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+The Project Gutenberg EBook The Rise of the Dutch Republic, 1576
+#25 in our series by John Lothrop Motley
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+Title: The Rise of the Dutch Republic, 1576
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+Author: John Lothrop Motley
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+Release Date: January, 2004  [EBook #4825]
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+[This file was first posted on March 26, 2002]
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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DUTCH REPUBLIC, 1576 ***
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+This eBook was produced by David Widger
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+MOTLEY'S HISTORY OF THE NETHERLANDS, Project Gutenberg Edition, Volume 25.
+
+THE RISE OF THE DUTCH REPUBLIC, 1576
+
+By John Lothop Motley
+
+1855
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+     Assumption of affairs by the state council at Brussels--Hesitation
+     at Madrid--Joachim Hopper--Mal-administration--Vigilance of Orange--
+     The provinces drawn more closely together--Inequality of the
+     conflict--Physical condition of Holland--New act of Union between
+     Holland and Zealand--Authority of the Prince defined and enlarged--
+     Provincial polity characterized--Generous sentiments of the Prince--
+     His tolerant spirit--Letters from the King--Attitude of the great
+     powers towards the Netherlands--Correspondence and policy of
+     Elizabeth--Secret negotiations with France and Alencon--Confused and
+     menacing aspect of Germany--Responsible, and laborious position of
+     Orange--Attempt to relieve Zierickzee--Death of Admiral Boisot--
+     Capitulation of the city upon honourable terms--Mutiny of the
+     Spanish troops in Schouwen--General causes of discontent--Alarming
+     increase of the mutiny--The rebel regiments enter Brabant--Fruitless
+     attempts to pacify them--They take possession of Alost--Edicts,
+     denouncing them, from the state council--Intense excitement in
+     Brussels and Antwerp--Letters from Philip brought by Marquis Havre--
+     The King's continued procrastination--Ruinous royal confirmation of
+     the authority assumed by the state council--United and general
+     resistance to foreign military oppression--The German troops and the
+     Antwerp garrison, under Avila, join the revolt--Letter of Verdugo--
+     A crisis approaching--Jerome de Roda in the citadel--The mutiny
+     universal.
+
+The death of Requesens, notwithstanding his four days' illness, occurred
+so suddenly, that he had not had time to appoint his successor.  Had he
+exercised this privilege, which his patent conferred upon him, it was
+supposed that he would have nominated Count Mansfeld to exercise the
+functions of Governor-General, until the King should otherwise ordain.
+
+In the absence of any definite arrangement, the Council of State,
+according to a right which that body claimed from custom, assumed the
+reins of government.  Of the old board, there were none left but the Duke
+of Aerschot, Count Berlaymont, and Viglins.  To these were soon added,
+however, by royal diploma, the Spaniard, Jerome de Roda, and the
+Netherlanders, Assonleville, Baron Rassenghiem and Arnold Sasbout.
+Thus, all the members, save one, of what had now become the executive
+body, were natives of the country.  Roda was accordingly looked askance
+upon by his colleagues.  He was regarded by Viglius as a man who desired
+to repeat the part which had been played by Juan Vargas in the Blood
+Council, while the other members, although stanch Catholics, were all of
+them well-disposed to vindicate the claim of Netherland nobles to a share
+in the government of the Netherlands.
+
+For a time, therefore, the transfer of authority seemed to have been
+smoothly accomplished.  The Council of State conducted the administration
+of the country.  Peter Ernest Mansfeld was entrusted with the supreme
+military command, including the government of Brussels; and the Spanish
+commanders; although dissatisfied that any but a Spaniard should be thus
+honored, were for a time quiescent.  When the news reached Madrid, Philip
+was extremely disconcerted.  The death of Requesens excited his
+indignation.  He was angry with him, not for dying, but for dying at so
+very inconvenient a moment.  He had not yet fully decided either upon his
+successor, or upon the policy to be enforced by his successor.  There
+were several candidates for the vacant post; there was a variety of
+opinions in the cabinet as to the course of conduct to be adopted. In the
+impossibility of instantly making up his mind upon this unexpected
+emergency, Philip fell, as it were, into a long reverie, than which
+nothing could be more inopportune.  With a country in a state of
+revolution and exasperation, the trance, which now seemed to come
+over the government, was like to be followed by deadly effects.
+The stationary policy, which the death of Requesens had occasioned,
+was allowed to prolong itself indefinitely, and almost for the first
+time in his life, Joachim Hopper was really consulted about the affairs
+of that department over which he imagined himself, and was generally
+supposed by others, to preside at Madrid.  The creature of Viglius,
+having all the subserviency, with none of the acuteness of his patron,
+he had been long employed as chief of the Netherland bureau, while kept
+in profound ignorance of the affairs which were transacted in his office.
+He was a privy councillor, whose counsels were never heeded,
+a confidential servant in whom the King reposed confidence, only on the
+ground that no man could reveal secrets which he did not know.  This
+deportment of the King's showed that he had accurately measured the man,
+for Hopper was hardly competent for the place of a chief clerk.  He was
+unable to write clearly in any language, because incapable of a fully
+developed thought upon any subject.  It may be supposed that nothing but
+an abortive policy, therefore, would be produced upon the occasion thus
+suddenly offered.  "'Tis a devout man, that poor Master Hopper," said
+Granvelle, "but rather fitted for platonic researches than for affairs of
+state."
+
+It was a proof of this incompetency, that now, when really called upon
+for advice in an emergency, he should recommend a continuance of the
+interim.  Certainly nothing worse could be devised.  Granvelle
+recommended a reappointment of the Duchess Margaret.  Others suggested
+Duke Eric of Brunswick, or an Archduke of the Austrian house; although
+the opinion held by most of the influential councillors was in favor of
+Don John of Austria.  In the interests of Philip and his despotism,
+nothing, at any rate, could be more fatal than delay. In the condition of
+affairs which then existed, the worst or feeblest governor would have
+been better than none at all.  To leave a vacancy was to play directly
+into the hands of Orange, for it was impossible that so skilful an
+adversary should not at once perceive the fault, and profit by it to the
+utmost.  It was strange that Philip did not see the danger of inactivity
+at such a crisis.  Assuredly, indolence was never his vice, but on this
+occasion indecision did the work of indolence.  Unwittingly, the despot
+was assisting the efforts of the liberator.  Viglius saw the position of
+matters with his customary keenness, and wondered at the blindness of
+Hopper and Philip.  At the last gasp of a life, which neither learning
+nor the accumulation of worldly prizes and worldly pelf could redeem from
+intrinsic baseness, the sagacious but not venerable old man saw that a
+chasm was daily widening; in which the religion and the despotism which
+he loved might soon be hopelessly swallowed.  "The Prince of Orange and
+his Beggars do not sleep," he cried, almost in anguish; "nor will they be
+quiet till they have made use of this interregnum to do us some immense
+grievance."  Certainly the Prince of Orange did not sleep upon this nor
+any other great occasion of his life.  In his own vigorous language, used
+to stimulate his friends in various parts of the country, he seized the
+swift occasion by the forelock.  He opened a fresh correspondence with
+many leading gentlemen in Brussels and other places in the Netherlands;
+persons of influence, who now, for the first time, showed a disposition
+to side with their country against its tyrants.  Hitherto the land had
+been divided into two very unequal portions.  Holland and Zealand were
+devoted to the Prince; their whole population, with hardly an individual
+exception, converted to the Reformed religion.  The other fifteen
+provinces were, on the whole, loyal to the King; while the old religion
+had, of late years, taken root so rapidly again, that perhaps a moiety of
+their population might be considered as Catholic.  At the same time, the
+reign of terror under Alva, the paler, but not less distinct tyranny of
+Requesens, and the intolerable excesses of the foreign soldiery, by which
+the government of foreigners was supported, had at last maddened all the
+inhabitants of the seventeen provinces.  Notwithstanding, therefore, the
+fatal difference of religious opinion, they were all drawn into closer
+relations with each other; to regain their ancient privileges, and to
+expel the detested foreigners from the soil, being objects common to all.
+The provinces were united in one great hatred and one great hope.
+
+The Hollanders and Zealanders, under their heroic leader, had well nigh
+accomplished both tasks, so far as those little provinces were concerned.
+Never had a contest, however, seemed more hopeless at its commencement.
+Cast a glance at the map.  Look at Holland--not the Republic, with its
+sister provinces beyond the Zuyder Zee--but Holland only, with the
+Zealand archipelago.  Look at that narrow tongue of half-submerged earth.
+Who could suppose that upon that slender sand-bank, one hundred and
+twenty miles in length, and varying in breadth from four miles to forty,
+one man, backed by the population of a handful of cities, could do battle
+nine years long with the master of two worlds, the "Dominator Of Asia,
+Africa, and America"--the despot of the fairest realms of Europe--and
+conquer him at last.  Nor was William even entirely master of that narrow
+shoal where clung the survivors of a great national shipwreck.  North and
+South Holland were cut in two by the loss of Harlem, while the enemy was
+in possession of the natural capital of the little country, Amsterdam.
+The Prince affirmed that the cause had suffered more from the disloyalty
+of Amsterdam than from all the efforts of the enemy.
+
+Moreover, the country was in a most desolate condition.  It was almost
+literally a sinking ship.  The destruction of the bulwarks against the
+ocean had been so extensive, in consequence of the voluntary inundations
+which have been described in previous pages, and by reason of the general
+neglect which more vital occupations had necessitated, that an enormous
+outlay, both of labor and money, was now indispensable to save the
+physical existence of the country.  The labor and the money,
+notwithstanding the crippled and impoverished condition of the nation,
+were, however, freely contributed; a wonderful example of energy and
+patient heroism was again exhibited.  The dykes which had been swept
+away in every direction were renewed at a vast expense.  Moreover, the
+country, in the course of recent events, had become almost swept bare of
+its cattle, and it was necessary to pass a law forbidding, for a
+considerable period, the slaughter of any animals, "oxen, cows, calves,
+sheep, or poultry."  It was, unfortunately, not possible to provide by
+law against that extermination of the human population which had been
+decreed by Philip and the Pope.
+
+Such was the physical and moral condition of the provinces of Holland and
+Zealand.  The political constitution of both assumed, at this epoch, a
+somewhat altered aspect.  The union between the two states; effected in
+June, 1575, required improvement.  The administration of justice, the
+conflicts of laws, and more particularly the levying of monies and troops
+in equitable proportions, had not been adjusted with perfect smoothness.
+The estates of the two provinces, assembled in congress at Delft,
+concluded, therefore, a new act of union, which was duly signed upon the
+25th of April, 1576.  Those estates, consisting of the knights and nobles
+of Holland, with the deputies from the cities and countships of Holland
+and Zealand, had been duly summoned by the Prince of Orange.  They as
+fairly included all the political capacities, and furnished as copious
+a representation of the national will, as could be expected, for it is
+apparent upon every page of his history, that the Prince, upon all
+occasions, chose to refer his policy to the approval and confirmation
+of as large a portion of the people as any man in those days considered
+capable or desirous of exercising political functions.
+
+The new, union consisted of eighteen articles.  It was established that
+deputies from all the estates should meet, when summoned by the Prince of
+Orange or otherwise, on penalty of fine, and at the risk of measures
+binding upon them being passed by the rest of the Congress.  Freshly
+arising causes of litigation were to be referred to the Prince.  Free
+intercourse and traffic through the united provinces was guaranteed.
+The confederates were mutually to assist each other in preventing all
+injustice, wrong, or violence, even towards an enemy.  The authority of
+law and the pure administration of justice were mutually promised by the
+contracting states.  The common expenses were to be apportioned among the
+different provinces, "as if they were all included in the republic of a
+single city."  Nine commissioners, appointed by the Prince on nomination
+by the estates, were to sit permanently, as his advisers, and as
+assessors and collectors of the taxes.  The tenure of the union was from
+six months to six months, with six weeks notice.
+
+The framers of this compact having thus defined the general outlines of
+the confederacy, declared that the government, thus constituted, should
+be placed under a single head.  They accordingly conferred supreme
+authority on the Prince, defining his powers in eighteen articles.  He
+was declared chief commander by land and sea.  He was to appoint all
+officers, from generals to subalterns, and to pay them at his discretion.
+The whole protection of the land was devolved upon him.  He was to send
+garrisons or troops into every city and village at his pleasure, without
+advice or consent of the estates, magistrates of the cities, or any other
+persons whatsoever.  He was, in behalf of the King as Count of Holland
+and Zealand, to cause justice to be administered by the supreme court.
+In the same capacity he was to provide for vacancies in all political
+and judicial offices of importance, choosing, with the advice of the
+estates, one officer for each vacant post out of three candidates
+nominated to him by that body.  He was to appoint and renew, at the
+usual times, the magistracies in the cities, according to the ancient
+constitutions.  He was to make changes in those boards, if necessary,
+at unusual times, with consent of the majority of those representing
+the great council and corpus of the said cities. He was to uphold the
+authority and pre-eminence of all civil functionaries, and to prevent
+governors and military officers from taking any cognizance of political
+or judicial affairs.  With regard to religion, he was to maintain the
+practice of the Reformed Evangelical religion, and to cause to surcease
+the exercise of all other religions contrary to the Gospel.  He was,
+however, not to permit that inquisition should be made into any man's
+belief or conscience, or that any man by cause thereof should suffer
+trouble, injury, or hindrance.
+
+The league thus concluded was a confederation between a group of
+virtually independent little republics.  Each municipality, was, as it
+were, a little sovereign, sending envoys to a congress to vote and to
+sign as plenipotentiaries.  The vote of each city was, therefore,
+indivisible, and it mattered little, practically, whether there were
+one deputy or several.  The nobles represented not only their own order,
+but were supposed to act also in behalf of the rural population.  On the
+whole, there was a tolerably fair representation of the whole nation.
+The people were well and worthily represented in the government of each
+city, and therefore equally so in the assembly of the estates.  It was
+not till later that the corporations, by the extinction of the popular
+element, and by the usurpation of the right of self-election, were
+thoroughly stiffened into fictitious personages which never died, and
+which were never thoroughly alive.
+
+At this epoch the provincial liberties, so far as they could maintain
+themselves against Spanish despotism, were practical and substantial.
+The government was a representative one, in which all those who had the
+inclination possessed, in one mode or another, a voice.  Although the
+various members of the confederacy were locally and practically republics
+or self-governed little commonwealths, the general government which they,
+established was, in form, monarchical.  The powers conferred upon Orange
+constituted him a sovereign ad interim, for while the authority of the
+Spanish monarch remained suspended, the Prince was invested, not only
+with the whole executive and appointing power, but even with a very large
+share in the legislative functions of the state.
+
+The whole system was rather practical than theoretical, without any
+accurate distribution of political powers.  In living, energetic
+communities, where the blood of the body politic circulates swiftly,
+there is an inevitable tendency of the different organs to sympathize
+and commingle more closely than a priori philosophy would allow.
+It is usually more desirable than practicable to keep the executive,
+legislative, and judicial departments entirely independent of
+each other.
+
+Certainly, the Prince of Orange did not at that moment indulge in
+speculations concerning the nature and origin of government.  The
+Congress of Delft had just clothed him with almost regal authority.
+In his hands were the powers of war and peace, joint control of the
+magistracies and courts of justice, absolute supremacy over the army and
+the fleets.  It is true that these attributes had been conferred upon him
+ad interim, but it depended only upon himself to make the sovereignty
+personal and permanent.  He was so thoroughly absorbed in his work,
+however, that he did not even see the diadem which he put aside.
+It was small matter to him whether they called him stadholder or
+guardian, prince or king.  He was the father of his country and its
+defender.  The people, from highest to lowest, called him "Father
+William," and the title was enough for him.  The question with him was
+not what men should call him, but how he should best accomplish his task.
+
+So little was he inspired by the sentiment of self-elevation, that he was
+anxiously seeking for a fitting person--strong, wise, and willing enough
+--to exercise the sovereignty which was thrust upon himself, but which he
+desired to exchange against an increased power to be actively useful to
+his country.  To expel the foreign oppressor; to strangle the
+Inquisition; to maintain the ancient liberties of the nation; here was
+labor enough for his own hands.  The vulgar thought of carving a throne
+out of the misfortunes of his country seems not to have entered his mind.
+Upon one point, however, the Prince had been peremptory.  He would have
+no persecution of the opposite creed.  He was requested to suppress the
+Catholic religion, in terms.  As we have seen, he caused the expression
+to be exchanged for the words, "religion at variance with the Gospel."
+He resolutely stood out against all meddling with men's consciences,
+or inquiring into their thoughts.  While smiting the Spanish Inquisition
+into the dust, he would have no Calvinist inquisition set up in its
+place.  Earnestly a convert to the Reformed religion, but hating and
+denouncing only what was corrupt in the ancient Church, he would not
+force men, with fire and sword, to travel to heaven upon his own road.
+Thought should be toll-free.  Neither monk nor minister should burn,
+drown, or hang his fellow-creatures, when argument or expostulation
+failed to redeem them from error.  It was no small virtue, in that age,
+to rise to such a height.  We know what Calvinists, Zwinglians,
+Lutherans, have done in the Netherlands, in Germany, in Switzerland, and
+almost a century later in New England.  It is, therefore, with increased
+veneration that we regard this large and truly catholic mind.  His
+tolerance proceeded from no indifference.  No man can read his private
+writings, or form a thorough acquaintance with his interior life, without
+recognizing him as a deeply religious man.  He had faith unfaltering in
+God.  He had also faith in man and love for his brethren.  It was no
+wonder that in that age of religious bigotry he should have been
+assaulted on both sides.  While the Pope excommunicated him as a heretic,
+and the King set a price upon his head as a rebel, the fanatics of the
+new religion denounced him as a godless man.  Peter Dathenus, the
+unfrocked monk of Poperingen, shrieked out in his pulpit that the
+"Prince of Orange cared nothing either for God or for religion."
+
+The death of Requesens had offered the first opening through which the
+watchful Prince could hope to inflict a wound in the vital part of
+Spanish authority in the Netherlands.  The languor of Philip and the
+procrastinating counsel of the dull Hopper unexpectedly widened the
+opening.  On the 24th of March letters were written by his Majesty to the
+states-general, to the provincial estates, and to the courts of justice,
+instructing them that, until further orders, they were all to obey the
+Council of State.  The King was confident that all would do their utmost
+to assist that body in securing the holy Catholic Faith and the implicit
+obedience of the country to its sovereign.  He would, in the meantime,
+occupy himself with the selection of a new Governor-General, who should
+be of his family and blood.  This uncertain and perilous condition of
+things was watched with painful interest in neighbouring countries.
+
+The fate of all nations was more or less involved in the development of
+the great religious contest now waging in the Netherlands.  England and
+France watched each other's movements in the direction of the provinces
+with intense jealousy.  The Protestant Queen was the natural ally of the
+struggling Reformers, but her despotic sentiments were averse to the
+fostering of rebellion against the Lord's anointed.  The thrifty Queen
+looked with alarm at the prospect of large subsidies which would
+undoubtedly be demanded of her.  The jealous Queen could as ill brook the
+presence of the French in the Netherlands as that of the Spaniards whom
+they were to expel.  She therefore embarrassed, as usual, the operations
+of the Prince by a course of stale political coquetry.  She wrote to him,
+on the 18th of March, soon after the news of the Grand Commander's death,
+saying that she could not yet accept the offer which had been made to
+her, to take the provinces of Holland and Zealand under her safe keeping,
+to assume, as Countess, the sovereignty over them, and to protect the
+inhabitants against the alleged tyranny of the King of Spain.  She was
+unwilling to do so until she had made every effort to reconcile them with
+that sovereign.  Before the death of Requesens she had been intending to
+send him an envoy, proposing a truce, for the purpose of negotiation.
+This purpose she still retained.  She should send commissioners to the
+Council of State and to the new Governor, when he should arrive.  She
+should also send a special envoy to the King of Spain.  She doubted not
+that the King would take her advice, when he heard her speak in such
+straightforward language.  In the meantime, she hoped that they would
+negotiate with no other powers.
+
+This was not very satisfactory.  The Queen rejected the offers to
+herself, but begged that they might, by no means, be made to her rivals.
+The expressed intention of softening the heart of Philip by the use of
+straightforward language seemed but a sorry sarcasm.  It was hardly worth
+while to wait long for so improbable a result.  Thus much for England at
+that juncture.  Not inimical, certainly; but over-cautious, ungenerous,
+teasing, and perplexing, was the policy of the maiden Queen.  With regard
+to France, events there seemed to favor the hopes of Orange.  On the 14th
+of May, the "Peace of Monsieur," the treaty by which so ample but so
+short-lived a triumph was achieved by the Huguenots, was signed at Paris.
+Everything was conceded, but nothing was secured.  Rights of worship,
+rights of office, political and civil, religious enfranchisement, were
+recovered, but not guaranteed.  It seemed scarcely possible that the King
+could be in earnest then, even if a Medicean Valois could ever be
+otherwise than treacherous.  It was almost, certain, therefore, that a
+reaction would take place; but it is easier for us, three centuries after
+the event, to mark the precise moment of reaction, than it was for the
+most far-seeing contemporary to foretell how soon it would occur.  In the
+meantime, it was the Prince's cue to make use of this sunshine while it
+lasted.  Already, so soon as the union of 25th of April had been
+concluded between Holland and Zealand, he had forced the estates to open
+negotiations with France.  The provinces, although desirous to confer
+sovereignty upon him, were indisposed to renounce their old allegiance
+to their King in order to place it at the disposal of a foreigner.
+Nevertheless, a resolution, at the reiterated demands of Orange, was
+passed by the estates, to proceed to the change of master, and, for that,
+purpose, to treat with the King of France, his brother, or any other
+foreign potentate, who would receive these provinces of Holland and
+Zealand under his government and protection.  Negotiations were
+accordingly opened with the Duke-of-Anjou, the dilettante leader of the
+Huguenots at that remarkable juncture.  It was a pity that no better
+champion could be looked for among the anointed of the earth than the
+false, fickle, foolish Alencon, whose career, everywhere contemptible,
+was nowhere so flagitious as in the Netherlands.  By the fourteenth
+article of the Peace of Paris, the Prince was reinstated and secured in
+his principality of Orange; and his other possessions in France.  The
+best feeling; for the time being, was manifested between the French court
+and the Reformation.
+
+Thus much for England and France.  As for Germany, the prospects of the
+Netherlands were not flattering.  The Reforming spirit had grown languid,
+from various causes.  The self-seeking motives of many Protestant princes
+had disgusted the nobles.  Was that the object of the bloody wars of
+religion, that a few potentates should be enabled to enrich themselves by
+confiscating the broad lands and accumulated treasures of the Church?
+Had the creed of Luther been embraced only for such unworthy ends?
+These suspicions chilled the ardor of thousands, particularly among
+the greater ones of the land.  Moreover, the discord among the Reformers
+themselves waxed daily, and became more and more mischievous.  Neither
+the people nor their leaders could learn that, not a new doctrine, but a
+wise toleration for all Christian doctrines was wanted.  Of new doctrines
+there was no lack.  Lutherans, Calvinists, Flaccianists, Majorists,
+Adiaphorists, Brantianists, Ubiquitists, swarmed and contended pell-mell.
+In this there would have been small harm, if the Reformers had known what
+reformation meant.  But they could not invent or imagine toleration.
+All claimed the privilege of persecuting.  There were sagacious and
+honest men among the great ones of the country, but they were but few.
+Wise William of Hesse strove hard to effect a concordia among the jarring
+sects; Count John of Nassau, though a passionate Calvinist, did no less;
+while the Elector of Saxony, on the other hand, raging and roaring like a
+bull of Bashan, was for sacrificing the interest of millions on the altar
+of his personal spite.  Cursed was his tribe if he forgave the Prince.
+He had done what he could at the Diet of Ratisbon to exclude all
+Calvinists from a participation in the religious peace of Germany,
+and he redoubled his efforts to prevent the extension of any benefits
+to the Calvinists of the Netherlands.  These determinations had remained
+constant and intense.
+
+On the whole, the political appearance of Germany was as menacing as
+that of France seemed for a time favorable to the schemes of Orange.
+The quarrels of the princes, and the daily widening schism between
+Lutherans and Calvinists, seemed to bode little good to the cause of
+religious freedom.  The potentates were perplexed and at variance, the
+nobles lukewarm and discontented.  Among the people, although subdivided
+into hostile factions, there was more life.  Here, at least, were
+heartiness of love and hate, enthusiastic conviction, earnestness and
+agitation.  "The true religion," wrote Count John, "is spreading daily
+among the common men.  Among the powerful, who think themselves highly
+learned, and who sit in roses, it grows, alas, little.  Here and there a
+Nicodemus or two may be found, but things will hardly go better here than
+in France or the Netherlands."
+
+Thus, then, stood affairs in the neighbouring countries.  The prospect
+was black in Germany, more encouraging in France, dubious, or worse, in
+England.  More work, more anxiety, more desperate struggles than ever,
+devolved upon the Prince.  Secretary Brunynck wrote that his illustrious
+chief was tolerably well in health, but so loaded with affairs, sorrows,
+and travails, that, from morning till night, he had scarcely leisure to
+breathe.  Besides his multitudinous correspondence with the public
+bodies, whose labors he habitually directed; with the various estates
+of the provinces, which he was gradually moulding into an organised and
+general resistance to the Spanish power; with public envoys and with
+secret agents to foreign cabinets, all of whom received their
+instructions from him alone; with individuals of eminence and influence,
+whom he was eloquently urging to abandon their hostile position to their
+fatherland; and to assist him in the great work which he was doing;
+besides these numerous avocations, he was actively and anxiously
+engaged during the spring of 1576, with the attempt to relieve
+the city of Zierickzee.
+
+That important place, the capital of Schouwen, and the key to half
+Zealand, had remained closely invested since the memorable expedition to
+Duiveland.  The Prince had passed much of his time in the neighbourhood,
+during the month of May, in order to attend personally to the
+contemplated relief, and to correspond daily with the beleaguered
+garrison.  At last, on the 25th of May, a vigorous effort was made to
+throw in succor by sea.  The brave Admiral Boisot, hero of the memorable
+relief of Leyden, had charge of the expedition.  Mondragon had surrounded
+the shallow harbor with hulks and chains, and with a loose submerged dyke
+of piles and rubbish.  Against this obstacle Boisot drove his ship, the
+'Red Lion,' with his customary audacity, but did not succeed in cutting
+it through.  His vessel, the largest of the feet, became entangled: he
+was, at the same time, attacked from a distance by the besiegers.  The
+tide ebbed and left his ship aground, while the other vessels had been
+beaten back by the enemy.  Night approached; and there was no possibility
+of accomplishing the enterprise.  His ship was hopelessly stranded.  With
+the morning's sun his captivity was certain.  Rather than fall into the
+hands of his enemy, he sprang into the sea; followed by three hundred of
+his companions, some of whom were fortunate enough to effect their
+escape.  The gallant Admiral swam a long time, sustained by a broken
+spar.  Night and darkness came on before assistance could be rendered,
+and he perished.  Thus died Louis Boisot, one of the most enterprising of
+the early champions of Netherland freedom--one of the bravest precursors
+of that race of heroes, the commanders of the Holland navy.  The Prince
+deplored his loss deeply, as that of a "valiant gentleman, and one well
+affectioned to the common cause."  His brother, Charles Boisot, as will
+be remembered, had perished by treachery at the first landing of the
+Spanish troops; after their perilous passage from Duiveland.--Thus both
+the brethren had laid down their lives for their country, in this its
+outer barrier, and in the hour of its utmost need.  The fall of the
+beleaguered town could no longer be deferred.  The Spaniards were, at
+last, to receive the prize of that romantic valor which had led them
+across the bottom of the sea to attack the city.  Nearly nine months had,
+however, elapsed since that achievement; and the Grand Commander, by
+whose orders it had been undertaken, had been four months in his grave.
+He was permitted to see neither the long-delayed success which crowded
+the enterprise, nor the procession of disasters and crimes which were to
+mark it as a most fatal success.
+
+On the 21st of June, 1576, Zierickzee, instructed by the Prince of Orange
+to accept honorable terms, if offered, agreed to surrender.  Mondragon,
+whose soldiers were in a state of suffering, and ready to break out in
+mutiny, was but too happy to grant an honorable capitulation.  The
+garrison were allowed to go out with their arms and personal baggage.
+The citizens were permitted to retain or resume their privileges and
+charters, on payment of two hundred thousand guldens.  Of, sacking and
+burning there was, on this occasion, fortunately, no question; but the
+first half of the commutation money was to be paid in cash.  There was
+but little money in the impoverished little town, but mint-masters were
+appointed by the: magistrates to take their seats at once an in the Hotel
+de Ville.  The citizens brought their spoons and silver dishes; one after
+another, which were melted and coined into dollars and half-dollars,
+until the payment was satisfactorily adjusted.  Thus fell Zierickzee,
+to the deep regret of the Prince.  "Had we received the least succor in
+the world from any side," he wrote; "the poor city should never have
+fallen.  I could get nothing from France or England, with all my efforts.
+Nevertheless, we do not lose courage, but hope that, although abandoned
+by all the world, the Lord God will extend His right hand over us."
+
+The enemies were not destined to go farther.  From their own hand now
+came the blow which was to expel them from the soil which they had so
+long polluted.  No sooner was Zierickzee captured than a mutiny broke
+forth among several companies of Spaniards and Walloons, belonging, to
+the army in Schouwen.  A large number of the most influential officers
+had gone to Brussels, to make arrangements, if possible; for the payment
+of the troops.  In their absence there was more scope for the arguments
+of the leading mutineers; arguments assuredly, not entirely destitute of
+justice or logical precision.  If ever laborers were worthy of their
+hire, certainly it was the Spanish soldiery.  Had they not done the work
+of demons for nine years long?  Could Philip or Alva have found in the
+wide world men to execute their decrees with more unhesitating docility,
+with more sympathizing eagerness?  What obstacle had ever given them
+pause in their career of duty?  What element had they not braved?  Had
+not they fought within the bowels of the earth, beneath the depths of the
+sea, within blazing cities, and upon fields of ice?  Where was the work
+which had been too dark and bloody for their performance?  Had they not
+slaughtered unarmed human beings by townfuls, at the word of command?
+Had they not eaten the flesh, and drank the hearts' blood of their
+enemies?  Had they not stained the house of God with wholesale massacre?
+What altar and what hearthstone had they not profaned?  What fatigue,
+what danger, what crime, had ever checked them for a moment?  And for all
+this obedience, labor, and bloodshed, were they not even to be paid such
+wages as the commonest clown, who only tore the earth at home, received?
+Did Philip believe that a few thousand Spaniards were to execute his
+sentence of death against three millions of Netherlanders, and be
+cheated of their pay at last?
+
+It was in vain that arguments and expostulations were addressed to
+soldiers who were suffering from want, and maddened by injustice.  They
+determined to take their cause into their own hand, as they had often
+done before.  By the 15th of July, the mutiny was general on the isle of
+Schouwen.  Promises were freely offered, both of pay and pardon; appeals
+were made to their old sense of honor and loyalty; but they had had
+enough of promises, of honor, and of work.  What they wanted now were
+shoes and jerkins, bread and meat, and money.  Money they would have, and
+that at once.  The King of Spain was their debtor.  The Netherlands
+belonged to the King of Spain.  They would therefore levy on the
+Netherlands for payment of their debt.  Certainly this was a logical
+deduction.  They knew by experience that this process had heretofore
+excited more indignation in the minds of the Netherland people than in
+that of their master.  Moreover, at this juncture, they cared little
+for their sovereign's displeasure, and not at all for that of the
+Netherlanders.  By the middle of July, then, the mutineers, now entirely
+beyond control, held their officers imprisoned within their quarters at
+Zierickzee.  They even surrounded the house of Mondtagon, who had so
+often led them to victory, calling upon him with threats and taunts to
+furnish them with money.  The veteran, roused to fury by their
+insubordination and their taunts, sprang from his house into the midst of
+the throng.  Baring his breast before them, he fiercely invited and dared
+their utmost violence.  Of his life-blood, he told them bitterly, he was
+no niggard, and it was at their disposal.  His wealth, had he possessed
+any, would have been equally theirs.  Shamed into temporary respect, but
+not turned from their purpose by the choler of their chief, they left him
+to himself.  Soon afterwards, having swept Schouwen island bare of every
+thing which could be consumed, the mutineers swarmed out of Zealand into
+Brabant, devouring as they went.
+
+It was their purpose to hover for a time in the neighbourhood of the
+capital, and either to force the Council of State to pay them their long
+arrears, or else to seize and sack the richest city upon which they could
+lay their hands.  The compact, disciplined mass, rolled hither and
+thither, with uncertainty of purpose, but with the same military
+precision of movement which had always characterized these remarkable
+mutinies.  It gathered strength daily.  The citizens of Brussels
+contemplated with dismay the eccentric and threatening apparition.
+They knew that rapine, murder, and all the worst evils which man can
+inflict on his brethren were pent within it, and would soon descend.
+Yet, even with all their past experience, did they not foresee the depth
+of woe which was really impending.  The mutineers had discarded such of
+their officers as they could not compel to obedience, and had, as usual,
+chosen their Eletto.  Many straggling companies joined them as they swept
+to and fro.  They came to Herenthals, where they were met by Count
+Mansfeld, who was deputed by the Council of State to treat with them,
+to appeal to them; to pardon them, to offer, them everything but money.
+It may be supposed that the success of the commander-in-chief was no
+better than that of Mondragon and his subalterns.  They laughed him to
+scorn when he reminded them how their conduct was tarnishing the glory
+which they had acquired by nine years of heroism.  They answered with
+their former cynicism, that glory could be put neither into pocket nor
+stomach.  They had no use for it; they had more than enough of it.  Give
+them money, or give them a City, these were their last terms.
+
+Sorrowfully and bodingly Mansfeld withdrew to consult again with the
+State Council.  The mutineers then made a demonstration upon Mechlin,
+but that city having fortunately strengthened its garrison, was allowed
+to escape.  They then hovered for a time outside the walls of Brussels.
+At Grimsberg, where they paused for a short period, they held a parley
+with Captain Montesdocca, whom they received with fair words and specious
+pretences.  He returned to Brussels with the favourable tidings, and the
+mutineers swarmed off to Assche.  Thither Montesdoeca was again
+despatched, with the expectation that he would be able to bring them to
+terms, but they drove him off with jeers and threats, finding that he
+brought neither money nor the mortgage of a populous city.  The next day,
+after a feint or two in a different direction, they made a sudden swoop
+upon Alost, in Flanders.  Here they had at last made their choice,
+and the town was carried by storm.  All the inhabitants who opposed
+them were butchered, and the mutiny, at last established in a capital,
+was able to treat with the State Council upon equal terms.  They were
+now between two and three thousand strong, disciplined, veteran troops,
+posted in a strong and wealthy city.  One hundred parishes belonged to
+the jurisdiction of Alost, all of which were immediately laid under
+contribution.
+
+The excitement was now intense in Brussels.  Anxiety and alarm had given
+place to rage, and the whole population rose in arms to defend the
+capital, which was felt to be in imminent danger.  This spontaneous
+courage of the burghers prevented the catastrophe, which was reserved for
+a sister city.  Meantime, the indignation and horror excited by the
+mutiny were so universal that the Council of State could not withstand
+the pressure.  Even the women and children demanded daily in the streets
+that the rebel soldiers should be declared outlaws.  On the 26th of July,
+accordingly, the King of Spain was made to pronounce, his Spaniards
+traitors and murderers.  All men were enjoined to slay one or all of
+them, wherever they should be found; to refuse them bread, water, and
+fire, and to assemble at sound of bell; in every city; whenever the
+magistrates should order an assault upon them.  A still more stringent
+edict was issued on the 2nd of August; and so eagerly had these degrees
+been expected, that they were published throughout Flanders and Brabant
+almost as soon as issued.  Hitherto the leading officers of the Spanish
+army had kept aloof from the insurgents, and frowned upon their
+proceedings.  The Spanish member of the State Council, Jerome de Roda,
+had joined without opposition in the edict.  As, however, the mutiny
+gathered strength on the outside, the indignation waxed daily within the
+capital.  The citizens of Brussels, one and all, stood to their arms.
+Not a man could enter or leave without their permission.  The Spaniards
+who were in the town, whether soldiers or merchants, were regarded with
+suspicion and abhorrence.  The leading Spanish officers, Romero,
+Montesdocca, Verdugo, and others, who had attempted to quell the mutiny,
+had been driven off with threats and curses, their soldiers defying them
+and brandishing their swords in their very faces.  On the other hand,
+they were looked upon with ill-will by the Netherlanders.  The most
+prominent Spanish personages in Brussels were kept in a state of half-
+imprisonment.  Romero, Roda, Verdugo, were believed to favor at heart the
+cause of their rebellious troops, and the burghers of Brabant had come to
+consider all the King's army in a state of rebellion.  Believing the
+State Council powerless to protect them from the impending storm, they
+regarded that body with little respect, keeping it, as it were, in
+durance, while the Spaniards were afraid to walk the streets of Brussels
+for fear of being murdered.  A retainer of Rods, who had ventured to
+defend the character and conduct of his master before a number of excited
+citizens, was slain on the spot.
+
+In Antwerp, Champagny, brother of Granvelle, and governor of the city,
+was disposed to cultivate friendly relations with the Prince of Orange.
+Champagny hated the Spaniards, and the hatred seemed to establish enough
+of sympathy between himself and the liberal party to authorize confidence
+in him.  The Prince dealt with him, but regarded him warily.  Fifteen
+companies of German troops, under Colonel Altaemst, were suspected of a
+strong inclination to join the mutiny.  They were withdrawn from Antwerp,
+and in their room came Count Uberstein, with his regiment, who swore to
+admit no suspicious person inside the gates, and in all things to obey
+the orders of Champagny.  In the citadel, however, matters were very
+threatening.  Sancho d'Avila, the governor, although he had not openly
+joined the revolt, treated the edict of outlawry against the rebellious
+soldiery with derision.  He refused to publish a decree which he
+proclaimed infamous, and which had been extorted, in his opinion, from an
+impotent and trembling council.  Even Champagny had not desired or dared
+to publish the edict within the city.  The reasons alleged were his fears
+of irritating and alarming the foreign merchants, whose position was so
+critical and friendship so important at that moment.  On the other hand,
+it was loudly and joyfully published in most other towns of Flanders and
+Brabant.  In Brussels there were two parties, one holding the decree
+too audacious for his Majesty to pardon; the other clamoring for its
+instantaneous fulfilment.  By far the larger and more influential portion
+of the population favored the measure, and wished the sentence of
+outlawry and extermination to be extended at once against all Spaniards
+and other foreigners in the service of the King.  It seemed imprudent to
+wait until all the regiments had formally accepted the mutiny, and
+concentrated themselves into a single body.
+
+At this juncture, on the last day of July, the Marquis off Havre, brother
+to the Duke of Aerschot, arrived out of Spain.  He was charged by the
+King with conciliatory but unmeaning phrases to the estates.  The
+occasion was not a happy one.  There never was a time when direct and
+vigorous action had been more necessary.  It was probably the King's
+desire then, as much as it ever had been his desire at all, to make up
+the quarrel with his provinces.  He had been wearied with the policy
+which Alva had enforced, and for which he endeavoured at that period to
+make the Duke appear responsible.  The barren clemency which the Grand
+Commander had been instructed to affect, had deceived but few persons,
+and had produced but small results.  The King was, perhaps, really
+inclined at this juncture to exercise clemency--that is to say he was
+willing to pardon his people for having contended for their rights,
+provided they were now willing to resign them for ever.  So the
+Catholic religion and his own authority, were exclusively and
+inviolably secured, he was willing to receive his disobedient
+provinces into favor.  To accomplish this end, however, he had
+still no more fortunate conception than to take the advice of Hopper.
+A soothing procrastination was the anodyne selected for the bitter pangs
+of the body politic--a vague expression of royal benignity the styptic to
+be applied to its mortal wounds.  An interval of hesitation was to bridge
+over the chasm between the provinces and their distant metropolis.
+"The Marquis of Havre has been sent," said the King, "that he may
+expressly witness to you of our good intentions, and of our desire,
+with the grace of God, to bring about a pacification."  Alas, it was
+well known whence those pavements of good intentions had been taken, and
+whither they would lead.  They were not the material for a substantial
+road to reconciliation.  "His Majesty," said the Marquis; on delivering
+his report to the State Council, "has long been pondering over all things
+necessary to the peace of the land.  His Majesty, like a very gracious
+and bountiful Prince, has ever been disposed, in times past, to treat
+these, his subjects, by the best and sweetest means."  There being,
+however, room for an opinion that so bountiful a prince might have
+discovered sweeter means, by all this pondering, than to burn and gibbet
+his subjects by thousands, it was thought proper to insinuate that his
+orders had been hitherto misunderstood.  Alva and Requesens had been
+unfaithful agents, who did not know their business, but it was to be set
+right in future.  "As the good-will and meaning of his Majesty has, by no
+means been followed," continued the envoy, "his Majesty has determined
+to send Councillor Hopper, keeper of the privy seal, and myself,
+hitherwards, to execute the resolutions of his Majesty."  Two such
+personages as poor, plodding, confused; time-serving Hopper, and flighty,
+talkative Havre, whom even Requesens despised, and whom Don John, while
+shortly afterwards recommending him for a state councillor,
+characterized, to Philip as "a very great scoundrel;" would hardly be
+able, even if royally empowered, to undo the work of two preceding
+administrations.  Moreover, Councillor Hopper, on further thoughts, was
+not despatched at all to the Netherlands.
+
+The provinces were, however, assured by the King's letters to the Brabant
+estates, to the State Council, and other, public bodies, as well as by
+the report of the Marquis, that efficacious remedies were preparing in
+Madrid.  The people were only too wait patiently till they should arrive.
+The public had heard before of these nostrums, made up by the royal
+prescriptions in Spain; and were not likely to accept them as a panacea
+for their present complicated disorders.  Never, in truth, had
+conventional commonplace been applied more unseasonably.  Here was a
+general military mutiny flaming in the very centre of the land.  Here had
+the intense hatred of race, which for years had been gnawing at the heart
+of the country, at last broken out into most malignant manifestation.
+Here was nearly the whole native population of every province, from grand
+seigneur to plebeian, from Catholic prelate to Anabaptist artisan,
+exasperated alike by the excesses of six thousand foreign brigands,
+and united by a common hatred, into a band of brethren.  Here was a State
+Council too feeble to exercise the authority which it had arrogated,
+trembling between the wrath of its sovereign, the menacing cries of the
+Brussels burghers, and the wild threats of the rebellious army; and held
+virtually, captive in the capital which it was supposed to govern.
+
+Certainly, the confirmation of the Council in its authority, for an
+indefinite, even if for a brief period, was a most unlucky step at this
+juncture.  There were two parties in the provinces, but one was far the
+most powerful upon the great point of the Spanish soldiery.  A vast
+majority were in favor of a declaration of outlawry against the whole
+army, and it was thought desirable to improve the opportunity by getting
+rid of them altogether.  If the people could rise en masse, now that the
+royal government was in abeyance, and, as it were, in the nation's hands,
+the incubus might be cast off for ever.  If any of the Spanish officers
+had been sincere in their efforts to arrest the mutiny, the sincerity was
+not believed.  If any of the foreign regiments of the King appeared to
+hesitate at joining the Alost crew, the hesitation was felt to be
+temporary.  Meantime, the important German regiments of Fugger,
+Fronsberger, and Polwiller, with their colonels and other officers, had
+openly joined the rebellion,  while there was no doubt of the sentiments
+of Sancho d'Avila and the troops under his command.  Thus there were two
+great rallying-places for the sedition, and the most important fortress
+of the country, the key which unlocked the richest city in the world, was
+in the hands of the mutineers.  The commercial capital of Europe, filled
+to the brim with accumulated treasures, and with the merchandize of every
+clime; lay at the feet of this desperate band of brigands.  The horrible
+result was but too soon to be made manifest.
+
+Meantime, in Brussels, the few Spaniards trembled for their lives.  The
+few officers shut up there were in imminent danger.  "As the Devil does
+not cease to do his work," wrote Colonel Verdugo, "he has put it into the
+heads of the Brabanters to rebel, taking for a pretext the mutiny of the
+Spaniards.  The Brussels men have handled their weapons so well against
+those who were placed there to protect them, that they have begun to kill
+the Spaniards, threatening likewise the Council of State.  Such is their
+insolence, that they care no more for these great lords than for so many
+varlets."  The writer, who had taken refuge, together with Jerome de Roda
+and other Spaniards, or "Hispaniolized" persons, in Antwerp citadel,
+proceeded to sketch the preparations which were going on in Brussels,
+and the counter measures which were making progress in Antwerp.  "The
+states," he wrote, "are enrolling troops, saying 'tis to put down the
+mutiny; but I assure you 'tis to attack the army indiscriminately.  To
+prevent such a villainous undertaking, troops of all nations are
+assembling here, in order to march straight upon Brussels, there to
+enforce everything which my lords of the State Council shall ordain."
+Events were obviously hastening to a crisis--an explosion, before long,
+was inevitable.  "I wish I had my horses here," continued the Colonel,
+"and must beg you to send them.  I see a black cloud hanging over our
+heads.  I fear that the Brabantines will play the beasts so much, that
+they will have all the soldiery at their throats."
+
+Jerome de Roda had been fortunate enough to make his escape out of
+Brussels, and now claimed to be sole Governor of the Netherlands, as the
+only remaining representative of the State Council.  His colleagues were
+in durance at the capital.  Their authority was derided.  Although not
+yet actually imprisoned, they were in reality bound hand and foot, and
+compelled to take their orders either from the Brabant estates or from
+the burghers of Brussels.  It was not an illogical proceeding, therefore,
+that Roda, under the shadow of the Antwerp citadel, should set up his own
+person as all that remained of the outraged majesty of Spain.  Till the
+new Governor, Don Juan, should arrive, whose appointment the King had
+already communicated to the government, and who might be expected in the
+Netherlands before the close of the autumn, the solitary councillor
+claimed to embody the whole Council.  He caused a new seal to be struck--
+a proceeding very unreasonably charged as forgery by the provincials--and
+forthwith began to thunder forth proclamations and counter-proclamations
+in the King's name and under the royal seal.  It is difficult to see any
+technical crime or mistake in such a course.  As a Spaniard, and a
+representative of his Majesty, he could hardly be expected to take
+any other view of his duty.  At any rate, being called upon to choose
+between rebellious Netherlanders and mutinous Spaniards, he was not
+long in making up his mind.
+
+By the beginning of September the, mutiny was general.  All the Spanish
+army, from general to pioneer, were united.  The most important German
+troops had taken side with them.  Sancho d'Avila held the citadel of
+Antwerp, vowing vengeance, and holding open communication with the
+soldiers at Alost.  The Council of State remonstrated with him for his
+disloyalty.  He replied by referring to his long years of service, and by
+reproving them for affecting an authority which their imprisonment
+rendered ridiculous.  The Spaniards were securely established.  The
+various citadels which had been built by Charles and Philip to curb the
+country now effectually did their work.  With the castles of Antwerp,
+Valenciennes, Ghent, Utrecht, Culemburg, Viane, Alost, in the hands of
+six thousand veteran Spaniards, the country seemed chained in every limb.
+The foreigner's foot was on its neck.  Brussels was almost the only
+considerable town out of Holland and Zealand which was even temporarily
+safe.  The important city of Maestricht was held by a Spanish garrison,
+while other capital towns and stations were in the power of the Walloon
+and German mutineers.  The depredations committed in the villages,
+the open country, and the cities were incessant--the Spaniards treating
+every Netherlander as their foe.  Gentleman and peasant, Protestant and
+Catholic, priest and layman, all were plundered, maltreated, outraged.
+The indignation became daily more general and more intense.  There were
+frequent skirmishes between the soldiery and promiscuous bands of
+peasants, citizens, and students; conflicts in which the Spaniards were
+invariably victorious.  What could such half-armed and wholly untrained
+partisans effect against the bravest and most experienced troops in the
+whole world?  Such results only increased the general exasperation, while
+they impressed upon the whole people the necessity of some great and
+general effort to throw off the incubus.
+
+
+
+
+1576-1577   [CHAPTER V.]
+
+     Religious and political sympathies and antipathies in the seventeen
+     provinces--Unanimous hatred for the foreign soldiery--Use made by
+     the Prince of the mutiny--His correspondence--Necessity of Union
+     enforced--A congress from nearly all the provinces meets at Ghent--
+     Skirmishes between the foreign troops and partisan bands--Slaughter
+     at Tisnacq--Suspicions entertained of the State-Council--Arrest of
+     the State-Council--Siege of Ghent citadel--Assistance sent by
+     Orange--Maestricht lost and regained--Wealthy and perilous condition
+     of Antwerp--Preparations of the mutineers under the secret
+     superintendence of Avila--Stupidity of Oberstein--Duplicity of Don
+     Sancho--Reinforcements of Walloons under Havre, Egmont, and others,
+     sent to for the expected assault of Antwerp--Governor Champagny's
+     preparations the mutineers--Insubordination, incapacity, and
+     negligence of all but him--Concentration of all the mutineers from
+     different points, in the citadel--The attack--the panic--the flight
+     --the massacre--the fire--the sack--and other details of the
+     "Spanish Fury"--Statistics of murder and robbery--Letter of Orange
+     to the states-general--Surrender of Ghent citadel--Conclusion of the
+     "Ghent Pacification"--The treaty characterized--Forms of
+     ratification--Fall of Zierickzee and recovery of Zealand.
+
+Meantime, the Prince of Orange sat at Middelburg, watching the storm.
+The position of Holland and Zealand with regard to the other fifteen
+provinces was distinctly characterized.  Upon certain points there was
+an absolute sympathy, while upon others there was a grave and almost
+fatal difference.  It was the task of the Prince to deepen the sympathy,
+to extinguish the difference.
+
+In Holland and Zealand, there was a warm and nearly universal adhesion to
+the Reformed religion, a passionate attachment to the ancient political
+liberties.  The Prince, although an earnest Calvinist himself, did all in
+his power to check the growing spirit of intolerance toward the old
+religion, omitted no opportunity of strengthening the attachment which
+the people justly felt for their liberal institutions.
+
+On the other hand, in most of the other provinces, the Catholic religion
+had been regaining its ascendency.  Even in 1574, the estates assembled
+at Brussels declared to Requesens "that they would rather die the death
+than see any change in their religion."  That feeling had rather
+increased than diminished.  Although there was a strong party attached to
+the new faith, there was perhaps a larger, certainly a more influential
+body, which regarded the ancient Church with absolute fidelity.  Owing
+partly to the persecution which had, in the course of years, banished so
+many thousands of families from the soil, partly to the coercion, which
+was more stringent in the immediate presence of the Crown's
+representative, partly to the stronger infusion of the Celtic element,
+which from the earliest ages had always been so keenly alive to the more
+sensuous and splendid manifestations of the devotional principle--owing
+to those and many other causes, the old religion, despite of all the
+outrages which had been committed in its name, still numbered a host of
+zealous adherents in the fifteen provinces.  Attempts against its
+sanctity were regarded with jealous eyes.  It was believed, and with
+reason, that there was a disposition on the part of the Reformers to
+destroy it root and branch.  It was suspected that the same enginery of
+persecution would be employed in its extirpation, should the opposite
+party gain the supremacy, which the Papists had so long employed against
+the converts to the new religion.
+
+As to political convictions, the fifteen provinces differed much less
+from their two sisters.  There was a strong attachment to their old
+constitutions; a general inclination to make use of the present crisis to
+effect their restoration.  At the same time, it had not come to be the
+general conviction, as in Holland and Zealand, that the maintenance of
+those liberties was incompatible with the continuance of Philip's
+authority.  There was, moreover, a strong aristocratic faction which was
+by no means disposed to take a liberal view of government in general, and
+regarded with apprehension the simultaneous advance of heretical notions
+both in church and, state.  Still there were, on the whole, the elements
+of a controlling constitutional party throughout the fifteen provinces
+The great bond of sympathy, however, between all the seventeen was their
+common hatred to the foreign soldiery.  Upon this deeply imbedded,
+immovable fulcrum of an ancient national hatred, the sudden mutiny of the
+whole Spanish army served as a lever of incalculable power.  The Prince
+seized it as from the hand of God.  Thus armed, he proposed to himself
+the task of upturning the mass of oppression under which the old
+liberties of the country had so long been crushed.  To effect this
+object, adroitness was as requisite as courage.  Expulsion of the
+foreign soldiery, union of the seventeen provinces, a representative
+constitution, according to the old charters, by the states-general,
+under an hereditary chief, a large religious toleration, suppression
+of all inquisition into men's consciences--these were the great objects
+to which the Prince now devoted himself with renewed energy.
+
+To bring about a general organization and a general union, much delicacy
+of handling was necessary.  The sentiment of extreme Catholicism and
+Monarchism was not to be suddenly scared into opposition.  The Prince,
+therefore, in all his addresses and documents was careful to disclaim any
+intention of disturbing the established religion, or of making any rash
+political changes.  "Let no man think," said he, to the authorities of
+Brabant, "that, against the will of the estates, we desire to bring about
+any change in religion.  Let no one suspect us capable of prejudicing the
+rights of any man.  We have long since taken up arms to maintain a legal
+and constitutional freedom, founded upon law.  God forbid that we should
+now attempt to introduce novelties, by which the face of liberty should
+be defiled."
+
+In a brief and very spirited letter to Count Lalain, a Catholic and a
+loyalist, but a friend of his country and fervent hater of foreign
+oppression, he thus appealed to his sense of chivalry and justice:
+"Although the honorable house from which you spring," he said, "and the
+virtue and courage of your ancestors have always impressed me with the
+conviction that you would follow in their footsteps, yet am I glad to
+have received proofs that my anticipations were correct.  I cannot help,
+therefore, entreating you to maintain the same high heart, and to
+accomplish that which you have so worthily begun.  Be not deluded by
+false masks, mumming faces, and borrowed titles, which people assume for
+their own profit, persuading others that the King's service consists in
+the destruction of his subjects."
+
+While thus careful to offend no man's religious convictions, to startle
+no man's loyalty, he made skillful use of the general indignation felt
+at, the atrocities of the mutinous army.  This chord he struck boldly,
+powerfully, passionately, for he felt sure of the depth and strength of
+its vibrations.  In his address to the estates of Gelderland, he used
+vigorous language, inflaming and directing to a practical purpose the
+just wrath which was felt in that, as in every other province.  "I write
+to warn you," he said, "to seize this present opportunity.  Shake from
+your necks the yoke of the godless Spanish tyranny, join yourselves at
+once to the lovers of the fatherland, to the defenders of freedom.
+According to the example of your own ancestors and ours, redeem for the
+country its ancient laws, traditions, and privileges.  Permit no longer,
+to your shame and ours, a band of Spanish landloupers and other
+foreigners, together with three or four self-seeking enemies of their own
+land, to keep their feet upon our necks.  Let them no longer, in the very
+wantonness of tyranny, drive us about like a herd of cattle--like a gang
+of well-tamed slaves."
+
+Thus, day after day, in almost countless addresses to public bodies and
+private individuals, he made use of the crisis to pile fresh fuel upon
+the flames.  At the same time, while thus fanning the general
+indignation, he had the adroitness to point out that the people had
+already committed themselves.  He represented to them that the edict,
+by which they had denounced his Majesty's veterans as outlaws, and had
+devoted them to the indiscriminate destruction which such brigands
+deserved, was likely to prove an unpardonable crime in the eyes of
+majesty.  In short, they had entered the torrent.  If they would avoid
+being dashed over the precipice, they must struggle manfully with the
+mad waves of civil war into which they had plunged.  "I beg you, with all
+affection," he said to the states of Brabant, "to consider the danger in
+which you have placed yourselves.  You have to deal with the proudest and
+most overbearing race in the world.  For these qualities they are hated
+by all other nations.  They are even hateful to themselves.  'Tis a race
+which seeks to domineer wheresoever it comes.  It particularly declares
+its intention to crush and to tyrannize you, my masters, and all the
+land.  They have conquered you already, as they boast, for the crime of
+lese-majesty has placed you at their mercy.  I tell you that your last
+act, by which you have declared this army to be rebels, is decisive.
+You have armed and excited the whole people against them, even to the
+peasants and the peasants' children, and the insults and injuries thus
+received, however richly deserved and dearly avenged, are all set down.
+to your account.  Therefore, 'tis necessary for you to decide now,
+whether to be utterly ruined, yourselves and your children, or to
+continue firmly the work which you have begun boldly, and rather to die
+a hundred thousand deaths than to make a treaty with them, which can only
+end in your ruin.  Be assured that the measure dealt to you will be
+ignominy as well as destruction.  Let not your leaders expect the
+honorable scaffolds of Counts Egmont and Horn.  The whipping-post and
+then the gibbet will be their certain fate."
+
+Having by this and similar language, upon various occasions, sought to
+impress upon his countrymen the gravity of the position, he led them to
+seek the remedy in audacity and in union.  He familiarized them with his
+theory, that the legal, historical government of the provinces belonged
+to the states-general, to a congress of nobles, clergy, and commons,
+appointed from each of the seventeen provinces.  He maintained, with
+reason, that the government of the Netherlands was a representative
+constitutional government, under the hereditary authority of the King.
+To recover this constitution, to lift up these down-trodden rights, he
+set before them most vividly the necessity of union, "'Tis impossible,"
+he said, "that a chariot should move evenly having its wheels unequally
+proportioned; and so must a confederation be broken to pieces, if there
+be not an equal obligation on all to tend to a common purpose."  Union,
+close, fraternal, such as became provinces of a common origin and with
+similar laws, could  alone nave them from their fate.  Union against a
+common tyrant to nave a common fatherland..  Union; by which differences
+of opinion should be tolerated, in order that a million of hearts should
+beat for a common purpose, a million hands work out, invincibly, a common
+salvation.  "'Tis hardly necessary," he said "to use many words in
+recommendation of union.  Disunion has been the cause of all our woes.
+There is no remedy, no hope, save in the bonds of friendship.  Let all
+particular disagreements be left to the decision of the states-general,
+in order that with one heart and one will we may seek the disenthralment
+of the fatherland from the tyranny of strangers."
+
+The first step to a thorough union among all the provinces was the
+arrangement of a closer connection between the now isolated states of
+Holland and Zealand on the one side, and their fifteen sisters on the
+other.  The Prince professed the readiness of those states which he might
+be said to represent in his single person, to draw as closely as possible
+the bonds of fellowship.  It was almost superfluous for him to promise
+his own ready co-operation.  "Nothing remains to us," said he, "but to
+discard all jealousy and distrust.  Let us, with a firm resolution and a
+common accord, liberate these lands from the stranger.  Hand to hand let
+us accomplish a just and general peace.  As for myself, I present to you,
+with very, good affection, my person and all which I possess, assuring
+you that I shall regard all my labors and pains in times which are past,
+well bestowed, if God now grant me grace to see the desired end.  That
+this end will be reached, if you hold fast your resolution and take to
+heart the means which God presents to you, I feel to be absolutely
+certain."
+
+Such were the tenor and the motives of the documents which he scattered--
+broadcast at this crisis.  They were addressed to the estates of nearly
+every province.  Those bodies were urgently implored to appoint deputies
+to a general congress, at which a close and formal union between Holland
+and Zealand with the other provinces might be effected.  That important
+measure secured, a general effort might, at the same time, be made to
+expel the Spaniard from the soil.  This done, the remaining matters could
+be disposed of by the assembly of the estates-general.  His eloquence and
+energy were not without effect.  In the course of the autumn, deputies
+were appointed from the greater number of the provinces, to confer with
+the representatives of Holland and Zealand, in a general congress.  The
+place appointed for the deliberations vas the city of Ghent.  Here, by
+the middle of October, a large number of delegates were already
+assembled.
+
+Events were rapidly rolling together from every quarter, and accumulating
+to a crisis.  A congress--a rebellious congress, as the King might deem
+it--was assembling at Ghent; the Spanish army, proscribed, lawless, and
+terrible, was strengthening itself daily for some dark and mysterious
+achievement; Don John of Austria, the King's natural brother, was
+expected from Spain to assume the government, which the State Council was
+too timid to wield and too loyal to resign, while, meantime, the whole
+population of the Netherlands, with hardly an exception, was disposed to
+see the great question of the foreign soldiery settled, before the chaos
+then existing should be superseded by a more definite authority.
+Everywhere, men of all ranks and occupations--the artisan in the city,
+the peasant in the fields--were deserting their daily occupations to
+furbish helmets, handle muskets, and learn the trade of war.  Skirmishes,
+sometimes severe and bloody, were of almost daily occurrence.  In these
+the Spaniards were invariably successful, for whatever may be said of
+their cruelty and licentiousness, it cannot be disputed that their
+prowess was worthy of their renown.  Romantic valor, unflinching
+fortitude, consummate skill, characterized them always.  What could half-
+armed artisans achieve in the open plain against such accomplished foes?
+At Tisnacq, between Louvain and Tirlemont, a battle was attempted by a
+large miscellaneous mass of students, peasantry, and burghers, led by
+country squires.  It soon changed to a carnage, in which the victims were
+all on one side.  A small number of veterans, headed by Vargas, Mendoza,
+Tassis, and other chivalrous commanders, routed the undisciplined
+thousands at a single charge.  The rude militia threw away their arms,
+and fled panic-struck in all directions, at the first sight of their
+terrible foe.  Two Spaniards lost their lives and two thousand
+Netherlanders.  It was natural that these consummate warriors should
+despise such easily slaughtered victims.  A single stroke of the iron
+flail, and the chaff was scattered to the four winds; a single sweep of
+the disciplined scythe, and countless acres were in an instant mown.
+Nevertheless, although beaten constantly, the Netherlanders were not
+conquered.  Holland and Zealand had read the foe a lesson which he had
+not forgotten, and although on the open fields, and against the less
+vigorous population of the more central provinces, his triumphs had been
+easier, yet it was obvious that the spirit of resistance to foreign
+oppression was growing daily stronger, notwithstanding daily defeats.
+
+Meantime, while these desultory but deadly combats were in daily
+progress, the Council of State was looked upon with suspicion by the mass
+of the population.  That body, in which resided provisionally the powers
+of government, was believed to be desirous of establishing relations with
+the mutinous army.  It was suspected of insidiously provoking the
+excesses which it seemed to denounce.  It was supposed to be secretly
+intriguing with those whom its own edicts had outlawed.  Its sympathies
+were considered, Spanish.  It was openly boasted by the Spanish army
+that, before long, they would descend from their fastnesses upon
+Brussels, and give the city to the sword.  A shuddering sense of coming
+evil pervaded the population, but no man could say where the blow would
+first be struck.  It was natural that the capital should be thought
+exposed to imminent danger.  At the same time, while every man who had
+hands was disposed to bear arms to defend the city, the Council seemed
+paralyzed.  The capital was insufficiently garrisoned, yet troops were
+not enrolling for its protection.  The state councillors obviously
+omitted to provide for defence, and it was supposed that they were
+secretly assisting the attack.  It was thought important, therefore,
+to disarm, or, at least, to control this body which was impotent for
+protection, and seemed powerful only for mischief.  It was possible to
+make it as contemptible as it was believed to be malicious.
+
+An unexpected stroke was therefore suddenly levelled against the Council
+in full session.  On the 5th of September, the Seigneur de Heze, a young
+gentleman of a bold, but unstable character, then entertaining close but
+secret relations with the Prince of Orange, appeared before the doors of
+the palace.  He was attended by about five hundred troops, under the
+immediate command of the Seigneur de Glimes, bailiff of Walloon Brabant.
+He demanded admittance, in the name of the Brabant estates, to the
+presence of the State Council, and was refused.  The doors were closed
+and bolted.  Without further ceremony the soldiers produced iron bars
+brought with them for the purpose, forced all the gates from the hinges,
+entered the hall of session, and at a word from their commander, laid
+hands upon the councillors, and made every one prisoner.  The Duke of
+Aerschot, President of the Council, who was then in close alliance with
+the Prince, was not present at the meeting, but lay forewarned, at home,
+confined to his couch by a sickness assumed for the occasion.  Viglius,
+who rarely participated in the deliberations of the board, being already
+afflicted with the chronic malady under which he was ere long to succumb,
+also escaped the fate of his fellow-senators.  The others were carried
+into confinement.  Berlaymont and Mansfeld were imprisoned in the Brood-
+Huys, where the last mortal hours of Egmont and Horn had been passed.
+Others were kept strictly guarded in their own houses.  After a few
+weeks, most of them were liberated.  Councillor Del Rio was, however,
+retained in confinement, and sent to Holland, where he was subjected to a
+severe examination by the Prince of Orange, touching his past career,
+particularly concerning the doings of the famous Blood Council.  The
+others were set free, and even permitted to resume their functions, but
+their dignity was gone, their authority annihilated.  Thenceforth the
+states of Brabant and the community of Brussels were to govern for an
+interval, for it was in their name that the daring blow against the
+Council had been struck.  All individuals and bodies, however, although
+not displeased with the result, clamorously disclaimed responsibility for
+the deed.  Men were appalled at the audacity of the transaction, and
+dreaded the vengeance of the King: The Abbot Van Perch, one of the secret
+instigators of the act, actually died of anxiety for its possible
+consequences.  There was a mystery concerning the affair.  They in whose
+name it had been accomplished, denied having given any authority to the
+perpetrators.  Men asked each other what unseen agency had been at work,
+what secret spring had been adroitly touched.  There is but little doubt,
+however, that the veiled but skilful hand which directed the blow, was
+the same which had so long been guiding the destiny of the Netherlands.
+
+It had been settled that the congress was to hold its sessions in Ghent,
+although the citadel commanding that city was held by the Spaniards.  The
+garrison was not very strong, and Mondragon, its commander, was absent in
+Zealand, but the wife of the veteran ably supplied his place, and
+stimulated the slender body of troops to hold out with heroism, under the
+orders of his lieutenant, Avilos Maldonado.  The mutineers, after having
+accomplished their victory at Tisnacq, had been earnestly solicited to
+come to the relief of this citadel.  They had refused and returned to
+Alost.  Meantime, the siege was warmly pressed by the states.  There
+being, however, a deficiency of troops, application for assistance was
+formally made to the Prince of Orange.  Count Reulx, governor of
+Flanders; commissioned the Seigneur d'Haussy, brother of Count Bossu,
+who, to obtain the liberation of that long-imprisoned and distinguished
+nobleman, was about visiting the Prince in Zealand, to make a request
+for an auxiliary force.  It was, however, stipulated that care should
+be taken lest any prejudice should be done to the Roman Catholic religion
+or the authority of the King.  The Prince readily acceded to the request,
+and agreed to comply with the conditions under which only it could be
+accepted.  He promised to send twenty-eight companies.  In his letter
+announcing this arrangement, he gave notice that his troops would receive
+strict orders to do no injury to person or property, Catholic or
+Protestant, ecclesiastic or lay, and to offer no obstruction to the Roman
+religion or the royal dignity.  He added, however, that it was not to be
+taken amiss, if his soldiers were permitted to exercise their own
+religious rites, and to sing their Protestant hymns within their own
+quarters.  He moreover, as security for the expense and trouble, demanded
+the city of Sluys.  The first detachment of troops, under command of
+Colonel Vander Tympel, was, however, hardly on its way, before an alarm
+was felt among the Catholic party at this practical alliance with the
+rebel Prince.  An envoy, named Ottingen, was despatched to Zealand,
+bearing a letter from the estates of Hainault, Brabant, and Flanders,
+countermanding the request for troops, and remonstrating categorically
+upon the subject of religion and loyalty.  Orange deemed such
+tergiversation paltry, but controlled his anger.  He answered the letter
+in liberal terms, for he was determined that by no fault of his should
+the great cause be endangered.  He reassured the estates as to the
+probable behaviour of his troops.  Moreover, they had been already
+admitted into the city, while the correspondence was proceeding.  The
+matter of the psalm-singing was finally arranged to the satisfaction of
+both parties, and it was agreed that Niewport, instead of Sluys, should
+be given to the Prince as security.
+
+The siege of the citadel was now pressed vigorously, and the
+deliberations of the congress were opened under the incessant roar
+of cannon.  While the attack was thus earnestly maintained upon the
+important castle of Ghent, a courageous effort was made by the citizens
+of Maestricht to wrest their city from the hands of the Spaniards.  The
+German garrison having been gained by the burghers, the combined force
+rose upon the Spanish troops, and drove them from the city,  Montesdocca,
+the commander, was arrested and imprisoned, but the triumph was only
+temporary.  Don Francis d'Ayala, Montesdocca's lieutenant, made a stand,
+with a few companies, in Wieck, a village on the opposite side of the
+Meuse, and connected with the city by a massive bridge of stone.  From
+this point he sent information to other commanders in the neighbourhood.
+Don Ferdinand de Toledo soon arrived with several hundred troops from
+Dalem.  The Spaniards, eager to wipe out the disgrace to their arms,
+loudly demanded to be led back to the city.  The head of the bridge,
+however, over which they must pass, was defended by a strong battery, and
+the citizens were seen clustering in great numbers to defend their
+firesides against a foe whom they had once expelled.  To advance across
+the bridge seemed certain destruction to the little force.  Even Spanish
+bravery recoiled at so desperate an undertaking, but unscrupulous
+ferocity supplied an expedient where courage was at fault.  There were
+few fighting men present among the population of Wieck, but there were
+many females.  Each soldier was commanded to seize a woman, and, placing
+her before his own body, to advance across the bridge.  The column, thus
+bucklered, to the shame of Spanish chivalry, by female bosoms, moved in
+good order toward the battery.  The soldiers leveled their muskets with
+steady aim over the shoulders or under the arms of the women whom they
+thus held before them.  On the other hand, the citizens dared not
+discharge their cannon at their own townswomen, among whose numbers many
+recognized mothers, sisters, or wives.  The battery was soon taken, while
+at the same time Alonzj Vargas, who had effected his entrance from the
+land side by burning down the Brussels gate, now entered the city at the
+head of a band of cavalry.  Maestricht was recovered, and an
+indiscriminate slaughter instantly avenged its temporary loss.  The
+plundering, stabbing, drowning, burning, ravishing; were so dreadful
+that, in the words of a cotemporary historian, "the burghers who had
+escaped the fight had reason to think themselves less fortunate than
+those who had died with arms in their hands."
+
+This was the lot of Maestricht on the 20th of October.  It was
+instinctively felt to be the precursor of fresh disasters.  Vague,
+incoherent, but widely disseminated rumors had long pointed to Antwerp
+and its dangerous situation.  The Spaniards, foiled in their views upon
+Brussels, had recently avowed an intention of avenging themselves in the
+commercial capital.  They had waited long enough, and accumulated
+strength enough.  Such a trifling city as Alost could no longer content
+their cupidity, but in Antwerp there was gold enough for the gathering.
+There was reason for the fears of the inhabitants, for the greedy longing
+of their enemy.  Probably no city in Christendom could at that day vie
+with Antwerp in wealth and splendor.  Its merchants lived in regal pomp
+and luxury.  In its numerous, massive warehouses were the treasures of
+every clime.  Still serving as the main entrepot of the world's traffic,
+the Brabantine capital was the centre of that commercial system which was
+soon to be superseded by a larger international life.  In the midst of
+the miseries which had so long been raining upon the Netherlands, the
+stately and egotistical city seemed to have taken stronger root and to
+flourish more freshly than ever.  It was not wonderful that its palaces
+and its magazines, glittering with splendor and bursting with treasure,
+should arouse the avidity of a reckless and famishing soldiery.  Had not
+a handful of warriors of their own race rifled the golden Indies?  Had
+not their fathers, few in number, strong in courage and discipline,
+revelled in the plunder of a new world?  Here were the Indies in a single
+city.  Here were gold and silver, pearls and diamonds, ready and
+portable; the precious fruit dropping, ripened, from the bough.  Was it
+to be tolerated that base, pacific burghers should monopolize the
+treasure by which a band of heroes might be enriched?
+
+A sense of coming evil diffused itself through the atmosphere.  The air
+seemed lurid with the impending storm, for the situation was one of
+peculiar horror.  The wealthiest city in Christendom lay at the mercy of
+the strongest fastness in the world; a castle which had been built to
+curb, not to protect, the town.  It was now inhabited by a band of
+brigands, outlawed by government, strong in discipline, furious from
+penury, reckless by habit, desperate in circumstance--a crew which feared
+not God, nor man, nor Devil.  The palpitating quarry lay expecting hourly
+the swoop of its trained and pitiless enemy, for the rebellious soldiers
+were now in a thorough state of discipline.  Sancho d'Avila, castellan of
+the citadel, was recognized as the chief of the whole mutiny, the army
+and the mutiny being now one.  The band, entrenched at Alost, were upon
+the best possible understanding with their brethren in the citadel, and
+accepted without hesitation the arrangements of their superior.  On the
+aide of the Scheld, opposite Antwerp, a fortification had been thrown up
+by Don Sancho's orders, and held by Julian Romero.  Lier, Breda, as well
+as Alost, were likewise ready to throw their reinforcements into the
+citadel at a moment's warning.  At the signal of their chief, the united
+bands might sweep from their impregnable castle with a single impulse.
+
+The city cried aloud for help, for it had become obvious that an attack
+might be hourly expected.  Meantime an attempt, made by Don Sancho
+d'Avila to tamper with the German troops stationed within the walls, was
+more than partially, successful.  The forces were commanded by Colonel
+Van Ende and Count Oberatein.  Van Ende, a crafty traitor to his country,
+desired no better than to join the mutiny on so promising an occasion,
+and his soldiers, shared his sentiments.  Oberatein, a brave, but
+blundering German, was drawn into the net of treachery by the adroitness
+of the Spaniard and the effrontery of his comrade.  On the night of the
+29th of October, half-bewildered and half-drunk, he signed a treaty with
+Sancho d'Avilat and the three colonels--Fugger, Frondsberger, and
+Polwiller.  By this unlucky document, which was of course subscribed also
+by Van Ende, it was agreed that the Antwerp burghers should be forthwith
+disarmed; that their weapons should be sent into the citadel; that
+Oberstein should hold the city at the disposition of Sancho d'Avila; that
+he should refuse admittance to all troops which might be sent into the
+city, excepting by command of Don Sancho, and that he should decline
+compliance with any orders which he might receive from individuals
+calling themselves the council of state, the states-general, or the
+estates of Brabant.  This treaty was signed, moreover; by Don Jeronimo
+de Rods, then established in the citadel, and claiming to represent
+exclusively his Majesty's government.
+
+Hardly had this arrangement been concluded than the Count saw the trap
+into which he had fallen.  Without intending to do so, he had laid the
+city at the mercy of its foe, but the only remedy which suggested itself
+to his mind was an internal resolution not to keep his promises.  The
+burghers were suffered to retain their arms, while, on the other hand,
+Don Sancho lost no time in despatching messages to Alost, to Lier, to
+Breda, and even to Maestricht, that as large a force as possible might be
+assembled for the purpose of breaking immediately the treaty of peace
+which he had just concluded.  Never was a solemn document, regarded with
+such perfectly bad faith by all its signers as the accord, of the 29th of
+October.
+
+Three days afterwards, a large force of Walloons and Germans was
+despatched from Brussels to the assistance of Antwerp.  The command of
+these troops was entrusted to the Marquis of Havre, whose brother, the
+Duke of Aerschot; had been recently appointed chief superintendent of
+military affairs by the deputies assembled at Ghent.  The miscellaneous
+duties comprehended under this rather vague denomination did not permit
+the Duke to take charge of the expedition in person, and his younger
+brother, a still more incompetent and unsubstantial character, was
+accordingly appointed to the post.  A number of young men, of high rank
+but of lamentably low capacity, were associated with him.  Foremost among
+them was Philip, Count of Egmont, a youth who had inherited few of his
+celebrated father's qualities, save personal courage and a love of
+personal display.  In character and general talents he was beneath
+mediocrity.  Beside these were the reckless but unstable De Heze,
+who had executed the coup; d'etat against the State Council, De Berselen,
+De Capres, D'Oyngies, and others, all vaguely desirous of achieving
+distinction in those turbulent times, but few of them having any
+political or religious convictions, and none of them possessing
+experience or influence enough, to render them useful--at the impending
+crisis.
+
+On Friday morning, the 2nd of November, the troops appeared under the
+walls of Antwerp.  They consisted of twenty-three companies of infantry
+and fourteen of cavalry, amounting to five thousand foot and twelve
+hundred horse.  They were nearly all Walloons, soldiers who had already
+seen much active service, but unfortunately of a race warlike and fiery
+indeed, but upon whose steadiness not much more dependence could be
+placed at that day than in the age of Civilis.  Champagny, brother of
+Granvelle, was Governor of the city.  He was a sincere Catholic, but a
+still more sincere hater of the Spaniards.  He saw in the mutiny a means
+of accomplishing their expulsion, and had already offered to the Prince
+of Orange his eager co-operation towards this result.  In other matters
+there could be but small sympathy between William the Silent and the
+Cardinal's brother; but a common hatred united them, for a time at least,
+in a common purpose.
+
+When the troops first made their appearance before the walls, Champagny
+was unwilling to grant them admittance.  The addle-brained Oberstein had
+confessed to him the enormous blunder which he had committed in his
+midnight treaty, and at the same time ingenuously confessed his intention
+of sending it to the winds.  The enemy had extorted from his dulness or
+his drunkenness a promise, which his mature and sober reason could not
+consider binding.  It is needless to say that Champagny rebuked him for
+signing, and applauded him for breaking the treaty.  At the same time its
+ill effects were already seen in the dissensions which existed among the
+German troops.  Where all had been tampered with, and where the
+commanders had set the example of infidelity, it would have been strange
+if all had held firm.  On the whole, however, Oberstein thought he could
+answer for his own troops: Upon Van Ende's division, although the crafty
+colonel dissembled his real intentions; very little reliance was placed.
+Thus there was distraction within the walls.  Among those whom the
+burghers had been told to consider their defenders, there were probably.
+many who were ready to join with their mortal foes at a moment's warning.
+Under these circumstances, Champagny hesitated about admitting these
+fresh troops from Brussels.  He feared lest the Germans, who knew
+themselves doubted, might consider themselves doomed.  He trembled, lest
+an irrepressible outbreak should occur within the walls, rendering the
+immediate destruction of the city by the Spaniards from without
+inevitable.  Moreover, he thought it more desirable that this auxiliary
+force should be disposed at different points outside, in order to
+intercept the passage of the numerous bodies of Spaniards and other
+mutineers, who from various quarters would soon be on their way to the
+citadel.  Havre, however, was so peremptory, and the burghers were so
+importunate, that Champagny was obliged to recede from his opposition
+before twenty-four hours had elapsed.  Unwilling to take the
+responsibility of a farther refusal, he admitted the troops through the
+Burgherhout gate, on Saturday, the 3rd of November, at ten o'clock in the
+morning.
+
+The Marquis of Havre, as commander-in-chief, called a council of war.
+It assembled at Count Oberstein's quarters, and consulted at first
+concerning a bundle of intercepted letters which Havre had brought with
+him.  These constituted a correspondence between Sancho d'Avila with the
+heads of the mutiny at Alost, and many other places.  The letters were
+all dated subsequently to Don Sancho's treaty with Oberstein, and
+contained arrangements for an immediate concentration of the whole
+available Spanish force at the citadel.
+
+The treachery was so manifest, that Oberstein felt all self-reproach for
+his own breach of faith to be superfluous.  It was however evident that
+the attack was to be immediately expected.  What was to be done?  All the
+officers counselled the immediate erection of a bulwark on the side of
+the city exposed to the castle, but there were no miners nor engineers.
+Champagny, however, recommended a skilful and experienced engineer to
+superintend; the work in the city; and pledged himself that burghers
+enough would volunteer as miners.  In less than an hour, ten or twelve
+thousand persons, including multitudes of women of all ranks, were at
+work upon the lines marked out by the engineer.  A ditch and breast-work
+extending from the gate of the Beguins to the street of the Abbey Saint
+Michael, were soon in rapid progress.  Meantime, the newly arrived
+troops, with military insolence, claimed the privilege of quartering
+themselves in the best houses which they could find.  They already began
+to, insult and annoy the citizens whom they had been sent to defend; nor
+were they destined to atone, by their subsequent conduct in the face of
+the enemy, for the brutality with which they treated their friends.
+Champagny, however; was ill-disposed to brook their licentiousness.  They
+had been sent to protect the city and the homes of Antwerp from invasion.
+They were not to establish themselves, at every fireside on their first
+arrival.  There was work enough for them out of doors, and they were to
+do that work at once.  He ordered them to prepare for a bivouac in, the
+streets, and flew from house to house, sword in hand; driving forth the
+intruders at imminent peril of his life.  Meantime, a number of Italian
+and Spanish merchants fled from the city, and took refuge in the castle.
+The Walloon soldiers were for immediately plundering their houses, as if
+plunder had been the object for which they had been sent to Antwerp.  It
+was several hours before Champagny, with all his energy, was able to
+quell these disturbances.
+
+In the course of the day, Oberstein received a letter from Don Sandra
+d'Avila, calling solemnly upon him to fulfil his treaty of the 29th of
+October.  The German colonels from the citadel had, on the previous
+afternoon, held a personal interview with Oberstein beneath the walls,
+which had nearly ended in blows, and they had been obliged to save
+themselves by flight from the anger of the Count's soldiers, enraged at
+the deceit by which their leader had been so nearly entrapped.  This
+summons of ridiculous solemnity to keep a treaty which had already been
+torn to shreds by both parties, Oberstein answered with defiance and
+contempt.  The reply was an immediate cannonade from the batteries of
+the citadel; which made the position of those erecting the ramparts
+excessively dangerous.  The wall was strengthened with bales of
+merchandise, casks of earth, upturned wagons, and similar bulky objects,
+hastily piled together.  In, some places it was sixteen feet high; in
+others less than six.  Night fell before the fortification was nearly
+completed.  Unfortunately it was bright moonlight.  The cannon from the
+fortress continued to play upon the half-finished works.  The Walloons,
+and at last the citizens, feared to lift their heads above their frail
+rampart.  The senators, whom Champagny had deputed to superintend the
+progress of the enterprise, finding the men so indisposed, deserted their
+posts.  They promised themselves that, in the darkest hour of the
+following night, the work should be thoroughly completed.  Alas! all
+hours of the coming night were destined to be dark enough, but in them
+was to be done no manner of work for defence.  On Champagny alone seemed
+devolved an the labor and all the responsibility.  He did his duty well,
+but he was but one man.  Alone, with a heart full of anxiety, he wandered
+up and down all the night.  With his own hands, assisted only by a few
+citizens and his own servants, he planted all the cannon with which they
+were provided, in the "Fencing Court," at a point where the battery might
+tell upon the castle.  Unfortunately, the troops from Brussels had
+brought no artillery with them, and the means of defence against the
+strongest fortress in Europe were meagre indeed.  The rampart had been
+left very weak at many vital points.  A single upturned wagon was placed
+across the entrance to the important street of the Beguins.  This
+negligence was to cost the city dear.  At daybreak, there was a council
+held in Oberstein's quarters.  Nearly all Champagny's directions had been
+neglected.  He had desired that strong detachments should be posted
+during the night at various places of Security on the outskirts of the
+town, for the troops which were expected to arrive in small bodies at the
+citadel from various parts, might have thus been cut off before reaching
+their destination.  Not even scouts had been stationed in sufficient
+numbers to obtain information of what was occurring outside.  A thick
+mist hung over the city that eventful morning.  Through its almost
+impenetrable veil, bodies of men had been seen moving into the castle,
+and the tramp of cavalry had been distinctly heard, and the troops of
+Romero, Vargas, Oliveira, and Valdez had already arrived from Lier,
+Breda, Maestricht, and from the forts on the Scheld.
+
+The whole available force in the city was mustered without delay.  Havre
+had claimed for his post the defence of the lines opposite the citadel,
+the place of responsibility and honor.  Here the whole body of Walloons
+were stationed, together with a few companies of Germans.  The ramparts,
+as stated, were far from impregnable, but it was hoped that this living
+rampart of six thousand men, standing on their own soil, and in front of
+the firesides and altars of their own countrymen; would prove a
+sufficient bulwark even against Spanish fury.  Unhappily, the living
+barrier proved more frail than the feeble breastwork which the hands of
+burghers and women had constructed.  Six thousand men were disposed along
+the side of the city opposite the fortress.  The bulk of the German
+troops was stationed at different points on the more central streets and
+squares.  The cavalry was posted on the opposite side of the city, along
+the Horse-market, and fronting the "New-town."  The stars were still in
+the sky when Champagny got on horseback and rode through the streets,
+calling on the burghers to arm and assemble at different points.  The
+principal places of rendezvous were the Cattlemarket and the Exchange.
+He rode along the lines of the Walloon regiments, conversing with the
+officers, Egmont, De Heze, and others, and encouraging the men, and went
+again to the Fencing Court, where he pointed the cannon with his own
+hand, and ordered their first discharge at the fortress.  Thence he rode
+to the end of the Beguin street, where he dismounted and walked out upon
+the edge of the esplanade which stretched between the city and the
+castle.  On this battle-ground a combat was even then occurring between a
+band of burghers and a reconnoitring party from the citadel.  Champagny
+saw with satisfaction that the Antwerpers were victorious.  They were
+skirmishing well with their disciplined foe, whom they at last beat back
+to the citadel.  His experienced eye saw, however, that the retreat was
+only the signal for a general onslaught, which was soon to follow; and he
+returned into the city to give the last directions.
+
+At ten o'clock, a moving wood was descried, approaching the citadel from
+the south-west.  The whole body of the mutineers from Alost, wearing
+green branches in their helmets--had arrived under command of their
+Eletto, Navarrete.  Nearly three thousand in number, they rushed into the
+castle, having accomplished their march of twenty-four miles since three
+o'clock in the morning.  They were received with open arms.  Sancho
+d'Avila ordered food and refreshments to be laid before them, but they
+refused everything but a draught of wine.  They would dine in Paradise,
+they said, or sup in Antwerp.  Finding his allies in such spirit, Don
+Sancho would not balk their humor.  Since early morning, his own veterans
+had been eagerly awaiting his signal, "straining upon the start."  The
+troops of Romero, Vargas, Valdez, were no less impatient.  At about an
+hour before noon, nearly every living man in the citadel was mustered for
+the attack, hardly men enough being left behind to guard the gates.  Five
+thousand veteran foot soldiers, besides six hundred cavalry, armed to the
+teeth, sallied from the portals of Alva's citadel.  In the counterscarp
+they fell upon their knees, to invoke, according to custom, the blessing
+of God  upon the Devil's work, which they were about to commit.  The
+Bletto bore a standard, one side of which was emblazoned with the
+crucified Saviour, and the other with the Virgin Mary.  The image of Him
+who said, "Love-your enemies," and the gentle face of the Madonna, were
+to smile from heaven upon deeds which might cause a shudder in the depths
+of hell.  Their brief orisons concluded, they swept forward to the city.
+Three thousand Spaniards, under their Eletto, were to enter by the street
+of Saint Michael; the Germans, and the remainder of the Spanish foot,
+commanded by Romero, through that of Saint George.  Champagny saw them
+coming, and spoke a last word of encouragement to the Walloons.  The next
+moment the compact mass struck the barrier, as the thunderbolt descends
+from the cloud.  There was scarcely a struggle.  The Walloons, not
+waiting to look their enemy in the face, abandoned the posts which whey
+had themselves claimed.  The Spaniards crashed through the bulwark, as
+though it had been a wall of glass.  The Eletto was first to mount the
+rampart; the next instant he was shot dead, while his followers,
+undismayed, sprang over his body, and poured into the streets.  The fatal
+gap, due to timidity and carelessness, let in the destructive tide.
+Champagny, seeing that the enemies had all crossed the barrier; leaped
+over a garden wall, passed through a house into a narrow lane, and thence
+to the nearest station of the German troops.  Hastily collecting a small
+force, he led them in person to the rescue.  The Germans fought well,
+died well, but they could not reanimate the courage of the Walloons, and
+all were now in full retreat, pursued by the ferocious Spaniards.  In
+vain Champagny stormed among them; in vain he strove to rally their
+broken ranks.  With his own hand he seized a banner from a retreating
+ensign, and called upon the nearest soldiers to make's stand against the
+foe.  It was to bid the flying clouds pause before the tempest.  Torn,
+broken, aimless, the scattered troops whirled through the streets before
+the pursuing wrath.  Champagny, not yet despairing, galloped hither and
+thither, calling upon the burghers everywhere to rise in defence of their
+homes, nor did he call in vain.  They came forth from every place of
+rendezvous, from every alley, from every house.  They fought as men fight
+to defend their hearths and altars, but what could individual devotion
+avail, against the compact, disciplined, resistless mass of their foes?
+The order of defence was broken, there was no system, no concert, no
+rallying point, no authority.  So soon as it was known that the Spaniards
+had crossed the rampart, that its six thousand defenders were in full
+retreat, it was inevitable that a panic should seize the city.
+
+Their entrance once effected, the Spanish force had separated; according
+to previous arrangement, into two divisions, one half charging up the
+long street of Saint Michael, the other forcing its way through the
+Street of Saint Joris.  "Santiago, Santiago!  Espana, Espana! a sangre, a
+carne, a fuego, a Sacco!"  Saint James, Spain, blood, flesh, fire,
+sack!!--such were the hideous cries which rang through every quarter of
+the city, as the savage horde advanced.  Van Ende, with his German
+troops, had been stationed by the Marquis of Havre to defend the Saint
+Joris gate, but no sooner, did the Spaniards under Vargas present
+themselves, than he deserted to them instantly with his whole force.
+United with the Spanish cavalry, these traitorous defenders of Antwerp
+dashed in pursuit of those who had only been fainthearted.  Thus the
+burghers saw themselves attacked by many of their friends, deserted by
+more.  Whom were they to trust?  Nevertheless, Oberstein's Germans were
+brave and faithful, resisting to the last, and dying every man in his
+harness.  The tide of battle flowed hither and thither, through every
+street and narrow lane.  It poured along the magnificent Place de Meer,
+where there was an obstinate contest.  In front of the famous Exchange,
+where in peaceful hours, five thousand merchants met daily, to arrange
+the commercial affairs of Christendom, there was a determined rally, a
+savage slaughter.  The citizens and faithful Germans, in this broader
+space, made a stand against their pursuers.  The tesselated marble
+pavement, the graceful, cloister-like arcades ran red with blood.  The
+ill-armed burghers faced their enemies clad in complete panoply, but they
+could only die for their homes.  The massacre at this point was enormous,
+the resistance at last overcome.
+
+Meantime, the Spanish cavalry had cleft its way through the city.  On the
+side farthest removed from the: castle; along the Horse-market, opposite
+the New-town, the states dragoons and the light horse of Beveren had been
+posted, and the flying masses of pursuers and pursued swept at last
+through this outer circle.  Champagny was already there.  He essayed, as
+his last hope, to rally the cavalry for a final stand, but the effort was
+fruitless.  Already seized by the panic, they had attempted to rush from
+the city through the gate of Eeker.  It was locked; they then turned and
+fled towards the Red-gate, where they were met face to face by Don Pedro
+Tassis, who charged upon them with his dragoons.  Retreat seemed
+hopeless.  A horseman in complete armor, with lance in rest, was seen to
+leap from the parapet of the outer wall into the moat below, whence,
+still on horseback, he escaped with life.  Few were so fortunate.  The
+confused mob of fugitives and conquerors, Spaniards, Walloons, Germans,
+burghers, struggling, shouting, striking, cursing, dying, swayed hither
+and thither like a stormy sea.  Along the spacious Horse-market, the
+fugitives fled toward towards the quays.  Many fell beneath the swords
+of the Spaniards, numbers were trodden to death by the hoofs of horses,
+still greater multitudes were hunted into the Scheld.  Champagny, who
+had thought it possible, even at the last moment, to make a stand in the
+Newtown, and to fortify the Palace of the Hansa, saw himself deserted.
+With great daring and presence of mind, he effected his escape to the
+fleet of the Prince of Orange in the river.  The Marquis of Havre, of
+whom no deeds of valor on that eventful day have been recorded, was
+equally successful.  The unlucky Oberstein, attempting to leap into a
+boat, missed his footing, and oppressed by the weight of his armor, was
+drowned.
+
+Meantime, while the short November day was fast declining, the combat
+still raged in the interior of the city.  Various currents of conflict,
+forcing their separate way through many streets, had at last mingled in
+the Grande Place.  Around this irregular, not very spacious square, stood
+the gorgeous Hotel de Ville, and the tall, many storied, fantastically
+gabled, richly decorated palaces of the guilds, Here a long struggle took
+place.  It was terminated for a time by the cavalry of Vargas, who,
+arriving through the streets of Saint Joris, accompanied by the traitor
+Van Ende, charged decisively into the melee.  The masses were broken, but
+multitudes of armed men found refuge in the buildings, and every house
+became a fortress.  From, every window and balcony a hot fire was poured
+into the square, as, pent in a corner, the burghers stood at last at bay.
+It was difficult to carry the houses by storm, but they were soon set on
+fire.  A large number of sutlers and other varlets had accompanied the
+Spaniards from the citadel, bringing torches and kindling materials for
+the express purpose of firing the town.  With great dexterity, these
+means were now applied, and in a brief interval, the City-hall, and other
+edifices on the square were in flames.  The conflagration spread with
+rapidity, house after house, street after street, taking fire.  Nearly a
+thousand buildings, in the most splendid and wealthy quarter of the city,
+were soon in a blaze, and multitudes of human beings were burned with
+them.  In the City-hall many were consumed, while others, leaped from the
+windows to renew the combat below.  The many tortuous, streets which led
+down a slight descent from the rear of the Town house to the quays were
+all one vast conflagration.  On the other side, the magnificent
+cathedral, separated from the Grande Place by a single row of buildings,
+was lighted up, but not attacked by the flames.  The tall spire cast its
+gigantic shadow across the last desperate conflict.  In the street called
+the Canal au Sucre, immediately behind the Town-house, there was a fierce
+struggle, a horrible massacre.  A crowd of burghers; grave magistrates,
+and such of the German soldiers as remained alive, still confronted the
+ferocious Spaniards.  There amid the flaming desolation, Goswyn Verreyck,
+the heroic margrave of the city, fought with the energy of hatred and
+despair.  The burgomaster, Van der Meere, lay dead at his feet; senators,
+soldiers, citizens, fell fast around him, and he sank at last upon a heap
+of slain.  With him effectual resistance ended.  The remaining combatants
+were butchered, or were slowly forced downward to perish in the Scheld.
+Women, children, old men, were killed in countless numbers, and still,
+through all this havoc, directly over the heads of the struggling throng,
+suspended in mid-air above the din and smoke of the conflict, there
+sounded, every half-quarter of every hour, as if in gentle mockery, from
+the belfry of the cathedral, the tender and melodious chimes.
+
+Never was there a more monstrous massacre, even in the blood-stained
+history of the Netherlands.  It was estimated that, in the course of this
+and the two following days, not less than eight thousand human beings
+were murdered.  The Spaniards seemed to cast off even the vizard of
+humanity.  Hell seemed emptied of its fiends.  Night fell upon the scene
+before the soldiers were masters of the city; but worse horrors began
+after the contest was ended.  This army of brigands had come thither with
+a definite, practical purpose, for it was not blood-thirst, nor lust, nor
+revenge, which had impelled them, but it was avarice, greediness for
+gold.  For gold they had waded through all this blood and fire.  Never
+had men more simplicity of purpose, more directness in its execution.
+They had conquered their India at last; its golden mines lay all before
+them, and every sword should open a shaft.  Riot and rape might be
+deferred; even murder, though congenial to their taste, was only
+subsidiary to their business.  They had come to take possession of the
+city's wealth, and they set themselves faithfully to accomplish their
+task.  For gold, infants were dashed out of existence in their mothers'
+arms; for gold, parents were tortured in their children's presence; for
+gold, brides were scourged to death before their husbands' eyes.
+Wherever, treasure was suspected, every expedient which ingenuity;
+sharpened by greediness, could suggest, was employed to-extort it from
+its possessors.  The fire, spreading more extensively and more rapidly
+than had been desired through the wealthiest quarter of the city, had
+unfortunately devoured a vast amount of property.  Six millions, at
+least, had thus been swallowed; a destruction by which no one had
+profited.  There was, however, much left.  The strong boxes of the
+merchants, the gold, silver, and precious jewelry, the velvets, satins,
+brocades, laces, and similar well concentrated and portable plunder, were
+rapidly appropriated.  So far the course was plain and easy, but in
+private houses it was more difficult.  The cash, plate, and other
+valuables of individuals were not so easily discovered.  Torture was,
+therefore; at once employed to discover the hidden treasures.  After all
+had been, given, if the sum seemed too little, the proprietors were
+brutally punished for their poverty or their supposed dissimulation.
+A gentlewoman, named Fabry, with her aged mother and other females of the
+family, had taken refuge in the cellar of her mansion.  As the day was
+drawing to a close, a band of plunderers entered, who, after ransacking
+the house, descended to the cellarage.  Finding the door barred, they
+forced it open with gunpowder.  The mother, who was nearest the entrance,
+fell dead on the threshold.  Stepping across her mangled body, the
+brigands sprang upon her daughter, loudly demanding the property which
+they believed to be concealed.  They likewise insisted on being informed
+where the master of the house had taken refuge.  Protestations of
+ignorance as to hidden treasure, or the whereabouts of her husband, who,
+for aught she knew, was lying dead in the streets, were of no avail.  To
+make her more communicative, they hanged her on a beam in the cellar, and
+after a few moments cut her down before life was extinct.  Still
+receiving no satisfactory reply, where a satisfactory reply was
+impossible, they hanged her again.  Again, after another brief interval
+they gave her a second release, and a fresh interrogatory.  This
+barbarity they repeated several times, till they were satisfied that
+there was nothing to be gained by it, while, on, the other hand, they
+were losing much valuable time.  Hoping to be more successful elsewhere,
+they left her hanging for the last time, and trooped off to fresher
+fields.  Strange to relate, the person thus horribly tortured, survived.
+A servant in her family, married to a Spanish soldier, providentially
+entered the house in time to rescue her perishing mistress.  She was
+restored to existence, but never to reason.  Her brain was hopelessly
+crazed, and she passed the remainder of her life wandering about her
+house, or feebly digging in her garden for the buried treasure which she
+had been thus fiercely solicited to reveal.
+
+A wedding-feast was rudely interrupted.  Two young persons, neighbours of
+opulent families, had been long betrothed, and the marriage day had been
+fixed for Sunday, the fatal 4th of November.  The guests were assembled,
+the ceremony concluded, the nuptial banquet in progress, when the
+horrible outcries in the streets proclaimed that the Spaniards had broken
+loose.  Hour after hour of trembling expectation succeeded.  At last,
+a thundering at the gate proclaimed the arrival of a band of brigands.
+Preceded by their captain, a large number of soldiers forced their way
+into the house, ransacking every chamber, no opposition being offered by
+the family and friends, too few and powerless to cope with this band of
+well-armed ruffians.  Plate chests, wardrobes, desks, caskets of jewelry,
+were freely offered, eagerly accepted, but not found sufficient, and to
+make the luckless wretches furnish more than they possessed, the usual
+brutalities were employed.  The soldiers began by striking the bridegroom
+dead.  The bride fell shrieking into her mother's arms, whence she was
+torn by the murderers, who immediately put the mother to death, and an
+indiscriminate massacre then followed the fruitless attempt to obtain by
+threats and torture treasure which did not exist.  The bride, who was of
+remarkable beauty, was carried off to the citadel.  Maddened by this last
+outrage, the father, who was the only man of the party left alive, rushed
+upon the Spaniards.  Wresting a sword from one of the crew, the old man
+dealt with it so fiercely, that he stretched more than one enemy dead at
+his feet, but it is needless to add that he was soon despatched.
+Meantime, while the party were concluding the plunder of the mansion, the
+bride was left in a lonely apartment of the fortress.  Without wasting
+time in fruitless lamentation, she resolved to quit the life which a few
+hours had made so desolate.  She had almost succeeded in hanging herself
+with a massive gold chain which she wore, when her captor entered the
+apartment.  Inflamed, not with lust, but with avarice, excited not by her
+charms, but by her jewelry; he rescued her from her perilous position.
+He then took possession of her chain and the other trinkets with which
+her wedding-dress was adorned, and caused her; to be entirely stripped of
+her clothing.  She was then scourged with rods till her beautiful body
+was bathed in blood, and at last alone, naked, nearly mad, was sent back
+into the city.  Here the forlorn creature wandered up and down through
+the blazing streets, among the heaps of dead and dying, till she was at
+last put out of her misery by a gang of soldiers.
+
+Such are a few isolated instances, accidentally preserved in their
+details, of the general horrors inflicted on this occasion.  Others
+innumerable have sunk into oblivion.  On the morning of the 5th of
+November, Antwerp presented a ghastly sight.  The magnificent marble
+Town-house, celebrated as a "world's wonder," even in that age and
+country, in which so much splendour was lavished on municipal palaces,
+stood a blackened ruin--all but the walls destroyed, while its archives,
+accounts, and other valuable contents, had perished.  The more splendid
+portion of the city had been consumed; at least five hundred palaces,
+mostly of marble or hammered stone, being a smouldering mass of
+destruction.  The dead bodies of those fallen in the massacre were on
+every side, in greatest profusion around the Place de Meer, among the
+Gothic pillars of the Exchange, and in the streets near the Town-house.
+The German soldiers lay in their armor, some with their heads burned from
+their bodies, some with legs and arms consumed by the flames through
+which they had fought.  The Margrave Goswyn Verreyck, the burgomaster Van
+der Meere, the magistrates Lancelot Van Urselen, Nicholas Van Boekholt,
+and other leading citizens, lay among piles of less distinguished slain.
+They remained unburied until the overseers of the poor, on whom the
+living had then more importunate claims than the dead, were compelled by
+Roda to bury them out of the pauper fund.  The murderers were too thrifty
+to be at funeral charges for their victims.  The ceremony was not hastily
+performed, for the number of corpses had not been completed.  Two days
+longer the havoc lasted in the city.  Of all the crimes which men can
+commit, whether from deliberate calculation or in the frenzy of passion,
+hardly one was omitted, for riot, gaming, rape, which had been postponed
+to the more stringent claims of robbery and murder, were now rapidly
+added to the sum of atrocities.  History has recorded the account
+indelibly on her brazen tablets; it can be adjusted only at the judgment-
+seat above.
+
+Of all the deeds of darkness yet compassed in the Netherlands, this was
+the worst.  It was called The Spanish Fury, by which dread name it has
+been known for ages.  The city, which had been a world of wealth and
+splendor, was changed to a charnel-house, and from that hour its
+commercial prosperity was blasted.  Other causes had silently girdled the
+yet green and flourishing tree, but the Spanish Fury was the fire which
+consumed it to ashes.  Three thousand dead bodies were discovered in the
+streets, as many more were estimated to have perished in the Scheld, and
+nearly an equal number were burned or destroyed in other ways.  Eight
+thousand persons undoubtedly were put to death.  Six millions of property
+were destroyed by the fire, and at least as much more was obtained by the
+Spaniards.  In this enormous robbery no class of people was respected.
+Foreign merchants, living under the express sanction and protection of
+the Spanish monarch, were plundered with as little reserve as Flemings.
+Ecclesiastics of the Roman Church were compelled to disgorge their wealth
+as freely as Calvinists.  The rich were made to contribute all their
+abundance, and the poor what could be wrung from their poverty.  Neither
+paupers nor criminals were safe.  Captain Caspar Ortis made a brilliant
+speculation by taking possession of the Stein, or city prison, whence he
+ransomed all the inmates who could find means to pay for their liberty.
+Robbers, murderers, even Anabaptists, were thus again let loose.  Rarely
+has so small a band obtained in three days' robbery so large an amount of
+wealth.  Four or five millions divided among five thousand soldiers made
+up for long arrearages, and the Spaniards had reason to congratulate
+themselves upon having thus taken the duty of payment into their own
+hands.  It is true that the wages of iniquity were somewhat unequally
+distributed, somewhat foolishly squandered.  A private trooper was known
+to lose ten thousand crowns in one day in a gambling transaction at the
+Bourse, for the soldiers, being thus handsomely in funds, became desirous
+of aping the despised and plundered merchants, and resorted daily to the
+Exchange, like men accustomed to affairs.  The dearly purchased gold was
+thus lightly squandered by many, while others, more prudent, melted their
+portion into sword-hilts, into scabbards, even into whole suits of armor,
+darkened, by precaution, to appear made entirely of iron.  The brocades,
+laces, and jewelry of Antwerp merchants were converted into coats of mail
+for their destroyers.  The goldsmiths, however, thus obtained an
+opportunity to outwit their plunderers, and mingled in the golden armor
+which they were forced to furnish much more alloy than their employers
+knew.  A portion of the captured booty was thus surreptitiously redeemed.
+
+In this Spanish Fury many more were massacred in Antwerp than in the
+Saint Bartholomew at Paris.  Almost as many living human beings were
+dashed out of existence now as there had been statues destroyed in the
+memorable image-breaking of Antwerp, ten years before, an event which had
+sent such a thrill of horror through the heart of Catholic Christendom.
+Yet the Netherlanders and the Protestants of Europe may be forgiven, if
+they regarded this massacre of their brethren with as much execration as
+had been bestowed upon that fury against stocks and stones.  At least,
+the image-breakers, had been actuated by an idea, and their hands were
+polluted neither with blood nor rapine.  Perhaps the Spaniards had been.
+governed equally by religious fanaticism.--Might not they believe they
+were meriting well of their Mother Church while they were thus
+disencumbering infidels of their wealth and earth of its infidels?
+Had not the Pope and his cardinals gone to church in solemn procession,
+to render thanks unto God for the massacre of Paris?  Had not cannon
+thundered and beacons blazed to commemorate that auspicious event?
+Why should not the Antwerp executioners claim equal commendation?  Even
+if in their delirium they had confounded friend with foe, Catholic with
+Calvinist, and church property with lay, could they not point to an equal
+number of dead bodies, and to an incredibly superior amount of plunder?
+
+Marvellously few Spaniards were slain in these eventful days.  Two
+hundred killed is the largest number stated.  The discrepancy seems
+monstrous, but it is hardly more than often existed between the losses
+inflicted and sustained by the Spaniards in such combats.  Their prowess
+was equal to their ferocity, and this was enough to make them seem
+endowed with preterhuman powers.  When it is remembered, also, that the
+burghers were insufficiently armed, that many of their defenders turned
+against them, that many thousands fled in the first moments of the
+encounter--and when the effect of a sudden and awful panic is duly
+considered, the discrepancy between the number of killed on the two sides
+will not seem so astonishing.
+
+A few officers of distinction were taken, alive and carried to the
+castle.  Among these were the Seigneur de Capres and young Count Egmont.
+The councillor Jerome de Roda was lounging on a chair in an open gallery
+when these two gentlemen were brought before him, and Capres was base
+enough to make a low obeisance to the man who claimed to represent the
+whole government of his Majesty.  The worthy successor of Vargas replied
+to his captive's greeting by a "kick in his stomach," adding, with a
+brutality which his prototype might have envied, "Ah puto tradidor,--
+whoreson traitor, let me have no salutations from such as you."  Young
+Egmont, who had been captured, fighting bravely at the head of coward
+troops, by Julian Romero, who nine years before had stood on his father's
+scaffold, regarded this brutal scene with haughty indignation.  This
+behaviour had more effect upon Roda than the suppleness of Capres.
+"I am sorry for your misfortune, Count," said the councillor, without
+however rising from his chair; "such is the lot of those who take arms
+against their King."  This was the unfortunate commencement of Philip
+Egmont's career, which was destined to be inglorious, vacillating, base,
+and on more than one occasion unlucky.
+
+A shiver ran through the country as the news of the horrible crime was
+spread, but it was a shiver of indignation, not of fear.  Already the
+negotiations at Ghent between the representatives of the Prince and of
+Holland and Zealand with the deputies of the other provinces were in a
+favorable train, and the effect of this event upon their counsels was
+rather quickening than appalling.  A letter from Jerome de Roda to the
+King was intercepted, giving an account of the transaction.  In that
+document the senator gave the warmest praise to Sancho d'Avila, Julian
+Romero, Alonzo de Vargas, Francis Verdugo, as well as to the German
+colonels Fugger, Frondsberger, Polwiller, and others who had most exerted
+themselves in the massacre.  "I wish your Majesty much good of this
+victory," concluded the councillor, "'tis a very great one, and the
+damage to the city is enormous."  This cynical view was not calculated to
+produce a soothing effect on the exasperated minds of the people.  On the
+other hand, the estates of Brabant addressed an eloquent appeal to the
+states-general, reciting their wrongs, and urging immediate action.
+"'Tis notorious," said the remonstrants, "that Antwerp was but yesterday
+the first and principal ornament of all Europe; the refuge of all the
+nations of the world; the source and supply of countless treasure; the
+nurse of all arts and industry; the protectress of the Roman Catholic
+religion; the guardian of science and virtue; and, above all these
+preeminences; more than faithful and obedient to her sovereign prince and
+lord.  The city is now changed to a gloomy cavern, filled with robbers
+and murderers, enemies of God, the King, and all good subjects."  They
+then proceeded to recite the story of the massacre, whereof the memory
+shall be abominable so long as the world stands, and concluded with an
+urgent appeal for redress.  They particularly suggested that an edict
+should forthwith be passed, forbidding the alienation of property and the
+exportation of goods in any form from Antwerp, together with concession
+of the right to the proprietors of reclaiming their stolen property
+summarily, whenever and wheresoever it might be found.  In accordance
+with these instructions, an edict was passed, but somewhat tardily, in
+the hope of relieving some few of the evil consequences by which the
+Antwerp Fury had been attended.
+
+At about the same time the Prince of Orange addressed a remarkable letter
+to the states-general then assembled at Ghent, urging them to hasten the
+conclusion of the treaty.  The news of the massacre, which furnished an
+additional and most vivid illustration of the truth of his letter, had
+not then reached him at Middelburg, but the earnestness of his views,
+taken in connexion with this last dark deed, exerted a powerful and
+indelible effect.  The letter was a masterpiece, because it was
+necessary, in his position, to inflame without alarming; to stimulate the
+feelings which were in unison, without shocking those which, if aroused,
+might prove discordant.  Without; therefore, alluding in terms to the
+religious question, he dwelt upon the necessity of union, firmness, and
+wariness.  If so much had been done by Holland and Zealand, how much more
+might be hoped when all the provinces were united?  "The principal flower
+of the Spanish army has fallen," he said, "without having been able to
+conquer one of those provinces from those whom they call, in mockery,
+poor beggars; yet what is that handful of cities compared to all the
+provinces which might join us in the quarrel?"  He warned the states of
+the necessity of showing a strong and united front; the King having been
+ever led to consider the movement in the Netherlands a mere conspiracy of
+individuals.  The King told me himself; in 1559," said Orange, "that if
+the estates had no pillars to lean upon, they would not talk so loud."
+It was, therefore, necessary to show that prelates, abbots, monks,
+seigniors, gentlemen, burghers, and peasants, the whole people in short,
+now cried with one voice, and desired with one will.  To such a
+demonstration the King would not dare oppose himself.  By thus preserving
+a firm and united front, sinking all minor differences, they would,
+moreover, inspire their friends and foreign princes with confidence.
+The princes of Germany, the lords and gentlemen of France, the Queen of
+England, although sympathizing with the misfortunes of the Netherlanders,
+had been unable effectually to help them, so long as their disunion
+prevented them from helping themselves; so long as even their appeal
+to arms seemed merely a levy of bucklers, an emotion of the populace,
+which, like a wave of the sea, rises and sinks again as soon as risen."
+
+While thus exciting to union and firmness, he also took great pains to
+instil the necessity of wariness.  They were dealing with an artful foe.
+Intercepted letters had already proved that the old dissimulation was
+still to be employed; that while Don John of Austria was on his way, the
+Netherlanders were to be lulled into confidence by glozing speeches.
+Roda was provided by the King with a secret programme of instructions for
+the new Governor's guidance and Don Sancho d'Avila, for his countenance
+to the mutineers of Alost, had been applauded to the echo in Spain.  Was
+not this applause a frequent indication of the policy to be adopted by
+Don John, and a thousand times more significative one than the unmeaning
+phrases of barren benignity with which public documents might be crammed?
+"The old tricks are again brought into service," said the Prince;
+"therefore 'tis necessary to ascertain your veritable friends, to tear
+off the painted masks from those who, under pretence-of not daring to
+displease the King, are seeking to swim between two waters.  'Tis
+necessary to have a touchstone; to sign a declaration in such wise that
+you may know whom to trust, and whom to suspect."
+
+The massacre at Antwerp and the eloquence of the Prince produced a most
+quickening effect upon the Congress at Ghent.  Their deliberations had
+proceeded with decorum and earnestness, in the midst of the cannonading
+against the citadel, and the fortress fell on the same day which saw the
+conclusion of the treaty.
+
+This important instrument, by which the sacrifices and exertions of the
+Prince were, for a brief season, at least, rewarded, contained twenty-
+five articles.  The Prince of Orange, with the estates of Holland and
+Zealand, on the one side, and the provinces signing, or thereafter to
+sign the treaty, on the other, agreed that there should be a mutual
+forgiving and forgetting, as regarded the past.  They vowed a close and
+faithful friendship for the future.  They plighted a mutual promise to
+expel the Spaniards from the Netherlands without delay.  As soon as this
+great deed should be done, there was to be a convocation of the states-
+general, on the basis of that assembly before which the abdication of the
+Emperor had taken place.  By this congress, the affairs of religion in
+Holland and Zealand should be regulated, as well as the surrender of
+fortresses and other places belonging to his Majesty.  There was to be
+full liberty of communication and traffic between the citizens of the
+one side and the other.  It should not be legal, however, for those of
+Holland and Zealand to attempt anything outside their own territory
+against the Roman Catholic religion, nor for cause hereof to injure or
+irritate any one, by deed or word.  All the placards and edicts on the
+subject of heresy, together with the criminal ordinances made by the Duke
+of Alva, were suspended, until the states-general should otherwise
+ordain.  The Prince was to remain lieutenant, admiral, and general for
+his Majesty in Holland, Zealand, and the associated places, till
+otherwise provided by the states-general; after the departure of the
+Spaniards.  The cities and places included in the Prince's commission,
+but not yet acknowledging his authority, should receive satisfaction from
+him, as to the point of religion and other matters, before subscribing to
+the union.  All prisoners, and particularly the Comte de Bossu, should be
+released without ransom.  All estates and other property not already
+alienated should be restored, all confiscations since 1566 being declared
+null and void.  The Countess Palatine, widow of Brederode, and Count de
+Buren, son of the Prince of Orange, were expressly named in this
+provision.  Prelates and ecclesiastical persons; having property in
+Holland and Zealand, should be reinstated, if possible; but in case of
+alienation, which was likely to be generally the case; there should be
+reasonable compensation.  It was to be decided by the states-general
+whether the provinces should discharge the debts incurred by the Prince
+of Orange in his two campaigns.  Provinces and cities should not have the
+benefit of this union until they had signed the treaty, but they should
+be permitted to sign it when they chose.
+
+This memorable document was subscribed at Ghent, on the 8th of November,
+by Saint Aldegonde, with eight other commissioners appointed by the
+Prince of Orange and the estates of Holland on the one side, and by
+Elbertus Leoninus and other deputies appointed by Brabant, Flanders,
+Artois, Hainault, Valenciennes, Lille, Douay, Orchies, Namur, Tournay,
+Utrecht, and Mechlin on the other side.
+
+The arrangement was a masterpiece of diplomacy on the part of the Prince,
+for it was as effectual a provision for the safety of the Reformed
+religion as could be expected under the circumstances.  It was much,
+considering the change which had been wrought of late years in the
+fifteen provinces, that they should consent to any treaty with their two
+heretic sisters.  It was much more that the Pacification should recognize
+the new religion as the established creed of Holland and Zealand, while
+at the same time the infamous edicts of Charles were formally abolished.
+In the fifteen Catholic provinces, there was to be no prohibition of
+private Reformed worship, and it might be naturally expected that with
+time and the arrival of the banished religionists, a firmer stand would
+be taken in favor of the Reformation.  Meantime, the new religion was
+formally established in two provinces, and tolerated, in secret, in the
+other fifteen; the Inquisition was for ever abolished, and the whole
+strength of the nation enlisted to expel the foreign soldiery from the
+soil.  This was the work of William the Silent, and the great Prince thus
+saw the labor of years crowned with, at least, a momentary success.  His
+satisfaction was very great when it was announced to him, many days
+before the exchange of the signatures, that the treaty had been
+concluded.  He was desirous that the Pacification should be referred for
+approval, not to the municipal magistrates only, but to the people
+itself.  In all great emergencies, the man who, in his whole character,
+least resembled a demagogue, either of antiquity or of modern times, was
+eager for a fresh expression of the popular will.  On this occasion,
+however, the demand for approbation was superfluous.  The whole country
+thought with his thoughts, and spoke with his words, and the
+Pacification, as soon as published, was received with a shout of joy.
+Proclaimed in the marketplace of every city and village, it was ratified,
+not by votes, but by hymns of thanksgiving, by triumphal music,
+by thundering of cannon, and by the blaze of beacons, throughout the
+Netherlands.  Another event added to the satisfaction of the hour.  The
+country so recently, and by deeds of such remarkable audacity, conquered
+by the Spaniards in the north, was recovered almost simultaneously with
+the conclusion of the Ghent treaty.  It was a natural consequence of the
+great mutiny.  The troops having entirely deserted Mondragon, it became
+necessary for that officer to abandon Zierickzee, the city which had been
+won with so much valor.  In the beginning of November, the capital, and
+with it the whole island of Schouwen, together with the rest of Zealand,
+excepting Tholen, was recovered by Count Hohenlo, lieutenant-general of
+the Prince of Orange, and acting according to his instructions.
+
+Thus, on this particular point of time, many great events had been
+crowded.  At the very same moment Zealand had been redeemed, Antwerp
+ruined, and the league of all the Netherlands against the Spaniards
+concluded.  It now became known that another and most important event had
+occurred at the same instant.  On the day before the Antwerp massacre,
+four days before the publication of the Ghent treaty, a foreign cavalier,
+attended by a Moorish slave and by six men-at-arms, rode into the streets
+of Luxemburg.  The cavalier was Don Ottavio Gonzaga, brother of the
+Prince of Melfi.  The Moorish slave was Don John of Austria, the son of
+the Emperor, the conqueror of Granada, the hero of Lepanto.  The new
+Governor-general had traversed Spain and France in disguise with great
+celerity, and in the romantic manner which belonged to his character.
+He stood at last on the threshold of the Netherlands, but with all his
+speed he had arrived a few days too late.
+
+
+
+
+ETEXT EDITOR'S BOOKMARKS:
+
+A common hatred united them, for a time at least
+A most fatal success
+All claimed the privilege of persecuting
+Blessing of God  upon the Devil's work
+Daily widening schism between Lutherans and Calvinists
+Dying at so very inconvenient a moment
+Eight thousand human beings were murdered
+Everything was conceded, but nothing was secured
+Ffanatics of the new religion denounced him as a godless man
+Glory could be put neither into pocket nor stomach
+He would have no Calvinist inquisition set up in its place
+He would have no persecution of the opposite creed
+In character and general talents he was beneath mediocrity
+Indecision did the work of indolence
+Insinuate that his orders had been hitherto misunderstood
+King set a price upon his head as a rebel
+No man could reveal secrets which he did not know
+Of high rank but of lamentably low capacity
+Pope excommunicated him as a heretic
+Preventing wrong, or violence, even towards an enemy
+They could not invent or imagine toleration
+Unmeaning phrases of barren benignity
+
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DUTCH REPUBLIC, 1576 ***
+
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