὲς σωτήριον +διώκουσαν, ἅμα δὲ φεύγουσαν τὸ πρὸς τὴν ὕλην +νεῦσαν· πρὸς ἑαυτήν τε βλέπειν ἐκέλευσεν, οὖσαν +πηγὴν μὲν τῶν δημιουργικῶν θεῶν, οὐ καθελκομένην +δὲ εἰς τὴν γένεσιν οὐδὲ θελγομένην· [D] οὕτω +γὰρ ἔμελλεν ὁ μέγας Ἄττις καὶ κρείττων<note place='foot'>κρείττων Hertlein suggests, κρεῖττον MSS.</note> εἶναι +δημιουργός, ἐπείπερ ἐν πᾶσιν ἡ πρὸς τὸ κρεῖττον +ἐπιστροφὴ μᾶλλόν ἐστι δραστήριος τῆς πρὸς τὸ +χεῖρον νεύσεως. ἐπεὶ καὶ τὸ πέμπτον σῶμα τούτῳ +δημιουργικώτερόν ἐστι τῶν τῇδε καὶ θειότερον, +τῷ μᾶλλον ἐστράφθαι πρὸς τοὺς θεούς, ἐπεί τοι +τὸ σῶμα, κἂν αἰθέρος ᾖ τοῦ καθαρωτάτου, ψυχῆς +ἀχράντου καὶ καθαρᾶς, ὁποίαν τὴν Ἡρακλέους ὁ +δημιουργὸς ἐξέπεμψεν, οὐδεὶς ἂν εἰπεῖν κρεῖττον +<pb n='466'/><anchor id='Pg466'/><anchor id='Pg467'/> +τολμήσειε. [167] τότε μέντοι ἦν τε καὶ ἐδόκει μᾶλλον +δραστήριος, ἢ ὅτε<note place='foot'>ἢ ὅτε Shorey, ὅτε Hertlein, MSS.</note> αὑτὴν ἔδωκεν ἐκείνη σώματι. +ἐπεὶ καὶ αὐτῷ νῦν Ἡρακλεῖ ὅλῳ πρὸς ὅλον κεχωρηκότι +τὸν πατέρα ῥᾴων ἡ τούτων ἐπιμέλεια +καθέστηκεν ἢ πρότερον ἦν, ὅτε ἐν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις +σαρκία φορῶν ἐστρέφετο. οὕτως ἐν πᾶσι δραστήριος +μᾶλλον ἡ πρὸς τὸ κρεῖττον ἀπόστασις +τῆς ἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον στροφῆς. ὁ δὴ βουλόμενος ὁ +μῦθος διδάξαι παραινέσαι φησὶ τὴν Μητέρα τῶν +θεῶν τῷ Ἄττιδι θεραπεύειν αὑτὴν καὶ μήτε +ἀποχωρεῖν μήτε ἐρᾶν ἄλλης. [B] ὁ δὲ προῆλθεν ἄχρι +τῶν ἐσχάτων τῆς ὕλης κατελθών. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐχρῆν +παύσασθαί ποτε καὶ στῆναι τὴν ἀπειρίαν, +Κορύβας μὲν ὁ μέγας Ἥλιος, ὁ σύνθρονος +τῇ Μητρὶ καὶ συνδημιουργῶν αὐτῇ τὰ πάντα +καὶ συμπρομηθούμενος καὶ οὐδὲν πράττων +αὐτῆς δίχα, πείθει τὸν λέοντα μηνυτὴν γενέσθαι. +τίς δὲ ὁ λέων; αἴθωνα δήπουθεν ἀκούομεν +αὐτόν, αἰτίαν τοίνυν τὴν προüφεστῶσαν<note place='foot'>προüφεστῶσαν Hertlein suggests, προεστῶσαν MSS.</note> τοῦ +θερμοῦ καὶ πυρώδους, [C] ἣ πολεμήσειν ἔμελλε +τῇ νύμφῃ καὶ ζηλοτυπήσειν αὐτὴν τῆς πρὸς τὸν +Ἄττιν κοινωνίας· εἴρηται δὲ ἡμῖν τίς ἡ νύμφη· +τῇ δὲ<note place='foot'>τῇ δὲ Hertlein suggests, τῇ MSS.</note> δημιουργικῇ προμηθείᾳ τῶν ὄντων ὑπουργῆσαί +φησιν ὁ μῦθος,<note place='foot'>φησιν ὁ μῦθος Hertlein suggests, φησι MSS.</note> δηλαδὴ τῇ Μητρὶ τῶν θεῶν· +<pb n='468'/><anchor id='Pg468'/><anchor id='Pg469'/> +εἶτα φωράσαντα καὶ μηνυτὴν γενόμενον αἴτιον +γενέσθαι τῷ νεανίσκῳ τῆς ἐκτομὴς. ἡ δὲ ἐκτομὴ +τίς; ἐποχὴ τῆς ἀπειρίας· ἔστη γὰρ δὴ τὰ τῆς +γενέσεως ἐν ὡρισμένοις τοῖς εἴδεσιν ὑπὸ τῆς +δημιουργικῆς ἐπισχεθέντα προμηθείας, [D] οὐκ ἄνευ +τῆς τοῦ Ἄττιδος λεγομένης παραφροσύνης, ἣ τὸ +μέτριον ἐξισταμένη καὶ ὑπερβαίνουσα καὶ διὰ +τοῦτο ὥσπερ ἐξασθενοῦσα καὶ οὐκέθ᾽ αὑτῆς εἶναι +δυναμένη·<note place='foot'>A finite verb <hi rend='italic'>e.g.</hi> φαίνεται is needed to complete the +construction.</note> ὃ δὴ περὶ τὴν τελευταίαν ὑποστῆναι +τῶν θεῶν αἰτίαν οὐκ ἄλογον. σκόπει οὖν ἀναλλοίωτον +κατὰ πᾶσαν ἀλλοίωσιν τὸ πέμπτον +θεώμενος σῶμα περὶ τοὺς φωτισμοὺς τῆς σελήνης, +ἵνα λοιπὸν ὁ συνεχῶς γιγνόμενός τε καὶ ἀπολλύμενος +κόσμος γειτνιᾷ τῷ πέμπτῳ σώματι. περὶ 168 +τοὺς φωτισμοὺς αὐτῆς ἀλλοίωσίν τινα καὶ πάθη +συμπίπτοντα θεωροῦμεν. οὐκ ἄτοπον οὖν καὶ +τὸν Ἄττιν τοῦτον ἡμίθεόν τινα εἶναι· βούλεται +γὰρ δὴ καὶ ὁ μῦθος τοῦτο· μᾶλλον δὲ θεὸν μὲν +τῷ παντί· πρόεισί τε γὰρ ἐκ τοῦ τρίτου δημιουργοῦ +καὶ ἐπανάγεται πάλιν ἐπὶ τὴν Μητέρα τῶν +θεῶν μετὰ τὴν ἐκτομήν· ἐπεὶ δὲ ὅλως ῥέπειν καὶ<note place='foot'>καὶ Friederich, πέπεικε Hertlein, MSS.</note> +νεύειν εἰς τὴν ὕλην δοκεῖ, θεῶν μὲν ἔσχατον, +ἔξαρχον δὲ [B] τῶν θείων γενῶν ἁπάντων οὐκ ἂν +ἁμάρτοι τις αὐτὸν ὑπολαβών. ἡμίθεον δὲ διὰ +τοῦτο ὁ μῦθός φησι, τὴν πρὸς τοὺς ἀτρέπτους +αὐτοῦ θεοὺς ἐνδεικνύμενος διαφοράν. δορυφοροῦσι +γὰρ αὐτὸν παρὰ τῆς Μητρὸς δοθέντες οἱ +Κορύβαντες, αἱ τρεῖς ἀρχικαὶ τῶν μετὰ θεοὺς +κρεισσόνων γενῶν ὑποστάσεις. ἄρχει δὲ καὶ τῶν +<pb n='470'/><anchor id='Pg470'/><anchor id='Pg471'/> +λεόντων, οἳ τὴν ἔνθερμον οὐσίαν καὶ πυρώδη +κατανειμάμενοι μετὰ τοῦ σφῶν ἐξάρχου λέοντος +αἴτιοι τῷ πυρὶ μὲν πρώτως, διὰ δὲ τῆς ἐνθένδε +θερμότητος ἐνεργείας τε κινητικῆς αἴτιοι [C] καὶ τοῖς +ἄλλοις εἰσὶ σωτηρίας· περίκειται δὲ τὸν οὐρανὸν +ἀντὶ τιάρας, ἐκεῖθεν ὥσπερ ἐπὶ γῆν ὁρμώμενος. +</p> + +<p> +(Who then is the Mother of the Gods? She is +the source of the intellectual<note place='foot'>cf. 170 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>, 179 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> and creative gods, who +in their turn guide the visible gods: she is both the +mother and the spouse of mighty Zeus; she came +into being next to and together with the great +creator; she is in control of every form of life, and +the cause of all generation; she easily brings to +perfection all things that are made; without pain +she brings to birth, and with the father's<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> Zeus.</note> aid creates +all things that are; she is the motherless maiden,<note place='foot'>Hence she is the counterpart of Athene, cf. 179 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>. +Athene is Forethought among the intellectual gods; Cybele +is Forethought among the intelligible gods and therefore +superior to Athene; cf. 180 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> +enthroned at the side of Zeus, and in very truth is +the Mother of all the Gods. For having received +into herself the causes of all the gods, both intelligible +and supra-mundane, she became the source of +the intellectual gods. Now this goddess, who is also +Forethought, was inspired with a passionless love for +Attis. For not only the forms embodied in matter, +but to a still greater degree the causes of those +forms, voluntarily serve her and obey her will. +Accordingly the myth relates the following: that +she who is the Providence who preserves all that is +subject to generation and decay, loved their creative +and generative cause, and commanded that cause to +beget offspring rather in the intelligible region; and +she desired that it should turn towards herself and +dwell with her, but condemned it to dwell with no +other thing. For only thus would that creative cause +strive towards the uniformity that preserves it, and at +the same time would avoid that which inclines towards +matter. And she bade that cause look towards her, +who is the source of the creative gods, and not be +dragged down or allured into generation. For in +this way was mighty Attis destined to be an even +mightier creation, seeing that in all things the conversion +to what is higher produces more power to +effect than the inclination to what is lower. And +the fifth substance itself is more creative and more +divine than the elements of our earth, for this +reason, that it is more nearly connected with the +gods. Not that anyone, surely, would venture to +assert that any substance, even if it be composed of +the purest aether, is superior to soul undefiled and +pure, that of Heracles for instance, as it was +when the creator sent it to earth. For that soul +of his both seemed to be and was more effective than +after it had bestowed itself on a body. Since even +Heracles, now that he has returned, one and indivisible, +to his father one and indivisible, more easily +controls his own province than formerly when he +wore the garment of flesh and walked among men. +And this shows that in all things the conversion to +the higher is more effective than the propensity to +the lower. This is what the myth aims to teach us +when it says that the Mother of the Gods exhorted +Attis not to leave her or to love another. But he +went further, and descended even to the lowest +limits of matter. Since, however, it was necessary +that his limitless course should cease and halt at +last, mighty Helios the Corybant,<note place='foot'>The Corybantes were the Phrygian priests of Cybele, +who at Rome were called Galli.</note> who shares the +Mother's throne and with her creates all things, +with her has providence for all things, and apart +from her does nothing, persuaded the Lion<note place='foot'>The Asiatic deities, especially Cybele, are often represented +holding lions, or in cars drawn by them. cf. Catullus +63. 76, <foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>juncta juga resolvens Cybele leonibus</foreign>, <q>Cybele +unharnessed her team of lions</q>; she sends a lion in pursuit +of Attis, cf. 168 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>; Porphyry, <hi rend='italic'>On the Cave of the Nymph</hi> +3. 2. 287 calls the sign of the lion <q>the dwelling of Helios.</q></note> to +reveal the matter. And who is the Lion? Verily +we are told that he is flame-coloured.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Iliad</hi> 10. 23 λέοντος αἴθωνος.</note> He is, therefore, +the cause that subsists prior to the hot and +fiery, and it was his task to contend against the +nymph and to be jealous of her union with Attis. +(And who the nymph is, I have said.) And the +myth says that the Lion serves the creative Providence +of the world, which evidently means the +Mother of the Gods. Then it says that by detecting +and revealing the truth, he caused the youth's +castration. What is the meaning of this castration? +It is the checking of the unlimited. For now +was generation confined within definite forms +checked by creative Providence. And this would +not have happened without the so-called madness +of Attis, which overstepped and transgressed +due measure, and thereby made him become weak +so that he had no control over himself. And it is not +surprising that this should come to pass, when we +have to do with the cause that ranks lowest among +the gods. For consider the fifth substance, which is +subject to no change of any sort, in the region of the +light of the moon: I mean where our world of continuous +generation and decay borders on the fifth substance. +We perceive that in the region of her light +it seems to undergo certain alterations and to be +affected by external influences. Therefore it is not +contradictory to suppose that our Attis also is a sort of +demigod—for that is actually the meaning of the +myth—or rather for the universe he is wholly god, for +he proceeds from the third creator, and after his castration +is led upwards again to the Mother of the Gods. +But though he seems to lean and incline towards +matter, one would not be mistaken in supposing that, +though he is the lowest in order of the gods, nevertheless +he is the leader of all the tribes of divine +beings. But the myth calls him a demigod to +indicate the difference between him and the unchanging +gods. He is attended by the Corybants +who are assigned to him by the Mother; they are +the three leading personalities of the higher races<note place='foot'>cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 4. 145 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> +that are next in order to the gods. Also Attis rules +over the lions, who together with the Lion, who is +their leader, have chosen for themselves hot and +fiery substance, and so are, first and foremost, the +cause of fire. And through the heat derived from +fire they are the causes of motive force and of preservation +for all other things that exist. And Attis +encircles the heavens like a tiara, and thence sets +out as though to descend to earth.) +</p> + +<p> +Οὗτος ὁ μέγας ἡμῖν θεὸς Ἄττις ἐστίν· αὗται +τοῦ βασιλέως Ἄττιδος αἱ θρηνούμεναι τέως +φυγαὶ καὶ κρύψεις καὶ ἀφανισμοὶ καὶ αἱ δύσεις +αἱ κατὰ τὸ ἄντρον. τεκμήρια δὲ ἔστω μοι τούτου +ὁ χρόνος, ἐν ᾧ γίνεται. τέμνεσθαι γάρ φασι τὸ +ἱερὸν δένδρον καθ᾽ ἣν ἡμέραν ὁ ἥλιος ἐπὶ τὸ ἄκρον +τῆς ἰσημερινῆς ἁψῖδος ἔρχεται· εἶθ᾽ ἑξῆς περισαλπισμὸς +παραλαμβάνεται· [D] τῇ τρίτῃ δὲ τέμνεται +τὸ ἱερὸν καὶ ἀπόρρητον θέρος τοῦ θεοῦ Γάλλου· +ἐπὶ τούτοις Ἱλάρια, φασί, καὶ ἑορταί. ὅτι μὲν +οὖν στάσις ἐστὶ τῆς ἀπειρίας ἡ θρυλουμένη +παρὰ τοῖς πολλοῖς ἐκτομή, πρόδηλον ἐξ ὧν +ἡνίκα ὁ μέγας Ἥλιος τοῦ ἰσημερινοῦ ψαύσας +κύκλου, ἵνα τὸ μάλιστα ὡρισμένον ἐστί·<note place='foot'>A finite verb is needed to complete the construction. +For the anacoluthon cf. 167 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>.</note> τὸ μὲν +γὰρ ἴσον ὡρισμένον ἐστί, τὸ δὲ ἄνισον ἄπειρόν +τε καὶ ἀδιεξίτητον· κατὰ τὸν λόγον αὐτίκα τὸ +δένδρον τέμνεται· [169] εἶθ᾽ ἑξῆς γίνεται τὰ λοιπά, τὰ +<pb n='472'/><anchor id='Pg472'/><anchor id='Pg473'/> +μὲν διὰ τοὺς μυστικοὺς καὶ κρυφίους θεσμούς, τὰ +δὲ καὶ διὰ<note place='foot'>καὶ διὰ Hertlein suggests, καὶ MSS.</note> ῥηθῆναι πᾶσι δυναμένους. ἡ δὲ +ἐκτομὴ τοῦ δένδρου, τοῦτο δὲ τῇ μὲν ἱστορίᾳ +προσήκει τῇ περὶ τὸν Γάλλον, οὐδὲν δὲ τοῖς +μυστηρίοις, οἷς παραλαμβάνεται, διδασκόντων +ἡμᾶς οἶμαι τῶν θεῶν συμβολικῶς, ὅτι χρὴ τὸ +κάλλιστον ἐκ γῆς δρεψαμένους, ἀρετὴν μετὰ +εὐσεβείας, ἀπενεγκεῖν τῇ θεῷ, σύμβολον τῆς +ἐνταῦθα χρηστῆς πολιτείας ἐσόμενον. τὸ γάρ +τοι δένδρον ἐκ [B] γῆς μὲν φύεται, σπεύδει δὲ +ὥσπερ εἰς τὸν αἰθέρα καὶ ἰδεῖν τέ ἐστι καλὸν καὶ +σκιὰν παρασχεῖν ἐν πνίγει, ἤδη δὲ καὶ καρπὸν +ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ προβαλεῖν καὶ χαρίσασθαι· οὗτως +αὐτῷ πολύ τί γε τοῦ γονίμου περίεστιν. ἡμῖν +οὖν ὁ θεσμὸς παρακελεύεται, τοῖς φύσει μὲν +οὐρανίοις, εἰς γῆν δὲ ἐνεχθεῖσιν, ἀρετὴν μετὰ εὐσεβείας +ἀπὸ τῆς ἐν τῇ γῇ πολιτείας ἀμησαμένους +παρὰ τὴν προγονικὴν [C] καὶ ζωογόνον σπεύδειν θεόν. +</p> + +<p> +(This, then, is our mighty god Attis. This explains +his once lamented flight and concealment and disappearance +and descent into the cave. In proof of +this let me cite the time of year at which it happens. +For we are told that the sacred tree<note place='foot'>A pine sacred to Attis was felled on March 22nd; cf. +Frazer, <hi rend='italic'>Attis, Adonis and Osiris</hi>, p. 222.</note> is felled on the +day when the sun reaches the height of the equinox.<note place='foot'>cf. 171 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>, 175 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> +Thereupon the trumpets are sounded.<note place='foot'>March 23rd.</note> And on the +third day the sacred and unspeakable member of the +god Gallus is severed.<note place='foot'>March 24th was the date of the castration of the +Galli, the priests of Attis.</note> Next comes, they say, the +Hilaria<note place='foot'>On March 25th the resurrection of Attis and the freeing +of our souls from generation (γένεσις) was celebrated by the +feast of the Hilaria.</note> and the festival. And that this castration, +so much discussed by the crowd, is really the halting +of his unlimited course, is evident from what happens +directly mighty Helios touches the cycle of the +equinox, where the bounds are most clearly defined. +(For the even is bounded, but the uneven is without +bounds, and there is no way through or out of it.) +At that time then, precisely, according to the account +we have, the sacred tree is felled. Thereupon, in +their proper order, all the other ceremonies take +place. Some of them are celebrated with the secret +ritual of the Mysteries, but others by a ritual that +can be told to all. For instance, the cutting of the +tree belongs to the story of Gallus and not to the +Mysteries at all, but it has been taken over by them, +I think because the gods wished to teach us, in +symbolic fashion, that we must pluck the fairest +fruits from the earth, namely, virtue and piety, and +offer them to the goddess to be the symbol of our +well-ordered constitution here on earth. For the +tree grows from the soil, but it strives upwards as +though to reach the upper air, and it is fair to behold +and gives us shade in the heat, and casts before +us and bestows on us its fruits as a boon; such is its +superabundance of generative life. Accordingly the +ritual enjoins on us, who by nature belong to the +heavens but have fallen to earth, to reap the harvest +of our constitution here on earth, namely, virtue and +piety, and then strive upwards to the goddess of +our forefathers, to her who is the principle of all +life.) +</p> + +<p> +Εὐθὺς οὖν ἡ σάλπιγξ μετὰ τὴν ἐκτομὴν +ἐνδίδωσι τὸ ἀνακλητικὸν τῷ Ἄττιδι καὶ τοῖς +ὅσοι ποτὲ οὐρανόθεν ἔπτημεν εἰς τὴν γῆν καὶ +ἐπέσομεν. μετὰ δὴ τὸ σύμβολον τοῦτο, ὅτε ὁ +βασιλεὺς Ἄττις ἵστησι τὴν ἀπειρίαν διὰ τῆς +ἐκτομῆς, ἡμῖν οἱ θεοὶ κελεύουσιν ἐκτέμνειν καὶ +αὐτοῖς τὴν ἐν ἡμῖν αὐτοῖς ἀπειρίαν καὶ μιμεῖσθαι +τοὺς ἡγεμόνας,<note place='foot'>ἡγεμόνας Shorey, cf. 170 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>, ἡμῶν Hertlein, MSS.</note> ἐπὶ δὲ τὸ ὡρισμένον καὶ ἑνοειδὲς καί, +εἴπερ οἷόν τέ ἐστιν, [D] αὐτὸ τὸ ἓν ἀνατρέχειν· οὗπερ +γενομένου πάντως ἕπεσθαι χρὴ τὰ Ἱλάρια. τί +γὰρ εὐθυμότερον, τί δὲ ἱλαρώτερον γένοιτο ἂν +ψυχῆς ἀπειρίαν μὲν καὶ γένεσιν καὶ τὸν ἐν αὐτῇ +<pb n='474'/><anchor id='Pg474'/><anchor id='Pg475'/> +κλύδωνα διαφυγούσης, ἐπὶ δὲ τοὺς θεοὺς αὐτοὺς +ἀναχθείσης; ὧν ἕνα καὶ τὸν Ἄττιν ὄντα περιεῖδεν +οὐδαμῶς ἡ τῶν θεῶν Μήτηρ βαδίζοντα πρόσω +πλέον ἢ χρῆν, πρὸς ἑαυτὴν δὲ ἐπέστρεψε, στῆσαι +τὴν ἀπειρίαν προστάξασα. +</p> + +<p> +(Therefore, immediately after the castration, the +trumpet sounds the recall for Attis and for all of us +who once flew down from heaven and fell to earth. +And after this signal, when King Attis stays his +limitless course by his castration, the god bids us +also root out the unlimited in ourselves and imitate +the gods our leaders and hasten back to the defined +and uniform, and, if it be possible, to the One itself. +After this, the Hilaria must by all means follow. +For what could be more blessed, what more joyful +than a soul which has escaped from limitlessness +and generation and inward storm, and has been +translated up to the very gods? And Attis himself +was such a one, and the Mother of the Gods by no +means allowed him to advance unregarded further +than was permitted: nay, she made him turn towards +herself, and commanded him to set a limit to his +limitless course.) +</p> + +<p> +Καὶ μή τις ὑπολάβῃ με λέγειν, ὡς ταῦτα +ἐπράχθη ποτέ καὶ γέγονεν, [170] ὥσπερ οὐκ εἰδότων +τῶν θεῶν αὐτῶν, ὅ, τι ποιήσουσιν, ἢ τὰ σφῶν +αὐτῶν ἁμαρτήματα διορθουμένων. ἀλλὰ οἱ παλαιοὶ +τῶν ὄντων ἀεὶ τὰς αἰτίας, ἤτοι τῶν θεῶν +ὑφηγουμένων ἢ κατὰ σφᾶς αὐτοὺς διερευνώμενοι, +βέλτιον δὲ ἴσως εἰπεῖν ζητοῦντες ὑφ᾽ ἡγεμόσι +τοῖς θεοῖς, ἔπειτα εὑρόντες ἐσκέπασαν αὐτὰς<note place='foot'>αὐτὰς Hertlein suggests, αὐτὰ MSS.</note> +μύθοις παραδόξοις, ἵνα διὰ τοῦ παραδόξου καὶ +ἀπεμφαίνοντος τὸ πλάσμα φωραθὲν ἐπὶ τὴν +ζήτησιν ἡμᾶς τῆς [B] ἀληθείας προτρέψῃ, τοῖς μὲν +ἰδιώταις ἀρκούσης οἶμαι τῆς ἀλόγου καὶ διὰ τῶν +συμβόλων μόνων ὠφελείας, τοῖς δὲ περιττοῖς +κατὰ τὴν φρόνησιν οὕτως μόνως ἐσομένης ὠφελίμου +τῆς περὶ θεῶν ἀληθείας, εἴ τις ἐξετάζων +αὐτὴν ὑφ᾽ ἡγεμόσι τοῖς θεοῖς εὕροι καὶ λάβοι, διὰ +μὲν τῶν αἰνιγμάτων ὑπομνησθείς, ὅτι χρή τι περὶ +αὐτῶν ζητεῖν, ἐς τέλος δὲ καὶ ὥσπερ κορυφὴν τοῦ +πράγματος διὰ τῆς σκέψεως εὑρὼν πορευθείη, [C] οὐκ +<pb n='476'/><anchor id='Pg476'/><anchor id='Pg477'/> +αἰδοῖ καὶ πίστει μᾶλλον ἀλλοτρίας δόξης ἢ τῆς +σφετέρᾳ κατὰ νοῦν ἐνεργείᾳ. +</p> + +<p> +(But let no one suppose my meaning to be that +this was ever done or happened in a way that +implies that the gods themselves are ignorant of +what they intend to do, or that they have to correct +their own errors. But our ancestors in every case +tried to trace the original meanings of things, +whether with the guidance of the gods or independently—though +perhaps it would be better to +say that they sought for them under the leadership +of the gods—then when they had discovered those +meanings they clothed them in paradoxical myths. +This was in order that, by means of the paradox and +the incongruity, the fiction might be detected and +we might be induced to search out the truth. Now +I think ordinary men derive benefit enough from the +irrational myth which instructs them through symbols +alone. But those who are more highly endowed +with wisdom will find the truth about the gods +helpful; though only on condition that such a man +examine and discover and comprehend it under the +leadership of the gods, and if by such riddles as +these he is reminded that he must search out their +meaning, and so attains to the goal and summit of +his quest<note place='foot'>169 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>-170 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi> is a digression on the value of myths, which +the wise man is not to accept without an allegorising +interpretation; cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 7. 216 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> through his own researches; he must not +be modest and put faith in the opinions of others +rather than in his own mental powers.) +</p> + +<p> +Τί οὖν εἶναί φαμεν, ὡς ἐν κεφαλαίῳ; κατανοήσαντες +ἄχρι τοῦ πέμπτου σώματος οὐ τὸ νοητὸν +μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ φαινόμενα ταῦτα σώματα τῆς +ἀπαθοῦς ὄντα καὶ θείας μερίδος, ἄχρι τούτου +θεοὺς ἐνόμισαν ἀκραιφνεῖς εἶναι· τῇ γονίμῳ δὲ τῶν +θεῶν οὐσίᾳ τῶν τῇδε παρυποστάντων, ἐξ ἀιδίου +συμπροελθούσης τῆς ὕλης τοῖς θεοῖς, [D] παρ᾽ αὐτῶν +δὲ καὶ δι᾽ αὐτῶν διὰ τὸ ὑπέρπληρες αὐτῶν τῆς +γονίμου καὶ δημιουργικῆς αἰτίας ἡ των ὄντων +προμήθεια συνουσιωμένη τοῖς θεοῖς ἐξ ἀιδίου, καὶ +σύνθωκος μὲν οὖσα τῷ βασιλεῖ Διί, πηγὴ δὲ τῶν +νοερῶν θεῶν, καὶ τὸ δοκοῦν ἄζωον καὶ ἄγονον +καὶ σκύβαλον καὶ τῶν ὄντων, οἷον ἂν εἴποι τις, +ἀποκάθαρμα καὶ τρύγα καὶ ὑποσταθμὴν διὰ τῆς +τελευταίας αἰτίας<note place='foot'>τελευταίας αἰτίας Hertlein suggests, τελευταίας MSS.</note> τῶν θεῶν, εἰς ἣν αἱ πάντων +οὐσίαι τῶν θεῶν ἀποτελευτῶσιν, ἐκόσμησέ τε +καὶ διωρθώσατο καὶ πρὸς τὸ κρεῖττον μετέστησεν. +</p> + +<p> +(What shall I say now by way of summary? +Because men observed that, as far as the fifth +substance, not only the intelligible world but also +the visible bodies of our world must be classed as +unaffected by externals and divine, they believed +that, as far as the fifth substance, the gods are +uncompounded. And when by means of that generative +substance the visible gods came into being, +and, from everlasting, matter was produced along +with those gods, from them and through their +agency, by reason of the superabundance in them +of the generative and creative principle; then the +Providence of the world, she who from everlasting is +of the same essential nature as the gods, she who is +enthroned by the side of King Zeus, and moreover +is the source of the intellectual gods, set in order +and corrected and changed for the better all that +seemed lifeless and barren, the refuse and so to +speak offscourings of things, their dregs and sediment: +and this she did by means of the last cause<note place='foot'>In 167 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi> Attis was identified with the light of the moon; +cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 4. 150 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>; where the moon is called the lowest of +the spheres, who gives form to the world of matter that lies +below her; cf. Sallust, <hi rend='italic'>On the Gods and the World</hi> 4. 14. 23; +where Attis is called the creator of our world.</note> +derived from the gods, in which the substances of all +the gods come to an end.) +</p> + +<p> +[171] Ὁ γὰρ Ἄττις οὗτος ἔχων τὴν κατάστικτον τοῖς +ἄστροις τιάραν εὔδηλον ὅτι τὰς πάντων τῶν θεῶν +εἰς τὸν ἐμφανῆ κόσμον ὁρωμένας λήξεις ἀρχὰς +ἐποιήσατο τῆς ἑαυτοῦ βασιλείας· ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ τὸ +μὲν ἀκραιφνὲς καὶ καθαρὸν ῾ἦν ἄχρι γαλαξίου· +περὶ τοῦτον δὲ ἤδη τὸν τόπον μιγνυμένου πρὸς τὸ +<pb n='478'/><anchor id='Pg478'/><anchor id='Pg479'/> +ἀπαθὲς τοῦ παθητοῦ καὶ τῆς ὕλης παρυφισταμένης +ἐκεῖθεν, ἡ πρὸς ταύτην κοινωνία κατάβασίς +ἐστιν εἰς τὸ ἄντρον, [B] οὐκ ἀκουσίως μὲν γενομένη +τοῖς θεοῖς καὶ τῇ τούτων Μητρί, λεγομένη +δὲ ἀκουσίως γενέσθαι. φύσει γὰρ ἐν κρείττονι +τοὺς θεοὺς ὄντας οὐκ ἐκεῖθεν ἐπὶ τάδε καθέλκειν +ἐθέλει τὰ βελτίω, ἀλλὰ διὰ τῆς τῶν κρειττόνων +συγκαταβάσεως καὶ ταῦτα ἀνάγειν ἐπὶ τὴν ἀμείνονα +καὶ θεοφιλεστέραν λῆξιν. οὕτω τοι καὶ +τὸν Ἄττιν οὐ κατεχθραίνουσα μετὰ τὴν ἐκτομὴν +ἡ Μήτηρ λέγεται, ἀλλὰ ἀγανακτεῖ μὲν οὐκέτι, +ἀγανακτοῦσα δὲ λέγεται διὰ τὴν συγκατάβασιν, +ὅτι κρείττων ὢν [C] καὶ θεὸς ἔδωκεν ἑαυτὸν τῷ καταδεεστέρῳ· +στήσαντα δὲ αὐτὸν τῆς ἀπειρίας τὴν +πρόοδον καὶ τὸ ἀκόσμητον τοῦτο κοσμήσαντα διὰ +τῆς πρὸς τὸν ἰσημερινὸν κύκλον συμπαθείας, ἵνα +ὁ μέγας Ἥλιος τῆς ὡρισμένης κινήσεως τὸ τελειότατον +κυβερνᾷ μέτρον, ἐπανάγει πρὸς ἑαυτὴν ἡ +θεὸς ἀσμένως, μᾶλλον δὲ ἔχει παρ᾽ ἑαυτῇ. καὶ +οὐδέποτε γέγονεν, ὅτε μὴ ταῦτα τοῦτον εἶχε τὸν +τρόπον, ὅνπερ νῦν ἔχει, ἀλλ᾽ ἀεὶ μὲν Ἄττις ἐστὶν +ὑπουργὸς τῇ Μητρὶ [D] καὶ ἡνίοχος, ἀεὶ δὲ ὀργᾷ εἰς +τὴν γένεσιν, ἀεὶ δὲ ἀποτέμνεται τὴν ἀπειρίαν +διὰ τῆς ὡρισμένης τῶν εἰδῶν αἰτίας. ἐπαναγόμενος +δὲ ὥσπερ ἐκ γῆς τῶν ἀρχαίων αὖθις λέγεται +δυναστεύειν σκήπτρων, ἐκπεσὼν μὲν αὐτῶν οὐδαμῶς +<pb n='480'/><anchor id='Pg480'/><anchor id='Pg481'/> +οὐδὲ ἐκπίπτων, ἐκπεσεῖν δὲ αὐτῶν λεγόμενος +διὰ τὴν πρὸς τὸ παθητὸν σύμμιξιν. +</p> + +<p> +(For it is evident that Attis of whom I speak, who +wears the tiara set with stars, took for the foundation +of his own dominion the functions of every god +as we see them applied to the visible world. And +in his case all is undefiled and pure as far as the +Milky Way. But, at this very point, that which +is troubled by passion begins to mingle with the +passionless, and from that union matter begins to +subsist. And so the association of Attis with matter +is the descent into the cave, nor did this take place +against the will of the gods and the Mother of the +Gods, though the myth says that it was against their +will. For by their nature the gods dwell in a higher +world, and the higher powers do not desire to drag +them hence down to our world: rather through the +condescension of the higher they desire to lead the +things of our earth upwards to a higher plane more +favoured by the gods. And in fact the myth does +not say that the Mother of the Gods was hostile to +Attis after his castration: but it says that though +she is no longer angry, she was angry at the time on +account of his condescension, in that he who was a +higher being and a god had given himself to that +which was inferior. But when, after staying his +limitless progress, he has set in order the chaos of +our world through his sympathy with the cycle of +the equinox, where mighty Helios controls the most +perfect symmetry of his motion within due limits, +then the goddess gladly leads him upwards to herself, +or rather keeps him by her side. And never did +this happen save in the manner that it happens +now; but forever is Attis the servant and charioteer +of the Mother; forever he yearns passionately towards +generation; and forever he cuts short his unlimited +course through the cause whose limits are fixed, even +the cause of the forms. In like manner the myth says +that he is led upwards as though from our earth, and +again resumes his ancient sceptre and dominion: +not that he ever lost it, or ever loses it now, +but the myth says that he lost it on account of +his union with that which is subject to passion and +change.) +</p> + +<p> +Ἀλλ᾽ ἐκεῖνο ἴσως ἄξιον προσαπορῆσαι· διττῆς +γὰρ οὔσης τῆς ἰσημερίας, [172] οὐ τὴν ἐν ταῖς χηλαῖς, +τὴν δὲ ἐν τῷ κριῷ προτιμῶσι. τίς οὖν αἰτία +τούτου, φανερὸν δήπουθεν. ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἡμῖν ὁ +ἥλιος ἄρχεται τότε πλησιάζειν ἀπὸ τῆς ἰσημερίας, +αὐξομένης οἶμαι τῆς ἡμέρας, ἔδοξεν οὗτος ὁ καιρὸς +ἁρμοδιώτερος. ἔξω γὰρ τῆς αἰτίας, ἥ φησι τοῖς +θεοῖς εἶναι τὸ φῶς σύνδρομον, ἔχειν οἰκείως πιστευτέον +τοῖς ἀφεθῆναι τῆς γενέσεως σπεύδουσι +τὰς ἀναγωγοὺς ἀκτῖνας ἡλίου. [B] σκόπει δὲ ἐναργῶς· +ἕλκει μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς πάντα καὶ προκαλεῖται<note place='foot'>προκαλεῖται Hertlein suggests, προσκαλεῖται MSS.</note> +καὶ βλαστάνειν ποιεῖ τῇ ζωπυρίδι καὶ +θαυμαστῇ θέρμῃ, διακρίνων οἶμαι πρὸς ἄκραν +λεπτότητα τὰ σώματα, καὶ τὰ φύσει φερόμενα +κάτω κουφίζει. τὰ δὴ τοιαῦτα τῶν ἀφανῶν +αὐτοῦ δυνάμεων ποιητέον τεκμήρια. ὁ γὰρ ἐν +τοῖς σώμασι διὰ τῆς σωματοειδοῦς θέρμης οὕτω +τοῦτο ἀπεργαζόμενος πῶς οὐ διὰ τῆς ἀφανοῦς καὶ +ἀσωμάτου πάντη καὶ θείας καὶ καθαρᾶς ἐν ταῖς +ἀκτῖσιν ἱδρυμένης οὐσίας ἕλξει καὶ ἀνάξει τὰς +εὐτυχεῖς ψυχάς; [C] οὐκοῦν ἐπειδὴ πέφηνεν οἰκεῖον +μὲν τοῖς θεοῖς τὸ φῶς τοῦτο καὶ τοῖς ἀναχθῆναι +σπεύδουσιν, αὔξεται δὲ ἐν τῷ παρ᾽ ἡμῖν κόσμῳ +τὸ τοιοῦτον, ὥστε εἶναι τὴν ἡμέραν μείζω τῆς +νυκτός, Ἡλίου τοῦ βασιλέως ἐπιπορεύεσθαι τὸν +κριὸν ἀρξαμένου· δέδεικται δὴ καὶ<note place='foot'>δὴ καὶ Hertlein suggests, δὲ καὶ V, καὶ MSS.</note> ἀναγωγὸν +<pb n='482'/><anchor id='Pg482'/><anchor id='Pg483'/> +φύσει τὸ τῶν ἀκτίνων τοῦ θεοῦ διά τε τῆς φανερᾶς +ἐνεργείας καὶ τῆς ἀφανοῦς, ὑφ᾽ ἧς παμπληθεῖς +ἀνήχθησαν ψυχαὶ [D] τῶν αἰσθήσεων ἀκολουθήσασαι +τῇ φανοτάτῃ καὶ μάλιστα ἡλιοειδεῖ. τὴν γὰρ +τοιαύτην τῶν ὀμμάτων αἴσθησιν οὐκ ἀγαπητὴν +μόνον οὐδὲ χρήσιμον εἰς τὸν βίον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς +σοφίαν ὁδηγὸν ὁ δαιμόνιος ἀνύμνησε Πλάτων.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Phaedrus</hi> 250 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Timaeus</hi> 47 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Republic</hi> 507-508.</note> εἰ +δὲ καὶ τῆς ἀρρήτου μυσταγωγίας ἁψαίμην, ἢν +ὁ Χαλδαῖος περὶ τὸν ἑπτάκτινα θεὸν ἐβάκχευσεν, +ἀνάγων δι᾽ αὐτοῦ τὰς ψυχάς, ἄγνωστα ἐρῶ, καὶ +μάλα γε ἄγνωστα τῷ συρφετῷ, [173] θεουργοῖς δὲ +τοῖς μακαρίοις γνώριμα· διόπερ αὐτὰ σιωπήσω +τανῦν. +</p> + +<p> +(But perhaps it is worth while to raise the following +question also. There are two equinoxes, but men +pay more honour to the equinox in the sign of Capricorn +than to that in the sign of Cancer.<note place='foot'>Porphyry, <hi rend='italic'>On the Cave of the Nymph</hi> 22, says that Cancer +and Capricorn are the two gates of the sun; and that souls +descend through Cancer and rise aloft through Capricorn.</note> Surely the +reason for this is evident. Since the sun begins to +approach us immediately after the spring equinox,—for +I need not say that then the days begin to +lengthen,—this seemed the more agreeable season. +For apart from the explanation which says that light +accompanies the gods, we must believe that the +uplifting rays<note place='foot'>This seems to identify Attis with the sun's rays.</note> of the sun are nearly akin to those +who yearn to be set free from generation. Consider +it clearly: the sun, by his vivifying and marvellous +heat, draws up all things from the earth and calls +them forth and makes them grow; and he separates, +I think, all corporeal things to the utmost degree of +tenuity, and makes things weigh light that naturally +have a tendency to sink. We ought then to make +these visible things proofs of his unseen powers. For +if among corporeal things he can bring this about +through his material heat, how should he not draw +and lead upwards the souls of the blessed by the +agency of the invisible, wholly immaterial, divine +and pure substance which resides in his rays? We +have seen then that this light is nearly akin to the +god, and to those who yearn to mount upwards, and +moreover, that this light increases in our world, so +that when Helios begins to enter the sign of Capricorn +the day becomes longer than the night. It +has also been demonstrated that the god's rays are +by nature uplifting; and this is due to his energy, +both visible and invisible, by which very many souls +have been lifted up out of the region of the senses, +because they were guided by that sense which is +clearest of all and most nearly like the sun. For +when with our eyes we perceive the sun's light, not +only is it welcome and useful for our lives, but also, +as the divine Plato said when he sang its praises, it +is our guide to wisdom. And if I should also touch +on the secret teaching of the Mysteries in which +the Chaldean,<note place='foot'>Chaldean astrology and the Chaldean oracles are often +cited with respect by the Neo-Platonists; for allusions to +their worship of the Seven-rayed Mithras (Helios) cf. +Damascius 294 and Proclus on <hi rend='italic'>Timaeus</hi> 1. 11.</note> divinely frenzied, celebrated the God +of the Seven Rays, that god through whom he lifts +up the souls of men, I should be saying what is +unintelligible, yea wholly unintelligible to the +common herd, but familiar to the happy theurgists.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>e.g.</hi> Iamblichus and especially Maximus of Ephesus who +is a typical theurgist of the fourth century <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> and was +supposed to work miracles.</note> +And so I will for the present be silent on that +subject.) +</p> + +<p> +Ὅπερ δὲ ἔλεγον, ὅτι καὶ τὸν καιρὸν οὐκ ἀλόγως +ὑποληπτέον, ἀλλ᾽ ὡς ἔνι μάλιστα μετὰ εἰκότος καὶ +ἀληθοῦς λόγου παρὰ τῶν παλαιῶν τῷ θεσμῷ +προστεθεῖσθαι, σημεῖον δὴ<note place='foot'>δὴ Shorey, δὲ Hertlein, MSS.</note> τούτου, ὅτι τὸν ἰσημερινὸν +κύκλον ἡ θεὸς αὐτὴ<note place='foot'>αὐτὴ Wright, αὕτη MSS., Hertlein.</note> κατενείματο. τελεῖται +γὰρ περὶ τὸν ζυγὸν Δηοῖ καὶ Κόρῃ τὰ σεμνὰ καὶ +<pb n='484'/><anchor id='Pg484'/><anchor id='Pg485'/> +ἀπόρρητα μυστήρια. [B] καὶ τοῦτο εἰκότως γίνεται. +χρὴ γὰρ καὶ ἀπιόντι τῷ θεῷ τελεσθῆναι πάλιν, +ἵνα μηδὲν ὑπὸ τῆς ἀθέου καὶ σκοτεινῆς δυσχερὲς +πάθωμεν ἐπικρατούσης δυνάμεως. δὶς γοῦν Ἀθηναῖοι +τῇ Δηοῖ τελοῦσι τὰ μυστήρια, ἐν αὐτῷ μὲν +τῷ κριῷ τὰ μικρὰ, φασί, μυστήρια, τὰ μεγάλα +δὲ περὶ τὰς χηλὰς ὄντος ἡλίου, δι᾽ ἃς ἔναγχος +ἔφην αἰτίας. μεγάλα δὲ ὠνομάσθαι καὶ μικρὰ +νομίζω καὶ ἄλλων ἕνεκα, μάλιστα δέ, ὡς εἰκός, +τούτου ἀποχωροῦντος τοῦ θεοῦ μᾶλλον ἤπερ +προσιόντος· [C] διόπερ ἐν τούτοις ὅσον εἰς ὑπόμνησιν +μόνον. ἅτε δὴ καὶ παρόντος τοῦ σωτῆρος καὶ +ἀναγωγοῦ θεοῦ, τὰ προτέλεια κατεβάλλοντο τῆς +τελετῆς· εἶτα μικρὸν ὕστερον ἁγνεῖαι συνεχεῖς +καὶ τῶν ἱερέων<note place='foot'>ἱερέων Hertlein suggests, ἱερῶν MSS.</note> ἁγιστεῖαι. ἀπιόντος δὲ λοιπὸν +τοῦ θεοῦ πρὸς τὴν ἀντίχθονα ζώνην, καὶ φυλακῆς +ἕνεκα καὶ σωτηρίας αὐτὸ τὸ κεφάλαιον ἐπιτελεῖται +τῶν μυστηρίων. ὅρα δέ· ὥσπερ ἐνταῦθα τὸ τῆς +γενέσεως αἴτιον ἀποτέμνεται, οὕτω δὲ καὶ παρὰ +Ἀθηναίοις οἱ τῶν ἀρρήτων ἁπτόμενοι παναγεῖς +εἰσι, [D] καὶ ὁ τούτων ἐξάρχων ἱεροφάντης ἀπέστραπται +πᾶσαν τὴν γένεσιν, ὡς οὐ μετὸν αὐτῷ +τῆς ἐπ᾽ ἄπειρον προόδου, τῆς ὡρισμένης δὲ καὶ +ἀεὶ μενούσης καὶ ἐν τῷ ἑνὶ συνεχομένης οὐσίας +ἀκηράτου τε καὶ καθαρᾶς. ὑπὲρ μὲν δὴ τούτων +ἀπόχρη τοσαῦτα. +</p> + +<p> +(I was saying that we ought not to suppose +that the ancients appointed the season of the +rites irrationally, but rather as far as possible +with plausible and true grounds of reason; and +indeed a proof of this is that the goddess herself +chose as her province the cycle of the +equinox. For the most holy and secret Mysteries +of Deo and the Maiden<note place='foot'>The Eleusinian Mysteries of Demeter and Persephone; the +Lesser were celebrated in February, the greater in September.</note> are celebrated when the +sun is in the sign of Libra, and this is quite +natural. For when the gods depart we must consecrate +ourselves afresh, so that we may suffer no +harm from the godless power of darkness that now +begins to get the upper hand. At any rate the +Athenians celebrate the Mysteries of Deo twice in +the year, and the Lesser Mysteries as they call them in the +sign of Capricorn, and the Great Mysteries when +the sun is in the sign of Cancer, and this for the +reason that I have just mentioned. And I think +that these Mysteries are called Great and Lesser for +several reasons, but especially, as is natural, they are +called great when the god departs rather than when +he approaches; and so the Lesser are celebrated only +by way of reminder.<note place='foot'>Plato, <hi rend='italic'>Gorgias</hi> 497 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>; Plutarch, <hi rend='italic'>Demetrius</hi> 900 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b</hi>.</note> I mean that when the saving +and uplifting god approaches, the preliminary rites +of the Mysteries take place. Then a little later +follow the rites of purification, one after another, +and the consecration of the priests. Then when the +god departs to the antipodes, the most important +ceremonies of the Mysteries are performed, for our +protection and salvation. And observe the following: +As in the festival of the Mother the instrument +of generation is severed, so too with the Athenians, +those who take part in the secret rites are wholly +chaste and their leader the hierophant forswears +generation; because he must not have aught to do +with the progress to the unlimited, but only with the +substance whose bounds are fixed, so that it abides +for ever and is contained in the One, stainless and +pure. On this subject I have said enough.) +</p> + +<p> +Λείπεται δὴ λοιπόν, ὡς εἰκός, ὑπέρ τε τῆς ἁγιστείας +αὐτῆς καὶ τῆς ἁγνείας διεξελθεῖν, ἵνα καὶ +<pb n='486'/><anchor id='Pg486'/><anchor id='Pg487'/> +ἐντεῦθεν λάβωμεν [174] εἰς τὴν ὑπόθεσιν εἴ τι συμβάλλεται. +γελοῖον δὲ αὐτίκα τοῖς πᾶσιν ἐκεῖνο φαίνεται· +κρεῶν μὲν ἅπτεσθαι δίδωσιν ὁ ἱερὸς νόμος, +ἀπαγορεύει δὲ τῶν σπερμάτων. οὐκ ἄψυχα μὲν +ἐκεῖνα, ταῦτα δὲ ἔμψυχα; οὐ καθαρὰ μὲν ἐκεῖνα, +ταῦτα δὲ αἵματος καὶ πολλῶν ἄλλων οὐκ εὐχερῶν +ὄψει τε καὶ ἀκοῇ πεπληρωμένα; οὐ, τὸ μέγιστον, +ἐκείνοις μὲν πρόσεστι τὸ μηδένα ἐκ τῆς ἐδωδῆς +ἀδικεῖσθαι, τούτοις δὲ τὸ καταθύεσθαι καὶ κατασφάττεσθαι +τὰ ζῷα ἀλγοῦντα γε, [B] ὡς εἰκός, καὶ +τρυχόμενα; ταῦτα πολλοὶ καὶ τῶν περιττῶν +εἴποιεν ἄν· ἐκεῖνα δὲ ἤδη κωμῳδοῦσι καὶ τῶν +ἀνθρώπων οἱ δυσσεβέστατοι. τὰ μὲν ὄρμενά +φασιν ἐσθίεσθαι τῶν λαχάνων, παραιτεῖσθαι δὲ +τὰς ῥίζας, ὥσπερ γογγυλίδας. καὶ σῦκα μὲν +ἐσθίεσθαί φασι, ῥοιὰς δὲ οὐκέτι καὶ μῆλα πρὸς +τούτοις. ταῦτα ἀκηκοὼς μινυριζόντων πολλῶν +πολλάκις, ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτὸς εἰρηκὼς<note place='foot'>αὐτὸς εἰρηκώς Hertlein suggests, εἰρηκὼς MSS.</note> πρότερον +ἔοικα ἐγὼ μόνος ἐκ πάντων πολλὴν εἴσεσθαι τοῖς +δεσπόταις θεοῖς μάλιστα μὲν ἅπασι, πρὸ τῶν +ἄλλων δὲ τῇ Μητρὶ [C] τῶν θεῶν, ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς +ἄλλοις ἅπασιν, οὕτω δὲ καὶ ἐν τούτῳ χάριν, ὅτι με +μὴ περιεῖδεν ὥσπερ ἐν σκότῳ πλανώμενον, ἀλλά +μοι πρῶτον μὲν ἐκέλευσεν ἀποκόψασθαι οὔτι +κατὰ τὸ σῶμα, κατὰ δὲ τὰς ψυχικὰς ἀλόγους +ὁρμὰς καὶ κινήσεις τῇ νοερᾷ καὶ προüφεστώσῃ<note place='foot'>προüφεστώσῃ Hertlein suggests, προεστεώσῃ MSS.</note> +τῶν ψυχῶν ἡμῶν αἰτίᾳ τὰ περιττὰ καὶ μάταια. +ἐπὶ νοῦν δὲ ἔδωκεν αὕτη λόγους τινὰς ἴσως οὐκ +ἀπᾴδοντας πάντη [D] τῆς ὑπὲρ θεῶν ἀληθοῦς ἅμα καὶ +<pb n='488'/><anchor id='Pg488'/><anchor id='Pg489'/> +εὐαγοῦς ἐπιστήμης. ἀλλ᾽ ἔοικα γάρ, ὥσπερ οὐκ +ἔχων ὅ τι φῶ, κύκλῳ περιτρέχειν. ἐμοὶ δὲ πάρεστι +μὲν καὶ καθ᾽ ἕκαστον ἐπιόντι σαφεῖς καὶ τηλαυγεῖς +αἰτίας ἀποδοῦναι, τοῦ χάριν ἡμῖν οὐ +θέμις ἐστὶ προσφέρεσθαι ταῦτα, ὧν ὁ θεῖος εἴργει +θεσμός· καὶ ποιήσω δὲ<note place='foot'>δὲ Hertlein suggests, γε MSS.</note> αὐτὸ μικρὸν ὕστερον· +ἄμεινον δὲ νῦν ὥσπερ τύπους τινὰς προθεῖναι καὶ +κανόνας, οἷς ἑπόμενοι, κἄν τι πολλάκις ὑπὸ τῆς +σπουδῆς παρέλθῃ τὸν λόγον, ἕξομεν ὑπὲρ τούτων +κρῖναι. +</p> + +<p> +(It only remains now to speak, as is fitting, about +the sacred rite itself, and the purification, so that from +these also I may borrow whatever contributes to +my argument. For example, everyone thinks that +the following is ridiculous. The sacred ordinance +allows men to eat meat, but it forbids them to eat +grains and fruits. What, say they, are not the latter +lifeless, whereas the former was once possessed of +life? Are not fruits pure, whereas meat is full of +blood and of much else that offends eye and ear? +But most important of all is it not the case that, +when one eats fruit nothing is hurt, while the eating +of meat involves the sacrifice and slaughter of +animals who naturally suffer pain and torment? So +would say many even of the wisest. But the following +ordinance is ridiculed by the most impious of +mankind also. They observe that whereas vegetables +that grows upwards can be eaten, roots are forbidden, +turnips, for instance; and they point out that figs +are allowed, but not pomegranates or apples either. +I have often heard many men saying this in +whispers, and I too in former days have said the same, +but now it seems that I alone of all men am bound +to be deeply grateful to the ruling gods, to all of +them, surely, but above all the rest to the Mother of +the Gods. For all things am I grateful to her, and +for this among the rest, that she did not disregard +me when I wandered as it were in darkness.<note place='foot'>cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 4. 131 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> For +first she bade me cut off no part indeed of my body, +but by the aid of the intelligible cause<note place='foot'>Attis.</note> that subsists +prior to our souls, all that was superfluous and vain +in the impulses and motions of my own soul. And +that cause gave me, to aid my understanding, certain +beliefs which are perhaps not wholly out of harmony +with the true and sacred knowledge of the gods. +But it looks as though, not knowing what to say +next, I were turning round in a circle. I can, however, +give clear and manifest reasons in every single +case why we are not allowed to eat this food which +is forbidden by the sacred ordinance, and presently +I will do this. But for the moment it is better to +bring forward certain forms, so to speak, and regulations +which we must observe in order to be able to +decide about these matters, though perhaps, owing to +my haste, my argument may pass some evidence by.) +</p> + +<p> +[175] Προσήκει δὲ πρῶτον ὑπομνῆσαι διὰ βραχέων, +τίνα τε ἔφαμεν εἶναι τὸν Ἄττιν καὶ τί τὴν ἐκτομήν, +τίνος τε εἶναι σύμβολα τὰ μετὰ τὴν +ἐκτομὴν ἄχρι τῶν Ἱλαρίων γινόμενα καὶ τί +βούλεσθαι τὴν ἁγνείαν. ὁ μὲν οὖν Ἄττις ἐλέγετο +αἰτία τις οὖσα καὶ θεός, ὁ προσεχῶς δημιουργῶν +τὸν ἔνυλον κόσμον, ὃς μέχρι τῶν ἐσχάτων κατιὼν +ἵσταται ὑπὸ τῆς ἡλίου δημιουργικῆς κινήσεως, +ὅταν ἐπὶ τῆς ἄκρως [B] ὡρισμένης τοῦ παντὸς ὁ θεὸς +γένηται περιφερείας, ᾗ<note place='foot'>ᾗ Hertlein suggests, οὗ MSS.</note> τῆς ἰσημερίας τοὔνομά +ἐστι κατὰ τὸ ἔργον. ἐκτομὴν δὲ ἐλέγομεν εἶναι +τῆς ἀπειρίας τὴν ἐποχήν, ἣν οὐκ ἄλλως ἢ διὰ τῆς +ἑπὶ τὰς πρεσβυτέρας καὶ ἀρχηγικωτέρας αἰτίας +ἀνακλήσεώς τε καὶ ἀναδύσεως συμβαίνειν. αὐτῆς +δὲ τῆς ἁγνείας φαμὲν τὸν σκοπὸν ἄνοδον τῶν +ψυχῶν. +</p> + +<p> +(First I had better remind you in a few words who +I said Attis is; and what his castration means; and +what is symbolised by the ceremonies that occur +between the castration and the Hilaria; and what is +meant by the rite of purification. Attis then +was declared to be an original cause and a god, the +direct creator of the material world, who descends +to the lowest limits and is checked by the creative +motion of the sun so soon as that god reaches the +exactly limited circuit of the universe, which is +called the equinox because of its effect in equalising +night and day.<note place='foot'>cf. 168 <hi rend='smallcaps'>d</hi>-169 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>, 171 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> And I said that the castration +meant the checking of limitlessness, which could +only be brought about through the summons and +resurrection of Attis to the more venerable and commanding +causes. And I said that the end and aim +of the rite of purification is the ascent of our souls.) +</p> + +<p> +Οὐκοῦν οὐκ ἐᾷ πρῶτον σιτεῖσθαι τὰ κατὰ γῆς +δυόμενα σπέρματα· ἔσχατον μὲν γὰρ τῶν ὄντων ἡ +γῆ. ἐνταῦθα δέ φησιν ἀπελαθέντα καὶ Πλάτων +τὰ κακὰ στρέφεσθαι, καὶ διὰ τῶν λογίων οἱ θεοὶ +<pb n='490'/><anchor id='Pg490'/><anchor id='Pg491'/> +σκύβαλον αὐτὸ πολλαχοῦ καλοῦσι, [C] καὶ φεύγειν +ἐντεῦθεν παρακελεύονται.<note place='foot'>παρακελεύονται Wyttenbach, μολλαχοῦ παρακελεύονται +Hertlein, MSS.</note> πρῶτον οὖν ἡ ζωογόνος +καὶ προμηθὴς θεὸς οὐδὲ ἄχρι τῆς τῶν σωμάτων +τροφῆς ἐπιτρέπει τοῖς κατὰ γῆς δυομένοις χρῆσθαι, +παραινοῦσά γε πρὸς τὸν οὐρανόν, μᾶλλον δὲ +καὶ ὑπὲρ τὸν οὐρανὸν βλέπειν. ἑνί τινες κέχρηνται +σπέρματι, τοῖς λοβοῖς, οὐ σπέρμα μᾶλλον ἢ +λάχανον αὐτὸ νομίζοντες [D] εἶναι τῷ πεφυκέναι πως +ἀνωφερὲς καὶ ὀρθὸν καὶ οὐδὲ ἐρριζῶσθαι κατὰ +τῆς γῆς· ἐρρίζωται δὲ ὥσπερ ἐκ δένδρου κιττοῦ +τινος ἢ καὶ ἀμπέλου καρπὸς ἤρτηται καὶ καλάμης.<note place='foot'>The construction of καὶ καλάμης is not clear; Petavius +suspects corruption or omission.</note> +ἀπηγόρευται μὲν οὖν ἡμῖν σπέρματι χρῆσθαι διὰ +τοῦτο φυτῶν, ἐπιτέτραπται δὲ χρῆσθαι καρποῖς +καὶ λαχάνοις, οὐ τοῖς χαμαιζήλοις, ἀλλὰ τοῖς ἐκ +γῆς αἰρομένοις ἄνω μετεώροις. ταύτῃ τοι καὶ τῆς +γογγυλίδος τὸ μὲν γεωχαρὲς ὡς χθόνιον ἐπιτάττει +παραιτεῖσθαι, [176] τὸ δὲ ἀναδυόμενον ἄνω καὶ εἰς ὕψος +αἰρόμενον ὡς αὐτῷ τούτῳ καθαρὸν τυγχάνον +δίδωσι προσένεγκασθαι. τῶν γοῦν λαχάνων ὀρμένοις +μὲν συγχωρεῖ χρῆσθαι, ῥίζαις δὲ ἀπαγορεύει +καὶ μάλιστα ταῖς ἐντρεφομέναις καὶ συμπαθούσαις +τῇ γῇ. καὶ μὴν καὶ τῶν δένδρων μῆλα μὲν ὡς ἱερὰ +καὶ χρυσᾶ καὶ ἀρρήτων ἄθλων καὶ τελεστικῶν +εἰκόνας καταφθείρειν οὐκ ἐπέτρεψε καὶ καταναλίσκειν, +ἄξιά γε ἄντα τῶν ἀρχετύπων χάριν τοῦ +<pb n='492'/><anchor id='Pg492'/><anchor id='Pg493'/> +σέβεσθαί τε καὶ θεραπεύεσθαι· [B] ῥοιὰς δὲ ὡς φυτὸν +χθόνιον παρῃτήσατο, καὶ τοῦ φοίνικος δὲ τὸν +καρπὸν ἴσως μὲν ἄν τις εἴποι διὰ τὸ μὴ γίνεσθαι +περὶ τὴν Φρυγίαν, ἔνθα πρῶτον ὁ θεσμὸς κατέστη· +ἐμοὶ δὲ δοκεῖ μᾶλλον ὡς ἱερὸν ἡλίου τὸ φυτὸν +ἀγήρων τε ὂν οὐ συγχωρῆσαι καταναλίσκειν ἐν +ταῖς ἀγιστείαις εἰς τροφὴν σώματος. ἐπὶ τούτοις +ἀπηγόρευται ἰχθύσιν ἅπασι χρῆσθαι. κοινὸν δέ +ἐστι τοῦτο [C] καὶ πρὸς Αἰγυπτίους τὸ πρόβλημα. +δοκεῖ δὲ ἔμοιγε δυοῖν ἕνεκεν ἄν τις ἰχθύων μάλιστα +μὲν ἀεί, πάντως δὲ ἐν ταῖς ἁγιστείαις ἀποσχέσθαι, +ἑνὸς μέν, ὅτι τούτων, ἃ μὴ θύομεν τοῖς θεοῖς, οὐδὲ +σιτεῖσθαι προσήκει. δέος δὲ ἴσως οὐδέν, μή πού +τις ἐνταῦθα λίχνος καὶ γάστρις ἐπιλάβηταί μου, +ὥς που καὶ πρότερον ἤδη παθὼν αὐτὸ διαμνημονεύω, +<q>Διὰ τί δέ; οὐχὶ καὶ θύομεν αὐτῶν +πολλάκις τοῖς θεοῖς</q>; εἰπόντος ἀκούσας. ἀλλ᾽ +εἴχομέν τι καὶ πρὸς τοῦτο εἰπεῖν. [D] καὶ θύομέν γε, +ἔφην, ὦ μακάριε, ἔν τισι τελεστικαῖς θυσίαις, ὡς +ἵππον Ῥωμαῖοι, ὡς πολλὰ καὶ ἄλλα θηρία καὶ +ζῷα, κύνας ἴσως Ἕλληνες Ἑκάτῃ καὶ Ῥωμαῖοι +δέ· καὶ πολλὰ παρ᾽ ἄλλοις ἐστὶ τῶν τελεστικῶν, +καὶ δημοσίᾳ ταῖς πόλεσιν ἅπαξ τοῦ ἔτους ἢ δὶς +τοιαῦτα θύματα, ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἐν ταῖς τιμητηρίοις, ὧν +μόνων κοινωνεῖν ἄξιον καὶ τραπεζοῦν θεοῖς. τοὺς +δὲ ἰχθύας ἐν ταῖς τιμητηρίοις οὐ θύομεν, ὅτι μήτε +<pb n='494'/><anchor id='Pg494'/><anchor id='Pg495'/> +νέμομεν, [177] μήτε τῆς γενέσεως αὐτῶν ἐπιμελούμεθα, +μήτε ἡμῖν εἰσιν ἀγέλαι καθάπερ προβάτων καὶ +βοῶν οὕτω δὲ καὶ τῶν ἰχθύων. ταῦτα μὲν γὰρ +ὑφ᾽ ἡμῶν βοηθούμενα τὰ ζῷα καὶ πληθύνοντα διὰ +τοῦτο δικαίως ἂν ἡμῖν εἴς τε τὰς ἄλλας χρείας +ἐπικουροίη καὶ πρό γε τῶν ἄλλων ἐς τιμητηρίους +θυσίας. εἷς μὲν δὴ λόγος οὗτος, δι᾽ ὃν οὐκ οἶμαι +δεῖν ἰχθὺν ἐν ἁγνείας καιρῷ προσφέρεσθαι τροφήν. +ἕτερος δέ, ὃν καὶ μᾶλλον ἡγοῦμαι τοῖς προειρημένοις +ἁρμόζειν, ὅτι τρόπον τινὰ καὶ αὐτοὶ κατὰ +τοῦ βυθοῦ δεδυκότες εἶεν [B] ἂν χθονιώτεροι τῶν +σπερμάτων, ὁ δὲ ἐπιθυμῶν ἀναπτῆναι καὶ μετέωρος +ὑπὲρ τὸν ἀέρα πρὸς αὐτὰς οὐρανοῦ πτῆναι κορυφὰς +δικαίως ἂν ἀποστρέφοιτο πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα, +μεταθέοι δὲ καὶ μετατρέχοι τὰ τεινόμενα πρὸς τὸν +ἀέρα καὶ σπεύδοντα πρὸς τὸ ἄναντες καί, ἵνα +ποιητικώτερον<note place='foot'>ποιητικώτερον Naber, τι καὶ ποιητικὸν Hertlein, MSS.</note> εἴπω, πρὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν ὁρῶντα.<note place='foot'>ὁρμῶντα Naber.</note> +ὄρνισιν οὖν ἐπιτρέπει χρῆσθαι πλὴν ὀλίγων, οὓς +ἱεροὺς εἶναι πάντῃ συμβέβηκε, καὶ τῶν τετραπόδων +τοῖς συνήθεσιν ἔξω [C] τοῦ χοίρου. τοῦτον δὲ ὡς +χθόνιον πάντη μορφῇ τε καὶ τῷ βίῳ καὶ αὐτῷ τῷ +τῆς οὐσίας λόγῳ. περιττωματικός τε γὰρ καὶ +παχὺς τὴν σάρκα· τῆς ἱερᾶς ἀποκηρύττει τροφῆς. +φίλον γὰρ εἶναι πεπίστευται θῦμα τοῖς χθονίοις +θεοῖς οὐκ ἀπεικότως. ἀθέατον γάρ ἐστιν οὐρανοῦ +τουτὶ τὸ ζῷον, οὐ μόνον οὐ βουλόμενον, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ +πεφυκὸς ἀναβλέψαι ποτέ. τοιαύτας μὲν δὴ +<pb n='496'/><anchor id='Pg496'/><anchor id='Pg497'/> +αἰτίας ὑπὲρ τῆς ἀποχῆς ὧν ἀπέχεσθαι δεῖ εἴρηκεν +ὁ θεῖος θεσμός· [D] οἱ ξυνιέντες δὲ κοινούμεθα τοῖς +ἐπισταμένοις θεούς. +</p> + +<p> +(For this reason then the ordinance forbids us first +to eat those fruits that grow downwards in the earth. +For the earth is the last and lowest of things. And +Plato also says<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Theaetetus</hi> 176 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>; cf. <hi rend='italic'>Oration</hi> 2. 90 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a</hi>.</note> that evil, exiled from the gods, +now moves on earth; and in the oracles the gods +often call the earth refuse, and exhort us to escape +thence. And so, in the first place, the life-generating +god who is our providence does not allow us to +use to nourish our bodies fruits that grow under the +earth; and thereby enjoins that we turn our eyes +towards the heavens, or rather above the heavens.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> to the intelligible world and the One; cf. 169 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>.</note> +One kind of fruit of the earth, however, some people +do eat, I mean fruit in pods, because they regard +this as a vegetable rather than a fruit, since it grows +with a sort of upward tendency and is upright, and +not rooted below the soil; I mean that it is rooted +like the fruit of the ivy that hangs on a tree or of +the vine that hangs on a stem. For this reason then +we are forbidden to eat seeds and certain plants, but +we are allowed to eat fruit and vegetables, only not +those that creep on the ground, but those that are +raised up from the earth and hang high in the air. +It is surely for this reason that the ordinance bids us +also avoid that part of the turnip which inclines to +the earth since it belongs to the under world, but +allows us to eat that part which grows upwards and +attains to some height, since by that very fact it is +pure. In fact it allows us to eat any vegetables that +grow upwards, but forbids us roots, and especially +those which are nourished in and influenced by the +earth. Moreover in the case of trees it does not allow +us to destroy and consume apples, for these are sacred +and golden and are the symbols of secret and mystical +rewards. Rather are they worthy to be reverenced +and worshipped for the sake of their archetypes. +And pomegranates are forbidden because they belong +to the under-world; and the fruit of the date-palm, +perhaps one might say because the date-palm does +not grow in Phrygia where the ordinance was first +established. But my own theory is rather that it is +because this tree is sacred to the sun, and is perennial, +that we are forbidden to use it to nourish our bodies +during the sacred rites. Besides these, the use of +all kinds of fish is forbidden. This is a question of +interest to the Egyptians as well as to ourselves. +Now my opinion is that for two reasons we ought to +abstain from fish, at all times if possible, but above +all during the sacred rites. One reason is that it is +not fitting that we should eat what we do not use in +sacrifices to the gods. And perhaps I need not be +afraid that hereupon some greedy person who is the +slave of his belly will take me up, though as I +remember that very thing happened to me once +before; and then I heard someone objecting: +<q>What do you mean? Do we not often sacrifice +fish to the gods?</q> But I had an answer ready for +this question also. <q>My good sir,</q> I said, <q>it is +true that we make offerings of fish in certain mystical +sacrifices, just as the Romans sacrifice the horse and +many other animals too, both wild and domesticated, +and as the Greeks and the Romans too sacrifice dogs +to Hecate. And among other nations also many other +animals are offered in the mystic cults; and sacrifices +of that sort take place publicly in their cities once +or twice a year. But that is not the custom +in the sacrifices which we honour most highly, in +which alone the gods deign to join us and to share +our table. In those most honoured sacrifices we do +not offer fish, for the reason that we do not tend +fish, nor look after the breeding of them, and we do +not keep flocks of fish as we do of sheep and cattle. +For since we foster these animals and they multiply +accordingly, it is only right that they should serve for +all our uses and above all for the sacrifices that we +honour most.</q> This then is one reason why I +think we ought not to use fish for food at the time of +the rite of purification. The second reason which is, +I think, even more in keeping with what I have just +said, is that, since fish also, in a manner of speaking, +go down into the lowest depths, they, even more +than seeds, belong to the under-world. But he who +longs to take flight upwards and to mount aloft +above this atmosphere of ours, even to the highest +peaks of the heavens, would do well to abstain from +all such food. He will rather pursue and follow +after things that tend upwards towards the air, and +strive to the utmost height, and, if I may use a +poetic phrase, look upward to the skies. Birds, for +example, we may eat, except only those few which +are commonly held sacred,<note place='foot'>Porphyry, <hi rend='italic'>On Abstinence</hi> 3. 5, gives a list of these sacred +birds; <hi rend='italic'>e.g.</hi> the owl sacred to Athene, the eagle to Zeus, the +crane to Demeter.</note> and ordinary four-footed +animals, except the pig. This animal is banned as +food during the sacred rites because by its shape and +way of life, and the very nature of its substance—for +its flesh is impure and coarse—it belongs wholly +to the earth. And therefore men came to believe +that it was an acceptable offering to the gods of the +under-world. For this animal does not look up at +the sky, not only because it has no such desire, but +because it is so made that it can never look upwards. +These then are the reasons that have been given +by the divine ordinance for abstinence from such +food as we ought to renounce. And we who comprehend +share our knowledge with those who know +the nature of the gods.) +</p> + +<p> + Ὕπὲρ δὲ ὧν ἐπιτρέπει χρῆσθαι λέγομεν τοσοῦτον, +ὡς οὐ πᾶσιν ἅπαντα,<note place='foot'>ἅπαντα Hertlein suggests, ἅπαντας MSS.</note> τὸ δυνατὸν δὲ ὁ θεῖος +νόμος τῇ ἀνθρωπίνῃ φύσει σκοπῶν ἐπέτρεψε +χρῆσθαι τουτοισὶ τοῖς πολλοῖς, οὐχ ἵνα πᾶσι +πάντες ἐξ ἀνάγκης χρησώμεθα· τοῦτο μὲν γὰρ +ἴσως οὐκ εὔκολον· ἀλλ᾽ ὅπως ἐκείνῳ, ὅτῳ ἄρα +πρῶτον [178] μὲν ἡ τοῦ σώματος συγχωρεῖ<note place='foot'>συγχωρεῖ Hertlein suggests, συγχωροίη MSS.</note> δύναμις, +εἶτά τις περιουσία συντρέχει καὶ τρίτον ἡ προαίρεσις, +ἣν ἐν τοῖς ἱεροῖς οὕτως ἄξιον ἐπιτείνειν, +ὥστε καὶ ὑπὲρ τὴν τοῦ σώματος δύναμιν ὁρμᾶν +καὶ προθυμεῖσθαι τοῖς θείοις ἀκολουθεῖν θεσμοῖς. +ἔστι γὰρ δὴ τοῦτο μάλιστα μὲν ἀνυσιμώτερον +αὐτῇ τῇ ψυχῇ πρὸς σωτηρίαν, εἰ μείζονα λόγον +αὑτῆς, [B] ἀλλὰ μὴ τοῦ σώματος τῆς ἀσφαλείας +ποιήσαιτο, πρὸς δὲ καὶ αὐτὸ τὸ σῶμα μείζονος +καὶ θαυμασιωτέρας φαίνεται λεληθότως τῆς +ὠφελείας μεταλαγχάνον. ὅταν γὰρ ἡ ψυχὴ +πᾶσαν ἑαυτὴν δῷ τοῖς θεοῖς, ὅλα τὰ καθ᾽ ἑαυτὴν +ἐπιτρέψασα τοῖς κρείττοσιν, ἑπομένης οἶμαι τῆς +ἁγιστείας καὶ πρό γε ταύτης τῶν θείων θεσμῶν +ἡγουμένων, ὄντος οὐδενὸς λοιπὸν τοῦ ἀπείργοντος +καὶ ἐμποδίζοντος· πάντα γάρ ἐστιν ἐν τοῖς θεοῖς +καὶ πάντα περὶ αὐτοὺς ὑφέστηκε καὶ πάντα τῶν +θεῶν ἐστι πλήρη· αὐτίκα μὲν αὐταῖς ἐλλάμπει +τὸ θεῖον φῶς, θεωθεῖσαι δὲ αὗται τόνον τινὰ καὶ +<pb n='498'/><anchor id='Pg498'/><anchor id='Pg499'/> +ῥώμην ἐπιτιθέασι [C] τῷ συμφύτῳ πνεύματι, τοῦτο +δὲ ὑπ᾽ αὐτῶν στομούμενον ὥσπερ καὶ κρατυνόμενον +σωτηρίας ἐστιν αἴτιον ὅλῳ τῷ σώματι. +τὸ δὲ ὅτι μάλιστα μὲν πάσας τὰς νόσους, εἰ δὲ +μή, ὅτι τὰς πλείστας καὶ μεγίστας ἐκ τῆς τοῦ +πνεύματος εἶναι τροπῆς καὶ παραφορᾶς συμβέβηκεν, +οὐδεὶς ὅστις οἶμαι τῶν Ἀσκληπιαδῶν οὐ +φήσει.<note place='foot'>φήσει Hertlein suggests, φήσειεν MSS.</note> οἱ μὲν γὰρ καὶ πάσας φασίν, οἱ δὲ τὰς +πλείστας καὶ μεγίστας καὶ ἰαθῆναι χαλεπωτάτας· +μαρτυρεῖ δὲ τούτοις [D] καὶ τὰ τῶν θεῶν λόγια, φημὶ +δέ, ὅτι διὰ τῆς ἁγιστείας οὐχ ἡ ψυχὴ μόνον, +ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ σώματα βοηθείας πολλῆς καὶ +σωτηρίας ἀξιοῦται· σώζεσθαι γάρ σφισι καὶ τὸ +<q>πικρᾶς ὕλης περίβλημα βρότειον</q> οἱ θεοὶ τοῖς +ὑπεράγνοις παρακελευόμενοι τῶν θεουργῶν κατεπαγγέλλονται. +</p> + +<p> +(And to the question what food is permitted I will +only say this. The divine law does not allow all +kinds of food to all men, but takes into account what +is possible to human nature and allows us to eat +most animals, as I have said. It is not as though we +must all of necessity eat all kinds—for perhaps that +would not be convenient—but we are to use first +what our physical powers allow; secondly, what is +at hand in abundance; thirdly, we are to exercise +our own wills. But at the season of the sacred +ceremonies we ought to exert those wills to the +utmost so that we may attain to what is beyond our +ordinary physical powers, and thus may be eager +and willing to obey the divine ordinances. For it is +by all means more effective for the salvation of the +soul itself that one should pay greater heed to its +safety than to the safety of the body. And moreover +the body too seems thereby to share insensibly +in that great and marvellous benefit. For when the +soul abandons herself wholly to the gods, and +entrusts her own concerns absolutely to the higher +powers, and then follow the sacred rites—these +too being preceded by the divine ordinances—then, +I say, since there is nothing to hinder or prevent—for +all things reside in the gods, all things subsist in +relation to them, all things are filled with the gods—straightway +the divine light illumines our souls. +And thus endowed with divinity they impart a +certain vigour and energy to the breath<note place='foot'>cf. Aristotle, <hi rend='italic'>On the Generation of Animals</hi> 736 b. +37, for the breath πνεῦμα, that envelops the disembodied +soul and resembles aether. The Stoics sometimes defined +the soul as a <q>warm breath,</q> ἔνθερμον πνεῦμα.</note> implanted +in them by nature; and so that breath is hardened +as it were and strengthened by the soul, and hence +gives health to the whole body. For I think not +one of the sons of Asclepios would deny that all +diseases, or at any rate very many and those the +most serious, are caused by the disturbance and +derangement of the breathing. Some doctors assert +that all diseases, others that the greater number and +the most serious and hardest to cure, are due to this. +Moreover the oracles of the gods bear witness +thereto, I mean that by the rite of purification not +the soul alone but the body as well is greatly +benefited and preserved. Indeed the gods when +they exhort those theurgists who are especially holy, +announce to them that their <q>mortal husk of raw +matter</q><note place='foot'>The phrase probably occurred in an oracular verse.</note> shall be preserved from perishing.) +</p> + +<p> +Τίς οὖν ἡμῖν ὑπολείπεται λόγος, ἄλλως τε καὶ +ἐν βραχεῖ νυκτὸς μέρει ταῦτα ἀπνευστὶ ξυνεῖραι<note place='foot'>Oration 6. 203 <hi rend='smallcaps'>c</hi>; Demosthenes, <hi rend='italic'>De Corona</hi> 308, συνείρει +... ἀπνευστί.</note> +συγχωρηθεῖσιν, οὐδὲν οὔτε προανεγνωκόσιν οὔτε +σκεψαμένοις περὶ αὐτῶν, [179] ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ προελομένοις +ὑπὲρ τούτων εἰπεῖν πρὶν ἢ τὰς δέλτους ταύτας +αἰτῆσαι; μάρτυς δὲ ἡ θεός μοι τοῦ λόγου. ἀλλ᾽, +ὅπερ ἔφην, τί τὸ λειπόμενον ἡμῖν ὑμνῆσαι τὴν +θεὸν μετὰ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς καὶ τοῦ Διονύσου, ὧν +δὴ καὶ τὰς ἑορτὰς ἐν ταύταις ἔθετο ταῖς ἁγιστείαις +ὁ νόμος; ὁρῶ μὲν τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς πρὸς τὴν +<pb n='500'/><anchor id='Pg500'/><anchor id='Pg501'/> +Μητέρα τῶν θεῶν διὰ τῆς προνοητικῆς ἐν ἑκατέραις +ταῖς οὐσίαις ὁμοιότητος [B] τὴν συγγένειαν +ἐπισκοπῶ δὲ καὶ τὴν Διονύσου μεριστὴν δημιουργίαν, +ἣν ἐκ τῆς ἑνοειδοῦς καὶ μονίμου ζωῆς τοῦ +μεγάλου Διὸς ὁ μέγας Διόνυσος παραδεξάμενος, +ἅτε καὶ προελθὼν ἐξ ἐκείνου, τοῖς φαινομένοις +ἅπασιν ἐγκατένειμεν, ἐπιτροπεύων καὶ βασιλεύων +τῆς μεριστῆς συμπάσης δημιουργίας. προσήκει +δὲ σὺν τούτοις ὑμνῆσαι καὶ τὸν Ἐπαφρόδιτον +Ἑρμῆν· [C] καλεῖται γὰρ οὕτως ὑπὸ τῶν μυστῶν ὁ +θεὸς οὗτος, ὅσοι λαμπάδας φασὶν ἀνάπτειν +Ἄττιδι τῷ σοφῷ. τίς οὖν οὕτω παχὺς τὴν +ψυχήν, ὃς οὐ συνίησιν, ὅτι δι᾽ Ἑρμοῦ μὲν καὶ +Ἀφροδίτης ἀνακαλεῖται πάντα πανταχοῦ τὰ τῆς +γενέσεως ἔχοντα τὸ ἕνεκά του<note place='foot'>ἕνεκά του Shorey, ἕνεκα τοῦ Hertlein, MSS.</note> πάντη καὶ πάντως +ὃ τοῦ λόγου μάλιστα ἴδιόν ἐστιν; Ἄττις δὲ οὐχ +οὗτος ἐστιν ὁ μικρῷ πρόσθεν ἄφρων, νῦν δὲ +ἀκούων διὰ τὴν ἐκτομὴν σοφός; ἄφρων μὲν ὅτι +τὴν ὕλην εἵλετο καὶ τὴν γένεσιν ἐπιτροπεύει, +σοφὸς δὲ ὅτι τὸ σκύβαλον τοῦτο εἰς κάλλος +ἐκόσμησε τοσοῦτον [D] καὶ μετέστησεν, ὅσον οὐδεμί +ἂν μιμήσαιτο ἀνθρώπων τέχνη καὶ σένεσις. +ἀλλὰ τί πέρας ἔσται μοι τῶν λόγων; ἢ δῆλον ὡς +ὁ τῆς μεγάλης ὕμνος θεοῦ; +</p> + +<p> +(And now what is left for me to say? Especially +since it was granted me to compose this hymn at a +breath, in the short space of one night, without +having read anything on the subject beforehand, or +thought it over. Nay, I had not even planned to +speak thereof until the moment that I asked for +these writing-tablets. May the goddess bear witness +to the truth of my words! Nevertheless, as I said +before, does there not still remain for me to celebrate +the goddess in her union with Athene and Dionysus? +For the sacred law established their festivals at the +very time of her sacred rites. And I recognise the +kinship of Athene and the Mother of the Gods +through the similarity of the forethought that inheres +in the substance of both goddesses. And I discern +also the divided creative function of Dionysus, which +great Dionysus received from the single and abiding +principle of life that is in mighty Zeus. For from +Zeus he proceeded, and he bestows that life on all +things visible, controlling and governing the creation +of the whole divisible world. Together with these +gods we ought to celebrate Hermes Epaphroditus.<note place='foot'>The epithet means <q>favoured by Aphrodite.</q></note> +For so this god is entitled by the initiated who say +that he kindles the torches for wise Attis. And who +has a soul so dense as not to understand that through +Hermes and Aphrodite are invoked all generated +things everywhere, since they everywhere and +throughout have a purpose which is peculiarly appropriate +to the Logos?<note place='foot'>In this rendering of λόγος (which may here mean +<q>Reason</q>) I follow Mau p. 113, and Asmus, <hi rend='italic'>Julians +Galiläerschrift</hi> p. 31.</note> But is not this Logos Attis, +who not long ago was out of his senses, but now +through his castration is called wise? Yes, he was +out of his senses because he preferred matter and +presides over generation, but he is wise because +he adorned and transformed this refuse, our earth, +with such beauty as no human art or cunning could +imitate. But how shall I conclude my discourse? +Surely with this hymn to the Great Goddess.) +</p> + +<p> +Ὦ θεῶν καὶ ἀνθρώπων μῆτερ, ὦ τοῦ μεγάλου +σύνθωκε καὶ σύνθρονε Διός, ὦ πηγὴ τῶν νοερῶν +θεῶν, ὦ τῶν νοητῶν ταῖς ἀχράντοις οὐσίαις συνδραμοῦσα +καὶ τὴν κοινὴν ἐκ πάντων αἰτίαν παραδεξαμένη +[180] καὶ τοῖς νοεροῖς ἐνδιδοῦσα ζωογόνε θεὰ +<pb n='502'/><anchor id='Pg502'/><anchor id='Pg503'/> +καὶ μῆτις καὶ πρόνοια καὶ τῶν ἡμετέρων ψυχῶν +δημιουργέ, ὦ τὸν μέγαν Διόνυσον ἀγαπῶσα καὶ +τὸν Ἄττιν ἐκτεθέντα περισωσαμένη καὶ πάλιν +αὐτὸν εἰς τὸ γῆς ἄντρον καταδυόμενον ἐπανάγουσα, +ὦ πάντων μὲν ἀγαθῶν τοῖς νοεροῖς ἡγουμένη +θεοῖς, πάντων δὲ ἀποπληροῦσα τὸν αἰσθητὸν +κόσμον, πάντα δὲ ἡμῖν ἐν πᾶσιν ἀγαθὰ χαρισαμένη, +δίδου πᾶσι [B] μὲν ἀνθρώποις εὐδαιμονίαν, +ἧς τὸ κεφάλαιον ἡ τῶν θεῶν γνῶσίς ἐστι, +κοινῇ δὲ τῷ Ῥωμαίων δήμῳ, μάλιστα μὲν +ἀποτρίψασθαι τῆς ἀθεότητος τὴν κηλίδα, πρὸς +δὲ καὶ τὴν τύχην εὐμενῆ συνδιακυβερνῶσαν αὐτῷ +τὰ τῆς ἀρχῆς πολλὰς χιλιάδας ἐτῶν, ἐμοὶ δὲ +καρπὸν γενέσθαι τῆς περὶ σὲ θεραπείας ἀλήθειαν +ἐν τοῖς περὶ θεῶν δόγμασιν, ἐν θεουργίᾳ τελειότητα, +πάντων ἔργων, οἷς προσερχόμεθα περὶ τὰς +πολιτικὰς [C] καὶ στρατιωτικὰς πράξεις,<note place='foot'>πράξεις Hertlein suggests, τάξεις MSS.</note> ἀρετὴν μετὰ +τῆς ἀγαθῆς τύχης καὶ τὸ τοῦ βίου πέρας ἄλυπον +τε καὶ εὐδόκιμον μετὰ τῆς ἀγαθῆς ἐλπίδος τῆς ἐπὶ +τῇ παρ᾽ ὑμᾶς πορείᾳ. +</p> + +<p> +(O Mother of gods and men, thou that art the +assessor of Zeus and sharest his throne, O source of +the intellectual gods, that pursuest thy course with +the stainless substance of the intelligible gods; that +dost receive from them all the common cause of +things and dost thyself bestow it on the intellectual +gods; O life-giving goddess that art the counsel and +the providence and the creator of our souls; O thou +that lovest great Dionysus, and didst save Attis when +exposed at birth, and didst lead him back when he +had descended into the cave of the nymph; O thou +that givest all good things to the intellectual gods +and fillest with all things this sensible world, and +with all the rest givest us all things good! Do thou +grant to all men happiness, and that highest happiness +of all, the knowledge of the gods; and grant to +the Roman people in general that they may cleanse +themselves of the stain of impiety; grant them a +blessed lot, and help them to guide their Empire for +many thousands of years! And for myself, grant me +as fruit of my worship of thee that I may have true +knowledge in the doctrines about the gods. Make +me perfect in theurgy. And in all that I undertake, +in the affairs of the state and the army, grant +me virtue and good fortune, and that the close of my +life may be painless and glorious, in the good hope +that it is to you, the gods, that I journey!) +</p> + +</div> + +</div> + +<pb n='507'/><anchor id='Pg507'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Index</head> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>References to Homer are not given on account of their number.</hi> +</p> + +<lg> +<l>Achilles, <ref target='Pg133'>133</ref>, <ref target='Pg143'>143</ref>, <ref target='Pg147'>147</ref>, <ref target='Pg155'>155</ref>, <ref target='Pg161'>161</ref>, <ref target='Pg181'>181</ref>, <ref target='Pg199'>199</ref>, <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Acropolis, the, <ref target='Pg445'>445</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Adonis, <ref target='Pg439'>439</ref>, <ref target='Pg440'>440</ref>, <ref target='Pg443'>443</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Aeetes, <ref target='Pg221'>221</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Aeneas, <ref target='Pg421'>421</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Aeschines, <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Aeschylus, <ref target='Pg199'>199</ref>, <ref target='Pg409'>409</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Agamemnon, <ref target='Pg133'>133</ref>, <ref target='Pg145'>145</ref>, <ref target='Pg181'>181</ref>, <ref target='Pg199'>199</ref>, <ref target='Pg253'>253</ref>, <ref target='Pg263'>263</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Agesilaus, <ref target='Pg039'>39</ref>, <ref target='Pg113'>113</ref>, <ref target='Pg279'>279</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ajax, <ref target='Pg147'>147</ref>, <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Alcibiades, <ref target='Pg033'>33</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Alcinous, <ref target='Pg141'>141</ref>, <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref>, <ref target='Pg281'>281</ref>, <ref target='Pg283'>283</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Alexander, <ref target='Pg025'>25</ref>, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref>, <ref target='Pg107'>107</ref>, <ref target='Pg111'>111</ref>, <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>, <ref target='Pg145'>145</ref>, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref>, <ref target='Pg229'>229</ref>, <ref target='Pg253'>253</ref>, <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref>, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Alexandria, <ref target='Pg429'>429</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Aloadae, the, <ref target='Pg073'>73</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Alps, the, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref>, <ref target='Pg199'>199</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Amazon, the, <ref target='Pg339'>339</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ammianus, Marcellinus, <ref target='Pg365'>365</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Antioch, <ref target='Pg105'>105</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Antiochus, king, <ref target='Pg167'>167</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Antony, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Aphrodite, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>, <ref target='Pg411'>411</ref>, <ref target='Pg419'>419</ref>, <ref target='Pg421'>421</ref>, <ref target='Pg501'>501</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Apollo, <ref target='Pg348'>348</ref>, <ref target='Pg357'>357</ref>, <ref target='Pg369'>369</ref>, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref>, <ref target='Pg393'>393</ref>, <ref target='Pg409'>409</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Aquileia, <ref target='Pg099'>99</ref>, <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref>, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Arabs, the, <ref target='Pg053'>53</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Arcadians, the, <ref target='Pg207'>207</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Arcesilaus, <ref target='Pg279'>279</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Archidamus, <ref target='Pg207'>207</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Archilochus, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Archimedes, <ref target='Pg075'>75</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Areopagus, the, <ref target='Pg163'>163</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Argolis, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Argos, <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref>, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Arion, <ref target='Pg297'>297</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Aristophanes, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref>, <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Aristotle, <ref target='Pg279'>279</ref>, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref>, <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref>, <ref target='Pg354'>354</ref>, <ref target='Pg359'>359</ref>, <ref target='Pg362'>362</ref>, <ref target='Pg363'>363</ref>, <ref target='Pg389'>389</ref>, <ref target='Pg405'>405</ref>, <ref target='Pg415'>415</ref>, <ref target='Pg453'>453</ref>, <ref target='Pg455'>455</ref>, <ref target='Pg457'>457</ref>, <ref target='Pg499'>499</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Armenians, the, <ref target='Pg047'>47</ref>, <ref target='Pg053'>53</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Arsaces, <ref target='Pg053'>53</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Asclepios, <ref target='Pg393'>393</ref>, <ref target='Pg395'>395</ref>, <ref target='Pg419'>419</ref>, <ref target='Pg499'>499</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Assyria, <ref target='Pg223'>223</ref>, <ref target='Pg337'>337</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Astyages, <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Athenaeus, <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Athene, <ref target='Pg281'>281</ref>, <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref>, <ref target='Pg305'>305</ref>, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>, <ref target='Pg407'>407</ref>, <ref target='Pg409'>409</ref>, <ref target='Pg411'>411</ref>, <ref target='Pg419'>419</ref>, <ref target='Pg463'>463</ref>, <ref target='Pg499'>499</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Athenians, the, <ref target='Pg055'>55</ref>, <ref target='Pg485'>485</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Athens, <ref target='Pg021'>21</ref>, <ref target='Pg073'>73</ref>, <ref target='Pg305'>305</ref>, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Athos, <ref target='Pg211'>211</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Atlantic, the, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Attalids, the, <ref target='Pg445'>445</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Attis, <ref target='Pg439'>439</ref>, <ref target='Pg440'>440</ref>, <ref target='Pg443'>443-503</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Augustine, Saint, <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Augustus, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Aurelian, <ref target='Pg425'>425</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Azizos, <ref target='Pg413'>413</ref>, <ref target='Pg423'>423</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Baal, <ref target='Pg413'>413</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Babylon, <ref target='Pg223'>223</ref>, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref>, <ref target='Pg337'>337</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Brennus, <ref target='Pg077'>77</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Briseis, <ref target='Pg199'>199</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cadmus, <ref target='Pg217'>217</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Caesar, Julius, <ref target='Pg223'>223</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Calypso, <ref target='Pg301'>301</ref>, <ref target='Pg302'>302</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cambyses, <ref target='Pg107'>107</ref>, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref>, <ref target='Pg313'>313</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cancer, tropic of, <ref target='Pg481'>481</ref>, <ref target='Pg485'>485</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Capaneus, <ref target='Pg151'>151</ref>, <ref target='Pg295'>295</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Capitoline, the, <ref target='Pg077'>77</ref>, <ref target='Pg421'>421</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Capricorn, tropic of, <ref target='Pg427'>427</ref>, <ref target='Pg481'>481</ref>, <ref target='Pg485'>485</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Caria, <ref target='Pg169'>169</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Carians, the, <ref target='Pg151'>151</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Carrhae, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref></l> +</lg> + +<pb n='508'/><anchor id='Pg508'/> + +<lg> +<l>Carthage, <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref>, <ref target='Pg105'>105</ref>, <ref target='Pg449'>449</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Carthaginians, the, <ref target='Pg035'>35</ref>, <ref target='Pg039'>39</ref>, <ref target='Pg041'>41</ref>, <ref target='Pg075'>75</ref>, <ref target='Pg199'>199</ref>, <ref target='Pg445'>445</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Carus, Emperor, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Catullus, <ref target='Pg439'>439</ref>, <ref target='Pg467'>467</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Celts, the, <ref target='Pg029'>29</ref>, <ref target='Pg033'>33</ref>, <ref target='Pg077'>77</ref>, <ref target='Pg089'>89</ref>, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref>, <ref target='Pg329'>329</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Chaldaeans, the, <ref target='Pg429'>429</ref>, <ref target='Pg483'>483</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cimon, <ref target='Pg341'>341</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Circe, <ref target='Pg301'>301</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Claudia, <ref target='Pg447'>447</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Claudius, Emperor, <ref target='Pg017'>17</ref>, <ref target='Pg137'>137</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cleon, <ref target='Pg065'>65</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cnossus, <ref target='Pg219'>219</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Colophon, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Commodus, <ref target='Pg349'>349</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Constans, <ref target='Pg023'>23</ref>, <ref target='Pg025'>25</ref>, <ref target='Pg043'>43</ref>, <ref target='Pg249'>249</ref>, <ref target='Pg251'>251</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Constantine, <ref target='Pg019'>19</ref>, <ref target='Pg023'>23</ref>, <ref target='Pg043'>43</ref>, <ref target='Pg139'>139</ref>, <ref target='Pg249'>249</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Constantine II, <ref target='Pg023'>23</ref>, <ref target='Pg043'>43</ref>, <ref target='Pg249'>249</ref>, <ref target='Pg251'>251</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Constantinople, <ref target='Pg015'>15</ref>, <ref target='Pg021'>21</ref>, <ref target='Pg105'>105</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Constantius, <ref target='Pg003'>3-127</ref>, <ref target='Pg305'>305</ref>, <ref target='Pg309'>309</ref>, <ref target='Pg311'>311</ref>, <ref target='Pg315'>315</ref>, <ref target='Pg321'>321</ref>, <ref target='Pg327'>327</ref>, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref>, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Constantius Chlorus, <ref target='Pg017'>17</ref>, <ref target='Pg139'>139</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Corinth, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Corybants, <ref target='Pg319'>319</ref>, <ref target='Pg467'>467</ref>, <ref target='Pg469'>469</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Crassus, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Crete, <ref target='Pg169'>169</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cumont, <ref target='Pg348'>348</ref>, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>, <ref target='Pg439'>439</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cyaxares, <ref target='Pg113'>113</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cybele, <ref target='Pg349'>349</ref>, <ref target='Pg439'>439</ref>, <ref target='Pg440'>440</ref>, <ref target='Pg443'>443-503</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cyprus, <ref target='Pg369'>369</ref>, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cyrus, <ref target='Pg023'>23</ref>, <ref target='Pg025'>25</ref>, <ref target='Pg033'>33</ref>, <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref>, <ref target='Pg107'>107</ref>, <ref target='Pg113'>113</ref>, <ref target='Pg207'>207</ref>, <ref target='Pg279'>279</ref>, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cyrus the Younger, <ref target='Pg279'>279</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Damascius, <ref target='Pg483'>483</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Danube, the, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref>, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Darius, <ref target='Pg085'>85</ref>, <ref target='Pg227'>227</ref>, <ref target='Pg313'>313</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Darius III, <ref target='Pg253'>253</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Demeter, <ref target='Pg483'>483</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Demosthenes, <ref target='Pg067'>67</ref>, <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref>, <ref target='Pg087'>87</ref>, <ref target='Pg091'>91</ref>, <ref target='Pg205'>205</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Deo, <ref target='Pg483'>483</ref>, <ref target='Pg485'>485</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dio Chrysostom, <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Diocletian, <ref target='Pg019'>19</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dionysus, <ref target='Pg333'>333</ref>, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>, <ref target='Pg369'>369</ref>, <ref target='Pg393'>393</ref>, <ref target='Pg395'>395</ref>, <ref target='Pg407'>407</ref>, <ref target='Pg417'>417</ref>, <ref target='Pg419'>419</ref>, <ref target='Pg499'>499</ref>, <ref target='Pg501'>501</ref>, <ref target='Pg503'>503</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dioscorides, <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dioscuri, the, <ref target='Pg401'>401</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Drave, the, <ref target='Pg161'>161</ref>, <ref target='Pg259'>259</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dulichium, <ref target='Pg295'>295</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Egypt, <ref target='Pg313'>313</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Egyptians, the, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref>, <ref target='Pg429'>429</ref>, <ref target='Pg493'>493</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Eleusinian Mysteries, <ref target='Pg483'>483</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Emesa, <ref target='Pg413'>413</ref>, <ref target='Pg423'>423</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Empedocles, <ref target='Pg373'>373</ref>, <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Epicureans, the, <ref target='Pg451'>451</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Euboea, <ref target='Pg341'>341</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Euphrates, the, <ref target='Pg337'>337</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Eupolis, <ref target='Pg085'>85</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Euripides, <ref target='Pg081'>81</ref>, <ref target='Pg227'>227</ref>, <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref>, <ref target='Pg261'>261</ref>, <ref target='Pg331'>331</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Eusebia, Empress, <ref target='Pg273'>273-345</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Eustathius, <ref target='Pg409'>409</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Evadne, <ref target='Pg295'>295</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fausta, <ref target='Pg019'>19</ref>, <ref target='Pg023'>23</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Franks, the, <ref target='Pg091'>91</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Frazer, <ref target='Pg439'>439</ref>, <ref target='Pg471'>471</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Galatia (Gaul), <ref target='Pg035'>35</ref>, <ref target='Pg067'>67</ref>, <ref target='Pg329'>329</ref>, <ref target='Pg345'>345</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Galatians (Gauls), <ref target='Pg077'>77</ref>, <ref target='Pg089'>89</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Galerius (Maximianus), <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Galli, the, <ref target='Pg439'>439</ref>, <ref target='Pg467'>467</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gallus, <ref target='Pg115'>115</ref>, <ref target='Pg443'>443</ref>, <ref target='Pg471'>471</ref>, <ref target='Pg473'>473</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gallus, the river, <ref target='Pg451'>451</ref>, <ref target='Pg461'>461</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gallus Caesar, vii, <ref target='Pg273'>273</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Germans, the, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref>, <ref target='Pg199'>199</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Getae, the, <ref target='Pg025'>25</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gibbon, <ref target='Pg053'>53</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Graces, the, <ref target='Pg401'>401</ref>, <ref target='Pg407'>407</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gyges, <ref target='Pg041'>41</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hades, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>, <ref target='Pg369'>369</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Harrison, <ref target='Pg439'>439</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hecate, <ref target='Pg493'>493</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hector, <ref target='Pg147'>147</ref>, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref>, <ref target='Pg181'>181</ref>, <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref>, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Helen, <ref target='Pg253'>253</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Heliaia, the, <ref target='Pg425'>425</ref>, <ref target='Pg429'>429</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Helicon, <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Heliogabalus, <ref target='Pg413'>413</ref></l> 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<ref target='Pg227'>227</ref>, <ref target='Pg229'>229</ref>, <ref target='Pg267'>267</ref>, <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref>, <ref target='Pg313'>313</ref>, <ref target='Pg337'>337</ref>, <ref target='Pg339'>339</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hesiod, <ref target='Pg151'>151</ref>, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>, <ref target='Pg371'>371</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hilaria, the, <ref target='Pg471'>471</ref>, <ref target='Pg473'>473</ref>, <ref target='Pg489'>489</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hipparchus, <ref target='Pg429'>429</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Homerids, the, <ref target='Pg141'>141</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Horace, <ref target='Pg033'>33</ref>, <ref target='Pg217'>217</ref>, <ref target='Pg423'>423</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Horus, <ref target='Pg407'>407</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hyperion, <ref target='Pg371'>371</ref></l> +</lg> + +<pb n='509'/><anchor id='Pg509'/> + +<lg> +<l>Iamblichus, <ref target='Pg348'>348</ref>, <ref target='Pg349'>349</ref>, <ref target='Pg350'>350</ref>, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>, <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref>, <ref target='Pg359'>359</ref>, <ref target='Pg365'>365</ref>, <ref target='Pg397'>397</ref>, <ref target='Pg399'>399</ref>, <ref target='Pg401'>401</ref>, <ref target='Pg411'>411</ref>, <ref target='Pg413'>413</ref>, <ref target='Pg433'>433</ref>, <ref target='Pg441'>441</ref>, <ref target='Pg453'>453</ref>, <ref target='Pg483'>483</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Iberians, the, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Illyria, <ref target='Pg015'>15</ref>, <ref target='Pg067'>67</ref>, <ref target='Pg205'>205</ref>, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Illyrians, the, <ref target='Pg091'>91</ref>, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>India, <ref target='Pg091'>91</ref>, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ionia, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Iris, <ref target='Pg181'>181</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Isis, <ref target='Pg349'>349</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Isocrates, <ref target='Pg003'>3</ref>, <ref target='Pg007'>7</ref>, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref>, <ref target='Pg229'>229</ref>, <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Italy, <ref target='Pg067'>67</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ithaca, <ref target='Pg295'>295</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Juno, <ref target='Pg421'>421</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Jupiter, <ref target='Pg077'>77</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Kronia, the, <ref target='Pg431'>431</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Kronos, <ref target='Pg429'>429</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lacedaemonians, the, <ref target='Pg033'>33</ref>, <ref target='Pg035'>35</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Laodameia, <ref target='Pg295'>295</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Latin, <ref target='Pg209'>209</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Leda, <ref target='Pg219'>219</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Leonidas, <ref target='Pg261'>261</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Libanius, <ref target='Pg003'>3</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Libra, <ref target='Pg485'>485</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Licinius, <ref target='Pg097'>97</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ligurians, the, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Livy, <ref target='Pg423'>423</ref>, <ref target='Pg445'>445</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lucifer, <ref target='Pg413'>413</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lycurgus, <ref target='Pg037'>37</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lycus, the, <ref target='Pg199'>199</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lydia, <ref target='Pg211'>211</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lydians, the, <ref target='Pg041'>41</ref>, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lysander, <ref target='Pg039'>39</ref>, <ref target='Pg113'>113</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Macedonia, <ref target='Pg211'>211</ref>, <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref>, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref>, <ref target='Pg289'>289</ref>, <ref target='Pg295'>295</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Macedonians, the, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref>, <ref target='Pg253'>253</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Macrobius, <ref target='Pg363'>363</ref>, <ref target='Pg369'>369</ref>, <ref target='Pg401'>401</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Magnentius, <ref target='Pg005'>5</ref>, <ref target='Pg079'>79</ref>, <ref target='Pg081'>81</ref>, <ref target='Pg087'>87</ref>, <ref target='Pg088'>88</ref>, <ref target='Pg147'>147</ref>, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref>, <ref target='Pg251'>251</ref>, <ref target='Pg253'>253</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Marcellinus, <ref target='Pg155'>155</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Marcellus, <ref target='Pg075'>75</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mases, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Maxentius, <ref target='Pg021'>21</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Maximianus, <ref target='Pg017'>17</ref>, <ref target='Pg025'>25</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Maximus of Ephesus, <ref target='Pg483'>483</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Medes, the, <ref target='Pg073'>73</ref>, <ref target='Pg033'>33</ref>, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> 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<ref target='Pg440'>440</ref>, <ref target='Pg483'>483</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Monimos, <ref target='Pg413'>413</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Muses, the, <ref target='Pg357'>357</ref>, <ref target='Pg393'>393</ref>, <ref target='Pg395'>395</ref>, <ref target='Pg417'>417</ref>, <ref target='Pg419'>419</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mygdonius, the, <ref target='Pg069'>69</ref>, <ref target='Pg165'>165</ref>, <ref target='Pg167'>167</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Myrmecides, <ref target='Pg299'>299</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Myrsa, <ref target='Pg093'>93</ref>, <ref target='Pg125'>125</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Nausicaa, <ref target='Pg281'>281</ref>, <ref target='Pg301'>301</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Naville, <ref target='Pg350'>350</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Nestor, <ref target='Pg143'>143</ref>, <ref target='Pg181'>181</ref>, <ref target='Pg199'>199</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Nicias, <ref target='Pg065'>65</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Nile, the, <ref target='Pg069'>69</ref>, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Nisaean horses, <ref target='Pg135'>135</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Nitocris, Queen, <ref target='Pg227'>227</ref>, <ref target='Pg337'>337</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Norici, the, <ref target='Pg093'>93</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Numa, King, <ref target='Pg425'>425</ref>, <ref target='Pg427'>427</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Oceanus, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>, <ref target='Pg373'>373</ref>, <ref target='Pg403'>403</ref>, <ref target='Pg405'>405</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Odysseus, <ref target='Pg031'>31</ref>, <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref>, <ref target='Pg199'>199</ref>, <ref target='Pg203'>203</ref>, <ref target='Pg205'>205</ref>, <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref>, <ref target='Pg303'>303</ref>, <ref target='Pg371'>371</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Olympia, games at, <ref target='Pg209'>209</ref>, <ref target='Pg223'>223</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Olympus, <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Oricus, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Osiris, <ref target='Pg369'>369</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ovid, <ref target='Pg423'>423</ref>, <ref target='Pg445'>445</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Palatine, the, <ref target='Pg421'>421</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pandareos, <ref target='Pg155'>155</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pandarus, <ref target='Pg141'>141</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pannonia (Paeonia), <ref target='Pg049'>49</ref>, <ref target='Pg053'>53</ref>, <ref target='Pg077'>77</ref>, <ref target='Pg091'>91</ref>, <ref target='Pg093'>93</ref>, <ref target='Pg259'>259</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Paris, <ref target='Pg263'>263</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Parthia, <ref target='Pg035'>35</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Parthians, the, <ref target='Pg033'>33</ref>, <ref target='Pg035'>35</ref>, <ref target='Pg057'>57</ref>, <ref target='Pg061'>61</ref>, <ref target='Pg199'>199</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Parysatis, <ref target='Pg023'>23</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Patroclus, 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target='Pg337'>337</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Romans, the, <ref target='Pg261'>261</ref>, <ref target='Pg419'>419</ref>, <ref target='Pg443'>443</ref>, <ref target='Pg449'>449</ref>, <ref target='Pg493'>493</ref>, <ref target='Pg503'>503</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Rome, <ref target='Pg013'>13</ref>, <ref target='Pg015'>15</ref>, <ref target='Pg017'>17</ref>, <ref target='Pg075'>75</ref>, <ref target='Pg077'>77</ref>, <ref target='Pg259'>259</ref>, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref>, <ref target='Pg357'>357</ref>, <ref target='Pg413'>413</ref>, <ref target='Pg421'>421</ref>, <ref target='Pg425'>425</ref>, <ref target='Pg449'>449</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Romulus, <ref target='Pg023'>23</ref>, <ref target='Pg421'>421</ref>, <ref target='Pg425'>425</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sallust, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>, <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref>, <ref target='Pg431'>431</ref>, <ref target='Pg441'>441</ref>, <ref target='Pg461'>461</ref>, <ref target='Pg477'>477</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> 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target='Pg207'>207</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wilamowitz, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Xenarchus, <ref target='Pg453'>453</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Xenophon, <ref target='Pg037'>37</ref>, <ref target='Pg151'>151</ref>, <ref target='Pg207'>207</ref>, <ref target='Pg279'>279</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Xerxes, <ref target='Pg073'>73</ref>, <ref target='Pg109'>109</ref>, <ref target='Pg169'>169</ref>, <ref target='Pg211'>211</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Zeller, <ref target='Pg407'>407</ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Zeus, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>, <ref target='Pg371'>371</ref>, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref>, <ref target='Pg393'>393</ref>, <ref target='Pg407'>407</ref>, <ref target='Pg409'>409</ref>, <ref target='Pg477'>477</ref>, <ref target='Pg501'>501</ref></l> +</lg> + +</div> + +</body> +<back rend="page-break-before: right"> + <div id="footnotes"> + <index index="toc" /> + <index index="pdf" /> + <head>Footnotes</head> + <divGen type="footnotes"/> + </div> + <div rend="page-break-before: right"> + <divGen type="pgfooter" /> + </div> +</back> +</text> +</TEI.2> diff --git a/48664-tei/images/cover.jpg b/48664-tei/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0a9f24c --- /dev/null +++ b/48664-tei/images/cover.jpg |
