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You may copy it, give it away or re-use + it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License <a href= + "#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">included with this eBook</a> or + online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class= + "tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a>. If you are + not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws + of the country where you are located before using this ebook.</p> + </div> + <pre class="pre tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 3.00em; margin-bottom: 3.00em"> +Title: The Works of the Emperor Julian (Vol. 1 of 2) + +Author: Julian, Emperor of Rome + +Release Date: April 7, 2015 [Ebook #48664] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WORKS OF THE EMPEROR JULIAN (VOL. 1 OF 2)*** +</pre> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"></div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style= + "font-size: 173%">The Works of the Emperor Julian</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.73em; text-align: center"><span style= + "font-size: 173%">Volume 1</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.73em; text-align: center"><span style= + "font-size: 173%">With an English Translation by</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.73em; text-align: center"><span style= + "font-size: 173%">Wilmer Cave Wright</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">Harvard University + Press</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cambridge, + Massachusetts</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">1913</p> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"> + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.46em; text-align: left; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Contents</span></h1> + + <ul class="tei tei-index tei-index-toc"> + <li><a href="#toc1">Introduction</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc3">Bibliography</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc5">Oration I</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc7">Oration II</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc9">Oration III</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc11">Introduction To + Oration III</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc13">Oration IV</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc15">Introduction To + Oration IV</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc17">Oration V</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc19">Introduction To + Oration V</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc21">Index</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc23">Footnotes</a></li> + </ul> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-body" style= + "margin-top: 6.00em; margin-bottom: 6.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; text-align: center"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 30%; text-align: center"> + <a href="images/cover.jpg"><img src="images/cover.jpg" alt= + "Cover Art" /></a> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[Transcriber's + Note: The above cover image was produced by the submitter at + Distributed Proofreaders, and is being placed into the public + domain.]</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagevii">[pg vii]</span><a name= + "Pgvii" id="Pgvii" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc1" id="toc1"></a> <a name="pdf2" id="pdf2"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 3.46em; margin-bottom: 3.46em; text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Introduction</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Flavius Claudius + Julianus</span></span>,<a id="noteref_1" name="noteref_1" href= + "#note_1"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">1</span></span></a> son of + Julius Constantius and nephew of the Emperor Constantine, was born at + Constantinople in 331 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> His father, eldest + brother, and cousins were slain in the massacre by which Constantius, + Constantine II., and Constans secured the empire for themselves on + the death of their father Constantine in 337. Julian and his elder + brother Gallus spent a precarious childhood and youth, of which six + years were passed in close confinement in the remote castle of + Macellum in Cappadocia, and their position was hardly more secure + when, in 350, Gallus was elevated to the Caesarship by Constantius, + who, after the violent deaths of his two brothers, was now sole ruler + of the empire. But Julian was allowed to pursue his favourite studies + in Greek literature and philosophy, partly at Nicomedia and Athens, + partly in the cities <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pageviii">[pg + viii]</span><a name="Pgviii" id="Pgviii" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + of Asia Minor, and he was deeply influenced by Maximus of Ephesus, + the occult philosopher, Libanius of Nicomedia, the fashionable + sophist, and Themistius the Aristotelian commentator, the only + genuine philosopher among the sophists of the fourth century + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When the excesses + of the revolutionary Gallus ended in his death at the hands of + Constantius, Julian, an awkward and retiring student, was summoned to + the court at Milan, where he was protected by the Empress Eusebia + from the suspicions of Constantius and the intrigues of hostile + courtiers. Constantius had no heir to continue the dynasty of the + Constantii. He therefore raised Julian to the Caesarship in 355, gave + him his sister Helena in marriage, and dispatched him to Gaul to + pacify the Gallic provinces. To the surprise of all, Julian in four + successive campaigns against the Franks and the Alemanis proved + himself a good soldier and a popular general. His <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Commentaries</span></span> on these campaigns + are praised by Eunapius<a id="noteref_2" name="noteref_2" href= + "#note_2"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></a> and + Libanius,<a id="noteref_3" name="noteref_3" href= + "#note_3"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">3</span></span></a> but are + not now extant. In 357-358 Constantius, who was occupied by wars + against the Quadi and the Sarmatians, and threatened with a renewal + of hostilities by the Persian king Sapor, ordered Julian, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pageix">[pg ix]</span><a name="Pgix" id= + "Pgix" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> who was then at Paris, to send to + his aid the best of the Gallic legions. Julian would have obeyed, but + his troops, unwilling to take service in the East, mutinied and + proclaimed him Emperor (359 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span>). Julian issued + manifestoes justifying his conduct to the Senates of Rome and Athens + and to the Spartans and Corinthians, a characteristic anachronism, + since their opinion no longer had any weight. It was not till 361 + that he began his march eastward to encounter the army of + Constantius. His troops, though seasoned and devoted, were in numbers + no match for the legions of his cousin. But the latter, while + marching through Cilicia to oppose his advance, died suddenly of a + fever near Tarsus, and Julian, now in his thirtieth year, succeeded + peacefully to the throne and made a triumphal entry into + Constantinople in December, 361.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The eunuchs and + courtiers who had surrounded Constantius were replaced by sophists + and philosophers, and in the next six months Julian set on foot + numerous economic and administrative reforms. He had long been + secretly devoted to the Pagan religion, and he at once proclaimed the + restoration of the Pagan gods and the temple worship. Christianity he + tolerated, and in his brief reign of sixteen months the Christians + were not actively persecuted. His <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "pagex">[pg x]</span><a name="Pgx" id="Pgx" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> treatise <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Against the Christians</span></span>, which + survives only in fragments, was an explanation of his apostasy. The + epithet <span class="tei tei-q">“Apostate”</span> was bestowed on him + by the Christian Fathers. Meanwhile he was preparing—first at + Constantinople then at Antioch, where he wrote the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Misopogon</span></span>, a satire on the luxury + and frivolity of the inhabitants—for a campaign against Sapor, a task + which he had inherited from Constantius. In March, 362 he left + Antioch and crossed the Euphrates, visited Carrhae, memorable for the + defeat of Crassus, then crossed the Tigris, and, after burning his + fleet, retired northwards towards Armenia. On the march he fought an + indecisive battle with the Persians at Maranga, and in a skirmish + with the retreating enemy he was mortally wounded by a javelin + (January 26th, 363). His body was carried to Tarsus by his successor + the Emperor Jovian, and was probably removed later to Constantinople. + The legend that as he died he exclaimed: Γαλιλαῖε νενίκηκας, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou hast conquered, O Galilæan!”</span> + appears first in the Christian historian Theodoret in the fifth + century. Julian was the last male descendant of the famous dynasty + founded by Constantius Chlorus.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In spite of his + military achievements, he was, first of all, a student. Even on his + campaigns he took his <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagexi">[pg + xi]</span><a name="Pgxi" id="Pgxi" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> books + with him, and several of his extant works were composed in camp. He + had been trained, according to the fashion of his times, in + rhetorical studies by professional sophists such as Libanius, and he + has all the mannerisms of a fourth century sophist. It was the + sophistic etiquette to avoid the direct use of names, and Julian + never names the usurpers Magnentius, Silvanus, and Vetranio, whose + suppression by Constantius he describes in his two first <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Orations</span></span>, + regularly refers to Sapor as <span class="tei tei-q">“the + barbarian,”</span> and rather than name Mardonius, his tutor, calls + him <span class="tei tei-q">“a certain Scythian who had the same name + as the man who persuaded Xerxes to invade Hellas.”</span><a id= + "noteref_4" name="noteref_4" href="#note_4"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">4</span></span></a> He wrote + the literary Greek of the fourth century <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> which imitates the + classical style, though barbarisms and late constructions are never + entirely avoided. His pages are crowded with echoes of Homer, + Demosthenes, Plato, and Isocrates, and his style is interwoven with + half verses, phrases, and whole sentences taken without + acknowledgment from the Greek masterpieces. It is certain that, like + other sophists, he wished his readers to recognise these echoes, and + therefore his source is always classical, so that where he seems to + imitate Dio Chrysostom or Themistius, both go back to a common + source, which <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagexii">[pg + xii]</span><a name="Pgxii" id="Pgxii" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Julian had in mind. Another sophistic element in his style is the use + of commonplaces, literary allusions that had passed into the + sophistic language and can be found in all the writers of + reminiscence Greek in his day. He himself derides this practice<a id= + "noteref_5" name="noteref_5" href="#note_5"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">5</span></span></a> but he + cannot resist dragging in the well-worn references to Cyrus, Darius, + and Alexander, to the nepenthe poured out by Helen in the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span>, to the defiance of nature + by Xerxes, or the refusal of Socrates to admit the happiness of the + Great King. Julian wished to make Neo-Platonism the philosophy of his + revived Hellenism, but he belonged to the younger or Syrian branch of + the school, of which Iamblichus was the real founder, and he only + once mentions Plotinus. Iamblichus he ranked with Plato and paid him + a fanatical devotion. His philosophical writing, especially in the + two prose <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Hymns</span></span>, is obscure, partly because + his theories are only vaguely realised, partly because he reproduces + the obscurity of his model, Iamblichus. In satire and narrative he + can be clear and straightforward.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagexiii">[pg xiii]</span><a name= + "Pgxiii" id="Pgxiii" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc3" id="toc3"></a> <a name="pdf4" id="pdf4"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 3.46em; margin-bottom: 3.46em; text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Bibliography</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.88em; text-align: left; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Manuscripts</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Vossianus</span></span> (V), Leyden, 13th or + 14th cent. (contains also the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Letters</span></span> of Libanius), is the + only reliable MS. of Julian, and was once complete except for a few + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Letters</span></span>. Where pages are lost + from V a group of inferior MSS. are used, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Marcianus</span></span> 366 (M), 251 (Mb), + both 15th cent., five <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Monacenses</span></span> (at Munich), and + several <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Parisini</span></span> (at Paris). Cobet's + contributions to the text are in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mnemosyne</span></span> 8, 9, 10 (old series + 1859-1861) and 10, 11 (new series 1882-1883). A. Papadoulos + Kerameus published in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Rheinisches Museum</span></span>, 1887, six + new <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Letters</span></span> discovered on the island + of Chalcis.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Editions</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Misopogon</span></span> and <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Letters</span></span> + (with Latin version) Martin, Paris, 1566. Martin and Cantoclarus, + Paris, 1583. Petau (Petavius) Paris, 1630. Spanheim, Leipzig, 1696. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration + I</span></span>, Schaefer, Leipzig, 1802 (with Latin version and + Wyttenbach's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Critical Epistle to Ruhnken</span></span>). + Hertlein, Leipzig (Teubner), 1875-1876.<a id="noteref_6" name= + "noteref_6" href="#note_6"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">6</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Against + the Christians</span></span>, Neumann, Leipzig, 1880. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Letters:</span></span> Heyler, Mainz, 1828. + Westermann, Leipzig, 1854.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Literature</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">La Vie de l'Empereur + Julien</span></span>, Abbé de la Bleterie, Paris, 1735. Strauss, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Der + Romantiker auf dem Throne der Caesaren</span></span>, Mannheim, + 1847. Mücke <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Julian's Leben und Schriften</span></span>, + Gotha, 1868. Naville, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Julien l'Apostat</span></span>, Neufchâtel, + 1877. Schwartz, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">De vita et scriptis Juliani</span></span>, + Bonn, 1888. Gildersleeve <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Julian</span></span> in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Essays and + Studies</span></span>, Baltimore, 1890. Gardner, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Julian</span></span>, + New York, 1895. France (W. C. Wright), <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Julian's Relation to + Neo-Platonism</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagexiv">[pg + xiv]</span><a name="Pgxiv" id="Pgxiv" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-style: italic">and the New + Sophistic</span></span>, London, 1896. Negri, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">L'Imperatore + Giuliano</span></span>, Milan, 1902 (translated by + Letta-Visconti-Arese, London, 1906). Bidez and Cumont, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Recherches sur la + tradition manuscrite des lettres de Julien</span></span>, Brussels, + 1898. Asmus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Julian und Dio Chrysostomus</span></span>, + Tauberbischofsheim, 1895. Brambs, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Studien</span></span>, Eichstätt, 1897. + Allard, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Julien l'Apostat</span></span>, Paris, 1903. + Cumont, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sur l'authenticité de quelques lettres de + Julien</span></span>, Gaud, 1889.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.88em; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Translations</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Latin: + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Misopogon</span></span> and <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Letters</span></span>, Martin in edition. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration + I</span></span>, Schaefer in edition. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Letters</span></span>, Heyler in edition. + French: Tourlet, Paris, 3 vols. 1821. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Traduction de + quelques Ouvrages de l'Empereur Julien</span></span>, Abbé de la + Bleterie, Paris, 1748. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Caesars</span></span>, Spanheim, Paris, 1683. + German: <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Against the Christians</span></span>, Neumann, + Leipzig, 1880. English: <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Select Works</span></span> by Duncombe, + London, 1784 (contains also some translations of Libanius).</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.88em; margin-bottom: 2.88em; text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Bibliographical Addendum + (1980)</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">J. Bidez: + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">La + tradition manuscrite et les éditions des discours de + Julien</span></span> (1929). J. Bidez: <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">La vie de l'empereur + Julien</span></span> (1930). G. W. Bowersock: <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Julian the + Apostate</span></span>, Cambridge, Mass. (1978). R. Browning: + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Emperor Julian</span></span> (1975). G. Gigli: <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Giuliano + l'Apostata</span></span> (1960). W. E. Kaegi: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Research on Julian, 1945-1964,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">CW</span></span> 58 + (1965) 229ff. G. Ricciotti: <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Julian the Apostate</span></span>, trans. M. + J. Costelloe (1960).</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page003">[pg 003]</span><a name= + "Pg003" id="Pg003" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc5" id="toc5"></a> <a name="pdf6" id="pdf6"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 3.46em; margin-bottom: 3.46em; text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Oration I</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[Transcriber's + Note: The original book had pages with Greek on the left page and the + corresponding English translation on the facing right page. In this + e-book, each Greek paragraph will be immediately followed by the + English translation paragraph, surrounded in parentheses. The Greek + text contains markings such as [3] and [B]; they are section and + sub-section markings that in the original book were in the right + margin. These are different from numbers within parentheses such as + (10), which are used as footnote references in some e-book + formats.]</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page004">[pg + 004]</span><a name="Pg004" id="Pg004" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg005" id="Pg005" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ + ΕΓΚΩΜΙΟΝ ΕΙΣ ΤΟΝ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΑ ΚΩΝΣΤΑΝΤΙΟΝ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(PANEGYRIC IN + HONOUR OF THE EMPEROR CONSTANTIUS)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Πάλαι με + προθυμούμενον, ὦ μέγιστε βασιλεῦ, τὴν σὴν ἀρετὴν καὶ πράξεις ὑμνῆσαι + καὶ τοὺς πολέμους ἀπαριθμήσασθαι, καὶ τὰς τυραννίδας ὅπως ἀνῄιρηκας, + τῆς μὲν λόγῳ καὶ πειθοῖ τοὺς δορυφόρους ἀποστήσας, τῆς δὲ τοῖς ὅπλοις + κρατήσας, τὸ μέγεθος εἶργε τῶν πράξεων, οὐ τὸ βραχὺ λειφθῆναι τῷ λόγῳ + τῶν ἔργων δεινὸν κρίνοντα, ἀλλὰ τὸ παντελῶς τῆς ὑποθέσεως διαμαρτεῖν + δόξαι. τοῖς μὲν γὰρ περὶ τοὺς πολιτικοῦς ἀγῶνας καὶ τὴν ποίησιν + διατρίβουσιν οὐδὲν θαυμαστὸν εἰ ῥᾳδίως ἔξεστιν ἐγχειρεῖν τοῖς + ἐπαίνοις τῶν σοι πραχθέντων· [2] περίεστι γὰρ αὐτοῖς ἐκ τῆς τοῦ + λέγειν μελέτης καὶ τῆς πρὸς τὰς ἐπιδείξεις συνηθείας τὸ θαρσεῖν ἐν + δίκῃ. ὅσοι δὸ τοῦ μὲν τοιούτου μέρους κατωλιγώρησαν, ὥρμησαν δ᾽ ἐφ᾽ + ἕτερον παιδείας εἶδος καὶ λόγων ξυγγραφὴν οὐ δήμῳ κεχαρισμένην οὐδ᾽ + ἐς θέατρα παντοδαπὰ τολμῶσαν ἀποδύεσθαι, πρὸς τὰς ἐπιδείξεις ἔχοιεν + ἂν εἰκότως εὐλαβεστέρως. ἔστι γὰρ οὐκ ἄδηλον τοῦθ᾽ ὅτι [B] τοῦς μὲν + ποιηταῖς Μοῦσαι καὶ τὸ δοκεῖν ἐκεῖθεν ἐπιπνεομένους τὴν ποίησιν + γράφειν ἄφθονον <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page006">[pg + 006]</span><a name="Pg006" id="Pg006" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg007" id="Pg007" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> παρέχει τὴν ἐξουσίαν τοῦ πλάσματος· τοῖς + ῥήτορσι δὲ ἡ τέχνη τὴν ἴσην παρέσχεν ἄδειαν, τὸ μὲν πλάττειν + ἀφελομένη, τὸ δὲ κολακεύειν οὐδαμῶς ἀπαγορεύσασα, οὐδὲ αἰσχύνην + ὁμολογουμένην τῷ λέγοντι τὸ ψευδῶς<a id="noteref_7" name="noteref_7" + href="#note_7"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">7</span></span></a> ἐπαινεῖν + τοὺς οὐκ ἀξίους ἐπαίνου κρίνασα. ἀλλ᾽ οἱ μὲν ἐπειδὰν καινόν τινα + μῦθον καὶ μηδέπω τοῖς πρόσθεν ἐπινοηθέντα φέρωσιν αὐτοὶ ξυνθέντες, + [C] τῷ ξένῳ τοὺς ἀκούοντας ψυχαγωγήσαντες πλέον θαυμάζονται· οἱ δὲ + τῆς τέχνης ἀπολαῦσαί φασιν ἐν τῷ δύνασθαι περὶ τῶν μικρῶν μειζόνως + διελθεῖν, καὶ τὸ μέγεθος ἀφελεῖν τῶν ἔργων τῷ λόγῳ, καὶ ὄλως + ἀντιτάττειν τῇ τῶν πραγμάτων φύσει τὴν δύναμιν<a id="noteref_8" name= + "noteref_8" href="#note_8"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">8</span></span></a> τῶν + λόγων.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I have long + desired, most mighty Emperor, to sing the praises of your valour and + achievements, to recount your campaigns, and to tell how you + suppressed the tyrannies; how your persuasive eloquence drew away one + usurper's<a id="noteref_9" name="noteref_9" href= + "#note_9"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">9</span></span></a> + bodyguard; how you overcame another<a id="noteref_10" name= + "noteref_10" href="#note_10"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">10</span></span></a> by force + of arms. But the vast scale of your exploits deterred me, because + what I had to dread was not that my words would fall somewhat short + of your achievements, but that I should prove wholly unequal to my + theme. That men versed in political debate, or poets, should find it + easy to compose a panegyric on your career is not at all surprising. + Their practice in speaking, their habit of declaiming in public + supplies them abundantly with a well-warranted confidence. But those + who have neglected this field and chosen another branch of literary + study which devotes itself to a form of composition little adapted to + win popular favour and that has not the hardihood to exhibit itself + in its nakedness in every theatre, no matter what, would naturally + hesitate to make speeches of the epideictic sort. As for the poets, + their Muse, and the general belief that it is she who inspires their + verse, obviously gives them unlimited license to invent. To + rhetoricians the art of rhetoric allows just as much freedom; fiction + is denied them, but flattery is by no means forbidden, nor is it + counted a disgrace to the orator that the object of his panegyric + should not deserve it. Poets who compose and publish some legend that + no one had thought of before increase their reputation, because an + audience is entertained by the mere fact of novelty. Orators, again, + assert<a id="noteref_11" name="noteref_11" href= + "#note_11"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">11</span></span></a> that the + advantage of their art is that it can treat a slight theme in the + grand manner, and again, by the use of mere words, strip the + greatness from deeds, and, in short, marshall the power of words + against that of facts.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐγὼ δὲ εἰ μὲν + ἑώρων ταύτης ἐμαυτὸν ἐπὶ τοῦ παρόντος ἐν χρείᾳ τῆς τέχνης, ἦγον ἂν + τὴν προσήκουσαν ἡσυχίαν τοῖς ἀμελετήτως ἔχουσι τῶν τοιούτων λόγων, + [D] παραχωρῶν τῶν σῶν ἐγκωμίων ἐκείνοις, ὧν μικρῷ πρόσθεν ἐμνήσθην. + ἐπεὶ δὲ ἅπαν τοὐναντίον ὁ παρὼν ἀπαιτεῖ λόγος τῶν πραγμάτων ἁπλῆν + διήγησιν οὐδενὸς ἐπεισάκτου κόσμου δεομένην, ἔδοξε κἀμοὶ προσήκειν, + τοῦ<a id="noteref_12" name="noteref_12" href="#note_12"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">12</span></span></a> ἀξίως + διηγήσασθαι τῶν ἔργων ἀνεφίκτου καὶ τοῖς προλαβοῦσιν<a id= + "noteref_13" name="noteref_13" href="#note_13"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">13</span></span></a> ἤδη + φανέντος. ἅπαντες γὰρ σχεδὸν οἱ [3] περὶ παιδείαν διατρίβοντες + σε<a id="noteref_14" name="noteref_14" href="#note_14"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">14</span></span></a> ἐν μέτρῳ + καὶ καταλογάδην ὑμνοῦσιν, οἱ μὲν ἅπαντα περιλαβεῖν ἐν βραχεῖ + τολμῶντες, οἱ δὲ μέρεσιν αὑτοὺς ἐπιδόντες τῶν πράξεων ἀρκεῖν ᾠήθησαν, + εἰ τούτων τῆς ἀξίας μὴ διαμάρτοιεν. ἄξιον δὲ ἄγασθαι τὴν προθυμίαν + τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἁπάντων, ὅσοι τῶν σῶν ἐπαίνων ἥψαντο. οἱ μὲν γάρ, ὅπως + μηδὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ χρόνου τῶν σοι πραχθέντων ἀμαυρωθείη, τὸν μέγιστον + ὑποδῦναι πόνον ἐτόλμησαν, οἱ δέ, ὅτι τοῦ παντὸς διαμαρτήσειν ἤλπιζον, + τὴν αὑτῶν γνώμην ἐν μέρει προύφηναν, [B] ἄμεινον τοῦ τῆς σιωπῆς + ἀκινδύνου γέρως κρίναντες κατὰ δύναμίν σοι τῶν οἰκείων πόνων + ἀπάρξασθαι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(If, however, I + had seen that on this occasion I should need their art, I should have + maintained the silence that befits those who have had no practice in + such forms of composition, and should leave your praises to be told + by those whom I just now mentioned. Since, on the contrary, the + speech I am to make calls for a plain narrative of the facts and + needs no adventitious ornament, I thought that even I was not unfit, + seeing that my predecessors had already shown that it was beyond them + to produce a record worthy of your achievements. For almost all who + devote themselves to literature attempt to sing your praises in verse + or prose; some of them venture to cover your whole career in a brief + narrative, while others devote themselves to a part only, and think + that if they succeed in doing justice to that part they have proved + themselves equal to the task.)</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page008">[pg 008]</span><a name="Pg008" id="Pg008" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg009" id="Pg009" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Εἰ μὲν οὖν καὶ + αὐτὸς εἷς ὢν ἐτύγχανον τῶν τοὺς ἐπιδεικτικοὺς ἀγαπώντων λόγους, ἐχρῆν + ἐντεῦθεν ἄρχεσθαι τῆς ὑποθέσεως, τὴν ἴσην εὔνοιαν ἀπαιτήσαντα τῆς + ὑπαρχούσης ἤδη σοι παρ᾽ ἡμῶν καὶ δεηθέντα τῶν λόγων ἀκροατὴν εὐμενῆ + γενέσθαι, οὐχὶ δὲ ἀκριβῆ καὶ ἀπαραίτητον κριτὴν καταστῆναι. [C] ἐπεὶ + δὲ ἐν ἄλλοις μαθήμασι τραφέντες καὶ παιδευθέντες, καθάπερ + ἐπιτηδεύμασι καὶ νόμοις, ἀλλοτρίων κατατολμᾶν ἔργων δοκοῦμεν οὐκ + ὀρθῶς, μικρά μοι δοκεῖ χρῆναι καὶ περὶ τούτων δηλῶσαι, οἰκειοτέραν + ἀρχὴν προθέντα τοῦ λόγου.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Yet one can but + admire the zeal of all who have made you the theme of a panegyric. + Some did not shrink from the tremendous effort to secure every one of + your achievements from the withering touch of time; others, because + they foresaw that they could not compass the whole, expressed + themselves only in part, and chose to consecrate to you their + individual work so far as they were able. Better this, they thought, + than <span class="tei tei-q">“the reward of silence that runs no + risk.”</span><a id="noteref_15" name="noteref_15" href= + "#note_15"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">15</span></span></a> Now if I + were one of those whose favourite pursuit is epideictic oratory, I + should have to begin my speech by asking from you no less goodwill + than I now feel towards yourself, and should beg you graciously to + incline your ear to my words and not play the part of a severe and + inexorable critic. But since, bred as I have been and educated in + other studies, other pursuits, other conventions, I am criticised for + venturing rashly into fields that belong to others, I feel that I + ought to explain myself briefly on this head and begin my speech more + after my own fashion.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Νόμος ἐστὶ παλαιὸς + παρὰ τοῦ πρώτου φιλοσοφίαν ἀνθρώποις φήναντος οὑτωσὶ κείμενος· + ἅπαντας [D] πρὸς τὴν ἀρετὴν καὶ πρὸς τὸ καλὸν βλέποντας ἐπιτηδεύειν + ἐν λόγοις, ἐν ἔργοις, ἐν ξυνουσίαις, ἐν πᾶσιν ἁπλῶς τοῖς κατὰ τὸν + βίον μικροῖς καὶ μείζοσι τοῦ καλοῦ πάντως ἐφίεσθαι. πάντων δὲ ὅτι + κάλλιστον ἀρετή, τίς ἂν ἡμῖν τῶν νοῦν ἐχόντων ἀμφισβητήσειε; ταύτης + τοίνυν ἀντέχεσθαι διακελεύεται τοὺς μὴ μάτην τουτὶ περιοίσοντας + τοὔνομα, προσῆκον οὐδὲν αὐτοῖς σφετερισαμένους. ταῦτα δὲ διαγορεύων ὁ + νόμος οὐδεμίαν ἰδέαν ἐπιτάττει λόγων, οὐδ᾽ ὥσπερ ἔκ τινος τραγικῆς + μηχανῆς, φησὶ, χρῆναι προαγορεύει τοῖς ἐντυγχάνουσ [4] σπεύδειν μὲν + πρὸς τὴν ἀρετήν, ἀποφεύγειν δὲ τὴν πονηρίαν, ἀλλὰ πολλαῖς ὁδοῖς ἐπὶ + τοῦτο δίδωσι χρῆσθαι τῷ βουληθέντι μιμεῖσθαι τὴν ἐκείνου φύσιν. καὶ + γὰρ παραίνεσιν ἀγαθὴν καὶ λόγων προτρεπτικῶν χρῆσιν καὶ τὸ μετ᾽ + εὐνοίας ἐπιπλήττειν τοῖς ἁμαρτήμασιν ἐπαινεῖν τε αὖ τὰ καλῶς + πραχθέντα καὶ ψέγειν, ὅταν ᾖ καιρός, τὰ μὴ [B] τοιαῦτα τῶν ἔργων. + ἐφίησι δὲ καὶ<a id="noteref_16" name="noteref_16" href= + "#note_16"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">16</span></span></a> ταῖς + ἄλλαις ἰδεαις, εἴ τις ἐθέλοι, πρὸς τὸ βέλτιστον τῶν λόγων χρῆσθαι, + ἐπὶ παντὶ δὲ οἶμαι καὶ λόγῳ καὶ πράξει μεμνῆσθαι προστάττων, ὅπῃ + τούτων ὑφέξουσιν εὐθύνας, ὧν ἂν τύχωσιν εἰπόντες, λέγειν δὲ οὐδὲν ὅ + τι μὴ πρὸς ἀρετὴν καὶ φιλοσοφίαν ἀνοίσουσι. τὰ μὲν οὖν ἐκ τοῦ νόμου + ταῦτα καὶ τοιαῦτα ἕτερα.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(There is an + ancient maxim taught by him who first introduced philosophy to + mankind, and it is as follows. All who aspire to virtue and the + beautiful must study in their words, deeds, conversation, in short, + in all the affairs of life, great and small, to aim in every way at + beauty. Now what sensible man would deny that virtue is of all things + the most beautiful? Wherefore those are bidden to lay firm hold on + her who do not seek to blazon abroad her name in vain, appropriating + that which in no way belongs to them. Now in giving this counsel, the + maxim does not prescribe any single type of discourse, nor does it + proclaim to its readers, like a god from the machine in tragedy, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Ye must aspire to virtue and eschew + evil.”</span> Many are the paths that it allows a man to follow to + this goal, if he desire to imitate the nature of the beautiful. For + example, he may give good advice, or use hortatory discourse, or he + may rebuke error without malice, or applaud what is well done, or + condemn, on occasion, what is ill done. It permits men also to use + other types of oratory, if they please, so as to attain the best end + of speech, but it enjoins on them to take thought in every word and + act how they shall give account of all they utter, and to speak no + word that cannot be referred to the standard of virtue and + philosophy. That and more to the same effect is the tenour of that + precept.)</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page010">[pg + 010]</span><a name="Pg010" id="Pg010" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg011" id="Pg011" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἡμεῖς δὲ ἄρα τί + ποτε δράσομεν, εἰργόμενοι μὲν τῷ δοκεῖν ποιεῖσθαι πρὸς χάριν τὴν + εὐφημίαν, [C] τοῦ γένους δὲ ἤδη τῶν ἐπαίνων διὰ τούς οὐκ ὀρθῶς + μετιόντας ὑπόπτου καθεστῶτος δεινῶς, καὶ κολακείας ἀγεννοῦς, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ + μαρτυρίας ἀληθοῦς τῶν ἀρίστων ἔργων εἶναι νομισθέντος; ἢ δῆλον ὅτι τῇ + περὶ τὸν ἐπαινούμενον ἀρετῇ πεπιστευκότες ἐπιδώσομεν ἑαυτοὺς + θαρροῦντες τοῖς ἐγκωμίοις; τίς ἂν οὖν ἡμῖν ἀρχὴ καὶ τάξις τοῦ λόγου + γένοιτο καλλίστη; [D] ἢ δῆλον ὡς ἡ τῶν προγόνων ἀρετή, δι᾽ ἣν ὑπῆρξέ + σοι καὶ τὸ τοιούτῳ γενέσθαι; τροφῆς δὲ οἶμαι καὶ παιδείας ἑξῆς + προσήκει μνησθῆναι, ἥπερ σοι τὸ πλεῖστον εἰς τῆν ὑπάρχουσαν ἀρετὴν + συνεισηνέγκατο, ἐφ᾽ ἅπασι δὲ τούτοις ὥσπερ γνωρίσματα τῶν τῆς ψυχῆς + ἀρετῶν τὰς πράξεις διελθεῖν, καὶ τέλος ἐπιτιθέντα τῷ λόγῳ τὰς ἕξεις + δηλῶσαι, ὅθεν ὁρμώμενος τὰ κάλλιστα τῶν ἔργων ἔδρασας καὶ ἐβουλεύσω. + [5] τούτῳ γὰρ οἶμαι καὶ τῶν ἄλλων πάντων διοίσειν τὸν λόγον. οἱ μὲν + γὰρ ἐπὶ τῶν πράξεων ἵστανται, ἀποχρῆν οἰόμενοι πρὸς τὴν τελείαν + εὐφημίαν τὸ τούτων μνησθῆναι, ἐγὼ δὲ οἶμαι δεῖν περὶ τῶν ἀρετῶν τὸν + πλεῖστον λόγον ποιήσασθαι, ἀφ᾽ ὧν ὁρμώμενος ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον τῶν + κατορθωμάτων ἦλθες. τὰ μὲν γὰρ πλεῖστα τῶν ἔργων, σχεδὸν δὲ πάντα, + τύχη καὶ δορυφόροι καὶ στρατιωτῶν φάλαγγες καὶ τάξεις ἱππέων<a id= + "noteref_17" name="noteref_17" href="#note_17"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">17</span></span></a> + συγκατορθοῦσι, [B] τὰ δὲ τῆς ἀρετῆς ἔργα μόνου τέ ἐστι τοῦ δράσαντος, + καὶ ὁ ἐκ τούτων ἔπαινος ἀληθής καθεστὼς ἴδιος ἐστι τοῦ κεκτημένου. + οὐκοῦν ἐπειδὴ ταῦθ᾽ ἡμῖν σαφῶς διώρισται, τῶν λόγων ἄρξομαι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And now, what am + I to do? What embarrasses me is the fact that, if I praise you, I + shall be thought simply to curry favour, and in fact, the department + of panegyric has come to incur a grave suspicion due to its misuse, + and is now held to be base flattery rather than trustworthy testimony + to heroic deeds. Is it not obvious that I must put my faith in the + merit of him whom I undertake to praise, and with full confidence + devote my energies to this panegyric? What then shall be the prelude + of my speech and the most suitable arrangement? Assuredly I must + begin with the virtues of your ancestors through which it was + possible for you to come to be what you are. Next I think it will be + proper to describe your upbringing and education, since these + contributed very much to the noble qualities that you possess, and + when I have dealt with all these, I must recount your achievements, + the signs and tokens, as it were, of the nobility of your soul, and + finally, as the crown and consummation of my discourse, I shall set + forth those personal qualities from which was evolved all that was + noble in your projects and their execution. It is in this respect + that I think my speech will surpass those of all the others. For some + limit themselves to your exploits, with the idea that a description + of these suffices for a perfect panegyric, but for my part I think + one ought to devote the greater part of one's speech to the virtues + that were the stepping-stones by which you reached the height of your + achievements. Military exploits in most cases, nay in almost all, are + achieved with the help of fortune, the body-guard, heavy infantry and + cavalry regiments. But virtuous actions belong to the doer alone, and + the praise that they inspire, if it be sincere, belongs only to the + possessor of such virtue. Now, having made this distinction clear, I + will begin my speech.)</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page012">[pg + 012]</span><a name="Pg012" id="Pg012" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg013" id="Pg013" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὁ μὲν οὖν τῶν + ἐπαίνων νόμος οὐδὲν ἔλαττον τῆς πατρίδος ἢ τῶν προγόνων ἀξιοῖ + μεμνῆσθαι. ἐγὼ δὲ οὐκ οἶδα, τίνα χρὴ πρῶτον ὑπολαβεῖν πατρίδα σήν· + ἔθνη γὰρ μυρία περὶ ταύτης ἀμφισβητεῖ πολὺν ἤδη χρόνον. [C] καὶ ἡ μὲν + βασιλεύουσα τῶν ἁπάντων πόλις, μήτηρ οὖσα σὴ καὶ τροφὸς καὶ τὴν + βασιλείαν σοι μετὰ τῆς ἀγαθῆς τύχης παρασχοῦσα, ἐξαίρετον αὑτῆς φησιν + εἶναι τὸ γέρας, οὐ τοῖς κοινοῖς ἐφ᾽ ἁπάντων τῶν αὐτοκρατόρων δικαίοις + χρωμένη· λέγω δὲ ὅτι, κἂν ἀλλαχόθεν <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page014">[pg 014]</span><a name="Pg014" id="Pg014" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg015" id="Pg015" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τυγχάνωσι, τῷ μετέχειν ἅπαντας ἤδη τοῦ + πολιτεύματος καὶ τοῖς ἐκεῖθεν ἡμῖν καταδειχθεῖσιν ἔθεσι καὶ νόμοις + χρῆσθαι πολῖται γεγόνασιν· οὔκουν οὕτως, ἀλλ᾽ ὡς<a id="noteref_18" + name="noteref_18" href="#note_18"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">18</span></span></a> τεκοῦσα + τὴν σὴν μητέρα [D] καὶ θρεψαμένη βασιλικῶς καὶ τῶν ἐσομένων + ἐκγόνων<a id="noteref_19" name="noteref_19" href= + "#note_19"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">19</span></span></a> ἀξίως. ἡ + δὲ ἐπὶ τῷ Βοσπόρῳ πόλις, ὅλου τοῦ γένους τοῦ Κωνσταντίων ἐπώνυμος, + πατρὶς μὲν οὐκ εἶναι φησι, γεγονέναι δὲ ὑπὸ τοῦ σοῦ πατρὸς ὁμολογεῖ, + καὶ δεινὰ πάσχειν οἰήσεται, εἰ ταύτης γοῦν τις αὐτὴν τῷ λόγῳ τῆς + συγγενείας ἀφαιροῖτο. Ἰλλυριοὶ δέ, ὅτι παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς γέγονας, οὐκ + ἀνέξονται τοῦ καλλίστου τῶν εὐτυχημάτων στερόμενοι, [6] εἴ τις ἄλλην + σοι πατρίδα προσνέμοι. ἀκούω δὲ ἔγωγε καὶ τῶν ἑῴων ἤδη τινὰς λέγειν, + ὅτι μὴ δίκαια δρῶμεν ἀφαιρούμενοι σφᾶς τὸν ἐπὶ σοὶ λόγον· αὐτοὶ γάρ + φασι τὴν τήθην ἐπὶ τὸν τοῦ μητροπάτορος τοῦ σοῦ προπέμψαι γάμον. καὶ + σχεδὸν ἅπαντες οἱ λοιποὶ προφάσεις ἐπινοοῦντες μικρὰς ἢ μείζονας + αὑτοῖς σε<a id="noteref_20" name="noteref_20" href= + "#note_20"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">20</span></span></a> + εἰσποιεῖν ἐκ παντὸς ἐγνώκασιν. ἐχέτω μὲν οὖν τὸ γέρας ἣν αὐτὸς + ἐθέλεις, [B] καὶ ἣν ἀρετῶν μητέρα καὶ διδάσκαλον πολλάκις ἐπαινῶν + εἴρηκας, τυγχανόντων δὲ ἑκάστη κατὰ τὴν ἀξίαν αἱ λοιπαὶ τοῦ + προσήκοντος. ἐγὼ δὲ ἐπαινεῖν μὲν ἁπάσας <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page016">[pg 016]</span><a name="Pg016" id="Pg016" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg017" id="Pg017" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐθέλοιμ᾽<a id="noteref_21" name="noteref_21" + href="#note_21"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">21</span></span></a> ἂν ἀξίας + οὔσας δόξης<a id="noteref_22" name="noteref_22" href= + "#note_22"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">22</span></span></a> καὶ + τιμῆς, ὀκνῶ δὲ μὴ διὰ τὸ μῆκος, εἰ καὶ δοκεῖ λίαν οἰκεῖα τοῦ παρόντος + λόγου, διὰ τὸν καιρὸν ἀλλότρια φανῇ. τῶν μὲν οὖν ἄλλων τοὺς ἐπαίνους + διὰ τοῦτ᾽ ἀφήσειν μοι δοκῶ, τῆς Ῥώμης δὲ τὸ κεφάλαιον τῶν ἐπαίνων + αὐτός, [C] ὦ βασιλεῦ, συλλαβὼν ἐν βραχεῖ καὶ διδάσκαλον ἀρετῆς + προσειπών, τῷ δοῦναι τὸ κάλλιστον τῶν ἐγκωμίων, τοὺς παρὰ τῶν ἄλλων + λόγους ἀφῄρησαι. τί γὰρ λέξομεν ἡμεῖς περὶ αὐτῆς τοιοῦτον ἕτερον; τί + δὲ ἄλλος τις εἰπεῖν ἔχει; ὥστε μοι δοκῶ σεβόμενος εἰκότως τὴν πόλιν + τούτῳ τιμᾶν αὐτὴν πλέον, τῷ παραχωρεῖν σοι τῶν εἰς αὐτὴν λόγων.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(The rules of + panegyric require that I should mention your native land no less than + your ancestors. But I am at a loss what country I ought to consider + peculiarly yours. For countless nations have long asserted their + claim to be your country. The city<a id="noteref_23" name= + "noteref_23" href="#note_23"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">23</span></span></a> that + rules over them all was your mother and nurse, and in an auspicious + hour delivered to you the imperial sceptre, and therefore asserts her + sole title to the honour, and that not merely by resorting to the + plea that has prevailed under all the emperors. I mean that, even if + men are born elsewhere, they all adopt her constitution and use the + laws and customs that she has promulgated, and by that fact become + Roman citizens. But her claim is different, namely that she gave your + mother birth, rearing her royally and as befitted the offspring who + were to be born to her. Then again, the city on the Bosporus which is + named after the family of the Constantii, though she does not assert + that she is your native place, but acknowledges that she became your + adopted land by your father's act, will think she is cheated of her + rights if any orator should try to deprive her of at least this claim + to kinship. Thirdly, the Illyrians, on whose soil you were born, will + not tolerate it if anyone assign you a different fatherland and rob + them of the fairest gift of fortune. And now I hear some even of the + Eastern provinces protest that it is unjust of me to rob them of the + lustre they derive from you. For they say that they sent forth your + grandmother to be the consort of your grandfather on the mother's + side. Almost all the rest have hit on some pretension of more or less + weight, and are determined, on one ground or another, to adopt you + for their own. Therefore let that country<a id="noteref_24" name= + "noteref_24" href="#note_24"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">24</span></span></a> have the + prize which you yourself prefer and have so often praised as the + mother and teacher of the virtues; as for the rest, let each one + according to her deserts obtain her due. I should be glad to praise + them all, worthy as they are of glory and honour, but I am afraid + that my compliments, however germane they may seem to my subject, + might, on account of their length, be thought inappropriate to the + present occasion. For this reason, then, I think it better to omit a + eulogy of the others, but as for Rome, your imperial Majesty summed + up her praises in two words when you called her the teacher of + virtue, and, by bestowing on her the fairest of all encomiums, you + have forestalled all that others might say. What praise of mine would + come up to that? What indeed is left for anyone to say? So I feel + that I, who naturally hold that city in reverence, shall pay her a + higher honour if I leave her praise in your hands.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ τῆς + εὐγενείας τῆς σῆς ἴσως ἄξιον ἐπὶ τοῦ παρόντος ἐν βραχεῖ διελθεῖν. + ἀπορεῖν δὲ ἔοικα κάνταῦθα, [D] πόθεν ἄρχεσθαι χρή. πρόγονοί τε γάρ + εἰσί σοι καὶ πάπποι καὶ γονεῖς ἀδελφοί τε καῖ ἀνεψιοὶ καὶ ξυγγενεῖς + βασιλεῖς ἅπαντες, αὐτοὶ κτησάμενοι τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐννόμως ἢ παρὰ τῶν + κρατούντων εἰσποιηθέντες. καὶ τὰ μὲν παλαιὰ τί δεῖ λέγειν, Κλαυδίου + μνησθέντα, καὶ τῆς ἀρετῆς τῆς ἐκείνου ἐναργῆ παρέχειν καὶ γνώριμα + πᾶσι τεκμήρια, τῶν ἀγώνων τῶν<a id="noteref_25" name="noteref_25" + href="#note_25"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">25</span></span></a> πρὸς + τοὺς ὑπὲρ τὸν Ἴστρον οἰκοῦντας βαρβάρους ἀναμιμνήσκοντα, καὶ ὅπως τὴν + ἀρχὴν ὁσίως ἅμα καὶ δικαίως ἑκτήσατο, [7] καὶ τὴν ἐν βασιλείᾳ τῆς + διαίτης λιτότητα, καὶ τὴν ἀφέλειαν τῆς ἐσθῆτος ἐπὶ τῶν εἰκόνων + ὁρωμένην ἔτι; τὰ δὲ ὑπὲρ τῶν πάππων τῶν σῶν ἐστι μὲν τούτων νεώτερα, + λαμπρὰ δὲ οὐ μεῖον <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page018">[pg + 018]</span><a name="Pg018" id="Pg018" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg019" id="Pg019" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐκείνων. ἔτυχον μὲν γὰρ ἄμφω τῆς ἀρχῆς δι᾽ + ἀρετὴν ἀξίω κριθέντε, γενομένω δὲ ἐπὶ τῶν πραγμάτων οὕτω πρός τε + ἀλλήλους εὐνοïκῶς ἔσχον καὶ πρὸς τὸν μεταδόντα τῆς βασιλείας εὐσεβῶς, + ὥσθ᾽ ὁ μὲν ὡμολόγει μηδὲν τούτου πώποτε κρεῖττον βεβουλεῦσθαι, [B] + πολλὰ καὶ ἄλλα σωτήρια τοῖς κοινοῖς ἐξευρών, οἱ δὲ τὴν μετ᾽ ἀλλήλων + κοινωνίαν μᾶλλον ἢ τὴν τῶν ὅλων ἀρχήν, εἴπερ οἷόν τε ἦν, ἑκάστῳ + περιγενομένην ἠγάπων. οὕτω δὲ διακείμενοι τὰς ψυχὰς τῶν ἔργων ἔδρων + τὰ κάλλιστα, σεβόμενοι μὲν μετὰ τὴν κρείττονα φύσιν τὸν τὴν ἀρχὴν + αὐτοῖς παρασχόντα, τοῖς ὑπηκόοις δὲ πρᾴως<a id="noteref_26" name= + "noteref_26" href="#note_26"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">26</span></span></a> καὶ + φιλανθρώπως χρώμενοι, καὶ τοὺς [C] βαρβάρους οὐκ ἐλαύνοντες μόνον + πάλαι κατοικοῦντας καὶ νεμομένους καθάπερ τὴν οἰκείαν ἀδεῶς τὰ + ἡμέτερα, φρούρια δὲ ἐπιτειχίζοντες αὐτοῖς τοσαύτην πρὸς αὐτοὺς + εἰρήνην τοῖς ὑπηκόοις κατέστησαν, ὅσην οὐδὲ εὔξασθαι τότε ῥᾴδιον + ἐδόκει. ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ μὲν τούτων οὐκ ἄξιον ἐν παρέργῳ λέγειν. τῆς δὲ + ὁμονοίας αὐτῶν τῆς πρὸς ἀλλήλους τὸ μέγιστον σημεῖον παραλιπεῖν + οὐδαμῶς εὔλογον, καὶ ἄλλως προσῆκον τῷ λόγῳ. [D] κοινωνίαν γὰρ τὴν + καλλίστην τοῖς αὑτῶν παισὶν ἐπινοήσαντες τῶν σῶν πατέρων τοὺς γάμους + ἥρμοσαν. προσήκει δὲ οἶμαι καὶ περὶ τούτων ἐν βραχεῖ διελθεῖν, ὅπως + μῆ τῆς ἀρχῆς φανῇς μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς ἀρετῆς κληρονόμος. τὴν μὲν οὖν + βασιλείαν ὅπως μετὰ τὴν τοῦ πατρὸς κατέσχε τελευτὴν αὐτοῦ τε ἐκείνου + τῇ κρίσει καὶ τῶν στρατοπέδων ἁπάντων τῇ ψήφῳ πατὴρ ὁ σός, τί χρὴ νῦν + περιεργάζεσθαι; <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page020">[pg + 020]</span><a name="Pg020" id="Pg020" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg021" id="Pg021" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τὴν δὲ ἐς τοὺς πολέμους ῥώμην ἐκ τῶν ἔργων + μᾶλλον ἢ διὰ τῶν λόγων ἄν τις γνωρίσειε. τυραννίδας γάρ, [8] ἀλλ᾽ οὐ + βασιλείας ἐννόμους καθαιρῶν τὴν οἰκουμένην ἐπῆλθεν ἅπασαν. τοσαύτην + δὲ εὔνοιαν αὑτοῦ τοῖς ὑπηκόοις παρέστησεν, ὥσθ᾽ οἱ μὲν στρατευόμενοι + τῆς περὶ τὰς δωρεὰς καὶ τὰς χάριτας μεγαλοψυχίας ἔτι μεμνημένοι + καθάπερ θεὸν διατελοῦσι σεβόμενοι· τὸ δὲ ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν + ἀγρῶν πλῆθος, οὐχ οὕτω τῆς τῶν τυράννων ἀπαλλαγῆναι βαρύτητος + εὐχόμενοι, ὡς παρὰ τοῦ σοῦ πατρὸς ἀρχθῆναι, [B] τὴν κατ᾽ ἐκείνων αὐτῷ + νίκην ἐπηύχοντο. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἁπάντων κύριος κατέστη, ὥσπερ ἐξ αὐχμοῦ τῆς + ἀπληστίας τοῦ δυναστεύσαντος πολλῆς ἀπορίας χρημάτων οὔσης καὶ τοῦ + πλούτου τῶν βασιλείων ἐν μυχοῖς συνεληλαμένου, τὸ κλεῖθρον ἀφελὼν + ἐπέκλυσεν ἀθρόως τῷ πλούτῳ πάντα, πόλιν τε ἐπώνυμον αὑτοῦ κατέστησεν + ἐν οὐδὲ ὅλοις ἔτεσι δέκα, τοσούτῳ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπασῶν μείζονα, [C] ὅσῳ + τῆς Ῥώμης ἐλαττοῦσθαι δοκεῖ, ἧς τὸ δευτέραν τετάχθαι μακρῷ βέλτιον + ἔμοιγε φαίνεται ἢ τὸ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπασῶν πρώτην νομίζεσθαι. καλὸν ἴσως + ἐνταῦθα καὶ τῶν ἀοιδίμων Ἀθηνῶν μνησθῆναι, ἂς ἐκεῖνος ἔργοις καὶ + λόγοις τιμῶν τὸν πάντα χρόνον διετέλει. βασιλεὺς γὰρ ὢν καὶ κύριος + πάντων, στρατηγὸς ἐκείνων ἠξίου καλεῖσθαι, καὶ τοιαύτης εἰκόνος + τυγχάνων μετ᾽ ἐπιγράμματος ἐγάνυτο πλέον ἢ τῶν μεγίστων τιμῶν + ἀξιωθείς. [D] ἀμειβόμενος δὲ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ τὴν πόλιν, πυρῶν μεδίμνους + δίδωσι πολλάκις μυρίους καθ᾽ ἕκαστον ἔτος δωρεὰν καρποῦσθαι, ἐξ ὧν + ὑπῆρχε τῇ πόλει μὲν ἐν ἀφθόνοις <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page022">[pg 022]</span><a name="Pg022" id="Pg022" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg023" id="Pg023" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> εἶναι, ἐκείνῳ δὲ ἔπαινοι καὶ τιμαὶ παρὰ τῶν + βελτίστων.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now perhaps I + ought at this point to say a few words about your noble ancestors. + Only that here too I am at a loss where to begin. For all your + ancestors, grandfathers, parents, brothers, cousins and kinsfolk were + emperors, who had either acquired their power by lawful means or were + adopted by the reigning house. Why should I recall ancient history or + hark back to Claudius and produce proofs of his merit, which are + manifest and known to all? To what end recount his campaigns against + the barbarians across the Danube or how righteously and justly he won + the empire? How plainly he lived while on the throne! How simple was + his dress, as may be seen to this day in his statues! What I might + say about your grandparents<a id="noteref_27" name="noteref_27" href= + "#note_27"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">27</span></span></a> is + comparatively recent, but equally remarkable. Both of them acquired + the imperial sceptre as the reward of conspicuous merit, and having + assumed the command, they were on such good terms with each other and + displayed such filial piety to him<a id="noteref_28" name= + "noteref_28" href="#note_28"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">28</span></span></a> who had + granted them a share in the empire, that he used to say that of all + the safeguards designed by him for the realm, and they were many, + this was his master-stroke. They, meanwhile, valued their mutual + understanding more than undivided empire, supposing that it could + have been bestowed on either of them separately. This was the temper + of their souls, and nobly they played their part in action, while + next to the Supreme Being they reverenced him who had placed + authority in their hands. With their subjects they dealt righteously + and humanely, and expelled the barbarians who had for years settled + in our territory and had occupied it with impunity as though it were + their own, and they built forts to hinder encroachment, which + procured for those subjects such peaceful relations with the + barbarians as, at that period, seemed to be beyond their dreams. + This, however, is a subject that deserves more than a passing + mention. Yet it would be wrong to omit the strongest proof of their + unanimity, especially as it is related to my subject. Since they + desired the most perfect harmony for their children, they arranged + the marriage of your father and mother.<a id="noteref_29" name= + "noteref_29" href="#note_29"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">29</span></span></a> On this + point also I think I must say a few words to show that virtue was + bequeathed to you as well as a throne. But why waste time in telling + how your father, on his father's death, became emperor both by the + choice of the deceased monarch and by the vote of all the armies? His + military genius was made evident by his achievements and needs no + words of mine. He traversed the whole civilised world suppressing + tyrants, but never those who ruled by right. His subjects he inspired + with such affection that his veterans still remember how generous he + was with largess and other rewards, and to this day worship him as + though he were a god. As for the mass of the people, in town and + country alike, they prayed that your father might be victorious over + the tyrants, not so much because they would be delivered from that + oppression as because they would then be governed by him. But when he + had made his power supreme, he found that the tyrant's<a id= + "noteref_30" name="noteref_30" href="#note_30"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">30</span></span></a> greed + had worked like a drought, with the result that money was very + scarce, while there were great hoards of treasure in the recesses of + the palace; so he unlocked its doors and on the instant flooded the + whole country with wealth, and then, in less than ten years, he + founded and gave his name to a city<a id="noteref_31" name= + "noteref_31" href="#note_31"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">31</span></span></a> that as + far surpasses all others as it is itself inferior to Rome; and to + come second to Rome seems to me a much greater honour than to be + counted first and foremost of all cities beside. Here it may be + proper to mention Athens <span class="tei tei-q">“the + illustrious,”</span><a id="noteref_32" name="noteref_32" href= + "#note_32"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">32</span></span></a> seeing + that during his whole life he honoured her in word and deed. He who + was emperor and lord of all did not disdain the title of General of + the Athenians, and when they gave him a statue with an inscription to + that effect he felt more pride than if he had been awarded the + highest honours. To repay Athens for this compliment he bestowed on + her annually a gift of many tens of thousands of bushels of wheat, so + that while she enjoyed plenty, he won applause and reverence from the + best of men.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Πολλῶν δὲ καὲ + καλῶν ἔργων τῷ πατρὶ τῷ σῷ πραχθέντων, ὧν τε ἐπεμνήσθην καὶ ὅσα διὰ + τὸ μῆκος παραλιπεῖν δοκῶ, πάντων ἄριστον ἔγογε φαίην ἄν, [9] οἶμαι δὲ + καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους ἅπαντας ὁμολογήσειν, τὴν σὴν γένεσιν καὶ τροφὴν καὶ + παιδείαν· ἐξ ἧς ὑπάρχει τοῖς λοιποῖς οὐ τὸ πρὸς ὀλίγον ἀπολαῦσαι τῆς + ἀρίστης ἀρχῆς, ἀλλ᾽ ὡς οἷον τέ ἐστιν εἰς πλείονα χρόνον. δοκεῖ γοῦν + ἄρχειν ἐκεῖνος εἰσέτι. καὶ Κύρῳ μὲν οὐχ ὑπῆρχε τοῦτο. τελευτήσαντος + γὰρ ὁ παῖς ὤφθη μακρῷ φαυλότερος, ὥστε ὁ μὲν ἐκαλεῖτο πατήρ, ὁ δὲ + ἐπωνομάσθη δεσπότης. [B] σὲ δὲ πρᾳότερον μὲν τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ ἐν ἄλλοις + πολλοῖς κρείττονα σαφῶς τε<a id="noteref_33" name="noteref_33" href= + "#note_33"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">33</span></span></a> οἶδα, + καὶ δηλώσω τοῦ καιροῦ φανέντος ἐν τῷ λόγῳ. ἐκείνῳ δὲ προσήκειν καὶ + τούτου νομίζω μεταδόντι σοι τῆς ἀρίστης τροφῆς, ὑπὲρ ἧς ἤδη λέγειν + πειράσομαι, μητρὸς καὶ ἀδελφῶν τῶν σῶν ἐπιμνησθείς.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Your father's + achievements were many and brilliant. Some I have just mentioned, and + others I must omit for the sake of brevity. But the most notable of + all, as I make bold to say and I think all will agree, was that he + begat, reared and educated you. This secured to the rest of the world + the advantages of good government, and that not for a limited time + but for a period beyond his own lifetime, as far as this is possible. + At any rate your father seems still to be on the throne. This is more + than Cyrus himself could achieve. When he died his son proved far + inferior, so that while men called Cyrus <span class= + "tei tei-q">“father,”</span> his successor was called <span class= + "tei tei-q">“master.”</span><a id="noteref_34" name="noteref_34" + href="#note_34"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">34</span></span></a> But you + are even less stern than your father, and surpass him in many + respects, as I well know and will demonstrate in my speech as + occasion shall arise. Yet, in my opinion, he should have the credit + of this as well, since it was he who gave you that admirable training + concerning which I shall presently speak, but not till I have + described your mother and brothers.<a id="noteref_35" name= + "noteref_35" href="#note_35"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">35</span></span></a>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τῇ μὲν γὰρ + εὐγενείας τοσοῦτον περιῆν καὶ κάλλους σώματος καὶ τρόπων ἀρετῆς, ὄσον + οὐκ ἄλλῃ γυναικὶ ῥᾳδίως ἄν τις ἐξεύροι. ἐπεὶ καὶ Περσῶν ἀκούω τὸν + ὑπὲρ Παρυσάτιδος λόγον, [C] ὅτι μόνη γέγονεν ἀδελφὴ καὶ μήτηρ καὶ + γαμετὴ καὶ παῖς βασιλέως. ἀλλ᾽ ἦν γε αὕτη τοῦ γήμαντος ἀδελφὴ τῇ + φύσει, νόμος δὲ ἐδίδου γαμεῖν ἀδελφὴν τῷ Πέρσῃ. τὴν σὴν δὲ μητέρα + κατὰ τοὺς παρ᾽ ἡμῖν νόμους ἀχράντους καὶ καθαρὰς τὰς οἰκειότητας + ταύτας <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page024">[pg 024]</span><a name= + "Pg024" id="Pg024" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg025" id= + "Pg025" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> φυλάττουσαν συνέβαινε<a id= + "noteref_36" name="noteref_36" href="#note_36"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">36</span></span></a> τοῦ μὲν + εἶναι παῖδα, γαμετὴν δὲ ἑτέρου, καὶ ἀδελφὴν ἄλλου, καὶ πολλῶν + αὐτοκρατόρων, οἰχὶ δὲ ἑνὸς μητέρα. [D] ὧν ὁ μέν τις τῷ πατρὶ + συγκατειργάσατο τὸν πρὸς τοὺς τυράννους πόλεμον, ὁ δὲ τὴν πρὸς τοὺς + Γέτας ἡμῖν εἰρήνην τοῖς ὅπλοις κρατήσας ἀσφαλῆ παρεσκεύασεν, ὁ δὲ + ἐτήρησεν ἄβατον τοῖς πολεμίοις τὴν χώραν, αὐτὸς ἐπιστρατεύων ἐκείνοις + πολλάκις, ἕως ἐπέτρεπον οἱ μικρὸν ὕστερον τῶν εἰς ἐκεῖνον ἀδικημάτων + δίκην ὑποσχόντες. πολλῶν δὲ ὑπαρχόντων ἐκείνοις περιφανῶν ἔργων, ἐφ᾽ + οἷς ἄν τις αὐτοὺς δικαίως ἐπαινεῖν ἔχοι, καὶ τῶν ἐκ τῆς τύχης ἀγαθῶν + περιουσίας οὔσης,<a id="noteref_37" name="noteref_37" href= + "#note_37"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">37</span></span></a> [10] + οὐδέν ἐστι τοιοῦτον τῶν ἄλλων, ἐφ᾽ ᾧ μακαρίζων ἄν<a id="noteref_38" + name="noteref_38" href="#note_38"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">38</span></span></a> τις + αὐτοὺς εἰκότως σεμνύνοι, ὡς ὅτι τῶν μὲν ἀπόγονοι, τῶν δὲ + ἔκγονοι<a id="noteref_39" name="noteref_39" href= + "#note_39"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">39</span></span></a> + γεγόνασιν.<a id="noteref_40" name="noteref_40" href= + "#note_40"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">40</span></span></a> ἀλλ᾽ ἵνα + μὴ μακρότερα περὶ αὐτῶν λέγων τὸν ὀφειλόμενον τοῖς ἐπαίνοις τοῖς σοῖς + καιρὸν ἀναλώσω τοῦ λόγου, πειράσομαι λοιπὸν ὡς ἡμῖν ἄξιον, μᾶλλον δέ, + εἰ δεῖ μηδὲν ὑποστειλάμενον εἰπεῖν, μακρῷ τῶν προγόνων ἐπιδείξω + σε<a id="noteref_41" name="noteref_41" href="#note_41"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">41</span></span></a> + σεμνότερον.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Your mother's + ancestry was so distinguished, her personal beauty and nobility of + character were such that it would be hard to find her match among + women. I have heard that saying of the Persians about Parysatis, that + no other woman had been the sister, mother, wife, and daughter of + kings. Parysatis, however, was own sister of her husband, since their + law does not forbid a Persian to marry his sister. But your mother, + while in accordance with our laws she kept pure and unsullied those + ties of kinship, was actually the daughter of one emperor,<a id= + "noteref_42" name="noteref_42" href="#note_42"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">42</span></span></a> the wife + of another, the sister of a third, and the mother not of one emperor + but of several. Of these one aided your father in his war against the + tyrants; another conquered the Getae and secured for us a lasting + peace with them; the third<a id="noteref_43" name="noteref_43" href= + "#note_43"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">43</span></span></a> kept our + frontiers safe from the enemy's incursions, and often led his forces + against them in person, so long at least as he was permitted by those + who were so soon punished for their crimes against him. Though by the + number and brilliance of their achievements they have indeed earned + our homage, and though all the blessings of fortune were theirs in + abundance, yet in the whole tale of their felicity one could pay them + no greater compliment than merely to name their sires and grandsires. + But I must not make my account of them too long, lest I should spend + time that I ought to devote to your own panegyric. So in what follows + I will, as indeed I ought, endeavour—or rather, since affectation is + out of place, let me say I will demonstrate—that you are far more + august than your ancestors.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[B] Φήμας μὲν δὴ + καὶ μαντείας καὶ ὄψεις τὰς ἐν τοῖς ὕπνοις, καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα θρυλεῖν + εἰώθασιν ἐπὶ τῶν οὕτω λαμπρὰ καὶ περιφανῊ πραξάντων, Κύρου καὶ τοῦ + τῆς ἡμετέρας οἰκιστοῦ πόλεως καὶ Ἀλεξάνδρου τοῦ Φιλίππου, καὶ εἴ τις + ἄλλος τοιοῦτος γέγονεν, ἑκὼν ἀφίημι· <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page026">[pg 026]</span><a name="Pg026" id="Pg026" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg027" id="Pg027" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> δοκεῖ γὰρ οὐ πόρρω ταῦτα τῆς ποιητικῆς ἐξουσίας + εἶναι. καὶ τὰ παρὰ τὴν πρώτην ὑπάρξαντά σοι γένεσιν ὡς λαμπρὰ καὶ + βασιλικὰ καὶ<a id="noteref_44" name="noteref_44" href= + "#note_44"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">44</span></span></a> τὸ + λέγειν εὔηθες. [C] ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ τῆς ἐν τοῖς παισὶν ἀγωγῆς ὁ καιρὸς + ὑπομέμνηκεν, ἔδει σοι τῆς βασιλικῆς τροφῆς δήπουθεν, ἣ τὸ μὲν σῶμα + πρὸς ἰσχὺν καὶ ῥώμην καὶ εὐεξίαν καὶ κάλλος ἀσκήσει, τὴν ψυχὴν δὲ + πρὸς ἀνδρείαν καὶ δικαιοσύνην καὶ σωφροσύνην καὶ φρόνησιν ἐμμελῶς + παρασκευάσει. ταῦτα δὲ οὐ ῥᾴδιον διὰ τῆς ἀνειμένης ὑπάρχειν διαίτης, + θρυπτούσης μέν, ὡς εἰκός, τὰς ψυχὰς καὶ τὰ σώματα, ἀσθενεστέρας δὲ + [D] ἐργαζομένης πρός τε τοὺς κινδύνους τὰς γνώμας καὶ πρὸς τοὺς + πόνους τὰ σώματα. οὐκοῦν τῷ μὲν ἔδει γυμναστικῆς, τῷ σώματι, τὴν + ψυχὴν δὲ τῇ τῶν λόγων ἐκόσμεις μελέτῃ. ἐπὶ πλέον δὲ ὑπὲρ ἀμφοτέρων + ἄξιον διελθεῖν· ἀρχὴ γάρ τις αὕτη τῶν μετὰ ταῦτα πράξεων γέγονε. τῆς + μὲν οὖν ἐπιμελείας τῆς περὶ τὴν ἰσχὺν οὐ τὸ πρὸς τὰς ἐπιδείξεις + ἁρμόζον ἤσκησας, ἥκιστα βασιλεῖ πρέπειν ὑπολαβὼν τῶν τὰς παλαίστρας + κατειληφότων τὴν θρυλουμένην εὐεξίαν, [11] μέλλοντι τῶν ἀληθινῶν + ἀγώνων μεθέξειν, ὕπνου τε ἐλαχίστου δεομένῳ καὶ τροφῆς οὐ πολλῆς, καὶ + ταύτης οὔτε κατὰ πλῆθος οὔτε κατὰ ποιότητα πάντως ὡρισμένης οὔτε κατὰ + τὸν καιρόν, ὃν χρὴ προσφέρεσθαι, τῆς ἐπιτυχούσης δέ, ἐπειδὰν αἱ + πράξεις τὸν καιρὸν ἐνδῶσιν. ὅθεν ᾤου δεῖν καὶ τὰ γυμνάσια πρὸς ταύτην + ποιεῖσθαι,<a id="noteref_45" name="noteref_45" href= + "#note_45"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">45</span></span></a> πολλὰ + καὶ στρατιωτικά, χορείαν τὴν ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις, [B] δρόμον τὸν ἐν + τούτοις, τὴν ἱππικὴν τέχνην, οἷς ἅπασι διατετέλεκας ἐξ <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page028">[pg 028]</span><a name="Pg028" id="Pg028" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg029" id="Pg029" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀρχῆς ἐν καιρῷ χρώμενος· καὶ κατώρθωται παρὰ + σοὶ τούτων ἕκαστον ὡς παρ᾽ οὐδενὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὁπλιτῶν. οὐκοῦν ὁ μέν τις + ἐκείνων, πεζὸς ὢν ἀγαθός, τὴν ἱππικὴν τέχνην ἠγνόησεν, ὁ δέ, + ἐπιστάμενος χρῆσθαι τοῖς ἱππικοῖς, ὀκνεῖ πεζὸς εἰς μάχην ἰέναι. μόνῳ + δὲ ὑπάρχει σοὶ τῶν μὲν ἱππέων ἀρίστῳ φαίνεσθαι παραπλησίως ἐκείνοις + σταλέντι, [C] μετασκευασαμένῳ δὲ ἐς τοὺς ὁπλίτας κρατεῖν ἁπάντων ῥώμῃ + καὶ τάχει καὶ τῇ τῶν ποδῶν κουφότητι. ὅπως δὲ μὴ τὰς ἀνέσεις + ῥᾳιθύμους εἶναι μηδ᾽ ἄνευ τῶν ὅπλων ποιεῖσθαι συμβαίνῃ, ἐπίσκοπα + τοξεύειν ἤσκησας. καὶ τὸ μὲν σῶμα διὰ τῶν ἑκουσίων πόνων πρὸς τοὺς + ἀκουσίους εὖ ἔχειν παρεσκεύασας, τῇ ψυχῇ δὲ ἡγεῖτο μὲν ἡ τῶν λόγων + μελέτη καὶ τὰ προσήκοντα τοῖς τηλικούτοις μαθήματα. [D] ὅπως δὲ μὴ + παντάπασιν ἀγύμναστος ᾖ μηδὲ καθάπερ ᾄσματα καὶ μύθους τοὺς ὑπὲρ τῶν + ἀρετῶν ἐπακούῃ λόγους, ἔργων δὲ ἀγαθῶν καὶ πράξεων ἄπειρος οὖσα τὸν + τοσοῦτον διαμείνῃ χρόνον, καθάπερ ὁ γενναῖος ἠξίωσε Πλάτων οἱονεὶ + πτερὰ τοῖς παισὶ χαριζόμενον καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς ἵππους ἀναβιβάζοντα<a id= + "noteref_46" name="noteref_46" href="#note_46"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">46</span></span></a> ἄγειν + εἰς τὰς μάχας, θεατὰς ἐσομένους ὧν οὐκ εἰς μακρὰν ἀγωνιστὰς ἐχρῆν + καταστῆναι, πατέρα τὸν σὸν [12] διανοηθέντα φαίην ἂν εἰκότως τοῖς + Κελτῶν ἔθνεσιν ἐπιστῆσαι σε φύλακα καὶ βασιλέα, μειράκιον ἔτι, μᾶλλον + δὲ παῖδα κομιδῇ τῷ χρόνῳ, ἐπεὶ τῇ γε συνέσει καὶ ῥώμῃ τοῖς καλοῖς + κἀγαθοῖς ἀνδράσιν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page030">[pg + 030]</span><a name="Pg030" id="Pg030" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg031" id="Pg031" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐνάμιλλον ἤδη. τοῦ μὲν ἀκίνδυνον γενέσθαι σοι + τὴν πολεμικὴν ἐμπειρίαν ὁ πατὴρ προυνόησε καλῶς, εἰρήνην ἐπιτάξας + πρὸς τοὸς ὑπηκόους ἄγειν τοῖς βαρβάροις· [B] μάχεσθαι δὲ ἀναπείθων + καὶ στασιάζειν πρὸς ἀλλήλουσ, ἐν ταῖς ἐκείνων συμφοραῖς καὶ τοῖς + σώμασι στρατηγικὴν ἐδίδασκε τέχνην, ἀσφαλέστερον βουλευόμενος τοῦ + σοφοῦ Πλάτωνος. τῷ μὲν γὰρ, εἰ πεζὸς ἐπέλθοι πολεμίων στρατός, οἱ + παῖδες θεαταὶ καὶ κοινωνοὶ τῶν ἔργων, ἤν που δεηθῶσι, τοῖς πατράσι + γένοιντ᾽ ἄν· κρατούντων δὲ ἱππεῦσι τῶν πολεμίων, ὥρα μηχανᾶσθαι τοῖς + μειρακίοις σωτηρίας τρόπον δυσεπινόητον. [C] τὸ δὲ ἐν ἀλλοτρίοις + κινδύνοις τοὺς παῖδας ἐθίζειν πολεμίων ἀνέχεσθαι καὶ πρὸς τὴν χρείαν + ἀρκούντως καὶ πρὸς τὴν ἀσφάλειαν δοκεῖ βεβουλεῦσθαι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now as for + heavenly voices and prophecies and visions in dreams and all such + portents<a id="noteref_47" name="noteref_47" href= + "#note_47"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">47</span></span></a> as are + common gossip when men like yourself have achieved brilliant and + conspicuous success, Cyrus, for instance, and the founder<a id= + "noteref_48" name="noteref_48" href="#note_48"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">48</span></span></a> of our + capital, and Alexander, Philip's son, and the like, I purposely + ignore them. Indeed I feel that poetic license accounts for them all. + And it is foolish even to state that at the hour of your birth all + the circumstances were brilliant and suited to a prince. And now the + time has come for me to speak of your education as a boy. You were of + course bound to have the princely nurture that should train your body + to be strong, muscular, healthy, and handsome, and at the same time + duly equip your soul with courage, justice, temperance, and wisdom. + But this cannot result from that loose indulgence which naturally + pampers body and soul, weakening men's wills for facing danger and + their bodies for work. Therefore your body required training by + suitable gymnastics, while you adorned your mind by literary studies. + But I must speak at greater length about both branches of your + education, since it laid the foundation of your later career. In your + physical training you did not pursue those exercises that fit one + merely for public display. What professional athletes love to call + the pink of condition you thought unsuitable for a king who must + enter for contests that are not make-believe. Such a one must put up + with very little sleep and scanty food, and that of no precise + quantity or quality or served at regular hours, but such as can be + had when the stress of work allows. And so you thought you ought to + train yourself in athletics with a view to this, and that your + exercises must be military and of many kinds, dancing and running in + heavy armour, and riding. All these you have continued from early + youth to practise at the right time, and in every exercise you have + attained to greater perfection than any other hoplite. Usually a + hoplite who is a good infantryman cannot ride, or, if he is an expert + horseman, he shirks marching on foot to battle. But of you alone it + can be said that you can put on the cavalry uniform and be a match + for the best of them, and when changed into a hoplite show yourself + stronger, swifter, and lighter on your feet than all the rest. Then + you practised shooting at a mark, that even your hours of leisure + might not be hours of ease or be found without the exercise of arms. + So by work that was voluntary you trained your body to stand the + exertions that you would be compelled to undertake. Your mind, + meanwhile, was trained by practice in public speaking and other + studies suitable to your years. But it was not to be wholly without + the discipline of experience, nor was it for you to listen merely to + lectures on the virtues as though they were ballads or saga stories, + and so wait all that time without actual acquaintance with brave + works and undertakings. Plato, that noble philosopher, advised<a id= + "noteref_49" name="noteref_49" href="#note_49"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">49</span></span></a> that + boys should be furnished as it were with wings for flight by being + mounted on horseback, and should then be taken into battle so that + they may be spectators of the warfare in which they must soon be + combatants. This, I make bold to say, was in your father's mind when + he made you governor and king of the Celtic tribes while you were + still a youth, or rather a mere boy in point of years, though in + intelligence and endurance you could already hold your own with men + of parts. Your father wisely provided that your experience of war + should be free from risks, having arranged that the barbarians should + maintain peace with his subjects. But he instigated them to internal + feuds and civil war, and so taught you strategy at the expense of + their lives and fortunes. This was a safer policy than the wise + Plato's. For, by his scheme, if the invading army were composed of + infantry, the boys could indeed be spectators of their fathers' + prowess, or, if need arose, could even take part. But supposing that + the enemy won in a cavalry engagement, then, on the instant, one + would have to devise some means to save the boys, which would be + difficult indeed. But to inure the boys to face the enemy, while the + hazard belongs to others, is to take counsel that both suffices for + their need and also secures their safety.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐν μὲν δὴ τούτοις + σοι πρὸς ἀνδρείαν ὑπῆρχε μελέτη. φρονήσεως δὲ ἡ μὲν φύσις, ἣν + εἴληχας, αὐταρκὴς ἡγεμών· παρῆσαν δὲ οἶμαι καὶ τῶν πολιτῶν οἱ + κράτιστοι τὰ πολιτικὰ διδάσκοντες. καὶ [D] παρεῖχον ἠθῶν καὶ νόμων + καὶ ξένων ἐπιτηδευμάτων ἐμπειρίαν αἱ πρὸς τοὺς ἡγεμόνας τῶν τῇδε + βαρβάρων ἐντεύξεις. καίτοι τὸν Ὀδυσσέα συνετὸν Ὅμηρος ἐκ παντὸς + ἀποφῆναι προαιρούμενος πολύτροπον εἶναὶ φησι καὶ πολλῶν ἀνθρώπων τὸν + νοῦν καταγνῶναι καὶ ἐπελθεῖν τὰς πόλεισ,<a id="noteref_50" name= + "noteref_50" href="#note_50"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">50</span></span></a> ἵν᾽ ἐξ + ἁπάντων ἐπιλεξάμενος ἔχοι τὰ κράτιστα καὶ πρὸς παντοδαποὺς ἀνθρώπους + ὁμιλεὶν δύναιτο. ἀλλὰ τῷ μὲν ὃς<a id="noteref_51" name="noteref_51" + href="#note_51"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">51</span></span></a> οὐκ + ἐβασίλευσε <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page032">[pg + 032]</span><a name="Pg032" id="Pg032" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg033" id="Pg033" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ποικίλων ἠθῶν ἐμπειρίας χρεία· [13] τὸν δὲ πρὸς + τοσαύτην ἡγεμονίαν τρεφόμενον οὐκ ἐν οἰκίσκῳ που χρῆν διδάσκεσθαι + οὐδὲ τὴν βασιλείαν, καθάπερ ὁ Κῦρος, παίζοντα μιμεῚσθαι οὐδὲ + χρηματίζειν τοῖς ἥλιξι, καθάπερ ἐκεῖνον λέγουσιν, ἀλλ᾽ ἔθνεσιν + ὁμιλεῖν καὶ δήμοις, καὶ στρατιωτῶν τάγμασιν ἐπιτάττειν ἁπλῶς τὸ + πρακτέον· ὅλως δὲ οὐδενὸς ἀπολείπεσθαι τούτων, ὧν ἐχρῆν ἄνδρα + γενόμενον ἐπ᾽ ἀδείας πράττειν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(It was in this + way then that you were first trained in manliness. But as regards + wisdom, that nature with which you were endowed was your + self-sufficing guide. But also, I think, the wisest citizens were at + your disposal and gave you lessons in statecraft. Moreover, your + intercourse with the barbarian leaders in that region gave you an + acquaintance at first hand with the manners, laws, and usages of + foreigners. Indeed, when Homer set out to prove the consummate wisdom + of Odysseus, he called him <span class= + "tei tei-q">“much-travelled,”</span> and said that he had come to + know the minds of many peoples and visited their cities, so that he + might choose what was best in every one and be able to mix with all + sorts and conditions of men. Yes, even Odysseus, who never ruled an + empire, needed experience of the many and divers minds of men. How + much more necessary that one who was being brought up to guide an + empire like this should not fit himself for the task in some modest + dwelling apart; neither should he, like young Cyrus in his games, + play at being emperor, nor give audiences to his playmates, as they + say<a id="noteref_52" name="noteref_52" href="#note_52"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">52</span></span></a> Cyrus + did. Rather he ought to mix with nations and peoples, and give orders + to his troops definitely indicating what is to be done, and generally + he should be found wanting in none of those things which, when he + comes to manhood, he must perform without fear.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[B] Οὐκοῦν ἐπειδὴ + τὰ παρὰ τούτοις ἐδιδάχθης καλῶς, ἐπὶ τὴν ἑτέραν ἤπειρον μετιὼν τοῖς + Παρθυαίων καὶ Μήδων ἔθνεσιν ἀντετάχθης μόνος. ὑποτυφομένου δὲ ἤδη τοῦ + πολέμου καὶ οὐκ εἰς μακρὰν μέλλοντος ἀναρριπίζεσθαι, ταχέως καὶ + τούτου κατέγνως τὸν τρόπον, καὶ τὴν τῶν ὅπλων ἰσχὺν ἐμιμήσω, καὶ πρὸς + τὴν ὥραν τοῦ θέρους εἴθισας καρτερεῖν τὸ σῶμα. πυνθάνομαι δὲ + Ἀλκιβιάδην μόνον ἐξ ἁπάντων Ἑλλήνων οὕτως εὐφυῶς μεταβολὰς ἐνεγκεῖν, + [C] ὡς καὶ μιμήσασθαι πρῶτον<a id="noteref_53" name="noteref_53" + href="#note_53"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">53</span></span></a> μὲν τὴν + τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων ἐγκράτειαν, ἐπειδὴ Σπαρτιάταις αὑτὸν ἐδεδώκει, εἶτα + Θηβαίους, καὶ Θρᾴκας ὕστερον, καὶ ἐπὶ τέλει τὴν τῶν Περσῶν τρυφήν. + ἀλλ᾽ ἐκεῖνος μὲν τοῖς χωρίοις συμμεταβάλλων καὶ τὸν τρόπον + ἀνεπίμπλατο πολλῆς δυσχερείας καὶ τὸ πάτριον ἐκινδύνευε παντελῶς + ἀποβαλεῖν, σὺ δὲ τῆς μὲν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page034">[pg + 034]</span><a name="Pg034" id="Pg034" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg035" id="Pg035" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐγκρατοῦς διαίτης ᾤου δεῖν ἔχεσθαι πανταχοῦ, + [D] ἐθίζων δὲ τὸ σῶμα τοῖς πόνοις πρὸς τὰς μεταβολὰς ῥᾷον + ἤνεγκας<a id="noteref_54" name="noteref_54" href= + "#note_54"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">54</span></span></a> τὴν ἐκ + Γαλατῶν εἰς Παρθυαίους ἄνοδον ἢ<a id="noteref_55" name="noteref_55" + href="#note_55"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">55</span></span></a> τῶν + πλουσίων οἱ ταῖς ὥραις τὴν οἴκησιν συμμεταβάλλοντες, εἰ παρὰ τὸν + καιρὸν βιασθεῖεν. καί μοι δοκεῖ θεὸς εὐμενὴς πρὸς τὴν τῶν ὅλων + ἡγεμονίαν ἐξ ἀρχῆς τὴν σὴν ἀρετὴν παρασκευάζειν ἐθέλων, κύκλῳ σε + περιαγαγεῖν καὶ ἐπιδεῖξαι τῆς ἀρχῆς ἁπάσης ὅρους καὶ πέρατα καὶ φύσιν + χωρίων [14] καὶ μέγεθος χώρας καὶ δύναμιν ἐθνῶν καὶ πλῆθος πόλεων καὶ + φύσιν δήμων καὶ τὶ κράτιστον αὐτῶν ἐκείνων τὴν περιουσίαν<a id= + "noteref_56" name="noteref_56" href="#note_56"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">56</span></span></a> ὧν + οὐδενὸς ἀπολελεῖφθαι χρὴ τὸν πρὸς τοσαύτην ἀρχὴν τρεφόμενον. τὸ + μέγιστον δὲ μικροῦ με διέφυγεν εἰπεῖν, ὅτι τούτων ἁπάντων ἄρχειν ἐκ + παίδων διδασκόμενος, ἄρχεσθαι κρεῖττον ἔμαθες, ἀρχῇ τῇ πασῶν ἀρίστῃ + καὶ δικαιοτάτῃ, φύσει τε καὶ νόμῳ, σαυτὸν ὑποτιθείς· πατρὶ γὰρ + ὑπήκουες ἅμα καὶ βασιλεῖ· ὧν εἰ καὶ θάτερον ὑπῆρχεν ἐκείνῳ μόνον, + ἄρχειν αὐτῷ πάντως προσῆκον ἦν. [B] καίτοι τίνα ποτ᾽ ἄν τις ἐξεύροι + βασιλικὴν τροφὴν καὶ παιδείαν ἀμείνω ταύτης πάλαι γενομένην; οὔτε γὰρ + Λακεδαιμόνιοι τῶν Ἑλλήνων, οἵπερ δὴ δοκοῦσιν ἀρίστης ἀρχῆς τῆς τῶν + βασιλέων μεταλαβεῖν, οὕτω τοὺς Ἡρακλείδας ἐπαίδευον, οὔτε τῶν + βαρβάρων οἱ Καρχηδόνιοι, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page036">[pg + 036]</span><a name="Pg036" id="Pg036" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg037" id="Pg037" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> βασιλευόμενοι διαφερόντως, τῆς ἀρίστης + ἐπιμελείας τὸν ἄρξοντα<a id="noteref_57" name="noteref_57" href= + "#note_57"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">57</span></span></a> σφῶν + ἠξίουν· ἀλλὰ πᾶσιν ἦν κοινὰ τὰ παρὰ τῶν νόμων τῆς ἀρετῆς γυμνάσια καὶ + τὶ παιδεύματα, [C] καθάπερ ἀδελφοῖς τοῖς πολίταις ἄρξειν τε καὶ + ἀρχθήσεσθαι μέλλουσι, καὶ οὐδὲν διάφορον προσῆν εἰς παιδείας λόγον + τοῖς ἡγεμόσι τῶν ἄλλων. καίτοι πῶς οὐκ εὔηθες ἀπαιτεῖν μὲν ἀρετῆς + μέγεθος ἀνυπέρβλητον παρὰ τῶν ἀρχόντων, προνοεῖν δὲ μηδέν, ὅπως + ἔσονται τῶν πολλῶν διαφέροντες; καὶ τοῖς μὲν βαρβάροις, ἅπασιν ἐν + κοινῷ τῆς ἀρχῆς ταύτης προκειμένης, τὸ τὴν ἐπιμέλειαν τῶν ἠθῶν ὁμοίαν + γίγνεσθαι παράσχοι συγγνώμην· τὸν Λυκοῦργον [D] δὲ τοῖς ἀφ᾽ Ἡρακλέους + ἀστυφέλικτον τὴν βασιλείαν διαφυλάττοντα<a id="noteref_58" name= + "noteref_58" href="#note_58"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">58</span></span></a> μηδεμίαν + ὑπεροχὴν ἐν ταῖς ἐπιμελείαις τῶν νέων εὑρόντα σφόδρα ἄν τις εἰκότως + μέμψαιτο. οὐδὲ γὰρ εἰ πάντας Λακεδαιμονίους ἀθλητὰς ἀρετῆς καὶ + τροφίμους ᾤετο δεῖν εἶναι, τῆς ἴσης ἀξιοῦν ἐχρῆν τροφῆς καὶ παιδείας + τοὺς ἰδιώτας τοῖς ἄρξουσιν.<a id="noteref_59" name="noteref_59" href= + "#note_59"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">59</span></span></a> [15] ἡ + γὰρ τοιαύτη κατὰ μικρὸν παραδυομένη<a id="noteref_60" name= + "noteref_60" href="#note_60"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">60</span></span></a> συνήθεια + ταῖς ψυχαῖς ἐνέτεκεν<a id="noteref_61" name="noteref_61" href= + "#note_61"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">61</span></span></a> + ὑπεροψίαν τῶν κρειττόνων· ὅλως γὰρ οὐδὲ κρείττονας νομιστέον τοὺς οὐ + δι᾽ ἀρετὴν πρωτεύειν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page038">[pg + 038]</span><a name="Pg038" id="Pg038" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg039" id="Pg039" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> λαχόντας. τοῦτο δὲ οἶμαι καὶ Σπαρτιάτας + χαλεπωτέρους ἀρχθῆναι τοῖς βασιλεῦσι παρεῖχε πολλάκις. χρήσαιτο δ᾽ ἄν + τις σαφεῖ τεκμηρίῳ τῶν [B] ῥηθέντων τῇ Λυσάνδρου πρὸς Ἀγησίλαον + φιλοτιμίᾳ καὶ ἄλλοις πλείοσιν, ἐπιὼν τὰ πεπραγμένα τοῖς ἀνδράσιν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Accordingly, when + you had gained a thorough knowledge of the Celts, you crossed to the + other continent and were given sole command against the Parthians and + Medes. There were already signs that a war was smouldering and would + soon burst into flame. You therefore quickly learned how to deal with + it, and, as though you took as model the hardness of your weapons, + steeled yourself to bear the heat of the summer season. I have heard + say that Alcibiades alone, among all the Greeks, was naturally so + versatile that when he cast in his lot with the Spartans he copied + the self-restraint of the Lacedaemonians, then in turn Theban and + Thracian manners, and finally adopted Persian luxury. But Alcibiades, + when he changed his country changed his character<a id="noteref_62" + name="noteref_62" href="#note_62"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">62</span></span></a> too, and + became so tainted with perversity and so ill-conditioned that he was + likely to lose utterly all that he was born to. You, however, thought + it your duty to maintain your severity of life wherever you might be, + and by hard work inuring your constitution to change, you easily bore + the march inland from Galatia to Parthia, more easily in fact than a + rich man who lives now here, now there, according to the season, + would bear it if he were forced to encounter unseasonable weather. I + think Heaven smiled on you and willed that you should govern the + whole world, and so from the first trained you in virtue, and was + your guide when you journeyed to all points, and showed you the + bounds and limits of the whole empire, the character of each region, + the vastness of your territory, the power of every race, the number + of the cities, the characteristics of the masses, and above all the + vast number of things that one who is bred to so great a kingship + cannot afford to neglect. But I nearly forgot to mention the most + important thing of all. From a boy you were taught to govern this + great empire, but a better thing you learned, to be governed, + submitting yourself to the authority that is the best in the world + and the most just, that is to say nature and law. I mean that both as + son and subject you obeyed your father. Indeed, had he been only your + father or only your king, obedience was his due. Now what rearing and + education for a king could one find in history better than this? + Consider the Greeks. Not thus did the Spartans train the Heracleidae, + though they are thought to have enjoyed the best form of government, + that of their kings. As for the barbarians, not even the + Carthaginians, though they were particularly well-governed by their + kings, chose the best method of training their future rulers. The + moral discipline and the studies prescribed by their laws were + pursued by all alike, as though the citizens were brothers, all + destined both to govern and be governed, and in the matter of + education they made no difference between their princes and the rest + of the citizens. Yet surely it is foolish to demand superlative + excellence from one's rulers when one takes no pains to make them + better than other men. Among the barbarians, indeed, no man is + debarred from winning the throne, so one can excuse them for giving + the same moral training to all. But that Lycurgus, who tried to make + the dynasty of the Heracleidae proof against all shocks,<a id= + "noteref_63" name="noteref_63" href="#note_63"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">63</span></span></a> should + not have arranged for them a special education better than that of + other Spartan youths is an omission for which he may well be + criticised. He may have thought that all the Lacedaemonians ought to + enter the race for virtue, and foster it, but for all that it was + wrong to provide the same nurture and education for private citizens + as for those who were to govern. The inevitable familiarity little by + little steals into men's souls and breeds contempt for their betters. + Though, for that matter, they are not in any sense one's betters + unless it was their own merit that earned them the right to rule. + This, in my opinion, is the reason why the Spartan kings often found + their subjects hard to govern. In proof of what I say one might quote + the rivalry of Lysander and Agesilaus, and many other instances, if + one should review the history of the Spartan kings.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλὰ τοῖς μὲν ἡ + πολιτεία τὰ<a id="noteref_64" name="noteref_64" href= + "#note_64"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">64</span></span></a> πρὸς + ἀρετὴν ἀρκούντως παρασκευάζουσα, εἰ καὶ μηδὲν διαφέρον ἐπιτηδεύειν + ἐδίδου τῶν πολλῶν, ἀλλὰ τὸ καλοῖς κἀγαθοῖς ὑπάρχειν παρεῖχεν ἀνδράσι· + Καρχηδονίων δὲ οὐδὲ τὰ κοινὰ τῶν ἐπιτηδευμάτων ἐπαινεῖν ἄξιον. + ἐξελαύνοντες γὰρ τῶν οἰκιῶν οἱ γονεῖς τοὺς παῖδας ἐπέταττον εὐπορεῖν + διὰ τῶν πόνων τῶν πρὸς τὴν χρείαν ἀναγκαίων, [C] τὸ δρᾶν τι τῶν + δοκούντων αἰσχρῶν ἀπαγορεύοντες. τὸ δὲ ἦν, οὐ τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν ἐξελεῖν + τῶν νέων, ἀλλὰ λαθεῖν<a id="noteref_65" name="noteref_65" href= + "#note_65"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">65</span></span></a> + πειρᾶσθαι τι δρῶντα<a id="noteref_66" name="noteref_66" href= + "#note_66"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">66</span></span></a> + προστάττειν. πέφυκε γὰρ οὐ τρυφὴ μόνον ἦθος διαφθείρειν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἡ + τῶν ἀναγκαίων ἐνδεὴς δίαιτα, ἐφ᾽ ὧν οὔπω τὸ κρίνειν ὁ λόγος προσλαβὼν + ἕπεται ταῖς χρείαις ὑπὸ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας ἀναπειθόμενος, [D] ἄλλως τε εἰ + καὶ τούτου μὴ κρατοίη τοῦ πάθους, πρὸς χρηματισμὸν ἐκ παίδων + συνεθιζόμενος καί τινας ἀμοιβὰς ἐμποριῶν καὶ καπηλείας τὰς μὲν αὐτὸς + εὑρὼν τὰς δὲ παρὰ τῶν εἰδότων μαθών, ὑπὲρ ὧν οὐ λέγειν μόνον, ἀλλ᾽ + οὐδὲ ἀκούειν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page040">[pg + 040]</span><a name="Pg040" id="Pg040" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg041" id="Pg041" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἄξιον ἐλευθέρῳ παιδί, πλείστας ἂν κηλῚδας + ἐναπόθοιτο τῇ ψυχῇ, ὧν πασῶν καθαρὸν εἶναι χρὴ καὶ τὸν ἐπιεικῆ + πολίτην, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ τὸν βασιλέα καὶ στρατηγὸν μόνον.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(The Spartan + polity, however, by securing a satisfactory development of the moral + qualities in their kings, even if it gave them a training in no way + different from that of the crowd, at least endowed them with the + attributes of well-bred men. But as for the Carthaginians, there was + nothing to admire even in the discipline that they all shared. The + parents turned their sons out of doors and bade them win the + necessaries of life by their own efforts, with the injunction to do + nothing that is considered disgraceful. The effect of this was not to + uproot the evil inclinations of the young, but to require them to + take pains not to be caught in wrong-doing. For it is not + self-indulgence only that ruins character, but the lack of mere + necessaries may produce the same result. This is true at any rate in + the case of those whose reason has not yet assumed the power to + decide, being swayed by physical needs and persuaded by desire. It is + especially true when one fails to control the passion for + money-getting, if from boyhood one is accustomed to it and to the + trading and bartering of the market-places. This business, unfit for + a youth of gentle birth to mention, or so much as hear spoken of, + whether the youth finds it out for himself or learns it from those of + greater experience, leaves many scars on the soul; and even a + respectable citizen ought to be free from all this, not a king or + general alone.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ἐμοὶ δὲ οὐκ + ἐπιτιμᾶν ἐπὶ τοῦ παρόντος ἐκείνοις προσήκει· [16] δείξω δὲ μόνον τῆς + τροφῆς<a id="noteref_67" name="noteref_67" href= + "#note_67"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">67</span></span></a> τὸ + διαφέρον, ᾗ χρησάμενος κάλλει καὶ ῥώμῃ καὶ δικαιοσύνῃ καὶ σωφροσύνῃ + διήνενκας, διὰ μὲν τῶν πόνων τὴν εὐεξίαν περιβαλόμενος, δὰα δὲ τῶν + νόμων τὴν σωφροσύνην κατακτησόμενος,<a id="noteref_68" name= + "noteref_68" href="#note_68"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">68</span></span></a> καὶ τῷ + μὲν σώματι ῥωμαλεωτέρῳ διὰ τὴν ἐγκράτειαν τῆς ψυχῆς, τῇ ψυχῇ δ᾽ αὖ + διὰ τὴν τοῦ σώματος καρτερίαν δικαιοτέρᾳ χρώμενος, τὰ μὲν ἐκ φύσεως + ἀγαθὰ συναύξων ἐκ παντός, τὰ δὲ ταῖς ἐπιμελείαις ἔξωθεν ἀεὶ + προσλαμβάνων· [B] καὶ δεόμενος<a id="noteref_69" name="noteref_69" + href="#note_69"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">69</span></span></a> μὲν + οὐδενός, ἐπαρκῶν δ᾽ ἄλλοις καὶ χαριζόμενος μεγάλας δωρεὰς καὶ ὅσαι + τοὺς λαβόντας ἤρκουν ἀποφῆναι τῷ Λυδῶν δυνάστῃ παραπλησίους, + ἐνδεέστερον μὲν ἀπολαύων αὐτὸς τῶν ὑπαρχόντων ἀγαθῶν ἢ Σπαρτιατῶν ὁ + σωφρονέστατος, τοῦ τρυφᾶν δὲ παρέχων ἄλλοις χορηγίαν, καὶ τοῖς + βουλομένοις σωφρονεῖν παρέχων σαυτὸν μιμεῖσθαι, ἄρχων μὲν πρᾴως καὶ + φιλανθρώπως τῶν ἄλλων, [C] ἀρχόμενος δὲ ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς σωφρόνως καὶ + ὡς εἷς τῶν πολλῶν τόν ἅπαντα διετέλεις χρόνον. παιδὶ μὲν ὄντι σοι καὶ + μειρακίῳ ταῦτά τε ὑπῆρχε καὶ ἄλλα πλείονα, περὶ ὧν νῦν λέγειν + μακρότερον ἂν εἴη τοῦ καιροῦ.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But it is not for + me to criticise the Carthaginians in this place. I will only point + out how different was your education, and how you profited by it and + have come to excel in looks, strength, justice, and temperance. By + your active life you achieved perfect health; your temperance was the + result of obedience to the laws; you enjoy a body of unusual strength + by reason of your self-control, and a soul of unusual rectitude + because of your physical powers of endurance. You left nothing undone + to improve your natural talents, but ever acquired new talents by new + studies. You needed nothing yourself but gave assistance to others, + and lavished such generous gifts that the recipients seemed as rich + as the monarch of the Lydians.<a id="noteref_70" name="noteref_70" + href="#note_70"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">70</span></span></a> Though + you indulged yourself less in the good things that were yours than + the most austere of the Spartans, you gave others the means of luxury + in abundance, while those who preferred temperance could imitate your + example. As a ruler you were mild and humane; as your father's + subject you were ever as modest as any one of his people. All this + was true of you in boyhood and youth, and much more about which there + is now no time to speak at length.)</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page042">[pg 042]</span><a name="Pg042" id="Pg042" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg043" id="Pg043" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Γενόμενος δὲ ἐφ᾽ + ἡλικίας, καὶ τῷ πατρὶ τὴν εἱμαρμένην τελευτὴν τοῦ δαίμονος μάλα + ὀλβίαν παρασχόντος, οὐ μόνον τῷ πλήθει καὶ κάλλει τῶν ἐπενεχθέντων + τὸν τάφον ἐκόσμεις, γενέσεως καὶ τροφῆς ἀποτίνων τὰ χαριστήρια, [D] + πολὺ δὲ πλέον τῷ μόνος ἐκ πάντων τῶν ἐκείνου παίδων ζῶντος μὲν ἔτι + καὶ πιεζομένου τῇ νόσῳ πρὸς αὐτὸν ὁρμῆσαι, τελευτήσαντος δὲ τὰς + μεγίστας τιμὰς καταστῆσαι, ὑπὲρ ὧν ἐξαρκεῖ καὶ τὸ μνησθῆναι. καλοῦσι + γὰρ ἡμᾶς ἐφ᾽ αὑτὰς αἱ πράξεις ὑπομιμνήσκουσαι τῆς ῥώμης, τῆς + εὐψυχίας, εὐβουλίας τε ἅμα καὶ δικαιότητος, οἷς ἄμαχος ὤφθης καὶ + ἀνυπέρβλητος, τὰ μὲν πρὸς τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τοὺς πολίτας καὶ [17] + τοὺς πατρῴους σοι φίλους καὶ τὰ στρατεύματα δικαίως καὶ σωφρόνως + καταστησάμενος· πλὴν εἴ που βιασθεὶς ὑπὸ τῶν καιρῶν ἄκων ἑτέρους + ἐξαμαρτεῖν οὐ διεκώλυσας· τὰ δὲ πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους ἀνδρείως καὶ + μεγαλοπρεπῶς καὶ τῆς προüπαρχούσης ἀξίως τοῪ γένους δόξης + καταστρησάμενος. τοῖς μὲν δι᾽ ὁμονοίας τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον συγγέγονας, + ἀστασίαστον μὲν τὴν πόλιν [B] διαφυλάττων καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς + συνάρχοντας θεραπεύων ἀεί, τοῖς φίλοις δὲ τῆς ἰσηγορίας<a id= + "noteref_71" name="noteref_71" href="#note_71"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">71</span></span></a> + μεταδιδοὺς καὶ τῆς παρρησίας μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων ἀγαθῶν ἀφθόνως, κοινωνῶν + μὲν ἅπασι τῶν ὑπαρχόντων, μεταδιδοὺς δὲ ὧν ἕκαστος ἐνδεὴς δόξειε. καὶ + τούτων μάρτυσι μὲν αὐτοῖς ἐκείνοις εἰκότως ἄν τις χρήσαιτο, καὶ τὰ + πράγματα δὲ τοῖς ἀπολειφθεῖσι <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page044">[pg 044]</span><a name="Pg044" id="Pg044" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg045" id="Pg045" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τῆς πρὸς ἐκείνους συνουσίας ἱκανὰ δηλῶσαι τὴν + προαίρεσιν τοῦ βίου παντός.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(When you had come + to man's estate, and after fate had decreed the ending of your + father's life<a id="noteref_72" name="noteref_72" href= + "#note_72"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">72</span></span></a> and + Heaven had granted that his last hours should be peculiarly blest, + you adorned his tomb not only by lavishing on it splendid + decorations<a id="noteref_73" name="noteref_73" href= + "#note_73"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">73</span></span></a> and so + paying the debt of gratitude for your birth and education, but still + more by the fact that you alone of his sons hastened to him when he + was still alive and stricken by illness, and paid him the highest + possible honours after his death. But all this I need only mention in + passing. For now it is your exploits that cry aloud for notice and + remind me of your energy, courage, good judgment, and justice. In + these qualities you are unsurpassed, unrivalled. In your dealings + with your brothers,<a id="noteref_74" name="noteref_74" href= + "#note_74"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">74</span></span></a> your + subjects, your father's friends, and your armies you displayed + justice and moderation; except that, in some cases, forced as you + were by the critical state of affairs, you could not, in spite of + your own wishes, prevent others from going astray. Towards the enemy + your demeanour was brave, generous, and worthy of the previous + reputation of your house. While you maintained the friendly relations + that already existed, kept the capital free from civil discord, and + continued to cherish your brothers who were your partners in empire, + you granted to your friends, among other benefits, the privilege of + addressing you as an equal and full freedom of speech without stint, + and perfect frankness. Not only did you share with them all whatever + you possessed, but you gave to each what he seemed most to need. + Anyone who wants testimony to all this might reasonably call your + friends to witness, but if he does not know your friends, the facts + themselves are sufficient to demonstrate the policy of your whole + life.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[C] Ῥητέον δὲ ὑπὲρ + αὐτῶν ἤδη τῶν πράξεων ἀναβαλλομένοις τὸν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἕξεων λόγον. Πέρσαι + τῆς Ἀσίας ἁπάσης πάλαι κρατήσαντες καὶ τῆς Εὐρώπης τὰ πολλὰ + καταστρεψάμενοι, μικροῦ δέω φάναι πᾶσαν τὴν οἰκουμένην περιβαλόμενοι + κύκλῳ ταῖς ἐλπίσιν, ἐπειδὴ τὴν ἀρχὴν ὑπὸ Μακεδόνων ἀφῄρηντο, τῆς + Ἀλεξάνδρου στρατηγίας ἔργον γενόμενοι, μᾶλλον δὲ παίγνιον, χαλεπῶς + φέροντες<a id="noteref_75" name="noteref_75" href= + "#note_75"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">75</span></span></a> τὸ + δουλεύειν, ὡς ἐκεῖνον ᾔσθοντο τετελευτηκότα, τῶν διαδόχων ἀποστάντες + [D] Μακεδόσι τε εἰς τὴν ἀντίπαλον δύναμιν αὖθις κατέστησαν καὶ ἡμῚν + τὸ λειπόμενον τῆς Μακεδόνων ἀρχῆς. κατακτησαμένοις ἀξιόμαχοι διὰ + τέλους ἔδοξαν εἶναι πολέμιοι. καὶ τῶν μὲν παλαιῶν τί χρὴ νῦν + ὑπομιμνήσκειν, Ἀντωνίου καὶ Κράσσου, στρατηγῶν αὐτοκρατόρων, καὶ ὡς + ἐκεῖνα διὰ μακρῶν ἀπωσάμεθα κινδύνων τὰ αἴσχη, πολλῶν καὶ σωφρόνων + αὐτοκρατόρων ἀναμαχεσαμένων τὰ πταίσματα; τί δὲ χρὴ τῶν δευτέρων + ἀτυχημάτων μεμνῆσθαι καὶ τῶν ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς τοῦ Κάρου πράξεων, [18] ὅσπερ + μετὰ τὰς συμφορὰς ᾑρέθη στρατηγός;<a id="noteref_76" name= + "noteref_76" href="#note_76"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">76</span></span></a> ἀλλ᾽ οἱ + τὴν θαυμαστὴν καὶ παρὰ πᾶσιν ἀγαπωμένην εἰρήνην ἐπιτάξαντες ἐκείνοις + ἄγειν, οἱ πρὸ τοῦ σοῦ πατρὸς τὴν βασιλείαν κατασχόντες, οὐχ ὁ μὲν + καῖσαρ καθ᾽ αὑτὸν συμβαλὼν αἰσχρῶς ἀπήλλαξεν; ἐπιστραφέντος δὲ τοῦ + τῆς οἰκουμένης ἁπάσης ἄρχοντος καὶ τὰς δυνάμεις τῆς ἡγεμονίας + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page046">[pg 046]</span><a name="Pg046" + id="Pg046" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg047" id="Pg047" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> [B] ἁπάσης ἐκεῖσε τρέψαντος καὶ + προκαταλαβέντος τὰς εἰσβολὰς στρατεύμασι καὶ καταλόγοις ὁπλιτῶν + παλαιῶν καὶ νεολέκτων καὶ παντοδαπαῖς παρασκευαῖς, δεδιότες μόλις τὴν + εἰρήνην ἠγάπησαν. ἣν οὐκ οἶδ᾽ ὅπως περιόντος τοῦ πατρὸς τοῦ σοῦ + συγχέαντες καὶ συνταράξαντες, τῆς μὲν παρ᾽ ἐκείνου τιμωρίας + διήμαρτον, ἐν ταῖς πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον παρασκευαῖς τὸν βίον + μεταλλάξαντος· σοὶ δὲ ὑπέσχον τὴν δίκην ὕστερον τῶν τετολμημένων. + μέλλων δὲ ἔτι δὴ τῶν πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἀγώνων γενομένων σοι πολλάκις + ἅπτεσθαι τοσοῦτον ἁξιῶ σκοπεῖν τοὺς ἀκροωμένους, [C] ὅτι τοῦ τρίτου + μορίου τῆς ἀρχῆς καθεστὼς κύριος οὐδαμῶς πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον ἐρρῶσθαι + δοκοῦντος, οὐχ ὅπλοις, οὐκ ἀνδράσι τοῖς στρατευομένοις, οὐδενὶ τῶν + ἄλλων, ὅσα πρὸς τηλικοῦτον πόλεμον ἐχρῆν ἐπιρρεῖν ἄφθονα, πρὸς + τούτοις δὲ οὐδὲ τῶν ἀδελφῶν σοι δι᾽ ἁσδηποτοῦν αἰτίας τὸν πόλεμον + ἐλαφρυνόντων· καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδεὶς οὕτως ἀναίσχυντος οὐδὲ βάσκανος + συκοφάντης, [D] ὃς οὐκ αἰτιώτατον γενέσθαι σὲ τῆς πρὸς ἐκείνους + ὁμονοίας φήσει· ὄντος δὲ οἶμαι τοῦ πολέμου καθ᾽ αὑτὸν δυσχεροῦς, τὰ + τὼν στρατοπέδων πρὸς τὴν μεταβολὴν διεταράττετο, τὸν μὲν παλαιὸν σφῶν + ἡγεμόνα ποθεῖν ἐκβοῶντες, ὑμῶν δὲ ἄρχειν ἐθέλοντες· καὶ ἄλλα μυρία + ἄτοπα καὶ δυσχερῆ πανταχόθεν ἀναφυόμενα χαλεπωτέρας τὰς ὑπὲρ τοῦ + πολέμου παρεῖχεν ἐλπίδας· Ἀρμένιοι παλαιοὶ [19] σύμμαχοι στασιάζοντες + καὶ μοῖρα σφῶν οὐ φαύλη Πέρσαις προσθέμενοι, τὴν ὅμορον σφίσι λῃσταῖς + κατατρέχοντες· καὶ ὅπερ ἐν τοῖς παροῦσιν ἐφαίνετο <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page048">[pg 048]</span><a name="Pg048" id="Pg048" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg049" id="Pg049" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> μόνον σωτήριον, τὸ σὲ τῶν πραγμάτων ἔχεσθαι καὶ + βουλεύεσθαι, τέως οὐχ ὑπῆρχε διὰ τὰς πρὸς τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς ἐν Παιονίᾳ + συνθήκας, ἃς αὐτὸς παρὼν οὕτω διῴκησας, ὡς μηδεμίαν ἀφορμὴν ἑκείνοις + παρασχεῖν μέμψεως. μικροῦ με ἔλαθεν ἡ<a id="noteref_77" name= + "noteref_77" href="#note_77"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">77</span></span></a> τῶν + πράξεων ἀρχὴ διαφυγοῦσα καλλίων ἁπασῶν ἢ ταῖς καλλίσταις ἐξ ἴσης + θαυμαστή. [B] τὸ γὰρ ὑπὲρ τοσούτων πραγμάτων βουλευόμενον μηδὲν + ἐλαττοῦσθαι δοκεῖν, εἰ τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς τὸ πλέον ἔχειν ἑκὼν συγχωροίης, + σωφροσύνης καὶ μεγαλοψυχίας μέγιστον ἂν εἴη σημεῖον. νῦν δὲ εἰ μέν + τις τὴν πατρῴαν οὐσίαν πρὸς τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς νεμόμενος ἑκατὸν ταλάντων, + κείσθω δέ, εἰ βούλει, τοσούτων ἄλλων, εἶτα ἔχων πεντήκοντα<a id= + "noteref_78" name="noteref_78" href="#note_78"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">78</span></span></a> μναῖς + ἔλαττον ἠγάπησε δή, καὶ μικροῦ παντελῶς ἀργυρίου τὴν πρὸς ἐκείνους + ὁμόνοιαν ἀνταλλαξάμενος, [C] ἐπαίνων ἂν ἐδόκει καὶ τιμῆς ἄξιος ὡς + χρημάτων κρείττων, ὡς εὔβουλος φύσει, ξυνελόντι δὲ εἰπεῖν, ὡς καλὸς + κἀγαθός. ὁ δὲ ὑπὲρ τῆς τῶν ὅλων ἀρχῆς οὅτω μεγαλοψύχως καὶ σωφρόνως + δοκῶν βεβουλεῦσθαι, ὡς τὸν μὲν ἐκ τῆς ἐπιμελείας αὑτῷ μείζονα μὴ + προσθεῖναι πόνον, τῶν δὲ ἐκ τῆς ἀρχῆς προσόδων ἑκὼν ὑφίεσθαι ὑπὲρ + ὁμονοίας καὶ τῆς πρὸς ἀλλήλους Ῥωμαίων ἁπάντων εἰρήνης, [D] πόσων + ἐπαίνων ἄξιον κρινεῖ τις; οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ ἐκεῖνο λέγειν ἔνεστιν ἐνταῦθα, + ὡς καλῶς μέν, ἀλυσιτελῶς δέ· λυσιτελὲς<a id="noteref_79" name= + "noteref_79" href="#note_79"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">79</span></span></a> μὲν γὰρ + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page050">[pg 050]</span><a name="Pg050" + id="Pg050" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg051" id="Pg051" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> οὐδέν, ὅ, τι μὲ τὸ αὐτὸ καὶ καλόν, ἔμοιγε + φαίνεται. ὅλως δὲ εἴ τινι καθ᾽ αὑτὸ τὸ συμφέρον ἐξετάζειν δοκεῖ, + κρινέτω μὴ πρὸς ἀργύριον σκοπῶν μηδὲ προσόδους χωρίων ἀπαριθμοόμενος, + καθάπερ οἱ φιλάργυροι γέροντες ὑπὸ τῶν κωμῳδῶν ἐπὶ τὴν σκηνὴν + ἑλκόμενοι, ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὸ μέγεθος τῆς ἀρχῆς καὶ τὴν ἀξίωσιν. [20] + φιλονεικῶν μὲν γὰρ ὑπὲρ τῶν ὁρίων καὶ δυσμενῶς ἔχων ἐκείνων ἂν ἦρξε + μόνων ὧν ἔλαχεν, εἰ καὶ πλέον ἔχων ἀπῄει· ὑπερορῶν δὲ τῶν μικρῶν καὶ + καταφρονήσας ἦρχε μὲν ἁπάσης μετὰ τῶν ἀδελφῶν τῆς οἰκουμένης, + ἐπεμελεῖτο δὲ τοῦ λαχόντος μέρους, ἀπολαύων μὲν τελείας τῆς τιμῆς, + μετέχων δὲ ἔλαττον τῶν ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ πόνων.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But I must + postpone the description of your personal qualities and go on to + speak of your achievements. The Persians in the past conquered the + whole of Asia, subjugated a great part of Europe, and had embraced in + their hopes I may almost say the whole inhabited world, when the + Macedonians deprived them of their supremacy, and they provided + Alexander's generalship with a task, or rather with a toy. But they + could not endure the yoke of slavery, and no sooner was Alexander + dead, than they revolted from his successors and once more opposed + their power to the Macedonians, and so successfully that, when we + took over what was left of the Macedonian empire, we counted them to + the end as foes with whom we must reckon. I need not now remind you + of ancient history, of Antony and Crassus,<a id="noteref_80" name= + "noteref_80" href="#note_80"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">80</span></span></a> who were + generals with the fullest powers, or tell how after long-continued + dangers we succeeded in wiping out the disgrace they incurred, and + how many a prudent general retrieved their blunders. Nor need I + recall the second chapter of our misfortunes and the exploits of + Carus<a id="noteref_81" name="noteref_81" href= + "#note_81"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">81</span></span></a> that + followed, when after those failures he was appointed general. Among + those who sat on the throne before your father's time and imposed on + the Persians conditions of peace admired and welcomed by all, did not + the Caesar<a id="noteref_82" name="noteref_82" href= + "#note_82"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">82</span></span></a> incur a + disgraceful defeat when he attacked them on his own account? It was + not till the ruler of the whole world<a id="noteref_83" name= + "noteref_83" href="#note_83"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">83</span></span></a> turned + his attention to them, directing thither all the forces of the + empire, occupying all the passes with his troops and levies of + hoplites, both veterans and new recruits, and employing every sort of + military equipments, that fear drove them to accept terms of peace. + That peace they somehow contrived to disturb and break during your + father's lifetime, but they escaped punishment at his hands because + he died in the midst of preparations for a campaign. It was left for + you later on to punish them for their audacity. I shall often have to + speak of your campaigns against them, but this one thing I ask my + hearers to observe. You became master of a third of the empire,<a id= + "noteref_84" name="noteref_84" href="#note_84"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">84</span></span></a> that + part in fact which seemed by no means strong enough to carry on a + war, since it had neither arms nor troops in the field, nor any of + those military resources which ought to flow in abundantly in + preparation for so important a war. Then, too, your brothers, for + whatever reason, did nothing to make the war easier for you. And yet + there is no sycophant so shameless and so envious as not to admit + that the harmony existing between you was mainly due to you. The war + in itself presented peculiar difficulties, in my opinion, and the + troops were disaffected owing to the change of government; they + raised the cry that they missed their old leader and they wished to + control your actions. Nay, more; a thousand strange and perplexing + circumstances arose on every hand to render your hopes regarding the + war more difficult to realise. The Armenians, our ancient allies, + revolted, and no small part of them went over to the Persians and + overran and raided the country on their borders. In this crisis there + seemed to be but one hope of safety, that you should take charge of + affairs and plan the campaign, but at the moment this was impossible, + because you were in Paeonia<a id="noteref_85" name="noteref_85" href= + "#note_85"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">85</span></span></a> making + treaties with your brothers. Thither you went in person, and so + managed that you gave them no opening for criticism. Indeed, I almost + forgot to mention the very first of your achievements, the noblest of + all, or at any rate equal to the noblest. For there is no greater + proof of your prudence and magnanimity than the fact that, in + planning for interests of such importance, you thought it no + disadvantage if you should, of your own free will, concede the lion's + share to your brothers. Imagine, for instance, a man dividing among + his brothers their father's estate of a hundred talents, or, if you + prefer, twice as much. Then suppose him to have been content with + fifty minae less than the others, and to raise no objection, because + he secured their goodwill in exchange for that trifling sum. You + would think he deserved all praise and respect as one who had a soul + above money, as far-sighted, in short as a man of honour. But here is + one whose policy with regard to the empire of the world seems to have + been so high minded, so prudent, that, without increasing the burdens + of administration, he willingly gave up some of the imperial revenues + in order to secure harmony and peace among all Roman citizens. What + praise such a one deserves! And certainly one cannot, in this + connection, quote the saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“Well done, but + a bad bargain.”</span> Nothing, in my opinion, can be called a good + bargain if it be not honourable as well. In general, if anyone wish + to apply the test of expediency alone, he ought not to make money his + criterion or reckon up his revenues from estates, like those old + misers whom writers of comedy bring on to the stage, but he should + take into account the vastness of the empire and the point of honour + involved. If the Emperor had disputed about the boundaries and taken + a hostile attitude, he might have obtained more than he did, but he + would have governed only his allotted share. But he scorned and + despised such trifles, and the result was that he really governed the + whole world in partnership with his brothers, but had the care of his + own portion only, and, while he kept his dignity unimpaired, he had + less than his share of the toil and trouble that go with such a + position.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ μὲν + τούτων καὶ αὖθις ἐξέσται διὰ μακροτέρων δηλῶσαι. ὅπως δὲ τῶν + πραγμάτων ἐπεμελήθης, [B] τοσούτων κύκλῳ περιστάντων μετὰ τὴν τοῦ + πατρὸς τελευτὴν κινδύνων καὶ παντοδαπῶν πραγμάτων, θορύβου,<a id= + "noteref_86" name="noteref_86" href="#note_86"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">86</span></span></a> πολέμου + ἀναγκαίου,<a id="noteref_87" name="noteref_87" href= + "#note_87"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">87</span></span></a> πολλῆς + καταδρομῆς συμμάχων ἀποστάσεως, στρατοπέδων ἀταξίας, ὅσα ἄλλα τότε + δυσχερῆ κατελάμβανεν, ἴσως ἤδη διελθεῖν ἄξιον. ἐπειδὴ γάρ σοι τὰ τῶν + συνθηκῶν μετὰ τῆς ἀρίστης ὁμονοίας διῴκητο, παρῆν δὲ ὁ καιρὸς τοῖς + πράγμασιν ἐπιτάττων βοηθεῖν κινδυνεύουσι, [C] πορείαις ταχείαις<a id= + "noteref_88" name="noteref_88" href="#note_88"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">88</span></span></a> + χρησάμενος ὅπως μὲν ἐκ<a id="noteref_89" name="noteref_89" href= + "#note_89"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">89</span></span></a> Παιόνων + ἐν Σύροις ὤφθης, οὐδὲ τῷ λόγῳ δεῖξαι ῥᾴδιον· ἀρκεῖ <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page052">[pg 052]</span><a name="Pg052" id="Pg052" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg053" id="Pg053" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> δὲ τοῖς ἐγνωκόσιν ἡ πεῖρα. ὅπως δὲ πρὸς τὴν + παρουσίαν τὴν σὴν ἀθρόως ἅπαντα μεταβαλόντα καὶ μεταστάντα πρὸς τὸ + βέλτιον οὐ μόνον τῶν ἐπικρεμασθέντων ἡμᾶς ἀπήλλαξε φόβων, ἀμείνους δὲ + μακρῷ τὰς ὑπὲρ τῶν μελλόντων παρέσχεν ἐλπίδας, [D] τίς ἂν ἀρκέσειε + τῶν ἁπάντων εἰπεῖν; τὰ μὲν τῶν στρατοπέδων, πλησίον γενομένου μόνον, + ἐπέπαυτο τῆς ἀταξίας καὶ μεθειστήκει πρὸς κόσμον, Ἀρμενίων δὲ οἱ + προσθέμενοι τοῖς πολεμίοις εὐθὺς μετάστησαν, σοῦ τοὺς μὲν αἰτίους τῆς + φυγῆς τῷ τῆς χώρας ἐκείνης ἄρχοντι παρ᾽ ἡμᾶς ἐξαγαγόντος, τοῖς + φεύγουσι δὲ τὴν ἐς τὴν οἰκείαν κάθοδον ἀδεᾶ παρασκευάσαντος. οὕτω δὲ + φιλανθρώπως τοῖς τε παρ᾽ ἡμᾶς ἀφικομένοις ἄρτι [21] χρησαμένου καὶ + τοῖς ἐκ τῆς φυγῆς μετὰ τοῦ σφῶν ἄρχοντος κατεληλυθόσι πρᾴως + ὁμιλοῦντος, οἱ μέν, ὅτι καὶ πρότερον ἀπέστησαν, αὑτοὺς ἀπωλοφύραντο, + οἱ δὲ τὴν παροῦσαν τύχην τῆς πρόσθεν ἠγάπων μᾶλλον δυναστείας. καὶ οἱ + μὲν φεύγοντες ἔμπροσθεν ἔργῳ σωφρονεῖν ἔφασαν ἐκμαθεῖν, οἱ δὲ τοῦ μὴ + μεταστῆναι τῆς ἀμοιβῆς ἀξίας τυγχάνειν. τοσαύτῃ δὲ ἐχρήσω περὶ τοὺς + κατελθόντας ὑπερβολῇ δωρεῶν καὶ τιμῆς, ὥστε μηδὲ [B] τοῖς ἐχθίστοις + σφῶν εὖ πράττουσι καὶ τὰ εἰκότα τιμωμένοις ἄχθεσθαι μηδὲ βασκαίνειν. + ταῦτα δὲ ἐν βραχεῖ καταστησάμενος καὶ τοὺς ἐξ Ἀραβίας λῃστὰς ἐπὶ τοὺς + πολεμίους ταῖς πρεσβείαις τρέψας, ἐπὶ τὰς τοῦ πολέμου παρασκευὰς + ἦλθες, ὑπὲρ ὧν οὐ χεῖρον ἐν βραχεῖ προειπεῖν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(On that subject, + however, I shall have a chance later to speak in more detail. This is + perhaps the right moment to describe how you controlled the + situation, encompassed as you were, after your father's death, by so + many perils and difficulties of all sorts—confusion, an unavoidable + war, numerous hostile raids, allies in revolt, lack of discipline in + the garrisons, and all the other harassing conditions of the hour. + You concluded in perfect harmony the negotiations with your brothers, + and when the time had arrived that demanded your aid for the + dangerous crisis of affairs, you made forced marches, and immediately + after leaving Paeonia appeared in Syria. But to relate how you did + this would tax my powers of description, and indeed for those who + know the facts their own experience is enough. But who in the world + could describe adequately how, at the prospect of your arrival, + everything was changed and improved all at once, so that we were set + free from the fears that hung over us and could entertain brighter + hopes than ever for the future? Even before you were actually on the + spot the mutiny among the garrisons ceased and order was restored. + The Armenians who had gone over to the enemy at once changed sides + again, for you ejected from the country and sent to Rome those who + were responsible for the governor's<a id="noteref_90" name= + "noteref_90" href="#note_90"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">90</span></span></a> exile, + and you secured for the exiles a safe return to their own country. + You were so merciful to those who now came to Rome as exiles, and so + kind in your dealings with those who returned from exile with the + governor, that the former did, indeed, bewail their misfortune in + having revolted, but still were better pleased with their present + condition than with their previous usurpation; while the latter, who + were formerly in exile, declared that the experience had been a + lesson in prudence, but that now they were receiving a worthy reward + for their loyalty. On the returned exiles you lavished such + magnificent presents and rewards that they could not even resent the + good fortune of their bitterest enemies, nor begrudge their being + duly honoured. All these difficulties you quickly settled, and then + by means of embassies you turned the marauding Arabs against our + enemies. Then you began preparations for the war, about which I may + as well say a few words.)</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page054">[pg 054]</span><a name="Pg054" id="Pg054" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg055" id="Pg055" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τῆς γὰρ εἰρήνης + τῆς πρόσθεν τοῖς μὲν στρατευομένοις ἀνείσης τοὺς πόνους, τοῖς + λειτουργοῦσι δὲ κουφοτέρας τὰς λειτουργίας<a id="noteref_91" name= + "noteref_91" href="#note_91"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">91</span></span></a> + παρασχούσης, τοῦ πολέμου δὲ χρημάτων καὶ σιτηρεσίου καὶ χορηγίας + λαμπρᾶς δεομένου, [C] πολὺ δὲ πλέον ἰσχύος καὶ ῥώμης καὶ τῆς ἐν τοῖς + ὅπλοις ἐμπειρίας τῶν στρατευομένων, ὑπάρχοντος δὲ οὐδενὸς σχεδὸν τῶν + τοιούτων, αὐτὸς ἐξηῦρες καὶ κατέστησας, τοῖς μὲν ἐν<a id="noteref_92" + name="noteref_92" href="#note_92"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">92</span></span></a> ἡλικίᾳ + στρατεύεσθαι λαχοῦσιν ἀποδείξας τῶν πόνων μελέτην, παπαπλησίαν δὲ + τοῖς πολεμίοις ἱππικὴν καταστησάμενος δύναμιν, τῷ πεζῷ δὲ ἐπιτάξας + τῶν πόνων ἔχεσθαι· καὶ ταῦτα οὐ ῥήμασι μόνον οὐδὲ ἐξ ἐπιτάγματος, + μελετῶν δὲ [D] αὐτὸς καὶ συνασκούμενος καὶ δεικνύων ἔργῳ τὸ πρακτέον, + πολέμων ἐργάτας ἄφνω κατέστησας. χρημάτων δὲ ἐπενόεις πόρους, οὐκ + αὔξων τοὺς φόρους οὐδὲ τὰς συντάξεις, καθάπερ Ἀθηναῖοι πρόσθεν, εἰς + τὸ διπλάσιον ἢ καὶ ἐπὶ πλέον καταστήσας, ἐμμένων δὲ οἶμαι τοῖς + ἀρχαίοις πλὴν εἴ που πρὸς βραχὺ καὶ πρὸς καιρὸν<a id="noteref_93" + name="noteref_93" href="#note_93"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">93</span></span></a> ἐχρῆν + αἰσθέσθαι δαπανηροτέρων τῶν λειτουργημάτων. ἐν τοσαύτηι δὲ<a id= + "noteref_94" name="noteref_94" href="#note_94"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">94</span></span></a> τοὺς + στρατευομένους ἦγες ἀφθονίᾳ, [22] ὡς μὴτε ὑβρίζειν τῷ κόρῳ μήτε ὑπὸ + τῆς ἐνδείας πλημμελεῖν ἀναγκασθῆναι. ὅπλων δὲ καὶ ἵππων παρασκευὴν + καὶ νεῶν τῶν ποταμίων καὶ μηχανημάτων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων τὸ πλῆθος + σιωπῇ κατέχω. ἐπεὶ δὲ τὰ τῆς παρασκευῆς τέλος εἶχε <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page056">[pg 056]</span><a name="Pg056" id="Pg056" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg057" id="Pg057" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ ἔδει χρῆσθαι τοῖς προρρηθεῖσιν εἰς δέον, + ἐζεύγνυτο μὲν ὁ Τίγρης σχεδίᾳ πολλάκις, ἤρθη δὲ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ φρούρια, καὶ + τῶν πολεμίων οὐδεὶς ἐτόλμησεν ἀμῦναι τῇ χώρᾳ πορθουμένῃ, [B] πάντα δὲ + παρ᾽ ἡμᾶς ἤγετο τἀκείνων ἀγαθά, τῶν μὲν οὐδὲ εἰς χεῖρας ἰέναι + τολμώντων, τῶν θρασυνομένων δὲ παρ᾽ αὐτὰ τὴν τιμωρίαν ὑποσχόντων. τὸ + μὲν δὴ κεφάλαιον τῶν εἰς τὴν πολεμίαν εἰσβολῶν τοιοῦτον. καθ᾽ ἕκαστον + γὰρ ἐπεξιέναι τίς ἂν ἀξίως ἐν βραχεῖ λόγῳ δυνηθείη, τῶν μὲν τὰς + συμφορὰς τῶν δὲ τὰς ἀριστείας ἀπαριθμούμενος; τοσοῦτον δὲ ἴσως εἰπεῖν + οὐ χαλεπόν, [C] ὅτι πολλάκις τὸν ποταμὸν ἐκεῖνον περαιωθεὶς ξὺν τῷ + στρατεύματι καὶ πολὺν ἐν τῇ πολεμίᾳ διατρίψας<a id="noteref_95" name= + "noteref_95" href="#note_95"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">95</span></span></a> χρόνον, + λαμπρὸς ἐπανῄεις τοῖς τροπαίοις, τὰς διὰ σὲ πόλεις ἐλευθέρας ἐπιὼν + καὶ χαριζόμενος εἰρήνην καὶ πλοῦτον, πάντα ἀθρόως τὰ ἀγαθά, καὶ τῶν + πάλαι ποθουμένων διδοὺς ἀπολαύειν, νίκης κατὰ τῶν βαρβάρων, τροπαίων + ἐγειρομένων κατὰ τῆς Παρθυαίων ἀπιστίας καὶ ἀνανδρίας,<a id= + "noteref_96" name="noteref_96" href="#note_96"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">96</span></span></a> ὧν τὸ + μὲν ἐπεδείξαντο [D] τὰς σπονδὰς λύσαντες καὶ τὴν εἰρήνην συγχέαντες, + τὸ δὲ μὴ τολμῶντες ὑπὲρ τῆς χώρας καὶ τῶν φιλτάτων ἀμύνεσθαι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(The previous + period of peace had relaxed the labours of the troops, and lightened + the burdens of those who had to perform public services. But the war + called for money, provisions, and supplies on a vast scale, and even + more it demanded endurance, energy, and military experience on the + part of the troops. In the almost entire absence of all these, you + personally provided and organised everything, drilled those who had + reached the age for military service, got together a force of cavalry + to match the enemy's, and issued orders for the infantry to persevere + in their training. Nor did you confine yourself to speeches and + giving orders, but yourself trained and drilled with the troops, + showed them their duty by actual example, and straightway made them + experts in the art of war. Then you discovered ways and means, not by + increasing the tribute or the extraordinary contributions, as the + Athenians did in their day, when they raised these to double or even + more. You were content, I understand, with the original revenues, + except in cases where, for a short time, and to meet an emergency, it + was necessary that the people should find their services to the state + more expensive. The troops under your leadership were abundantly + supplied, yet not so as to cause the satiety that leads to insolence, + nor, on the other hand, were they driven to insubordination from lack + of necessaries. I shall say nothing about your great array of arms, + horses, and river-boats, engines of war and the like. But when all + was ready and the time had come to make appropriate use of all that I + have mentioned, the Tigris was bridged by rafts at many points and + forts were built to guard the river. Meanwhile the enemy never once + ventured to defend their country from plunder, and every useful thing + that they possessed was brought in to us. This was partly because + they were afraid to offer battle, partly because those who were rash + enough to do so were punished on the spot. This is a mere summary of + your invasions of the enemy's country. Who, indeed, in a short speech + could do justice to every event, or reckon up the enemy's disasters + and our successes? But this at least I have space to tell. You often + crossed the Tigris with your army and spent a long time in the + enemy's country, but you always returned crowned with the laurels of + victory. Then you visited the cities you had freed, and bestowed on + them peace and plenty, all possible blessings and all at once. Thus + at your hands they received what they had so long desired, the defeat + of the barbarians and the erection of trophies of victory over the + treachery and cowardice of the Parthians. Treachery they had + displayed when they violated the treaties and broke the peace, + cowardice when they lacked the courage to fight for their country and + all that they held dear.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλ᾽ ὅπως μή τις + ὑπολάβῃ με τούτων μὲν ἡδέως μεμνῆσθαι τῶν ἔργων, ὀκνεῖν δὲ ἐκεῖνα, + περὶ ἃ καὶ τοῖς πολεμίοις πλεονεκτῆσαι παρέσχεν ἡ τύχη, μᾶλλον δὲ ἡ + χώρα τὴν ἐκ τοῦ καιροῦ προσλαβοῦσα ῥοπήν, ὡς αἰσχύνην ἡμῖν, οὐχὶ δὲ + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page058">[pg 058]</span><a name="Pg058" + id="Pg058" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg059" id="Pg059" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ἔπαινον καὶ τιμὴν φέροντα, καὶ ὑπὲρ + τούτων πειράσομαι δηλῶσαι διὰ βραχέων, οὐ πρὸς τὸ [23] λυσιτελέστατον + ἐμαυτῷ τοὺς λόγους πλάττων, τὴν ἀλήθειαν δὲ ἀγαπῶν ἐν πᾶσιν. ἧς εἴ + τις ἑκὼν ἁμαρτάνοι, τὴν ἐκ τοῦ κολακεύειν αἰσχύνην οὐδαμῶς ἐκφεύγει, + προστίθησι δὲ τοῖς ἐπαινουμένοις τὸ δοκεῖν μηδ᾽ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἄλλων εὖ + ἀκούειν κατὰ τὴν ἀξίαν· ὃ παθεῖν εὐλαβησόμεθα. δείξει δὲ ὁ λόγος + αὐτός, εἰ μηδαμοῦ τὸ ψεῦδος πρὸ τῆς ἀληθείας τετίμηκεν. οὐκοῦν εὖ + οἶδα, ὅτι πάντες ἂν μέγιστον φήσειαν πλεονέκτημα τῶν βαρβάρων τὸν πρὸ + τῶν Σιγγάρων πόλεμον. [B] ἐγὼ δὲ ἐκείνην τὴν μάχην ἴσα μὲν ἐνεγκεῖν + τοῖς στρατοπέδοις τὰ δυστυχήματα, δεῖξαι δὲ τὴν σὴν ἀρετὴν + περιγενομένην τῆς ἐκείνων τύχης φαίην ἂν εἰκότως, καὶ ταῦτα + στρατοπέδῳ χρησαμένου<a id="noteref_97" name="noteref_97" href= + "#note_97"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">97</span></span></a> θρασεῖ + καὶ τολμηρῷ καὶ πρὸς τὴν ὥραν καὶ τὴν τοῦ πνίγους ῥώμην οὐχ ὁμοίως + ἐκείνοις συνήθει. ὅπως δὲ ἕκαστον ἐπράχθη, διηγήσομαι. θέρος μὲν γὰρ + ἦν ἀκμάζον ἔτι, συνῄει δὲ ἐς ταὐτὸν τὰ στρατόπεδα πολὺ πρὸ τῆς + μεσημβρίας. [C] ἐκπληττόμενοι δὲ οἱ πολέμιοι τὴν εὐταξίαν καὶ τὸν + κόσμον καὶ τὴν ἡσυχίαν, αὐτοὶ δὲ πλήθει θαυμαστοὶ φανέντες, ἤρχετο + μὲν οὐδεὶς τῆς μάχης, τῶν μὲν εἰς χεῖρας ἰέναι πρὸς οὕτω + παρεσκευασμένην δύναμιν ὀκνούντων, τῶν δὲ περιμενόντων ἐκείνους + ἄρχειν, ὅπως ἀμυνόμενοι μᾶλλον ἐν πᾶσιν, οὐχὶ δὲ αὐτοὶ πολέμου μετὰ + τὴν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page060">[pg 060]</span><a name= + "Pg060" id="Pg060" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg061" id= + "Pg061" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> εἰρήνην ἄρχοντες φανεῖεν. τέλος + δὲ ὁ τῆς βαρβαρικῆς ἐκείνης δυνάμεως ἡγεμών, [D] μετέωρος ἀρθεὶς ὑπὲρ + τῶν ἀσπίδων καὶ καταμαθὼν τὸ πλῆθος ἐν τάξει, οἷος ἐξ οἵου γέγονε καὶ + ποίας ἀφίει φωνάς; προδεδόσθαι βοῶν καὶ τοὺς ὑπὲρ τοῦ πολέμου + πείσαντας αἰτιώμενος, φεύγειν ᾤετο χρῆναι διὰ τάχους καὶ τοῦτο μόνον + οἱ πρὸς σωτηρίαν ἀρκέσειν, εἰ φθήσεται τὸν ποταμὸν διαβῆναι, ὅσπερ + ἐστὶ τῆς χώρας ἐκείνης πρὸς τὴν ἡμετέραν ὅρος ἀρχαῖος. ταῦτα + διανοηθεὶς ἐκεῖνος πρῶτον ἐπὶ πόδα σημαίνει τὴν ἀναχώρησιν, καὶ κατ᾽ + [24] ὀλίγον προστιθεὶς τῷ τάχει τέλος ἤδη καρτερῶς ἔφευγεν, ἔχων + ὀλίγους ἱππάας ἀμφ᾽ αὑτόν, τὴν δύναμιν ἅπασαν τῷ παιδὶ καὶ τῷ + πιστοτάτῳ τῶν φίλων ἐπιτρέψας ἄγειν. ταῦτα ὁρῶντες τὸ στράτευμα καὶ + χαλεπαίνοντες, ὅτι μηδεμίαν ὑπέσχον τῶν τετολμημένων δίκην, ἐβόων + ἄγειν ἐπ᾽ αὐτούς, καὶ κελεύοντος σοῦ<a id="noteref_98" name= + "noteref_98" href="#note_98"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">98</span></span></a> μένειν + ἀχθόμενοι μετὰ τῶν ὅπλων ἕθεον ὡς ἕκαστος εἶχε ῥώμης τε καὶ τάχους, + ἄπειροι μὲν ὄντες αὐτοὶ τέως τῆς σῆς στρατηγίας, [B] εἰς δὲ τὴν + ἡλικίαν ὁρῶντες ἄμεινον αὑτῶν τὸ συμφέρον κρίνειν ἧττον ἐπίστευον· + καὶ τῷ πολλὰς<a id="noteref_99" name="noteref_99" href= + "#note_99"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">99</span></span></a> + συγκατειργάσθαι τῷ πατρὶ τῷ σῷ μάχας καὶ κρατῆσαι παντχοῦ τὸ<a id= + "noteref_100" name="noteref_100" href="#note_100"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">100</span></span></a> δοκεῖν + ἀηττήτους εἶναι συνηγωνίζετο. τούτων δὲ οὐδενὸς ἔλαττον τὸ παρεστὼς + Παρθυαίων δέος ἐπῆρεν ὡς οὐκ ἀγωνισαμένους<a id="noteref_101" name= + "noteref_101" href="#note_101"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">101</span></span></a> πρὸς + τοὺς ἄνδρας <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page062">[pg + 062]</span><a name="Pg062" id="Pg062" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg063" id="Pg063" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς τὴν χώραν αὐτήν, καὶ εἴ τι + μεῖζον ἔξωθεν προσπίπτοι, καὶ τούτου πάντως κρατήσοντας. ταχέως οὖν + ἑκατὸν μεταξὺ στάδια [C] διαδραμόντες<a id="noteref_102" name= + "noteref_102" href="#note_102"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">102</span></span></a> + ἐφειστήκεσαν ἤδη Παρθυαίοις εἰς τὸ τεῖχος καταπεφευγόσιν, ὃ πρότερον + ἤδη πεποίητο σφίσιν ὥσπερ στρατόπεδον. ἑσπέρα δὲ ἦν λοιπὸν καὶ ὁ + πόλεμος αὐτόθεν ξυνερρήγνυτο. καὶ τὸ μὲν τεῖχος αἱροῦσιν εὐθέως τοὺς + ὑπὲρ<a id="noteref_103" name="noteref_103" href= + "#note_103"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">103</span></span></a> αὐτοῦ + κτείναντες· γενόμενοι δὲ εἴσω τῶν ἐρυμάτων πολὺν μὲν ἠρίστευον + χρόνον, ὑπὸ δὲ τοῦ δίψους ἀπειρηκότες ἤδη καὶ λάκκοις ὕδατος + ἐντυχόντες ἔνδον, τὴν καλλίστην νίκην διέφθειραν καὶ τοῖς πολεμίοις + παρέσχον ἀναμαχέσασθαι τὸ πταῖσμα. [D] τοῦτο τέλος τῆς μάχης ἐκείνης + γέγονε, τρεῖς μὲν ἢ τέτταρας ἀφελομένης τῶν παρ᾽ ἡμῖν, Παρθυαίων δὲ + τὸν ἐπὶ τῇ βασιλείᾳ τρεφόμενον, ἁλόντα πρότερον, καὶ τῶν ἀμφ᾽ αὐτὸν + παμπληθεῖς ξυνδιαφθειράσης· τούτοις δὲ ἅπασι δρωμένοις ὁ μὲν τῶν + βαρβάρων ἡγεμὼν οὐδὲ ὄναρ παρῆν· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐπέσχε τὴν φυγὴν πρὶν ἢ + κατὰ νώτου τὸν ποταμὸν ἐποιέσατο· [25] αὐτὸς δὲ διέμενες ἐν τοῖς + ὄπλοις δι᾽ ὄλης ἡμέρας καὶ νυκτὸς ἁπάσης, συμμετέχων μὲν τοῖς + κρατοῦσι τῶν ἀγωνισμάτων, τοῖς πονοῦσι δὲ ἐπαρκῶν διὰ ταχέων. ὑπὸ δὲ + τῆς ἀνδρείας καὶ τῆς εὐψυχίας εἰς τοσοῦτον τὸν ἀγῶνα μετέστησας, ὥστε + αὐτοὺς μὲν ἐπὶ τὴν αὑτῶν τῆς ἡμέρας ἐπιλαβούσης ἀσμένως ἀποσώζεσθαι, + ἀναχωρεῖν δὲ ἐκ τῆς μάχης, ἑπομένου σου, καὶ τοὺς τραυματίας; οὕτω τὸ + δέος πᾶσιν ἀνῆκας τῆς φυγῆς. [B] ποῖον οὖν <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page064">[pg 064]</span><a name="Pg064" id="Pg064" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg065" id="Pg065" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἥλω φρούριον; τίς δὲ ἐπολιορκήθη πόλις; τίνος + δὲ ἀποσκευῆς οἱ πολέμιοι κρατήσαντες ἔσχον ἐφ᾽ ὅτῳ σεμνύνωνται μετὰ + τὸν πόλεμον;</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But lest anyone + should suppose that, while I delight in recalling exploits like + these, I avoid mentioning occasions when luck gave the enemy the + advantage—or rather it was the nature of the ground combined with + opportunity that turned the scale—and that I do so because they + brought us no honour or glory but only disgrace, I will try to give a + brief account of those incidents also, not adapting my narrative with + an eye to my own interests, but preferring the truth in every case. + For when a man deliberately sins against the truth he cannot escape + the reproach of flattery, and moreover he inflicts on the object of + his panegyric the appearance of not deserving the praise that he + receives on other accounts. This is a mistake of which I shall + beware. Indeed my speech will make it clear that in no case has + fiction been preferred to the truth. Now I am well aware that all + would say that the battle we fought before Singara<a id="noteref_104" + name="noteref_104" href="#note_104"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">104</span></span></a> was a + most important victory for the barbarians. But I should answer and + with justice that this battle inflicted equal loss on both armies, + but proved also that your valour could accomplish more than their + luck; and that although the legions under you were violent and + reckless men, and were not accustomed, like the enemy, to the climate + and the stifling heat. I will relate exactly what took place. It was + still the height of summer, and the legions mustered long before + noon. Since the enemy were awestruck by the discipline, accoutrements + and calm bearing of our troops, while to us they seemed amazing in + numbers, neither side began the battle; for they shrank from coming + to close quarters with forces so well equipped, while we waited for + them to begin, so that in all respects we might seem to be acting + rather in self-defence, and not to be responsible for beginning + hostilities after the peace. But at last the leader<a id= + "noteref_105" name="noteref_105" href="#note_105"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">105</span></span></a> of the + barbarian army, raised high on their shields, perceived the magnitude + of our forces drawn up in line. What a change came over him! What + exclamations he uttered! He cried out that he had been betrayed, that + it was the fault of those who had persuaded him to go to war, and + decided that the only thing to be done was to flee with all speed, + and that one course alone would secure his safety, namely to cross, + before we could reach it, the river, which is the ancient + boundary-line between that country and ours. With this purpose he + first gave the signal for a retreat in good order, then gradually + increasing his pace he finally took to headlong flight, with only a + small following of cavalry, and left his whole army to the leadership + of his son and the friend in whom he had most confidence. When our + men saw this they were enraged that the barbarians should escape all + punishment for their audacious conduct, and clamoured to be led in + pursuit, chafed at your order to halt, and ran after the enemy in + full armour with their utmost energy and speed. For of your + generalship they had had no experience so far, and they could not + believe that you were a better judge than they of what was expedient. + Moreover, under your father they had fought many battles and had + always been victorious, a fact that tended to make them think + themselves invincible. But they were most of all elated by the terror + that the Parthians now shewed, when they thought how they had fought, + not only against the enemy, but against the very nature of the + ground, and if any greater obstacle met them from some fresh quarter, + they felt that they would overcome it as well. Accordingly they ran + at full speed for about one hundred stades, and only halted when they + came up with the Parthians, who had fled for shelter into a fort that + they had lately built to serve as a camp. It was, by this time, + evening, and they engaged battle forthwith. Our men at once took the + fort and slew its defenders. Once inside the fortifications they + displayed great bravery for a long time, but they were by this time + fainting with thirst, and when they found cisterns of water inside, + they spoiled a glorious victory and gave the enemy a chance to + retrieve their defeat. This then was the issue of that battle, which + caused us the loss of only three or four of our men, whilst the + Parthians lost the heir to the throne<a id="noteref_106" name= + "noteref_106" href="#note_106"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">106</span></span></a> who had + previously been taken prisoner, together with all his escort. While + all this was going on, of the leader of the barbarians not even the + ghost was to be seen, nor did he stay his flight till he had put the + river behind him. You, on the other hand, did not take off your + armour for a whole day and all the night, now sharing the struggles + of those who were getting the upper hand, now giving prompt and + efficient aid to those who were hard-pressed. And by your bravery and + fortitude you so changed the face of the battle that at break of day + the enemy were glad to beat a safe retreat to their own territory, + and even the wounded, escorted by you, could retire from the battle. + Thus did you relieve them all from the risks of flight. Now what fort + was taken by the enemy? What city did they besiege? What military + supplies did they capture that should give them something to boast + about after the war?)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλ᾽ ἴσως, φήσει + τισ, τὸ μηδέποτε τῶν πολεμίων ἧττον ἔχοντα ἀπελθεῖν εὐτυχὲς καὶ + εὔδαιμον ἡγητέον,<a id="noteref_107" name="noteref_107" href= + "#note_107"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">107</span></span></a> τὸ δὲ + ἀντιστῆναι τῇ τύχῃ ῥωμαλεώτερον καὶ<a id="noteref_108" name= + "noteref_108" href="#note_108"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">108</span></span></a> + μείζονος ἀρετῆς ὑπάρχει σημεῖον.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But perhaps some + one will say that never to come off worse than the enemy must indeed + be considered good fortune and felicity, but to make a stand against + fortune calls for greater vigour and is a proof of greater + valour.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τίς μὲν γὰρ ἀγαθὸς + κυβερνήτης ἐν εὐδίᾳ τὴν ναῦν κατευθύνων, [C] γαλήνης ἀκριβοῦς + κατεχούσης τὸ πέλαγος; τίς δὲ ἡνίοχος ἅρματος δεξιὸς ἐν ὁμαλῷ καὶ + λείῳ χωρίῳ εὐπειθεῖς καὶ πρᾴους καὶ ταχεῖς ἵππους ζευξάμενος, εἶτα ἐν + τούτοις ἐπιδεικνύμενος τὴν τέχνην; πόσῳ δὲ ἀμείνων νεὼς μὲν ἰθυντὴρ ὁ + καὶ τὸν μέλλοντα χειμῶνα προμαθὼν καὶ προαισθόμενος καὶ πειραθείς γε + τοῦτον ἐκκλῖναι, εἶτα δι᾽ ἁσδηποτοῦν αἰτίας ἐμπεσὼν καὶ διασώσας + ἀπαθῆ τὴν ναῦν αὐτῷ φόρτῳ; [D] ἄρματος δ᾽ ἐπιστάτης ὁ καὶ πρὸς χωρίων + ἀγωνιζόμενος τραχύτητα καὶ τοὺς ἵππους μετατιθεὶς ἅμα καὶ βιαζόμενος, + ἤν τι πλημμελῶσιν; ὅλως δὲ οὐδεμίαν ἄξιον τέχνην μετὰ τῆς τύχης + ἐξετάζειν, ἀλλ᾽ αὐτὴν ἐφ᾽ αὑτῆς σκοπεῖν. οὐδὲ στρατηγὸς ἀμείνων ὁ + Κλέων Νικίου, ἐπειδὴ τὰ περὶ τὴν Πύλον ηὐτύχησεν, οὐδ᾽ ἄλλος οὐδεὶς + τῶν τύχῃ μᾶλλον ἢ γνώμῃ κρατούντων. ἐγὼ δὲ εἰ μὴ καὶ τὴν τύχην τὴν + σὴν ἀμείνω καὶ δικαιοτέραν τῆς τῶν ἀντιταξαμένων, μᾶλλον δὲ τῆς + ἁπάντων ἀνθρώπων κρατίστην φήσαιμι, [26] ἀδικεῖν ἂν εἰκότως + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page066">[pg 066]</span><a name="Pg066" + id="Pg066" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg067" id="Pg067" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> δοκοίην, τὴν μὴ παρασχοῦσαν τοῖς + πολεμίοις αἰσθέσθαι τὸ πλεονέκτημα. χρὴ γὰρ οἶμαι τὸν δικαίως ὑπὲρ + τῶν ῥηθέντων κρινοῦντα<a id="noteref_109" name="noteref_109" href= + "#note_109"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">109</span></span></a> τὸ μὲν + ἐλάττωμα τῇ τοῦ πνίγους ἀνανταγωνίστῳ ῥώμῃ λογίζεσθαι, τὸ δὲ εἰς ἴσον + καταστῆσαι τοὺς πολεμίους ταῖς συμφοραῖς τῆς σῆς ἀρετῆς ἔργον + ὑπολαβεῖν, τὸ δὲ τῶν μὲν οἰκείων αἰσθέσθαι συμφορῶν, ἀγνοῆσαι δὲ τὰ + κατορθώματα τῆς ἀγαθῆς τύχης ἔργον λογέζεσθαι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Is a man a + skilful pilot because he can steer his ship in fair weather when the + sea is absolutely calm? Would you call a charioteer an expert driver + who on smooth and level ground has in harness horses that are gentle, + quiet and swift, and under such conditions gives a display of his + art? How much more skilful is the pilot who marks and perceives + beforehand the coming storm and tries to avoid its path, and then, if + for any reason he must face it, brings off his ship safe and sound, + cargo and all? Just so, the skilful charioteer is he who can contend + against the unevenness of the ground, and guide his horses and + control them at the same time, if they grow restive. In short, it is + not fair to judge of skill of any sort when it is aided by fortune, + but one must examine it independently. Cleon was not a better general + than Nicias because he was fortunate in the affair of Pylos, and the + same may be said of all whose success is due to luck rather than to + good judgment. But if I did not claim that your fortune was both + better and better deserved than that of your opponents, or rather of + all men, I should with reason be thought to do it an injustice, since + it prevented the enemy from even perceiving their advantage. For, in + my opinion, an impartial judge of my narrative ought to ascribe our + reverse to the extreme and insupportable heat, and the fact that you + inflicted loss on the enemy equal to ours he would regard as achieved + by your valour, but that, though they were aware of their losses, + they took no account of their success, he would regard as brought + about by your good fortune.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[B] Ἀλλ᾽ ὅπως μὴ + μακρότερα περὶ τούτων λέγων τὸν ὑπὲρ τῶν μειζόνων καιρὸν ἀναλώσω, + πειράσομαι λοιπὸν τὸ μετὰ τοῦτο περιστὰν ἡμᾶς τῶν πραγμάτων πλῆθος + διεξιέναι<a id="noteref_110" name="noteref_110" href= + "#note_110"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">110</span></span></a> καὶ τῶν + κινδύνων τὸ μέγεθος, καὶ ὅπως ἅπασιν ἀντισχὼν τυράννων μὲν πλῆθος, + βαρβάρων δὲ ἐτρέψω δυνάμεις. ἦν μὲν γὰρ ὁ χειμὼν ἐπ᾽ ἐξόδοις ἤδη, + ἕκτον που μάλιστα μετὰ τὸν πόλεμον ἔτος, οὗ μικρῷ πρόσθεν ἐμνήσθην, + [C] ἧκε δὲ ἀγγέλλων τισ, ὡς Γαλατία μὲν συναφεστῶσα τῷ τυράννῳ ἀδελφῷ + τῷ σῷ ἐβοὐλευσέ τε καὶ ἐπετέλεσε τὸν φόνον, εἶτα ὡς Ἰταλία καὶ + Σικελία κατείληπται, τὰ δὲ ἐν Ἰλλυριοῖς στρατόπεδα ταραχωδῶς ἔχει καὶ + Βασιλέα σφῶν ἀπέδειξε τὸν τέως στρατηγὸν ἀντισχεῖν ἐθέλοντα πρὸς τὴν + ἄμαχον δοκοῦσαν τῶν τυράννων φοράν. ἱκέτευε δὲ αὐτὸς οὗτος χρήματα + πέμπειν καὶ δύναμιν τὴν βοηθήσουσαν, σφόδρα ὑπὲρ αὑτοῦ δεδιὼς καὶ + τρέμων, μὴ πρὸς τῶν τυράννων κρατηθείη. [D] καὶ τέως μὲν ἐπηγγέλλετο + τὰ προσήκοντα δράσειν, οὐδαμῶς αὑτὸν ἀξιῶν <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page068">[pg 068]</span><a name="Pg068" id="Pg068" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg069" id="Pg069" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τῆς ἀρχῆς, ἐπίτροπον δὲ οἶμαι πιστὸν καὶ φύλακα + παρέξειν ἐπαγγελλόμενος· ἔμελλε δὲ οὐκ εἰς μακρὰν ἄπιστος φανεῖσθαι + καὶ δίκην ὑφέξειν καίτοι<a id="noteref_111" name="noteref_111" href= + "#note_111"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">111</span></span></a> + φιλάνθρωπον. ταῦτα πυθόμενος οὐκ ᾤου δεῖν ἐν ῥᾳστώνῃ πολλῇ τὸν χρόνον + ἀναλίσκειν μάτην. ἀλλὰ τὰς μὲν ἐπὶ τῇ Συρίᾳ πόλεις μηχανημάτων καὶ + φρουρᾶς καὶ σίτου καὶ τῆς ἄλλης παρασκευῆς<a id="noteref_112" name= + "noteref_112" href="#note_112"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">112</span></span></a> + ἐμπλήσας, καὶ ἀπὼν ἀρκέσειν τοῖς τῇδε προσεδόκησας, [27] αὐτὸς δὲ ἐπὶ + τοὺς τυράννους ὁρμᾶν ἐβουλεύου.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(That I may not, + however, by saying more on this subject, spend time that belongs to + more important affairs, I will try to describe next the multitude of + difficulties that beset us, the magnitude of our perils, and how you + faced them all, and not only routed the numerous following of the + usurpers, but the barbarian forces as well. About six years had + passed since the war I have just described, and the winter was nearly + over, when a messenger arrived with the news<a id="noteref_113" name= + "noteref_113" href="#note_113"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">113</span></span></a> that + Galatia<a id="noteref_114" name="noteref_114" href= + "#note_114"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">114</span></span></a> had + gone over to the usurper, that a plot had been made to assassinate + your brother and had been carried out, also that Italy and Sicily had + been occupied, lastly that the Illyrian garrisons were in revolt and + had proclaimed their general<a id="noteref_115" name="noteref_115" + href="#note_115"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">115</span></span></a> + emperor, though for a time he had been inclined to resist what seemed + to be the irresistible onset of the usurpers.<a id="noteref_116" + name="noteref_116" href="#note_116"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">116</span></span></a> Indeed, + he himself kept imploring you to send money and men to his aid, as + though he were terribly afraid on his own account of being + overpowered by them. And for a while he kept protesting that he would + do his duty, that for his part he had no pretensions to the throne, + but would faithfully guard and protect it for you. Such were his + assertions, but it was not long before his treachery came to light + and he received his punishment, tempered though it was with mercy. On + learning these facts you thought you ought not to waste your time in + idleness to no purpose. The cities of Syria you stocked with engines + of war, garrisons, food supplies, and equipment of other kinds, + considering that, by these measures, you would, though absent, + sufficiently protect the inhabitants, while you were planning to set + out in person against the usurpers.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Πέρσαι δὲ ἐξ + ἐκείνου τὸν καιρὸν τοῦτον παραφυλάξαντες, ὡς ἐξ ἐφόδου τὴν Συρίαν + ληψόμενοι, πᾶσαν ἐξαναστήσαντες ἡλικίαν καὶ φύσιν καὶ τύχην ἐφ᾽ ἡμᾶς + ὥρμηντο, ἄνδρες, μειράκια, πρεσβῦται καὶ γυναικῶν πλῆθος καὶ + θεραπόντων, οὐ μόνον τῶν πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον ὑπουργιῶν χάριν, ἐκ + περιουσίας δὲ πλεῖστον ἑπόμενον. διενοοῦντο γὰρ ὡς καὶ τὰς πόλεις [B] + καθάξοντες καὶ τῆς χώρας ἤδη κρατήσαντες κληρούχους ἡμῖν + ἐπάγειν.<a id="noteref_117" name="noteref_117" href= + "#note_117"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">117</span></span></a> κενὰς + δὲ ἀπέφηνεν αὐτοῖς τὰς προσδοκίας τῆς παρασκευῆς τῆς σῆς τὸ μέγεθος. + ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἐς πολιορκίαν κατέστησαν, ἐπετειχίζετο μὲν ἡ πόλις κύκλῳ + τοῖς χώμασιν, ἐπέρρει δὲ ὁ Μυγδόνιος πελαγίζων τὸ περὶ τῷ τείχει + χωρίον, καθάπερ ὁ Νεῖλος, φασὶ, τὴν Αἴγυπτον. προσήγετο δὲ ἐπὶ νεῶν + ταῖς ἐπάλξεσι τὰ μηχανήματα, καὶ ἐπιπλεῖν ἄλλοι <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page070">[pg 070]</span><a name="Pg070" id="Pg070" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg071" id="Pg071" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> διενοοῦντο τοῖς τείχεσιν, [C] ἄλλοι δὲ ἔβαλλον + ἀπὸ τῶν χωμάτων τοὺς ἀμυνομένους ὑπὲρ τῆς πόλεως. οἱ δὲ ἐκ τῶν τειχῶν + ἤμυνον καρτερῶς τῇ πίλει. μεστὰ δὲ ἦν ἅπαντα σωμάτων καὶ ναυαγίων καὶ + ὅπλων καὶ βελῶν, τῶν μὲν ἄρτι καταδυομένων, τῶν δέ, ἐπειδὴ τὸ πρῶτον + ὑπὸ τῆς βίας κατενεχθέντα κατέδυ, κουφιζομένων ὑπὸ τοῦ κύματος. + ἀσπίδες μὲν ἐπενήχοντο βαρβάρων παμπληθεῖς καὶ νεῶν σέλματα<a id= + "noteref_118" name="noteref_118" href="#note_118"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">118</span></span></a> + συντριβομένων ἐπ᾽ αὐταῖς τῶν μηχανημάτων. [D] βελῶν πλῆθος + ἐπινηχόμενον μικροῦ δεῖν ἐπεῖχεν ἅπαν τὸ μεταξὺ τοῦ τείχους καὶ τῶν + χωμάτων. ἐτέτραπτο δὲ ἡ λίμνη πρὸς λύθρον, καὶ κύκλῳ τὸ τεῖχος + ἐπήχουν οἰμωγαὶ βαρβάρων ὀλλύντων μὲν οὐδαμῶς, ὀλλυμένων<a id= + "noteref_119" name="noteref_119" href="#note_119"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">119</span></span></a> δὲ + πολυτρόπως καὶ τιτρωσκομένων ποικίλοις τραύμασι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But the Persians + ever since the last campaign had been watching for just such an + opportunity, and had planned to conquer Syria, by a single invasion. + So they mustered all forces, every age, sex, and condition, and + marched against us, men and mere boys, old men and crowds of women + and slaves, who followed not merely to assist in the war, but in vast + numbers beyond what was needed. For it was their intention to reduce + the cities, and once masters of the country, to bring in colonists in + spite of us. But the magnitude of your preparations made it manifest + that their expectations were but vanity. They began the siege and + completely surrounded the city<a id="noteref_120" name="noteref_120" + href="#note_120"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">120</span></span></a> with + dykes, and then the river Mygdonius flowed in and flooded the ground + about the walls, as they say the Nile floods Egypt. The siege-engines + were brought up against the ramparts on boats, and their plan was + that one force should sail to attack the walls while the other kept + shooting on the city's defenders from the mounds. But the garrison + made a stout defence of the city from the walls. The whole place was + filled with corpses, wreckage, armour, and missiles, of which some + were just sinking, while others, after sinking from the violence of + the first shock, floated on the waters. A vast number of barbarian + shields and also ship's benches, as a result of the collisions of the + siege-engines on the ships, drifted on the surface. The mass of + floating weapons almost covered the whole surface between the wall + and the mounds. The lake was turned to gore, and all about the walls + echoed the groans of the barbarians, slaying not, but being + slain<a id="noteref_121" name="noteref_121" href= + "#note_121"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">121</span></span></a> in + manifold ways and by all manner of wounds.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τίς ἂν ἀξίως τῶν + δρωμένων διηγοῖτο; πῦρ μὲν ἐνίετο ταῖς ἀσπίσιν, ἐξέπιπτον δὲ τῶν + ὁπλιτῶν ἡμίκαυτοι πολλοί, ἄλλοι δὲ ἀποδιδράσκοντες τὴν φλόγα τὸν ἐκ + τῶν βελῶν οὐκ ἀπέφευγον κίνδυνον· [28] ἀλλ᾽ οἱ μὲν ἔτι νηχόμενοι τὰ + νῶτα τρωθέντες ἐς βυθὸν κατεδύοντο, οἱ δὲ ἐξαλλόμενοι τῶν μηχανημάτων + πρὶν ὕδατος ἅψασθαι βληθέντες οὐ σωτηρίαν, κουφότερον δὲ εὗρον + τὸν<a id="noteref_122" name="noteref_122" href= + "#note_122"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">122</span></span></a> + θάνατον. τοὺς δὲ οὐδὲ νεῖν εἰδότας ἀκλεέστερον τῶν πρόσθεν + ἀπολλυμένους τίς ἂν ἀξιώσειεν ἁριθμοῦ καὶ μνήμης; ἐπιλείψει με, καθ᾽ + ἕκαστον εἰ πᾶσιν ἐπεξελθεῖν βουλοίμην, ὁ χρόνος· τὸ <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page072">[pg 072]</span><a name="Pg072" id="Pg072" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg073" id="Pg073" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> κεφάλαιον δὲ ἀκούειν ἀπόχρη. [B] ταύτην ἥλιος + ἐπεῖδε τὴν μάχην ἄγνωστον ἀνθρώποις τὸν ἔμπροσθεν χρόνον· ταῦτα τὴν + παλαιὰν ἀλαζονείαν ἤλενξε τῶν Μήδων τῦφον ὄντα κενόν· ταῦτα τῆς + Ξέρξου παρασκευῆς ἀπιστουμένης τέως τὸ μέγεθος, εἰ τοσαύτη γενομένη + τέλος ἔσχεν αἰσχρὸν καὶ ἐπονείδιστον, ἐναργέστερον τῶν δοκούντων + εἶναι γνωρίμων ἡμῖν κατέστησεν. ὁ μὲν ἐπειρᾶτο πλεῖν καὶ πεζεύειν + ἀπεναντίον τῇ φύσει μαχόμενος καὶ, [C] ὥσπερ οὖν ᾤετο, κρατῶν ἠπείρου + φύσεως καὶ θαλάττης ἀνδρὸς Ἕλληνος ἡττᾶτο σοφίας καὶ ῥώμης στρατιωτῶν + οὐ τρυφᾶν μεμελετηκότων οὐδὲ δουλεύειν, ἀλλ᾽ ἐλευθέρως ἄρχεσθαι καὶ + πονεῖν εἰδότων. ὁ δὲ ταῖς παρασκευαῖς ἐκείνου καταδεέστερος, + ἔμπληκτος δὲ μᾶλλον καὶ τῇ μανίᾳ τοὺς Ἀλωάδας ὑπερβαλλόμενος μόνον + οὐχὶ τὸ πλησίον ὄρος ἐγνωκὼς ἀμφικαλύψαι τῇ πόλει, ἐπαφιεὶς δὲ [D] + ποταμῶν ῥεύματα καὶ τὰ τείχη διαλύσας οὐδὲ ἀτειχίστου τῆς πόλεως + περιγενόμενος ἔσχεν ἐφ᾽ ὅτῳ σεμνύνηται, καθάπερ ὁ Ξέρξης ταῖς Ἀθήναις + ἐμβαλὼν τὴν φλόγα. ἐπανῄει δὲ τεττάρων μηνῶν ἀναλώσας χρόνον μυριάσι + πολλαῖς ἧττον ἀπάγων τὸ στάατευμα, καὶ τὴν ἡσυχίαν ἠγάπησεν ὁ πρόσθεν + ἀφόρητος δοκῶν, τὴν σὴν ἀσχολίαν καὶ τὴν τῶν παρ᾽ ἡμῖν πραγμάτων + παραχὴν ὥσπερ ἔρυμα τῆς αὑτοῦ προβαλλόμενος σωτηρίας.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Who could find + suitable words to describe all that was done there? They hurled fire + down on to the shields, and many of the hoplites fell half-burned, + while others who fled from the flames could not escape the danger + from the missiles. But some while still swimming were wounded in the + back and sank to the bottom, while others who jumped from the + siege-engines were hit before they touched the water, and so found + not safety indeed but an easier death. As for those who knew not how + to swim, and perished more obscurely than those just mentioned, who + would attempt to name or number them? Time would fail me did I desire + to recount all this in detail. It is enough that you should hear the + sum of the matter. On that day the sun beheld a battle the like of + which no man had ever known before. These events exposed the historic + boastings of the Medes as only empty conceit. Till then men had + hardly believed that Xerxes could have had so huge an armament, + seeing that for all its size its fate was so shameful and + ignominious; but these events made the fact clearer to us than things + long familiar and obvious. Xerxes tried to sail and to march by + fighting against the laws of nature, and, as he thought, overcame the + nature of the sea and of the dry land, but he proved to be no match + for the wisdom and endurance of a Greek whose soldiers had not been + bred in the school of luxury, nor learned to be slaves, but knew how + to obey and to use their energies like free-born men. That man,<a id= + "noteref_123" name="noteref_123" href="#note_123"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">123</span></span></a> + however, though he had no such vast armament as Xerxes, was even more + insensate, and outdid the Aloadae in his infatuation, as if almost he + had conceived the idea of overwhelming the city with the + mountain<a id="noteref_124" name="noteref_124" href= + "#note_124"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">124</span></span></a> that + was hard by. Then he turned the currents of rivers against its walls + and undermined them, but even when the city had lost its walls he + could not succeed in taking it, so that he had not even that triumph + to boast of, as Xerxes had when he set fire to Athens. So, after + spending four months, he retreated with an army that had lost many + thousands, and he who had always seemed to be irresistible was glad + to keep the peace, and to use as a bulwark for his own safety the + fact that you had no time to spare and that our own affairs were in + confusion.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ταῦτα καταλιπὼν + ἐπὶ τῆς Ἀσίας τρόπαια καὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page074">[pg + 074]</span><a name="Pg074" id="Pg074" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg075" id="Pg075" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> νίκας, [29] ἐπὶ τὴν Εὐρώπην ἀκμῆτας ἦγες τὸ + στράτευμα, τὴν οἰκουμένην ἅπασαν ἐμπλῆσαι τροπαίων ἐγνωκώς. ἐμοὶ δὲ + ἀρκεῖ<a id="noteref_125" name="noteref_125" href= + "#note_125"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">125</span></span></a> τὰ + πρόσθεν ῥηθέντα, εἰ καὶ μηδὲν ἔτι περὶ σοῦ λέγειν εἶχον σεμνότερον, + πρὸς τὸ πάντων ἀποφῆναι σε τῶν ἔμπροσθεν τῆς αὐτῆς σοι μετασχόντων + τύχης συνέσει καὶ ῥώμῃ κρατοῦντα. τὸ γὰρ ἀπαθῶς ὤσασθαι μεὲ τὴν + Περσῶν δύναμιν, οὐ πόλιν οὐδὲ φρούριον, ἀλλ᾽ [B] οὐδὲ στρατιώτην τῶν + ἐκ καταλόγου προέμενον, πολιορκίᾳ δὲ τέλος ἐπιθεῖναι λαμπρὸν καὶ οἷον + οὔπω πρόσθεν ἠκούσαμεν, τίνι χρὴ τῶν ἔμπροσθεν παραβαλεῖν ἔργων; + περιβόητος γέγονεν ἡ Καρχηδονίων ἐν τοῖς δεινοῖς τόλμα, ἀλλ᾽ + ἐτελεύτησεν εἰς συμφοράς· λαμπρὰ τὰ περὶ τὴν Πλαταιέων πολιορκίαν + γενόμενα, ἐχρήσαντο δὲ οἱ δείλαιοι γνωριμώτερον τοῖς δυστυχήμασι. τί + χρὴ Μεσσήνης καὶ Πύλου μεμνῆσθαι, οὔτε ἀγωνισαμένων καρτερῶς οὔτε + ἁλόντων ξὺν βίᾳ; [C] Συρακούσιοι δὲ τὸν σοφὸν ἐκεῖνον ἀντιτάξαντες + ταῖς παρασκευαῖς τῆς ἡμετέρας πόλεως καὶ τῷ καλῷ κἀγαθῷ στρατηγῷ τί + πλέον ὤναντο; οὐχ ἑάλωσαν μὲν τῶν ἄλλων αἴσχιον, ἐσώζοντο δὲ καλὸν + ὑπόμνημα τῆς τῶν ἑλόντων πρᾳότητος; Ἀλλ᾽ εἰ πάσας ἐξαριθμεῖσθαι τὰς + πόλεις βουλοίμην, αἳ πρὸς τὰς ὑποδεεστέρας οὐ κατήρκεσαν παρασκευάς, + πόσας οἴει μοι βίβλους ἀρκέσειν; τῆς Ῥώμης δὲ ἴσως ἄξιον μνησθῆναι + πάλαι ποτὲ χρησαμένης τύχῃ τοιαύτῃ, [D] Γαλατῶν οἶμαι καὶ Κελτῶν ἐς + ταύτὸ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page076">[pg 076]</span><a name= + "Pg076" id="Pg076" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg077" id= + "Pg077" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> πνευσάντων καὶ φερομένων ἐπ᾽ + αὐτὴν καθάπερ χειμάρρους ἐξαίφνης. κατέλαβον μὲν γὰρ τὸν λόφον + ἐκεῖνον, οὗ τὸ τοῦ Διὸς ἀφίδρυται βρέτας; γέρροις δὲ καί τισι + τοιούτοις οἱονεὶ τείχει φραξάμενοι, πολυπραγμονούντων οὐδὲν προσιέναι + τῶν πολεμίων βίᾳ τολμώντων, ἐκράτησαν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Such were the + trophies and victories that you left behind you in Asia, and you led + your troops to Europe in perfect condition, determined to fill the + whole world with the monuments of your victories. Even if I had + nothing more wonderful to relate about you, what I have said is + enough to demonstrate that in good sense and energy you surpass all + those in the past whose fortune was the same as yours. Indeed to have + repulsed the whole strength of Persia and remain unscathed, not to + have lost so much as a soldier from the ranks, much less a town or + fort, and finally to have brought the siege to so brilliant and + unprecedented a conclusion,—what achievement I ask in the past could + one compare with this? The Carthaginians were famous for their daring + in the face of danger, but they ended in disaster. The siege of + Plataea shed lustre on its citizens, but all that their valour could + do for those unhappy men was to make their misfortunes more widely + known. What need to quote Messene or Pylos, since there the defeated + did not make a brave defence nor was a vigorous assault necessary to + subdue them? As for the Syracusans, they had their famous man of + science<a id="noteref_126" name="noteref_126" href= + "#note_126"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">126</span></span></a> to aid + them against the armaments of Rome and our illustrious general,<a id= + "noteref_127" name="noteref_127" href="#note_127"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">127</span></span></a> but + what did he avail them in the end? Did they not fall more + ignominiously than the rest, and were only spared to be a glorious + monument of their conqueror's clemency? But if I wished to reckon up + all the states that could not withstand armaments inferior to their + own, how many volumes do you think would suffice? Rome, however, I + ought perhaps to mention, because long ago she had just such a + fortune, I mean when the Galatians and Celts<a id="noteref_128" name= + "noteref_128" href="#note_128"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">128</span></span></a> + conspired together, and without warning poured down on the city like + a winter torrent.<a id="noteref_129" name="noteref_129" href= + "#note_129"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">129</span></span></a> The + citizens occupied the famous hill<a id="noteref_130" name= + "noteref_130" href="#note_130"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">130</span></span></a> on + which stands the statue of Jupiter. There they intrenched themselves + with wicker barricades and such like defences, as though with a wall, + while the enemy offered no hindrance nor ventured to approach to + attack at close quarters, and so they won the day.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[30] Ταύτῃ + παραβαλεῖν ἄξιον τῇ πολιορκίᾳ τὴν ἔναγχος τῷ τέλει τῆς τύχης, ἐπεὶ + τοῖς γε ἔργοις οὐδεμιᾷ τῶν ὅσαι πάλαι γεγόνασι. τίς γὰρ ἔγνω + κυκλουμένην μὲν ὕδασι πόλιν,<a id="noteref_131" name="noteref_131" + href="#note_131"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">131</span></span></a> λόφοις + δὲ ἔξωθεν καθάπερ δικτύοις περιβληθεῖσαν, καὶ ποταμὸν ἐπαφιέμενον + οἱονεὶ μηχάνημα, συνεχῶς ῥέοντα καὶ προσρηγνύμενον τοῖς τείχεσι, τάς + τε ὑπὲρ τῶν ὑδάτων μάχας καὶ ὅσαι περὶ τῷ τείχει κατενεχθέντι + γεγόνασιν;<a id="noteref_132" name="noteref_132" href= + "#note_132"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">132</span></span></a> ἐμοὶ + μὲν οὖν, ὅπερ ἔφην, ἀπόχρη καὶ ταῦτα· τὰ λειπόμενα δέ ἐστι μακρῷ + σεμνότερα. [B] καὶ τυχὸν οὐδαμῶς εὔλογον ἅπαξ ἑλόμενον ἁπάντων ἐς + δύναμιν μνησθῆναι τῶν σοι πραχθέντων, ἀκμαζουσῶν ἔτι τῶν πράξεων, + ἁφεῖναι τὴν διήγησιν. ὅσα μὲν οὖν ἔτι τοῖς ἔργοις προσκαθήμενος, ὧν + μικρῷ πρόσθεν ἐμνήσθην, περὶ τὴν Εὐρώπην διῴκησας, πρεσβείας πέμπων + καὶ ἀναλίσκων χρήματα καὶ στρατόπεδα τὰ προσκαθήμενα τοῖς Σκύθαις ἐν + Παιονίᾳ ἐκπέμπων, τοῦ μὴ κρατηθῆναι τὸν πρεσβύτην ὑπὸ <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page078">[pg 078]</span><a name="Pg078" id="Pg078" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg079" id="Pg079" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τοῦ τυράννου προνοῶν, πῶς ἄν τις ἐν βραχεῖ λόγῳ + [C] παραστῆσαι δύναιτο καὶ πάνυ σπουδάζων;</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(It is with this + siege that the recent one may well be compared, at least in the issue + of its fortunes; for the actual occurrences could not be paralleled + in all history. For who ever heard of surrounding a city with water, + and from without throwing hills about it like nets, then hurling at + it, like a siege-engine, a river that flowed in a steady stream and + broke against its walls, or of fighting like that which took place in + the water and about the wall where it had fallen in? For my purpose, + this is, as I said, evidence enough. But what remains to tell is far + more awe-inspiring. And perhaps, since I have undertaken to record, + as far as possible, all that you accomplished, it is not fair to + break off my narrative at the point where you were at the very height + of your activity. For even while you were occupied by the interests I + have just described, you arranged your affairs in Europe, despatching + embassies, spending money, and sending out the legions that were + garrisoning Paeonia against the Scythians, all of which was with the + intention of preventing that feeble old man<a id="noteref_133" name= + "noteref_133" href="#note_133"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">133</span></span></a> from + being overpowered by the usurper.<a id="noteref_134" name= + "noteref_134" href="#note_134"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">134</span></span></a> But how + could one, with the best will in the world, present all this in a + short speech?)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐπει δέ, ἤδη σου + πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον ὡρμημένου, οὐκ οἶδα παρ᾽ ὅτου δαιμόνων ἐξαιρεθεὶς + τὸν νοῦν καὶ τὰς φρένας ὁ τέως πιστὸς μενεῖν φύλαξ ἐπαγγελλόμενος καὶ + χρήμασι καὶ στρατοπέδοις καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἅπασιν ὑπὸ σοῦ περισωζόμενος + εἰρήνην ὡμολόγησε τῷ πάντων ἀνθρώπων ἀνοσιωτάτῳ καὶ πολεμίῳ κοινῇ μὲν + ἁπάντων, ὁπόσοις εἰρήνης μέλει καὶ τὴν ὁμόνοιαν ἐκ παντὸς στέργουσιν, + [D] ἰδίᾳ δὲ σοὶ καὶ πλέον τῶν ἄλλων· οὔτε ἔδεισας τῆς παρασκευῆς τὸ + μέγεθος οὔτε ἀπίστων ἀνδρῶν ξυμμαχίαν πλέον ἔχειν<a id="noteref_135" + name="noteref_135" href="#note_135"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">135</span></span></a> + ὑπέλαβες τῆς ἔμφρονος γνώμης. ἐγκαλῶν δέ, ὡς εἰκός, τῷ μὲν ἀπιστίαν, + τῷ δὲ πρὸς ταύτῃ πράξεων ἀναγῶν καὶ παρανόμων τολμήματα, τὸν μὲν εἰς + δίκην καὶ κρίσιν ἐπὶ τῶν στρατοπέδων προυκάλεις, τοῦ δὲ κριτὴν + ὑπελάμβανες εἶναι τὸν πόλεμον. ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ πρῶτον ὁ καλὸς καὶ συνετὸς + ἀπήντα πρεσβύτης, [31] εὐχερέστερον παιδαρίου τινὸς μετατιθέμενος τὰ + δόξαντα καὶ ὧν εὖ πάθοι δεόμενος μετὰ τὴν χρείαν ἐπιλήσμων· παρῆν δὲ + ἄγων ὁπλιτῶν φάλαγγας καὶ τάξεις ἱππέων, ὡς, εἰ μὴ πείθοι, βιασόμενος + σε<a id="noteref_136" name="noteref_136" href= + "#note_136"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">136</span></span></a> ὀπίσω + πάλιν ἀπιέναι τὴν αὐτὴν ἄπρακτον· οὐδὲν ἐκπλαγείς, ὅτι τὸν σύμμαχον + καὶ στρατηγὸν μενεῖν ἐπαγγελλόμενον πολέμιον εἶδες ἐξ ἴσης ἄρχειν + ἐθέλοντα, καίτοι τῷ πλήθει τῶν στρατευμάτων <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page080">[pg 080]</span><a name="Pg080" id="Pg080" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg081" id="Pg081" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐλαττούμενος, ἐπεὶ μὴ πάντες εἵποντο, [B] πρὸς + πλήθει κρατοῦντα διαγωνίζεσθαι τολμηρὸν μὲν ἴσως, σφαλερὸν δὲ + πάντως<a id="noteref_137" name="noteref_137" href= + "#note_137"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">137</span></span></a> + ὑπολαβὼν καὶ κρατήσαντι τῇ μάχῃ διὰ τὸν ἐφεδρεύοντα τοῖς καιροῖς καὶ + τοῖς πράγμασιν ἄγριον τύραννον, ἐβουλεύσω καλῶς μόνον εἶναι σὸν + ἐθέλων τὸ κατόρθωμα, καὶ παρῄεις ἐπὶ τὸ βῆμα μετὰ τοῦ τέως + συνάρχοντος· συνῄει δὲ ὁπλίτης δῆμος στίλβων τοῖς ὅπλοις, τὰ ξίφη + γυμνὰ καὶ τὰ δόρατα προτείνοντες, [C] δειλῷ μὲν φρικῶδες καὶ δεινὸν + θέαμα, εὐψύχῳ δὲ καὶ θαρραλέῳ καὶ οἷος αὐτὸς γέγονας ὄφελος γενναῖον. + οὐκοῦν ἐπειδὴ πρῶτον ἤρξω τῶν λόγων, σιγὴ μὲν ἐπέσχε, πρὸς τὴν ἀκοὴν + ὡρμημένων πάντων, τὸ στράτευμα· δάκρυα δὲ προυχεῖτο πολλοῖς, καὶ ἐς + τὸν οὐρανὸν τὰς χεῖρας ὤρεγον, σιγῇ καὶ ταῦτα δρῶντες, ὡς μήτις + αἴσθηται. τὴν εὔνοιαν δὲ οἱ μὲν ἐνεδείκνυντο καὶ<a id="noteref_138" + name="noteref_138" href="#note_138"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">138</span></span></a> διὰ τῆς + ὄψεως, πάντες δὲ τῷ σφόδρα ὡρμῆσθαι τῶν λόγων ἀκούειν. [D] ἀκμαζούσης + δὲ τῆς δημηγορίας συνενθουσιῶντες τῷ λόγῳ πάντες ἐπεκρότουν, εἶτα + αὖθις ἀκούειν ἐπιθυμοῦντες ἡσύχαζον. τέλος δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν λόγων + ἀναπειθόμενοι σὲ<a id="noteref_139" name="noteref_139" href= + "#note_139"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">139</span></span></a> μόνον + ἐκάλουν βασιλέα, μόνον ἄρχειν ἠξίουν ἁπάντων, ἡγεῖσθαι σφῶν ἐκέλευον + ἐπὶ τὸν πολέμιον, ἀκολουθήσειν ὡμολόγουν, ἀπολαμβάνειν ἠξίουν τῆς + ἀρχῆς τὰ γνωρίσματα. σὺ δὲ οὐδὲ τὴν χεῖρα προσάγειν ᾤου δεῖν οὐδὲ + ἀφελέσθαι ξὺν βίᾳ· ὁ δὲ ἄκων μὲν καὶ μόλις, εἴξας δὲ ὅμως ὀψέ ποτε, + φασί, τῇ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page082">[pg + 082]</span><a name="Pg082" id="Pg082" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg083" id="Pg083" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Θετταλικῇ πειθανάνκῃ, [32] προσῆγέ σοι + περιελόμενος τὴν ἁλουργίδα. οἷός τις ἐνταῦθα γέγονας τοσούτων μὲν + ἐθνῶν καὶ στρατοπέδων καὶ χρημάτων ἐν ἡμέρᾳ μιᾷ γεγονὼς κύριος, τὸν + πολέμιον δέ, εἰ καὶ μὴ τοῖς ἔργοις, ἀλλα τῇ γνώμῃ φανέντα, τὴν ἀρχὴν + ἀφελόμενος καὶ τοῦ σώματος κρατήσας;</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(No sooner had you + set out for the seat of war, than this very man, who had all along + protested that he would loyally continue to guard your interests, + though you had reinforced him with money, troops, and everything of + the sort, was driven to folly and madness by I know not what evil + spirit, and came to terms with the most execrable of mankind, the + common enemy of all who care for peace and cherish harmony above all + things, and more particularly your enemy for personal reasons. But + you were undismayed by the magnitude of his preparations, nor would + you admit that a conspiracy of traitors could overreach your own wise + purpose. One<a id="noteref_140" name="noteref_140" href= + "#note_140"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">140</span></span></a> of the + pair you justly accused of treason, the other<a id="noteref_141" + name="noteref_141" href="#note_141"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">141</span></span></a> of + infamous crimes besides, and deeds of lawless violence, and you + summoned the former to trial and judgment before the legions, the + latter you decided to leave to the arbitrament of war. Then he met + you face to face, that honourable and prudent old man, who used to + change his opinions more easily than any child, and, though he had + begged for them, forgot all your favours as soon as the need had + passed. He arrived with his phalanxes of hoplites and squadrons of + cavalry, intending to compel, if he could not persuade you, to take + no action and return the way you came. When, then, you saw this man, + who had protested that he would continue to be your ally and general, + playing an enemy's part and claiming an equal share of your empire, + you were not at all dismayed, though his troops outnumbered yours. + For you had not brought your whole force with you since you decided + that to fight it out with such odds against you might be courageous + but was in every way hazardous, even if you won the battle, because + of that other savage usurper<a id="noteref_142" name="noteref_142" + href="#note_142"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">142</span></span></a> who was + lying in wait for a favourable opportunity<a id="noteref_143" name= + "noteref_143" href="#note_143"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">143</span></span></a> when + you should be in difficulties. You therefore made a wise resolve in + preferring to achieve success single-handed, and you mounted the + platform with him who for the moment was your colleague in empire. He + was escorted by a whole host of hoplites with glittering + weapons,<a id="noteref_144" name="noteref_144" href= + "#note_144"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">144</span></span></a> + presenting drawn swords and spears, a sight to make a coward shake + with fear, though it inspired and supported one so brave and gallant + as yourself. Now when first you began to speak, silence fell on the + whole army and every man strained his ears to hear. Many shed tears + and raised their hands to heaven, though even this they did in + silence, so as to be unobserved. Some again showed their affection in + their faces, but all showed it by their intense eagerness to hear + your words. When your speech reached its climax, they were carried + away by enthusiasm and burst into applause, then eager to miss no + word they became quiet again. Finally, won by your arguments, they + hailed you as their only Emperor, demanded that you alone should rule + the whole empire, and bade you lead them against your adversary, + promising to follow you and begging you to take back the imperial + insignia. You, however, thought it beneath you to stretch out your + hand for them or to take them by force. Then against his will and + with reluctance, but yielding at last to what is called Thessalian + persuasion,<a id="noteref_145" name="noteref_145" href= + "#note_145"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">145</span></span></a> he took + off the purple robe and offered it to you. What a heroic figure yours + was then, when, in a single day, you became master of all those + races, those legions, all that wealth, when you stripped of his power + and took prisoner one who, if not in fact yet in intention, had shown + that he was your enemy!)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἆρ᾽ οὐ τούτῳ μὲν + ἄμεινον καὶ δικαιότερον προσηνέχθης ἢ Κῦρος τῷ πάππῳ, τοῖς περὶ αὐτὸν + δὲ τὰς τιμὰς διεφύλαξας οὐδὲν οὐδενὸς ἀφελόμενος, προσθεὶς δὲ οἶμαι + δωρεὰς πολλοῖς; [B] τίς δέ σ᾽<a id="noteref_146" name="noteref_146" + href="#note_146"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">146</span></span></a> εἶδεν ἢ + πρὸ τοῦ κρατῆσαι σκυθρωπὸν λίαν ἢ μετὰ τοῦθ᾽ ὑπερηδόμενον; καίτοι + πῶς<a id="noteref_147" name="noteref_147" href= + "#note_147"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">147</span></span></a> ἄξιον + ἐπαινεῖν ἐστί σε δημηγόρον ἅμα καὶ στρατηγὸν ἢ βασιλέα χρηστὸν καὶ + γενναῖον ὁπλίτην προσαγορεύοντας; ὃς πάλαι μὲν ἀπορραγὲν τὸ + στρατηγεῖον<a id="noteref_148" name="noteref_148" href= + "#note_148"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">148</span></span></a> ἀπὸ τοῦ + βήματος ἐς ταὐτὸν πάλιν ἐπαναγαγεῖν ἠξίωσας σχῆμα, μιμούμενος οἶμαι + Ὀδυσσέα καὶ Νέστορα καὶ τοὺς ἐξελόντας Καρχηδόνα Ῥωμαίων στρατηγοὺς, + [C] οἳ φοβερωτέρους αὑτοὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ βήματος τοῖς ἀδικοῦσιν ἢ τοῖς + πολεμίοις ἐπὶ τῆς παρατάξεως ἀεὶ κατέστησαν. Δημοσθένους δὲ καὶ ὅστις + τοῦτον ἐζήλωκε τὴν ἐν τοῖς λόγοις ἰσχὺν αἰδούμενος, τῷ τρόπῳ τῆς + δημηγορίας οὔποτ᾽ ἂν ἀξιώσαιμι τῷ<a id="noteref_149" name= + "noteref_149" href="#note_149"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">149</span></span></a> σῷ + παραβαλεῖν τἀκείνων θέατρα. οὐ γὰρ ἐν τοῖς ὁπλίταις ἐδημηγόρουν οὐδὲ + ὑπέρ τοσούτων κινδυνεόοντες, ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ χρημάτων ἢ <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page084">[pg 084]</span><a name="Pg084" id="Pg084" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg085" id="Pg085" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τιμῆς ἢ δόξης, ἢ φίλοις συνερεῖν + ἐπαγγειλάμενοι, ἀπῄεσαν οἶμαι πολλάκις ἀπὸ τοῦ βήματος, [D] τοῦ δήμου + θορυβήσαντος, ὠχροὶ καὶ τρέμοντες, ὥσπερ οἱ δειλοὶ τῶν πολεμίων ἐν + ὄψει στρατηγοὶ παραταττόμενοι. καὶ οὐδεὶς ἂν εἰπεῖν ἔχοι τοσοῦτον + ἔργον ἑτέρῳ πραχθὲν πώποτε καὶ τοσούτων ἐθνῶν κτῆσιν ἐκ δικαστηρίου, + ἄλλως τε καὶ πρὸς ἄνδρα τῆς δίκης οὔσης οὐχ, ὡς οἱ πολλοί φασιν, [33] + εὐκαταφρόνητον, ἁλλὰ πολλαῖς μὲν στρατείαις γνώριμον, πρεσβύτην δὲ + ἤδη καὶ τὴν ἐμπειρίαν ἐκ τοῦ χρόνου δοκοῦντα προσειληφέναι καὶ τῶν + στρατοπέδων ἐκείνων ἄρχειν λαχόντα πολὺν ἤδη χρόνον. τίς οὖν ἡ ῥώμη + γέγονε τῶν λόγων; τίς δὲ ἡ πειθὼ τοῖς χείλεσιν ἐπικαθημένη, ἡ<a id= + "noteref_150" name="noteref_150" href="#note_150"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">150</span></span></a> + παντοδαπῶν ἀνθρώπων συνειλεγμένων τὸ κέντρον ἐγκαταλιπεῖν<a id= + "noteref_151" name="noteref_151" href="#note_151"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">151</span></span></a> + ἰσχύσασα ταῖς ψυχαῖς, καὶ νίκην παρασχεῖν τῷ [B] μεγέθει μὲν + ἐνάμιλλον ταῖς ἐκ τῶν ὅπλων περιγινομέαις, εὐαγῆ δὲ καὶ καθαράν, + ὥσπερ ἱερέως ἐς θεοῦ ποιτῶντος, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ βασιλέως ἐς πόλεμον, ἔργον + γενομένην; καίτοι γε μὴν ταὺτης εἰκόνα τῆς πράξεως μακρῷ λειπομένην + καὶ Πέρσαι θρυλοῦσι, τοὺς Δαρείου παῖδας τοῦ πατρὸς τελευτήσαντος + ὑπὲρ τῆς άρχῆς διαφερομένους δίκῃ τὰ καθ᾽ αὑτοὺς καὶ οὐ τῇ τῶν ὅπλων + ἐπιτρέψαι κρίσει. σοὶ δὲ πρὸς μὲν τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς οὔτε ἐν τοῖς λόγοις + οὄτε ἐν τοῖς ἔργοις ἀγὼν γέγονεν οὐδὲ εἷς· [C] ἕχαιρες <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page086">[pg 086]</span><a name="Pg086" id="Pg086" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg087" id="Pg087" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> δὲ οἶμαι τῷ κοινὴν πρὸς ἐκείνους εἶναί σοι τὴν + ἐπιμέλειαν μᾶλλον ἢ τῷ μόνος ἁπάντων γενέσθαι κύριος· πρὸς δὲ τὸν + ἀσεβὲς μὲν ἢ παράνομον οὐδὲν εἰργασμένον, ἄπιστον δὲ τῇ γνώμῃ φανέντα + ἐν<a id="noteref_152" name="noteref_152" href= + "#note_152"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">152</span></span></a> + ἐλέγχοις, οἳ τὴν ἀπιστίαν ἐκείνου δείξουσι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Did you not + behave more nobly and more generously to him than Cyrus did to his + own grandfather? For you deprived your enemy's followers of nothing, + but protected their privileges and, I understand, gave many of them + presents besides. Who saw you despondent before your triumph or + unduly elated after it? Orator, general, virtuous emperor, + distinguished soldier, though men give you all these titles, how can + any praise of ours be adequate? Long had the orator's platform been + wholly disconnected from the general's functions<a id="noteref_153" + name="noteref_153" href="#note_153"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">153</span></span></a>; and it + was reserved for you to combine them once more in your person, in + this surely following the example of Odysseus and Nestor and the + Roman generals who sacked Carthage; for these men were always even + more formidable to wrong-doers whom they attacked from the platform + than to the enemy in the field of battle. Indeed I pay all the homage + due to the forcible eloquence of Demosthenes and his imitators, but + when I consider the conditions of your harangue I can never admit + that there is any comparison between your theatre and theirs. For + they never had to address an audience of hoplites nor had they such + great interests at stake, but only money, or honour, or reputation, + or friends whom they had undertaken to assist, yet when the citizens + clamoured in dissent, they often, I believe, left the platform pale + and trembling, like generals who prove to be cowards when they have + to face the enemy in battle-line. Indeed from all history it would be + impossible to cite an achievement as great as yours when you acquired + control of all those races by judicial pleading alone; and moreover + you had to make out your case against a man not by any means to be + despised, as many people think, but one who had won distinction in + many campaigns, who was full of years, who had the reputation of + experience gained in a long career, and had for a considerable period + been in command of the legions there present. What overwhelming + eloquence that must have been! How truly did <span class= + "tei tei-q">“persuasion sit on your lips”</span><a id="noteref_154" + name="noteref_154" href="#note_154"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">154</span></span></a> and had + the power to <span class="tei tei-q">“leave a sting”</span> in the + souls of that motley crowd of men, and to win you a victory that in + importance rivals any that were ever achieved by force of arms, only + that yours was stainless and unalloyed, and was more like the act of + a priest going to the temple of his god than of an emperor going to + war. It is true indeed that the Persians have a similar instance to + quote, but it falls far short of what you did, I mean that on their + father's death the sons of Darius quarrelled about the succession to + the throne and appealed to justice rather than to arms to arbitrate + their case. But between you and your brothers there never arose any + dispute, either in word or deed, nay not one, for it was in fact more + agreeable to you to share the responsibility with them than to be the + sole ruler of the world. But your quarrel was with one who, though + his actions had not so far been impious or criminal, was shown to + have a treasonable purpose, and you brought proofs to make that + treason manifest.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ταύτην ἐκδέχεται + στρατεία λαμπρὰ τὴν δημηγορίαν καὶ πόλεμος ἱερός, οὐχ ὑπὲρ ἱεροῦ + χωρίου, ὁποῖον τὸν Φωκικὸν ἀκούομεν συστῆναι<a id="noteref_155" name= + "noteref_155" href="#note_155"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">155</span></span></a> κατὰ + τοὺς ἔμπροσθεν, [D] ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ τῶν νόμων καὶ τῆς πολιτείας καὶ φόνου + πολιτῶν μυρίων, ὧν τοὺς μὲν ἀνῃρήκει, τοὺς δὲ ἐμέλλησε, τοὺς δὲ + ἐπεχείρησε συλλαβεῖν, ὥσπερ οἶμαι δεδιὼς μή τις αὐτὸν πολίτην + μοχθηρόν, ἀλλ᾽ οὐχὶ βάρβαρον ὑπολάβῃ φύσει. τὰ γὰρ εἰς τὴν σὴν οἰκίαν + ἀδικήματα οὐδενὸς ὄντα τῶν κοινῇ τολμηθέντων αὐτῷ φαυλότερα καὶ + ἐλάττονος ἀξιοῦν ᾤου δεῖν φροντίδος· οὕτω σοι τὰ κοινὰ πρὸ τῶν ἰδίων + ἔδοξε καὶ δοκεῖ τίμια.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(After your + harangue there followed a brilliant campaign and a war truly sacred, + though it was not on behalf of sacred territory, like the Phocian + war, which we are told was waged<a id="noteref_156" name= + "noteref_156" href="#note_156"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">156</span></span></a> in the + days of our ancestors, but was to avenge the laws and the + constitution and the slaughter of countless citizens, some of whom + the usurper<a id="noteref_157" name="noteref_157" href= + "#note_157"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">157</span></span></a> had put + to death, while others he was just about to kill or was trying to + arrest. It was really as though he was afraid that otherwise he might + be considered, for all his vices, a Roman citizen instead of a + genuine barbarian. As for his crimes against your house, though they + were quite as flagrant as his outrages against the state, you thought + it became you to devote less attention to them. So true it is, that, + then as now, you rated the common weal higher than your private + interests.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[34] Πότερον οὖν + χρὴ τῶν ἀδικημάτων ἁπάντων μεμνῆσθαι ὧν εἴς τε<a id="noteref_158" + name="noteref_158" href="#note_158"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">158</span></span></a> τὸ + κοινὸν καὶ κατ᾽ ἰδίαν ἔδρασε, κτείνας μὲν τὸν αὐτὸς αὑτοῦ δεσπίτην· + ἁνδράποδον γὰρ ἦν τῶν ἐκείνου προγόνων, τῆς ἁπὸ Γερμανῶν λείας + λείψανον δυστυχὲς περισωζόμενον· ἄρχειν δὲ ἡμῶν ἐπιχειρῶν, ᾧ μηδὲ + ἐλευθέρῳ προσῆκον ἦν νομισθῆναι μὴ τοῦτο παρ᾽ <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page088">[pg 088]</span><a name="Pg088" id="Pg088" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg089" id="Pg089" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ὑμῶν λαβόντι· καὶ ὡς<a id="noteref_159" name= + "noteref_159" href="#note_159"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">159</span></span></a> τοὺς + ἐπὶ τοῦ στρατοπέδου ξυνδῶν καὶ ἀποκτιννὺς καὶ δουλεύων αἰσχρῶς τῷ + πλήθει καὶ κολακεύων τὴν εὐταξίαν διέφθειρε· καὶ ὡς τοὺς καλοὺς + ἐκείνους ἐτίθει νόμους, [B] τὴν ἡμίσειαν εἰσφέρειν, θάνατον ἀπειλῶν + τοῖς ἀπειθοῦσι, μηνυτὰς δὲ εἶναι τὸν βουλόμενον τῶν οἰκετῶν· καὶ ὅπως + ἠνάγκαζε τοὺς οὐδὲν δεομένους τὰ βασιλικὰ κτήματα πρίασθαι; ἐπιλείψει + με τἀκείνου διηγούμενον ὁ χρόνος ἀδικήματα καὶ τῆς τυραννίδος τῆς + καταλαβούσης τὸ μέγεθος. ἀλλὰ τῆς παρασκευῆς τῆς ἐς τὸν πόλεμον, ἣν + κατέβαλε μὲν ἐπὶ τοὺς βαρβάρους, [C] ἐχρήσατο δὲ ἐφ᾽ ἡμᾶς, τὴν ἰσχὺν + τίς ἂν<a id="noteref_160" name="noteref_160" href= + "#note_160"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">160</span></span></a> ἀξίως + παραστήσειε; Κελτοὶ καὶ Γαλάται, ἔθνη καὶ τοῖς πάλαι φανέντα + δυσανταγώνιστα, πολλάκις μὲν ἐπιρρεύσαντα καθάπερ χειμάρρους + ἀνυπόστατος Ἰταλοῖς καὶ Ἰλλυριοῖς, ἤδη δὲ καὶ τῆς Ἀσίας ἁψάμενα τῷ + κρατεῖν τοῖς ἐνόπλοις ἀγῶσιν, ἄκοντες<a id="noteref_161" name= + "noteref_161" href="#note_161"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">161</span></span></a> ἡμῖν + ὑπήκουσαν, ἔς τε<a id="noteref_162" name="noteref_162" href= + "#note_162"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">162</span></span></a> τοὺς + καταλόγους τῶν στρατευμάτων ἐγγράφονται καὶ τέλη παρέχονται λαμπρὰ + παρὰ τῶν σῶν προγόνων καὶ πατρὸς κατειλεγμένα· εἰρήνης δὲ μακρᾶς καὶ + τῶν ἐκ ταύτης ἀγαθῶν ἀπολαύοντες, [D] ἐπιδούσης αὐτοῖς τῆς χώρας πρὸς + πλοῦτον καὶ εὐανδρίαν, καὶ ἀδελφοῖς τοῖς σοῖς στρατιώτας καταλέξαι + πολλοὺς παρέσχοντο, τέλος δὲ τῷ τυράννῳ βίᾳ καὶ οὐ γνώμῃ πανδημεὶ + συνεστρατεύοντο. ἠκολούθουν δὲ αὐτῷ κατὰ τὸ ξυγγενὲς ξύμμαχοι + προθυμότατοι Φράγγοι καὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page090">[pg + 090]</span><a name="Pg090" id="Pg090" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg091" id="Pg091" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Σάξονες, τῶν ὑπὲρ τὸν Ῥῆνον καὶ περὶ<a id= + "noteref_163" name="noteref_163" href="#note_163"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">163</span></span></a> τὴν + ἑσπερίαν θάλατταν ἐθνῶν τὰ μαχιμώτατα. καὶ [35] πόλις πᾶσα καὶ + φρούριον πρόσοικον Ῥήνῳ τῶν ἐνοικούντων φυλάκων ἐξερημωθέντα + προδέδοτο μὲν ἀφύλακτα πάντα τοῖς βαρβάροις, ἐφ᾽ ἡμᾶς δὲ ἐξεπέμπετο + παρεσκευασμένον λαμπρῶς τὸ στράτευμα· πᾶσα δὲ ἐῴκει πόλις Γαλατικὴ + στρατοπέδῳ παρασκευαζομένῳ πρὸς πόλεμον· καὶ πάντα ἦν ὅπλων καὶ + παρασκευῆς ἱππέων καὶ πεζῶν καὶ τοξοτῶν καὶ ἀκοντιστῶν πλήρη. + συρρέοντων [B] δὲ ἐς τὴν Ἰταλίαν ἁπανταχόθεν τῶν ἐκείνου ξυμμάχων καὶ + τοῖς ἐνταῦθα πάλαι κατειλεγμένοις στρατιώταις ἐς ταὐτὸν ἐλθόντων, + οὐδεὶς οὕτως ἐφάνη τολμηρός, ὃς οὐκ ἔδεισεν οὐδὲ ἐξεπλάγη τὸν ἐπιόντα + χειμῶνα. σκηπτὸς ἐδόκει πᾶσιν ὁ φερόμενος ἀπὸ τῶν Ἄλπεων, σκηπτὸς + ἀφόρητος ἔργῳ καὶ ἄρρητος λόγῳ. τοῦτον ἔδεισαν Ἰλλυριοὶ καὶ Παίονες + καὶ Θρᾷκες καὶ Σκύθαι, τοῦτον οἱ τὴν Ἀσίαν οἰκοῦντες ἄνθρωποι ἐφ᾽ + αὑτοὺς ὡρμῆσθαι πάντως ὑπέλαβον, τούτῳ [C] πολεμέσειν ἤδη περὶ τῆς + αὑτῶν καὶ Πέρσαι παρεσκευάζοντο. ὁ δὲ μικρὰ μὲν ἐνόμιζεν εἶναι τὰ + παρόντα καὶ πόνον οὐ πολὺν τῆς σῆς συνέσεως καὶ ῥώμης κρατῆσαι, τοὺς + Ἰνδῶν δὲ ἐσκόπει πλούτους καὶ Περσῶν τὴν πολυτέλειαν· τοσοῦτον<a id= + "noteref_164" name="noteref_164" href="#note_164"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">164</span></span></a> αὐτῷ + περιῆν ἀνοίας καὶ θράσους ἐκ μικροῦ παντελῶς περὶ τοὺς κατασκόπους + πλεονεκτέματος, οὓς ἀφυλάκτους ὅλῃ τῇ στρατιᾷ λοχήσας ἔκτεινεν. οὕτω + τὸ πράττειν εὖ παρὰ τὴν ἀξίαν ἀρχὴ πολλάκις γέγονε τοῖς ἀνοήτοις + μειζόνων συμφορῶν. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page092">[pg + 092]</span><a name="Pg092" id="Pg092" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg093" id="Pg093" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> [D] ἀρθεὶς γὰρ ὁ δείλαιος ὑπὸ τῆς εὐτυχίας + ταύτης μετέωρος κατέλιπε μὲν τὰ προκείμενα τῆς Ἰταλίας ἐρυμνὰ χωρία, + ἐς Νωρικοὺς δὲ καὶ Παίονας ἀφυλάκτως ᾔει, δεῖν αὑτῷ τάχους, ἀλλ᾽ οὐχ + ὅπλων οὐδὲ ἀνδρείας οἰόμενος.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I need not + mention all the usurper's offences against the community and against + individuals. He assassinated his own master. For he had actually been + the slave of the murdered emperor's ancestors, a miserable remnant + saved from the spoils of Germany. And then he aimed at ruling over + us, he who had not even the right to call himself free, had you not + granted him the privilege. Those in command of the legions he + imprisoned and put to death, while to the common soldiers he behaved + with such abject servility and deference that he ruined their + discipline. Then he enacted those fine laws of his, a property tax of + fifty per cent., and threatened the disobedient with death, while any + slave who pleased might inform against his master. Then he compelled + those who did not want it to purchase the imperial property. But time + would fail me were I to tell of all his crimes and of the vast + proportions that his tyranny had assumed. As for the armament which + he had collected to use against the barbarians but actually employed + against us, who could give you an adequate report of its strength? + There were Celts and Galatians<a id="noteref_165" name="noteref_165" + href="#note_165"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">165</span></span></a> who had + seemed invincible even to our ancestors, and who had so often like a + winter torrent that sweeps all before it,<a id="noteref_166" name= + "noteref_166" href="#note_166"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">166</span></span></a> poured + down on the Italians and Illyrians, and, following up their repeated + victories on the field of battle, had even invaded Asia, and then + became our subjects because they had no choice. They had been + enrolled in the ranks of our armies and furnished levies that won a + brilliant reputation, being enlisted by your ancestors, and, later, + by your father. Then, since they enjoyed the blessings of + long-continued peace, and their country increased in wealth and + population, they furnished your brothers with considerable levies, + and finally, by compulsion, not choice, they all in a body took part + in the usurper's campaign. The most enthusiastic of his followers + were, in virtue of their ties of kinship, the Franks and Saxons, the + most warlike of the tribes who live beyond the Rhine and on the + shores of the western sea. And since every city and every fortified + place on the banks of the Rhine was shorn of its garrison, that whole + region was left with no defence against the barbarians, and all that + splendidly organised army was despatched against us. Every town in + Galatia<a id="noteref_167" name="noteref_167" href= + "#note_167"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">167</span></span></a> was + like a camp preparing for war. Nothing was to be seen but weapons of + war and forces of cavalry, infantry, archers, and javelin men. When + these allies of the usurper began to pour into Italy from all + quarters and there joined the troops who had been enrolled long + before, there was no one so bold as not to feel terror and dismay at + the tempest that threatened.<a id="noteref_168" name="noteref_168" + href="#note_168"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">168</span></span></a> It + seemed to all as though a thunderbolt had fallen from the Alps, a + bolt that no action could avert, no words describe. It struck terror + into the Illyrians, the Paeonians, the Thracians, the Scythians; the + dwellers in Asia believed it was directed entirely against + themselves, and even the Persians began to get ready to oppose it in + their country's defence. But the usurper thought his task was easy, + and that he would have little difficulty in baffling your wisdom and + energy, and already fixed his covetous gaze on the wealth of India + and the magnificence of Persia. To such an excess of folly and + rashness had he come, and after a success wholly insignificant, I + mean the affair of the scouts whom, while they were unprotected by + the main army, he ambushed and cut in pieces. So true it is that when + fools meet with undeserved success<a id="noteref_169" name= + "noteref_169" href="#note_169"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">169</span></span></a> they + often find it is but the prelude to greater misfortunes. And so, + elated by this stroke of luck, he left the fortified posts that + protected the Italian frontier, and marched towards the Norici and + the Paeonians, taking no precautions, because he thought that speed + would serve him better than force of arms or courage.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὃ δὴ καταμαθὼν + ἐπανῆγες ἀπὸ τῶν δυσχωριῶν τὸ στράτευμα, εἵπετο δὲ ἐκεῖνος, διώκειν, + οὐχὶ δὲ καταστρατηγεῖσθαι νομίσας, ἕως εἰς τὴν εὐρυχωρίαν ἄμφω + κατέστητε. τῶν πεδίων δὲ τῶν πρὸ τῆς Μύρσης ὀφθέντων, [36] ἐτάττοντο + μὲν ἐπὶ κέρως<a id="noteref_170" name="noteref_170" href= + "#note_170"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">170</span></span></a> ἱππεῖς + ἑκατέρου πεζοί τε ἐν μέσῳ· ἔχων δὲ αὐτός, ὦ βασιλεῦ, τὸν ποταμὸν ἐν + δεξιᾷ, τῷ λαιῷ τοὺς πολεμίους ὑπερβαλλόμενος ἐτρέψω μὲν εὐθέως καὶ + διέλυσας τὴν φάλαγγα οὐδὲ τὴν ἀρχὴν συγκειμένην ὀρθῶς, ἅτε ἀνδρὸς + ἀπείρου πολέμων καὶ στρατηγίας αὐτὴν κοσμήσαντος. ὁ δὲ τέως διώκειν + ὑπολαμβάνων, οὐδὲ ἐς χεῖρας ἀφικόμενος, [B] ἔφευγε καρτερῶς ἐκπλαγεὶς + τὸν κτύπον τῶν ὅπλων, οὐδὲ τὸν ἐνυάλιον παιᾶνα τῶν στρατοπέδων + ἐπαλαλαζόντων ἀδεῶς ἀκούων. διαλυθείσης δὲ οἱ στρατιῶται τῆς τάξεως + συνιστάμενοι κατὰ λόχους πάλιν τὸν ἀγῶνα συνέβαλον, αἰσχυνόμενοι μὲν + ὀφθῆναι φεύγοντες καὶ τὸ τέως ἄπιστον ἅπασιν ἀνθρώποις ἐφ᾽ αὑτῶν + δεῖξαι συμβαῖνον, στρατιώτην Κελτόν, στρατιώτην ἐκ Γαλατίας τὰ νῶτα + τοῖς πολεμίοις δείξαντα. [C] οἱ βάρβαροι δὲ τὴν ἐπάνοδον ἀπεγνωκότες, + εἰ πταίσειαν, ἢ κρατεῖν ἢ θνήσκειν δράσαντές τι δεινὸν τοὺς πολεμίους + ἠξίουν. τοῖς μὲν οὖν ξὺν τῷ τυράννῳ τοσοῦτον περιῆν <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page094">[pg 094]</span><a name="Pg094" id="Pg094" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg095" id="Pg095" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> θράσους<a id="noteref_171" name="noteref_171" + href="#note_171"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">171</span></span></a> πρὸς τὰ + δεινὰ καὶ τοῦ χωρεῖν ὁμόσε πολλὴ προθυμία.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(The moment that + you learned this, you led your army out of the narrow and dangerous + passes, and he followed in pursuit, as he thought, unaware that he + was being outgeneralled, until you both reached open country. When + the plains before Myrsa<a id="noteref_172" name="noteref_172" href= + "#note_172"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">172</span></span></a> were in + sight, the cavalry of both armies were drawn up on the wings, while + the infantry formed the centre. Then your Majesty kept the river on + your right, and, outflanking the enemy with your left, you at once + turned and broke his phalanx, which indeed had from the first the + wrong formation, since it had been drawn up by one who knew nothing + of war or strategy. Then he who so far had thought he was the pursuer + did not even join battle, but took to headlong flight, dismayed by + the clash of weapons; he could not even listen without trembling when + the legions shouted their battle-song. His ranks had been thrown into + disorder, but the soldiers formed into companies and renewed the + battle. For they disdained to be seen in flight, and to give an + example in their own persons of what had hitherto been inconceivable + to all men, I mean a Celtic or Galatian<a id="noteref_173" name= + "noteref_173" href="#note_173"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">173</span></span></a> soldier + turning his back to the enemy. The barbarians too, who, if defeated, + could not hope to make good their retreat, were resolved either to + conquer, or not to perish till they had severely punished their + opponents. Just see the extraordinary daring of the usurper's troops + in the face of dangers and their great eagerness to come to close + quarters!)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Οἱ δὲ τῶν ὅλων + κρατήσαντες, αἰδούμενοι μὲν ἀλλήλους καὶ τὸν βασιλέα, παροξυνόμενοι + δὲ ὐπὸ τῶν πάλαι κατορθωμάτων καὶ τῶν ἐν χερσὶ λαμπρῶν καὶ τέως + ἀπίστων ἔργων, τέλος [D] ἄξιον τοῖς προϋπηργμένοις ἐπιθεῖναι + φιλοτιμούμενοι πάντα ὑπέμενον ἡδέως πόνον καὶ κίνδυνον. ὥσπερ οὖν + ἄρτι τῆς παρατάξεως ἀρχομένης, συνιόντες πάλιν ἔργα τόλμης + ἀπεδείκνυντο καὶ θυμοῦ γενναῖα, οἱ μὲν ὠθούμενοι περὶ τοῖς ξίφεσιν, + ἄλλοι δὲ λαμβανόμενοι τῶν ἀσπίδων, καὶ τῶν ἱππέων ὁπόσους ἵπποι + τρωθέντες ἀπεσείοντο πρὸς τοὺς ὁπλίτας μετεσκευάζοντο. ταῦτα ἔδρων οἱ + ξὺν τῷ τυράννῳ τοῖς πεζοῖς ἐπιβρέσαντες· καὶ ἦν ὁ πόλεμος ἐξ ἴσης, + ἕως οἱ θωρακοφόροι καὶ τὸ λοιπὸν τῶν ἱππέων πλῆθος, [37] οἱ μὲν ἐκ + τόξων βάλλοντες, ἄλλοι δὲ ἐπελαύνοντες τοὺς ἵππους, πολλοὺς μὲν + ἔκτεινον, ἐδίωκον δὲ ἅπαντας καρτερῶς, τινὰς μὲν πρὸς τὸ πεδίον + ὡρμηκότας φεύγειν, ὧν ἡ νὺξ ὀλίγους ἀπέσωσε μόλις, τὸ λοιπὸν δὲ ἐς + τὸν ποταμὸν κατηνέχθη, καθάπερ βοῶν ἢ βοσκημάτων ἀγέλη + συνελαυνόμενοι. τοσαῦτα ἐκεῖνο τὸ στράτευμα τῆς τοῦ τυράννου δειλίας, + οὐδὲν ἐκεῖνον ὀνῆσαν ἐκ τῆς [B] ἀνδρείας τῆς αὑτοῦ, μάτην + ἀπέλαυσε.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Our men, on the + other hand, had so far carried all before them and were anxious to + retain the good opinion of their comrades and of the Emperor, and + were moreover stimulated by their successes in the past and by the + almost incredible brilliance of their exploits in this very + engagement, and, ambitious as they were to end the day as gloriously + as they had begun it, cheerfully encountered toil and danger. So they + charged again as though the battle had only just begun, and gave a + wonderful display of daring and heroism. For some hurled themselves + full on the enemy's swords, or seized the enemy's shields, others, + when their horses were wounded and the riders thrown, at once + transformed themselves into hoplites. The usurper's army meanwhile + did the same and pressed our infantry hard. Neither side gained the + advantage, till the cuirassiers by their archery, aided by the + remaining force of cavalry, who spurred on their horses to the + charge, had begun to inflict great loss on the enemy, and by main + force to drive the whole army before them. Some directed their flight + to the plain, and of these a few were saved just in time by the + approach of night. The rest were flung into the river, crowded + together like a herd of oxen or brute beasts. Thus did the usurper's + army reap the fruits of his cowardice, while their valour availed him + nothing.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τρόπαιον δὲ + ἀνέστησας ἐπὶ τῇ νίκῃ τοῦ πατρῴου λαμπρότερον. ὁ μὲν γὰρ τοὺς τέως + ἀμάχους <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page096">[pg 096]</span><a name= + "Pg096" id="Pg096" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg097" id= + "Pg097" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> δοκοῦντας ἄγων ἐκράτει γέροντος + δυστυχοῦς· σὺ δὲ ἡβῶσαν καὶ ἀκμάζουσαν οὐ τοῖς κακοῖς μόνον οἷς ἔδρα, + τῇ νεότητι δὲ πλέον, τὴν τυραννίδα παρεστήσω, τοῖς ὑπὸ σοῦ + παρασκευασθεῖσι στρατοπέδοις παραταξάμενος. τίς γὰρ εἰπεῖν ἔχει τῶν + πρόσθεν αὐτοκρατόρων ἱππικὴν δύναμιν καὶ σκευὴν τῶν [C] ὅπλων + τοιαύτην ἐπινοήσαντα καὶ μιμησάμενον; ᾗ πρῶτος αὐτὸς ἐγγυμνασάμενος + διδάσκαλος ἐγένου τοῖς ἄλλοις ὅπλων χρήσεως ἀμάχου. ὑπὲρ ἧς εἰπεῖν + τολμήσαντες πολλοὶ τῆς ἀξίας διήμαρτον, ὥσθ᾽ ὅσοι τῶν λόγων + ἀκούσαντες ὕστερον ἰδεῖν ηὐτύχησαν τὰς ἀκοὰς σαφῶς ἀπιστοτέρας + ἔγνωσαν εἶναι τῶν ὀμμάτων. ἄπειρον γὰρ ἦγες<a id="noteref_174" name= + "noteref_174" href="#note_174"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">174</span></span></a> ἱππέων + πλῆθος, καθάπερ ἀνδριάντας ἐπὶ τῶν ἵππων ὀχουμένους, οἷς συνήρμοστο + τὰ μέλη κατὰ μίμησιν τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης φύσεως· [D] ἀπὸ μὲν τῶν ἄκρων + καρπῶν ἐς τοὺς ἀγκῶνας, ἐκεῖθεν δὲ ἐπὶ τοὺς ὤμους, καὶ ὁ θώραξ + ἐκ<a id="noteref_175" name="noteref_175" href= + "#note_175"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">175</span></span></a> + τμημάτων κατὰ τὸ στέρνον καὶ τὰ νῶτα συναρμοζόμενος, τὸ κράνος αὐτῷ + προσώπῳ σιδηροῦν ἐπικείμενον ἀνδριάντος λαμπροῦ καὶ στίλβοντος + παρέχει τὴν ὄψιν, ἐπεὶ μηδὲ κνῆμαι καὶ μηροὶ μηδὲ ἄκροι πόδες τῆς + σκευῆς ταύτης ἔρημοι λείπονται. συναρμοζομένων δὲ αὐτῶν τοῖς θώραξι + διά τινων ἐκ κρίκου λεπτοῦ πεποιημένων οἱονεὶ ὑφασμάτων οὐδὲν ἂν + ὀφθείη τοῦ σώματος γυμνὸν μέρος, ἅτε καὶ τῶν χειρῶν [38] τοῖς + ὑφάσμασι τούτοις σκεπομένων πρὸς τὸ καὶ καμπτομένοις ἐπακολουθεῖν + τοῖς δακτύλοις. ταῦτα <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page098">[pg + 098]</span><a name="Pg098" id="Pg098" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg099" id="Pg099" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ὁ λόγος παραστῆσαι μὲν σαφῶς ἐπιθυμεῖ, + ἀπολειπόμενος δὲ θεατὰς τῶν ὅπλων τοὺς μαθεῖν τι πλέον ἐθέλοντας, + οὐχὶ δὲ ἀκροατὰς τῆς ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν διηγήσεως ἀξιοῖ γενέσθαι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(The trophy that + you set up for that victory was far more brilliant than your + father's. He led an army that had always proved itself invincible, + and with it conquered a miserable old man.<a id="noteref_176" name= + "noteref_176" href="#note_176"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">176</span></span></a> But the + tyranny that you suppressed was flourishing and had reached its + height, partly through the crimes that had been committed, but still + more because so many of the youth were on that side, and you took the + field against it with legions that had been trained by yourself. What + emperor can one cite in the past who first planned and then + reproduced so admirable a type of cavalry, and such accoutrements? + First you trained yourself to wear them, and then you taught others + how to use such weapons so that none could withstand them. This is a + subject on which many have ventured to speak, but they have failed to + do it justice, so much so that those who heard their description, and + later had the good fortune to see for themselves, decided that their + eyes must accept what their ears had refused to credit. Your cavalry + was almost unlimited in numbers and they all sat their horses like + statues, while their limbs were fitted with armour that followed + closely the outline of the human form. It covers the arms from wrist + to elbow and thence to the shoulder, while a coat of mail protects + the shoulders, back and breast. The head and face are covered by a + metal mask which makes its wearer look like a glittering statue, for + not even the thighs and legs and the very ends of the feet lack this + armour. It is attached to the cuirass by fine chain-armour like a + web, so that no part of the body is visible and uncovered, for this + woven covering protects the hands as well, and is so flexible that + the wearers can bend even their fingers.<a id="noteref_177" name= + "noteref_177" href="#note_177"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">177</span></span></a> All + this I desire to represent in words as vividly as I can, but it is + beyond my powers, and I can only ask those who wish to know more + about this armour to see it with their own eyes, and not merely to + listen to my description.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἡμεῖς δὲ ἐπειδὴ + τὸν πρῶτον πόλεμον διεληλύθαμεν, ληγούσης ἤδη τῆς ὀπώρας, [B] ἆρ᾽ + ἐνταῦθα τὴν διήγησιν πάλιν ἀφήσομεν; ἢ πάντως τὸ τέλος ἁποδοῦναι τῶν + ἔργων τοῖς ποθοῦσιν<a id="noteref_178" name="noteref_178" href= + "#note_178"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">178</span></span></a> ἄξιον; + ἐπέλαβε μὲν ὁ χειμὼν καὶ παρέσχε διαφυγεῖν τῆν τιμωρίαν τὸν τύραννον. + κηρύγματα δὲ ἦν λαμπρὰ καὶ βασιλικῆς ἄξια μεγαλοψυχίας· ἄδεια δὲ + πᾶσιν ἐδίδοτο τοῖς ταξαμένοις μετὰ τοῦ τυράννου, πλὴν εἴ τις ἀνοσίων + ἐκείνῳ φόνων ἐκοινώνει· ἀπελάμβανον τὰς οἰκίας ἅπαντες καὶ τὰ χρήματα + καὶ πατρίδας οἱ μηδὲ ὄψεσθαί τι τῶν φιλτάτων αὐτοῖς ἐλπίζοντες. [C] + ὑπεδέχου τὸ ναυτικὸν ἐκ τῆς Ἰταλίας ἐπανερχόμενον, πολλοὺς ἐκεῖθεν + πολίτας κατάγον φεύγοντας οἶμαι τὴν τῶν τυράννων ὠμότητα. ἐπεὶ δὲ ὁ + καιρὸς ἐκάλει στρατεύεσθαι, πάλιν ἐφειστήκεις δεινὸς τῷ τυράννῳ. ὁ δὲ + προυβάλλετο τὰς Ἰταλῶν δυσχωρίας, καὶ τοῖς ὄρεσι τοῖς ἐκεῖ καθάπερ + θηρίον ἐναποκρύψας τὰς δυνάμεις αὐτὸς οὐδὲ ὑπαίθριος ἐτόλμα + στρατεύειν. [D] ἀναλαβὼν δὲ ἁὑτὸν εἰς τὴν πλησίον πόλιν τρυφῶσαν καὶ + πολυτελῆ, ἐν πανηγύρεσι καὶ τρυφαῖς ἔτριβε τὸν χρόνον, ἀρκέσειν μὲν + αὑτῷ πρὸς σοτηρίαν τῶν ὀρῶν τὴν δυσχωρίαν μόνον οἰόμενος. ἀκόλαστος + δὲ ὢν φύσει κερδαίνειν ᾤετο τὸ χαρίζεσθαι ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις ἐν + τοσούτοις κακοῖς, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page100">[pg + 100]</span><a name="Pg100" id="Pg100" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg101" id="Pg101" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> δῆλός τε ἦν λίαν πεπιστευκὼς ἀσφαλῶς αὐτῷ τὰ + παρόντα ἔχειν, ἀποτειχιζομένης ἐν κύκλῳ τῆς Ἰταλίας τοῖς ὄρεσι, [39] + πλὴν ὅσον ἐξ ἡμισείας ἡ θάλασσα τεναγώδης οὖσα καὶ τοῖς Αἰγυπτίων + ἕλεσιν ἐμφερὴς ἄβατον καὶ νηίτῃ στρατῷ πολεμίων ἀνδρῶν καθίστησιν. + ἀλλ᾽ ἔοικεν οὐδὲ ἓν ᾑ φύσις πρὸς ἀνδρὸς ἀρετὴν καὶ σωφροσύνην τοῖς + ἀκολάστοις καὶ δειλοῖς ἔρυμα μηχανήσασθαι, πάντα ὑποχωρεῖν φρονήσει + μετὰ ἀνδρείας ἐπιούσῃ παρασκευάζουσα· πάλαι τε ἡμῖν ἐξηῦρε τὰς + τέχνας, [B] δι᾽ ὧν εἰς εὐπορίαν τῶν τέως δοξάντων ἀπόρων κατέστημεν, + καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν καθ᾽ ἕκαστον ἔργων τὸ πολλοῖς ἀδύνατον εἶναι + φαινόμενον<a id="noteref_179" name="noteref_179" href= + "#note_179"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">179</span></span></a> + ἐπιτελούμενον πρὸς ἀνδρὸς σώφρονος. ὃ δὴ καὶ τότε τοῖς ἔργοις, ὦ + βασιλεῦ, δείξας εἰκότως ἂν ἀποδέχοιο τοὺς ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ λόγους.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now that I have + told the story of this first campaign, which was fought at the end of + the autumn, shall I here break off my narrative? Or is it altogether + unfair to withhold the end and issue of your achievements from those + who are eager to hear? Winter overtook us and gave the usurper a + chance to escape punishment. Then followed a splendid proclamation + worthy of your imperial generosity. An amnesty was granted to those + who had taken sides with the usurper, except when they had shared the + guilt of those infamous murders. Thus they who had never hoped even + to see again anything that they held dear, recovered their houses, + money, and native land. Then you welcomed the fleet which arrived + from Italy bringing thence many citizens who, no doubt, had fled from + the usurper's savage cruelty. Then when the occasion demanded that + you should take the field, you again menaced the usurper. He however + took cover in the fastnesses of Italy and hid his army away there in + the mountains, wild-beast fashion, and never even dared to carry on + the war beneath the open heavens. But he betook himself to the + neighbouring town<a id="noteref_180" name="noteref_180" href= + "#note_180"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">180</span></span></a> which + is devoted to pleasure and high living, and spent his time in public + shows and sensual pleasures, believing that the impassable mountains + alone would suffice for his safety. Moreover, intemperate as he was + by nature, he thought it clear gain to be able to indulge his + appetites at so dangerous a crisis, and he evidently placed too much + confidence in the safety of his position, because the town is cut off + from that part of Italy by a natural rampart of mountains, except the + half that is bounded by a shoaling sea, which resembles the marshes + of Egypt and makes that part of the country inaccessible even to an + invading fleet. It seems however as though nature herself will not + devise any safeguard for the sensual and cowardly against the + temperate and brave, for when prudence and courage advance hand in + hand she makes everything give way before them. Long since she + revealed to us those arts through which we have attained an abundance + of what was once thought to be unattainable, and in the field of + individual effort we see that what seemed impossible for many working + together to achieve can be accomplished by a prudent man. And since + by your own actions you demonstrated this fact it is only fair, O my + Emperor, that you should accept my words to that effect.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐστράτευες μὲν γὰρ + αὐτὸς ὑπαίθριος, καὶ ταῦτα πλησίον παρούσης πόλεως οὐ φαύλης, τοῖς + στρατευομένοις δὲ οὐκ ἐξ ἐπιτάγματος τὸ πονεῖν καὶ κινδυνεύειν, ἐξ ὧν + δὲ αὐτὸς ἔδρας παρεγγυῶν· ἄτραπον μὲν ἐξηῦρες ἄγνωστον τοῖς πᾶσι, + πέμψας [C] δὲ ἀξιόμαχον τῆς δυνάμεως ἁπάσης ὁπλιτῶν μοῖραν, εἶτα + ἐπειδὴ σαφῶς ἔγνως αὐτοὺς τοῖς πολεμίοις ἐφεστῶτας, αὐτὸς ἀναλαβὼν + ἦγες τὸ στράτευμα, καὶ κύκλῳ περιέχων πάντων ἐκράτησας. ταῦτα ἐδρᾶτο + πρὸ τῆς ἕω, ἤγγελτο δὲ πρὸ μεσημβρίας τῷ τυράννῳ ἁμίλλαις ἱππικαῖς + καὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page102">[pg 102]</span><a name= + "Pg102" id="Pg102" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg103" id= + "Pg103" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> πανηγύρει προσκαθημένῳ καὶ τῶν + παρόντων οὐδὲν ἐλπίζοντι. [D] τίς μὲν οὖν γέγονεν ἐκ τίνος, καὶ + ποταπὴν γνώμην εἶχεν ὑπὲρ τῶν παρόντων, καὶ ὅπως ἐκλιπὼν ἔφυγε τὴν + πόλιν καὶ τὴν Ἰταλίαν πᾶσαν, τοὺς φόνους καὶ τὰς πρόσθεν ἀδικίας + ἐκκαθαιρόμενος, οὐ τοῦ παρόντος ἂν εἴη λόγου διηγεῖσθαι. ἔμελλε δὲ + βραχείας ἀνοκωχῆς τυχὼν οὐδέν τι μεῖον τῶν ἔμπροσθεν δράσειν. οὕτως + οὐδὲν πρὸς πονηρίαν ψυχῆς ἄνθρωπος ἀνόσιος<a id="noteref_181" name= + "noteref_181" href="#note_181"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">181</span></span></a> ἐξηῦρε + καθάρσιον διὰ τοῦ σώματος. ἀφικόμενος γὰρ εῖς Γαλατίαν ὁ χρηστὸς + οὑτοσὶ καὶ νόμιμος [40] ἄρχων τοσοῦτον αὐτοῦ γέγονε χαλεπώτερος, ὡς, + εἴ τις πρότερον αὐτὸν διαφυγὼν ἐλελήθει τιμωρίας τρόπος ὠμότατος, + τοῦτον ἐξευρὼν θέαμα κεχαρισμένον αὑτῷ τὰς τῶν ἀθλίων πολιτῶν παρεῖχε + συμφοράς· ἅρματος ζῶντας ἐκδήσας καὶ μεθεὶς φέρεσθαι τοῖς ἡνιόχοις + ἕλκειν ἂν ἐκέλευεν, αὐτὸς ἐφεστηκὼς καὶ θεώμενος τὰ δρώμενα· καί τισι + τοιούτοις ἑτέροις αὑτὸν ψυχαγωγῶν τὸν πάντα διετέλει χρόνον, ἕως [B] + αὐτὸν καθάπερ Ὀλυμπιονίκης περὶ τῷ τρίτῳ παλαίσματι καταβαλὼν δίκην + ἐπιθεῖναι τῶν τετολμημένων ἀξίαν κατηνάγκασας ὤσαντα διὰ τῶν στέρνων + τὸ αὐτὸ ξίφος, ὃ πολλῶν πολιτῶν ἐμίανε φόνῳ. ταύτης ἐγὼ τῆς + νίκης<a id="noteref_182" name="noteref_182" href= + "#note_182"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">182</span></span></a> ἀμείνω + καὶ δικαιοτέραν οὔποτε γενέσθαι φημὶ οὐδὲ ἐφ᾽ ᾗ μᾶλλον τὸ κοινὸν τῶν + ἀνθρώπων ηὐφράνθη γένος, τοσαύτης ὠμότητος καὶ πικρίας ἀφεθὲν ὄντως + ἐλεύθερον, εὐνομίᾳ δὲ ἤδη γανύμενον, ἧς τέως <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page104">[pg 104]</span><a name="Pg104" id="Pg104" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg105" id="Pg105" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> [C] ἀπολαύομεν καὶ ἀπολαύσαιμέν γε ἐπὶ πλέον, ὦ + πάντα ἀγαθὴ πρόνοια.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(For you conducted + the campaign under the open skies, and that though there was a city + of some importance near at hand, and moreover you encouraged your men + to work hard and to take risks, not merely by giving orders, but by + your own personal example. You discovered a path hitherto unknown to + all, and you sent forward a strong detachment of hoplites chosen from + your whole army; then when you had ascertained that they had come up + with the enemy, you led forward your army in person, surrounded them, + and defeated his whole force. This happened before dawn, and before + noon the news was brought to the usurper. He was attending a + horse-race at a festival, and was expecting nothing of what took + place. How his attitude changed, what was his decision about the + crisis, how he abandoned the town and in fact all Italy, and fled, + thus beginning to expiate his murders and all his earlier crimes, it + is not for this speech to relate. Yet though the respite he gained + was so brief, he proceeded to act no less wickedly than in the past. + So true is it that by the sufferings of the body alone it is + impossible for the wicked to cleanse their souls of evil. For when he + reached Galatia,<a id="noteref_183" name="noteref_183" href= + "#note_183"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">183</span></span></a> this + ruler who was so righteous and law-abiding, so far surpassed his own + former cruelty that he now bethought himself of all the ruthless and + brutal modes of punishment that he had then overlooked, and derived + the most exquisite pleasure from the spectacle of the sufferings of + the wretched citizens. He would bind them alive to chariots and, + letting the teams gallop, would order the drivers to drag them along + while he stood by and gazed at their sufferings. In fact he spent his + whole time in amusements of this sort, until, like an Olympic victor, + you threw him in the third encounter<a id="noteref_184" name= + "noteref_184" href="#note_184"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">184</span></span></a> and + forced him to pay a fitting penalty for his infamous career, namely + to thrust into his own breast that very sword which he had stained + with the slaughter of so many citizens.<a id="noteref_185" name= + "noteref_185" href="#note_185"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">185</span></span></a> Never, + in my opinion, was there a punishment more suitable or more just than + this, nor one that gave greater satisfaction to the whole human race, + which was now really liberated from such cruelty and harshness, and + at once began to exult in the good government that we enjoy to this + day. Long may we continue to enjoy it, O all-merciful + Providence!)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐμοὶ δὲ ποθοῦντι + μὲν ἐπεξελθεῖν ἅπασι τοῖς σοι πραχθεῖσιν, ἀπολειπομένῳ δὲ συγγνώμην + εἰκότως, ὦ μέγιστε βασιλεῦ, παρέξεις, εἰ μήτε τῶν ἀποστόλων τῶν ἐπὶ + Καρχηδόνα μνημονεύοιμι ἀπό τε Αἰγύπτου παρασκευασθέντων καὶ ἐξ<a id= + "noteref_186" name="noteref_186" href="#note_186"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">186</span></span></a> Ἰταλίας + ἐπ᾽ αὐτὴν πλευσάντων, μήτε ὡς τῶν Πυρηναίων ὀρῶν ἐκράτησας ναυσὶν + ἐκπέμψας ἐπ᾽ αὐτὰ στράτευμα, μήτε τῶν [D] ἔναγχός σοι πολλάκις πρὸς + τοὺς βαρβάρους πραχθέντων, μήτ᾽ εἴ τι τοιοῦτον ἕτερον τῶν πάλαι + γεγονὸς λέληθε τοὺς πολλούς. ἐπεὶ καὶ τὴν Ἀντιόχου πόλιν ἑαυτὴν + σοῦ<a id="noteref_187" name="noteref_187" href= + "#note_187"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">187</span></span></a> + ἐπώνυμον ἐπονομάζουσαν ἀκούω πολλάκις. ἔστι μὲν γὰρ διὰ τὸν κτίσαντα, + πλουτεῖ δὲ ἤδη καὶ πρὸς ἅπασαν εὐπορίαν ἐπιδέδωκε διὰ σὲ λιμένας + εὐόρμους τοῖς καταίρουσι παρασχόντα· τέως δὲ οὐδὲ παραπλεῖν ἀσφαλὲς + οὐδὲ ἀκίνδυνον ἐδόκει· [41] οὕτως ἦν πάντα σκοπέλων τινῶν καὶ πετρῶν + ὑφάλων ἀνάπλεα τῆς θαλάσσης τῆσδε πρὸς ταῖς ᾐόσι. στοὰς δὲ καὶ κρήνας + καὶ ὅσα τοιαῦτα παρὰ τῶν ὑπάρχων διὰ σὲ γέγονεν οὐδὲ ὀνομάζειν ἄξιον. + ὁπόσα δὲ τῇ πατρῴᾳ πόλει προστέθεικας, τεῖχος μὲν αὐτῇ κύκλῳ + περιβαλὼν ἀρξάμενον τότε, τὰ δοκοῦντα δὲ οὐκ ἀσφαλῶς ἔχειν<a id= + "noteref_188" name="noteref_188" href="#note_188"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">188</span></span></a> τῶν + οἰκοδομημάτων εἰς ἀθάνατον ἀσφάλειαν κατατιθεῖς, τίς ἂν + ἀπαριθμήσαιτο; [B] ἐπιλείψει με τούτων ἕκαστον ὁ χρόνος + διηγούμενον.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I would fain + recite every single one of your achievements, but you will with + reason pardon me, most mighty Emperor, if I fall short of that + ambition and omit to mention the naval armament against Carthage + which was equipped in Egypt and set sail from Italy to attack her, + and also your conquest of the Pyrenees, against which you sent an + army by sea, and your successes against the barbarians, which of late + have been so frequent, and all such successes in the past as have not + become a matter of common knowledge. For example, I often hear that + even Antioch now calls herself by your name. Her existence she does + indeed owe to her founder,<a id="noteref_189" name="noteref_189" + href="#note_189"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">189</span></span></a> but her + present wealth and increase in every sort of abundance she owes to + you, since you provided her with harbours that offer good anchorage + for those who put in there. For till then it was considered a + dangerous risk even to sail past Antioch; so full were all the waters + of that coast, up to the very shores, of rocks and sunken reefs. I + need not stop to mention the porticoes, fountains, and other things + of the kind that you caused to be bestowed on Antioch by her + governors. As to your benefactions to the city of your + ancestors,<a id="noteref_190" name="noteref_190" href= + "#note_190"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">190</span></span></a> you + built round it a wall that was then only begun, and all buildings + that seemed to be unsound you restored and made safe for all time. + But how could one reckon up all these things? Time will fail me if I + try to tell everything separately.)</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page106">[pg 106]</span><a name="Pg106" id="Pg106" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg107" id="Pg107" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Σκοπεῖν δὲ ὑπὲρ + ἁπάντων ἄξιον ἤδη τῶν ῥηθέντων, εἰ μετὰ ἀρετῆς καὶ τῆς βελτίστης + ἕξεως ἅπαντα γέγονε· τούτῳ γὰρ ἤδη καὶ τῶν λόγων ἀρχόμενος μάλιστα + προσέχειν τὸν νοῦν ἠξίουν. οὐκοῦν τῷ πατρὶ μὲν εὐσεβῶς καὶ + φιλανθρώπως ὅπως προσηνέχθης, ὁμονοῶν δὲ πρὸς τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς + διετέλεσας τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον, ἀρχόμενος μὲν προθύμως, [C] συνάρχων δὲ + ἐκείνοις σωφρόνως, πάλαι τε εἴρηται καὶ νῦν ἀξιούσθω μνήμης. τοῦτο δὲ + ὅστις μικρᾶς ἀρετῆς ἔργον ὑπέλαβεν Ἀλέξανδρον τὸν Φιλίππου καὶ Κῦρον + τὸν Καμβύσου σκοπῶν ἐπαινείτω. ὁ μὲν γὰρ μειράκιον ἔτι κομιδῇ νέον + δῆλος ἦν τοῦ πατρὸς οὐκ ἀνεξόμενος ἄρχοντος, ὁ δὲ ἀφείλετο τὴν ἀρχὴν + τὸν πάππον. καὶ ταῦτα οὐδείς ἐστιν οὕτως<a id="noteref_191" name= + "noteref_191" href="#note_191"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">191</span></span></a> + ἠλίθιος, ὅστις οὐκ οἴεταί σε,<a id="noteref_192" name="noteref_192" + href="#note_192"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">192</span></span></a> μηδὲν + ἐκείνων μεγαλοψυχίᾳ καὶ τῇ πρὸς τὰ καλὰ φιλοτιμίᾳ λειπόμενον, οὕτως + ἐγκρατῶς καὶ σωφρόνως [D] τῷ πατρὶ καὶ τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς προσενηνέχθαι. + παρασχούσης γὰρ τῆς τύχης τὸν καιρὸν, ἐν ᾧ τῆς ἁπάντων ἡγεμονίας + ἐχρῆν μεταποιηθῆναι, πρῶτος ὡρμήθης, πολλῶν ἀπαγορευόντων καὶ πρὸς + τἀναντία ξυμπείθειν ἐπιχειρούντων· ῥᾷστα δὲ καὶ πρὸς ἀσφάλειαν τὸν ὲν + χερσὶ πόλεμον διοικησάμενος ἐλευθεροῦν ἔγνως τῆς ἀρχῆς τὰ + κατειλημμένα, [42] δικαιοτάτην μὲν καὶ οἵαν οὔπω πρόσθεν ἔλαβε + πρόφασιν πόλεμος τῆς πρὸς ἐκείνους ἔχθρας <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page108">[pg 108]</span><a name="Pg108" id="Pg108" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg109" id="Pg109" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τιθέμενος. οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐμφύλιον ἄξιον + προσαγορεύειν τὸν πόλεμον, οὗ βάρβαρος ἦν ἡγεμὼν ἑαυτὸν ἀναγορεύσας + βασιλέα καὶ χειροτονήσας στρατηγόν. τῶν ἀδικημάτων δὲ τῶν ἐκείνου καὶ + ὧν ἔδρασεν εἰς οἰκίαν τὴν σὴν οὐχ ἡδύ μοι πολλάκις μεμνῆσθαι. + ἀνδρειοτέραν δὲ τ῀εσδε τῆς πράξεως τίς ἂν εἰπεῖν ἔχοι; ἐφ᾽ ἧς δῆλος + μὲν [B] ἦν ἀποτυχόντι τῶν ἔργων ὁ<a id="noteref_193" name= + "noteref_193" href="#note_193"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">193</span></span></a> + κίνδυνος· ὑπέμενες δὲ οὐδὲν κέρδους χάριν οὐδὲ κλέος ἀείμνηστον + ἀντωνούμενος, ὑπὲρ οὗ καὶ ἀποθνήσκειν ἄνδρες ἀγαθοὶ πολλάκις + τολμῶσιν, οἷον πρὸς ἀργύριον τὴν δόξαν τὰς ψυχὰς ἀποδιδόμενοι, οὐδὲ + μὴν δι᾽ ἐπιθυμίαν ἀρχῆς μείζονος καὶ λαμπροτέρας, ὅτι μηδὲ νέῳ σοι + τούτων ἐπιθυμῆσαι συνέβη, ἀλλ᾽ αὐτὸ τὸ καλὸν στέργων τῆς πράξεως + πάντα ὑπομένειν ᾤου δεῖν πρὶν ἰδεῖν Ῥωμαίων βάρβαρον βασιλεύοντα καὶ + νόμων κύριον καὶ [C] πολιτείας καθεστῶτα καὶ τὰς ὑπὲρ τῶν κοινῶν + εὐχὰς ποιούμενον τὸν τοσούτοις ἀσεβήμασιν ἔνοχον καὶ φόνοις. τῆς + παρασκευῆς δὲ αὐτῆς ἡ λαμπρότης καὶ τῶν ἀναλωμάτων τὸ μέγεθος τίνα + οὐχ ἱκανὸν ἐκπλῆξαι; καίτον Ξέρξην μὲν ἀκούω τὸν τὴν Ἀσίαν ἐπὶ τοὺς + Ἕλληνας ἐξαναστήσαντα χρόνον ἐτῶν οὐκ ἐλάσσονα δέκα πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον + ἐκεῖνον παρασκευάζεσθαι, εἶτα ἐπαγαγεῖν πρὸς ταῖς χιλίαις τριήρεσι + διακοσίας ἐκ τούτων αὐτῶν οἶμαι τῶν χωρίων, [D] ἐξ ὧν αὐτὸς ἐν οὐδὲ + ὅλοις μησὶ δέκα ναυπηγησάμενος ἤγειρας τὸν στόλον, πλήθει νεῶν + ἐκεῖνον ὑπερβαλλόμενος· τῇ τύχῃ δὲ οὐδὲ ἄξιον συμβαλεῖν οὐδὲ τοῖς + ἔργοις.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(The time has now + come when it is proper to consider whether your career, so far as I + have described it, is at every point in harmony with virtue and the + promptings of a noble disposition. For to this, as I said at the + beginning of my speech, I think it right to pay special attention. + Let me therefore mention once more what I said some time ago, that to + your father you were dutiful and affectionate, and that you + constantly maintained friendly relations with your brothers, for your + father you were ever willing to obey, and as the colleague of your + brothers in the empire you always displayed moderation. And if anyone + thinks this a trifling proof of merit, let him consider the case of + Alexander the son of Philip, and Cyrus the son of Cambyses, and then + let him applaud your conduct. For Alexander, while still a mere boy, + showed clearly that he would no longer brook his father's control, + while Cyrus dethroned his grandfather. Yet no one is so foolish as to + suppose that, since you displayed such modesty and self-control + towards your father and brothers, you were not fully equal to + Alexander and Cyrus in greatness of soul and ambition for glory. For + when fortune offered you the opportunity to claim as your right the + empire of the world, you were the first to make the essay, though + there were many who advised otherwise and tried to persuade you to + the contrary course. Accordingly, when you had carried through the + war that you had in hand, and that with the utmost ease and so as to + ensure safety for the future, you resolved to liberate that part of + the empire which had been occupied by the enemy, and the reason that + you assigned for going to war was most just and such as had never + before arisen, namely your detestation of those infamous men. Civil + war one could not call it, for its leader was a barbarian who had + proclaimed himself emperor and elected himself general. I dislike to + speak too often of his evil deeds and the crimes that he committed + against your house. But could anything be more heroic than your line + of action? For should you fail in your undertaking the risk involved + was obvious. But you faced it, and you were not bidding for gain, nay + nor for undying renown, for whose sake brave men so often dare even + to die, selling their lives for glory as though it were gold, nor was + it from desire of wider or more brilliant empire, for not even in + your youth were you ambitious of that, but it was because you were in + love with the abstract beauty of such an achievement, and thought it + your duty to endure anything rather than see a barbarian ruling over + Roman citizens, making himself master of the laws and constitution + and offering public prayers for the common weal, guilty as he was of + so many impious crimes and murders. Who could fail to be dazzled by + the splendour of your armament and the vast scale of your + expenditure? And yet I am told that Xerxes, when he mustered all Asia + against the Greeks, spent no less than ten years in preparing for + that war. Then he set out with twelve hundred triremes, from the very + spot, as I understand, where you gathered your fleet together, having + built it in rather less than ten months, and yet you had more ships + than Xerxes. But neither his fortune nor his achievements can + properly be compared with yours.)</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page110">[pg 110]</span><a name="Pg110" id="Pg110" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg111" id="Pg111" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τὴν δὲ εἰς τὰ + λοιπὰ δαπανήματα μεγαλοπρέπειαν μὴ πολὺ λίαν ἔργον ᾖ φράζειν, οὐδὲ + ὁπόσα ταῖς πόλεσι πάλαι στερομέναις ἀπεδίδους ἀπαριθμούμενος ἐνοχλήσω + τὰ νῦν. [43] πλουτοῦσι μὲν γὰρ ἅπασαι διὰ σὲ ἐπὶ τῶν<a id= + "noteref_194" name="noteref_194" href="#note_194"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">194</span></span></a> + ἔμπροσθεν ἐνδεεῖς οὖσαι καὶ τῶν ἀναγκαίων, ἐπιδίδωσι δὲ τῶν ἰδίων + ἕκαστος οἴκων διὰ τὰς κοινὰς τῶν πόλεων εὐετηρίας. ἀλλὰ τῶν εἰς τοὺς + ἰδιώτας ἄξιον δωρεῶν μεμνῆσθαι, ἐλευθέριόν σε καὶ μεγαλόδωρον βασιλέα + προσαγορεύοντα, ὃς πολλοῖς μὲν στερομένοις πάλαι τῶν αὑτῶν κτημάτων, + τοῦ πατρῴου κλήρου συμφορᾷ περιπεπτωκότος ἐν δίκῃ καὶ παρὰ δίκην, + ἐπειδὴ πρῶτον ἐγένου κύριος, [B] τοῖς μὲν καθάπερ δικαστὴς ἀγαθὸς τὰ + τῶν ἔμπροσθεν ἁμαρτήματα διορθωσάμενος κυρίους εἶναι τῆς αὑτῶν οὐσίας + παρέσχες, τοῖς δὲ ἐπιεικὴς κριτὴς γενόμενος ταῦτα μὲν ὧν ἀφῄρηντο + πάλιν ἐχαρίσω, ἀρκεῖν οἰόμενος τὸ μῆκος τοῦ χρόνου πρὸς τιμωρίαν τοῖς + παθοῦσιν· ὅσα δὲ αὐτὸς οἴκοθεν χαριζόμενος πλουσιωτέρους ἀπέθηνας + πολλοὺς τῶν πάλαι δοξάντων ἐπὶ τῇ τῶν χρημάτων εὐπορίᾳ σεμνύνεσθαι, + [C] τί χρὴ νῦν ὑπομιμνήσκοντα περὶ μικρὰ διατρίβειν δοκεῖν; ἄλλως τε + καὶ πᾶσιν ὄντος καταφανοῦς, ὅτι μηδεὶς πώποτε πλὴν Ἀλεξάνδρου τοῦ + Φιλίππου τοσαῦτα βασιλεῦς τοῖς αὑτοῦ φίλοις διανέμων ὤφθη. ἀλλὰ τοῖς + μὲν ὁ τῶν φίλων πλοῦτος τῆς τῶν πολεμίων ῥώμης ὕποπτος ἐφάνη μᾶλλον + καὶ φοβερώτερος, ἄλλοι <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page112">[pg + 112]</span><a name="Pg112" id="Pg112" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg113" id="Pg113" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> δὲ τὴν τῶν ἀρχομένων εὐγένειαν ὑπιδόμενοι πάντα + τρόπον τοὺς εὖ γεγονότας προπηλακίζοντες [D] ἢ καὶ ἀναιροῦντες ἄρδην + τὰς οἰκίας κοινῇ μὲν ταῖς πόλεσι συμφορῶν, ἰδίᾳ δὲ αὑτοῖς ἀνοσίων + ἔργων αἰτιώτατοι κατέστησαν. οὐκ ἀπέσχοντο δὲ ἤδη τινὲς τοῖς τοῦ + σώματος ἀγαθοῖς, ὑγιείᾳ φημὶ καὶ κάλλει καὶ εὐεξίᾳ, βασκαίνοντες· + ψυχῆς τε ἀρετὴν ἔν τινι τῶν πολιτῶν γενομένην οὐδὲ ἀκούειν ὑπέμενον, + ἀλλ᾽ ἦν ἀδίκημα τοῦτο, καθάπερ ἀνδροφονία καὶ κλοπὴ καὶ προδοσία, τὸ + δοκεῖν ἀρετῆς μεταποιηθῆναι. [44] καὶ ταῦτα τυχὸν ἀληθῶς οὐ βασιλέων + φήσει τις, πονηρῶν δὲ καὶ ἀνελευθέρων τυράννων ἔργα καὶ πράξεις. + ἐκεῖνο δὲ ἤδη τὸ πάθος οὐ τῶν ἀνοήτων μόνον, ἀλλά τινων ἐπιεικῶν καὶ + πρᾴων ἀνδρῶν ἁψάμενον, τὸ τοῖς φίλοις ἄχθεσθαι πλέον ἔχουσι<a id= + "noteref_195" name="noteref_195" href="#note_195"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">195</span></span></a> καὶ + πολλάκις ἐλαττοῦν ἐθέλειν καὶ τῶν προσηκόντων αὐτοὺς ἀφαιρεῖσθαι, τίς + ἐπὶ σοῦ λέγειν ἐτόλμησε; τοῦτο καὶ Κῦρόν φασι τὸν Πέρσην γάμβρον ὄντα + βασιλέως παρὰ τοῦ κηδεστοῦ παθεῖν ἀχθομένου τῇ παρὰ τοῦ πλήθους εἰς + τὸν ἄνδρα τιμῇ, καὶ ἀγησίλαος δὲ [B] δῆλος ἦν ἀχθόμενος τιμωμένῳ παρὰ + τοῖς Ἴωσι Λυσάνδρῳ.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I fear that it is + beyond my powers to describe the magnificence of your outlay for + other purposes, nor will I risk being tedious by staying now to count + up the sums you bestowed on cities that had long been destitute. For + whereas, in the time of your predecessors, they lacked the + necessaries of life, they have all become rich through you, and the + general prosperity of each city increases the welfare of every + private household in it. But it is proper that I should mention your + gifts to private persons, and give you the title of a generous and + open-handed Emperor; for since there were many who long ago had lost + their property, because, in some cases justly, in others unjustly, + their ancestral estates had suffered loss, you had no sooner come + into power, than like a just judge you set right in the latter cases + the errors committed by men in the past, and restored them to the + control of their property, while in the former cases you were a + kindly arbiter, and granted that they should recover what they had + lost, thinking that to have suffered so long was punishment enough. + Then you lavished large sums from your privy purse, and increased the + reputation for wealth of many who even in the past had prided + themselves on their large incomes. But why should I remind you of all + this and seem to waste time over trifles? Especially as it must be + obvious to all that no king except Alexander the son of Philip was + ever known to bestow such splendid presents on his friends. Indeed + some kings have thought that the wealth of their friends gave more + grounds for suspicion and alarm than did the resources of their + enemies, while others were jealous of the aristocrats among their + subjects, and therefore persecuted the well-born in every possible + way, or even exterminated their houses, and thus were responsible for + the public disasters of their cities and, in private life, for the + most infamous crimes. There were some who went so far as to envy mere + physical advantages, such as health or good looks, or good condition. + And as for a virtuous character among their subjects, they could not + bear even to hear of it, but counted it a crime like murder or theft + or treason to appear to lay claim to virtue. But perhaps someone will + say, and with truth, that these were the actions and practices not of + genuine kings but of base and contemptible tyrants. Nay, but that + other malady which has been known to attack not only those who were + irrational, but some even who were just and mild, I mean the tendency + to quarrel with friends who were too prosperous and to wish to humble + them and deprive them of their rightful possessions, who I ask has + ever dared so much as to mention such conduct in your case? Yet such, + they say, was the treatment that Cyrus the Persian, the king's + son-in-law, received from his kinsman,<a id="noteref_196" name= + "noteref_196" href="#note_196"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">196</span></span></a> who + could not brook the honour in which Cyrus was held by the common + people, and Agesilaus also is well known to have resented the honours + paid to Lysander by the Ionians.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τούτους οὖν<a id= + "noteref_197" name="noteref_197" href="#note_197"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">197</span></span></a> πάντας + ὑπερβαλλόμενος ἀρετῇ, τοῖς πλουτοῦσι μὲν τὸ πλουτεῖν ἀσφαλέστερον ἢ + πατὴρ τοῖς αὑτοῦ παισί κατέστησας, εὐγενείας <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page114">[pg 114]</span><a name="Pg114" id="Pg114" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg115" id="Pg115" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> δὲ τῆς τῶν ὑπηκόων προνοεῖς καθάπερ ἁπάσης + πόλεως οἰκιστὴς καὶ νομοθέτης· καὶ τοὶς ἐκ τῆς τύχης ἀγαθοῖς πολλὰ + μὲν προστιθείς, πολλὰ δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς ἐξ ἀρχῆς χαριζόμενος, δῆλος [C] εἶ + τῷ μεγέθει μὲν τὰς παρὰ τῶν βασιλέων δωρεὰς ὑπερβαλλόμενος, τῇ + βεβαιότητι δὲ τῶν ἅπαξ δοθέντων τὰς παρὰ τῶν δήμων χάριτας + ἁποκρυπτόμενος. τοῦτο δὲ οἶμαι καὶ μάλα εἰκότως συμβαίνει. οἱ μὲν γὰρ + ἐφ᾽ οἷς συνίσασιν αὑτοῖς ἀπολειφθεῖσιν ἀγαθοῖς, τοῖς κεκτημένοις + βασκαίνουσιν, ὅτῳ δὲ τὰ μὲν ἐκ τῆς τύχης ἐστὶ λαμπρὰ καὶ οἷα οὐδενὶ + τῶν ἄλλων, τὰ δὲ ἐκ τῆς προαιρέσεως τῶν ἐκ τῆς τύχης μακρῷ σεμνότερα, + οὐκ ἔστιν ὅτου δεόμενος τῷ κεκτημένῳ φθονήσειεν. [D] ὃ δὴ καὶ σαυτῷ + μάλιστα πάντων ὑπάρχειν ἐγνωκὼς χαίρεις μὲν ἐπὶ τοῖς τῶν ἄλλων + ἀγαθοῖς, εὐφραίνει δὲ σε τὰ τῶν ὑπηκόων κατορθώματα· καὶ τιμὰς ἐπ᾽ + αὐτοῖς τὰς μὲν ἐχαρίσω, τὰς δὲ ἤδη μέλλεις, ὑπὲρ δὲ ἐνίων βουλεύῃ· + καὶ οὐκ ἀπόχρη σοι πόλεως μιᾶς οὐδὲ ἔθνους ἑνὸς οὐδὲ πολλῶν ὁμοῦ τοῖς + φίλοις ἀρχὰς καὶ τὰς ἐπ᾽ αὐταῖς τιμὰς διανέμειν· ἀλλ᾽ εἰ μὴ καὶ + βασιλείας [45] ἕλοιο κοινωνόν, ὑπὲρ ἧς τοσοῦτον ὑπομείνας πόνον τὸ + τῶν τυράννων γένος ἀνῄρηκας, οὐδὲν ἄξιον τῶν σαυτοῦ κατορθωμάτων + ἔργον ὑπέλαβες. καὶ ὅτι μὴ χρείᾳ μᾶλλον ἢ τῷ χαίρειν πάντα + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page116">[pg 116]</span><a name="Pg116" + id="Pg116" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg117" id="Pg117" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> δωρούμενος ἐπὶ ταύτην ὥρμησας τὴν γνώμην, + ἅπασιν οἶμαι γνώριμον γέγονε. τῶν μὲν γὰρ πρὸς τοὺς τυράννους ἀγώνων + κοινωνὸν οὐχ εἵλου, τῆς τιμῆς δὲ τὸν οὐ μετασχόντα τῶν πόνων ἠξίωσας + μεταλαβεῖν μόνον, ὅτε μηδὲν ἔτι φοβερὸν ἐδόκει. [B] καὶ τῆς μὲν οὐδὲ + ἐπ᾽ ὀλίγον ἀφελὼν δῆλος εἶ, τῶν πόνων δὲ οὐδὲ ἐπὶ σμικρὸν κοινωνεῖν + ἀξιοῖς. πλὴν εἴ που δέοι πρὸς ὀλίγον ἑπόμενον σοι στρατεύεσθαι. + πότερον οὖν καὶ περὶ τούτων μαρτύρων τινῶν καὶ τεκμηρίων τῷ λόγῳ + προσδεῖ; ἢ δῆλον ἐκ τοῦ λέγοντος, ὅτι μὴ ψευδεῖς ἐπεισάγει λόγους; + ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ μὲν τούτων οὐδὲν ἔτι πλέον ἄξιον ἐνδιατρίβειν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(All these, then, + you have surpassed in merit, for you have made their wealth more + secure for the rich than a father would for his own children, and you + take thought that your subjects shall be well-born, as though you + were the founder and law-giver of every single city. Those to whom + fortune has been generous you still further enrich, and in many cases + men owe all their wealth to your generosity, so that in amount your + gifts clearly surpass those of other princes, while, in security of + ownership of what has once been given, you cast into the shade any + favours bestowed by democracies.<a id="noteref_198" name= + "noteref_198" href="#note_198"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">198</span></span></a> And + this is, I think, very natural. For when men are conscious that they + lack certain advantages, they envy those who do possess them, but + when a man is more brilliantly endowed by fortune than any of his + fellows, and by his own initiative has won even higher dignities than + fate had assigned him, he lacks nothing, and there is none whom he + need envy. And since you realise that in your case this is especially + true, you rejoice at the good fortune of others and take pleasure in + the successes of your subjects. You have already bestowed on them + certain honours, and other honours you are on the point of bestowing, + and you are making plans for the benefit of yet other persons. Nor + are you content to award to your friends the government of a single + city or nation, or even of many such, with the honours attaching + thereto. But unless you chose a colleague<a id="noteref_199" name= + "noteref_199" href="#note_199"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">199</span></span></a> to + share that empire on whose behalf you had spared no pains to + exterminate the brood of usurpers, you thought that no act of yours + could be worthy of your former achievements. That you reached this + decision not so much because it was necessary as because you take + pleasure in giving all that you have to give, is, I suppose, well + known to all. For you chose no colleague to aid you in your contests + with the usurpers, but you thought it right that one who had not + shared in the toil should share in the honour and glory, and that + only when all danger seemed to be over. And it is well known that + from that honour you subtract not even a trifling part, though you do + not demand that he should share the danger even in some small degree, + except indeed when it was necessary for a short time that he should + accompany you on your campaign. Does my account of this call for any + further witnesses or proofs? Surely it is obvious that he who tells + the tale would not be the one to introduce a fictitious account. But + on this part of my subject I must not spend any more time.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Σωφροσύνης δὲ ὑπὲρ + τῆς σῆς καὶ φρονήσεως καὶ ὅσην εὔνοιαν τοῖς ὑπηκόοις ἐνειργάσω, [C] + βραχέα διελθεῖν ἴσως οὐκ ἄτοπον. τίς γάρ σ᾽<a id="noteref_200" name= + "noteref_200" href="#note_200"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">200</span></span></a> ἀγνοεῖ + τῶν ἁπάντων τοσαύτην ἐκ παίδων τῆς ἀρετῆς ταύτης ἐπιμέλειαν ἐσχηκότα, + ὅσην οὐδεὶς ἄλλος τῶν ἔμπροσθεν; καὶ τῆς μὲν ἐν παισὶ σωφροσύνης + μάρτυς ὁ πατὴρ γέγονεν ἀξιόχρεως, σοὶ τὰ περὶ τὴς ἀρχὴν καὶ τὰ πρὸς + τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς διοικεῖν ἐπιτρέψας μόνῳ, ὄντι γε οὐδὲ πρεσβυτάτῳ τῶν + ἐκείνου παίδων· τῆς δὲ ἐν ἀνδράσιν ἅπαντες αἰσθανόμεθα, [D] καθάπερ + πολίτου τοῖς νόμοις ὑπακούοντος, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ βασιλέως τῶν νόμων ἄρχοντος, + ἀεί σου προσφερομένου τῷ πλήθει καὶ τοῖς ἐν τέλει. τίς γάρ σ᾽<a id= + "noteref_201" name="noteref_201" href="#note_201"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">201</span></span></a> ἔγνω + μεῖζον ὑπὸ τῆς εὐτυχίας φρονήσαντα; τίς δὲ ἐπαρθέντα <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page118">[pg 118]</span><a name="Pg118" id="Pg118" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg119" id="Pg119" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τοῖς κατορθώμασι τοσούτοις<a id="noteref_202" + name="noteref_202" href="#note_202"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">202</span></span></a> καὶ + τηλικούτοις ἐν βραχεῖ χρόνῳ γενομένοις; ἀλλὰ τὸν Φιλίππου φασὶν + Ἀλέξανδρον, ἐπειδὴ τὴν Περσῶν καθεῖλε δύναμιν, οὐ μόνον τὴν ἄλλην + δίαιταν πρὸς ὄγκον μείζονα καὶ λίαν ἐπαχθῆ τοῖς πᾶσιν ὑπεροψίαν + μεταβαλεῖν, [46] ἀλλ᾽ ἤδη καὶ τοῦ φύσαντος ὑπερορᾶν καὶ τῆς + ἀνθρωπίνης ἁπάσης φύσεως. ἠξίου γὰρ υἱὸς Ἄμμωνος, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ Φιλίππου + νομίζεσθαι, καὶ τῶν συστρατευσαμένων ὄσοι μὴ κολακεύειν μηδὲ + δουλεύειν ἠπίσταντο τῶν ἑαλωκότων πικρότερον ἐκολάζοντο. ἀλλὰ σοῦ γε + τῆς εἰς τὸν πατέρα τιμῆς ἆρα ἄξιον ἐνταῦθα μεμνῆσθαι; ὃν οὐκ ἰδίᾳ + μόνον σεβόμενος, ἀεὶ δὲ ἐν τοῖς κοινοῖς συλλόγοις διετέλεις + ἀνακηρύττων καθάπερ ἀγαθὸν ἥρωα. τῶν φίλων δέ, [B] ἀξιοῖς γὰρ αὐτοὺς + οὐκ ἄχρις ὀνόματος μόνον τῆς τιμῆς, πολὺ δὲ πλέον διὰ τῶν πραγμάτων + βεβαιοῖς ἐπ᾽ αὐτῶν τοὔνομα· ἔστιν οὖν ἄρα τις ὁ μεμφόμενος ἀτιμίαν ἢ + ζημίαν ἢ βλάβην ἤ τινα μικρὰν ὑπεροψίαν ἢ μείζονα; ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἂν + οὐδαμῶς εἰπεῖν ἔχοι τοιοῦτον οὐδὲν. τούτων γὰρ οἱ μὲν γηραιοὶ σφόδρα, + ταῖς ἀρχαῖς εἰς τὴν εἱμαρμένην τελευτὴν τοῦ βίου παραμείναντες, τὰς + ἐπιμελείας τῶν κοινῶν συναπέθεντο τοῖς σώμασι, [C] παισὶν ἢ φίλοις ἤ + τισι πρὸς γένους τοὺς κλήρους παραπέμποντες· ἄλλοι δὲ πρὸς τοὺς + πόνους καὶ τὰς στρατείας ἀπαγορεύοντες, ἀφέσεως ἐντίμου τυχόντες, + ζῶσιν ὄλβιοι· τινὲς δὲ καὶ μετήλλαξαν, εὐδαίμονες παρὰ τοῦ πλήθους + εἶναι <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page120">[pg 120]</span><a name= + "Pg120" id="Pg120" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg121" id= + "Pg121" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> κρινόμενοι. ὅλως δὲ οὐκ ἔστιν + οὐδὲ εἷς, ὃς ἐπειδὴ ταύτης ἠξιώθη τῆς τιμῆς, εἰ καὶ μοχθηρὸς ὕστερον + ἐφάνη, τιμωρίας ἔτυχε μικρᾶς ἢ μείζονος· ἤρκεσε δὲ αὐτὸν ἀπηλλάχθαι + μόνον καὶ μηδὲν ἐνοχλεῖν ἔτι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(A few words about + your temperance, your wisdom, and the affection that you inspired in + your subjects, will not, I think, be out of place. For who is there + among them all who does not know that from boyhood you cultivated the + virtue of temperance as no one had ever done before you? That in your + youth you possessed that virtue your father is a trustworthy witness, + for he entrusted to you alone the management of affairs of state and + all that related to your brothers, although you were not even the + eldest of his sons. And that you still display it, now that you are a + man, we are all well aware, since you ever behave towards the people + and the magistrates like a citizen who obeys the laws, not like a + king who is above the laws. For who ever saw you made arrogant by + prosperity? Who ever saw you uplifted by those successes, so numerous + and so splendid, and so quickly achieved? They say that Alexander, + Philip's son, when he had broken the power of Persia, not only + adopted a more ostentatious mode of life and an insolence of manner + obnoxious to all, but went so far as to despise the father that begat + him, and indeed the whole human race. For he claimed to be regarded + as the son of Ammon instead of the son of Philip, and when some of + those who had taken part in his campaigns could not learn to flatter + him or to be servile, he punished them more harshly than the + prisoners of war. But the honour that you paid to your father need I + speak of in this place? Not only did you revere him in private life, + but constantly, where men were gathered together in public, you sang + his praises as though he were a beneficent hero-god. And as for your + friends, you grant them that honour not merely in name, but by your + actions you make their title sure. Can any one of them, I ask, lay to + your charge the loss of any right, or any penalty or injury suffered, + or any overbearing act either serious or trifling? Nay there is not + one who could bring any such accusation. For your friends who were + far advanced in years remained in office till the appointed end of + their lives, and only laid down with life itself their control of + public business, and then they handed on their possessions to their + children or friends or some member of their family. Others again, + when their strength failed for work or military service, received an + honourable discharge, and are now spending their last days in + prosperity; yet others have departed this life, and the people call + them blessed. In short there is no man who having once been held + worthy of the honour of your friendship, ever suffered any punishment + great or small, even though later he proved to be vicious. For them + all that he had to do was to depart and give no further trouble.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[D] Ἐν δὲ τούτοις + ἅπασιν ὢν καὶ γεγονὼς τοιοῦτος ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἡδονῆς ἁπάσης, ᾗ πρόσεστιν + ὄνειδος καὶ μικρόν, καθαρὰν τὴν ψυχὴν διεφύλαξας. μόνον δὲ οἶμαι σὲ + τῶν πρόσθεν αὐτοκρατόρων, σχεδὸν δὲ πλὴν σφόδρα ὀλίγων καὶ πάντων + ἀνθρώπων οὐκ ἀνδράσι μόνον παράδειγμα πρὸς σωφροσύνην παρασχεῖν + κάλλιστον, καὶ γυναιξὶ δὲ τῆς πρὸς τοὺς ἄνδρας κοινωνίας. [47] ὅσα + γὰρ ἐκείναις ἀπαγορεύουσιν οἱ νόμοι τοῦ γνησίους<a id="noteref_203" + name="noteref_203" href="#note_203"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">203</span></span></a> φύεσθαι + τοὺς παῖδας ἐπιμελόμενοι, ταῦτα ὁ λόγος ἀπαγορεύει ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις + παρὰ σοί. ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ μὲν τούτων ἔχων ἔτι πλείονα λίγειν ἀφίημι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(While this has + been your character from first to last in all these relations, you + always kept your soul pure of every indulgence to which the least + reproach is attached. In fact I should say that you alone, of all the + emperors that ever were, nay of all mankind almost, with very few + exceptions, are the fairest example of modesty, not to men only but + to women also in their association with men. For all that is + forbidden to women by the laws that safeguard the legitimacy of + offspring, your reason ever denies to your passions. But though I + could say still more on this subject, I refrain.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τῆς φρονήσεως δὲ + ἄξιον μὲν ἔπαινον διελθεῖν οὐδαμῶς εὐχερές, μικρὰ δὲ ὅμως καὶ ὑπὲρ + ταύτης ῥητέον. ἔστι δὲ τὰ μὲν ἔργα τῶν λόγων οἶμαι πιστότερα. οὐ γάρ + ἐστιν εἰκὸς τοσαύτην ἀρχὴν [B] καὶ δύναμιν μὴ παρὰ τῆς ἴσης + διοικουμένην καὶ κρατουμένην φρονήσεως πρὸς τοσοῦτον μέγεθος + ἀφικέσθαι καὶ κάλλος πράξεων· ἀγαπητὸν δὶ, εἰ καὶ τῇ τύχῃ μόνον δίχα + φρονήσεως ἐπιτρεπομένη<a id="noteref_204" name="noteref_204" href= + "#note_204"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">204</span></span></a> ἐπὶ + πολὺ μένει.<a id="noteref_205" name="noteref_205" href= + "#note_205"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">205</span></span></a> ἀνθῆσαι + μὲν γὰρ τῇ τύχῃ προσσχόντα πρὸς βραχὺ ῥάδιον, διαφυλάξαι δὲ τὰ + δοθέντα ἀγαθὰ δίχα φρονήσεως οὐ λίαν εὔκολον, μᾶλλον <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page122">[pg 122]</span><a name="Pg122" id="Pg122" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg123" id="Pg123" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> δὲ ἀδύνατον ἴσως. ὄλως δὲ εἰ χρὴ καὶ περὶ + τούτων ἐναργὲς φράζειν τεκμήριον, πολλῶν καὶ γνωρίμων οὐκ ἀπορήσομεν. + [C] τὴν γὰρ εὐβουλίαν ὑπολαμβάνομεν τῶν περὶ τὰς πράξεις ἀγαθῶν καὶ + συμφερόντων ἐξευρίσκειν τὰ κράτιστα. σκοπεῖν οὖν ἄξιον ἐφ᾽ ἁπάντων + ἁπλῶς, εἰ μὴ τοῦθ᾽ ἕν ἐστι τῶν σοι πραχθέντων. οὐκοῦν ὅπου μὲν ἦν + ὁμονοίας χρεία, ἔχαιρες ἐλαττούμενος, ὅπου δὲ τοῖς κοινοῖς ἐχρῆν + βοηθεῖν, τὸν πόλεμον ἀνείλου<a id="noteref_206" name="noteref_206" + href="#note_206"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">206</span></span></a> + προθυμότατα. καὶ Περσῶν μὲν τὴν δύναμιν καταστρατηγήσας οὐδένα τῶν + ὁπλιτῶν ἀποβαλὼν διέφθειρας, τὸν πρὸς τοὺς τυράννους δὲ πόλεμον + διελὼν τοῦ μὲν ἐκράτησας ταῖς δημηγορίαις, [D] καὶ τὴν μετ᾽ ἐκείνου + δύναμιν ἀκέραιον καὶ κακῶν ἀπαθῆ προσλαβὼν κατεπολέμησας μᾶλλον διὰ + τῆς συνέσεως ἢ διὰ τῆς ῥώμης τὸν τοσούτων τοῖς κοινοῖς αἴτιον + συμφορῶν. βούλομαι δὲ σαφέστερον περὶ τούτων εἰπὼν ἅπασι δεῖξαι, τίνι + μάλιστα πιστεύσας<a id="noteref_207" name="noteref_207" href= + "#note_207"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">207</span></span></a> + τοσούτοις σαυτὸν ἐπιδοὺς πράγμασιν οὐδενὸς ὅλως διήμαρτες. [48] + εὔνοιαν οἴει δεῖν παρὰ τῶν ὑπηκόων ὑπάρχειν τῷ βασιλεύοντι ἐρυμάτων + ἀσφαλέστατον. ταύτην δὲ ἐπιτάττοντα μὲν καὶ κελεύοντα καθάπερ + εἰσφορὰς καὶ φόρους κτήσασθαι παντελῶς ἄλογον. λείπεται δὴ λοιπόν, + καθάπερ αὐτὸς ὥρμηκας, τὸ πάντας εὖ ποιεῖν καὶ μιμεῖσθαι τὴν θείαν ἐν + ἀνθρώποις φύσιν· πρᾴως <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page124">[pg + 124]</span><a name="Pg124" id="Pg124" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg125" id="Pg125" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> μὲν ἔχειν πρὸς ὀργήν, [B] τῶν τιμωριῶν δὲ + ἀφαιρεῖσθαι τὰς χαλεπότητας, πταίσασι δὲ οἶμαι τοῖς ἐχθροῖς ἐπιεικῶς + καὶ εὐγνωμόνως προσφέρεσθαι. ταῦτα πράττων, ταῦτα θαυμάζων, ταῦτα + τοῖς ἄλλοις προστάττων μιμεῖσθαι τὴν Ῥώμην μέν, ἔτι τοῦ τυράννου + κρατοῦντος τῆς Ἰταλίας, διὰ τῆς γερουσίας εἰς Παιονίαν μετέστησας, + προθύμους δὲ εἶχες τὰς πόλεις πρὸς τὰς λειτουργίας.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Your wisdom it is + by no means easy to praise as it deserves, but I must say a few words + about it. Your actions, however, are more convincing, I think, than + my words. For it is not likely that this great and mighty empire + would have attained such dimensions or achieved such splendid + results, had it not been directed and governed by an intelligence to + match. Indeed, when it is entrusted to luck alone, unaided by wisdom, + we may be thankful if it last for any length of time. It is easy by + depending on luck to flourish for a brief space, but without the aid + of wisdom it is very hard, or rather I might say impossible, to + preserve the blessings that have been bestowed. And, in short, if we + need cite a convincing proof of this, we do not lack many notable + instances. For by wise counsel we mean the ability to discover most + successfully the measures that will be good and expedient when put + into practice. It is therefore proper to consider in every case + whether this wise counsel may not be counted as one of the things you + have achieved. Certainly when there was need of harmony you gladly + gave way, and when it was your duty to aid the community as a whole + you declared for war with the utmost readiness. And when you had + defeated the forces of Persia without losing a single hoplite, you + made two separate campaigns against the usurpers, and after + overcoming one of them<a id="noteref_208" name="noteref_208" href= + "#note_208"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">208</span></span></a> by your + public harangue, you added to your army his forces, which were fresh + and had suffered no losses, and finally, by intelligence rather than + by brute force, you completely subdued the other usurper who had + inflicted so many sufferings on the community. I now desire to speak + more clearly on this subject and to demonstrate to all what it was + that you chiefly relied on and that secured you from failure in every + one of those great enterprises to which you devoted yourself. It is + your conviction that the affection of his subjects is the surest + defence of an emperor. Now it is the height of absurdity to try to + win that affection by giving orders, and levying it as though it were + a tax or tribute. The only alternative is the policy that you have + yourself pursued, I mean of doing good to all men and imitating the + divine nature on earth. To show mercy even in anger, to take away + their harshness from acts of vengeance, to display kindness and + toleration to your fallen enemies, this was your practice, this you + always commended and enjoined on others to imitate, and thus, even + while the usurper still controlled Italy, you transferred Rome to + Paeonia by means of the Senate and inspired the cities with zeal for + undertaking public services.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τῶν στρατευμάτων + δὲ τὴν εὔνοιαν τίς ἂν ἀξίως διηγήσαιτο; τάξις μὲν ἱππέων πρὸ τῆς ἐν + τῇ Μύρσῃ παρατάξεως μεθειστήκει, [C] ἐπεὶ δὲ τῆς Ἰταλίας ἐκράτησας, + πεζῶν κατάλογοι καὶ τέλη λαμπρά. ἀλλὰ τὸ μικρὸν μετὰ τὴν τοῦ τυράννου + δυστυχῆ τελευτὴν ἐν Γαλατίᾳ γενόμενον κοινὴν ἁπάντων ἔδειξε + στρατοπέδων τὴν εὔνοιαν, τὸν θρασυνόμενον καθάπερ ἐπ᾽ ἐρημίας καὶ τὴν + γυναικείαν ἁλουργίδα περιβαλόμενον ὥσπερ τινὰ λύκον<a id= + "noteref_209" name="noteref_209" href="#note_209"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">209</span></span></a> + ἐξαίφνης διασπασαμένων. ὅστις δὲ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ γέγονας τῇ πράξει, καὶ + ὅπως πρᾴως ἅπασι καὶ φιλανθρώπως τοῖς ἐκείνου γνωρίμοις προσηνέχθης, + ὅσοι μηδὲν ἠλέγχοντο ἐκείνῳ συμπράξαντες, πολλῶν ἐφεστηκότων τῇ + κατηγορίᾳ συκοφαντῶν, [D] καὶ τὴν πρὸς ἐκεῖνον φιλίαν ὑποπτεύειν + μόνον κελευόντων, ἐγὼ μὲν ἁπάσης ἀρετῆς τίθεμαι τοῦτο<a id= + "noteref_210" name="noteref_210" href="#note_210"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">210</span></span></a> + κεφάλαιον. καὶ γὰρ ἐπιεικῶς καὶ δικαίως φημὶ καὶ πολὺ πλέον ἐμφρόνως + πεπράχθαι. ὅστις δὲ ἄλλως ἡγεῖται καὶ τῆς περὶ τοῦ πράγματος ἀληθοῦς + ὑπολήψεως καὶ τῆς σῆς γνώμης διήμαρτε. τοὺς μὲν γὰρ οὐκ ἐλεγχθέντας + δίκαιον ἦν, ὡς εἰκός, [49] σώζεσθαι, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page126">[pg 126]</span><a name="Pg126" id="Pg126" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg127" id="Pg127" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ὑπόπτους δὲ τὰς φιλίας καὶ διὰ τοῦτο φευκτὰς + οὐδαμῶς ᾤου δεῖν κατασκευάζειν, ὑπὸ τῆς τῶν ὑπηκόων εὐνοίας ἐς τοῦτο + μεγέθους ἀρθεὶς καὶ πράξεων. ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν παῖδα τοῦ τετολμηκότος + νήπιον κομιδῇ τῆς πατρῴας οὐδὲν εἴασας μετασχεῖν ζημίας. οὕτω σοι + πρὸς ἐπιείκειαν ἡ πρᾶξις ῥέπουσα τελείας ἀρετῆς ὑπάρχει γνώρισμα. * * + *</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(As for the + affection of your armies, what description could do it justice? Even + before the battle at Myrsa, a division of cavalry came over to your + side,<a id="noteref_211" name="noteref_211" href= + "#note_211"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">211</span></span></a> and + when you had conquered Italy bodies of infantry and distinguished + legions did the same. But what happened in Galatia<a id="noteref_212" + name="noteref_212" href="#note_212"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">212</span></span></a> shortly + after the usurper's miserable end demonstrated the universal loyalty + of the garrisons to you; for when, emboldened by his isolated + position, another<a id="noteref_213" name="noteref_213" href= + "#note_213"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">213</span></span></a> dared + to assume the effeminate purple, they suddenly set on him as though + he were a wolf and tore him limb from limb.<a id="noteref_214" name= + "noteref_214" href="#note_214"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">214</span></span></a> Your + behaviour after that deed, your merciful and humane treatment of all + those of his friends who were not convicted of having shared his + crimes, and that in spite of all the sycophants who came forward with + accusations and warned you to show only suspicion against friends of + his, this I count as the culmination of all virtue. What is more, I + maintain that your conduct was not only humane and just, but prudent + in a still higher degree. He who thinks otherwise falls short of a + true understanding of both the circumstances and your policy. For + that those who had not been proved guilty should be protected was of + course just, and you thought you ought by no means to make friendship + a reason for suspicion and so cause it to be shunned, seeing that it + was due to the loyal affection of your own subjects that you had + attained to such power and accomplished so much. But the son of that + rash usurper, who was a mere child, you did not allow to share his + father's punishment. To such a degree does every act of yours incline + towards clemency and is stamped with the mint-mark of perfect virtue + * * * * *.)<a id="noteref_215" name="noteref_215" href= + "#note_215"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">215</span></span></a></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page131">[pg 131]</span><a name= + "Pg131" id="Pg131" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc7" id="toc7"></a> <a name="pdf8" id="pdf8"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 3.46em; margin-bottom: 3.46em; text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Oration II</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.88em; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Introduction To Oration + II</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Second + Oration is a panegyric of the Emperor Constantius, written while + Julian, after his elevation to the rank of Caesar, was campaigning + in Gaul.<a id="noteref_216" name="noteref_216" href= + "#note_216"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">216</span></span></a> It + closely resembles and often echoes the First, and was probably + never delivered. In his detailed and forced analogies of the + achievements of Constantius with those of the Homeric heroes, + always to the advantage of the former, Julian follows a sophistic + practice that he himself condemns,<a id="noteref_217" name= + "noteref_217" href="#note_217"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">217</span></span></a> and + though he more than once contrasts himself with the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“ingenious rhetoricians”</span> he is careful to + observe all their rules, even in his historical descriptions of the + Emperor's campaigns. The long Platonic digression on Virtue and the + ideal ruler is a regular feature of a panegyric of this type, + though Julian neglects to make the direct application to + Constantius. In the First Oration he quoted Homer only once, but + while the Second contains the usual comparisons with the Persian + monarchs and Alexander, its main object is to prove, by direct + references to the Iliad, that Constantius surpassed Nestor in + strategy, Odysseus in eloquence, and in courage Hector, Sarpedon + and Achilles.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page132">[pg 132]</span><a name= + "Pg132" id="Pg132" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg133" id= + "Pg133" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ + ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Julian, + Caesar)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ΠΕΡΙ ΤΩΝ ΤΟΥ + ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΟΣ ΠΡΑΞΕΩΝ Η ΠΕΡΙ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΑΣ.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(The Heroic + Deeds of the Emperor Constantius, Or, On Kingship)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τὸν Ἀχιλλέα + φησὶν ἡ ποίησις, ὁπότε ἐμήνισε καὶ διηνέχθη πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα, + μεθεῖναι μὲν ταῖν χεροῖν τὴν αἰχμὴν καὶ τὴν ἀσπίδα, ψαλτήριον δὲ + ἁρμοσάμενον καὶ κιθάραν ᾄδειν καὶ ὑμνεῖν τῶν ἡμιθέων τὰς πράξεις, + καὶ ταύτην διαγωγὴν τῆς ἡσυχίας ποιεῖσθαι, εὖ μάλα ἐμφρόνως τοῦτο + διανοηθέντα. [D] τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἀπεχθάνεσθαι καὶ παροξύνειν τὸν βασιλέα + λίαν αὔθαδες καὶ ἄγριον· τυχὸν δὲ οὐδὲ ἐκείνης ἀπολύεται τῆς + μέμψεως ὁ τῆς Θέτιδος, ὅτι τῷι καιρῷ τῶν ἔργων εἰς ᾠδὰς καταχρῆται + καὶ κρούματα, ἐξὸν τότε μὲν ἔχεσθαι τῶν ὅπλων καὶ μὴ μεθιέναι, + αὖθις δὲ ἐφ᾽ ἡσυχίας ὑμνεῖν τὸν βασιλέα καὶ ᾄδειν τὰ κατορθώματα. + [50] οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ τὸν Ἀγαμέμνονά φησιν ὁ πατὴρ ἐκείνων τῶν λόγων + μετρίως καὶ πολιτικῶς προσενεχθῆναι τῷ στρατηγῷ, ἀλλ᾽ ἀπειλῇ τε + χρῆσθαι καὶ ἔργοις ὑβρίζειν, τοῦ γέρως ἀφαιρούμενον. συνάγων δὲ + αὐτοὺς ἐς ταὐτὸν ἀλλήλοις ἐπὶ τῆς ἐκκλησίας μεταμελομένους, τὸν μὲν + τῆς Θέτιδος ἐκβοῶντα</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Achilles, as + the poet tells us, when his wrath was kindled and he quarrelled + with the king,<a id="noteref_218" name="noteref_218" href= + "#note_218"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">218</span></span></a> let + fall from his hands his spear and shield; then he strung his harp + and lyre and sang and chanted the deeds of the demi-gods, making + this the pastime of his idle hours, and in this at least he chose + wisely. For to fall out with the king and affront him was + excessively rash and violent. But perhaps the son of Thetis is not + free from this criticism either, that he spent in song and music + the hours that called for deeds, though at such a time he might + have retained his arms and not laid them aside, but later, at his + leisure, he could have sung the praises of the king and chanted his + victories. Though indeed the author of that tale tells us that + Agamemnon also did not behave to his general either temperately or + with tact, but first used threats and proceeded to insolent acts, + when he robbed Achilles of his prize of valour. Then Homer brings + them, penitent now, face to face in the assembly, and makes the son + of Thetis exclaim)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἀτρείδη, ἦ ἄρ τι τόδ᾽ + ἀμφοτέροισιν ἄρειον</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἔπλετο, σοὶ καὶ ἐμοί,</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Son of + Atreus, verily it had been better on this wise for both thee and + me!</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id= + "noteref_219" name="noteref_219" href="#note_219"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">219</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page134">[pg 134]</span><a name= + "Pg134" id="Pg134" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg135" id= + "Pg135" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[B] εἶτα + ἐπαρώμενον τῇ προφάσει τῇ ἀπεχθείας καὶ ἀπαριθμούμενον τὰς ἐκ τῆς + μήνιδος ξυμφοράς, τὸν βασιλέα δὲ αἰτιώμενον Δία καὶ Μοῖραν<a id= + "noteref_220" name="noteref_220" href="#note_220"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">220</span></span></a> καὶ + Ἐρινύν, δοκεῖ μοι διδάσκειν, ὥσπερ ἐν δράματι τοῖς προκειμένοις + ἀνδράσιν οἷον εἰκόσι χρώμενος, ὅτι χρὴ τοὺς μὲν βασιλέας μηδὲν + ὕβρει πράττειν μηδὲ τῇ δυνάμει πρὸς ἅπαν χρῆσθαι μηδὲ ἐφιέναι τῷ + θυμῷ, καθάπερ ἵππῳ θρασεῖ χήτει χαλινοῦ καὶ ἡνιόχου φερομένῳ, + παραινεῖν δὲ αὖ τοῖς [C] στρατηγοῖς ὑπεροψίαν βασιλικὴν μὴ + δυσχεραίνειν, φέρειν δὲ ἐγκρατῶς καὶ πρᾴως τὰς ἐπιτιμήσεις, ἵνα μὴ + μεταμελείας αὐτοῖς ὁ βίος μεστὸς ᾖ.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Later on he + makes him curse the cause of their quarrel, and recount the + disasters due to his own wrath, and we see the king blaming Zeus + and Fate and Erinys. And here, I think, he is pointing a moral, + using those heroes whom he sets before us, like types in a tragedy, + and the moral is that kings ought never to behave insolently, nor + use their power without reserve, nor be carried away by their anger + like a spirited horse that runs away for lack of the bit and the + driver; and then again he is warning generals not to resent the + insolence of kings but to endure their censure with self-control + and serenely, so that their whole life may not be filled with + remorse.<a id="noteref_221" name="noteref_221" href= + "#note_221"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">221</span></span></a>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ταῦτα κατ᾽ + ἐμαυτὸν ἐννοῶν, ὦ φίλε βασιλεῦ, καὶ σὲ μὲν ὁρῶν ἐπὶ τῶν ἔργων τὴν + Ὁμηρικὴν παιδείαν ἐπιδεικνύμενον καὶ ἐθέλοντα πάντως κοινῇ + μὲν<a id="noteref_222" name="noteref_222" href= + "#note_222"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">222</span></span></a> + ἅπαντας ἀγαθόν τι δρᾶν, ἡμῖν δὲ ἰδίᾳ τιμὰς καὶ γέρα ἄλλα ἐπ᾽ ἄλλοις + παρασκευάζοντα, τοσούτῳ δὲ οἶμαι κρείττονα τοῦ τῶν Ἐλλήνων βασιλέως + εἶναι ἐθέλοντα, ὥστε ὁ μὲν ἠτίμαζε τοὺς ἀρίστους, σὺ δὲ οἶμαι καὶ + τῶν φαύλων πολλοῖς τὴν συγγνώμην νέμεις, τὸν Πιττακὸν ἐπαινῶν τοῦ + λόγου, ὃς τὴν συγγνώμην τῆς τιμωρίας προυτίθει, [D] αἰσχυνοίμην ἄν, + εἰ μὴ τοῦ Πηλέως φαινοίμην εὐγνωμονέστερος μηδὲ<a id="noteref_223" + name="noteref_223" href="#note_223"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">223</span></span></a> + ἐπαινοίην εἰς δύναμιν τὰ προσόντα σοί, οὔτι φημὶ χρυσὸν καὶ ἁλουργῆ + χλαῖναν, οὐδὲ μὰ Δία πέπλους παμποικίλους, γυναικῶν ἔργα Σιδωνίων, + οὐδὲ ἵππων Νισαίων κάλλη καὶ χρυσοκολλήτων ἁρμάτων ἀστράπτουσαν + αἴγλην, [51] οὐδὲ τὴν Ἰνδῶν <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page136">[pg 136]</span><a name="Pg136" id="Pg136" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg137" id="Pg137" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> λίθον εὐανθῆ καὶ χαρίεσσαν. καίτοι γε εἴ τις + ἐθέλοι τούτοις τὸν νοῦν προσέχων ἕκαστον ἀξιοῦν λόγου, μικροῦ πᾶσαν + οἶμαι τὴν Ὁμήρου ποίησιν ἀποχετεύσας ἔτι δεήσεται λόγων, καὶ οὐκ + ἀποχρήσει σοὶ μόνῳ τὰ ξύμπασι ποιηθέντα τοῖς ἡμιθέιος ἐγκώμια. + ἀρξώμεθα δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ σκήπτρου πρῶτον, εἰ βούλει, καὶ τῆς βασιλείας + αὐτῆς· [B] τί γὰρ δή φησιν ὁ ποιητὴς ἐπαινεῖν ἐθέλων τῆς τῶν + Πελοπιδῶν οἰκίας τὴν ἀρχαιότητα καὶ τὸ μέγεθος τῆς ἡγεμονίας + ἐνδείξασθαι;</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(When I reflect + on this, my beloved Emperor, and behold you displaying in all that + you do the result of your study of Homer, and see you so eager to + benefit every citizen in the community in every way, and devising + for me individually such honours and privileges one after another, + then I think that you desire to be nobler than the king of the + Greeks, to such a degree, that, whereas he insulted his bravest + men, you, I believe, grant forgiveness to many even of the + undeserving, since you approve the maxim of Pittacus which set + mercy before vengeance. And so I should be ashamed not to appear + more reasonable than the son of Peleus, or to fail to praise, as + far as in me lies, what appertains to you, I do not mean gold, or a + robe of purple, nay by Zeus, nor raiment embroidered all over, the + work of Sidonian women,<a id="noteref_224" name="noteref_224" href= + "#note_224"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">224</span></span></a> nor + beautiful Nisaean horses,<a id="noteref_225" name="noteref_225" + href="#note_225"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">225</span></span></a> nor + the gleam and glitter of gold-mounted chariots, nor the precious + stone of India, so beautiful and lovely to look upon. And yet if + one should choose to devote his attention to these and think fit to + describe every one of them, he would have to draw on almost the + whole stream of Homer's poetry and still he would be short of + words, and the panegyrics that have been composed for all the + demi-gods would be inadequate for your sole praise. First, then, + let me begin, if you please, with your sceptre and your sovereignty + itself. For what does the poet say when he wishes to praise the + antiquity of the house of the Pelopids and to exhibit the greatness + of their sovereignty?)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 16.20em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">ἀνὰ δὲ κρείων Ἀγαμέμνων</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἔστη σκῆπτρον ἔχων, τὸ μὲν + Ἥφαιστος κάμε τεύξων,</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(Then uprose their lord Agamemnon and in his + hand was the sceptre that Hephaistos made and + fashioned.)</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_226" name= + "noteref_226" href="#note_226"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">226</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">καὶ ἔδωκε Διί, ὁ + δὲ τῷ τῆς Μαίας καὶ ἑαυτοῦ παιδί, Ἑρμείας δὲ ἄναξ δῶκε + Πέλοπι,<a id="noteref_227" name="noteref_227" href= + "#note_227"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">227</span></span></a> Πέλοψ + δὲ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(and gave to + Zeus; then Zeus gave it to his own and Maia's son, and Hermes the + prince gave it to Pelops, and Pelops)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "margin-left: 18.00em; text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">δῶκ᾽ Ἀτρέι ποιμένι λαῶν·</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἀτρεὺς δὲ θνήσκων ἔλιπε πολύαρνι + Θυέστῃ·</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Αὐτὰρ ὅγ᾽ αὖτε Θυέστ᾽ Ἀγαμέμνονι + δῶκε φορῆναι, [C]</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Πολλῇσιν νήσοισι καὶ Ἄργεï παντὶ + ἀνάσσειν·</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Gave it to + Atreus, shepherd of the host, and Atreus at his death left it to + Thyestes, rich in flocks; and he in turn gave it into the hands + of Agamemnon, so that he should rule over many islands and all + Argos.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Αὕτη σοι τῆς + Πελοπιδῶν οἰκίας ἡ γενεαλογία, εἰς τρεῖς οὐδὲ ὅλας μείνασα γενεάς· + τά γε μὴν τῆς ἡμετέρας ξυγγενείας ἤρξατο μὲν ἀπὸ Κλαυδίου, μικρὰ δὲ + ἐν μέσῳ διαλιπούσης τῆς ἡγεμονίας τὼ πάππω τὼ σὼ διαδέχεσθον. καὶ ὁ + μὲν τῆς μητρὸς πατὴρ τὴν Ῥώμην διῴκει καὶ τὴν Ἰταλίαν, [D] καὶ τὴν + Λιβύην τε ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ, καὶ Σαρδὼ καὶ Σικελίαν, οὔτι φαυλοτέραν τῆς + Ἀργείας καὶ Μυκηναίας <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page138">[pg + 138]</span><a name="Pg138" id="Pg138" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg139" id="Pg139" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> δυναστείαν, ὅ γε μὴν τοῦ πατρὸς γεννήτωρ + Γαλατίας ἔθνη τὰ μαχιμώτατα καὶ τοῦς Ἑσπερίους Ἴβηρας καὶ τὰς ἐντὸς + Ὠκεανοῦ νήσους, αἳ τοσούτῳ μείζους τῶν ἐν τῇ θαλάττῃ τῇ καθ᾽ ἡμᾶς + ὁρωμένων εἰσίν, ὅσῳ καὶ τῆς εἴσω θαλάττης ἡ τῶν Ἡρακλείων στηλῶν + ὑπερχεομένη. ταύτας δὲ ὅλας τὰς χώρας καθαρὰς ἀπέφηναν πολεμίων, + κοινῇ μὲν ἐπιστρατεύοντες, [52] εἴ ποτε τούτου δεήσειεν, + ἐπιφοιτῶντες δὲ ἔστιν ὅτε καὶ κατ᾽ ἰδίαν ἕκαστος τῶν ὁμόρων + βαρβάρων ὕβριν τε καὶ ἀδικίαν ἐξέκοπτον. ἐκεῖνοι μὲν δὴ τούτοις + ἐκοσμοῦντο. ὁ πατὴρ δὲ τὴν μὲν προσήκουσαν αὐτῷ μοῖραν μάλα εὐσεβῶς + καὶ ὁσίως ἐκτήσατο, περιμείνας τὴν εἱμαρμένην τελευτὴν τοῦ + γεγεννηκότος, τὰ λοιπὰ δὲ ἀπὸ βασιλείας εἰς τυραννίδας ὑπενεχθέντα + δουλείας ἔπαυσε χαλεπῆς, [B] καὶ ἦρξε συμπάντων τρεῖς ὑμᾶς τοὺς + αὑτοῦ παῖδας προσελόμενος ξυνάρχοντας. ἆρ᾽ οὖν ἄξιον μέγεθος + δυνάμεως παραβαλεῖν καὶ τὸν ἐν τῇ δυναστείᾳ χρόνον καὶ πλῆθος + βασιλευσάντων;<a id="noteref_228" name="noteref_228" href= + "#note_228"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">228</span></span></a> ἢ + τοῦτο μέν ἐστιν ἀληθῶς ἀρχαῖον, μετιτέον δὲ ἐπὶ τὸν πλοῦτον καὶ + θαυμαστέον σου τὴν χλαμύδα ξὺν τῇ πόρπῃ, ἃ δὴ καὶ Ὁμήρῳ διατριβὴν + παρέσχεν ἡδεῖαν; λόγου τε ἀξιωτέον πολλοῦ τὰς Τρωὸς ἵππουσ, αἳ + τρισχίλιαι οὖσαι</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Here then you + have the genealogy of the house of Pelops, which endured for barely + three generations. But the story of our family began with Claudius; + then its supremacy ceased for a short time, till your two + grandfathers succeeded the throne. And your mother's father<a id= + "noteref_229" name="noteref_229" href="#note_229"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">229</span></span></a> + governed Rome and Italy and Libya besides, and Sardinia and Sicily, + an empire not inferior certainly to Argos and Mycenae. Your + father's father<a id="noteref_230" name="noteref_230" href= + "#note_230"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">230</span></span></a> ruled + the most warlike of all the tribes of Galatia,<a id="noteref_231" + name="noteref_231" href="#note_231"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">231</span></span></a> the + Western Iberians<a id="noteref_232" name="noteref_232" href= + "#note_232"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">232</span></span></a> and + the islands that lie in the Ocean,<a id="noteref_233" name= + "noteref_233" href="#note_233"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">233</span></span></a> which + are as much larger than those that are to be seen in our seas as + the sea that rolls beyond the pillars of Heracles is larger than + the inner sea.<a id="noteref_234" name="noteref_234" href= + "#note_234"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">234</span></span></a> These + countries your grandfathers entirely cleared of our foes, now + joining forces for a campaign, when occasion demanded, now making + separate expeditions on their own account, and so they annihilated + the insolent and lawless barbarians on their frontiers. These, + then, are the distinctions that they won. Your father inherited his + proper share of the Empire with all piety and due observance, + waiting till his father reached his appointed end. Then he freed + from intolerable slavery the remainder, which had sunk from empire + to tyranny, and so governed the whole, appointing you and your + brothers, his three sons, as his colleagues. Now can I fairly + compare your house with the Pelopids in the extent of their power, + the length of their dynasty, or the number of those who sat on the + throne? Or is that really foolish, and must I instead go on to + describe your wealth, and admire your cloak and the brooch that + fastens it, the sort of thing on which even Homer loved to linger? + Or must I describe at length the mares of Tros that numbered three + thousand, and)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">ἕλος κάτα βουκολέοντο, + [C]</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">pastured in + the marsh-meadow</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">)</span><a id="noteref_235" name="noteref_235" + href="#note_235"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">235</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">καὶ τὰ φώρια τὰ + ἐντεῦθεν; ἢ τοὺς Θρᾳκίους ἵππους εὐλαβησόμεθα λευκοτέρους μὲν τῆς + χιόνος, θεῖν δὲ ὠκυτέρους τῶν χειμερίων πνευμάτων, καὶ τὰ ἐν αὐτοῖς + ἅρματα; καὶ ἔχομέν σε ἐν τούτοις <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page140">[pg 140]</span><a name="Pg140" id="Pg140" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg141" id="Pg141" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐπαινεῖν, οἰκίαν τε οἶμαι τὴν Ἀλκίνου καὶ τὰ + τοῦ Μενέλεω δώματα καταπληξάμενα καὶ τὸν τοῦ πολύφρονος Ὀδυσσέως + παῖδα καὶ τοιαῦτα ληρεῖν ἀναπείσαντα τοῖς σοῖς παραβαλεῖν + ἀξιώσομεν, [D] μὴ ποτε ἄρα ἔλασσον ἔχειν ἐν τούτοις δοκῇς, καὶ οὐκ + ἀπωσόμεθα τὴν φλυαρίαν; ἀλλ᾽ ὅρα μή τις ἡμᾶς μικρολογίας καὶ + ἀμαθίας τῶν ἀληθῶς καλῶν γραψάμενος ἕλῃ. οὐκοῦν ἀφέντας χρὴ τοῖς + Ὁμηρίδαις τὰ τοιαῦτα πολυπραγμονεῖν ἐπὶ τὰ τούτων ἐγγυτέρω πρὸς + ἀρετήν, καὶ ὧν μείζονα ποιεῖ προμήθειαν, σώματος ῥώμης καὶ τῆς ἐν + τοῖς ὅπλοις ἐμπειρίας, θαρροῦντας<a id="noteref_236" name= + "noteref_236" href="#note_236"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">236</span></span></a> + ἰέναι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(and the theft + that followed?<a id="noteref_237" name="noteref_237" href= + "#note_237"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">237</span></span></a> Or + shall I pay my respects to your Thracian horses, whiter than snow + and faster than the storm winds, and your Thracian chariots? For in + your case also we can extol all these, and as for the palace of + Alcinous and those halls that dazzled even the son of prudent + Odysseus and moved him to such foolish expressions of wonder,<a id= + "noteref_238" name="noteref_238" href="#note_238"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">238</span></span></a> shall + I think it worth while to compare them with yours, for fear that + men should one day think that you were worse off than he in these + respects, or shall I not rather reject such trifling? Nay, I must + be on my guard lest someone accuse and convict me of using + frivolous speech and ignoring what is really admirable. So I had + better leave it to the Homerids to spend their energies on such + themes, and proceed boldly to what is more closely allied to + virtue, and things to which you yourself pay more attention, I mean + bodily strength and experience in the use of arms.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τίνι δήποτε οὖν + τῶν ὑπὸ τῆς Ὁμηρικῆς ὑμνουμένων σειρῆνος εἴξομεν; [53] ἔστι μὲν γὰρ + τοξότης παρ᾽ αὐτῷ Πάνδαρος, ἀνὴρ ἄπιστος καὶ χρημάτων ἥττων, ἀλλα + καὶ ἀσθενὴς τὴν χεῖρα καὶ ὁπλίτης φαῦλος, Τεῦκρος τε ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ καὶ + Μηριόνης, ὁ μὲν ἐπὶ τῆς πελειάδος τῷ τόξῳ χρώμενος, ὁ δὲ ἠρίστευε + μὲν ἐν τῇ μάχῃ ἐδεῖτο δὲ ὥσπερ ἐρύματος καὶ τειχίου. ταῦτά τοι καὶ + προβάλλεται τὴν ἀσπίδα, οὔτι τὴν οἰκείαν, τἀδελφοῦ δέ, καὶ + στοχάζεται καθ᾽ ἡσυχίαν τῶν πολεμίων, γελοῖος ἀναφανεὶς στρατιώτης, + [B] ὅς γε ἐδεῖτο μείζονος φύλακος καὶ οὐκ ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις ἐποιεῖτο + τῆς σωτηρίας τὰς ἐλπίδας. σὲ δῆτα ἐθεασάμην, ὦ φίλε βασιλεῦ, + ἄρκτους καὶ παρδάλεις καὶ λέοντας συχνοὺς καταβάλλοντα <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page142">[pg 142]</span><a name="Pg142" id="Pg142" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg143" id="Pg143" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τοῖς ἀφιεμένοις βέλεσι, χρώμενον δὲ πρὸς + θήραν καὶ παιδιὰν τόξῳ, ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς παρατάξεως ἀσπίς ἐστί σοι καὶ + θώραξ καὶ κράνος· καὶ οὐκ ἂν καταδείσαιμι τὸν ἀχιλλέα τοῖς + Ἡφαιστείοις λαμπρυνόμενον καὶ ἀποπειρώμενον αὑτοῦ καὶ τῶν + ὅπλον,</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And now which + one of those heroes to whom Homer devotes his enchanting strains + shall I admit to be superior to you? There is the archer Pandaros + in Homer, but he is treacherous and yields to bribes<a id= + "noteref_239" name="noteref_239" href="#note_239"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">239</span></span></a>; + moreover his arm was weak and he was an inferior hoplite: then + there are besides, Teucer and Meriones. The latter employs his bow + against a pigeon<a id="noteref_240" name="noteref_240" href= + "#note_240"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">240</span></span></a> while + Teucer, though he distinguished himself in battle, always needed a + sort of bulwark or wall. Accordingly he keeps a shield in front of + him,<a id="noteref_241" name="noteref_241" href= + "#note_241"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">241</span></span></a> and + that not his own but his brother's, and aims at the enemy at his + ease, cutting an absurd figure as a soldier, seeing that he needed + a protector taller than himself and that it was not in his weapons + that he placed his hopes of safety. But I have seen you many a + time, my beloved Emperor, bringing down bears and panthers and + lions with the weapons hurled by your hand, and using your bow both + for hunting and for pastime, and on the field of battle you have + your own shield and cuirass and helmet. And I should not be afraid + to match you with Achilles when he was exulting in the armour that + Hephaistos made, and testing himself and that armour to see)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">[C] Εἴ οἱ ἐφαρμόσσειε καὶ + ἐντρέχοι ἀγλαὰ γυῖα·</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Whether it + fitted him and whether his glorious limbs ran free + therein;</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id= + "noteref_242" name="noteref_242" href="#note_242"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">242</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ἀνακηρύττει γὰρ + εἰς ἅπαντας τὴν σὴν ἐμπειρίαν τὰ κατορθώματα.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(for your + successes proclaim to all men your proficiency.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τήν γε μὴν + ἱππικὴν καὶ τὴν ἐν τοῖς δρόμοις κουφότητα ἆρά σοι παραβαλεῖν ἄξιον + τῶν πρόσθεν τοὺς ἀραμένους ὄνομα καὶ δόξαν μείζονα; ἢ τὸ μὲν οὐδὲ + ηὕρητό πω; ἅρμασι γὰρ ἐχρῶντο καὶ οὔπω πώλοις ἄζυξι· τάχει δὲ ὅστις + διήνεγκε, τούτῳ πρὸς σὲ γέγονεν ἀμφήριστος κρίσις· [D] τάξιν δὲ + κοσμῆσαι καὶ φάλαγγα διατάξαι καλῶς δοκεῖ Μενεσθεὺς κράτιστος, καὶ + τούτῳ διὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν ὁ Πύλιος οὐχ ὑφίεται τῆς ἐμπειρίας. ἀλλὰ τῶν + μὲν οἱ πολέμιοι πολλάκις τὰς τάξεις συνετάραξαν, καὶ οὐδὲ ἐπὶ τοῦ + τείχους ἴσχυον ἀντέχειν παραταττόμενοι· σοὶ δὲ μυρίαις μάχαις + ξυμμίξαντι καὶ πολεμίοις πολλοῖς μὲν βαρβάροις, οὐκ ἐλάττοσι δὲ + τούτων τοῖς οἴκοθεν ἀφεστῶσι καὶ συνεπιθεμένοις τῷ τὴν ἀρχὴν + σφετερίσασθαι προελομένῳ ἀρραγὴς ἔμεινεν ἡ φάλανξ καὶ ἀδιάλυτος, + [54] οὐδ᾽ ἐπὶ σμικρὸν ἐνδοῦσα. καὶ ὅτι μὴ λῆρος ταῦτα μηδὲ + προσποίησις λόγων τῆς <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page144">[pg + 144]</span><a name="Pg144" id="Pg144" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg145" id="Pg145" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐπὶ τῶν ἔργων ἀληθείας κρείττων, ἐθέλω τοῖς + παροῦσι διεξελθεῖν. γελοῖον γὰρ οἶμαι πρὸς σὲ περὶ τῶν σῶν ἔργων + διηγεῖσθαι· καὶ ταὐτὸν ἂν πάθοιμι φαύλῳ καὶ ἀκόμψῳ θεατῇ τῶν + Φειδίου δημιουργημάτων πρὸς αὐτὸν Φειδίαν ἐπιχειροῦντι διεξιέναι + περὶ τῆς ἐν ἀκροπόλει παρθένου καὶ τοῦ παρὰ τοῖς Πισαίοις Διός. εἰ + δὲ ἐς τοὺς ἄλλους ἐκφέροιμι τὰ σεμνότατα τῶν ἔργων, [B] ἴσως ἂν + ἀποφύγοιμι τὴν ἁμαρτάδα, καὶ οὐκ ἔσομαι ταῖς διαβολαῖς ἔνοχος· ὥστε + ἤδη θαρροῦντα χρὴ λέγειν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(As for your + horsemanship and your agility in running, would it be fair to + compare with you any of those heroes of old who won a name and + great reputation? Is it not a fact that horsemanship had not yet + been invented? For as yet they used only chariots and not + riding-horses. And as for their fastest runner, it is an open + question how he compares with you. But in drawing up troops and + forming a phalanx skilfully Menestheus<a id="noteref_243" name= + "noteref_243" href="#note_243"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">243</span></span></a> seems + to have excelled, and on account of his greater age the + Pylian<a id="noteref_244" name="noteref_244" href= + "#note_244"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">244</span></span></a> is + his equal in proficiency. But the enemy often threw their line into + disorder, and not even at the wall<a id="noteref_245" name= + "noteref_245" href="#note_245"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">245</span></span></a> could + they hold their ground when they encountered the foe. You, however, + engaged in countless battles, not only with hostile barbarians in + great numbers, but with just as many of your own subjects, who had + revolted and were fighting on the side of one who was ambitious of + grasping the imperial power; yet your phalanx remained unbroken and + never wavered or yielded an inch. That this is not an idle boast + and that I do not make a pretension in words that goes beyond the + actual facts, I will demonstrate to my hearers. For I think it + would be absurd to relate to you your own achievements. I should be + like a stupid and tasteless person who, on seeing the works of + Pheidias should attempt to discuss with Pheidias himself the Maiden + Goddess on the Acropolis, or the statue of Zeus at Pisa. But if I + publish to the rest of the world your most distinguished + achievements, I shall perhaps avoid that blunder and not lay myself + open to criticism. So I will hesitate no more but proceed with my + discourse.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Καί μοι μή τις + δυσχεράνῃ πειρωμένῳ πράξεων ἅπτεσθαι μειζόνων, εἰ καὶ τὸ τοῦ λόγου + συνεκθέοι μῆκος, καὶ ταῦτα θέλοντος ἐπέχειν καὶ βιαζομένου, ὅπως μὴ + τῷ μεγέθει τῶν ἔργων ἡ τῶν λόγων ἀσθένεια περιχεομένη διαλυμήνηται· + καθάπερ δὴ τὸν χρυσόν φασι τοῦ Θεσπιᾶσιν [C] Ἔρωτος τοῖς πτεροῖς + ἐπιβληθέντα τὴν ἀκρίβειαν ἀφελεῖν τῆς τέχνης. δεῖται γὰρ ἀληθῶς τῆς + Ὁμηρικῆς σάλπιγγος τὰ κατορθώματα, καὶ πολὺ πλέον ἢ τὰ τοῦ + Μακεδόνος ἔργα. δῆλον δὲ ἔσται χρωμένοις ἡμῖν τῷ τρόπῳ τῶν λόγων, + ὅνπερ ἐξ ἀρχῆς προυθέμεθα. ἐφαίνετο δὲ τῶν βασιλέως ἔργων πρὸς τὰ + τῶν ἡρώων πολλὴ ξυγγένεια, καὶ αὐτὸν ἔφαμεν ἁπάντων προφέρειν ἐν ᾧ + μάλιστα τῶν ἄλλων ἕκαστος διήνεγκε, καὶ ὅπως ἐστὶ τοῦ μὲν δὴ + βασιλέως αὐτοῦ βασιλικώτερος, [D] εἴ που μεμνήμεθα τῶν ἐν προοιμίῳ + ῥηθέντων, ἐπεδείκνυμεν, ἔσται δὲ καὶ μάλα αὖθις καταφανές. νῦν δὲ, + εἰ βούλεσθε, τὰ περί τὰς μάχας καὶ τοὺς <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page146">[pg 146]</span><a name="Pg146" id="Pg146" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg147" id="Pg147" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> πολέμους ἀθρήσωμεν. τίνας οὖν Ὅμηρος + διαφερόντως ὕμνησεν Ἑλλήνων ὁμοῦ καὶ βαρβάρων; αὐτὰ ὑμῖν + ἀναγνώσομαι τῶν ἐπῶν τὰ καιριώτατα.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I hope no one + will object if, when I attempt to deal with exploits that are so + important, my speech should become proportionately long, and that + though I desire to limit and restrain it lest my feeble words + overwhelm and mar the greatness of your deeds; like the gold which + when it was laid over the wings of the Eros at Thespiae<a id= + "noteref_246" name="noteref_246" href="#note_246"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">246</span></span></a> took + something, so they say, from the delicacy of its workmanship. For + your triumphs really call for the trumpet of Homer himself, far + more than did the achievements of the Macedonian.<a id= + "noteref_247" name="noteref_247" href="#note_247"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">247</span></span></a> This + will be evident as I go on to use the same method of argument which + I adopted when I began. It then became evident that there is a + strong affinity between the Emperor's exploits and those of the + heroes, and I claimed that while one hero excelled the others in + one accomplishment only, the Emperor excels them all in all those + accomplishments. That he is more kingly than the king himself<a id= + "noteref_248" name="noteref_248" href="#note_248"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">248</span></span></a> I + proved, if you remember, in what I said in my introduction, and + again and again it will be evident. But now let us, if you please, + consider his battles and campaigns. What Greeks and barbarians did + Homer praise above their fellows? I will read you those of his + verses that are most to the point.)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">[55] Τίς τ᾽ ἂρ τῶν ὄχ᾽ ἄριστος + ἔην, σύ μοι ἔννεπε, Μοῦσα,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἀνδρῶν ἠδ᾽ ἵππων, οἳ ἃμ᾽ + Ἀτρείδαισιν ἕποντο.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἀνδρῶν μὲν μέγ᾽ ἄριστος ἔην + Τελαμώνιος Αἴας,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ὄφρ᾽ Ἀχιλεὺς μήνιεν· ὁ γὰρ πολὺ + φέρτατος ἦεν.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Tell me, + Muse, who was foremost of those warriors and horses that followed + the sons of Atreus. Of warriors far the best was Ajax, son of + Telamon, so long as the wrath of Achilles endured. For he was far + the foremost.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_249" name= + "noteref_249" href="#note_249"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">249</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">καὶ αὖθις ὑπὲρ + τοῦ Τελαμωνίου φησίν·</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And again he + says of the son of Telamon:)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Αἴας, ὃς περὶ μὲν εἶδος, περὶ δ᾽ + ἔργ᾽ ἐτέτυκτο,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">[B] Τῶν ἄλλων Δαναῶν μετ᾽ + ἀμύμονα Πηλείωνα.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Ajax who in + beauty and in the deeds he wrought was of a mould above all the + other Danaans, except only the blameless son of + Peleus.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id= + "noteref_250" name="noteref_250" href="#note_250"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">250</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἑλλήνων μὲν δὴ + τούτους ἀρίστους ἀφῖχθαί φησι, τῶν δὲ ἀμφὶ τοὺς Τρῶας Ἕκτορα καὶ + Σαρπηδόνα. βούλεσθε οὖν αὐτῶν τὰ λαμπρότατα ἐπιλεξάμενοι + περιαθρῶμεν τὸ μέγεθος; καὶ γάρ πως ἐς ταὐτόν τισι τῶν + βασιλέως<a id="noteref_251" name="noteref_251" href= + "#note_251"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">251</span></span></a> + ξυμφέρεται ἥ τε ἐπὶ τῷ ποταμῷ τοῦ Πηλέως μάχη καὶ ὁ περὶ τὸ τεῖχος + τῶν Ἀχαιῶν πόλεμος· [C] Αἴας τε ὑπεραγωνιζόμενος τῶν νεῶν καὶ + ἐπιβεβηκὼς τῶν ἰκρίων ἴσως ἂν τυγχάνοι τινὸς ἀξίας εἰκόνος. ἐθέλω + δὲ ὑμῖν διγγεῖσθαι τὴν ἐπὶ τῷ ποταμῷ μάχην, ἣν ἠγωνίσατο βασιλεὺς + ἔναγχος. ἴστε δὲ ὅθεν ὁ πόλεμος ἐξερράγη, καὶ ὅτι ξὺν δίκῃ καὶ οὐ + τοῦ πλείονος ἐπιθυμίᾳ διεπολεμήθη. κωλύει δὲ οὐδὲν ὑπομνησθῆναι δι᾽ + ὀλίγων.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(These two, he + says, were the bravest of the Greeks who came to the war, and of + the Trojan army Hector and Sarpedon. Do you wish, then, that I + should choose out their most brilliant feats and consider what they + amounted to? And, in fact, the fighting of Achilles at the river + resembles in some respects certain of the Emperor's achievements, + and so does the battle of the Achaeans about the wall. Or Ajax + again, when, in his struggle to defend the ships, he goes up on to + their decks, might be allowed some just resemblance to him. But now + I wish to describe to you the battle by the river which the Emperor + fought not long ago. You know the causes of the outbreak of the + war, and that he carried it through, not from desire of gain, but + with justice on his side. There is no reason why I should not + briefly remind you of the facts.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀνὴρ ἄπιστος καὶ + θρασὺς τῆς οὐ προσηκούσης [D] ὀρεχθεὶς ἡγεμονίας κτείνει τὸν + ἀδελφὸν βασιλέως <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page148">[pg + 148]</span><a name="Pg148" id="Pg148" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg149" id="Pg149" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ τῆς ἀρχῆς κοινωνόν, καὶ ᾔρετο λαμπραῖς + ταῖς ἐλπίσιν, ὡς τὸν Ποσειδῶνα μιμησόμενος καὶ ἀποφανῶν οὐ μῦθον + τὸν Ὁμήρου λόγον, παντὸς δὲ ἀληθῆ μᾶλλον, ὃς ἔφη περὶ τοῦ θεοῦ·</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(A rash and + traitorous man<a id="noteref_252" name="noteref_252" href= + "#note_252"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">252</span></span></a> tried + to grasp at power to which he had no right, and assassinated the + Emperor's brother and partner in empire. Then he began to be + uplifted and dazzled by his hopes, as though he was about to + imitate Poseidon and to prove that Homer's story was not mere + fiction but absolutely true, where he says about the god)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-right: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Τρὶς μὲν ὀρέξατ᾽ ἰών, τὸ δὲ + τέτρατον ἵκετο τέκμωρ,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Αἰγάς,</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Three + strides did he make, and with the fourth came to his goal, even + to Aegae,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_253" name= + "noteref_253" href="#note_253"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">253</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">καὶ ὡς ἐντεῦθεν + τὴν πανοπλίαν ἀναλαβῶν καὶ ὑποζεύξας τοὺς ἵππους διὰ τοῦ πελάγους + ἐφέρετο.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(and how he took + thence all his armour and harnessed his horses and drove through + the waves:)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-left: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">[56] Γηθοσύνῃ δὲ θάλασσα + διίστατο· τοὶ δ᾽ ἐπέτοντο</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ῥίμφα μάλ᾽, οὐδ᾽ ὑπένερθε + διαίνετο χάλκεος ἄξων,</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And with + gladness the sea parted before him, and the horses fared very + swiftly, and the bronze axle was not wetted + beneath,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ἅτε οὐδενὸς + ἐμποδὼν ὄντος, πάντων δὲ ἐξισταμένων καὶ ὑποχωρούντων ἐν χαρμονῇ. + οὔκουν οὐδὲν αὑτῷ πολέμιον οὐδὲ ἀντίπαλον ᾤετο καταλιπέσθαι, οὐδὲ + αὑτὸν κατείργειν οὐδὲ ἓν τὸ μὴ ἐπὶ τοῦ Τίγρητος στῆναι ταῖς + ἐκβολαῖς. εἵπετο δὲ αὐτῷ πολὺς μὲν ὁπλίτης,<a id="noteref_254" + name="noteref_254" href="#note_254"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">254</span></span></a> + ἱππεῖς δὲ οὐχ ἥττους, [B] ἀλλ᾽ οἳπερ ἄλκιμοι, Κελτοὶ καὶ Ἴβηρες + Γερμανῶν τε οἱ πρόσοικοι Ῥήνῳ καὶ τῇ θαλάττῃ τῇ πρὸς ἑσπέραν, ἣν + εἴτε Ὠκεανὸν χρὴ καλεῖν εἴτε Ἀτλαντικὴν θάλατταν εἴτε ἄλλῃ τινὶ + χρῆσθαι προσωνυμίᾳ προσῆκον, οὐκ ἰσχυρίζομαι· πλὴν ὅτι δὴ αὐτῇ + προσοικεῖ δύσμαχα καὶ ῥώμῃ διαφέροντα τῶν ἄλλων ἐθνῶν γένη + βαρβάρων, οὐκ ἀκοῇ μόνον, ἥπερ δὴ τυγχάνει πίστις οὐκ ἀσφαλής, ἀλλ᾽ + αὐτῇ πείρᾳ τοῦτο ἐκμαθὼν οἶδα. [C] τούτων δὴ τῶν ἐθνῶν ἐξαναστήσας + οὐκ ἔλαττον <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page150">[pg + 150]</span><a name="Pg150" id="Pg150" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg151" id="Pg151" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> πλῆθος τῆς οἴκοθεν αὐτῷ ξυνεπισπομένης<a id= + "noteref_255" name="noteref_255" href="#note_255"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">255</span></span></a> + στρατιᾶς, μᾶλλον δὲ τὸ μὲν ὡς οἰκεῖον εἵπετο πολὺ καὶ αὐτῷ + ξύμφυλον, τὸ δὲ ἡμέτερον· οὕτω γὰρ καλεῖν ἄξιον· ὁπόσον Ῥωμαίων βίᾳ + καὶ οὐ γνώμῃ ξυνηκολούθησεν, ἐοικὸς ἐπικούροις καὶ μισθοφόροις, ἐν + Καρὸς εἵπετο τάξει καὶ σχήματι, δύσνουν μέν, ὡς εἰκός, βαρβάρῳ καὶ + ξένῳ, μέθῃ [D] καὶ κραιπάλῃ τὴν δυναστείαν περιφρονήσαντι καὶ + ἀνελομένῳ, ἄρχοντι δέ, ὥσπερ ἦν ἄξιον τὸν ἐκ τοιούτων προοιμίων καὶ + προνομίων ἀρξάμενον. ἡγεῖτο δὲ αὐτὸς οὔτι κατὰ τὸν Τυφῶνα, ὃν ἡ + ποιητικὴ τερατεία φησὶ τῷ Διὶ χαλεπαίνουσαν τὴν Γῆν ὠδῖναι, οὐδὲ ὡς + γιγάντων ὁ κράτιστος, ἀλλ᾽ οἵαν ὁ σοφὸς ἐν μύθοις Πρόδικος τὴν + Κακίαν δημιουργεῖ πρὸς τὴν Ἀρετὴν<a id="noteref_256" name= + "noteref_256" href="#note_256"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">256</span></span></a> + διαμιλλωμένην καὶ ἐθέλουσαν τὸν τοῦ Διὸς ἀναπείθειν παῖδα, ὅτι ἄρα + αὐτῷ μάλιστα πάντων τιμητέα εἴη. προάγων [57] δὲ ἐπὶ τὴν μάχην + προυφέρετο τὰ τοῦ Καπανέως, βαρβαρίζων<a id="noteref_257" name= + "noteref_257" href="#note_257"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">257</span></span></a> καὶ + ἀνοηταίνων, οὔτι μὴν κατ᾽ ἐκεῖνον τῇ ῥώμῃ τῆς ψυχῆς πίσυνος οὐδὲ + ἀλκῇ τοῦ σώματος, τῷ πλήθει δὲ τῶν ξυνεπομένων βαρβάρων, οἷς δὴ καὶ + λείαν ἅπαντα προθήσειν ἠπείλει, ταξίαρχον ταξιάρχῳ καὶ λοχαγὸν + λοχαγῷ καὶ στρατιώτην στρατιώτῃ τῶν ἐξ ἐναντίας αὐταῖς ἀποσκευαῖς + καὶ κτήμασιν, οὐδὲ τὸ σῶμα ἁφιεὶς ἐλεύθερον. αὔξει δὲ αὐτοῦ τὴν + διάνοιαν ἡ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page152">[pg + 152]</span><a name="Pg152" id="Pg152" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg153" id="Pg153" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> βασιλέως<a id="noteref_258" name= + "noteref_258" href="#note_258"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">258</span></span></a> + δεινότης, [B] καὶ ἐκ τῶν δυσχωριῶν εἰς τὰ πεδία κατάγει γανύμενον + καὶ οὐ ξυνιέντα, δρασμὸν δὲ ἀτεχνῶς καὶ οὐ στρατηγίαν τὸ πρᾶγμα + κρίνοντα. ταῦτά τοι καὶ ἁλίσκεται, καθάπερ ὄρνιθες καὶ ἰχθύες + δικτύοις. ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἐς τὴν εὐρυχωρίαν καὶ τὰ πεδία τῶν Παιόνων + ἦλθε καὶ ἐδόκει λῷον ἐνταῦθα διαγωνίζεσται, τότε δὴ βασιλεὺς τούς + τε ἱππέας ἐπὶ κέρως τάττει χωρὶς ἑκατέρου.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(for nothing + stood in his way, but all things stood aside and made a path for + him in their joy. Even so the usurper thought that he had left + behind him nothing hostile or opposed to him, and that there was + nothing at all to hinder him from taking up a position at the mouth + of the Tigris. And there followed him a large force of heavy + infantry and as many cavalry, yes, and good fighters they were, + Celts, Iberians and Germans from the banks of the Rhine and from + the coasts of the western sea. Whether I ought to call that sea the + Ocean or the Atlantic, or whether it is proper to use some other + name for it, I am not sure. I only know that its coasts are peopled + by tribes of barbarians who are not easy to subdue and are far more + energetic than any other race, and I know it not merely from + hearsay, on which it is never safe to rely, but I have learned it + from personal experience. From these tribes, then, he mustered an + army as large as that which marched with him from home, or rather + many followed him because they were his own people, allied to him + by the ties of race, but our subjects—for so we must call them—I + mean all his Roman troops followed from compulsion and not from + choice, like mercenary allies, and their position and <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">rôle</span></span> + was like that of the proverbial Carian,<a id="noteref_259" name= + "noteref_259" href="#note_259"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">259</span></span></a> since + they were naturally ill-disposed to a barbarian and a stranger who + had conceived the idea of ruling and embarked on the enterprise at + the time of a drunken debauch, and was the sort of leader that one + might expect from such a preface and prelude as that. He led them + in person, not indeed like Typho, who, as the poet tells us,<a id= + "noteref_260" name="noteref_260" href="#note_260"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">260</span></span></a> in + his wonder tale, was brought forth by the earth in her anger + against Zeus, nor was he like the strongest of the Giants, but he + was like that Vice incarnate which the wise Prodicus created in his + fable,<a id="noteref_261" name="noteref_261" href= + "#note_261"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">261</span></span></a> + making her compete with Virtue and attempt to win over the son of + Zeus,<a id="noteref_262" name="noteref_262" href= + "#note_262"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">262</span></span></a> + contending that he would do well to prize her above all else. And + as he led them to battle he outdid the behaviour of Capaneus,<a id= + "noteref_263" name="noteref_263" href="#note_263"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">263</span></span></a> like + the barbarian that he was, in his insensate folly, though he did + not, like Capaneus, trust to the energy of his soul or his physical + strength, but to the numbers of his barbarian followers; and he + boasted that he would lay everything at their feet to plunder, that + every general and captain and common soldier of his should despoil + an enemy of corresponding rank of his baggage and belongings, and + that he would enslave the owners as well. He was confirmed in this + attitude by the Emperor's clever strategy, and led his army out + from the narrow passes to the plains in high spirits and little + knowing the truth, since he decided that the Emperor's march was + merely flight and not a manoeuvre. Thus he was taken unawares, like + a bird or fish in the net. For when he reached the open country and + the plains of Paeonia, and it seemed advantageous to fight it out + there, then and not before the Emperor drew up his cavalry + separately on both wings.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τούτων δὲ οἱ μέν + εἰσιν αἰχμοφόροι, θώραξιν ἐλατοῖς καὶ κράνεσιν ἐκ σιδήρου + πεποιημένοις σκεπόμενοι· [C] κνημῖδές τε τοῖς σφυροῖς εὖ μάλα + περιηρμοσμέναι καὶ περιγονατίδες καὶ περὶ τοὶς μηροῖς ἕτερα τοιαῦτα + ἐκ σιδήρου καλύμματα· αὐτοὶ δὲ ἀτεχνῶς ὥσπερ ἀνδριάντες ἐπὶ τῶν + ἵππων φερόμενοι, οὐδὲν ἀσπίδος δεόμενοι. τούτοις εἵπετο τῶν ἄλλων + ἱππέων πλῆθος ἀσπίδας φέροντες, οἱ δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν ἵππων τοξεύοντες. + πεζῶν [D] δὲ ὁ μὲν ὁπλίτης ἦν ἐν τῷ μώσῳ συνάπτων ἐφ᾽ ἑκάτερα τοῖς + ἱππεῦσιν· ἐξόπισθεν δὲ οἱ σφενδονῆται καὶ τοξόται καὶ ὁπόσον ἐκ + χειρὸς βάλλει γυμνὸν ἀσπίδος καὶ θώρακος. οὕτω κοσμηθείσης τῆς + φάλαγγος, μικρὰ τοῦ λαιοῦ κέρως προελθόντος ἅπαν τὸ πολέμιον + συνετετάρακτο καὶ οὐκ ἐφύλαττε τὴν τάξιν.<a id="noteref_264" name= + "noteref_264" href="#note_264"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">264</span></span></a> + ἐγκειμένων δὲ τῶν ἱππέων καὶ οὐκ ἀνιέντων φεύγει μὲν αἰσχρῶς ὁ τὴν + βασιλείαν αἴσχιον ἁρπάσας, λείπει δὲ αὐτοῦ τὸν ἵππαρχον καὶ + χιλιάρχους καὶ ταξιάρχους πάνυ πολλοὺς καὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page154">[pg 154]</span><a name="Pg154" id="Pg154" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg155" id="Pg155" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐρρωμένως ἀγωνιζομένους, ἐπὶ πᾶσι δὲ τὴν + ποιητὴν τοῦ τερατώδους καὶ ἐξαγίστου δράματος, [58] ὃς πρῶτος ἐπὶ + νοὺν ἐβάλετο μεταποιῆσαι τὴν βασιλείαν καὶ ἀφελέσθαι τοῦ γέρως + ἡμᾶς.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Of these troops + some carry lances and are protected by cuirasses and helmets of + wrought iron mail. They wear greaves that fit the legs closely, and + knee-caps, and on their thighs the same sort of iron covering. They + ride their horses exactly like statues, and need no shield. In the + rear of these was posted a large body of the rest of the cavalry, + who carried shields, while others fought on horseback with bows and + arrows. Of the infantry the hoplites occupied the centre and + supported the cavalry on either wing. In their rear were the + slingers and archers and all troops that shoot their missiles from + the hand and have neither shield nor cuirass. This, then, was the + disposition of our phalanx. The left wing slightly outflanked the + enemy, whose whole force was thereby thrown into confusion, and + their line broke. When our cavalry made a charge and maintained it + stubbornly, he who had so shamefully usurped the imperial power + disgraced himself by flight, and left there his cavalry commander + and his numerous chiliarchs and taxiarchs, who continued to fight + bravely, and in command of all these the real author<a id= + "noteref_265" name="noteref_265" href="#note_265"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">265</span></span></a> of + that monstrous and unholy drama, who had been the first to suggest + to him that he should pretend to the imperial power and rob us of + our royal privilege.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Καὶ τέως + μὲν<a id="noteref_266" name="noteref_266" href= + "#note_266"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">266</span></span></a> + ἔχαιρε τῆς πρώτης πείρας οὐκ ἀποσφαλεὶς οὐδὲ ἁμαρτήσας, τέτε δὲ + ἐφεστώσας ξὺν δίκῃ ποινὰς ἀπαιτεῖται τῶν ἔργων καὶ ἄπιστον τιμωρίαν + εἰσπράττεται. πάντων γὰρ ὁπόσοι τοῦ πολέμου τῷ τυράννῳ συνεφήψαντο + ἐμφανὴς μὲν ὁ θάνατος, δήλη δ᾽ ἡ φυγὴ καὶ ἄλλων μεταμέλεια· + ἰκέτευον γὰρ πολλόι, [B] καὶ ἔτυχον ἅπαντες συγγνώμης, βασιλέως τὸν + τῆς Φέτιδος ὑπερβαλλομένου μεγαλοφροσύνῃ. ὁ μὲν γάρ, ἐπειδὴ + Πάτροκλος ἔπεσεν, οὐδὲ πιπράκειν ἁλόντας ἔτι τοὺς πολεμίους ἠξίου, + ἀλλ᾽ ἱκετεύοντας περὶ τοῖς γόνασιν ἔκτεινεν· ὁ δὲ ἐκήρυττεν ἄδειαν + τοῖς ἐξαρνουμένοις τὴν ξυνωμοσίαν, οὐ θανάτου μόνον ἢ φυγῆς ἤ τινος + ἄλλης τιμωρίας ἀφαιρῶν τὸν φόβον, ὥσπερ δὲ ἔκ τινος ταλαιπωρίας καὶ + ἄλης δυστυχοῦς τῆς ξὺν [C] τῷ τυράννῳ βιοτῆς κατάγειν σφᾶς ἐπ᾽ + ἀκεραίοις τοῖς πρόσθεν ἠξίου. τοῦτο μὲν δὴ καὶ αὖθις τεύξεται + λόγου.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(For a time + indeed he enjoyed success, and at his first attempt met with no + repulse or failure, but on that day he provoked the punishment that + justice had in store for his misdeeds, and had to pay a penalty + that is hardly credible. For all the others who abetted the usurper + in that war met death openly or their flight was evident to all, as + was the repentance of others. For many came as suppliants, and all + obtained forgiveness, since the Emperor surpassed the son of Thetis + in generosity. For Achilles, after Patroclus fell, refused any + longer even to sell those whom he took captive, but slew them as + they clasped his knees and begged for mercy. But the Emperor + proclaimed an amnesty for those who should renounce the conspiracy, + and so not only freed them from the fear of death or exile or some + other punishment, but, as though their association with the usurper + had been due to some misadventure or unhappy error, he deigned to + reinstate them and completely cancel the past. I shall have + occasion to refer to this again.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐκεῖνο δὲ ἤδη + ῥητέον, ὡς οὔτε ἐν τοῖς κειμένοις ἦν οὔτε ἐν τοῖς φεύγουσιν ὁ + παιδοτρίβης τοῦ τυράννου. τὸ γὰρ μηδὲ ἐλπίσαι συγγνώμην εὔλογον + οὕτω μὲν ἄδικα διανοηθέντα, ἀσεβῆ δὲ ἐργασάμενον, φόνων τε ἀδίκων + ἀνδρῶν καὶ γυναικῶν, πολλῶν μὲν ἰδιωτῶν, [D] πάντων δὲ σχεδὸν + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page156">[pg 156]</span><a name= + "Pg156" id="Pg156" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg157" id= + "Pg157" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ὁπόσοι τοῦ βασιλείου γένους + μετεῖχον ἁψάμενον, οὔτι ξὺν δείματι οὐδὲ ἄν τις ἐμφύλιον φόνον + διανοηθείν δρῶν, παλαμναίους τινὰς καὶ μιάστορας δεδιὼς καὶ + ὑφορώμενος ἐκ τοῦ μιάσματος, ἀλλα ὥσπερ τισὶ καθαρσίοις καινοῖς καὶ + ἀτόποις τοὺς πρόσθεν ἀπονιπτόμενος ἄνδρα ἐπ᾽ ἀνδρὶ καὶ γυναῖκας ἐπὶ + τοῖς φιλτάτοις ἀποκτιννὺς εἰκότως ἀπέγνω τὴν ἱκετηρίαν. ταῦτα εἰκὸς + μὲν αὐτὸν διανοηθῆναι, [59] εἰκὸς δὲ καὶ ἄλλως ἔχειν. οὐ γὰρ δὴ + ἴσμεν ὅ, τί ποτε παθὼν ἢ δράσας ᾤχετο ἄιστος, ἄφαντος. ἀλλ᾽ εἴτε + αὐτὸν δαίμων τιμωρὸς ξυναρπάσας, καθάπερ Ὅμηρός φησι τὰς τοῦ + Πανδάρεω<a id="noteref_267" name="noteref_267" href= + "#note_267"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">267</span></span></a> + θυγατέρας, ἐπὶ γῆς ἄγει πέρατα ποινὰς ἀπαιτήσων τῶν διανοημάτων, + εἴτε αὐτὸν ὁ ποταμὸς ὑποδεξάμενος ἑστιᾶν κελεύει τοὺς ἰχθῦς, οὔτι + πω δῆλον. ἄχρι μὲν γὰρ τῆς μάχης αὐτῆς καὶ ὁπηνίκα οἱ λόχοι + συνετάττοντο πρὸς φάλαγγα θρασὺς [B] ἦν ἐν μέσοις ἀναστρεφόμενος; + ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐπράχθη<a id="noteref_268" name="noteref_268" href= + "#note_268"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">268</span></span></a> τὰ + τῆς μάχης, ὥσπερ ἦν ἄξιον, ἀφανὴς ᾤχετο οὐκ οἶδα ὑπὸ τοῦ θεῶν ἢ + δαιμόνων κρυφθείς, πλὴν ὅτι γε οὐκ ἐπ᾽ ἀμείνοσι ταῖς τύχαις + εὔδηλον. οὐ γὰρ δὴ αὖθις ἔμελλε φανεὶς ἐπ᾽ ἐξουσίας ὑβρίζων ἀδεῶς + εὐδαιμονήσειν, ὡς ᾤετο, ἀλλα ἐς τὸ παντελὲς ἀφανισθεὶς τιμωρίαν + ὑφέξειν αὐτῷ μὲν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page158">[pg + 158]</span><a name="Pg158" id="Pg158" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg159" id="Pg159" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> δυστυχῆ, πολλοῖς δὲ ὠφέλιμον καὶ πρὸς + ἐπανόρθωσιν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But what I must + now state is that the man who had trained and tutored the usurper + was neither among the fallen nor the fugitives. It was indeed + natural that he should not even hope for pardon, since his schemes + had been so wicked, his actions so infamous, and he had been + responsible for the slaughter of so many innocent men and women, of + whom many were private citizens, and of almost all who were + connected with the imperial family. And he had done this not with + shrinking nor with the sentiments of one who sheds the blood of his + own people, and because of that stain of guilt fears and is on the + watch for the avenger and those who will exact a bloody reckoning, + but, with a kind of purification that was new and unheard of, he + would wash his hands of the blood of his first victims, and then go + on to murder man after man, and then, after those whom they held + dear, he slew the women as well. So he naturally abandoned the idea + of appealing for mercy. But likely as it is that he should think + thus, yet it may well be otherwise For the fact is that we do not + know what he did or suffered before he vanished out of sight, out + of our ken. Whether some avenging deity snatched him away, as Homer + says of the daughters of Pandareos,<a id="noteref_269" name= + "noteref_269" href="#note_269"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">269</span></span></a> and + even now is carrying him to the very verge of the world to punish + him for his evil designs, or whether the river<a id="noteref_270" + name="noteref_270" href="#note_270"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">270</span></span></a> has + received him and bids him feed the fishes, has not yet been + revealed. For till the battle actually began, and while the troops + were forming the phalanx, he was full of confidence and went to and + fro in the centre of their line. But when the battle was ended as + was fitting, he vanished completely, taken from our sight by I know + not what god or supernatural agency, only it is quite certain that + the fate in store for him was far from enviable. At any rate he was + not destined to appear again, and, after insulting us with + impunity, live prosperous and secure as he thought he should; but + he was doomed to be completely blotted out and to suffer a + punishment that for him indeed was fatal but to many was beneficial + and gave them a chance of recovery.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τὰ μὲν δὴ περὶ + τὸν μηχανοποιὸν τῆς ὅλης ὑποθέσεως πλείονος ἀξιωθέντα λόγου, [C] + μέσῃ τῇ πράξει<a id="noteref_271" name="noteref_271" href= + "#note_271"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">271</span></span></a> + παρελόμενα τὸ ξυνεχὲς τῆς διηγήσεως, ἐνταῦθά που πάλιν ἀφετέα. + ἐπανιτέον δὲ ὅθενπερ ἐξὴλθον καὶ ἀποδοτέον τὸ τέλος τῆς μάχης. οὐ + γὰρ δὴ ξὺν τῇ τῶν στρατηγῶν δειλίᾳ καὶ τὰ τῶν στρατιωτῶν πίπτει + φρονήματα, ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ τὰ τῆς τάξεως αὐτοῖς διεφθάρη, οὐ κακίᾳ + σφῶν, ἀπειρίᾳ δὲ καὶ ἀμαθίᾳ τοῦ τάττοντος, κατὰ λόχους συνιστάμενοι + διηγωνίζοντο· καὶ ἦν τὸ ἔργον ἁπάσης ἐλπίδος μεῖζον, [D] τῶν μὲν + οὐχ ὑφιεμένων ἐς τὸ παντελὲς τοῖς κρατοῦσι, τῶν δὲ ἐπεξελθεῖν + τελέως τῇ νίκῃ φιλοτιμουμένων, ξυμμιγής τε ᾔρετο τάραχος καὶ βοὴ + καὶ κτύπος τῶν ὅπλων, ξιφῶν τε ἀγνυμένων ἀμφὶ τοῖς κράνεσι καὶ τῶν + ἀσπίδων περὶ τοῖς δόρασιν. ἀνὴρ δὲ ἀνδρὶ ξυνίστατο, καὶ + ἀπορριπτοῦντες τὰς ἀσπίδας αὐτοῖς τοῖς ξίφεσιν ὠθοῦντο<a id= + "noteref_272" name="noteref_272" href="#note_272"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">272</span></span></a> μικρὰ + τοῦ παθεῖν φροντίζοντες, ἅπαντα δὲ εἰς τὸ δρᾶσαί τι δεινὸν τοὺς + πολεμίους τὸν θυμὸν τρέποντες, τοῦ μὴ καθαρὰν αὐτοῖς μηδὲ ἄδακρυν + παρασχεῖν τὴν νίκην καὶ τὸ ἀποθνήσκειν ἀνταλλαττόμενοι. [60] καὶ + ταῦτα ἔδρων οὐ πεζοὶ μόνον πρὸς τοὺς διώκοντας, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὅσοις τῶν + ἱππέων ὑπὸ τῶν θραυμάτων ἀχρεῖα παντελῶς ἐγεγόνει τὰ δόρατα.<a id= + "noteref_273" name="noteref_273" href="#note_273"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">273</span></span></a> + ξυστοὶ δέ εἰσιν εὐμήκεις, οὓς συγκαταγνύντες καὶ ἀποπηδῶντες εἰς + τοὺς ὁπλίτας μετεσκευάζοντο. <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page160">[pg 160]</span><a name="Pg160" id="Pg160" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg161" id="Pg161" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ χρόνον μὲν τινα χαλεπῶς καὶ μόλις + ἀντεῖχον· ἐπεὶ δὲ οἵ τε ἱππεῖς ἔβαλλον ἐκ τόξων πόρρωθεν + ἐφιππαζόμενοι<a id="noteref_274" name="noteref_274" href= + "#note_274"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">274</span></span></a> καὶ + οἱ θωρακοφόροι πυκναῖς ἐπ᾽ αὐτοὺς ἐχρῶντο ταῖς ἐπελάσεσιν ἅτε [B] + ἐν πεδίῳ καθαρῷ καὶ λείῳ νύξ τε ἐπέλαβεν, ἐνταῦθα οἱ μὲν ἀπέφευγον + ἄσμενοι, οἱ δὲ ἐδίωκον καρτερῶς ἄχρι τοῦ χάρακος, καὶ αὐτὸν + αἱροῦσιν αὐταῖς ἀποσκευαῖς καὶ ἀνδραπόδοις καὶ κτήνεσιν. ἀρξαμένης + δὲ, ὅπερ ἔφην, ἄρτι τῆς τροπῆς τῶν πολεμίων καὶ τῶν διωκόντων οὐκ + ἀνιέντων, ἐπὶ τὸ λαιὸν ὠθοῦνται, ἵναπερ ὁ ποταμὸς ἦν τοῖς κρατοῦσιν + ἐν δεξιᾳ. ἐνταῦθα δὲ ὁ πολὺς ἐγένετο φόνος, [C] καὶ ἐπλήσθη νεκρῶν + ἀνδρῶν τε καὶ ἵππων ἀναμίξ. οὐ γὰρ δὴ ὁ Δρᾶος ἐῴκει Σκαμάνδρῳ, οὐδὲ + ἦν εὐμενὴς τοῖς φεύγουσιν, ὡς τοὺς μὲν νεκροὺς αὐτοῖς ὅπλοις + ἐξωθεῖν καὶ ἀπορριπτεῖν τῶν ῥευμάτων, τοὺς ζῶντας δὲ ξυγκαλύπτειν + καὶ ἀποκρύπτειν ἀσφαλῶς ταῖς δίναις. τοῦτο γὰρ ὁ ποταμὸς ὁ Τρὼς + τυχὸν μὲν ὑπὸ εὐνοίας ἔδρα, τυχὸν δὲ οὕτως ἔχων μεγέθους, ὡς ῥᾴδιον + παρέχειν βαδίζειν τε ἐθέλοντι καὶ νηχομένῳ τὸν πόρον· ἐπεὶ [D] καὶ + γεφυροῦται μιᾶς ἐμβληθείσης εἰς αὐτὸν πτελέας, ἅπας τε ἀναμορμύρων + ἀφρῷ καὶ αἵματι πλάζ᾽ ὤμους Ἀχιλῆος, εἰ χρὴ καὶ τοῦτο πιστεῦσαι, + βιαιότερον δὲ οὐδὲν εἰργάζετο· καὶ ἐπιλαβόντος ὀλίγου καύματος + ἀπαγορεύει τὸν πόλεμον καὶ ἐξόμνυται τὴν ἐπικουρίαν. Ὁμήρου δὲ + ἔοικεν εἶναι καὶ τοῦτο παίγνιον, καινὸν καὶ ἄτοπον μονομαχίας + τρόπον ἐπινοήσαντος. ἐπεὶ καὶ τἆλλα <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page162">[pg 162]</span><a name="Pg162" id="Pg162" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg163" id="Pg163" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> δῆλός ἐστιν Ἀχιλλεῖ χαριζόμενος, καὶ ὥσπερ + [61] θεατὰς ἄγων τὸ στράτευμα μόνον ἄμαχον καὶ ἀνυπόστατον ἐπάγει + τοῖς πολεμίοις, κτείνοντα μὲν τοὺς ἐντυγχάνοντας, τρεπόμενον δὲ + ἁπαξαπλῶς πάντας φωνῇ καὶ σχήματι καὶ τῶν ὀμμάτων ταῖς προσβολαῖς, + ἀρχομένης τε οἶμαι τῆς παρατάξεως καὶ<a id="noteref_275" name= + "noteref_275" href="#note_275"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">275</span></span></a> ἐπὶ + τοῦ Σκαμάνδρου ταῖς ᾐόσιν, ἕως εἰς τὸ τεῖχος ἄσμενοι ξυνελέγησαν οἱ + διαφυγόντες. ταῦτα ἐκεῖνος πολλοῖς ἔπεσι διηγούμενος καὶ θεῶν + ἀναπλάττων μάχας καὶ ἐπικοσμῶν μύθοις τὴν ποίησιν δεκάζει τοὺς + κριτὰς καὶ οὐκ ἐπιτρέπει δικαίαν φέρειν καὶ ἀψευδῆ ψῆφον. [B] ὅστις + δὲ ἐθέλει μηδὲν ὑπὸ τοὺ κάλλους ἐξαπατᾶσθαι τῶν ῥημάτων καὶ τῶν + ἔξωθεν ἐπιφερομένων πλασμάτων, † ὥσπερ ἐν ἐρχῇ περὶ ἀρωμάτων τινῶν + καὶ χρωμάτων,†<a id="noteref_276" name="noteref_276" href= + "#note_276"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">276</span></span></a> + ἀρεοπαγίτης ἔστω κριτής, καὶ οὐκ εὐλαβησόμεθα τὴν κρίσιν. εἶναι μὲν + γὰρ ἀγαθὸν στρατιώτην ὁμολογοῦμεν τὸν Πηλέως, ἐκ τῆς ποιήσεως + ἀναπειθόμενοι. κτείνει μὲν ἄνδρας εἴκοσι,</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now though it + would be well worth while to devote more of my speech to this man + who was the author of that whole enterprise, yet it breaks the + thread of my narrative, which had reached the thick of the action. + So I must leave that subject for the present, and going back to the + point where I digressed, describe how the battle ended. For though + their generals showed such cowardice, the courage of the soldiers + was by no means abated. When their line was broken, which was due + not to their cowardice but to the ignorance and inexperience of + their leader, they formed into companies and kept up the fight. And + what happened then was beyond all expectation; for the enemy + refused altogether to yield to those who were defeating them, while + our men did their utmost to achieve a signal victory, and so there + arose the wildest confusion, loud shouts mingled with the din of + weapons, as swords were shattered against helmets and shields + against spears. It was a hand to hand fight, in which they + discarded their shields and attacked with swords only, while, + indifferent to their own fate, and devoting the utmost ardour to + inflicting severe loss on the foe, they were ready to meet even + death if only they could make our victory seem doubtful and dearly + bought. It was not only the infantry who behaved thus to their + pursuers, but even the cavalry, whose spears were broken and were + now entirely useless. Their shafts are long and polished, and when + they had broken them they dismounted and transformed themselves + into hoplites. So for some time they held their own against the + greatest odds. But since our cavalry kept shooting their arrows + from a distance as they rode after them, while the cuirassiers made + frequent charges, as was easy on that unobstructed and level plain, + and moreover night overtook them, the enemy were glad at last to + take to flight, while our men kept up a vigorous pursuit as far as + the camp and took it by assault, together with the baggage and + slaves and baggage animals. Directly the rout of the enemy had + begun, as I have described, and while we kept up a hot pursuit, + they were driven towards the left, where the river was on the right + of the victors. And there the greatest slaughter took place, and + the river was choked with the bodies of men and horses, + indiscriminately. For the Drave was not like the Scamander, nor so + kind to the fugitives; it did not put ashore and cast forth from + its waters the dead in their armour, nor cover up and hide securely + in its eddies those who escaped alive. For that is what the Trojan + river did<a id="noteref_277" name="noteref_277" href= + "#note_277"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">277</span></span></a>, + perhaps out of kindness, perhaps it was only that it was so small + that it offered an easy crossing to one who tried to swim or walk. + In fact, when a single poplar was thrown into it, it formed a + bridge,<a id="noteref_278" name="noteref_278" href= + "#note_278"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">278</span></span></a> and + the whole river roared with foam and blood and beat upon the + shoulders of Achilles,<a id="noteref_279" name="noteref_279" href= + "#note_279"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">279</span></span></a> if + indeed we may believe even this, but it never did anything more + violent. When a slight fire scorched it, it gave up fighting at + once and swore not to play the part of ally. However this, too, was + probably a jest on Homer's part, when he invented that strange and + unnatural sort of duel. For in the rest of the poem also he + evidently favours Achilles, and he sets the army there as mere + spectators while he brings Achilles on to the field as the only + invincible and resistless warrior, and makes him slay all whom he + encounters and put every one of the foe to flight, simply by his + voice and bearing and the glance of his eyes, both when the battle + begins and on the banks of the Scamander, till the fugitives were + glad to gather within the wall of the city. Many verses he devotes + to relating this, and then he invents the battles of the gods, and + by embellishing his poem with such tales he corrupts his critics + and prevents us from giving a fair and honest vote. But if there be + any one who refuses to be beguiled by the beauty of the words and + the fictions that are imported into the poem ...<a id="noteref_280" + name="noteref_280" href="#note_280"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">280</span></span></a>, + then, though he is as strict as a member of the Areopagus, I shall + not dread his decision. For we are convinced by the poem that the + son of Peleus is a brave soldier. He slays twenty men; then)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-left: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ζωοὺς δ᾽ ἐκ ποταμοῖο δυώδεκα + λέξατο κούρους,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Τοὺς ἐξῆγε θύραζε τεθηπότας ἠύτε + νεβρούς,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ποινὴν Πατρόκλοιο Μενοιτιάδαο + θανόντος.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">He chose + twelve youths alive out of the river and led them forth amazed + like fawns to atone for the death of Patroclus, son of + Menoitius.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">)</span><a id="noteref_281" name="noteref_281" + href="#note_281"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">281</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">τοσαύτην μέντοι + ἤνεγκεν εἰς τὰ πράγματα τῶν Ἀχαιῶν ἡ νίκη τὴν ῥοπήν, [C] ὥστε οὐδὲ + μείζονα φόβον τοῖς πολεμίοις ἐνέβαλεν οὐδὲ ἀπογνῶναι ἐς τὸ παντελὲς + ὑπὲρ σφῶν ἐποίει. καὶ ὑπὲρ τούτων <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page164">[pg 164]</span><a name="Pg164" id="Pg164" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg165" id="Pg165" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἆρ᾽ ἑτέρου τινὸς μάρτυρος δεησόμεθα τὸν + Ὅμηρον παραλιπόντες; [D] καὶ οὐκ ἀπόχρη τῶν ἐπῶν μνησθῆναι, ἃ + πεποίηκεν ἐκεῖνος, ὁπηνίκα ἐπὶ τὰς ναῦς ἦλθεν ὁ Πρίαμος φέρων ὑπὲρ + τοῦ παιδὸς τὰ λύτρα; ἐρομένου γὰρ μετὰ τὰς διαλύσεις, ὑπὲρ<a id= + "noteref_282" name="noteref_282" href="#note_282"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">282</span></span></a> ὧν + ἀφῖκτο, τοῦ τῆς Θέτιδος υἱέος</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But his + victory, though it had some influence on the fortunes of the + Achaeans, was not enough to inspire any great fear in the enemy, + nor did it make them wholly despair of their cause. On this point + shall we set Homer aside and demand some other witness? Or is it + not enough to recall the verses in which he describes how Priam + came to the ships bringing his son's ransom? For after he had made + the truce for which he had come, and the son of Thetis asked:)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-right: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ποσσῆμαρ μέμονας κτερεïζέμεν + Ἕκτορα δῖον,</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">For how + many days dost thou desire to make a funeral for noble + Hector?</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">τά τε ἄλλα + διέξεισι καὶ περὶ τοῦ πολέμου φησί·</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(He told him not + only that, but concerning the war he said:)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-left: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Τῇ δὲ δυωδεκάτῃ + πολεμίξομεν,</span><a id="noteref_283" name="noteref_283" + href="#note_283"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">283</span></span></a> + <span style="font-size: 90%">εἴπερ ἀνάγκη.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And on the + twelfth day we will fight again, if fight we + must.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id= + "noteref_284" name="noteref_284" href="#note_284"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">284</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[62] οὕτως οὐδὲ + ἐπαγγέλλειν ὀκνεῖ μετὰ τὴν ἐκεχειρίαν τὸν πόλεμον. ὁ δὲ ἀγεννὴς καὶ + δειλὸς τύραννος ὄρη τε ὑψηλὰ προυτείνετο τῆς αὑτοῦ φυγῆς καὶ + ἐξοικοδομήσας ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς φρούρια οὐδὲ τῇ τῶν τόπων ὀχυρότητι + πιστεύει, ἀλλὰ ἱκετεύει συγγνώμης τυγχάνειν. καὶ ἔτυχεν ἄν,<a id= + "noteref_285" name="noteref_285" href="#note_285"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">285</span></span></a> εἴπερ + ἦν ἄξιος καὶ μὴ ἐφωράθη πολλάκις ἄπιστος καὶ θρασύς, ἄλλα ἐπ᾽ + ἄλλοις προστιθεὶς ἀδικήματα.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(You see he does + not hesitate to announce that war will be resumed after the + armistice. But the unmanly and cowardly usurper sheltered his + flight behind lofty mountains and built forts on them; nor did he + trust even to the strength of the position, but begged for + forgiveness. And he would have obtained it had he deserved it, and + not proved himself on many occasions both treacherous and insolent, + by heaping one crime on another.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τὰ μὲν δὴ κατὰ + τὴν μάχην, εἰ μὴ δόξῃ τις τῶν διηγουμένων προσέχειν ἐθέλοι μηδὲ [B] + ἔπεσιν εὖ πεποιημένοις, ἐς αὐτὰ δὲ ὁρᾶν τὰ ἔργα, κρινέτω. ἑξῆς δ᾽, + εἰ βούλεσθε τὴν Αἴαντος ὑπὲρ τῶν νεῶν καὶ τὴν ἐπὶ τοῦ τείχους τῶν + Ἀχαιῶν ἀντιθεῖναι μάχην τοῖς ἐπὶ τῆς πόλεως ἐκείνης ἔργοις· ᾗ δὴ + Μυγδόνιος ποταμῶν κάλλιστος τὴν αὑτοῦ προστίθησι <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page166">[pg 166]</span><a name="Pg166" id="Pg166" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg167" id="Pg167" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> φήμην, οὔσῃ δὲ καὶ Ἀντιόχου βασιλέως ἐπωνύμῳ· + γέγονε δὲ αὐτῇ καὶ ἕτερον ὄνομα βάρβαρον, σύνηθες τοῖς πολλοῖς ὑπὸ + τῆς πρὸς τοὺς τῇδε βαρβάρους ἐπιμιξίας· ταύτην δὴ τὴν πὸλιν στρατὸς + ἀμήχανος πλήθει Παρθυαίων [C] ξὺν Ἰνδοῖς περιέσχεν, ὁπηνίκα ἐπὶ τὸν + τύραννον βαδίζειν προύκειτο· καὶ ὅπερ Ἡρακλεῖ φασιν ἐπὶ τὸ Λερναῖον + ἰόντι θηρίον συνενεχθῆναι, τὸν θαλάττιον καρκίνον, τοῦτο ἦν ὁ + Παρθυαίων βασιλεὺς ἐκ τῆς ἠπείρου Τίγρητα διαβὰς καὶ + περιτειχίζων<a id="noteref_286" name="noteref_286" href= + "#note_286"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">286</span></span></a> τὴν + πόλιν χώμασιν· εἶτα εἰς ταῦτα δεχόμενος τὸν Μυγδόνιον λίμνην + ἀπέφηνε τὸ περὶ τῷ ἄστει χωρίον καὶ ὥσπερ νῆσον ἐν αὐτῇ συνεῖχε τὴν + πόλιν, [D] μικρὸν ὑπερεχουσῶν καὶ ὑπερφαινομένων τῶν ἐπάλξεων. + ἐπολιόρκει δὲ ναῦς τε ἐπάγων καὶ ἐπὶ νεῶν μηχανάς· καὶ ἦν οὐχ + ἡμέρας ἔργον, μηνῶν δὲ οἶμαι σχεδόν τι τεττάρων. οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ τείχει + συνεχῶς ἀπεκρούοντο τοὺς βαρβάρους καταπιμπράντες τὰς μηχανὰς τοῖς + πυρφόροις· ναῦς δὲ ἀνεῖλκον πολλὰς μὲν ἐκ τοῦ τείχους, ἄλλαι δὲ + κατεάγνυντο ὑπὸ ῥώμης τῶν ἀφιεμένων ὀργάνων καὶ βάρους τῶν βελῶν. + [63] ἐφέροντο γὰρ εἰς αὐτὰς λίθοι ταλάντων ὁλκῆς Ἀττικῶν ἑπτά. καὶ + ἐπειδὴ συχναῖς ἡμέραις ταῦτ᾽ ἐδρᾶτο, ῥήγνυται μέρος τοῦ χώματος καὶ + ἡ τῶν ὑδάτων εἰσρεῖ<a id="noteref_287" name="noteref_287" href= + "#note_287"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">287</span></span></a> + πλήμμυρα, καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ τοῦ τείχους μέρος οὐκ ἔλασσον πήχεων ἑκατὸν + συγκατηνέχθη.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And now with + regard to the battle, if there be anyone who declines to heed + either the opinion expressed in my narrative or those admirably + written verses, but prefers to consider the actual facts, let him + judge from those. Accordingly we will next, if you please, compare + the fighting of Ajax in defence of the ships and of the Achaeans at + the wall with the Emperor's achievements at that famous city. I + mean the city to which the Mygdonius, fairest of rivers, gives its + name, though it has also been named after King Antiochus. Then, + too, it has another, a barbarian name<a id="noteref_288" name= + "noteref_288" href="#note_288"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">288</span></span></a> which + is familiar to many of you from your intercourse with the + barbarians of those parts. This city was besieged by an + overwhelming number of Parthians with their Indian allies, at the + very time when the Emperor was prepared to march against the + usurper. And like the sea crab which they say engaged Heracles in + battle when he sallied forth to attack the Lernaean monster,<a id= + "noteref_289" name="noteref_289" href="#note_289"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">289</span></span></a> the + King of the Parthians, crossing the Tigris from the mainland, + encircled the city with dykes. Then he let the Mygdonius flow into + these, and transformed all the space about the city into a lake, + and completely hemmed it in as though it were an island, so that + only the ramparts stood out and showed a little above the water. + Then he besieged it by bringing up ships with siege-engines on + board. This was not the work of a day, but I believe of almost four + months. But the defenders within the wall continually repulsed the + barbarians by burning the siege-engines with their fire-darts. And + from the wall they hauled up many of the ships, while others were + shattered by the force of the engines when discharged and the + weight of the missiles. For some of the stones that were hurled on + to them weighed as much as seven Attic talents.<a id="noteref_290" + name="noteref_290" href="#note_290"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">290</span></span></a> When + this had been going on for many days in succession, part of the + dyke gave way and the water flowed in in full tide, carrying with + it a portion of the wall as much as a hundred cubits long.<a id= + "noteref_291" name="noteref_291" href="#note_291"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">291</span></span></a>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐνταῦθα κοσμεῖ + τὴν στρατιὰν τὸν Περσικὸν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page168">[pg + 168]</span><a name="Pg168" id="Pg168" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg169" id="Pg169" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τρόπον. διασώζουσι γὰρ καὶ ἀπομιμοῦνται τὰ + Περσικὰ οὐκ ἀξιοῦντες, ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν, Παρθυαῖοι νομίζεσθαι, [B] + Πέρσαι δὲ εἶναι προσποιούμενοι. ταῦτά τοι καὶ στολῇ Μηδικῇ + χαίρουσι. καὶ ἐς μάχας ἔρχονται ὁμοίως ἐκείνοις ὅπλοις τε + ἀγαλλόμενοι τοιούτοις καὶ ἐσθήμασιν ἐπιχρύσοις καὶ ἁλουργέσι. + σοφίζονται δὲ ἐντεῦθεν τὸ μὴ δοκεῖν ἀφεστάναι Μακεδόνων, ἀναλαβεῖν + δὲ τὴν ἐξ ἀρχαίου βασιλείαν προσήκουσαν. οὐκοῦν καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς + Ξέρξην μιμούμενος ἐπί τινος χειροποιήτου καθῆστο γηλόφου, + προῆγε<a id="noteref_292" name="noteref_292" href= + "#note_292"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">292</span></span></a> δὲ ἡ + στρατιὰ ξὺν τοῖς θηρίοις. ταῦτα δὲ ἐξ Ἰνδῶν εἵπετο, καὶ ἔφερεν ἐκ + σιδήρου πύργους τοξοτῶν πλήρεις. ἡγοῦντο δὲ αὐτῶν ἱππεῖς οἱ + θωρακοφόροι καὶ οἱ τοξόται, [C] ἕτερον ἱππέων πλῆθος ἀμήχανον. τὸ + πεζὸν γάρ σφιν ἀχρεῖον ἐς τὰ πολεμικὰ καθέστηκεν οὔτε ἐντίμου + μετέχον τάξεως οὔτε ὄν σφιν ἐν χρείᾳ, πεδιάδος οὔσης καὶ ψιλῆς τῆν + χώρας ὁπόσην νέμονται ἔιοκε γὰρ δὴ τὰ τοιαῦτα πρὸς τὰς τοῦ πολέμου + χρείας τιμῆς καὶ ἀτιμίας ἀξιοῦσθαι. ὡς οὖν ἀχρεῖον τῇ φύσει οὐδὲ ἐκ + τῶν νόμων πολυωρίας ἀξιοῦται. συνέβη δὲ οὕτω καὶ περὶ τὴν Κρήτην + καὶ Καρίαν καὶ ἐν ἄλλοις [D] δὲ μυρίοις ἔθνεσι τὰ περὶ τὸν πόλεμον + κατασκευασθῆναι. οὐκοῦν καὶ ἡ Θετταλῶν οὖσα πεδιὰς ἱππεῦσιν + ἐναγωνίζεσθαι καὶ ἐμμελετᾶν ἐπιτήδειος ἐφάνη. τὰ γὰρ δὴ τῆς + ἡμετέρας πόλεως, ἅτε ἐς ἀντιπάλους παντοδαποὺς καταστάντα, εὐβουλίᾳ + καὶ τύχῃ περιγενόμενα, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page170">[pg + 170]</span><a name="Pg170" id="Pg170" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg171" id="Pg171" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> εἰκότως ἐς ἅπαν εἶδος ὅπλων τε καὶ παρασκευῆς + ἄλλης<a id="noteref_293" name="noteref_293" href= + "#note_293"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">293</span></span></a> + ἡρμόσθη.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Thereupon he + arrayed the besieging army in the Persian fashion. For they keep up + and imitate Persian customs, I suppose, because they do not wish to + be considered Parthians, and so pretend to be Persians. That is + surely the reason why they prefer the Persian manner of dress. And + when they march to battle they look like them, and take pride in + wearing the same armour, and raiment adorned with gold and purple. + By this means they try to evade the truth and to make it appear + that they have not revolted from Macedon, but are merely resuming + the empire that was theirs of old. Their king, therefore, imitating + Xerxes, sat on a sort of hill that had been artificially made, and + his army advanced accompanied by their beasts.<a id="noteref_294" + name="noteref_294" href="#note_294"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">294</span></span></a> These + came from India and carried iron towers full of archers. First came + the cavalry who wore cuirasses, and the archers, and then the rest + of the cavalry in huge numbers. For infantry they find useless for + their sort of fighting and it is not highly regarded by them. Nor, + in fact, is it necessary to them, since the whole of the country + that they inhabit is flat and bare. For a military force is + naturally valued or slighted in proportion to its actual usefulness + in war. Accordingly, since infantry is, from the nature of the + country, of little use to them, it is granted no great + consideration in their laws. This happened in the case of Crete and + Caria as well, and countless nations have a military equipment like + theirs. For instance the plains of Thessaly have proved suitable + for cavalry engagements and drill. Our state, on the other hand, + since it has had to encounter adversaries of all sorts, and has won + its pre-eminence by good judgment combined with good luck, has + naturally adapted itself to every kind of armour, and to a varying + equipment.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν + ἴσως οὐδὲν πρὸς τὸν λόγον, ὡς ἂν εἴποιεν οἱ ταῖς τῶν ἐπαίνων + τέχναις καθάπερ νόμοις ἐπιτεταγμένοι· ἐγὼ δὲ εἰ μὲν τί σοι προσήκει + καὶ τούτων, ἐν καιρῷ σκέψομαι, [64] τά γε μὴν ὀνείδη τῶν ἀνθρώπων + οὐ χαλεπῶς ἀπολύομαι. φημὶ γὰρ ὡς οὔτε ἐγὼ τῶν τεχνῶν μεταποιοῦμαι + οὔτε ὅστις μή τισιν ὡμολόγησεν ἐμμενεῖν ἀδικεῖ μὴ φυλάττων ταῦτα· + τυχὸν δὲ καὶ ἄλλων οὐκ ἀπορήσομεν εὐπρεπῶν παραιτήσεων. ἀλλ᾽ οὐ γὰρ + ἄξιον μακρότερον εἰς οὐδὲν δέον ἀπαρτᾶν τὸν λόγον καὶ ἀποπλανᾶσθαι + τῆς ὑποθέσεως. ἐπαναβῶμεν οὖν αὖθις εἰς ἴχνος καὶ ὅθεν ἐξέβην.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But perhaps + those who watch over the rules for writing panegyric as though they + were laws, may say that all this is irrelevant to my speech. Now + whether what I have been saying partly concerns you I shall + consider at the proper time. But at any rate I can easily clear + myself from the accusation of such persons. For I declare that I + make no claim to be an expert in their art, and one who has not + agreed to abide by certain rules has the right to neglect them. And + it may be that I shall prove to have other convincing excuses + besides. But it is not worth while to interrupt my speech and + digress from my theme any longer when there is no need. Let me, + then, retrace my steps to the point at which I digressed.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[B] Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ + οἱ Παρθυαῖοι κοσμηθέντες ὅπλοις αὐτοί τε καὶ ἵπποι ξὺν τοῖς + Ἰνδικοῖς θηρίοις προσῆγον τῷ τείχει, λαμπροὶ ταῖς ἐλπίσιν ὡς αὐτίκα + μάλα ἀναρπασόμενοι,<a id="noteref_295" name="noteref_295" href= + "#note_295"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">295</span></span></a> καὶ + ἐδέδοτό σφιν τοῦ πρόσω χωρεῖν τὸ σημεῖον, ὠθοῦντο ξύμπαντες, αὐτός + τις ἐθέλων πρῶτος ἐσαλέσθαι τὸ τεῖχος καὶ οἴχεσθαι φέρων τὸ ἐπ᾽ + αὐτῷ κλέος· εἶναί τε οὐδὲν ἐτόπαζον δέος· οὐδὲ γὰρ ὑπομενεῖν σφῶν + τὴν ὁρμὴν τοὺς ἔνδον. [C] Παρθυαίοις μὲν τοσοῦτον περιῆν ἐλπίδος. + οἱ δὲ πυκνήν τε εἶχον τὴν φάλαγγα κατὰ τὸ διερρηγμένον τοῦ τείχους, + καὶ ὑπὲρ τοῦ συνεστῶτος ὁπόσον ἦν ἀχρεῖον πλῆθος <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page172">[pg 172]</span><a name="Pg172" id="Pg172" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg173" id="Pg173" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐν τῇ πόλει κατέστησαν ἀναμίξαντες τῶν + στρατιωτῶν οὐκ ἐλάττω μοῖραν. ἐπεὶ δὲ οἱ πολέμιοι προσήλαυνον καὶ + οὐδὲν ἐπ᾽ αὐτοὺς ἐκ τοῦ τείχους ἀφίετο βέλος, βεβαιοτέραν εἶχον τὴν + ἐλπίδα τοῦ κατ᾽ ἄκρας αἱρήσειν τὴν πόλιν, καὶ τοὺς ἵππους ἔπαιον + μάστιξι καὶ ᾕμασσον τὰς πλευρὰς τοῦς κέντροις, [D] ἕως ἐποιήσαντο + σφῶν κατὰ νώτου τὰ χώματα· ἐπεποίητο δὲ ὑπ᾽ αὐτῶν ἐκεῖνα πρότερον + πρὸς τὸ ἐπέχειν τοῦ Μυγδονίου τὰς ἐκροάς, ἰλύς τε ἦν περὶ τὸ χωρίον + εὖ μάλα βαθεᾶα † οὐδὲ αὐτοῦ παντελῶς ὄντος ὑπὸ τῆς ὕλης<a id= + "noteref_296" name="noteref_296" href="#note_296"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">296</span></span></a>† καὶ + διὰ τὸ πίειραν εἶναι τὴν γῆν καὶ στέγειν δύνασθαι φύσει τὰς + λιβάδας. ἦν δὲ ἐνταῦθα καὶ παλαιὸν ἔρυμα τῇ πόλει τάφρος εὐρεῖα, + καὶ ἐν αὐτῇ βαθύτερον συνειστήκει τέλμα. [65] ἁπτομένων δὲ ἤδη τῶν + πολεμίων καὶ ταύτης καὶ διαβαίνειν πειρωμένων, ἐπεξῇσαν<a id= + "noteref_297" name="noteref_297" href="#note_297"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">297</span></span></a> + πολλοὶ μὲν ἔνδοθεν, πολλοὶ δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν τειχῶν ἔβαλλον τοῖς λίθοις· + καὶ αὐτῶν μὲν πολὺς ἐγένετο φόνος, φυγῇ δὲ ἔτρεπον τοὺς ἵππους + ξύμπαντες, τῷ μόνον ἐθέλειν καὶ δηλοῦν τὴν γνώμην διὰ τοῦ σχήματος. + ἐπιστρεφόντων γὰρ ἔπιπτον εὐθέως καὶ κατέφερον τοὺς ἱππέας· βαρεῖς + δὲ ὄντες τοῖς ὅπλοις μᾶλλον ἐνείχοντο τῷ τέλματι. [B] καὶ αὐτῶν + ἐνταῦθα γίνεται φόνος, ὅσος οὔπω πρόσθεν ἐν πολιορκίᾳ τοιαύτῃ<a id= + "noteref_298" name="noteref_298" href="#note_298"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">298</span></span></a> + γέγονεν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now when the + Parthians advanced to attack the wall in their splendid + accoutrements, men and horses, supported by the Indian elephants, + it was with the utmost confidence that they would at once take it + by assault. And at the signal to charge they all pressed forward, + since every man of them was eager to be the first to scale the + wall<a id="noteref_299" name="noteref_299" href= + "#note_299"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">299</span></span></a> and + win the glory of that exploit. They did not imagine that there was + anything to fear, nor did they believe that the besieged would + resist their assault. Such was the exaggerated confidence of the + Parthians. The besieged, however, kept their phalanx unbroken at + the gap in the wall, and on the portion of the wall that was still + intact they posted all the non-combatants in the city, and + distributed among them an equal number of soldiers. But when the + enemy rode up and not a single missile was hurled at them from the + wall, their confidence that they would completely reduce the city + was strengthened, and they whipped and spurred on their horses so + that their flanks were covered with blood, until they had left the + dykes behind them. These dykes they had made earlier to dam the + mouth of the Mygdonius, and the mud thereabouts was very deep. In + fact there was hardly any ground at all because of the wood,<a id= + "noteref_300" name="noteref_300" href="#note_300"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">300</span></span></a> and + because the soil was so rich, and of the sort that conceals springs + under its surface. Moreover there was in that place a wide moat + that had been made long ago to protect the town, and had become + filled up with a bog of considerable depth. Now when the enemy had + already reached this moat and were trying to cross it, a large + force of the besieged made a sally, while many others hurled stones + from the walls. Then many of the besiegers were slain, and all with + one accord turned their horses in flight, though only from their + gestures could it be seen that flight was what they desired and + intended. For, as they were in the act of wheeling them about, + their horses fell and bore down the riders with them. Weighed down + as they were by their armour, they floundered still deeper in the + bog, and the carnage that ensued has never yet been paralleled in + any siege of the same kind.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐπεὶ δὲ τὰ τῶν + ἱππέων ὧδε ἐπεπράγει, τῶν ἐλεφάντων πειρῶνται, καταπλήξεσθαι μᾶλλον + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page174">[pg 174]</span><a name= + "Pg174" id="Pg174" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg175" id= + "Pg175" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> οἰόμενοι τῷ ξένῳ τῆς μάχης· οὐ + γὰρ δὴ τοσοῦτον αὐτοῖς τὰ τῶν ὀμμάτων διέφθαρτο, ὡς μὴ καθορᾶν + βαρύτερον μὲν ὂν ἵππου τὸ θηρίον, φέρον δὲ ἄχθος οὐχ ἵππων δυοῖν ἢ + πλειόνων, ἁμαξῶν δὲ οἶμαι συχνῶν, [C] τοξότας καὶ ἀκοντιστὰς καὶ + σιδηροῦν πύργον. ταῦτα δὲ ἦν ἅπαντα πρὸς τὸ χωρίον χειροποίητον + γεγονὸς τέλμα κωλύματα, καὶ ἦν αὐτοῖς ἔργῳ φανερά· ὅθεν οὐκ εἰκὸς + εἰς μάχην ἰέναι, ἀλλὰ ἐς κατάπληξιν τῶν ἔνδον παρασκευάζεσθαι. + προσῆγον δὲ ἐν τάξει μέτρον διεστῶτες ἀλλήλων ἴσον, καὶ ἐῴκει + τείχει τῶν Παρθυαίων ἡ φάλανξ· τὰ μὲν θηρία<a id="noteref_301" + name="noteref_301" href="#note_301"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">301</span></span></a> τοὺς + πύργους φέροντα, τῶν ὁπλιτῶν δὲ ἀναπληρούντων τὰ ἐν μέσῳ. ταχθέντες + δὲ οὕτως οὐ μέγα ὄφελος ἦσαν τῷ βαρβάρῳ· [D] παρεῖχον γὰρ ἡδονὴν + καὶ τέρψιν τοῖς ἐκ τοῦ τείχους θεωμένοις. ὡς δὲ ἐγένοντο διακορεῖς + οἱονεὶ λαμπρᾶς καὶ πολυτελοῦς πομπῆς πεμπομένης, λίθους ἐκ μηχανῶν + ἀφιέντες καὶ τόξοις βάλλοντες ἐς τὴν τειχομαχίαν προυκαλοῦντο τοὺς + βαρβάρους. φύσει δὲ ὄντες εἰς ὀργὴν ὀξύρροποι καὶ δεινὸν ποιούμενοι + τὸ γέλωτα ὀφλῆσαι καὶ ἀπαγαγεῖν ὀπίσω τὴν παρασκευὴν ἄπρακτον, + ἐγκελευομένου σφίσι τοῦ βασιλέως, προσῆγον τῷ τείχει καὶ ἐβάλλοντο + πυκνοῖς<a id="noteref_302" name="noteref_302" href= + "#note_302"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">302</span></span></a> τοῖς + λίθοις καὶ τοῖς τοξεύμασι· [66] καὶ ἐτρώθη τῶν θηρίων τινὰ καὶ + ἀπέθανεν κατενεχθέντα<a id="noteref_303" name="noteref_303" href= + "#note_303"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">303</span></span></a> ὑπὸ + τῆς ἰλυος. δείσαντες δὶ καὶ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἄλλων ἀπῆγον ὀπίσω πάλιν εἰς + τὸ στρατόπεδον.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Since this fate + had overtaken the cavalry, they tried the elephants, thinking that + they would be more likely to overawe us by that novel sort of + fighting. For surely they had not been stricken so blind as not to + see that an elephant is heavier than a horse, since it carries the + load, not of two horses or several, but what would, I suppose, + require many waggons, I mean archers and javelin men and the iron + tower besides. All this was a serious hindrance, considering that + the ground was artificially made and had been converted into a bog. + And this the event made plain. Hence it is probable that they were + not advancing to give battle, but rather were arrayed to overawe + the besieged. They came on in battle line at equal distances from + one another, in fact the phalanx of the Parthians resembled a wall, + with the elephants carrying the towers, and hoplites filling up the + spaces between. But drawn up as these were they were of no great + use to the barbarian. It was, however, a spectacle which gave the + defenders on the wall great pleasure and entertainment, and when + they had gazed their fill at what resembled a splendid and costly + pageant in procession, they hurled stones from their engines, and, + shooting their arrows, challenged the barbarians to fight for the + wall. Now the Parthians are naturally quick-tempered, and they + could not endure to incur ridicule and lead back this imposing + force without striking a blow; so by the king's express command + they charged at the wall and received a continuous fire of stones + and arrows, while some of the elephants were wounded, and perished + by sinking into the mud. Thereupon, in fear for the others also, + they led them back to the camp.)</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page176">[pg 176]</span><a name="Pg176" id="Pg176" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg177" id="Pg177" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὡς δὲ καὶ ταύτης + ὁ Παρθυαῖος ἥμαρτε τῆς πείρας, τοὺς τοξότας διελὼν εἰς μοίρας + διαδέχεσθαί τε ἀλλήλους κελεύει καὶ συνεχῶς βάλλειν πρὸς τὸ + διερρηγμένον τοῦ τείχους, ὡς μὴ δυνηθεῖεν ἀποικοδομῆσαι καὶ ἔχειν + ἀσφαλῶς τὴν πόλιν· οὕτω γὰρ αἱρήσειν λαθὼν ἢ βιασάμενος τῷ πλήθει + τους ἔνδον ἤλπιζε. [B] ἀλλὰ μάταιον γὰρ<a id="noteref_304" name= + "noteref_304" href="#note_304"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">304</span></span></a> + ἀπέφηνεν ἡ βασιλέως παρασκευὴ τοῦ βαρβάρου τὸ διανόημα. κατὰ νώτου + γὰρ τῶν ὁπλιτῶν ἕτερον τεῖχος εἰργάζετο· ὁ δὲ ᾤετο τοῖς ἀρχαίοις + ἴχνεσιν ἐς τὰ θεμέλια χρωμένους μέλλειν ἔτι. ἡμέρᾳ δὲ ὅληι καὶ + νυκτὶ συνεχῶς ἐργασαμένων ἔστε ἐπὶ τέτταρας πήχεις ὕψους ἠγείρετο, + καὶ ἕωθεν ὤφθη λαμπρὸν καὶ νεουργές, ἐκείνων οὐδὲ ἀκαρῆ χρόνον + ἐνδιδόντων, διαδεχομένων δὲ ἀλλήλους καὶ ἀκοντιζόντων ἐς τοὺς + ἐφεστῶτας τῷ κειμένῳ τείχει, τοῦτο ἐξέπληξε δεινῶς τὸν βάρβαρον. + [C] οὐ μὴν ἀπῆγεν εὐθὺς τὴν στρατιάν, ἀλλ᾽ αὖθις τοῖς αὐτοῖς χρῆται + παλαίσμασι. δράσας δὲ οἶμαι καὶ παθὼν παραπλήσια ἀπῆγε τὴν στρατιὰν + ὀπίσω, πολλοὺς μὲν ὑπὸ τῆς ἐνδείας δήμους ἀπολέσας, πολλὰ δὲ + ἀναλώσας περὶ τοῖς χώμασι καὶ τῇ πολιορκίᾳ σώματα, [D] σατράπας δὲ + ἀνελὼν συχνούς, ἄλλον ἄλλο ἐπαιτιώμενος, τὸν μὲν ὅτι μὴ καρτερῶς + ἐπεποίητο τὰ χώματα, εἶξε δὲ καὶ ἐπεκλύσθη παρὰ τῶν ποταμίων + ῥευμάτων, τὸν δὲ ὡς φαύλως <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page178">[pg 178]</span><a name="Pg178" id="Pg178" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg179" id="Pg179" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀγωνισάμενον ὑπὸ τοῖς τείχεσι, καὶ ἄλλους + ἄλλας ἐπάγων αἰτίας ἔκτεινεν. ἔστι γὰρ εὖ μάλα τοῖς κατὰ τὴν Ἀσίαν + βαρβάροις σύνηθες ἐς τοὺς ὑπηκόους τὰς αἰτίας τῆς δυσπραγίας + ἀποσκευάζεσθαι, ὃ δὴ καὶ τότε δράσας ἀπιὼν ᾤχετο. καὶ ἄγει πρὸς + ἡμᾶς εἰρήνην ἐκ τούτου, καὶ οὔτε ὅρκων οὔτε συνθηκῶν ἐδέησεν, [67] + ἀγαπᾷ δὲ οἴκοι μένων, εἰ μὴ στρατεύοιτο βασιλεὺς ἐπ᾽ αὐτὸν καὶ + δίκην ἀπαιτοίη τοῦ θράσους καὶ τῆς ἀπονοίας.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Having failed + in this second attempt as well, the Parthian king divided his + archers into companies and ordered them to relieve one another and + to keep shooting at the breach in the wall, so that the beseiged + could not rebuild it and thus ensure the safety of the town. For he + hoped by this means either to take it by surprise, or by mere + numbers to overwhelm the garrison. But the preparations that had + been made by the Emperor made it clear that the barbarian's plan + was futile. For in the rear of the hoplites a second wall was being + built, and while he thought they were using the old line of the + wall for the foundations and that the work was not yet in hand, + they had laboured continuously for a whole day and night till the + wall had risen to a height of four cubits. And at daybreak it + became visible, a new and conspicuous piece of work. Moreover the + besieged did not for a moment yield their ground, but kept + relieving one another and shooting their javelins at those who were + attacking the fallen wall, and all this terribly dismayed the + barbarian. Nevertheless he did not at once lead off his army but + employed the same efforts over again. But when he had done as + before, and as before suffered repulse, he did lead his army back, + having lost many whole tribes through famine, and squandered many + lives over the dykes and in the siege. He had also put to death + many satraps one after another, on various charges, blaming one of + them because the dykes had not been made strong enough, but gave + way and were flooded by the waters of the river, another because + when fighting under the walls he had not distinguished himself; and + others he executed for one offence or another. This is in fact the + regular custom among the barbarians in Asia, to shift the blame of + their ill-success on to their subjects. Thus then the king acted on + that occasion, and afterwards took himself off. And from that time + he has kept the peace with us and has never asked for any covenant + or treaty, but he stays at home and is thankful if only the Emperor + does not march against him and exact vengeance for his audacity and + folly.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἆρά γε ἄξιον + ταύτην παραβαλεῖν τὴν μάχην ταῖς ὑπὲρ τῶν νεῶν τῶν Ἑλληνικῶν καὶ + τοῦ τείχους; ἀθρεῖτε δὲ ὧδε τὴν ὁμοιότητα καὶ τὸ διάφορον + λογίζεσθε. Ἑλλήνων μὲν Αἴαντε καὶ οἱ Λαπίθαι καὶ Μενεσθεὺς τοῦ + τείχους εἶξαν καὶ περιεῖδον τὰς πύλας συντριβομένας ὑφ᾽ Ἕκτορος καὶ + τῶν ἐπάλξεων ἐπιβεβηκότα τὸν Σαρπηδάνα. [B] οἱ δὲ οὐδὲ διαρραγέντος + αὐτομάτως τοῦ τείχους ἐνέδοσαν, ἀλλὰ ἐνίκων μαχόμενοι καὶ + ἀπεκρούοντο Παρθυαίους ξὺν Ἰνδοῖς ἐπιστρατεύσαντας. εἶτα ὁ μὲν + ἐπιβὰς τῶν νεῶν ἀπὸ τῶν ἰκρίων ὥσπερ ἐρύματος πεζὸς διαγωνίζεται, + οἱ δὲ πρότερον ἀπὸ τῶν τειχῶν ἀναυμάχουν, τέλος δὲ οἱ μὲν τῶν + ἐπάλξεων εἶξαν καὶ τῶν νεῶν, οἱ δὲ ἐνίκων ναυσὶ τε ἐπιόντας καὶ + πεζῇ τοὺς πολεμίους. ἀλλὰ γὰρ εὖ ποιῶν ὁ λόγος ἐπὶ τὸν Ἕκτορα καὶ + τὸν Σαρπηδόνα, οὐκ οἶδα ὅπως, [C] ὑπηνέχθη καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτό γέ φασι τῶν + ἔργων <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page180">[pg 180]</span><a name= + "Pg180" id="Pg180" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg181" id= + "Pg181" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> τὸ κεφάλαιον, τὴν καθαίρεσιν + τοῦ τείχους, ὃ<a id="noteref_305" name="noteref_305" href= + "#note_305"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">305</span></span></a> μιᾷ + πρότερον ἡμέρᾳ τοὺς Ἀχαιούς φησι, τοῦ Πυλίου δημαγωγοῦ καὶ βασιλέως + ξυμπείθοντος, ἄρρηκτον νηῶν τε καὶ αὐτῶν εἶλαρ κατασκευάσασθαι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And now am I + justified in comparing this battle with those that were fought in + defence of the Greek ships and the wall? Observe the following + points of similarity, and note also the difference. Of the Greeks + the two Ajaxes, the Lapithae and Menestheus fell back from the wall + and looked on helplessly while the gates were battered down by + Hector, and Sarpedon scaled the battlements. But our garrison did + not give way even when the wall fell in of itself, but they fought + and won, and repulsed the Parthians, aided though these were by + their Indian allies. Then again Hector went up on to the ships and + fought from their decks on foot, and as though from behind a + rampart, whereas our garrison first had to fight a naval battle + from the walls, and finally, while Hector and Sarpedon had to + retreat from the battlements and the ships, the garrison routed not + only the forces that brought ships to the attack but the land force + as well. Now it is appropriate that by some happy chance my speech + should have alluded to Hector and Sarpedon, and to what I may call + the very crown of their achievements, I mean the destruction of + that wall which Homer tells us the Achaeans built only the day + before, on the advice of the princely orator<a id="noteref_306" + name="noteref_306" href="#note_306"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">306</span></span></a> of + Pylos <span class="tei tei-q">“to be an impregnable bulwark for the + ships and the army.”</span><a id="noteref_307" name="noteref_307" + href="#note_307"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">307</span></span></a>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Σχεδὸν γάρ μοι + τοῦτο φαίνεται τὸ γενναιότατον τῶν ἔργων Ἕκτορος, καὶ οὐχὶ Γλαύκου + τέχνης<a id="noteref_308" name="noteref_308" href= + "#note_308"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">308</span></span></a> + συνεῖναι οὐδὲ σοφωτέρας ἐπινοίας δεῖται, Ὁμήρου σαφῶς διδάσκοντος, + ὡς Ἀχιλλέως μὲν φανέντος</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(For that I + think was almost the proudest of Hector's achievements, and he did + not need the craft of Glaucus to help him, or any wiser plan, for + Homer says plainly that the moment Achilles appeared)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">ἐδύσετο οὐλαμὸν ἀνδρῶν.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">He shrank + back into the crowd of men.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_309" name= + "noteref_309" href="#note_309"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">309</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[D] Ἀγαμέμνονος + δὲ τοῖς Τρωσὶν ἐπικειμένου καὶ ἐς τὸ τεῖχος καταδιώξαντος Ἕκτορα + ὕπαγε Ζεύς, ἵνα ἀποσώζοιτο καθ᾽ ἡσυχίαν. προσπαίζων δὲ αὐτὸν ὁ + ποιητὴς καὶ καταγελῶν τῆς δειλίας ὑπὸ τῇ φηγῷ καὶ πρὸς ταῖς πύλαις + ἤδη καθημένῳ τὴν Ἶριν ἥκειν ἔφη παρὰ τοῦ Διὸς φράζουσαν</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Again, when + Agamemnon attacked the Trojans and pursued them to the wall, Zeus + stole away<a id="noteref_310" name="noteref_310" href= + "#note_310"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">310</span></span></a> + Hector so that he might escape at his leisure. And the poet is + mocking him and ridiculing his cowardice when he says that as he + was sitting under the oak-tree, being already near the gate, Iris + came to him with this message from Zeus:)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ὄφρ᾽ ἂν μέν κεν ὁρᾷς Ἀγαμέμνονα + ποιμένα λαῶν</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Θύνοντ᾽ ἐν προμάχοισιν, + ἐναίροντα στίχας ἀνδρῶν, [68]</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Τόφρ᾽ ὑπόεικε μάχης.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">So long as + thou seest Agamemnon, shepherd of the host, raging among the + foremost fighters and cutting down the ranks of men, so long do + thou keep back from the fight.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_311" name= + "noteref_311" href="#note_311"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">311</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">πῶς γὰρ εἰκὸς + οὕτως ἀγεννῆ καὶ δειλὰ παραινεῖν τὸν Δία, ἄλλως τε οὐδὲ μαχομένῳ, + ξὺν πολλῇ δὲ ἑστῶτι ῥᾳστώνῃ; καὶ ὁπηνίκα δὲ ὁ τοῦ Τυδέως, τῆς + ἀθηνᾶς πολλὴν ἐκ τοῦ κράνους ἀναπτούσης φλόγα, πολλοὺς μὲν ἔκτεινε, + φεύγειν δὲ ἠνάνκαζε τοὺς ὑπομένοντας, [B] πόρῥω τε ἀφειστήκει τοῦ + πολέμου, καὶ πολλὰ ὑπομένων ὀνείδη ἀπέγνω μὲν κρατοῦσι τοῖς Ἀχαιοῖς + ἀντιστῆναι, εὐπρεπῆ δὲ ποιεῖται τὴν εἰς τὸ ἄστυ πορείαν, ὡς τῇ + μητρὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page182">[pg 182]</span><a name= + "Pg182" id="Pg182" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg183" id= + "Pg183" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> παραινέσων ἐξιλεοῦσθαι τὴν + Ἀθηνᾶν μετὰ τῶν Τρωάδων. καίτοι εἰ μὲν αὐτὸς ἱκέτευε πρὸ τοῦ νεὼ + ξὺν τῇ γερουσίᾳ, πολὺν ἂν<a id="noteref_312" name="noteref_312" + href="#note_312"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">312</span></span></a> εἶχε + λόγον· προσήκει γὰρ οἶμαι τὸν στρατηγὸν ἢ βασιλέα καθάπερ ἱερέα καὶ + προφήτην θεραπεύειν ἀεὶ ξὺν κόσμῳ τὸν θεὸν καὶ μηδὲν ὀλιγωρεῖν [C] + μηδὲ ἑτέρῳ μᾶλλον προσήκειν ἡγεῖσθαι μηδὲ ἐπιτρέπειν, ἀνάξιον αὑτοῦ + νομίζοντα τὸ διακόνημα.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(For is it + likely that Zeus would give such base and cowardly advice, + especially to one who was not even fighting, but was standing there + very much at his ease? And while the son of Tydeus, on whose head + Athene kindled a mighty flame, was slaying many and forcing to + flight all who stayed to encounter him, Hector stood far away from + the battle. Though he had to endure many taunts, he despaired of + making a stand against the Achaeans, but made a specious excuse for + going to the city to advise his mother to propitiate Athene in + company with the Trojan women. And yet if in person he had besought + the goddess before the temple, with the elders, he would have had + good reason for that, for it is only proper, in my opinion, that a + general or king should always serve the god with the appointed + ritual, like a priest or prophet, and not neglect this duty nor + think it more fitting for another, and depute it as though he + thought such a service beneath his own dignity.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Οἶμαι γὰρ τὴν + Πλάτωνος μικρὰ παρατρέψας λέξιν οὐχ ἁμαρτήσεσθαι, ὡς ὅτῳ ἀνδρί, + μᾶλλον δὲ βασιλεῖ, ἐς τὸν θεὸν ἀνήρτηται πάντα τὰ πρὸς εὐδαιμονίαν + φέροντα καὶ μὴ ἐν ἄλλοις ἀνθρώποις αἰωρεῖται, ἐξ ὧν εὖ ἢ κακῶς + πραξάντων πλανᾶσθαι [D] ἀναγκάζεται αὐτὸς καὶ τὰ ἐκείνου πράγματα, + τούτῳ ἄριστα παρεσκεύασται πρὸς τὸ ζῆν. εἰ δὲ ἐπιτρέποι μηδεὶς + μεταγράφειν<a id="noteref_313" name="noteref_313" href= + "#note_313"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">313</span></span></a> μηδὲ + ἐκτρέπειν μηδὲ μεταλαμβάνειν τοὔνομα, ἀλλὰ ὥσπερ ἱερὸν ἀρχαῖον + κελεύοι μένειν ἐᾶν ἀκίνητον, οὐδὲ οὕτως ἄλλο τι διανοεῖσθαι τὸν + σοφὸν ἐροῦμεν. τὸ γὰρ εἰς ἑαυτὸν<a id="noteref_314" name= + "noteref_314" href="#note_314"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">314</span></span></a> οὐ + δήπου τὸ σῶμά φησιν οὐδὲ τὰ χρήματα οὐδὲ εὐγένειαν καὶ δόξαν + πατέρων· ταῦτα γὰρ αὐτοῦ μέν τινος οἰκεῖα κτήματα, οὐ μήν ἐστι + ταῦτα αὐτός· ἀλλὰ νοῦν καὶ φρόνησιν,<a id="noteref_315" name= + "noteref_315" href="#note_315"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">315</span></span></a> φησί, + καὶ τὸ ὅλον τὸν ἐν ἡμῖν θεόν·<a id="noteref_316" name="noteref_316" + href="#note_316"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">316</span></span></a> ὃ δὴ + καὶ αὐτὸς [69] ἑτέρωθι <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page184">[pg + 184]</span><a name="Pg184" id="Pg184" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg185" id="Pg185" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> κυριώτατον ἐν ἡμῖν ψυχῆς εἶδος ἔφη, καὶ ὡς + ἄρα αὐτὸν δαίμονα θεὸς ἑκάστῳ δέδωκε, τοῦτο ὃ δή φαμεν οἰκεῖν μὲν + ἡμῶν ἐπ᾽ ἄκρῳ τῷ σώματι, πρὸς δὲ τὴν ἐν οὐρανῷ ξυγγένειαν ἀπὸ γῆς + ἡμᾶς αἴρειν. ἐς τοῦτο γὰρ ἔοικεν ἐπιτάττειν ἀνηρτῆσθαι χρῆναι + ἑκάστῳ ἀνδρί, καὶ οὐκ εἰς ἄλλους ἀνθρώπους, οἳ τὰ μὲν ἄλλα βλάπτειν + καὶ κωλύειν ἐθέλοντες πολλάκις ἐδυνήθησαν· ἤδη δέ τινες καὶ μὴ + βουλόμενοι τῶν ἡμετέρων τινὰ παρείλοντο. [B] τοῦτο δὲ ἀκώλυτον + μόνον καὶ ἀπαθές ἐστιν, ἐπεὶ μηδὲ θεμιτὸν ὑπὸ τοῦ χείρονος τὸ + κρεῖττον βλάπτεσθαι. ἔστι δὲ καὶ οὗτος ἐκεῖθεν ὁ λόγος. ἀλλ᾽ ἔοικα + γὰρ καταφορτίζειν ὑμᾶς τοῖς τοῦ Πλάτωνος λόγοις μικρὰ ἐπιπάττων τῶν + ῥημάτων ὥσπερ ἁλῶν ἢ χρυσοῦ ψήγματος. τούτων δὲ οἱ μὲν<a id= + "noteref_317" name="noteref_317" href="#note_317"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">317</span></span></a> ἡδίω + τὴν τροφήν, ὁ δὲ εὐπρεπῆ μᾶλλον παρέχει τὴν θέαν. ἀμφότερα δὲ ἐν + τοῖς Πλάτωνος λόγοις· [C] καὶ γὰρ αἰσθέσθαι διὰ τῆς ἀκοῆς ἡδίους + τῶν ἁλῶν καὶ θρέψαι ψυχὴν ξὺν ἡδονῇ καὶ καθῆραι θαυμαστοί· ὥστε οὐκ + ἀποκνητέον οὐδὲ εὐλαβητέον τὸν ψόγον, εἴ τις ἄρα καταμέμφοιτο τὴν + ἀπληστίαν, καὶ ὅτι παντὸς ἐπιδραττόμεθα ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς συμποσίοις οἱ + λίχνοι τῶν ἐδωδίμων ἁπάντων, οὐχ ὑπομένοντες τὸ μὴ τῶν προκειμένων + ἅψασθαι. τοῦτο γὰρ δὴ τρόπον τινὰ καὶ ἡμῖν ἔοικε συμβαίνειν, + ἐπαίνους ἅμα καὶ δόγματα ᾄδειν καὶ πρὶν ἢ μετρίως ἐφικέσθαι [D] τοῦ + προτέρου λόγου μέσον ὑποτεμομένοις φιλοσόφων ἐξηγεῖσθαι ῥήσεις. + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page186">[pg 186]</span><a name= + "Pg186" id="Pg186" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg187" id= + "Pg187" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> πρὸς δὴ τοὺς τὰ τοιαῦτα + καταμεμφομένους εἴρηται μὲν ἤδη καὶ πρότερον καὶ αὖθις δὲ ἴσως + λελέξεται.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(For here I + think I may without offence adapt slightly Plato's language where + he says that the man, and especially the king, best equipped for + this life is he who depends on God for all that relates to + happiness, and does not hang in suspense on other men, whose + actions, whether good or bad, are liable to force him and his + affairs out of the straight path.<a id="noteref_318" name= + "noteref_318" href="#note_318"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">318</span></span></a> And + though no one should allow me to paraphrase or change that passage + or alter that word,<a id="noteref_319" name="noteref_319" href= + "#note_319"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">319</span></span></a> and + though I should be told that I must leave it undisturbed like + something holy and consecrated by time, even in that case I shall + maintain that this is what that wise man meant. For when he says + <span class="tei tei-q">“depends on himself,”</span> assuredly he + does not refer to a man's body or his property, or long descent, or + distinguished ancestors. For these are indeed his belongings, but + they are not the man himself; his real self is his mind, his + intelligence, and, in a word, the god that is in us. As to which, + Plato elsewhere calls it <span class="tei tei-q">“the supreme form + of the soul that is within us,”</span> and says that <span class= + "tei tei-q">“God has given it to each one of us as a guiding + genius, even that which we say dwells in the summit of our body and + raises us from earth towards our celestial affinity.”</span><a id= + "noteref_320" name="noteref_320" href="#note_320"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">320</span></span></a> It is + on this that he plainly says every man ought to depend, and not on + other men, who have so often succeeded when they wish to harm and + hinder us in other respects. Indeed it has happened before now that + even without such a desire men have deprived us of certain of our + possessions. But this alone cannot be hindered or harmed, since + <span class="tei tei-q">“Heaven does not permit the bad to injure + what is better than itself.”</span><a id="noteref_321" name= + "noteref_321" href="#note_321"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">321</span></span></a> This + saying also is from Plato. But it may be that I am wearying you + with these doctrines of his with which I sprinkle my own utterances + in small quantities, as with salt or gold dust. For salt makes our + food more agreeable, and gold enhances an effect to the eye. But + Plato's doctrines produce both effects. For as we listen to them + they give more pleasure than salt to the sense, and they have a + wonderful power of sweetly nourishing and cleansing the soul. So + that I must not hesitate or be cautious of criticism if someone + reproaches me with being insatiable and grasping at everything, + like persons at a banquet who, in their greed to taste every dish, + cannot keep their hands from what is set before them.<a id= + "noteref_322" name="noteref_322" href="#note_322"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">322</span></span></a> For + something of this sort seems to happen in my case when, in the same + breath, I utter panegyric and philosophic theories, and, before I + have done justice to my original theme, break off in the middle to + expound the sayings of philosophers. I have had occasion before now + to reply to those who make such criticisms as these, and perhaps I + shall have to do so again.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Νῦν δὲ τὸ + συνεχὲς ἀποδόντες τῷ παρόντι λόγῳ ἐπὶ τὸν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἐπανάγωμεν ὥσπερ + οἱ προεκθέοντες ἐν τοῖς δρόμοις. ἐλέγετο δ᾽ οὖν ἐν τοῖς πρόσθεν ὡς + αὐτὸν μέν τινά φησι Πλάτων τὸν νοῦν καὶ τὴν ψυχήν, [70] αὐτοῦ δὲ τὸ + σῶμα καὶ τὴν κτῆσιν. ταῦτα δὲ ἐν τοῖς θαυμασίοις διώρισται νόμοις. + ὥσπερ οὖν, εἴ τις ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἀναλαβὼν λέγοι· <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Ὅτῳ ἀνδρὶ ἐς νοῦν καὶ φρόνησιν ἀνήρτηται πάντα τὰ ἐς + εὐδαιμονίαν φέροντα καὶ μὴ ἐν τοῖς ἐκτός, ἐξ ὧν εὖ ἢ κακῶς + πραξάντων ἢ καὶ πασχόντων πλανᾶσθαι ἀναγκάζεται, τούτῳ ἄριστα + παρεσκεύασται πρὸς τὸ ζῆν,”</span> οὐ παρατρέπει τὴν λέξιν οὐδὲ + παραποιεῖ, ἐξηγεῖται δὲ ὀρθῶς καὶ ἑρμηνεύει· [B] οὕτω δὲ καὶ ὅστις + ἀντὶ τῆς αὐτοῦ λέξεως τὸν θεὸν παραλαμβάνει οὐκ ἀδικεῖ. εἰ γὰρ τὸν + ἐν ἡμῖν δαίμονα, ὄντα μὲν ἀπαθῆ τῇ φύσει καὶ θεῷ ξυγγενῆ, πολλὰ δὲ + ἀνατλάντα καὶ ὑπομείναντα διὰ τὴν πρὸς τὸ σῶμα κοινωνίαν καὶ τοῦ + πάσχειν τε καὶ φθείρεσθαι φαντασίαν τοῖς πολλοῖς<a id="noteref_323" + name="noteref_323" href="#note_323"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">323</span></span></a> + παρασχόντα, τοῦ παντὸς ἐκεῖνος προïσταται βίου τῷ γε εὐδαιμονήσειν + μέλλοντι, τί χρὴ προσδοκᾶν αὐτὸν ὑπὲρ τοῦ καθαροῦ καὶ ἀμιγοῦς γηίνῳ + σώματι διανοηθῆναι νοῦ, [C] ὅν δὴ καὶ θεὸν εἶναί φαμεν καὶ αὐτῷ τὰς + ἡνίας ἐπιτρέπειν τοῦ βίου χρῆναι παραινοῦμεν πάντα ἰδιώτην τε<a id= + "noteref_324" name="noteref_324" href="#note_324"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">324</span></span></a> καὶ + βασιλέα, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page188">[pg + 188]</span><a name="Pg188" id="Pg188" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg189" id="Pg189" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τόν γε ὡς ἀληθῶς ἄξιον τῆς ἐπικλήσεως καὺ οὐ + νόθον οὐδὲ ψευδώνυμον, συνιέντα μὲν αὐτοῦ καὶ αἰσθανόμενον διὰ + συγγένειαν, ὑφιέμενον δὲ αὐτῷ τῆς ἀρχῆς καὶ ὑποχωροῦντα τῆς + ἐπιμελείας ὡς ἔμφρονα; ἀνόητον γὰρ καὶ μάλα αὔθαδες τὸ μὴ καθάπαξ + ἐς δύναμιν πείθεσθαι [D] τῷ θεῷ ἀρετῆς ἐπιμελομένους· τούτῳ γὰρ + μάλιστα χαίρειν ὑποληπτέον τὸν θεόν. οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ τῆς ἐννόμου + θεραπείας ἀποστατέον οὐδὲ τὴν τοιαύτην τιμὴν ὑπεροπτέον τοῦ + κρείττονος, θετέον δὲ ἐν ἀρετῆς μοίρᾳ τὴν εὐσέβειαν τὴν κρατίστην. + ἔστι γὰρ ὁσιότης τῆς δικαιοσύνης ἔκγονος· αὕτη δὲ ὅτι τοῦ θειοτέρου + ψυχῆς εἴδους ἐστίν, οὐδένα λέληθε τῶν ὅσοι τὰ τοιαῦτα + μεταχειρίζονται.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I will now, + however, resume the thread of my discourse and go back to my + starting-point, like those who, when a race is being started, run + ahead out of the line. Well, I was saying, a moment ago, that Plato + declares that a man's real self is his mind and soul, whereas his + body and his estate are but his possessions. This is the + distinction made in that marvellous work, the Laws. And so if one + were to go back to the beginning and say <span class= + "tei tei-q">“That man is best equipped for life who makes + everything that relates to happiness depend on his mind and + intelligence and not on those outside himself who, by doing or + faring well or ill force him out of the straight path,”</span> he + is not changing or perverting the sense of the words, but expounds + and interprets them correctly. And if for Plato's word <span class= + "tei tei-q">“genius”</span><a id="noteref_325" name="noteref_325" + href="#note_325"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">325</span></span></a> he + substitutes the word <span class="tei tei-q">“God”</span> he has a + perfect right to do so. For if Plato gives the control of our whole + life to the presiding <span class="tei tei-q">“genius”</span> + within us which is by nature unaffected by sensation and akin to + God, but must endure and suffer much because of its association + with the body, and therefore gives the impression to the crowd that + it also is subject to sensation and death; and if he says that this + is true of every man who wishes to be happy, what must we suppose + is his opinion about pure intelligence unmixed with earthly + substance, which is indeed synonymous with God? To this I say every + man, whether he be a private citizen or a king, ought to entrust + the reins of his life, and by a king I mean one who is really + worthy of the name, and not counterfeit or falsely so called, but + one who is aware of God and discerns his nature because of his + affinity with him, and being truly wise bows to the divine + authority and yields the supremacy to God. For it is senseless and + arrogant indeed for those who cultivate virtue not to submit to God + once and for all, as far as possible. For we must believe that this + above all else is what God approves. Again, no man must neglect the + traditional form of worship or lightly regard this method of paying + honour to the higher power, but rather consider that to be virtuous + is to be scrupulously devout. For Piety is the child of Justice, + and that justice is a characteristic of the more divine type of + soul is obvious to all who discuss such matters.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ταῦτά τοι καὶ + ἐπαινοῦμεν τὸν Ἕκτορα σπένδειν μὲν οὐκ ἐθέλοντα διὰ τὸν ἐπὶ τῶν + χειρῶν λύθρον· [71] ἠξιοῦμεν δὲ μηδὲ ἐς ἄστυ ἰίναι μηδὲ ἀπολείπειν + τὴν μάχην μέλλοντά γε οὐ στρατηγοῦ καὶ βασιλέως ἐπιτελεῖν ἔργον, + διακόνου δὲ καὶ ὑπηρέτου, Ἰδαίου τινὸς ἢ Ταλθυβίου τάξιν + ἀναληψόμενον. ἀλλ᾽ ἔοικε γάρ, ὅπερ ἔφαμεν ἐξ ἀρχῆς, πρόφασις + εὐπρεπὴς<a id="noteref_326" name="noteref_326" href= + "#note_326"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">326</span></span></a> εἶναι + φυγῆς τοῦτο. καὶ γὰρ ὁπότε τῷ Τελαμωνίῳ ξυνίστατο πεισθεὶς τῷ φήμῃ + τοῦ μάντεως, ἀσπασίως διελύθη καὶ ἔδωκε δῶρα, τὸν θάνατον ἐκφυγὼν + ἄσμενος·<a id="noteref_327" name="noteref_327" href= + "#note_327"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">327</span></span></a> [B] + καθόλου δὲ εἰπεῖν, φεύγουσιν ἕπεται <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page190">[pg 190]</span><a name="Pg190" id="Pg190" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg191" id="Pg191" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> θρασέως, αἴτιος δέ ἐστιν οὐδαμοῦ νίκης καὶ + τροπῆς, πλὴν ὅτε</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(For this + reason, then, while I applaud Hector for refusing to make a + libation because of the blood-stains on his hands, he had, as I + said, no right to go back to the city or forsake the battle, seeing + that the task he was about to perform was not that of a general or + of a king, but of a messenger and underling, and that he was ready + to take on himself the office of an Idaeus or Talthybius. However, + as I said at first, this seems to have been simply a specious + excuse for flight. And indeed when he obeyed the bidding of the + seer and fought a duel with the son of Telamon,<a id="noteref_328" + name="noteref_328" href="#note_328"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">328</span></span></a> he + was very ready to make terms and to give presents, and rejoiced to + have escaped death. In short, as a rule, he is brave when in + pursuit of the retreating foe, but in no case has he the credit of + a victory or of turning the tide of battle, except when)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">πρῶτος ἐσήλατο τεῖχος + Ἀχαιῶν</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">He was the + first to leap within the wall of the Achaeans</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_329" name= + "noteref_329" href="#note_329"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">329</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ξὺν τῷ + Σαρπηδόνι. πότερον οὖν ὡς οὐκ ἔχοντες τηλικοῦτον ἔργον βασιλέως + εὐλαβησόμεθα τὸν ἀγῶνα, μή ποτε ἄρα μικρὰ μεγάλοις καὶ φαῦλα + σπουδῆς ἀξίοις μείζονος παρατιθέναι δόζωμεν, [C] ἢ τολμήσομεν καὶ + πρὸς τηλικοῦτον ἔργον ἁμιλλᾶσθαι; οὐκοῦν ἐκεῖνο μὲν ἦν τὸ τεῖχος + ὑπὲρ τῆς ᾐόνος, ἐν οὐδὲ ὅλῳ τῷ πρὸ μεσημβρίας χρόνῳ συντελεσθέν, + ὁποίους ἡμῖν τοὺς χάρακας ἔννομον κατασκευάζεσθαι· τὸ δὲ ὑπὲρ τῶν + Ἄλπεων τεῖχος παλαιόν τε ἦν φρούριον, καὶ αὐτῷ χρῆται μετὰ τὴν + φυγὴν ὁ τύραννος, ὥσπερ ἔρυμά τι νεουργὲς ἀποφήνας καὶ ἀξιόλογον + φρουρὰν ἀπολιπὼν ἐρρωμένων ἀνδρῶν. [D] οὐδὲ αὐτὸς ὡς πορρωτάτω + πορεύεται, ἔμενε δὲ ἐν τῇ πλησίον πόλει. ἔστι δὲ Ἰταλῶν ἐμπόριον + πρὸς θαλάττῃ μάλα εὔδαιμον καὶ πλούτῳ βρύον, φέρουσι γὰρ ἐντεῦθεν + φορτία Μυσοὶ καὶ Παίονες καὶ τῶν Ἰταλῶν ὁπόσοι τὴν μεσόγαιαν + κατοικοῦσιν, Ἑνετοὶ δὲ οἶμαι τὸ πρόσθεν ὠνομάζοντο. νῦν δὲ ἤδη + Ῥωμαίων τὰς πόλεις ἐχόντων τὸ μὲν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ὄνομα σώζουσι βραχείᾳ + προσθήκῃ γράμματος ἐν ἀρχῇ τῆς ἐπωνυμίας· ἔστι δὲ αὐτοῦ σύμβολον + χαρακτὴρ εἷς, [72] ὀνομάζουσι δὲ αὐτὸν οὔ, καὶ χρῶνται ἀντὶ τοῦ + βῆτα πολλάκις προσπνεύσεως οἶμαι τινὸς ἕνεκα καὶ ἰδιότητος τῆς + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page192">[pg 192]</span><a name= + "Pg192" id="Pg192" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg193" id= + "Pg193" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> γλώττης. τὸ μὲν δὴ ξύμπαν ἔθνος + ὦδε ἐπονομάζεται· τῇ πόλει δὲ ἀετός, ὥς φασιν, οἰκιζομένῃ δεξιὸς ἐκ + Διὸς ἱπτάμενος τὴν αὑτοῦ φήμην χαρίζεται. οἰκεῖται δὲ ὑπὸ τοῖς ποσὶ + τῶν Ἄλπεων· ὄρη δέ ἐστι ταῦτα παμμεγέθη<a id="noteref_330" name= + "noteref_330" href="#note_330"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">330</span></span></a> καὶ + ἀπορρῶγες ἐν αὐτοῖς πέτραι, μόλις ἁμάξῃ μιᾷ καὶ ὀρικῷ ζεύγει τὴν + ὑπέρβασιν βιαζομένοις ξυγχωροῦντα, [B] ἀρχόμενα μὲν ἀπὸ θαλάττης, + ἣν δὴ τὸν Ἰόνιον εἶναί φαμεν, ἀποτειχίζοντα δὲ τὴν νῦν Ἰταλίαν ἀπό + τε Ἰλλυριῶν καὶ Γαλατῶν καὶ ἐς τὸ Τυρρηνὸν πέλαγος ἀναπαυόμενα. + Ῥωμαῖοι γὰρ ἐπειδὴ τῆς χώρας ἁπάσης ἐκράτουν· ἔστι δὲ ἐν αὐτῇ τό τε + τῶν Ἑνετῶν ἔθνος καὶ Λίγυές τινες καὶ τῶν ἄλλων Γαλατῶν οὐ φαύλη + μοῖρα· τὰ μὲν ἀρχαῖα σφῶν ὀνόματα σώζειν οὐ διεκώλυσαν, τῷ κοινῷ δὲ + τῶν Ἰταλῶν ξυγχωρεῖν κατηνάγκασαν. καὶ νῦν ὁπόσα μέν εἴσω τῶν + Ἄλπεων κατοικεῖται, [C] ἔστε ἐπὶ τὸν Ἰόνιον καὶ τὸν Τυρρηνὸν + καθήκοντα, ταύτῃ κοσμεῖται τῇ προσωνυμίᾳ· τὰ δὲ ὑπὲρ τῶν Ἄλπεων τῶν + πρὸς ἑσπέραν Γαλάται νέμονται, καὶ Ῥαιτοὶ δὲ τὰ ὑπὸ τῆν ἄρκτον, ἵνα + Ῥήνου τέ εἰσιν αἱ πηγαὶ καὶ αἱ τοῦ Ἴστρου πλησίον παρὰ τοῖς γείτοσι + βαρβάροις· τὰ δὲ ἐκ τῆς ἕω ταῦτα δὴ τὰς Ἄλπεις ὀχυροῦν ἔφαμεν, + ἵναπερ ὁ τύραννος τὴν φρουρὰν κατεσκευάσατο. οὕτω δὴ τῆς Ἰταλίας + ἁπανταχόθεν ὄρεσὶ [D] τε συνεχομένης λίαν δυσβάτοις καὶ θαλάσσῃ + τεναγώδει, ἅτε ἐσρεόντων ποταμῶν μυρίων, οἳ ποιοῦσιν ἕλος + προσεοικὸς τοῖς Αἰγυπτίοις ἕλεσι, τὸ ξύμπαν <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page194">[pg 194]</span><a name="Pg194" id="Pg194" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg195" id="Pg195" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τῆς ἐκείνῃ θαλάττης πέρας βασιλεὺς ὑπὸ σοφίας + ἔλαβε καὶ ἐβιάσατο τὴν ἄνοδον.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(together with + Sarpedon. Shall I therefore shrink from competition as though I + could not cite on behalf of the Emperor any such exploit, and must + therefore avoid seeming to compare the trivial with the important + and things of little account with what deserves more serious + consideration, or shall I venture to enter the lists even against + an achievement so famous? Now that wall was to protect the beach, + and was a palisade such as we are wont to construct, and was + completed in less than a morning. But the wall that was on the Alps + was an ancient fort, and the usurper used it after his flight, + converting it into a defence as strong as though it had been newly + built, and he left there an ample garrison of seasoned troops. But + he did not himself march all the way there, but remained in the + neighbouring city.<a id="noteref_331" name="noteref_331" href= + "#note_331"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">331</span></span></a> This + is a trading centre of the Italians on the coast, very prosperous + and teeming with wealth, since the Mysians and Paeonians and all + the Italian inhabitants of the interior procure their merchandise + thence. These last used, I think, to be called Heneti in the past, + but now that the Romans are in possession of these cities they + preserve the original name, but make the trifling addition of one + letter at the beginning of the word. Its sign is a single + character<a id="noteref_332" name="noteref_332" href= + "#note_332"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">332</span></span></a> and + they call it <span class="tei tei-q">“oo,”</span> and they often + use it instead of <span class="tei tei-q">“b,”</span> to serve, I + suppose, as a sort of breathing, and to represent some peculiarity + of their pronunciation. The nation as a whole is called by this + name, but at the time of the founding of the city an eagle from + Zeus flew past on the right, and so bestowed on the place the omen + derived from the bird.<a id="noteref_333" name="noteref_333" href= + "#note_333"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">333</span></span></a> It is + situated at the foot of the Alps, which are very high mountains + with precipices in them, and they hardly allow room for those who + are trying to force their way over the passes to use even a single + waggon and a pair of mules. They begin at the sea which we call + Ionian, and form a barrier between what is now Italy and the + Illyrians and Galatians, and extend as far as the Etruscan sea. For + when the Romans conquered the whole of this country, which includes + the tribe of the Heneti and some of the Ligurians and a + considerable number of Galatians besides, they did not hinder them + from retaining their ancient names, but compelled them to + acknowledge the dominion of the Italian republic. And, in our day, + all the territory that lies within the Alps and is bounded by the + Ionian and the Etruscan seas has the honour of being called Italy. + On the other side of the Alps, on the west, dwell the Galatians, + and the Rhaetians to the north where the Rhine and the Danube have + their sources hard by in the neighbouring country of the + barbarians. And on the east, as I said, the Alps fortify the + district where the usurper stationed his garrison. In this way, + then, Italy is contained on all sides, partly by mountains that are + very hard to cross, partly by a shallow sea into which countless + streams empty and form a morass like the marshlands of Egypt. But + the Emperor by his skill gained control of the whole of that + boundary of the sea, and forced his way inland.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Καὶ ἵνα μὴ + διατρίβειν δοκῶ αὖθίς τε ὑπὲρ τῶν δυσχωριῶν διαλεγόμενος, καὶ ὡς + οὔτε στρατόπεδον ἦν οὐδὲ χάρακα πλησίον καταβαλέσθαι, οὔτε ἐπάγειν + μηχανὰς καὶ ἑλεπόλεις, ἀνύδρου δεινῶς ὄντος καὶ οὐδὲ μικρὰς λιβάδας + ἔχοντος [73] τοῦ πέριξ χωρίου, ἐπ᾽ αὐτὴν εἶμι τὴν αἵρεσιν. καὶ εἰ + βούλεσθε τὸ κεφάλαιον ἀθρόως ἑλεῖν τοῦ λόγου, ὑπομνήσθητε τῆς τοῦ + Μακεδόνος ἐπὶ τοὺς Ἰνδοὺς πορείας, οἳ τὴν πέτραν ἐκείνην κατῴκουν, + ἐφ᾽ ἣν οὐδὲ τῶν ὀρνίθων ἦν τοῖς κουφοτάτοις ἀναπτῆναι, ὅπως ἑάλω, + καὶ οὐδὲν πλέον ἀκούειν ἐπιθυμήσετε· πλὴν τοσοῦτον μόνον, ὅτι + Ἀλέξανδρος μὲν ἀπέβαλε πολλοὺς Μακεδόνας ἐξελὼν τὴν πέτραν, ὁ δὲ + ἡμέτερος ἄρχων καὶ στρατηγὸς οὐδὲ χιλίαρχον ἀποβαλὼν ἢ λοχαγόν + τινα, [B] ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ ὁπλίτην τῶν ἐκ καταλόγου, καθαρὰν καὶ ἄδακρυν + περιεποιήσατο τὴν νίκην. Ἕκτωρ δὲ οἶμαι καὶ Σαρπηδὼν πολλοὺς ἐκ τοῦ + τειχίσματος κατέβαλον,<a id="noteref_334" name="noteref_334" href= + "#note_334"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">334</span></span></a> + ἐντυχόντες δὲ ἀριστεύοντι Πατρόκλῳ ὁ μὲν ἐπὶ τῶν νεῶν κτείνεται, ὁ + δὲ ἔφευγεν αἰσχρῶς οὐδὲ ἀνελόμενος τὸ σῶμα τοῦ φίλου. οὕτως οὐδενὶ + ξὺν νῷ, ῥώμῃ δὲ μᾶλλον σωμάτων θρασυνόμενοι τὴν ἐς τὸ τεῖχος + πάροδον ἐτόλμων. βασιλεὺς δὲ οὗ μὲν ἀλκῆς ἔργον ἐστι καὶ θυμοῦ + χρῆται τοῖς ὅπλοις καὶ κρατεῖ ξὺν εὐβουλίᾳ,<a id="noteref_335" + name="noteref_335" href="#note_335"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">335</span></span></a> [C] + οὗ δὲ μόνον <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page196">[pg + 196]</span><a name="Pg196" id="Pg196" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg197" id="Pg197" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐδέησε γνώμης, ταύτῃ κυβερνᾷ καὶ κατεργάζεται + πράγματα τοσαῦτα, ὁπόσα οὐδ᾽ ἄν ὁ σίδηρος ἐξελεῖν ἰσχύσειεν.<a id= + "noteref_336" name="noteref_336" href="#note_336"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">336</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I will now + relate how the city was actually taken, lest you should think I am + wasting time by describing once more the difficulties of the + ground, and how it was impossible to plant a camp or even a + palisade near the city or to bring up siege-engines or devices for + storming it, because the country all about was terribly short of + water, and there were not even small pools. And if you wish to + grasp the main point of my narrative in a few words, remember the + Macedonian's<a id="noteref_337" name="noteref_337" href= + "#note_337"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">337</span></span></a> + expedition against those Indians who lived on the famous rock<a id= + "noteref_338" name="noteref_338" href="#note_338"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">338</span></span></a> up to + which not even the lightest birds could wing their flight, and how + he took it by storm, and you will be content to hear no more from + me. However I will add this merely, that Alexander in storming the + rock lost many of his Macedonians, whereas our ruler and general + lost not a single chiliarch or a captain, nay not even a legionary + from the muster-roll, but achieved an unsullied and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“tearless”</span><a id="noteref_339" name="noteref_339" + href="#note_339"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">339</span></span></a> + victory. Now Hector and Sarpedon, no doubt, hurled down many men + from the wall, but when they encountered Patroclus in all his glory + Sarpedon was slain near the ships, while Hector, to his shame, fled + without even recovering the body of his friend. Thus without + intelligence and emboldened by mere physical strength they ventured + to attack the wall. But the Emperor, when strength and daring are + required, employs force of arms and good counsel together, and so + wins the day, but where good judgment alone is necessary it is by + this that he steers his course, and thus achieves triumphs such as + not even iron could ever avail to erase.<a id="noteref_340" name= + "noteref_340" href="#note_340"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">340</span></span></a>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ καθ᾽ + αὑτὸν ὁ λόγος φερόμενος ἥκει πάλαι ποθῶν τὴν ξύνεσιν ἐπαινεῖν καὶ + τὴν εὐβουλίαν, ἀποδοτέον. καὶ ὑπὲρ τούτων ὀλίγα πάλαι<a id= + "noteref_341" name="noteref_341" href="#note_341"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">341</span></span></a> + διεληλύθαμεν· ὁπόσα δὲ ἡμῖν ἐφαίνετο [D] πρὸς τὰ τῶν ἡρώων ἐκείνων + ἔχειν ξυγγένειαν, μεγάλα μικροῖς εἰκάζοντες, δι᾽ ὁμοιότητα + διήλθομεν.<a id="noteref_342" name="noteref_342" href= + "#note_342"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">342</span></span></a> δῆλον + δὲ ἀποβλέψαντι πρὸς τὸ τῆς παρασκευῆς μέγεθος καὶ τῆς δυνάμενως τὴν + περιουσίαν. τότε γὰρ ἥ τε Ἑλλὰς ἐκεκίνητο ξύμπασα καὶ Θρᾳκῶν μοῖρα + καὶ Παιόνων τό τε τοῦ Πριάμου ξύμπαν ὑπήκοον,</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But since my + speech has of its own accord reached this point in its course and + has long been eager to praise the Emperor's wisdom and wise + counsel, I allow it to do so. And in fact I spoke briefly on this + subject some time ago, and all the cases where there seemed to me + to be any affinity between the heroes of Homer and the Emperor, I + described because of that resemblance, comparing great things with + small. And indeed if one considers the size of their armaments, the + superiority of his forces also becomes evident. For in those days + all Greece was set in motion,<a id="noteref_343" name="noteref_343" + href="#note_343"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">343</span></span></a> and + part of Thrace and Paeonia, and all the subject allies of + Priam,)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ὅσσον Λέσβος ἔσω Μάκαρος ἕδος + ἐντὸς ἐέργει</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Καὶ Φρυγίη καθύπερθε καὶ + Ἑλλήσποντος ἀπείρων.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">All that + Lesbos, the seat of Makar, contains within, and Phrygia on the + north and the boundless Hellespont.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_344" name= + "noteref_344" href="#note_344"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">344</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[74] τὰ δὲ νῦν + ἔθνη συνιόντα βασιλεῖ καὶ συμπολεμοῦντα τὸν πόλεμον καὶ τοὺς + ἀντιταξαμένους καταριθμεῖν μὴ λῆρος ᾖ καὶ φλυαρία περιττὴ καὶ λίαν + ἀρχαῖον.<a id="noteref_345" name="noteref_345" href= + "#note_345"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">345</span></span></a> ὅσῳ + δὲ μείζους αἱ συνιοῦσαι δυνάμεις, τοσούτῳ τὰ ἔργα προφέρειν εἰκός· + ὥστε ἀνάγκη καὶ ταῦτα ἐκείνων ὑπεραίρειν. πλήθει γε μὴν ποῦ ποτε + ἄξιον συμβαλεῖν; οἱ μὲν γὰρ περὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page198">[pg 198]</span><a name="Pg198" id="Pg198" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg199" id="Pg199" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> μιᾶς ἐμάχοντο πόλεως ξυνεχῶς, καὶ οὔτε + Τρῶες<a id="noteref_346" name="noteref_346" href= + "#note_346"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">346</span></span></a> + ἀπελάσαι τοὺς Ἀχαιοὺς ἐπικρατοῦντες ἠδύναντο, οὔτε ἐκεῖνοι νικῶντες + ἐξελεῖν καὶ ἀνατρέψαι τῶν Πριαμιδῶν τὴν ἀρχὴν καὶ τὴν βασιλείαν + ἴσχυον, δεκαέτης δὲ αὐτοῖς ἀναλώθη χρόνος. [B] βασιλεῖ δὲ πολλοὶ + μέν εἰσιν ἀγῶνες· καὶ γὰρ<a id="noteref_347" name="noteref_347" + href="#note_347"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">347</span></span></a> + ἀνεγράφη Γερμανοῖς τοῖς ὑπὲρ τοῦ Ῥήνου πολεμῶν, τά τε ἐπὶ τῷ + Τίγρητι ζεύγματα καὶ τῆς Παρθυαίων δυνάμεως καὶ τοῦ φρονήματος + ἔλεγχος οὐ φαῦλος, ὅτε οὐχ ὑπέμενον ἀμῦναι τῇ χώρᾳ πορθουμένῃ, ἀλλὰ + περιεῖδον ἅπασαν τμηθεῖσαν τὴν εἴσω Τίγρητος καὶ Λύκου, [C] τῶν γε + μὴν πρὸς τὸν τύραννον πραχθέντων ὅ τε ἐπὶ Σικελίαν ἔκπλους καὶ ἐς + Καρχηδόνα, Ἠριδανοῦ τε αἱ προκαταλήψεις τῶν ἐκβολῶν ἁπάσας αὐτοῦ + τὰς ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ δυνάμεις ἀφελόμεναι, καὶ τὸ τελευταῖον καὶ τρίτον + πάλαισμα περὶ ταῖς Κοττίαις Ἄλπεσιν, ὃ δὴ βασιλεῖ μὲν παρέσχεν + ἀσφαλῆ καὶ τοῦ μέλλοντος ἀδεᾶ τὴν ὑπὲρ τῆς νίκης ἡδονήν, τὸν δὲ + ἡττηθέντα δίκην ἐπιθεῖναι δικαίαν αὑτῷ καὶ τῶν ἐξειργασμένων [D] + πάνυ ἀξίαν κατηνάγκασε.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But to try to + count up the nations who lately marched with the Emperor and fought + on his side in the war, would be idle talk, superfluous verbiage, + and absurd simplicity. And it is natural that, in proportion as the + armies are larger, their achievements are more important. So it + follows of necessity that, in this respect as well, the Emperor's + army surpassed Homer's heroes. In mere numbers, at any rate, at + what point, I ask, could one justly compare them? For the Greeks + fought all along for a single city and the Trojans when they + prevailed were not able to drive away the Greeks, nor were the + Greeks strong enough, when they won a victory, to destroy and + overthrow the power and the royal sway of the house of Priam, and + yet the time they spent over it was ten years long. But the + Emperor's wars and undertakings have been numerous. He has been + described as waging war against the Germans across the Rhine, and + then there was his bridge of boats over the Tigris, and his + exposure of the power and arrogance of the Parthians<a id= + "noteref_348" name="noteref_348" href="#note_348"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">348</span></span></a> was + no trivial thing, on that occasion when they did not venture to + defend their country while he was laying it waste, but had to look + on while the whole of it was devastated between the Tigris and the + Lycus. Then, when the war against the usurper was concluded, there + followed the expeditions to Sicily and Carthage, and that stratagem + of occupying beforehand the mouth of the Po, which deprived the + usurper of all his forces in Italy, and finally that third and last + fall<a id="noteref_349" name="noteref_349" href= + "#note_349"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">349</span></span></a> at + the Cottian Alps, which secured for the Emperor the pleasure of a + victory that was sure, and carried with it no fears for the future, + while it compelled the defeated man to inflict on himself a just + penalty wholly worthy of his misdeeds.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τοσαῦτα ὑπὲρ τῶν + βασιλέως ἔργων ἐν βραχεῖ διεληλύθαμεν, οὔτε κολακείᾳ προστιθέντες + καὶ αὔξειν ἐπιχειροῦντες τυχὸν οὐδενὸς διαφέροντα τῶν ἄλλων, οὔτε + πόρρωθεν ἕλκοντες καὶ βιαζόμενοι τῶν ἔργων τὰς ὁμοιότητας, καθάπερ + οἱ τοὺς <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page200">[pg + 200]</span><a name="Pg200" id="Pg200" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg201" id="Pg201" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> μύθους ἐξηγούμενοι τῶν ποιητῶν καὶ ἀναλύοντες + ἐς λόγους πιθανοὺς καὶ ἐνδεχομένους τὰ πλάσματα ἐκ μικρᾶς πάνυ τῆς + ὑπονοίας ὁρμώμενοι [75] καὶ ἀμυδρὰς λίαν παραλαβόντες τὰς ἀρχὰς + πειρῶνται ξυμπείθειν, ὡς δὴ ταῦτα γε αὐτὰ ἐκείνων ἐθελόντων λέγειν. + ἐνταῦθα δὲ εἴ τις ἐξέλοι τῶν Ὁμήρου μόνον τὰ τῶν ἡρώων ὀνόματα, + ἐνθείη δὲ τὸ βασιλέως καὶ ἐναρμόσειεν, οὐ μᾶλλον εἰς ἐκείνους ἢ + τοῦτον πεποιῆσθαι δόξει τὰ<a id="noteref_350" name="noteref_350" + href="#note_350"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">350</span></span></a> τῆς + Ἰλιάδος ἔπη.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I have given + this brief account of the Emperor's achievements, not adding + anything in flattery and trying to exaggerate things that are + perhaps of no special importance, nor dragging in what is + far-fetched and unduly pressing points of resemblance with those + achievements, like those who interpret the myths of the poets and + analyse them into plausible versions which allow them to introduce + fictions of their own, though they start out from very slight + analogies, and having recourse to a very shadowy basis, try to + convince us that this is the very thing that the poets intended to + say. But in this case if anyone should take out of Homer's poems + merely the names of the heroes, and insert and fit in the + Emperor's, the epic of the Iliad would be seen to have been + composed quite as much in his honour as in theirs.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλ᾽ ὅπως μὴ τὰ + ὑπὲρ τῶν ἔργων μόνον ἀκούοντες τὰ τῶν κατορθωμάτων τῶν<a id= + "noteref_351" name="noteref_351" href="#note_351"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">351</span></span></a> ἐς + τὸν πόλεμον ἔλαττον [B] ἔχειν ὑπολαμβάνητε βασιλέα περὶ τὰ + σεμνότερα καὶ ὧν ἄξιον μείζονα ποιεῖσθαι λόγον, δημηγοριῶν φημι καὶ + ξυμβουλιῶν, καὶ ὁπόσα γνώμη μετὰ νοῦ καὶ φρονήσεως κατευθύνει, + ἀθρεῖτε ἐν Ὀδυσσεῖ καὶ Νέστορι τοῖς ἐπαινουμένοις κατὰ τὴν ποίησιν, + καὶ ἤν τι μεῖον ἐν βασιλεῖ καταμανθάνητε, τοῖς ἐπαινέταις τοῦτο + λογίζεσθε, πλέον δὲ ἔχοντα δικαίως ἂν<a id="noteref_352" name= + "noteref_352" href="#note_352"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">352</span></span></a> αὐτὸν + μᾶλλον ἀποδεχοίμεθα. οὐκοῦν ὁ μέν, ὁπηνίκα χαλεπαίνειν καὶ + στασιάζειν ἤρχοντο περὶ τῆς αἰχμαλώτου κόρης, λέγειν ἐπιχειρῶν οὕτω + δή τι πείθει τὸν βασιλέα καὶ τὸν τῆς Θέτιδος, [C] ὥστε ὁ μὲν + ἀκόσμος διέλυσε τὸν ξύλλογον, ὁ δὲ οὐδὲ περιμείνας ἀφοσιώσασθαι τὰ + πρὸς τὸν θεόν, ἔτι δὲ αὐτὰ δρῶν καὶ ἀφορῶν ἐς τὴν θεωρίδα, στέλλει + τοὺς κήρυκας ἐπὶ τὴν Ἀχιλλέως σκηνὴν, ὥσπερ οἶμαι δεδιὼς μὴ τῆς + ὀργῆς ἐπιλαθόμενος καὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page202">[pg + 202]</span><a name="Pg202" id="Pg202" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg203" id="Pg203" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀπαλλαγεὶς τοῦ πάθους μεταγνοίη καὶ ἀποφύγοι + τὴν ἁμαρτάδα· ὁ δὲ ἐκ τῆς Ἰθάκης ῥήτωρ πολύτροπος πείθειν ἐπιχειρῶν + πρὸς διαλλαγὰς Ἀχιλλέα καὶ δῶρα πολλὰ διδούς, [D] μυρία δὲ + ἐπαγγελλόμενος, οὕτω τὸν νεανίσκον παρώξυνεν, ὥστε πρότερον + οὐ<a id="noteref_353" name="noteref_353" href= + "#note_353"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">353</span></span></a> + βουλευσάμενον τὸν ἀπόπλουν νῦν<a id="noteref_354" name= + "noteref_354" href="#note_354"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">354</span></span></a> + παρασκευάζεσθαι. ἔστι δὲ αὐτῶν τὰ θαυμαστὰ τῆς συνέσεως δείγματα αἵ + τε ἐπὶ τὸν πόλεμον παρακλήσεις καὶ ἡ τειχοποιία τοῦ Νέστορος, + πρεσβυτικὸν λίαν καὶ ἄτολμον ἐπινόημα. οὔκουν οὐδὲ ὄφελος ἦν πολὺ + τοῖς Ἀχαιοῖς τοῦ μηχανήματος· [76] ἀλλὰ ἡττῶντον τῶν Τρώων τὸ + τεῖχος ἐπιτελέσαντες, καὶ μάλα εἰκότως. τότε μὲν γὰρ αὐτοὶ τῶν νεῶν + ᾤοντο προβεβλῆσθαι καθάπερ ἔρυμα γενναῖον· ἐπεὶ δὲ ᾔσθοντο + σφῶν<a id="noteref_355" name="noteref_355" href= + "#note_355"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">355</span></span></a> + προκείμενον καὶ ἀποικοδομούμενον<a id="noteref_356" name= + "noteref_356" href="#note_356"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">356</span></span></a> + τεῖχος τάφρῳ βαθείᾳ καὶ πασσάλοις ὀξέσι διηλούμενον,<a id= + "noteref_357" name="noteref_357" href="#note_357"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">357</span></span></a> + κατερρᾳθύμουν καὶ ὑφίεντο τῆς ἀλκῆς τῷ τειχίσματι πεποιθότες. ἀλλ᾽ + οὐ γὰρ εἴ τις ἐκείνοις μέμφοιτο καὶ ἐπιδεικνύοι διαμαρτάνοντας, + οὗτός ἐστι βασιλέως ἀξιόχρεως ἐπαινέτης· ὅστις δὲ οἶμαι τῶν ἔργων + ἀξίως μνησθείη, [B] οὐ μάτην οὐδὲ αὐτομάτως οὐδὲ ἀλόγῳ φορᾷ + γενομένων, προβουλευθέντων δὲ ὀρθῶς καὶ διοικηθέντων, οὗτος + ἀρκούντως ἐπαινεῖ τὴν βασιλέως ἀγχίνοιαν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But that you + may not think, if you hear only about his achievements and + successes in war, that the Emperor is less well endowed for + pursuits that are loftier and rightly considered of more + importance, I mean public speaking and deliberations and all those + affairs in which judgment combined with intelligence and prudence + take the helm, consider the case of Odysseus and Nestor, who are so + highly praised in the poem; and if you find that the Emperor is + inferior to them in any respect, put that down to his panegyrists, + but we should rather in fairness concede that he is far superior. + Nestor, for instance, when they began to disagree and quarrel about + the captive damsel,<a id="noteref_358" name="noteref_358" href= + "#note_358"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">358</span></span></a> tried + to address them, and he did persuade the king and the son of + Thetis, but only to this extent that Achilles broke up the assembly + in disorder, while Agamemnon did not even wait to complete his + expiation to the god, but while he was still performing the rite + and the sacred ship was in view, he sent heralds to the tent of + Achilles, just as though, it seems to me, he were afraid that he + would forget his anger, and, once free from that passion, would + repent and avoid his error. Again, the far-travelled orator from + Ithaca, when he tried to persuade Achilles to make peace, and + offered him many gifts and promised him countless others, so + provoked the young warrior that, though he had not before planned + to sail home, he now began to make preparations.<a id="noteref_359" + name="noteref_359" href="#note_359"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">359</span></span></a> Then + there are those wonderful proofs of their intelligence, their + exhortations to battle and Nestor's building of the wall, a + cowardly notion and worthy indeed of an old man. Nor in truth did + the Achaeans benefit much from that device. For it was after they + had finished the wall that they were worsted by the Trojans, and + naturally enough. For before that, they thought that they were + themselves protecting the ships, like a noble bulwark. But when + they realised that a wall lay in front of them, built with a deep + moat and set at intervals with sharp stakes, they grew careless and + slackened their valour, because they trusted to the fortification. + Yet it is not anyone who blames them and shows that they were in + the wrong who is therefore a fit and proper person to praise the + Emperor. But he who, in a worthy manner, recounts the Emperor's + deeds, which were done not idly or automatically, or from an + irrational impulse, but were skilfully planned beforehand and + carried through, he alone praises adequately the Emperor's keen + intelligence.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τὸ δὲ ἐφ᾽ ἑκάστῃ + συνόδῳ τὰς δημηγορίας ἐκλέγειν τὰς<a id="noteref_360" name= + "noteref_360" href="#note_360"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">360</span></span></a> ἐς τὰ + στρατόπεδα καὶ δήμους καὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page204">[pg + 204]</span><a name="Pg204" id="Pg204" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg205" id="Pg205" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> βουλευτήρια μακροτέρας δεῖται τῆς ξυγγραφῆς. + ἑνὸς δὲ ἴσως ἐπακούειν οὐ χαλεπόν. καί μοι πάλιν ἐννοήσατε τὸν + Λαέρτου, ὁπότε ὡρμημένους ἐκπλεῖν τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἐπέχει τῆς ὁρμῆς [C] + καὶ ἐς τὸν πόλεμον μετατίθησι τὴν προθυμίαν, καὶ<a id="noteref_361" + name="noteref_361" href="#note_361"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">361</span></span></a> + βασιλέως τὸν ἐν Ἰλλυριοῖς ξύλλογον, ἵνα δὴ πρεσβύτης ἀνὴρ ὑπὸ + μειρακίων παιδικὰ φρονεῖν ἀναπειθόμενος ὁμολογιῶν ἐπελανθάνετο καὶ + πίστεων, καὶ τῷ μὲν σωτῆρι καὶ εὐεργέτῃ δυσμενὴς ἦν, σπονδὰς δὲ + ἐποιεῖτο πρὸς ὃν ἦν ἄσπονδος καὶ ἀκήρυκτος βασιλεῖ πόλεμος, στρατόν + τε ἤγειρε καὶ ἐπὶ τοῖς [D] ὁρίοις ἀπήντα τῆς χώρας, κωλῦσαι τοῦ + πρόσω χωρεῖν ἐπιθυμῶν. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐς ταὐτὸν ἦλθον ἀμφοτέρω τὼ + στρατεύματε καὶ ἐχρῆν ἐπὶ τῶν ὁπλιτῶν ποιεῖσθαι τὴν ἐκκλησίαν, βῆμά + τε ὑψηλὸν ᾔρετο καὶ αὐτὸ περιέσχεν ὁπλιτῶν δῆμος καὶ ἀκοντιστῶν καὶ + τοξοτῶν ἱππεῖς τε ἐνσκευασάμενοι τοὺς ἵππους καὶ τὰ σημεῖα τῶν + τάξεων· ἀνῄει τε ἐπ᾽ αὐτὸ βασιλεὺς μετὰ τοῦ τέως ξυνάρχοντος οὔτε + αἰχμὴν φέρων οὔτε ἀσπίδα [77] καὶ κράνος, ἀλλὰ ἐσθῆτα τὴν συνήθη. + καὶ οὐδὲ αὐτῷ τις τῶν δορυφόρων εἵπετο, μόνος δὲ ἐπὶ τοῦ βήματος + εἱστήκει πεποιθὼς τῷ λόγῳ σεμνῶς ἡρμοσμένῳ. ἐργάτης γάρ ἐστι καὶ + τούτων ἀγαθός, οὐκ ἀποσμιλεύων οὐδὲ ἀπονυχίζων τὰ ῥήματα οὐδὲ + ἀποτορνεύων τὰς περιόδους καθάπερ <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page206">[pg 206]</span><a name="Pg206" id="Pg206" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg207" id="Pg207" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> οἱ κομψοὶ ῥήτορες, σεμνὸς δὲ ἅμα καὶ καθαρὸς + καὶ τοῖς ὀνόμασι ξὺν καιρῷ χρώμενος, ὥστε ἐνδύεσθαι ταῖς ψυχαῖς [B] + οὐ τῶν παιδείας καὶ ξυνέσεως μεταποιουμένων μόνον, ἀλλ᾽ ἤδη καὶ τῶν + ἰδιωτῶν ξυνιέναι πολλοὺς καὶ ἐπαïειν τῶν ῥημάτων. οὐκοῦν ᾕρει + μυριάδας ὁπλιτῶν συχνὰς καὶ χιλιάδας ἱππέων εἴκοσι καὶ ἔθνη + μαχιμώτατα<a id="noteref_362" name="noteref_362" href= + "#note_362"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">362</span></span></a> καὶ + χώραν πάμφορον, οὐ βίᾳ ἕλκων οὐδὲ αἰχμαλώτους ἄγων, ἑκόντας δὲ αὐτῷ + πειθομένους καὶ τὸ ἐπιταττόμενον ποιεῖν ἐθέλοντας. ταύτην ἐγὼ τὴν + νίκην κρίνω τῆς Λακωνικῆς ἐκείνης<a id="noteref_363" name= + "noteref_363" href="#note_363"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">363</span></span></a> μακρῷ + σεμνοτέραν· ἡ μέν γε ἦν ἄδακρυς μόνοις<a id="noteref_364" name= + "noteref_364" href="#note_364"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">364</span></span></a> τοῖς + κρατοῦσιν, [C] ἡ δὲ οὐδὲ τοῖς κρατηθεῖσιν ἤνεγκε δάκρυα, ἀλλ᾽ ἀπὸ + τοῦ βήματος κατῆλθεν ὁ τῆς βασιλείας ὑποκριτὴς δικασάμενος καὶ + ὥσπερ ὄφλημα βασιλεῖ πατρῷον ἀποδοὺς τὴν ἁλουργίδα· τἆλλα δὲ αὐτῷ + δίδωσι βασιλεὺς ἄφθονα μᾶλλον ἢ Κῦρόν φασι παρασχεῖν τῷ πάππῳ, ζῆν + τε ἐποίησε καὶ διαιτᾶσθαι καθάπερ Ὅμηρος ἀξιοῖ τῶν ἀνδρῶν τοὺς + ἀφηλικεστέρους,</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But to report + to you those speeches which he made at every public gathering to + the armies and the common people and the councils, demands too long + a narrative, though it is perhaps not too much to ask you to hear + about one of these. Pray then think once more of the son of Laertes + when the Greeks were rushing to set sail and he checked the rush + and diverted their zeal back to the war,<a id="noteref_365" name= + "noteref_365" href="#note_365"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">365</span></span></a> and + then of the Emperor's assembly in Illyria, when that old man,<a id= + "noteref_366" name="noteref_366" href="#note_366"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">366</span></span></a> + persuaded by mere youths to think childish thoughts, forgot his + treaties and obligations and proved to be the enemy of his + preserver and benefactor, and came to terms with one against whom + the Emperor was waging a war that allowed no truce nor herald of a + truce,<a id="noteref_367" name="noteref_367" href= + "#note_367"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">367</span></span></a> and + who was not only getting an army together, but came to meet the + Emperor on the border of the country, because he was anxious to + hinder him from advancing further. And when those two armies met, + and it was necessary to hold an assembly in the presence of the + hoplites, a high platform was set up and it was surrounded by a + crowd of hoplites, javelin-men and archers and cavalry equipped + with their horses and the standards of the divisions. Then the + Emperor, accompanied by him who for the moment was his colleague, + mounted the platform, carrying no sword or shield or helmet, but + wearing his usual dress. And not even one of his bodyguard followed + him, but there he stood alone on the platform, trusting to that + speech which was so impressively appropriate. For of speeches too + he is a good craftsman, though he does not plane down and polish + his phrases nor elaborate his periods like the ingenious + rhetoricians, but is at once dignified and simple, and uses the + right words on every occasion, so that they sink into the souls not + only of those who claim to be cultured and intelligent, but many + unlearned persons too understand and give hearing to his words. And + so he won over many tens of thousands of hoplites and twenty + thousand cavalry and most warlike nations, and at the same time a + country that is extremely fertile, not seizing it by force, or + carrying off captives, but by winning over men who obeyed him of + their own free will and were eager to carry out his orders. This + victory I judge to be far more splendid than that for which Sparta + is famous.<a id="noteref_368" name="noteref_368" href= + "#note_368"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">368</span></span></a> For + that was <span class="tei tei-q">“tearless”</span> for the victors + only, but the Emperor's did not cause even the defeated to shed + tears, but he who was masquerading as Emperor came down from the + platform when he had pleaded his cause, and handed over to the + Emperor the imperial purple<a id="noteref_369" name="noteref_369" + href="#note_369"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">369</span></span></a> as + though it were an ancestral debt. And all else the Emperor gave him + in abundance, more than they say Cyrus gave to his grandfather, and + arranged that he should live and be maintained in the manner that + Homer recommends for men who are past their prime:—)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Τοιούτῳ γὰρ ἔοικεν, ἐπεὶ + λούσαιτο φάγοι τε,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Εὐδέμεναι μαλακῶς· [D] ἣ γὰρ + δίκη ἐστὶ γερόντων.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">For it is + fitting that such a one, when he has bathed and fed, should sleep + soft, for that is the manner of the aged.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_370" name= + "noteref_370" href="#note_370"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">370</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">τὸ μὲν οὖν ἐμὸν + ἡδέως ἂν τοὺς ῥηθέντας λόγους διεξῆλθον, καὶ οὐκ ἄν με ὄκνος + καταλάβοι οὕτω καλῶν ἁπτόμενον λόγων· αἰδὼς δὲ οἶμαι κατείργει καὶ + οὐκ ἐπιτρέπει μετατιθέναι καὶ ἐξερμηνεύειν ἐς ὑμᾶς τοὺς λόγους. + ἀδικοίην γὰρ ἂν διαφθείρων <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page208">[pg 208]</span><a name="Pg208" id="Pg208" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg209" id="Pg209" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ ἐλεγχόμενος αἰσχυνοίμην, εἴ τις ἄρα τὸ + βασιλέως ἀναγνοὺς ξύγγραμμα ἢ τότε ἀκούσας ἀπομνημονεύοι καὶ + ἀπαιτοίη οὐ τὰ νοήματα μόνον, [78] ὅσαις δὲ ἀρεταῖς ἐκεῖνα + κοσμεῖται κατὰ τὴν πάτριον φωνὴν ξυγκείμενα. τοῦτο δὲ οὐκ ἦν Ὁμήρῳ + τὸ δέος πολλαῖς μὲν ὕστερον γενεαῖς τοὺς λόγους διηγουμένῳ, + λιπόντων δὲ ἐκείνων οὐδὲν ὑπόμνημα τῶν ἐς τοὺς ξυλλόγους ῥηθέντων, + καὶ σαφῶς οἶμαι πιστεύοντι, ὅτι ἄμεινον<a id="noteref_371" name= + "noteref_371" href="#note_371"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">371</span></span></a> + τἀκείνων αὐτὸς ἐξαγγελεῖ καὶ διηγήσεται. τὸ δὲ ἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον + μιμεῖσθαι καταγέλαστον καὶ οὐκ ἄξιον ἐλευθέρας ψυχῆς καὶ γενναίας. + [B] τὰ μὲν δὴ θαυμαστὰ τῶν ἔργων καὶ ὁπόσων ὁ πολὺς ὅμιλος θεατῆς + τε ἐγένετο καὶ διασώζει τὴν μνήμην ξὺν εὐφημίᾳ, ἅτε ἐς τὸ<a id= + "noteref_372" name="noteref_372" href="#note_372"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">372</span></span></a> τέλος + ἀφορῶν καὶ τῶν εὖ ἢ κακῶς ἀποβάντων κριτὴς καθεστὼς καὶ ἐπαινέτης + οὐ μάλα ἀστεῖος, ἀκηκόατε πολλάκις τῶν μακαρίων σοφιστῶν καὶ τοῦ + ποιητικοῦ γένους πρὸς αὐτῶν τῶν μουσῶν ἐπιπνεομένου, ὥστε ὑμᾶς + τούτων ἕνεκα καὶ διωχλήκαμεν, μακροτέρους τοὺς ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν + ποιούμενοι λόγους· [C] καὶ γάρ ἐστε λίαν αὐτῶν ἤδη διακορεῖς καὶ + ὑμῶν ἐστι τὰ ὦτα πλήρη, καὶ οὐ μή ποτε ἐπιλίπωσιν οἱ τούτων + ποιηταί, πολέμους ὑμνοῦντες καὶ νίκας ἀνακηρύττοντες λαμπρᾷ τῇ φωνῇ + κατὰ τοὺς Ὀλυμπίασι κήρυκας· παρέσχεσθε γὰρ ὑμεῖς τῶν ἀνδρῶν τούτων + ἀφθονίαν, ἀσμένως ἐπακούοντες. καὶ οὐδὲν θαυμαστόν. εἰσὶ γὰρ αἱ + τούτων ὑπολήψεις ἀγαθῶν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page210">[pg + 210]</span><a name="Pg210" id="Pg210" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg211" id="Pg211" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> πέρι καὶ φαύλων ταῖς ὑμετέραις ξυγγενεῖς, [D] + καὶ ἀπαγγέλλουσι πρὸς ὑμᾶς τὰ ὑμῶν αὐτῶν διανοήματα, ἃ<a id= + "noteref_373" name="noteref_373" href="#note_373"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">373</span></span></a> ὥσπερ + ἐσθῆτι ποικίλῃ<a id="noteref_374" name="noteref_374" href= + "#note_374"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">374</span></span></a> τοῖς + ὀνόμασι σκιαγραφήσαντες καὶ διαπλάσαντες ἡδίστοις ῥυθμοῖς καὶ + σχήμασιν ὡς δή τι καινὸν εὑρόντες εἰς ὑμᾶς φέρουσιν· ὑμεῖς δὲ + ἄσμενοι παραδέχεσθε, καὶ ἐκείνους τε οἴεσθε ὀρθῶς ἐπαινεῖν, τούτοις + τε ἀποδίδοσθαι τὸ προσῆκόν φατε. τὸ δὲ ἐστι μὲν ἴσως ἀληθές, τυχὸν + δὲ καὶ ἄλλως ἔχει, ἀγνοούμενον πρὸς ὑμῶν ὅπῃ ποτὲ ἂν ὀρθῶς + γίγνοιτο.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now for my part + I should have been glad to repeat to you the words that the Emperor + used, and no fear would overtake me when handling words so noble. + But modesty restrains me and does not permit me to change or + interpret his words to you. For it would be wrong of me to tamper + with them, and I should blush to have my ignorance exposed, if + someone who had read the Emperor's composition or heard it at the + time should remember it by heart, and demand from me not only the + ideas in it but all the excellences with which they are adorned, + though they are composed in the language of our ancestors.<a id= + "noteref_375" name="noteref_375" href="#note_375"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">375</span></span></a> Now + this at any rate Homer had not to fear when, many generations + later, he reported his speeches, since his speakers left no record + of what they said in their assemblies, and I think he was clearly + confident that he was able to relate and report what they said in a + better style. But to make an inferior copy is absurd and unworthy + of a generous and noble soul. Now as to the marvellous portion of + his achievements and those of which the great multitude was + spectator and hence preserves their memory and commends them, since + it looks to the result and is there to judge whether they turn out + well or ill, and eulogises them in language that is certainly not + elegant,—as to all this I say you have often heard from the + ingenious sophists, and from the race of poets inspired by the + Muses themselves, so that, as far as these are concerned, I must + have wearied you by speaking about them at too great length. For + you are already surfeited with them, your ears are filled with + them, and there will always be a supply of composers of such + discourses to sing of battles and proclaim victories with a loud + clear voice, after the manner of the heralds at the Olympic games. + For you yourselves, since you delight to listen to them, have + produced an abundance of these men. And no wonder. For their + conceptions of what is good and bad are akin to your own, and they + do but report to you your own opinions and depict them in fine + phrases, like a dress of many colours, and cast them into the mould + of agreeable rhythms and forms, and bring them forth for you as + though they had invented something new. And you welcome them + eagerly, and think that this is the correct way to eulogise, and + you say that these deeds have received their due. And this is + perhaps true but it may well be otherwise, since you do not really + know what the correct way should be.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[79] Ἐπεὶ καὶ + τὸν Ἀθηναῖον ἐνενόησα Σωκράτη· ἴστε δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀκοῇ τὸν ἄνδρα καὶ τὸ + ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ κλέος τῆς σοφίας παρὰ τῆς Πυθίας ἐκβοηθέν· οὐ ταῦτα + ἐπαινοῦντα<a id="noteref_376" name="noteref_376" href= + "#note_376"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">376</span></span></a> οὐδὲ + εὐδαίμονας καὶ μακαρίους ὁμολογοῦντα τοὺς πολλὴν κεκτημένους χώραν, + πλεῖστα δ᾽ ἔθνη καὶ ἐν αὐτοῖς πολλοὺς μὲν Ἑλλήνων, πλείους δὲ ἔτι + καὶ μείζους βαρβάρων καὶ τὸν Ἄθω διορύττειν δυναμένους καὶ σχεδίᾳ + τὰς ἠπείρους, ἐπειδὰν ἐθέλωσι διαβαίνειν, συνάπτοντας καὶ ἔθνη + καταστρεφομένους [B] καὶ αἱροῦντας νήσους καὶ σαγηνεύοντας καὶ + λιβανωτοῦ χίλια τάλαντα καταθύοτας. οὔτε οὖν Ξέρξην ἐκεῖνος ἐπῄνει + ποτὲ οὔτε ἄλλον τινὰ Περσῶν ἢ Λυδῶν ἢ Μακεδόνων βασιλέα, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ + Ἑλλήνων στρατηγόν, πλὴν σφόδρα ὀλίγων, ὁπόσους ἠπίστατο χαίροντας + ἀρετῇ καὶ ἀσπαζομένους ἀνδρείαν μετὰ σωφροσύνης καὶ φρόνησιν μετὰ + δικαιοσύνης στέργοντας. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page212">[pg + 212]</span><a name="Pg212" id="Pg212" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg213" id="Pg213" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ὅσους δὲ ἀγχίνους ἢ δεινοὺς ἢ στρατηγικοὺς ἢ + κομψοὺς καὶ τῷ πλήθει πιθανοὺς ἑώρα, σμίκρ᾽ ἄττα μόρια + κατανειμαμένους ἀρετῆς, [C] οὐδὲ τούτους ἐς ἅπαν ἐπῄνει. ἕπεται δὲ + αὐτοῦ τῇ κρίσει σοφῶν ἀνδρῶν δῆμος ἀρετὴν θεραπεύοντες, τὰ κλεινὰ + δὲ οἶμαι ταῦτα καὶ θαυμαστὰ οἱ μὲν ὀλίγου τινός, οἱ δὲ οὐδενὸς ἄξια + λέγοντες.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(For I have + observed that Socrates the Athenian—you know the man by hearsay and + that his reputation for wisdom was proclaimed aloud by the Pythian + oracle<a id="noteref_377" name="noteref_377" href= + "#note_377"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">377</span></span></a>—I say + I have observed that he did not praise that sort of thing, nor + would he admit<a id="noteref_378" name="noteref_378" href= + "#note_378"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">378</span></span></a> that + they are happy and fortunate who are masters of a great territory + and many nations, with many Greeks too among them, and still more + numerous and powerful barbarians, such men as are able to cut a + canal through Athos and join continents<a id="noteref_379" name= + "noteref_379" href="#note_379"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">379</span></span></a> by a + bridge of boats whenever they please, and who subdue nations and + reduce islands by sweeping the inhabitants into a net,<a id= + "noteref_380" name="noteref_380" href="#note_380"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">380</span></span></a> and + make offerings of a thousand talents' worth of frankincense.<a id= + "noteref_381" name="noteref_381" href="#note_381"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">381</span></span></a> + Therefore he never praised Xerxes or any other king of Persia or + Lydia or Macedonia, and not even a Greek general, save only a very + few, whomsoever he knew to delight in virtue and to cherish courage + with temperance and to love wisdom with justice. But those whom he + saw to be cunning, or merely clever, or generals and nothing more, + or ingenious, or able, though each one could lay claim to only one + small fraction of virtue, to impose on the masses, these too he + would not praise without reserve. And his judgment is followed by a + host of wise men who reverence virtue, but as for all those wonders + and marvels that I have described, some say of them that they are + worth little, others that they are worth nothing.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Εἰ μὲν οὖν καὶ + ὑμῖν ταύτῃ πῃ ξυνδοκεῖ, δέος οὐ φαῦλόν με ἔχει περὶ τῶν ἔμπροσθεν + λόγων καὶ ἐμαυτοῦ, μή ποτε ἄρα τοὺς μὲν παιδιὰν<a id="noteref_382" + name="noteref_382" href="#note_382"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">382</span></span></a> + ἀποφήνητε, σοφιστὴν δὲ ἐμὲ γελοῖον καὶ ἀμαθῆ, μεταποιούμενον + τέχνης, [D] ἧς σφόδρα ἀπείρως ἔχειν ὁμολογῶ, ὥς γ᾽ ἐμοὶ πρὸς ὑμᾶς + ὁμολογητέον ἐστὶ τοὺς ἀληθεῖς ἐπαίνους διεξιόντι καὶ ὧν ἀκούειν + ἄξιον ὑμῖν οἴεσθε, εἰ καὶ ἀγροικότεροι καὶ ἐλάττους μακρῷ τῶν + ῥηθέντων τοῖς πολλοῖς φαίνοιντο. εἰ δέ, ὅπερ ἔμπροσθεν ἔφην, + ἀποδέχεσθε τοὺς ἐκείνων ποιητάς, ἐμοὶ μὲν ἀνεῖται τὸ δέος εὖ μάλα. + οὐ γὰρ πάντα ὑμῖν ἄτοπος φανοῦμαι, ἀλλὰ πολλῶν μὲν οἶμαι + φαυλότερος, κατ᾽ ἐμαυτὸν δὲ ἐξεταζόμενος οὐ παντάπασιν [80] + ἀπόβλητος οὐδὲ ἀτόποις ἐπιχειρῶν. ὑμῖν δὲ ἴσως οὐ ῥᾴδιον σοφοῖς καὶ + θείοις ἀπιστεῖν ἀνδράσιν, οἳ δὴ λέγουσι πολλὰ μὲν ἕκαστος ἰδίᾳ, τὸ + κεφάλαιον δέ ἐστι τῶν λόγων ἀρετῆς ἔπαινος. ταύτην δὲ τῇ ψυχῇ φασιν + ἐμφύεσθαι καὶ αὐτὴν ἀποφαίνειν εὐδαίμονα καὶ βασιλικὴν καὶ ναὶ μὰ + Δία πολιτικὴν καὶ στρατηγικὴν <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page214">[pg 214]</span><a name="Pg214" id="Pg214" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg215" id="Pg215" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ μεγαλόφρονα καὶ πλουσίαν γε ἀληθῶς οὐ τὸ + Κολοφώνιον ἔχουσαν χρυσίον.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now if you also + are of their opinion, I feel no inconsiderable alarm for what I + said earlier, and for myself, lest possibly you should declare that + my words are mere childishness, and that I am an absurd and + ignorant sophist and make pretensions to an art in which I confess + that I have no skill, as indeed I must confess to you when I recite + eulogies that are really deserved, and such as you think it worth + while to listen to, even though they should seem to most of you + somewhat uncouth and far inferior to what has been already uttered. + But if, as I said before, you accept the authors of those other + eulogies, then my fear is altogether allayed. For then I shall not + seem wholly out of place, but though, as I admit, inferior to many + others, yet judged by my own standard, not wholly unprofitable nor + attempting what is out of place. And indeed it is probably not easy + for you to disbelieve wise and inspired men who have much to say, + each in his own manner, though the sum and substance of all their + speeches is the praise of virtue. And virtue they say is implanted + in the soul and makes it happy and kingly, yes, by Zeus, and + statesmanlike and gifted with true generalship, and generous and + truly wealthy, not because it possesses the Colophonian<a id= + "noteref_383" name="noteref_383" href="#note_383"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">383</span></span></a> + treasures of gold,)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-right: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">[B] Οὐδ᾽ ὅσα λάϊνος οὐδὸς + ἀφήτορος ἐντὸς ἐέργε</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Nor all + that the stone threshold of the Far-Darter contained + within,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id= + "noteref_384" name="noteref_384" href="#note_384"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">384</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">τὸ πρὶν ἐπ᾽ + εἰρήνης, ὅτε ἦν ὀρθὰ τὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων πράγματα, οὐδὲ ἐσθῆτα πολυτελῆ + καὶ ψήφους Ἰνδικὰς καὶ γῆς πλέθρων μυριάδας πάνυ πολλάς, ἀλλ᾽ ὃ + πάντων ἅμα τούτων καὶ κρεῖττον καὶ θεοφιλέστερον, ὃ καὶ ἐν + ναυαγίαις ἔνεστι διασώσασθαι καὶ ἐν ἀγορᾷ καὶ ἐν δήμῳ καὶ ἐν οἰκίᾳ + καὶ ἐπ᾽ ἐρημίας, [C] ἐν λῃσταῖς μέσοις καὶ ἀπὸ τυράννων βιαίων.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“in the old days, in times of peace,”</span><a id= + "noteref_385" name="noteref_385" href="#note_385"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">385</span></span></a> when + the fortunes of Greece had not yet fallen; nay nor costly clothing + and precious stones from India and many tens of thousands of acres + of land, but that which is superior to all these things together + and more pleasing to the gods; which can keep us safe even in + shipwreck, in the market-place, in the crowd, in the house, in the + desert, in the midst of robbers, and from the violence of + tyrants.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὅλως γὰρ οὐδέν + ἐστιν ἐκείνου κρεῖττον, ὃ βιασάμενον καθέξει καὶ ἀφαιρήσεται τὸν + ἔχοντα ἅπαξ. ἔστι γὰρ ἀτεχνῶς ψυχῇ τὸ κτῆμα τοῦτο τοιοῦτον, ὁποῖον + οἶμαι τὸ φῶς ἡλίῳ. καὶ γὰρ δὴ τοῦδε νεὼς μὲν καὶ ἀναθήματα πολλοὶ + πολλάκις ὑφελόμενοι καὶ διαφθείραντες ᾤχοντο, δόντες μὲν ἄλλοι τὴν + δίκην, ἄλλοι δὲ ὠλιγωρηθέντες ὡς οὐκ ἄξιοι κολάσεως εἰς ἐπανόρθωσιν + φερούσης· τὸ φῶς δὲ οὐδεὶς αὐτὸν ἀφαιρεῖται, οὐδὲ ἐν ταῖς συνόδοις + [D] ἡ σελήνη τὸν κύκλον ὑποτρέχουσα, οὐδὲ εἰς αὑτὴν δεχομένη τὴν + ἀκτῖνα καὶ ἡμῖν πολλάκις, τοῦτο δὴ τὸ λεγόμενον, ἐκ μεσημβρίας + νύκτα δεικνῦσα. ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ αὐτὸς αὑτὸν ἀφαιρεῖται φωτὸς τὴν σελήνην + ἐξ ἐναντίας ἱσταμένην περιλάμπρων καὶ μεταδιδοὺς αὐτῇ τῆς αὑτοῦ + φύσεως οὐδὲ τὸν μέγαν καὶ θαυμαστὸν τουτονὶ κόσμον ἐμπλήσας αὐγῆς + καὶ ἡμέρας. οὔκουν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page216">[pg + 216]</span><a name="Pg216" id="Pg216" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg217" id="Pg217" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> οὐδὲ ἀνὴρ ἀγαθὸς ἀρετῆς μεταδιδοὺς ἄλλῳ τῷ + μεταδοθέντι μεῖον ἔχων ἐφάνη ποτέ· [81] οὕτω θεῖόν ἐστι κτῆμα καὶ + πάγκαλον, καὶ οὐ ψευδὴς ὁ λόγος τοῦ Ἀθηναίου ξένου, ὅστις ποτὲ ἄρα + ἦν ἐκεῖνος ὁ θεῖος ἀνήρ· πᾶς γὰρ ὅ τε ὑπὸ γῆς καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς χρυσὸς + ἀρετῆς οὐκ ἀντάξιος. θαρροῦντες οὖν ἤδη πλούσιον καλῶμεν τὸν ταύτην + ἔχοντα, οἶμαι δὲ ἐγὼ καὶ εὐγενῆ καὶ βασιλέα μόνον τῶν ἁπάντων, εἴ + τῳ ξυνδοκεῖ. κρείττων μὲν εὐγένεια φαυλότητος γένους, [B] κρείττων + δὲ ἀρετὴ διαθέσεως οὐ πάντη σπουδαίας. καὶ μή τις οἰέσθω τὸν λόγον + δύσεριν καὶ βίαιον εἰς τὴν συνήθειαν ἀφορῶν τῶν ὀνομάτων· φασὶ γὰρ + οἱ πολλοὶ τοὺς ἐκ πάλαι πλουσίων εὐγενεῖς. καίτοι πῶς οὐκ ἄτοπον + μάγειρον μὲν ἢ σκυτέα καὶ ναὶ μὰ Δία κεραμέα τινὰ χρήματα ἐκ τῆς + τέχνης ἢ καὶ ἄλλοθέν ποθεν ἀθροίσαντα μὴ δοκεῖν εὐγενῆ μηδὲ ὑπὸ τῶν + πολλῶν ἐπονομάζεσθαι τοῦτο τὸ ὄνομα, εἰ δὲ ὁ τούτου παῖς + διαδεξάμενος τὸν κλῆρον εἰς τοὺς ἐκγόνους διαπορθμεύσειε, [C] + τούτους δὲ ἤδη μέγα φρονεῖν καὶ τοῖς Πελοπίδαις ἢ τοῖς Ἡρακλείδαις + ὑπὲρ τῆς εὐγενείας ἁμιλλᾶσθαι; ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ ὅστις προγόνων ἀγαθῶν ἔφυ, + αὐτὸς δὲ ἐπὶ τὴν ἐναντίαν τοῦ βίου ῥοπὴν κατηνέχθη, δικαίως ἂν + μεταποιοῖτο τῆς πρὸς ἐκείνους ξυγγενείας, εἰ<a id="noteref_386" + name="noteref_386" href="#note_386"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">386</span></span></a> μηδὲ + ἐς τοὺς Πελοπίδας ἐξῆν ἐγγράφεσθαι τοὺς μὴ φέροντας ἐπὶ τὸν ὤμον + τοῦ γένους τὰ γνωρίσματα. λόγχη δὲ λέγεται περὶ τὴν Βοιωτίαν τοῖς + Σπαρτοῖς ἐντυπωθῆναι παρὰ τῆς τεκούσης <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page218">[pg 218]</span><a name="Pg218" id="Pg218" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg219" id="Pg219" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ θρεψαμένης αὐτοὺς βώλου, [D] καὶ τὸ + ἐντεῦθεν ἐπὶ πολὺ διασωθῆναι τοῦτο τῷ γένει σύμβολον. ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν + ψυχῶν οὐδὲν οἰόμεθα δεῖν ἐγκεχαράχθαι τοιοῦτον, ὃ τοὺς πατέρας ἡμῖν + ἀκριβῶς κατερεῖ καὶ ἀπελέγξει τὸν τόκον γνήσιον; ὑπάρχειν δὲ φασι + καὶ Κελτοῖς ποταμὸν ἀδέκαστον κριτὴν τῶν ἐκγόνων·<a id= + "noteref_387" name="noteref_387" href="#note_387"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">387</span></span></a> καὶ + οὐ πείθουσιν αὐτὸν οὔτε αἱ μητέρες ὀδυρόμεναι συγκαλύπτειν αὐταῖς + [82] καὶ ἀποκρύπτειν τὴν ἁμαρτάδα οὔτε οἱ πατέρες ὑπὲρ τῶν γαμετῶν + καὶ τῶν ἐκγόνων<a id="noteref_388" name="noteref_388" href= + "#note_388"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">388</span></span></a> ἐπὶ + τῇ κρίσει δειμαίνοντες, ἀτρεκὴς δὲ ἐστι καὶ ἀψευδὴς κριτής. ἡμᾶς δὲ + δεκάζει μέν πλοῦτος, δεκάζει δὲ ἰσχὺς καὶ ὥρα σώματος καὶ δυναστεία + προγόνων ἔξωθεν ἐπισκιάζουσα, καὶ οὐκ ἐπιτρέπει διορᾶν οὐδὲ + ἀποβλέπειν ἐς τὴν ψυχὴν, ᾗπερ δὴ τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων διαφέροντες εἰκότως + ἂν κατ᾽ αὐτὸ τὴν ὑπὲρ τῆς εὐγενείας ποιοίμεθα κρίσιν. καί μοι + δοκοῦσιν εὐστοχίᾳ φύσεως [B] οἱ πάλαι θαυμαστῇ χρώμενοι, καὶ οὐκ + ἐπίκτητον ὥσπερ ἡμεῖς ἔχοντες τὸ φρονεῖν, οὔτι πλαστῶς, ἀλλ᾽ + αὐτοφυῶς φιλοσοφοῦντες, τοῦτο κατανοῆσαι, καὶ τὸν Ἡρακλέα τοῦ Διὸς + ἀνειπεῖν ἔκγονον<a id="noteref_389" name="noteref_389" href= + "#note_389"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">389</span></span></a> καὶ + τὼ τῆς Λήδας ιἱέε, Μίνω τε οἶμαι τὸν νομοθέτην καὶ Ῥαδάμανθυν τὸν + Κνώσιον τῆς αὐτῆς ἀξιῶσαι φήμης· καὶ ἄλλους δὲ ἄλλων ἐκγόνους + ἀνεκήρυττον πολλοὺς διαφέροντας τῶν φύσει πατέρων. ἔβλεπον γὰρ ἐς + τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτὴν καὶ τὰς πράξεις, ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἐς πλοῦτον βαθὺν + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page220">[pg 220]</span><a name= + "Pg220" id="Pg220" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg221" id= + "Pg221" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ χρόνῳ πολιόν, οὐδὲ + δυναστείαν ἐκ πάππων τινῶν καὶ ἐπιπάππων ἐς αὐτοὺς ἥκουσαν· [C] + καίτοι γε ὑπῆρχέ τισιν οὐ παντάπασιν ἀδόξων γενέσθαι πατέρων· ἀλλὰ + διὰ τὴν ὑπερβολὴν ἧς ἐτίμων τε καὶ ἐθεράπευον ἀρετῆς αὐτῶν + ἐνομίζοντο τῶν θεῶν παῖδες. δῆλον δὲ ἐνθένδε· ἄλλων γὰρ οὐδὲ + εἰδότες τοὺς φύσει γονέας ἐς τὸ δαιμόνιον ἀνῆπτον τὴν φήμην, τῇ + περὶ αὐτοὺς ἀρετῇ χαριζόμενοι. καὶ οὐ πειστέον τοῖς λέγουσιν, ὡς + ἄρα ἐκεῖνοι ὑπ᾽ ἀμαθίας ἐξαπατώμενοι ταῦτα τῶν θεῶν κατεψεύδοντο. + εἰ γὰρ δὴ [D] καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων εἰκὸς ἦν ἐξαπατηθῆναι θεῶν ἢ + δαιμόνων, σχήματα περιτιθέντας ἀνθρώπινα καὶ μορφὰς τοιαύτας, ἀφανῆ + μὲν αἰσθήσει καὶ ἀνέφικτον κεκτημένων αὐτῶν φύσιν, νῷ δὲ ἀκριβεῖ + διὰ ξυγγένειαν μόλις προσπίπτουσαν· οὔτι γε καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἐμφανῶν + θεῶν τοῦτο παθεῖν εὔλογον ἐκείνους, Ἡλίου μὲν ἐπιφημίζοντας Αἰήτην + υἱέα, Ἑωσφόρου δὲ ἕτερον, καὶ ἄλλους ἄλλων. ὅπερ δὲ ἔφην, [83] χρὴ + περὶ αὐτῶν πειθομένους ἡμᾶς ταύτην ποιεῖσθαι τὴν ὑπὲρ τῆς εὐγενείας + ἐξέτασιν· καὶ ὅτῳ μὲν ἂν ὦσιν ἀγαθοὶ πατέρες καὶ αὐτὸς ἐκείνοις + ἐμφερής, τοῦτον ὀνομάζειν θαρρούντως εὐγενῆ· ὅτῳ δὲ τὰ μὲν τῶν + πατέρων ὑπῆρξεν ἀρετῆς ἐνδεᾶ, αὐτὸς δὲ μετεποιήθη τούτου τοῦ + κτήματος, τούτου δὲ νομιστέον πατέρα τὸν Δία καὶ φυτουργόν, καὶ + οὐδὲν μεῖον αὐτῷ δοτέον ἐκείνων, οἳ γεγονότες πατέρων ἀγαθῶν τοὺς + σφῶν τοκέας ἐζήλωσαν· [B] ὅστις δὲ ἐξ ἀγαθῶν γέγονε μοχθηρός, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page222">[pg 222]</span><a name= + "Pg222" id="Pg222" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg223" id= + "Pg223" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> τοῦτον τοῖς νόθοις ἐγγράφειν + ἄξιον· τοὺς δὲ ἐκ μοχθηρῶν φῦντας καὶ προσομοίους τοῖς αὑτῶν + τοκεῦσιν οὔποτε εὐγενεῖς φατέον, οὐδὲ εἰ πλουτοῖεν ταλάντοις + μυρίοις, οὐδὲ εἰ ἀπαριθμοῖντο προγόνους δυνάστας ἢ ναὶ μὰ Δία + τυράννους εἴκοσιν, οὐδὲ εἰ νίκας Ὀλυμπιακὰς ἢ Πυθικὰς ἢ τῶν + πολεμικῶν ἀγώνων, [C] αἳ δὴ τῷ παντὶ ἐκείνων εἰσὶ λαμπρότεραι, + ἀνελομένους ἔχοιεν δείκνυσθαι πλείους ἢ Καῖσαρ ὁ πρῶτος, ὀρύγματά + τε<a id="noteref_390" name="noteref_390" href= + "#note_390"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">390</span></span></a> τὰ + Ἀσσύρια καὶ τὰ Βαβυλωνίων τείχη πυραμίδας τε ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς τὰς + Αἰγυπτίων, καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα πλούτου καὶ χρημάτων καὶ τρυφῆς γέγονε + σημεῖα καὶ διανοίας ὑπὸ φιλοτιμίας ἀναφλεγομένης καὶ + ἀπορουμένης<a id="noteref_391" name="noteref_391" href= + "#note_391"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">391</span></span></a> ἐς + ὅ,τι τῷ πλούτῳ χρήσεται, εἶτα ἐς τοῦτο τὰς τῶν χρημάτων εὐπορίας + καταβαλλομένης. εὖ γὰρ δὴ ἴστε, ὡς οὔτε πλοῦτος ἀρχαῖος ἢ νεωστί + ποθεν ἐπιρρέων Βασιλέα ποιεῖ οὔτε [D] ἁλουργὲς ἱμάτιον οὔτε τιάρα + καὶ σκῆπτρον καὶ διάδημα καὶ θρόνος ἀρχαῖος, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ ὁπλῖται + πολλοῖ καὶ ἱππεῖς μυρίοι, οὐδὲ εἰ πάντες ἄνθρωποι βασιλέα σφῶν + τοῦτον ὁμολογοῖεν συνελθόντες, ὅτι μηδὲ ἀρετὴν οὗτοι χαρίζονται, + ἀλλὰ δυναστείαν μὲν οὐ μάλα εὐτυχῆ τῷ λαβόντι, πολὺ δὲ πλέον τοῖς + παρασχομένοις. δεξάμενος γὰρ ὁ τοιοῦτος αἴρεται μετέωρος ἐπίπαν, + οὐδὲν διαφέρων τοῦ περὶ τὸν Φαέθοντα μύθου καὶ πάθους. καὶ οὐδὲν + ἑτέρων δεῖ παραδειγμάτων πρὸς πίστιν τῷ λόγῳ, [84] τοῦ βίου παντὸς + ἀναπεπλησμένου τοιούτων παθημάτων καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς λόγων. ὑμῖν δὲ εἰ + θαυμαστὸν δοκεῖ τὸ μὴ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page224">[pg + 224]</span><a name="Pg224" id="Pg224" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg225" id="Pg225" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> δικαίως μεταποιεῖσθαι τῆς καλῆς ταύτης καὶ + θεοφιλοῦς ἐπωνυμίας τοὺς πολλῆς μὲν γῆς καὶ ἐθνῶν ἀπείρων ἄρχοντας, + γνώμῃ δὲ αὐτεξουσίῳ δίχα νοῦ καὶ φρονήσεως καὶ τῶν ταύτῃ + ξυνεπομένων ἀρετῶν τὰ προστυχόντα κρίνοντας· ἴστε οὐδὲ ἐλευθέρους + ὄντας, [B] οὐ μόνον εἰ τὰ παρόντα οὐδενός σφισιν ἐμποδὼν ὄντος + ἔχοιεν καὶ ἐμφοροῖντο τῆς ἐξουσίας, ἀλλὰ καὶ εἰ τῶν ἐπιστρατευόντων + κρατοῖεν καὶ ἐπιόντες ἀνυπόστατοί τινες καὶ<a id="noteref_392" + name="noteref_392" href="#note_392"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">392</span></span></a> + ἄμαχοι φαίνοιντο. εἰ δὲ ἀπιστεῖ τις ὑμῶν τῷ λόγῳ τῷδε, μάλα ἐμφανῶν + μαρτύρων οὐκ ἀπορήσομεν, Ἑλλήνων ὁμοῦ καὶ βαρβάρων, οἳ μάχας πολλὰς + καὶ ἰσχυρὰς λίαν μαχεσάμενοι καὶ νενικηκότες ἔθνη μὲν ἐκτῶντο καὶ + [C] αὑτοῖς φόρους ἀπάγειν κατηνάνκαζον, ἐδούλευον δὲ αἴσχιον + ἐκείνων ἡδονῇ καὶ τρυφῇ καὶ ἀκολασίᾳ καὶ ὕβρει καὶ ἀδικίᾳ. τούτους + δὲ οὐδὲ ἰσχυροὺς ἂν φαίη νοῦν ἔχων ἀνήρ, εἰ καὶ ἐπιφαίνοιτο καὶ + ἐπιλάμποι μέγεθος τοῖς ἔργοις. μόνος γάρ ἐστι τοιοῦτος ὁ μετὰ + ἀρετῆς ἀνδρεῖος καὶ μεγαλόφρων· ὅστις δὲ ἥττων μὲν ἡδονῶν, ἀκράτωρ + δὲ ὀργῆς καὶ ἐπιθυμιῶν παντοιῶν, καὶ ὑπὸ σμικρῶν ἀπαγορεύειν + ἀναγκαζόμενος, οὗτος δὲ [D] οὐδὲ ἰσχυρὸς οὐδὲ ἀνδρεῖος ἀνθρωπίνην + ἰσχύν· ἐπιτρεπτέον δὲ ἴσως αὐτῷ κατὰ τοὺς ταύρους ἢ τοὺς λέοντας ἢ + τὰς παρδάλεις τῇ ῥώμῃ γάνυσθαι, εἰ μὴ καὶ ταύτην ἀποβαλὼν καθάπερ + οἱ κηφῆνες ἀλλοτρίοις ἐφέστηκε πόνοις, αὐτὸς ὢν μαλθακὸς αἰχμητὴς + καὶ δειλὸς καὶ ἀκόλαστος. τοιοῦτος δὲ ὢν οὐ μόνον ἀληθοῦς ἐνδεὴς + πλούτου καθέστηκεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦ πολυτιμήτου καὶ σεμνοῦ καὶ + ἀγαπητοῦ, ἐξ οὗ παντοδαπαὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page226">[pg 226]</span><a name="Pg226" id="Pg226" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg227" id="Pg227" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> κρεμάμεναι ψυχαὶ πράγματα ἔχουσι μυρία καὶ + πόνους, [85] τοῦ καθ᾽ ἡμέραν κέρδους ἕνεκα πλεῖν τε ὑπομένουσαι καὶ + καπηλεύειν καὶ λῃστεύειν καὶ ἀναρπάζειν τὰς τυραννίδας. ζῶσι γὰρ + ἀεὶ μὲν κτώμενοι, ἀεὶ δὲ ἐνδεεῖς, οὔτι τῶν ἀναγαίων φημὶ σιτίων καὶ + ποτῶν καὶ ἐσθημάτων· ὥρισται γὰρ ὁ τοιοῦτος πλοῦτος εὖ μάλα παρὰ + τῆς φύσεως, καὺ οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτοῦυ στέρεσθαι οὔτε τοὺς ὄρνιθας οὔτε + τοὺς ἰχθῦς<a id="noteref_393" name="noteref_393" href= + "#note_393"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">393</span></span></a> οὔτε + τὰ θηρία, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ ἀνθρώπων τοὺς σώφρονας· [B] ὅσους δὲ ἐνοχλεῖ + χρημάτων ἀπιθυμία καὶ ἔρως δυστυχής, τούτους δὲ ἀνάγκη πεινῆν διὰ + βίου καὶ ἀθλιώτερον ἀπαλλάττειν μακρῷ τῶν τῆς ἐφημέρου τροφῆς + ἐνδεομένων. τούτοις μὲν γὰρ ἀποπλήσασι τὴν γαστέρα πολλὴ γέγονεν + εἰρήνη καὶ ἀνοκωχὴ τῆς ἀλγηδόνος, ἐκείνοις δὲ οὔτε ἡμέρα πέφηνεν + ἀκερδὴς ἡδεῖα, οὔτε εὐφρόνη τὸν λυσιμελῆ καὶ λυσιμέριμνον ὕπνον + ἐπάγουσα παῦλαν ἐνεποίησε τῆς ἐμμανοῦς λύττης, [C] στροβεῖ δὲ αὐτῶν + καὶ στρέφει τὴν ψυχὴν ἐκλογιζομένων καὶ ἀπαριθμουμένων τὰ χρήματα· + καὶ οὐκ ἐξαιρεῖται τοὺς ἄνδρας τῆς ἐπιθυμίας καὶ τῆς ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ + ταλαιπωρίας<a id="noteref_394" name="noteref_394" href= + "#note_394"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">394</span></span></a> οὐδὲ + ὁ Ταντάλου καὶ Μίδου πλοῦτος περιγενόμενος οὐδὲ ἡ μεγίστη καὶ + χαλεπωτάτη δαιμόνων τυραννὶς προσγενομένη. ἢ γὰρ οὐκ ἀκηκόατε + Δαρεῖον τὸν Περσῶν μονάρχην,<a id="noteref_395" name="noteref_395" + href="#note_395"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">395</span></span></a> οὐ + παντάπασι μοχθηρὸν ἄνθρωπον, δυσέρωτα δὲ αἰσχρῶς εἰς χρήματα καὶ + νεκρῶν θήκας ὑπὸ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας διορύττειν<a id="noteref_396" name= + "noteref_396" href="#note_396"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">396</span></span></a> καὶ + πολυτελεῖς [D] ἐπιτάττειν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page228">[pg + 228]</span><a name="Pg228" id="Pg228" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg229" id="Pg229" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> φόρουσ; ὅθεν αὐτῷ τὸ κλεινὸν ὄνομα γέγονε + κατὰ πάντας ἀνθρώπους·<a id="noteref_397" name="noteref_397" href= + "#note_397"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">397</span></span></a> + ἐκάλουν γὰρ αὐτὸν Περσῶν οἱ γνώριμοι ὅτιπερ Ἀθηναῖοι τὸν + Σάραμβον.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(For there is + nothing at all superior to it, nothing that can constrain and + control it, or take it from him who has once possessed it. Indeed + it seems to me that this possession bears the same relation to the + soul as its light to the sun. For often men have stolen the votive + offerings of the Sun and destroyed his temples and gone their way, + and some have been punished, and others let alone as not worthy of + the punishment that leads to amendment. But his light no one ever + takes from the sun, not even the moon when in their conjunctions + she oversteps his disc, or when she takes his rays to herself, and + often, as the saying is, turns midday into night.<a id= + "noteref_398" name="noteref_398" href="#note_398"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">398</span></span></a> Nor + is he deprived of his light when he illumines the moon in her + station opposite to himself and shares with her his own nature, nor + when he fills with light and day this great and wonderful universe. + Just so no good man who imparts his goodness to another was ever + thought to have less virtue by as much as he had bestowed. So + divine and excellent is that possession, and most true is the + saying of the Athenian stranger, whoever that inspired man may have + been: <span class="tei tei-q">“All the gold beneath the earth and + above ground is too little to give in exchange for + virtue.”</span><a id="noteref_399" name="noteref_399" href= + "#note_399"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">399</span></span></a> Let + us therefore now boldly call its possessor wealthy, yes and I + should say well-born also, and the only king among them all,<a id= + "noteref_400" name="noteref_400" href="#note_400"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">400</span></span></a> if + anyone agree to this. For as noble birth is better than a lowly + pedigree, so virtue is better than a character not in all respects + admirable. And let no one say that this statement is contentious + and too strong, judging by the ordinary use of words. For the + multitude are wont to say that the sons of those who have long been + rich are well-born. And yet is it not extraordinary that a cook or + cobbler, yes, by Zeus, or some potter who has got money together by + his craft, or by some other means, is not considered well-born nor + is given that title by the many, whereas if this man's son inherit + his estate and hand it on to his sons, they begin to give + themselves airs and compete on the score of noble birth with the + Pelopids and the Heraclids? Nay, even a man who is born of noble + ancestors, but himself sinks down in the opposite scale of life, + could not justly claim kinship with those ancestors, seeing that no + one could be enrolled among the Pelopids who had not on his + shoulder the birth-mark<a id="noteref_401" name="noteref_401" href= + "#note_401"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">401</span></span></a> of + that family. And in Boeotia it was said that there was the + impression of a spear on the Sown-men<a id="noteref_402" name= + "noteref_402" href="#note_402"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">402</span></span></a> from + the clod of earth that bore and reared them, and that hence the + race long preserved that distinguishing mark. And can we suppose + that on men's souls no mark of that sort is engraved, which shall + tell us accurately who their fathers were and vindicate their birth + as legitimate? They say that the Celts also have a river<a id= + "noteref_403" name="noteref_403" href="#note_403"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">403</span></span></a> which + is an incorruptible judge of offspring, and neither can the mothers + persuade that river by their laments to hide and conceal their + fault for them, nor the fathers who are afraid for their wives and + sons in this trial, but it is an arbiter that never swerves or + gives a false verdict. But we are corrupted by riches, by physical + strength in its prime, by powerful ancestors, an influence from + without that overshadows and does not permit us to see clearly or + discern the soul; for we are unlike all other living things in + this, that by the soul and by nothing else, we should with reason + make our decision about noble birth. And it seems to me that the + ancients, employing a wondrous sagacity of nature, since their + wisdom was not like ours a thing acquired, but they were + philosophers by nature, not manufactured,<a id="noteref_404" name= + "noteref_404" href="#note_404"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">404</span></span></a> + perceived the truth of this, and so they called Heracles the son of + Zeus, and Leda's two sons also, and Minos the law-giver, and + Rhadamanthus of Cnossus they deemed worthy of the same distinction. + And many others they proclaimed to be the children of other gods, + because they so surpassed their mortal parents. For they looked at + the soul alone and their actual deeds, and not at wealth piled high + and hoary with age, nor at the power that had come down to them + from some grandfather or great-grandfather. And yet some of them + were the sons of fathers not wholly inglorious. But because of the + superabundance in them of that virtue which men honoured and + cherished, they were held to be the sons of the gods themselves. + This is clear from the following fact. In the case of certain + others, though they did not know those who were by nature their + sires, they ascribed that title to a divinity, to recompense the + virtue of those men. And we ought not to say that they were + deceived, and that in ignorance they told lies about the gods. For + even if in the case of other gods or deities it was natural that + they should be so deceived, when they clothed them in human forms + and human shapes, though those deities possess a nature not to be + perceived or attained by the senses, but barely recognisable by + means of pure intelligence, by reason of their kinship with it; + nevertheless in the case of the visible gods it is not probable + that they were deceived, for instance, when they entitled Aeetes + <span class="tei tei-q">“son of Helios”</span> and another<a id= + "noteref_405" name="noteref_405" href="#note_405"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">405</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“son of the Dawn,”</span> and so on with + others. But, as I said, we must in these cases believe them, and + make our enquiry about noble birth accordingly. And when a man has + virtuous parents and himself resembles them, we may with confidence + call him nobly born. But when, though his parents lack virtue, he + himself can claim to possess it, we must suppose that the father + who begat him is Zeus, and we must not pay less respect to him than + to those who are the sons of virtuous fathers and emulate their + parents. But when a bad man comes of good parents, we ought to + enrol him among the bastards, while as for those who come of a bad + stock and resemble their parents, never must we call them + well-born, not even though their wealth amounts to ten thousand + talents, not though they reckon among their ancestors twenty + rulers, or, by Zeus, twenty tyrants, not though they can prove that + the victories they won at Olympia or Pytho or in the encounters of + war—which are in every way more brilliant than victories in the + games—were more than the first Caesar's, or can point to + excavations in Assyria<a id="noteref_406" name="noteref_406" href= + "#note_406"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">406</span></span></a> or to + the walls of Babylon and the Egyptian pyramids besides, and to all + else that is a proof of wealth and great possessions and luxury and + a soul that is inflamed by ambition and, being at a loss how to use + money, lavishes on things of that sort all those abundant supplies + of wealth. For you are well aware that it is not wealth, either + ancestral or newly acquired and pouring in from some source or + other, that makes a king, nor his purple cloak nor his tiara and + sceptre and diadem and ancestral throne, nay nor numerous hoplites + and ten thousand cavalry; not though all men should gather together + and acknowledge him for their king, because virtue they cannot + bestow on him, but only power, ill-omened indeed for him that + receives it, but still more for those that bestow it. For once he + has received such power, a man of that sort is altogether raised + aloft in the clouds, and in nowise differs from the legend of + Phaethon and his fate. And there is no need of other instances to + make us believe this saying, for the whole of life is full of such + disasters and tales about them. And if it seems surprising to you + that the title of king, so honourable, so favoured by the gods, + cannot justly be claimed by men who, though they rule over a vast + territory and nations without number, nevertheless settle questions + that arise by an autocratic decision, without intelligence or + wisdom or the virtues that go with wisdom, believe me they are not + even free men; I do not mean if they merely possess what they have + with none to hinder them and have their fill of power, but even + though they conquer all who make war against them, and, when they + lead an invading army, appear invincible and irresistible. And if + any of you doubt this statement, I have no lack of notable + witnesses, Greek and barbarian, who fought and won many mighty + battles, and became the masters of whole nations and compelled them + to pay tribute, and yet were themselves slaves in a still more + shameful degree of pleasure, money and wantonness, insolence and + injustice. And no man of sense would call them even powerful, not + though greatness should shine upon and illumine all that they + achieved. For he alone is strong whose virtue aids him to be brave + and magnanimous. But he who is the slave of pleasure and cannot + control his temper and appetites of all sorts, but is compelled to + succumb to trivial things, is neither brave himself nor strong with + a man's strength, though we may perhaps allow him to exult like a + bull or lion or leopard<a id="noteref_407" name="noteref_407" href= + "#note_407"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">407</span></span></a> in + his brute force, if indeed he do not lose even this and, like a + drone, merely superintend the labours of others, himself a + <span class="tei tei-q">“feeble warrior,”</span><a id="noteref_408" + name="noteref_408" href="#note_408"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">408</span></span></a> and + cowardly and dissolute. And if that be his character, he is lacking + not only in true riches, but in that wealth also which men so + highly honour and reverence and desire, on which hang the souls of + men of all sorts, so that they undergo countless toils and labours + for the sake of daily gain, and endure to sail the sea and to trade + and rob and grasp at tyrannies. For they live ever acquiring but + ever in want, though I do not say of necessary food and drink and + clothes; for the limit of this sort of property has been clearly + defined by nature and none can be deprived of it, neither birds nor + fish nor wild beasts, much less prudent men. But those who are + tortured by the desire and fatal passion for money must suffer a + lifelong hunger,<a id="noteref_409" name="noteref_409" href= + "#note_409"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">409</span></span></a> and + depart from life more miserably than those who lack daily food. For + these, once they have filled their bellies, enjoy perfect peace and + respite from their torment, but for those others no day is sweet + that does not bring them gain, nor does night with her gift of + sleep that relaxes the limbs and frees men from care<a id= + "noteref_410" name="noteref_410" href="#note_410"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">410</span></span></a> bring + for them any remission of their raging madness, but distracts and + agitates their souls as they reckon and count up their money. And + not even the wealth of Tantalus and Midas, should they possess it, + frees those men from their desire and their hard toil therewith, + nay nor <span class="tei tei-q">“Tyranny the greatest and sternest + of the gods,”</span><a id="noteref_411" name="noteref_411" href= + "#note_411"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">411</span></span></a> + should they become possessed of this also. For have you not heard + that Darius, the ruler of Persia, a man not wholly base, but + insatiably and shamefully covetous of money, dug up in his greed + even the tombs of the dead<a id="noteref_412" name="noteref_412" + href="#note_412"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">412</span></span></a> and + exacted the most costly tribute? And hence he acquired the + title<a id="noteref_413" name="noteref_413" href= + "#note_413"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">413</span></span></a> that + is famous among all mankind. For the notables of Persia called him + by the name that the Athenians gave to Sarambos.<a id="noteref_414" + name="noteref_414" href="#note_414"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">414</span></span></a>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλ᾽ ἔοικε γὰρ ὁ + λόγος, ὥσπερ ὁδοῦ τινος κατάντους ἐπιλαβόμενος, ἀφειδῶς ἐμφορεῖσθαι + τῆς καταρρήσεως καὶ πέρα τοῦ δέοντος κολάζειν τῶν ἀνδρῶν τοὺς + τρόπους, ὥστε οὐκ ἐπιτρεπτέον αὐτῷ περαιτέρω φοιτᾶν. [86] + ἀπαιτητέον δὲ εἰς δύναμιν τὸν ἀγαθὸν ἄνδρα καὶ βασιλικὸν καὶ + μεγαλόφρονα. ἔστι δὲ πρῶτον μὲν εὐσεβὴς καὶ οὐκ ὀλίγωρος θεραπείας + θεῶν, εἶτα ἐς τοὺς τοκέας ζῶντάς τε οἶμαι καὶ τελευτήσαντας ὅσιος + καὶ ἐπιμελής, ἀδελφοῖς τε εὔνους, καὶ ὁμογνίους θεοὺς αἰδούμενος, + ἱκέταις καὶ ξένοις πρᾷος καὶ μείλιχος, τοῖς μὲν ἀγαθοῖς τῶν πολιτῶν + ἀρέσκειν ἐθέλων, τῶν πολλῶν δὲ ἐπιμελόμενος ἐν δίκῃ καὶ ἐπ᾽ + ὠφελείᾳ· ἀγαπᾷ δὲ πλοῦτον, [B] οὔτι τὸν χρυσῷ καὶ ἀργύρῳ + βριθόμενον, φίλων δὲ ἀληθοῦς εὐνοίας καὶ ἀκολακεύτου θεραπείας + μεστόν· ἀνδρεῖος μὲν φύσει καὶ μεγαλοπρεπής, πολέμῳ δὲ ἥκιστα + χαίρων καὶ στάσιν ἐμφύλιον ἀπεχθαίρων, τούς γε μὴν ἔκ τινος τύχης + ἐπιφυομένους ἢ διὰ τὴν σφῶν αὐτῶν μοχθηρίαν ἀνδρείως ὑφιστάμενος + καὶ ἀμυνόμενος ἐγκρατῶς, τέλος τε ἐπάγων τοῖς ἔργοις καὶ οὐ + πρότερον ἀφιστάμενος, πρὶν ἂν ἐξέλῃ [C] τῶν πολεμίων τὴν δύναμιν + καὶ ὑποχείριον αὑτῷ ποιήσηται. κρατήσας δὲ μετὰ τῶν ὅπλων + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page230">[pg 230]</span><a name= + "Pg230" id="Pg230" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg231" id= + "Pg231" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ἔπαυσε τὸ ξίφος φόνων, μίασμα + κρίνων τὸν οὐκ ἀμυνόμενον ἔτι κτείνειν καὶ ἀναιρεῖν. φιλόπονος δὲ + ὢν φύσει καὶ μεγαλόψυχος κοινωνεῖ μὲν ἅπασι τῶν πόνων, καὶ ἔχειν ἐν + αὐτοῖς τὸ πλέον ἀξιοῖ, μεταδίδωσι δὲ ἐκείνοις τῶν κινδύνων τὰ + ἔπαθλα, χαίρων καὶ γεγηθὼς οὔτι τῷ πλέον ἔχειν τῶν ἄλλων χρυσίον + καὶ ἀργύριον καὶ ἐπαύλεις κόσμῳ πολυτελεῖ κατεσκευασμένας, [D] ἀλλὰ + τῷ πολλοὺς μὲν εὖ ποιεῖν δύνασθαι, χαρίζεσθαι δὲ ἅπασιν ὅτου ἂν + τύχωσιν ἐνδεεῖς ὄντες· τούτων αὑτὸν ὅ γε ἀληθινὸς ἀξιοῖ βασιλεύς. + φιλόπολις<a id="noteref_415" name="noteref_415" href= + "#note_415"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">415</span></span></a> δὲ ὢν + καὶ φιλοστρατιώτης τῶν μὲν καθάπερ νομεὺς ποιμνίων ἐπιμελεῖται, + προνοῶν ὅπως ἂν αὐτῷ θάλλῃ καὶ εὐθηνῆται τὰ θρέμματα δαψιλοῦς καὶ + ἀταράχου τῆς νομῆς ἐμπιμπλάμενα, τοὺς δὲ ἐφορᾷ καὶ συνέχει, πρὸς + ἀνδρείαν καὶ ῥώμην καὶ πρᾳότητα γυμνάζων καθάπερ σκύλακας εὐφυεῖς + [87] καὶ γενναίους τῆς ποίμνης φύλακας, ἔργων τε αὑτῷ κοινωνοὺς καὶ + ἐπικούρους τῷ πλήθει νομίζων, ἀλλ᾽ οὐχὶ ἁρπακτῆρας τινας οὐδὲ + λυμεῶνας τῶν ποιμνίων καθάπερ οἱ λύκοι καὶ κυνῶν οἱ φαυλότατοι, + οἳ<a id="noteref_416" name="noteref_416" href= + "#note_416"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">416</span></span></a> τῆς + αὑτῶν φύσεως καὶ τροφῆς ἐπιλαθόμενοι ἀντὶ σωτήρων καὶ προαγωνιστῶν + ἀνεφάνησαν αὐτοὶ δηλήμονες· οὐδὲ μὴν ὑπνηλοὺς ἀνέξεται εἶναι καὶ + ἀργοὺς καὶ ἀπολέμους, ὅπως ἂν μὴ φυλάκων ἑτέρων οἱ φρουροὶ δέωνται, + [B] ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ ἀπειθεῖς τοῖς<a id="noteref_417" name="noteref_417" + href="#note_417"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">417</span></span></a> + ἄρχουσιν, εἰδὼς ὅτι τοῦτο μάλιστα πάντων, ἔστι δὲ ὅπου καὶ μόνον + ἀπόχρη σωτήριον ἐπιτήδευμα <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page232">[pg 232]</span><a name="Pg232" id="Pg232" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg233" id="Pg233" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> πρὸς πόλεμον· πόνων δὲ ἁπάντων ἀδεεῖς<a id= + "noteref_418" name="noteref_418" href="#note_418"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">418</span></span></a> καὶ + ἀτεράμονας, οὔτι ῥᾳθύμους ἐργάσεται, ἐπιστάμενος ὅτι μὴ μέγα ὄφελος + φύλακος τὸν πόνον φεύγοντος καὶ οὐ δυναμένου καρτερεῖν οὐδὲ + ἀντέχειν πρὸς κάματον. ταῦτα δὲ οὐ παραινῶν μόνον οὐδὲ ἐπαινῶν τοῦς + ἀγαθοὺς προθύμως καὶ χαριζόμενος ἢ κολάζων ἐγκρατῶς [C] καὶ + ἀπαραιτήτως ξυμπείθει καὶ βιάζεται, ἀλλὰ πολὺ πρότερον αὑτὸν + τοιοῦτον ἐπιδεικνύων, ἀπεχόμενος μὲν ἡδονῆς ἁπάσης, χρημάτων δὲ + οὐδὲν οὔτε σμικρὸν οὔτε μεῖζον ἐπιθυμῶν καὶ ἀφαιρούμενος τῶν + ὑπηκόων, ὕπνῳ τε εἴκων ὀλίγα καὶ τὴν ἀργίαν ἀποστρεφόμενος, ἀληθῶς + γὰρ οὐδεὶς οὐδενὸς εἰς οὐδὲν ἄξιος καθεύδων ἀνὴρ ἢ καὶ ἐγρηγορὼς + τοῖς καθεύδουσιν ἐμφερής. πειθομένους δὲ αὐτοὺς ἕξει καλῶς αὑτῷ τε + οἲμαι καὶ τοῖς ἄρχουσιν, [D] εἰ τοῖς ἀρίστοις πειθόμενος νόμοις καὶ + τοῖς ὀρθοῖς ξυνεπόμενος διατάγμασι δῆλος εἴη, καὶ ὅλως τὴν + ἡγεμονίαν ἀποδοὺς τῷ φύσει βασιλικῷ καὶ ἡγεμονικῷ τῆς ψυχῆς μορίῳ, + ἀλλ᾽ οὐ τῷ θυμοειδεῖ καὶ ἀκολάστῳ. καὶ καρτερεῖν δὲ καὶ ὑπομένειν + τόν τε ἐπὶ στρατιᾶς καὶ ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις κάματον ὁπόσα τε κατὰ τὴν + εἰρήνην ἐξηυρέθη γυμνάσια μελέτης ἕνεκα τῆς πρὸς τοὺς ὀθνείους + ἀγῶνας, πῶς ἄν τις μάλιστα πείσας εἴη,<a id="noteref_419" name= + "noteref_419" href="#note_419"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">419</span></span></a> ἢ + δῆλον ὡς αὐτὸς ὁρώμενος καρτερὸς καὶ ἀδαμάντινος; [88] ἔστι γὰρ + ἀληθῶς ἥδιστον θέαμα στρατιώτῃ πονουμένῳ σώφρων αὐτοκράτωρ, + συνεφαπτόμενος ἔργων καὶ προθυμούμενος <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page234">[pg 234]</span><a name="Pg234" id="Pg234" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg235" id="Pg235" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ παρακαλῶν καὶ ἐν τοῖς δοκοῦσι φοβεροῖς + φαιδρὸς καὶ ἀδεὴς καὶ ὅπου λίαν θαρροῦσι σεμνὸς καὶ ἐμβριθής. + πέφυκε γὰρ ἐξομοιοῦσθαι πρὸς τὸν ἄρχοντα τὰ τῶν ὑπηκόων εὐλαβείας + πέρι καὶ θράσους. προνοητέον δὲ αὐτῷ τῶν εἰρημένων οὐ μεῖον ὅπως + ἄφθονον τὴν τροφὴν ἔχωσι καὶ οὐδενὸς τῶν ἀναγκαίων ἐνδέωνται. [B] + πολλάκις γὰρ οἱ πιστότατοι τῶν ποιμνίων φρουροὶ καὶ φύλακες ὑπὸ τῆς + ἐνδείας ἀναγκαζόμενοι ἄγριοι τέ εἰσι τοῖς νομεῦσι καὶ αὐτοὺς + πόρρωθεν ἰδόντες περιυλακτοῦσι καὶ οὐδὲ τῶν προβάτων ἀπέσχοντο.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But it seems + that my argument, as though it had reached some steep descent, is + glutting itself with unsparing abuse, and is chastising the manners + of these men beyond what is fitting, so that I must not allow it to + travel further. But now I must demand from it an account, as far as + is possible, of the man who is good and kingly and great-souled. In + the first place, then, he is devout and does not neglect the + worship of the gods, and secondly he is pious and ministers to his + parents, both when they are alive and after their death, and he is + friendly to his brothers, and reverences the gods who protect the + family, while to suppliants and strangers he is mild and gentle; + and he is anxious to gratify good citizens, and governs the masses + with justice and for their benefit. And wealth he loves, but not + that which is heavy with gold and silver, but that which is full of + the true good-will of his friends,<a id="noteref_420" name= + "noteref_420" href="#note_420"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">420</span></span></a> and + service without flattery. Though by nature he is brave and gallant, + he takes no pleasure in war, and detests civil discord, though when + men do attack him, whether from some chance, or by reason of their + own wickedness, he resists them bravely and defends himself with + energy, and carries through his enterprises to the end, not + desisting till he has destroyed the power of the foe and made it + subject to himself. But after he has conquered by force of arms, he + makes his sword cease from slaughter, because he thinks that for + one who is no longer defending himself to go on killing and laying + waste is to incur pollution. And being by nature fond of work, and + great of soul, he shares in the labours of all; and claims the + lion's share of those labours, then divides with the others the + rewards for the risks which he has run, and is glad and rejoices, + not because he has more gold and silver treasure than other men, + and palaces adorned with costly furniture, but because he is able + to do good to many, and to bestow on all men whatever they may + chance to lack. This is what he who is truly a king claims for + himself. And since he loves both the city and the soldiers,<a id= + "noteref_421" name="noteref_421" href="#note_421"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">421</span></span></a> he + cares for the citizens as a shepherd for his flock, planning how + their young may flourish and thrive, eating their full of abundant + and undisturbed pasture; and his soldiers he oversees and keeps + together, training them in courage, strength and mercy, like + well-bred dogs, noble guardians of the flock,<a id="noteref_422" + name="noteref_422" href="#note_422"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">422</span></span></a> + regarding them both as the partners of his exploits and the + protectors of the masses, and not as spoilers and pillagers of the + flock, like wolves and mongrel dogs which, forgetting their own + nature and nurture, turn out to be marauders instead of preservers + and defenders. Yet on the other hand, he will not suffer them to be + sluggish, slothful and unwarlike, lest the guardians should + themselves need others to watch them, nor disobedient to their + officers, because he knows that obedience above all else, and + sometimes alone, is the saving discipline in war. And he will train + them to be hardy and not afraid of any labour, and never indolent, + for he knows that there is not much use in a guardian who shirks + his task and cannot hold out or endure fatigue. And not only by + exhorting, or by his readiness to praise the deserving or by + rewarding and punishing severely and inexorably, does he win them + over to this and coerce them; but far rather does he show that he + is himself what he would have them be, since he refrains from all + pleasure, and as for money desires it not at all, much or little, + nor robs his subjects of it; and since he abhors indolence he + allows little time for sleep, For in truth no one who is asleep is + good for anything,<a id="noteref_423" name="noteref_423" href= + "#note_423"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">423</span></span></a> nor + if, when awake he resembles those who are asleep. And he will, I + think, succeed in keeping them wonderfully obedient to himself and + to their officers, since he himself will be seen to obey the wisest + laws and to live in accordance with right precepts, and in short to + be under the guidance of that part of the soul which is naturally + kingly and worthy to take the lead, and not of the emotional or + undisciplined part. For how could one better persuade men to endure + and undergo fatigue, not only in a campaign and under arms, but + also in all those exercises that have been invented in times of + peace to give men practice for conflicts abroad, than by being + clearly seen to be oneself strong as adamant? For in truth the most + agreeable sight for a soldier, when he is fighting hard, is a + prudent commander who takes an active part in the work in hand, + himself zealous while exhorting his men, who is cheerful and calm + in what seems to be a dangerous situation, but on occasion stern + and severe whenever they are over confident. For in the matter of + caution or boldness the subordinate naturally imitates his leader. + And he must plan as well, no less than for what I have mentioned, + that they may have abundant provisions and run short of none of the + necessaries of life. For often the most loyal guardians and + protectors of the flock are driven by want to become fierce towards + the shepherds, and when they see them from afar they bark at them + and do not even spare the sheep.<a id="noteref_424" name= + "noteref_424" href="#note_424"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">424</span></span></a>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τοιοῦτος μὲν ἐπὶ + στρατοπέδων ὁ γενναῖος, πόλει δὲ σωτὴρ καὶ κηδεμών, οὔτι τοὺς + ἔξωθεν μόνον ἀπείργων κινδύνους οὐδὲ ἀντιταττόμενος ἢ καὶ + ἐπιστρατεύων βαρβάροις γείτοσι· στάσιν δὲ ἐξαιρῶν καὶ ἔθη [C] + μοχθηρὰ καὶ τρυφὴν καὶ ἀκολασίαν τῶν μεγίστων κακῶν παρέξει + ῥᾳστώνην. ὕβριν δὲ ἐξείργων καὶ παρανομίαν καὶ ἀδικίαν καὶ + ἐπιθυμίαν ἀμέτρου κτήσεως τὰς<a id="noteref_425" name="noteref_425" + href="#note_425"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">425</span></span></a> ἐκ + τούτων ἀναφυομένας στάσεις καὶ ἔριδας εἰς οὐδὲν χρηστὸν τελευτώσας + οὐδὲ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἀνέξεται φῶναι, γενομένας δὲ ὡς ἔνι τάχιστα + ἀφανιεῖ<a id="noteref_426" name="noteref_426" href= + "#note_426"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">426</span></span></a> καὶ + ἐξελάσει τῆς αὑτοῦ πόλεως. λήσεται δὲ αὐτὸν οὐδεὶς ὑπερβὰς τὸν + νόμον καὶ βιασάμενος, οὐ<a id="noteref_427" name="noteref_427" + href="#note_427"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">427</span></span></a> + μᾶλλον ἢ τῶν πολεμίων τις τὸν χάρακα. [D] φύλαξ δὲ ὢν ἀγαθὸς τῶν + νόμων, ἀμείνων ἔσται δημιουργός, εἴ ποτε καιρὸς καὶ τύχη καλοίη· + καὶ οὐδεμία μηχανὴ πείθει τὸν τοιοῦτον ψευδῆ καὶ κίβδηλον καὶ νόθον + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page236">[pg 236]</span><a name= + "Pg236" id="Pg236" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg237" id= + "Pg237" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> τοῖς κειμένοις ἐπεισάγειν + νόμον, οὐ μᾶλλον ἢ τοῖς αὑτοῦ παισὶ δούλειον καὶ ἀγεννὲς + ἐπεισαγαγεῖν<a id="noteref_428" name="noteref_428" href= + "#note_428"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">428</span></span></a> + σπέρμα. δίκης δὲ αὐτῷ μέλει καὶ θέμιδος, καὶ οὔτε γονεῖς οὔτε + ξυγγενεῖς καὶ φίλοι πείθουσι καταχαρίσασθαί [89] σφιν καὶ προδοῦναι + τὸ ἔνδικον. ὑπολαμβάνει γὰρ ἁπάντων εἶναι τὴν πατρίδα κοινὴν ἑστίαν + καὶ μητέρα, πρεσβυτέραν μὲν καὶ σεμνοτέραν τῶν<a id="noteref_429" + name="noteref_429" href="#note_429"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">429</span></span></a> + πατέρων, φιλτέραν δὲ ἀδελφῶν καὶ ξένων καὶ φίλων· ἧς ἀποσυλῆσαι τὸν + νόμον καὶ βιάσασθαι μεῖζον ἀσέβημα κρίνει τῆς περὶ τὰ χρήματα τῶν + θεῶν παρανομίας. ἔστι γὰρ ὁ νόμος ἔκγονος<a id="noteref_430" name= + "noteref_430" href="#note_430"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">430</span></span></a> τῆς + δίκης, ἱερὸν ἀνάθημα καὶ θεῖον ἀληθῶς τοῦ μεγίστου θεοῦ, ὃν οὐδαμῶς + ὅ γε ἔμφρων ἀνὴρ περὶ σμικροῦ ποιήσεται οὐδὲ ἀτιμάσει· [B] ἀλλὰ ἐν + δίκῃ πάντα δρῶν τοὺς μὲν ἀγαθοὺς τιμήσει προθύμως, τοὺς μοχθηροὺς + δὲ ἐς δύναμιν ἰᾶσθαι καθάπερ ἰατρὸς ἀγαθὸς προθυμήσεται.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Such then is + the good king at the head of his legions, but to his city he is a + saviour and protector, not only when he is warding off dangers from + without or repelling barbarian neighbours or invading them; but + also by putting down civil discord, vicious morals, luxury and + profligacy, he will procure relief from the greatest evils. And by + excluding insolence, lawlessness, injustice and greed for boundless + wealth, he will not permit the feuds that arise from these causes + and the dissensions that end in disaster to show even the first + sign of growth, and if they do arise he will abolish them as + quickly as possible and expel them from his city. And no one who + transgresses and violates the law will escape his notice, no more + than would an enemy in the act of scaling his defences. But though + he is a good guardian of the laws, he will be still better at + framing them, if ever occasion and chance call on him to do so. And + no device can persuade one of his character to add to the statutes + a false and spurious and bastard law, any more than he would + introduce among his own sons a servile and vulgar strain. For he + cares for justice and the right, and neither parents nor kinsfolk + nor friends can persuade him to do them a favour and betray the + cause of justice. For he looks upon his fatherland as the common + hearth and mother of all, older and more reverend than his parents, + and more precious than brothers or friends or comrades; and to + defraud or do violence to her laws he regards as a greater impiety + than sacrilegious robbery of the money that belongs to the gods. + For law is the child of justice, the sacred and truly divine + adjunct of the most mighty god, and never will the man who is wise + make light of it or set it at naught. But since all that he does + will have justice in view, he will be eager to honour the good, and + the vicious he will, like a good physician, make every effort to + cure.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Διττῶν δὲ ὄντων + τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων, καὶ τῶν μὲν ὑποφαινόντων ἐλπίδας ἀμείνους καὶ οὐ + πάντη τὴν θεραπείαν ἀπεστραμμένων, τῶν δὲ ἀνίατα πλημμελούντων· + τούτοις δὲ οἱ νόμοι θάνατον λύσιν τῶν κακῶν ἐπενόησαν, οὐκ εἰς τὴν + ἐκείνων μᾶλλον, εἰς δὲ τὴν ἄλλων ὠφέλειαν· [C] διττὰς δ᾽ ἀνάγκη τὰς + κρίσεις γίγνεσθαι. οὐκοῦν τῶν μὲν ἰασίμων αὑτῷ προσήκειν ὑπολήψεται + τήν τε ἐπίγνωσιν καὶ τὴν θεραπείαν, ἀφέξεται δὲ τῶν ἄλλων μάλα + ἐρρωμένως, καὶ οὐκ ἄν ποτε ἑκὼν ἅψαιτο κρίσεως, ἐφ᾽ ᾗ θάνατος ἡ + ζημία παρὰ τῶν νόμων τοῖς ὠφληκόσι τὴν δίκην <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page238">[pg 238]</span><a name="Pg238" id="Pg238" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg239" id="Pg239" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> προηγόρευται.<a id="noteref_431" name= + "noteref_431" href="#note_431"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">431</span></span></a> + νομοθετῶν δὲ ὑπὲρ τῶν τοιούτων ὕβριν μὲν καὶ χαλεπότητα καὶ πικρίαν + τῶν τιμωριῶν ἀφαιρήσει, ἀποκληρώσει δὲ αὐτοῖς ἀνδρῶν σωφρόνων καὶ + [D] διὰ παντὸς τοῦ βίου βάσανον οὐ φαύλην τῆς αὑτῶν ἀρετῆς + παρασχομένων δικαστήριον,<a id="noteref_432" name="noteref_432" + href="#note_432"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">432</span></span></a> οἳ + μηδὲν αὐθαδῶς μηδὲ ὁρμῇ τινι παντελῶς ἀλόγῳ χρώμενοι, ἐν ἡμέρας + μορίῳ σμικρῷ βουλευσάμενοι, τυχὸν δὲ οὐδὲ βουλῇ δόντες, ὑπὲρ ἀνδρὸς + πολίτου τὴν μέλαιναν οἴσουσι ψῆφον. αὐτῷ δὲ οὔτε ἐν τῇ χειρὶ ξίφος + εἰς πολίτου, κἂν ἀδικῇ τὰ ἔσχατα, φόνον οὔτε ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ κέντρον + ὑπεῖναι χρή, ὅπου καὶ τὴν τῶν μελιττῶν ὁρῶμεν βασιλεύουσαν καθαρὰν + [90] ὑπὸ τῆς φύσεως πλήκτρου γενομένην. ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ εἰς μελίττας + βλεπτέον, εἰς αὐτὸν δὲ οἶμαι τῶν θεῶν τὸν βασιλέα οὗπερ εἶναι χρὴ + τὸν ἀληθῶς ἄρχοντα προφήτην καὶ ὑπηρέτην. οὐκοῦν ὅσα μὲν ἀγαθὰ + γέγονε παντελῶς τῆς ἐναντίας ἄμικτα φύσεως καὶ ἐπ᾽ ὠφελείᾳ κοινῇ + τῶν ἀνθρώπων καὶ τοῦ παντὸς κόσμου, τούτων δὲ αὐτὸς ἦν τε καὶ ἔστι + δημιουργός· τὰ κακὰ δὲ οὔτ᾽ ἐγέννησεν οὔτ᾽ ἐπέταξεν εἶναι, ἀλλ᾽ + αὐτὰ μὲν ἐφυγάδευσεν ἐξ οὐρανοῦ, [B] περὶ δὲ τὴν γῆν στρεφόμενα καὶ + τὴν ἐκεῖθεν ἀποικίαν σταλεῖσαν τῶν ψυχῶν διαλαβόμενα κρίνειν + ἐπέταξε καὶ διακαθαίρειν τοῖς αὑτοῦ παισὶ καὶ ἐγγόνοις. τούτων δὲ + οἱ μέν εἰσι σωτῆρες καὶ ἐπίκουροι τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης φύσεως, ἄλλοι δὲ + ἀπαραίτητοι κριταί, τῶν ἀδικημάτων ὀξεῖαν καὶ δεινὴν ἐπάγοντες + δίκην ζῶσί τε ἀνθρώποις καὶ ἀπολυθεῖσι τῶν σωμάτων, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page240">[pg 240]</span><a name="Pg240" id="Pg240" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg241" id="Pg241" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> οἱ δὲ ὥσπερ δήμιοι [C] τιμωροί τινες καὶ + ἀποπληρωταὶ τῶν δικασθέντων, ἕτερον τῶν φαύλων καὶ ἀνοήτων δαιμόνων + τὸ φῦλον· ἃ δὴ μιμητέον τῷ γενναίῳ καὶ θεοφιλεῖ, καὶ μεταδοτέον + πολλοῖς μὲν τῆς ἑαυτοῦ ἀρετῆς<a id="noteref_433" name="noteref_433" + href="#note_433"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">433</span></span></a> διὰ + φιλίας ἐς ταύτην τὴν κοινωνίαν προσληφθεῖσιν.<a id="noteref_434" + name="noteref_434" href="#note_434"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">434</span></span></a> ἀρχὰς + δὲ ἐπιτρεπτέον οἰκείας ἑκάστου τῇ φύσει καὶ προαιρέσει, τῷ μὲν + ἀνδρώδει καὶ τολμηρῷ καὶ μεγαλοθύμῳ μετὰ ξυνέσεως στρατιωτικάς, ἵν᾽ + εἰς δέον ἔχῃ τῷ θυμῷ χρῆσθαι καὶ τῇ ῥώμῃ, τῷ δικαίῳ δὲ καὶ πρᾴῳ καὶ + [D] φιλανθρώπῳ καὶ πρὸς οἶκτον εὐχερῶς ἐπικλωμένῳ τῶν πολιτικῶν τὰς + ἀμφὶ τὰ συναλλάγματα, βοηθείας τοῖς ἀσθενεστέροις καὶ ἁπλουστέροις + μηχανώμενον καὶ πένησι πρὸς τοὺς ἰσχυροὺς καὶ ἀπατεῶνας καὶ + πανούργους καὶ ἐπαιρομένους τοῖς χρήμασιν ἐς τὸ βιάζεσθαι καὶ + ὑπερορᾶν τῆς δίκης, τῷ δὲ ἐξ ἀμφοῖν κεκραμένῳ μείζονα ἐν<a id= + "noteref_435" name="noteref_435" href="#note_435"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">435</span></span></a> τῇ + πόλει τιμὴν καὶ δύναμιν περιθετέον, καὶ αὐτῷ τὰς ὑπὲρ τῶν + ἁμαρτημάτων κρίσεις, [91] οἷς ἕπεται τιμωρία καὶ κόλασις ἔνδικος + ἐπ᾽ ὠφελείᾳ τῶν ἀδικουμένων ἐπιτρέπων<a id="noteref_436" name= + "noteref_436" href="#note_436"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">436</span></span></a> ὀρθῶς + ἂν καὶ ἐμφρόνως λογίζοιτο. κρίνας γὰρ ὁ τοιοῦτος ἀδεκάστως ἅμα τοῖς + συνέδροις παραδώσει τῷ δημίῳ τὰ γνωσθέντα ἐπιτελεῖν, οὔτε διὰ θυμοῦ + μέγεθος οὔτε διὰ μαλακίαν ψυχῆς ἁμαρτάνων τοῦ φύσει διακαίου. + κινδυνεύει δὲ ὁ κράτιστος ἐν πόλει τοιοῦτός τις εἶναι, [B] τὰ μὲν + ἐν ἀμφοτέροις ἔχων ἀγαθά, τὰς δὲ οἷον κῆρας ἐκ τοῦ πλεονάζοντος + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page242">[pg 242]</span><a name= + "Pg242" id="Pg242" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg243" id= + "Pg243" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐν ἑκάστῳ τῶν ἔμπροσθεν + εἰρημένων ἐκφεύγων. ἐφορῶν δὲ αὐτὸς ἅπαντα καὶ κατευθύνων καὶ ἄρχων + ἀρχόντων τοὺς μὲν ἐπὶ τῶν μεγίστων ἔργων καὶ διοικήσεων τεταγμένους + καὶ αὐτῷ τῆς ὑπὲρ ἁπάντων βουλῆς κοινωνοῦντας ἀγαθούς τε εἶναι καὶ + ὅ,τι μάλιστα αὑτοῦ παραπλησίους εὔξεται γενέσθαι. αἱρήσεται δὲ οὐχ + ἁπλῶς οὐδὲ ὡς ἔτυχεν, οὐδ᾽ ἐθελήσει φαυλότερος εἶναι κριτὴς τῶν + λιθογνωμόνων [C] καὶ τῶν βασανιζόντων τὸ χρυσίον ἢ τὴν πορφύραν. + τούτοις γὰρ οὐ μία ὁδὸς ἐπὶ τὴν ἐξέτασιν ἀπόχρη, ἀλλὰ συνιέντες + οἶμαι τῶν πανουργεῖν ἐθελόντων ποικίλην καὶ πολύτροπον τὴν + μοχθηρίαν καὶ τὰ ἐπιτεχνήματα εἰς δύναμιν ἅπασιν ἀντετάξαντο, καὶ + ἀντέστησαν ἐλέγχους τοὺς ἐκ τῆς τέχνης. ὃ δὴ καὶ αὐτὸς περὶ τῆς + κακίας ὑπολαμβάνων, ὡς ἐστὶ ποικίλη καὶ ἀπατηλὴ καὶ τοῦτό ἐστι + χαλεπώτατον τῶν ἐκείνης ἔργων, [D] ὅτι δὴ ψεύδεται πολλάκις ἀρετὴν + ὑποδυομένη καὶ ἐξαπατᾷ τοὺς οὐ δυναμένους ὀξύτερον ὁρᾶν ἢ καὶ + ἀποκάμνοντας τῷ μήκει τοῦ χρόνου πρὸς τὴν ἐξέτασιν, τὸ παθεῖν τι + τοιοῦτον ὀρθῶς φυλάξεται. ἑλόμενος δὲ ἅπαξ καὶ περὶ αὑτὸν τοὺς + ἀρίστους ἔχων τούτοις ἐπιτρέψει τὴν τῶν ἐλασσόνων ἀρχόντων + αἵρεσιν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But there are + two kinds of error, for in one type of sinner may dimly be + discerned a hope of improvement, nor do they wholly reject a cure, + while the vices of others are incurable. And for the latter the + laws have contrived the penalty of death as a release from evil, + and this not only for the benefit of the criminal, but quite as + much in the interest of others. Accordingly there must needs be two + kinds of trials. For when men are not incurable the king will hold + it to be his duty to investigate and to cure. But with the others + he will firmly refuse to interfere, and will never willingly have + anything to do with a trial when death is the penalty that has been + ordained by the laws for the guilty. However, in making laws for + such offences, he will do away with violence and harshness and + cruelty of punishment, and will elect by lot, to judge them, a + court of staid and sober men who throughout their lives have + admitted the most rigid scrutiny of their own virtue, men who will + not rashly, or led by some wholly irrational impulse, after + deliberating for only a small part of the day, or it may be without + even debating, cast the black voting-tablet in the case of a + fellow-citizen. But in his own hand no sword should lie ready to + slay a citizen, even though he has committed the blackest crimes, + nor should a sting lurk in his soul, considering that, as we see, + nature has made even the queen-bee free from a sting. However it is + not to bees that we must look for our analogy, but in my opinion to + the king of the gods himself, whose prophet and vice-regent the + genuine ruler ought to be. For wherever good exists wholly + untainted by its opposite, and for the benefit of mankind in common + and the whole universe, of this good God was and is the only + creator. But evil he neither created nor ordered to be,<a id= + "noteref_437" name="noteref_437" href="#note_437"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">437</span></span></a> but + he banished it from heaven, and as it moves upon earth and has + chosen for its abode our souls, that colony which was sent down + from heaven, he has enjoined on his sons and descendants to judge + and cleanse men from it. Now of these some are the friends and + protectors of the human race, but others are inexorable judges who + inflict on men harsh and terrible punishment for their misdeeds, + both while they are alive and after they are set free from their + bodies, and others again are as it were executioners and avengers + who carry out the sentence, a different race of inferior and + unintelligent demons. Now the king who is good and a favourite of + the gods must imitate this example, and share his own excellence + with many of his subjects, whom, because of his regard for them, he + admits into this partnership; and he must entrust them with offices + suited to the character and principles of each; military command + for him who is brave and daring and high-spirited, but discreet as + well, so that when he has need he may use his spirit and energy; + and for him who is just and kind and humane and easily prone to + pity, that office in the service of the state that relates to + contracts, devising this means of protection for the weaker and + more simple citizens and for the poor against the powerful, + fraudulent and wicked and those who are so buoyed up by their + riches that they try to violate and despise justice; but to the man + who combines both these temperaments he must assign still greater + honour and power in the state, and if he entrust to him the trials + of offences for which are enacted just pains and penalties with a + view to recompensing the injured, that would be a fair and wise + measure. For a man of this sort, together with his colleagues, will + give an impartial decision, and then hand over to the public + official the carrying out of the verdict, nor will he through + excess of anger or tender-heartedness fall short of what is + essentially just. Now the ruler in our state will be somewhat like + this, possessing only what is good in both those qualities, and in + every quality that I mentioned earlier avoiding a fatal + excess.<a id="noteref_438" name="noteref_438" href= + "#note_438"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">438</span></span></a> And + though he will in person oversee and direct and govern the whole, + he will see to it that those of his officials who are in charge of + the most important works and management and who share his councils + for the general good, are virtuous men and as far as possible like + himself. And he will choose them, not carelessly or at random, nor + will he consent to be a less rigorous judge than a lapidary or one + who tests gold plate or purple dye. For such men are not satisfied + with one method of testing, but since they know, I suppose, that + the wickedness and devices of those who are trying to cheat them + are various and manifold, they try to meet all these as far as + possible, and they oppose to them the tests derived from their art. + So too our ruler apprehends that evil changes its face and is apt + to deceive, and that the cruellest thing that it does is that it + often takes men in by putting on the garb of virtue, and hoodwinks + those who are not keen sighted enough, or who in course of time + grow weary of the length of the investigation, and therefore he + will rightly be on his guard against any such deception. But when + once he has chosen them, and has about him the worthiest men, he + will entrust to them the choice of the minor officials.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Νόμων μὲν δὴ + πέρι καὶ ἀρχόντων τοιάδε γινώσκει. τοῦ πλήθους δὲ τὸ μὲν ἐν τοῖς + ἄστεσιν οὔτε ἀργὸν οὔτε αὔθαδες ἀνέξεται εἶναι οὔτε μὴν ἐνδεὲς τῶν + ἀναγκαίων· [92] τὸ δὲ ἐν τοῖς ἀγροῖς τῶν γεωργῶν φῦλον ἀροῦντες καὶ + φυτεύοντες τροφὴν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page244">[pg + 244]</span><a name="Pg244" id="Pg244" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg245" id="Pg245" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀποίσουσι τοῖς φύλαξι καὶ ἐπικούροις σφῶν, + μισθὸν καὶ ἐσθῆτα τὴν ἀναγκαίαν. οἰκοδομήματα δὲ Ἀσσύρια καὶ + πολυτελεῖς καὶ δαπανηρὰς λειτουργίας χαίρειν ἐάσαντες ἐν εἰρήνῃ + πολλῇ τῶν τε ἔξωθεν πολεμίων καὶ τῶν οἴκοθεν καταβιώσονται, + ἀγαπῶντες μὲν τὸν αἴτιον τῶν παρόντων σφίσι καθάπερ ἀγαθὸν δαίμονα, + [B] ὑμνοῦντες δὲ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ τὸν θεὸν καὶ ἐπευχόμενοι, οὔτι πλαστῶς + οὐδὲ ἀπὸ γλώττης, ἔνδοθεν δὲ ἀπ᾽ αὐτῆς τῆς ψυχῆς αἰτοῦσιν αὐτῷ τὰ + ἀγαθά. φθάνουσι δὲ οἱ θεοὶ τὰς εὐχάς, καὶ αὐτῷ πρότερον τὰ θεῖα + δόντες οὐτὲ τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων ἐστέρησαν. εἰ δὲ τὸ χρεὼν βιάζοιτο κακῷ + τῷ περιπεσεῖν, τούτων δὴ τῶν θρυλουμένων ἀνηκέστων, χορευτήν τε + αὑτῶν ἐποιήσαντο καὶ συνέστιον, [C] καὶ αὐτῷ κλέος καθ᾽ ἅπαντας + ἤγειραν ἀνθρώπους. ταῦτα ἐγὼ τῶν σοφῶν ἀκούω πολλάκις, καί με ὁ + λόγος ἰσχυρῶς πείθει. οὐκοῦν καὶ ἐς ὑμᾶς αὐτὸν διεξῆλθον, μακρότερα + μὲν τυχὸν ἴσως τοῦ καιροῦ φθεγγόμενος, ἐλάττονα δὲ οἶμαι τῆς + ὑποθέσεως· καὶ ὅτῳ γέγονε τῶν τοιούτων λόγων ἐπακούειν ἐν φροντίδι, + οὗτος ὅτι μὴ ψεύδομαι σαφῶς ἐπίσταται. ἑτέρα δέ ἐστιν αἰτία τοῦ + μήκους τῆς μὲν εἰρημένης ἧττον ἀναγκαία, [D] προσεχεστέρα δὲ οἶμαι + τῷ παρόντι λόγῳ· τυχὸν δὲ οὐδὲ ταύτης ἀγηκόους ὑμᾶς εἶναι χρή.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Such is his + policy with regard to the laws and magistrates. As for the common + people, those who live in the towns he will not allow to be idle or + impudent, but neither will he permit them to be without the + necessaries of life. And the farming class who live in the country, + ploughing and sowing to furnish food for their protectors and + guardians, will receive in return payment in money, and the clothes + that they need. But as for Assyrian palaces and costly and + extravagant public services, they will have nothing to do with + them, and will end their lives in the utmost peace as regards + enemies at home and abroad, and will adore the cause of their good + fortune as though he were a kindly deity, and praise God for him + when they pray, not hypocritically or with the lips only, but + invoking blessings on him from the bottom of their hearts. But the + gods do not wait for their prayers, and unasked they give him + celestial rewards, but they do not let him lack human blessings + either; and if fate should compel him to fall into any misfortune, + I mean one of those incurable calamities that people are always + talking about, then the gods make him their follower and associate, + and exalt his fame among all mankind. All this I have often heard + from the wise, and in their account of it I have the firmest faith. + And so I have repeated it to you, perhaps making a longer speech + than the occasion called for, but too short in my opinion for the + theme. And he to whom it has been given to hear such arguments and + reflect on them, knows well that I speak the truth. But there is + another reason for the length of my speech, less forcible, but I + think more akin to the present argument. And perhaps you ought not + to miss hearing this also.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Πρῶτον μὲν οὖν + ὑπομνησθῶμεν μικρὰ τῶν ἔμπροσθεν, ὁπότε τῆς ὑπὲρ τούτων διηγήσεως + ἀπεπαυόμεθα. ἔφαμέν που χρῆναι τοὺς σπουδαίους τῶν ἀληθινῶν ἐπαίνων + ἀκροατὰς οὐκ εἰς ταῦτα ὁρᾶν, ὧν ἡ τύχη καὶ τοῖς μοχθηροῖς πολλάκις + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page246">[pg 246]</span><a name= + "Pg246" id="Pg246" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg247" id= + "Pg247" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> μεταδίδωσιν, εἰς δὲ τὰς ἕξεις + καὶ τὴν ἀρετήν, ἧς μόνοις μέτεστι τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς ἀνδράσι καὶ φύσει + σπουδαίοις. [93] εἶτα ἐντεῦθεν ἑλόντες<a id="noteref_439" name= + "noteref_439" href="#note_439"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">439</span></span></a> τοὺς + ἑξῆς ἐπεραίνομεν λόγους, ὡς πρὸς<a id="noteref_440" name= + "noteref_440" href="#note_440"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">440</span></span></a> + κανόνα τινὰ καὶ στάθμην ἀπευθύνοντες, ᾗ τοὺς τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀνδρῶν καὶ + βασιλέων ἐπαίνους ἐναρμόττειν ἐχρῆν. καὶ ὅτῳ μὲν ἀληθὴς καὶ + ἀπαράλλακτος ἁρμονία πρὸς τοῦτο γέγονε τὸ ἀρχέτυπον, ὄλβιος μὲν + αὐτὸς καὶ ὄντως εὐδαίμων, εὐτυχεῖς δὲ οἱ μεταλαβάντες τῆς τοιαύτης + ἀρχῆς· ὅστις δὲ ἐγγὺς ἀφίκετο, τῶν [B] πλέον ἀπολειφθέντων ἀμείνων + καὶ εὐτυχέστερος· οἱ δὲ ἀπολειφθέντες παντελῶς ἢ καὶ τὴν ἐναντίαν + τραπόμενοι δυστυχεῖς καὶ ἀνόντοι καὶ μοχθηροί, αὑτοῖς τε καὶ ἄλλοις + τῶν μεγίστων αἴτιοι συμφορῶν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(In the first + place, then, let me remind you briefly of what I said before, when + I broke off my discourse for the sake of this digression. What I + said was that, when serious-minded people listen to sincere + panegyrics, they ought not to look to those things of which fortune + often grants a share even to the wicked, but to the character of + the man and his virtues, which belong only to those who are good + and by nature estimable; and, taking up my tale at that point, I + pursued the arguments that followed, guiding myself as it were by + the rule and measure to which one ought to adjust the eulogies of + good men and good kings. And when one of them harmonises exactly + and without variation with this model, he is himself happy and + truly fortunate, and happy are those who have a share in such a + government as his. And he who comes near to being like him is + better and more fortunate than those who fall further short of him. + But those who fail altogether to resemble him, or who follow an + opposite course, are ill-fated, senseless and wicked, and cause the + greatest disasters to themselves and others.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Εἰ δὴ οὖν καὶ + ὑμῖν ταῦτῃ πῃ ξυνδοκεῖ, ὥρα ἐπεξιέναι τοῖς ἔργοις, ἂ τεθαυμάκαμεν. + καὶ ὅπως μή τις ὑπολάβῃ τὸν λόγον καθ᾽ αὑτὸν ἰόντα, καθάπερ ἵππον + ἀνταγωνιστοῦ στερόμενον ἐν τοῖς δρόμοις, κρατεῖν καὶ ἀποφέρειν τὰ + νικητήρια, πειράσομαι, πῇ ποτε διαφέρετον ἀλλήλων ὅ τε ἡμέτερος [C] + καὶ ὁ τῶν σοφῶν ῥητόρων ἔπαινος, δεῖξαι. οὐκοῦν οἱ μὲν τὸ προγόνων + γενέσθαι δυναστῶν καὶ βασιλέων θαυμάζουσι μάλα, ὀλβίων καὶ + εὐδαιμόνων μακαρίους ὑπολαμβάνοντες τοὺς ἐκγόνους· τὸ δὲ ἐπὶ + τούτοις οὔτε ἐνενόησαν οὔτε ἐσκέψαντο, τίνα τρόπον διατελοῦσιν τοῖς + ἀγαθοῖς<a id="noteref_441" name="noteref_441" href= + "#note_441"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">441</span></span></a> + χρώμενοι. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page248">[pg + 248]</span><a name="Pg248" id="Pg248" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg249" id="Pg249" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> καίτοι γε τοῦτο ἦν τῆς εὐτυχίας ἐκείνης τὸ + κεφάλαιον καὶ σχεδὸν ἁπάντων τῶν ἐκτὸς ἀγαθῶν· εἰ μή τις καὶ πρὸς + τοὔνομα δυσχεραίνει, [D] τὴν κτῆσιν ὑπὸ τῆς ἔμφρονος χρήσεως ἀγαθὴν + καὶ φαύλην ὑπὸ τῆς ἐναντίας γίγνεσθαι συμβαίνειν· ὥστε οὐ μέγα, + καθάπερ οἴονται, τὸ βασιλέως πλουσίου καὶ πολυχρύσου γενέσθαι, μέγα + δὲ ἀληθῶς τὸ τὴν ἀρετὴν τὴν πατρῴαν ὑπερβαλλόμενον ἄμεμπτον αὑτὸν + τοῖς γειναμένοις παρασχεῖν εἰς ἅπαν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And now if you + are in any way of my opinion, it is time to proceed to those + achievements that we have so admired. And lest any should think + that my argument is running alone, like a horse in a race that has + lost its competitor and for that reason wins and carries off the + prizes, I will try to show in what way my encomium differs from + that of clever rhetoricians. For they greatly admire the fact that + a man is born of ancestors who had power or were kings, since they + hold that the sons of the prosperous and fortunate are themselves + blest. But the question that next arises they neither think of nor + investigate, I mean how they employed their advantages throughout + their lives. And yet, after all, this is the chief cause of that + happiness, and of almost all external goods. Unless indeed someone + objects to this statement that it is only by wise use of it that + property becomes a good, and that it is harmful when the opposite + use is made. So that it is not a great thing, as they think, to be + descended from a king who was wealthy and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“rich in gold,”</span> but it is truly great, while + surpassing the virtue of one's ancestors, to behave to one's + parents in a manner beyond reproach in all respects.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Βούλεσθε οὖν εἰ + τοῦτο ὑπάρχει βασελεῖ καταμαθεῖν; παρέξομαι δὲ ὑμῖν ἐγὼ μαρτυρίαν + πιστὴν, [94] καί με οὐχ αἱρήσετε ψευδομαρτυρίων,<a id="noteref_442" + name="noteref_442" href="#note_442"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">442</span></span></a> εὖ + οἶδα· ὑπομνήσω γὰρ ὑμᾶς<a id="noteref_443" name="noteref_443" href= + "#note_443"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">443</span></span></a> ὧν + ἴστε· τυχὸν δὲ καὶ ἤδη τοῦ λεγομένου ξυνίετε, εἴ τε οὔπω δῆλον, + αὐτίκα μάλα ξυνήσετε ἐννοήσαντες πρῶτον μὲν ὡς αὐτὸν ὁ πατὴρ ἠγάπα + διαφερόντως, οὔτι πρᾷος ὢν λίαν τοῖς ἐκγόνοις οὐδὲ τῇ φύσει πλέον ἢ + τῷ τρόπῳ διδούς, ἡττώμενος δὲ οἶμαι τῆς θεραπείας καὶ οὐκ ἔχων, [B] + ὄτι μέμφοιτο, δῆλος ἦν εὔνους ὤν. καὶ αὐτοῦ σημεῖον τῆς γνώμης, + πρῶτον μὲν ὅτι Κωνσταντίῳ ταύτην ἐξεῖλε τὴν μοῖραν, ἣν αὑτῷ + πρότερον προσήκειν ἔχειν ὑπέλαβεν, εἶθ᾽ ὅτι τελευτῶν τὸν βίον, τὸν + πρεσβύτατον καὶ τὸν νεώτατον ἀφεὶς σχολὴν ἄγοντας, τοῦτον δὴ + ἄσχολον ἐκάλει καὶ ἐπέτρεπε τὰ περὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν ξύμπαντα. γενόμενος + δὲ ἐγκρατὴς ἁπάντων οὕτω <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page250">[pg + 250]</span><a name="Pg250" id="Pg250" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg251" id="Pg251" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς δικαίως ἅμα καὶ σωφρόνως + προσηνέχθη, ὥστε οἱ μὲν οὔτε κληθέντες οὔτε ἀφικόμενοι πρὸς [C] + ἀλλήλους ἐστασίαζον καὶ διεμάχοντο, τούτῳ δὲ ἐχαλέπαινον οὐδὲν οὐδὲ + ἐμέμφοντο. ἐπεὶ δὲ αὐτῶν ἡ στάσις τέλος εἶχεν οὐκ εὐτυχές, ἐξὸν + μεταποιεῖσθαι πλειόνων, ἑκὼν ἀφῆκε, τῆς αὐτῆς ἀρετῆς ὑπολαμβάνων + πολλά τε ἔθνη καὶ ὀλίγα δεῖσθαι, περικεῖσθαι δέ, οἶμαι, φροντίδας + μείζονας ὅτῳ πλειόνων ἀνάνκη τημελεῖν καὶ<a id="noteref_444" name= + "noteref_444" href="#note_444"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">444</span></span></a> + κήδεσθαι. οὐ γὰρ δὴ τρυφῆς ὑπολαμβάνει τὴν βασιλείαν εἶναι + παρασκευὴν οὐδέ, ὥσπερ ἐπὶ τῶν χρημάτων εἰς πότους [D] καὶ ἡδονὰς + οἱ καταχρώμενοι μειζόνων εὐπορίαν προσόδων ἐπινοοῦσιν, οὕτω χρῆναι + τὸν βασιλέα παρασκευάζεσθαι, οὐδὲ ἀναιρεῖσθαι πόλεμον, ὅ,τι μὴ τῶν + ἀρχομένων τῆς ὠφελείας ἕνεκα. οὐκοῦν ἐκείνῳ μὲν ἔχειν τὸ πλέον + ξυγχωρῶν, αὐτὸς δὲ μετὰ ἀρετῆς ἔλαττον ἔχων τῷ κρατίστῳ πλεονεκτεῖν + ὑπέλαβε. καὶ ὅτι μὴ δέει [95] μᾶλλον τῆς ἐκείνου παρασκευῆς τὴν + ἡσυχίαν ἠγάπα, τεκμήριον ὑμῖν ἐμφανὲς ἔστω ὁ μετὰ ταῦτα ξυμπεσὼν + πόλεμος. ἐχρήσατο γοῦν πρὸς τὰς ἐκείνου δυνάμεις ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ τοῖς + ὅπλοις ὕστερον. πάλιν δὲ ἐνταῦθα ἐκεῖνοι μέν που τὸ νικᾶν + τεθαυμάκασιν· ἐγὼ δὲ πολὺ πλέον τὸ ξὺν δίκῃ μὲν ἀνελέσθαι τὸν + πόλεμον, διενεγκεῖν δὲ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page252">[pg + 252]</span><a name="Pg252" id="Pg252" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg253" id="Pg253" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀνδρείως καὶ μάλα ἐμπείρως, ἐπιθείσης δὲ τὸ + τέλος τῆς τύχης δεξιὸν χρήσασθαι τῇ νίκῃ σωφρόνως καὶ βασιλικῶς, + καὶ ὅλως ἄξιον τοῦ κρατεῖν φανῆναι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Do you wish to + learn whether this is true of the Emperor? I will offer you + trustworthy evidence, and I know well that you will not convict me + of false witness. For I shall but remind you of what you know + already. And perhaps you understand even now what I mean, but if it + is not yet evident you very soon will, when you call to mind that + the Emperor's father loved him more than the others, though he was + by no means over-indulgent to his children, for it was character + that he favoured rather than the ties of blood; but he was, I + suppose, won over by the Emperor's dutiful service to him, and as + he had nothing to reproach him with, he made his affection for him + evident. And a proof of his feeling is, first, that he chose for + Constantius that portion of the empire which he had formerly + thought best suited to himself, and, secondly, that when he was at + the point of death he passed over his eldest<a id="noteref_445" + name="noteref_445" href="#note_445"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">445</span></span></a> and + youngest<a id="noteref_446" name="noteref_446" href= + "#note_446"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">446</span></span></a> sons, + though they were at leisure, and summoned Constantius, who was not + at leisure, and entrusted him with the whole government. And when + he had become master of the whole, he behaved to his brothers at + once so justly and with such moderation, that, while they who had + neither been summoned nor had come of themselves quarrelled and + fought with one another, they showed no resentment against + Constantius, nor ever reproached him. And when their feud reached + its fatal issue<a id="noteref_447" name="noteref_447" href= + "#note_447"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">447</span></span></a>, + though he might have laid claim to a greater share of empire, he + renounced it of his own free will, because he thought that many + nations or few called for the exercise of the same virtues, and + also, perhaps, that the more a man has to look after and care for + the greater are the anxieties beset him. For he does not think that + the imperial power is a means of procuring luxury, nor that, as + certain men who have wealth and misapply it for drink and other + pleasures set their hearts on lavish and ever-increasing revenues, + this ought to be an emperor's policy, nor that he ought ever to + embark on a war except only for the benefit of his subjects. And so + he allowed his brother<a id="noteref_448" name="noteref_448" href= + "#note_448"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">448</span></span></a> to + have the lion's share, and thought that if he himself possessed the + smaller share with honour, he had the advantage in what was most + worth having. And that it was not rather from fear of his brother's + resources that he preferred peace, you may consider clearly proved + by the war that broke out later. For he had recourse to arms later + on against his brother's forces, but it was to avenge him<a id= + "noteref_449" name="noteref_449" href="#note_449"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">449</span></span></a>. And + here again there are perhaps some who have admired him merely for + having won the victory. But I admire far more the fact that it was + with justice that he undertook the war, and that he carried it + through with great courage and skill, and, when fortune gave him a + favourable issue, used his victory with moderation and in imperial + fashion, and showed himself entirely worthy to overcome.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[B] Βούλεσθε οὖν + καὶ τούτων ὑμῖν ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς δικαστηρίοις ὀνομαστὶ καλῶμεν τοὺς + μάρτυρας; καὶ ὅτι μὲν οὐδείς πω πόλεμος συνέστη πρότερον οὐδὲ ἐπὶ + τὴν Τροίαν τοῖς Ἕλλησιν οὐδὲ ἐπὶ τοὺς Πέρσας Μακεδόσιν, οἵπερ δὴ + δοκοῦσιν ἐν δίκῃ γενέσθαι, τοσαύτην ἔχων ὑπόθεσιν, καὶ παιδί που + δῆλον, τοῖς μέν γε λίαν ἀρχαίων ἀδικημάτων τιμωρίας σφόδρα + νεαρᾶς<a id="noteref_450" name="noteref_450" href= + "#note_450"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">450</span></span></a> οὔτ᾽ + εἰς παῖδας οὔτε εἰς ἐγγόνους γενομένης, ἀλλὰ εἰς τὸν ἀφελόμενον καὶ + ἀποστερήσαντα [C] τὴν ἀρχὴν τοὺς τῶν ἀδικησάντων ἀπογόνους· + Ἀγαμέμνων δὲ ὥρμητο</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now do you wish + that, as though I were in a law-court, I should summon before you + by name witnesses of this also? But it is plain even to a child + that no war ever yet arose that had so good an excuse, not even of + the Greeks against Troy or of the Macedonians<a id="noteref_451" + name="noteref_451" href="#note_451"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">451</span></span></a> + against the Persians, though these wars, at any rate, are thought + to have been justified, since the latter was to exact vengeance in + more recent times for very ancient offences, and that not on sons + or grandsons, but on him<a id="noteref_452" name="noteref_452" + href="#note_452"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">452</span></span></a> who + had robbed and deprived of their sovereignty the descendants of + those very offenders. And Agamemnon set forth)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">τίσασθαι Ἑλένης ὁρμήματά τε + στοναχάς τε,</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">To avenge + the strivings and groans of Helen,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_453" name= + "noteref_453" href="#note_453"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">453</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς + Τρῶας ἐστράτευε γυναῖκα μίαν ἐκδικεῖν ἐθέλων. τῷ δὲ ἔτι μὲν ἦν + νεαρὰ τὰ ἀδικήματα, ἦρχε δὲ οὐ κατὰ Δαρεῖον οὐδὲ Πρίαμον ἀνὴρ + εὐγενὴς καὶ τυχὸν δι᾽ ἀρετὴν ἢ κατὰ γένος προσηκούσης αὐτῷ τῆς + βασιλείας ἀξιωθείς, ἀλλὰ ἀναιδὴς καὶ τραχὺς βάρβαρος τῶν ἑαλωκότων + οὐ πρὸ πολλοῦ. [D] καὶ ὅσα μὲν ἔπραξε καὶ ὅπως ἦρχεν, οὔτε ἡδύ μοι + λέγειν οὔτε ἐν καιρῷ· ἐν δίκῃ δὲ ὅτι πρὸς αὐτὸν ἐπολέμησεν, + ἀκηκόατε. τῆς δὲ ἐμπειρίας καὶ τῆς ἀνδρείας ἱκανὰ μὲν τὰ πρόσθεν + ῥηθέντα σημεῖα, πιστότερα δέ, οἶμαι, τὰ ἔργα τῶν <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page254">[pg 254]</span><a name="Pg254" id="Pg254" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg255" id="Pg255" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> λόγων. τὰ δὲ ἐπὶ τῇ νίκῃ γενόμενα καὶ ὅπως + ξίφους μὲν οὐδὲν ἐδέησεν ἔτι, οὐδ᾽ εἴ τις ἀδικημάτων μειζόνων εἶχεν + ὑποψίαν, [96] οὐδὲ εἴ τῳ πρὸς τὸν τύραννον οἰκειοτέρα γέγονε φιλία, + οὐδὲ μὴν εἴ τις ἐκείνῳ χαριζόμενος φέρειν τε ἠξίου κηρύκιον καὶ + ἐλοιδορεῖτο βασιλεῖ, τῆς προπετείας ἀπέτισε δίκην, ὅ,τι μὴ τἆλλα + μοχθηρὸς ἦν, ἐννοήσατε δὴ πρὸς φιλίου Διός. ποταπὸν δὲ χρῆμα + λοιδορία; ὡς θυμοδακὲς ἀληθῶς καὶ ἀμύττον ψυχὴν μᾶλλον ἢ σίδηρος + χρῶτα; οὐκοῦν καὶ τὸν Ὀδυσσέα παρώξυνεν εἰς δύναμιν ἀμύνασθαι λόγῳ + τε καὶ ἔργῳ· διηνέχθη γοῦν ὑπὲρ τούτου πρὸς τὸν ξενοδόκον αὐτὸς ὢν + ἀλήτης καὶ ξένος, καὶ ταῦτα εἰδώς, ὅτι</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(for it was + because he desired to avenge one woman that he went to war with the + Trojans. But the wrongs done to Constantius were still fresh, and + he<a id="noteref_454" name="noteref_454" href= + "#note_454"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">454</span></span></a> who + was in power was not, like Darius or Priam, a man of royal birth + who, it may be, laid claim to an empire that belonged to him by + reason of his birth or his family, but a shameless and savage + barbarian who not long before had been among the captives of + war.<a id="noteref_455" name="noteref_455" href= + "#note_455"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">455</span></span></a> But + all that he did and how he governed is neither agreeable for me to + tell nor would it be well-timed. And that the Emperor was justified + in making war on him you have heard, and of his skill and courage + what I said earlier is proof enough, but deeds are, I think, more + convincing than words. But what happened after the victory, and how + he no longer made use of the sword, not even against those who were + under suspicion of serious crimes, or who had been familiar friends + of the usurper, nay not even against anyone who, to curry favour + with the latter, had stooped to win a tale-bearer's fee by + slandering the Emperor, consider, in the name of Zeus the god of + friendship, that not even these paid the penalty of their audacity, + except when they were guilty of other crimes. And yet what a + terrible thing is slander! How truly does it devour the heart and + wound the soul as iron cannot wound the body! This it was that + goaded Odysseus to defend himself by word and deed. At any rate it + was for this reason that he quarrelled with his host<a id= + "noteref_456" name="noteref_456" href="#note_456"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">456</span></span></a> when + he was himself a wanderer and a guest, and though he knew that)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἄφρων ... καὶ οὐτιδανὸς πέλει + ἀνήρ,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ὅστις ξεινοδόκῳ ἔριδα προφέρῃσι + βαρεῖαν,</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Foolish and + of nothing worth is that man who provokes a violent quarrel with + his host.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_457" name= + "noteref_457" href="#note_457"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">457</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">καὶ Ἀλέξανδρον + τὸν Φιλίππου καὶ Ἀχιλλέα τὸν Θέτιδος<a id="noteref_458" name= + "noteref_458" href="#note_458"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">458</span></span></a> καὶ + ἄλλους δὲ τινας οὐ φαύλος οὐδὲ ἀγεννεῖς ἀνθρώπους. [C] μόνῳ δὲ + ὑπῆρχεν, οἶμαι, Σωκράτει καὶ σπανίοις τισὶν ἐκείνου ζηλωταῖς, + εὐδαίμοσιν ἀληθῶς καὶ μακαρίοις γενομένοις, τὸν ἔσχατον ἀποδύσασθαι + χιτῶνα τῆς φιλοτιμίας. φιλότιμον γὰρ δεινῶς τὸ πάθος, καὶ ἔοικεν + ἐμφύεσθαι διὰ τοῦτο μᾶλλον ταῖς γενναίαις ψυχαῖς· ἄχθονται γὰρ ὡς + ἐναντιωτάτῳ σφίσι λοιδορίᾳ, [D] καὶ τοὺς ἀπορρίπτοντας ἐς αὐτοὺς + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page256">[pg 256]</span><a name= + "Pg256" id="Pg256" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg257" id= + "Pg257" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> τοιαῦτα ῥήματα μισοῦσι μᾶλλον ἢ + τοὺς ἐπάγοντας τὸν σίδηρον καὶ ἐπιβουλεύοντας φόνον, διαφόρους τε + αὑτοῖς ὑπολαμβάνουσι φύσει καὶ οὐ νόμῳ, εἴ γε οἱ μὲν ἐπαίνου καὶ + τιμῆς ἐρῶσιν, οἱ δὲ οὐ τούτων μόνον ἀφαιροῦνται, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπ᾽ + αὐτοῖς μηχανῶνται βλασφημίας ψευδεῖς. τούτου καὶ Ἡρακλέα φασὶ καὶ + ἄλλους δέ τινας ἀκράτορας τοῦ πάθους γενέσθαι. ἐγὼ δὲ οὔτε περὶ + ἐκείνων τῷ λόγῳ πείθομαι, καὶ βασιλέα τεθέαμαι σφόδρα ἐγκρατῶς τὴν + λοιδορίαν ἀποτρεψάμενον,<a id="noteref_459" name="noteref_459" + href="#note_459"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">459</span></span></a> [97] + οὔτι φαυλότερον ἔργον, ὡς ἐγὼ κρίνω, τοῦ Τροίαν ἑλεῖν καὶ φάλαγγα + γενναίαν τρέψασθαι. εἰ δὲ ἀπιστεῖ τις καὶ οὐ μέγα οἴεται οὐδὲ ἄξιον + έπαίνων τοσούτων, ἐς αὑτὸν ἀφορῶν, ὅταν ἔν τινι τοιαύτῃ ξυμφορᾷ + γένηται, κρινέτω, καὶ αὐτῷ οὐ σφόδρα ληρεῖν δόξομεν, ὡς ἐγὼ + πείθομαι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And so it was + with Alexander, Philip's son, and Achilles, son of Thetis, and + others who were not worthless or ignoble men. But only to Socrates, + I think, and a few others who emulated him, men who were truly + fortunate and happy, was it given to put off the last garment that + man discards—the love of glory.<a id="noteref_460" name= + "noteref_460" href="#note_460"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">460</span></span></a> For + resentment of calumny is due to the passion for glory, and for this + reason it is implanted most deeply in the noblest souls. For they + resent it as their deadliest foe, and those who hurl at them + slanderous language they hate more than men who attack them with + the sword or plot their destruction; and they regard them as + differing from themselves, not merely in their acquired habits, but + in their essential nature, seeing that they love praise and honour, + and the slanderer not only robs them of these, but also + manufactures false accusations against them. They say that even + Heracles and certain other heroes were swayed by these emotions. + But for my part I do not believe this account of them, and as for + the Emperor I have seen him repelling calumny with great + self-restraint, which in my judgment is no slighter achievement + than <span class="tei tei-q">“to take Troy”</span><a id= + "noteref_461" name="noteref_461" href="#note_461"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">461</span></span></a> or + rout a powerful phalanx. And if anyone does not believe me, and + thinks it no great achievement nor worth all these praises, let him + observe himself when a misfortune of this sort happens to him, and + then let him decide; and I am convinced that he will not think that + I am talking with exceeding folly.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τοιοῦτος δὲ ὢν + καὶ γενόμενος βασιλεὺς μετὰ τὸν πόλεμον εἰκότως οὐ μόνον ἐστὶ + ποθεινὸς τοῖς φίλοις καὶ ἀγαπητός, [B] πολλοῖς<a id="noteref_462" + name="noteref_462" href="#note_462"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">462</span></span></a> μὲν + τιμῆς καὶ δυνάμεως καὶ παρρησίας μεταδιδούς, χρήματα δὲ αὐτοῖς + ἄφθονα χαριζόμενος καὶ χρῆσθαι ὅπως τις βούλεται τῷ πλούτῳ + ξυγχωρῶν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς πολεμίοις τοιοῦτος ἐδόκει. τεκμήριον δὲ + ὑμῖν ἐμφανὲς καὶ τοῦδε γιγνέσθω· ἄνδρες, τῆς γερουσίας ὅτιπερ + ὄφελος, ἀξιώσει καὶ πλούτῳ καὶ ξυνέσει διαφέροντες τῶν ἄλλων, ὥσπερ + ἐς λιμένα καταφεύγοντες τὴν τούτου δεξιάν, ἑστίας τε <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page258">[pg 258]</span><a name="Pg258" id="Pg258" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg259" id="Pg259" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> λιπόντες [C] καὶ οἴκους καὶ παῖδας Παιονίαν + μὲν ἀντὶ τῆς Ῥώμης, τὴν μετὰ τούτου δὲ ἀντὶ τῶν φιλτάτων συνουσίαν + ἠσπάσαντο, ἴλη τε τῶν ἐπιλέκτων ἱππέων ξὺν τοῖς σημείοις καὶ τὸν + στρατηγὸν ἄγουσα τούτῳ τοῦ κινδύνου ξυμμετέχειν μᾶλλον ἢ ἐκείνῳ τῆς + εὐτυχίας ἠξίου. καὶ ταῦτα ἅπαντα ἐδρᾶτο πρὸ τῆς μάχης ἣν ἐπὶ τοῦ + Δράου ταὶς ᾐόσιν ὁ πρόσθεν λόγος παρέστησεν· ἐντεῦθεν γὰρ ἤδη + βεβαίως ἐθάρρουν, τέως δ ἐδόκει τὰ τῶν τυράννων ἐπικρατεῖν, [D] + πλεονεκτήματός τινος περὶ τοὺς κατασκόπους τοὺς<a id="noteref_463" + name="noteref_463" href="#note_463"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">463</span></span></a> + βασιλέως γενομένου, ὁ δὴ ἐκεῖνόν τε ἐποίησεν ὑπὸ τῆς ἡδονῆς ἄφρονα + καὶ ἐξετάραττε τοὺς οὐ δυναμένους ἐφικνεῖσθαι οὐδὲ διορᾶν τὴν + στρατηγίαν. ὁ δὲ ἦν ἀκατάπληκτος καὶ γεννάδας καθάπερ ἀγαθὸς νεὼς + κυβερνήτης, ἐξαπίνης νεφῶν ῥαγείσης λαίλαπος, εἶτα ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ τοῦ + θεοῦ σείοντος τὸν βυθὸν καὶ τὰς ᾐόνας. ἐνταῦθα γὰρ τοὺς μὲν + ἀπείρους δεινὸν καὶ ἄτοπον κατέλαβε δέος, [98] ὁ δὲ ἤδη χαίρει καὶ + γάνυται, γαλήνην ἀκριβῆ καὶ νηνεμίαν ἐλπίζων. λέγεται γὰρ δὴ καὶ ὁ + Ποσειδῶν συνταράττων τὴν γῆν παύειν τὰ κύματα. καὶ ἡ τύχη δὲ τοὺς + ἀνοήτους ἐξαπατᾷ καὶ σφάλλει περὶ τοῖς μείζοσι, μικρὰ πλεονεκτεῖν + ἐπιτρέπουσα, τοῖς ἔμφροσι δὲ τὸ βεβαίως θαρσεῖν ὑπὲρ τῶν μειζόνων, + ὅταν ἐν τοῖς ἐλάττοσιν αὐτοὺς διαταράττῃ, παρέχει. τοῦτο + Λακεδαιμόνιοι παθόντες ἐν Πύλαις οὐκ ἀπηγόρευον οὐδὲ ἔδεισαν [B] + τὸν Μῆδον ἐπιφερόμενον, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page260">[pg + 260]</span><a name="Pg260" id="Pg260" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg261" id="Pg261" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τριακοσίους Σπαρτιατῶν καὶ τὸν βασιλέα περὶ + τὰς εἰσβολὰς τῆς Ἑλλάδος προέμενοι· τοῦτο Ῥωμαῖοι πολλάκις παθόντες + μείζονα κατώρθουν ὕστερον· ὁ δὴ καὶ βασιλεὺς ἐννοῶν καὶ λογιζόμενος + οὐδαμῶς ἐσφάλη τῆς γνώμης.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now since this + was and is the Emperor's behaviour after the war, he is naturally + loved and <span class="tei tei-q">“longed for by his + friends,”</span><a id="noteref_464" name="noteref_464" href= + "#note_464"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">464</span></span></a> since + he has admitted many of them to honour and power and freedom of + speech, and has bestowed on them as well vast sums of money, and + permits them to use their wealth as they please; but even to his + enemies he is the same. The following may serve as a clear proof of + this. Those members of the Senate who were of any account and + surpassed the rest in reputation and wealth and wisdom, fled to the + shelter of his right hand as though to a harbour, and, leaving + behind their hearths and homes and children, preferred + Paeonia<a id="noteref_465" name="noteref_465" href= + "#note_465"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">465</span></span></a> to + Rome, and to be with him rather than with their dearest. Again, a + division of the choicest of the cavalry together with their + standards, and bringing their general<a id="noteref_466" name= + "noteref_466" href="#note_466"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">466</span></span></a> with + them, chose to share danger with him rather than success with the + usurper. And all this took place before the battle on the banks of + the Drave, which the earlier part of my speech described to you. + For after that they began to feel perfect confidence, though before + that it looked as though the usurper's cause was getting the upper + hand, when he gained some slight advantage in the affair of the + Emperor's scouts,<a id="noteref_467" name="noteref_467" href= + "#note_467"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">467</span></span></a> which + indeed made the usurper beside himself with joy and greatly + agitated those who were incapable of grasping or estimating + generalship. But the Emperor was unperturbed and heroic, like a + good pilot when a tempest has suddenly burst from the clouds, and + next moment, the god shakes the depths and the shores. Then a + terrible and dreadful panic seizes on those who are inexperienced, + but the pilot begins to rejoice, and is glad, because he can now + hope for a perfect and windless calm. For it is said that Poseidon, + when he makes the earth quake, calms the waves. And just so fortune + deceives the foolish and deludes them about more important things + by allowing them some small advantage, but in the wise she inspires + unshaken confidence about more serious affairs even when she + disconcerts them in the case of those that are less serious. This + was what happened to the Lacedaemonians at Pylae,<a id= + "noteref_468" name="noteref_468" href="#note_468"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">468</span></span></a> but + they did not despair nor fear the onset of the Mede because they + had lost three hundred Spartans and their king<a id="noteref_469" + name="noteref_469" href="#note_469"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">469</span></span></a> at + the entrance into Greece. This often happened to the Romans, but + they achieved more important successes later on. Wherefore, since + the Emperor knew this and counted on it, he in no way wavered in + his purpose.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλ᾽ ἐπείπερ + ἅπαξ ἑκὼν ὁ λόγος ἐς τοῦτο ἀφῖκται καὶ τὴν εὔνοιαν τοῦ πλήθους καὶ + τῶν ἐν τέλει καὶ τῶν φυλάκων, οἵπερ δὴ ξυμφυλάττουσιν αὐτῷ τὴν + ἀρχὴν καὶ ἀπείργουσι τοὺς πολεμίους, διηγεῖται βούλεσθε [C] ὑμῖν + ἐναργὲς εἴπω τεκμήριον χθές που ἢ καὶ πρῴην γενόμενον; ἀνὴρ τῶν + ἐπιταχθέντων τοῖς ἐν Γαλατίᾳ στρατοπέδοις· ἴστε ἴσως καὶ τοὔνομα + καὶ τὸν τρόπον· ὅμηρον φιλίας καὶ πίστεως ἀπέλιπεν οὐδὲν δεομένῳ + βασιλεῖ τὸν παῖδα· εἶτα ἦν ἀπιστότερος τῶν λεόντων, οἷς οὐκ ἔστι, + φησί, πρὸς ἄνδρας<a id="noteref_470" name="noteref_470" href= + "#note_470"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">470</span></span></a> ὅρκια + πιστά, ἁρπάζων τε ἐκ τῶν πόλεων [D] τὰ χρήματα καὶ διανέμων τοῖς + ἐπιοῦσι βαρβάροις καὶ ὥσπερ λύτρα καταβαλλόμενος, ἐξὸν τῷ σιδήρῳ + παρασκευάζειν καὶ οὐ τοῖς χρήμασι ποιεῖσθαι τὴν ἀσφάλειαν· ὁ δὲ + ἐκείνους ὑπήγετο διὰ τῶν χρημάτων εἰς εὔνοιαν· καὶ τέλος ἐκ τῆς + γυναικωνίτιδος ἀνελόμενος ἁλουργὲς ἱμάτιον γελοῖος ἀληθῶς τύραννος + καὶ τραγικὸς ὄντως ἀνεφάνη. ἐνταῦθα οἱ στρατιῶται χαλεπῶς μὲν εἶχον + πρὸς τὴν ἀπιστίαν, θῆλυν δὲ οὐχ ὑπομένοντες ὁρᾶν ἐνδεδυκότα [99] + στολὴν τὸν δείλαιον <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page262">[pg + 262]</span><a name="Pg262" id="Pg262" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg263" id="Pg263" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐπιθέμενοι σπαράττουσιν, οὐδὲ τὸν τῆς σελήνης + κύκλον ἄρξαι σφῶν ἀνασχόμενοι. τοῦτο μὲν δὴ παρὰ τῆς τῶν φυλάκων + εὐνοίας ὑπῆρξε βασιλεί τὸ γέρας, ἀρχῆς ἀμεμφοῦς καὶ δικαίας ἀμοιβὴ + θαυμαστή. ὅστις δὲ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ γέγονε ποθεῖτε ἀκούειν· ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ τοῦτο + ὑμᾶς λέληθεν, ὅτι μήτε ἐς τὸν ἐκείνου παῖδα χαλεπὸς μήτε ἐς τοὺς + φίλους ὕποπτος καὶ δεινὸς εἵλετο γενέσθαι, [B] ἀλλα ὡς ἔνι μάλιστα + πρᾴως εἶχε καὶ εὐμενὴς πᾶσιν ἦν καίτοι πολλῶν συκοφαντεῖν ἐθελόντων + καὶ διηρμένων ἐπὶ τοὺς οὐκ αἰτίους τὰ κέντρα. πολλῶν δὲ τυχὸν + ἀληθῶς ἐνόχων ὄντων ταῖς περὶ αὐτῶν ὑποψίαις, ὁμοίως ἅπασιν ἦν + πρᾷος τοῖς οὐκ ἐξελεγχθεῖσιν<a id="noteref_471" name="noteref_471" + href="#note_471"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">471</span></span></a> οὐδὲ + ἀποφανθεῖσι κοινωνοῖς τῶν ἀτόπων καὶ ἐξαγίστων βουλευμάτων. τὴν δὲ + ἐς τὸν τοῦ παρανομήσαντος παῖδα καὶ πατήσαντος πίστιν καὶ ὅρκια [C] + φειδὼ ἆρα βασιλικὸν ἀληθῶς καὶ θεῖον φήσομεν, ἢ μᾶλλον ἀποδεξόμεθα + τὸν ἀγαμέμνονα χαλεπαίνοντα καὶ πικραινόμενον τῶν Τρώων οὐ τοῖς + ξυνεξελθοῦσι μόνον τῷ Πάριδι καὶ καθυβρίσασι τοῦ Μενέλεω τὴν + ἑστίαν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς κυουμένοις ἔτι καὶ ὧν τυχὸν οὐδὲ αἱ μητέρες + τότ᾽ ἐγεγόνεσαν, ὁπότε ἐκεῖνος τὰ περὶ τὴν ἁρπαγὴν ἐνενόει; εἰ δὴ + τὸ μὲν ὠμόν τις οἴεται [D] καὶ τραχὺ καὶ ἀπάνθρωπον ἥκιστα βασιλεῖ + πρέπειν, τὸ πρᾷον δὲ οἶμαι καὶ χρηστὸν καὶ φιλάνθρωπον ἁρμόττειν + ἥκιστα μὲν χαίροντι τιμωρίαις, ἀχθομένωι δὲ ἐπὶ ταῖς τῶν ὑπηκόων + ξυμφοραῖς, ὅπως ἂν γίγνωνται, εἴτε <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page264">[pg 264]</span><a name="Pg264" id="Pg264" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg265" id="Pg265" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> κακίᾳ σφῶν καὶ ἀμαθίᾳ, εἴτε ἔξωθεν παρὰ τῆς + τύχης ἐπάγοιντο, δῆλός ἐστι τούτῳ διδοὺς τὰ νικητήρια. ἐννοεῖτε + γάρ, ὡς περὶ τὸν παῖδα γέγονε τοῦ φύσαντος ἀμείνων καὶ δικαιότερος, + περὶ δὲ τοὺς ἐκείνου φίλους [100] πιστότερος τοῦ τὴν φιλίαν + ὁμολογήσαντος. ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἅπαντας προεῖτο, ὁ δὲ ἀπέσωσεν ἅπαντας. + καὶ εἰ μὲν ἐκεῖνος ταῦτα περὶ τοῦ βασιλέως ἐγνωκὼς<a id= + "noteref_472" name="noteref_472" href="#note_472"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">472</span></span></a> + τρόπου ἅτε ἐν πολλῷ χρόνῳ κατανοήσας σφόδρα ἐπίστευεν, ἀσφαλῶς μέν + οἱ τὰ τοῦ παιδός, βεβαίως δὲ ὁρμεῖν τὰ τῶν φίλων, συνίει μὲν ὀρθῶς, + πολλάκις δὲ ἧν πανοῦργος καὶ μοχθηρὸς καὶ δυστυχής, πολέμιος ἐθέλων + εἶναι τῷ τοιοίτῳ καὶ ὃν σφόδρα ἀγαθὸν καὶ διαφερόντως [B] πρᾷον + ἠπίστατο μισῶν καὶ ἐπιβουλεύων καὶ ἀφαιρούμενος ὧν οὐδαμῶς ἐχρῆν. + εἰ δέ, ἀνελπίστου μέν οἱ τοῦ παιδὸς τῆς σωτηρίας τυγχανούσης, + χαλεπῆς δὲ καὶ ἀδυνάτου τῆς<a id="noteref_473" name="noteref_473" + href="#note_473"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">473</span></span></a> τῶν + φίλων καὶ τῶν συγγενῶν, τὴν ἀπιστίαν ὅμως προείλετο, ὁ μὲν ἦν καὶ + διὰ ταῦτα μοχθηρὸς καὶ ἀνόητος καὶ ἀγριώτερος τῶν θηρίων, ὁ δὲ + ἥμερος καὶ πρᾷος καὶ μεγαλόφρων, τοῦ μὲν νηπίου κατελεήσας τὴν + ἡλικίαν καὶ τὸν τρόπον, [C] τοῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐξελεγχθεῖσι πρᾷως ἔχων, + τοῦ δὲ ὑπεριδὼν καὶ καταφρονήσας τῶν πονηρευμάτων. ὁ γὰρ ἃ μηδὲ τῶν + ἐχθρῶν τις διὰ μέγεθος ὧν αὑτῷ σύνοιδεν ἀδικημάτων ἐλπίζει ξυγχωρῶν + εἰκότως ἀρετῆς ἐστι <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page266">[pg + 266]</span><a name="Pg266" id="Pg266" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg267" id="Pg267" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> νικηφόρος, τὴν δίκην μὲν ἐπὶ τὸ κρεῖττον καὶ + πρᾳότερον μετατιθεῖς, σωφροσύνῃ δὲ ὑπερβαλλόμενος τοὺς τὸ μέτριον + ἐπιτιθέντας ταῖς τιμωρίαις, ἀνδρείᾳ δὲ διαφέρων τῷ μηδένα [D] + πολέμιον ἀξιόχρεων ὑπολαμβάνειν, φρόνησιν δὲ ἐπιδεικνύμενος τῷ + συγκαταλύειν τὰς ἔχθρας καὶ οὐ παραπέμπειν εἰς τοὺς παῖδας οἐδὲ εἰς + ἐγγόνους προφάσει τῆς ἀκριβοῦς δίκης καὶ τοῦ βούλεσθαι<a id= + "noteref_474" name="noteref_474" href="#note_474"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">474</span></span></a> + ἐπιεικῶς μάλα πίτυος δίκην τῶν πονηρῶν ἀφανίζειν τὰ σπέρματα. + ἐκείνων γὰρ δὴ καὶ τὸ ἔργον τόδε, καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ τὴν εἰκόνα παλαιὸς + ἀπέφηνε λόγος. ὁ δὲ ἀγαθὸς βασιλεὺς μιμούμενος ἀτεχνῶς τὸν θεὸν + [101] οἶδε μὲν καὶ ἐκ τῶν πετρῶν ἑσμοὺς μελιττῶν ἐξιπταμένους, καὶ + ἐκ τοῦ δριμυτάτου ξύλου τὸν γλυκὺν καρπὸν φυόμενον, σῦκά φημι τὰ + χαρίεντα, καὶ ἐξ ἀκανθῶν τὴν σίδην καὶ ἄλλα ἐξ ἄλλων φυόμενα + ἀνόμοια τοῖς γεννῶσι καὶ ἀποτίκτουσιν. οὔκουν οἴεται ταῦτα χρῆναι + πρὸ τῆς ἀκμῆς διαφθείρειν, ἀλλὰ περιμένειν τὸν χρόνον καὶ + ἐπιτρέπειν αὐτοῖς ἀπωσαμένοις τῶν πατέρων τὴν ἄνοιαν [B] καὶ τὴν + μωρίαν ἀγαθοῖς γενέσθαι καὶ σώφροσι, ζηλωτὰς δὲ γενομένους τῶν + πατρῴων ἐπιτηδευμάτων ὑφέξειν ἐν καιρῷ τὴν δίκην, οὐκ ἀλλοτρίοις + ἔργοις καὶ ξυμφοραῖς παραναλωθέντας.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But seeing that + my argument has, of its own accord, once reached this point and is + describing the affection that the Emperor inspires in the common + people, the magistrates, and the garrisons who aid him to protect + the empire and repulse its enemies, are you willing that I should + relate to you a signal proof of this, which happened, one may say, + yesterday or the day before? A certain man<a id="noteref_475" name= + "noteref_475" href="#note_475"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">475</span></span></a> who + had been given the command of the garrisons in Galatia—you probably + know his name and character—left his son behind him as a hostage + for his friendship and loyalty to the Emperor, though not at the + Emperor's request. Then he proved to be more treacherous than + <span class="tei tei-q">“lions who have no faithful covenants with + man,”</span><a id="noteref_476" name="noteref_476" href= + "#note_476"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">476</span></span></a> as + the poet says, and plundered the cities of their wealth and + distributed it among the invading barbarians, paying it down as a + sort of ransom, though he was well able to take measures to win + security by the sword rather than by money. But he tried to win + them over to friendliness by means of money. And finally he took + from the women's apartments a purple dress, and showed himself + truly a tyrant and tragical indeed. Then the soldiers, resenting + his treachery, would not tolerate the sight of him thus dressed up + in women's garb,<a id="noteref_477" name="noteref_477" href= + "#note_477"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">477</span></span></a> and + they set on the miserable wretch and tore him limb from limb,<a id= + "noteref_478" name="noteref_478" href="#note_478"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">478</span></span></a> nor + would they endure either that the crescent moon<a id="noteref_479" + name="noteref_479" href="#note_479"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">479</span></span></a> + should rule over them. Now it was the affection of his garrison + that gave the Emperor this guerdon, a wonderful recompense for his + just and blameless rule. But you are eager to hear how he behaved + after this. This too, however, you cannot fail to know, that he + chose neither to be harsh towards that man's son<a id="noteref_480" + name="noteref_480" href="#note_480"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">480</span></span></a> nor + suspicious and formidable to his friends, but in the highest + possible degree he was merciful and kindly to them all, though many + desired to bring false accusations<a id="noteref_481" name= + "noteref_481" href="#note_481"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">481</span></span></a> and + had raised their stings to strike the innocent. But though many + were perhaps really involved in the crimes of which they were + suspected, he was merciful to all alike, provided they had not been + convicted or proved to be partners in the usurper's monstrous and + abominable schemes. And shall we not declare that the forbearance + shown by him towards the son of one who had broken the laws and + trampled on loyalty and sworn covenants was truly royal and + godlike; or shall we rather approve Agamemnon, who vented his rage + and cruelty not only on those Trojans who had accompanied Paris and + had outraged the hearth of Menelaus, but even on those who were yet + unborn, and whose mothers even were perhaps not yet born when Paris + plotted the rape? Anyone therefore who thinks that cruelty and + harshness and inhumanity ill become a king, and that mercy and + goodness and human kindness befit one who takes no pleasure in acts + of vengeance, but grieves at the misfortunes of his subjects, + however they may arise, whether from their own wickedness and + ignorance or aimed at them from without by fate, will, it is + evident, award to the Emperor the palm of victory. For bear in mind + that he was kinder and more just to the boy than his own father, + and to the usurper's friends he was more loyal than he who + acknowledged the tie of friendship. For the usurper forsook them + all, but the Emperor saved them all. And if the usurper, knowing + all this about the Emperor's character, since he had for a long + time been able to observe it, was entirely confident that his son + was safely at anchor and his friends securely also, then he did + indeed understand him aright, but he was many times over criminal + and base and accursed for desiring to be at enmity with such a man, + and for hating one whom he knew to be so excellent and so + surpassingly mild, and for plotting against him and trying to rob + him of what it was a shame to take from him. But if, on the other + hand, his son's safety was something that he had never hoped for, + and the safety of his friends and kinsfolk he had thought difficult + or impossible, and he nevertheless chose to be disloyal, this is + yet another proof that he was wicked and infatuated and fiercer + than a wild beast, and that the Emperor was gentle and mild and + magnanimous, since he took pity on the youth of the helpless child, + and was merciful to those who were not proved guilty, and ignored + and despised the crimes of the usurper. For he who grants what not + one of his enemies expects, because the guilt that is on their + conscience is so great, beyond a doubt carries off the prize for + virtue: for while he tempers justice with what is nobler and more + merciful, in self-restraint he surpasses those who are merely + moderate in their vengeance; and in courage he excels because he + thinks no enemy worthy of notice; and his wisdom he displays by + suppressing enmities and by not handing them down to his sons and + descendants on the pretext of strict justice, or of wishing, and + very reasonably too, to blot out the seed of the wicked like the + seed of a pine-tree.<a id="noteref_482" name="noteref_482" href= + "#note_482"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">482</span></span></a> For + this is the way of those trees, and in consequence an ancient + tale<a id="noteref_483" name="noteref_483" href= + "#note_483"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">483</span></span></a> gave + rise to this simile. But the good Emperor, closely imitating God, + knows that even from rocks swarms of bees fly forth, and that sweet + fruits grow even from the bitterest wood, pleasant figs, for + instance, and from thorns the pomegranate, and there are other + instances where things are produced entirely unlike the parents + that begat them and brought them forth. Therefore he thinks that we + ought not to destroy these before they have reached maturity, but + to wait for time to pass, and to trust them to cast off the folly + and madness of their fathers and become good and temperate, but + that, if they should turn out to emulate their fathers' practices, + they will in good time suffer punishment, but they will not have + been uselessly sacrificed because of the deeds and misfortunes of + others.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἆρ᾽ οὖν ὑμῖν + ἱκανῶς δοκοῦμεν ἐκτετελεκέναι τὸν ἀληθινὸν ἔπαινον; ἢ ποθεῖτε + ἀκούειν ὑμεῖς καὶ τὴν καρτερίαν καὶ τὴν σεμνότητα, καὶ ὡς οὐ μόνον + ἐστὶ τῶν πολεμίων ἀήττητος, [C] ἀλλ᾽ οὔτε αἰσχρᾶς ἐπιθυμίας ἑάλω + πώποτε, οὔτε οἰκίας καλῆς οὔτ᾽ <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page268">[pg 268]</span><a name="Pg268" id="Pg268" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg269" id="Pg269" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐπαύλεως πολυτελοῦς οὔτε ὅρμων σμαραγδίνων + ἐπιθυμήσας ἀφείλετο βίᾳ ἢ καὶ πειθοῖ τοὺς κεκτημένους, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ + γυναικὸς ἐλευθέρας οὐδὲ θεραπαίνης, οὐδὲ ὅλως τὴν ἄδικον ἀφροδίτην + ἠγάπησε, καὶ ὡς οὐδὲ ὧν ὧραι φύουσιν ἀγαθῶν τὴν ἄμετρον ἀπαιτεῖ + πλησμονήν, οὐδὲ αὐτῷ θέρους ὥρᾳ τοῦ κρυστάλλου μέλει, [D] οὐδὲ + μεταβάλλει πρὸς τὰς ὥρας τὴν οἴκησιν, τοῖς πονουμένοις δὲ ἀεὶ + πάρεστι τῆς ἀρχῆς μέρεσιν ἀντέχων καὶ πρὸς τὸ κρύος καὶ πρὸς τὰ + θάλπη τὰ γενναῖα; τούτων δὲ εἴ με κελεύοιτε φέρειν ὑμῖν ἐμφανῆ τὰ + τεκμήρια, γνώριμα μὲν ἐρῶ καὶ οὐκ ἀπορήσω, μακρὸς δὲ ὁ λόγος καὶ + διωλύγιος, ἐμοί τε οὐ σχολὴ τὰς μούσας ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον θεραπεύειν, + ἀλλ᾽ ὥρα λοιπὸν πρὸς ἔργον τρέπεσθαι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now do you + think I have made my sincere panegyric sufficiently thorough and + complete? Or are you anxious to hear also about the Emperor's + powers of endurance and his august bearing, and that not only is he + unconquerable by the enemy, but has never yet succumbed to any + disgraceful appetite, and never coveted a fine house or a costly + palace or a necklace of emeralds, and then robbed their owners of + them either by violence or persuasion; and that he has never + coveted any free-born woman or handmaid or pursued any + dishonourable passion; and that he does not even desire an + immoderate surfeit of the good things that the seasons produce, or + care for ice in summer, or change his residence with the time of + year; but is ever at hand to aid those portions of the empire that + are in trouble, enduring both frost and extreme heat? But if you + should bid me bring before you plain proofs of this, I shall merely + say what is familiar to all, and I shall not lack evidence, but the + account would be long, a monstrous speech, nor indeed have I + leisure to cultivate the Muses to such an extent, for it is now + time for me to turn to my work.<a id="noteref_484" name= + "noteref_484" href="#note_484"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">484</span></span></a>)</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page273">[pg 273]</span><a name= + "Pg273" id="Pg273" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc9" id="toc9"></a> <a name="pdf10" id="pdf10"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 3.46em; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Oration III</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc11" id="toc11"></a> <a name="pdf12" id="pdf12"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Introduction To Oration + III</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Third + Oration is an expression of gratitude (χαριστήριος λόγος)<a id= + "noteref_485" name="noteref_485" href="#note_485"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">485</span></span></a> to + the Empress Eusebia, the first wife of Constantius. After Julian's + intractable step-brother Gallus Caesar had been murdered by the + Emperor, he was summoned to the court at Milan, and there, awkward + and ill at ease, cut off from his favourite studies and from the + society of philosophers, surrounded by intriguing and unfriendly + courtiers, and regarded with suspicion by the Emperor, Julian was + protected, encouraged and advised by Eusebia. His praise and + gratitude are, for once, sincere. The oration must have been + composed either in Gaul or shortly before Julian set out thither + after the dangerous dignity of the Caesarship had been thrust upon + him. His sincerity has affected his style, which is simpler and + more direct than that of the other two Panegyrics.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page274">[pg 274]</span><a name= + "Pg274" id="Pg274" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg275" id= + "Pg275" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ + ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΕΥΣΕΒΙΑΣ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Julian, + Caesar)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ΤΗΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΙΔΟΣ + ΕΓΚΩΜΙΟΝ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Panegyric in + Honour of the Empress Eusebia)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[102] Τί ποτε + ἄρα χρὴ διανοεῖσθαι περὶ τῶν ὀφειλόντων μεγάλα καὶ πέρα<a id= + "noteref_486" name="noteref_486" href="#note_486"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">486</span></span></a> + μεγάλων, οὔτι φημὶ χρυσίον οὐδὲ ἀργύριον, ἀλλὰ ἁπλῶς ὅ,τι ἂν τύχῃ + τις παρὰ τοῦ πέλας εὖ παθών· εἶτα τοιαῦτα μὲν ἀποτίνειν οὔτε + ἐπιχειρούντων οὔτε διανοουμένων, ῥᾳθύμως δὲ καὶ ὀλιγώρως ἐχόντων + πρὸς τὸ τὰ δυνατὰ ποιεῖν καὶ διαλύεσθαι τὸ ὄφλημα; [B] ἢ δῆλον ὅτι + φαύλους καὶ μοχθηροὺς νομιστέον; οὐδενὸς γὰρ οἶμαι τῶν ἄλλων + ἀδικημάτων ἔλαττον μισοῦμεν ἀχαριστίαν καὶ ὀνειδίζομεν τοῦς + ἀνθρώποις, ὅταν εὖ παθόντες περὶ τοὺς εὐεργέτας ὦσιν ἀχάριστοι· + ἔστι δὲ οὐχ οὗτος ἀχάριστος μόνον, ὅστις εὖ παθὼν δρᾷ κακῶς ἢ + λέγει, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὅστις σιωπᾷ καὶ ἀποκρύπτει, λήθῃ παραδιδοὺς καὶ + ἀφανίζων τὰς χάριτας. καὶ τῆς μὲν θηριώδους ἐκείνης [C] καὶ + ἀπανθρώπου μοχθηρίας σφόδρα ὀλίγα καὶ εὐαρίθμητα κομιδῇ τὰ + παραδείγματα· πολλοὶ δὲ ἀποκρύπτουσι τὸ δοκεῖν εὖ παθεῖν, οὐκ οἶδα + ὅ,τι βουλόμενοι· φασὶ δὲ ὅμως θωπείας τινὸς καὶ ἀγεννοῦς κολακείας + τὴν δόξαν ἐκκλίνειν. ἐγὼ δὲ <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page276">[pg 276]</span><a name="Pg276" id="Pg276" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg277" id="Pg277" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> [103] τούτους<a id="noteref_487" name= + "noteref_487" href="#note_487"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">487</span></span></a> μὲν + ὅτι μηδὲν ὑγιὲς λέγουσι σαφῶς εἰδὼς ὅμως ἀφίημι, καὶ κείσθω + διαφεύγειν αὐτούς, καθάπερ οἴονται, κολακείας οὐκ ἀληθῆ δόξαν, + πολλοῖς ἅμα πάθεσιν ἐνόχους φανέντας καὶ νοσήμασιν αἰσχίστοις πάνυ + καὶ ἀνελευθέροις. ἢ γὰρ οὐ συνιέντες ἀναίσθητοι λίαν εἰσίν, ὧν + οὐδαμῶς ἁναίσθητον εἶναι χρῆν, ἢ συνιέντες ἐπιλήσμονες ὧν ἐχρῆν εἰς + ἅπαντα μεμνῆσθαι τὸν χρόνον· μεμνημένοι δὲ καὶ ἀποκνοῦντες δι᾽ + ἁσδηποτοῦν αἰτίας δειλοὶ καὶ βάσκανοι φύσει καὶ ἁπλῶς ἅπασιν + ἀνθρώποις δυσμενεῖς, [B] οἵ γε οὐδὲ τοῖς εὐεργέταις πρᾷοι καὶ + προσηνεῖς ἐθέλοντες εἶναι, εἶτα, ἂν μὲν δέῃ λοιδορῆσαί που καὶ + δακεῖν, ὥσπερ τὰ θηρία ὀργίλον καὶ ὀξὺ βλέπουσιν· ὥσπερ δὲ ἀνάλωμα + πολυτελὲς φεύγοντες τὸν ἀληθινὸν ἔπαινον, οὐκ οἶδ᾽ ὅπως, αἰτιῶνται + τὰς ὑπὲρ τῶν καλῶν ἔργων εὐφημίας, ἐξὸν ἐκεῖνο ἐξετάζειν μόνον, εἰ + τὴν ἀλήθειαν τιμῶσι καὶ περὶ πλείονος ποιοῦνται [C] τοῦ δοκεῖν ἐν + τοῖς ἐπαίνοις χαρίζεσθαι. οὐδὲ γὰρ τοῦτο ἔνεστιν εἰπεῖν, ὡς + ἀνωφελὲς χρῆμα ἡ εὐφημία οὔτε τοῖς ὑπὲρ ὧν γέγονεν οὔτε αὖ τοῖς + ἄλλοις, ὁπόσι τὴν ἴσην ἐκείνοις κατὰ τὸν βίον τάξιν εἰληχότες τῆς + ἐν ταῖς πράξεσιν ἀρετῆς ἀπελείφθησαν. τοῖς μὲν γὰρ ἄκουσμά τέ ἐστιν + ἡδὺ καὶ προθυμοτέρους παρέχει περὶ τὰ καλὰ καὶ διαφέροντα τῶν + ἔργων· τοὺς δὲ ἐπὶ τὸ ζηλοῦν ἐκεῖνα πειθοῖ καὶ βίᾳ παρώρμησεν + ὁρῶντας ὅτι μηδὲ τῶν προλαβόντων <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page278">[pg 278]</span><a name="Pg278" id="Pg278" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg279" id="Pg279" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τινὲς ἀπεστερήθησαν ὃ μόνον δοῦναί τε καὶ + λαβεῖν ἐστι δημοσίᾳ καλόν. [D] χρήματα μὲν γὰρ εἰς τὸ ἐμφανὲς + διδόναι καὶ περιβλέπειν, ὅπως ὅτι πλεῖστοι τὸ δοθὲν εἴσονται, πρὸς + ἀνδρὸς ἀπειροκάλου· ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ ὑποσχὼν<a id="noteref_488" name= + "noteref_488" href="#note_488"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">488</span></span></a> τὼ + χεῖρε ὑποδέξαιτ᾽ ἄν τις ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς πάντων, μὴ παντάπασιν + ἀποσεισάμενος αἰδῶ καὶ ἐπιείκειαν τοῦ τρόπου. Ἀρκεσίλαος δὲ [104] + καὶ διδοὺς τὸν λαβόντα ἐπειρᾶτο λαθεῖν· συνίει δὲ ἐκεῖνος ἐκ τῆς + πράξεως τὸν δράσαντα. ἐπαίνων δὲ ζηλωτὸν μὲν ἀκροατὰς ὡς πλείστους + εὑρεῖν, ἀγαπητὸν δὲ οἶμαι καὶ ὀλίγους. καὶ ἐπῄνει δὲ Σωκράτης + πολλοὺς καὶ Πλάτων καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης· Ξενοφῶν δὲ καὶ Ἀγησίλαον τὸν + βασιλέα καὶ Κῦρον τὸν Πέρσην, οὔτι τὸν ἀρχαῖον ἐκεῖνον μόνον, ἀλλὰ + καὶ τὸν ᾧ<a id="noteref_489" name="noteref_489" href= + "#note_489"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">489</span></span></a> + συνεστράτευτο ἐπὶ βασιλέα<a id="noteref_490" name="noteref_490" + href="#note_490"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">490</span></span></a> καὶ + τοὺς ἐπαίνους ξυγγράφων οὐκ ἀπεκρύπτετο. [B] ἐμοὶ δὲ θαυμαστὸν + εἶναι δοκεῖ, εἰ τοὺς ἄνδρας μὲν τοὺς καλούς τε κἀγαθοὺς<a id= + "noteref_491" name="noteref_491" href="#note_491"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">491</span></span></a> + προθύμως ἐπαινεσόμεθα, γυναῖκα δὲ ἀγαθὴν τῆς εὐφημίας οὐκ + ἀξιώσομεν, ἀρετῆς οὐδὲν μεῖον αὐταῖς ἤπερ τοῖς ἀνδράσι προσήκειν + ὑπολαμβάνοντες. ἢ γὰρ εἶναι σώφρονα καὶ συνετὴν καὶ οἴαν + νέμειν<a id="noteref_492" name="noteref_492" href= + "#note_492"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">492</span></span></a> + ἑκάστῳ τὰ πρὸς τὴν ἀξίαν καὶ θαρραλέαν ἐν τοῖς δεινοῖς καὶ + μεγαλόφρονα καὶ ἐλευθέριον καὶ πάντα ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν ὑπάρχειν + ἐκείνῃ<a id="noteref_493" name="noteref_493" href= + "#note_493"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">493</span></span></a> + οἰόμενοι χρῆναι τὰ τοιαῦτα, εἶτα<a id="noteref_494" name= + "noteref_494" href="#note_494"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">494</span></span></a> τῶν + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page280">[pg 280]</span><a name= + "Pg280" id="Pg280" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg281" id= + "Pg281" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐπὶ τοῖς ἔργοις [C] ἐγκωμίων + ἀφαιρησόμεθα τὸν ἐκ τοῦ κολακεύειν δοκεῖν ψόγον δεδοικότεσ; Ὅμηρος + δὲ οὐκ ᾐσχύνετο τὴν Πηνελόπην ἐπαινέσας οὐδὲ τὴν Ἀλκίνου γαμετήν, + οὐδὲ εἴ τις ἄλλη διαφερόντως ἀγαθὴ γέγονεν ἢ καὶ ἐπὶ σμικρὸν ἀρετῆς + μετεποιήθη. οὔκουν οὐδὲ ἐκείνη τῆς ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ τούτωι διήμαρτεν + εὐφημίας. πρὸς δὲ αὖ τούτοις παθεῖν μὲν εὖ καὶ τυχεῖν τινος ἀγαθοῦ, + σμικροῦ τε ὁμοίως καὶ μείζονος, [D] οὐδὲν ἔλαττον παρὰ γυναικὸς ἢ + παρὰ ἀνδρὸς δεξόμεθα, τὴν δὲ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ χάριν ἀποτίνειν ὀκνήσομεν; + ἀλλὰ μή ποτε καὶ αὐτὸ τὸ δεῖσθαι καταγέλαστον εἶναι φῶσι καὶ οὐκ + ἄξιον ἀνδρὸς ἐπιεικοῦς καὶ γενναίου, εἶναι δὲ καὶ τὸν Ὀδυσσέα τὸν + σοφὸν ἀγεννῆ καὶ δειλόν, ὅτι τὴν τοῦ βασιλέως ἱκέτευε θυγατέρα + παίζουσαν ἐπὶ τοῦ λειμῶνος ξὺν ταῖς ὁμήλιξι παρθένοις παρὰ τοῦ + ποταμοῦ ταῖς ᾐόσι. μή ποτε οὖν οὐδὲ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς τῆς τοῦ Διὸς + ἀπόσχωνται παιδός, [105] ἣν Ὅμηρός φησιν ἀπεικασθεῖσαν παρθένῳ καλῇ + καὶ γενναίᾳ Ὀδυσσεῖ μὲν ἡγήσασθαι τῆς ἐπὶ τὰ βασίλεια φερούσης + ὁδοῦ, σύμβουλον δὲ αὐτῷ<a id="noteref_495" name="noteref_495" href= + "#note_495"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">495</span></span></a> καὶ + διδάσκαλον γενομένην, ὧν ἐχρῆν εἴσω παρελθόντα δρᾶν καὶ λέγειν, + καθάπερ τινὰ ῥήτορα ξὺν τέχνῃ<a id="noteref_496" name="noteref_496" + href="#note_496"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">496</span></span></a> + τέλειον ᾆσαι βασιλίδος ἐγκώμιον, ἄνωθεν ἀπὸ τοῦ γένους ἀρξαμένην. + ἔχει δὲ αὐτῷ τὰ ὑπὲρ τούτων ἔπη τὸν τρόπον τόνδε·</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(What, pray, + ought we to think of those who owe things of price and beyond + price—I do not mean gold or silver, but simply any benefit one may + happen to receive from one's neighbour—suppose that they neither + try nor intend to repay that kindness, but are indolent and do not + trouble themselves to do what they can and try to discharge the + debt? Is it not evident that we must think them mean and base? Far + more I think than any other crime do we hate ingratitude, and we + blame those persons who have received benefits and are ungrateful + to their benefactors. And the ungrateful man is not only he who + repays a kindness with evil deeds or words, but also he who is + silent and conceals a kindness and tries to consign it to oblivion + and abolish gratitude. Now of such brutal and inhuman baseness as + the repayment with evil the instances are few and easily reckoned; + but there are many who try to conceal the appearance of having + received benefits, though with what purpose I know not. They + assert, however, that it is because they are trying to avoid a + reputation for a sort of servility and for base flattery. But + though I know well enough that what they say is all insincere, + nevertheless I let that pass, and suppose we assume that they, as + they think, do escape an undeserved reputation for flattery, still + they at the same time appear to be guilty of many weaknesses and + defects of character that are in the highest degree base and + illiberal. For either they are too dense to perceive what no one + should fail to perceive, or they are not dense but forgetful of + what they ought to remember for all time. Or again, they do + remember, and yet shirk their duty for some reason or other, being + cowards and grudging by nature, and their hand is against every man + without exception, seeing that not even to their benefactors do + they consent to be gentle and amiable; and then if there be any + opening to slander and bite, they look angry and fierce like wild + beasts. Genuine praise they somehow or other avoid giving, as + though it were a costly extravagance, and they censure the applause + given to noble actions, when the only thing that they need enquire + into is whether the eulogists respect truth and rate her higher + than the reputation of showing their gratitude by eulogy. For this + at any rate they cannot assert, that praise is a useless thing, + either to those who receive it or to others besides, who, though + they have been assigned the same rank in life as the objects of + their praise, have fallen short of their merit in what they have + accomplished. To the former it is not only agreeable to hear, but + makes them zealous to aim at a still higher level of conduct, while + the latter it stimulates both by persuasion and compulsion to + imitate that noble conduct, because they see that none of those who + have anticipated them have been deprived of that which alone it is + honourable to give and receive publicly. For to give money openly, + and to look anxiously round that as many as possible may know of + the gift, is characteristic of a vulgar person. Nay no one would + even stretch out his hands to receive it in the sight of all men, + unless he had first cast off all propriety of manner and sense of + shame. Arcesilaus indeed, when offering a gift, used to try to hide + his identity even from the recipient.<a id="noteref_497" name= + "noteref_497" href="#note_497"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">497</span></span></a> But + in his case the manner of the deed always made known the doer. For + a eulogy, however, one is ambitious to obtain as many hearers as + possible, and even a small audience is, I think, not to be + despised. Socrates, for instance, spoke in praise of many, as did + Plato also and Aristotle. Xenophon, too, eulogised King Agesilaus + and Cyrus the Persian, not only the elder Cyrus, but him whom he + accompanied on his campaign against the Great King, nor did he hide + away his eulogies, but put them into his history. Now I should + think it strange indeed if we shall be eager to applaud men of high + character, and not think fit to give our tribute of praise to a + noble woman, believing as we do that excellence is the attribute of + women no less than of men. Or shall we who think that such a one + ought to be modest and wise and competent to assign to every man + his due, and brave in danger, high-minded and generous, and that in + a word all such qualities as these should be hers,—shall we, I say, + then rob her of the encomium due to her good deeds, from any fear + of the charge of appearing to flatter? But Homer was not ashamed to + praise Penelope and the consort of Alcinous<a id="noteref_498" + name="noteref_498" href="#note_498"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">498</span></span></a> and + other women of exceptional goodness, or even those whose claim to + virtue was slight. Nay nor did Penelope fail to obtain her share of + praise for this very thing. But besides these reasons for praise, + shall we consent to accept kind treatment from a woman no less than + from a man, and to obtain some boon whether small or great, and + then hesitate to pay the thanks due therefor? But perhaps people + will say that the very act of making a request to a woman is + despicable and unworthy of an honourable and high-spirited man, and + that even the wise Odysseus was spiritless and cowardly because he + was a suppliant to the king's daughter<a id="noteref_499" name= + "noteref_499" href="#note_499"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">499</span></span></a> as + she played with her maiden companions by the banks of the river. + Perhaps they will not spare even Athene the daughter of Zeus, of + whom Homer says<a id="noteref_500" name="noteref_500" href= + "#note_500"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">500</span></span></a> that + she put on the likeness of a fair and noble maiden and guided him + along the road that led to the palace, and was his adviser and + instructed him what he must do and say when he had entered within; + and that, like some orator perfect in the art of rhetoric, she sang + an encomium of the queen, and for a prelude told the tale of her + lineage from of old. Homer's verses about this are as follows:)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-left: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Δέσποιναν μὲν πρῶτα κιχήσεαι ἐν + μεγάροισιν,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἀρήτη δ᾽ ὄνομ᾽ ἐστὶν ἐπώνυμον, + [B] ἐκ δὲ τοκήων</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Τῶν αὐτῶν, οἵπερ τέκον Ἀλκίνοον + βασιλῆα.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The queen + thou shalt find first in the halls. Arete is the name she is + called by, and of the same parents is she as those who begat king + Alcinous.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_501" name= + "noteref_501" href="#note_501"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">501</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page282">[pg 282]</span><a name= + "Pg282" id="Pg282" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg283" id= + "Pg283" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ἀναλαβὼν δὲ + ἄνωθεν ἀπὸ τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος οἶμαι τὴν ἀρχὴν τοῦ γένους καὶ ὅσα + ἔδρασάν τε καὶ ἔπαθον εἰπών, καὶ ὅπως αὐτὴν ὁ θεῖος, τοῦ πατρὸς + ἀπολομένου νέου καὶ νυμφίου, ἔγημέ τε καὶ ἐτίμησεν,</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Then he goes + back and begins with Poseidon and tells of the origin of that + family and all that they did and suffered, and how when her father + perished, still young and newly-wed, her uncle married her, and + honoured her)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-left: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">ὡς οὔτις ἐπὶ χθονὶ τίεται + ἄλλη,</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">As no other + woman in the world is honoured,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">καὶ ὅσων + τυγχάνει C</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(and he tells of + all the honour she receives)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἔκ τε φίλων παίδων ἔκ τ᾽ αὐτοῦ + Ἀλκινόοιο,</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">From her + dear children and from Alcinous himself,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ἔπι δὲ οἷμαι τῆς + γερουσίας καὶ τοῦ δήμου, οἱ καθάπερ θεὸν ὁρῶσι πορευομένην διὰ τοῦ + ἄστεος, τέλος ἐπέθηκε ταῖς εὐφημίαις ζηλωτὸν ἀνδρὶ καὶ γυναικί,</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(and from the + council of elders also, I think, and from the people who look upon + her as a goddess as she goes through the city; and on all his + praises he sets this crown, one that man and woman alike may well + envy, when he says)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-left: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Οὐ μὲν γάρ τι νόου γε καὶ αὐτὴ + δεύεται ἐσθλοῦ</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">For indeed + she too has no lack of excellent + understanding,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">λέγων, καὶ ὡς + κρίνειν εὖ ἠπίστατο, οἷσίν τ᾽ εὗ φρονέῃσι, [D] καὶ διαλύειν τὰ πρὸς + ἀλλήλους ἐγκλήματα τοῖς πολίταις ἀναφυόμενα ξὺν δίκῃ. ταύτην δὴ οὖν + ἱκετεύσας εἰ τύχοις εὔνου, πρὸς αὐτὸν ἔφη,</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(and that she + knows well how to judge between men, and, for those citizens to + whom she is kindly disposed, how to reconcile with justice the + grievances that arise among them. Now if, when you entreat her, the + goddess says to him, you find her well disposed,)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἐλπωρή τοι ἔπειτα φίλους τ᾽ + ἰδέειν καὶ ἱκέσθαι</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Οἶκον ἐς ὑψόροφον·</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Then is + there hope that you will see your friends and come to your + high-roofed house.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ὁ δ᾽ ἐπείσθη τῇ + ξυμβουλῇ. ἆρ᾽ οὖν ἔτι δεησόμεθα μειζόνων εἰκόνων καὶ ἀποδείξεων + ἐναργεστέρων, ὥστε ἀποφυγεῖν τὴν ἐκ τοῦ κολακεύειν δοκεῖν ὑποψίαν; + [106] οὐχὶ δὲ ἤδη μιμούμενοι τὸν σοφὸν ἐκεῖνον καὶ θεῖον ποιητὴν + ἐπαινέσομεν Εὐσεβίαν τὴν ἀρίστην, ἐπιθυμοῦντες μὲν ἔπαινον αὐτῆς + ἄξιον διεξελθεῖν, ἀγαπῶντες δέ, εἰ καὶ μετρίως τυγχάνοιμεν οὕτω + καλῶν καὶ πολλῶν ἐπιτηδευμάτων; <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page284">[pg 284]</span><a name="Pg284" id="Pg284" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg285" id="Pg285" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ τῶν<a id="noteref_502" name="noteref_502" + href="#note_502"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">502</span></span></a> + ἀγαθῶν τῶν ὑπαρχόντων ἐκείνῃ, σωφροσύνης καὶ δικαιοσύνης ἢ + πρᾳότητος καὶ ἐπιεικείας ἢ τῆς περὶ τὸν ἄνδρα φιλίας ἢ τῆς περὶ τὰ + χρήματα μεγαλοψυχίας [B] ἢ τῆς περὶ τοὺς οἰκείους καὶ ξυγγενεῖς + τιμῆς. προσήκει δὲ οἶμαι καθάπερ ἴχνεσιν ἑπόμενον τοῖς ἤδη ῥηθεῖσιν + οὕτω ποιεῖσθαι τὴν ξὺν εὐφημίᾳ τάξιν, ἀποδιδόντα τὴν αὐτὴν ἐκείνῃ, + πατρίδος τε, ὡς εἰκός, καὶ πατέρων μνημονεύοντα, καὶ ὅπως ἐγήματο + καὶ ᾧτινι, καὶ τἆλλα πάντα τὸν αὐτὸν ἐκείνοις τρόπον.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And he was + persuaded by her counsel. Shall I then need yet greater instances + and clearer proofs, so that I may escape the suspicion of seeming + to flatter? Shall I not forthwith imitate that wise and inspired + poet and go on to praise the noble Eusebia, eager as I am to + compose an encomium worthy of her, though I shall be thankful if, + even in a moderate degree, I succeed in describing accomplishments + so many and so admirable? And I shall be thankful if I succeed in + describing also those noble qualities of hers, her temperance, + justice, mildness and goodness, or her affection for her husband, + or her generosity about money, or the honour that she pays to her + own people and her kinsfolk. It is proper for me, I think, to + follow in the track as it were of what I have already said, and, as + I pursue my panegyric, so arrange it as to give the same order as + Athene, making mention, as is natural, of her native land, her + ancestors, how she married and whom, and all the rest in the same + fashion as Homer.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Περὶ μὲν οὖν τῆς + πατρίδος πολλὰ σεμνὰ λέγειν ἔχων, τὰ μὲν διὰ παλαιότητα παρήσειν + μοι δοκῶ· φαίνεται γὰρ εἶναι τῶν μύθων οὐ πόρρω· [C] ὁποῖον δή τι + καὶ τὸ περὶ τῶν Μουσῶν λεγόμενον, ὡς εἶεν δήπουθεν ἐκ τῆς Πιερίας, + οὐχὶ δὲ ἐξ Ἑλικῶνος εἰς τὸν Ὄλυμπον ἀφίκοιντο παρὰ τὸν πατέρα + κληθεῖσαι. τοῦτο μὲν δὴ καὶ εἰ δή τι τοιοῦτον ἕτερον, μύθῳ μᾶλλον ἢ + λόγῳ προσῆκον, ἀπολειπτέον· ὀλίγα δὲ εἰπεῖν τῶν οὐ πᾶσι γνωρίμων + τυχὸν οὐκ ἄτοπον οὐδὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ παρόντος λόγου. Μακεδόνων γὰρ οἰκίσαι + φασὶ τὴν χώραν τοὺς Ἡρακλέους ἐγγόνους, Τημένου παῖδας, [D] οἵ τὴν + Ἀργείαν λῆξιν νεμόμενοι καὶ στασιάζοντες τέλος ἐποιήσαντο τὴν + ἀποικίαν τῆς πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἔριδος καὶ φιλοτιμίας· εἶτα ἑλόντες τὴν + Μακεδονίαν καὶ γένος ὄλβιον ἀπολιπόντες<a id="noteref_503" name= + "noteref_503" href="#note_503"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">503</span></span></a> + βασιλεῖς <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page286">[pg + 286]</span><a name="Pg286" id="Pg286" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg287" id="Pg287" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐκ βασιλέων διετέλουν καθάπερ κλῆρον τὴν + τιμὴν διαδεχόμενοι. πάντας μὲν οὖν αὐτοὺς ἐπαινεῖν οὔτε ἀληθὲς οὔτε + οἶμαι ῥάδιον. πολλῶν δὲ ἀγαθῶν ἀνδρῶν γενομένων καὶ καταλιπόντων + Ἑλληνικοῦ τρόπου μνημεῖα πάγκαλα, Φίλιππος καὶ ὁ τούτου παῖς ἀρετῇ + διηνεγκάτην πάντων, [107] ὅσοι πάλαι Μακεδονίας καὶ Θρᾴκης ἦρξαν, + οἶμαι δὲ ἔγωγε καὶ ὅσοι Λυδῶν ἢ Μήδων καὶ Περσῶν καὶ Ἀσσυρίων, πλὴν + μόνου τοῦ Καμβύσου παιδός, ὃς ἐκ τῶν Μήδων ἐς Πέρσας τὴν βασιλείαν + μετέστησεν. ὁ μὲν γὰρ πρῶτος ἐπειράθη τὴν Μακεδόνων αὐξῆσαι + δύναμιν, καὶ τῆς Εὐρώπες τὰ πλεῖστα καταστρεψάμενος ὅρον ἐποιήσατο + πρὸς ἕω μὲν καὶ πρὸς μεσημβρίαν τὴν θάλατταν, ἀπ᾽ ἄρκτων δὲ οἶμαι + [B] τὸν Ἴστρον καὶ πρὸς ἑσπέραν τὸ Ὠρικὸν ἔθνος. ὁ τούτου δὲ αὖ + παῖς ὑπὸ τῷ Σταγειρίτηι σοφῷ τρεφόμενος τοσοῦτον μεγαλοψυχίᾳ τῶν + ἄλλων ἁπάντων διήνεγκε καὶ προσέτι τὸν αὑτοῦ πατέρα τῇ στρατηγίᾳ + καὶ τῇ θαρραλεότητι καὶ ταῖς ἄλλαις ἀρεταῖς ὑπερβαλλόμενος, + ὥστ᾽<a id="noteref_504" name="noteref_504" href= + "#note_504"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">504</span></span></a> οὐκ + ἄξιον αὑτῷ ζῆν ὑπερλάμβανεν, εἰ μὴ ξυμπάντων μὲν ἀνθρώπων, πάντων + δὲ ἐθνῶν κρατήσειεν. οὐκοῦν [C] τὴν μὲν Ἀσίαν ἐπῆλθε σύμπασαν + καταστρεφόμενος, καὶ ἀνίσχοντα πρῶτος ἀνθρώπων τὸν ἥλιον + προσεκύνει, ὡρμημένον δὲ αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὴν Εὐρώπην, ὅπως τὰ λειπόμενα + περιβαλόμενος γῆς τε ἁπάσης καὶ θαλάττης κύριος γένοιτο, τὸ χρεὼν + ἐν Βαβυλῶνι κατέλαβε. Μακεδόνες δὲ ἁπάντων ἦρχον, ὧν ὑπ᾽ ἐκείνῳ + κτησάμενοι πόλεων καὶ ἐθνῶν ἔτυχον. ἆρ᾽ οὖν ἔτι χρὴ διὰ μειζόνων + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page288">[pg 288]</span><a name= + "Pg288" id="Pg288" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg289" id= + "Pg289" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> τεκμηρίων δηλοῦν, [D] ὡς + ἔνδοξος μὲν ἡ Μακεδονία καὶ μεγάλη τὸ πρόσθεν γένοιτο; ταύτης δὲ + αὐτῆς τὸ κράτιστον ἡ πόλις ἐκείνη, ἣν ἀνέστησαν, πεσόντων, οἶμαι, + Θετταλῶν, τῆς κατ᾽ ἐκείνων ἐπώνυμον νίκης. καὶ περὶ μὲν τούτων + οὐδὲν ἔτι δέομαι μακρότερα λέγειν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now though I + have much that is highly honourable to say about her native + land,<a id="noteref_505" name="noteref_505" href= + "#note_505"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">505</span></span></a> I + think it well to omit part, because of its antiquity. For it seems + to be not far removed from myth. For instance, the sort of story + that is told about the Muses, that they actually came from + Pieria<a id="noteref_506" name="noteref_506" href= + "#note_506"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">506</span></span></a> and + that it was not from Helicon that they came to Olympus, when + summoned to their father's side. This then, and all else of the + same sort, since it is better suited to a fable than to my + narrative, must be omitted. But perhaps it is not out of the way + nor alien from my present theme to tell some of the facts that are + not familiar to all. They say<a id="noteref_507" name="noteref_507" + href="#note_507"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">507</span></span></a> that + Macedonia was colonised by the descendants of Heracles, the sons of + Temenus, who had been awarded Argos as their portion, then + quarrelled, and to make an end of their strife and jealousy led out + a colony. Then they seized Macedonia, and leaving a prosperous + family behind them, they succeeded to the throne, king after king, + as though the privilege were an inheritance. Now to praise all + these would be neither truthful, nor in my opinion easy. But though + many of them were brave men and left behind them very glorious + monuments of the Hellenic character, Philip and his son surpassed + in valour all who of old ruled over Macedonia and Thrace, yes and I + should say all who governed the Lydians as well, or the Medes and + Persians and Assyrians, except only the son of Cambyses,<a id= + "noteref_508" name="noteref_508" href="#note_508"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">508</span></span></a> who + transferred the sovereignty from the Medes to the Persians. For + Philip was the first to try to increase the power of the + Macedonians, and when he had subdued the greater part of Europe, he + made the sea his frontier limit on the east and south, and on the + north I think the Danube, and on the west the people of + Oricus,<a id="noteref_509" name="noteref_509" href= + "#note_509"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">509</span></span></a> And + after him, his son, who was bred up at the feet of the wise + Stagyrite,<a id="noteref_510" name="noteref_510" href= + "#note_510"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">510</span></span></a> so + far excelled all the rest in greatness of soul, and besides, + surpassed his own father in generalship and courage and the other + virtues, that he thought that life for him was not worth living + unless he could subdue all men and all nations. And so he traversed + the whole of Asia, conquering as he went, and he was the first of + men<a id="noteref_511" name="noteref_511" href= + "#note_511"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">511</span></span></a> to + adore the rising sun; but as he was setting out for Europe in order + to gain control of the remainder and so become master of the whole + earth and sea, he paid the debt of nature in Babylon. Then + Macedonians became the rulers of all the cities and nations that + they had acquired under his leadership. And now is it still + necessary to show by stronger proofs that Macedonia was famous and + great of old? And the most important place in Macedonia is that + city which they restored, after, I think, the fall of the + Thessalians, and which is called after their victory over + them.<a id="noteref_512" name="noteref_512" href= + "#note_512"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">512</span></span></a> But + concerning all this I need not speak at greater length.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Εὐγενείας γε μὴν + τί ἂν ἔχοιμεν ἔτι πράγματα ἐπιζητοῦντες φανερώτερον καὶ ἐναργὲς + μᾶλλον τεκμήριον; θυγάτηρ γάρ ἐστιν ἀνδρὸς ἀξίου νομισθέντος τὴν + ἐπώνυμον τοῦ ἔτους ἀρχὴν ἄρχειν,<a id="noteref_513" name= + "noteref_513" href="#note_513"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">513</span></span></a> πάλαι + [108] μὲν ἰσχυρὰν καὶ βασιλείαν ἀτεχνῶς ὀνομαζομένην, μεταβαλοῦσαν + δὲ διὰ τοὺς οὐκ ὀρθῶς χρωμένους τῇ δυνάμει τὸ ὄνομα· νῦν δὲ ἤδη τῆς + δυνάμεως ἐπιλειπούσης, ἐπειδὴ πρὸς μοναρχίαν τὰ τῆς πολιτείας + μεθέστηκε, τιμὴ καθ᾽ αὑτὴν τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων στερομένη πρὸς πᾶσαν + ἰσχὺν ἀντίρροπος εἶναι δοκεῖ, τοῖς μὲν ἰδιώταις οἷον ἆθλον + ἀποκειμένη καὶ γέρας ἀρετῆς ἦ πίστεως ἤ τινος εὐνοίας καὶ ὑπηρεσίας + περὶ τοὺς τῶν ὅλων ἄρχοντας ἢ πράξεως λαμπρᾶς, [B] τοῖς βασιλεῦσι + δὲ πρὸς οἷς ἔχουσιν ἀγαθοῖς οἷον ἄγαλμα καὶ κόσμος ἐπιτιθεμένη· τῶν + μὲν γὰρ ἄλλων ὀνομάτων τε καὶ ἔργων, ὁπόσα τῆς παλαιᾶς ἐκείνης + πολιτείας διασώζει τινὰ φαύλην καὶ ἀμυδρὰν εἰκόνα, ἢ παντάπασιν + ὑπεριδόντες διὰ τὴν ἰσχὺν κατέγνωσαν, ἢ προσιέμενοὶ γε διὰ βίου + καρποῦνται τὰς ἐπωνυμίας· μόνης δέ, οἶμαι, ταύτης οὔτε τὴν ἀρχὴν + ὑπερεῖδον, χαίρουσί τε<a id="noteref_514" name="noteref_514" href= + "#note_514"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">514</span></span></a> καὶ + πρὸς ἐνιαυτὸν τυγχάνοντες· [C] καὶ οὔτε <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page290">[pg 290]</span><a name="Pg290" id="Pg290" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg291" id="Pg291" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐδιώτης οὐδεὶς οὔτε βασιλεύς ἐστιν ἢ γέγονεν, + ὃς οὐ ζηλωτὸν ἐνόμισεν ὕπατος ἐπονομασθῆναι. εἰ δέ, ὅτι πρῶτος + ὔτυχεν ἐκεῖνος καὶ γέγονεν ἀρχηγὸς τῷ γένει τῆς εὐδοξίας, ἔλαττὸν + τις ἔχειν αὐτὸν τῶν ἄλλων ὑπολαμβάνει, λίαν ἐξαπατώμενος οὐ + μανθάνει· τῷ παντὶ γὰρ οἶμαι κρεῖττον ἐστι καὶ σεμνότερον ἀρχὴν + παρασχεῖν τοῖς ἐγγόνοις περιφανείας τοσαύτης [D] ἢ λαβεῖν παρὰ τῶν + προγόνων. ἐπεὶ καὶ πόλεως μεγίστης οἰκιστὴν γενέσθαι κρεῖττον ἢ + πολίτην, καὶ λαβεῖν ὁτιοῦν ἀγαθὸν τοῦ δοῦναι τῷ παντὶ + καταδεέστερον. λαμβάνειν δὲ ἐοίκασι παρὰ τῶν πατέρων οἱ παῖδες καὶ + οἱ πολῖται παρὰ τῶν πόλεων οἷον ἁφορμάς τινας πρὸς εὐδοξίαν. ὅστις + δὲ ἀποδίδωσι πάλιν ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ προγόνοις τε καὶ πατρίδι μείζονα τιμῆς + ὑπόθεσιν, λαμπροτέραν μὲν ἐκείνην καὶ σεμνοτέραν, τοὺς πατέρας δὲ + ἐνδοξοτέρους ἀποφαίνων, οὗτος οὐδενὶ δοκεῖ καταλιπεῖν<a id= + "noteref_515" name="noteref_515" href="#note_515"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">515</span></span></a> πρὸς + εὐγενείας λόγον ἅμιλλαν· [109] οὐδὲ ἔστιν ὅστις ἐκείνου φήσει + κρείττων γεγονέναι· ἐξ ἀγαθῶν μὲν γὰρ ἀγαθὸν φῦναι χρή. ὁ δὲ ἐξ + ἐνδόξων ἐνδοξότερος γενόμενος, ἐς ταὐτὸν ἀρετῇ τῆς τύχης πνεούσης, + οὗτος οὐδενὶ δίδωσιν ἀπορεῖν, εἰ τῆς εὐγενείας εἰκότως + μεταποιεῖται.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And of her + noble birth why should I take any further trouble to seek for + clearer or more manifest proof than this? I mean that she is the + daughter of a man who was considered worthy to hold the office that + gives its name to the year,<a id="noteref_516" name="noteref_516" + href="#note_516"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">516</span></span></a> an + office that in the past was powerful and actually called royal, but + lost that title because of those who abused their power. But now + that in these days its power has waned, since the government has + changed to a monarchy, the bare honour, though robbed of all the + rest, is held to counterbalance all power, and for private citizens + is set up as a sort of prize and a reward of virtue, or loyalty, or + of some favour done to the ruler of the empire, or for some + brilliant exploit, while for the emperors, it is added to the + advantages they already possess as the crowning glory and + adornment. For all the other titles and functions that still retain + some feeble and shadowy resemblance to the ancient constitution + they either altogether despised and rejected, because of their + absolute power, or they attached them to themselves and enjoy the + titles for life. But this office alone, I think, they from the + first did not despise, and it still gratifies them when they obtain + it for the year. Indeed there is no private citizen or emperor, nor + has ever been, who did not think it an enviable distinction to be + entitled consul. And if there be anyone who thinks that, because he + I spoke of was the first of his line to win that title and to lay + the foundations of distinction for his family, he is therefore + inferior to the others, he fails to understand that he is deceived + exceedingly. For it is, in my opinion, altogether nobler and more + honourable to lay the foundations of such great distinction for + one's descendants than to receive it from one's ancestors. For + indeed it is a nobler thing to be the founder of a mighty city than + a mere citizen and to receive any good thing is altogether less + dignified than to give. Indeed it is evident that sons receive from + their fathers, and citizens from their cities, a start, as it were, + on the path of glory. But he who by his own effort pays back to his + ancestors and his native land that honour on a higher scale, and + makes his country show more brilliant and more distinguished, and + his ancestors more illustrious, clearly yields the prize to no man + on the score of native nobility. Nor is there any man who can claim + to be superior to him I speak of. For the good must needs be born + of good parents. But when the son of illustrious parents himself + becomes more illustrious, and fortune blows the same way as his + merit, he causes no one to feel doubt, if he lays claim, as is + reasonable, to be of native nobility.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Εὐσεβία δέ, περὶ + ἧς ὁ λόγος, παῖς μὲν ὑπάτου γέγονε, γαμετὴ δέ ἐστι βασιλέως + ἐνδρείου, σώφρονος, συνετοῦ, δικαίου, χρηστοῦ καὶ πρᾴου καὶ + μεγαλοψύχου, [B] ὃς ἐπειδὴ πατρῴαν οὖσαν αὐτῷ <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page292">[pg 292]</span><a name="Pg292" id="Pg292" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg293" id="Pg293" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τὴν ἀρχὴν ἀνεκτήσατο, ἀφελόμενος τοῦ βίᾳ + λαβόντος, γάμου τε ἐδεῖτο πρὸς παίδων γένεσιν, οἳ κληρονομήσουσι + τῆς τιμῆς καὶ τῆς ἐξουσίας, ταύτην ἀξίαν ἔκρινε τῆς κοινωνίας + γεγονὼς ἤδη σχεδόν τι τῆς οἰκουμένης ἁπάσης κύριος. καίτοι πῶς ἄν + τις μείζονα μαρτυρίαν ἐπιζητήσειε τῆσδε; οὐ μόνον περὶ τῆς + εὐγενείας αὐτῆς, [C] ὑπὲρ δὲ ἁπάντων ἁπλῶς, ὅσα χρῆν οἶμαι τὴν + βασιλεῖ τοσούτῳ συνιοῦσαν, καθάπερ φερνὴν οἴκοθεν ἐπιφερομένην, + κομίζειν ἀγαθά, παιδείαν ὀρθήν, σύνεσιν ἐμμελῆ, ἀκμὴν καὶ ὥραν + σώματος καὶ κάλλος τοσοῦτον, ὥστε ἀποκρύπτεσθαι τᾶς ἄλλας + παρθένους, καθάπερ οἶμαι περὶ τῇ σελήνῃ πληθούσῃ οἱ διαφανεῖς + ἀστέρες καταυγαζόμενοι κρύπτουσι τὴν μορφὴν. ἓν μὲν γὰρ τούτων + οὐδὲν<a id="noteref_517" name="noteref_517" href= + "#note_517"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">517</span></span></a> + ἐξαρκεῖν δοκεῖ πρὸς κοινωνίαν βασιλέως, πάντα δὲ ἅμα, [D] ὥσπερ + θεοῦ τινος ἀγαθῷ βασιλεῖ καλὴν καὶ σώφρονα πλάττοντος τὴν νύμφην, + εἰς ταὐτὸ συνεληλυθότα πόρρωθεν καὶ οὐκ ἀπὸ τῶν ὀμμάτων + ἐφελκυσάμενα μάλα ὄλβιον ἦγε τὸν νυμφίον. κάλλος μὲν γὰρ τῆς ἐκ τοῦ + γένους βοηθείας καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἀγαθῶν οἶμαι στερόμενον οὐδὲ ἰδιώτην + ἀκόλαστον ἰσχύει πείθειν τὴν γαμήλιον ἀνάψαι λαμπάδα, ἄμφω δὲ ἅμα + συνελθόντα γάμον μὲν ἧρμοσε πολλάκις, ἀπολειπόμενα δὲ [110] τῆς ἐκ + τῶν τρόπων ἁρμονίας καὶ χάριτος οὐ λίαν ἐφάνη ζηλωτά.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now Eusebia, + the subject of my speech, was the daughter of a consul, and is the + consort of an Emperor who is brave, temperate, wise, just, + virtuous, mild and high-souled, who, when he acquired the throne + that had belonged to his ancestors, and had won it back from him + who had usurped it by violence, and desired to wed that he might + beget sons to inherit his honour and power, deemed this lady worthy + of his alliance, when he had already become master of almost the + whole world. And indeed why should one search for stronger evidence + than this? Evidence, I mean, not only of her native nobility, but + of all those combined gifts which she who is united to so great an + Emperor ought to bring with her from her home as a dowry, wit and + wisdom, a body in the flower of youth, and beauty so conspicuous as + to throw into the shade all other maidens beside, even as, I + believe, the radiant stars about the moon at the full are outshone + and hide their shape.<a id="noteref_518" name="noteref_518" href= + "#note_518"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">518</span></span></a> For + no single one of these endowments is thought to suffice for an + alliance with an Emperor, but all together, as though some god were + fashioning for a virtuous Emperor a fair and modest bride, were + united in her single person and, attracting not his eyes alone, + brought from afar that bridegroom blest of heaven. For beauty + alone, if it lacks the support of birth and the other advantages I + have mentioned, is not enough to induce even a licentious man, a + mere citizen, to kindle the marriage torch, though both combined + have brought about many a match, but when they occur without + sweetness and charm of character they are seen to be far from + desirable.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ταῦτα + ἐπιστάμενον σαφῶς τὸν βασιλέα τὸν σώφρονα φαίην ἂν εἰκότως πολλάκις + βουλευσάμενον ἑλέσθαι τὸν γάμον, τὰ μὲν οἶμαι πυνθανόμενον, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page294">[pg 294]</span><a name= + "Pg294" id="Pg294" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg295" id= + "Pg295" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ὅσα χρῆν δι᾽ ἀκοῆς περὶ αὐτῆς + μαθεῖν, τεκμαιρόμενον δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς μητρὸς τὴν εὐταξίαν· ὑπὲρ ἧς τὰ + μὲν ἄλλα τί δεῖ λέγοντας διατρίβειν, καθάπερ οὐκ ἔχοντας ἴδιον + ἐγκώμιον τῆς,<a id="noteref_519" name="noteref_519" href= + "#note_519"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">519</span></span></a> ὑπὲρ + ἧς ὁ λόγος, [B] διελθεῖν; τοσοῦτον δὲ ἴσως οὔτε εἰπεῖν οὔτε + ἐπακοῦσαι πολὺ καὶ ἐργῶδες, ὅτι δὴ γένος μὲν αὐτῇ σφόδρα Ἑλληνικόν, + Ἑλλήνων τῶν πάνυ, καὶ πόλις ἡ μητρόπολις τῆς Μακεδονίας, σωφροσύνη + δὲ ὑπέρ τε Εὐάδνην τὴν Καπανέως καὶ τὴν Θετταλὴν ἐκείνην + Λαοδάμειαν. αἱ μὲν γὰρ καλοὺς καὶ νέους καὶ ἔτι νυμφίους τοὺς + ἄνδρας ἀφαιρεθεῖσαι διαμόνων βίᾳ βασκάνων ἢ μοιρῶν νήμασι τοῦ ζῆν + ὑπερεῖδον διὰ τὸν ἔρωτα, ἡ δέ, [C] ἐπειδὴ τὸ χρεὼν τὸν κουρίδιον + αὐτῆς ἄνδρα κατέλαβε, τοῖς παισὶ προσκαθημένη τοσοῦτον ἐπὶ + σωφροσύνῃ κλέος αὑτῇ εἰργάσατο, ὥστε τῇ μὲν Πηνελόπῃ περιόντος ἔτι + καὶ πλανωμένου τοῦ γήμαντος, προσῄει τὰ μειράκια μνηστευσόμενα ἔκ + τε Ἰθάκης καὶ Σάμου καὶ Δουλιχίου, τῇ δὲ ἀνὴρ μὲν οὐδεὶς καλὸς καὶ + μέγας ἢ ἰσχυρὸς καὶ πλούσιος ὑπὲρ<a id="noteref_520" name= + "noteref_520" href="#note_520"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">520</span></span></a> + τούτων εἰς λόγους ἐλθεῖν ὑπέμεινέ ποτε· τὴν θυγατέρα δὲ βασιλεὺς + ἑαυτῷ συνοικεῖν ἀξίαν ἔκρινε, [D] καὶ ἔδρασε τὸν γάμον λαμπρῶς μετὰ + τὰ τρόπαια, ἔθνη καὶ πόλεις καὶ δήμους<a id="noteref_521" name= + "noteref_521" href="#note_521"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">521</span></span></a> + ἑστιῶν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I have good + reason to say that the Emperor in his prudence understood this + clearly, and that it was only after long deliberation that he chose + this marriage, partly making enquiries about all that was needful + to learn about her by hearsay, but judging also from her mother of + the daughter's noble disposition. Of that mother why should I take + time to say more, as though I had not to recite a special encomium + on her who is the theme of my speech? But so much perhaps I may say + briefly and you may hear without weariness, that her family is + entirely Greek, yes Greek of the purest stock, and her native city + was the metropolis of Macedonia, and she was more self-controlled + than Evadne<a id="noteref_522" name="noteref_522" href= + "#note_522"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">522</span></span></a> the + wife of Capaneus, and the famous Laodameia<a id="noteref_523" name= + "noteref_523" href="#note_523"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">523</span></span></a> of + Thessaly. For these two, when they had lost their husbands, who + were young, handsome and still newly-wed, whether by the constraint + of some envious powers, or because the threads of the fates were so + woven, threw away their lives for love. But the mother of the + Empress, when his fate had come upon her wedded lord, devoted + herself to her children, and won a great reputation for prudence, + so great indeed, that whereas Penelope, while her husband was still + on his travels and wanderings, was beset by those young suitors who + came to woo her from Ithaca and Samos and Dulichium, that lady no + man however fair and tall or powerful and wealthy ever ventured to + approach with any such proposals. And her daughter the Emperor + deemed worthy to live by his side, and after setting up the + trophies of his victories, he celebrated the marriage with great + splendour, feasting nations and cities and peoples.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Εἰ δέ τις ἄρα + ἐκείνων ἐπακούειν ποθεῖ, ὅπως μὲν ἐκ Μακεδονίας ἐκαλεῖτο μετὰ τῆς + μητρὸς ἡ νύμφη, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page296">[pg + 296]</span><a name="Pg296" id="Pg296" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg297" id="Pg297" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τίς δὲ ἧν ὁ τῆς πομπῆς τρόπος, ἁρμάτων καὶ + ἵππων καὶ ὀχημάτων παντοδαπῶν χρυσῷ καὶ ἀργύρῳ καὶ ὀρειχάλκῳ μετὰ + τῆς ἀρίστης τέχνης εἰργασμένων, ἴστω παιδικῶν σφόδρα ἀκουσμάτων + ἐπιθυμῶν· [111] καθάπερ γὰρ οἶμαι κιθαρῳδοῦ τινος δεξιοῦ τὴν + τέχνην· ἔστω δέ, εἰ βούλει, Τέρπανδρος οὗτος ἢ ὁ Μηθυμναῖος + ἐκεῖνος, ὃν δὴ λόγος ἔχει δαιμονίᾳ πομπῇ χρησάμενον φιλομουσοτέρου + τοῦ δελφῖνος τυχεῖν ἢ τῶν ξυμπλεόντων, καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν Λακωνικὴν ἄκραν + κομισθῆναι· ἔθελγε γὰρ οἶμαι τοὺς δυστυχεῖς ναύτας ὅσα ἐκεῖνος ἀπὸ + τῆς τέχνης εἰργάσατο, αὐτῆς δὲ ἐκείνης ὑπερεώρων καὶ οὐδεμίαν ὤραν + ἐποιοῦντο τῆς μουσικῆς· [B] εἰ δὴ οὖν τις τοῖν ἀνδροῖν ἐκείνοιν τὸν + κράτιστον ἐπιλεξάμενος καὶ ἀποδοὺς τὸν περὶ τὸ σῶμα κόσμον τῇ τέχνῃ + πρέποντα εἶτα ἐς θέατρον παραγάγοι παντοδαπῶν ἀνδρῶν καὶ γυναικῶν + καὶ παίδων φύσει τε καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἐπιτηδεύμασι + διαφερόντων, οὐκ ἂν οἴεσθε τοὺς μὲν παῖδας καὶ τῶν ἀνδρῶν καὶ + γυναικῶν<a id="noteref_524" name="noteref_524" href= + "#note_524"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">524</span></span></a> + ὁπόσοι τοιοῦτοι εἰς τὴν ἐσθῆτα καὶ τὴν κιθάραν ἀποβλέποντας + ἐκπεπλῆχθαι δεινῶς πρὸς τὴν ὄψιν, τῶν ἀνδρῶν δὲ τοὺς ἀμαθεστέρους + καὶ γυναικῶν πλὴν σφόδρα ὀλίγων ἅπαν τὸ πλῆθος ἡδονῇ [C] καὶ λύπῃ + κρίνειν τὰ κρούματα, μουσικὸν δὲ ἄνδρα, τοὺς νόμους<a id= + "noteref_525" name="noteref_525" href="#note_525"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">525</span></span></a> + ἐξεπιστάμενον τῆς τέχνης, οὔτε μιγνύμενα τὰ μέλη τῆς ἡδονῆς χάριν + φαύλως ἀνέχεσθαι, δυσχεραίνειν τε<a id="noteref_526" name= + "noteref_526" href="#note_526"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">526</span></span></a> καὶ + εἰ<a id="noteref_527" name="noteref_527" href= + "#note_527"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">527</span></span></a> τοὺς + τρόπους τῆς μουσικῆς διαφθείροι <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page298">[pg 298]</span><a name="Pg298" id="Pg298" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg299" id="Pg299" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ εἰ ταῖς ἁρμονίαις μὴ δεόντως χρῷτο μηδὲ + ἑπομένως τοῖς νόμοις τῆς ἀληθινῆς καὶ θείας μουσικῆς; ὁρῶν δὲ + ἐμμένοντα τοῖς νομισθεῖσι καὶ οὐ κίβδηλον ἡδονήν, καθαρὰν δὲ [D] + καὶ ἀκήρατον τοῖς θεαταῖς ἐνεργασάμενον ἄπεισι τοῦτον ἐπαινῶν καὶ + ἐκπληττόμενος, ὄτι δὴ σὺν τέχνῃ μηδὲν ἀδικῶν τὰς Μούσας τῷ θεάτρῳ + ξυγγέγονε. τὸν δὲ τὴν ἁλουργίδα καὶ τὴν κιθάραν ἐπαινοῦντα ληρεῖν + οἴεται καὶ ἀνοηταίνειν· καὶ εἰ διὰ πλείονων<a id="noteref_528" + name="noteref_528" href="#note_528"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">528</span></span></a> τὰ + τοιαῦτα διηγεῖται, λέξει τε ἡδίστῃ κοσμῶν καὶ ἐπιλεαίνων τὸ φαῦλον + καὶ ἀγεννὲς τῶν διηγημάτων, γελοιότερον νομίζει [112] τῶν + ἀποτορνείειν τὰς κέγχρους ἐπιχειρούντων, καθάπερ οἶμαι φασὶ τὸν + Μυρμηκίδην ἀντιταττόμενον τῇ Φειδίου τέχνῃ. οὔκουν οὐδὲ ἡμεῖς + ἑκόντες αὑτοὺς ταύταις ὑποθήσομεν ταῖς αἰτίαις, ἱματίων πολυτελῶν + καὶ δώρων παντοίων ὅρμων τε καὶ στεφάνων κατάλογον τῶν ἐκ βασιλέως + μακρόν τινα τοῦτον ᾄδοντες, οὐδὲ ὡς ἀπήντων οἱ δῆμοι δεξιούμενοι + καὶ χαίροντες, οὐδὲ ὅσα κατὰ τὴν ὁδὸν ἐκείνην λαμπρὰ καὶ ζηλωτὰ + γέγονε καὶ ἐνομίσθη. [B] ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδὴ τῶν βασιλείων εἴσω παρῆλθε καὶ + τῆς ἐπωνυμίας ταύτης ἠξιώθη, τί πρῶτον ἔργον ἐκείνης γέγονε, καὶ + αὖθις δεύτερον, καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ τρίτον, καὶ πολλὰ δὴ μάλα τὸ ἐντεῦθεν; + οὐ γάρ, εἰ σφόδρα λέγειν ἐθέλοιμι καὶ μακρὰς ὑπὲρ τούτων βίβλους + ξυντιθέναι, ἀρκέσειν ὑπολαμβάνω τῷ πλήθει τῶν ἔργων, ὅσα ἐκείνῃ + φρόνησιν καὶ πρᾳότητα καὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page300">[pg + 300]</span><a name="Pg300" id="Pg300" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg301" id="Pg301" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> σωφροσύνην καὶ φιλανθρωπίαν ἐπιείκειάν τε καὶ + ἐλευθεριότητα [C] καὶ τὰς ἄλλας ἀρετὰς ἐξεμαρτύρησε λαμπρότερον, ἢ + νῦν ὁ παρὼν περὶ αὐτῆς λόγος δηλοῦν ἐπιχειρεῖ καὶ ἐκδιδάσκειν τοὺς + πάλαι διὰ τῶν ἔργων ἐγνωκότας. οὐ μὴν ἐπειδὴ ἐκεῖνο δυσχερές, + μᾶλλον δὲ ἀδύνατον ἐφάνη, παντελῶς ἄξιον ὑπὲρ ἁπάντων ἀποσιωπῆσαι, + πειράσθαι δὲ εἰς δύναμιν φράζειν ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν καὶ τῆς μὲν φρονήσεως + ποιεῖσθαι σημεῖον καὶ τῆς ἄλλης ἀρετῆς πάσης, ὅτι τὸν γήμαντα + διέθηκεν οὕτω περὶ αὑτὴν, ὥσπερ οὖν ἄξιον γυναῖκα καλὴν καὶ + γενναίαν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But should any + haply desire to hear of such things as how the bride was bidden to + come from Macedonia with her mother, and what was the manner of the + cavalcade, of the chariots and horses and carriages of all sorts, + decorated with gold and silver and copper of the finest + workmanship, let me tell him that it is extremely childish of him + to wish to hear such things. It is like the case of some player on + the cithara who is an accomplished artist—let us say if you please + Terpander or he of Methymna<a id="noteref_529" name="noteref_529" + href="#note_529"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">529</span></span></a> of + whom the story goes that he enjoyed a divine escort and found that + the dolphin cared more for music than did his fellow-voyagers, and + was thus conveyed safely to the Laconian promontory.<a id= + "noteref_530" name="noteref_530" href="#note_530"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">530</span></span></a> For + though he did indeed charm those miserable sailors by his skilful + performance, yet they despised his art and paid no heed to his + music. Now, as I was going to say, if some one were to choose the + best of those two musicians, and were to clothe him in the raiment + suited to his art, and were then to bring him into a theatre full + of men, women and children of all sorts, varying in temperament and + age and habits besides, do you not suppose that the children and + those of the men and women who had childish tastes would gaze at + his dress and his lyre, and be marvellously smitten with his + appearance, while the more ignorant of the men, and the whole crowd + of women, except a very few, would judge his playing simply by the + criterion of pleasure or the reverse; whereas a musical man who + understood the rules of the art would not endure that the melodies + should be wrongly mixed for the sake of giving pleasure, but would + resent it if the player did not preserve the modes of the music and + did not use the harmonies properly, and conformably to the laws of + genuine and inspired music? But if he saw that he was faithful to + the principles of his art and produced in the audience a pleasure + that was not spurious but pure and uncontaminated, he would go home + praising the musician, and filled with admiration because his + performance in the theatre was artistic and did the Muses no wrong. + But such a man thinks that anyone who praises the purple raiment + and the lyre is foolish and out of his mind, while, if he goes on + to give full details about such outward things, adorning them with + an agreeable style and smoothing away all that is worthless and + vulgar in the tale, then the critic thinks him more ridiculous than + those who try to carve cherry-stones,<a id="noteref_531" name= + "noteref_531" href="#note_531"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">531</span></span></a> as I + believe is related of Myrmecides<a id="noteref_532" name= + "noteref_532" href="#note_532"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">532</span></span></a> who + thus sought to rival the art of Pheidias. And so neither will I, if + I can help it, lay myself open to this charge by reciting the long + list of costly robes and gifts of all kinds and necklaces and + garlands that were sent by the Emperor, nor how the folk in each + place came to meet her with welcome and rejoicing, nor all the + glorious and auspicious incidents that occurred on that journey, + and were reported. But when she entered the palace and was honoured + with her imperial title, what was the first thing she did and then + the second and the third and the many actions that followed? For + however much I might wish to tell of them and to compose lengthy + volumes about them, I think that, for the majority, those of her + deeds will be sufficient that more conspicuously witnessed to her + wisdom and clemency and modesty and benevolence and goodness and + generosity and her other virtues, than does now the present account + of her, which tries to enlighten and instruct those who have long + known it all from personal experience. For it would not be at all + proper, merely because the task has proved to be difficult or + rather impossible, to keep silence about the whole, but one should + rather try, as far as one can, to tell about those deeds, and to + bring forward as a proof of her wisdom and of all her other virtues + the fact that she made her husband regard her as it is fitting that + he should regard a beautiful and noble wife.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὥστε ἔγωγε τῆς + Πηνελόπης πολλὰ καὶ ἄλλα νομίσας ἐπαίνων ἄξια [D] τοῦτο ἐν τοῖς + μάλιστα θαυμάζω, ὅτι δὴ τὸν ἄνδρα λίαν ἔπειθε στέργειν καὶ ἀγαπᾶν + αὑτὴν ὑπερορῶντα μέν, ὡς φασί, δαιμονίων γάμων, ἀτιμάζοντα δὲ οὐ + μεῖον τὴν τῶν Φαιάκων ξυγγένειαν. Καίτοι γε εἶχον αὐτοῦ πᾶσαι + ἐρωτικῶς, Καλυψὼ καὶ Κίρκη καὶ Ναυσικάα· καὶ ἦν αὐταῖς τὰ βασίλεια + πάγκαλα, κήπων τινῶν [113] καὶ παραδείσων ἐν αὐτοῖς πεφυτευμένων + μάλα ἀμφιλαφέσι καὶ κατασκίοις τοῖς δένδρεσι, λειμῶνές τε ἄνθεσι + ποικίλοις καὶ μαλακῇ τῆ πόᾳ βρύοντες·</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Therefore, + though I think that many of the other qualities of Penelope are + worthy of praise, this I admire beyond all, that she so entirely + persuaded her husband to love and cherish her, that he despised, we + are told, unions with goddesses, and equally rejected an alliance + with the Phaeacians. And yet they were all in love with him, + Calypso, Circe, Nausicaa. And they had very beautiful palaces and + gardens and parks withal, planted with wide-spreading and shady + trees, and meadows gay with flowers, in which soft grass grew deep: + <span class="tei tei-q">“And four fountains in a row flowed with + shining water.”</span><a id="noteref_533" name="noteref_533" href= + "#note_533"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">533</span></span></a>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Κρῆναι δ᾽ ἑξείης + πίσυρες ῥέον ὕδατι λευκῷ· καὶ ἐτεθήλει περὶ τὴν οἰκίαν ἡμερὶς + ἡβώωσα<a id="noteref_534" name="noteref_534" href= + "#note_534"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">534</span></span></a> + σταφυλῆς οἶμαι τῆς γενναίας, βριθομένη τοῖς βότρυσι· καὶ παρὰ τοῖς + Φαίαξιν ἕτερα τοιαῦτα, πλὴν ὅσῳ πολυτελέστερα, [B] ἅτε οἶμαι ποιητὰ + ξὺν τέχνῃ, τῆς τῶν αὐτοφυῶν ἄλαττον μετεῖχε χάριτος καὶ ἧττον εἶναι + ἐδόκει ἐκείνων ἐράσμια. τῆς <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page302">[pg 302]</span><a name="Pg302" id="Pg302" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg303" id="Pg303" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τρυφῆς δὲ αὖ καὶ τοῦ πλούτου καὶ προσέτι τῆς + περὶ τὰς νήσους ἐκείνας εἰρήνης καὶ ἡσυχίας τίνα οὐκ ἂν ἡττηθῆναι + δοκεῖτε<a id="noteref_535" name="noteref_535" href= + "#note_535"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">535</span></span></a> + τοσούτους ἀνατλάντα πόνους καὶ κινδύνους καὶ ἔτι ὑφορώμενον + δεινότερα<a id="noteref_536" name="noteref_536" href= + "#note_536"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">536</span></span></a> + πείσεσθαι, τὰ μὲν ἐν θαλάττῃ τὰ δὲ ἐπὶ τῆς οἰκίας αὐτῆς, [C] πρὸς + ἑκατὸν νεανίσκους ἡβῶντας εὖ μάλα μόνον ἀγωνίζεσθαι μέλλοντα, ὅπερ + οὐδὲ ἐν Τροίᾳ ἐκείνῳ ποτὲ συνηνέχθη; εἴ τις οὖν ἔροιτο τὸν Ὀδυσσέα + παίζων ὧδέ πως· τί ποτε, ὦ σοφώτατε ῥῆτορ ἦ στρατηγὲ ἦ ὅ τι χρή σε + ὀνομάζειν, τοσούτους ἑκὼν ὑπέμεινας πόνους, ἐξὸν εἶναι ὄλβιον καὶ + εὐδαίμονα, τυχὸν δὲ καὶ ἀθάνατον εἴ τι χρὴ ταῖς ἐπαγγελίαις + Καλυψοῦς πιστεύειν, σὺ δὲ ἑλόμενος τὰ χείρω πρὸ τῶν βελτιόνων + τοσούτους σαυτῷ προστέθεικας πόνους, οὐδὲ ἐν τῇ Σχερίᾳ καταμεῖναι + ἐθελήσας, [D] ἐξὸν ἐκεῖ που παυσάμενον τῆς πλάνης καὶ τῶν κινδύνων + ἀπηλλάχθαι· σὺ δὲ ἡμῖν ἐπὶ τῆς οἰκίας ἔγνως στρατεύεσθαι καὶ ἄθλους + δή τινας καὶ ἀποδημίαν ἑτέραν ἐκτελεῖν οὔτι τῆς πρόσθεν, ὥς γε τὸ + εἰκὸς ἀπονωτέραν οὐδὲ κουφοτέραν. τί δὴ οὖν οἴεσθε πρὸς ταῦτα + ἐκεῖνον εἰπεῖν ἔχειν; ἆρ᾽ οὐχ ὅτι τῇ Πηνελόπῃ συνεῖναι ἐθέλων τοὺς + ἄθλους αὐτῇ καὶ τὰς στρατείας χαρίεντα διηγήματα φέρειν ὑπέλαβε; + ταῦτά τοι καὶ τὴν μητέρα πεποίηκεν αὐτῷ παραινοῦσαν μεμνῆσθαι + πάντων, [114] ὧν τε εἶδε θεαμάτων καὶ ὧν ἤκουσεν ἀκουσμάτων,</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And a lusty + wild vine bloomed about her dwelling,<a id="noteref_537" name= + "noteref_537" href="#note_537"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">537</span></span></a> with + bunches of excellent grapes, laden with clusters. And at the + Phaeacian court there were the same things, except that they were + more costly, seeing that, as I suppose, they were made by art, and + hence had less charm and seemed less lovely than those that were of + natural growth. Now to all that luxury and wealth, and moreover to + the peace and quiet that surrounded those islands, who do you think + would not have succumbed, especially one who had endured so great + toils and dangers and expected that he would have to suffer still + more terrible hardships, partly by sea and partly in his own house, + since he had to fight all alone against a hundred youths in their + prime, a thing which had never happened to him even in the land of + Troy? Now if someone in jest were to question Odysseus somewhat in + this fashion: <span class="tei tei-q">“Why, O most wise orator or + general, or whatever one must call you, did you endure so many + toils, when you might have been prosperous and happy and perhaps + even immortal, if one may at all believe the promises of Calypso? + But you chose the worse instead of the better, and imposed on + yourself all those hardships<a id="noteref_538" name="noteref_538" + href="#note_538"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">538</span></span></a> and + refused to remain even in Scheria, though you might surely have + rested there from your wandering and been delivered from your + perils; but behold you resolved to carry on the war in your own + house and to perform feats of valour and to accomplish a second + journey, not less toilsome, as seemed likely, nor easier than the + first!”</span> What answer then do you think he would give to this? + Would he not answer that he longed always to be with Penelope, and + that those contests and campaigns he purposed to take back to her + as a pleasant tale to tell? For this reason, then, he makes his + mother exhort him to remember everything, all the sights he saw and + all the things he heard, and then she says:)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">ἵνα καὶ μετόπισθε τεῇ εἴπῃσθα + γυναικί,</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">So that in + the days to come thou mayst tell it to thy + wife.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id= + "noteref_539" name="noteref_539" href="#note_539"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">539</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page304">[pg 304]</span><a name= + "Pg304" id="Pg304" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg305" id= + "Pg305" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">φησίν. ὁ δὲ + οὐδενὸς ἐπιλαθόμενος, ἐπειδὴ πρῶτον ἀφίκετο καὶ τῶν μειρακίων ἐπὶ + τὰ βασίλεια κωμαζόντων ἐκράτει ξὺν δίκῃ, πάντα ἀθρόως αὐτῇ + διηγεῖτο, ὅσα τε ἔδρασε καὶ ὅσα ἀνέτλη, καὶ εἰ δὴ τι ἄλλο ὑπὸ τῶν + χρησμῶν ἀναπειθόμενος ἐκτελεῖν διενοεῖτο· ἀπόρρητον δὲ ἐποιεῖτο + πρὸς αὐτὴν οὐδὲ ἕν, [B] ἀλλ᾽ ἠξίου κοινωνὸν γίγνεσθαι τῶν + βουλευμάτων καὶ ὅ,τι πρακτέον εἴη συννοεῖν καὶ συνεξευρίσκειν. ἆρα + τοῦτο ὑμῖν τῆς Πηνελόπης ὀλίγον ἐγκώμιον δοκεῖ, ἢ ἤδη<a id= + "noteref_540" name="noteref_540" href="#note_540"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">540</span></span></a> τις + ἄλλη τὴν ἐκείνης ἀρετὴν ὑπερβαλλομένη γαμετή τε οὖσα βασιλέως + ἀνδρείου καὶ μεγαλοψύχου καὶ σώφρονος τοσαύτην εὔνοιαν ἐνεποίησεν + αὑτῆς τῷ γήμαντι, [C] συγκερασαμένη τῇ παρὰ τῶν ἐρώτων ἐπιπνεομένῃ + φιλίᾳ τὴν ἐκ τῆς ἀρετῆς καθάπερ ῥεῦμα θεῖον ἐπιφερομένην ταῖς + ἀγαθαῖς καὶ γενναίαις ψυχαῖς; δύο γὰρ δὴ τώδε τινὲ πίθω<a id= + "noteref_541" name="noteref_541" href="#note_541"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">541</span></span></a> + φιλίας ἔστον, ὧν ἥδε κατ᾽ ἴσον ἀρυσαμένη βουλευμάτων τε αὐτῷ γέγονε + κοινωνὸς καὶ πρᾷον ὄντα φύσει τὸν βασιλέα καὶ χρηστὸν καὶ εὐγνώμονα + πρὸς ἃ πέφυκε παρακαλεῖ μᾶλλον πρεπόντως καὶ πρὸς συγγνώμην τὴν + δίκην τρέπει. ὥστε οὐκ ἂν τις εἰπεῖν ἔχοι, ὅτωι γέγονεν ἡ βασιλὶς + ἥδε ἐν δίκῃ τυχὸν ἢ καὶ παρὰ δίκην αἰτία τιμωρίας καὶ κολάσεως + μικρᾶς ἢ μείζονος. [D] Ἀθήνησι μὲν οὖν φασιν, ὅτε τοῖς πατρίοις + ἔθεσιν ἐχρῶντο καὶ ἔζων τοῖς οἰκείοις πειθόμενοι νόμοις μεγάλην καὶ + πολυάνθρωπον οἰκοῦντες πόλιν, εἴ ποτε τῶν δικαζόντων <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page306">[pg 306]</span><a name="Pg306" id="Pg306" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg307" id="Pg307" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> αἱ ψῆφοι κατ᾽ ἴσον γένοιντο τοῖς φεύγουσι + πρὸς τοὺς διώκοντας, τὴν τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς ἐπιτιθεμένην τῷ τὴν δίκην + ὀφλήσειν μέλλοντι ἀπολύειν ἄμφω τῆς αἰτίας, [115] τὸν μὲν ἐπάγοντα + τὴν κατηγορίαν τοῦ δοκεῖν εἶναι συκοφάντην, τὸν δέ, ὡς εἰκός, τοῦ + δοκεῖν ἔνοχον εἶναι τῷ πονηρεύματι. τοῦτον δὴ φιλάνθρωπον ὄντα καὶ + χαρίεντα τὸν νόμον ἐπὶ τῶν δικῶν, ἃς βασιλεὺς κρίνει, σωζόμενον + πρᾳότερον αὕτη καθίστησιν. οὗ γὰρ ἂν ὁ φεύγων παρ᾽ ὀλίγον ἔλθῃ τὴν + ἴσην ἐν ταῖς ψήφοις λαχεῖν, πείθει, τὴν ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ δέησιν προσθεῖσα + καὶ ἱκετηρίαν, ἀφεῖναι πάντως τῆς αἰτίας. ὁ δὲ ἑκὼν ἑκόντι τῷ θυμῷ + χαρίζεται τὰ τοιαῦτα, [B] καὶ οὐ, καθάπερ Ὅμηρός φησι τὸν Δία + ἐκβιαζόμενον παρὰ τῆς γαμετῆς ὁμολογεῖν<a id="noteref_542" name= + "noteref_542" href="#note_542"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">542</span></span></a> ὅ,τι + ξυγχωροίη,<a id="noteref_543" name="noteref_543" href= + "#note_543"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">543</span></span></a> + δίδωσιν ἑκὼν ἀέκοντί γε θυμῷ. καὶ τυχὸν οὐκ ἄτοπον χαλεπῶς καὶ + μόλις τὰ τοιαῦτα ξυγχωρεῖν κατὰ ἀνδρῶν ὑβριστῶν καὶ ἀλαζόνων. ἀλλ᾽ + οὐδὲ<a id="noteref_544" name="noteref_544" href= + "#note_544"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">544</span></span></a> γὰρ + εἰ σφόδρα ἐπιτήδειοί τινές εἰσι πάσχειν κακῶς καὶ κολάζεσθαι, + τούτους ἐκ παντὸς ἀπολέσθαι χρεών· ὃ δὴ καὶ ἡ βασιλὶς ἥδε ξυννοοῦσα + κακὸν μὲν οὐδὲν ἐκέλευσεν οὔτε ἄλλο ποτε οὔτε<a id="noteref_545" + name="noteref_545" href="#note_545"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">545</span></span></a> [C] + κόλασιν οὔτε τιμωρίαν ἐπαγαγεῖν οὐχ ὅπως βασιλείᾳ τινὸς ἢ πόλει, + ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ οἰκίᾳ μιᾷ τῶν πολιτῶν. προσθείην δ᾽ ἂν ἔγωγε θαρρῶν εὖ + μάλα ὅτι μηδὲν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page308">[pg + 308]</span><a name="Pg308" id="Pg308" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg309" id="Pg309" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ψεῦδός φημι, ὡς οὐδὲ ἐφ᾽ ἑνὸς ἀνδρὸς ἢ + γυναικὸς μιᾶς ἔστιν αὐτὴν αἰτιᾶσθαι ξυμφορᾶς τῳ τῆς τυχούσης, ἀγαθὰ + δὲ ὅσα καὶ οὕστινας δρᾷ καὶ ἔδρασεν, ἡδέως ἂν ὑμῖν τὰ πλεῖστα + ἐξαριθμησαίμην καθ᾽ ἕκαστα ἀπαγγέλλων, ὡς ὅδε μὲν τὸν πατρῷον δι᾽ + ἐκείνην νέμεται κλῆρον, ἐκεῖνος δὲ ἀπηλλάγη τιμωρίας, [D] ὀφλήσας + τοῖς νὀμοις, ἄλλος συκοφαντίαν διέφυγε, παρ᾽ ὀλίγον ἐλθὼν κινδύνου, + τιμῆς δὲ ἔτυχον καὶ ἀρχῆς μυρίοι. καὶ ταῦτα οὐκ ἔστιν ὅστις ἐμὲ + ψεύδεσθαι τῶν ἁπάντων φήσει, εἰ καὶ ὀνομαστὶ τοὺς ἄνδρας μὴ + καταλέγοιμι. ἀλλ᾽ ὀκνῶ, μή τισιν ἐξονειδίζειν δόξω τὰς συμφορὰς καὶ + οὐκ ἔπαινον τῶν ταύτης ἀγαθῶν, κατάλογον δὲ τῶν ἀλλοτρίων + συγγράφειν ἀτυχημάτων. τοσούτων δὲ ἔργων μηδὲν παρασχέσθαι μηδὲ εἰς + τὸ ἐμφανὲς ἄγειν [116] τεκμήριον κενόν πως εἶναι δοκεῖ καὶ ἐς + ἀπιστίαν ἄγει<a id="noteref_546" name="noteref_546" href= + "#note_546"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">546</span></span></a> τὸν + ἔπαινον. οὐκοῦν ἐκεῖνα παραιτησάμενος, ὁπόσα γ᾽ ἐμοί τε εἰπεῖν + ἀνεπίφθονον ταύτῃ τε ἀκούειν καλὰ λέγοιμ᾽ ἂν ἤδη.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And indeed he + forgot nothing, and no sooner had he come home and vanquished, as + was just, the youths who caroused in the palace, than he related + all to her without pause, all that he had achieved and endured, and + all else that, obeying the oracles, he purposed still to + accomplish.<a id="noteref_547" name="noteref_547" href= + "#note_547"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">547</span></span></a> And + from her he kept nothing secret, but chose that she should be the + partner of his counsels and should help him to plan and contrive + what he must do. And do you think this a trifling tribute to + Penelope, or is there not now found to be yet another woman whose + virtue surpasses hers, and who, as the consort of a brave, + magnanimous and prudent Emperor, has won as great affection from + her husband, since she has mingled with the tenderness that is + inspired by love that other which good and noble souls derive from + their own virtue, whence it flows like a sacred fount? For there + are two jars,<a id="noteref_548" name="noteref_548" href= + "#note_548"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">548</span></span></a> so to + speak, of these two kinds of human affection, and Eusebia drew in + equal measure from both, and so has come to be the partner of her + husband's counsels, and though the Emperor is by nature merciful, + good and wise, she encourages him to follow yet more becomingly his + natural bent, and ever turns justice to mercy. So that no one could + ever cite a case in which this Empress, whether with justice, as + might happen, or unjustly, has ever been the cause of punishment or + chastisement either great or small. Now we are told that at Athens, + in the days when they employed their ancestral customs and lived in + obedience to their own laws, as the inhabitants of a great and + humane city, whenever the votes of the jurymen were cast evenly for + defendant and plaintiff, the vote of Athene<a id="noteref_549" + name="noteref_549" href="#note_549"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">549</span></span></a> was + awarded to him who would have incurred the penalty, and thus both + were acquitted of guilt, he who had brought the accusation, of the + reputation of sycophant, and the defendant, naturally, of the guilt + of the crime. Now this humane and gracious custom is kept up in the + suits which the Emperor judges, but Eusebia's mercy goes further. + For whenever the defendant comes near to obtaining an equal number + of votes, she persuades the Emperor, adding her request and + entreaty on his behalf, to acquit the man entirely of the charge. + And of free will with willing heart he grants the boon, and does + not give it as Homer says Zeus, constrained by his wife, agreed as + to what he should concede to her <span class="tei tei-q">“of free + will but with soul unwilling.”</span><a id="noteref_550" name= + "noteref_550" href="#note_550"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">550</span></span></a> And + perhaps it is not strange that he should concede this pardon + reluctantly and under protest in the case of the violent and + depraved. But not even when men richly deserve to suffer and be + punished ought they to be utterly ruined. Now since the Empress + recognises this, she has never bidden him inflict any injury of any + kind, or any punishment or chastisement even on a single household + of the citizens, much less on a whole kingdom or city. And I might + add, with the utmost confidence that I am speaking the absolute + truth, that in the case of no man or woman is it possible to charge + her with any misfortune that has happened, but all the benefits + that she confers and has conferred, and on whom, I would gladly + recount in as many cases as possible, and report them one by one, + how for instance this man, thanks to her, enjoys his ancestral + estate, and that man has been saved from punishment, though he was + guilty in the eyes of the law, how a third escaped a malicious + prosecution, though he came within an ace of the danger, how + countless persons have received honour and office at her hands. And + on this subject there is no one of them all who will assert that I + speak falsely, even though I should not give a list of those + persons by name. But this I hesitate to do, lest I should seem to + some to be reproaching them with their sufferings, and to be + composing not so much an encomium of her good deeds as a catalogue + of the misfortunes of others. And yet, not to cite any of these + acts of hers, and to bring no proof of them before the public seems + perhaps to imply that they are lacking, and brings discredit on my + encomium. Accordingly, to deprecate that charge, I shall relate so + much as it is not invidious for me to speak or for her to + hear.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ τὴν + τοῦ γήμαντος εὔνοιαν τηλαυγέστατον πρόσωπον, κατὰ τὸν σοφὸν + Πίνδαρον, ἀρχομένη τῶν ἔργων ἔθετο, γένος τε ἅπαν καὶ ξυγγενεῖς + εὐθὺς ἐνέπλησε τιμῆς, τοὺς μὲν ἤδη γνωρίμους καὶ πρεσβυτέρους ἐπὶ + μειζόνων τάττουσα πράξεων καὶ ἀποφήνασα μακαρίους καὶ ζηλωτοὺς + βασιλεῖ τ᾽ ἐποίησε φίλους καὶ τῆς εὐτυχίας τῆς παρούσης ἔδωκε τὴν + ἀρχήν. [B] καὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page310">[pg + 310]</span><a name="Pg310" id="Pg310" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg311" id="Pg311" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> γὰρ εἴ τῳ δοκοῦσιν, ὥσπερ οὖν ἀληθές, δι᾽ + αὑτοὺς τίμιοι, ταύτῃ γε οἶμαι προσθήσει τὸν ἔπαινον· δῆλον γὰρ ὅτι + μὴ τῇ τοῦ γένους κοινωνίᾳ μόνον, πολὺ δὲ πλέον ἀρετῇ φαίνεται + νέμουσα· οὗ μεῖζον οὐκ οἶδα ὅπως τις ἐγκώμιον ἐρεῖ. περὶ μὲν τούσδε + γέγονε τοιάδε. ὅσοι δὲ ἀγνῶτες ἔτι διὰ νεότητα τοῦ γνωρισθῆναι καὶ + ὁπωσοῦν ἐδέοντο, [C] τούτοις ἐλάττονας διένειμε τιμάς. ἀπέλιπε δὲ + οὐδὲν εὐεργετοῦσα ξύμπαντας. καὶ οὐ τοὺς ξυγγενεῖς μόνον τοσαῦτα + ἔδρασεν ἀγαθά, ξενίαν δὲ ὅτῳ πρὸς τοὺς ἐκείνης πατέρας ὑπάρξασαν + ἔγνω, οὐκ ἀνόνητον ἀφῆκε τοῖς κτησαμένοις, τιμᾷ δὲ οἶμαι καὶ + τούτους καθάπερ ξυγγενεῖς, καὶ ὅσους τοῦ πατρὸς ἐνόμισε φίλους, [D] + ἅπασιν ἔνειμε τῆς φιλίας ἔπαθλα θαυμαστά.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(When she had, + in the beginning, secured her husband's good-will for her actions + like a <span class="tei tei-q">“frontage shining from afar,”</span> + to use the words of the great poet Pindar,<a id="noteref_551" name= + "noteref_551" href="#note_551"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">551</span></span></a> she + forthwith showered honours on all her family and kinsfolk, + appointing to more important functions those who had already been + tested and were of mature age, and making them seem fortunate and + enviable, and she won for them the Emperor's friendship and laid + the foundation of their present prosperity. And if anyone thinks, + what is in fact true, that on their own account they are worthy of + honour, he will applaud her all the more. For it is evident that it + was their merit, far more than the ties of kinship, that she + rewarded; and one could hardly pay her a higher compliment than + that. Such then was her treatment of these. And to all who, since + they were still obscure on account of their youth, needed + recognition of any sort, she awarded lesser honours. In fact she + left nothing undone to help one and all. And not only on her + kinsfolk has she conferred such benefits, but whenever she learned + that ties of friendship used to exist with her ancestors, she has + not allowed it to be unprofitable to those who owned such ties, but + she honours them, I understand, no less than her own kinsfolk, and + to all whom she regards as her father's friends she dispensed + wonderful rewards for their friendship.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐγὲ δέ, ἐπειδή + μοι τεκμηρίων καθάπερ ἐν δικαστηρίῳ τὸν λόγον ὁρῶ δεόμενον, αὐτὸς + ὑμῖν ἐμαυτὸν τούτων ἐκείνῳ<a id="noteref_552" name="noteref_552" + href="#note_552"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">552</span></span></a> + μάρτυρα καὶ ἐπαινέτην παρέξομαι· ἀλλ᾽ ὅπως μου μή ποτε ὑπιδόμενοι + τὴν μαρτυρίαν πρὶν ἐπακοῦσαι τῶν λόγων διαταράττησθε, ὄμνυμι ὑμῖν, + ὡς οὐδὲν ψεῦδος οὐδὲ πλάσμα ἐρῶ· ὑμεῖς δὲ κἂν ἀνωμότῳ ἐπιστεύσατε + πάντα οὐ κολακείας ἕνεκα λέγειν<a id="noteref_553" name= + "noteref_553" href="#note_553"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">553</span></span></a>. + [117] ἔχω γὰρ ἤδη τοῦ θεοῦ διδόντος καὶ τοῦ βασιλέως ἅπαντα τὰ + ἀγαθά, αὐτῆς γε οἶμαι καὶ ταύτης<a id="noteref_554" name= + "noteref_554" href="#note_554"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">554</span></span></a> + ξυμπροθυμουμένης, ὑπὲρ ὧν ἄν τις κολακεύων ἅπαντα ἀφείη + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page312">[pg 312]</span><a name= + "Pg312" id="Pg312" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg313" id= + "Pg313" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ῥήματα, ὥστε, εἰ μὲν πρὸ τούτων + ἔλεγον, ἴσως ἐχρῆν ὀρρωδεῖν τὴν ἄδικον ὑποψίαν· νῦν δὲ ἐν ταύτῃ + γεγονὼς τῇ τύχῃ καὶ ἀπομνημονεύων τῶν ἐκείνης εἰς ἐμαυτὸν ἔργων + παρέξομαι ὑμῖν εὐγνωμοσύνης μὲν ἐμαυτοῦ σημεῖον, μαρτύριον δὲ + ἀληθὲς τῶν ἐκείνης ἔργων. [B] πυνθάνομαι γὰρ δὴ καὶ Δαρεῖον, ἕως + ἔτι δορυφόρος ἦν τοῦ Περσῶν μονάρχου, τῷ Σαμίῳ ξένῳ περὶ τὴν + Αἴγυπτον συμβαλεῖν φεύγοντι τὴν αὑτοῦ, καὶ λαβόντα φοινικίδα τινὰ + δῶρον, οὗ σφόδρα ἐπεθύμει, τὴν Σαμίων ὕστερον ἀντιδοῦναι τυραννίδα, + ὁπηνίκα, οἶμαι, τῆς Ἀσίας ἁπάσης κύριος κατέστη. εἰ δὴ οὖν καὶ + αὐτὸς πολλὰ μὲν παρ᾽ αὐτῆς, ὅτε ἔτι ζῆν ἐξῆν ἐν ἡσυχίᾳ, τὰ μέγιστα + δὲ δι᾽ αὐτὴν παρὰ τοῦ γενναίου [C] καὶ μεγαλόφρονος βασιλέως λαβὼν + ὁμολογοίην τοῦ μὲν ἀντιδοῦναι τὴν ἴσην λείπεσθαι· ἔχει γάρ, οἶμαι, + ξύμπαντα παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ τοῦ καὶ ἡμῖν χαρισαμένου λαβοῦσα· τῷ βούλεσθαι + δὲ τὴν μνήμην ἀθάνατον αὐτῇ τῶν ἔργων γενέσθαι καὶ ἐς ὑμᾶς ταῦτα + ἀπαγγέλλειν τυχὸν οὐκ ἀγνωμονέστερος φανοῦμαι τοῦ Πέρσου, εἴπερ εἰς + τὴν γνώμην ὁρῶντα χρὴ κρίνειν, ἀλλ᾽ οὐχ ὅτῳ παρέσχεν ἡ τύχη + πολλαπλάσιον ἀποτῖσαι τὸ εὐεργέτημα.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But since I see + that my account is in need of proofs, just as in a law-court, I + will offer myself to bear witness on its behalf to these actions + and to applaud them. But lest you should mistrust my evidence and + cause a disturbance before you have heard what I have to say, I + swear that I will tell you no falsehood or fiction; although you + would have believed, even without an oath, that I am saying all + this without intent to flatter. For I already possess, by the grace + of God and the Emperor, and because the Empress too was zealous in + my behalf, all those blessings to gain which a flatterer would + leave nothing unsaid, so that, if I were speaking before obtaining + these, perhaps I should have to dread that unjust suspicion. But as + it is, since this is the state of my fortunes, I will recall her + conduct to me, and at the same time give you a proof of my own + right-mindedness and truthful evidence of her good deeds. I have + heard that Darius, while he was still in the bodyguard of the + Persian monarch,<a id="noteref_555" name="noteref_555" href= + "#note_555"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">555</span></span></a> met, + in Egypt, a Samian stranger<a id="noteref_556" name="noteref_556" + href="#note_556"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">556</span></span></a> who + was an exile from his own country, and accepted from him the gift + of a scarlet cloak to which Darius had taken a great fancy, and + that later on, in the days when, I understand, he had become the + master of all Asia, he gave him in return the tyranny of Samos. And + now suppose that I acknowledge that, though I received many + kindnesses at Eusebia's hands, at a time when I was still permitted + to live in peaceful obscurity, and many also, by her intercession, + from our noble and magnanimous Emperor, I must needs fall short of + making an equal return; for as I know, she possesses everything + already, as the gift of him who was so generous to myself; yet + since I desire that the memory of her good deeds should be + immortal, and since I am relating them to you, perhaps I shall not + be thought less mindful of my debt than the Persian, seeing that in + forming a judgment it is to the intention that one must look, and + not to an instance in which fortune granted a man the power to + repay his obligation many times over.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[D] Τί ποτε οὖν + ἐγὼ τοσοῦτον εὖ παθεῖν φημι καὶ ἀνθ᾽ ὅτου τὸν ἄπαντα χρόνον + ὑπόχρεων ἀμαυτὸν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page314">[pg + 314]</span><a name="Pg314" id="Pg314" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg315" id="Pg315" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> εἶναι χάριτος ὁμολογῶ τῇδε, σφόδρα ὥρμησθε + ἀκούειν. ἐγὼ δὲ οὐκ ἀποκρύψομαι· ἐμοὶ γὰρ βασιλεὺς οὑτοσὶ σχεδὸν ἐκ + παιδὸς νηπίου γεγονὼς ἤπιος πᾶσαν ὑπερεβάλλετο φιλοτιμίαν, κινδύνων + τε ἐξαρπάσας τηλικούτων, οὓς οὐδ᾽ ἂν ἡβῶν ἀνὴρ εὖ μάλα διαφύγοι, + [118] μὴ θείας τινὸς καὶ ἀμηχάνου σωτηρίας τυχών, εἶτα τὴν οἰκίαν + καταληφθεῖσαν καθάπερ ἐπ᾽ ἐρημίας παρά τοῦ τῶν δυναστῶν ἀφείλετο + ξὺν δίκῃ καὶ ἀπέφηνεν αὖθις πλούσιον. καὶ ἄλλα ἂν ἔχοιμι περὶ αὐτοῦ + πρὸς ὑμᾶς εἰπεῖν εἰς ἐμαυτὸν ἔργα πολλῆς ἄξια χάριτος, ὑπὲρ ὧν τὸν + ἅπαντα χρόνον εὔνουν ἐμαυτὸν ἐκείνῳ καὶ πιστὸν παρέχων οὐκ οἶδα ἐκ + τίνος [B] αἰτίας τραχυτέρως ἔχοντος ᾐσθόμην ἔναγχος. ἡ δὲ ἐπειδὴ τὸ + πρῶτον ἤκουσεν ἀδικήματος μὲν οὐδενὸς ὄνομα, ματαίας δὲ ἄλλως + ὑποψίας, ἠξίου διελέγχειν καὶ μὴ πρότερον προσέσθαι μηδὲ ἐνδέξασθαι + ψευδῆ καὶ ἄδικον διαβολήν, καὶ οὐκ ἀνῆκε ταῦτα δεομένη πρὶν ἐμὲ + ἤγαγεν ἐς ὄψιν τὴν βασιλέως καὶ τυχεῖν ἐποίησε λόγου· καὶ + ἀπολυομένῳ πᾶσαν αἰτίαν ἄδικον συνήσθη, καὶ οἴκαδε ἐπιθυμοῦντι + πάλιν ἀπιέναι πομπὴν ἀσφαλῆ παρέσχεν, [C] ἐπιτρέψαι πρῶτον τὸν + βασιλέα ξυμπείσασα. δαίμονος δέ, ὅσπερ οὖν ἐῴκει μοι τὰ πρόσθεν + μηχανήσασθαι, ἤ τινος ξυντυχίας ἀλλοκότου τὴν ὁδὸν ταύτην + ὑποτεμομένης, ἐποψόμενον πέμπει τὴν Ἑλλάδα, ταύτην αἰτήσασα παρὰ + βασιλέως ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ καὶ ἀποδημοῦντος ἤδη τὴν χάριν, ἐπειδ\η με + λόγοις ἐπέπυστο χαίρειν καὶ παιδείᾳ τὸ χωρίον ἐπιτήδειον εἶναι + ξυννοοῦσα. ἐγὼ δὲ τότε μὲν αὐτῇ <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page316">[pg 316]</span><a name="Pg316" id="Pg316" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg317" id="Pg317" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ πρώτῳ γε, [D] ὡς εἰκός, βασιλεῖ πολλὰ καὶ + ἀγαθὰ διδόναι τὸν θεὸν ηὐχόμην, ὅτι μοι τὴν ἀληθινὴν ποθοῦντι καὶ + ἀγαπῶντι πατρίδα παρέσχον ἰδεῖν· ἐσμὲν γὰρ τῆς Ἑλλάδος οἱ περὶ τὴν + Θρᾴκην καὶ τὴν Ἰωνίαν οἰκοῦντες ἔγγονοι, καὶ ὄστις ἡμῶν μὴ λίαν + ἀγνώμων, ποθεῖ προσειπεῖν τοὺς πατέρας καὶ τὴν χώραν αὐτὴν + ἀσπάσασθαι. ὃ δὴ καὶ ἐμοὶ πάλαι μὲν ἦν, ὡς εἰκός, ποθεινόν, [119] + καὶ ὑπάρξαι μοι τοῦτο ἐβουλόμην μᾶλλον ἢ πολὺ χρυσίον καὶ ἀργύριον. + ἀνδρῶν γὰρ ἀγαθῶν φημι ξυντυχίαν πρὸς χρυσίου πλῆθος ὁσονδηοῦν + ἐξεταζομένην καθέλκειν τὸν ζυγὸν καὶ οὐκ ἐπιτρέπειν τῷ σώφρονι + κριτῇ οὐδὲ ἐπ᾽ ὀλίγον ῥοπῆς ἐπιστῆσαι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Why, then, I + say that I have been so kindly treated, and in return for what I + acknowledge that I am her debtor for all time, that is what you are + eager to hear. Nor shall I conceal the facts. The Emperor was kind + to me almost from my infancy, and he surpassed all generosity, for + he snatched me from dangers so great that not even <span class= + "tei tei-q">“a man in the strength of his youth”</span><a id= + "noteref_557" name="noteref_557" href="#note_557"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">557</span></span></a> could + easily have escaped them, unless he obtained some means of safety + sent by heaven and not attainable by human means, and after my + house had been seized by one of those in power, as though there + were none to defend it, he recovered it for me, as was just, and + made it wealthy once more. And I could tell you of still other + kindnesses on his part towards myself, that deserve all gratitude, + in return for which I ever showed myself loyal and faithful to him; + but nevertheless of late I perceived that, I know not why, he was + somewhat harsh towards me. Now the Empress no sooner heard a bare + mention, not of any actual wrong-doing but of mere idle suspicion, + than she deigned to investigate it, and before doing so would not + admit or listen to any falsehood or unjust slander, but persisted + in her request until she brought me into the Emperor's presence and + procured me speech with him. And she rejoiced when I was acquitted + of every unjust charge, and when I wished to return home, she first + persuaded the Emperor to give his permission, and then furnished me + with a safe escort. Then when some deity, the one I think who + devised my former troubles, or perhaps some unfriendly chance, cut + short this journey, she sent me to visit Greece, having asked this + favour on my behalf from the Emperor, when I had already left the + country. This was because she had learned that I delighted in + literature, and she knew that that place is the home of culture. + Then indeed I prayed first, as is meet, for the Emperor, and next + for Eusebia, that God would grant them many blessings, because when + I longed and desired to behold my true fatherland, they made it + possible. For we who dwell in Thrace and Ionia are the sons of + Hellas, and all of us who are not devoid of feeling long to greet + our ancestors and to embrace the very soil of Hellas. So this had + long been, as was natural, my dearest wish, and I desired it more + than to possess treasures of gold and silver. For I consider that + intercourse with distinguished men, when weighed in the balance + with any amount whatever of gold, drags down the beam, and does not + permit a prudent judge even to hesitate over a slight turn of the + scale.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Παιδείας δὲ + ἕνεκα καὶ φιλοσοφίας πέπονθεν οἶμαι νῦν τὰ τῆς Ἑλλάδος παραπλήσιόν + τι τοῖς Αἰγυπτίοις μυθολογήμασι καὶ λόγοις. λέγουσι γὰρ δὴ [B] καὶ + Αἰγύπτιοι τὸν Νεῖλον παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς εἶναι τά τ᾽ ἄλλα σωτῆρα καὶ + εὐεργέτην τῆς χώρας καὶ ἀπείργειν αὐτοῖς τὴν ὑπὸ τοῦ πυρὸς φθοράν, + ὁπόταν ᾕλιος διὰ μακρῶν τινων περιόδων ἄστροις γενναίοις συνελθῶν ἢ + συγγενόμενος ἐμπλήσῃ τὸν ἀέρα πυρὸς καὶ ἐπιφλέγῃ τὰ σύμπαντα. οὐ + γὰρ ἰσχύει, φασίν, ἀφανίσαι οὐδὲ ἐξαναλῶσαι τοῦ Νείλου τὰς πηγάς. + οὔκουν οὐδὲ ἐξ Ἑλλήνων παντελῶς [C] οἴχεται φιλοσοφία, οὐδὲ ἐπέλιπε + τὰς Ἀθήνας οὐδὲ τὴν Σπάρτην οὐδὲ τὴν Κόρινθον· ἥκιστα δὲ ἐστι + τούτων<a id="noteref_558" name="noteref_558" href= + "#note_558"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">558</span></span></a> τῶν + πηγῶν ἕκητι τὸ Ἄργος πολυδίψιον· πολλαὶ μὲν γὰρ ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ ἄστει, + πολλαὶ δὲ καὶ πρὸ τοῦ ἄστεος περὶ τὸν παλαιον ἐκεῖνον Μάσητα· τὴν + Πειρήνην <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page318">[pg + 318]</span><a name="Pg318" id="Pg318" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg319" id="Pg319" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> δὲ αὐτὴν ὁ Σικυὼν ἔχει καὶ οὐχ ἡ Κόρινθος. + τῶν Ἀθηνῶν δὲ πολλὰ μὲν καὶ καθαρὰ καὶ ἐπιχώρια τὰ νάματα, πολλὰ δὲ + ἔξωθεν ἐπιρρεῖ καὶ ἐπιφέρεται τίμια τῶν ἔνδον οὐ μεῖον· οἱ δὲ + ἀγαπῶσι καὶ στέργουσι, [D] πλουτεῖν ἐθέλοντες οὗ μόνου σχεδὸν ὁ + πλοῦτος ζηλωτόν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now, as regards + learning and philosophy, the condition of Greece in our day reminds + one somewhat of the tales and traditions of the Egyptians. For the + Egyptians say that the Nile in their country is not only the + saviour and benefactor of the land, but also wards off destruction + by fire, when the sun, throughout long periods, in conjunction or + combination with fiery constellations, fills the atmosphere with + heat and scorches everything. For it has not power enough, so they + say, to evaporate or exhaust the fountains of the Nile. And so too + neither from the Greeks has philosophy altogether departed, nor has + she forsaken Athens or Sparta or Corinth. And, as regards these + fountains, Argos can by no means be called <span class= + "tei tei-q">“thirsty,”</span><a id="noteref_559" name="noteref_559" + href="#note_559"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">559</span></span></a> for + there are many in the city itself and many also south of the city, + round about Mases,<a id="noteref_560" name="noteref_560" href= + "#note_560"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">560</span></span></a> + famous of old. Yet Sicyon, not Corinth, possesses Peirene itself. + And Athens has many such streams, pure and springing from the soil, + and many flow into the city from abroad, but no less precious than + those that are native. And her people love and cherish them and + desire to be rich in that which alone makes wealth enviable.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἡμεῖς δὲ τί ποτε + ἄρα πεπόνθαμεν; καὶ τίνα νῦν περαίνειν διανοούμεθα<a id= + "noteref_561" name="noteref_561" href="#note_561"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">561</span></span></a> + λόγον, εἰ μὴ τῆς φίλης Ἑλλάδος ἔπαινον, ἧς<a id="noteref_562" name= + "noteref_562" href="#note_562"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">562</span></span></a> οὐκ + ἔστι μνησθέντα μὴ πάντα θαυμάζειν; ἀλλ᾽ οὐ φήσει τις τυχὸν + ὑπομνησθεὶς τῶν ἔμπροσθεν ταῦτα ἐθέλειν ἡμᾶς ἐξ ἀρχῆς διελθεῖν, + καθάπερ δὲ τοὺς Κορυβαντιῶντας ὑπὸ τῶν αὐλῶν ἐπεγειρομένους + χορεύειν καὶ πηδᾶν οὐδενὶ ξὺν λόγῳ, [120] καὶ ἡμᾶς ὑπὸ τῆς μνήμης + τῶν παιδικῶν ἀνακινηθέντας ᾆσαι τῆς χώρας καὶ τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἐγκώμιον. + πρὸς δὴ τοῦτον ἀπολογεῖσθαι χρεὼν ὧδέ πως λέγοντα· ὦ δαιμόνιε, καὶ + τέχνης ἀληθῶς γενναίας ἡγεμών, σοφὸν μὲν χρῆμα ἐπινοεῖς, οὐκ ἐφιεὶς + οὐδὲ ἐπιτρέπων τῶν ἐπαινουμένων οὐδὲ ἐπὶ σμικρὸν μεθίεσθαι, ἅτε + αὐτὸς οἶμαι ξὺν τέχνῃ τοῦτο δρῶν. ἡμῖν δὲ τὸν ἔρωτα τοῦτον, [B] ὃν + σὺ φὴς αἴτιον εἶναι τῆς ἐν τοῖς λόγοις ἀταξίας, ἐπειδὴ προσγέγονεν, + οἶμαι, παρακελεύεσθαι μὴ σφόδρα ἐκνεῖν μηδὲ εὐλαβεῖσθαι τὰς αἰτίας. + οὐ γὰρ ἀλλοτρίων ἁπτόμεθα<a id="noteref_563" name="noteref_563" + href="#note_563"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">563</span></span></a> λόγων + δεῖξαι ἐθέλοντες, ὅσων ἡμῖν ἀγαθῶν αἰτία γέγονε τιμῶσα τὸ + φιλοσοφίας ὄνομα. τοῦτο δὲ οὐκ οἶδα ὅντινά μοι τρόπον ἐπικείμενον + ἀγαπήσαντι μὲν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page320">[pg + 320]</span><a name="Pg320" id="Pg320" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg321" id="Pg321" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> εὖ μάλα τὸ ἔργον καὶ ἐρασθέντι δεινῶς τοῦ + πράγματος, ἀπολειφθέντι δὲ οὐκ οἶδε ὅντινα τρόπον ὄνομα [C] + ἐτύγχανε μόνον καὶ λόγος ἔργου στερόμενος. ἡ δὲ ἐτίμα καὶ τοὔνομα· + αἰτίαν γὰρ δὴ ἄλλην οὔτε αὐτὸς εὑρίσκω οὔτε ἄλλου του πυθέσθαι + δύναμαι, δι᾽ ἣν οὕτω μοι πρόθυμος γέγονε βοηθὸς καὶ ἀλεξίκακος καὶ + σώτειρα, τὴν τοῦ γενναίου βασιλέως εὔνοιαν ἀκέραιον ἡμῖν καὶ ἀσινῆ + μένειν ξὺν πολλῷ πόνῳ πραγματευσαμένη, ἧς μεῖζον ἀγαθὸν οὔποτε ἐγώ + τι τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων νομίσας ἑάλων, οὐ τὸν ἐπὶ γῆς καὶ ὑπὸ γῆς χρυσὸν + ἀντάξιον [D] οὐδ᾽ ἀργύρου πλῆθος, ὁπόσος νῦν ἐστιν ὑπ᾽ αὐγὰς ἡλίου, + καὶ εἴ ποτε ἄλλος προσγένοιτο, τῶν μεγίστων ὀρῶν αὐταῖς, οἶμαι, + πέτραις καὶ δένδρεσι μεταβαλλόντων εἰς τήνδε τὴν φύσιν, οὐδὲ ἀρχὴν + τὴν μεγίστην οὐδὲ ἄλλο τῶν πάντων οὐδέν· ἐκ μὲν γὰρ δὴ ἐκείνης + ταῦτά μοι γέγονε πολλὰ καὶ ὅσα οὐδεὶς ἂν ἤλπισεν, οὐ σφόδρα πολλῶν + δεομένῳ γε οὐδὲ ἐμαυτὸν ἐλπίσι τοιαύταις τρέφοντι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But as for me, + what has come over me? And what speech do I intend to achieve if + not a panegyric of my beloved Hellas, of which one cannot make + mention without admiring everything? But perhaps someone, + remembering what I said earlier, will say that this is not what I + intended to discuss when I began, and that, just as Corybants when + excited by the flute dance and leap without method, so I, spurred + on by the mention of my beloved city, am chanting the praises of + that country and her people. To him I must make excuse somewhat as + follows: Good sir, you who are the guide to an art that is + genuinely noble, that is a wise notion of yours, for you do not + permit or grant one to let go even for a moment the theme of a + panegyric, seeing that you yourself maintain your theme with skill. + Yet in my case, since there has come over me this impulse of + affection which you say is to blame for the lack of order in my + arguments, you really urge me, I think, not to be too much afraid + of it or to take precautions against criticism. For I am not + embarking on irrelevant themes if I wish to show how great were the + blessings that Eusebia procured for me because she honoured the + name of philosophy. And yet the name of philosopher which has been, + I know not why, applied to myself, is really in my case nothing but + a name and lacks reality, for though I love the reality and am + terribly enamoured of the thing itself, yet for some reason I have + fallen short of it. But Eusebia honoured even the name. For no + other reason can I discover, nor learn from anyone else, why she + became so zealous an ally of mine, and an averter of evil and my + preserver, and took such trouble and pains in order that I might + retain unaltered and unaffected our noble Emperor's good-will; and + I have never been convicted of thinking that there is any greater + blessing in this world than that good-will, since all the gold + above the earth or beneath the earth is not worth so much, nor all + the mass of silver that is now beneath the sun's rays or may be + added thereto,<a id="noteref_564" name="noteref_564" href= + "#note_564"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">564</span></span></a> not + though the loftiest mountains, let us suppose, stones and trees and + all were to change to that substance, nor the greatest sovereignty + there is, nor anything else in the whole world. And I do indeed owe + it to her that these blessings are mine, so many and greater than + anyone could have hoped for, for in truth I did not ask for much, + nor did I nourish myself with any such hopes.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Εὔνοιαν δὲ + ἀληθινὴν οὐκ ἔστι πρὸς χρυσίον ἀμείψασθαι, οὐδὲ ἄν τις αὐτὴν + ἐντεῦθεν πρίαιτο, [121] θείᾳ δέ τινι καὶ κρείττονι μοίρᾳ ἀνθρώπων + ἀγαθῶν συμπροθυμουμένων παραγέγνεται.<a id="noteref_565" name= + "noteref_565" href="#note_565"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">565</span></span></a> ὃ δὴ + καὶ ἐμοὶ παρὰ βασιλέως παιδὶ μὲν ὑπῆρχε κατὰ θεόν, ὀλίγου δὲ + οἴχεσθαι δεῆσαν ἀπεσώθη πάλιν τῆς βασιλίδος ἀμυνούσης καὶ + ἀπειργούσης τὰς ψευδεῖς καὶ ἀλλοκότους ὑποψίας. ἃς ἐπειδὴ παντελῶς + ἐκείνη διέλυσεν, ἐναργεῖ τεκμηρίῳ τῷ βίῳ τὠμῷ χρωμένη, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page322">[pg 322]</span><a name="Pg322" id="Pg322" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg323" id="Pg323" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> καλοῦντός τε αὖθις [B] τοῦ βασιλέως ἀπὸ τῆς + Ἑλλάδος ὑπήκουον, ἆρα ἐνταῦθα κατέλιπεν, ὡς οὐκέτι πολλῆς βοηθείας, + ἅτε οὐδενὸς ὄντος ἐν μέσῳ δυσχεροῦς οὐδὲ ὑπόπτου, δεόμενον; καὶ πῶς + ἂν ὅσια δρῴην οὕτως ἐναργῆ καὶ σεμνὰ σιωπῶν καὶ ἀποκρύπτων; + κυρουμένης τε γὰρ ἐπ᾽ ἐμοὶ τοῦ βασιλέως ταυτησὶ τῆς γνώμης + διαφερόντως ηὐφραίνετο καὶ συνεπήχει μουσικόν, θαρρεῖν κελεύουσα + καὶ μήτε τὸ μέγεθος δείσαντα τῶν διδομένων ἀρνεῖσθαι τὸ λαβεῖν, [C] + μήτε ἀγροίκῳ καὶ αὐθάδει<a id="noteref_566" name="noteref_566" + href="#note_566"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">566</span></span></a> + χρησάμενον παρῥησίᾳ φαύλως ἀτιμάσαι τοῦ τοσαῦτα ἐργασαμένου ἀγαθὰ + τὴν ἀναγκαίαν αἴτησιν. ἐγὼ δὲ ὑπήκουον οὔτι τοῦτό γε ἡδέως σφόδρα + ὑπομένων, ἄλλως δὲ ἀπειθεῖν χαλεπὸν ὂν σφόδρα ἠπιστάμην, οἷς γὰρ ἂν + ἐξῇ πράττειν ὅ,τι ἂν ἐθέλωσι σὺν βίᾳ, ἦ που δεόμενοι δυσωπεῖν καὶ + πείθειν ἀρκοῦσιν. οὐκοῦν ἐπειδή μοι πεισθέντι γέγονε [D] καὶ + μεταβαλόντι ἐσθῆτα καὶ θεραπείαν καὶ διατριβὰς τὰς συνήθεις καὶ τὴν + οἴκησιν δὲ αὐτὴν καὶ δίαιταν πάντα ὄγκου πλέα καὶ σεμνότητος ἐκ + μικρῶν, ὡς εἰκός, καὶ φαύλων τῶν πρόσθεν, ἐμοὶ μὲν ὑπὸ ἀηθείας ἡ + ψυχὴ διεταράττετο, οὔτι τὸ μέγεθος ἐκπληττομένῳ τῶν παρόντων + ἀγαθῶν· σχεδὸν γὰρ ὑπὸ ἀμαθίας οὐδὲ μεγάλα ταῦτα ἐνόμιζον, ἀλλὰ + δυνάμεις τινὰς χρωμένοις μὲν ὀρθῶς σφόδρα ωφελίμους, ἁμαρτάνουσι δὲ + περὶ τὴν χρῆσιν βλαβερὰς [122] καὶ οἴκοις καὶ πόλεσι πολλαῖς μυρίων + αἰτίας ξυμφορῶν. παραπλήσια <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page324">[pg 324]</span><a name="Pg324" id="Pg324" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg325" id="Pg325" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> δὲ ἐπεπονθεῖν ἀνδρὶ σφόδρα ἀπείρως ἡνιοχικῆς + ἔχοντι καὶ οὐδὲ ἐθελήσαντι τύυτης μεταλαβεῖν τῆς τέχνης, κᾆτα + ἀναγκαζομένῳ καλοῦ καὶ γενναίου κομίζειν ἅρμα ἡνιόχου, πολλὰς μὲν + ξυνωρίδας, πολλὰ δέ, οἶμαι, τέτρωρα τρέφοντος καὶ ἅπασι μὲν + ἐπιβεβηκότος, διὰ δὲ<a id="noteref_567" name="noteref_567" href= + "#note_567"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">567</span></span></a> + γενναιότητα φύσεως καὶ ῥώμην ὑπερβάλλουσαν ἔχοντος οἶμαι τὰς ἡνίας + πάντων ἐγκρατῶς, [B] εἰ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς μιᾶς ἄντυγος βαίνοι, οὐ μὴν ἀεί + γε ἐπ᾽ αὐτῆς μένοντος, μεταφερομένου δὲ πολλάκις ἐνθένδε ἐκεῖσε καὶ + ἀμείβοντος δίφρον ἐκ δίφρου, εἴ ποτε τοὺς ἵππους πονουμένους ἢ καὶ + ὑβρίσαντας αἴσθοιτο, ἐν δὲ δὴ τοῖς ἅρμασι τοῖσδε κεκτημένου + τέτρωρον ὑπὸ ἀμαθίας καὶ θράσους ὑβρίζον, πιεζόμενον τῇ συνεχεῖ + ταλαιπωρίᾳ καὶ τοῦ θράσους οὐδέν τι μᾶλλον ἐπιλαθόμενον, ἀγριαῖνον + δὲ ἀεὶ [C] καὶ παροξυνόμενον ὑπὸ τῶν συμφορῶν ἐπὶ τὸ μᾶλλον + ὑβρίζειν καὶ ἀπειθεῖν καὶ ἀντιτείνειν, οὐ δεχόμενον ἀμῶς γέ πη + πορεύεσθαι, ἀλλ᾽ εἰ μὴ καὶ αὐτὸν ὁρῴη τὸν ἡνίοχον<a id= + "noteref_568" name="noteref_568" href="#note_568"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">568</span></span></a> διὰ + τέλους χαλεπαῖνον ἤ, τό γε ἔλαττον, στολὴν γοῦν ἡνιοχικὴν ἄνθρωπον + φοροῦντα·<a id="noteref_569" name="noteref_569" href= + "#note_569"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">569</span></span></a> οὕτως + ἐστὶν ἀλόγιστον φύσει. ὁ δέ, οἶμαι, παραμυθούμενος αὐτοῦ τὴν ἄνοιαν + ἄνδρα ἐπέστησε, δοὺς φορεῖν<a id="noteref_570" name="noteref_570" + href="#note_570"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">570</span></span></a> + τοιαύτην ἐσθῆτα καὶ σχῆμα περιβαλὼν ἡνιόχου σεμνοῦ [D] καὶ + ἐπιστήμονος, ὃς εἰ μὲν ἄφρων εἴη παντελῶς καὶ ἀνόητος, χαίρει καὶ + γέγηθε καὶ μετέωρος ὑπὸ τῶν ἱματίων καθάπερ πτερῶν ἐπαίρεται, + συνέσεως δὲ εἰ καὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page326">[pg + 326]</span><a name="Pg326" id="Pg326" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg327" id="Pg327" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐπὶ σμικρὸν μετέχοι καὶ σώφρονος νοῦ, σφόδρα + εὐλαβεῖται,</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But genuine + kindness one cannot obtain in exchange for money, nor could anyone + purchase it by such means, but it exists only when men of noble + character work in harmony with a sort of divine and higher + providence. And this the Emperor bestowed on me even as a child, + and when it had almost vanished it was restored again to me because + the Empress defended me and warded off those false and monstrous + suspicions. And when, using the evidence of my life as plain proof, + she had completely cleared me of them, and I obeyed once more the + Emperor's summons from Greece, did she ever forsake me, as though, + now that all enmity and suspicion had been removed, I no longer + needed much assistance? Would my conduct be pious if I kept silence + and concealed actions so manifest and so honourable? For when a + good opinion of me was established in the Emperor's mind, she + rejoiced exceedingly, and echoed him harmoniously, bidding me take + courage and neither refuse out of awe to accept the greatness<a id= + "noteref_571" name="noteref_571" href="#note_571"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">571</span></span></a> of + what was offered to me, nor, by employing a boorish and arrogant + frankness, unworthily slight the urgent request of him who had + shown me such favour. And so I obeyed, though it was by no means + agreeable to me to support this burden, and besides I knew well + that to refuse was altogether impracticable. For when those who + have the power to exact by force what they wish condescend to + entreat, naturally they put one out of countenance and there is + nothing left but to obey. Now when I consented, I had to change my + mode of dress, and my attendants, and my habitual pursuits, and my + very house and way of life for what seemed full of pomp and + ceremony to one whose past had naturally been so modest and humble, + and my mind was confused by the strangeness, though it was + certainly not dazzled by the magnitude of the favours that were now + mine. For in my ignorance I hardly regarded them as great + blessings, but rather as powers of the greatest benefit, certainly, + to those who use them aright, but, when mistakes are made in their + use, as being harmful to many houses and cities and the cause of + countless disasters. So I felt like a man who is altogether + unskilled in driving a chariot,<a id="noteref_572" name= + "noteref_572" href="#note_572"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">572</span></span></a> and + is not at all inclined to acquire the art, and then is compelled to + manage a car that belongs to a noble and talented charioteer, one + who keeps many pairs and many four-in-hands too, let us suppose, + and has mounted behind them all, and because of his natural talent + and uncommon strength has a strong grip on the reins of all of + them, even though he is mounted on one chariot; yet he does not + always remain on it, but often moves to this side or that and + changes from car to car, whenever he perceives that his horses are + distressed or are getting out of hand; and among these chariots he + has a team of four that become restive from ignorance and high + spirit, and are oppressed by continuous hard work, but none the + less are mindful of that high spirit, and ever grow more unruly and + are irritated by their distress, so that they grow more restive and + disobedient and pull against the driver and refuse to go in a + certain direction, and unless they see the charioteer himself or at + least some man wearing the dress of a charioteer, end by becoming + violent, so unreasoning are they by nature. But when the charioteer + encourages some unskilful man, and sets him over them, and allows + him to wear the same dress as his own, and invests him with the + outward seeming of a splendid and skilful charioteer, then if he be + altogether foolish and witless, he rejoices and is glad and is + buoyed up and exalted by those robes, as though by wings, but, if + he has even a small share of common sense and prudent + understanding, he is very much alarmed)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">μήπως αὑτὸν τε τρώσῃ σύν θ᾽ + ἅρματα ἄξῃ,</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Lest he + both injure himself and shatter his chariot + withal,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id= + "noteref_573" name="noteref_573" href="#note_573"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">573</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">καὶ τῷ μὲν + ἡνιόχῳ ζημίας, αὑτῷ δὲ αἰσχρᾶς καὶ ἀδόξου συμφορᾶς αἴτιος γένηται. + ταῦτα ἐγὼ ἐλογιζόμην ἐν νυκτὶ βουλεύων καὶ δι᾽ ἡμέρας κατ᾽ ἐμαυτὸν + ἐπισκοπούμενος, [123] σύννους ὢν ἀεὶ καὶ σκυθρωπός. ὁ γενναῖος δὲ + καὶ θεῖος ἀληθῶς αὐτοκράτωρ ἀφῄρει τι πάντως τῶν ἀλγεινῶν, ἔργοις + καὶ λόγοις τιμῶν καὶ χαριζόμενος. τέλος δὲ τὴν βασιλίδα προσειπεῖν + κελεύει, θάρσος τε ἡμῖν ἐνδιδοὺς καὶ τοῦ σφόδρα πιστεύειν γενναῖον + εὖ μάλα παρέχων γνώρισμα. ἐγὼ δὲ ἐπειδὴ πρῶτον ἐς ὄψιν ἐκείνης + ἦλθον, ἐδόκουν μὲν ὥσπερ ἐν ἱερῷ καθιδρυμένον ἄγαλμα σωφροσύνης + ὁρᾶν· [B] αἰδὼς δὲ ἐπεῖχε τὴν ψυχήν, καὶ ἐπέπηκτό μοι κατὰ γῆς τὰ + ὄμματα συχνὸν ἐπιεικῶς χρόνον, ἕως ἐκείνη θαρρεῖν ἐκέλευε. καὶ τὰ + μέν, ἔφη, ἤδη παρ᾽ ἡμῶν ἔχεις, τὰ δὲ καὶ ἕξεις σὺν θεῷ, μόνον εἰ + πιστὸς καὶ δίκαιος εἰς ἡμᾶς γένοιο. τοσαῦτα ἤκουσα σχεδόν· οὐδὲ γὰρ + αὐτὴ πλεῖονα<a id="noteref_574" name="noteref_574" href= + "#note_574"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">574</span></span></a> + ἐφθέγξατο, καὶ ταῦτα ἐπισταμένη τῶν γενναίων ῥητόρων οὐδὲ ἓν + φαυλοτέρους ἀπαγγέλλειν λόγους. ταύτης ἐγὼ τῆς ἐντεύξεως ἀπαλλαγεὶς + σφόδρα ἐθαύμασα καὶ ἐξεπεπλήγμην, ἐναργῶς δοκῶν ἀκηκοέναι + σωφροσύνης αὐτῆς φθεγγομένης· οὕτω πρᾷον ἦν αὐτῇ φθέγμα καὶ + μείλιχον, [C] ταῖς ἐμαῖς ἀκοαῖς ἐγκαθιδρυμένον.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(and so cause + loss to the charioteer and bring on himself shameful and inglorious + disaster. On all this, then, I reflected, taking counsel with + myself in the night season, and in the daytime pondering it with + myself, and I was continually thoughtful and gloomy. Then the noble + and truly godlike Emperor lessened my torment in every way, and + showed me honour and favour both in deed and word. And at last he + bade me address myself to the Empress, inspiring me with courage + and giving me a very generous indication that I might trust her + completely. Now when first I came into her presence it seemed to me + as though I beheld a statue of Modesty set up in some temple. Then + reverence filled my soul, and my eyes were fixed upon the + ground<a id="noteref_575" name="noteref_575" href= + "#note_575"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">575</span></span></a> for + some considerable time, till she bade me take courage. Then she + said: <span class="tei tei-q">“Certain favours you have already + received from us and yet others you shall receive, if God will, if + only you prove to be loyal and honest towards us.”</span> This was + almost as much as I heard. For she herself did not say more, and + that though she knew how to utter speeches not a whit inferior to + those of the most gifted orators. And I, when I had departed from + this interview, felt the deepest admiration and awe, and was + clearly convinced that it was Modesty herself I had heard speaking. + So gentle and comforting was her utterance, and it is ever firmly + settled in my ears.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Βούλεσθε οὖν τὰ + μετὰ ταῦτα πάλιν ἔργα καὶ ὅσα ἔδρασεν ἡμᾶς ἀγαθὰ καθ᾽ ἕκαστον + λεπτουργοῦντες <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page328">[pg + 328]</span><a name="Pg328" id="Pg328" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg329" id="Pg329" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀπαγγέλλωμεν; ἢ τά γε ἐντεῦθεν ἀθρόως + ἑλόντες, καθάπερ ἔδρασεν αὐτὴ,<a id="noteref_576" name= + "noteref_576" href="#note_576"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">576</span></span></a> πάντα + ὁμοῦ διηγησώμεθα; [D] ὁπόσους μὲν εὖ ἐποίησε τῶν ἐμοὶ γνωρίμων, + ὅπως δὲ ἐμοὶ μετὰ τοῦ βασιλέως τὸν γάμον ἥρμοσεν. ὑμεῖς δὲ ἴσως + ποθεῖτε καὶ τὸν κατάλογον ἀκοίειν τῶν δώρων,</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Do you wish + then that I should report to you what she did after this, and all + the blessings she conferred on me, and that I should give precise + details one by one? Or shall I take up my tale concisely as she did + herself, and sum up the whole? Shall I tell how many of my friends + she benefited, and how with the Emperor's help she arranged my + marriage? But perhaps you wish to hear also the list of her + presents to me:)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">ἕπτ᾽ ἀπύρους τρίποδας, δέκα δὲ + χρυσοῖο τάλαντα</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Seven + tripods untouched by fire and ten talents of + gold,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id= + "noteref_577" name="noteref_577" href="#note_577"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">577</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">καὶ λέβητας + ἐείκοσιν. ἀλλ᾽ οὔ μοι σχολὴ περὶ τῶν τοιούτων ἀδολεσχεῖν· ἑνὸς δὲ + ἴσως τῶν ἐκείνης δώρων τυχὸν οὐκ ἄχαρι καὶ εἰς ὑμᾶς ἀπομνημονεῦσαι, + ᾧ μοι δοκῶ καὶ αὐτὸς ἡσθῆναι<a id="noteref_578" name="noteref_578" + href="#note_578"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">578</span></span></a> + διαφερόντως· βίβλους γὰρ φιλοσόφων καὶ ξυγγραφέων ἀγαθῶν [124] καὶ + ῥετόρων πολλῶν καὶ ποιητῶν, ἐπειδὴ παντελῶς ὀλίγας οἴκοθεν ἔφερον, + ἐλπίδι καὶ πόθῳ τοῦ πάλιν οἴκαδε ἐπανελθεῖν τὴν ταχίστην + ψυχαγωγούμενος, ἔδωκεν ἀθρόως τοσαύτας, ὥστε ἐμοῦ μὲν ἀποπλῆσαι τὴν + ἐπιθυμίαν σφόδρα ἀκορέστως ἔχοντος τῆς πρὸς ἐκείνας<a id= + "noteref_579" name="noteref_579" href="#note_579"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">579</span></span></a> + συνουσίας, μουσεῖον δὲ Ἑλληνικὸν ἀποφῆναι βιβλίων ἕκητι τὴν + Γαλατίαν καὶ τὴν Κελτίδα. τούτοις ἐγὼ προσκαθήμενος συνεχῶς τοῖς + δώροις, εἴ ποτε σχολὴν ἄγοιμι, οὐκ ἔστιν ὅπως ἐπιλανθάνωμαι τῆς + χαρισαμένης· [B] ἀλλὰ καὶ στρατευομένῳ μοι ἕν γέ τι πάντως ἕπεται + οἷον ἐφόδιον τῆς στρατείας πρὸς αὐτόπτου πάλαι ξυγκείμενον. πολλὰ + γὰρ δὴ τῆς τῶν παλαιῶν<a id="noteref_580" name="noteref_580" href= + "#note_580"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">580</span></span></a> + ἐμπειρίας ὑπομνήματα ξὺν τέχνηι γραφέντα τοῖς ἁμαρτοῦσι + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page330">[pg 330]</span><a name= + "Pg330" id="Pg330" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg331" id= + "Pg331" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> διὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν τῆς θέας ἐναργῆ + καὶ λαμπρὰν εἰκόνα φέρει τῶν πάλαι πραχθέντων, ὑφ᾽ ἧς ἤδη καὶ νέοι + πολλοὶ γερόντων μυρίων πολιὸν μᾶλλον ἐκτήσαντο τὸν νοῦν καὶ τὰς + φρένας, [C] καὶ τὸ δοκοῦν ἀγαθὸν ἐκ τοῦ γήρως ὑπάρχειν τοῖς + ἀνθρώποις μόνον, τὴν ἐμπειρίαν, δι᾽ ἣν ὁ πρεσβύτης ἔχει τι λέξαι + τῶν νέων σοφώτερον, τοῖς οὐ ῥᾳθύμοις τῶν νέων ἔδωκεν. ἔστι δὲ οἶμαί + τις ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ παιδαγωγία πρὸς ἦθος γενναῖον, εἴ τις ἐπίσταιτο + τοὺς ἀρίστους ἄνδρας καὶ λόγους καὶ πράξεις, οἷον ἀρχέτυπα + προτιθέμενος δημιουργός, πλάττειν ἤδη πρὸς ταῦτα τὴν αὑτοῦ διάνοιαν + καὶ ἀφομοιοῦν τοὺς<a id="noteref_581" name="noteref_581" href= + "#note_581"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">581</span></span></a> + λόγους. ὧν εἰ μὴ παμπληθὲς ἀπολειφθείη, [D] τυγχάνοι δὲ καὶ ἐπ᾽ + ὀλίγον τῆς ὁμοιότητος, οὐ σμικρὰ ἂν ὄναιτο, εὖ ἴστε. ὃ δὴ καὶ αὐτὸς + πολλάκις ξυννοῶν παιδιάν τε οὐκ ἄμουσον ἐν αὐτοῖς ποιοῦμαι καὶ + στρατευόμενος καθάπερ σιτία φέρειν ἀναγκαῖα καὶ ταῦτα ἐθέλω· μέτρον + δέ ἐστι τοῦ πλήθους τῶν φερομένων ὁ καιρός.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(and twenty + caldrons. But I have no time to gossip about such subjects. + Nevertheless one of those gifts of hers it would perhaps not be + ungraceful to mention to you, for it was one with which I was + myself especially delighted. For she gave me the best books on + philosophy and history, and many of the orators and poets, since I + had brought hardly any with me from home, deluding myself with the + hope and longing to return home again, and gave them in such + numbers, and all at once, that even my desire for them was + satisfied, though I am altogether insatiable of converse with + literature; and, so far as books went, she made Galatia<a id= + "noteref_582" name="noteref_582" href="#note_582"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">582</span></span></a> and + the country of the Celts resemble a Greek temple of the Muses. And + to these gifts I applied myself incessantly whenever I had leisure, + so that I can never be unmindful of the gracious giver. Yes, even + when I take the field one thing above all else goes with me as a + necessary provision for the campaign, some one narrative of a + campaign composed long ago by an eye-witness. For many of those + records of the experience of men of old, written as they are with + the greatest skill, furnish to those who, by reason of their youth, + have missed seeing such a spectacle, a clear and brilliant picture + of those ancient exploits, and by this means many a tiro has + acquired a more mature understanding and judgment than belongs to + very many older men; and that advantage which people think old age + alone can give to mankind, I mean experience (for experience it is + that enables an old man <span class="tei tei-q">“to talk more + wisely than the young”</span><a id="noteref_583" name="noteref_583" + href="#note_583"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">583</span></span></a>), + even this the study of history can give to the young if only they + are diligent. Moreover, in my opinion, there is in such books a + means of liberal education for the character, supposing that one + understands how, like a craftsman, setting before himself as + patterns the noblest men and words and deeds, to mould his own + character to match them, and make his words resemble theirs. And if + he should not wholly fall short of them, but should achieve even + some slight resemblance, believe me that would be for him the + greatest good fortune. And it is with this idea constantly before + me that not only do I give myself a literary education by means of + books, but even on my campaigns I never fail to carry them like + necessary provisions. The number that I take with me is limited + only by particular circumstances.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλὰ μή ποτε οὐκ + ἐκείνων χρὴ νῦν τὸν ἔπαινον γράφειν οὐδὲ ὅσα ἡμῖν ἀγαθὰ γένοιτ᾽ ἂν + ἐνθένδε, [125] ὁπόσου δὲ τὸ δῶρον ἄξιον καταμαθόντας χάριν + ἀποτίνειν τυχὸν οὐκ ἀλλοτρίαν τοῦ δοθέντος τῇ χαρισαμένῃ. λόγων γὰρ + ἀστείων καὶ παντοδαπῶν θησαυροὺς τὸν ἐν ταῖς βίβλοις δεξάμενον + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page332">[pg 332]</span><a name= + "Pg332" id="Pg332" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg333" id= + "Pg333" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> οὐκ ἄδικον διὰ σμικρῶν καὶ + φαύλων ῥημάτων ἰδιωτικῶς καὶ ἀγροίκως ἄγαν ξυγκειμένων ᾄδειν + εὐφημίαν. οὐδὲ γὰρ γεωργὸν φήσεις εὐγνώμονα, ὃς καταφυτεύειν μὲν + τὴν φυταλιὰν ἀρχόμενος κλήματα ᾔτει παρὰ τῶν γειτόνων, εἶτα + ἐκτρέφων τὰς ἀμπέλους δίκελλαν καὶ αὖθις σμινύην, καὶ τέλος ἤδη + κάλαμον, [B] ᾧ χρὴ προσδεδέσθαι καὶ ἐπικεῖσθαι τὴν ἄμπελον, ἵνα + αὐτή τε ἀνέχηται καὶ οἱ βότρυες ἐξηρτημένοι μηδαμοῦ ψαύωσι τῆς + βώλου, τυχόντα δὲ ὧν ἐδεῖτο μόνον ἐμπίπλασθαι τοῦ Διονύσου τῆς + χάριτος οὔτε τῶν βοτρύων οὔτε τοῦ γλεύκους μεταδιδόντα τοῖς,<a id= + "noteref_584" name="noteref_584" href="#note_584"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">584</span></span></a> ὧν + πρὸς τὴν γεωργίαν ἔτυχε προθύμων. οὔκουν οὐδὲ νομέα ποιμνίων οὐδὲ + βουκολίων οὐδὲ μὴν αἰπολίων ἐπιεικῆ καὶ ἀγαθὸν καὶ εὐγνώμονα φήσει + τις, ὃς τοῦ μὲν χειμώνος, ὅτε αὐτῷ στέγης καὶ πόας ἐδεῖτο τὰ + βοσκήματα, [C] σφόδρα ἐτύγχανε προθύμων τῶν φίλων, πολλὰ μὲν αὐτῷ + ξυμποριζόντων καὶ μεταδιδόντων τροφῆς ἀφθόνου καὶ καταγωγίων, ἦρος + δὲ οἶμαι καὶ θέρους φανέντος μάλα γενναίως ἐπιλαθόμενον ὧν εὖ + πάθοι, οὔτε τοῦ γάλακτος οὔτε τῶν τυρῶν οὔτε ἄλλου τοῦ μεταδιδόντα + τοῖς<a id="noteref_585" name="noteref_585" href= + "#note_585"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">585</span></span></a> ὑφ᾽ + ὧν αὐτῷ διεσώθη ἀπολόμενα ἂν ἄλλως τὰ θρέμματα.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But perhaps I + ought not now to be writing a panegyric on books, nor to describe + all the benefits that we might derive from them, but since I + recognise how much that gift was worth, I ought to pay back to the + gracious giver thanks not perhaps altogether different in kind from + what she gave. For it is only just that one who has accepted clever + discourses of all sorts laid up as treasure in books, should sound + a strain of eulogy if only in slight and unskilful phrases, + composed in an unlearned and rustic fashion. For you would not say + that a farmer showed proper feeling who, when starting to plant his + vineyard, begs for cuttings from his neighbours, and presently, + when he cultivates his vines, asks for a mattock and then for a + hoe, and finally for a stake to which the vine must be tied and + which it must lean against, so that it may itself be supported, and + the bunches of grapes as they hang may nowhere touch the soil; and + then, after obtaining all he asked for, drinks his fill of the + pleasant gift of Dionysus, but does not share either the grapes or + the must with those whom he found so willing to help him in his + husbandry. Just so one would not say that a shepherd or neatherd or + even a goatherd was honest and good and right-minded, who in + winter, when his flocks need shelter and fodder, met with the + utmost consideration from his friends, who helped him to procure + many things, and gave him food in abundance, and lodging, and + presently when spring and summer appeared, forgot in lordly fashion + all those kindnesses, and shared neither his milk nor cheeses nor + anything else with those who had saved his beasts for him when they + would otherwise have perished.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὅστις οὖν λόγους + ὁποιουσοῦν τρέφων νέος μὲν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡγεμόνων πολλῶν δεόμενος, + τροφῆς δὲ πολλῆς [D] καὶ καθαρᾶς τῆς ἐκ τῶν παλαιῶν γραμμάτων, εἶτα + ἀθρόως πάντων στερηθείη<a id="noteref_586" name="noteref_586" href= + "#note_586"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">586</span></span></a> ἆρα + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page334">[pg 334]</span><a name= + "Pg334" id="Pg334" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg335" id= + "Pg335" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ὑμῖν μικρᾶς δεῖσθαι βοηθείας + δοκεῖ ἢ μικρῶν αὐτῷ γεγονέναι ἄξιος ὁ πρὸς ταῦτα συλλαμβανόμενος; + καὶ τυχὸν οὐ χρὴ πειρᾶσθαι χάριν ἀποτίνειν αὐτῷ τῆς προθυμίας καὶ + τῶν ἔργων; ἀλλὰ μή ποτε τὸν Θαλῆν ἐκεῖνον, τῶν σοφῶν τὸ κεφάλαιον + μιμητέον,<a id="noteref_587" name="noteref_587" href= + "#note_587"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">587</span></span></a> οὗ τὰ + ἐπαινούμενα ἀκηκόαμεν; ἐρομένου γάρ τινος ὑπὲρ ὧν ἔμαθεν [126] + ὁπόσον τινὰ χρὴ καταβαλεῖν μισθόν· ὁμολογῶν, ἔφη, τι<a id= + "noteref_588" name="noteref_588" href="#note_588"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">588</span></span></a> παρ᾽ + ἡμῶν μαθεῖν τὴν ἀξίαν ἡμῖν ἐκτίσεις. οὐκοῦν καὶ ὅστις διδάσκαλος + μὲν αὐτὸς οὐ γέγονε, πρὸς τὸ μαθεῖν δὲ καὶ ὁτιοῦν συνηνύγκατο, + ἀδικοῖτ᾽ ἄν, εἰ μὴ τυγχάνοι τῆς χάριτος καὶ τῆς ἐπὶ τοῖς δοθεῖσιν + ὁμολογίας, ἣν δὴ καὶ ὁ σοφὸς ἀπαιτῶν φαίνεται. εἶεν. ἀλλὰ τοῦτο μὲν + χαρίεν καὶ σεμνὸν τὸ δῶρον· χρυσίον δὲ καὶ ἀργύριον οὔτε ἐδεόμην + ἐγὼ λαβεῖν οὔτε ὑμᾶς δὴ [B] ὑπὲρ τούτων ἡδέως ἂν ἐνοχλήσαιμι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And now take + the case of one who cultivates literature of any sort, and is + himself young and therefore needs numerous guides and the abundant + food and pure nourishment that is to be obtained from ancient + writings, and then suppose that he should be deprived of all these + all at once, is it, think you, slight assistance that he is asking? + And is it slight payment that he deserves who comes to his aid? But + perhaps he ought not even to attempt to make him any return for his + zeal and kind actions? Perhaps he ought to imitate the famous + Thales, that consummate philosopher, and that answer which we have + all heard and which is so much admired? For when someone asked what + fee he ought to pay him for knowledge he had acquired, Thales + replied <span class="tei tei-q">“If you let it be known that it was + I who taught you, you will amply repay me.”</span> Just so one who + has not himself been the teacher, but has helped another in any way + to gain knowledge, would indeed be wronged if he did not obtain + gratitude and that acknowledgement of the gift which even the + philosopher seems to have demanded. Well and good. But this gift of + hers was both welcome and magnificent. And as for gold and silver I + neither asked for them nor, were they in question, should I be + willing thus to wear out your patience.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Λόγον δὲ ὑμῖν + εἰπεῖν ἐθέλω μάλα δή τι<a id="noteref_589" name="noteref_589" href= + "#note_589"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">589</span></span></a> ὑμῖν + ἀκοῆς ἄξιον, εἰ μὴ τυγχάνομεν ἀπειρηκότες πρὸς τὸ μῆκος τῆς + ἀδολεσχίας· τυχὸν δὲ<a id="noteref_590" name="noteref_590" href= + "#note_590"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">590</span></span></a> οὐδὲ + τῶν ῥηθέντων ἠκρόασθε ξὺν ἡδονῇ ἅτε ἀνδρὸς ἰδιώτου καὶ σφόδρα + ἀμαθοῦς λόγων, πλάττειν μὲν οὐδὲν οὐδὲ τεχνάζειν εἰδότος, φράζοντος + δὲ ὅπως ἂν ἐπίῃ τάληθές· ὁ δὲ δὴ λόγος σχεδόν τι περὶ τῶν παρόντων + ἐστί. φήσουσι γάρ, [C] οἶμαι, πολλοὶ παρὰ τῶν μακαρίων <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page336">[pg 336]</span><a name="Pg336" id="Pg336" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg337" id="Pg337" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> σοφιστῶν ἀναπειθόμενοι, ὅτι ἄρα μικρὰ καὶ + φαῦλα πράγματα ἀναλεξάμενος ὡς δή τι σεμνὸν ὑμῖν ἀπαγγέλλω. τοῦτο + δὲ οὐ φιλονεικοῦντες πρὸς τοὺς ἐμοὺς λόγους οὐδὲ ἐμὲ τῆς ἐπ᾽ αὐτοῖς + ἀφαιρεῖσθαι δόξης ἐθέλοντες ἴσως ἂν εἴποιεν· ἴσασι γὰρ σαφῶς, ὅτι + μήτε ἀντίτεχνος εἶναι βούλομαι τοῖς ἐκείνων λόγοις τοὺς ἐμαυτοῦ + παρατιθείς, μήτε ἄλλως ἀπεχθάνεσθαι ἐκείνοις ἐθέλω· ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ οἶδα + ὅντινα τρόπον [D] τοῦ μεγάλα λέγειν ἐκ παντὸς ὀρεγόμενοι χαλεπῶς + ἔχουσι πρὸς τοὺς μὴ τἀκείνων ζηλοῦντας καὶ δι᾽ αἰτίας ἄγουσιν ὡς + καθαιροῦντας τὴν τῶν λόγων ἰσχύν. μόνα γὰρ εἶναι τῶν ἔργων ζηλωτά + φασι καὶ σπουδῆς ἄξια καὶ πολλῶν ἐπαίνων ὁπόσα διὰ μέγεθος ἤδη + τισὶν ἄπιστα ἐφάνη, ὁποῖα δή τινα τὰ περὶ τῆς Ἀσσυρίας ἐκείνης + γυναικός, ἣ μεταβαλοῦσα καθάπερ ῥεῖθρον εὐτελὲς τὸν διὰ τῆς + Βαβυλῶνος ποταμὸν ῥέοντα βασίλειά [127] τε ᾠκοδόμησεν ὑπὸ γῆς + πάγκαλα καὶ μεθῆκεν ὑπὲρ τῶν χωμάτων αὖθις. ὑπὲρ γὰρ δὴ ταύτης + πολὺς μὲν λόγος, ὡς ἐναυμάχει ναυσὶ τρισχιλίαις, καὶ πεζῇ + παρετάττετο μυριάδας ὁπλιτῶν τριακοσίας ἄγουσα, τό τε ἐν Βαβυλῶνι + τεῖχος ᾠκοδόμει πεντακοσίων σταδίων μικρὸν ἀποδέον, καὶ τὰ περὶ τὴν + πόλιν ὀρύγματα καὶ ἄλλα πολυτελῆ καὶ δαπανηρὰ κατασκευάσματα + ἐκείνης ἔργα γενέσθαι [B] λέγουσι. Νίτωκρις δὲ ταύτης νεωτέρα καὶ + Ῥοδογούνη καὶ Τώμυρις καὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page338">[pg + 338]</span><a name="Pg338" id="Pg338" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg339" id="Pg339" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> μυρίος δή τις ἐπιρρεῖ γυναικῶν ὄχλος + ἀνδριζομένων οὐ λίαν εὐπρεπῶς. τινὰς δὲ ἤδη διὰ τὸ κάλλος + περιβλέπτους καὶ ὀνομαστὰς γενομένας οὐ σφόδρα εὐτυχῶς, ἐπειδὴ + ταραχῆς αἴτιαι καὶ πολέμων μακρῶν ἔθνεσι μυρίοις καὶ ἀνδράσιν, + ὅσους ἦν εἰκὸς ἐκ τοσαύτης χώρας ἀθροίζεσθαι, γενέσθαι δοκοῦσιν, ὡς + μεγάλων αἰτίας ὑμνοῦσι πράξεων. ὅστις δὲ τοιοῦτον οὐδὲν εἰπεῖν + ἔχει, [C] καταγέλαστος εἶναι δοκεῖ ἅτε οὐκ ἐκπλήττειν οὐδὲ + θαυματοποιεῖν ἐν τοῖς λόγοις σφόδρα ἐπιχειρῶν. βούλεσθε οὖν + ἐπανερωτῶμεν αὐτούς, εἴ τις αὐτῶν γαμετὴν ἢ θυγατέρα οἱ τοιαύτην + εὔχεται γενέσθαι μᾶλλον ἢ τὴν Πηνελόπην; καίτοι ἐπὶ ταύτης οὐδὲν + Ὅμηρος εἰπεῖν ἔσχε πλέον τῆς σωφροσύνης καὶ τῆς φιλανδρίας καὶ τῆς + ἐς τὸν ἑκυρὸν ἐπιμελείας καὶ τὸν παῖδα· ἔμελε δὲ ἄρα οὔτε τῶν ἀγρῶν + ἐκείνῃ οὔτε τῶν ποιμνίων· στρατηγίαν δὲ ἢ δημηγορίαν οὐδὲ ὄναρ + εἰκὸς<a id="noteref_591" name="noteref_591" href= + "#note_591"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">591</span></span></a> + ἐκείνῃ παραστῆναί ποτε· [D] ἀλλὰ καὶ ὁπότε λέγειν ἐχρῆν εἰς τὰ + μειράκια,</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But I wish to + tell you a story very well worth your hearing, unless indeed you + are already wearied by the length of this garrulous speech. Indeed + it may be that you have listened without enjoyment to what has been + said so far, seeing that the speaker is a layman and entirely + ignorant of rhetoric, and knows neither how to invent nor how to + use the writer's craft, but speaks the truth as it occurs to him. + And my story is about something almost of the present time. Now + many will say, I suppose, persuaded by the accomplished sophists, + that I have collected what is trivial and worthless, and relate it + to you as though it were of serious import. And probably they will + say this, not because they are jealous of my speeches, or because + they wish to rob me of the reputation that they may bring. For they + well know that I do not desire to be their rival in the art by + setting my own speeches against theirs, nor in any other way do I + wish to quarrel with them. But since, for some reason or other, + they are ambitious of speaking on lofty themes at any cost, they + will not tolerate those who have not their ambition, and they + reproach them with weakening the power of rhetoric. For they say + that only those deeds are to be admired and are worthy of serious + treatment and repeated praise which, because of their magnitude, + have been thought by some to be incredible, those stories for + instance about that famous woman<a id="noteref_592" name= + "noteref_592" href="#note_592"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">592</span></span></a> of + Assyria who turned aside as though it were an insignificant brook + the river<a id="noteref_593" name="noteref_593" href= + "#note_593"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">593</span></span></a> that + flows through Babylon, and built a gorgeous palace underground, and + then turned the stream back again beyond the dykes that she had + made. For of her many a tale is told, how she fought a naval battle + with three thousand ships, and on land she led into the field of + battle three million hoplites, and in Babylon she built a wall very + nearly five hundred stades in length, and the moat that surrounds + the city and other very costly and expensive edifices were, they + tell us, her work. And Nitocris<a id="noteref_594" name= + "noteref_594" href="#note_594"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">594</span></span></a> who + came later than she, and Rhodogyne<a id="noteref_595" name= + "noteref_595" href="#note_595"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">595</span></span></a> and + Tomyris,<a id="noteref_596" name="noteref_596" href= + "#note_596"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">596</span></span></a> aye + and a crowd of women beyond number who played men's parts in no + very seemly fashion occur to my mind. And some of them were + conspicuous for their beauty and so became notorious, though it + brought them no happiness, but since they were the causes of + dissension and long wars among countless nations and as many men as + could reasonably be collected from a country of that size, they are + celebrated by the orators as having given rise to mighty deeds. And + a speaker who has nothing of this sort to relate seems ridiculous + because he makes no great effort to astonish his hearers or to + introduce the marvellous into his speeches. Now shall we put this + question to these orators, whether any one of them would wish to + have a wife or daughter of that sort, rather than like Penelope? + And yet in her case Homer had no more to tell than of her + discretion and her love for her husband and the good care she took + of her father-in-law and her son. Evidently she did not concern + herself with the fields or the flocks, and as for leading an army + or speaking in public, of course she never even dreamed of such a + thing. But even when it was necessary for her to speak to the young + suitors,)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-left: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">ἄντα παρειάων σχομένη λιπαρὰ + κρήδεμνα</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Holding up + before her face her shining veil</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_597" name= + "noteref_597" href="#note_597"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">597</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">πρᾴως ἐφθέγγετο. + καὶ οὐκ ἀπορῶν Ὅμηρος οἶμαι τηλικούτων ἔργων οὐδὲ ὀνομαστῶν ἐπ᾽ + αὐτοῖς γυναικῶν ταύτην ὕμνησε διαφερόντως· ἐξῆν γοῦν αὐτῷ τὴν τῆς + Ἀμαζόνος φιλοτίμως πάνυ στρατείαν διηγησαμένῳ τὴν ποίησιν ἅπασαν + ἐμπλῆσαι τοιούτων διηγημάτων τέρπειν εὖ μάλα καὶ ψυχαγωγεῖν + δυναμένων. [128] οὐ γὰρ δὴ τείχους <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page340">[pg 340]</span><a name="Pg340" id="Pg340" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg341" id="Pg341" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> μὲν αἵρεσιν, καὶ πολιορκίαν καὶ τρόπον τινὰ + ναυμαχίαν εἶναι δοκοῦσαν, τὸν πρὸς τοῖς νεωρίοις πόλεμον, ἀνδρός τε + ἐπ᾽ αὐτῇ καὶ ποταμοῦ μάχην ἐπεισάγειν οἴκοθεν διενοεῖτο τῇ ποιήσει + καινόν τι λέγειν ἐπιθυμῶν· τοῦτο δὲ εἴπερ ἦν, ὥσπερ οὖν φασι, + σεμνότατον, ὀλιγώρως οὕτω παρέλιπε. τί ποτε οὖν ἄν τις αἴτιον λέγοι + τοῦ κείνην μὲν ἐπαινεῖν προθύμως, τούτων δ᾽ οὐδ᾽<a id="noteref_598" + name="noteref_598" href="#note_598"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">598</span></span></a> ἐπὶ + σμικρὸν μνημονεύειν; ὅτι [B] διὰ μὲν τὴν ἐκείνης ἀρετὴν καὶ + σωφροσύνην πολλὰ ἴδίᾳ τε<a id="noteref_599" name="noteref_599" + href="#note_599"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">599</span></span></a> τοῖς + ἀνθρώποις καὶ εἰς τὸ κοινὸν ἀγαθὰ συμβαίνει, ἐκ δὲ δὴ τῆς τούτων + φιλοτιμίας ὄφελος μὲν οὐδὲ ἕν, συμφοραὶ δὲ ἀνήκεστοι. ἅτε δὴ ὢν + οἶμαι σοφὸς καὶ θεῖος ποιητὴς ταύτην ἔκρινεν ἀμείνω καὶ δικαιοτέραν + τὴν εὐφημίαν. ἆρ᾽ οὖν ἔτι προσῆκον<a id="noteref_600" name= + "noteref_600" href="#note_600"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">600</span></span></a> + εὐλαβηθῆναι τοσοῦτον ἡγεμόνα ποιουμένοις, μή τις ἄρα μικροὺς + ὑπολάβῃ καὶ φαύλους;</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(it was in mild + accents that she expressed herself. And it was not because he was + short of such great deeds, or of women famous for them, that he + sang the praises of Penelope rather than the others. For instance, + he could have made it his ambition to tell the story of the + Amazon's<a id="noteref_601" name="noteref_601" href= + "#note_601"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">601</span></span></a> + campaign and have filled all his poetry with tales of that sort, + which certainly have a wonderful power to delight and charm. For as + to the taking of the wall and the siege, and that battle near the + ships which in some respects seems to have resembled a sea-fight, + and then the fight of the hero and the river,<a id="noteref_602" + name="noteref_602" href="#note_602"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">602</span></span></a> he + did not bring them into this poem with the desire to relate + something new and strange of his own invention. And even though + this fight was, as they say, most marvellous, he neglected and + passed over the marvellous as we see. What reason then can anyone + give for his praising Penelope so enthusiastically and making not + the slightest allusion to those famous women? Because by reason of + her virtue and discretion many blessings have been gained for + mankind, both for individuals and for the common weal, whereas from + the ambition of those others there has arisen no benefit whatever, + but incurable calamities. And so, as he was, I think, a wise and + inspired poet, he decided that to praise Penelope was better and + more just. And since I adopt so great a guide, is it fitting that I + should be afraid lest some person think me trivial or + inferior?)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[C] Ἐγὼ δὲ ὑμῖν + καὶ τὸν γενναῖον ἐκεῖνον ῥήτορα Περικλέα τὸν πάνυ, τὸν Ὀλύμπιον, + μάρτυρα ἀγαθὸν ἤδη παρέξομαι. κολάκων γὰρ δή, φασὶ, ποτὲ τὸν ἄνδρα + περιεστὼς δῆμος διελάγχανον τοὺς ἐπαίνους, ὁ μὲν ὅτι τὴν Σάμον + ἐξεῖλεν, ἄλλος δὲ ὅτι τὴν Εὔβοιαν, τινὲς δὲ ἤδη τὸ περιπλεῦσαι τὴν + Πελοπόννησον, ἦσαν δὲ οἱ τῶν ψηφισμάτων μεμνημένοι, τινὲς δὲ τῆς + πρὸς τὸν Κίμωνα φιλοτιμίας, σφόδρα ἀγαθὸν πολίτην <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page342">[pg 342]</span><a name="Pg342" id="Pg342" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg343" id="Pg343" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ στρατηγὸν εἶναι δόξαντα γενναῖον. [D] ὁ + δὲ τούτοις μὲν οὔτε ἀχθόμενος οὔτε γανύμενος δῆλος ἦν, ἐκεῖνο δὲ + ἠξίου τῶν αὑτῷ πεπολιτευμένων ἐπαινεῖν, ὅτι τοσοῦτον χρόνον<a id= + "noteref_603" name="noteref_603" href="#note_603"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">603</span></span></a> + ἐπιτροπεύσας τὸν Ἀθηναίων δῆμον οὐδενὶ θανάτου γέγονεν αἴτιος, οὐδὲ + ἱμάτιον μέλαν τῶν πολιτῶν τις περιβαλόμενος Περικλέα γενέσθαι + ταύτης αἴτιον αὐτῷ τῆς συμφορᾶς ἔφη. ἄλλου του, πρὸς φιλίου Διός, + δοκοῦμεν ὑμῖν μάρτυρος δεῖσθαι, ὅτι μέγιστον ἀρετῆς σημείον [129] + καὶ πάντων μάλιστα ἐπαίνων ἄξιον τὸ μηδένα κτεῖναι τῶν πολιτῶν μηδὲ + ἀφελέσθαι τὰ χρήματα μηδὲ ἀδίκῳ φυγῇ περιβαλεῖν; ὅστις δὲ πρὸς τὰς + τοιαύτας συμφορὰς αὑτὸν ἀντιτάξας καθάπερ ἰατρὸς γενναῖος οὐδαμῶς + ἀποχρῆν ὑπέλαβεν αὑτῷ τὸ μηδενὶ νοσήματος αἰτίῳ γενέσθαι, ἀλλ᾽ εἰ + μὴ πάντα εἰς δύναμιν ἰῷτο καὶ θεραπεύοι, οὐδὲν ἄξιον τῆς αὐτοῦ + τέχνης ἔργον ὑπέλαβεν, ἆρα ὑμῖν δοκεῖ τῶν ἴσων ἐπαίνων ἐν δίκῃ + τυγχάνειν; [B] καὶ οὐδὲν προτιμήσομεν οὔτε τὸν τρόπον οὔτε τὴν + δύναμιν, ὑφ᾽ ἧς ἔξεστι μὲν αὐτῇ δρᾶν ὅ,τι ἂν ἐθέλῃ, θέλει δὲ ἅπασι + τἀγαθά; τοῦτο ἐγὼ κεφάλαιον τοῦ παντὸς ἐπαίνου ποιοῦμαι, οὐκ ἀπορῶν + ἄλλων θαυμασίων εἶναι δοκούντων καὶ λαμπρῶν διηγημάτων.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But it is + indeed a noble witness that I shall now bring forward, that + splendid orator Pericles, the renowned, the Olympian. It is + said<a id="noteref_604" name="noteref_604" href= + "#note_604"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">604</span></span></a> that + once a crowd of flatterers surrounded him and were distributing his + praises among them, one telling how he had reduced Samos,<a id= + "noteref_605" name="noteref_605" href="#note_605"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">605</span></span></a> + another how he had recovered Euboea,<a id="noteref_606" name= + "noteref_606" href="#note_606"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">606</span></span></a> some + how he had sailed round the Peloponnesus, while others spoke of his + enactments, or of his rivalry with Cimon, who was reputed to be a + most excellent citizen and a distinguished general. But Pericles + gave no sign either of annoyance or exultation, and there was but + one thing in all his political career for which he claimed to + deserve praise, that, though he had governed the Athenian people + for so long, he had been responsible for no man's death, and no + citizen when he put on black clothes had ever said that Pericles + was the cause of his misfortune. Now, by Zeus the god of + friendship, do you think I need any further witness to testify that + the greatest proof of virtue and one better worth praise than all + the rest put together is not to have caused the death of any + citizen, or to have taken his money from him, or involved him in + unjust exile? But he who like a good physician tries to ward off + such calamities as these, and by no means thinks that it is enough + for him not to cause anyone to contract a disease, but unless he + cures and cares for everyone as far as he can, considers that his + work is unworthy of his skill, do you think that in justice such a + one ought to receive no higher praise than Pericles? And shall we + not hold in higher honour her character and that authority which + enables her to do what she will, since what she wills is the good + of all? For this I make the sum and substance of my whole encomium, + though I do not lack other narratives such as are commonly held to + be marvellous and splendid.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Εἰ γὰρ δή τις + τὴν περὶ τῶν ἄλλων σιωπὴν ὑποπτεύσειεν ὡς ματαίαν οὖσαν προσποίησιν + καὶ ἀλαζονείαν κενὴν καὶ αὐθάδη, οὔτι που καὶ τὴν ἔναγχος ἐπιδημίαν + γενομένην αὐτῇ τὴν εις τὴν <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page344">[pg 344]</span><a name="Pg344" id="Pg344" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg345" id="Pg345" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Ῥώμην, [C] ὁπότε ἐστρατεύετο βασιλεὺς + ζεύγμασι καὶ ναυσὶ τὸν Ῥῆνον διαβὰς ἄγχου τῶν Γαλατίας ὁρίων, ψευδῆ + καὶ πεπλασμένην ἄλλως ὑποπτεύσει. ἐξῆν δὴ οὖν, ὡς εἰκός, διηγουμένῳ + ταῦτα τοῦ δήμου μεμνῆσθαι καὶ τῆς γερουσίας, ὅπως αὐτὴν ὑπεδέχετο + σὺν χαρμονῇ, προθύμως ὑπαντῶντες καὶ δεξιούμενοι καθάπερ νόμος + βασιλίδα, καὶ τῶν ἀναλωμάτων τὸ μέγεθος, ὡς ἐλευθέριον καὶ + μεγαλοπρεπές, καὶ τῆς παρασκευῆς τὴν πολυτέλειαν, ὁπόσα τε ἔνειμε + τῶν φυλῶν [D] τοῖς ἐπιστάταις καὶ ἑκατοντάρχαις τοῦ πλήθους + ἀπαριθμήσασθαι. ἀλλ᾽ ἔμοιγε τῶν τοιούτων οὔτε ἔδοξέ ποτε ζηλωτὸν + οὐδέν, οὔτε ἐπαινεῖν ἐθέλω πρὸ τῆς ἀρετῆς τὸν πλοῦτον. καίτοι + με<a id="noteref_607" name="noteref_607" href= + "#note_607"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">607</span></span></a> οὐ + λέληθεν ἡ τῶν χρημάτων ἐλευθέριος δαπάνη μετέχουσά τινος ἀρετῆς· + ἀλλ᾽ οἶμαι κρεῖττον ἐπιείκειαν καὶ σωφροσύνην καὶ φρόνησιν καὶ ὅσα + δὴ ἄλλα περὶ αὐτῆς λέγων πολλοὺς μὲν καὶ ἄλλους, [130] ἀτὰρ δὴ καὶ + ἐμαυτὸν ὑμῖν καὶ τὰ ἐπ᾽ ἐμοὶ πραχθέντα παρεῖχον μάρτυρα. εἰ δὴ οὖν + καὶ ἄλλοι τὴν ἐμὴν εὐγνωμοσύνην ζηλοῦν ἐπιχειρήσειαν, πολλοὺς ἔχει + τε ἤδη καὶ ἕξει τοὺς ἐπαινέτας.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(For if anyone + should suspect that my silence about the rest is vain affectation + and empty and insolent pretension, this at least he will not + suspect, that the visit which she lately made to Rome,<a id= + "noteref_608" name="noteref_608" href="#note_608"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">608</span></span></a> when + the Emperor was on his campaign and had crossed the Rhine by + bridges of boats near the frontiers of Galatia, is a false and vain + invention. I could indeed very properly have given an account of + this visit, and described how the people and the senate welcomed + her with rejoicings and went to meet her with enthusiasm, and + received her as is their custom to receive an Empress, and told the + amount of the expenditure, how generous and splendid it was, and + the costliness of the preparations, and reckoned up the sums she + distributed to the presidents of the tribes and the centurions of + the people. But nothing of that sort has ever seemed to me worth + while, nor do I wish to praise wealth before virtue. And yet I am + aware that the generous spending of money implies a sort of virtue. + Nevertheless I rate more highly goodness and temperance and wisdom + and all those other qualities of hers that I have described, + bringing before you as witnesses not only many others but myself as + well and all that she did for me. Now if only others also try to + emulate my proper feeling, there are and there will be many to sing + her praises.)</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page348">[pg 348]</span><a name= + "Pg348" id="Pg348" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc13" id="toc13"></a> <a name="pdf14" id="pdf14"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 3.46em; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Oration IV</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc15" id="toc15"></a> <a name="pdf16" id="pdf16"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.88em; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Introduction To Oration + IV</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the fourth + century <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> poetry was + practically extinct, and hymns to the gods were almost always + written in prose. Julian's Fourth Oration is, according to the + definition of the rhetorician Menander, a φυσικὸς ὕμνος, a hymn + that describes the physical qualities of a god. Julian was an + uncritical disciple of the later Neo-Platonic school, and + apparently reproduces without any important modification the + doctrines of its chief representative, the Syrian Iamblichus, with + whom begins the decadence of Neo-Platonism as a philosophy. + Oriental superstition took the place of the severe spiritualism of + Plotinus and his followers, and a philosophy that had been from the + first markedly religious, is now expounded by theurgists and the + devotees of strange Oriental cults. It is Mithras the Persian + sun-god, rather than Apollo, whom Julian identifies with his + <span class="tei tei-q">“intellectual god”</span> Helios, and + Apollo plays a minor part among his manifestations. Mithras + worship, which Tertullian called <span class="tei tei-q">“a Satanic + plagiarism of Christianity,”</span> because in certain of its rites + it recalled the sacraments of the Christian church, first made its + appearance among the Romans in the first century <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span><a id="noteref_609" + name="noteref_609" href="#note_609"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">609</span></span></a> Less + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page349">[pg 349]</span><a name= + "Pg349" id="Pg349" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> hospitably received + at first than the cults of Isis and Serapis and the Great Mother of + Pessinus, it gradually overpowered them and finally dominated the + whole Roman Empire, though it was never welcomed by the Hellenes. + For the Romans it supplied the ideals of purity, devotion and + self-control which the other cults had lacked. The worshippers of + Mithras were taught to contend against the powers of evil, + submitted themselves to a severe moral discipline, and their reward + after death was to become as pure as the gods to whom they ascend. + <span class="tei tei-q">“If Christianity,”</span> says Renan, + <span class="tei tei-q">“had been checked in its growth by some + deadly disease, the world would have become Mithraic.”</span> + Julian, like the Emperor Commodus in the second century, had no + doubt been initiated into the Mysteries of Mithras, and the severe + discipline of the cult was profoundly attractive to one who had + been estranged by early associations from the very similar teaching + of the Christians.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Julian followed + Plotinus and Iamblichus in making the supreme principle the One + (ἓν) or the Good (τὸ ἀγαθὸν) which presides over the intelligible + world (νοητὸς κόσμος), where rule Plato's Ideas, now called the + intelligible gods (νοητοὶ θεοί). Iamblichus had imported into the + Neo-Platonic system the intermediary world of intellectual gods + (νοεροὶ θεοί). On them Helios-Mithras, their supreme god and + centre, bestows the intelligence and creative and unifying forces + that he has received from his transcendental counterpart among the + intelligible gods. The third member of the triad is the world of + sense-perception governed by the sun, the visible counterpart of + Helios. What distinguishes Julian's <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page350">[pg 350]</span><a name="Pg350" id="Pg350" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> triad<a id="noteref_610" name="noteref_610" + href="#note_610"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">610</span></span></a> from + other Neo-Platonic triads is this hierarchy of three suns in the + three worlds: and further, the importance that he gives to the + intermediary world, the abode of Helios-Mithras. He pays little + attention to the remote intelligible world and devotes his + exposition to Helios, the intellectual god, and the visible sun. + Helios is the link that relates the three members of the triad. His + <span class="tei tei-q">“middleness”</span> (μεσότης) is not only + local: he is in every possible sense the mediator and unifier. + μεσότης is the Aristotelian word for the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“mean,”</span> but there is no evidence that it was + used with the active sense of mediation before Julian. A passage in + Plutarch however seems to indicate that the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“middleness”</span> of the sun was a Persian doctrine: + <span class="tei tei-q">“The principle of good most nearly + resembles light, and the principle of evil darkness, and between + both is Mithras; therefore the Persians called Mithras the + Mediator”</span> (μεσίτης).<a id="noteref_611" name="noteref_611" + href="#note_611"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">611</span></span></a> + Naville has pointed out the resemblance between the sun as mediator + and the Christian Logos, which Julian may have had in mind. + Julian's system results in a practically monotheistic worship of + Helios, and here he probably parts company with Iamblichus.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But though + deeply influenced by Mithraism, Julian was attempting to revive the + pagan gods, and if he could not, in the fourth century, restore the + ancient faith in the gods of Homer he nevertheless could not omit + from his creed the numerous deities whose temples and altars he had + rebuilt. Here he took advantage of the identification of Greek, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page351">[pg 351]</span><a name= + "Pg351" id="Pg351" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Roman, and Oriental + deities which had been going on for centuries. The old names, + endeared by the associations of literature, could be retained + without endangering the supremacy of Helios. Julian identifies + Zeus, Helios, Hades, Oceanus and the Egyptian Serapis. But the + omnipotent Zeus of Greek mythology is now a creative force which + works with Helios and has no separate existence. Tradition had made + Athene the child of Zeus, but Julian regards her as the + manifestation of the intelligent forethought of Helios. Dionysus is + the vehicle of his fairest thoughts, and Aphrodite a principle that + emanates from him. He contrives that all the more important gods of + Greece, Egypt and Persia shall play their parts as manifestations + of Helios. The lesser gods are mediating demons as well as forces. + His aim was to provide the Hellenic counterpart of the positive + revealed religion of Christianity. Hence his insistence on the + inspiration of Homer, Hesiod, and Plato, and his statement<a id= + "noteref_612" name="noteref_612" href="#note_612"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">612</span></span></a> that + the allegorical interpretations of the mysteries are not mere + hypotheses, whereas the doctrines of the astronomers deserve no + higher title.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Oration is + dedicated to his friend and comrade in arms Sallust who is probably + identical with the Neo-Platonic philosopher, of the school of + Iamblichus, who wrote about 360 the treatise <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On the Gods and the + World</span></span>. Cumont calls this <span class="tei tei-q">“the + official catechism of the Pagan empire,”</span> and Wilamowitz + regards it as the positive complement of Julian's pamphlet + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Against + the Christians</span></span>. Julian's Eighth Oration is a + discourse of consolation, παραμυθητικὸς, for the departure of + Sallust when Constantius recalled him from Gaul in 358.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page352">[pg 352]</span><a name= + "Pg352" id="Pg352" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg353" id= + "Pg353" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ + ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΟΣ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Julian, + Caesar)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ΕΙΣ ΤΟΝ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΑ + ΗΛΙΟΝ ΠΡΟΣ ΣΑΛΟΥΣΤΙΟΝ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Hymn To King + Helios. Dedicated To Sallust)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[B] Προσήκειν + ὑπολαμβάνω τοῦ λόγου τοῦδε μάλιστα μὲν ἅπασιν,</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(What I am now + about to say I consider to be of the greatest importance for all + things)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-left: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">ὅσσα τε γαῖαν ἔπι πνείει τε καὶ + ἕρπει,</span><a id="noteref_613" name="noteref_613" href= + "#note_613"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">613</span></span></a> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">That + breathe and move upon the earth,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">καὶ τοῦ εἶναι + καὶ λογικῆς ψυχῆς καὶ νοῦ μετείληφεν, οὐχ ἥκιστα δὲ τῶν ἄλλων + ἁπάντων ἐμαυτῷ· καὶ γάρ εἰμι τοῦ βασιλέως ὀπαδὸς Ἡλίου. [C] τούτου + δὲ ἔχω μὲν οἴκοι παρ᾽ ἐμαυτῷ τὰς πίστεις ἀκριβεστέρας· ὃ δέ μοι + θέμις εἰπεῖν καὶ ἀνεμέσητον, ἐντέτηκέ μοι δεινὸς ἐκ παίδων τῶν + αὐγῶν τοῦ θεοῦ πόθος, καὶ πρὸς τὸ φῶς οὕτω δὴ τὸ αἰθέριον ἐκ + παιδαρίου κομιδῇ τὴν διάνοιαν ἐξιστάμην, ὥστε οὐκ εἰς αὐτὸν μόνον + ἀτενὲς ὁρᾶν ἐπεθύμουν, ἀλλὰ καί, εἴ ποτε νύκτωρ ἀνεφέλου καὶ + καθαρᾶς αἰθρίας οὔσης προέλθοιμι, [D] πάντα ἀθρόως ἀφεὶς τοῖς + οὐρανίοις προσεῖχον κάλλεσιν, οὐκέτι ξυνιεὶς οὐδὲν εἴ τις λέγοι τι + πρός με οὐδὲ αὐτὸς ὅ τι πράττοιμι προσέχων. ἐδόκουν τε + περιεργότερον ἔχειν πρὸς αὐτὰ καὶ πολυπράγμων τις εἶναι, καί + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page354">[pg 354]</span><a name= + "Pg354" id="Pg354" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg355" id= + "Pg355" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> μέ τις ἤδη [131] ἀστρόμαντιν + ὑπέλαβεν ἄρτι γενειήτην. καίτοι μὰ τοὺς θεοὺς οὔποτε τοιαύτη βίβλος + εἰς ἐμὰς ἀφῖκτο χεῖρας, οὐδὲ ἠπιστάμην ὅ τί ποτέ ἐστι τὸ χρῆμά πω + τότε.<a id="noteref_614" name="noteref_614" href= + "#note_614"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">614</span></span></a> ἀλλὰ + τί ταῦτα ἐγώ φημι, μείζω ἔχων εἰπεῖν, εἰ φράσαιμι ὅπως ἐφρόνουν τὸ + τηνικαῦτα περὶ θεῶν; λήθη δὲ ἔστω τοῦ σκότους ἐκείνου. τοῦ<a id= + "noteref_615" name="noteref_615" href="#note_615"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">615</span></span></a> δὲ + ὅτι με τὸ οὐράνιον πάντη περιήστραπτε φῶς ἤγειρέ τε καὶ παρώξυνεν + ἐπὶ τὴν θέαν, ὥστε ἤδη καὶ τῆς σελήνης τὴν ἐναντίαν πρὸς τὸ πᾶν + αὐτὸς ἀπ᾽ ἐμαυτοῦ κίνησιν ξυνεῖδον, [B] οὐδενί πω ξυντυχὼν τῶν τὰ + τοιαῦτα φιλοσοφούντων, ἔστω μοι τὰ ῥηθέντα σημεῖα. ζηλῶ μὲν οὖν + ἔγωγε τῆς εὐποτμίας καὶ εἴ τῳ τὸ σῶμα παρέσχε θεὸς ἐξ ἱεροῦ καὶ + προφητικοῦ συμπαγὲν σπέρματος ἀναλαβόντι σοφίας ἀνοῖξαι θησαυρούς· + οὐκ ἀτιμάζω δὲ ταύτην, ἧς ἠξιώθην αὐτὸς παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦδε + μερίδος, ἐν τῷ κρατοῦντι καὶ βασιλεύοντι τῆς γῆς γένει τοῖς κατ᾽ + ἐμαυτὸν χρόνοις γενόμενος, [C] ἀλλ᾽ ἡγοῦμαι,<a id="noteref_616" + name="noteref_616" href="#note_616"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">616</span></span></a> εἴπερ + χρὴ πείθεσθαι τοῖς σοφοῖς, ἁπάντων ἀνθρώπων εἶναι τοῦτον κοινὸν + πατέρα. λέγεται γὰρ ὀρθῶς ἄνθρωπος ἄνθροπων γεννᾶν καὶ ἥλιος,<a id= + "noteref_617" name="noteref_617" href="#note_617"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">617</span></span></a> ψυχὰς + οὐκ ἀφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ παρὰ τῶν ἄλλων θεῶν σπείρων<a id= + "noteref_618" name="noteref_618" href="#note_618"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">618</span></span></a> εἰς + γῆν,<a id="noteref_619" name="noteref_619" href= + "#note_619"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">619</span></span></a> ἐφ᾽ ὅ + τι δὲ χρῆμα δηλοῦσιν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page356">[pg + 356]</span><a name="Pg356" id="Pg356" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg357" id="Pg357" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> αὗται τοῖς βίοις, οὗς προαιροῦνται. κάλλιστον + μὲν οὖν, εἴ τῳ ξυνηνέχθη καὶ πρὸ τριγονίας ἀπὸ πολλῶν πάνυ + προπατόρων ἐφεξῆς τῷ θεῷ δουλεῦσαι, μεμπτὸν δὲ οὐδὲ ὅστις, [D] + ἐπεγνωκὼς ἑαυτὸν τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦδε θεράποντα φύσει, μόνος ἐξ ἁπάντων ἢ + ξὺν ὀλίγοις αὑτὸν ἐπιδίδωσι τῇ θεραπείᾳ τοῦ δεσπότου.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(and have a + share in existence and a reasoning soul<a id="noteref_620" name= + "noteref_620" href="#note_620"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">620</span></span></a> and + intelligence, but above all others it is of importance to myself. + For I am a follower of King Helios. And of this fact I possess + within me, known to myself alone, proofs more certain that I can + give.<a id="noteref_621" name="noteref_621" href= + "#note_621"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">621</span></span></a> But + this at least I am permitted to say without sacrilege, that from my + childhood an extraordinary longing for the rays of the god + penetrated deep into my soul; and from my earliest years my mind + was so completely swayed by the light that illumines the heavens + that not only did I desire to gaze intently at the sun, but + whenever I walked abroad in the night season, when the firmament + was clear and cloudless, I abandoned all else without exception and + gave myself up to the beauties of the heavens; nor did I understand + what anyone might say to me, nor heed what I was doing myself. I + was considered to be over-curious about these matters and to pay + too much attention to them, and people went so far as to regard me + as an astrologer when my beard had only just begun to grow. And + yet, I call heaven to witness, never had a book on this subject + come into my hands; nor did I as yet even know what that science + was. But why do I mention this, when I have more important things + to tell, if I should relate how, in those days, I thought about the + gods? However let that darkness<a id="noteref_622" name= + "noteref_622" href="#note_622"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">622</span></span></a> be + buried in oblivion. But let what I have said bear witness to this + fact, that the heavenly light shone all about me, and that it + roused and urged me on to its contemplation, so that even then I + recognised of myself that the movement of the moon was in the + opposite direction to the universe, though as yet I had met no one + of those who are wise in these matters. Now for my part I envy the + good fortune of any man to whom the god has granted to inherit a + body built of the seed of holy and inspired ancestors, so that he + can unlock the treasures of wisdom; nor do I despise that lot with + which I was myself endowed by the god Helios, that I should be born + of a house that rules and governs the world in my time; but + further, I regard this god, if we may believe the wise, as the + common father of all mankind.<a id="noteref_623" name="noteref_623" + href="#note_623"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">623</span></span></a> For + it is said with truth that man and the sun together beget man, and + that the god sows this earth with souls which proceed not from + himself alone but from the other gods also; and for what purpose, + the souls reveal by the kind of lives that they select. Now far the + best thing is when anyone has the fortune to have inherited the + service of the god, even before the third generation, from a long + and unbroken line of ancestors; yet it is not a thing to be + disparaged when anyone, recognising that he is by nature intended + to be the servant of Helios, either alone of all men, or in company + with but few, devotes himself to the service of his master.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Φέρε οὖν, ὅπως + ἂν οἷοί τε ὦμεν, ὑμνήσωμεν αὐτοῦ τὴν ἑορτήν, ἣν ἡ βασιλεύουσα πόλις + ἐπετησίοις ἀγάλλει θυσίαις. ἔστι μὲν οὖν, εὖ οἶδα, χαλεπὸν καὶ τὸ + ξυνεῖναι περὶ αὐτοῦ μόνον, ὁπόσος τίς ἐστιν ὁ ἀφανὴς [132] ἐκ τοῦ + φανεροῦ λογισαμένῳ, φράσαι δὲ ἴσως ἀδύνατον, εἰ καὶ τῆς ἀξίας + ἔλαττον ἐθελήσειέ τις. ἐφικέσθαι μὲν γὰρ τοῦ πρὸς ἀξίαν εὖ οἶδα ὅτι + τῶν ἁπάντων οὐδεὶς ἂν δύναιτο, τοῦ μετρίου δὲ μὴ διαμαρτεῖν ἐν τοῖς + ἐπαίνοις τὸ κεφάλαιόν ἐστι τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης ἐν τῷ δύνασθαι φράζειν + δυνάμεως. ἀλλ᾽ ἔμοιγε τούτου παρασταίη βοηθὸς ὅ τε λόγιος<a id= + "noteref_624" name="noteref_624" href="#note_624"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">624</span></span></a> Ἑρμῆς + ξὺν ταῖς Μούσαις ὅ τε Μουσηγέτης Ἀπόλλων,<a id="noteref_625" name= + "noteref_625" href="#note_625"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">625</span></span></a> [B] + ἐπεὶ καὶ αὐτῷ προσήκει τῶν λόγων, καὶ δοῖεν δὲ εἰπεῖν ὁπόσα τοῖς + θεοῖς φίλα λέγεσθαί τε καὶ πιστεύεσθαι περὶ αὐτῶν. τίς οὖν ὁ τρόπος + ἔσται τῶν ἐπαίνων; ἢ δῆλον ὅτι περὶ τῆς οὐσίας αὐτοῦ καὶ ὅθεν + προῆλθε καὶ τῶν δυνάμεων καὶ τῶν ἐνεργειῶν διελθόντες, ὁπόσαι + φανεραὶ ὅσαι τ᾽ ἀφανεῖς, καὶ περὶ τῆς τῶν ἀγαθῶν δόσεως, ἣν κατὰ + πάντας ποιεῖται τοὺς κόσμους, οὐ παντάπασιν <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page358">[pg 358]</span><a name="Pg358" id="Pg358" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg359" id="Pg359" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀπᾴδοντα ποιησόμεθα τῷ θεῷ τὰ ἐγκώμια; [C] + ἀρκτέον δὲ ἐνθένδε.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Come then, let + me celebrate, as best I may, his festival which the Imperial + city<a id="noteref_626" name="noteref_626" href= + "#note_626"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">626</span></span></a> + adorns with annual sacrifices.<a id="noteref_627" name= + "noteref_627" href="#note_627"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">627</span></span></a> Now + it is hard, as I well know, merely to comprehend how great is the + Invisible, if one judge by his visible self,<a id="noteref_628" + name="noteref_628" href="#note_628"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">628</span></span></a> and + to tell it is perhaps impossible, even though one should consent to + fall short of what is his due. For well I know that no one in the + world could attain to a description that would be worthy of him, + and not to fail of a certain measure of success in his praises is + the greatest height to which human beings can attain in the power + of utterance. But as for me, may Hermes, the god of eloquence, + stand by my side to aid me, and the Muses also and Apollo, the + leader of the Muses, since he too has oratory for his province, and + may they grant that I utter only what the gods approve that men + should say and believe about them. What, then, shall be the manner + of my praise? Or is it not evident that if I describe his substance + and his origin, and his powers and energies, both visible and + invisible, and the gift of blessings which he bestows throughout + all the worlds,<a id="noteref_629" name="noteref_629" href= + "#note_629"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">629</span></span></a> I + shall compose an encomium not wholly displeasing to the god? With + these, then, let me begin.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὁ θεῖος οὗτος + καὶ πάγκαλος κόσμος ἀπ᾽ ἄκρας ἁψῖδος οὐρανοῦ μέχρι γῆς ἐσχάτης ὑπὸ + τῆς ἀλύτου συνεχόμενος τοῦ θεοῦ προνοίας ἐξ ἀιδίου γέγονεν + ἀγέννητος<a id="noteref_630" name="noteref_630" href= + "#note_630"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">630</span></span></a> ἔς τε + τὸν ἐπίλοιπον χρόνον ἀίδιος, οὐχ ὑπ᾽ ἄλλου του φρουρούμενος ἢ + προσεχῶς μὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ πέμπτου σώματος, οὗ τὸ κεφάλαιόν ἐστιν ἀκτὶς + ἀελίου,<a id="noteref_631" name="noteref_631" href= + "#note_631"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">631</span></span></a> βαθμῷ + δὲ ὥσπερ δευτέρῳ τοῦ νοητοῦ κόσμου, πρεσβυτέρως δὲ ἔτι διὰ τὸν + πάντων βασιλέα, περὶ ὃν πάντα ἐστίν. [D] οὗτος τοίνυν, εἴτε τὸ + ἐπέκεινα τοῦ νοῦ καλεῖν αὐτὸν θέμις εἴτε ἰδέαν τῶν ὄντων, ὃ δή φημι + τὸ νοητὸν ξύμπαν, εἴτε ἕν, ἐπειδὴ πάντων τὸ ἓν δοκεῖ πως + πρεσβύτατον, εἴτε ὃ Πλάτων εἴωθεν ὀνομάζειν τἀγαθόν, αὕτη δὴ οὖν ἡ + μονοειδὴς τῶν ὅλων αἰτία, πᾶσι τοῖς οὖσιν ἐξηγουμένη κάλλους τε καὶ + τελειότητος ἑνώσεώς τε καὶ δυνάμεως ἀμηχάνου, κατὰ τὴν ἐν αὐτῇ + μένουσαν πρωτουργὸν οὐσίαν μέσον ἐκ μέσων τῶν νοερῶν [133] καὶ + δημιουργικῶν αἰτιῶν Ἥλιον θεὸν μέγιστον ἀνέφηνεν ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ πάντα + ὅμοιον ἑαυτῷ· καθάπερ καὶ ὁ δαιμόνιος οἴεται Πλάτων, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Τοῦτον τοίνυν,”</span> λέγων, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“ἦν δ᾽ ἐγώ, φάναι με λέγειν τὸν τοῦ <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page360">[pg 360]</span><a name="Pg360" id="Pg360" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg361" id="Pg361" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀγαθοῦ ἔκγονον, ὃν τἀγαθὸν ἐγέννησεν ἀνάλογον + ἑαυτῷ, ὅτιπερ αὐτὸ ἐν τῷ νοητῷ τόπῳ πρός τε νοῦν καὶ τὰ νοούμενα, + τοῦτο τοῦτον ἐν τῷ ὁρατῷ πρός τε ὄψιν καὶ τὰ ὁρώμενα.”</span><a id= + "noteref_632" name="noteref_632" href="#note_632"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">632</span></span></a> ἔχει + μὲν δὴ τὸ φῶς αὐτοῦ ταύτην οἶμαι τὴν ἀναλογίαν πρὸς τὸ ὁρατόν, + ἥνπερ πρὸς τὸ νοητὸν ἁλήθεια.<a id="noteref_633" name="noteref_633" + href="#note_633"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">633</span></span></a> αὐτὸς + δὲ ὁ ξύμπας, ἅτε δὴ τοῦ πρώτου [B] καὶ μεγίστου τῆς ἐδέας τἀγαθοῦ + γεγονὼς ἔκγονος, ὑποστὰς αὐτοῦ περὶ τὴν μόνιμον οὐσίαν ἐξ ἀιδίου + καὶ τὴν ἐν τοῖς νοεροῖς θεοῖς παρεδέξατο δυναστείαν, ὧν τἀγαθόν + ἐστι τοῖς νοητοῖς αἴτιον, ταῦτα αὐτὸς τοῖς νοεροῖς νέμων. ἔστι δ᾽ + αἴτιον οἶμαι τἀγαθὸν τοῖς νοητοῖς θεοῖς κάλλους, οὐσίας, + τελειότητος, ἑνώσεως, συνέχον αὐτὰ καὶ περιλάμπον ἀγαθοειδεῖ + δυνάμει· ταῦτα δὴ καὶ τοῖς νοεροῖς [C] Ἥλιος δίδωσιν, ἄρχειν καὶ + βασιλεύειν αὐτῶν ὑπὸ τἀγαθοῦ τεταγμένος, εἰ καὶ συμπροῆλθον αὐτῷ + καὶ συνυπέστησαν, ὅπως οἶαμι καὶ τοῖς νοεροῖς θεοῖς ἀγαθοειδὴς + αἰτία προκαθηγουμένη τῶν ἀγαθῶν πᾶσιν ἅπαντα κατὰ νοῦν εὐθύνῃ.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(This divine and + wholly beautiful universe, from the highest vault of heaven to the + lowest limit of the earth, is held together by the continuous + providence of the god, has existed from eternity ungenerated, is + imperishable for all time to come, and is guarded immediately by + nothing else than the Fifth Substance<a id="noteref_634" name= + "noteref_634" href="#note_634"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">634</span></span></a> whose + culmination is the beams of the sun; and in the second and higher + degree, so to speak, by the intelligible world; but in a still + loftier sense it is guarded by the King of the whole universe, who + is the centre of all things that exist. He, therefore, whether it + is right to call him the Supra-Intelligible, or the Idea of Being, + and by Being I mean the whole intelligible region, or the One, + since the One seems somehow to be prior to all the rest, or, to use + Plato's name for him, the Good; at any rate this uncompounded cause + of the whole reveals to all existence beauty, and perfection, and + oneness, and irresistible power; and in virtue of the primal + creative substance that abides in it, produced, as middle among the + middle and intellectual, creative causes, Helios the most mighty + god, proceeding from itself and in all things like unto itself. + Even so the divine Plato believed, when he writes, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Therefore (said I) when I spoke of this, understand + that I meant the offspring of the Good which the Good begat in his + own likeness, and that what the Good is in relation to pure reason + and its objects in the intelligible world, such is the sun in the + visible world in relation to sight and its objects.”</span> + Accordingly his light has the same relation to the visible world as + truth has to the intelligible world. And he himself as a whole, + since he is the son of what is first and greatest, namely, the Idea + of the Good, and subsists from eternity in the region of its + abiding substance, has received also the dominion among the + intellectual gods, and himself dispenses to the intellectual gods + those things of which the Good is the cause for the intelligible + gods. Now the Good is, I suppose, the cause for the intelligible + gods of beauty, existence, perfection, and oneness, connecting + these and illuminating them with a power that works for good. These + accordingly Helios bestows on the intellectual gods also, since he + has been appointed by the Good to rule and govern them, even though + they came forth and came into being together with him, and this + was, I suppose, in order that the cause which resembles the Good + may guide the intellectual gods to blessings for them all, and may + regulate all things according to pure reason.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλὰ καὶ τρίτος + ὁ φαινόμενος οὑτοσί δίσκος ἐναργῶς αἴτιός ἐστι τοῖς αἰσθητοῖς τῆς + σωτηρίας, καὶ ὅσων ἔφαμεν τοῖς νοεροῖς θεοῖς τὸν μέγαν <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page362">[pg 362]</span><a name="Pg362" id="Pg362" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg363" id="Pg363" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Ἥλιον, τοσούτων αἴτιος<a id="noteref_635" + name="noteref_635" href="#note_635"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">635</span></span></a> καὶ ὁ + φαινόμενος ὅδε τοῖς φανεροῖς. τούτων δ᾽ ἐναργεῖς αἱ πίστεις ἐκ τῶν + φαινομένων [D] τὰ ἀφανῆ σκοποῦντι.<a id="noteref_636" name= + "noteref_636" href="#note_636"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">636</span></span></a> φέρε + δὴ πρῶτον αὐτὸ τὸ φῶς οὐκ εἶδός ἐστιν ἀσώματόν τι θεῖον τοῦ κατ᾽ + ἐνέργειαν διαφανοῦς; αὐτὸ δὲ ὅ, τί ποτέ ἐστι τὸ διαφανές, πᾶσι μὲν + ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν συνυποκείμενον τοῖς στοιχείοις καὶ ὂν αὐτῶν προσεχὲς + εἶδος, οὐ σωματοειδὲς οὐδὲ συμμιγνύμενον οὐδὲ τὰς οἰκείας σώματι + προσιέμενον ποιότητας. οὔκουν ἰδίαν αὐτοῦ θέρμην ἐρεῖς,<a id= + "noteref_637" name="noteref_637" href="#note_637"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">637</span></span></a> οὐ + τὴν ἐναντίαν αὐτῇ ψυχρότητα, οὐ τὸ σκληρόν, οὐ τὸ μαλακὸν + ἀποδώσεις, [134] οὐδ᾽ ἄλλην τινὰ τῶν κατὰ τὴν ἁφὴν διαφορῶν, οὔκουν + οὐδὲ γεῦσιν οὐδὲ ὀδμήν, ὄψει δὲ μόνον ὑποπίπτει πρὸς ἐνέργειαν ὑπὸ + τοῦ φωτὸς ἡ τοιαύτη φύσις ἀγομένη. τὸ δὲ φῶς εἶδός ἐστι ταύτης οἷον + ὕλης ὑπεστρωμένης καὶ παρεκτεινομένης τοῖς σώμασιν. αὐτοῦ δὲ τοῦ + φωτὸς ὄντος ἀσωμάτου ἀκρότης ἂν εἴη τις καὶ ὥσπερ ἄνθος ἀκτῖνες. ἡ + μὲν οὖν τῶν Φοινίκων δόξα, σοφῶν τὰ θεῖα καὶ ἐπιστημόνων, ἄχραντον + εἶναι ἐνέργειαν αὐτοῦ τοῦ καθαροῦ [B] νοῦ τὴν ἁπανταχῇ προϊοῦσαν + αὐγὴν ἔφη· οὐκ ἀπᾴδει δὲ οὐδὲ ὁ λόγος, εἴπερ αὐτὸ τὸ φῶς ἀσώματον, + εἴ τις αὐτοῦ μηδὲ τὴν πηγὴν ὑπολάβοι σῶμα, νοῦ δὲ ἐνέργειαν + ἄχραντον εἰς τὴν οἰκείαν ἕδραν ἐλλαμπομένην, ἣ <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page364">[pg 364]</span><a name="Pg364" id="Pg364" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg365" id="Pg365" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τοῦ παντὸς οὐρανοῦ τὸ μέσον εἴληχεν, ὅθεν + ἐπιλάμπουσα πάσης μὲν εὐτονίας πληροῖ τοὺς οὐρανίους κύκλους, πάντα + δὲ περιλάμπει θείῳ καὶ ἀχράντῳ φωτί. τὰ μέντοι ἐν τοῖς θεοῖς ἔργα + προϊόντα παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ μετρίως γε<a id="noteref_638" name= + "noteref_638" href="#note_638"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">638</span></span></a> ἡμῖν + ὀλίγῳ πρότερον εἴρηται<a id="noteref_639" name="noteref_639" href= + "#note_639"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">639</span></span></a> καὶ + ῥηθήσεται μετ᾽ ὀλίγον. [C] ὄσα δὲ ὁρῶμεν αὐτῇ πρῶτον ὄψει ὄνομα + μόνον ἐστὶν ἔργου τητώμενον, εἰ μὴ προσλάβοι τὴν τοῦ φωτὸς + ἡγεμονικὴν βοήθειαν. ὁρατὸν δὲ ὅλως εἴη ἂν τί μὴ φωτὶ πρῶτον ὥσπερ + ὕλη τεχνίτῃ προσαχθέν, ἵν᾽ οἶμαι τὸ εἶδος δέξηται; καὶ γὰρ τὸ + χρυσίον ἁπλῶς οὑτωσὶ κεχυμένον ἔστι μὲν χρυσίον, οὐ μὴν ἄγαλμα οὐδὲ + εἰκών, πρὶν ἂν ὁ τεχνίτης αὐτῷ περιθῇ τὴν μορφήν. οὐκοῦν καὶ ὅσα + πέφυκεν ὁρᾶσθαι μὴ ξὺν [D] φωτὶ τοῖς ὁρῶσι προσαγόμενα τοῦ ὁρατὰ + εἶναι παντάπασιν ἐστέρηται. διδοὺς οὖν τοῖς τε ὁρῶσι τὸ ὁρᾶν τοῖς + τε ὁρωμένοις τὸ ὁρᾶσθαι δύο φύσεις ἐνεργείᾳ μιᾷ τελειοῖ, ὄψιν καὶ + ὁρατόν· αἱ δὲ τελειότητες εἴδη τέ εἰσι καὶ οὐσία.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But this + visible disc also, third<a id="noteref_640" name="noteref_640" + href="#note_640"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">640</span></span></a> in + rank, is clearly, for the objects of sense-perception the cause of + preservation, and this visible Helios<a id="noteref_641" name= + "noteref_641" href="#note_641"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">641</span></span></a> is + the cause for the visible gods<a id="noteref_642" name= + "noteref_642" href="#note_642"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">642</span></span></a> of + just as many blessings as we said mighty Helios bestows on the + intellectual gods. And of this there are clear proofs for one who + studies the unseen world in the light of things seen. For in the + first place, is not light itself a sort of incorporeal and divine + form of the transparent in a state of activity? And as for the + transparent itself, whatever it is, since it is the underlying + basis, so to speak, of all the elements, and is a form peculiarly + belonging to them, it is not like the corporeal or compounded, nor + does it admit qualities peculiar to corporeal substance.<a id= + "noteref_643" name="noteref_643" href="#note_643"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">643</span></span></a> You + will not therefore say that heat is a property of the transparent, + or its opposite cold, nor will you assign to it hardness or + softness or any other of the various attributes connected with + touch or taste or smell; but a nature of this sort is obvious to + sight alone, since it is brought into activity by light. And light + is a form of this substance, so to speak, which is the substratum + of and coextensive with the heavenly bodies. And of light, itself + incorporeal, the culmination and flower, so to speak, is the sun's + rays. Now the doctrine of the Phoenicians, who were wise and + learned in sacred lore, declared that the rays of light everywhere + diffused are the undefiled incarnation of pure mind. And in harmony + with this is our theory, seeing that light itself is incorporeal, + if one should regard its fountainhead, not as corporeal, but as the + undefiled activity of mind<a id="noteref_644" name="noteref_644" + href="#note_644"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">644</span></span></a> + pouring light into its own abode: and this is assigned to the + middle of the whole firmament, whence it sheds its rays and fills + the heavenly spheres with vigour of every kind and illumines all + things with light divine and undefiled. Now the activities + proceeding from it and exercised among the gods have been, in some + measure at least, described by me a little earlier and will shortly + be further spoken of. But all that we see merely with the sight at + first is a name only, deprived of activity, unless we add thereto + the guidance and aid of light. For what, speaking generally, could + be seen, were it not first brought into touch with light in order + that, I suppose, it may receive a form, as matter is brought under + the hand of a craftsman? And indeed molten gold in the rough is + simply gold, and not yet a statue or an image, until the craftsman + give it its proper shape. So too all the objects of sight, unless + they are brought under the eyes of the beholder together with + light, are altogether deprived of visibility. Accordingly by giving + the power of sight to those who see, and the power of being seen to + the objects of sight, it brings to perfection, by means of a single + activity, two faculties, namely vision and visibility.<a id= + "noteref_645" name="noteref_645" href="#note_645"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">645</span></span></a> And + in forms and substance are expressed its perfecting powers.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλὰ τοῦτο μὲν + ἴσως λεπτότερον· ᾧ δὲ παρακολουθοῦμεν ξύμπαντες, ἀμαθεῖς καὶ + ἰδιῶται, φιλόσοφοι καὶ λόγιοι, τίνα ἐν τῷ παντὶ δύναμιν ἀνίσχων + ἔχει καὶ καταδυόμενος ὁ θεός; νύκτα καὶ ἡμέραν ἐργάζεται καὶ + μεθίστησι φανερῶς καὶ τρέπει τὸ πᾶν. [135] καίτοι τίνι τοῦτο + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page366">[pg 366]</span><a name= + "Pg366" id="Pg366" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg367" id= + "Pg367" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> τῶν ἄλλων ἀστέρων ὑπάρχει; πῶς + οὖν οὐκ ἐκ τούτων ἤδη καὶ περὶ τῶν θειοτέρων πιστεύομεν, ὡς ἄρα καὶ + τὰ ὑπὲρ τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀφανῆ καὶ θεῖα νοερῶν θεῶν γένη τῆς ἀγαθοειδοῦς + ἀποπληροῦται παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ δυνάμεως, ᾧ πᾶς μὲν ὑπείκει χορὸς ἀστέρων, + ἕπεται δὲ ἡ γένεσις ὑπὸ τῆς τούτου κυβερνωμένη προμηθείας; [B] οἱ + μὲν γὰρ πλάνητες<a id="noteref_646" name="noteref_646" href= + "#note_646"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">646</span></span></a> ὅτι + περὶ αὐτὸν ὥσπερ βασιλέα χορεύοντες ἔν τισιν ὡρισμένοις πρὸς αὐτὸν + διαστήμασιν ἁρμοδιώτατα φέρονται κύκλῳ, στηριγμούς τινας ποιούμενοι + καὶ πρόσω καὶ ὀπίσω πορείαν, ὡς οἱ τῆς σφαιρικῆς ἐπιστήμονες + θεωρίας ὀνομάζουσι τὰ περὶ αὐτοὺς φαινόμενα, καὶ ὡς τὸ τῆς σελήνης + αὔξεται καὶ λήγει φῶς, πρὸς τὴν ἀπόστασιν ἡλίου πάσχον, πᾶσί που + δῆλον. πῶς οὖν οὐκ εἰκότως καὶ τὴν πρεσβυτέραν τῶν σωμάτων ἐν τοῖς + νοεροῖς [C] θεοῖς διακόσμησιν ὑπολαμβάνομεν ἀνάλογον ἔχειν τῇ + τοιαύτῃ τάξει;</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(However, this + is perhaps somewhat subtle; but as for that guide whom we all + follow, ignorant and unlearned, philosophers and rhetoricians, what + power in the universe has this god when he rises and sets? Night + and day he creates, and before our eyes changes and sways the + universe. But to which of the other heavenly bodies does this power + belong? How then can we now fail to believe, in view of this, in + respect also to things more divine that the invisible and divine + tribes of intellectual gods above the heavens are filled with power + that works for good by him, even by him to whom the whole band of + the heavenly bodies yields place, and whom all generated things + follow, piloted by his providence? For that the planets dance about + him as their king, in certain intervals, fixed in relation to him, + and revolve in a circle with perfect accord, making certain halts, + and pursuing to and fro their orbit,<a id="noteref_647" name= + "noteref_647" href="#note_647"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">647</span></span></a> as + those who are learned in the study of the spheres call their + visible motions; and that the light of the moon waxes and wanes + varying in proportion to its distance from the sun, is, I think, + clear to all. Then is it not natural that we should suppose that + the more venerable ordering of bodies among the intellectual gods + corresponds to this arrangement?)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Λάβωμεν οὖν ἐξ + ἁπάντων τὸ μὲν τελεσιουργὸν ἐκ τοῦ παντὸς ἀποφαίνειν ὁρᾶν τὰ + ὁρατικά· τελειοῖ γὰρ αὐτὰ διὰ τοῦ φωτός· τὸ δὲ δημιουργικὸν καὶ + γόνιμον<a id="noteref_648" name="noteref_648" href= + "#note_648"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">648</span></span></a> ἀπὸ + τῆς περὶ τὸ ξύμπαν μεταβολῆς, τὸ δὲ ἐν ἑνὶ πόντων συνεκτικὸν ἀπὸ + τῆς περὶ τὰς κινήσεις πρὸς ἓν καὶ τὸ αὐτὸ συμφωνίας, τὸ δὲ μέσον ἐξ + αὐτοῦ<a id="noteref_649" name="noteref_649" href= + "#note_649"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">649</span></span></a> + μέσου, τὸ δὲ τοῖς νοεροῖς αὐτὸν ἐνιδρύσθαι βασιλέα ἐκ τῆς ἐν τοῖς + πλανωμένοις μέσης τάξεως. [D] εἰ μὲν οὖν ταῦτα περί τινα + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page368">[pg 368]</span><a name= + "Pg368" id="Pg368" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg369" id= + "Pg369" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> τῶν ἄλλων ἐμφανῶν ὁρῶμεν θεῶν ἢ + τοσαῦτα ἕτερα, μή τοι τούτῳ τὴν περὶ τοὺς θεοὺς ἡγεμονίαν + προσνείμωμεν· εἰ δὲ οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδὲν αὐτῷ κοινὸν πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους + ἔξω τὴς ἀγαθοεργίας, ἧς καὶ αὐτῆς μεταδέδωσι τοῖς πᾶσι, + μαρτυράμενοι τούς τε Κυπρίων ἱερέας, οἱ κοινοὺς ἀποφαίνουσι βωμοὺς + Ἡλίῳ καὶ Διί, πρὸ τούτων δὲ ἔτι τὸν Ἀπόλλω<a id="noteref_650" name= + "noteref_650" href="#note_650"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">650</span></span></a> + συνεδρεύοντα τῷ θεῷ τῷδε παρακαλέσαντες μάρτυρα· φησὶ γὰρ ὁ θεὸς + οὗτος <span class="tei tei-q">“Εἷς Ζεύς, εἷς Ἀίδης, [136] εἷς Ἥλιός + ἐστι Σέραπις· κοινὴν ὑπολάβωμεν”</span>, μᾶλλον δὲ μίαν Ἡλίου καὶ + Διὸς ἐν τοῖς νοεροῖς θεοῖς δυναστείαν· ὅθεν μοι δοκεῖ καὶ Πλάτων + οὐκ ἀπεικότως φρόνιμον θεὸν Ἅιδην ὀνομάσαι. καλοῦμεν δὲ τὸν αὐτὸν + τοῦτον καὶ Σάραπιν, τὸν ἀιδῆ δηλονότι καὶ νοερόν, πρὸς ὅν + φησιν<a id="noteref_651" name="noteref_651" href= + "#note_651"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">651</span></span></a> ἄνω + πορεύεσθαι τὰς ψυχὰς τῶν ἄριστα βιωσάντων καὶ δικαιότατα. μὴ γὰρ δή + τις ὑπολάβῃ τοῦτον, [B] ὃν οἱ μῦθοι πείθουσι φρίττειν, ἀλλὰ τὸν + πρᾷον καὶ μείλιχον, ὃς ἀπολύει παντελῶς τῆς γενέσεως τὰς ψυχάς, + οὐχὶ δὲ λυθείσας αὐτὰς σώμασιν ἑτέροις προσηλοῖ<a id="noteref_652" + name="noteref_652" href="#note_652"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">652</span></span></a> + κολάζων καὶ πραττόμενος δίκας, ἀλλὰ πορεύων ἄνω καὶ ἀνατείνων τὰς + ψυχὰς ἐπὶ τὸν νοητὸν κόσμον. ὅτι δὲ οὐδὲ νεαρὰ παντελῶς ἐστιν ἡ + δόξα, προύλαβον δὲ αὐτὴν οἱ πρεσβύτατοι τῶν ποιητῶν, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page370">[pg 370]</span><a name="Pg370" id="Pg370" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg371" id="Pg371" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Ὅμηρός τε καὶ Ἡσίοδος, εἴτε καὶ νοοῦντες + οὅτως εἴτε καὶ ἐπιπνοίᾳ θείᾳ καθάπερ οἱ μάντεις ἐνθουσιῶντες πρὸς + τὴν ἀλήθειαν, [C] ἐνθένδ᾽ ἂν γίγνοιτο γνώριμον. ὁ μὲν γενεαλογῶν + αὐτὸν Ὑπερίονος ἔφη καὶ Θείας, μόνον οὐχὶ διὰ τούτων αἰνιττόμενος + τοῦ πάντων ὑπερέχοντος αὐτὸν ἔκγονον<a id="noteref_653" name= + "noteref_653" href="#note_653"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">653</span></span></a> + γνήσιον φῦναι· ὁ γὰρ Ὑπερίων τίς ἂν ἕτερος εἴη παρὰ τοῦτον; ἡ Θεία + δὲ αὐτὴ τρόπον ἕτερον οὐ τὸ θειότατον τῶν ὄντων λέγεται; μὴ δὲ + συνδυασμὸν μηδὲ γάμους ὑπολαμβάνωμεν, ἄπιστα καὶ παράδοξα ποιητικῆς + μούσης ἀθύρματα. [D] πατέρα δὲ αὐτοῦ καὶ γεννήτορα νομίζωμεν τὸν + θειότατον καὶ ὑπέρτατον· τοιοῦτος δὲ τίς ἂν ἄλλος<a id= + "noteref_654" name="noteref_654" href="#note_654"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">654</span></span></a> εἴη + τοῦ πάντων ἐπέκεινα καὶ περὶ ὃν πάντα καὶ οὗ ἕνεκα πάντα ἐστίν; + Ὅμηρος δὲ αὐτὸν ἀπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς Ὑπερίονα καλεῖ,<a id="noteref_655" + name="noteref_655" href="#note_655"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">655</span></span></a> καὶ + δείκνυσί γε αὐτοῦ τὸ αὐτεξούσιον καὶ πάσης ἀνάγκης κρεῖττον. ὁ γάρ + τοι Ζεύς, ὡς ἐκεῖνός φησιν, ἁπάντων ὢν κύριος τοὺς ἄλλους + προσαναγκάζει· ἐν δὲ τῷ μύθῳ τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦδε λέγοντος,<a id= + "noteref_656" name="noteref_656" href="#note_656"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">656</span></span></a> ὅτι + ἄρα διὰ τὴν ἀσέβειαν τῶν Ὀδυσσέως ἑταίρων [137] ἀπολείψει τὸν + Ὄλυμπον, οὐκέτι φησίν</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Let us + therefore comprehend, out of all his functions, first his power to + perfect, from the fact that he makes visible the objects of sight + in the universe, for through his light he perfects them; secondly, + his creative and generative power from the changes wrought by him + in the universe; thirdly, his power to link together all things + into one whole, from the harmony of his motions towards one and the + same goal; fourthly, his middle station we can comprehend from + himself, who is midmost; and fifthly, the fact that he is + established as king among the intellectual gods, from his middle + station among the planets. Now if we see that these powers, or + powers of similar importance, belong to any one of the other + visible deities, let us not assign to Helios leadership among the + gods. But if he has nothing in common with those other gods except + his beneficent energy, and of this too he gives them all a share, + then let us call to witness the priests of Cyprus who set up common + altars to Helios and Zeus; but even before them let us summon as + witness Apollo, who sits in council with our god. For this god + declares: <span class="tei tei-q">“Zeus, Hades, Helios Serapis, + three gods in one godhead!”</span><a id="noteref_657" name= + "noteref_657" href="#note_657"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">657</span></span></a> Let + us then assume that, among the intellectual gods, Helios and Zeus + have a joint or rather a single sovereignty. Hence I think that + with reason Plato called Hades a wise god.<a id="noteref_658" name= + "noteref_658" href="#note_658"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">658</span></span></a> And + we call this same god Hades Serapis also, namely the Unseen<a id= + "noteref_659" name="noteref_659" href="#note_659"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">659</span></span></a> and + Intellectual, to whom Plato says the souls of those who have lived + most righteously and justly mount upwards. For let no one conceive + of him as the god whom the legends teach us to shudder at, but as + the mild and placable, since he completely frees our souls from + generation: and the souls that he has thus freed he does not nail + to other bodies, punishing them and exacting penalties, but he + carries aloft and lifts up our souls to the intelligible world. And + that this doctrine is not wholly new, but that Homer and Hesiod the + most venerable of the poets held it before us, whether this was + their own view or, like seers, they were divinely inspired with a + sacred frenzy for the truth, is evident from the following. Hesiod, + in tracing his genealogy, said<a id="noteref_660" name= + "noteref_660" href="#note_660"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">660</span></span></a> that + Helios is the son of Hyperion and Thea, intimating thereby that he + is the true son of him who is above all things. For who else could + Hyperion<a id="noteref_661" name="noteref_661" href= + "#note_661"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">661</span></span></a> be? + And is not Thea herself, in another fashion, said to be most divine + of beings? But as for a union or marriage, let us not conceive of + such a thing, since that is the incredible and paradoxical trifling + of the poetic Muse. But let us believe that his father and sire was + the most divine and supreme being; and who else could have this + nature save him who transcends all things, the central point and + goal of all things that exist? And Homer calls him Hyperion after + his father and shows his unconditioned nature, superior to all + constraint. For Zeus, as Homer says, since he is lord of all + constrains the other gods. And when, in the course of the myth, + Helios says that on account of the impiety of the comrades of + Odysseus<a id="noteref_662" name="noteref_662" href= + "#note_662"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">662</span></span></a> he + will forsake Olympus, Zeus no longer says,)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-left: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Αὐτῇ κεν γαίῃ ἐρύσαιμ᾽ αὐτῇ τε + θαλάσσῃ,</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Then with + very earth would I draw you up and the sea + withal,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id= + "noteref_663" name="noteref_663" href="#note_663"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">663</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">οὐδὲ ἀπειλεῖ + δεσμὸν οὐδὲ βίαν, ἀλλὰ τὴν δίκην φησὶν ἐπιθήσειν τοῖς ἡμαρτηκόσιν, + αὐτὸν δὲ ἀξιοῖ φαίνειν ἐν τοῖς θεοῖς. ἆρ᾽ οὐξὶ διὰ τούτων πρὸς τῷ + αὐτεξουσίῳ καὶ τελεσιουργὸν εἶναί φησι τὸν <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page372">[pg 372]</span><a name="Pg372" id="Pg372" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg373" id="Pg373" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Ἥλιον; ἐπὶ τί γὰρ αὐτοῦ οἱ θεοὶ δέονται, πλὴν + εἰ μὴ πρὸς τὴν οὐσίαν [B] καὶ τὸ εἶναι ἀφανῶς ἐναστράπτων ὧν ἔφαμεν + ἀγαθῶν ἀποπληρωτικὸς τυγχάνοι; τὸ γὰρ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(nor does he + threaten him with fetters or violence, but he says that he will + inflict punishment on the guilty and bids Helios go on shining + among the gods. Does he not thereby declare that besides being + unconditioned, Helios has also the power to perfect? For why do the + gods need him unless by sending his light, himself invisible, on + their substance and existence, he fulfils for them the blessings of + which I spoke? For when Homer says that)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἠέλιόν τ᾽ ἀκάμαντα βοῶπις πότνια + Ἥρη</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Πέμψεν ἐπ᾽ Ὠκεανοῖο ῥοὰς ἀέκοντα + νέεσθαι</span><a id="noteref_664" name="noteref_664" href= + "#note_664"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">664</span></span></a> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Ox-eyed + Hera, the queen, sent unwearied Helios to go, all unwilling, to + the streams of Oceanus,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">πρὸ τοῦ καιροῦ + φησι νομισθῆναι τὴν νύκτα διὰ τινα χαλεπὴν ὁμίχλην. αὕτη γὰρ ἡ θεός + που, καὶ ἄλλοθι τῆς ποιήσεώς φησιν,<a id="noteref_665" name= + "noteref_665" href="#note_665"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">665</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(he means that, + by reason of a heavy mist, it was thought to be night before the + proper time. And this mist is surely the goddess herself, and in + another place also in the poem he says,)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "margin-left: 21.60em; text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">ἠέρα δ᾽ Ἥρη</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Πίτνα πρόσθε βαθεῖαν. [C]</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Hera spread + before them a thick mist.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ἁλλὰ τὰ μὲν τῶν + ποιητῶν χαίρειν ἐάσωμεν· ἔχει γὰρ μετὰ τοῦ θείου πολὺ καὶ + τἀνθρώπινον· ἃ δὲ ἡμᾶς ἔοικεν αὐτὸς ὁ θεὸς διδάσκειν ὑπέρ τε αὑτοῦ + καὶ τῶν ἄλλων, ἐκεῖνα ἤδη διέλθωμεν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But let us + leave the stories of the poets alone. For along with what is + inspired they contain much also that is merely human. And let me + now relate what the god himself seems to teach us, both about + himself and the other gods.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὁ περὶ γῆν τόπος + ἐν τῷ γίνεσθαι τὸ εἶναι ἔχει. τίς οὖν ἐστιν ὁ τὴν ἀιδιότητα + δωρούμενος αὐτῷ; ἆρ᾽ οὐχ ὁ ταῦτα μέτροις ὡρισμένοις συνέχων; + ἄπειρον μὲν γὰρ [D] εἶναι φύσιν σώματος οὐχ οἷόν τ᾽ ἦν, ἐπεὶ μηδὲ + ἀγέννητός ἐστι μηδὲ αὐθυπόστατος· ἑκ δὲ τῆς οὐσίας εἰ πάντως + ἐγίνετό τι συνεχῶς, ἀνελύετο δὲ εἰς αὐτὴν μηδέν, ἐπέλειπεν ἂν τῶν + γιγνομένων ἡ οὐσία. τὴν δὴ τοιαύτην φύσιν ὁ θεὸς ὅδε μέτρῳ + κινούμενος προσιὼν μὲν ὀρθοῖ καὶ ἐγείρει, πόρρω δὲ ἀπιὼν ἐλαττοῖ + καὶ φθείρει, μᾶλλον δὲ αὐτὸς ἀεὶ ζωοποιεὶ κινῶν καὶ ἐποχετεύων αὐτῇ + τὴν ζωὴν· ἡ δὲ ἀπόλειψις αὐτοῦ καὶ ἡ πρὸς θάτερα [138] μετάστασις + αἰτία γίνεται φθορᾶς <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page374">[pg + 374]</span><a name="Pg374" id="Pg374" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg375" id="Pg375" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τοῖς φθίνουσιν. ἀεὶ μὲν οὖν ἡ παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ τῶν + ἀγαθῶν δόσις ἴση κάτεισιν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν· ἄλλοτε γὰρ ἄλλη δέχεται τὰ + τοιαῦτα χώρα πρὸς τὸ μήτε τὴν γένεσιν ἐπιλείπειν μήτε τοῦ συνήθους + ποτὲ τὸν θεὸν ἔλαττον ἢ πλέον εὖ ποιῆσαι τὸν παθητὸν κόσμον. ἡ γὰρ + ταυτότης ὥσπερ τῆς οὐσίας, οὕτω δὲ καὶ τῆς ἐνεργείας ἐν τοῖς θεοῖς + καὶ πρό γε τῶν ἄλλων παρὰ τῷ βασιλεῖ τῶν ὅλων Ἡλίῳ, ὃς καὶ τὴν + κίνησιν ἁπλουστάτην ὑπὲρ ἅπαντας ποιεῖται τοὺς τῷ παντὶ [B] τὴν + ἐναντίαν φερομένους· ὃ δὴ καὶ αὐτὸ τῆς πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους ὑπεροχῆς + αὐτοῦ σημεῖον ποιεῖται ὁ κλεινὸς Ἀριστοτέλης· ἀλλὰ καὶ παρὰ τῶν + ἄλλων νοερῶν θεῶν οὐκ ἀμυδραὶ καθήκουσιν εἰς τὸν κόσμον τόνδε + δυνάμεις. εἶτα τί τοῦτο; μὴ γὰρ ἀποκλείομεν τοὺς ἄλλους τούτῳ τὴν + ἡγεμονίαν ὁμολογοῦντες δεδόσθαι; πολὺ δὲ πλέον ἐκ τῶν ἐμφανῶν + ἀξιοῦμεν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀφανῶν πιστεύειν. ὥσπερ [C] γὰρ τὰς ἐνδιδομένας + ἅπασιν ἐκεῖθεν δυνάμεις εἰς τὴν γῆν οὗτος φαίνεται τελεσιουργῶν καὶ + συναρμόζων πρός τε ἑαυτὸν καὶ τὸ πᾶν, οὕτω δὴ νομιστέον καὶ ἐν τοῖς + ἀφανέσιν αὐτῶν τὰς συνουσίας ἔχειν πρὸς ἀλλήλας, ἡγεμόνα μὲν + ἐκείνην, συμφωνούσας δὲ πρὸς αὐτὴν τὰς ἄλλας ἅμα. ἐπεὶ καί, εί + μέσον ἔφαμεν ἐν μέσοις ἱδρῦσθαι τὸν θεὸν τοῖς νοεροῖς θεοῖς, ποταπή + τις ἡ μεσότης ἐστὶν ὧν αὖ χρὴ μέσον <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page376">[pg 376]</span><a name="Pg376" id="Pg376" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg377" id="Pg377" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> αὐτὸν ὑπολαβεῖν, αὐτὸς ἡμῖν ὁ βασιλεὺς εἰπεῖν + Ἥλιος δοίη.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(The region of + the earth contains being in a state of becoming. Then who endows it + with imperishability? Is it not he<a id="noteref_666" name= + "noteref_666" href="#note_666"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">666</span></span></a> who + keeps it all together by means of definite limits? For that the + nature of being should be unlimited was not possible, since it is + neither uncreated nor self-subsistent. And if from being something + were generated absolutely without ceasing and nothing were resolved + back into it, the substance of things generated would fail. + Accordingly this god, moving in due measure, raises up and + stimulates this substance when he approaches it, and when he + departs to a distance he diminishes and destroys it; or rather he + himself continually revivifies it by giving it movement and + flooding it with life. And his departure and turning in the other + direction is the cause of decay for things that perish. Ever does + his gift of blessings descend evenly upon the earth. For now one + country now another receives them, to the end that becoming may not + cease nor the god ever benefit less or more than is his custom this + changeful world. For sameness, as of being so also of activity, + exists among the gods, and above all the others in the case of the + King of the All, Helios; and he also makes the simplest movement of + all the heavenly bodies<a id="noteref_667" name="noteref_667" href= + "#note_667"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">667</span></span></a> that + travel in a direction opposite to the whole. In fact this is the + very thing that the celebrated Aristotle makes a proof of his + superiority, compared with the others. Nevertheless from the other + intellectual gods also, forces clearly discernible descend to this + world. And now what does this mean? Are we not excluding the others + when we assert that the leadership has been assigned to Helios? + Nay, far rather do I think it right from the visible to have faith + about the invisible.<a id="noteref_668" name="noteref_668" href= + "#note_668"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">668</span></span></a> For + even as this god is seen to complete and to adapt to himself and to + the universe the powers that are bestowed on the earth from the + other gods for all things, after the same fashion we must believe + that among the invisible gods also there is intercourse with one + another; his mode of intercourse being that of a leader, while the + modes of intercourse of the others are at the same time in harmony + with his. For since we said that the god is established midmost + among the midmost intellectual gods, may King Helios himself grant + to us to tell what is the nature of that middleness among things of + which we must regard him as the middle.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[D] Μεσότητα μὲν + δή φαμεν οὐ τὴν ἐν τοῖς ἐναντίοις θεωρουμένην ἴσον ἀφεστῶσαν τῶν + ἄκρων, οἷον ἐπὶ χρωμάτων τὸ ξανθὸν ἢ φαιόν, ἐπὶ δὲ θερμοῦ καὶ + ψυχροῦ τὸ χλιαρόν, καὶ ὅσα τοιαῦτα, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἑνωτικὴν καὶ + συνάγουσαν τὰ διεστῶτα, ὁποίαν τινά φησιν Ἐμπεδοκλῆς τὴν ἁρμονίαν + ἐξορίζων αὐτῆς παντελῶς τὸ νεῖκος. τίνα οὖν ἐστιν, ἃ συνάγει, καὶ + τίνων ἐστὶ μέσος; φημὶ δὴ οὖν ὅτι τῶν τε ἐμφανῶν καὶ περικοσμίων + θεῶν καὶ τῶν ἀύλων καὶ νοητῶν, [139] οἳ περὶ τἀγαθόν εἰσιν, ὥσπερ + πολυπλασιαζομένης ἀπαθῶς καὶ ἄνευ προσθήκης τῆς νοητῆς καὶ θείας + οὐσίας. ὡς μὲν οὖν ἐστι μέση τις, οὐκ ἀπὸ τῶν ἄκρων κραθεῖσα, + τελεία δὲ καὶ ἀμιγὴς ἀφ᾽ ὅλων τῶν θεῶν ἐμφανῶν τε καὶ ἀφανῶν καὶ + αἰσθητῶν καὶ νοητῶν ἡ τοῦ βασιλέως Ἡλίου νοερὰ καὶ πάνκαλος οὐσία, + καὶ ὁποίαν τινὰ χρὴ τὴν μεσότητα νομίζειν, εἴρηται. εἰ δὲ δεῖ καὶ + τοῖς καθ᾽ ἕκαστον ἐπεξελθεῖν, ἵν᾽ αὐτοῦ καὶ κατ᾽ εἴδη τὸ μέσον τῆς + οὐσίας, ὅπως ἔχει πρός τε τὰ πρῶτα καὶ τὰ τελευταῖα,<a id= + "noteref_669" name="noteref_669" href="#note_669"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">669</span></span></a> [B] + τῷ νῷ κατίδωμεν, εἰ καὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page378">[pg + 378]</span><a name="Pg378" id="Pg378" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg379" id="Pg379" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> μὴ πάντα διελθεῖν ῥᾴδιον, ἀλλ᾽ οὖν τὰ δυνατὰ + φράσαι πειραθῶμεν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now + <span class="tei tei-q">“middleness”</span><a id="noteref_670" + name="noteref_670" href="#note_670"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">670</span></span></a> we + define not as that mean which in opposites is seen to be equally + remote from the extremes, as, for instance, in colours, tawny or + dusky, and warm in the case of hot and cold, and the like, but that + which unifies and links together what is separate; for instance the + sort of thing that Empedocles<a id="noteref_671" name="noteref_671" + href="#note_671"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">671</span></span></a> means + by Harmony when from it he altogether eliminates Strife. And now + what does Helios link together, and of what is he the middle? I + assert then that he is midway between the visible gods who surround + the universe and the immaterial and intelligible gods who surround + the Good—for the intelligible and divine substance is as it were + multiplied without external influence and without addition. For + that the intellectual and wholly beautiful substance of King Helios + is middle in the sense of being unmixed with extremes, complete in + itself, and distinct from the whole number of the gods, visible and + invisible, both those perceptible by sense and those which are + intelligible only, I have already declared, and also in what sense + we must conceive of his middleness. But if I must also describe + these things one by one, in order that we may discern with our + intelligence how his intermediary nature, in its various forms, is + related both to the highest and the lowest, even though it is not + easy to recount it all, yet let me try to say what can be + said.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἓν παντελῶς τὸ + νοητὸν ἀεὶ προüπάρχον, τὰ<a id="noteref_672" name="noteref_672" + href="#note_672"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">672</span></span></a> δὲ + πάντα ὁμοῦ συνειληφὸς ἐν τῷ ἑνί. τί δέ; οὐχὶ καὶ ὁ σύμπας κόσμος ἕν + ἐστι ζῷον ὅλον δι᾽ ὅλου ψυχῆς καὶ νοῦ πλῆρες, τέλειον ἐκ μερῶν + τελείων;<a id="noteref_673" name="noteref_673" href= + "#note_673"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">673</span></span></a> + ταύτης οὖν τῆς διπλῆς ἑνοειδοῦς τελειότητος· φημὶ δὲ τῆς ἐν τῷ + νοητῷ πάντα ἐν ἑνὶ συνεχούσης, καὶ τῆς περὶ τὸν κόσμον [C] εἰς μίαν + καὶ τὴν αὐτὴν φύσιν τελείαν συναγομένης ἑνώσεως· ἡ τοῦ βασιλέως + Ἡλίου μέση τελειότης ἑνοειδής ἐστιν, ἐν τοῖς νοεροῖς ἱδρυμένη + θεοῖς. ἀλλὰ δὴ τὸ μετὰ τοῦτο συνοχή τίς ἐστιν ἐν τῷ νοητῷ τῶν θεῶν + κόσμῳ πάντα πρὸς τὸ ἓν συντάττουσα. τί δέ; οὐχὶ καὶ περὶ τὸν + οὐρανὸν φαίνεται κύκλῳ πορευομένη τοῦ πέμπτου σώματος οὐσία,<a id= + "noteref_674" name="noteref_674" href="#note_674"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">674</span></span></a> ἣ + πάντα συνέχει τὰ μέρη καὶ σφίγγει πρὸς αὑτὰ συνέχουσα τὸ φύσει + σκεδαστὸν αὐτῶν καὶ ἀπορρέον ἀπ᾽ ἀλλήλων; δύο δὴ ταύτας τὰς<a id= + "noteref_675" name="noteref_675" href="#note_675"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">675</span></span></a> + οὐσίας συνοχῆς αἰτίας, τὴν μὲν ἐν τοῖς νοητοῖς, [D] τὴν δὲ ἐν τοῖς + αἰσθητοῖς φαινομένην ὁ βασιλεὺς Ἥλιος εἰς ταὐτὸ συνάπτει, τῆς μὲν + μιμούμενος τὴν συνεκτικὴν δύναμιν ἐν τοῖς νοεροῖς, ἅτε ἐξ αὐτῆς + προελθών, τῆς δὲ τελευταίας προκατάρχων, ἣ περὶ τὸν ἐμφανῆ + θεωρεῖται κόσμον. μή ποτε οὖν καὶ τὸ <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page380">[pg 380]</span><a name="Pg380" id="Pg380" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg381" id="Pg381" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> αὐθυπόστατον πρῶτον μὲν ἐν τοῖς νοητοῖς + ὑπάρχον, τελευταῖον δ᾽ [140] ἐν τοῖς κατ᾽ οὐρανὸν φαινομένοις μέσην + ἔχει τὴν τοῦ βασιλέως οὐσίαν αὐθυπόστατον Ἡλίου, ἀφ᾽ ἧς κάτεισιν + οἰσίας πρωτουργοῦ εἰς τὸν ἐμφανῆ κόσμον ἡ περιλάμπουσα τὰ σύμπαντα + αὐγή; πάλιν δὲ κατ᾽ ἄλλο σκοποῦντι εἷς μὲν ὁ τῶν ὅλων δημιουργός, + πολλοὶ δὲ οἱ κατ᾽ οὐρανὸν περιπολοῦντες δημιουργικοὶ θεοί. μέσην + ἄρα καὶ τούτων τὴν ἀφ᾽ Ἡλίου καθήκουσαν εἰς τὸν κόσμον δημιουργίαν + θετέον. [B] ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ γόνιμον τῆς ζωῆς πολὺ μὲν καὶ ὑπέρπληρες ἐν + τῷ νοητῷ, φαίνεται δὲ ζωῆς γονίμου καὶ ὁ κόσμος ὢν πλήρης. πρόδηλον + οὖν ὅτι καὶ τὸ γόνιμον τοῦ βασιλέως Ἡλίου τῆς ζωῆς μέσον ἐστὶν + ἀμφοῖν, ἐπεὶ τούτῳ μαρτυρεῖ καὶ τὰ φαινόμενα· τὰ μὲν γὰρ τελειοῖ + τῶν εἰδῶν, τὰ δὲ ἐργάζεται, τὰ δὲ κοσμεῖ, τὰ δὲ ἀνεγείρει, καὶ ἓν + οὐδέν ἐστιν, ὃ δίχα τῆς ἀφ᾽ Ἡλίου δημιουργικῆς δυνάμεως εἰς φῶς + πρόεισι [C] καὶ γένεσιν. ἔτι πρὸς τούτοις εἰ τὴν ἐν τοῖς νοητοῖς + ἄχραντον καὶ καθαρὰν ἄυλον οὐσίαν νοήσαιμεν, οὐδενὸς ἔξωθεν αὐτῇ + προσιόντος οὐδὲ ἐνυπάρχοντος ἀλλοτρίου, πλήρη δὲ τῆς οἰκείας + ἀχράντου καθαρότητος, τήν τε ἐν τῷ <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page382">[pg 382]</span><a name="Pg382" id="Pg382" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg383" id="Pg383" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> κόσμῳ περὶ τὸ κύκλῳ φερόμενον σῶμα πρὸς πάντα + ἀμιγῆ τὰ στοιχεῖα λίαν εἰλικρινῆ καὶ καθαρὰν φύσιν ἀχράντου καὶ + δαιμονίου σώματος, ἑυρήσομεν καὶ τὴν τοῦ βασιλέως [D] Ἡλίου λαμπρὰν + καὶ ἀκήρατον οὐσίαν ἀμφοῖν μέσην, τῆς τε ἐν τοῖς νοητοῖς ἀύλου + καθαρότητος καὶ τῆς ἐν τοῖς αἰσθητοῖς ἀχράντου καὶ ἀμιγοῦς πρὸς + γένεσιν καὶ φθορὰν καθαρᾶς εἰλικρινείας. μέγιστον δὲ τούτου + τεκμήριον, ὅτι μηδὲ τὸ φῶς, ὃ μάλιστα ἐκεῖθεν ἐπὶ γῆν φέρεται, + συμμίγνυταί τινι μηδὲ ἀναδέχεται ῥύπον καὶ μίασμα, μένει δὲ πάντως + ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς οὖσιν ἄχραντον καὶ ἀμόλυντον καὶ ἀπαθές.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Wholly one is + the intelligible world, pre-existent from all time, and it combines + all things together in the One. Again is not our whole world also + one complete living organism, wholly throughout the whole of it + full of soul and intelligence, <span class="tei tei-q">“perfect, + with all its parts perfect”</span>? Midway then between this + uniform two-fold perfection—I mean that one kind of unity holds + together in one all that exists in the intelligible world, while + the other kind of unity unites in the visible world all things into + one and the same perfect nature—between these, I say, is the + uniform perfection of King Helios, established among the + intellectual gods. There is, however, next in order, a sort of + binding force in the intelligible world of the gods, which orders + all things into one. Again is there not visible in the heavens + also, travelling in its orbit, the nature of the Fifth Substance, + which links and compresses<a id="noteref_676" name="noteref_676" + href="#note_676"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">676</span></span></a> + together all the parts, holding together things that by nature are + prone to scatter and to fall away from one another? These + existences, therefore, which are two causes of connection, one in + the intelligible world, while the other appears in the world of + sense-perception, King Helios combines into one, imitating the + synthetic power of the former among the intellectual gods, seeing + that he proceeds from it, and subsisting prior to the latter which + is seen in the visible world. Then must not the unconditioned also, + which exists primarily in the intelligible world, and finally among + the visible bodies in the heavens, possess midway between these two + the unconditioned substance of King Helios, and from that primary + creative substance do not the rays of his light, illumining all + things, descend to the visible world? Again, to take another point + of view, the creator of the whole is one, but many are the creative + gods<a id="noteref_677" name="noteref_677" href= + "#note_677"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">677</span></span></a> who + revolve in the heavens. Midmost therefore of these also we must + place the creative activity which descends into the world from + Helios. But also the power of generating life is abundant and + overflowing in the intelligible world; and our world also appears + to be full of generative life. It is therefore evident that the + life-generating power of King Helios also is midway between both + the worlds: and the phenomena of our world also bear witness to + this. For some forms he perfects, others he makes, or adorns, or + wakes to life, and there is no single thing which, apart from the + creative power derived from Helios, can come to light and to birth. + And further, besides this, if we should comprehend the pure and + undefiled and immaterial substance<a id="noteref_678" name= + "noteref_678" href="#note_678"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">678</span></span></a> among + the intelligible gods—to which nothing external is added, nor has + any alien thing a place therein, but it is filled with its own + unstained purity—and if we should comprehend also the pure and + unmixed nature of unstained and divine substance, whose elements + are wholly unmixed, and which, in the visible universe, surrounds + the substance that revolves,<a id="noteref_679" name="noteref_679" + href="#note_679"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">679</span></span></a> here + also we should discover the radiant and stainless substance of King + Helios, midway between the two; that is to say, midway between the + immaterial purity that exists among the intelligible gods, and that + perfect purity, unstained and free from birth and death, that + exists in the world which we can perceive. And the greatest proof + of this is that not even the light which comes down nearest to the + earth from the sun is mixed with anything, nor does it admit dirt + and defilement, but remains wholly pure and without stain and free + from external influences among all existing things.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἔτι δὲ + προσεκτέον τοῖς ἀύλοις εἴδεσι καὶ νοητοῖς, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς αἰσθητοῖς, + ὅσα περὶ τὴν ὕλην ἐστὶν [141] ἢ περὶ τὸ ὑποκείμενον. ἀναφανήσεται + πάλιν ἐνταῦθα μέσον τὸ νοερὸν τῶν περὶ τὸν μέγαν Ἥλιον εἰδῶν, ὑφ᾽ + ὧν καὶ τὰ περὶ τὴν ὕλην εἴδη βοηθεῖται μήποτε ἂν δυνηθέντα μήτε + εἶναι μήτε σώζεσθαι μὴ παρ᾽ ἐκείνου πρὸς τὴν οὐσίαν συνεργούμενα. + τί γάρ; οὐχ οὗτος ἐστι τῆς διακρίσεως τῶν εἰδῶν καὶ συγκρίσεως τῆς + ὕλης αἴτιος, οὐ νοεῖν ἡμῖν αὑτὸν μόνον παρέχων, ἁλλὰ καὶ ὁρᾶν + ὄμμασιν; ἡ γάρ τοι τῶν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page384">[pg + 384]</span><a name="Pg384" id="Pg384" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg385" id="Pg385" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀκτίνων εἰς πάντα τὸν κόσμον διανομὴ καὶ ἡ + τοῦ φωτὸς ἕνωσις [B] τὴν δημιουργικὴν ἐνδείκνυται διάκρισιν τῆς + ποιήσεως.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But we must go + on to consider the immaterial and intelligible forms,<a id= + "noteref_680" name="noteref_680" href="#note_680"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">680</span></span></a> and + also those visible forms which are united with matter or the + substratum. Here again, the intellectual will be found to be + midmost among the forms that surround mighty Helios, by which forms + in their turn the material forms are aided; for they never could + have existed or been preserved, had they not been brought, by his + aid, into connection with being. For consider: is not he the cause + of the separation of the forms, and of the combination of matter, + in that he not only permits us to comprehend his very self, but + also to behold him with our eyes? For the distribution of his rays + over the whole universe, and the unifying power of his light, prove + him to be the master workman who gives an individual existence to + everything that is created.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Πολλῶν δὲ ὄντων + ἔτι περὶ τὴν οὐσίαν τοῦ θεοῦ τῶν φαινομένων ἀγαθῶν, ἃ δὴ ὅτι μέσος + ἐστὶ τῶν τε νοητῶν καὶ τῶν ἐγκοσμίων θεῶν παρίστησιν, ἐπὶ τὴν + τελευταίαν αὐτοῦ μετίωμεν ἐμφανῆ λῆξιν. πρώτη μὲν οὖν ἐστιν αὐτοῦ + τῶν περὶ τὸν τελευταῖον κόσμον ἡ τῶν ἡλιακῶν ἀγγέλων οἷον ἐν + παραδείγματι τὴν ἰδέαν καὶ τὴν ὑπόστασιν ἔχουσα· μετὰ ταύτην δὲ ἡ + τῶν αἰσθητῶν γεννητική, [C] ἧς τὸ μὲν τιμιώτερον οὐρανοῦ καὶ + ἀστέρων ἔχει τὴν αἰτίαν, τὸ δὲ ὑποδεέστερον ἐπιτροπεύει τὴν + γένεσιν, ἐξ ἀιδίου περιέχον αὐτῆς ἐν ἑαυτῷ τὴν ἀγέννητον αἰτίαν. + ἅπαντα μὲν οὖν τὰ περὶ τὴν οὐσίαν τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦδε διελθεῖν οὐδὲ εἴ + τῳ δοίη νοῆσαι αὐτὰ<a id="noteref_681" name="noteref_681" href= + "#note_681"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">681</span></span></a> ὁ + θεὸς οὗτος δυνατόν, ὅπου καὶ τὰ πάντα περιλαβεῖν τῷ νῷ ἔμοιγε + φαίνεται ἀδύνατον.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now though + there are many more blessings connected with the substance of the + god and apparent to us, which show that he is midway between the + intelligible and the mundane gods<a id="noteref_682" name= + "noteref_682" href="#note_682"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">682</span></span></a> let + us proceed to his last visible province. His first province then in + the last of the worlds is, as though by way of a pattern, to give + form and personality to the sun's angels.<a id="noteref_683" name= + "noteref_683" href="#note_683"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">683</span></span></a> Next + is his province of generating the world of sense-perception, of + which the more honourable part contains the cause of the heavens + and the heavenly bodies, while the inferior part guides this our + world of becoming, and from eternity contains in itself the + uncreated cause of that world. Now to describe all the properties + of the substance of this god, even though the god himself should + grant one to comprehend them, is impossible, seeing that even to + grasp them all with the mind is, in my opinion, beyond our + power.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐπεὶ δὲ πολλὰ + διεληλύθαμεν, ἐπιθετέον ὥσπερ σφραγῖδα τῷ λόγῳ τῷδε μέλλοντας ἐφ᾽ + ἕτερα μεταβαίνειν οὐκ ἐλάττονος [D] τῆς θεωρίας δεόμενα. τίς οὖν ἡ + σφραγὶς καὶ οἷον ἐν κεφαλαίῳ τὰ πάντα περιλαμβάνουσα ἡ περὶ τῆς + οὐσίας τοῦ θεοῦ νόησις, αὐτὸς ἡμῖν ἐπὶ νοῦν θείη βουλομένοις ἐν + βραχεῖ συνελεῖν τήν τε αἰτίαν, ἀφ᾽ ἧς προῆλθε, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page386">[pg 386]</span><a name="Pg386" id="Pg386" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg387" id="Pg387" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ αὐτὸς ὅστις ἐστί, τίνων τε ἀποπληροῖ τὸν + ἐμφανῆ κόσμον. ῥητέον οὖν ὡς ἐξ ἑνὸς μὲν προῆλθε τοῦ θεοῦ εἷς ἀφ᾽ + ἑνὸς τοῦ νοητοῦ κόσμου βασιλεὺς Ἥλιος, [142] τῶν νοερῶν θεῶν μέσος + ἐν μέσοις τεταγμένος κατὰ παντοίαν μεσότητα, τὴν ὁμόφρονα καὶ φίλην + καὶ τὰ διεστῶτα συνάγουσαν, εἰς ἕνωσιν ἄγων τὰ τελευταῖα τοῖς + πρώτοις, τελειότητος καὶ συνοχῆς καὶ γονίμου ζωῆς καὶ τῆς ἑνοειδοῦς + οὐσίας τὰ μέσα ἔχων ἐν ἑαυτῷ, τῷ τε αἰσθητῷ κόσμῳ παντοίων ἀγαθῶν + προηγούμενος,<a id="noteref_684" name="noteref_684" href= + "#note_684"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">684</span></span></a> οὐ + μόνον δι᾽ ἧς αὐτὸς αὐγῆς περιλάμπει κοσμῶν καὶ φαιδρύνων, ἀλλὰ καὶ + τὴν οὐσίαν τῶν ἡλιακῶν ἀγγέλων<a id="noteref_685" name= + "noteref_685" href="#note_685"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">685</span></span></a> ἑαυτῷ + συνυποστήσας καὶ τὴν ἀγέννητον αἰτίαν [B] τῶν γινομένων περιέχων, + ἔτι τε πρὸ ταύτης τῶν ἀιδίων σωμάτων τὴν ἀγήρω καὶ μόνιμον τῆς ζωῆς + αἰτίαν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But since I + have already described many of them, I must set a seal, as it were, + on this discourse, now that I am about to pass to other subjects + that demand no less investigation. What then that seal is, and what + is the knowledge of the god's substance that embraces all these + questions, and as it were sums them up under one head, may he + himself suggest to my mind, since I desire to describe in a brief + summary both the cause from which he proceeded, and his own nature, + and those blessings with which he fills the visible world. This + then we must declare, that King Helios is One and proceeds from one + god, even from the intelligible world which is itself One; and that + he is midmost of the intellectual gods, stationed in their midst by + every kind of mediateness that is harmonious and friendly, and that + joins what is sundered; and that he brings together into one the + last and the first, having in his own person the means of + completeness, of connection, of generative life and of uniform + being: and that for the world which we can perceive he initiates + blessings of all sorts, not only by means of the light with which + he illumines it, adorning it and giving it its splendour, but also + because he calls into existence, along with himself, the substance + of the Sun's angels; and that finally in himself he comprehends the + ungenerated cause of things generated, and further, and prior to + this, the ageless and abiding cause of the life of the imperishable + bodies.<a id="noteref_686" name="noteref_686" href= + "#note_686"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">686</span></span></a>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἃ μὲν οὖν περὶ + τῆς οὐσίας ἐχρῆν εἰπεῖν τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦδε, καίτοι τῶν πλείστων + παραλειφθέντων, εἴρηται ὅμως οὐκ ὀλίγα· ἐπεὶ δὲ τὸ τῶν δυνάμεων + αὐτοῦ πλῆθος καὶ τὸ τῶν ἐνεργειῶν κάλλος τοσοῦτόν ἐστιν, ὥστε εἶναι + τῶν περὶ τὴν οὐσίαν αὐτοῦ θεωρουμένων ὑπερβολήν, ἐπεὶ καὶ πέφυκε τὰ + θεῖα προϊόντα εἰς τὸ ἐμφανὲς πληθύνεσθαι διὰ τὸ περιὸν καὶ γόνιμον + τῆς ζωῆς, ὅρα τί δράσομεν, [C] οἳ <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page388">[pg 388]</span><a name="Pg388" id="Pg388" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg389" id="Pg389" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> πρὸς ἀχανὲς πέλαγος ἀποδυόμεθα, μόγις καὶ + ἀγαπητῶς ἐκ πολλοῦ τοῦ πρόσθεν ἀναπαυόμενοι λόγου. τολμητέον δ᾽ + ὅμως τῷ θεῷ θαρροῦντα καὶ πειρατέον ἅψασθαι τοῦ λόγου.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now as for what + it was right to say about the substance of this god, though the + greater part has been omitted, nevertheless much has been said. But + since the multitude of his powers and the beauty of his activities + is so great that we shall now exceed the limit of what we observed + about his substance,—for it is natural that when divine things come + forth into the region of the visible they should be multiplied, in + virtue of the superabundance of life and life-generating power in + them,—consider what I have to do. For now I must strip for a plunge + into this fathomless sea, though I have barely, and as best I + might, taken breath, after the first part of this discourse. + Venture I must, nevertheless, and putting my trust in the god + endeavour to handle the theme.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Κοινῶς μὲν δὴ τὰ + πρόσθεν ῥηθέντα περὶ τῆς οὐσίας αὐτοῦ ταῖς δυνάμεσι προσήκειν + ὑποληπτέον. οὐ γὰρ ἄλλο μέν ἐστιν οὐσία θεοῦ, δύναμις δὲ ἄλλο, [D] + καὶ μὰ Δία τρίτον παρὰ ταῦτα ἐνέργεια. πάντα γὰρ ἅπερ βούλεται, + ταῦτα ἔστι καὶ δύναται καὶ ἐνεργεῖ· οὔτε γὰρ ὃ μὴ ἔστι βούλεται, + οὔτε ὃ βούλεται δρᾶν οὐ σθένει, οὔθ᾽ ὃ μὴ δύναται ἐνεργεῖν ἐθέλει. + ταῦτα μὲν οὖν περὶ τὸν ἄνθρωπον οὐχ ὧδε ἔχει· διττὴ γάρ ἐστι + μαχομένη φύσις εἰς ἓν κεκραμένη ψυχῆς καὶ σώματος, τῆς μὲν θείας, + τοῦ δὲ σκοτεινοῦ τε καὶ ζοφώδους· ἔοικέ τε εἶναι μάχη τις καὶ + στάσις. ἐπεὶ καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης φησὶ<a id="noteref_687" name= + "noteref_687" href="#note_687"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">687</span></span></a> διὰ + τὸ τοιοῦτο [143] μήτε τὰς ἡδονὰς ὁμολογεῖν μήτε τὰς λύπας ἀλλήλαις + ἐν ἡμῖν· τὸ γὰρ θατέρᾳ, φησί, τῶν ἐν ἡμῖν φύσεων ἡδὺ τῇ πρὸς ταύτην + ἀντικειμένῃ πέφυκεν ἀλγεινόν· ἐν δὲ τοῖς θεοῖς οὐδέν ἐστι + τοιοῦτον·<a id="noteref_688" name="noteref_688" href= + "#note_688"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">688</span></span></a> οὐσίᾳ + γὰρ αὐτοῖς ὑπάρχει τἀγαθὰ καὶ διηνεκῶς, οὐ ποτὲ μὲν, ποτὲ δ᾽ οὔ. + πρῶτον οὖν ὅσαπερ ἔφαμεν, τὴν οὐσίαν αὐτοῦ παραστῆσαι βουλόμενοι, + ταῦθ᾽ ἡμῖν εἰρῆσθαι καὶ περὶ τῶν δυνάμεων καὶ ἐνεργειῶν νομιστέον. + ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐν τοῖς τοιούτοις ὁ λόγος ἔοικεν ἀντιστρέφειν, ὅσα καὶ περὶ + τῶν δυνάμεων αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐνεργειῶν ἐφεξῆς σκοποῦμεν, [B] ταῦτα οὐκ + ἔργα μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ οὐσίαν νομιστέον. εἰσὶ γάρ τοι <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page390">[pg 390]</span><a name="Pg390" id="Pg390" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg391" id="Pg391" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> θεοὶ συγγενεῖς Ἡλίῳ καὶ συμφυεῖς, τὴν + ἄχραντον οὐσίαν τοῦ θεοῦ κορυφούμενοι, πληθυνόμενοι μὲν ἐν τῷ + κόσμῳ, περὶ αὐτὸν δὲ ἑνοειδῶς ὄντες. ἄκουε δὴ πρῶτον ὅσα φασὶν οἱ + τὸν οὐρανὸν οὐχ ὥσπερ ἵπποι καὶ βόες ὁρῶντες ἤ τι τῶν ἀλόγων καὶ + ἀμαθῶν ζῴων, ἀλλ᾽ ἐξ αὐτοῦ τὴν ἀφανῆ πολυπραγμονοῦντες φύσιν· ἔτι + δὲ πρὸ τούτων, εἴ σοι φίλον, [C] περὶ τῶν ὑπερκοσμίων δυνάμεων + αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐνεργειῶν, καὶ ἐκ μυρίων τὸ πλῆθος ὀλίγα θέασαι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(We must assume + that what has just been said about his substance applies equally to + his powers.<a id="noteref_689" name="noteref_689" href= + "#note_689"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">689</span></span></a> For + it cannot be that a god's substance is one thing, and his power + another, and his activity, by Zeus, a third thing besides these. + For all that he wills he is, and can do, and puts into action. For + he does not will what is not, nor does he lack power to do what he + wills, nor does he desire to put into action what he cannot. In the + case of a human being, however, this is otherwise. For his is a + two-fold contending nature of soul and body compounded into one, + the former divine, the latter dark and clouded. Naturally, + therefore, there is a battle and a feud between them. And Aristotle + also says that this is why neither the pleasures nor the pains in + us harmonise with one another. For he says that what is pleasant to + one of the natures within us is painful to the nature which is its + opposite. But among the gods there is nothing of this sort. For + from their very nature what is good belongs to them, and + perpetually, not intermittently. In the first place, then, all that + I said when I tried to show forth his substance, I must be + considered to have said about his powers and activities also. And + since in such cases the argument is naturally convertible, all that + I observe next in order concerning his powers and activities must + be considered to apply not to his activities only, but to his + substance also. For verily there are gods related to Helios and of + like substance who sum up the stainless nature of this god, and + though in the visible world they are plural, in him they are one. + And now listen first to what they assert who look at the heavens, + not like horses and cattle, or some other unreasoning and ignorant + animal,<a id="noteref_690" name="noteref_690" href= + "#note_690"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">690</span></span></a> but + from it draw their conclusions about the unseen world. But even + before this, if you please, consider his supra-mundane powers and + activities, and out of a countless number, observe but a few.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Πρώτη δὴ τῶν + δυνάμεών ἐστιν αὐτοῦ, δι᾽ ἧς ὅλην δι᾽ ὅλης τὴν νοερὰν οὐσίαν, τὰς + ἀκρότητας αὐτῆς εἰς ἓν καὶ ταὐτὸ συνάγων, ἀποφαίνει μίαν. ὅσπερ γὰρ + περὶ τὸν αἰσθητόν ἐστι κόσμον ἐναργῶς κατανοῆσαι, πυρὸς καὶ γῆς + εἰλημμένον ἀέρα καὶ ὕδωρ ἐν μέσῳ, τῶν ἄκρων σύνδεσμον, τοῦτο οὐκ ἄν + τις εἰκότως [D] ἐπὶ τῆς πρὸ τῶν σωμάτων αἰτίας κεχωρισμένης, ἣ τῆς + γενέσεως ἔχουσα τὴν ἀρχὴν οὐκ ἔστι γένεσις, οὕτω διατετάχθαι + νομίσειεν, ὥστε καὶ ἐν ἐκείνοις τὰς ἄκρας αἰτίας κεχωρισμένας πάντη + τῶν σωμάτων ὑπό τινων μεσοτήτων εἰς ταὐτὸ παρὰ τοῦ βασιλέως Ἡλίου + συναγομένας ἑνοῦσθαι περὶ αὐτόν; συντρέχει δὲ αὐτῷ καὶ ἡ τοῦ Διὸς + δημιουργικὴ δύναμις, δι᾽ ἣν ἔφαμεν καὶ πρότερον ἱδρῦσθαί τε αὐτοῖς + ἐν Κύπρῳ καὶ ἀποδεδεῖχθαι κοινῇ τὰ τεμένη· [144] καὶ τὸν Ἀπόλλω δὲ + αὐτὸν ἐμαρτυρόμεθα τῶν λόγων, ὃν εἰκὸς δήπουθεν ὑπὲρ τῆς ἑαυτοῦ + φύσεως ἄμεινον εἰδέναι· <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page392">[pg + 392]</span><a name="Pg392" id="Pg392" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg393" id="Pg393" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> σύνεστι γὰρ καὶ οὗτος Ἡλίῳ καὶ ἐπικοινωνεῖ + διὰ τὴν<a id="noteref_691" name="noteref_691" href= + "#note_691"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">691</span></span></a> + ἁπλότητα τῶν νοήσεων καὶ τὸ μόνιμον τῆς οὐσίας καὶ κατὰ ταὐτὰ ὂν + τῆς ἐνεργείας.<a id="noteref_692" name="noteref_692" href= + "#note_692"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">692</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(First, then, of + his powers is that through which he reveals the whole intellectual + substance throughout as one, since he brings together its extremes. + For even as in the world of sense-perception we can clearly discern + air and water set between fire and earth,<a id="noteref_693" name= + "noteref_693" href="#note_693"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">693</span></span></a> as + the link that binds together the extremes, would one not reasonably + suppose that, in the case of the cause which is separate from + elements and prior to them—and though it is the principle of + generation, is not itself generation—it is so ordered that, in that + world also, the extreme causes which are wholly separate from + elements are bound together into one through certain modes of + mediation, by King Helios, and are united about him as their + centre? And the creative power of Zeus also coincides with him, by + reason of which in Cyprus, as I said earlier, shrines are founded + and assigned to them in common. And Apollo himself also we called + to witness to our statements, since it is certainly likely that he + knows better than we about his own nature. For he too abides with + Helios and is his colleague by reason of the singleness of his + thoughts and the stability of his substance and the consistency of + his activity.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν + Διονύσου μεριστὴν δημιουργίαν οὐδαμοῦ φαίνεται χωρίζων ὁ θεὸς + Ἡλίου· τούτῳ δὲ αὐτὴν ὑποτάττων ἀεὶ καὶ ἀποφαίνων σύνθρονον + ἐξηγητὴς ἡμῖν ἐστι τῶν ἐπὶ τοῦ θεοῦ καλλίστων διανοημάτων. [B] + πάσας δὲ ἐν αὑτῷ περιέχων ὁ θεὸς ὅδε τὰς ἀρχὰς τῆς καλλίστης νοερᾶς + συγκράσεως Ἥλιος Ἀπόλλων ἐστὶ Μουσηγέτης. ἐπεὶ δὲ καὶ ὅλην ἡμῖν τὴν + τῆς εὐταξίας ζωὴν συμπληροῖ, γεννᾷ μὲν ἐν κόσμῳ τὸν Ἀσκληπιόν, ἔχει + δὲ αὐτὸν καὶ πρὸ τοῦ κόσμου παρ᾽ ἑαυτῷ.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But Apollo too + in no case appears to separate the dividing creative function of + Dionysus<a id="noteref_694" name="noteref_694" href= + "#note_694"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">694</span></span></a> from + Helios. And since he always subordinates it to Helios and so + indicates that Dionysus<a id="noteref_695" name="noteref_695" href= + "#note_695"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">695</span></span></a> is + his partner on the throne, Apollo is the interpreter for us of the + fairest purposes that are to be found with our god. Further Helios, + since he comprehends in himself all the principles of the fairest + intellectual synthesis, is himself Apollo the leader of the Muses. + And since he fills the whole of our life with fair order, he begat + Asclepios<a id="noteref_696" name="noteref_696" href= + "#note_696"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">696</span></span></a> in + the world, though even before the beginning of the world he had him + by his side.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλὰ πολλὰς μὲν + ἄν τις καὶ ἄλλας περὶ τὸν θεὸν τόνδε δυνάμεις θεωρῶν οὔποτ᾽ ἂν + ἐφίκοιτο πασῶν· ἀπόχρη δὲ τῆς μὲν χωριστῆς καὶ πρὸ τῶν σωμάτων ἐπ᾽ + αὐτῶν οἶμαι τῶν αἰτιῶν, αἳ κεχωρισμέναι τῆς φανερᾶς προϋπάρχουσι + δημιουργίας, ἴσην Ἡλίῳ [C] καὶ Διὶ τὴν δυναστείαν καὶ μίαν + ὑπάρχουσαν τεθεωρηκέναι, τὴν δὲ ἁπλότητα τῶν νοήσεων μετὰ τοῦ + διαιωνίου καὶ κατὰ ταὐτὰ μονίμου ξὺν Ἀπόλλωνι τεθεαμένοις, τὸ δὲ + μεριστὸν τῆς <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page394">[pg + 394]</span><a name="Pg394" id="Pg394" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg395" id="Pg395" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> δημιουργίας μετὰ τοῦ τὴν μεριστὴν + ἐπιτροπεύοντος οὐσίαν Διονύσου, τὸ δὲ τῆς καλλίστης συμμετρίας καὶ + νοερᾶς κράσεως περὶ τὴν τοῦ Μουσηγέτου δύναμιν τεθεωρηκόσι, τὸ + συμπληροῦν δὲ τὴν εὐταξίαν τῆς ὅλης ζωῆς ξὺν Ἀσκληπιῳ νοοῦσι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But though one + should survey many other powers that belong to this god, never + could one investigate them all. It is enough to have observed the + following: That there is an equal and identical dominion of Helios + and Zeus over the separate creation which is prior to substances, + in the region, that is to say, of the absolute causes which, + separated from visible creation, existed prior to it; secondly we + observed the singleness of his thoughts which is bound up with the + imperishableness and abiding sameness that he shares with Apollo; + thirdly, the dividing part of his creative function which he shares + with Dionysus who controls divided substance; fourthly we have + observed the power of the leader of the Muses, revealed in fairest + symmetry and blending of the intellectual; finally we comprehended + that Helios, with Asclepios, fulfils the fair order of the whole of + life.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[D] Τοσαῦτα μὲν + ὑπὲρ τῶν προκοσμίων αὐτοῦ δυνάμεων, ἔργα δὲ ὁμοταγῆ ταύταις ὑπὲρ + τὸν ἐμφανῆ κόσμον ἡ τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀποπλήρωσις. ἐπειδὴ γάρ ἐστι γνήσιος + ἔκγονος<a id="noteref_697" name="noteref_697" href= + "#note_697"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">697</span></span></a> + τἀγαθοῦ, παραδεξάμενος παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ τελείαν τὴν ἀγαθὴν μοῖραν, αὐτὸς + ἅπασι τοῖς νοεροῖς διανέμει θεοῖς, ἀγαθοεργὸν καὶ τελείαν αὐτοῖς + διδοὺς τὴν οὐσίαν. ἓν μὲν δὴ τουτί. δεύτερον δὲ ἔργον ἐστὶ τοῦ θεοῦ + ἡ τοῦ νοητοῦ κάλλους [145] ἐν τοῖς νοεροῖς καὶ ἀσωμάτοις εἴδεσι + τελειοτάτη διανομή. τῆς γὰρ ἐν τῇ φύσει φαινομένης οὐσίας γονίμου + γεννᾶν ἐφιεμένης ἐν τῷ καλῷ καὶ ὑπεκτίθεσθαι τὸν τόκον, ἔτι ἀνάγκη + προηγεῖσθαι τὴν ἐν τῷ νοητῷ κάλλει τοῦτο αὐτὸ διαιωνίως καὶ ἀεὶ + ποιοῦσαν, ἀλλ᾽ οὐχὶ νῦν μὲν, εἰσαῦθις δὲ οὔ, καὶ ποτὲ μὲν γεννῶσαν, + αὖθις δὲ ἄγονον. ὅσα γὰρ ἐνταῦθα ποτὲ καλά, ταῦτα ἐν τοῖς νοητοῖς + ἀεί. ῥητέον τοίνυν αὐτοῦ τῆς ἐν τοῖς φαινομένοις αἰτίας [B] γονίμου + προκαθηγεῖσθαι τὸν ἐν τῷ νοερῷ καὶ διαιωνίῳ κάλλει τόκον ἀγέννητον, + ὃν ὁ θεὸς οὗτος ἔχει περὶ ἑαυτὸν ὑποστήσας, ᾧ καὶ τὸν τέλειον νοῦν + διανέμει, καθάπερ ὄμμασιν ἐνδιδοὺς <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page396">[pg 396]</span><a name="Pg396" id="Pg396" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg397" id="Pg397" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> διὰ τοῦ φωτὸς τὴν ὄψιν, οὕτω δὲ καὶ ἐν τοῖς + νοητοῖς<a id="noteref_698" name="noteref_698" href= + "#note_698"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">698</span></span></a> διὰ + τοῦ νοεροῦ παραδείγματος, ὃ προτείνει πολὺ φανότερον τῆς αἰθερίας + αὐγῆς, πᾶσιν οἶμαι τοῖς νοεροῖς τὸ νοεῖν καὶ τὸ νοεῖσθαι παρέχει. + ἑτέρα πρὸς ταύταις [C] ἐνέργεια θαυμαστὴ φαίνεται περὶ τὸν βασιλέα + τῶν ὅλων Ἥλιον ἡ τοῖς κρείττοσι γένεσιν ἐνδιδομένη μοῖρα βελτῖων, + ἀγγέλοις,<a id="noteref_699" name="noteref_699" href= + "#note_699"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">699</span></span></a> + δαίμοσιν, ἥρωσι ψυχαῖς τε μερισταῖς, ὁπόσαι μένουσιν ἐν + παραδείγματος καὶ ἰδέας λόγῳ, μήποτε ἑαυτὰς διδοῦσαι σώματι. τὴν + μὲν οὖν προκόσμιον οὐσίαν τοῦ θεοῦ δυνάμεις τε αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔργα τὸν + βασιλέα τῶν ὅλων ὑμνοῦντες Ἥλιον, ἐφ᾽ ὅσον ἡμῖν [D] οἷόν τε ἦν + ἐφικέσθαι τῆς περὶ αὐτὸν εὐφημίας σπεύδοντες, διεληλύθαμεν. ἐπεὶ δὲ + ὄμματα, φησίν, ἀκοῆς ἐστι πιστότερα, καίτοι τῆς νοήσεως ὄντα γε + ἀπιστότερα καὶ ἀσθενέστερα, φέρε καὶ περὶ τῆς ἐμφανοῦς αὐτοῦ + δημιουργίας αἰτησάμενοι παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ τὸ μετρίως εἰπεῖν + πειραθῶμεν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(So much then in + respect to those powers of his that existed before the beginning of + the world; and co-ordinate with these are his works over the whole + visible world, in that he fills it with good gifts. For since he is + the genuine son of the Good and from it has received his blessed + lot in fulness of perfection, he himself distributes that + blessedness to the intellectual gods, bestowing on them a + beneficent and perfect nature. This then is one of his works. And a + second work of the god is his most perfect distribution of + intelligible beauty among the intellectual and immaterial forms. + For when the generative substance<a id="noteref_700" name= + "noteref_700" href="#note_700"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">700</span></span></a> which + is visible in our world desires to beget in the Beautiful<a id= + "noteref_701" name="noteref_701" href="#note_701"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">701</span></span></a> and + to bring forth offspring, it is further necessary that it should be + guided by the substance that, in the region of intelligible beauty, + does this very thing eternally and always and not intermittently, + now fruitful now barren. For all that is beautiful in our world + only at times, is beautiful always in the intelligible world. We + must therefore assert that the ungenerated offspring in beauty + intelligible and eternal guides the generative cause in the visible + world; which offspring<a id="noteref_702" name="noteref_702" href= + "#note_702"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">702</span></span></a> this + god<a id="noteref_703" name="noteref_703" href= + "#note_703"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">703</span></span></a> + called into existence and keeps at his side, and to it he assigns + also perfect reason. For just as through his light he gives sight + to our eyes, so also among the intelligible gods through his + intellectual counterpart—which he causes to shine far more brightly + than his rays in our upper air—he bestows, as I believe, on all the + intellectual gods the faculty of thought and of being comprehended + by thought. Besides these, another marvellous activity of Helios + the King of the All is that by which he endows with superior lot + the nobler races—I mean angels, daemons,<a id="noteref_704" name= + "noteref_704" href="#note_704"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">704</span></span></a> + heroes, and those divided souls<a id="noteref_705" name= + "noteref_705" href="#note_705"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">705</span></span></a> which + remain in the category of model and archetype and never give + themselves over to bodies. I have now described the substance of + our god that is prior to the world and his powers and activities, + celebrating Helios the King of the All in so far as it was possible + for me to compass his praise. But since eyes, as the saying goes, + are more trustworthy than hearing—although they are of course less + trustworthy and weaker than the intelligence—come, let me endeavour + to tell also of his visible creative function; but let first me + entreat him to grant that I speak with some measure of + success.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὕπέστη μὲν οὖν + περὶ αὐτὸν ὁ φαινόμενος ἐξ αἰῶνος κόσμος, ἕδραν δὲ ἔχει τὸ + περικόσμιον φῆς ἐξ αἰῶνος, οὐχὶ νῦν μέν, τότε δὲ οὔ, οὐδὲ ἄλλοτε + ἄλλως, ἀεὶ δὲ ὡσαύτως. ἀλλ᾽ εἴ τις ταύτην τὴν <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page398">[pg 398]</span><a name="Pg398" id="Pg398" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg399" id="Pg399" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> διαιώνιον φύσιν ἄχρις ἐπινοίας ἐθελήσειε + χρονικῶς κατανοῆσαι, [146] τὸν βασιλέα τῶν ὅλων Ἥλιον ἀθρόως + καταλάμποντα ῥᾷστα ἂν γνοίη, πόσων αἴτιός ἐστι δι᾽ αἰῶνος ἀγαθῶν τῷ + κόσμῳ. οἶδα μὲν οὗν καὶ Πλάτωνα τὸν μέγαν καὶ μετὰ τοῦτον ἄνδρα + τοῖς χρόνοις, οὔτι μὴν τῇ φύσει καταδεέστερον· τὸν Χαλκιδέα φημί, + τὸν Ἰάμβλιχον· ὃς ἡμᾶς τά τε ἄλλα περὶ τὴν φιλοσοφίαν καὶ δὴ καὶ + ταῦτα διὰ τῶν λόγων ἐμύησεν, ἄχρις ὑποθέσεως τῷ γεννητῷ + προσχρωμένους καὶ οἱονεὶ χρονικήν τινα [B] τὴν ποίησιν + ὑποτιθεμένους, ἵνα τὸ μέγεθος τῶν παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ γινομένων ἔργων + ἐπινοηθείη. πλὴν ἀλλ᾽ ἔμοιγε τῆς ἐκείνων ἀπολειπομένῳ παντάπασι + δυνάμεως οὐδαμῶς ἐστι παρακινδυνευτέον, ἐπείπερ ἀκίνδυνον οὐδὲ αὐτὸ + τὸ μέχρι ψιλῆς ὑποθέσεως χρονικήν τινα περὶ τὸν κόσμον ὑποθέσθαι + ποίησιν ὁ κλεινὸς ἤρως ἐνόμισεν Ἰάμβλιχος. πλὴν ἀλλ᾽ ἐπείπερ ὁ θεὸς + ἐξ αἰωνίου προῆλθεν αἰτίας, μᾶλλον δὲ προήγαγε πάντα ἐξ αἰῶνος, [C] + ἀπὸ τῶν ἀφανῶν τὰ φανερὰ βουλήσει θείᾳ καὶ ἀρρήτῳ τάχει καὶ + ἀνυπερβλήτῳ δυνάμει πάντα ἀθρόως ἐν τῷ νῦν ἀπογεννήσας χρόνῳ, + ἀπεκληρώσατο μὲν οἷον οἰκειοτέραν ἕδραν τὸ μέσον οὐρανοῦ, ἵνα + πανταχόθεν ἴσα διανέμῃ τἀγαθὰ τοῖς ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ καὶ σὺν αὐτῷ + προελθοῦσι θεοῖς, ἐπιτροπεύῃ δὲ τὰς ἑπτὰ καὶ τὴν ὀγδόην + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page400">[pg 400]</span><a name= + "Pg400" id="Pg400" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg401" id= + "Pg401" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> οὐρανοῦ κυκλοφορίαν, ἐνάτην τε + οἶμαι δημιουργίαν τὴν ἐν γενέσει καὶ φθορᾷ συνεχεῖ διαιωνίως + ἀνακυκλουμένην γένεσιν. οἵ τε γὰρ πλάνητες εὔδηλον ὅτι περὶ [D] + αὐτὸν χορεύοντες μέτρον ἔχουσι τῆς κινήσεως τὴν πρὸς τὸν θεὸν τόνδε + τοιάνδε περὶ τὰ σχήματα συμφωνίαν, ὅ τε ὅλος οὐρανὸς αὐτῷ κατὰ + πάντα συναρμοζόμενος ἑαυτοῦ τὰ μέρη θεῶν ἐστιν ἐξ Ἡλίου πλήρης. + ἔστι γὰρ ὁ θεὸς ὅδε πέντε μὲν κύκλων ἄρχων κατ᾽ οὐρανόν, τρεῖς δὲ + ἐκ τούτων ἐπιὼν ἐν τρισὶ τρεῖς γεννᾷ τὰς χάριτας· οἱ λειπόμενοι δὲ + μεγάλης ἀνάγκης εἰσὶ πλάστιγγες. [147] ἀξύνετον ἴσως λέγω τοῖς + Ἕλλησιν, ὥσπερ δέον μόνον τὰ συνήθη καὶ γνώριμα λέγειν· οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ + τοῦτό ἐστιν, ὡς ἄν τις ὑπολάβοι, παντελῶς ξένον. οἱ Διόσκουροι + τίνες ὑμῖν εἰσιν, ὦ σοφώτατοι καὶ ἀβασανίστως τὰ πολλὰ + παραδεχόμενοι; οὐχ ἑτερήμεροι<a id="noteref_706" name="noteref_706" + href="#note_706"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">706</span></span></a> + λέγονται, διότι μὴ θέμις ὁρᾶσθαι τῆς αὐτῆς ἡμέρας; ὑμεῖς ὅπως + ἀκούετε εὔδηλον ὅτι τῆς χθὲς καὶ τήμερον. εἶτα τί νοεῖ τοῦτο, πρὸς + αὐτῶν τῶν Διοσκούρων; ἐφαρμόσωμεν αὐτὸ φύσει <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page402">[pg 402]</span><a name="Pg402" id="Pg402" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg403" id="Pg403" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τινὶ καὶ πράγματι, κενὸν<a id="noteref_707" + name="noteref_707" href="#note_707"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">707</span></span></a> [B] + ἵνα μηδὲν μηδὲ ἀνόητον λέγωμεν. ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἂν εὕροιμεν ἀκριβῶς + ἐξετάζοντες· οὐδὲ γὰρ ὡς ὑπέλαβον εἰρῆσθαί τινες πρὸς τῶν θεολόγων + ἡμισφαίρια τοῦ παντὸς τὰ δύο λόγον ἔχει τινά· πῶς γάρ ἐστιν + ἑτερήμερον αὐτῶν ἕκαστον οὐδὲ ἐπινοῆσαι ῥᾴδιον, ἡμέρας ἑκάστης + ἀνεπαισθήτου τῆς κατὰ τὸν φωτισμὸν αὐτῶν παραυξήσεως γινομένης. + σκεψώμεθα δὲ νῦν ὑπὲρ ὧν αὐτοὶ καινοτομεῖν ἴσως τῳ δοκοῦμεν. τῆς + αὐτῆς ἡμέρας ἐκεῖνοι [C] μετέχειν ὀρθῶς ἂν ῥηθεῖεν, ὁπόσοις ἴσος + ἐστὶν ὁ τῆς ὑπὲρ γῆν ἡλίου πορείας χρόνος ἐν ἑνὶ καὶ τῷ αὐτῷ μηνί. + ὁράτω τις οὖν, εἰ μὴ τὸ ἑτερήμερον τοῖς κύκλοις ἐφαρμόζει τοῖς τε + ἄλλοις καὶ τοῖς τροπικοῖς. ὑπολήψεται τις· οὐκ ἴσον ἐστιν. οἱ μὲν + γὰρ ἀεὶ φαίνονται, καὶ τοῖς τὴν ἀντίσκιον οἰκοῦσι γῆν ἀμφοτέροις + ἀμφότεροι, τῶν δὲ οἱ θάτερον ὁρῶντες οὐδαμῶς ὁρῶσι θάτερον.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(From eternity + there subsisted, surrounding Helios, the visible world, and from + eternity the light that encompasses the world has its fixed + station, not shining intermittently, nor in different ways at + different times, but always in the same manner. And if one desired + to comprehend, as far as the mind may, this eternal nature from the + point of view of time, one would understand most easily of how many + blessings for the world throughout eternity he is the cause, even + Helios the King of the All who shines without cessation. Now I am + aware that the great philosopher Plato,<a id="noteref_708" name= + "noteref_708" href="#note_708"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">708</span></span></a> and + after him a man who, though he is later in time, is by no means + inferior to him in genius—I mean Iamblichus<a id="noteref_709" + name="noteref_709" href="#note_709"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">709</span></span></a> of + Chalcis, who through his writings initiated me not only into other + philosophic doctrines but these also—I am aware, I say, that they + employed as a hypothesis the conception of a generated world, and + assumed for it, so to speak, a creation in time in order that the + magnitude of the works that arise from Helios might be recognised. + But apart from the fact that I fall short altogether of their + ability, I must by no means be so rash; especially since the + glorious hero Iamblichus thought it was not without risk to assume, + even as a bare hypothesis, a temporal limit for the creation of the + world. Nay rather, the god came forth from an eternal cause, or + rather brought forth all things from everlasting, engendering by + his divine will and with untold speed and unsurpassed power, from + the invisible all things now visible in present time. And then he + assigned as his own station the mid-heavens, in order that from all + sides he may bestow equal blessings on the gods who came forth by + his agency and in company with him; and that he may guide the seven + spheres<a id="noteref_710" name="noteref_710" href= + "#note_710"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">710</span></span></a> in + the heavens and the eighth sphere<a id="noteref_711" name= + "noteref_711" href="#note_711"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">711</span></span></a> also, + yes and as I believe the ninth creation too, namely our world which + revolves for ever in a continuous cycle of birth and death. For it + is evident that the planets, as they dance in a circle about him, + preserve as the measure of their motion a harmony between this god + and their own movements such as I shall now describe; and that the + whole heaven also, which adapts itself to him in all its parts, is + full of gods who proceed from Helios. For this god is lord of five + zones in the heavens; and when he traverses three of these he + begets in those three the three Graces.<a id="noteref_712" name= + "noteref_712" href="#note_712"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">712</span></span></a> And + the remaining zones are the scales of mighty Necessity.<a id= + "noteref_713" name="noteref_713" href="#note_713"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">713</span></span></a> To + the Greeks what I say is perhaps incomprehensible—as though one + were obliged to say to them only what is known and familiar. Yet + not even is this altogether strange to them as one might suppose. + For who, then, in your opinion, are the Dioscuri,<a id= + "noteref_714" name="noteref_714" href="#note_714"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">714</span></span></a> O ye + most wise, ye who accept without question so many of your + traditions? Do you not call them <span class="tei tei-q">“alternate + of days,”</span> because they may not both be seen on the same day? + It is obvious that by this you mean <span class= + "tei tei-q">“yesterday”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“to-day.”</span> But what does this mean, in the name + of those same Dioscuri? Let me apply it to some natural object, so + that I may not say anything empty and senseless. But no such object + could one find, however carefully one might search for it. For the + theory that some have supposed to be held by the theogonists, that + the two hemispheres of the universe are meant, has no meaning. For + how one could call each one of the hemispheres <span class= + "tei tei-q">“alternate of days”</span> is not easy to imagine, + since the increase of their light in each separate day is + imperceptible. But now let us consider a question on which some may + think that I am innovating. We say correctly that those persons for + whom the time of the sun's course above the earth is the same in + one and the same month share the same day. Consider therefore + whether the expression <span class="tei tei-q">“alternate of + days”</span> cannot be applied both to the tropics and the other, + the polar, circles. But some one will object that it does not apply + equally to both. For though the former are always visible, and both + of them are visible at once to those who inhabit that part of the + earth where shadows are cast in an opposite direction,<a id= + "noteref_715" name="noteref_715" href="#note_715"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">715</span></span></a> yet + in the case of the latter those who see the one do not see the + other.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[D] Ἀλλ᾽ ἵνα μὴ + πλείω περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν λέγων διατρίβω, τὰς τροπὰς ἐργαζόμενος, ὥσπερ + ἴσμεν, πατὴρ ὡρῶν ἐστιν, οὐκ ἀπολείπων δὲ οὐδαμῶς τοὺς πόλους + Ὠκεανὸς ἂν εἴη, διπλῆς ἡγεμὼν οὐσίας. μῶν ἀσαφές τι καὶ τοῦτο + λέγομεν, ἐπείπερ πρὸ ἡμῶν αὐτὸ καὶ Ὅμηρος ἔφη·</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">However, not to + dwell too long on the same subject; since he causes the winter and + summer solstice, Helios is, as we know, the father of the seasons; + and since he never forsakes the poles, he is Oceanus, the lord of + two-fold substance. My meaning here is not obscure, is it, seeing + that before my time Homer said the same thing?</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-left: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ὠκεανοῦ, ὅσπερ γένεσις πάντεσσι + τέτυκται,</span><a id="noteref_716" name="noteref_716" href= + "#note_716"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">716</span></span></a> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Oceanus who + is the father of all things</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">θνητῶν τε θεῶν + θ᾽, ὡς ἂν αὐτὸς φαίη, μακάρων; <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page404">[pg 404]</span><a name="Pg404" id="Pg404" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg405" id="Pg405" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀληθῶς. [148] ἒν γὰρ τῶν πάντων οὐδέν ἐστιν, + ὃ μὴ τῆς Ὠκεανοῦ πέφυκεν οὐσίας ἔκγονον. ἀλλὰ τί τοῦτο πρὸς τοὺς + πόλους; βούλει σοι φράσω; καίτοι σιωπᾶσθαι κρεῖσσον ἦν· εἰρήσεται + δὲ ὅμως.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(yes, for + mortals and for the blessed gods too, as he himself would say; and + what he says is true. For there is no single thing in the whole of + existence that is not the offspring of the substance of Oceanus. + But what has that to do with the poles? Shall I tell you? It were + better indeed to keep silence<a id="noteref_717" name="noteref_717" + href="#note_717"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">717</span></span></a>; but + for all that I will speak.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Λέγεται γοῦν, εἰ + καὶ μὴ πάντες ἑτοίμως ἀποδέχονται, ὁ δίσκος ἐπὶ τῆς ἀνάστρου + φέρεσθαι πολὺ τῆς ἀπλανοῦς ὑψηλότερος· καὶ οὕτω δὴ<a id= + "noteref_718" name="noteref_718" href="#note_718"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">718</span></span></a> τῶν + μὲν πλανωμένων οὐχ ἕξει τὸ μέσον, τριῶν δὲ τῶν κόσμων κατὰ τὰς + τελεστικὰς [B] ὑποθέσεις, εἰ χρὴ τὰ τοιαῦτα καλεῖν ὑποθέσεις, ἀλλὰ + μὴ ταῦτα μὲν δόγματα, τὰ δὲ τῶν σφαιρικῶν ὑποθέσεις. οἱ μὲν γὰρ + θεῶν ἢ δαιμόνων μεγάλων δή τινων ἀκούσαντές φασιν, οἱ δὲ + ὑποτίθενται τὸ πιθανὸν ἐκ τῆς πρὸς τὰ φαινόμενα συμφωνίας. αἰνεῖν + μὲν οὖν ἄξιον καὶ τούσδε, πιστεύειν δὲ ἐκείνοις ὅτῳ βέλτιον εἶναι + δοκεῖ, τοῦτον ἐγὼ παίζων καὶ σπουδάζων ἄγαμαί τε καὶ τεθαύμακα. καὶ + ταῦτα μὲν δὴ ταύτῃ, φασί.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Some say then, + even though all men are not ready to believe it, that the sun + travels in the starless heavens far above the region of the fixed + stars. And on this theory he will not be stationed midmost among + the planets but midway between the three worlds: that is, according + to the hypothesis of the mysteries, if indeed one ought to use the + word <span class="tei tei-q">“hypothesis”</span> and not rather say + <span class="tei tei-q">“established truths,”</span> using the word + <span class="tei tei-q">“hypothesis”</span> for the study of the + heavenly bodies. For the priests of the mysteries tell us what they + have been taught by the gods or mighty daemons, whereas the + astronomers make plausible hypotheses from the harmony that they + observe in the visible spheres. It is proper, no doubt, to approve + the astronomers as well, but where any man thinks it better to + believe the priests of the mysteries, him I admire and revere, both + in jest and earnest. And so much for that, as the saying is.<a id= + "noteref_719" name="noteref_719" href="#note_719"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">719</span></span></a>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[C] Πολὺ δὲ πρὸς + οἷς ἔφην πλῆθός ἐστι περὶ τὸν οὐρανὸν θεῶν, οὓς κατενόησαν οἱ τὸν + οὐρανὸν μὴ παρέργως μηδὲ ὥσπερ τὰ βοσκήματα θεωροῦντες.<a id= + "noteref_720" name="noteref_720" href="#note_720"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">720</span></span></a> τοὺς + τρεῖς γὰρ τετραχῇ τέμνων διὰ τῆς τοῦ ζῳοφόρου <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page406">[pg 406]</span><a name="Pg406" id="Pg406" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg407" id="Pg407" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> κύκλου πρὸς ἕκαστον αὐτῶν κοινωνίας τοῦτον + αὖθις τὸν ζῳοφόρον εἰς δώδεκα θεῶν δυνάμεις διαιρεῖ, καὶ μέντοι + τούτων ἕκαστον εἰς τρεῖς, ὥστε ποιεῖν ἓξ ἐπὶ τοῖς τριάκοντα. ἔνθεν + οἶμαι καθήκει ἄνωθεν ἡμῖν ἐξ οὐρανῶν [D] τριπλῆ χαρίτων δόσις, ἐκ + τῶν κύκλων, οὗς ὁ θεὸς ὅδε τετραχῇ τέμνων τὴν τετραπλῆν ἐπιπέμπει + τῶν ὡρῶν ἀγλαΐαν, αἳ δὴ τὰς τροπὰς ἔχουσι τῶν καιρῶν. κύκλον τοι + καὶ αἱ Χάριτες ἐπὶ γῆς διὰ τῶν ἀγαλμάτων μιμοῦνται. + χαριτοδότης<a id="noteref_721" name="noteref_721" href= + "#note_721"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">721</span></span></a> δέ + ἐστιν ὁ Διόνυσος ἐς ταὐτὸ λεγόμενος Ἡλίῳ συμβασιλεύειν. τύ οὖν ἔτι + σοι τὸν Ὧρον λέγω καὶ τἇλλα θεῶν ὀνόματα, τὰ πάντα Ἡλίῳ προσήκοντα; + συνῆκαν γὰρ ἅνθρωποι τὸν θεὸν ἐξ ὧν ὁ θεὸς [149] ὅδε ἐργάζεται, τὸν + σύμπαντα οὐρανὸν τοῖς νοεροῖς ἀγαθοῖς τελειωσάμενος καὶ μεταδοὺς + αὐτῷ τοῦ νοητοῦ κάλλους, ἀρξάμενοί τε ἐκεῖθεν ὅλον τε αὐτὸν καὶ τὰ + μέρη τῇ τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἁδρᾷ<a id="noteref_722" name="noteref_722" href= + "#note_722"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">722</span></span></a> + δόσει. πᾶσαν γὰρ ἐπιτροπεύει<a id="noteref_723" name="noteref_723" + href="#note_723"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">723</span></span></a> + κίνησιν ἄχρι τῆς τελευταίας τοῦ κόσμου λ\ηξεως· φύσιν τε καὶ ψυχὴν + καὶ πᾶν ὅ,τι ποτέ ἐστι, πάντα πανταχοῦ τελειοῦται. τὴν δὲ τοσαύτην + στρατιὰν τῶν θεῶν εἰς μίαν ἡγεμονικὴν [B] ἕνωσιν συντάξας Ἀθηνᾷ + Προνοίᾳ παρέδωκεν, ἣν ὁ μὲν μῦθός φησιν ἐκ τῆς <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page408">[pg 408]</span><a name="Pg408" id="Pg408" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg409" id="Pg409" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τοῦ Διὸς γενέσθαι κορυφῆς, ἡμεῖς δὲ ὅλην ἐξ + ὅλου τοῦ βασιλέως Ἡλίου προβληθῆναι συνεχομένην ἐν αὐτῷ, ταύτῃ + διαφέροντες τοῦ μύθου, ὅτι μὴ ἐκ τοῦ ἀκροτάτου μέρους, ὅλην δὲ ἐξ + ὅλου· ἐπεὶ τἆλλά γε οὐδὲν διαφέρειν Ἡλίου Δία νομίζοντες + ὁμολογοῦμεν τῇ παλαιᾷ φήμῃ. καὶ τοῦτο δὲ αὐτὸ Πρόνοιαν Ἀθηνᾶν + λέγοντες οὐ καινοτομοῦμεν, εἴπερ ὀρθῶς ἀκούομεν·</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now besides + those whom I have mentioned, there is in the heavens a great + multitude of gods who have been recognised as such by those who + survey the heavens, not casually, nor like cattle. For as he + divides the three spheres by four through the zodiac,<a id= + "noteref_724" name="noteref_724" href="#note_724"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">724</span></span></a> which + is associated with every one of the three, so he divides the zodiac + also into twelve divine powers; and again he divides every one of + these twelve by three, so as to make thirty-six gods in<a id= + "noteref_725" name="noteref_725" href="#note_725"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">725</span></span></a> all. + Hence, as I believe, there descends from above, from the heavens to + us, a three-fold gift of the Graces: I mean from the spheres, for + this god, by thus dividing them by four, sends to us the fourfold + glory of the seasons, which express the changes of time. And indeed + on our earth the Graces imitate a circle<a id="noteref_726" name= + "noteref_726" href="#note_726"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">726</span></span></a> in + their statues. And it is Dionysus who is the giver of the Graces, + and in this very connection he is said to reign with Helios. Why + should I go on to speak to you of Horus<a id="noteref_727" name= + "noteref_727" href="#note_727"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">727</span></span></a> and + of the other names of gods, which all belong to Helios? For from + his works men have learned to know this god, who makes the whole + heavens perfect through the gift of intellectual blessings, and + gives it a share of intelligible beauty; and taking the heavens as + their starting-point, they have learned to know him both as a whole + and his parts also, from his abundant bestowal of good gifts. For + he exercises control over all movement, even to the lowest plane of + the universe. And everywhere he makes all things perfect, nature + and soul and everything that exists. And marshalling together this + great army of the gods into a single commanding unity, he handed it + over to Athene Pronoia<a id="noteref_728" name="noteref_728" href= + "#note_728"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">728</span></span></a> who, + as the legend says, sprang from the head of Zeus, but I say that + she was sent forth from Helios whole from the whole of him, being + contained within him; though I disagree with the legend only so far + as I assert that she came forth not from his highest part, but + whole from the whole of him. For in other respects, since I believe + that Zeus is in no wise different from Helios, I agree with that + ancient tradition. And in using this very phrase Athene Pronoia, I + am not innovating, if I rightly understand the words:)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-right: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ἵκετο δ᾽ ἐς Πυθῶνα καὶ ἐς + Γλαυκῶπα Προνοίην.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">He came to + Pytho and to grey-eyed Pronoia.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_729" name= + "noteref_729" href="#note_729"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">729</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[C] οὕτως ἄρα + καὶ τοῖς παλαιοῖς ἐφαίνετο Ἀθηνᾶ Πρόνοια σύνθρονος Ἀπόλλωνι τῷ + νομιζομένῳ μηδὲν Ἡλίου διαφέρειν. μή ποτε οὖν καὶ θείᾳ μοίρᾳ τοῦτο + Ὅμηρος· ἦν γάρ, ὡς εἰκός, θεόληπτος· ἀπεμαντεύσατο πολλαχοῦ τῆς + ποιήσεως·</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(This proves + that the ancients also thought that Athene Pronoia shared the + throne of Apollo, who, as we believe, differs in no way from + Helios. Indeed, did not Homer by divine inspiration—for he was, we + may suppose, possessed by a god—reveal this truth, when he says + often in his poems:)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Τιοίμην δ᾽ ὡς τίετ᾽ Ἀθηναίη καὶ + Ἀπόλλων,</span><a id="noteref_730" name="noteref_730" href= + "#note_730"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">730</span></span></a> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">May I be + honoured even as Athene and Apollo were + honoured</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ὑπὸ Διὸς + δήπουθεν, ὅσπερ ἐστὶν ὁ αὐτὸς Ἡλίῳ; καθάπερ δ᾽<a id="noteref_731" + name="noteref_731" href="#note_731"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">731</span></span></a> ὁ + βασιλεὺς Ἀπόλλων ἐπικοινωνεῖ διὰ τῆς ἁπλότητος τῶν νοήσεων Ἡλίῳ, + οὕτω δὲ καὶ τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν [D] νομιστέον ἀπ᾽ αὐτοῦ παραδεξαμένην τὴν + οὐσίαν οὖσάν τε αὐτοῦ τελείαν νόησιν συνάπτειν μὲν τοὺς περὶ τὸν + Ἥλιον θεοὺς αὖ τῷ βασιλεῖ τῶν ὅλων Ἡλίῳ δίχα συγχύσεως εἰς + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page410">[pg 410]</span><a name= + "Pg410" id="Pg410" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg411" id= + "Pg411" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ἕνωσιν, αὐτὴν δὲ τὴν ἄχραντον + καὶ καθαρὰν ζωὴν ἁπ᾽ ἅκρας ἁψῖδος οὐρανοῦ διὰ τῶν ἑπτὰ κύκλων ἄχρι + τῆς Σελήνης [150] νέμουσαν ἐποχετεύειν, ἣν ἡ θεὸς ἥδε τῶν κυκλικῶν + οὖσαν σωμάτων ἐσχάτην ἐπλήρωσε τῆς φρονήσεως, ὑφ᾽ ἧς ἡ Σελήνη τά τε + ὑπὲρ τὸν οὐρανὸν θεωρεῖ νοητὰ καὶ τὰ ὑφ᾽ ἑαυτὴν κοσμοῦσα τὴν ὕλην + τοῖς εἴδεσιν ἀναιρεῖ τὸ θηριῶδες αὐτῆς καὶ ταραχῶδες καὶ ἄτακτον. + ἀνθρώποις δὲ ἀγαθὰ δίδωσιν Ἀθηνᾶ σοφίαν τό<a id="noteref_732" name= + "noteref_732" href="#note_732"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">732</span></span></a> τε + νοεῖν καὶ τὰς δημιουργικὰς τέχνας. κατοικεῖ δὲ τὰς ἀκροπόλεις αὕτη + δήπουθεν καταστησαμένη τὴν πολιτικὴν διὰ σοφίας κοινωνίαν. [B] + ὀλίγα ἔτι περὶ Ἀφροδίτης, ἣν συνεφάπτεσθαι τῆς δημιουργίας τῷ θεῷ + Φοινίκων ὁμολογοῦσιν οἱ λόγιοι, καὶ ἐγὼ πείθομαι. ἔστι δὴ οὖν αὕτη + σύγκρασις τῶν οὐρανίων θεῶν, καὶ τῆς ἁρμονίας αὐτῶν ἔτι φιλία καὶ + ἕνωσις. Ἡλίου γὰρ ἐγγὺς οὖσα καὶ συμπεριθέουσα καὶ πλησιάζουσα + πληροῖ μὲν τὸν οὐρανὸν εὐκρασίας, ἐνδίδωσι δὲ τὸ γόνιμον τῇ γῇ, + προμηθουμένη καὶ αὐτὴ τῆς ἀειγενεσίας τῶν ζῴων, ἧς ὁ μὲν βασιλεὺς + Ἥλιος ἔχει τὴν πρωτουργὸν αἰτίαν, ἀφροδίτη δὲ αὐτῷ συναίτιος, [C] ἡ + θέλγουσα μὲν τὰς ψυχὰς ἡμῶν σὺν εὐφροσύνῃ, καταπέμπουσα δὲ εἰς γῆν + ἐξ αἰθέρος αὐγὰς ἡδίστας καὶ ἀκηράτους <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page412">[pg 412]</span><a name="Pg412" id="Pg412" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg413" id="Pg413" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> αὐτοῦ τοῦ χρυσίου στιλπνοτέρας. ἔτι + ἐπιμετρῆσαι<a id="noteref_733" name="noteref_733" href= + "#note_733"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">733</span></span></a> + βούλομαι τῆς Φοινίκων θεολογίας· εἰ δὲ μὴ μάτην, ὁ λόγος προïὼν + δείξει. οἱ τὴν Ἔμεσαν<a id="noteref_734" name="noteref_734" href= + "#note_734"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">734</span></span></a> + οἰκοῦντες, ἱερὸν ἐξ αἰῶνος Ἡλίου χωρίον, Μόνιμον αὐτῷ καὶ Ἄζιζον + συγκαθιδρύουσιν. [D] αἰνίττεσθαί φησιν Ἰάμβλιχος, παρ᾽ οὗ καὶ τᾶλλα + πάντα ἐκ πολλῶν μικρὰ ἐλάβομεν, ὡς ὁ Μόνιμος μὲν Ἑρμῆς εἴη, Ἄζιζος + δὲ Ἄρης, Ἡλίου πάρεδροι, πολλὰ καὶ ἀγαθὰ τῷ περὶ γῆν ἐποχετεύοντες + τόπῳ.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(—by Zeus, that + is to say, who is identical with Helios? And just as King Apollo, + through the singleness of his thoughts, is associated with Helios, + so also we must believe that Athene<a id="noteref_735" name= + "noteref_735" href="#note_735"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">735</span></span></a> has + received her nature from Helios, and that she is his intelligence + in perfect form: and so she binds together the gods who are + assembled about Helios and brings them without confusion into unity + with Helios, the King of the All: and she distributes and is the + channel for stainless and pure life throughout the seven spheres, + from the highest vault of the heavens as far as Selene the + Moon:<a id="noteref_736" name="noteref_736" href= + "#note_736"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">736</span></span></a> for + Selene is the last of the heavenly spheres which Athene fills with + wisdom: and by her aid Selene beholds the intelligible which is + higher than the heavens, and adorns with its forms the realm of + matter that lies below her, and thus she does away with its + savagery and confusion and disorder. Moreover to mankind Athene + gives the blessings of wisdom and intelligence and the creative + arts. And surely she dwells in the capitols of cities because, + through her wisdom, she has established the community of the state. + I have still to say a few words about Aphrodite, who, as the wise + men among the Phoenicians affirm, and as I believe, assists Helios + in his creative function. She is, in very truth, a synthesis of the + heavenly gods, and in their harmony she is the spirit of love and + unity.<a id="noteref_737" name="noteref_737" href= + "#note_737"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">737</span></span></a> For + she<a id="noteref_738" name="noteref_738" href= + "#note_738"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">738</span></span></a> is + very near to Helios, and when she pursues the same course as he and + approaches him, she fills the skies with fair weather and gives + generative power to the earth: for she herself takes thought for + the continuous birth of living things. And though of that + continuous birth King Helios is the primary creative cause, yet + Aphrodite is the joint cause with him, she who enchants our souls + with her charm and sends down to earth from the upper air rays of + light most sweet and stainless, aye, more lustrous than gold + itself. I desire to mete out to you still more of the theology of + the Phoenicians, and whether it be to some purpose my argument as + it proceeds will show. The inhabitants of Emesa,<a id="noteref_739" + name="noteref_739" href="#note_739"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">739</span></span></a> a + place from time immemorial sacred to Helios, associate with Helios + in their temples Monimos and Azizos.<a id="noteref_740" name= + "noteref_740" href="#note_740"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">740</span></span></a> + Iamblichus, from whom I have taken this and all besides, a little + from a great store, says that the secret meaning to be interpreted + is that Monimos is Hermes and Azizos Ares, the assessors of Helios, + who are the channel for many blessings to the region of our + earth.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τὰ μὲν οὖν περὶ + τὸν οὐρανὸν ἔργα τοῦ θεοῦ τοιαῦτά ἐστι, καὶ διὰ τούτων ἐπιτελούμενα + μέχρι τῶν τῆς γῆς προήκει τελευταίων ὅρων· ὅσα δὲ ὑπὸ τὴν Σελήνην + ἐργάζεται, μακρὸν ἂν εἴη τὰ πάντα ἀπαριθμεῖσθαι. πλὴν ὡς ἐν + κεφαλαίῳ καὶ ταῦτα ῥητέον. [151] οἶδα μὲν οὖν ἔγωγε καὶ πρότερον + μνημονεύσας, ὁπηνίκα ἠξίουν ἐκ τῶν φαινομένων τὰ ἀφανῆ περὶ τῆς τοῦ + θεοῦ σκοπεῖν οὐσίας, ὁ λόγος δὲ ἀπαιτεῖ με καὶ νῦν ἐν τάξει περὶ + αὐτῶν δηλῶσαι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Such then are + the works of Helios in the heavens, and, when completed by means of + the gods whom I have named, they reach even unto the furthest + bounds of the earth. But to tell the number of all his works in the + region below the moon would take too long. Nevertheless I must + describe them also in a brief summary. Now I am aware that I + mentioned them earlier when I claimed<a id="noteref_741" name= + "noteref_741" href="#note_741"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">741</span></span></a> that + from things visible we could observe the invisible properties of + the god's substance, but the argument demands that I should expound + them now also, in their proper order.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Καθάπερ οὖν ἐν + τοῖς νοεροῖς ἔχειν ἔφαμεν τὴν ἡγεμονίαν Ἥλιον, πολὺ περὶ τὴν + ἀμέριστον οὐσίαν ἑαυτοῦ πλῆθος ἑνοειδῶς ἔχοντα τῶν θεῶν, ἔτι δὲ ἐν + τοῖς αἰσθητοῖς, [B] ἃ δὴ τὴν κύκλῳ διαιωνίαν <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page414">[pg 414]</span><a name="Pg414" id="Pg414" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg415" id="Pg415" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> πορεύεται μάλα εὐδαίμονα πορείαν, + ἀπεδείκνυμεν ἀρχηγὸν καὶ κύριον, ἐνδιδόντα μὲν τὸ γόνιμον τῇ + φύσει,<a id="noteref_742" name="noteref_742" href= + "#note_742"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">742</span></span></a> + πληροῦντα δὲ τὸν ὅλον οὐρανὸν ὥσπερ τῆς φαινομένης αὐγῆς οὕτω δὲ + καὶ μυρίων ἀγαθῶν ἀφανῶν ἄλλων, τελειούμενα δὲ ἐξ αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰ παρὰ + τῶν ἄλλων ἐμφανῶν θεῶν ἀγαθὰ χορηγούμενα, καὶ πρό γε τούτων αὐτοὺς + ἐκείνους ὑπὸ τῆς ἀπορρήτου καὶ θείας αὐτοῦ τελειουμένους ἐνεργείας· + οὕτω δὲ καὶ περὶ τὸν ἐν γενέσει τόπον θεούς τινας ἐπιβεβηκέναι + νομιστέον [C] ὑπὸ τοῦ βασιλέως Ἡλίου συνεχομένουσ, οἳ τὴν τετραπλῆν + τῶν στοιχείων κυβερνῶντες φύσιν, περὶ ἃς ἐστήρικται ταῦτα ψυχὰς + μετὰ τῶν τριῶν κρειττόνων ἐνοικοῦσι γενῶν. αὐταῖς δὲ ταῖς μερισταῖς + ψυχαῖς ὅσων ἀγαθῶν ἐστιν αἴτιος, κρίσιν τε αὐταῖς προτείνων καὶ + δίκῃ κατευθύνων καὶ ἀποκαθαίρων λαμπρότητι; τὴν ὅλην δὲ οὐχ οὗτος + φύσιν, ἐνδιδοὺς ἄνωθεν αὐτῇ τὸ γόνιμον, κινεῖ καὶ ἀναζωπυρεῖ; ἀλλὰ + καὶ ταῖς μερισταῖς φύσεσιν [D] οὐ τῆς εἰς τέλος πορείας οὗτος ἐστιν + ἀληθῶς αἴτιος; ἄνθρωπον γὰρ ὑπὸ ἀνθρώπου γεννᾶσθαί φησιν + Ἀριστοτέλης καὶ ἡλίου.<a id="noteref_743" name="noteref_743" href= + "#note_743"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">743</span></span></a> + ταὐτὸν δὴ οὖν καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων, ὅσα τῶν μεριστῶν ἐστι + φύσεων ἔργα, περὶ τοῦ βασιλέως Ἡλίου προσήκει διανοεῖσθαι. τί δέ; + οὐχ ἡμῖν ὄμβρους καὶ ἀνέμους καὶ τὰ ἐν τοῖς μεταρσίοις γινόμενα τῷ + διττῷ τῆς ἀναθυμιάσεως οἷον ὕλῃ χρώμενος ὁ θεὸς οὗτος ἐργάζεται; + [152] θερμαίνων γὰρ τὴν γῆν ἀτμίδα καὶ καπνὸν ἕλκει, γίνεται δὲ ἐκ + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page416">[pg 416]</span><a name= + "Pg416" id="Pg416" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg417" id= + "Pg417" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> τούτων οὐ τὰ μετάρσια μόνον, + ἀλλὰ καὶ ὅσα ἐπὶ γῆς πάθη, σμικρὰ καὶ μεγάλα.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I said then + that Helios holds sway among the intellectual gods in that he + unites into one, about his own undivided substance, a great + multitude of the gods: and further, I demonstrated that among the + gods whom we can perceive, who revolve eternally in their most + blessed path, he is leader and lord; since he bestows on their + nature its generative power, and fills the whole heavens not only + with visible rays of light but with countless other blessings that + are invisible; and, further, that the blessings which are + abundantly supplied by the other visible gods are made perfect by + him, and that even prior to this the visible gods themselves are + made perfect by his unspeakable and divine activity. In the same + manner we must believe that on this our world of generation certain + gods have alighted who are linked together with Helios: and these + gods guide the four-fold nature of the elements, and inhabit, + together with the three higher races,<a id="noteref_744" name= + "noteref_744" href="#note_744"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">744</span></span></a> those + souls which are upborne by the elements. But for the divided + souls<a id="noteref_745" name="noteref_745" href= + "#note_745"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">745</span></span></a> also, + of how many blessings is he the cause! For he extends to them the + faculty of judging, and guides them with justice, and purifies them + by his brilliant light. Again, does he not set in motion the whole + of nature and kindle life therein, by bestowing on it generative + power from on high? But for the divided natures also, is not he the + cause that they journey to their appointed end?<a id="noteref_746" + name="noteref_746" href="#note_746"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">746</span></span></a> For + Aristotle says that man is begotten by man and the sun together. + Accordingly the same theory about King Helios must surely apply to + all the other activities of the divided souls. Again, does he not + produce for us rain and wind and the clouds in the skies, by + employing, as though it were matter, the two kinds of vapour? For + when he heats the earth he draws up steam and smoke, and from these + there arise not only the clouds but also all the physical changes + on our earth, both great and small.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τί οὖν + περὶ<a id="noteref_747" name="noteref_747" href= + "#note_747"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">747</span></span></a> τῶν + αὐτῶν ἐπέξειμι μακρότερα, ἐξὸν ἐπὶ τὸ πέρας ἤδη βαδίζειν ὑμνήσαντα + πρότερον ὅσα ἔδωκεν ἀνθρώποις Ἥλιος ἀγαθά; γινόμενοι γὰρ ἐξ αὐτοῦ + τρεφόμεθα παρ᾽ ἐκείνου. [B] τὰ μὲν οὖν θειότερα καὶ ὅσα ταῖς ψυχαῖς + δίδωσιν ἀπολύων αὐτὰς τοῦ σώματος, εἶτα ἐπανάγων ἐπὶ τὰς τοῦ θεοῦ + συγγενεῖς οὐσίας, καὶ τὸ λεπτὸν καὶ εὔτονον τῆς θείας αὐγῆς οἷον + ὄχημα τῆς εἰς τὴν γένεσιν ἀσφαλοῦς διδόμενον καθόδου ταῖς ψυχαῖς + ὑμνείσθω τε ἄλλοις ἀξίως καὶ ὑφ᾽ ἡμῶν πιστευέσθω μᾶλλον ἢ + δεικνύσθω· τὰ δὲ ὅσα γνώριμα πέφυκε τοῖς πᾶσιν οὐκ ὀκνητέον + ἐπεξελθεῖν. οὐρανόν φησι Πλάτων<a id="noteref_748" name= + "noteref_748" href="#note_748"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">748</span></span></a> ἡμῖν + γενέσθαι σοφίας διδάσκαλον. ἐνθένδε γὰρ [C] ἀριθμοῦ κατενοήσαμεν + φύσιν, ἧς τὸ διαφέρον οὐκ ἄλλως ἢ διὰ τῆς ἡλίου περιόδου + κατενοήσαμεν. φησί τοι καὶ αὐτὸς Πλάτων ἡμέραν καὶ νύκτα πρότερον. + εἶτα ἐκ τοῦ φωτὸς τῆς σελήνης, ὃ δὴ δίδοται τῇ θεῷ ταύτῃ παρ᾽ + ἡλίου, μετὰ τοῦτο προήλθομεν ἐπὶ πλέον τῆς τοιαύτης συνέσεως, + ἁπανταχοῦ τῆς πρὸς τὸν θεὸν τοῦτον στοχαζόμενοι συμφωνίας. ὅπερ + αὐτός πού φησιν,<a id="noteref_749" name="noteref_749" href= + "#note_749"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">749</span></span></a> ὡς + ἄρα τὸ γένος ἡμῶν ἐπίπονον ὂν φύσει θεοὶ ἐλεήσαντες [D] ἔδωκαν ἡμῖν + τὸν Διόνυσον καὶ τὰς Μούσας συγχορευτάς. ἐφάνη δὲ ἡμῖν Ἥλιος + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page418">[pg 418]</span><a name= + "Pg418" id="Pg418" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg419" id= + "Pg419" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> τούτων κοινὸς ἡγεμών, Διονύσου + μὲν πατὴρ ὑμνούμενος, ἡγεμῶν δὲ Μουσῶν. ὁ δὲ αὐτῷ συμβασιλεύων + Ἀπόλλων οὐ πανταχοῦ μὲν ἀνῆκε τῆς γῆς χρηστήρια, σοφίαν δὲ ἔδωκεν + ἀνθρώποις ἔνθεον, ἐκόσμησε δὲ ἱεροῖς καὶ πολιτικοῖς τὰς πόλεις + θεσμοῖς; οὗτος ἡμέρωσε μὲν διὰ τῶν Ἑλληνικῶν ἀποικιῶν τὰ πλεῖστα + τῆς οἰκουμένης, παρεσκεύασε δὲ ῥᾷον ὑπακοῦσαι Ῥωμαίοις ἔχουσι καὶ + αὐτοῖς οὐ [153] γένος μόνον Ἑλληνικόν, ἀλλὰ καὶ θεσμοὺς ἱεροὺς καὶ + τὴν περὶ τοὺς θεοὺς εὐπιστίαν ἐξ ἀρχῆς εἰς τέλος Ἑλληνικὴν + καταστησαμένοις τε καὶ φυλάξασι, πρὸς δὲ τούτοις καὶ τὸν περὶ τὴν + πόλιν κόσμον οὐδεμιᾶς τῶν ἄριστα πολιτευσαμένων πόλεων + καταστησαμένοις φαυλότερον, εἰ μὴ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπασῶν, ὅσαι γε ἐν + χρήσει γεγόνασι πολιτεῖαι, κρείσσονα· ἀνθ᾽ ὧν οἶμαι καὶ αὐτὸς ἔγνων + τὴν πόλιν Ἑλληνίδα γένος τε καὶ πολιτείαν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But why do I + deal with the same questions at such length, when I am free at last + to come to my goal, though not till I have first celebrated all the + blessings that Helios has given to mankind? For from him are we + born, and by him are we nourished. But his more divine gifts, and + all that he bestows on our souls when he frees them from the body + and then lifts them up on high to the region of those substances + that are akin to the god; and the fineness and vigour of his divine + rays, which are assigned as a sort of vehicle for the safe descent + of our souls into this world of generation; all this, I say, let + others celebrate in fitting strains, but let me believe it rather + than demonstrate its truth. However, I need not hesitate to discuss + so much as is known to all. Plato says that the sky is our + instructor in wisdom. For from its contemplation we have learned to + know the nature of number, whose distinguishing characteristics we + know only from the course of the sun. Plato himself says that day + and night were created first.<a id="noteref_750" name="noteref_750" + href="#note_750"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">750</span></span></a> And + next, from observing the moon's light, which was bestowed on the + goddess by Helios, we later progressed still further in the + understanding of these matters: in every case conjecturing the + harmony of all things with this god. For Plato himself says + somewhere that our race was by nature doomed to toil, and so the + gods pitied us and gave us Dionysus and the Muses as playfellows. + And we recognised that Helios is their common lord, since he is + celebrated as the father of Dionysus and the leader of the Muses. + And has not Apollo, who is his colleague in empire, set up oracles + in every part of the earth, and given to men inspired wisdom, and + regulated their cities by means of religious and political + ordinances? And he has civilised the greater part of the world by + means of Greek colonies, and so made it easier for the world to be + governed by the Romans. For the Romans themselves not only belong + to the Greek race, but also the sacred ordinances and the pious + belief in the gods which they have established and maintain are, + from beginning to end, Greek. And beside this they have established + a constitution not inferior to that of any one of the best governed + states, if indeed it be not superior to all others that have ever + been put into practice. For which reason I myself recognise that + our city is Greek, both in descent and as to its constitution.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[B] Τί ἔτι σοι + λέγω, πῶς τῆς ὑγιείας καὶ σωτηρίας πάντων προυνόησε τὸν σωτῆρα τῶν + ὅλων ἀπογεννήσας Ἀσκληπιόν, ὅπως δὲ ἀρετὴν ἔδωκε παντοίαν Ἀφροδίτην + Ἀθηνᾷ συγκαταπέμψας ἡμῖν, κηδεμόνα μόνον οὐχὶ νόμον θέμενος, πρὸς + μηδὲν ἕτερον χρῆσθαι τῇ μίξει ἢ πρὸς τὴν γέννησιν<a id= + "noteref_751" name="noteref_751" href="#note_751"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">751</span></span></a> τοῦ + ὁμοίου; διά τοι τοῦτο καὶ κατὰ τὰς περιόδους αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ φυόμενα + καὶ τὰ παντοδαπῶν ζῴων φῦλα κινεῖται [C] πρὸς ἀπογέννησιν τοῦ + ὁμοίου. τί χρὴ τὰς ἀκτῖνας αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸ φῶς σεμνῦναι; <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page420">[pg 420]</span><a name="Pg420" id="Pg420" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg421" id="Pg421" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> νὺξ γοῦν ἀσέληνός τε καὶ ἄναστρος ὅπως ἐστὶ + φοβερά, ἆρα ἐννοεῖ τις, ἵν᾽ ἐντεῦθεν, ὁπόσον ἔχομεν ἀγαθὸν ἐξ ἡλίου + τὸ φῶς, τεκμήρηται; τοῦτο δὲ αὐτὸ συνεχὲς παρέχων καὶ ἀμεσολάβητον + νυκτὶ ἐν οἷς χρὴ τόποις ἀπὸ τῆς σελήνης τοῖς ἄνω, ἐκεχειρίαν ἡμῖν + διὰ τῆς νυκτὸς τῶν πόνων δίδωσιν. οὐδὲν ἂν γένοιτο πέρας τοῦ λόγου, + εἰ πάντα ἐπεξιέναι [D] τις ἐθελήσειε τὰ τοιαῦτα. ἓν γὰρ οὐδέν ἐστιν + ἀγαθὸν κατὰ τὸν βίον, ὃ μὴ παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦδε λαβόντες ἔχομεν, + ἤτοι παρὰ μόνου τέλειον, ἢ διὰ τῶν ἄλλων θεῶν παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ + τελειούμενον.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Shall I now go + on to tell you how Helios took thought for the health and safety of + all men by begetting Asclepios<a id="noteref_752" name= + "noteref_752" href="#note_752"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">752</span></span></a> to be + the saviour of the whole world? and how he bestowed on us every + kind of excellence by sending down to us Aphrodite together with + Athene, and thus laid down for our protection what is almost a law, + that we should only unite to beget our kind? Surely it is for this + reason that, in agreement with the course of the sun, all plants + and all the tribes of living things are aroused to bring forth + their kind. What need is there for me to glorify his beams and his + light? For surely everyone knows how terrible is night without a + moon or stars, so that from this he can calculate how great a boon + for us is the light of the sun? And this very light he supplies at + night, without ceasing, and directly, from the moon in those upper + spaces where it is needed, while he grants us through the night a + truce from toil. But there would be no limit to the account if one + should endeavour to describe all his gifts of this sort. For there + is no single blessing in our lives which we do not receive as a + gift from this god, either perfect from him alone, or, through the + other gods, perfected by him.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἡμῖν δέ ἐστιν + ἐρχηγὸς καὶ τῆς πόλεως. οἰκεῖ γοῦν αὐτῆς οὐ τὴν ἀκρόπολιν μόνον + μετὰ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς καὶ Ἀφροδίτης Ζεὺς ὁ πάντων πατὴρ ὑμνούμενος, ἀλλὰ + καὶ Ἀπόλλων ἐπὶ τῷ Παλλαντίῳ λόφῳ καὶ Ἥλιος αὐτὸς τοῦτο τὸ<a id= + "noteref_753" name="noteref_753" href="#note_753"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">753</span></span></a> + κοινὸν ὄνομα πᾶσι καὶ γνώριμον. [154] ὅπως δὲ αὐτῷ πάντη καὶ πάντα + προσήκομεν οἱ Ῥωμυλίδαι τε καὶ Αἰνεάδαι, πολλὰ ἔχων εἰπεῖν ἐρῶ + βραχέα τὰ γνωριμώτατα. γέγονε, φασίν, ἐξ Ἀφροδίτης Αἰνείας, ἥπερ + ἐστὶν ὑπουργὸς Ἡλίῳ καὶ συγγενής. αὐτὸν δὲ τὸν κτίστην ἡμῶν τῆς + πόλεως Ἄρεως ἡ φήμη παρέδωκε παῖδα, πιστουμένη τὸ παράδοξον τῶν + λόγων διὰ τῶν ὕστερον ἐπακολουθησάντων σημείων. ὑπέσχε γὰρ αὐτῷ, + φασί, μαζὸν θήλεια λύκος. ἐγὼ δὲ ὅτι μὲν Ἄρης Ἄζιζος λεγόμενος + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page422">[pg 422]</span><a name= + "Pg422" id="Pg422" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg423" id= + "Pg423" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ὑπὸ τῶν οἰκούντων τὴν + Ἔμεσαν<a id="noteref_754" name="noteref_754" href= + "#note_754"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">754</span></span></a> [B] + Σύρων Ἡλίου προπομπεύει, καίπερ εἰδὼς καὶ προειπὼν ἀφήσειν μοι + δοκῶ. τοῦ χάριν δὲ ὁ λύκος Ἄρει μᾶλλον, οὐχὶ δὲ Ἡλίῳ προσήκει; + καίτοι λυκάβαντά φασιν ἀπὸ τοῦ λύκου τὸυ ἐνιαύσιον χρόνον· ὀνομάζει + δὲ αὐτὸν οὐχ Ὅμηρος μόνον οὐδὲ οἱ γνώριμοι τῶν Ἑλλήνων τοῦτο τὸ + ὄνομα, πρὸς δὲ καὶ ὁ θεός· διανύων γάρ φησιν</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Moreover he is + the founder of our city.<a id="noteref_755" name="noteref_755" + href="#note_755"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">755</span></span></a> For + not only does Zeus, who is glorified as the father of all things, + inhabit its citadel<a id="noteref_756" name="noteref_756" href= + "#note_756"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">756</span></span></a> + together with Athene and Aphrodite, but Apollo also dwells on the + Palatine Hill, and Helios himself under this name of his which is + commonly known to all and familiar to all. And I could say much to + prove that we, the sons of Romulus and Aeneas, are in every way and + in all respects connected with him, but I will mention briefly only + what is most familiar. According to the legend, Aeneas is the son + of Aphrodite, who is subordinate to Helios and is his kinswoman. + And the tradition has been handed down that the founder of our city + was the son of Ares, and the paradoxical element in the tale has + been believed because of the portents which later appeared to + support it. For a she-wolf, they say, gave him suck. Now I am aware + that Ares, who is called Azizos by the Syrians who inhabit Emesa, + precedes Helios in the sacred procession, but I mentioned it + before, so I think I may let that pass. But why is the wolf sacred + only to Ares and not to Helios? Yet men call the period of a year + <span class="tei tei-q">“lycabas,”</span><a id="noteref_757" name= + "noteref_757" href="#note_757"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">757</span></span></a> which + is derived from <span class="tei tei-q">“wolf.”</span> And not only + Homer<a id="noteref_758" name="noteref_758" href= + "#note_758"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">758</span></span></a> and + the famous men of Greece call it by this name, but also the god + himself, when he says:)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ὀρχηθμῷ λυκάβαντα δυωδεκάμηνα + κέλευθα.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">With + dancing does he bring to a close his journey of twelve months, + even the lycabas.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[C] βούλει οὖν + ἔτι σοι φράσω μεῖζον τεκμήριον, ὅτι ἄρα ὁ τῆς πόλεως ἡμῶν οἰκιστὴς + οὐχ ὑπ᾽ Ἀρεως κατεπέμφθη μόνον, ἀλλ᾽ ἴσως αὐτῷ τῆς μὲν τοῦ σώματος + κατασκευῆς συνεπελάβετο δαίμων ἀρήιος καὶ γενναῖος, ὁ λεγόμενος + ἐπιφοιτῆσαι τῇ Σιλβίᾳ λουτρὰ τῇ θεῷ φερούσῃ, τὸ δὲ ὅλον ἐξ Ἡλίου + κατῆλθεν ἡ ψυχὴ τοῦ θεοῦ Κυρίνου· πειστέον γὰρ οἶμαι τῇ φήμῃ. [D] + σύνοδος ἀκριβὴς τῶν τὴν ἐμφανῆ κατανειμαμένων βασιλείαν Ἡλίου τε + καὶ Σελήνης ὥσπερ οὖν εἰς τὴν γῆν κατήγαγεν, οὕτω καὶ ἀνήγαγεν + ὃν<a id="noteref_759" name="noteref_759" href= + "#note_759"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">759</span></span></a> ἀπὸ + τῆς γῆς ἐδέξατο, τὸ θνητὸν ἀφανίσασα πυρὶ κεραυνίῳ τοῦ σώματος. + οὕτω προδήλως ἡ τῶν περιγείων <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page424">[pg 424]</span><a name="Pg424" id="Pg424" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg425" id="Pg425" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> δημιουργὸς ὑπὸ αὐτὸν ἄκρως γενομένη τὸν ἥλιον + ἐδέξατο εἰς γῆν πεμπόμενον διὰ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς τῆς Προνοίας τὸν Κυρῖνον, + ἀνιπτάμενόν τε αὖθις ἀπὸ γῆς ἐπὶ τὸν βασιλέα τῶν ὅλων ἐπανήγαγεν + αὐτίκα Ἥλιον.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now do you wish + me to bring forward a still greater proof that the founder of our + city was sent down to earth, not by Ares alone, though perhaps some + noble daemon with the character of Ares did take part in the + fashioning of his mortal body, even he who is said to have visited + Silvia<a id="noteref_760" name="noteref_760" href= + "#note_760"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">760</span></span></a> when + she was carrying water for the bath of the goddess,<a id= + "noteref_761" name="noteref_761" href="#note_761"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">761</span></span></a> but + the whole truth is that the soul of the god Quirinus<a id= + "noteref_762" name="noteref_762" href="#note_762"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">762</span></span></a> came + down to earth from Helios; for we must, I think, believe the sacred + tradition. And the close conjunction of Helios and Selene, who + share the empire over the visible world, even as it had caused his + soul to descend to earth, in like manner caused to mount upwards + him whom it received back from the earth, after blotting out with + fire from a thunderbolt<a id="noteref_763" name="noteref_763" href= + "#note_763"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">763</span></span></a> the + mortal part of his body. So clearly did she who creates earthly + matter, she whose place is at the furthest point below the sun, + receive Quirinus when he was sent down to earth by Athene, goddess + of Forethought; and when he took flight again from earth she led + him back straightway to Helios, the King of the All.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[155] Ἔτι σοι + βούλει περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν φράσω τεκμήριον τοῦ Νόμα τοῦ βασιλέως ἔργον; + ἄσβεστον ἐξ ἡλίου φυλάττουσι φλόγα παρθένοι παρ᾽ ἡμῖν ἱεραὶ κατὰ + τὰς διαφόρους ὥρας, αἳ δὴ τὸ γενόμενον<a id="noteref_764" name= + "noteref_764" href="#note_764"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">764</span></span></a> περὶ + τὴν γῆν ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ πῦρ φυλάττουσιν. ἔτι τούτων μεῖζον ἔχω σοι + φράσαι τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦδε τεκμήριον, αὐτοῦ τοῦ θειοτάτου βασιλέως + ἔργον. οἱ μῆνες ἅπασι μὲν τοῖς ἄλλοις ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν ἀπὸ τῆς + σελήνης ἀριθμοῦνται, [B] μόνοι δὲ ἡμεῖς καὶ Αἰγύπτιοι πρὸς τὰς + ἡλίου κινήσεις ἑκάστου μετροῦμεν ἐνιαυτοῦ τὰς ἡμέρας. εἴ σοι μετὰ + τοῦτο φαίην, ὡς καὶ τὸν Μίθραν τιμῶμεν καὶ ἄγομεν Ἡλίῳ + τετραετηρικοὺς ἀγῶνας, ἐρῶ νεώτερα· βέλτιον δὲ ἴσως ἕν τι τῶν + παλαιοτέρων προθεῖναι. τοῦ γὰρ ἐνιαυσιαίου κύκλου τὴν ἀρχὴν ἄλλος + ἄλλοθεν ποιούμενος, οἱ μὲν τὴν ἐαρινὴν ἰσημερίαν, οἱ δὲ τὴν ἀκμὴν + τοῦ θέρους, οἱ πολλοὶ δὲ φθίνουσαν ἤδη τὴν ὀπώραν, [C] Ἡλίου τὰς + ἐμφανεστάτας ὑμνοῦσι <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page426">[pg + 426]</span><a name="Pg426" id="Pg426" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg427" id="Pg427" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> δωρεάς ὁ μέν τις τὴν τῆς ἐργασίας ἐνδιδομένην + εὐκαιρίαν, ὅτε ἡ γῆ θάλλει καὶ γαυριᾷ, φυομένων ἄρτι των καρπῶν + ἁπάντων, γίνεται δὲ ἐπιτῆδεια πλεῖσθαι τὰ πελάγη καὶ τὸ τοῦ + χειμῶνος ἀηδὲς καὶ σκυθρωπὸν ἐπὶ τὸ φαιδρότερον μεθίσταται, οἱ δὲ + τὴν τοῦ θέρους ἐτίμησαν ὥραν,<a id="noteref_765" name="noteref_765" + href="#note_765"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">765</span></span></a> ὡς + ἀσφαλῶς τότε ὑπὶρ τῆς τῶν καρπῶν ἔχοντες θαρρῆσαι γενέσεως, τῶν μὲν + σπερμάτων ἤδη συνειλεγμένων, ἀκμαίας δὲ οὔσης [D] τῆς ὀπώρας ἤδη + και πεπαινομένων τῶν ἐπικειμένων καρπῶν τοῖς δένδροις. ἄλλοι δὲ + τούτων ἔτι κομψότεροι τέλος ἐνιαυτοῦ ὑπέλαβον τὴν τελειοτάτην τῶν + καρπῶν ἁπάντων ἀκμὴν καὶ φθίσιν· ταῦτά τοι καὶ φθινούσης ἤδη τῆς + ὀπώρας ἄγουσι τὰς κατ᾽ ἐνιαυτὸν νουμηνίας. οἱ δὲ ἡμέτεροι + προπάτορες ἀπ᾽ αὐτοῦ τοῦ θειοτάτου βασιλέως τοῦ Νόμα μειζόνως ἔτι + τὸν θεὸν τοῦτον σεβόμενοι τὰ μὲν τῆς χρείας ἀπέλιπον, ἅτε οἶμαι + φύσει θεῖοι καὶ περιττοὶ τὴν διάνοιαν, αὐτὸν δὲ εἶδον τούτων τὸν + αἴτιον [156] καὶ ἄγειν ἔταξαν συμφώνως ἐν τῇ παρούσῃ τῶν ὡρῶν τὴν + νουμηνίαν, ὁπότε ὁ βασιλεὺς Ἥλιος αὖθις ἐπανάγει πρὸς ἡμᾶς ἀφεὶς + τῆς μεσημβρίας τὰ ἔσχατα καὶ ὥσπερ περὶ νύσσαν τὸν αἰγοκέρωτα + κάμψας ἀπὸ τοῦ νότου πρὸς τὸν βορρᾶν ἔρχεται μεταδώσων ἡμῖν τῶν + ἐπετείων ἀγαθῶν. ὅτι δὲ τοῦτο ἀκριβῶς ἐκεῖνοι διανοηθέντες οὕτως + ἐνεστήσαντο τὴν ἐπέτειον νουμηνίαν, ἐνθένδ᾽ ἄν τις κατανοήσειεν. οὐ + γὰρ οἶμαι καθ᾽ ἣν ἡμέραν ὁ θεὸς τρέπεται, καθ᾽ ἣν δὲ τοῖς [B] πᾶσιν + ἐμφανὴς γίνεται χωρῶν ἀπὸ τῆς <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page428">[pg 428]</span><a name="Pg428" id="Pg428" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg429" id="Pg429" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> μεσημβρίας ἐς τὰς ἄρκτους ἄταξαν οὗτοι τὴν + ἑορτήν. οὔπω μὲν γὰρ ἦν αὐτοῖς ἡ τῶν κανόνων λεπτότης γνώριμος, οὓς + ἐξηῦρον μὲν Χαλδαῖοι καὶ Αἰγύπτιοι, Ἵππαρχος δὲ καὶ Πτολεμαῖος + ἐτελειώσαντο, κρίνοντες δὲ αἰσθήσει τοῖς φαινομένοις + ἠκολούθουν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Do you wish me + to mention yet another proof of this, I mean the work of King + Numa?<a id="noteref_766" name="noteref_766" href= + "#note_766"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">766</span></span></a> In + Rome maiden priestesses<a id="noteref_767" name="noteref_767" href= + "#note_767"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">767</span></span></a> guard + the undying flame of the sun at different hours in turn; they guard + the fire that is produced on earth by the agency of the god. And I + can tell you a still greater proof of the power of this god, which + is the work of that most divine king himself. The months are + reckoned from the moon by, one may say, all other peoples; but we + and the Egyptians alone reckon the days of every year according to + the movements of the sun. If after this I should say that we also + worship Mithras, and celebrate games in honour of Helios every four + years, I shall be speaking of customs that are somewhat + recent.<a id="noteref_768" name="noteref_768" href= + "#note_768"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">768</span></span></a> But + perhaps it is better to cite a proof from the remote past. The + beginning of the cycle of the year is placed at different times by + different peoples. Some place it at the spring equinox, others at + the height of summer, and many in the late autumn; but they each + and all sing the praises of the most visible gifts of Helios. One + nation celebrates the season best adapted for work in the fields, + when the earth bursts into bloom and exults, when all the crops are + just beginning to sprout, and the sea begins to be safe for + sailing; and the disagreeable, gloomy winter puts on a more + cheerful aspect, others again award the crown to the summer + season,<a id="noteref_769" name="noteref_769" href= + "#note_769"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">769</span></span></a> since + at that time they can safely feel confidence about the yield of the + fruits, when the grains have already been harvested and midsummer + is now at its height, and the fruits on the trees are ripening. + Others again, with still more subtlety, regard as the close of the + year the time when all the fruits are in their perfect prime and + decay has already set in. For this reason they celebrate the annual + festival of the New Year in late autumn. But our forefathers, from + the time of the most divine king Numa, paid still greater reverence + to the god Helios. They ignored the question of mere utility, I + think, because they were naturally religious and endowed with + unusual intelligence; but they saw that he is the cause of all that + is useful, and so they ordered the observance of the New Year to + correspond with the present season; that is to say when King Helios + returns to us again, and leaving the region furthest south and, + rounding Capricorn as though it were a goal-post, advances from the + south to the north to give us our share of the blessings of the + year. And that our forefathers, because they comprehended this + correctly, thus established the beginning of the year, one may + perceive from the following. For it was not, I think, the time when + the god turns, but the time when he becomes visible to all men, as + he travels from south to north, that they appointed for the + festival. For still unknown to them was the nicety of those laws + which the Chaldæans and Egyptians discovered, and which + Hipparchus<a id="noteref_770" name="noteref_770" href= + "#note_770"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">770</span></span></a> and + Ptolemy<a id="noteref_771" name="noteref_771" href= + "#note_771"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">771</span></span></a> + perfected: but they judged simply by sense-perception, and were + limited to what they could actually see.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Οὕτω δὲ ταῦτα + καὶ παρὰ τῶν μεταγενεστέρων, ὡς ἔφην, ἔχοντα κατενοήθη. πρὸ τῆς + νουμηνίας, εὐθέως μετὰ τὸν τελευταῖον τοῦ Κρόνου μῆνα, ποιοῦμεν + Ἡλίῳ [C] τὸν περιφανέστατον ἀγῶνα, τὴν ἑορτὴν Ἡλίῳ καταφημίσαντες + ἀνικήτῳ, μεθ᾽ ὃν οὐδὲν θέμις ὧν ὁ τελευταῖος μὴν ἔχει σκυθρωπῶν + μέν, ἀναγκαίων δ᾽ ὅμως, ἐπιτελεσθῆναι θεαμάτων, ἀλλὰ τοῖς Κρονίοις + οὖσι τελευταίοις εὐθὺς συνάπτει κατὰ τὸν κύκλον τὰ Ἡλίαια, ἃ δὴ + πολλάκις μοι δοῖεν οἱ βασιλεῖς ὑμνῆσαι καὶ ἐπιτελέσαι θεοί, καὶ πρό + γε τῶν ἄλλων αὐτὸς ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν ὅλων Ἥλιος, ὁ περὶ τὴν τἀγαθοῦ + γόνιμον οὐσίαν ἐξ ἁιδίου προελθὼν μέσος [D] ἐν μέσοις τοῖς νοεροῖς + θεοῖς, συνοχῆς τε αὐτοὺς πληρώσας καὶ κάλλους μυρίου καὶ περιουσίας + γονίμου καὶ τελείου νοῦ καὶ πάντων ἀθρόως τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀχρόνως, καὶ + ἐν τῷ νῦν ἐλλάμπων εἰς τὴν ἐμφανῆ μέσην τοῦ παντὸς <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page430">[pg 430]</span><a name="Pg430" id="Pg430" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg431" id="Pg431" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> οὐρανοῦ φερομένην ἕδραν οἰκείαν ἐξ ἀιδίου, + καὶ μεταδιδοὺς τῷ φαινομένῳ παντὶ τοῦ νοητοῦ κάλλους, τὸν δὲ + οὐρανὸν σύμπαντα πληρώσας τοσούτων θεῶν [157] ὁπόσων αὐτὸς ἐν ἑαυτῷ + νοερῶς ἔχει, περὶ αὐτὸν ἀμερίστως πληθυνομένων καὶ ἑνοειδῶς αὐτῷ + συνημμένων, οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν ὑπὸ τὴν σελήνην τόπον διὰ τῆς + ἀειγενεσίας συνέχων καὶ τῶν ἐνδιδομένων ἐκ τοῦ κυκλικοῦ σώματος + ἀγαθῶν, ἐπιμελόμενος τοῦ τε<a id="noteref_772" name="noteref_772" + href="#note_772"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">772</span></span></a> + κοινοῦ τῶν ἀνθρώπων γένους ἰδίᾳ τε τῆς ἡμετέρας πόλεως, ὥσπερ οὖν + καὶ τὴν ἡμετέραν ἐξ ἀιδίου ψυχὴν ὑπέστησεν, ὀπαδὸν ἀποφήνας αὑτοῦ. + ταῦτά τε οὖν, ὅσα [B] μικρῷ πρόσθεν ηὐξάμην, δοίη, καὶ ἔτι κοινῇ + μὲν τῇ πόλει τὴν ἐνδεχομένην ἀιδιότητα μετ᾽ εὐνοίας χορηγῶν + φυλάττοι, ἡμῖν δὲ ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον εὖ πρᾶξαι τά τε ἀνθρώπινα καὶ τὰ + θεῖα δοίη, ἐφ᾽ ὅσον βιῶναι συγχωρεῖ, ζῆν δὲ καὶ ἐμπολιτεύεσθαι τῷ + βίῳ δοίη ἐφ᾽ ὅσον αὐτῷ τε ἐκείνῳ φίλον ἡμῖν τε λώιον καὶ τοῖς + κοινοῖς συμφέρον Ῥωμαίων πράγμασιν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But the truth + of these facts was recognised, as I said, by a later generation. + Before the beginning of the year, at the end of the month which is + called after Kronos,<a id="noteref_773" name="noteref_773" href= + "#note_773"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">773</span></span></a> we + celebrate in honour of Helios the most splendid games, and we + dedicate the festival to the Invincible Sun. And after this it is + not lawful to perform any of the shows that belong to the last + month, gloomy as they are, though necessary. But, in the cycle, + immediately after the end of the Kronia<a id="noteref_774" name= + "noteref_774" href="#note_774"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">774</span></span></a> + follow the Heliaia. That festival may the ruling gods grant me to + praise and to celebrate with sacrifice! And above all the others + may Helios himself, the King of the All, grant me this, even he who + from eternity has proceeded from the generative substance of the + Good: even he who is midmost of the midmost intellectual gods; who + fills them with continuity and endless beauty and superabundance of + generative power and perfect reason, yea with all blessings at + once, and independently of time! And now he illumines his own + visible abode, which from eternity moves as the centre of the whole + heavens, and bestows a share of intelligible beauty on the whole + visible world, and fills the whole heavens with the same number of + gods as he contains in himself in intellectual form. And without + division they reveal themselves in manifold form surrounding him, + but they are attached to him to form a unity. Aye, but also, + through his perpetual generation and the blessings that he bestows + from the heavenly bodies, he holds together the region beneath the + moon. For he cares for the whole human race in common, but + especially for my own city,<a id="noteref_775" name="noteref_775" + href="#note_775"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">775</span></span></a> even + as also he brought into being my soul from eternity, and made it + his follower. All this, therefore, that I prayed for a moment ago, + may he grant, and further may he, of his grace, endow my city as a + whole with eternal existence, so far as is possible, and protect + her; and for myself personally, may he grant that, so long as I am + permitted to live, I may prosper in my affairs both human and + divine; finally may he grant me to live and serve the state with my + life, so long as is pleasing to himself and well for me and + expedient for the Roman Empire!)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ταῦτά σοι, ὦ + φίλε Σαλούστιε, κατὰ τὴν τριπλῆν τοῦ θεοῦ δημιουργίαν [C] ἐν τρισὶ + μάλιστα νυξὶν ὡς οἷόν τε ἦν ἐπελθόντα μοι τῇ μνήμῃ καὶ γράψαι πρὸς + σὲ ἐτόλμησα, ἐπεί σοι καὶ τὸ πρότερον εἰς τὰ Κρόνια γεγραμμένον + ἡμῖν οὐ παντάπασιν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page432">[pg + 432]</span><a name="Pg432" id="Pg432" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg433" id="Pg433" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀπόβλητον ἐφάνη. τελειοτέροις δ᾽ εἰ βούλει + περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν καὶ μυστικωτέροις λόγοις ἐπιστῆσαι, ἐντυχὼν τοῖς + παρὰ τοῦ θείου γενομένοις Ἰαμβλίχου περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν τούτων + συγγράμμασι τὸ τέλος ἐκεῖσε τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης [D] εὑρήσεις σοφίας. + δοίη δ᾽ ὁ μέγας Ἥλιος μηδὲν ἔλαττόν με τὰ περὶ αὐτοῦ γνῶναι, καὶ + διδάξαι κοινῇ τε ἅπαντας, ἰδίᾳ δὲ τοὺς μανθάνειν ἀξίους. ἕως δέ μοι + τοῦτο δίδωσιν ὁ θεός, κοινῇ θεραπεύωμεν τὸν τῷ θεῷ φίλον Ἰάμβλιχον, + ὅθεν καὶ νῦν ὀλίγα ἐκ πολλῶν ἐπὶ νοῦν ἐλθόντα διεληλύθαμεν. ἐκείνου + δὲ εὖ οἶδα ὡς οὐδεὶς ἐρεῖ τι τελειότερον, οὐδὲ εἰ πολλὰ πάνυ + προσταλαιπωρήσας καινοτομήσειεν· ἐκβήσεται γάρ, ὡς εἰκός, [158] τῆς + ἀληθεστάτης τοῦ θεοῦ νοήσεως. ἦν μὲν οὖν ἴσως μάταιον, εἰ + διδασκαλίας χάριν ἐποιούμην τοὺς λόγους, αὐτὸν<a id="noteref_776" + name="noteref_776" href="#note_776"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">776</span></span></a> μετ᾽ + ἐκεῖνόν τι συγγράφειν, ἐπεὶ δὲ ὕμνον ἐθέλων διελθεῖν τοῦ θεοῦ + χαριστήριον ἐν τούτῳ τόπον ὑπελάμβανον τοῦ<a id="noteref_777" name= + "noteref_777" href="#note_777"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">777</span></span></a> περὶ + τῆς οὐσίας αὐτοῦ φράσαι κατὰ δύναμιν τὴν ἐμήν, οὐ μάτην οἶμαι + πεποιῆσθαι τοὺς λόγους τούσδε, τὸ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(This discourse, + friend Sallust,<a id="noteref_778" name="noteref_778" href= + "#note_778"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">778</span></span></a> I + composed in three nights at most, in harmony with the three-fold + creative power of the god,<a id="noteref_779" name="noteref_779" + href="#note_779"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">779</span></span></a> as + far as possible just as it occurred to my memory: and I have + ventured to write it down and to dedicate it to you because you + thought my earlier work on the Kronia<a id="noteref_780" name= + "noteref_780" href="#note_780"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">780</span></span></a> was + not wholly worthless. But if you wish to meet with a more complete + and more mystical treatment of the same theme, then read the + writings of the inspired Iamblichus on this subject,<a id= + "noteref_781" name="noteref_781" href="#note_781"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">781</span></span></a> and + you will find there the most consummate wisdom which man can + achieve. And may mighty Helios grant that I too may attain to no + less perfect knowledge of himself, and that I may instruct all men, + speaking generally, but especially those who are worthy to learn. + And so long as Helios grants let us all in common revere + Iamblichus, the beloved of the gods. For he is the source for what + I have here set down, a few thoughts from many, as they occurred to + my mind. However I know well that no one can utter anything more + perfect than he, nay not though he should labour long at the task + and say very much that is new. For he will naturally diverge + thereby from the truest knowledge of the god. Therefore it would + probably have been a vain undertaking to compose anything after + Iamblichus on the same subject if I had written this discourse for + the sake of giving instruction. But since I wished to compose a + hymn to express my gratitude to the god, I thought that this was + the best place in which to tell, to the best of my power, of his + essential nature. And so I think that not in vain has this + discourse been composed. For the saying)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-left: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Κὰδ δύναμιν δ᾽ ἕρδειν ἱέρ᾽ + ἀθανάτοισι θεοῖσιν</span><a id="noteref_782" name= + "noteref_782" href="#note_782"><span class="tei tei-noteref" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">782</span></span></a> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">To the + extent of your powers offer sacrifice to the immortal + gods,</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">οὐκ ἐπὶ τῶν + θυσιῶν μόνον, [B] ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν εὐφημιῶν τῶν εἰς τοὺς θεοὺς + ἀποδεχόμενος. εὔχομαι οὖν τρίτον ἀντὶ τῆς προθυμίας μοι ταύτης + εὐμενῆ γενέσθαι τὸν βασιλέα τῶν ὅλων Ἥλιον, καὶ <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page434">[pg 434]</span><a name="Pg434" id="Pg434" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg435" id="Pg435" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> δοῦναι βίον ἀγαθὸν καὶ τελειοτέραν φρόνησιν + καὶ θεῖον νοῦν ἀπαλλαγήν τε τὴν εἱμαρμένην ἐκ τοῦ βίου πρᾳοτάτην ἐν + καιρῷ τῷ προσήκοντι, ἄνοδόν τε ἐπ᾽ αὐτὸν [C] τὸ μετὰ τοῦτο καὶ + μονὴν παρ᾽ αὐτῷ, μάλιστα μὲν ἀίδιον, εἰ δὲ τοῦτο μεῖζον εἴη τῶν + ἐμοὶ βεβιωμένων, πολλὰς πάνυ καὶ πολυετεῖς περιίδους.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I apply not to + sacrifice only, but also to the praises that we offer to the gods. + For the third time, therefore, I pray that Helios, the King of the + All, may be gracious to me in recompense for this my zeal; and may + he grant me a virtuous life and more perfect wisdom and inspired + intelligence, and, when fate wills, the gentlest exit that may be + from life, at a fitting hour; and that I may ascend to him + thereafter and abide with him, for ever if possible, but if that be + more than the actions of my life deserve, for many periods of many + years!)</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page439">[pg 439]</span><a name= + "Pg439" id="Pg439" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc17" id="toc17"></a> <a name="pdf18" id="pdf18"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 3.46em; margin-bottom: 3.46em; text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Oration V</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc19" id="toc19"></a> <a name="pdf20" id="pdf20"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 2.88em; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Introduction To Oration V</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The cult of + Phrygian Cybele the Mother of the Gods, known to the Latin world as + the Great Mother, Magna Mater, was the first Oriental religion + adopted by the Romans. In the Fifth Oration, which is, like the + Fourth, a hymn, Julian describes the entrance of the Goddess into + Italy in the third century <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> In Greece she had + been received long before, but the more civilised Hellenes had not + welcomed, as did the Romans, the more barbarous features of the + cult, the mutilated priests, the Galli, and the worship of + Attis.<a id="noteref_783" name="noteref_783" href= + "#note_783"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">783</span></span></a> They + preferred the less emotional cult of the Syrian Adonis. In Athens + the Mother of the Gods was early identified with Gaia the Earth + Mother, and the two became inextricably confused.<a id= + "noteref_784" name="noteref_784" href="#note_784"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">784</span></span></a> But + Julian, in this more Roman than Greek, does not shrink from the + Oriental conception of Cybele as the lover of Attis, attended by + eunuch priests, or the frenzy of renunciation described by + Catullus.<a id="noteref_785" name="noteref_785" href= + "#note_785"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">785</span></span></a> But + he was first of all a Neo-Platonist, and the aim of this hymn as of + the Fourth Oration is to adapt to his philosophy a popular cult and + to give its Mysteries a philosophic interpretation.</p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page440">[pg 440]</span><a name="Pg440" id="Pg440" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Mithraic + religion, seeking to conciliate the other cults of the empire, had + from the first associated with the sun-god the worship of the Magna + Mater, and Attis had been endowed with the attributes of Mithras. + Though Julian's hymn is in honour of Cybele he devotes more + attention to Attis. Originally the myth of Cybele symbolises the + succession of the seasons; the disappearance of Attis the sun-god + is the coming of winter; his mutilation is the barrenness of nature + when the sun has departed; his restoration to Cybele is the renewal + of spring. In all this he is the counterpart of Persephone among + the Greeks and of Adonis in Syria. Julian interprets the myth in + connection with the three worlds described in the Fourth Oration. + Cybele is a principle of the highest, the intelligible world, the + source of the intellectual gods. Attis is not merely a sun-god: he + is a principle of the second, the intellectual world, who descends + to the visible world in order to give it order and fruitfulness. + Julian expresses the Neo-Platonic dread and dislike of matter, of + the variable, the plural and unlimited. Cybele the intelligible + principle would fain have restrained Attis the embodiment of + intelligence from association with matter. His recall and + mutilation symbolise the triumph of unity over multiformity, of + mind over matter. His restoration to Cybele symbolises the escape + of our souls from the world of generation.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Julian follows + Plotinus<a id="noteref_786" name="noteref_786" href= + "#note_786"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">786</span></span></a> in + regarding the myths as allegories to be interpreted by the + philosopher and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page441">[pg + 441]</span><a name="Pg441" id="Pg441" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + the theosophist. They are riddles to be solved, and the paradoxical + element in them is designed to turn our minds to the hidden truth. + For laymen the myth is enough. Like all the Neo-Platonists he + sometimes uses phrases which imply human weakness or chronological + development for his divinities and then withdraws those phrases, + explaining that they must be taken in another sense. His attitude + to myths is further defined in the Sixth<a id="noteref_787" name= + "noteref_787" href="#note_787"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">787</span></span></a> and + Seventh Orations. The Fifth Oration can hardly be understood apart + from the Fourth, and both must present many difficulties to a + reader who is unfamiliar with Plotinus, Porphyry, the treatise + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On the + Mysteries</span></span>, formerly attributed to Iamblichus, + Sallust, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">On the Gods and the World</span></span>, and + the extant treatises and fragments of Iamblichus. Julian composed + this treatise at Pessinus in Phrygia, when he was on his way to + Persia, in 362 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page442">[pg 442]</span><a name= + "Pg442" id="Pg442" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg443" id= + "Pg443" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ + ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΟΣ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Julian, + Caesar)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">ΕΙΣ ΤΗΝ ΜΗΤΕΡΑ + ΤΩΝ ΘΕΩΝ</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Hymn to the + Mother of the Gods)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἆρά γε χρὴ φάναι + καὶ ὑπὲρ τούτων; καὶ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀρρήτων γράψομεν καὶ τὰ ἀνέξοιστα + ἐξοίσομεν<a id="noteref_788" name="noteref_788" href= + "#note_788"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">788</span></span></a> καὶ + τὰ ἀνεκλάλητα ἐκλαλήσομεν; [159] τίς μὲν ὁ Ἄττις ἤτοι Γάλλος, τίς + δὲ ἡ τῶν θεῶν Μήτηρ, καὶ ὁ τῆς ἁγνείας ταυτησί τρόπος ὁποῖος, καὶ + προσέτι τοῦ χάριν οὑτοσὶ<a id="noteref_789" name="noteref_789" + href="#note_789"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">789</span></span></a> + τοιοῦτος ἡμῖν ἐξ ἀρχῆς κατεδείχθη, παραδοθεὶς μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν + ἀρχαιοτάτων Φρυγῶν, παραδεχθεὶς δὲ πρῶτον ὑφ᾽ Ἑλλήνων, καὶ τούτων + οὐ τῶν τυχόντων, ἀλλ᾽ Ἀθηναίων, ἔργοις διδαχθέντων, ὅτι μὴ καλῶς + ἐτώθασαν ἐπὶ τῷ τελοῦντι τὰ ὄργια τῆς Μητρός; λέγονται γὰρ οὗτοι + περιυβρίσαι [B] καὶ ἀπελάσαι τὸν Γάλλον ὡς τὰ θεῖα καινοτομοῦντα, + οὐ ξυνέντες ὁποῖόν τι τῆς θεοῦ τὸ χρῆμα καὶ ὡς ἡ παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς + τιμωμένη Δηὼ καὶ Ῥέα καὶ Δημήτηρ. εἶτα μῆνις τὸ ἐντεῦθεν τῆς θεοῦ + καὶ θεραπεία τῆς μήνιδος. ἡ γὰρ <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page444">[pg 444]</span><a name="Pg444" id="Pg444" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg445" id="Pg445" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς καλοῖς ἡγεμὼν γενομένη τοῖς + Ἕλλησιν, ἡ τοῦ Πυθίου πρόμαντις θεοῦ, τὴν τῆς Μητρὸς τῶν θεῶν μῆνιν + ἐκέλευσεν ἱλάσκεσθαι· καὶ ἀνέστη, φασίν, ἐπὶ τούτῳ τὸ μητρῷον, οὗ + τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις δημοσίᾳ πάντα ἐφυλάττετο τὰ γραμματεῖα. μετὰ δὴ [C] + τοὺς Ἕλληνας αὐτα Ῥωμαῖοι παρεδέξαντο, συμβουλεύσαντος καὶ αὐτοῖς + τοῦ Πυθίου ἐπὶ τὸν πρὸς Καρχηδονίους πόλεμον ἄγειν ἐκ Φρυγίας τὴν + θεὸν σύμμαχον. καὶ οὐδὲν ἴσως κωλύει προσθεῖναι μικρὰν<a id= + "noteref_790" name="noteref_790" href="#note_790"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">790</span></span></a> + ἱστορίαν ἐνταῦθα. μαθόντες γὰρ τὸν χρησμὸν στέλλουσιν οἱ τῆς + θεοφιλοῦς οἰκήτορες Ῥώμης πρεσβείαν αἰτήσουσαν παρὰ τῶν Περγάμου + βασιλέων, οἳ τότε ἐκράτουν τῆς Φρυγίας, καὶ παρ᾽ αὐτῶν δὲ τῶν + Φρυγῶν τῆς θεοῦ [D] τὸ ἁγιώτατον ἄγαλμα. λαβόντες δὲ ἦγον τὸν ἱερὸν + φόρτον ἐνθέντες εὐρείᾳ φορτίδι πλεῖν εὐπετῶς δυναμένῃ τὰ τοσαῦτα + πελάγη. περαιωθεῖσα δὲ Αἴγαιόν τε καὶ Ἰόνιον, εἶτα περιπλεύσασα + Σικελίαν τε καὶ τὸ Τυρρηνὸν πέλαγος ἐπὶ τὰς ἐκβολὰς τοῦ Τύβριδος + κατήγετο· καὶ δῆμος ἐξεχεῖτο τῆς πόλεως σὺν τῇ γερουσίᾳ, ὑπήντων γε + μὴν πρὸ τῶν ἄλλων ἱερεῖς τε καὶ ἱέρειαι πᾶσαι καὶ πάντες ἐν κόσμῳ + τῷ πρέποντι κατὰ τὰ πάτρια, [160] μετέωροι πρὸς τὴν ναῦν + οὐριοδρομοῦσαν ἀποβλέποντες, καὶ περὶ τὴν τρόπιν <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page446">[pg 446]</span><a name="Pg446" id="Pg446" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg447" id="Pg447" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀπεσκόπουν τὸ ῥόθιον σχιζομένων τῶν κυμάτων· + εἶτα εἰσπλέουσαν ἐδεξιοῦντο τὴν ναῦν προσκυνοῦντες ἕκαστος ὡς ἔτυχε + προσεστὼς πόρρωθεν. ἡ δὲ ὥσπερ ἐνδείξασθαι τῷ Ῥωμαίων ἐθέλουσα + δήμῳ, ὅτι μὴ ξόανον ἄγουσιν ἀπὸ τῆς Φρυγίας ἄψυχον, ἔχει δὲ ἄρα + δύναμίν τινα μείζω καὶ θειοτέραν ὃ δὴ παρὰ τῶν Φρυγῶν λαβόντες + ἔφερον, ἐπειδὴ τοῦ Τύβριδος ἥψατο, [B] τὴν ναῦν ἵστησιν ὥσπερ + ῥιζωθεῖσαν ἐξαίφνης κατὰ τοῦ Τύβριδος. εἷλκον δὴ οὖν πρὸς ἀντίον + τὸν ῥοῦν, ἡ δὲ οὐχ εἵπετο. ὡς<a id="noteref_791" name="noteref_791" + href="#note_791"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">791</span></span></a> + βραχέσι δὲ ἐντετυχηκότες ὠθεῖν ἐπειρῶντο τὴν ναῦν, ἡ δὲ οὐκ εἶκεν + ὠθούντων. πᾶσα δὲ μηχανὴ προσήγετο τὸ ἐντεῦθεν, ἡ δὲ οὐχ ἧττον + ἀμετακίνητος ἦν· ὥστε ἐμπίπτει κατὰ τῆς ἱερωμένης τὴν παναγεστάτην + ἱερωσύνην παρθένου δεινὴ καὶ ἄδικος ὑποψία, καὶ τὴν Κλωδίαν + ᾐτιῶντο· [C] τοῦτο γὰρ ὄνομα ἦν τῇ σεμνῇ παρθένῳ· μὴ παντάπασιν + ἄχραντον μηδὲ καθαρὰν φυλάττειν ἑαυτὴν τῷ θεῷ· ὀργίζεσθαι οὖν αὐτὴν + καὶ μηνίειν ἐμφανῶς· ἐδόκει γὰρ ἤδη τοῖς πᾶσιν εἶναι τὸ χρῆμα + δαιμονιώτερον. ἡ δὲ τὸ μὲν πρῶτον αἰδοῦς ὑπεπίμηπλατο πρός τε τὸ + ὄνομα καὶ τὴν ὑποψίαν· οὕτω πάνυ πόρρω ἐτύγχανε τῆς αἰσχρᾶς καὶ + παρανόμου πράξεως. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἑώρα τὴν αἰτίαν ἤδη καθ᾽ ἑαυτῆς + ἐξισχύουσαν, περιελοῦσα τὴν ζώνην [D] καὶ περιθεῖσα τῆς νεὼς τοῖς + ἄκροις, ὥσπερ ἐξ ἐπιπνοίας τινὸς ἀποχωρεῖν ἐκέλευεν ἅπαντας, εἶτα + ἐδεῖτο τῆς θεοῦ μὴ περιιδεῖν αὐτὴν<a id="noteref_792" name= + "noteref_792" href="#note_792"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">792</span></span></a> + ἀδίκοις ἐνεχομένην βλασφημίας. <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page448">[pg 448]</span><a name="Pg448" id="Pg448" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg449" id="Pg449" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> βοῶσα δὲ ὥσπερ τι κέλευσμα, φασί, ναυτικόν, + Δέσποινα Μῆτερ εἴπερ εἰμὶ σώφρων, ἕπου μοι, ἔφη. καὶ δὴ τὴν ναῦν + οὐκ ἐκίνησε μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ εἵλκυσεν ἐπὶ πολὺ πρὸς τὸν ῥοῦν· καὶ + δύο ταῦτα Ῥωμαίοις ἔδειξεν ἡ θεὸς οἶμαι κατ᾽ ἐκείνην τὴν ἡμέραν. + [161] ὡς οὔτε μικροῦ τινος τίμιον ἀπὸ τῆς Φρυγίας ἐπήγοντο<a id= + "noteref_793" name="noteref_793" href="#note_793"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">793</span></span></a> + φόρτον, ἀλλὰ τοῦ παντὸς ἄξιον, οὔτε ὡς ἀνθρώπινον τοῦτον, ἀλλὰ + ὄντως θεῖον, οὔτε ἄψυχον γῆν, ἀλλὰ ἔμπνουν τι χρῆμα καὶ δαιμόνιον. + ἓν μὲν δὴ τοιοῦτον ἔδειξεν αὐτοῖς ἡ θεός· ἕτερον δέ, ὡς τῶν πολιτῶν + οὐδὲ εἶς λάθοι ἂν αὐτὴν χρηστὸς ἢ φαῦλος ὤν. κατωρθώθη μέντοι καὶ ὁ + πόλεμος αὐτίκα Ῥωμαίοις πρὸς Καρχηδονίους, ὥστε τὸν τρίτον ὑπὲρ τῶν + τειχῶν αὐτῆς μόνον Καρχηδόνος γενέσθαι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Ought I to say + something on this subject also? And shall I write about things not + to be spoken of and divulge what ought not to be divulged? Shall I + utter the unutterable? Who is Attis<a id="noteref_794" name= + "noteref_794" href="#note_794"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">794</span></span></a> or + Gallus,<a id="noteref_795" name="noteref_795" href= + "#note_795"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">795</span></span></a> who + is the Mother of the Gods,<a id="noteref_796" name="noteref_796" + href="#note_796"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">796</span></span></a> and + what is the manner of their ritual of purification? And further why + was it introduced in the beginning among us Romans? It was handed + down by the Phrygians in very ancient times, and was first taken + over by the Greeks, and not by any ordinary Greeks but by Athenians + who had learned by experience that they did wrong to jeer at one + who was celebrating the Mysteries of the Mother. For it is said + that they wantonly insulted and drove out Gallus, on the ground + that he was introducing a new cult, because they did not understand + what sort of goddess they had to do with, and that she was that + very Deo whom they worship, and Rhea and Demeter too. Then followed + the wrath of the goddess and the propitiation of her wrath. For the + priestess of the Pythian god who guided the Greeks in all noble + conduct, bade them propitiate the wrath of the Mother of the Gods. + And so, we are told, the Metroum was built, where the Athenians + used to keep all their state records.<a id="noteref_797" name= + "noteref_797" href="#note_797"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">797</span></span></a> After + the Greeks the Romans took over the cult, when the Pythian god had + advised them in their turn to bring the goddess from Phrygia as an + ally for their war against the Carthaginians.<a id="noteref_798" + name="noteref_798" href="#note_798"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">798</span></span></a> And + perhaps there is no reason why I should not insert here a brief + account of what happened. When they learned the response of the + oracle, the inhabitants of Rome, that city beloved of the gods, + sent an embassy to ask from the kings of Pergamon<a id= + "noteref_799" name="noteref_799" href="#note_799"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">799</span></span></a> who + then ruled over Phrygia and from the Phrygians themselves the most + holy statue<a id="noteref_800" name="noteref_800" href= + "#note_800"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">800</span></span></a> of + the goddess. And when they had received it they brought back their + most sacred freight, putting it on a broad cargo-boat which could + sail smoothly over those wide seas. Thus she crossed the Aegean and + Ionian Seas, and sailed round Sicily and over the Etruscan Sea, and + so entered the mouth of the Tiber. And the people and the Senate + with them poured out of the city, and in front of all the others + there came to meet her all the priests and priestesses in suitable + attire according to their ancestral custom. And in excited suspense + they gazed at the ship as she ran before a fair wind, and about her + keel they could discern the foaming wake as she cleft the waves. + And they greeted the ship as she sailed in and adored her from + afar, everyone where he happened to be standing. But the goddess, + as though she desired to show the Roman people that they were not + bringing a lifeless image from Phrygia, but that what they had + received from the Phrygians and were now bringing home possessed + greater and more divine powers than an image, stayed the ship + directly she touched the Tiber, and she was suddenly as though + rooted in mid-stream. So they tried to tow her against the current, + but she did not follow. Then they tried to push her off, thinking + they had grounded on a shoal, but for all their efforts she did not + move. Next every possible device was brought to bear, but in spite + of all she remained immovable. Thereupon a terrible and unjust + suspicion fell on the maiden who had been consecrated to the most + sacred office of priestess, and they began to accuse Claudia<a id= + "noteref_801" name="noteref_801" href="#note_801"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">801</span></span></a>—for + that was the name of that noble maiden<a id="noteref_802" name= + "noteref_802" href="#note_802"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">802</span></span></a>—of + not having kept herself stainless and pure for the goddess; + wherefore they said that the goddess was angry and was plainly + declaring her wrath. For by this time the thing seemed to all to be + supernatural. Now at first she was filled with shame at the mere + name of the thing and the suspicion; so very far was she from such + shameless and lawless behaviour. But when she saw that the charge + against her was gaining strength, she took off her girdle and + fastened it about the prow of the ship, and, like one divinely + inspired, bade all stand aside: and then she besought the goddess + not to suffer her to be thus implicated in unjust slanders. Next, + as the story goes, she cried aloud as though it were some nautical + word of command, <span class="tei tei-q">“O Goddess Mother, if I am + pure follow me!”</span> And lo, she not only made the ship move, + but even towed her for some distance up stream. Two things, I + think, the goddess showed the Romans on that day: first that the + freight they were bringing from Phrygia had no small value, but was + priceless, and that this was no work of men's hands but truly + divine, not lifeless clay but a thing possessed of life and divine + powers. This, I say, was one thing that the goddess showed them. + And the other was that no one of the citizens could be good or bad + and she not know thereof. Moreover the war of the Romans against + the Carthaginians forthwith took a favourable turn, so that the + third war was waged only for the walls of Carthage itself.<a id= + "noteref_803" name="noteref_803" href="#note_803"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">803</span></span></a>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[B] Τὰ μὲν οὖν + τῆς ἱστορίας, εἰ καί τισιν ἀπίθανα δόξει καὶ φιλοσόφῳ προσήκειν + οὐδὲν οὐδὲ θεολόγῳ, λεγέσθω μὴ μεῖον, κοινῇ μὲν ὑπὸ πλείστων + ἱστοριογράφων ἀναγραφόμενα, σωζόμενα δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ χαλκῶν εἰκόνων ἐν + τῇ κρατίστῃ καὶ θεοφιλεῖ Ῥώμῃ. καίτοι με οὐ λέληθεν ὅτι φήσουσιν + αὐτά τινες τῶν λίαν σοφῶν ὕθλους εἶναι γρᾳδίων οὐκ ἀνεκτούς. ἐμοὶ + δὲ δοκεῖ ταῖς πόλεσι πιστεύειν μᾶλλον τὰ τοιαῦτα ἢ τουτοισὶ τοῖς + κομψοῖς, ὧν τὸ ψυχάριον δριμὺ μέν, ὑγιὲς δὲ οὐδὲ ἓν βλέπει.<a id= + "noteref_804" name="noteref_804" href="#note_804"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">804</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(As for this + narrative, though some will think it incredible and wholly unworthy + of a philosopher or a theologian, nevertheless let it here be + related. For besides the fact that it is commonly recorded by most + historians, it has been preserved too on bronze statues in mighty + Rome, beloved of the gods.<a id="noteref_805" name="noteref_805" + href="#note_805"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">805</span></span></a> And + yet I am well aware that some over-wise persons will call it an old + wives' tale, not to be credited. But for my part I would rather + trust the traditions of cities than those too clever people, whose + puny souls are keen-sighted enough, but never do they see aught + that is sound.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὕπὲρ δὲ ὧν + εἰπεῖν ἐπῆλθέ μοι παρ᾽ αὐτὸν ἄρτι <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page450">[pg 450]</span><a name="Pg450" id="Pg450" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg451" id="Pg451" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τὸν τῆς ἁγιστείας καιρόν, ἀκούω μὲν ἔγωγε καὶ + Πορφυρίῳ τινὰ πεφιλοσοφῆσθαι περὶ αὐτῶν, οὐ μὴν οἶδά γε, οὐ γὰρ + ἐνέτυχον, εἰ καὶ συνενεχθῆναί που συμβαίη τῷ λόγῳ. τὸν Γάλλον δὲ + ἐγὼ τουτονὶ καὶ τὸν Ἄττιν αὐτὸς οἴκοθεν ἐπινοῶ τοῦ γονίμου καὶ + δημιουργικοῦ νοῦ τὴν ἄχρι τῆς ἐσχάτης ὕλης ἅπαντα γεννῶσαν οὐσίαν + εἶναι, ἔχουσάν τε ἐν ἑαυτῇ πάντας τοὺς λόγους καὶ τὰς αἰτίας τῶν + ἐνύλων εἰδῶν· [D] οὐ γὰρ δὴ πάντων ἐν πᾶσι τὰ εἴδη, οὐδὲ ἐν τοῖς + ἀνωτάτω καὶ πρώτοις αἰτίοις τὰ τῶν ἐσχάτων καὶ τελευταίων, μεθ᾽ ἃ + οὐδέν ἐστιν ἣ τὸ τῆς στερῆσεως ὄνομα μετὰ ἀμυδρᾶς ἐπινοίας. οὐσῶν + δὴ πολλῶν οὐσιῶν καὶ πολλῶν πάνυ δημιουργῶν τοῦ τρίτου δημιουργοῦ, + ὃς τῶν ἐνύλων εἰδῶν τοὺς λόγους ἐξῃρημένους ἔχει καὶ συνεχεῖς τὰς + αἰτίας, ἡ τελευταία καὶ μέχρι γῆς ὑπὸ περιουσίας τοῦ γονίμου [162] + διὰ τῆς ἄνωθεν παρὰ τῶν ἄστρων καθήκουσα φύσις ὁ ζητούμενός ἐστιν + Ἀττις. ἴσως δὲ ὑπὲρ οὗ λέγω χρὴ διαλαβεῖν σαφέστερον. εἶναί τι + λέγομεν ὕλην, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἔνυλον εἶδος. ἀλλὰ τούτων εἰ μή τις αἰτία + προτέτακται, λανθάνοιμεν ἂν ἑαυτοὺς εἰσάγοντες τὴν Ἐπικούρειον + δόξαν. ἀρχαῖν γὰρ δυοῖν εἰ μηδέν ἐστι πρεσβύτερον, αὐτόματός τις + αὐτὰς φορὰ καὶ τύχη συνεκλήρωσεν. ἀλλ᾽ ὁρῶμεν, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page452">[pg 452]</span><a name="Pg452" id="Pg452" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg453" id="Pg453" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> φησὶ Περιπατητικός [B] τις ἀγχίνους ὥσπερ ὁ + Ξέναρχος, τούτων αἴτιον ὂν τὸ πέμπτον καὶ κυκλικὸν σῶμα. γελοῖος δὲ + καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης ὑπὲρ τούτων ζητῶν τε καὶ πολυπραγμονῶν, ὁμοίως δὲ + καὶ Θεόφραστος· ἠγνόησε γοῦν τὴν ἑαυτοῦ φωνήν. ὥσπερ γὰρ εἰς τὴν + ἀσώματον οὐσίαν ἐλθὼν καὶ νοητὴν ἔστη μὴ πολυπραγμονῶν τὴν αἰτίαν, + ἀλλὰ φὰς οὕτω ταῦτα πεφυκέναι· χρῆν δὲ δήπουθεν καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ πέμπτου + σώματος τὸ πεφυκέναι ταῦτῃ λαμβάνοντα μηκέτι ζητεῖν τὰς αἰτίας, + ἵστασθαι δὲ ἐπὶ αὐτῶν καὶ μὴ πρὸς τὸ νοητὸν ἐκπίπτειν ὂν μὲν οὐδὲν + [C] φύσει καθ᾽ ἑαυτό, ἔχον δὲ ἄλλως κενὴν ὑπόνοιαν. τοιαῦτα γὰρ ἐγὼ + μέμνημαι τοῦ Ξενάρχου λέγοντος ἀκηκοώς. εἰ μὲν οὖν ὀρθῶς ἢ μὴ ταῦτα + ἐκεῖνος ἔφη, τοῖς ἄγαν ἐφείσθω Περιπατητικοῖς ὀνυχίζειν, ὅτι δὲ οὐ + προσηνῶς ἐμοὶ παντί που δῆλον, ὅπου γε καὶ τὰς Ἀριστοτελικὰς + ὑποθέσεις ἐνδεεστέρως ἔχειν ὑπολαμβάνω, εἰ μή τις αὐτὰς ἐς ταὐτὸ + τοῖς Πλάτωνος ἄγοι, [D] μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ ταῦτα ταῖς ἐκ θεῶν δεδομέναις + προφητείαις.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I am told that + on this same subject of which I am impelled to speak at the very + season of these sacred rites, Porphyry too has written a + philosophic treatise. But since I have never met with it I do not + know whether at any point it may chance to agree with my discourse. + But him whom I call Gallus or Attis I discern of my own knowledge + to be the substance of generative and creative Mind which engenders + all things down to the lowest plane of matter,<a id="noteref_806" + name="noteref_806" href="#note_806"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">806</span></span></a> and + comprehends in itself all the concepts and causes of the forms that + are embodied in matter. For truly the forms of all things are not + in all things, and in the highest and first causes we do not find + the forms of the lowest and last, after which there is nothing save + privation<a id="noteref_807" name="noteref_807" href= + "#note_807"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">807</span></span></a> + coupled with a dim idea. Now there are many substances and very + many creative gods, but the nature of the third creator,<a id= + "noteref_808" name="noteref_808" href="#note_808"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">808</span></span></a> who + contains in himself the separate concepts of the forms that are + embodied in matter and also the connected chain of causes, I mean + that nature which is last in order, and through its superabundance + of generative power descends even unto our earth through the upper + region from the stars,—this is he whom we seek, even Attis. But + perhaps I ought to distinguish more clearly what I mean. We assert + that matter exists and also form embodied in matter. But if no + cause be assigned prior to these two, we should be introducing, + unconsciously, the Epicurean doctrine. For if there be nothing of + higher order than these two principles, then a spontaneous motion + and chance brought them together. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“But,”</span> says some acute Peripatetic like + Xenarchus, <span class="tei tei-q">“we see that the cause of these + is the fifth or cyclic substance. Aristotle is absurd when he + investigates and discusses these matters, and Theophrastus + likewise. At any rate he overlooked the implications of a + well-known utterance of his. For just as when he came to + incorporeal and intelligible substance he stopped short and did not + inquire into its cause, and merely asserted that this is what it is + by nature; surely in the case of the fifth substance also he ought + to have assumed that its nature is to be thus; and he ought not to + have gone on to search for causes, but should have stopped at + these, and not fallen back on the intelligible, which has no + independent existence by itself, and in any case represents a bare + supposition.”</span> This is the sort of thing that Xenarchus says, + as I remember to have heard. Now whether what he says is correct or + not, let us leave to the extreme Peripatetics to refine upon. But + that his view is not agreeable to me is, I think, clear to + everyone. For I hold that the theories of Aristotle himself are + incomplete unless they are brought into harmony with those of + Plato<a id="noteref_809" name="noteref_809" href= + "#note_809"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">809</span></span></a>; or + rather we must make these also agree with the oracles that have + been vouchsafed to us by the gods.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἐκεῖνο δὲ ἴσως + ἄξιον πυθέσθαι, πῶς τὸ κυκλικὸν σῶμα δύναται τὰς ἀσωμάτους ἔχειν + αἰτίας τῶν ἐνύλων εἰδῶν. ὅτι μὲν γὰρ δίχα τούτων <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page454">[pg 454]</span><a name="Pg454" id="Pg454" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg455" id="Pg455" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ὑποστῆναι τὴν γένεσιν οὐκ ἐνδέχεται, πρόδηλόν + ἐστί που καὶ σαφές. τοῦ χάριν γάρ ἐστι τοσαῦτα τὰ γιγνόμενα; πόθεν + δὲ ἄρρεν καὶ θῆλυ; πόθεν δὲ ἡ κατὰ γένος τῶν ὄντων ἐν ὡρισμένοις + εἴδεσι διαφορά, [163] εἰ μή τινες εἶεν προϋπάρχοντες καὶ + προϋφεστῶτες<a id="noteref_810" name="noteref_810" href= + "#note_810"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">810</span></span></a> λόγοι + αἰτίαι τε ἐν παραδείγματος λόγῳ προϋφεστῶσαι; πρὸς ἃς εἴπερ + ἀμβλυώττομεν, ἔτι καθαιρώμεθα τὰ ὄμματα τῆς ψυχῆς. κάθαρσις δὲ ὀρθὴ + στραφῆναι πρὸς ἑαυτὸν καὶ κατανοῆσαι, πῶς μὲν ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ ὁ ἔνυλος + νοῦς ὥσπερ ἐκμαγεῖόν τι τῶν ἐνύλων εἰδῶν καὶ εἰκών ἐστιν. ἓν γὰρ + οὐδέν ἐστι τῶν σωμάτων ἢ τῶν [B] περὶ τὰ σώματα γινομένων τε καὶ + θεωρουμένων ἀσωμάτων, οὗ τὴν φαντασίαν ὁ νοῦς οὐ δύναται λαβεῖν + ἀσωμάτως, ὅπερ οὔποτ᾽ ἂν ἐποίησεν, εἰ μή τι ξυγγενὲς εἶχεν αὐτοῖς + φύσει. ταῦτά τοι καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης τὴν ψυχὴν τόπον εἰδῶν ἔφη, πλὴν + οὐκ ἐνεργείᾳ, ἀλλὰ δυνάμει. τὴν μὲν οὖν τοιαύτην ψυχὴν καὶ τὴν + ἐπεστραμμένην πρὸς τὸ σῶμα δυνάμει ταῦτα ἔχειν ἀναγκαῖον· εἰ δέ τις + ἄσχετος εἴη καὶ ἀμιγὴς ταύτῃ, τοὺς λόγους οὐκέτι δυνάμει, [C] + πάντας δὲ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page456">[pg + 456]</span><a name="Pg456" id="Pg456" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg457" id="Pg457" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ὑπάρχειν ἐνεργείᾳ νομιστέον. λάβωμεν δὲ αὐτὰ + σαφέστερον διὰ τοῦ παραδείγματος, ᾧ καὶ Πλάτων ἐν τῷ Σοφιστῇ<a id= + "noteref_811" name="noteref_811" href="#note_811"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">811</span></span></a> πρὸς + ἕτερον μὲν λόγον, ἐχρήσατο δ᾽ οὖν ὅμως. τὸ παράδειγμα δὲ οὐκ εἰς + ἀπόδειξιν φέρω τοῦ λόγου· καὶ γὰρ οὐδὲ ἀποδείξει χρὴ λαβεῖν + αὐτόν,<a id="noteref_812" name="noteref_812" href= + "#note_812"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">812</span></span></a> ἀλλ᾽ + ἐπιβολῇ μόνῃ, περὶ γὰρ τῶν πρώτων αἰτιῶν ἐστιν ἢ τῶν γε ὁμοστοίχων + τοῖς πρώτοις, εἴπερ ἡμῖν ἐστιν, ὥσπερ οὖν ἄξιον νομίζειν, [D] καὶ ὁ + Ἄττις θεός. τί δὲ καὶ ποῖόν ἐστι τὸ παράδειγμα; φησί<a id= + "noteref_813" name="noteref_813" href="#note_813"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">813</span></span></a> που + Πλάτων, τῶν περὶ τὴν μίμησιν διατριβόντων εἰ μὲν ἐθέλοι τις + μιμεῖσθαι, ὥστε καθυφεστάναι τὰ μιμητά, ἐργώδη τε εἶναι καὶ χαλεπὴν + καὶ νὴ Δία γε τοῦ ἀδυνάτου πλησίον μᾶλλον, εὔκολον δὲ καὶ ῥᾳδίαν + καὶ σφόδρα δυνατὴν τὴν διὰ τοῦ δοκεῖν τὰ ὄντα μιμουμένην. ὅταν οὖν + τὸ κάτοπτρον λαβόντες περιφέρωμεν ἐκ πάντων τῶν ὄντων ῥᾳδίως + ἀπομαξάμενοι, [164] δείκνυμεν ἑκάστου τοὺς τύπους. ἐκ τούτου τοῦ + παραδείγματος ἐπὶ τὸ εἰρημένον μεταβιβάσωμεν τὸ ὁμοίωμα, ἵν᾽ ᾖ τὸ + μὲν κάτοπτρον ὁ λεγόμενος ὑπὸ Ἀριστοτέλους δυνάμει τόπος εἰδῶν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But this it is + perhaps worth while to inquire, how the cyclic substance<a id= + "noteref_814" name="noteref_814" href="#note_814"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">814</span></span></a> can + contain the incorporeal causes of the forms that are embodied in + matter. For that, apart from these causes, it is not possible for + generation to take place is, I think, clear and manifest. For why + are there so many kinds of generated things? Whence arise masculine + and feminine? Whence the distinguishing characteristics of things + according to their species in well-defined types, if there are not + pre-existing and pre-established concepts, and causes which existed + beforehand to serve as a pattern?<a id="noteref_815" name= + "noteref_815" href="#note_815"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">815</span></span></a> And + if we discern these causes but dimly, let us still further purify + the eyes of the soul. And the right kind of purification is to turn + our gaze inwards and to observe how the soul and embodied Mind are + a sort of mould<a id="noteref_816" name="noteref_816" href= + "#note_816"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">816</span></span></a> and + likeness of the forms that are embodied in matter. For in the case + of the corporeal, or of things that though incorporeal come into + being and are to be studied in connection with the corporeal, there + is no single thing whose mental image the mind cannot grasp + independently of the corporeal. But this it could not have done if + it did not possess something naturally akin to the incorporeal + forms. Indeed it is for this reason that Aristotle himself called + the soul the <span class="tei tei-q">“place of the + forms,”</span><a id="noteref_817" name="noteref_817" href= + "#note_817"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">817</span></span></a> only + he said that the forms are there not actually but potentially. Now + a soul of this sort, that is allied with matter, must needs possess + these forms potentially only, but a soul that should be independent + and unmixed in this way we must believe would contain all the + concepts, not potentially but actually. Let us make this clearer by + means of the example which Plato himself employed in the Sophist, + with reference certainly to another theory, but still he did employ + it. And I bring forward the illustration, not to prove my argument; + for one must not try to grasp it by demonstration, but only by + apprehension. For it deals with the first causes, or at least those + that rank with the first, if indeed, as it is right to believe, we + must regard Attis also as a god. What then, and of what sort is + this illustration? Plato says that, if any man whose profession is + imitation desire to imitate in such a way that the original is + exactly reproduced, this method of imitation is troublesome and + difficult, and, by Zeus, borders on the impossible; but pleasant + and easy and quite possible is the method which only seems to + imitate real things. For instance, when we take up a mirror and + turn it round we easily get an impression of all objects, and show + the general outline of every single thing. From this example let us + go back to the analogy I spoke of, and let the mirror stand for + what Aristotle calls the <span class="tei tei-q">“place of the + forms”</span> potentially.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Αὐτὰ δὲ χρὴ τὰ + εἴδη πρότερον ὑφεστάναι πάντως ἐνεργείᾳ τοῦ δυνάμει. τῆς τοίνυν ἐν + ἡμῖν ψυχῆς, ὡς καὶ Ἀριστοτέλει δοκεῖ, δυνάμει τῶν ὄντων ἐχούσης τὰ + εἴδη, ποῦ πρῶτον ἐνεργείᾳ θησόμεθα ταῦτα; πότερον ἐν τοῖς ἐνύλοις; + [B] ἀλλ᾽ ἔστι γε ταῦτα φανερῶς τὰ τελευταῖα. λείπεται <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page458">[pg 458]</span><a name="Pg458" id="Pg458" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg459" id="Pg459" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> δὴ λοιπὸν ἀύλους αἰτίας ζητεῖν ἐνεργείᾳ + προτεταγμένας τῶν ἐνύλων, αἷς παρυποστᾶσαν καὶ συμπροελθοῦσαν ἡμῶν + τὴν ψυχὴν δέχεσθαι μὲν ἐκεῖθεν, ὥσπερ ἐξ ὄντων τινῶν τὰ ἔσοπτρα, + τοὺς τῶν εἰδῶν ἀναγκαῖον λόγους, ἐνδιδόναι δὲ διὰ τῆς φύσεως τῇ τε + ὕλῃ καὶ τοῖς ἐνύλοις τουτοισὶ σώμασιν. ὅτι μὲν γὰρ ἡ φύσις ἐστὶ + δημιουργὸς τῶν σωμάτων ἴσμεν, ὡς ὅλη τις οὖσα τοῦ παντός, ἡ δὲ καθ᾽ + ἕκαστον [C] ἑνὸς ἑκάστου τῶν ἐν μέρει, πρόδηλόν ἐστί που καὶ σαφές, + ἀλλ᾽ ἡ φύσις ἐνεργείᾳ δίχα φαντασίας ἐν ἡμῖν, ἡ δὲ ὑπὲρ ταύτης ψυχὴ + καὶ τὴν φαντασίαν προσείληφεν. εἰ τοίνυν ἡ φύσις καὶ ὧν οὐκ ἔχει + τὴν φαντασίαν ἔχειν ὅμως ὁμολογεῖται τὴν αἰτίαν, ἀνθ᾽ ὅτου πρὸς + θεῶν οὐχὶ τοῦτο αὐτὸ μᾶλλον ἔτι καὶ πρεσβύτερον τῇ ψυχῇ δώσομεν, + ὅπου καὶ φανταστικῶς αὐτὸ γιγνώσκομεν ἤδη [D] καὶ λόγῳ + καταλαμβάνομεν; εἶτα τίς οὕτως ἐστὶ φιλόνεικος, ὡς τῇ φύσει μὲν + ὑπάρχειν ὁμολογεῖν τοὺς ἐνύλους λόγους, εἰ καὶ μὴ πάντας καὶ κατὰ + τὸ αὐτὸ ἐνεργείᾳ, ἀλλὰ δυνάμει γε πάντας, τῇ ψυχῇ δὲ μὴ δοῦναι + τοῦτο αὐτό; οὐκοῦν εἰ δυνάμει μὲν ἐν τῇ φύσει καὶ οὐκ ἐνεργείᾳ τὰ + εἴδη, δυνάμει δὲ ἔτι καὶ ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ καθαρώτερον καὶ δικεκριμένως + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page460">[pg 460]</span><a name= + "Pg460" id="Pg460" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg461" id= + "Pg461" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> μᾶλλον, ὥστε δὴ καὶ + καταλαμβάνεσθαι καὶ γινώσκεσθαι, ἐνεργείᾳ δὲ οὐδαμοῦ· πόθεν + ἀναρτήσομεν τῆς ἀειγενεσίας τὰ πείσματα; ποῦ δὲ ἑδράσομεν [165] + τοὺς ὑπὲρ τῆς ἀιδιότητος κόσμου λόγους; τὸ γὰρ τοι κυκλικὸν σῶμα ἐξ + ὑποκειμένου καὶ εἴδους ἐστίν. ἀνάγκη δὴ οὖν, εἰ καὶ μήποτε ἐνεργείᾳ + ταῦτα δίχα ἀλλήλων, ἀλλὰ ταῖς γε ἐπινοίαις ἐκεῖνα πρῶτα ὑπάρχοντα + εἶναί τε καὶ νομίζεσθαι πρεσβύτερα. οὐκοῦν ἐπειδὴ δέδοταί τις καὶ + τῶν ἐνύλων εἰδῶν αἰτία προηγουμένη παντελῶς ἄυλος ὑπὸ τὸν τρίτον + δημιουργόν, ὃς ἡμῖν οὐ τούτων μόνον ἐστίν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦ φαινομένου + καὶ πέμπτου σώματος πατὴρ καὶ δεσπότης· [B] ἀποδιελόντες ἐκείνου + τὸν Ἄττιν, τὴν ἄχρι τῆς ὕλης καταβαίνουσαν αἰτίαν, καὶ θεὸν γόνιμον + Ἄττιν εἶναι καὶ Γάλλον πεπιστεύκαμεν, ὃν δή φησιν ὁ μῦθος ἀνθῆσαι + μὲν ἐκτεθέντα παρὰ Γάλλου ποταμοῦ ταῖς δίναις, εἶτα καλὸν φανέντα + καὶ μέγαν ἀγαπηθῆναι παρὰ τῆς Μητρὸς τῶν θεῶν. τὴν δὲ τά τε ἄλλα + πάντα ἐπιτρέψαι αὐτῷ καὶ τὸν ἀστερωτὸν περιθεῖναι<a id= + "noteref_818" name="noteref_818" href="#note_818"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">818</span></span></a> + πῖλον. [C] ἀλλ᾽ εἰ τὴν κορυφὴν σκέπει τοῦ Ἄττιδος ὁ φαινόμενος + οὐρανὸς οὑτοσί, τὸν Γάλλον ποταμὸν ἄρα μή ποτε χρὴ τὸν γαλαξίαν + αἰνίττεσθαι<a id="noteref_819" name="noteref_819" href= + "#note_819"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">819</span></span></a> + κύκλον; ἐνταῦθα γάρ φασι μίγνυσθαι τὸ παθητὸν σῶμα πρὸς τὴν ἀπαθῆ + τοῦ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page462">[pg 462]</span><a name= + "Pg462" id="Pg462" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg463" id= + "Pg463" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> πέμπτου κυκλοφορίαν. ἄχρι τοι + τούτων ἐπέτρεψεν ἡ Μήτηρ τῶν θεῶν σκιρτᾶν τε καὶ χορεύειν τῷ καλῷ + τούτῳ καὶ ταῖς ἡλιακαῖς ἀκτῖσιν ἐμφερεῖ τῷ νοερῷ θεῷ, τῷ Ἄττιδι. ὁ + δὲ ἐπειδὴ προïὼν ἦλθεν ἄχρι τῶν ἐσχάτων, ὁ μῦθος αὐτὸν εἰς τὸ + ἄντρον<a id="noteref_820" name="noteref_820" href= + "#note_820"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">820</span></span></a> + κατελθεῖν ἔφη καὶ συγγενέσθαι τῇ νύμφῃ, [D] τὸ δίυγρον αἰνιττόμενος + τῆς ὕλης· καὶ οὐδὲ τὴν ὕλην αὐτὴν νῦν ἔφη, τὴν τελευταίαν δὲ αἰτίαν + ἀσώματον, ἣ τῆς ὕλης προüφέστηκε.<a id="noteref_821" name= + "noteref_821" href="#note_821"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">821</span></span></a> + λέγεταί τοι καὶ πρὸς Ἡρακλείτου<a id="noteref_822" name= + "noteref_822" href="#note_822"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">822</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Now the forms + themselves must certainly subsist actually before they subsist + potentially. If, therefore, the soul in us, as Aristotle himself + believed, contains potentially the forms of existing things, where + shall we place the forms in that previous state of actuality? Shall + it be in material things? No, for the forms that are in them are + evidently the last and lowest. Therefore it only remains to search + for immaterial causes which exist in actuality prior to and of a + higher order than the causes that are embodied in matter. And our + souls must subsist in dependence on these and come forth together + with them, and so receive from them the concepts of the forms, as + mirrors show the reflections of things; and then with the aid of + nature it bestows them on matter and on these material bodies of + our world. For we know that nature is the creator of bodies, + universal nature in some sort of the All; while that the individual + nature of each is the creator of particulars is plainly evident. + But nature exists in us in actuality without a mental image, + whereas the soul, which is superior to nature, possesses a mental + image besides. If therefore we admit that nature contains in + herself the cause of things of which she has however no mental + image, why, in heaven's name, are we not to assign to the soul + these same forms, only in a still higher degree, and with priority + over nature, seeing that it is in the soul that we recognise the + forms by means of mental images, and comprehend them by means of + the concept? Who then is so contentious as to admit on the one hand + that the concepts embodied in matter exist in nature—even though + not all and equally in actuality, yet all potentially—while on the + other hand he refuses to recognise that the same is true of the + soul? If therefore the forms exist in nature potentially, but not + actually, and if also they exist potentially in the soul,<a id= + "noteref_823" name="noteref_823" href="#note_823"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">823</span></span></a> only + in a still purer sense and more completely separated, so that they + can be comprehended and recognised; but yet exist in actuality + nowhere at all; to what, I ask, shall we hang the chain of + perpetual generation, and on what shall we base our theories of the + imperishability of the universe? For the cyclic substance<a id= + "noteref_824" name="noteref_824" href="#note_824"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">824</span></span></a> + itself is composed of matter and form. It must therefore follow + that, even though in actuality these two, matter and form, are + never separate from one another, yet for our intelligence the forms + must have prior existence and be regarded as of a higher order. + Accordingly, since for the forms embodied in matter a wholly + immaterial cause has been assigned, which leads these forms under + the hand of the third creator<a id="noteref_825" name="noteref_825" + href="#note_825"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">825</span></span></a>—who + for us is the lord and father not only of these forms but also of + the visible fifth substance—from that creator we distinguish Attis, + the cause which descends even unto matter, and we believe that + Attis or Gallus is a god of generative powers. Of him the myth + relates that, after being exposed at birth near the eddying stream + of the river Gallus, he grew up like a flower, and when he had + grown to be fair and tall, he was beloved by the Mother of the + Gods. And she entrusted all things to him, and moreover set on his + head the starry cap.<a id="noteref_826" name="noteref_826" href= + "#note_826"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">826</span></span></a> But + if our visible sky covers the crown of Attis, must one not + interpret the river Gallus as the Milky Way?<a id="noteref_827" + name="noteref_827" href="#note_827"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">827</span></span></a> For + it is there, they say, that the substance which is subject to + change mingles with the passionless revolving sphere of the fifth + substance. Only as far as this did the Mother of the Gods permit + this fair intellectual god Attis, who resembles the sun's rays, to + leap and dance. But when he passed beyond this limit and came even + to the lowest region, the myth said that he had descended into the + cave, and had wedded the nymph. And the nymph is to be interpreted + as the dampness of matter; though the myth does not here mean + matter itself, but the lowest immaterial cause which subsists prior + to matter. Indeed Heracleitus also says:)</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 0.90em; margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">ψυχῇσιν θάνατος ὑγρῇσι + γενέσθαι·</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">(</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">It is death + to souls to become wet.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">)</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">τοῦτον οὖν τὸν + Γάλλον, τὸν νοερὸν θεόν, τὸν τῶν ἐνύλων καὶ ὑπὸ σελήνην εἰδῶν + συνοχέα, τῇ προτεταγμένῃ τῆς ὕλης αἰτίᾳ συνιόντα, συνιόντα δὲ οὐχ + ὡς ἄλλον ἄλλῃ, [166] ἀλλ᾽ οἷον αὐτὸ εἰς ἑαυτὸ<a id="noteref_828" + name="noteref_828" href="#note_828"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">828</span></span></a> + λέγομεν<a id="noteref_829" name="noteref_829" href= + "#note_829"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">829</span></span></a> + ὑποφερόμενον.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(We mean + therefore that this Gallus, the intellectual god, the connecting + link between forms embodied in matter beneath the region of the + moon, is united with the cause that is set over matter, but not in + the sense that one sex is united with another, but like an element + that is gathered to itself.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τίς οὖν ἡ Μήτηρ + τῶν θεῶν; ἡ τῶν κυβερνώντων τοὺς ἐμφανεῖς νοερῶν καὶ δημιουργικῶν + θεῶν πηγή, ἡ καὶ τεκοῦσα καὶ συνοικοῦσα τῷ μεγάλῳ Διὶ θεὸς ὑποστᾶσα + μεγάλη μετὰ τὸν μέγαν καὶ σὺν τῷ μεγάλῳ δημιουργῷ, ἡ πάσης μὲν + κυρία ζωῆς, πάσης δὲ γενέσεως αἰτία, ἡ ῥᾷστα μὲν ἐπιτελοῦσα τὰ + ποιούμενα, γεννῶσα δὲ δίχα πάθους καὶ δημιουργοῦσα τὰ ὄντα μετὰ τοῦ + πατρός· αὕτη [B] καὶ παρθένος ἀμήτωρ καὶ Διὸς σύνθωκος καὶ μήτηρ + θεῶν ὄντως οὖσα πάντων. τῶν γὰρ νοητῶν <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page464">[pg 464]</span><a name="Pg464" id="Pg464" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg465" id="Pg465" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ὑπερκοσμίων τε<a id="noteref_830" name= + "noteref_830" href="#note_830"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">830</span></span></a> θεῶν + δεξαμένη πάντων τὰς<a id="noteref_831" name="noteref_831" href= + "#note_831"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">831</span></span></a> + αἰτίας ἐν ἑαυτῇ πηγὴ τοῖς νοεροῖς ἐγένετο. ταύτην δὴ τὴν θεὸν οὖσαν + καὶ πρόνοιαν ἔρως μὲν ὑπῆλθεν ἀπαθὴς Ἄττιδος· ἐθελούσια γὰρ αὐτῇ + καὶ κατὰ γνώμην ἐστὶν οὐ τὰ ἔνυλα μόνον εἴδη, πολὺ δὲ πλέον τὰ + τούτων αἴτια. τὴν δὴ τὰ γινόμενα καὶ φθειρόμενα σώζουσαν [C] + προμήθειαν ἐργᾶν ὁ μῦθος ἔφη τῆς δημιουργικῆς τούτων αἰτίας καὶ + γονίμου, καὶ κελεύειν μὲν αὐτὴν ἐν τῷ νοητῷ τίκτειν μᾶλλον καὶ + βούλεσθαι μὲν<a id="noteref_832" name="noteref_832" href= + "#note_832"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">832</span></span></a> πρὸς + ἑαυτὴν ἐπεστράφθαι καὶ συνοικεῖν, ἐπίταγμα δὲ ποιεῖσθαι, μηδενὶ τῶν + ἄλλων, ἅμα μὲν τὸ ἑνοειδὲς σωτήριον διώκουσαν, ἅμα δὲ φεύγουσαν τὸ + πρὸς τὴν ὕλην νεῦσαν· πρὸς ἑαυτήν τε βλέπειν ἐκέλευσεν, οὖσαν πηγὴν + μὲν τῶν δημιουργικῶν θεῶν, οὐ καθελκομένην δὲ εἰς τὴν γένεσιν οὐδὲ + θελγομένην· [D] οὕτω γὰρ ἔμελλεν ὁ μέγας Ἄττις καὶ κρείττων<a id= + "noteref_833" name="noteref_833" href="#note_833"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">833</span></span></a> εἶναι + δημιουργός, ἐπείπερ ἐν πᾶσιν ἡ πρὸς τὸ κρεῖττον ἐπιστροφὴ μᾶλλόν + ἐστι δραστήριος τῆς πρὸς τὸ χεῖρον νεύσεως. ἐπεὶ καὶ τὸ πέμπτον + σῶμα τούτῳ δημιουργικώτερόν ἐστι τῶν τῇδε καὶ θειότερον, τῷ μᾶλλον + ἐστράφθαι πρὸς τοὺς θεούς, ἐπεί τοι τὸ σῶμα, κἂν αἰθέρος ᾖ τοῦ + καθαρωτάτου, ψυχῆς ἀχράντου καὶ καθαρᾶς, ὁποίαν τὴν Ἡρακλέους ὁ + δημιουργὸς ἐξέπεμψεν, οὐδεὶς ἂν εἰπεῖν κρεῖττον <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page466">[pg 466]</span><a name="Pg466" id="Pg466" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg467" id="Pg467" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> τολμήσειε. [167] τότε μέντοι ἦν τε καὶ ἐδόκει + μᾶλλον δραστήριος, ἢ ὅτε<a id="noteref_834" name="noteref_834" + href="#note_834"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">834</span></span></a> αὑτὴν + ἔδωκεν ἐκείνη σώματι. ἐπεὶ καὶ αὐτῷ νῦν Ἡρακλεῖ ὅλῳ πρὸς ὅλον + κεχωρηκότι τὸν πατέρα ῥᾴων ἡ τούτων ἐπιμέλεια καθέστηκεν ἢ πρότερον + ἦν, ὅτε ἐν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις σαρκία φορῶν ἐστρέφετο. οὕτως ἐν πᾶσι + δραστήριος μᾶλλον ἡ πρὸς τὸ κρεῖττον ἀπόστασις τῆς ἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον + στροφῆς. ὁ δὴ βουλόμενος ὁ μῦθος διδάξαι παραινέσαι φησὶ τὴν Μητέρα + τῶν θεῶν τῷ Ἄττιδι θεραπεύειν αὑτὴν καὶ μήτε ἀποχωρεῖν μήτε ἐρᾶν + ἄλλης. [B] ὁ δὲ προῆλθεν ἄχρι τῶν ἐσχάτων τῆς ὕλης κατελθών. ἐπεὶ + δὲ ἐχρῆν παύσασθαί ποτε καὶ στῆναι τὴν ἀπειρίαν, Κορύβας μὲν ὁ + μέγας Ἥλιος, ὁ σύνθρονος τῇ Μητρὶ καὶ συνδημιουργῶν αὐτῇ τὰ πάντα + καὶ συμπρομηθούμενος καὶ οὐδὲν πράττων αὐτῆς δίχα, πείθει τὸν + λέοντα μηνυτὴν γενέσθαι. τίς δὲ ὁ λέων; αἴθωνα δήπουθεν ἀκούομεν + αὐτόν, αἰτίαν τοίνυν τὴν προüφεστῶσαν<a id="noteref_835" name= + "noteref_835" href="#note_835"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">835</span></span></a> τοῦ + θερμοῦ καὶ πυρώδους, [C] ἣ πολεμήσειν ἔμελλε τῇ νύμφῃ καὶ + ζηλοτυπήσειν αὐτὴν τῆς πρὸς τὸν Ἄττιν κοινωνίας· εἴρηται δὲ ἡμῖν + τίς ἡ νύμφη· τῇ δὲ<a id="noteref_836" name="noteref_836" href= + "#note_836"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">836</span></span></a> + δημιουργικῇ προμηθείᾳ τῶν ὄντων ὑπουργῆσαί φησιν ὁ μῦθος,<a id= + "noteref_837" name="noteref_837" href="#note_837"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">837</span></span></a> + δηλαδὴ τῇ Μητρὶ τῶν θεῶν· <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page468">[pg + 468]</span><a name="Pg468" id="Pg468" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg469" id="Pg469" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> εἶτα φωράσαντα καὶ μηνυτὴν γενόμενον αἴτιον + γενέσθαι τῷ νεανίσκῳ τῆς ἐκτομὴς. ἡ δὲ ἐκτομὴ τίς; ἐποχὴ τῆς + ἀπειρίας· ἔστη γὰρ δὴ τὰ τῆς γενέσεως ἐν ὡρισμένοις τοῖς εἴδεσιν + ὑπὸ τῆς δημιουργικῆς ἐπισχεθέντα προμηθείας, [D] οὐκ ἄνευ τῆς τοῦ + Ἄττιδος λεγομένης παραφροσύνης, ἣ τὸ μέτριον ἐξισταμένη καὶ + ὑπερβαίνουσα καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ὥσπερ ἐξασθενοῦσα καὶ οὐκέθ᾽ αὑτῆς εἶναι + δυναμένη·<a id="noteref_838" name="noteref_838" href= + "#note_838"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">838</span></span></a> ὃ δὴ + περὶ τὴν τελευταίαν ὑποστῆναι τῶν θεῶν αἰτίαν οὐκ ἄλογον. σκόπει + οὖν ἀναλλοίωτον κατὰ πᾶσαν ἀλλοίωσιν τὸ πέμπτον θεώμενος σῶμα περὶ + τοὺς φωτισμοὺς τῆς σελήνης, ἵνα λοιπὸν ὁ συνεχῶς γιγνόμενός τε καὶ + ἀπολλύμενος κόσμος γειτνιᾷ τῷ πέμπτῳ σώματι. περὶ 168 τοὺς + φωτισμοὺς αὐτῆς ἀλλοίωσίν τινα καὶ πάθη συμπίπτοντα θεωροῦμεν. οὐκ + ἄτοπον οὖν καὶ τὸν Ἄττιν τοῦτον ἡμίθεόν τινα εἶναι· βούλεται γὰρ δὴ + καὶ ὁ μῦθος τοῦτο· μᾶλλον δὲ θεὸν μὲν τῷ παντί· πρόεισί τε γὰρ ἐκ + τοῦ τρίτου δημιουργοῦ καὶ ἐπανάγεται πάλιν ἐπὶ τὴν Μητέρα τῶν θεῶν + μετὰ τὴν ἐκτομήν· ἐπεὶ δὲ ὅλως ῥέπειν καὶ<a id="noteref_839" name= + "noteref_839" href="#note_839"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">839</span></span></a> + νεύειν εἰς τὴν ὕλην δοκεῖ, θεῶν μὲν ἔσχατον, ἔξαρχον δὲ [B] τῶν + θείων γενῶν ἁπάντων οὐκ ἂν ἁμάρτοι τις αὐτὸν ὑπολαβών. ἡμίθεον δὲ + διὰ τοῦτο ὁ μῦθός φησι, τὴν πρὸς τοὺς ἀτρέπτους αὐτοῦ θεοὺς + ἐνδεικνύμενος διαφοράν. δορυφοροῦσι γὰρ αὐτὸν παρὰ τῆς Μητρὸς + δοθέντες οἱ Κορύβαντες, αἱ τρεῖς ἀρχικαὶ τῶν μετὰ θεοὺς κρεισσόνων + γενῶν ὑποστάσεις. ἄρχει δὲ καὶ τῶν <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page470">[pg 470]</span><a name="Pg470" id="Pg470" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg471" id="Pg471" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> λεόντων, οἳ τὴν ἔνθερμον οὐσίαν καὶ πυρώδη + κατανειμάμενοι μετὰ τοῦ σφῶν ἐξάρχου λέοντος αἴτιοι τῷ πυρὶ μὲν + πρώτως, διὰ δὲ τῆς ἐνθένδε θερμότητος ἐνεργείας τε κινητικῆς αἴτιοι + [C] καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις εἰσὶ σωτηρίας· περίκειται δὲ τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀντὶ + τιάρας, ἐκεῖθεν ὥσπερ ἐπὶ γῆν ὁρμώμενος.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Who then is the + Mother of the Gods? She is the source of the intellectual<a id= + "noteref_840" name="noteref_840" href="#note_840"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">840</span></span></a> and + creative gods, who in their turn guide the visible gods: she is + both the mother and the spouse of mighty Zeus; she came into being + next to and together with the great creator; she is in control of + every form of life, and the cause of all generation; she easily + brings to perfection all things that are made; without pain she + brings to birth, and with the father's<a id="noteref_841" name= + "noteref_841" href="#note_841"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">841</span></span></a> aid + creates all things that are; she is the motherless maiden,<a id= + "noteref_842" name="noteref_842" href="#note_842"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">842</span></span></a> + enthroned at the side of Zeus, and in very truth is the Mother of + all the Gods. For having received into herself the causes of all + the gods, both intelligible and supra-mundane, she became the + source of the intellectual gods. Now this goddess, who is also + Forethought, was inspired with a passionless love for Attis. For + not only the forms embodied in matter, but to a still greater + degree the causes of those forms, voluntarily serve her and obey + her will. Accordingly the myth relates the following: that she who + is the Providence who preserves all that is subject to generation + and decay, loved their creative and generative cause, and commanded + that cause to beget offspring rather in the intelligible region; + and she desired that it should turn towards herself and dwell with + her, but condemned it to dwell with no other thing. For only thus + would that creative cause strive towards the uniformity that + preserves it, and at the same time would avoid that which inclines + towards matter. And she bade that cause look towards her, who is + the source of the creative gods, and not be dragged down or allured + into generation. For in this way was mighty Attis destined to be an + even mightier creation, seeing that in all things the conversion to + what is higher produces more power to effect than the inclination + to what is lower. And the fifth substance itself is more creative + and more divine than the elements of our earth, for this reason, + that it is more nearly connected with the gods. Not that anyone, + surely, would venture to assert that any substance, even if it be + composed of the purest aether, is superior to soul undefiled and + pure, that of Heracles for instance, as it was when the creator + sent it to earth. For that soul of his both seemed to be and was + more effective than after it had bestowed itself on a body. Since + even Heracles, now that he has returned, one and indivisible, to + his father one and indivisible, more easily controls his own + province than formerly when he wore the garment of flesh and walked + among men. And this shows that in all things the conversion to the + higher is more effective than the propensity to the lower. This is + what the myth aims to teach us when it says that the Mother of the + Gods exhorted Attis not to leave her or to love another. But he + went further, and descended even to the lowest limits of matter. + Since, however, it was necessary that his limitless course should + cease and halt at last, mighty Helios the Corybant,<a id= + "noteref_843" name="noteref_843" href="#note_843"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">843</span></span></a> who + shares the Mother's throne and with her creates all things, with + her has providence for all things, and apart from her does nothing, + persuaded the Lion<a id="noteref_844" name="noteref_844" href= + "#note_844"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">844</span></span></a> to + reveal the matter. And who is the Lion? Verily we are told that he + is flame-coloured.<a id="noteref_845" name="noteref_845" href= + "#note_845"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">845</span></span></a> He + is, therefore, the cause that subsists prior to the hot and fiery, + and it was his task to contend against the nymph and to be jealous + of her union with Attis. (And who the nymph is, I have said.) And + the myth says that the Lion serves the creative Providence of the + world, which evidently means the Mother of the Gods. Then it says + that by detecting and revealing the truth, he caused the youth's + castration. What is the meaning of this castration? It is the + checking of the unlimited. For now was generation confined within + definite forms checked by creative Providence. And this would not + have happened without the so-called madness of Attis, which + overstepped and transgressed due measure, and thereby made him + become weak so that he had no control over himself. And it is not + surprising that this should come to pass, when we have to do with + the cause that ranks lowest among the gods. For consider the fifth + substance, which is subject to no change of any sort, in the region + of the light of the moon: I mean where our world of continuous + generation and decay borders on the fifth substance. We perceive + that in the region of her light it seems to undergo certain + alterations and to be affected by external influences. Therefore it + is not contradictory to suppose that our Attis also is a sort of + demigod—for that is actually the meaning of the myth—or rather for + the universe he is wholly god, for he proceeds from the third + creator, and after his castration is led upwards again to the + Mother of the Gods. But though he seems to lean and incline towards + matter, one would not be mistaken in supposing that, though he is + the lowest in order of the gods, nevertheless he is the leader of + all the tribes of divine beings. But the myth calls him a demigod + to indicate the difference between him and the unchanging gods. He + is attended by the Corybants who are assigned to him by the Mother; + they are the three leading personalities of the higher races<a id= + "noteref_846" name="noteref_846" href="#note_846"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">846</span></span></a> that + are next in order to the gods. Also Attis rules over the lions, who + together with the Lion, who is their leader, have chosen for + themselves hot and fiery substance, and so are, first and foremost, + the cause of fire. And through the heat derived from fire they are + the causes of motive force and of preservation for all other things + that exist. And Attis encircles the heavens like a tiara, and + thence sets out as though to descend to earth.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Οὗτος ὁ μέγας + ἡμῖν θεὸς Ἄττις ἐστίν· αὗται τοῦ βασιλέως Ἄττιδος αἱ θρηνούμεναι + τέως φυγαὶ καὶ κρύψεις καὶ ἀφανισμοὶ καὶ αἱ δύσεις αἱ κατὰ τὸ + ἄντρον. τεκμήρια δὲ ἔστω μοι τούτου ὁ χρόνος, ἐν ᾧ γίνεται. + τέμνεσθαι γάρ φασι τὸ ἱερὸν δένδρον καθ᾽ ἣν ἡμέραν ὁ ἥλιος ἐπὶ τὸ + ἄκρον τῆς ἰσημερινῆς ἁψῖδος ἔρχεται· εἶθ᾽ ἑξῆς περισαλπισμὸς + παραλαμβάνεται· [D] τῇ τρίτῃ δὲ τέμνεται τὸ ἱερὸν καὶ ἀπόρρητον + θέρος τοῦ θεοῦ Γάλλου· ἐπὶ τούτοις Ἱλάρια, φασί, καὶ ἑορταί. ὅτι + μὲν οὖν στάσις ἐστὶ τῆς ἀπειρίας ἡ θρυλουμένη παρὰ τοῖς πολλοῖς + ἐκτομή, πρόδηλον ἐξ ὧν ἡνίκα ὁ μέγας Ἥλιος τοῦ ἰσημερινοῦ ψαύσας + κύκλου, ἵνα τὸ μάλιστα ὡρισμένον ἐστί·<a id="noteref_847" name= + "noteref_847" href="#note_847"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">847</span></span></a> τὸ + μὲν γὰρ ἴσον ὡρισμένον ἐστί, τὸ δὲ ἄνισον ἄπειρόν τε καὶ + ἀδιεξίτητον· κατὰ τὸν λόγον αὐτίκα τὸ δένδρον τέμνεται· [169] εἶθ᾽ + ἑξῆς γίνεται τὰ λοιπά, τὰ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page472">[pg + 472]</span><a name="Pg472" id="Pg472" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg473" id="Pg473" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> μὲν διὰ τοὺς μυστικοὺς καὶ κρυφίους θεσμούς, + τὰ δὲ καὶ διὰ<a id="noteref_848" name="noteref_848" href= + "#note_848"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">848</span></span></a> + ῥηθῆναι πᾶσι δυναμένους. ἡ δὲ ἐκτομὴ τοῦ δένδρου, τοῦτο δὲ τῇ μὲν + ἱστορίᾳ προσήκει τῇ περὶ τὸν Γάλλον, οὐδὲν δὲ τοῖς μυστηρίοις, οἷς + παραλαμβάνεται, διδασκόντων ἡμᾶς οἶμαι τῶν θεῶν συμβολικῶς, ὅτι χρὴ + τὸ κάλλιστον ἐκ γῆς δρεψαμένους, ἀρετὴν μετὰ εὐσεβείας, ἀπενεγκεῖν + τῇ θεῷ, σύμβολον τῆς ἐνταῦθα χρηστῆς πολιτείας ἐσόμενον. τὸ γάρ τοι + δένδρον ἐκ [B] γῆς μὲν φύεται, σπεύδει δὲ ὥσπερ εἰς τὸν αἰθέρα καὶ + ἰδεῖν τέ ἐστι καλὸν καὶ σκιὰν παρασχεῖν ἐν πνίγει, ἤδη δὲ καὶ + καρπὸν ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ προβαλεῖν καὶ χαρίσασθαι· οὗτως αὐτῷ πολύ τί γε + τοῦ γονίμου περίεστιν. ἡμῖν οὖν ὁ θεσμὸς παρακελεύεται, τοῖς φύσει + μὲν οὐρανίοις, εἰς γῆν δὲ ἐνεχθεῖσιν, ἀρετὴν μετὰ εὐσεβείας ἀπὸ τῆς + ἐν τῇ γῇ πολιτείας ἀμησαμένους παρὰ τὴν προγονικὴν [C] καὶ ζωογόνον + σπεύδειν θεόν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(This, then, is + our mighty god Attis. This explains his once lamented flight and + concealment and disappearance and descent into the cave. In proof + of this let me cite the time of year at which it happens. For we + are told that the sacred tree<a id="noteref_849" name="noteref_849" + href="#note_849"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">849</span></span></a> is + felled on the day when the sun reaches the height of the + equinox.<a id="noteref_850" name="noteref_850" href= + "#note_850"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">850</span></span></a> + Thereupon the trumpets are sounded.<a id="noteref_851" name= + "noteref_851" href="#note_851"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">851</span></span></a> And + on the third day the sacred and unspeakable member of the god + Gallus is severed.<a id="noteref_852" name="noteref_852" href= + "#note_852"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">852</span></span></a> Next + comes, they say, the Hilaria<a id="noteref_853" name="noteref_853" + href="#note_853"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">853</span></span></a> and + the festival. And that this castration, so much discussed by the + crowd, is really the halting of his unlimited course, is evident + from what happens directly mighty Helios touches the cycle of the + equinox, where the bounds are most clearly defined. (For the even + is bounded, but the uneven is without bounds, and there is no way + through or out of it.) At that time then, precisely, according to + the account we have, the sacred tree is felled. Thereupon, in their + proper order, all the other ceremonies take place. Some of them are + celebrated with the secret ritual of the Mysteries, but others by a + ritual that can be told to all. For instance, the cutting of the + tree belongs to the story of Gallus and not to the Mysteries at + all, but it has been taken over by them, I think because the gods + wished to teach us, in symbolic fashion, that we must pluck the + fairest fruits from the earth, namely, virtue and piety, and offer + them to the goddess to be the symbol of our well-ordered + constitution here on earth. For the tree grows from the soil, but + it strives upwards as though to reach the upper air, and it is fair + to behold and gives us shade in the heat, and casts before us and + bestows on us its fruits as a boon; such is its superabundance of + generative life. Accordingly the ritual enjoins on us, who by + nature belong to the heavens but have fallen to earth, to reap the + harvest of our constitution here on earth, namely, virtue and + piety, and then strive upwards to the goddess of our forefathers, + to her who is the principle of all life.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Εὐθὺς οὖν ἡ + σάλπιγξ μετὰ τὴν ἐκτομὴν ἐνδίδωσι τὸ ἀνακλητικὸν τῷ Ἄττιδι καὶ τοῖς + ὅσοι ποτὲ οὐρανόθεν ἔπτημεν εἰς τὴν γῆν καὶ ἐπέσομεν. μετὰ δὴ τὸ + σύμβολον τοῦτο, ὅτε ὁ βασιλεὺς Ἄττις ἵστησι τὴν ἀπειρίαν διὰ τῆς + ἐκτομῆς, ἡμῖν οἱ θεοὶ κελεύουσιν ἐκτέμνειν καὶ αὐτοῖς τὴν ἐν ἡμῖν + αὐτοῖς ἀπειρίαν καὶ μιμεῖσθαι τοὺς ἡγεμόνας,<a id="noteref_854" + name="noteref_854" href="#note_854"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">854</span></span></a> ἐπὶ + δὲ τὸ ὡρισμένον καὶ ἑνοειδὲς καί, εἴπερ οἷόν τέ ἐστιν, [D] αὐτὸ τὸ + ἓν ἀνατρέχειν· οὗπερ γενομένου πάντως ἕπεσθαι χρὴ τὰ Ἱλάρια. τί γὰρ + εὐθυμότερον, τί δὲ ἱλαρώτερον γένοιτο ἂν ψυχῆς ἀπειρίαν μὲν καὶ + γένεσιν καὶ τὸν ἐν αὐτῇ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page474">[pg + 474]</span><a name="Pg474" id="Pg474" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg475" id="Pg475" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> κλύδωνα διαφυγούσης, ἐπὶ δὲ τοὺς θεοὺς αὐτοὺς + ἀναχθείσης; ὧν ἕνα καὶ τὸν Ἄττιν ὄντα περιεῖδεν οὐδαμῶς ἡ τῶν θεῶν + Μήτηρ βαδίζοντα πρόσω πλέον ἢ χρῆν, πρὸς ἑαυτὴν δὲ ἐπέστρεψε, + στῆσαι τὴν ἀπειρίαν προστάξασα.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(Therefore, + immediately after the castration, the trumpet sounds the recall for + Attis and for all of us who once flew down from heaven and fell to + earth. And after this signal, when King Attis stays his limitless + course by his castration, the god bids us also root out the + unlimited in ourselves and imitate the gods our leaders and hasten + back to the defined and uniform, and, if it be possible, to the One + itself. After this, the Hilaria must by all means follow. For what + could be more blessed, what more joyful than a soul which has + escaped from limitlessness and generation and inward storm, and has + been translated up to the very gods? And Attis himself was such a + one, and the Mother of the Gods by no means allowed him to advance + unregarded further than was permitted: nay, she made him turn + towards herself, and commanded him to set a limit to his limitless + course.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Καὶ μή τις + ὑπολάβῃ με λέγειν, ὡς ταῦτα ἐπράχθη ποτέ καὶ γέγονεν, [170] ὥσπερ + οὐκ εἰδότων τῶν θεῶν αὐτῶν, ὅ, τι ποιήσουσιν, ἢ τὰ σφῶν αὐτῶν + ἁμαρτήματα διορθουμένων. ἀλλὰ οἱ παλαιοὶ τῶν ὄντων ἀεὶ τὰς αἰτίας, + ἤτοι τῶν θεῶν ὑφηγουμένων ἢ κατὰ σφᾶς αὐτοὺς διερευνώμενοι, βέλτιον + δὲ ἴσως εἰπεῖν ζητοῦντες ὑφ᾽ ἡγεμόσι τοῖς θεοῖς, ἔπειτα εὑρόντες + ἐσκέπασαν αὐτὰς<a id="noteref_855" name="noteref_855" href= + "#note_855"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">855</span></span></a> + μύθοις παραδόξοις, ἵνα διὰ τοῦ παραδόξου καὶ ἀπεμφαίνοντος τὸ + πλάσμα φωραθὲν ἐπὶ τὴν ζήτησιν ἡμᾶς τῆς [B] ἀληθείας προτρέψῃ, τοῖς + μὲν ἰδιώταις ἀρκούσης οἶμαι τῆς ἀλόγου καὶ διὰ τῶν συμβόλων μόνων + ὠφελείας, τοῖς δὲ περιττοῖς κατὰ τὴν φρόνησιν οὕτως μόνως ἐσομένης + ὠφελίμου τῆς περὶ θεῶν ἀληθείας, εἴ τις ἐξετάζων αὐτὴν ὑφ᾽ ἡγεμόσι + τοῖς θεοῖς εὕροι καὶ λάβοι, διὰ μὲν τῶν αἰνιγμάτων ὑπομνησθείς, ὅτι + χρή τι περὶ αὐτῶν ζητεῖν, ἐς τέλος δὲ καὶ ὥσπερ κορυφὴν τοῦ + πράγματος διὰ τῆς σκέψεως εὑρὼν πορευθείη, [C] οὐκ <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page476">[pg 476]</span><a name="Pg476" id="Pg476" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg477" id="Pg477" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> αἰδοῖ καὶ πίστει μᾶλλον ἀλλοτρίας δόξης ἢ τῆς + σφετέρᾳ κατὰ νοῦν ἐνεργείᾳ.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But let no one + suppose my meaning to be that this was ever done or happened in a + way that implies that the gods themselves are ignorant of what they + intend to do, or that they have to correct their own errors. But + our ancestors in every case tried to trace the original meanings of + things, whether with the guidance of the gods or + independently—though perhaps it would be better to say that they + sought for them under the leadership of the gods—then when they had + discovered those meanings they clothed them in paradoxical myths. + This was in order that, by means of the paradox and the + incongruity, the fiction might be detected and we might be induced + to search out the truth. Now I think ordinary men derive benefit + enough from the irrational myth which instructs them through + symbols alone. But those who are more highly endowed with wisdom + will find the truth about the gods helpful; though only on + condition that such a man examine and discover and comprehend it + under the leadership of the gods, and if by such riddles as these + he is reminded that he must search out their meaning, and so + attains to the goal and summit of his quest<a id="noteref_856" + name="noteref_856" href="#note_856"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">856</span></span></a> + through his own researches; he must not be modest and put faith in + the opinions of others rather than in his own mental powers.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τί οὖν εἶναί + φαμεν, ὡς ἐν κεφαλαίῳ; κατανοήσαντες ἄχρι τοῦ πέμπτου σώματος οὐ τὸ + νοητὸν μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ φαινόμενα ταῦτα σώματα τῆς ἀπαθοῦς ὄντα + καὶ θείας μερίδος, ἄχρι τούτου θεοὺς ἐνόμισαν ἀκραιφνεῖς εἶναι· τῇ + γονίμῳ δὲ τῶν θεῶν οὐσίᾳ τῶν τῇδε παρυποστάντων, ἐξ ἀιδίου + συμπροελθούσης τῆς ὕλης τοῖς θεοῖς, [D] παρ᾽ αὐτῶν δὲ καὶ δι᾽ αὐτῶν + διὰ τὸ ὑπέρπληρες αὐτῶν τῆς γονίμου καὶ δημιουργικῆς αἰτίας ἡ των + ὄντων προμήθεια συνουσιωμένη τοῖς θεοῖς ἐξ ἀιδίου, καὶ σύνθωκος μὲν + οὖσα τῷ βασιλεῖ Διί, πηγὴ δὲ τῶν νοερῶν θεῶν, καὶ τὸ δοκοῦν ἄζωον + καὶ ἄγονον καὶ σκύβαλον καὶ τῶν ὄντων, οἷον ἂν εἴποι τις, + ἀποκάθαρμα καὶ τρύγα καὶ ὑποσταθμὴν διὰ τῆς τελευταίας αἰτίας<a id= + "noteref_857" name="noteref_857" href="#note_857"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">857</span></span></a> τῶν + θεῶν, εἰς ἣν αἱ πάντων οὐσίαι τῶν θεῶν ἀποτελευτῶσιν, ἐκόσμησέ τε + καὶ διωρθώσατο καὶ πρὸς τὸ κρεῖττον μετέστησεν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(What shall I + say now by way of summary? Because men observed that, as far as the + fifth substance, not only the intelligible world but also the + visible bodies of our world must be classed as unaffected by + externals and divine, they believed that, as far as the fifth + substance, the gods are uncompounded. And when by means of that + generative substance the visible gods came into being, and, from + everlasting, matter was produced along with those gods, from them + and through their agency, by reason of the superabundance in them + of the generative and creative principle; then the Providence of + the world, she who from everlasting is of the same essential nature + as the gods, she who is enthroned by the side of King Zeus, and + moreover is the source of the intellectual gods, set in order and + corrected and changed for the better all that seemed lifeless and + barren, the refuse and so to speak offscourings of things, their + dregs and sediment: and this she did by means of the last + cause<a id="noteref_858" name="noteref_858" href= + "#note_858"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">858</span></span></a> + derived from the gods, in which the substances of all the gods come + to an end.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[171] Ὁ γὰρ + Ἄττις οὗτος ἔχων τὴν κατάστικτον τοῖς ἄστροις τιάραν εὔδηλον ὅτι + τὰς πάντων τῶν θεῶν εἰς τὸν ἐμφανῆ κόσμον ὁρωμένας λήξεις ἀρχὰς + ἐποιήσατο τῆς ἑαυτοῦ βασιλείας· ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ τὸ μὲν ἀκραιφνὲς καὶ + καθαρὸν ῾ἦν ἄχρι γαλαξίου· περὶ τοῦτον δὲ ἤδη τὸν τόπον μιγνυμένου + πρὸς τὸ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page478">[pg + 478]</span><a name="Pg478" id="Pg478" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg479" id="Pg479" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀπαθὲς τοῦ παθητοῦ καὶ τῆς ὕλης + παρυφισταμένης ἐκεῖθεν, ἡ πρὸς ταύτην κοινωνία κατάβασίς ἐστιν εἰς + τὸ ἄντρον, [B] οὐκ ἀκουσίως μὲν γενομένη τοῖς θεοῖς καὶ τῇ τούτων + Μητρί, λεγομένη δὲ ἀκουσίως γενέσθαι. φύσει γὰρ ἐν κρείττονι τοὺς + θεοὺς ὄντας οὐκ ἐκεῖθεν ἐπὶ τάδε καθέλκειν ἐθέλει τὰ βελτίω, ἀλλὰ + διὰ τῆς τῶν κρειττόνων συγκαταβάσεως καὶ ταῦτα ἀνάγειν ἐπὶ τὴν + ἀμείνονα καὶ θεοφιλεστέραν λῆξιν. οὕτω τοι καὶ τὸν Ἄττιν οὐ + κατεχθραίνουσα μετὰ τὴν ἐκτομὴν ἡ Μήτηρ λέγεται, ἀλλὰ ἀγανακτεῖ μὲν + οὐκέτι, ἀγανακτοῦσα δὲ λέγεται διὰ τὴν συγκατάβασιν, ὅτι κρείττων + ὢν [C] καὶ θεὸς ἔδωκεν ἑαυτὸν τῷ καταδεεστέρῳ· στήσαντα δὲ αὐτὸν + τῆς ἀπειρίας τὴν πρόοδον καὶ τὸ ἀκόσμητον τοῦτο κοσμήσαντα διὰ τῆς + πρὸς τὸν ἰσημερινὸν κύκλον συμπαθείας, ἵνα ὁ μέγας Ἥλιος τῆς + ὡρισμένης κινήσεως τὸ τελειότατον κυβερνᾷ μέτρον, ἐπανάγει πρὸς + ἑαυτὴν ἡ θεὸς ἀσμένως, μᾶλλον δὲ ἔχει παρ᾽ ἑαυτῇ. καὶ οὐδέποτε + γέγονεν, ὅτε μὴ ταῦτα τοῦτον εἶχε τὸν τρόπον, ὅνπερ νῦν ἔχει, ἀλλ᾽ + ἀεὶ μὲν Ἄττις ἐστὶν ὑπουργὸς τῇ Μητρὶ [D] καὶ ἡνίοχος, ἀεὶ δὲ ὀργᾷ + εἰς τὴν γένεσιν, ἀεὶ δὲ ἀποτέμνεται τὴν ἀπειρίαν διὰ τῆς ὡρισμένης + τῶν εἰδῶν αἰτίας. ἐπαναγόμενος δὲ ὥσπερ ἐκ γῆς τῶν ἀρχαίων αὖθις + λέγεται δυναστεύειν σκήπτρων, ἐκπεσὼν μὲν αὐτῶν οὐδαμῶς + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page480">[pg 480]</span><a name= + "Pg480" id="Pg480" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg481" id= + "Pg481" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> οὐδὲ ἐκπίπτων, ἐκπεσεῖν δὲ + αὐτῶν λεγόμενος διὰ τὴν πρὸς τὸ παθητὸν σύμμιξιν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(For it is + evident that Attis of whom I speak, who wears the tiara set with + stars, took for the foundation of his own dominion the functions of + every god as we see them applied to the visible world. And in his + case all is undefiled and pure as far as the Milky Way. But, at + this very point, that which is troubled by passion begins to mingle + with the passionless, and from that union matter begins to subsist. + And so the association of Attis with matter is the descent into the + cave, nor did this take place against the will of the gods and the + Mother of the Gods, though the myth says that it was against their + will. For by their nature the gods dwell in a higher world, and the + higher powers do not desire to drag them hence down to our world: + rather through the condescension of the higher they desire to lead + the things of our earth upwards to a higher plane more favoured by + the gods. And in fact the myth does not say that the Mother of the + Gods was hostile to Attis after his castration: but it says that + though she is no longer angry, she was angry at the time on account + of his condescension, in that he who was a higher being and a god + had given himself to that which was inferior. But when, after + staying his limitless progress, he has set in order the chaos of + our world through his sympathy with the cycle of the equinox, where + mighty Helios controls the most perfect symmetry of his motion + within due limits, then the goddess gladly leads him upwards to + herself, or rather keeps him by her side. And never did this happen + save in the manner that it happens now; but forever is Attis the + servant and charioteer of the Mother; forever he yearns + passionately towards generation; and forever he cuts short his + unlimited course through the cause whose limits are fixed, even the + cause of the forms. In like manner the myth says that he is led + upwards as though from our earth, and again resumes his ancient + sceptre and dominion: not that he ever lost it, or ever loses it + now, but the myth says that he lost it on account of his union with + that which is subject to passion and change.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ἀλλ᾽ ἐκεῖνο ἴσως + ἄξιον προσαπορῆσαι· διττῆς γὰρ οὔσης τῆς ἰσημερίας, [172] οὐ τὴν ἐν + ταῖς χηλαῖς, τὴν δὲ ἐν τῷ κριῷ προτιμῶσι. τίς οὖν αἰτία τούτου, + φανερὸν δήπουθεν. ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἡμῖν ὁ ἥλιος ἄρχεται τότε πλησιάζειν + ἀπὸ τῆς ἰσημερίας, αὐξομένης οἶμαι τῆς ἡμέρας, ἔδοξεν οὗτος ὁ + καιρὸς ἁρμοδιώτερος. ἔξω γὰρ τῆς αἰτίας, ἥ φησι τοῖς θεοῖς εἶναι τὸ + φῶς σύνδρομον, ἔχειν οἰκείως πιστευτέον τοῖς ἀφεθῆναι τῆς γενέσεως + σπεύδουσι τὰς ἀναγωγοὺς ἀκτῖνας ἡλίου. [B] σκόπει δὲ ἐναργῶς· ἕλκει + μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς πάντα καὶ προκαλεῖται<a id="noteref_859" name= + "noteref_859" href="#note_859"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">859</span></span></a> καὶ + βλαστάνειν ποιεῖ τῇ ζωπυρίδι καὶ θαυμαστῇ θέρμῃ, διακρίνων οἶμαι + πρὸς ἄκραν λεπτότητα τὰ σώματα, καὶ τὰ φύσει φερόμενα κάτω + κουφίζει. τὰ δὴ τοιαῦτα τῶν ἀφανῶν αὐτοῦ δυνάμεων ποιητέον + τεκμήρια. ὁ γὰρ ἐν τοῖς σώμασι διὰ τῆς σωματοειδοῦς θέρμης οὕτω + τοῦτο ἀπεργαζόμενος πῶς οὐ διὰ τῆς ἀφανοῦς καὶ ἀσωμάτου πάντη καὶ + θείας καὶ καθαρᾶς ἐν ταῖς ἀκτῖσιν ἱδρυμένης οὐσίας ἕλξει καὶ ἀνάξει + τὰς εὐτυχεῖς ψυχάς; [C] οὐκοῦν ἐπειδὴ πέφηνεν οἰκεῖον μὲν τοῖς + θεοῖς τὸ φῶς τοῦτο καὶ τοῖς ἀναχθῆναι σπεύδουσιν, αὔξεται δὲ ἐν τῷ + παρ᾽ ἡμῖν κόσμῳ τὸ τοιοῦτον, ὥστε εἶναι τὴν ἡμέραν μείζω τῆς + νυκτός, Ἡλίου τοῦ βασιλέως ἐπιπορεύεσθαι τὸν κριὸν ἀρξαμένου· + δέδεικται δὴ καὶ<a id="noteref_860" name="noteref_860" href= + "#note_860"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">860</span></span></a> + ἀναγωγὸν <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page482">[pg + 482]</span><a name="Pg482" id="Pg482" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg483" id="Pg483" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> φύσει τὸ τῶν ἀκτίνων τοῦ θεοῦ διά τε τῆς + φανερᾶς ἐνεργείας καὶ τῆς ἀφανοῦς, ὑφ᾽ ἧς παμπληθεῖς ἀνήχθησαν + ψυχαὶ [D] τῶν αἰσθήσεων ἀκολουθήσασαι τῇ φανοτάτῃ καὶ μάλιστα + ἡλιοειδεῖ. τὴν γὰρ τοιαύτην τῶν ὀμμάτων αἴσθησιν οὐκ ἀγαπητὴν μόνον + οὐδὲ χρήσιμον εἰς τὸν βίον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς σοφίαν ὁδηγὸν ὁ δαιμόνιος + ἀνύμνησε Πλάτων.<a id="noteref_861" name="noteref_861" href= + "#note_861"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">861</span></span></a> εἰ δὲ + καὶ τῆς ἀρρήτου μυσταγωγίας ἁψαίμην, ἢν ὁ Χαλδαῖος περὶ τὸν + ἑπτάκτινα θεὸν ἐβάκχευσεν, ἀνάγων δι᾽ αὐτοῦ τὰς ψυχάς, ἄγνωστα ἐρῶ, + καὶ μάλα γε ἄγνωστα τῷ συρφετῷ, [173] θεουργοῖς δὲ τοῖς μακαρίοις + γνώριμα· διόπερ αὐτὰ σιωπήσω τανῦν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(But perhaps it + is worth while to raise the following question also. There are two + equinoxes, but men pay more honour to the equinox in the sign of + Capricorn than to that in the sign of Cancer.<a id="noteref_862" + name="noteref_862" href="#note_862"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">862</span></span></a> + Surely the reason for this is evident. Since the sun begins to + approach us immediately after the spring equinox,—for I need not + say that then the days begin to lengthen,—this seemed the more + agreeable season. For apart from the explanation which says that + light accompanies the gods, we must believe that the uplifting + rays<a id="noteref_863" name="noteref_863" href= + "#note_863"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">863</span></span></a> of + the sun are nearly akin to those who yearn to be set free from + generation. Consider it clearly: the sun, by his vivifying and + marvellous heat, draws up all things from the earth and calls them + forth and makes them grow; and he separates, I think, all corporeal + things to the utmost degree of tenuity, and makes things weigh + light that naturally have a tendency to sink. We ought then to make + these visible things proofs of his unseen powers. For if among + corporeal things he can bring this about through his material heat, + how should he not draw and lead upwards the souls of the blessed by + the agency of the invisible, wholly immaterial, divine and pure + substance which resides in his rays? We have seen then that this + light is nearly akin to the god, and to those who yearn to mount + upwards, and moreover, that this light increases in our world, so + that when Helios begins to enter the sign of Capricorn the day + becomes longer than the night. It has also been demonstrated that + the god's rays are by nature uplifting; and this is due to his + energy, both visible and invisible, by which very many souls have + been lifted up out of the region of the senses, because they were + guided by that sense which is clearest of all and most nearly like + the sun. For when with our eyes we perceive the sun's light, not + only is it welcome and useful for our lives, but also, as the + divine Plato said when he sang its praises, it is our guide to + wisdom. And if I should also touch on the secret teaching of the + Mysteries in which the Chaldean,<a id="noteref_864" name= + "noteref_864" href="#note_864"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">864</span></span></a> + divinely frenzied, celebrated the God of the Seven Rays, that god + through whom he lifts up the souls of men, I should be saying what + is unintelligible, yea wholly unintelligible to the common herd, + but familiar to the happy theurgists.<a id="noteref_865" name= + "noteref_865" href="#note_865"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">865</span></span></a> And + so I will for the present be silent on that subject.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὅπερ δὲ ἔλεγον, + ὅτι καὶ τὸν καιρὸν οὐκ ἀλόγως ὑποληπτέον, ἀλλ᾽ ὡς ἔνι μάλιστα μετὰ + εἰκότος καὶ ἀληθοῦς λόγου παρὰ τῶν παλαιῶν τῷ θεσμῷ προστεθεῖσθαι, + σημεῖον δὴ<a id="noteref_866" name="noteref_866" href= + "#note_866"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">866</span></span></a> + τούτου, ὅτι τὸν ἰσημερινὸν κύκλον ἡ θεὸς αὐτὴ<a id="noteref_867" + name="noteref_867" href="#note_867"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">867</span></span></a> + κατενείματο. τελεῖται γὰρ περὶ τὸν ζυγὸν Δηοῖ καὶ Κόρῃ τὰ σεμνὰ καὶ + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page484">[pg 484]</span><a name= + "Pg484" id="Pg484" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg485" id= + "Pg485" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ἀπόρρητα μυστήρια. [B] καὶ + τοῦτο εἰκότως γίνεται. χρὴ γὰρ καὶ ἀπιόντι τῷ θεῷ τελεσθῆναι πάλιν, + ἵνα μηδὲν ὑπὸ τῆς ἀθέου καὶ σκοτεινῆς δυσχερὲς πάθωμεν ἐπικρατούσης + δυνάμεως. δὶς γοῦν Ἀθηναῖοι τῇ Δηοῖ τελοῦσι τὰ μυστήρια, ἐν αὐτῷ + μὲν τῷ κριῷ τὰ μικρὰ, φασί, μυστήρια, τὰ μεγάλα δὲ περὶ τὰς χηλὰς + ὄντος ἡλίου, δι᾽ ἃς ἔναγχος ἔφην αἰτίας. μεγάλα δὲ ὠνομάσθαι καὶ + μικρὰ νομίζω καὶ ἄλλων ἕνεκα, μάλιστα δέ, ὡς εἰκός, τούτου + ἀποχωροῦντος τοῦ θεοῦ μᾶλλον ἤπερ προσιόντος· [C] διόπερ ἐν τούτοις + ὅσον εἰς ὑπόμνησιν μόνον. ἅτε δὴ καὶ παρόντος τοῦ σωτῆρος καὶ + ἀναγωγοῦ θεοῦ, τὰ προτέλεια κατεβάλλοντο τῆς τελετῆς· εἶτα μικρὸν + ὕστερον ἁγνεῖαι συνεχεῖς καὶ τῶν ἱερέων<a id="noteref_868" name= + "noteref_868" href="#note_868"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">868</span></span></a> + ἁγιστεῖαι. ἀπιόντος δὲ λοιπὸν τοῦ θεοῦ πρὸς τὴν ἀντίχθονα ζώνην, + καὶ φυλακῆς ἕνεκα καὶ σωτηρίας αὐτὸ τὸ κεφάλαιον ἐπιτελεῖται τῶν + μυστηρίων. ὅρα δέ· ὥσπερ ἐνταῦθα τὸ τῆς γενέσεως αἴτιον + ἀποτέμνεται, οὕτω δὲ καὶ παρὰ Ἀθηναίοις οἱ τῶν ἀρρήτων ἁπτόμενοι + παναγεῖς εἰσι, [D] καὶ ὁ τούτων ἐξάρχων ἱεροφάντης ἀπέστραπται + πᾶσαν τὴν γένεσιν, ὡς οὐ μετὸν αὐτῷ τῆς ἐπ᾽ ἄπειρον προόδου, τῆς + ὡρισμένης δὲ καὶ ἀεὶ μενούσης καὶ ἐν τῷ ἑνὶ συνεχομένης οὐσίας + ἀκηράτου τε καὶ καθαρᾶς. ὑπὲρ μὲν δὴ τούτων ἀπόχρη τοσαῦτα.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(I was saying + that we ought not to suppose that the ancients appointed the season + of the rites irrationally, but rather as far as possible with + plausible and true grounds of reason; and indeed a proof of this is + that the goddess herself chose as her province the cycle of the + equinox. For the most holy and secret Mysteries of Deo and the + Maiden<a id="noteref_869" name="noteref_869" href= + "#note_869"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">869</span></span></a> are + celebrated when the sun is in the sign of Libra, and this is quite + natural. For when the gods depart we must consecrate ourselves + afresh, so that we may suffer no harm from the godless power of + darkness that now begins to get the upper hand. At any rate the + Athenians celebrate the Mysteries of Deo twice in the year, and the + Lesser Mysteries as they call them in the sign of Capricorn, and + the Great Mysteries when the sun is in the sign of Cancer, and this + for the reason that I have just mentioned. And I think that these + Mysteries are called Great and Lesser for several reasons, but + especially, as is natural, they are called great when the god + departs rather than when he approaches; and so the Lesser are + celebrated only by way of reminder.<a id="noteref_870" name= + "noteref_870" href="#note_870"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">870</span></span></a> I + mean that when the saving and uplifting god approaches, the + preliminary rites of the Mysteries take place. Then a little later + follow the rites of purification, one after another, and the + consecration of the priests. Then when the god departs to the + antipodes, the most important ceremonies of the Mysteries are + performed, for our protection and salvation. And observe the + following: As in the festival of the Mother the instrument of + generation is severed, so too with the Athenians, those who take + part in the secret rites are wholly chaste and their leader the + hierophant forswears generation; because he must not have aught to + do with the progress to the unlimited, but only with the substance + whose bounds are fixed, so that it abides for ever and is contained + in the One, stainless and pure. On this subject I have said + enough.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Λείπεται δὴ + λοιπόν, ὡς εἰκός, ὑπέρ τε τῆς ἁγιστείας αὐτῆς καὶ τῆς ἁγνείας + διεξελθεῖν, ἵνα καὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page486">[pg + 486]</span><a name="Pg486" id="Pg486" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg487" id="Pg487" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ἐντεῦθεν λάβωμεν [174] εἰς τὴν ὑπόθεσιν εἴ τι + συμβάλλεται. γελοῖον δὲ αὐτίκα τοῖς πᾶσιν ἐκεῖνο φαίνεται· κρεῶν + μὲν ἅπτεσθαι δίδωσιν ὁ ἱερὸς νόμος, ἀπαγορεύει δὲ τῶν σπερμάτων. + οὐκ ἄψυχα μὲν ἐκεῖνα, ταῦτα δὲ ἔμψυχα; οὐ καθαρὰ μὲν ἐκεῖνα, ταῦτα + δὲ αἵματος καὶ πολλῶν ἄλλων οὐκ εὐχερῶν ὄψει τε καὶ ἀκοῇ + πεπληρωμένα; οὐ, τὸ μέγιστον, ἐκείνοις μὲν πρόσεστι τὸ μηδένα ἐκ + τῆς ἐδωδῆς ἀδικεῖσθαι, τούτοις δὲ τὸ καταθύεσθαι καὶ κατασφάττεσθαι + τὰ ζῷα ἀλγοῦντα γε, [B] ὡς εἰκός, καὶ τρυχόμενα; ταῦτα πολλοὶ καὶ + τῶν περιττῶν εἴποιεν ἄν· ἐκεῖνα δὲ ἤδη κωμῳδοῦσι καὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων + οἱ δυσσεβέστατοι. τὰ μὲν ὄρμενά φασιν ἐσθίεσθαι τῶν λαχάνων, + παραιτεῖσθαι δὲ τὰς ῥίζας, ὥσπερ γογγυλίδας. καὶ σῦκα μὲν ἐσθίεσθαί + φασι, ῥοιὰς δὲ οὐκέτι καὶ μῆλα πρὸς τούτοις. ταῦτα ἀκηκοὼς + μινυριζόντων πολλῶν πολλάκις, ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτὸς εἰρηκὼς<a id= + "noteref_871" name="noteref_871" href="#note_871"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">871</span></span></a> + πρότερον ἔοικα ἐγὼ μόνος ἐκ πάντων πολλὴν εἴσεσθαι τοῖς δεσπόταις + θεοῖς μάλιστα μὲν ἅπασι, πρὸ τῶν ἄλλων δὲ τῇ Μητρὶ [C] τῶν θεῶν, + ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις ἅπασιν, οὕτω δὲ καὶ ἐν τούτῳ χάριν, ὅτι με μὴ + περιεῖδεν ὥσπερ ἐν σκότῳ πλανώμενον, ἀλλά μοι πρῶτον μὲν ἐκέλευσεν + ἀποκόψασθαι οὔτι κατὰ τὸ σῶμα, κατὰ δὲ τὰς ψυχικὰς ἀλόγους ὁρμὰς + καὶ κινήσεις τῇ νοερᾷ καὶ προüφεστώσῃ<a id="noteref_872" name= + "noteref_872" href="#note_872"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">872</span></span></a> τῶν + ψυχῶν ἡμῶν αἰτίᾳ τὰ περιττὰ καὶ μάταια. ἐπὶ νοῦν δὲ ἔδωκεν αὕτη + λόγους τινὰς ἴσως οὐκ ἀπᾴδοντας πάντη [D] τῆς ὑπὲρ θεῶν ἀληθοῦς ἅμα + καὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page488">[pg 488]</span><a name= + "Pg488" id="Pg488" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg489" id= + "Pg489" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> εὐαγοῦς ἐπιστήμης. ἀλλ᾽ ἔοικα + γάρ, ὥσπερ οὐκ ἔχων ὅ τι φῶ, κύκλῳ περιτρέχειν. ἐμοὶ δὲ πάρεστι μὲν + καὶ καθ᾽ ἕκαστον ἐπιόντι σαφεῖς καὶ τηλαυγεῖς αἰτίας ἀποδοῦναι, τοῦ + χάριν ἡμῖν οὐ θέμις ἐστὶ προσφέρεσθαι ταῦτα, ὧν ὁ θεῖος εἴργει + θεσμός· καὶ ποιήσω δὲ<a id="noteref_873" name="noteref_873" href= + "#note_873"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">873</span></span></a> αὐτὸ + μικρὸν ὕστερον· ἄμεινον δὲ νῦν ὥσπερ τύπους τινὰς προθεῖναι καὶ + κανόνας, οἷς ἑπόμενοι, κἄν τι πολλάκις ὑπὸ τῆς σπουδῆς παρέλθῃ τὸν + λόγον, ἕξομεν ὑπὲρ τούτων κρῖναι.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(It only remains + now to speak, as is fitting, about the sacred rite itself, and the + purification, so that from these also I may borrow whatever + contributes to my argument. For example, everyone thinks that the + following is ridiculous. The sacred ordinance allows men to eat + meat, but it forbids them to eat grains and fruits. What, say they, + are not the latter lifeless, whereas the former was once possessed + of life? Are not fruits pure, whereas meat is full of blood and of + much else that offends eye and ear? But most important of all is it + not the case that, when one eats fruit nothing is hurt, while the + eating of meat involves the sacrifice and slaughter of animals who + naturally suffer pain and torment? So would say many even of the + wisest. But the following ordinance is ridiculed by the most + impious of mankind also. They observe that whereas vegetables that + grows upwards can be eaten, roots are forbidden, turnips, for + instance; and they point out that figs are allowed, but not + pomegranates or apples either. I have often heard many men saying + this in whispers, and I too in former days have said the same, but + now it seems that I alone of all men am bound to be deeply grateful + to the ruling gods, to all of them, surely, but above all the rest + to the Mother of the Gods. For all things am I grateful to her, and + for this among the rest, that she did not disregard me when I + wandered as it were in darkness.<a id="noteref_874" name= + "noteref_874" href="#note_874"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">874</span></span></a> For + first she bade me cut off no part indeed of my body, but by the aid + of the intelligible cause<a id="noteref_875" name="noteref_875" + href="#note_875"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">875</span></span></a> that + subsists prior to our souls, all that was superfluous and vain in + the impulses and motions of my own soul. And that cause gave me, to + aid my understanding, certain beliefs which are perhaps not wholly + out of harmony with the true and sacred knowledge of the gods. But + it looks as though, not knowing what to say next, I were turning + round in a circle. I can, however, give clear and manifest reasons + in every single case why we are not allowed to eat this food which + is forbidden by the sacred ordinance, and presently I will do this. + But for the moment it is better to bring forward certain forms, so + to speak, and regulations which we must observe in order to be able + to decide about these matters, though perhaps, owing to my haste, + my argument may pass some evidence by.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[175] Προσήκει + δὲ πρῶτον ὑπομνῆσαι διὰ βραχέων, τίνα τε ἔφαμεν εἶναι τὸν Ἄττιν καὶ + τί τὴν ἐκτομήν, τίνος τε εἶναι σύμβολα τὰ μετὰ τὴν ἐκτομὴν ἄχρι τῶν + Ἱλαρίων γινόμενα καὶ τί βούλεσθαι τὴν ἁγνείαν. ὁ μὲν οὖν Ἄττις + ἐλέγετο αἰτία τις οὖσα καὶ θεός, ὁ προσεχῶς δημιουργῶν τὸν ἔνυλον + κόσμον, ὃς μέχρι τῶν ἐσχάτων κατιὼν ἵσταται ὑπὸ τῆς ἡλίου + δημιουργικῆς κινήσεως, ὅταν ἐπὶ τῆς ἄκρως [B] ὡρισμένης τοῦ παντὸς + ὁ θεὸς γένηται περιφερείας, ᾗ<a id="noteref_876" name="noteref_876" + href="#note_876"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">876</span></span></a> τῆς + ἰσημερίας τοὔνομά ἐστι κατὰ τὸ ἔργον. ἐκτομὴν δὲ ἐλέγομεν εἶναι τῆς + ἀπειρίας τὴν ἐποχήν, ἣν οὐκ ἄλλως ἢ διὰ τῆς ἑπὶ τὰς πρεσβυτέρας καὶ + ἀρχηγικωτέρας αἰτίας ἀνακλήσεώς τε καὶ ἀναδύσεως συμβαίνειν. αὐτῆς + δὲ τῆς ἁγνείας φαμὲν τὸν σκοπὸν ἄνοδον τῶν ψυχῶν.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(First I had + better remind you in a few words who I said Attis is; and what his + castration means; and what is symbolised by the ceremonies that + occur between the castration and the Hilaria; and what is meant by + the rite of purification. Attis then was declared to be an original + cause and a god, the direct creator of the material world, who + descends to the lowest limits and is checked by the creative motion + of the sun so soon as that god reaches the exactly limited circuit + of the universe, which is called the equinox because of its effect + in equalising night and day.<a id="noteref_877" name="noteref_877" + href="#note_877"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">877</span></span></a> And I + said that the castration meant the checking of limitlessness, which + could only be brought about through the summons and resurrection of + Attis to the more venerable and commanding causes. And I said that + the end and aim of the rite of purification is the ascent of our + souls.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Οὐκοῦν οὐκ ἐᾷ + πρῶτον σιτεῖσθαι τὰ κατὰ γῆς δυόμενα σπέρματα· ἔσχατον μὲν γὰρ τῶν + ὄντων ἡ γῆ. ἐνταῦθα δέ φησιν ἀπελαθέντα καὶ Πλάτων τὰ κακὰ + στρέφεσθαι, καὶ διὰ τῶν λογίων οἱ θεοὶ <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page490">[pg 490]</span><a name="Pg490" id="Pg490" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg491" id="Pg491" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> σκύβαλον αὐτὸ πολλαχοῦ καλοῦσι, [C] καὶ + φεύγειν ἐντεῦθεν παρακελεύονται.<a id="noteref_878" name= + "noteref_878" href="#note_878"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">878</span></span></a> + πρῶτον οὖν ἡ ζωογόνος καὶ προμηθὴς θεὸς οὐδὲ ἄχρι τῆς τῶν σωμάτων + τροφῆς ἐπιτρέπει τοῖς κατὰ γῆς δυομένοις χρῆσθαι, παραινοῦσά γε + πρὸς τὸν οὐρανόν, μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ ὑπὲρ τὸν οὐρανὸν βλέπειν. ἑνί τινες + κέχρηνται σπέρματι, τοῖς λοβοῖς, οὐ σπέρμα μᾶλλον ἢ λάχανον αὐτὸ + νομίζοντες [D] εἶναι τῷ πεφυκέναι πως ἀνωφερὲς καὶ ὀρθὸν καὶ οὐδὲ + ἐρριζῶσθαι κατὰ τῆς γῆς· ἐρρίζωται δὲ ὥσπερ ἐκ δένδρου κιττοῦ τινος + ἢ καὶ ἀμπέλου καρπὸς ἤρτηται καὶ καλάμης.<a id="noteref_879" name= + "noteref_879" href="#note_879"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">879</span></span></a> + ἀπηγόρευται μὲν οὖν ἡμῖν σπέρματι χρῆσθαι διὰ τοῦτο φυτῶν, + ἐπιτέτραπται δὲ χρῆσθαι καρποῖς καὶ λαχάνοις, οὐ τοῖς χαμαιζήλοις, + ἀλλὰ τοῖς ἐκ γῆς αἰρομένοις ἄνω μετεώροις. ταύτῃ τοι καὶ τῆς + γογγυλίδος τὸ μὲν γεωχαρὲς ὡς χθόνιον ἐπιτάττει παραιτεῖσθαι, [176] + τὸ δὲ ἀναδυόμενον ἄνω καὶ εἰς ὕψος αἰρόμενον ὡς αὐτῷ τούτῳ καθαρὸν + τυγχάνον δίδωσι προσένεγκασθαι. τῶν γοῦν λαχάνων ὀρμένοις μὲν + συγχωρεῖ χρῆσθαι, ῥίζαις δὲ ἀπαγορεύει καὶ μάλιστα ταῖς + ἐντρεφομέναις καὶ συμπαθούσαις τῇ γῇ. καὶ μὴν καὶ τῶν δένδρων μῆλα + μὲν ὡς ἱερὰ καὶ χρυσᾶ καὶ ἀρρήτων ἄθλων καὶ τελεστικῶν εἰκόνας + καταφθείρειν οὐκ ἐπέτρεψε καὶ καταναλίσκειν, ἄξιά γε ἄντα τῶν + ἀρχετύπων χάριν τοῦ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page492">[pg + 492]</span><a name="Pg492" id="Pg492" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg493" id="Pg493" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> σέβεσθαί τε καὶ θεραπεύεσθαι· [B] ῥοιὰς δὲ ὡς + φυτὸν χθόνιον παρῃτήσατο, καὶ τοῦ φοίνικος δὲ τὸν καρπὸν ἴσως μὲν + ἄν τις εἴποι διὰ τὸ μὴ γίνεσθαι περὶ τὴν Φρυγίαν, ἔνθα πρῶτον ὁ + θεσμὸς κατέστη· ἐμοὶ δὲ δοκεῖ μᾶλλον ὡς ἱερὸν ἡλίου τὸ φυτὸν ἀγήρων + τε ὂν οὐ συγχωρῆσαι καταναλίσκειν ἐν ταῖς ἀγιστείαις εἰς τροφὴν + σώματος. ἐπὶ τούτοις ἀπηγόρευται ἰχθύσιν ἅπασι χρῆσθαι. κοινὸν δέ + ἐστι τοῦτο [C] καὶ πρὸς Αἰγυπτίους τὸ πρόβλημα. δοκεῖ δὲ ἔμοιγε + δυοῖν ἕνεκεν ἄν τις ἰχθύων μάλιστα μὲν ἀεί, πάντως δὲ ἐν ταῖς + ἁγιστείαις ἀποσχέσθαι, ἑνὸς μέν, ὅτι τούτων, ἃ μὴ θύομεν τοῖς + θεοῖς, οὐδὲ σιτεῖσθαι προσήκει. δέος δὲ ἴσως οὐδέν, μή πού τις + ἐνταῦθα λίχνος καὶ γάστρις ἐπιλάβηταί μου, ὥς που καὶ πρότερον ἤδη + παθὼν αὐτὸ διαμνημονεύω, <span class="tei tei-q">“Διὰ τί δέ; οὐχὶ + καὶ θύομεν αὐτῶν πολλάκις τοῖς θεοῖς”</span>; εἰπόντος ἀκούσας. + ἀλλ᾽ εἴχομέν τι καὶ πρὸς τοῦτο εἰπεῖν. [D] καὶ θύομέν γε, ἔφην, ὦ + μακάριε, ἔν τισι τελεστικαῖς θυσίαις, ὡς ἵππον Ῥωμαῖοι, ὡς πολλὰ + καὶ ἄλλα θηρία καὶ ζῷα, κύνας ἴσως Ἕλληνες Ἑκάτῃ καὶ Ῥωμαῖοι δέ· + καὶ πολλὰ παρ᾽ ἄλλοις ἐστὶ τῶν τελεστικῶν, καὶ δημοσίᾳ ταῖς πόλεσιν + ἅπαξ τοῦ ἔτους ἢ δὶς τοιαῦτα θύματα, ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἐν ταῖς τιμητηρίοις, + ὧν μόνων κοινωνεῖν ἄξιον καὶ τραπεζοῦν θεοῖς. τοὺς δὲ ἰχθύας ἐν + ταῖς τιμητηρίοις οὐ θύομεν, ὅτι μήτε <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page494">[pg 494]</span><a name="Pg494" id="Pg494" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg495" id="Pg495" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> νέμομεν, [177] μήτε τῆς γενέσεως αὐτῶν + ἐπιμελούμεθα, μήτε ἡμῖν εἰσιν ἀγέλαι καθάπερ προβάτων καὶ βοῶν οὕτω + δὲ καὶ τῶν ἰχθύων. ταῦτα μὲν γὰρ ὑφ᾽ ἡμῶν βοηθούμενα τὰ ζῷα καὶ + πληθύνοντα διὰ τοῦτο δικαίως ἂν ἡμῖν εἴς τε τὰς ἄλλας χρείας + ἐπικουροίη καὶ πρό γε τῶν ἄλλων ἐς τιμητηρίους θυσίας. εἷς μὲν δὴ + λόγος οὗτος, δι᾽ ὃν οὐκ οἶμαι δεῖν ἰχθὺν ἐν ἁγνείας καιρῷ + προσφέρεσθαι τροφήν. ἕτερος δέ, ὃν καὶ μᾶλλον ἡγοῦμαι τοῖς + προειρημένοις ἁρμόζειν, ὅτι τρόπον τινὰ καὶ αὐτοὶ κατὰ τοῦ βυθοῦ + δεδυκότες εἶεν [B] ἂν χθονιώτεροι τῶν σπερμάτων, ὁ δὲ ἐπιθυμῶν + ἀναπτῆναι καὶ μετέωρος ὑπὲρ τὸν ἀέρα πρὸς αὐτὰς οὐρανοῦ πτῆναι + κορυφὰς δικαίως ἂν ἀποστρέφοιτο πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα, μεταθέοι δὲ καὶ + μετατρέχοι τὰ τεινόμενα πρὸς τὸν ἀέρα καὶ σπεύδοντα πρὸς τὸ ἄναντες + καί, ἵνα ποιητικώτερον<a id="noteref_880" name="noteref_880" href= + "#note_880"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">880</span></span></a> εἴπω, + πρὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν ὁρῶντα.<a id="noteref_881" name="noteref_881" + href="#note_881"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">881</span></span></a> + ὄρνισιν οὖν ἐπιτρέπει χρῆσθαι πλὴν ὀλίγων, οὓς ἱεροὺς εἶναι πάντῃ + συμβέβηκε, καὶ τῶν τετραπόδων τοῖς συνήθεσιν ἔξω [C] τοῦ χοίρου. + τοῦτον δὲ ὡς χθόνιον πάντη μορφῇ τε καὶ τῷ βίῳ καὶ αὐτῷ τῷ τῆς + οὐσίας λόγῳ. περιττωματικός τε γὰρ καὶ παχὺς τὴν σάρκα· τῆς ἱερᾶς + ἀποκηρύττει τροφῆς. φίλον γὰρ εἶναι πεπίστευται θῦμα τοῖς χθονίοις + θεοῖς οὐκ ἀπεικότως. ἀθέατον γάρ ἐστιν οὐρανοῦ τουτὶ τὸ ζῷον, οὐ + μόνον οὐ βουλόμενον, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ πεφυκὸς ἀναβλέψαι ποτέ. τοιαύτας μὲν + δὴ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page496">[pg 496]</span><a name= + "Pg496" id="Pg496" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg497" id= + "Pg497" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> αἰτίας ὑπὲρ τῆς ἀποχῆς ὧν + ἀπέχεσθαι δεῖ εἴρηκεν ὁ θεῖος θεσμός· [D] οἱ ξυνιέντες δὲ + κοινούμεθα τοῖς ἐπισταμένοις θεούς.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(For this reason + then the ordinance forbids us first to eat those fruits that grow + downwards in the earth. For the earth is the last and lowest of + things. And Plato also says<a id="noteref_882" name="noteref_882" + href="#note_882"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">882</span></span></a> that + evil, exiled from the gods, now moves on earth; and in the oracles + the gods often call the earth refuse, and exhort us to escape + thence. And so, in the first place, the life-generating god who is + our providence does not allow us to use to nourish our bodies + fruits that grow under the earth; and thereby enjoins that we turn + our eyes towards the heavens, or rather above the heavens.<a id= + "noteref_883" name="noteref_883" href="#note_883"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">883</span></span></a> One + kind of fruit of the earth, however, some people do eat, I mean + fruit in pods, because they regard this as a vegetable rather than + a fruit, since it grows with a sort of upward tendency and is + upright, and not rooted below the soil; I mean that it is rooted + like the fruit of the ivy that hangs on a tree or of the vine that + hangs on a stem. For this reason then we are forbidden to eat seeds + and certain plants, but we are allowed to eat fruit and vegetables, + only not those that creep on the ground, but those that are raised + up from the earth and hang high in the air. It is surely for this + reason that the ordinance bids us also avoid that part of the + turnip which inclines to the earth since it belongs to the under + world, but allows us to eat that part which grows upwards and + attains to some height, since by that very fact it is pure. In fact + it allows us to eat any vegetables that grow upwards, but forbids + us roots, and especially those which are nourished in and + influenced by the earth. Moreover in the case of trees it does not + allow us to destroy and consume apples, for these are sacred and + golden and are the symbols of secret and mystical rewards. Rather + are they worthy to be reverenced and worshipped for the sake of + their archetypes. And pomegranates are forbidden because they + belong to the under-world; and the fruit of the date-palm, perhaps + one might say because the date-palm does not grow in Phrygia where + the ordinance was first established. But my own theory is rather + that it is because this tree is sacred to the sun, and is + perennial, that we are forbidden to use it to nourish our bodies + during the sacred rites. Besides these, the use of all kinds of + fish is forbidden. This is a question of interest to the Egyptians + as well as to ourselves. Now my opinion is that for two reasons we + ought to abstain from fish, at all times if possible, but above all + during the sacred rites. One reason is that it is not fitting that + we should eat what we do not use in sacrifices to the gods. And + perhaps I need not be afraid that hereupon some greedy person who + is the slave of his belly will take me up, though as I remember + that very thing happened to me once before; and then I heard + someone objecting: <span class="tei tei-q">“What do you mean? Do we + not often sacrifice fish to the gods?”</span> But I had an answer + ready for this question also. <span class="tei tei-q">“My good + sir,”</span> I said, <span class="tei tei-q">“it is true that we + make offerings of fish in certain mystical sacrifices, just as the + Romans sacrifice the horse and many other animals too, both wild + and domesticated, and as the Greeks and the Romans too sacrifice + dogs to Hecate. And among other nations also many other animals are + offered in the mystic cults; and sacrifices of that sort take place + publicly in their cities once or twice a year. But that is not the + custom in the sacrifices which we honour most highly, in which + alone the gods deign to join us and to share our table. In those + most honoured sacrifices we do not offer fish, for the reason that + we do not tend fish, nor look after the breeding of them, and we do + not keep flocks of fish as we do of sheep and cattle. For since we + foster these animals and they multiply accordingly, it is only + right that they should serve for all our uses and above all for the + sacrifices that we honour most.”</span> This then is one reason why + I think we ought not to use fish for food at the time of the rite + of purification. The second reason which is, I think, even more in + keeping with what I have just said, is that, since fish also, in a + manner of speaking, go down into the lowest depths, they, even more + than seeds, belong to the under-world. But he who longs to take + flight upwards and to mount aloft above this atmosphere of ours, + even to the highest peaks of the heavens, would do well to abstain + from all such food. He will rather pursue and follow after things + that tend upwards towards the air, and strive to the utmost height, + and, if I may use a poetic phrase, look upward to the skies. Birds, + for example, we may eat, except only those few which are commonly + held sacred,<a id="noteref_884" name="noteref_884" href= + "#note_884"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">884</span></span></a> and + ordinary four-footed animals, except the pig. This animal is banned + as food during the sacred rites because by its shape and way of + life, and the very nature of its substance—for its flesh is impure + and coarse—it belongs wholly to the earth. And therefore men came + to believe that it was an acceptable offering to the gods of the + under-world. For this animal does not look up at the sky, not only + because it has no such desire, but because it is so made that it + can never look upwards. These then are the reasons that have been + given by the divine ordinance for abstinence from such food as we + ought to renounce. And we who comprehend share our knowledge with + those who know the nature of the gods.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὕπὲρ δὲ ὧν + ἐπιτρέπει χρῆσθαι λέγομεν τοσοῦτον, ὡς οὐ πᾶσιν ἅπαντα,<a id= + "noteref_885" name="noteref_885" href="#note_885"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">885</span></span></a> τὸ + δυνατὸν δὲ ὁ θεῖος νόμος τῇ ἀνθρωπίνῃ φύσει σκοπῶν ἐπέτρεψε χρῆσθαι + τουτοισὶ τοῖς πολλοῖς, οὐχ ἵνα πᾶσι πάντες ἐξ ἀνάγκης χρησώμεθα· + τοῦτο μὲν γὰρ ἴσως οὐκ εὔκολον· ἀλλ᾽ ὅπως ἐκείνῳ, ὅτῳ ἄρα πρῶτον + [178] μὲν ἡ τοῦ σώματος συγχωρεῖ<a id="noteref_886" name= + "noteref_886" href="#note_886"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">886</span></span></a> + δύναμις, εἶτά τις περιουσία συντρέχει καὶ τρίτον ἡ προαίρεσις, ἣν + ἐν τοῖς ἱεροῖς οὕτως ἄξιον ἐπιτείνειν, ὥστε καὶ ὑπὲρ τὴν τοῦ + σώματος δύναμιν ὁρμᾶν καὶ προθυμεῖσθαι τοῖς θείοις ἀκολουθεῖν + θεσμοῖς. ἔστι γὰρ δὴ τοῦτο μάλιστα μὲν ἀνυσιμώτερον αὐτῇ τῇ ψυχῇ + πρὸς σωτηρίαν, εἰ μείζονα λόγον αὑτῆς, [B] ἀλλὰ μὴ τοῦ σώματος τῆς + ἀσφαλείας ποιήσαιτο, πρὸς δὲ καὶ αὐτὸ τὸ σῶμα μείζονος καὶ + θαυμασιωτέρας φαίνεται λεληθότως τῆς ὠφελείας μεταλαγχάνον. ὅταν + γὰρ ἡ ψυχὴ πᾶσαν ἑαυτὴν δῷ τοῖς θεοῖς, ὅλα τὰ καθ᾽ ἑαυτὴν + ἐπιτρέψασα τοῖς κρείττοσιν, ἑπομένης οἶμαι τῆς ἁγιστείας καὶ πρό γε + ταύτης τῶν θείων θεσμῶν ἡγουμένων, ὄντος οὐδενὸς λοιπὸν τοῦ + ἀπείργοντος καὶ ἐμποδίζοντος· πάντα γάρ ἐστιν ἐν τοῖς θεοῖς καὶ + πάντα περὶ αὐτοὺς ὑφέστηκε καὶ πάντα τῶν θεῶν ἐστι πλήρη· αὐτίκα + μὲν αὐταῖς ἐλλάμπει τὸ θεῖον φῶς, θεωθεῖσαι δὲ αὗται τόνον τινὰ καὶ + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page498">[pg 498]</span><a name= + "Pg498" id="Pg498" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg499" id= + "Pg499" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> ῥώμην ἐπιτιθέασι [C] τῷ συμφύτῳ + πνεύματι, τοῦτο δὲ ὑπ᾽ αὐτῶν στομούμενον ὥσπερ καὶ κρατυνόμενον + σωτηρίας ἐστιν αἴτιον ὅλῳ τῷ σώματι. τὸ δὲ ὅτι μάλιστα μὲν πάσας + τὰς νόσους, εἰ δὲ μή, ὅτι τὰς πλείστας καὶ μεγίστας ἐκ τῆς τοῦ + πνεύματος εἶναι τροπῆς καὶ παραφορᾶς συμβέβηκεν, οὐδεὶς ὅστις οἶμαι + τῶν Ἀσκληπιαδῶν οὐ φήσει.<a id="noteref_887" name="noteref_887" + href="#note_887"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">887</span></span></a> οἱ + μὲν γὰρ καὶ πάσας φασίν, οἱ δὲ τὰς πλείστας καὶ μεγίστας καὶ + ἰαθῆναι χαλεπωτάτας· μαρτυρεῖ δὲ τούτοις [D] καὶ τὰ τῶν θεῶν λόγια, + φημὶ δέ, ὅτι διὰ τῆς ἁγιστείας οὐχ ἡ ψυχὴ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ σώματα + βοηθείας πολλῆς καὶ σωτηρίας ἀξιοῦται· σώζεσθαι γάρ σφισι καὶ τὸ + <span class="tei tei-q">“πικρᾶς ὕλης περίβλημα βρότειον”</span> οἱ + θεοὶ τοῖς ὑπεράγνοις παρακελευόμενοι τῶν θεουργῶν + κατεπαγγέλλονται.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And to the + question what food is permitted I will only say this. The divine + law does not allow all kinds of food to all men, but takes into + account what is possible to human nature and allows us to eat most + animals, as I have said. It is not as though we must all of + necessity eat all kinds—for perhaps that would not be + convenient—but we are to use first what our physical powers allow; + secondly, what is at hand in abundance; thirdly, we are to exercise + our own wills. But at the season of the sacred ceremonies we ought + to exert those wills to the utmost so that we may attain to what is + beyond our ordinary physical powers, and thus may be eager and + willing to obey the divine ordinances. For it is by all means more + effective for the salvation of the soul itself that one should pay + greater heed to its safety than to the safety of the body. And + moreover the body too seems thereby to share insensibly in that + great and marvellous benefit. For when the soul abandons herself + wholly to the gods, and entrusts her own concerns absolutely to the + higher powers, and then follow the sacred rites—these too being + preceded by the divine ordinances—then, I say, since there is + nothing to hinder or prevent—for all things reside in the gods, all + things subsist in relation to them, all things are filled with the + gods—straightway the divine light illumines our souls. And thus + endowed with divinity they impart a certain vigour and energy to + the breath<a id="noteref_888" name="noteref_888" href= + "#note_888"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">888</span></span></a> + implanted in them by nature; and so that breath is hardened as it + were and strengthened by the soul, and hence gives health to the + whole body. For I think not one of the sons of Asclepios would deny + that all diseases, or at any rate very many and those the most + serious, are caused by the disturbance and derangement of the + breathing. Some doctors assert that all diseases, others that the + greater number and the most serious and hardest to cure, are due to + this. Moreover the oracles of the gods bear witness thereto, I mean + that by the rite of purification not the soul alone but the body as + well is greatly benefited and preserved. Indeed the gods when they + exhort those theurgists who are especially holy, announce to them + that their <span class="tei tei-q">“mortal husk of raw + matter”</span><a id="noteref_889" name="noteref_889" href= + "#note_889"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">889</span></span></a> shall + be preserved from perishing.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Τίς οὖν ἡμῖν + ὑπολείπεται λόγος, ἄλλως τε καὶ ἐν βραχεῖ νυκτὸς μέρει ταῦτα + ἀπνευστὶ ξυνεῖραι<a id="noteref_890" name="noteref_890" href= + "#note_890"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">890</span></span></a> + συγχωρηθεῖσιν, οὐδὲν οὔτε προανεγνωκόσιν οὔτε σκεψαμένοις περὶ + αὐτῶν, [179] ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ προελομένοις ὑπὲρ τούτων εἰπεῖν πρὶν ἢ τὰς + δέλτους ταύτας αἰτῆσαι; μάρτυς δὲ ἡ θεός μοι τοῦ λόγου. ἀλλ᾽, ὅπερ + ἔφην, τί τὸ λειπόμενον ἡμῖν ὑμνῆσαι τὴν θεὸν μετὰ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς καὶ + τοῦ Διονύσου, ὧν δὴ καὶ τὰς ἑορτὰς ἐν ταύταις ἔθετο ταῖς ἁγιστείαις + ὁ νόμος; ὁρῶ μὲν τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς πρὸς τὴν <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page500">[pg 500]</span><a name="Pg500" id="Pg500" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg501" id="Pg501" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Μητέρα τῶν θεῶν διὰ τῆς προνοητικῆς ἐν + ἑκατέραις ταῖς οὐσίαις ὁμοιότητος [B] τὴν συγγένειαν ἐπισκοπῶ δὲ + καὶ τὴν Διονύσου μεριστὴν δημιουργίαν, ἣν ἐκ τῆς ἑνοειδοῦς καὶ + μονίμου ζωῆς τοῦ μεγάλου Διὸς ὁ μέγας Διόνυσος παραδεξάμενος, ἅτε + καὶ προελθὼν ἐξ ἐκείνου, τοῖς φαινομένοις ἅπασιν ἐγκατένειμεν, + ἐπιτροπεύων καὶ βασιλεύων τῆς μεριστῆς συμπάσης δημιουργίας. + προσήκει δὲ σὺν τούτοις ὑμνῆσαι καὶ τὸν Ἐπαφρόδιτον Ἑρμῆν· [C] + καλεῖται γὰρ οὕτως ὑπὸ τῶν μυστῶν ὁ θεὸς οὗτος, ὅσοι λαμπάδας φασὶν + ἀνάπτειν Ἄττιδι τῷ σοφῷ. τίς οὖν οὕτω παχὺς τὴν ψυχήν, ὃς οὐ + συνίησιν, ὅτι δι᾽ Ἑρμοῦ μὲν καὶ Ἀφροδίτης ἀνακαλεῖται πάντα + πανταχοῦ τὰ τῆς γενέσεως ἔχοντα τὸ ἕνεκά του<a id="noteref_891" + name="noteref_891" href="#note_891"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">891</span></span></a> πάντη + καὶ πάντως ὃ τοῦ λόγου μάλιστα ἴδιόν ἐστιν; Ἄττις δὲ οὐχ οὗτος + ἐστιν ὁ μικρῷ πρόσθεν ἄφρων, νῦν δὲ ἀκούων διὰ τὴν ἐκτομὴν σοφός; + ἄφρων μὲν ὅτι τὴν ὕλην εἵλετο καὶ τὴν γένεσιν ἐπιτροπεύει, σοφὸς δὲ + ὅτι τὸ σκύβαλον τοῦτο εἰς κάλλος ἐκόσμησε τοσοῦτον [D] καὶ + μετέστησεν, ὅσον οὐδεμί ἂν μιμήσαιτο ἀνθρώπων τέχνη καὶ σένεσις. + ἀλλὰ τί πέρας ἔσται μοι τῶν λόγων; ἢ δῆλον ὡς ὁ τῆς μεγάλης ὕμνος + θεοῦ;</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(And now what is + left for me to say? Especially since it was granted me to compose + this hymn at a breath, in the short space of one night, without + having read anything on the subject beforehand, or thought it over. + Nay, I had not even planned to speak thereof until the moment that + I asked for these writing-tablets. May the goddess bear witness to + the truth of my words! Nevertheless, as I said before, does there + not still remain for me to celebrate the goddess in her union with + Athene and Dionysus? For the sacred law established their festivals + at the very time of her sacred rites. And I recognise the kinship + of Athene and the Mother of the Gods through the similarity of the + forethought that inheres in the substance of both goddesses. And I + discern also the divided creative function of Dionysus, which great + Dionysus received from the single and abiding principle of life + that is in mighty Zeus. For from Zeus he proceeded, and he bestows + that life on all things visible, controlling and governing the + creation of the whole divisible world. Together with these gods we + ought to celebrate Hermes Epaphroditus.<a id="noteref_892" name= + "noteref_892" href="#note_892"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">892</span></span></a> For + so this god is entitled by the initiated who say that he kindles + the torches for wise Attis. And who has a soul so dense as not to + understand that through Hermes and Aphrodite are invoked all + generated things everywhere, since they everywhere and throughout + have a purpose which is peculiarly appropriate to the Logos?<a id= + "noteref_893" name="noteref_893" href="#note_893"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">893</span></span></a> But + is not this Logos Attis, who not long ago was out of his senses, + but now through his castration is called wise? Yes, he was out of + his senses because he preferred matter and presides over + generation, but he is wise because he adorned and transformed this + refuse, our earth, with such beauty as no human art or cunning + could imitate. But how shall I conclude my discourse? Surely with + this hymn to the Great Goddess.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ὦ θεῶν καὶ + ἀνθρώπων μῆτερ, ὦ τοῦ μεγάλου σύνθωκε καὶ σύνθρονε Διός, ὦ πηγὴ τῶν + νοερῶν θεῶν, ὦ τῶν νοητῶν ταῖς ἀχράντοις οὐσίαις συνδραμοῦσα καὶ + τὴν κοινὴν ἐκ πάντων αἰτίαν παραδεξαμένη [180] καὶ τοῖς νοεροῖς + ἐνδιδοῦσα ζωογόνε θεὰ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page502">[pg + 502]</span><a name="Pg502" id="Pg502" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pg503" id="Pg503" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> καὶ μῆτις καὶ πρόνοια καὶ τῶν ἡμετέρων ψυχῶν + δημιουργέ, ὦ τὸν μέγαν Διόνυσον ἀγαπῶσα καὶ τὸν Ἄττιν ἐκτεθέντα + περισωσαμένη καὶ πάλιν αὐτὸν εἰς τὸ γῆς ἄντρον καταδυόμενον + ἐπανάγουσα, ὦ πάντων μὲν ἀγαθῶν τοῖς νοεροῖς ἡγουμένη θεοῖς, πάντων + δὲ ἀποπληροῦσα τὸν αἰσθητὸν κόσμον, πάντα δὲ ἡμῖν ἐν πᾶσιν ἀγαθὰ + χαρισαμένη, δίδου πᾶσι [B] μὲν ἀνθρώποις εὐδαιμονίαν, ἧς τὸ + κεφάλαιον ἡ τῶν θεῶν γνῶσίς ἐστι, κοινῇ δὲ τῷ Ῥωμαίων δήμῳ, μάλιστα + μὲν ἀποτρίψασθαι τῆς ἀθεότητος τὴν κηλίδα, πρὸς δὲ καὶ τὴν τύχην + εὐμενῆ συνδιακυβερνῶσαν αὐτῷ τὰ τῆς ἀρχῆς πολλὰς χιλιάδας ἐτῶν, + ἐμοὶ δὲ καρπὸν γενέσθαι τῆς περὶ σὲ θεραπείας ἀλήθειαν ἐν τοῖς περὶ + θεῶν δόγμασιν, ἐν θεουργίᾳ τελειότητα, πάντων ἔργων, οἷς + προσερχόμεθα περὶ τὰς πολιτικὰς [C] καὶ στρατιωτικὰς πράξεις,<a id= + "noteref_894" name="noteref_894" href="#note_894"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">894</span></span></a> + ἀρετὴν μετὰ τῆς ἀγαθῆς τύχης καὶ τὸ τοῦ βίου πέρας ἄλυπον τε καὶ + εὐδόκιμον μετὰ τῆς ἀγαθῆς ἐλπίδος τῆς ἐπὶ τῇ παρ᾽ ὑμᾶς πορείᾳ.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(O Mother of + gods and men, thou that art the assessor of Zeus and sharest his + throne, O source of the intellectual gods, that pursuest thy course + with the stainless substance of the intelligible gods; that dost + receive from them all the common cause of things and dost thyself + bestow it on the intellectual gods; O life-giving goddess that art + the counsel and the providence and the creator of our souls; O thou + that lovest great Dionysus, and didst save Attis when exposed at + birth, and didst lead him back when he had descended into the cave + of the nymph; O thou that givest all good things to the + intellectual gods and fillest with all things this sensible world, + and with all the rest givest us all things good! Do thou grant to + all men happiness, and that highest happiness of all, the knowledge + of the gods; and grant to the Roman people in general that they may + cleanse themselves of the stain of impiety; grant them a blessed + lot, and help them to guide their Empire for many thousands of + years! And for myself, grant me as fruit of my worship of thee that + I may have true knowledge in the doctrines about the gods. Make me + perfect in theurgy. And in all that I undertake, in the affairs of + the state and the army, grant me virtue and good fortune, and that + the close of my life may be painless and glorious, in the good hope + that it is to you, the gods, that I journey!)</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page507">[pg 507]</span><a name= + "Pg507" id="Pg507" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc21" id="toc21"></a> <a name="pdf22" id="pdf22"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.46em; text-align: left; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Index</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">References to Homer are + not given on account of their number.</span></span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Achilles, <a href="#Pg133" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">133</a>, <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">143</a>, <a href="#Pg147" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">147</a>, <a href="#Pg155" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a>, <a href= + "#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a>, + <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">181</a>, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">199</a>, <a href="#Pg255" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">255</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Acropolis, the, <a href="#Pg445" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">445</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Adonis, <a href="#Pg439" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">439</a>, <a href="#Pg440" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">440</a>, <a href="#Pg443" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">443</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aeetes, <a href="#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">221</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aeneas, <a href="#Pg421" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">421</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aeschines, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">83</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aeschylus, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">199</a>, <a href="#Pg409" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">409</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Agamemnon, <a href="#Pg133" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">133</a>, <a href="#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">145</a>, <a href="#Pg181" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a>, <a href="#Pg199" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a>, <a href= + "#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">253</a>, + <a href="#Pg263" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">263</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Agesilaus, <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">39</a>, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">113</a>, <a href="#Pg279" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ajax, <a href="#Pg147" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">147</a>, <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">189</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alcibiades, <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">33</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alcinous, <a href="#Pg141" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">141</a>, <a href="#Pg255" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">255</a>, <a href="#Pg281" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">281</a>, <a href="#Pg283" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">283</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alexander, <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">25</a>, <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">45</a>, <a href="#Pg107" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a>, <a href="#Pg111" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">111</a>, <a href= + "#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>, + <a href="#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">145</a>, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">193</a>, <a href="#Pg229" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a>, <a href="#Pg253" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">253</a>, <a href= + "#Pg255" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">255</a>, + <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">287</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alexandria, <a href="#Pg429" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">429</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aloadae, the, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">73</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alps, the, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">193</a>, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">199</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amazon, the, <a href="#Pg339" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">339</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ammianus, Marcellinus, <a href="#Pg365" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">365</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Antioch, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">105</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Antiochus, king, <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">167</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Antony, <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">45</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aphrodite, <a href="#Pg351" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">351</a>, <a href="#Pg411" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">411</a>, <a href="#Pg419" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">419</a>, <a href="#Pg421" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">421</a>, <a href= + "#Pg501" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">501</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Apollo, <a href="#Pg348" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">348</a>, <a href="#Pg357" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">357</a>, <a href="#Pg369" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">369</a>, <a href="#Pg391" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">391</a>, <a href= + "#Pg393" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">393</a>, + <a href="#Pg409" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">409</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aquileia, <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">99</a>, <a href="#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">191</a>, <a href="#Pg193" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arabs, the, <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">53</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arcadians, the, <a href="#Pg207" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">207</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arcesilaus, <a href="#Pg279" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">279</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Archidamus, <a href="#Pg207" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">207</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Archilochus, <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">215</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Archimedes, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">75</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Areopagus, the, <a href="#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">163</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Argolis, <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">317</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Argos, <a href="#Pg285" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">285</a>, <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">317</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arion, <a href="#Pg297" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">297</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aristophanes, <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">215</a>, <a href="#Pg257" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">257</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aristotle, <a href="#Pg279" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">279</a>, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">287</a>, <a href="#Pg353" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">353</a>, <a href="#Pg354" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">354</a>, <a href= + "#Pg359" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">359</a>, + <a href="#Pg362" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">362</a>, <a href="#Pg363" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">363</a>, <a href="#Pg389" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">389</a>, <a href="#Pg405" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">405</a>, <a href= + "#Pg415" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">415</a>, + <a href="#Pg453" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">453</a>, <a href="#Pg455" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">455</a>, <a href="#Pg457" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">457</a>, <a href="#Pg499" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">499</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Armenians, the, <a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">47</a>, <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">53</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arsaces, <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">53</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Asclepios, <a href="#Pg393" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">393</a>, <a href="#Pg395" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">395</a>, <a href="#Pg419" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">419</a>, <a href="#Pg499" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">499</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Assyria, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">223</a>, <a href="#Pg337" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">337</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Astyages, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">83</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athenaeus, <a href="#Pg255" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">255</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athene, <a href="#Pg281" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">281</a>, <a href="#Pg285" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">285</a>, <a href="#Pg305" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">305</a>, <a href="#Pg351" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">351</a>, <a href= + "#Pg407" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">407</a>, + <a href="#Pg409" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">409</a>, <a href="#Pg411" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">411</a>, <a href="#Pg419" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">419</a>, <a href="#Pg463" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">463</a>, <a href= + "#Pg499" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">499</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athenians, the, <a href="#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">55</a>, <a href="#Pg485" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">485</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athens, <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">21</a>, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">73</a>, <a href="#Pg305" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">305</a>, <a href="#Pg317" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">317</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athos, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">211</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Atlantic, the, <a href="#Pg149" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">149</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Attalids, the, <a href="#Pg445" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">445</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Attis, <a href="#Pg439" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">439</a>, <a href="#Pg440" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">440</a>, <a href="#Pg443" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">443-503</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Augustine, Saint, <a href="#Pg385" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">385</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Augustus, <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">45</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aurelian, <a href="#Pg425" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">425</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Azizos, <a href="#Pg413" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">413</a>, <a href="#Pg423" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">423</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Baal, <a href="#Pg413" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">413</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Babylon, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">223</a>, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">287</a>, <a href="#Pg337" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">337</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brennus, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">77</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Briseis, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">199</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cadmus, <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">217</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caesar, Julius, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">223</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Calypso, <a href="#Pg301" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">301</a>, <a href="#Pg302" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">302</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cambyses, <a href="#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">107</a>, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">287</a>, <a href="#Pg313" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">313</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cancer, tropic of, <a href="#Pg481" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">481</a>, <a href="#Pg485" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">485</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Capaneus, <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">151</a>, <a href="#Pg295" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">295</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Capitoline, the, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">77</a>, <a href="#Pg421" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">421</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Capricorn, tropic of, <a href="#Pg427" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">427</a>, <a href="#Pg481" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">481</a>, <a href="#Pg485" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">485</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caria, <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">169</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carians, the, <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">151</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carrhae, <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">45</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page508">[pg 508]</span><a name= + "Pg508" id="Pg508" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carthage, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">83</a>, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">105</a>, <a href="#Pg449" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">449</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carthaginians, the, <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">35</a>, <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">39</a>, <a href="#Pg041" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a>, <a href="#Pg075" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">75</a>, <a href= + "#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a>, + <a href="#Pg445" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">445</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carus, Emperor, <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">45</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Catullus, <a href="#Pg439" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">439</a>, <a href="#Pg467" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">467</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Celts, the, <a href="#Pg029" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">29</a>, <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">33</a>, <a href="#Pg077" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>, <a href="#Pg089" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a>, <a href= + "#Pg149" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">149</a>, + <a href="#Pg329" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">329</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chaldaeans, the, <a href="#Pg429" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">429</a>, <a href="#Pg483" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">483</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cimon, <a href="#Pg341" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">341</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Circe, <a href="#Pg301" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">301</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Claudia, <a href="#Pg447" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">447</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Claudius, Emperor, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">17</a>, <a href="#Pg137" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">137</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cleon, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">65</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cnossus, <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">219</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Colophon, <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">215</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Commodus, <a href="#Pg349" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">349</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Constans, <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">23</a>, <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">25</a>, <a href="#Pg043" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">43</a>, <a href="#Pg249" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a>, <a href= + "#Pg251" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Constantine, <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">19</a>, <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">23</a>, <a href="#Pg043" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">43</a>, <a href="#Pg139" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">139</a>, <a href= + "#Pg249" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Constantine II, <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">23</a>, <a href="#Pg043" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">43</a>, <a href="#Pg249" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a>, <a href="#Pg251" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Constantinople, <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">15</a>, <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">21</a>, <a href="#Pg105" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Constantius, <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">3-127</a>, <a href="#Pg305" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">305</a>, <a href="#Pg309" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">309</a>, <a href= + "#Pg311" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">311</a>, + <a href="#Pg315" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">315</a>, <a href="#Pg321" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">321</a>, <a href="#Pg327" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">327</a>, <a href="#Pg343" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">343</a>, <a href= + "#Pg351" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">351</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Constantius Chlorus, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">17</a>, <a href="#Pg139" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">139</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Corinth, <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">317</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Corybants, <a href="#Pg319" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">319</a>, <a href="#Pg467" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">467</a>, <a href="#Pg469" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">469</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Crassus, <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">45</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Crete, <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">169</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cumont, <a href="#Pg348" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">348</a>, <a href="#Pg351" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">351</a>, <a href="#Pg439" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">439</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cyaxares, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">113</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cybele, <a href="#Pg349" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">349</a>, <a href="#Pg439" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">439</a>, <a href="#Pg440" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">440</a>, <a href="#Pg443" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">443-503</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cyprus, <a href="#Pg369" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">369</a>, <a href="#Pg391" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">391</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cyrus, <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">23</a>, <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">25</a>, <a href="#Pg033" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">33</a>, <a href="#Pg083" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a>, <a href= + "#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a>, + <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">113</a>, <a href="#Pg207" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">207</a>, <a href="#Pg279" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a>, <a href="#Pg287" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cyrus the Younger, <a href="#Pg279" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">279</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Damascius, <a href="#Pg483" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">483</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Danube, the, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">193</a>, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">287</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Darius, <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">85</a>, <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">227</a>, <a href="#Pg313" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">313</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Darius III, <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">253</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Demeter, <a href="#Pg483" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">483</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Demosthenes, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">67</a>, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">83</a>, <a href="#Pg087" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>, <a href="#Pg091" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>, <a href= + "#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">205</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Deo, <a href="#Pg483" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">483</a>, <a href="#Pg485" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">485</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dio Chrysostom, <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Diocletian, <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">19</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dionysus, <a href="#Pg333" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">333</a>, <a href="#Pg351" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">351</a>, <a href="#Pg369" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">369</a>, <a href="#Pg393" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">393</a>, <a href= + "#Pg395" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">395</a>, + <a href="#Pg407" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">407</a>, <a href="#Pg417" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">417</a>, <a href="#Pg419" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">419</a>, <a href="#Pg499" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">499</a>, <a href= + "#Pg501" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">501</a>, + <a href="#Pg503" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">503</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dioscorides, <a href="#Pg255" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">255</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dioscuri, the, <a href="#Pg401" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">401</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Drave, the, <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">161</a>, <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">259</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dulichium, <a href="#Pg295" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">295</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Egypt, <a href="#Pg313" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">313</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Egyptians, the, <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">317</a>, <a href="#Pg429" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">429</a>, <a href="#Pg493" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">493</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eleusinian Mysteries, <a href="#Pg483" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">483</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Emesa, <a href="#Pg413" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">413</a>, <a href="#Pg423" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">423</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Empedocles, <a href="#Pg373" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">373</a>, <a href="#Pg379" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">379</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Epicureans, the, <a href="#Pg451" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">451</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Euboea, <a href="#Pg341" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">341</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Euphrates, the, <a href="#Pg337" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">337</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eupolis, <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">85</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Euripides, <a href="#Pg081" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">81</a>, <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">227</a>, <a href="#Pg257" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">257</a>, <a href="#Pg261" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a>, <a href= + "#Pg331" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">331</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eusebia, Empress, <a href="#Pg273" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">273-345</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eustathius, <a href="#Pg409" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">409</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Evadne, <a href="#Pg295" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">295</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fausta, <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">19</a>, <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">23</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Franks, the, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">91</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Frazer, <a href="#Pg439" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">439</a>, <a href="#Pg471" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">471</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Galatia (Gaul), <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">35</a>, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">67</a>, <a href="#Pg329" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">329</a>, <a href="#Pg345" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">345</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Galatians (Gauls), <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">77</a>, <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">89</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Galerius (Maximianus), <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">45</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Galli, the, <a href="#Pg439" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">439</a>, <a href="#Pg467" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">467</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gallus, <a href="#Pg115" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">115</a>, <a href="#Pg443" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">443</a>, <a href="#Pg471" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">471</a>, <a href="#Pg473" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">473</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gallus, the river, <a href="#Pg451" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">451</a>, <a href="#Pg461" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">461</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gallus Caesar, vii, <a href="#Pg273" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">273</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Germans, the, <a href="#Pg149" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">149</a>, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">199</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Getae, the, <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">25</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gibbon, <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">53</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Graces, the, <a href="#Pg401" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">401</a>, <a href="#Pg407" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">407</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gyges, <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">41</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hades, <a href="#Pg351" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">351</a>, <a href="#Pg369" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">369</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Harrison, <a href="#Pg439" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">439</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hecate, <a href="#Pg493" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">493</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hector, <a href="#Pg147" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">147</a>, <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">179</a>, <a href="#Pg181" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a>, <a href="#Pg189" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a>, <a href= + "#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Helen, <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">253</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heliaia, the, <a href="#Pg425" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">425</a>, <a href="#Pg429" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">429</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Helicon, <a href="#Pg285" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">285</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heliogabalus, <a href="#Pg413" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">413</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Helios, Hymn to, <a href="#Pg353" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">353-435</a>, <a href="#Pg451" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">451</a>, <a href="#Pg461" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">461</a>, <a href= + "#Pg467" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">467</a>, + <a href="#Pg471" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">471</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heneti (Veneti), <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">193</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hera, <a href="#Pg373" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">373</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heracleidae, the, <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">35</a>, <a href="#Pg037" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">37</a>, <a href="#Pg217" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heracleitus, <a href="#Pg463" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">463</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heracles, <a href="#Pg139" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">139</a>, <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">151</a>, <a href="#Pg219" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">219</a>, <a href="#Pg257" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">257</a>, <a href= + "#Pg285" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">285</a>, + <a href="#Pg465" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">465</a>, <a href="#Pg467" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">467</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hermes, <a href="#Pg357" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">357</a>, Epaphroditus, <a href="#Pg501" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">501</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Herodotus, <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">23</a>, <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">33</a>, <a href="#Pg211" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>, <a href="#Pg227" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">227</a>, <a href= + "#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a>, + <a href="#Pg267" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">267</a>, <a href="#Pg285" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">285</a>, <a href="#Pg313" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">313</a>, <a href="#Pg337" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">337</a>, <a href= + "#Pg339" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">339</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hesiod, <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">151</a>, <a href="#Pg351" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">351</a>, <a href="#Pg371" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">371</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hilaria, the, <a href="#Pg471" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">471</a>, <a href="#Pg473" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">473</a>, <a href="#Pg489" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">489</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hipparchus, <a href="#Pg429" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">429</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Homerids, the, <a href="#Pg141" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">141</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Horace, <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">33</a>, <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">217</a>, <a href="#Pg423" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">423</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Horus, <a href="#Pg407" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">407</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hyperion, <a href="#Pg371" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">371</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page509">[pg 509]</span><a name= + "Pg509" id="Pg509" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Iamblichus, <a href="#Pg348" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">348</a>, <a href="#Pg349" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">349</a>, <a href="#Pg350" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">350</a>, <a href="#Pg351" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">351</a>, <a href= + "#Pg353" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">353</a>, + <a href="#Pg359" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">359</a>, <a href="#Pg365" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">365</a>, <a href="#Pg397" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">397</a>, <a href="#Pg399" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">399</a>, <a href= + "#Pg401" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">401</a>, + <a href="#Pg411" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">411</a>, <a href="#Pg413" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">413</a>, <a href="#Pg433" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">433</a>, <a href="#Pg441" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">441</a>, <a href= + "#Pg453" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">453</a>, + <a href="#Pg483" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">483</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Iberians, the, <a href="#Pg149" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">149</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Illyria, <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">15</a>, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">67</a>, <a href="#Pg205" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">205</a>, <a href="#Pg287" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Illyrians, the, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">91</a>, <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">215</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + India, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">91</a>, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">193</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ionia, <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">317</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Iris, <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">181</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Isis, <a href="#Pg349" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">349</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Isocrates, <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">3</a>, <a href="#Pg007" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">7</a>, <a href="#Pg193" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a>, <a href="#Pg229" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a>, <a href= + "#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Italy, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">67</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ithaca, <a href="#Pg295" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">295</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Juno, <a href="#Pg421" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">421</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jupiter, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">77</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kronia, the, <a href="#Pg431" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">431</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kronos, <a href="#Pg429" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">429</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lacedaemonians, the, <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">33</a>, <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">35</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Laodameia, <a href="#Pg295" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">295</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Latin, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">209</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leda, <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">219</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leonidas, <a href="#Pg261" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">261</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Libanius, <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">3</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Libra, <a href="#Pg485" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">485</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Licinius, <a href="#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">97</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ligurians, the, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">193</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Livy, <a href="#Pg423" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">423</a>, <a href="#Pg445" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">445</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lucifer, <a href="#Pg413" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">413</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lycurgus, <a href="#Pg037" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">37</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lycus, the, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">199</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lydia, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">211</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lydians, the, <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">41</a>, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">287</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lysander, <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">39</a>, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">113</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Macedonia, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">211</a>, <a href="#Pg285" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">285</a>, <a href="#Pg287" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a>, <a href="#Pg289" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">289</a>, <a href= + "#Pg295" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">295</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Macedonians, the, <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">45</a>, <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">253</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Macrobius, <a href="#Pg363" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">363</a>, <a href="#Pg369" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">369</a>, <a href="#Pg401" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">401</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Magnentius, <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">5</a>, <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">79</a>, <a href="#Pg081" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">81</a>, <a href="#Pg087" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>, <a href= + "#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>, + <a href="#Pg147" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">147</a>, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">193</a>, <a href="#Pg251" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a>, <a href="#Pg253" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">253</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marcellinus, <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">155</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marcellus, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">75</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mases, <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">317</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maxentius, <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">21</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maximianus, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">17</a>, <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">25</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maximus of Ephesus, <a href="#Pg483" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">483</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Medes, the, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">73</a>, <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">33</a>, <a href="#Pg287" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Memnon, <a href="#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">221</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Menander (rhetorician), <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">3</a>, <a href="#Pg348" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">348</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Menelaus, <a href="#Pg263" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">263</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Menestheus, <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">143</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Meriones, <a href="#Pg141" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">141</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Messene, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">75</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Methymna, <a href="#Pg297" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">297</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Metroum, the, <a href="#Pg445" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">445</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Midas, <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">227</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Milan, <a href="#Pg273" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">273</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Minos, <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">219</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Misopogon, the, <a href="#Pg303" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">303</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mithras, <a href="#Pg348" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">348</a>, <a href="#Pg349" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">349</a>, <a href="#Pg353" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">353</a>, <a href="#Pg361" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">361</a>, <a href= + "#Pg401" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">401</a>, + <a href="#Pg425" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">425</a>, <a href="#Pg440" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">440</a>, <a href="#Pg483" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">483</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Monimos, <a href="#Pg413" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">413</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Muses, the, <a href="#Pg357" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">357</a>, <a href="#Pg393" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">393</a>, <a href="#Pg395" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">395</a>, <a href="#Pg417" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">417</a>, <a href= + "#Pg419" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">419</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mygdonius, the, <a href="#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">69</a>, <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">165</a>, <a href="#Pg167" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Myrmecides, <a href="#Pg299" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">299</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Myrsa, <a href="#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">93</a>, <a href="#Pg125" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">125</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nausicaa, <a href="#Pg281" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">281</a>, <a href="#Pg301" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">301</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Naville, <a href="#Pg350" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">350</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nestor, <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">143</a>, <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">181</a>, <a href="#Pg199" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nicias, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">65</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nile, the, <a href="#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">69</a>, <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">317</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nisaean horses, <a href="#Pg135" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">135</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nitocris, Queen, <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">227</a>, <a href="#Pg337" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">337</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Norici, the, <a href="#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">93</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Numa, King, <a href="#Pg425" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">425</a>, <a href="#Pg427" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">427</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oceanus, <a href="#Pg351" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">351</a>, <a href="#Pg373" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">373</a>, <a href="#Pg403" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">403</a>, <a href="#Pg405" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">405</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Odysseus, <a href="#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">31</a>, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">83</a>, <a href="#Pg199" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a>, <a href="#Pg203" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">203</a>, <a href= + "#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">205</a>, + <a href="#Pg255" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">255</a>, <a href="#Pg303" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">303</a>, <a href="#Pg371" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">371</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Olympia, games at, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">209</a>, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">223</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Olympus, <a href="#Pg285" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">285</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oricus, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">287</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Osiris, <a href="#Pg369" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">369</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ovid, <a href="#Pg423" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">423</a>, <a href="#Pg445" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">445</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Palatine, the, <a href="#Pg421" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">421</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pandareos, <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">155</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pandarus, <a href="#Pg141" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">141</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pannonia (Paeonia), <a href="#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">49</a>, <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">53</a>, <a href="#Pg077" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>, <a href="#Pg091" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>, <a href= + "#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">93</a>, + <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">259</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Paris, <a href="#Pg263" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">263</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Parthia, <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">35</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Parthians, the, <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">33</a>, <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">35</a>, <a href="#Pg057" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">57</a>, <a href="#Pg061" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a>, <a href= + "#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Parysatis, <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">23</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Patroclus, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">193</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Peirene, <a href="#Pg319" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">319</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pelopids, the, <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">217</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Peloponnesus, the, <a href="#Pg341" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">341</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Penelope, <a href="#Pg281" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">281</a>, <a href="#Pg295" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">295</a>, <a href="#Pg301" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">301</a>, <a href="#Pg303" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">303</a>, <a href= + "#Pg305" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">305</a>, + <a href="#Pg339" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">339</a>, <a href="#Pg341" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">341</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Penthesilea, <a href="#Pg339" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">339</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pergamon, <a href="#Pg445" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">445</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pericles, <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">85</a>, <a href="#Pg341" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">341</a>, <a href="#Pg343" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">343</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Persephone, <a href="#Pg440" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">440</a>, <a href="#Pg483" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">483</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page510">[pg 510]</span><a name= + "Pg510" id="Pg510" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Persians, the, <a href="#Pg045" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">45</a>, <a href="#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">47</a>, <a href="#Pg069" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a>, <a href="#Pg091" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>, <a href= + "#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">253</a>, + <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">287</a>, <a href="#Pg350" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">350</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phaeacians, the, <a href="#Pg301" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">301</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phaethon, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">223</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pheidias, <a href="#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">145</a>, <a href="#Pg299" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">299</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Philip of Macedon, <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">25</a>, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">287</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phocian war, the, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">87</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phoenicians, the, <a href="#Pg363" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">363</a>, <a href="#Pg411" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">411</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phrygia, <a href="#Pg449" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">449</a>, <a href="#Pg493" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">493</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phrygians, the, <a href="#Pg443" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">443</a>, <a href="#Pg447" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">447</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pieria, <a href="#Pg285" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">285</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pindar, <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">21</a>, <a href="#Pg309" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">309</a>, <a href="#Pg358" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">358</a>, <a href="#Pg371" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">371</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pittacus, <a href="#Pg135" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">135</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Plataeans, the, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">75</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Plato, <a href="#Pg029" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">29</a>, <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">36</a>, <a href="#Pg135" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">135</a>, <a href="#Pg183" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a>, <a href= + "#Pg185" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">185</a>, + <a href="#Pg187" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">187</a>, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">199</a>, <a href="#Pg211" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>, <a href="#Pg217" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a>, <a href= + "#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">219</a>, + <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">227</a>, <a href="#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">229</a>, <a href="#Pg231" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a>, <a href="#Pg233" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a>, <a href= + "#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">235</a>, + <a href="#Pg239" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">239</a>, <a href="#Pg243" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">243</a>, <a href="#Pg279" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a>, <a href="#Pg349" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">349</a>, <a href= + "#Pg351" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">351</a>, + <a href="#Pg353" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">353</a>, <a href="#Pg354" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">354</a>, <a href="#Pg359" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">359</a>, <a href="#Pg369" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">369</a>, <a href= + "#Pg379" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">379</a>, + <a href="#Pg381" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">381</a>, <a href="#Pg383" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">383</a>, <a href="#Pg391" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">391</a>, <a href="#Pg393" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">393</a>, <a href= + "#Pg395" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">395</a>, + <a href="#Pg397" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">397</a>, <a href="#Pg399" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">399</a>, <a href="#Pg405" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">405</a>, <a href="#Pg411" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">411</a>, <a href= + "#Pg417" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">417</a>, + <a href="#Pg440" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">440</a>, <a href="#Pg448" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">448</a>, <a href="#Pg453" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">453</a>, <a href="#Pg455" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">455</a>, <a href= + "#Pg457" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">457</a>, + <a href="#Pg483" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">483</a>, <a href="#Pg485" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">485</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Plautus, <a href="#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">229</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Plotinus, <a href="#Pg348" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">348</a>, <a href="#Pg349" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">349</a>, <a href="#Pg353" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">353</a>, <a href="#Pg397" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">397</a>, <a href= + "#Pg440" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">440</a>, + <a href="#Pg441" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">441</a>, <a href="#Pg451" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">451</a>, <a href="#Pg459" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">459</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Plutarch, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">193</a>, <a href="#Pg279" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">279</a>, <a href="#Pg341" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">341</a>, <a href="#Pg348" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">348</a>, <a href= + "#Pg350" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">350</a>, + <a href="#Pg405" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">405</a>, <a href="#Pg423" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">423</a>, <a href="#Pg440" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">440</a>, <a href="#Pg485" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">485</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Po, river, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">199</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Porphyry, <a href="#Pg353" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">353</a>, <a href="#Pg385" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">385</a>, <a href="#Pg441" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">441</a>, <a href="#Pg451" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">451</a>, <a href= + "#Pg467" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">467</a>, + <a href="#Pg481" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">481</a>, <a href="#Pg495" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">495</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Poseidon, <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">259</a>, <a href="#Pg283" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">283</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Praxiteles, <a href="#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">145</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Priam, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">193</a>, <a href="#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">253</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Proclus, <a href="#Pg393" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">393</a>, <a href="#Pg411" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">411</a>, <a href="#Pg431" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">431</a>, <a href="#Pg483" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">483</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Prodicus, <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">151</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Propertius, <a href="#Pg447" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">447</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ptolemy, Claudius, <a href="#Pg429" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">429</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ptolemy Soter, <a href="#Pg369" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">369</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pylos, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">65</a>, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">75</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pyramids, the, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">223</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pythian oracle, the, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">211</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pytho, <a href="#Pg223" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">223</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Quintilian, <a href="#Pg273" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">273</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Quirinus (Romulus), <a href="#Pg423" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">423</a>, <a href="#Pg425" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">425</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Remus, <a href="#Pg423" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">423</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Renan, <a href="#Pg349" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">349</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rhadamanthus, <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">219</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rhine, the, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">193</a>, <a href="#Pg345" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">345</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rhodogyne, <a href="#Pg337" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">337</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rhodopis, <a href="#Pg337" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">337</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Romans, the, <a href="#Pg261" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">261</a>, <a href="#Pg419" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">419</a>, <a href="#Pg443" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">443</a>, <a href="#Pg449" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">449</a>, <a href= + "#Pg493" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">493</a>, + <a href="#Pg503" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">503</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rome, <a href="#Pg013" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">13</a>, <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">15</a>, <a href="#Pg017" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>, <a href="#Pg075" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">75</a>, <a href= + "#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>, + <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">259</a>, <a href="#Pg343" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">343</a>, <a href="#Pg357" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">357</a>, <a href="#Pg413" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">413</a>, <a href= + "#Pg421" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">421</a>, + <a href="#Pg425" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">425</a>, <a href="#Pg449" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">449</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Romulus, <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">23</a>, <a href="#Pg421" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">421</a>, <a href="#Pg425" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">425</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sallust, <a href="#Pg351" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">351</a>, <a href="#Pg353" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">353</a>, <a href="#Pg431" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">431</a>, <a href="#Pg441" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">441</a>, <a href= + "#Pg461" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">461</a>, + <a href="#Pg477" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">477</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Samos, <a href="#Pg295" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">295</a>, <a href="#Pg313" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">313</a>, <a href="#Pg341" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">341</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sapor, King, <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">53</a>, <a href="#Pg061" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">61</a>, <a href="#Pg063" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">63</a>, <a href="#Pg069" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a>, <a href= + "#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a>, + <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">169</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sappho, <a href="#Pg293" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">293</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sarambos, <a href="#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">229</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sarpedon, <a href="#Pg147" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">147</a>, <a href="#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">159</a>, <a href="#Pg173" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">173</a>, <a href="#Pg179" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">179</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saturn, <a href="#Pg429" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">429</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saxons, the, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">91</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Scamander, the, <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">161</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Scheria, <a href="#Pg303" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">303</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Scipio, <a href="#Pg449" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">449</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Scythians, the, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">77</a>, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">91</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Selene, <a href="#Pg411" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">411</a>, <a href="#Pg423" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">423</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Seleucus, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">105</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Semiramis, <a href="#Pg337" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">337</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Serapis, <a href="#Pg349" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">349</a>, <a href="#Pg351" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">351</a>, <a href="#Pg369" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">369</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Showerman, <a href="#Pg348" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">348</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sicily, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">67</a>, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">199</a>, <a href="#Pg445" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">445</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sicyon, <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">317</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Silius Italicus, <a href="#Pg445" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">445</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Silvanus, <a href="#Pg125" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">125</a>, <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">259</a>, <a href="#Pg261" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Silvia, <a href="#Pg423" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">423</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Simonides, <a href="#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">9</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Socrates, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">211</a>, <a href="#Pg255" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">255</a>, <a href="#Pg279" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sogdiana, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">193</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sophocles, <a href="#Pg358" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">358</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sparta, <a href="#Pg207" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">207</a>, <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">317</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spartans, the, <a href="#Pg261" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">261</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sparti, the, <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">217</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stobaeus, <a href="#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">229</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stoics, the, <a href="#Pg499" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">499</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Syloson, <a href="#Pg313" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">313</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Syracuse, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">75</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Syria, <a href="#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">69</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Syrians, the, <a href="#Pg423" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">423</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Taenarum, <a href="#Pg297" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">297</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tantalus, <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">227</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Telemachus, <a href="#Pg141" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">141</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Temenus, <a href="#Pg285" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">285</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Terpander, <a href="#Pg297" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">297</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tertullian, <a href="#Pg348" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">348</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Teucer, <a href="#Pg141" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">141</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thales, <a href="#Pg335" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">335</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thea, <a href="#Pg371" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">371</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Themistius, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">193</a>, <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">205</a>, <a href="#Pg229" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a>, <a href="#Pg453" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">453</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Theophrastus, <a href="#Pg453" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">453</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thermopylae, <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">259</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thessalians, the, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">83</a>, <a href="#Pg289" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">289</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page511">[pg 511]</span><a name= + "Pg511" id="Pg511" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thessalonica, <a href="#Pg289" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">289</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thessaly, <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">169</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thrace, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">287</a>, <a href="#Pg317" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">317</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tiber, the, <a href="#Pg445" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">445</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tigris, the, <a href="#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">57</a>, <a href="#Pg149" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">149</a>, <a href="#Pg167" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a>, <a href="#Pg199" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tiranus, <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">53</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tiridates, <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">53</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tomyris, Queen, <a href="#Pg339" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">339</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Troy, <a href="#Pg257" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">257</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Typho, <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">151</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Usener, <a href="#Pg425" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">425</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Veneti, the, <a href="#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">191</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vesta, <a href="#Pg423" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">423</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vetranio, <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">5</a>, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">67</a>, <a href="#Pg077" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>, <a href="#Pg079" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a>, <a href= + "#Pg123" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a>, + <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">193</a>, <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">205</a>, <a href="#Pg207" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">207</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wilamowitz, <a href="#Pg351" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">351</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Xenarchus, <a href="#Pg453" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">453</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Xenophon, <a href="#Pg037" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">37</a>, <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">151</a>, <a href="#Pg207" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">207</a>, <a href="#Pg279" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Xerxes, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">73</a>, <a href="#Pg109" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">109</a>, <a href="#Pg169" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">169</a>, <a href="#Pg211" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zeller, <a href="#Pg407" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">407</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zeus, <a href="#Pg351" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">351</a>, <a href="#Pg371" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">371</a>, <a href="#Pg391" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">391</a>, <a href="#Pg393" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">393</a>, <a href= + "#Pg407" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">407</a>, + <a href="#Pg409" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">409</a>, <a href="#Pg477" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">477</a>, <a href="#Pg501" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">501</a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-back" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> + <div id="footnotes" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 5.00em; margin-bottom: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc23" id="toc23"></a> <a name="pdf24" id="pdf24"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-top: 3.46em; margin-bottom: 3.46em; text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Footnotes</span></h1> + + <dl class="tei tei-list-footnotes"> + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_1" name="note_1" href= + "#noteref_1">1.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The chief sources for the life of + Julian are his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Orations</span></span>, his <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Letter to the + Athenians</span></span>, Ammianus Marcellinus, and the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Orations</span></span> and <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Epistles</span></span> of Libanius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_2" name="note_2" href= + "#noteref_2">2.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">fr. 89.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_3" name="note_3" href= + "#noteref_3">3.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Epistle, 33.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_4" name="note_4" href= + "#noteref_4">4.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">352 A.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_5" name="note_5" href= + "#noteref_5">5.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">236 A.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_6" name="note_6" href= + "#noteref_6">6.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The text of the present edition is + Hertlein's, revised.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_7" name="note_7" href= + "#noteref_7">7.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ψεῦδος V.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_8" name="note_8" href= + "#noteref_8">8.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὴν δύναμιν Wyttenbach, δύνασθαι τὴν + MSS, Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_9" name="note_9" href= + "#noteref_9">9.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Vetranio.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_10" name="note_10" href= + "#noteref_10">10.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Magnentius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_11" name="note_11" href= + "#noteref_11">11.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Isocrates, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Panegyricus</span></span>, 42 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_12" name="note_12" href= + "#noteref_12">12.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοῦ Reiske adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_13" name="note_13" href= + "#noteref_13">13.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοῖς προλαβοῦσιν Hertlein suggests, + τότε προλαβοῦσιν MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_14" name="note_14" href= + "#noteref_14">14.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">σε Schaefer adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_15" name="note_15" href= + "#noteref_15">15.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Simonides <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> 66. + Horace, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odes</span></span> 3. 2. 25.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_16" name="note_16" href= + "#noteref_16">16.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">καὶ Reiske adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_17" name="note_17" href= + "#noteref_17">17.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἱππέων καὶ πεζῶν MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_18" name="note_18" href= + "#noteref_18">18.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">γεγόνασιν· οὐκοῦν ὡς MSS, οὔκουν ἀλλ᾽ + ὡς M, οὔκουν οὕτως, ἀλλ ὡς Hertlein suggests.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_19" name="note_19" href= + "#noteref_19">19.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐκγόνων Wright, ἐγγόνων MSS, + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_20" name="note_20" href= + "#noteref_20">20.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">σε Schaefer adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_21" name="note_21" href= + "#noteref_21">21.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐθέλοιμ᾽ ἄν Cobet, ἔχοιμ᾽ ἄν Hertlein, + εὔχομαι MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_22" name="note_22" href= + "#noteref_22">22.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δόξης Wyttenbach ἀξίας MSS, + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_23" name="note_23" href= + "#noteref_23">23.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rome.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_24" name="note_24" href= + "#noteref_24">24.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rome.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_25" name="note_25" href= + "#noteref_25">25.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τῶν Hertlein adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_26" name="note_26" href= + "#noteref_26">26.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πρᾴως Cobet, ὁσίως MSS, Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_27" name="note_27" href= + "#noteref_27">27.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Constantius Chlorus and + Maximianus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_28" name="note_28" href= + "#noteref_28">28.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Diocletian.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_29" name="note_29" href= + "#noteref_29">29.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Constantine and Fausta.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_30" name="note_30" href= + "#noteref_30">30.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Maxentius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_31" name="note_31" href= + "#noteref_31">31.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Constantinople.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_32" name="note_32" href= + "#noteref_32">32.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pindar <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> + 46.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_33" name="note_33" href= + "#noteref_33">33.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τε Cobet, εὖ MSS, Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_34" name="note_34" href= + "#noteref_34">34.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus 3. 89.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_35" name="note_35" href= + "#noteref_35">35.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Constantine II. and Constans.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_36" name="note_36" href= + "#noteref_36">36.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">συνέβαινε Reiske, lacuna + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_37" name="note_37" href= + "#noteref_37">37.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">οὔσης Wyttenbach adds, περιουσίας· + MSS, Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_38" name="note_38" href= + "#noteref_38">38.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἄν Schaefer adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_39" name="note_39" href= + "#noteref_39">39.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἔκγονοι Petavius, ἔγγονοι MSS, + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_40" name="note_40" href= + "#noteref_40">40.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">γεγόνασιν Wyttenbach adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_41" name="note_41" href= + "#noteref_41">41.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">σε Wyttenbach adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_42" name="note_42" href= + "#noteref_42">42.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Maximianus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_43" name="note_43" href= + "#noteref_43">43.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Constans.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_44" name="note_44" href= + "#noteref_44">44.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">καὶ Wyttenbach adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_45" name="note_45" href= + "#noteref_45">45.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ποιεῖσθαι Wyttenbach, ποιεῖσθαι εἶναι + δὲ MSS, Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_46" name="note_46" href= + "#noteref_46">46.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀναβιβάζοντα Cobet, ἀνάγοντα MSS, + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_47" name="note_47" href= + "#noteref_47">47.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Isocrates, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Evagoras</span></span> 21.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_48" name="note_48" href= + "#noteref_48">48.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Romulus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_49" name="note_49" href= + "#noteref_49">49.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span> 467 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">e</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_50" name="note_50" href= + "#noteref_50">50.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὰς πόλεις Cobet, ταῖς πόλεσιν MSS, + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_51" name="note_51" href= + "#noteref_51">51.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τῷ μὲν ὃς Wright, τὸν μὲν MSS, + Hertlein, τὸ μὲν V.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_52" name="note_52" href= + "#noteref_52">52.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus 1. 114.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_53" name="note_53" href= + "#noteref_53">53.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πρῶτον Cobet adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_54" name="note_54" href= + "#noteref_54">54.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἤνεγκας Cobet, διήνεγκας MSS, + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_55" name="note_55" href= + "#noteref_55">55.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἢ Reiske adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_56" name="note_56" href= + "#noteref_56">56.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">περιουσίαν Petavius, γερουσίαν MSS, + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_57" name="note_57" href= + "#noteref_57">57.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἄρξοντα Hertlein suggests, ἄρχοντα + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_58" name="note_58" href= + "#noteref_58">58.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">διαφυλάττοντα [καὶ] Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_59" name="note_59" href= + "#noteref_59">59.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἄρξουσιν Cobet, ἄρχουσιν MSS, + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_60" name="note_60" href= + "#noteref_60">60.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">παραδυομένη Wright, cf. Rep. 424 D, + ὑποδυομένη MSS, Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_61" name="note_61" href= + "#noteref_61">61.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐνέτεκεν Wyttenbach, ἐντεκεῖν MSS, + Hertlein, πέφυκεν ἐντεκεῖν Petavius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_62" name="note_62" href= + "#noteref_62">62.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. Aeschines <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Against + Ctesiphon</span></span> 78. Horace <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Epistles</span></span> 1. 11. 27.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_63" name="note_63" href= + "#noteref_63">63.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. Xenophon <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rep. + Lac.</span></span> 15. 7.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_64" name="note_64" href= + "#noteref_64">64.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὰ Wyttenbach adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_65" name="note_65" href= + "#noteref_65">65.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">λαθεῖν Cobet, τὸ λαθεῖν MSS, Hertlein, + τοῦ λαθεῖν Schaefer.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_66" name="note_66" href= + "#noteref_66">66.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τι δρῶντα Spanheim, ἱδρῶτα MSS, + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_67" name="note_67" href= + "#noteref_67">67.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τροφῆς MSS, Cobet, διατροφῆς V, + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_68" name="note_68" href= + "#noteref_68">68.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">κατακτησάμενος Cobet κτησάμενος MSS, + Hertlein, καταχρησάμενος V.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_69" name="note_69" href= + "#noteref_69">69.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δεόμενος MSS, Cobet, ἐνδεόμενος + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_70" name="note_70" href= + "#noteref_70">70.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gyges.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_71" name="note_71" href= + "#noteref_71">71.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἰσηγορίας Petavius, ἴσης παρηγορίας + MSS, Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_72" name="note_72" href= + "#noteref_72">72.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">At Nicomedia 337 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_73" name="note_73" href= + "#noteref_73">73.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Isocrates, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Evagoras</span></span> 1.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_74" name="note_74" href= + "#noteref_74">74.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Constans and Constantine.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_75" name="note_75" href= + "#noteref_75">75.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">φέροντες πρὸς MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_76" name="note_76" href= + "#noteref_76">76.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὅσπερ . . . . στρατηγός MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_77" name="note_77" href= + "#noteref_77">77.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἡ Schaefer adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_78" name="note_78" href= + "#noteref_78">78.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πεντήκοντα μναῖς Reiske, Cobet, μνᾶς + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_79" name="note_79" href= + "#noteref_79">79.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀλυσιτελῶς δέ· λυσιτελὲς Petavius, + Wyttenbach, Hertlein, ἀλυσιτελὲς MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_80" name="note_80" href= + "#noteref_80">80.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Defeated at Carrhae <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 53: the Roman + standards were recovered by Augustus <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> 20.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_81" name="note_81" href= + "#noteref_81">81.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Emperor 282-283 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_82" name="note_82" href= + "#noteref_82">82.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Galerius Maximianus, son-in-law of + Diocletian, was defeated in Mesopotamia, 296 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span>, by Narses.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_83" name="note_83" href= + "#noteref_83">83.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Diocletian.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_84" name="note_84" href= + "#noteref_84">84.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The provinces of the East.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_85" name="note_85" href= + "#noteref_85">85.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Regularly in Greek for Pannonia.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_86" name="note_86" href= + "#noteref_86">86.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πραγμάτων θορύβου Wyttenbach, θορύβου + πραγμάτων MSS, Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_87" name="note_87" href= + "#noteref_87">87.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀναγκαίου Capps suggests, γενναίου + MSS, Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_88" name="note_88" href= + "#noteref_88">88.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πορείαις ταχείαις Capps suggests, + πορείας μὲν τάχει MSS, Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_89" name="note_89" href= + "#noteref_89">89.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὅπως μὲν ἐκ Petavius, ἀθρόως ἐκ MSS, + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_90" name="note_90" href= + "#noteref_90">90.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tiranus, King of Armenia, was now, 337 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span>, deposed and + imprisoned by Sapor. His son, Arsaces, succeeded him in 341. Julian + is describing the interregnum. Gibbon, chap. 18, wrongly ascribes + these events to the reign of Tiridates, who died 314 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_91" name="note_91" href= + "#noteref_91">91.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὰς λειτουργίας Reiske adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_92" name="note_92" href= + "#noteref_92">92.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐν Reiske adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_93" name="note_93" href= + "#noteref_93">93.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">καιρὸν Cobet, εὔκαιρον MSS, Hertlein. + ἄκαιρον V, ἀκαριᾶιον Hertlein conjectures.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_94" name="note_94" href= + "#noteref_94">94.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δὲ Wright, τε Schaefer, Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_95" name="note_95" href= + "#noteref_95">95.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">διατρίψας Cobet, τρίψας MSS, + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_96" name="note_96" href= + "#noteref_96">96.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀνανδρίας [καὶ δειλίας] Hertlein. M + omits καὶ before δειλίας, hence Petavius omits δειλίας.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_97" name="note_97" href= + "#noteref_97">97.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">χρησαμένου Hertlein suggests, + χρησάμενον V, χρησαμένην MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_98" name="note_98" href= + "#noteref_98">98.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">κελεύοντος σοῦ Hertlein suggests, + κελεύοντος MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_99" name="note_99" href= + "#noteref_99">99.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τῷ πολλὰς Cobet, τὸ MSS, + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_100" name="note_100" + href="#noteref_100">100.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὸ Cobet, τῷ MSS, Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_101" name="note_101" + href="#noteref_101">101.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀγωνισαμένους Rouse suggests, + ἀγωνισομένους MSS, Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_102" name="note_102" + href="#noteref_102">102.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">διαδραμόντες Naber, δραμόντες MSS, + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_103" name="note_103" + href="#noteref_103">103.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοὺς ὑπὲρ MSS, Cobet (τοὺς + ἀμυνομένους) ὑπὲρ Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_104" name="note_104" + href="#noteref_104">104.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In Mesopotamia, 348 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> (Bury argues for 344 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span>)</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_105" name="note_105" + href="#noteref_105">105.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sapor.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_106" name="note_106" + href="#noteref_106">106.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sapor's son.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_107" name="note_107" + href="#noteref_107">107.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἡγητέον Schaefer, ἡγεῖ τὸ δὲ Cobet, + Hertlein, ἡγεῖτο δὲ V, M, ἡγῇ τὸ δὲ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_108" name="note_108" + href="#noteref_108">108.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">καὶ Reiske, ὃ καὶ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_109" name="note_109" + href="#noteref_109">109.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">κρινοῦντα Cobet, κρίνοντα MSS, + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_110" name="note_110" + href="#noteref_110">110.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">διεξιέναι Reiske, lacuna Hertlein + following Petavius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_111" name="note_111" + href="#noteref_111">111.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">καίτοι Reiske, καὶ MSS, Hertlein. + Petavius omits καὶ.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_112" name="note_112" + href="#noteref_112">112.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">παρασκευῆς V, παρασκευῆς ἁπάσης + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_113" name="note_113" + href="#noteref_113">113.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. Demosthenes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + Corona</span></span> 169.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_114" name="note_114" + href="#noteref_114">114.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gaul.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_115" name="note_115" + href="#noteref_115">115.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Vetranio.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_116" name="note_116" + href="#noteref_116">116.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Demosthenes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + Corona</span></span> 61.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_117" name="note_117" + href="#noteref_117">117.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐπάγειν Hertlein suggests, ἐπάξοντες + Wyttenbach, ἐπαύξουσι V, ἐπάξουσι MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_118" name="note_118" + href="#noteref_118">118.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">σέλματα Reiske, ἕρματα MSS, Herlein. + Reiske suggests συντριβομένων. ἐπ᾽ αὐταῖς δὲ μηχανημάτων καὶ βελῶν + πλῆθος.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_119" name="note_119" + href="#noteref_119">119.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὀλλυμένων Cobet, ἀπολλυμένων MSS, + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_120" name="note_120" + href="#noteref_120">120.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Nisibis.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_121" name="note_121" + href="#noteref_121">121.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span>, + 4. 451. ὀλλύντων τε καὶ ὀλλυμένων.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_122" name="note_122" + href="#noteref_122">122.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">εὗρον τὸν Cobet, ηὕροντο Hertlein, + εὗρον τὸν V, εὕραντο MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_123" name="note_123" + href="#noteref_123">123.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sapor.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_124" name="note_124" + href="#noteref_124">124.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 8. 49.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_125" name="note_125" + href="#noteref_125">125.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀρκεῖ Cobet, ἤρκει MSS, Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_126" name="note_126" + href="#noteref_126">126.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Archimedes.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_127" name="note_127" + href="#noteref_127">127.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Marcellus 212 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_128" name="note_128" + href="#noteref_128">128.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Galatians, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> + the Gauls, and Celts are often thus incorrectly distinguished, cf. + 34 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c.</span></span> 36 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.</span></span> 124 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_129" name="note_129" + href="#noteref_129">129.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">390 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> under Brennus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_130" name="note_130" + href="#noteref_130">130.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Capitoline.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_131" name="note_131" + href="#noteref_131">131.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πόλιν Reiske, τὴν πόλιν MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_132" name="note_132" + href="#noteref_132">132.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">γεγόνασιν; Wright, γεγόνασιν. + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_133" name="note_133" + href="#noteref_133">133.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Vetranio.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_134" name="note_134" + href="#noteref_134">134.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Magnentius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_135" name="note_135" + href="#noteref_135">135.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πλέον ἔχειν Hertlein suggests, πλέον + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_136" name="note_136" + href="#noteref_136">136.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">σε Hertlein adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_137" name="note_137" + href="#noteref_137">137.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πάντως Hertlein suggests, ἄλλως MSS, + cf. 222 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span> 353 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_138" name="note_138" + href="#noteref_138">138.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">καὶ Hertlein adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_139" name="note_139" + href="#noteref_139">139.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">σὲ Reiske adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_140" name="note_140" + href="#noteref_140">140.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Vetranio.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_141" name="note_141" + href="#noteref_141">141.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Magnentius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_142" name="note_142" + href="#noteref_142">142.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Magnentius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_143" name="note_143" + href="#noteref_143">143.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Demosthenes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + Chersoneso</span></span> 42.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_144" name="note_144" + href="#noteref_144">144.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Euripides, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Andromache</span></span> 1146.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_145" name="note_145" + href="#noteref_145">145.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A proverb for necessity disguised as a + choice, cf. 274 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_146" name="note_146" + href="#noteref_146">146.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">σ᾽ Reiske adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_147" name="note_147" + href="#noteref_147">147.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἴσως Hertlein suggests.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_148" name="note_148" + href="#noteref_148">148.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">στρατηγεῖον Cobet, Hertlein, + στρατήγιον MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_149" name="note_149" + href="#noteref_149">149.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">After τῷ Petavius adds σῷ.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_150" name="note_150" + href="#noteref_150">150.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἡ Cobet, ἣ Reiske adds, Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_151" name="note_151" + href="#noteref_151">151.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐγκαταλιπεῖν ἰσχύσασα Cobet, + ἐναπολιπεῖν ἴσχυσε Schaefer, Hertlein, ἐναπολιπεῖν ἰσχύσαι + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_152" name="note_152" + href="#noteref_152">152.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐν Reiske adds, ἐλέγχου σοι V.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_153" name="note_153" + href="#noteref_153">153.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aeschines, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ctesiphon</span></span> 74. 18.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_154" name="note_154" + href="#noteref_154">154.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">From the description of the oratory of + Pericles, Eupolis <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> 94: πειθώ τις ἐπεκάθιζεν ἐπὶ + τοῖς χείλεσιν· | οὕτως ἐκήλει καὶ μόνος τῶν ῥητόρων | τὸ κέντρον + ἐγκατέλειπε τοῖς ἀκροωμάνοις. Cf. 426 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_155" name="note_155" + href="#noteref_155">155.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">συστῆναι Petavius, Cobet, ἐνστῆναι + Schaefer, Hertlein, στῆναι MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_156" name="note_156" + href="#noteref_156">156.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Demosthenes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + Corona</span></span> 230, a favourite common-place.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_157" name="note_157" + href="#noteref_157">157.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Magnentius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_158" name="note_158" + href="#noteref_158">158.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὧν εἴς τε Schaefer, ὧν τε εἰς + Hertlein, εἰς V, ἐς MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_159" name="note_159" + href="#noteref_159">159.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὡς Hertlein adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_160" name="note_160" + href="#noteref_160">160.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἂν Schaefer adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_161" name="note_161" + href="#noteref_161">161.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἄκοντες Reiske, Hertlein, ἁλόντες + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_162" name="note_162" + href="#noteref_162">162.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τε Wyttenbach adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_163" name="note_163" + href="#noteref_163">163.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">περὶ Hertlein suggests.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_164" name="note_164" + href="#noteref_164">164.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[καὶ] τοσοῦτον Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_165" name="note_165" + href="#noteref_165">165.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gauls.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_166" name="note_166" + href="#noteref_166">166.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Demosthenes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + Corona</span></span> 153.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_167" name="note_167" + href="#noteref_167">167.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gaul.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_168" name="note_168" + href="#noteref_168">168.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">351 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_169" name="note_169" + href="#noteref_169">169.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Demosthenes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Olynthiac</span></span> l. 23.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_170" name="note_170" + href="#noteref_170">170.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐπὶ κέρως Wyttenbach, Hertlein, + ἐπικαίρως MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_171" name="note_171" + href="#noteref_171">171.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">θράσους Wyttenbach, Cobet, θράσος MSS, + Hertlein. πρὸς . . . καὶ τοῦ Hertlein suggests, καὶ πρὸς . . . τοῦ + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_172" name="note_172" + href="#noteref_172">172.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In Pannonia 353 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_173" name="note_173" + href="#noteref_173">173.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gallic.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_174" name="note_174" + href="#noteref_174">174.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἦγες V, Hertlein, εἶχες MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_175" name="note_175" + href="#noteref_175">175.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐκ Reiske adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_176" name="note_176" + href="#noteref_176">176.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Licinius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_177" name="note_177" + href="#noteref_177">177.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 2. 57 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_178" name="note_178" + href="#noteref_178">178.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοῖς ποθοῦσιν Hertlein suggests, + ποθοῦσιν MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_179" name="note_179" + href="#noteref_179">179.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">After φαινόμενον Reiske thinks + ἐπέδειξε has fallen out.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_180" name="note_180" + href="#noteref_180">180.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aquileia.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_181" name="note_181" + href="#noteref_181">181.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀνόσιος Cobet, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ θεὸς V, ἀλλ᾽ ὁ + θεὸς MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_182" name="note_182" + href="#noteref_182">182.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">νίκης</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_183" name="note_183" + href="#noteref_183">183.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gaul.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_184" name="note_184" + href="#noteref_184">184.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In wrestling, the third fall secured + the victory. Cf. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Or.</span></span> 2. 74 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_185" name="note_185" + href="#noteref_185">185.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">355 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_186" name="note_186" + href="#noteref_186">186.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐξ Reiske, τῶν ἐξ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_187" name="note_187" + href="#noteref_187">187.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πόλιν ἑαυτὴν σοῦ Wyttenbach, ἐπώνυμόν + σοι ἑαυτὴν Reiske, πόλιν ἐπώνυμον MSS, Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_188" name="note_188" + href="#noteref_188">188.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἔχειν Hertlein suggests.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_189" name="note_189" + href="#noteref_189">189.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Seleucus son of Antiochus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_190" name="note_190" + href="#noteref_190">190.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Constantinople.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_191" name="note_191" + href="#noteref_191">191.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">οὕτως Reiske adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_192" name="note_192" + href="#noteref_192">192.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">σε Reiske adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_193" name="note_193" + href="#noteref_193">193.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hertlein suggests ὁ.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_194" name="note_194" + href="#noteref_194">194.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐπὶ τῶν Cobet, διὰ τῶν Wyttenbach, + Hertlein, τῶν V, τὸν MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_195" name="note_195" + href="#noteref_195">195.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πλέον ἔχουσι Reiske, πλέον MSS, + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_196" name="note_196" + href="#noteref_196">196.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cyaxares.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_197" name="note_197" + href="#noteref_197">197.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">οὖν ὅτι MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_198" name="note_198" + href="#noteref_198">198.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">An echo of Demosthenes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Against + Leptines</span></span> 15.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_199" name="note_199" + href="#noteref_199">199.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gallus 351 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span>: then Julian 355 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_200" name="note_200" + href="#noteref_200">200.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">σ᾽ Hertlein suggests.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_201" name="note_201" + href="#noteref_201">201.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">σ᾽ Hertlein suggests.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_202" name="note_202" + href="#noteref_202">202.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοσούτοις τῷ πλήθει V, τοσούτοις τὸ + πλῆθος MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_203" name="note_203" + href="#noteref_203">203.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">γνησίους MSS, Cobet, γνησίως V, + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_204" name="note_204" + href="#noteref_204">204.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">M and Petavius omit πρὸς . . . + ἐπιτρεπομένη.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_205" name="note_205" + href="#noteref_205">205.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μένει Wyttenbach, μένειν MSS, + Hertlein, ἐπὶ πολὺ μένειν V and Spanheim omit.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_206" name="note_206" + href="#noteref_206">206.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀνείλου Hertlein suggests, Cobet, cf. + 94 D 95 A, εἵλω V, εἵλου MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_207" name="note_207" + href="#noteref_207">207.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πιστεύσας καὶ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_208" name="note_208" + href="#noteref_208">208.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Vetranio.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_209" name="note_209" + href="#noteref_209">209.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τινὰ λύκον MSS, τινῶν λύκων Hertlein + suggests.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_210" name="note_210" + href="#noteref_210">210.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοῦτο Hertlein suggests, τὸ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_211" name="note_211" + href="#noteref_211">211.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Under Silvanus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_212" name="note_212" + href="#noteref_212">212.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gaul.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_213" name="note_213" + href="#noteref_213">213.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Silvanus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_214" name="note_214" + href="#noteref_214">214.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">355 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_215" name="note_215" + href="#noteref_215">215.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The peroration is lost.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_216" name="note_216" + href="#noteref_216">216.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">56 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span> + and 101 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_217" name="note_217" + href="#noteref_217">217.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">74 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_218" name="note_218" + href="#noteref_218">218.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Agamemnon.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_219" name="note_219" + href="#noteref_219">219.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 19. 56.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_220" name="note_220" + href="#noteref_220">220.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Μοῖραν Hertlein suggests, Μοίρας + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_221" name="note_221" + href="#noteref_221">221.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span> 577 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">e</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_222" name="note_222" + href="#noteref_222">222.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">κοινῇ μὲν Hertlein suggests, κοινῇ τε + MSS, cf. 43 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>, 51 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_223" name="note_223" + href="#noteref_223">223.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μηδὲ Hertlein suggests, καὶ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_224" name="note_224" + href="#noteref_224">224.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 6. 289.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_225" name="note_225" + href="#noteref_225">225.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus 7. 40; horses from the plain + of Nisaea drew the chariot of Xerxes when he invaded Greece.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_226" name="note_226" + href="#noteref_226">226.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 2. 101.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_227" name="note_227" + href="#noteref_227">227.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[, ὁ δὲ] Πέλοπι Reiske, Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_228" name="note_228" + href="#noteref_228">228.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[τῶν] βασιλευσάντων Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_229" name="note_229" + href="#noteref_229">229.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Maximianus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_230" name="note_230" + href="#noteref_230">230.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Constantius Chlorus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_231" name="note_231" + href="#noteref_231">231.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gaul.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_232" name="note_232" + href="#noteref_232">232.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian is in error; according to Bury, + in Gibbon, Vol. 2, p. 588, Spain was governed by Maximianus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_233" name="note_233" + href="#noteref_233">233.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Atlantic.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_234" name="note_234" + href="#noteref_234">234.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Mediterranean.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_235" name="note_235" + href="#noteref_235">235.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 20. 221.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_236" name="note_236" + href="#noteref_236">236.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">θαρροῦντας Cobet, θαρρούντως MSS, + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_237" name="note_237" + href="#noteref_237">237.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 5. 222.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_238" name="note_238" + href="#noteref_238">238.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 4. 69 foll.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_239" name="note_239" + href="#noteref_239">239.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 4. 97.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_240" name="note_240" + href="#noteref_240">240.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 23. 870.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_241" name="note_241" + href="#noteref_241">241.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 8. 266.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_242" name="note_242" + href="#noteref_242">242.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 19. 385.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_243" name="note_243" + href="#noteref_243">243.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 2. 552.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_244" name="note_244" + href="#noteref_244">244.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Nestor: <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> + 2. 555.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_245" name="note_245" + href="#noteref_245">245.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The building of a wall with towers, to + protect the ships, is described in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> + 7. 436 foll.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_246" name="note_246" + href="#noteref_246">246.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">By Praxiteles.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_247" name="note_247" + href="#noteref_247">247.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Alexander.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_248" name="note_248" + href="#noteref_248">248.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Agamemnon.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_249" name="note_249" + href="#noteref_249">249.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 2. 761 foll.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_250" name="note_250" + href="#noteref_250">250.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 11. 550.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_251" name="note_251" + href="#noteref_251">251.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[τοῦ] βασιλέως Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_252" name="note_252" + href="#noteref_252">252.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Magnentius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_253" name="note_253" + href="#noteref_253">253.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 13. 20.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_254" name="note_254" + href="#noteref_254">254.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὁπλίτης Cobet, ὁπλίτης πεζός MSS., + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_255" name="note_255" + href="#noteref_255">255.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ξυνεπισπομένης Cobet, ξυνεπομένης V + Hertlein ξυνεφεπομένης MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_256" name="note_256" + href="#noteref_256">256.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">(τὴν) Ἁρετὴν Hertlein, ἀρετὴν + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_257" name="note_257" + href="#noteref_257">257.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">βαρβαρίζων MSS., Hertlein, βατταρίζων + Cobet, cf. Plato, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Theaetetus</span></span> 175 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_258" name="note_258" + href="#noteref_258">258.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[τοῦ] βασιλέως Hertlein, cf. 55 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_259" name="note_259" + href="#noteref_259">259.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Carians were proverbially + worthless; cf. 320 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_260" name="note_260" + href="#noteref_260">260.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hesiod, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Theogony</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_261" name="note_261" + href="#noteref_261">261.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Xenophon, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Memorabilia</span></span> 2. 1. 2.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_262" name="note_262" + href="#noteref_262">262.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Heracles.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_263" name="note_263" + href="#noteref_263">263.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aeschylus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Seven Against + Thebes</span></span> 440; Euripides, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Phoenissae</span></span> 1182.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_264" name="note_264" + href="#noteref_264">264.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὴν τάξιν Hertlein suggests, τάξιν + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_265" name="note_265" + href="#noteref_265">265.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Marcellinus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_266" name="note_266" + href="#noteref_266">266.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μὲν Reiske adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_267" name="note_267" + href="#noteref_267">267.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Πανδάρεω V, Naber, cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> + 20, 66 Τυνδάρεω MSS., Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_268" name="note_268" + href="#noteref_268">268.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐπράχθη MSS., Hertlein, ἐταράχθη + Naber.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_269" name="note_269" + href="#noteref_269">269.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 20. 66.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_270" name="note_270" + href="#noteref_270">270.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Drave.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_271" name="note_271" + href="#noteref_271">271.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μέσῃ τῇ πράξει V, Hertlein, μισητῆς + πράξεως Reiske, μέση τῆς πράξεως MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_272" name="note_272" + href="#noteref_272">272.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Naber suggests ὢθουν ὠθοῦντο.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_273" name="note_273" + href="#noteref_273">273.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">After δόρατα Petavius, Hertlein omit + σφῶν.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_274" name="note_274" + href="#noteref_274">274.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐφιππαζόμενοι Hertlein suggests, + ἀφιππαζόμενοι MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_275" name="note_275" + href="#noteref_275">275.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">προσβολαῖς—καὶ Wright + προσβολαῖς.—[καὶ] Hertlein προσβολαῖς.—καὶ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_276" name="note_276" + href="#noteref_276">276.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὥσπερ—χρωμάτων Hertlein suggests ὥσπερ + ἐν γραφῇ ὑπ᾽ ἀργυρωμάτων τινῶν καὶ χρυσωμάτων <span class= + "tei tei-q">“as though by gold or silver work in a + picture.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_277" name="note_277" + href="#noteref_277">277.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 21. 325 foll.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_278" name="note_278" + href="#noteref_278">278.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 21. 242.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_279" name="note_279" + href="#noteref_279">279.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 21. 269.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_280" name="note_280" + href="#noteref_280">280.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For eight words the text is hopelessly + corrupt.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_281" name="note_281" + href="#noteref_281">281.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 21. 27.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_282" name="note_282" + href="#noteref_282">282.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[τὰς] ὑπὲρ Reiske, Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_283" name="note_283" + href="#noteref_283">283.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πολεμίξομεν Cobet, MSS., πολιμίζομεν + V, Hertlein, πτολεμίζομεν M.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_284" name="note_284" + href="#noteref_284">284.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 24. 657.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_285" name="note_285" + href="#noteref_285">285.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἂν Reiske adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_286" name="note_286" + href="#noteref_286">286.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">περιτειχίζων Hertlein suggests, cf. 27 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, ἐπετειχίζων MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_287" name="note_287" + href="#noteref_287">287.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">εἰσρεῖ Cobet, ἐκρεῖ MSS., + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_288" name="note_288" + href="#noteref_288">288.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Nisibis.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_289" name="note_289" + href="#noteref_289">289.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sapor becomes the ally of Magnentius + as the crab was the ally of the Hydra in the conflict with + Heracles.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_290" name="note_290" + href="#noteref_290">290.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">400 lbs. in all.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_291" name="note_291" + href="#noteref_291">291.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">150 feet.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_292" name="note_292" + href="#noteref_292">292.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">προῆγε Hertlein suggests, προσῆγε + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_293" name="note_293" + href="#noteref_293">293.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">παρασκευῆς ἄλλης Cobet, MSS., + παρασκευῆς (ἄλλοτε) ἄλλης Reiske, Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_294" name="note_294" + href="#noteref_294">294.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Elephants.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_295" name="note_295" + href="#noteref_295">295.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀναρπασόμενοι Hertlein suggests, + διαρπασάμενοι V, διαρπασόμενοι MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_296" name="note_296" + href="#noteref_296">296.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">οὐδὲ—ὕλης corrupt. Reiske suggests + οὐδὲ αὐτὸ παντελῶς ὂν ξηρὸν ὑπό τε ὕλης. ἕλης V, ὕλης MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_297" name="note_297" + href="#noteref_297">297.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐπεξῇσαν Hertlein suggests, ἐπεξῄεσαν + MSS., V omits.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_298" name="note_298" + href="#noteref_298">298.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοιαύτῃ Reiske suggests, τοσαύτῃ MSS., + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_299" name="note_299" + href="#noteref_299">299.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 12. 438; cf. 71 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_300" name="note_300" + href="#noteref_300">300.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The text here is corrupt.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_301" name="note_301" + href="#noteref_301">301.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὰ μὲν θηρία corrupt, Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_302" name="note_302" + href="#noteref_302">302.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πυκνοῖς Cobet, πυκνῶς MSS., + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_303" name="note_303" + href="#noteref_303">303.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">κατενεχθέντα Reiske, εἰσενεχθέντα + MSS., Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_304" name="note_304" + href="#noteref_304">304.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀλλὰ μάταιον γὰρ Hertlein suggests, + μάταιον δ᾽ ἄρα Reiske, μάταιον γὰρ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_305" name="note_305" + href="#noteref_305">305.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὅ Reiske adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_306" name="note_306" + href="#noteref_306">306.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Nestor.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_307" name="note_307" + href="#noteref_307">307.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 14. 56.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_308" name="note_308" + href="#noteref_308">308.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τέχνης Reiske, τέχνη cant. Hertlein, + τέχνῃ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_309" name="note_309" + href="#noteref_309">309.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 20. 379.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_310" name="note_310" + href="#noteref_310">310.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 11. 163.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_311" name="note_311" + href="#noteref_311">311.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 11. 202.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_312" name="note_312" + href="#noteref_312">312.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἄν Hertlein adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_313" name="note_313" + href="#noteref_313">313.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μεταγράφειν Cobet, παραγράφειν MSS., + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_314" name="note_314" + href="#noteref_314">314.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">εἰς ἑαυτὸν Cobet, cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Menexenus</span></span> 247 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">e</span></span> + σεαυτοῦ Hertlein suggests ἑαυτὸν, σεαυτὸ V, σεαυτοῦ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_315" name="note_315" + href="#noteref_315">315.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">νοῦν—φρόνησιν Hertlein suggests, + νῷ—φρονήσει MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_316" name="note_316" + href="#noteref_316">316.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὸν—θεόν Hertlein suggests, τῷ—θεῷ + MSS. Hertlein suspects corruption.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_317" name="note_317" + href="#noteref_317">317.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[ὡς] ἡδίω Hertlein, μᾶλλον V + adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_318" name="note_318" + href="#noteref_318">318.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Menexenus</span></span> 247 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">e</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_319" name="note_319" + href="#noteref_319">319.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato says εἰς ἑαυτὸν ἀνήρτηται + <span class="tei tei-q">“who depends on <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">himself</span></em>.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_320" name="note_320" + href="#noteref_320">320.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span> 90 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_321" name="note_321" + href="#noteref_321">321.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Apology</span></span> 30 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_322" name="note_322" + href="#noteref_322">322.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span> 354 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_323" name="note_323" + href="#noteref_323">323.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοῖς πολλοῖς Hertlein suggests, + πολλοῖς MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_324" name="note_324" + href="#noteref_324">324.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἰδιώτην τε Hertlein suggests, τε + ἰδιώτην MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_325" name="note_325" + href="#noteref_325">325.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δαίμων, cf. 69 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_326" name="note_326" + href="#noteref_326">326.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">εὐπρεπὴς Cobet, εὐπρεποῦς MSS., + Hertlein suggests εὐπρεπὴς ἀπρεποῦς cf. 19 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_327" name="note_327" + href="#noteref_327">327.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἄσμενος Hertlein suggests, ἀσμένως + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_328" name="note_328" + href="#noteref_328">328.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ajax.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_329" name="note_329" + href="#noteref_329">329.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 12. 438.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_330" name="note_330" + href="#noteref_330">330.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">παμμεγέθη Hertlein suggests, παμμιγῆ + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_331" name="note_331" + href="#noteref_331">331.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aquileia.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_332" name="note_332" + href="#noteref_332">332.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“v”</span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_333" name="note_333" + href="#noteref_333">333.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Because of this favourable omen the + city was called Aquileia, <span class="tei tei-q">“the city of the + Eagle.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_334" name="note_334" + href="#noteref_334">334.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">κατέβαλον Reiske, ἔβαλον MSS., + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_335" name="note_335" + href="#noteref_335">335.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ξὺν εὐβουλίᾳ Hertlein suggests, + εὐβουλίᾳ Wyttenbach, ξυμβουλίᾳ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_336" name="note_336" + href="#noteref_336">336.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hertlein suggests ἐκτελεῖν, but cf. + Phoenissae 516, ἐξελεῖν MSS. οὐδ᾽ ἂν—ἰσχύσειεν Hertlein suggests, + οὐδὲ—ἰσχύσει MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_337" name="note_337" + href="#noteref_337">337.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Alexander.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_338" name="note_338" + href="#noteref_338">338.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A hill fort in Sogdiana where the + Bactrian chief Oxyartes made his last stand against Alexander, 327 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_339" name="note_339" + href="#noteref_339">339.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 77 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.</span></span>, Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">de Fort. + Rom.</span></span> c. 4.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_340" name="note_340" + href="#noteref_340">340.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian refers to the triumph of + Constantius over Vetranio, described in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Or.</span></span> 1. + 31 foll. and echoes Euripides, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Phoenissae</span></span> + 516, πᾶν γὰρ ἐξαιρεῖ λόγος | ὃ καὶ σίδηρος πολεμίων δράσειεν ἄν. + Themistius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Or.</span></span> 2, 37 B quotes these verses + to illustrate the same incident.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_341" name="note_341" + href="#noteref_341">341.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πάλαι Hertlein suggests, ἅπαντα + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_342" name="note_342" + href="#noteref_342">342.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">διήλθομεν Reiske, δηλοῦμεν MSS., + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_343" name="note_343" + href="#noteref_343">343.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Isocrates, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Evagoras</span></span> 65, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Panegyricus</span></span> 83.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_344" name="note_344" + href="#noteref_344">344.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 24. 544.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_345" name="note_345" + href="#noteref_345">345.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀρχαῖον Reiske, ἀρχαῖος Hertlein, + ὕθλος λίαν ἀρχαῖος Cobet, ἀρχαῖος MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_346" name="note_346" + href="#noteref_346">346.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Τρῶες Hertlein adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_347" name="note_347" + href="#noteref_347">347.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">καὶ γὰρ Horkel, lacuna Hertlein; the + inappropriate verb ἀναγράφω = <span class="tei tei-q">“register, + record,”</span> indicates corruption.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_348" name="note_348" + href="#noteref_348">348.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 1. 22. 28.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_349" name="note_349" + href="#noteref_349">349.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In wrestling the third fall was final: + the phrase became proverbial, cf. Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Phaedrus</span></span> 256 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, Aeschylus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eumenides</span></span> 592, Julian, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Or.</span></span> 1. 40 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_350" name="note_350" + href="#noteref_350">350.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Before τῆς Hertlein, Reiske omit + ὑπὲρ.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_351" name="note_351" + href="#noteref_351">351.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τῶν Hertlein adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_352" name="note_352" + href="#noteref_352">352.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἂν Hertlein adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_353" name="note_353" + href="#noteref_353">353.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πρότερον οὐ Hertlein suggests, οὐ + πρότερον MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_354" name="note_354" + href="#noteref_354">354.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">νῦν Cobet adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_355" name="note_355" + href="#noteref_355">355.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ᾔσθοντο σφῶν Cobet, ᾔσθοντο τὸ MSS., + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_356" name="note_356" + href="#noteref_356">356.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀπῳκοδομημένον Hertlein suggests, + ἀποικοδομούμενον MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_357" name="note_357" + href="#noteref_357">357.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">διειλημμένον Hertlein suggests, + διηλούμενον MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_358" name="note_358" + href="#noteref_358">358.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Briseis, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> + 1. 247.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_359" name="note_359" + href="#noteref_359">359.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 9. 260.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_360" name="note_360" + href="#noteref_360">360.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὰς Reiske adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_361" name="note_361" + href="#noteref_361">361.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[τοῦ] βασιλέως Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_362" name="note_362" + href="#noteref_362">362.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὰ before μαχιμώτατα V, Hertlein + omit.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_363" name="note_363" + href="#noteref_363">363.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐκείνης Naber adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_364" name="note_364" + href="#noteref_364">364.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μόνοις Hertlein suggests, μόνον + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_365" name="note_365" + href="#noteref_365">365.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 2. 188.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_366" name="note_366" + href="#noteref_366">366.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Vetranio; Themistius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Or.</span></span> 2. + 37 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, who in a panegyric on + Constantius describes this oratorical triumph.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_367" name="note_367" + href="#noteref_367">367.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Demosthenes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + Corona</span></span> 262, ἦν γὰρ ἄσπονδος καὶ ἀκήρυκτος ... + πόλεμος.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_368" name="note_368" + href="#noteref_368">368.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The victory of Archidamus over the + Arcadians Xenophon, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Hellenica</span></span> 7. 1. 32.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_369" name="note_369" + href="#noteref_369">369.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 1. 32 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_370" name="note_370" + href="#noteref_370">370.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 24. 253.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_371" name="note_371" + href="#noteref_371">371.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἄμεινον Petavius, Cobet, ἄρα Hertlein, + MSS., ἄρα κἀκείνων cant. and fl.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_372" name="note_372" + href="#noteref_372">372.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὸ Reiske adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_373" name="note_373" + href="#noteref_373">373.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἂ Reiske adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_374" name="note_374" + href="#noteref_374">374.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐσθῆτι ποικίλῃ MSS., Cobet, ἐσθῆτα + ποικίλην Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_375" name="note_375" + href="#noteref_375">375.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Latin; of which Julian had only a + slight knowledge. The fourth century Sophists were content with + Greek. Themistius never learned Latin, and Libanius needed an + interpreter for a Latin letter, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Epistle + 956</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_376" name="note_376" + href="#noteref_376">376.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐπαινοῦντα Reiske, εὐδαιμονοῦντα MSS., + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_377" name="note_377" + href="#noteref_377">377.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 191 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_378" name="note_378" + href="#noteref_378">378.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gorgias</span></span> + 470 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_379" name="note_379" + href="#noteref_379">379.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span> + 699 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_380" name="note_380" + href="#noteref_380">380.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span> + 698 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>; Herodotus 6. 31.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_381" name="note_381" + href="#noteref_381">381.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus 1. 183.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_382" name="note_382" + href="#noteref_382">382.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">παιδιὰν Cobet, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mnemosyne</span></span> 10. παιδιὰς (earlier + conjecture Cobet) Hertlein, παιδείους V, παῖδας MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_383" name="note_383" + href="#noteref_383">383.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The gold work of Colophon was + proverbial for its excellence. Cf. Aristophanes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cocalus + fr.</span></span> 8.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_384" name="note_384" + href="#noteref_384">384.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 9. 404.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_385" name="note_385" + href="#noteref_385">385.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 22. 156.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_386" name="note_386" + href="#noteref_386">386.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">εἰ Hertlein adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_387" name="note_387" + href="#noteref_387">387.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐκγόνων MSS., cf. 82 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">a + b</span></span>, ἐγγόνων Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_388" name="note_388" + href="#noteref_388">388.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐκγόνων MSS., ἐγγόνων Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_389" name="note_389" + href="#noteref_389">389.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἔκγονον MSS., Cobet, ἔγγονον + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_390" name="note_390" + href="#noteref_390">390.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τε Hertlein adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_391" name="note_391" + href="#noteref_391">391.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">καὶ ἀπορουμένης Hertlein + suggests.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_392" name="note_392" + href="#noteref_392">392.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τινες καὶ Hertlein suggests, τινες + σφόδρα καὶ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_393" name="note_393" + href="#noteref_393">393.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἰχθῦς Hertlein suggests, ἰχθύας MSS., + cf. 59 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, ἰχθῦας V.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_394" name="note_394" + href="#noteref_394">394.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ταλαιπωρίας Hertlein suggests, + λοιδορίας MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_395" name="note_395" + href="#noteref_395">395.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μονάρχην Cobet, μονάρχην μισθωτόν + MSS., Hertlein suggests μόναρχον μισθωτόν, ἢ μισθωτὸν Reiske, + μονάρχου V.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_396" name="note_396" + href="#noteref_396">396.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">After διορύττειν Cobet omits + ἀναπειθόμενον.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_397" name="note_397" + href="#noteref_397">397.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀνθρώπους· Cobet, ἀνθρώπους ἐκφανέσ· + Hertlein, ἐκφανὲς V, M, ἐμφανὲς MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_398" name="note_398" + href="#noteref_398">398.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">First used by Archilochus, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> 74, in a description of an + eclipse of the sun.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_399" name="note_399" + href="#noteref_399">399.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span> + 728 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_400" name="note_400" + href="#noteref_400">400.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Horace, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Epistles</span></span> 1. 1. 106.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_401" name="note_401" + href="#noteref_401">401.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">One shoulder was white as ivory.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_402" name="note_402" + href="#noteref_402">402.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Sparti, sprung from the dragon's + teeth sown by Cadmus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_403" name="note_403" + href="#noteref_403">403.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Rhine; cf. Julian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Epistle</span></span> + 16.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_404" name="note_404" + href="#noteref_404">404.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span> + 642 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_405" name="note_405" + href="#noteref_405">405.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Memnon.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_406" name="note_406" + href="#noteref_406">406.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 3. 126.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_407" name="note_407" + href="#noteref_407">407.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 17, 20.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_408" name="note_408" + href="#noteref_408">408.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Homeric phrase: <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> + 17. 588.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_409" name="note_409" + href="#noteref_409">409.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span> + 832 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_410" name="note_410" + href="#noteref_410">410.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 20. 56.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_411" name="note_411" + href="#noteref_411">411.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Euripides, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Phoenissae</span></span> 506 and <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> + 252, Nauck.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_412" name="note_412" + href="#noteref_412">412.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Of Queen Nitocris, Herodotus 1. + 187.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_413" name="note_413" + href="#noteref_413">413.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Huckster”</span> (κάπηλος) Herodotus 3. 89.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_414" name="note_414" + href="#noteref_414">414.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Or Sarabos, a Plataean wineseller at + Athens; Plato, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Gorgias</span></span> 518 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>; perhaps to be + identified with the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Vinarius Exaerambus</span></span> in Plautus, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Asinaria</span></span> 436; cf. Themistius 297 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_415" name="note_415" + href="#noteref_415">415.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">φιλοπολίτης Hertlein suggests, but cf. + Isocrates <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">To Nicocles</span></span> 15.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_416" name="note_416" + href="#noteref_416">416.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">οἳ Hertlein adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_417" name="note_417" + href="#noteref_417">417.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοῖς Hertlein suggests.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_418" name="note_418" + href="#noteref_418">418.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀδεεῖς Reiske, ἐνδεεῖς MSS., + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_419" name="note_419" + href="#noteref_419">419.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πείσας εἴη Naber, cf. 272 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>, 281 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, πείτειεν Hertlein, + πεισθείη MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_420" name="note_420" + href="#noteref_420">420.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A saying of Alexander, cf. Themistius + 203 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>; Stobaeus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sermones</span></span> 214; Isocrates, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">To + Nicocles</span></span> 21.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_421" name="note_421" + href="#noteref_421">421.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Isocrates, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">To + Nicocles</span></span> 15; Dio Chrysostom, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + i. 28.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_422" name="note_422" + href="#noteref_422">422.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span> 416 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_423" name="note_423" + href="#noteref_423">423.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span> + 808 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_424" name="note_424" + href="#noteref_424">424.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span> 416 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_425" name="note_425" + href="#noteref_425">425.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Before τὰς Hertlein omits καὶ.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_426" name="note_426" + href="#noteref_426">426.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀφανιεῖ Cobet, ἀφανίσει MSS., + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_427" name="note_427" + href="#noteref_427">427.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">οὐ Hertlein adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_428" name="note_428" + href="#noteref_428">428.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐπεισαγαγεῖν Hertlein, ἐπαγαγεῖν + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_429" name="note_429" + href="#noteref_429">429.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">After τῶν Hertlein omits φίλων + καὶ.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_430" name="note_430" + href="#noteref_430">430.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἔγγονος Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_431" name="note_431" + href="#noteref_431">431.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">προηγόρευται Hertlein suggests, + προαγορεύεται MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_432" name="note_432" + href="#noteref_432">432.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δικαστήριον Hertlein suggests, τὸ + δικαστήριον MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_433" name="note_433" + href="#noteref_433">433.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τῆς ἑαυτοῦ ἀρετῆς Reiske, ἀρετῆς MSS., + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_434" name="note_434" + href="#noteref_434">434.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">κοινωνίαν προσληφθεῖσιν. Reiske, + κοινωνίαν, MSS., Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_435" name="note_435" + href="#noteref_435">435.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μείζονα ἐν Hertlein suggests, μείζονα + τε ἐν MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_436" name="note_436" + href="#noteref_436">436.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀδικουμένων ἐπιτρέπων Reiske, + ἀδικουμένων, MSS., Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_437" name="note_437" + href="#noteref_437">437.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Theaetetus</span></span> 176 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_438" name="note_438" + href="#noteref_438">438.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span> + 937 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_439" name="note_439" + href="#noteref_439">439.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἑλόντες Cobet, ἑλόντες τὴν ἀρχὴν MSS., + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_440" name="note_440" + href="#noteref_440">440.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὡς πρὸς Cobet, ὥσπερ MSS., + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_441" name="note_441" + href="#noteref_441">441.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς Hertlein suggests, + ἀλλήλοις MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_442" name="note_442" + href="#noteref_442">442.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ψευδομαρτυρίων Cobet, ψευδομαρτυριῶν + Hertlein, V, M, ψευδομαρτυρίας MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_443" name="note_443" + href="#noteref_443">443.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὑμᾶσ Hertlein suggests, ὑμᾶς αὐτοὺς + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_444" name="note_444" + href="#noteref_444">444.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τημελεῖν καὶ Cobet, [ἐπιμελεῖν καὶ] + Hertlein, who suggests κήδεσθαι καὶ ἐπαμύνειν, ἐπιμένειν M, + ἐπισυνέχειν V, ἐπιμελεῖν MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_445" name="note_445" + href="#noteref_445">445.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Constantine II.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_446" name="note_446" + href="#noteref_446">446.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Constans.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_447" name="note_447" + href="#noteref_447">447.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Constantine II was slain while + marching against Constans.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_448" name="note_448" + href="#noteref_448">448.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Constans.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_449" name="note_449" + href="#noteref_449">449.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Constans was slain by the soldiers of + Magnentius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_450" name="note_450" + href="#noteref_450">450.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">νεαρᾶς Hertlein suggests, νεωτέρας + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_451" name="note_451" + href="#noteref_451">451.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Under Alexander.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_452" name="note_452" + href="#noteref_452">452.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Darius III.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_453" name="note_453" + href="#noteref_453">453.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 2. 356.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_454" name="note_454" + href="#noteref_454">454.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Magnentius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_455" name="note_455" + href="#noteref_455">455.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + l. 34 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_456" name="note_456" + href="#noteref_456">456.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Alcinous.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_457" name="note_457" + href="#noteref_457">457.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 8. 209.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_458" name="note_458" + href="#noteref_458">458.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὸν V, τὸν τῆς MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_459" name="note_459" + href="#noteref_459">459.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀποτρεψάμενον Hertlein suggests, + δεξάμενον Petavius, τρεψάμενον MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_460" name="note_460" + href="#noteref_460">460.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Dioscorides in + Athenaeus 507 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>; Tacitus <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hist.</span></span> + 4. 6; cf. Milton <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Lycidas</span></span>,</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Fame is the spur that the clear spirit doth + raise<br /> + (That last infirmity of noble mind).”</span></p> + </dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_461" name="note_461" + href="#noteref_461">461.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A proverb, cf. Euripides, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Andromache</span></span> 368.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_462" name="note_462" + href="#noteref_462">462.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πολλοῖς fl., Hertlein prefers, πολλῆς + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_463" name="note_463" + href="#noteref_463">463.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοὺς Hertlein suggests, τοῦ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_464" name="note_464" + href="#noteref_464">464.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aristophanes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Frogs</span></span> + 84.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_465" name="note_465" + href="#noteref_465">465.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pannonia.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_466" name="note_466" + href="#noteref_466">466.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Silvanus, cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 1. 60.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_467" name="note_467" + href="#noteref_467">467.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 1. 35 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">C</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_468" name="note_468" + href="#noteref_468">468.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Thermopylae.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_469" name="note_469" + href="#noteref_469">469.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Leonidas.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_470" name="note_470" + href="#noteref_470">470.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[Ὅμηρος] ὅρκια Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_471" name="note_471" + href="#noteref_471">471.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐξελεγχθεῖσιν Hertlein suggests, + ἐλεγχθεῖσιν MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_472" name="note_472" + href="#noteref_472">472.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐγνωκὼς τρόπου—κατανοήσας Hertlein + suggests, ἐγνωκώς—τὸν τρόπου κατανοήσας MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_473" name="note_473" + href="#noteref_473">473.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τῆς Hertlein adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_474" name="note_474" + href="#noteref_474">474.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">βούλεσθαι Hertlein suggests, βούλεσθαί + περ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_475" name="note_475" + href="#noteref_475">475.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Silvanus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_476" name="note_476" + href="#noteref_476">476.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 22. 262.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_477" name="note_477" + href="#noteref_477">477.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Euripides, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bacchae</span></span> + 822.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_478" name="note_478" + href="#noteref_478">478.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 1. 48 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_479" name="note_479" + href="#noteref_479">479.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">His Oriental dress suggested Persian + rule, symbolised by the crescent.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_480" name="note_480" + href="#noteref_480">480.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + l. 49 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_481" name="note_481" + href="#noteref_481">481.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + l. 48 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_482" name="note_482" + href="#noteref_482">482.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A proverb; the pine when cut down does + not send up shoots again.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_483" name="note_483" + href="#noteref_483">483.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus 6. 37.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_484" name="note_484" + href="#noteref_484">484.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">His campaign in Gaul.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_485" name="note_485" + href="#noteref_485">485.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. Quintilian 3. 7. 10. on the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gratiarum + actio</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_486" name="note_486" + href="#noteref_486">486.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πέρα Cobet, ὑπὲρ MSS., Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_487" name="note_487" + href="#noteref_487">487.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τούτους Cobet, οὗτοι MSS., + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_488" name="note_488" + href="#noteref_488">488.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὑποσχὼν Cobet, ὑποσχεῖν MSS., + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_489" name="note_489" + href="#noteref_489">489.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὸν ᾧ Cobet, Naber ᾧ MSS., + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_490" name="note_490" + href="#noteref_490">490.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐπὶ βασιλέα Cobet, [ἐφ᾽ Ἑλλάδα] + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_491" name="note_491" + href="#noteref_491">491.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">καλούς τε κἀγαθοὺς Cobet, καλοὺς MSS., + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_492" name="note_492" + href="#noteref_492">492.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">οἵαν νέμειν Hertlein suggests, νέμειν + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_493" name="note_493" + href="#noteref_493">493.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐκείνῃ Petavius, ἐκείνην MSS., + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_494" name="note_494" + href="#noteref_494">494.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">εἶτα Cobet adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_495" name="note_495" + href="#noteref_495">495.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">αὐτῷ Cobet, αὐτοῦ MSS., Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_496" name="note_496" + href="#noteref_496">496.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[τῇ] τέχνῃ Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_497" name="note_497" + href="#noteref_497">497.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Moralia</span></span> + 63 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_498" name="note_498" + href="#noteref_498">498.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Arete.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_499" name="note_499" + href="#noteref_499">499.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Nausicaa.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_500" name="note_500" + href="#noteref_500">500.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 7. 20.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_501" name="note_501" + href="#noteref_501">501.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 7. 54.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_502" name="note_502" + href="#noteref_502">502.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">καὶ τῶν Petavius, οὐ τῶν MSS., + Hertlein suggests οὕτως ἀγαθῶν ὑπαρχόντων, Reiske suggests + ἐπιτηδευμάτων. ἀπορῶ μὲν οὖν ὅτου ἅψωμαι πρώτου τῶν ἀγαθῶν. + <span class="tei tei-q">“I am at a loss which of her noble + qualities to discuss first.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_503" name="note_503" + href="#noteref_503">503.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀπολιπόντες MSS., ἀπολείποντες V, + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_504" name="note_504" + href="#noteref_504">504.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὥστ᾽ Hertlein suggests.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_505" name="note_505" + href="#noteref_505">505.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Eusebia belonged to a noble family of + Thessalonica, in Macedonia; she was married to Constantius in 352 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_506" name="note_506" + href="#noteref_506">506.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Near Mount Olympus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_507" name="note_507" + href="#noteref_507">507.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus 8. 137.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_508" name="note_508" + href="#noteref_508">508.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cyrus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_509" name="note_509" + href="#noteref_509">509.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A town on the coast of Illyria.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_510" name="note_510" + href="#noteref_510">510.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aristotle; <span class= + "tei tei-q">“who bred | Great Alexander to subdue the + world.”</span> Milton, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Paradise Regained</span></span> 4.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_511" name="note_511" + href="#noteref_511">511.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> of Greeks.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_512" name="note_512" + href="#noteref_512">512.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Thessalonica.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_513" name="note_513" + href="#noteref_513">513.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἄρχειν Hertlein adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_514" name="note_514" + href="#noteref_514">514.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">οὔτε—τε Hertlein suggests, οὐδὲ—δὲ + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_515" name="note_515" + href="#noteref_515">515.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δοκεῖ καταλιπεῖν Hertlein suggests, + καταλιπεῖν V, M, καταλείπει MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_516" name="note_516" + href="#noteref_516">516.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The consulship.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_517" name="note_517" + href="#noteref_517">517.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">οὐδὲν MSS., οὐδὲ ἕν V, Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_518" name="note_518" + href="#noteref_518">518.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ἄστερες μὲν ἀμφὶ κάλαν σελάνναν ἄψ᾽ + ἀποκρύπτοισι φάεννον εἶδος. Sappho <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> + 3.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_519" name="note_519" + href="#noteref_519">519.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τῆς Cobet adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_520" name="note_520" + href="#noteref_520">520.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Before ὑπὲρ Horkel and Hertlein omit + ὃς.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_521" name="note_521" + href="#noteref_521">521.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δήμους Naber, μούσας MSS., + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_522" name="note_522" + href="#noteref_522">522.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Euripides, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Suppliants</span></span> 494.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_523" name="note_523" + href="#noteref_523">523.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The wife of Protesilaus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_524" name="note_524" + href="#noteref_524">524.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τῶν before γυναικῶν Hertlein + omits.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_525" name="note_525" + href="#noteref_525">525.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">νόμους Hertlein suggests, λόγους + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_526" name="note_526" + href="#noteref_526">526.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τε Hertlein suggests, δὲ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_527" name="note_527" + href="#noteref_527">527.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">εἰ [τις] Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_528" name="note_528" + href="#noteref_528">528.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">διὰ πλειόνων. Hertlein suggests, μετὰ + πλείονος MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_529" name="note_529" + href="#noteref_529">529.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Arion.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_530" name="note_530" + href="#noteref_530">530.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Taenarum.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_531" name="note_531" + href="#noteref_531">531.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Literally seeds or small beads.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_532" name="note_532" + href="#noteref_532">532.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Famed for his minute carving of + ivory.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_533" name="note_533" + href="#noteref_533">533.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 5. 70.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_534" name="note_534" + href="#noteref_534">534.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἡβώωσα Cobet, ἡβῶσα MSS., + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_535" name="note_535" + href="#noteref_535">535.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δοκεῖτε Hertlein suggests, εἰκὸς + Reiske δοκεῖ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_536" name="note_536" + href="#noteref_536">536.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δεινότερα Hertlein suggests, + δεινόταιτα MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_537" name="note_537" + href="#noteref_537">537.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The cave of Calypso.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_538" name="note_538" + href="#noteref_538">538.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Misopogon</span></span> 342<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>. In both passages Julian + evidently echoes some line, not now extant, from Menander, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Duskolos</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_539" name="note_539" + href="#noteref_539">539.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 11. 223.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_540" name="note_540" + href="#noteref_540">540.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἤδη Horkel, εἰ δή MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_541" name="note_541" + href="#noteref_541">541.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πίθω Bruno Friederich, πειθώ τε καὶ + ἰδέα MSS., Hertlein, τε καὶ ἰδέα Cobet omits.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_542" name="note_542" + href="#noteref_542">542.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">φησι τὸν Δία ἐκβιαζόμενον—ὁμολογεῖν + Cobet, φησιν, ἐκβιαζόμενος—ὁμολογεῖ MSS., Hertlein, ἐκβιαζόμενον V, + ὁμολογεῖν V, M.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_543" name="note_543" + href="#noteref_543">543.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ξυγχωρεῖ Reiske.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_544" name="note_544" + href="#noteref_544">544.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ Hertlein suggests.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_545" name="note_545" + href="#noteref_545">545.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐκέλευσεν οὔτε ἄλλο ποτε οὔτε Hertlein + suggests, οὔτε ἤτησεν ἄλλῳ ποτέ τινι οὔτε MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_546" name="note_546" + href="#noteref_546">546.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἄγει Cobet, ἄγειν MSS., Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_547" name="note_547" + href="#noteref_547">547.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 23. 284.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_548" name="note_548" + href="#noteref_548">548.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> + 24. 527; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> 7. 236 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_549" name="note_549" + href="#noteref_549">549.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The traditional founding of the + ancient court of the Areopagus, which tried cases of homicide, is + described in Aeschylus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eumenides</span></span>. Orestes, on trial at + Athens for matricide, is acquitted, the votes being even, by the + decision of Athene, who thereupon founds the tribunal, 485 + foll.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_550" name="note_550" + href="#noteref_550">550.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 4. 43.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_551" name="note_551" + href="#noteref_551">551.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Olympian Ode</span></span> 6. 4. Pindar says + that, as though he were building the splendid forecourt of a house, + he will begin his Ode with splendid words.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_552" name="note_552" + href="#noteref_552">552.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐκείνῳ Hertlein suggests, ἐκείνων + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_553" name="note_553" + href="#noteref_553">553.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">κἂν—ἐπιστεύσατε πάντα—λέγειν Cobet, + καὶ—πιστεύσετε πάντα—λέγοντι MSS., πάντως V, Hertlein, πιστεύσατε + V.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_554" name="note_554" + href="#noteref_554">554.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">αὐτῆς γε—ταύτης Hertlein suggests, + αὐτοῦ τε—αὐτῆς MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_555" name="note_555" + href="#noteref_555">555.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cambyses.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_556" name="note_556" + href="#noteref_556">556.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Syloson, Herodotus 3. 139; cf. Julian, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Epistle</span></span> 29; Themistius 67 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, 109 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_557" name="note_557" + href="#noteref_557">557.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 12. 382 ἀνὴρ οὐδὲ μάλ᾽ + ἡβῶν.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_558" name="note_558" + href="#noteref_558">558.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τούτων Reiske adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_559" name="note_559" + href="#noteref_559">559.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 4. 171.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_560" name="note_560" + href="#noteref_560">560.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The port of Argolis.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_561" name="note_561" + href="#noteref_561">561.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">περαίνειν διανοούμεθα Hertlein + suggests, διαπεραίνειν οἰόμεθα MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_562" name="note_562" + href="#noteref_562">562.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἧς Horkel adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_563" name="note_563" + href="#noteref_563">563.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἁπτόμεθα Cobet, ἡττώμεθα V, ἡψάμεθα + MSS., Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_564" name="note_564" + href="#noteref_564">564.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 9. 380.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_565" name="note_565" + href="#noteref_565">565.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">παραγίγνεται Reiske, lacuna MSS., + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_566" name="note_566" + href="#noteref_566">566.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[λιάν] αὐθάδει Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_567" name="note_567" + href="#noteref_567">567.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δὲ Hertlein adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_568" name="note_568" + href="#noteref_568">568.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀμῶς γέ πη—τὸν ἡνίοχον Reiske, ἄλλως + ἐπὶ τὸν ἡνίοχον MSS., Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_569" name="note_569" + href="#noteref_569">569.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">φοροῦντα Hertlein suggests, φέροντα + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_570" name="note_570" + href="#noteref_570">570.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">φορεῖν Hertlein suggests, φέρειν + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_571" name="note_571" + href="#noteref_571">571.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The title of Caesar.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_572" name="note_572" + href="#noteref_572">572.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">To illustrate the skill and, at the + same time, the difficult position of Constantius as sole Emperor, + Julian describes an impossible feat. The restive teams are the + provinces of the Empire, which had hitherto been controlled by two + or more Emperors.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_573" name="note_573" + href="#noteref_573">573.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 23. 341.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_574" name="note_574" + href="#noteref_574">574.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πλείονα Hertlein suggests, πλεῖον + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_575" name="note_575" + href="#noteref_575">575.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 3. 217.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_576" name="note_576" + href="#noteref_576">576.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">αὐτὴ Hertlein suggests, αὕτη MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_577" name="note_577" + href="#noteref_577">577.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 9. 122.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_578" name="note_578" + href="#noteref_578">578.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[σφόδρα] ἡσθῆναι Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_579" name="note_579" + href="#noteref_579">579.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐκείνας Reiske, ἐκεῖνα MSS., + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_580" name="note_580" + href="#noteref_580">580.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">παλαιῶν [ἔργων] Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_581" name="note_581" + href="#noteref_581">581.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Before τοὺς Klimek omits πρὸς.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_582" name="note_582" + href="#noteref_582">582.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gaul.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_583" name="note_583" + href="#noteref_583">583.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Euripides, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Phoenissae</span></span> 532.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_584" name="note_584" + href="#noteref_584">584.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοῖς Naber, τούτοις MSS., + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_585" name="note_585" + href="#noteref_585">585.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοῖς Naber, τούτοις MSS., + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_586" name="note_586" + href="#noteref_586">586.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">στερηθείη Cobet, δεηθείη MSS., + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_587" name="note_587" + href="#noteref_587">587.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μιμητέον Petavius adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_588" name="note_588" + href="#noteref_588">588.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τι Horkel, τὸ MSS., Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_589" name="note_589" + href="#noteref_589">589.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τι Cobet, τινος MSS., Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_590" name="note_590" + href="#noteref_590">590.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δὲ MSS., Cobet, γὰρ V, M, + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_591" name="note_591" + href="#noteref_591">591.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">εἰκὸς Reiske adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_592" name="note_592" + href="#noteref_592">592.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Semiramis, Herodotus 1. 184.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_593" name="note_593" + href="#noteref_593">593.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Euphrates.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_594" name="note_594" + href="#noteref_594">594.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus 1. 185; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 2. 85 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_595" name="note_595" + href="#noteref_595">595.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rhodopis? wrongly supposed to have + built the third pyramid.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_596" name="note_596" + href="#noteref_596">596.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus 1. 205.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_597" name="note_597" + href="#noteref_597">597.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 1. 334.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_598" name="note_598" + href="#noteref_598">598.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τούτων δ᾽ οὐδ᾽ Hertlein suggests, + τούτων δὲ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_599" name="note_599" + href="#noteref_599">599.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πολλὰ ἰδίᾳ τε Hertlein suggests, πολλά + τε ἰδίᾳ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_600" name="note_600" + href="#noteref_600">600.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">προσῆκον Hertlein suggests, προσῆκεν + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_601" name="note_601" + href="#noteref_601">601.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Penthesilea.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_602" name="note_602" + href="#noteref_602">602.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Achilles and the Scamander; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 21. 234 foll., + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> 2. 60 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_603" name="note_603" + href="#noteref_603">603.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">χρόνον Cobet adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_604" name="note_604" + href="#noteref_604">604.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian tells, incorrectly, the + anecdote in Plutarch, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pericles</span></span> 38.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_605" name="note_605" + href="#noteref_605">605.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">440 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_606" name="note_606" + href="#noteref_606">606.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">445 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_607" name="note_607" + href="#noteref_607">607.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">με Cobet adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_608" name="note_608" + href="#noteref_608">608.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">357 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_609" name="note_609" + href="#noteref_609">609.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pompeius</span></span> 24. For a full + description of the origin and spread of Mithraism see Cumont, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Textes et + Monuments figurés relatifs aux mystères de Mithra</span></span>, + 1896, 1899, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Les Mystères de Mithra</span></span>, 1902, + and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Les + religions orientales dans le paganisme romain</span></span>, 1909 + (English translation by G. Showerman, 1911).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_610" name="note_610" + href="#noteref_610">610.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">On Julian's triad cf. Naville, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Julien + l'Apostat et la philosophie du polythéisme</span></span>, Paris, + 1877.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_611" name="note_611" + href="#noteref_611">611.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Concerning Isis and Osiris</span></span> + 46.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_612" name="note_612" + href="#noteref_612">612.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">148 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_613" name="note_613" + href="#noteref_613">613.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Iliad 17. 447.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_614" name="note_614" + href="#noteref_614">614.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πω τότε Cobet, πώποτε MSS, + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_615" name="note_615" + href="#noteref_615">615.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοῦ Reiske, τὸ MSS, Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_616" name="note_616" + href="#noteref_616">616.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἡγοῦμαι Petavius, ἡγοῦμαι κοινότερον + μὲν MSS, Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_617" name="note_617" + href="#noteref_617">617.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aristotle, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Physics</span></span> + 2. 2. 194 b; cf. 151 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_618" name="note_618" + href="#noteref_618">618.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">σπείρων Hertlein suggests, σπείρειν + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_619" name="note_619" + href="#noteref_619">619.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span> + 42 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_620" name="note_620" + href="#noteref_620">620.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">As opposed to the unreasoning soul, + ἄλογος ψυχή, that is in animals other than man. Plato, Aristotle, + Plotinus, and Porphyry allowed some form of soul to plants, but + this was denied by Iamblichus, Julian, and Sallust.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_621" name="note_621" + href="#noteref_621">621.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">He refers to his initiation into the + cult of Mithras.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_622" name="note_622" + href="#noteref_622">622.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">When he was still a professed + Christian.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_623" name="note_623" + href="#noteref_623">623.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> not only prophets and + emperors but all men are related to Helios.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_624" name="note_624" + href="#noteref_624">624.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 7. 237 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_625" name="note_625" + href="#noteref_625">625.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 144 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, 149 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_626" name="note_626" + href="#noteref_626">626.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rome.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_627" name="note_627" + href="#noteref_627">627.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">At the beginning of January; cf. 156 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_628" name="note_628" + href="#noteref_628">628.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian distinguishes the visible sun + from his archetype, the offspring of the Good.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_629" name="note_629" + href="#noteref_629">629.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the intelligible world, + νοητός, comprehended only by pure reason; the intellectual, νοερός, + endowed with intelligence; and thirdly the world of + sense-perception αἰσθητός. The first of these worlds the + Neo-Platonists took over from Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span> 508 foll.; the second + was invented by Iamblichus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_630" name="note_630" + href="#noteref_630">630.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἀγέννητος Hertlein suggests, ἀγεννήτως + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_631" name="note_631" + href="#noteref_631">631.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pindar <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> + 107, and Sophocles, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Antigone</span></span> 100 ἀκτὶς ἀελίου.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_632" name="note_632" + href="#noteref_632">632.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Republic 508 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_633" name="note_633" + href="#noteref_633">633.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἁλήθεια Hertlein suggests, ἀλήθεια + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_634" name="note_634" + href="#noteref_634">634.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Though Aristotle did not use this + phrase, it was his theory of a fifth element superior to the other + four, called by him <span class="tei tei-q">“aether”</span> or + <span class="tei tei-q">“first element,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + Coelo</span></span> 1. 3 270 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, that suggested to + Iamblichus the notion of a fifth substance or element; cf. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Theologumena Arithmeticae</span></span> 35, 22 + Ast, where he calls the fifth element <span class= + "tei tei-q">“aether.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_635" name="note_635" + href="#noteref_635">635.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">After τοσούτων Hertlein suggests + αἴτοις.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_636" name="note_636" + href="#noteref_636">636.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 138 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_637" name="note_637" + href="#noteref_637">637.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aristotle, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + Anima</span></span> 418 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_638" name="note_638" + href="#noteref_638">638.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">γε Hertlein suggests, τε MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_639" name="note_639" + href="#noteref_639">639.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">133 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_640" name="note_640" + href="#noteref_640">640.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian conceives of the sun in three + ways; first as transcendental, in which form he is + indistinguishable from the Good in the intelligible world, secondly + as Helios-Mithras, ruler of the intellectual gods, thirdly as the + visible sun.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_641" name="note_641" + href="#noteref_641">641.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">133 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>-134 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span> + is a digression on the light of the sun.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_642" name="note_642" + href="#noteref_642">642.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the stars.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_643" name="note_643" + href="#noteref_643">643.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">De Anima</span></span> 419 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>; Aristotle there says + that light is the actualisation or positive determination of the + transparent medium. Julian echoes the whole passage.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_644" name="note_644" + href="#noteref_644">644.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mind, νοῦς, is here identified with + Helios; cf. Macrobius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Saturnalia</span></span> 1. 19. 9. Sol mundi + mens est, <span class="tei tei-q">“the sun is the mind of the + universe”</span>; Iamblichus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Protrepticus</span></span> 21, 115; Ammianus + Marcellinus, 21. 1. 11.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_645" name="note_645" + href="#noteref_645">645.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian echoes Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span> 507, 508.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_646" name="note_646" + href="#noteref_646">646.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 146 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_647" name="note_647" + href="#noteref_647">647.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the stationary positions + and the direct and retrograde movements of the planets.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_648" name="note_648" + href="#noteref_648">648.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">157 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_649" name="note_649" + href="#noteref_649">649.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">αὐτοῦ Hertlein suggests, ἑαυτοῦ + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_650" name="note_650" + href="#noteref_650">650.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">144 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, 149 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_651" name="note_651" + href="#noteref_651">651.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cratylus</span></span> 403 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_652" name="note_652" + href="#noteref_652">652.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Phaedo</span></span> 83 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_653" name="note_653" + href="#noteref_653">653.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἔκγονον MSS, ἔγγονον V, Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_654" name="note_654" + href="#noteref_654">654.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δὲ τίς ἂν ἄλλος Hertlein suggests, δέ + τις ἂν εἴη MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_655" name="note_655" + href="#noteref_655">655.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 8. 480; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> + 1. 8.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_656" name="note_656" + href="#noteref_656">656.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 12. 383.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_657" name="note_657" + href="#noteref_657">657.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This oracular verse is quoted as + Orphic by Macrobius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Saturnalia</span></span> 1. 18. 18; but + Julian, no doubt following Iamblichus, substitutes Serapis for + Dionysus at the end of the verse. The worship of Serapis in the + Graeco-Roman world began with the foundation of a Serapeum by + Ptolemy Soter at Alexandria. Serapis was identified with Osiris, + the Egyptian counterpart of Dionysus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_658" name="note_658" + href="#noteref_658">658.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Phaedo</span></span> 80 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>; in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cratylus</span></span> 403 Plato discusses, + though not seriously, the etymology of the word <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Hades.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_659" name="note_659" + href="#noteref_659">659.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ἁΐδης, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Unseen.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_660" name="note_660" + href="#noteref_660">660.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Theogony</span></span> 371; cf. Pindar, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Isthmian</span></span> 4. 1.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_661" name="note_661" + href="#noteref_661">661.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hyperion means <span class= + "tei tei-q">“he that walks above.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_662" name="note_662" + href="#noteref_662">662.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">They had devoured the oxen of the sun; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 12. 352 foll.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_663" name="note_663" + href="#noteref_663">663.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 8. 24; Zeus utters this + threat against the gods if they should aid either the Trojans or + the Greeks.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_664" name="note_664" + href="#noteref_664">664.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 18. 239.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_665" name="note_665" + href="#noteref_665">665.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 21. 6.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_666" name="note_666" + href="#noteref_666">666.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian now describes the substance or + essential nature, οὐσία, of Helios, 137 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>-142 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_667" name="note_667" + href="#noteref_667">667.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> The sun, moon and planets; + the orbits of the planets are complicated by their direct and + retrograde movements.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_668" name="note_668" + href="#noteref_668">668.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 133 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_669" name="note_669" + href="#noteref_669">669.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὰ τελευταῖα Hertlein suggests, + τελευταῖα MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_670" name="note_670" + href="#noteref_670">670.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian defines the ways in which + Helios possesses μεσότης, or middleness; he is mediator and + connecting link as well as locally midway between the two worlds + and the centre of the intellectual gods; see Introduction, p. + 350.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_671" name="note_671" + href="#noteref_671">671.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. Empedocles, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> 18; + 122, 2; 17, 19 Diels.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_672" name="note_672" + href="#noteref_672">672.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὰ Hertlein suggests, ταῦτα MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_673" name="note_673" + href="#noteref_673">673.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span> + 33 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_674" name="note_674" + href="#noteref_674">674.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 139 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 5. 165 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>, 166 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>, 170 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_675" name="note_675" + href="#noteref_675">675.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὰς Hertlein suggests.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_676" name="note_676" + href="#noteref_676">676.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 167 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>. In <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span> + 58 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span> it is the revolution of + the whole which by constriction compresses all matter together, but + Julian had that passage in mind. In Empedocles it is the Titan, + Aether, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the Fifth Substance, that + <span class="tei tei-q">“binds the globe.”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> 38 + Diels.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_677" name="note_677" + href="#noteref_677">677.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span> + 41 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, distinguishes + <span class="tei tei-q">“the gods who revolve before our + eyes”</span> from <span class="tei tei-q">“those who reveal + themselves so far as they will.”</span> Julian regularly describes, + as here, a triad; every one of his three worlds has its own + unconditioned being (αὐθυπόστατον); its own creative power + (δημιουργία); its own power to generate life (γόνιμον τῆς ζωῆς); + and in every case, the middle term is Helios as a connecting link + in his capacity of thinking or intellectual god (νοερός).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_678" name="note_678" + href="#noteref_678">678.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian now describes the three kinds + of substance (οὐσία) and its three forms (εἴδη) in the three + worlds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_679" name="note_679" + href="#noteref_679">679.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the visible heavenly + bodies.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_680" name="note_680" + href="#noteref_680">680.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Helios connects the forms (Plato's + Ideas) which exist in the intelligible world, with those which in + our world ally themselves with matter; cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 5. 171 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_681" name="note_681" + href="#noteref_681">681.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">αὐτὰ V, αὐτὸς MSS, Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_682" name="note_682" + href="#noteref_682">682.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the heavenly bodies.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_683" name="note_683" + href="#noteref_683">683.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">These angels combine, as does a model, + the idea and its hypostazisation; cf. 142 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Letter to the + Athenians</span></span> 275 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>. Julian nowhere defines + angels, but Porphyry as quoted by Augustine, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De civitate + Dei</span></span> 10, 9, distinguished them from daemons and placed + them in the aether.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_684" name="note_684" + href="#noteref_684">684.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">προηγούμενος V, προκαθηγούμενος MSS, + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_685" name="note_685" + href="#noteref_685">685.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 141 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_686" name="note_686" + href="#noteref_686">686.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the heavenly bodies; cf. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fragment + of a Letter</span></span> 295 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_687" name="note_687" + href="#noteref_687">687.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nichomachean Ethics</span></span> 7. 14. 1154 + b.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_688" name="note_688" + href="#noteref_688">688.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοιοῦτον Hertlein suggests, τούτων + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_689" name="note_689" + href="#noteref_689">689.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The powers and activities of Helios + are now described, 142 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>-152 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_690" name="note_690" + href="#noteref_690">690.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 148 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span> + 47 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span> 529 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, where Plato + distinguishes mere star-gazing from astronomy.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_691" name="note_691" + href="#noteref_691">691.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">διὰ τὴν Hertlein suggests, καὶ τὴν + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_692" name="note_692" + href="#noteref_692">692.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 144 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_693" name="note_693" + href="#noteref_693">693.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span> 32 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>; Plato says that to make + the universe solid, <span class="tei tei-q">“God set air and water + between fire and earth.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_694" name="note_694" + href="#noteref_694">694.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 144 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>. 179 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>; Proclus on Plato, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span> 203 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">e</span></span>, says that because + Dionysus was torn asunder by the Titans, his function is to divide + wholes into their parts and to separate the forms (εἴδη).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_695" name="note_695" + href="#noteref_695">695.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian calls Dionysus the son of + Helios 152 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>, and the son of Zeus, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> 5. 179 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_696" name="note_696" + href="#noteref_696">696.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 153 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, where Asclepios is + called <span class="tei tei-q">“the saviour of the All,”</span> and + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Against + the Christians</span></span> 200 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_697" name="note_697" + href="#noteref_697">697.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἔκγονος MSS, ἔγγονος V, Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_698" name="note_698" + href="#noteref_698">698.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">νοητοῖς Petavius adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_699" name="note_699" + href="#noteref_699">699.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 141 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Letter to the + Athenians</span></span> 275 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_700" name="note_700" + href="#noteref_700">700.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The sun.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_701" name="note_701" + href="#noteref_701">701.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Symposium</span></span> 206 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span> + τόκος ἐν καλῷ.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_702" name="note_702" + href="#noteref_702">702.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> Intellectual Helios.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_703" name="note_703" + href="#noteref_703">703.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> Intelligible Helios.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_704" name="note_704" + href="#noteref_704">704.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span> + 713 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span> defines daemons as a + race superior to men but inferior to gods; they were created to + watch over human affairs; Julian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Letter to + Themistius</span></span> 258 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span> echoes Plato's + description; cf. Plotinus 3. 5. 6; pseudo-Iamblichus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + Mysteriis</span></span> 1. 20. 61; Julian 2. 90 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_705" name="note_705" + href="#noteref_705">705.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the individual souls; by + using this term, derived from the Neo-Platonists and Iamblichus, + Julian implies that there is an indivisible world soul; cf. + Plotinus 4. 8. 8 ἡ μὲν ὅλη (ψυχὴ) ... αἱ δὲ ἑν μέρει + γενόμεναι.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_706" name="note_706" + href="#noteref_706">706.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span> 11, 303; Philo Judaeus, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + Decalogo</span></span> 2. 190, τόν τε οὐρανὸν εἰς ἡμισφαίρια τῷ + λόγῳ διχῇ διανείμαντες, τὸ μὲν ὑπὲρ γῆς τὸ δ᾽ ὑπὸ γῆς, Διοσκούρους + ἐκάλεσαν τὸ περὶ τῆς ἑτερημέρου ζωῆς αὐτῶν προστερατευσάμενοι + διήγημα.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_707" name="note_707" + href="#noteref_707">707.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">κενὸν Hertlein suggests, καινὸν Mb, + κοινὸν MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_708" name="note_708" + href="#noteref_708">708.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span> 37 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>; when the Creator had + made the universe, he invented Time as an attribute of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“divided substance.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_709" name="note_709" + href="#noteref_709">709.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For Julian's debt to Iamblichus cf. + 150 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>, 157 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_710" name="note_710" + href="#noteref_710">710.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Kronos, Zeus, Ares, Helios, Aphrodite, + Hermes, Selene are the seven planets; cf. 149 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>. Though Helios guides + the others he is counted with them.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_711" name="note_711" + href="#noteref_711">711.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the fixed stars; cf. + Iamblichus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Theologumena arithmeticae</span></span> 56. 4 + ἡ περιέχουσα τὰ πάντα σφαῖρα ὀγδόη, <span class="tei tei-q">“the + eighth sphere that encompasses all the rest.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_712" name="note_712" + href="#noteref_712">712.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Graces are often associated with + Spring; Julian seems to be describing obscurely the annual course + of the sun.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_713" name="note_713" + href="#noteref_713">713.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Necessity played an important part in + the cult of Mithras and was sometimes identified with the + constellation Virgo who holds the scales of Justice.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_714" name="note_714" + href="#noteref_714">714.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For the adoption of the Dioscuri into + the Mithraic cult see Cumont. Julian does not give his own view, + though he rejects that of the later Greek astronomers. Macrobius, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Saturnalia</span></span> 1. 21. 22 identifies + them with the sun.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_715" name="note_715" + href="#noteref_715">715.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the torrid zone. On the + equator in the winter months shadows fall due north at noon, in the + summer months due south; this is more or less true of the whole + torrid zone; cf. ἀμφίσκιος which has the same meaning.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_716" name="note_716" + href="#noteref_716">716.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 14. 246.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_717" name="note_717" + href="#noteref_717">717.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For the affectation of mystery cf. 152 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, 159 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, 172 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_718" name="note_718" + href="#noteref_718">718.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δὴ Hertlein suggests, δὲ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_719" name="note_719" + href="#noteref_719">719.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Demosthenes</span></span> 4, quotes this + phrase as peculiarly Platonic; cf. Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws</span></span> + 676 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_720" name="note_720" + href="#noteref_720">720.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 143 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span> + and note.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_721" name="note_721" + href="#noteref_721">721.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">χαριτοδότης Spanheim, χαριδότης + Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_722" name="note_722" + href="#noteref_722">722.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἁδρᾷ Hertlein suggests, ἀνδρῶν + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_723" name="note_723" + href="#noteref_723">723.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐπιτροπεύει Wright, ἐπιτροπεύουσι + Hertlein, MSS lacuna Petavius.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_724" name="note_724" + href="#noteref_724">724.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Literally <span class= + "tei tei-q">“life-bringer,”</span> Aristotle's phrase for the + zodiac.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_725" name="note_725" + href="#noteref_725">725.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. Zeller, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Philosophie der + Griechen</span></span> III. 2, p. 753, notes.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_726" name="note_726" + href="#noteref_726">726.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">There is a play on the word κύκλος, + which means both <span class="tei tei-q">“sphere”</span> and + <span class="tei tei-q">“circle.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_727" name="note_727" + href="#noteref_727">727.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Egyptian sun-god, whose worship + was introduced first into Greece and later at Rome.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_728" name="note_728" + href="#noteref_728">728.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Athene as goddess of Forethought was + worshipped at Delphi, but her earlier epithet was προναία + <span class="tei tei-q">“whose statue is in front of the + temple”</span>; cf. Aeschylus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eumenides</span></span> + 21, Herodotus 8. 37; late writers often confuse these forms. Julian + applies the epithet πρόνοια to the mother of the gods 179 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, and to Prometheus 182 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>; cf. 131 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_729" name="note_729" + href="#noteref_729">729.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This verse was quoted from an unknown + source by Eustathius on <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 1. p. 83. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Grey-eyed”</span> is a name of Athene.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_730" name="note_730" + href="#noteref_730">730.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 8. 538; 13. 827.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_731" name="note_731" + href="#noteref_731">731.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δ᾽ Hertlein adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_732" name="note_732" + href="#noteref_732">732.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὸ Hertlein adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_733" name="note_733" + href="#noteref_733">733.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐπιμετρῆσαι Hertlein suggests, + μετριάσαι MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_734" name="note_734" + href="#noteref_734">734.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ἔμεσαν Spanheim, cf. 154 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, Ἔδεσσαν MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_735" name="note_735" + href="#noteref_735">735.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">On Athene cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 7. 230 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Against the + Christians</span></span> 235 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_736" name="note_736" + href="#noteref_736">736.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 152 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>. Julian derives his + theory of the position and functions of the moon from Iamblichus; + cf. Proclus on Plato, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span> 258 f.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_737" name="note_737" + href="#noteref_737">737.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 154 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, and Proclus on Plato, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span> 155 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">f</span></span>, 259 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, where Aphrodite is + called <span class="tei tei-q">“the binding goddess”</span> + συνδετικήν, and <span class="tei tei-q">“harmoniser”</span> + συναρμοστικήν.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_738" name="note_738" + href="#noteref_738">738.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> as the planet Venus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_739" name="note_739" + href="#noteref_739">739.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caesars</span></span> + 313 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Misopogon</span></span> 357 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>. Emesa in Syria was + famous for its temple to Baal, the sun-god. The Emperor + Heliogabalus (218-222 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span>) was born at Emesa + and was, as his name indicates, a priest of Baal, whose worship he + attempted to introduce at Rome.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_740" name="note_740" + href="#noteref_740">740.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The <span class="tei tei-q">“strong + god,”</span> identified with the star Lucifer.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_741" name="note_741" + href="#noteref_741">741.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">133 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>, 138 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_742" name="note_742" + href="#noteref_742">742.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὸ γόνιμον τῇ φύσει Marcilius, cf. 150 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, 151 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>, lacuna MSS., + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_743" name="note_743" + href="#noteref_743">743.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Physics</span></span> 2. 2. 194 b; cf. 131 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_744" name="note_744" + href="#noteref_744">744.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 145 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_745" name="note_745" + href="#noteref_745">745.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 145 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_746" name="note_746" + href="#noteref_746">746.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> their ascent after death to + the gods.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_747" name="note_747" + href="#noteref_747">747.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">περὶ Hertlein suggests, ἐπὶ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_748" name="note_748" + href="#noteref_748">748.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span> 529, 530; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Epinomis</span></span> 977 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_749" name="note_749" + href="#noteref_749">749.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Laws</span></span> 653 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>, 665 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_750" name="note_750" + href="#noteref_750">750.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> as a unit of measurement; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span> 39 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, 47 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_751" name="note_751" + href="#noteref_751">751.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">γέννησιν Mau, γένεσιν MSS, + Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_752" name="note_752" + href="#noteref_752">752.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 144 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>: <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Against the + Christians</span></span> 200, 235 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> Asclepios plays an + important part in Julian's religion, and may have been + intentionally opposed, as the son of Helios-Mithras and the + <span class="tei tei-q">“saviour of the world,”</span> to Jesus + Christ.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_753" name="note_753" + href="#noteref_753">753.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὸ Hertlein suggests.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_754" name="note_754" + href="#noteref_754">754.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ἔμεσαν Spanheim, Ἔδεσσαν MSS, + Hertlein; cf. 150 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_755" name="note_755" + href="#noteref_755">755.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rome.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_756" name="note_756" + href="#noteref_756">756.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This refers to the famous temple of + Jupiter on the Capitoline; cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 1. 29 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>. The three shrines in + this temple were dedicated to Jupiter, Minerva and Juno, but Julian + ignores Juno because he wishes to introduce Aphrodite in connection + with Aeneas.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_757" name="note_757" + href="#noteref_757">757.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian accepts the impossible + etymology <span class="tei tei-q">“path of the wolf”</span>; + Lycabas means <span class="tei tei-q">“path of light,”</span> cf. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">lux</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_758" name="note_758" + href="#noteref_758">758.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span>, 14. 161. The word was + also used on Roman coins with the meaning <span class= + "tei tei-q">“year.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_759" name="note_759" + href="#noteref_759">759.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὃν Marcilius, ἣν MSS, Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_760" name="note_760" + href="#noteref_760">760.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Silvia the Vestal virgin gave birth to + twins, Romulus and Remus, whose father was supposed to be Mars + (Ares).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_761" name="note_761" + href="#noteref_761">761.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Vesta, the Greek Hestia, the goddess + of the hearth.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_762" name="note_762" + href="#noteref_762">762.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The name given to Romulus after his + apotheosis; cf. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Caesars</span></span> 307 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_763" name="note_763" + href="#noteref_763">763.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For the legend of his translation see + Livy 1. 16; Plutarch, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Romulus</span></span> 21; Ovid, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fasti</span></span> + 2. 496; Horace, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odes</span></span> 3. 3. 15 foll.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_764" name="note_764" + href="#noteref_764">764.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">After γενόμενον Hertlein omits ὑπὸ τῆς + σελήνης.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_765" name="note_765" + href="#noteref_765">765.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὥραν Hertlein, Naber suggest, ἡμέραν + MSS, cf. Episile 444. 425 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_766" name="note_766" + href="#noteref_766">766.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">To Numa Pompilius, the legendary king + who reigned next after Romulus, the Romans ascribed the foundation + of many of their religious ceremonies.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_767" name="note_767" + href="#noteref_767">767.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Vestal virgins.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_768" name="note_768" + href="#noteref_768">768.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Heliaia, <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">solis agon</span></span>, was founded by the + Emperor Aurelian at Rome in 274 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span>; but the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“unconquerable sun,”</span> <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sol invictus</span></span>, had been + worshipped there for fully a century before Aurelian's foundation; + see Usener, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sol invictus</span></span>, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rheinisches + Museum</span></span>, 1905. Julian once again, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caesars</span></span> + 336 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span> calls Helios by his + Persian name Mithras.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_769" name="note_769" + href="#noteref_769">769.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Attic year began with the summer + solstice.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_770" name="note_770" + href="#noteref_770">770.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A Greek astronomer who flourished in + the middle of the second century <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> His works are + lost.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_771" name="note_771" + href="#noteref_771">771.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Claudius Ptolemy an astronomer at + Alexandria 127-151 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_772" name="note_772" + href="#noteref_772">772.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοῦ τε Hertlein suggests, τε τοῦ + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_773" name="note_773" + href="#noteref_773">773.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> December.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_774" name="note_774" + href="#noteref_774">774.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The festival of Saturn, the + Saturnalia, was celebrated by the Latins at the close of December, + and corresponds to our Christmas holidays. Saturn was identified + with the Greek god Kronos, and Julian uses the Greek word for the + festival in order to avoid, according to sophistic etiquette, a + Latin name.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_775" name="note_775" + href="#noteref_775">775.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rome.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_776" name="note_776" + href="#noteref_776">776.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">αὐτὸν Hertlein suggests, αὐτοῦ + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_777" name="note_777" + href="#noteref_777">777.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τοῦ Hertlein suggests, τὸ M, τῷ + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_778" name="note_778" + href="#noteref_778">778.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See Introduction, p. 351.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_779" name="note_779" + href="#noteref_779">779.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For the threefold creative force cf. + Proclus on <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span> 94 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">cd</span></span>. Here Julian means that + there are three modes of creation exercised by Helios now in one, + now in another, of the three worlds; cf. 135 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_780" name="note_780" + href="#noteref_780">780.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This work is lost.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_781" name="note_781" + href="#noteref_781">781.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> his treatise <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On the + Gods</span></span>, which is not extant.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_782" name="note_782" + href="#noteref_782">782.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hesiod, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Works and + Days</span></span> 336.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_783" name="note_783" + href="#noteref_783">783.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For the Attis cult see Frazer, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Attis, + Adonis and Osiris</span></span>; for the introduction of the + worship of Cybele into Italy, Cumont, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Les religions + orientales dans le paganisme romain</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_784" name="note_784" + href="#noteref_784">784.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See Harrison, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mythology and + Monuments of Ancient Athens</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_785" name="note_785" + href="#noteref_785">785.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Catullus 63.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_786" name="note_786" + href="#noteref_786">786.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">5. 1. 7; 3. 6. 19; 1. 6. 8; cf. Plato, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Theaetetus</span></span> 152 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>; and Plutarch, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On Isis + and Osiris</span></span>, ὁ μῦθος ... λόγου τινὸς ἔμφασίς ἐστιν + ἀνακλῶντος ἐπ᾽ ἄλλα τὴν διάνοιαν.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_787" name="note_787" + href="#noteref_787">787.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. 206 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>. Myths are like toys + which help children through teething.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_788" name="note_788" + href="#noteref_788">788.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐξοίσομεν Cobet adds, ἀνέξοιστα καὶ + MSS, Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_789" name="note_789" + href="#noteref_789">789.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">οὑτοσὶ Hertlein suggests, οὑτωσὶ + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_790" name="note_790" + href="#noteref_790">790.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μικρὰν Hertlein, μικρὸν Naber, who + thinks ἱστορίαν a gloss, cf. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> vii. 276 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>, μικρὸν ἱστορίαν MSS, + μικρὸν ἱστορίας Reiske.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_791" name="note_791" + href="#noteref_791">791.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὡς Petavius adds.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_792" name="note_792" + href="#noteref_792">792.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">αὐτὴν Hertlein suggests, αὑτὴν + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_793" name="note_793" + href="#noteref_793">793.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἐπήγοντο Hertlein suggests, ἐπῆγον τὸν + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_794" name="note_794" + href="#noteref_794">794.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Phrygian god of vegetation who + corresponds to the Syrian Adonis. His name is said to mean + <span class="tei tei-q">“father,”</span> and he is at once the + lover and son of the Mother of the Gods. His death and resurrection + were celebrated in spring.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_795" name="note_795" + href="#noteref_795">795.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The generic name for the eunuch + priests of Attis.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_796" name="note_796" + href="#noteref_796">796.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Phrygian Cybele, the Asiatic + goddess of fertility; the chief seat of her worship was Pessinus in + Phrygia.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_797" name="note_797" + href="#noteref_797">797.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> after the middle of the + fifth century <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>; before that date the + records were kept in the Acropolis.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_798" name="note_798" + href="#noteref_798">798.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In 204 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>; cf. Livy 29. 10 + foll.; Silius Italicus 17. 1 foll.; Ovid, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fasti</span></span> + 4. 255 foll. tells the legend and describes the ritual of the + cult.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_799" name="note_799" + href="#noteref_799">799.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Attalids.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_800" name="note_800" + href="#noteref_800">800.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A black meteoric stone embodied the + goddess of Pessinus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_801" name="note_801" + href="#noteref_801">801.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Claudia, turritae rara ministra deae. + <span class="tei tei-q">“Claudia thou peerless priestess of the + goddess with the embattled crown.”</span>—Propertius 4. 11. + 52.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_802" name="note_802" + href="#noteref_802">802.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A matron in other versions.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_803" name="note_803" + href="#noteref_803">803.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In the Third Punic War, which began + 149 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, Carthage was sacked + by the Romans under Scipio.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_804" name="note_804" + href="#noteref_804">804.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span> 519 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span> + δριμὺ μὲν βλέπει τὸ ψυχάριον.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_805" name="note_805" + href="#noteref_805">805.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A relief in the Capitoline Museum + shows Claudia in the act of dragging the ship.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_806" name="note_806" + href="#noteref_806">806.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the world of + sense-perception.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_807" name="note_807" + href="#noteref_807">807.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plotinus 1. 8. 4 called matter + <span class="tei tei-q">“the privation of the Good,”</span> + στέρησις ἀγαθοῦ.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_808" name="note_808" + href="#noteref_808">808.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Helios; cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 4. 140 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>. Attis is here + identified with the light of the sun.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_809" name="note_809" + href="#noteref_809">809.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Julian here sums up the tendency of + the philosophy of his age. The Peripatetics had been merged in the + Platonists and Neo-Platonists, and Themistius the Aristotelian + commentator often speaks of the reconciliation, in contemporary + philosophy, of Plato and Aristotle; cf. 235 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>, 236, 366 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>. Julian, following the + example of Iamblichus, would force them into agreement; but the + final appeal was to revealed religion.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_810" name="note_810" + href="#noteref_810">810.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">προϋφεστῶτες Hertlein suggests, cf. + 165 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>, προεστῶτες MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_811" name="note_811" + href="#noteref_811">811.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">233 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_812" name="note_812" + href="#noteref_812">812.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">αὐτόν Hertlein suggests, αὐτό + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_813" name="note_813" + href="#noteref_813">813.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sophist</span></span> 235 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>; cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span> 596 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_814" name="note_814" + href="#noteref_814">814.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> aether, the fifth + substance.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_815" name="note_815" + href="#noteref_815">815.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the causes of the forms + that are embodied in matter have a prior existence as Ideas.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_816" name="note_816" + href="#noteref_816">816.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">An echo of Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Theaetetus</span></span> 191 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>, 196 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span> + 50 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_817" name="note_817" + href="#noteref_817">817.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">De Anima</span></span> 3. 4. 429 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>; Aristotle quotes the + phrase with approval and evidently attributes it to Plato; the + precise expression is not to be found in Plato, though in + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Parmenides</span></span> 132 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span> + he says that the Ideas are <span class="tei tei-q">“in our + souls.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_818" name="note_818" + href="#noteref_818">818.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">περιθεῖναι Hertlein suggests, cf. + Sallust, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">On the Gods and the World</span></span> 249, + τὸν ἀστερωτὸν αὐτῷ περιθεῖναι πῖλον: ἐπιθεῖναι MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_819" name="note_819" + href="#noteref_819">819.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">αἰνίττεσθαι Hertlein suggests, cf. + Sallust 250 τὸν γαλαξόαν αἰνίττεται κύκλον: μαντεύεσθαι MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_820" name="note_820" + href="#noteref_820">820.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. Porphyry, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On the Cave of the + Nymph</span></span> 7; and Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span> 514 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_821" name="note_821" + href="#noteref_821">821.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">προüφέστηκε Hertlein suggests, + προέστηκε MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_822" name="note_822" + href="#noteref_822">822.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">fr.</span></span> 36, Diels.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_823" name="note_823" + href="#noteref_823">823.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For the superiority of the soul to + nature cf. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">De Mysteriis</span></span> 8. 7. 270; and for + the theory that the soul gives form to matter, Plotinus 4. 3. + 20.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_824" name="note_824" + href="#noteref_824">824.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the fifth substance.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_825" name="note_825" + href="#noteref_825">825.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Helios; cf. 161 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>. The whole passage + implies the identification of Attis with nature, and of the + world-soul with Helios; cf. 162 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span> + where Attis is called <span class="tei tei-q">“Nature,”</span> + φύσις.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_826" name="note_826" + href="#noteref_826">826.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 170 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>, 168 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>; Sallust, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On the Gods and the + World</span></span> 4. 16. 1.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_827" name="note_827" + href="#noteref_827">827.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 171 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>; Sallust also identifies + Gallus with the Milky Way, 4. 14. 25.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_828" name="note_828" + href="#noteref_828">828.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἑαυτὸ Shorey suggests, τοῦτο Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_829" name="note_829" + href="#noteref_829">829.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">λέγομεν Petavius suggests, lacuna + Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_830" name="note_830" + href="#noteref_830">830.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τε Hertlein suggests.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_831" name="note_831" + href="#noteref_831">831.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τὰς Hertlein suggests.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_832" name="note_832" + href="#noteref_832">832.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">μὲν Hertlein suggests, γε MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_833" name="note_833" + href="#noteref_833">833.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">κρείττων Hertlein suggests, κρεῖττον + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_834" name="note_834" + href="#noteref_834">834.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἢ ὅτε Shorey, ὅτε Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_835" name="note_835" + href="#noteref_835">835.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">προüφεστῶσαν Hertlein suggests, + προεστῶσαν MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_836" name="note_836" + href="#noteref_836">836.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τῇ δὲ Hertlein suggests, τῇ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_837" name="note_837" + href="#noteref_837">837.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">φησιν ὁ μῦθος Hertlein suggests, φησι + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_838" name="note_838" + href="#noteref_838">838.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A finite verb <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span> + φαίνεται is needed to complete the construction.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_839" name="note_839" + href="#noteref_839">839.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">καὶ Friederich, πέπεικε Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_840" name="note_840" + href="#noteref_840">840.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 170 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>, 179 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_841" name="note_841" + href="#noteref_841">841.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> Zeus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_842" name="note_842" + href="#noteref_842">842.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hence she is the counterpart of + Athene, cf. 179 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>. Athene is Forethought + among the intellectual gods; Cybele is Forethought among the + intelligible gods and therefore superior to Athene; cf. 180 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_843" name="note_843" + href="#noteref_843">843.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Corybantes were the Phrygian + priests of Cybele, who at Rome were called Galli.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_844" name="note_844" + href="#noteref_844">844.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Asiatic deities, especially + Cybele, are often represented holding lions, or in cars drawn by + them. cf. Catullus 63. 76, <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">juncta juga + resolvens Cybele leonibus</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Cybele unharnessed her team of lions”</span>; she + sends a lion in pursuit of Attis, cf. 168 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>; Porphyry, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On the Cave of the + Nymph</span></span> 3. 2. 287 calls the sign of the lion + <span class="tei tei-q">“the dwelling of Helios.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_845" name="note_845" + href="#noteref_845">845.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span> 10. 23 λέοντος + αἴθωνος.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_846" name="note_846" + href="#noteref_846">846.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 4. 145 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_847" name="note_847" + href="#noteref_847">847.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A finite verb is needed to complete + the construction. For the anacoluthon cf. 167 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_848" name="note_848" + href="#noteref_848">848.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">καὶ διὰ Hertlein suggests, καὶ + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_849" name="note_849" + href="#noteref_849">849.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A pine sacred to Attis was felled on + March 22nd; cf. Frazer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Attis, Adonis and Osiris</span></span>, p. + 222.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_850" name="note_850" + href="#noteref_850">850.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 171 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>, 175 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_851" name="note_851" + href="#noteref_851">851.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">March 23rd.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_852" name="note_852" + href="#noteref_852">852.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">March 24th was the date of the + castration of the Galli, the priests of Attis.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_853" name="note_853" + href="#noteref_853">853.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">On March 25th the resurrection of + Attis and the freeing of our souls from generation (γένεσις) was + celebrated by the feast of the Hilaria.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_854" name="note_854" + href="#noteref_854">854.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἡγεμόνας Shorey, cf. 170 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>, ἡμῶν Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_855" name="note_855" + href="#noteref_855">855.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">αὐτὰς Hertlein suggests, αὐτὰ + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_856" name="note_856" + href="#noteref_856">856.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">169 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>-170 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span> + is a digression on the value of myths, which the wise man is not to + accept without an allegorising interpretation; cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 7. 216 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_857" name="note_857" + href="#noteref_857">857.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">τελευταίας αἰτίας Hertlein suggests, + τελευταίας MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_858" name="note_858" + href="#noteref_858">858.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In 167 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span> + Attis was identified with the light of the moon; cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 4. 150 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>; where the moon is + called the lowest of the spheres, who gives form to the world of + matter that lies below her; cf. Sallust, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On the Gods and the + World</span></span> 4. 14. 23; where Attis is called the creator of + our world.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_859" name="note_859" + href="#noteref_859">859.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">προκαλεῖται Hertlein suggests, + προσκαλεῖται MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_860" name="note_860" + href="#noteref_860">860.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δὴ καὶ Hertlein suggests, δὲ καὶ V, + καὶ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_861" name="note_861" + href="#noteref_861">861.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Phaedrus</span></span> 250 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span> + 47 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span> 507-508.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_862" name="note_862" + href="#noteref_862">862.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Porphyry, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On the Cave of the + Nymph</span></span> 22, says that Cancer and Capricorn are the two + gates of the sun; and that souls descend through Cancer and rise + aloft through Capricorn.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_863" name="note_863" + href="#noteref_863">863.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This seems to identify Attis with the + sun's rays.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_864" name="note_864" + href="#noteref_864">864.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Chaldean astrology and the Chaldean + oracles are often cited with respect by the Neo-Platonists; for + allusions to their worship of the Seven-rayed Mithras (Helios) cf. + Damascius 294 and Proclus on <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span> 1. 11.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_865" name="note_865" + href="#noteref_865">865.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span> Iamblichus and especially + Maximus of Ephesus who is a typical theurgist of the fourth century + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> and was supposed to + work miracles.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_866" name="note_866" + href="#noteref_866">866.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δὴ Shorey, δὲ Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_867" name="note_867" + href="#noteref_867">867.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">αὐτὴ Wright, αὕτη MSS., Hertlein.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_868" name="note_868" + href="#noteref_868">868.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἱερέων Hertlein suggests, ἱερῶν + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_869" name="note_869" + href="#noteref_869">869.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Eleusinian Mysteries of Demeter + and Persephone; the Lesser were celebrated in February, the greater + in September.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_870" name="note_870" + href="#noteref_870">870.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gorgias</span></span> + 497 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>; Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Demetrius</span></span> 900 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_871" name="note_871" + href="#noteref_871">871.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">αὐτὸς εἰρηκώς Hertlein suggests, + εἰρηκὼς MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_872" name="note_872" + href="#noteref_872">872.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">προüφεστώσῃ Hertlein suggests, + προεστεώσῃ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_873" name="note_873" + href="#noteref_873">873.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">δὲ Hertlein suggests, γε MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_874" name="note_874" + href="#noteref_874">874.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 4. 131 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_875" name="note_875" + href="#noteref_875">875.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Attis.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_876" name="note_876" + href="#noteref_876">876.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ᾗ Hertlein suggests, οὗ MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_877" name="note_877" + href="#noteref_877">877.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. 168 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>-169 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, 171 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_878" name="note_878" + href="#noteref_878">878.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">παρακελεύονται Wyttenbach, μολλαχοῦ + παρακελεύονται Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_879" name="note_879" + href="#noteref_879">879.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The construction of καὶ καλάμης is not + clear; Petavius suspects corruption or omission.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_880" name="note_880" + href="#noteref_880">880.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ποιητικώτερον Naber, τι καὶ ποιητικὸν + Hertlein, MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_881" name="note_881" + href="#noteref_881">881.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ὁρμῶντα Naber.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_882" name="note_882" + href="#noteref_882">882.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Theaetetus</span></span> 176 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>; cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oration</span></span> + 2. 90 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_883" name="note_883" + href="#noteref_883">883.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> to the intelligible world + and the One; cf. 169 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_884" name="note_884" + href="#noteref_884">884.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Porphyry, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On + Abstinence</span></span> 3. 5, gives a list of these sacred birds; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span> the owl sacred to Athene, + the eagle to Zeus, the crane to Demeter.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_885" name="note_885" + href="#noteref_885">885.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἅπαντα Hertlein suggests, ἅπαντας + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_886" name="note_886" + href="#noteref_886">886.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">συγχωρεῖ Hertlein suggests, συγχωροίη + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_887" name="note_887" + href="#noteref_887">887.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">φήσει Hertlein suggests, φήσειεν + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_888" name="note_888" + href="#noteref_888">888.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">cf. Aristotle, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On the Generation of + Animals</span></span> 736 b. 37, for the breath πνεῦμα, that + envelops the disembodied soul and resembles aether. The Stoics + sometimes defined the soul as a <span class="tei tei-q">“warm + breath,”</span> ἔνθερμον πνεῦμα.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_889" name="note_889" + href="#noteref_889">889.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The phrase probably occurred in an + oracular verse.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_890" name="note_890" + href="#noteref_890">890.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Oration 6. 203 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>; Demosthenes, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + Corona</span></span> 308, συνείρει ... ἀπνευστί.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_891" name="note_891" + href="#noteref_891">891.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">ἕνεκά του Shorey, ἕνεκα τοῦ Hertlein, + MSS.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_892" name="note_892" + href="#noteref_892">892.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The epithet means <span class= + "tei tei-q">“favoured by Aphrodite.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_893" name="note_893" + href="#noteref_893">893.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In this rendering of λόγος (which may + here mean <span class="tei tei-q">“Reason”</span>) I follow Mau p. + 113, and Asmus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Julians Galiläerschrift</span></span> p. + 31.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_894" name="note_894" + href="#noteref_894">894.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">πράξεις Hertlein suggests, τάξεις + MSS.</dd> + </dl> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <div id="pgfooter" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-top: 4.00em; margin-bottom: 4.00em"> + <pre class="pre tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WORKS OF THE EMPEROR JULIAN (VOL. 1 OF 2)*** +</pre> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <a name="rightpageheader25" id="rightpageheader25"></a><a name= + "pgtoc26" id="pgtoc26"></a><a name="pdf27" id="pdf27"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Credits</span></h1> + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th class="tei tei-label tei-label-gloss">April 7, + 2015 </th> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="tei tei-item tei-item-gloss"> + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" + style="margin-top: 1.00em; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Project Gutenberg TEI + edition 1</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"><span class= + "tei tei-respStmt"><span class= + "tei tei-name">Produced by Ted Garvin, David King, + and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at + <http://www.pgdp.net/>.</span></span></td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <a name="rightpageheader28" id="rightpageheader28"></a><a name= + "pgtoc29" id="pgtoc29"></a><a name="pdf30" id="pdf30"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.46em; text-align: left; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">A Word from Project + Gutenberg</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This file + should be named 48664-h.html or 48664-h.zip.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This and all + associated files of various formats will be found in: <a href= + "http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/8/6/6/48664/" class= + "block tei tei-xref" style= + "margin-left: 3.60em; margin-right: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-bottom: 1.80em"> + <span style= + "font-size: 90%">http://www.gutenberg.org</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">/dirs/4/8/6/6/48664/</span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Updated + editions will replace the previous one — the old editions will be + renamed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Creating the + works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law + means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, + so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the + United States without permission and without paying copyright + royalties. 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