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diff --git a/48-0.txt b/48-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2c27db2 --- /dev/null +++ b/48-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,64896 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 48 *** + + + + +The Project Gutenberg Edition of THE CIA WORLD FACTBOOK 1992: January 1, 1993 + +This edition, as are all Project Gutenberg Editions, is Plain Vanilla ASCII, +meaning there are no characters other than what you would see on paper, thus +no page returns, no markup, nothing but the characters you would type if you +were to copy this from a book on a typewriter. Repetitive paged headers and +trailing spaces are not present. Leading spaces have been preserved in fact +sections for readability. + +Mail subject headers can be searched with leading :'s. . .such as: + +:Afghanistan Geography +:Afghanistan People +:Afghanistan Government +:Afghanistan Government +:Afghanistan Economy +:Afghanistan Economy +:Afghanistan Communications +:Afghanistan Defense Forces + +To find the beginning of any country, search for :country +To find internal information, search for :country section, as above. + + +THE CIA WORLD FACTBOOK 1992 + + +:Afghanistan Geography + +Total area: + 647,500 km2 +Land area: + 647,500 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Texas +Land boundaries: + 5,529 km total; China 76 km, Iran 936 km, Pakistan 2,430 km, Tajikistan + 1,206 km, Turkmenistan 744 km, Uzbekistan 137 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + Pashtunistan issue over the North-West Frontier Province with Pakistan; + periodic disputes with Iran over Helmand water rights; Pakistan, Saudi + Arabia, and Iran continue to support clients in country; power struggles + among various groups for control of Kabul, regional rivalries among emerging + warlords, and traditional tribal disputes continue +Climate: + arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers +Terrain: + mostly rugged mountains; plains in north and southwest +Natural resources: + natural gas, crude oil, coal, copper, talc, barites, sulphur, lead, zinc, + iron ore, salt, precious and semiprecious stones +Land use: + arable land 12%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 46%; forest and + woodland 3%; other 39%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains; soil degradation, + desertification, overgrazing, deforestation, pollution +Note: + landlocked + +:Afghanistan People + +Population: + US Bureau of the Census - 16,095,664 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) + and excludes 3,750,796 refugees in Pakistan and 1,607,281 refugees in Iran; + note - another report indicates a July 1990 population of 16,904,904, + including 3,271,580 refugees in Pakistan and 1,277,700 refugees in Iran +Birth rate: + 44 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 20 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992); note - there are flows across the border + in both directions, but data are fragmentary and unreliable +Infant mortality rate: + 162 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 45 years male, 43 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Afghan(s); adjective - Afghan +Ethnic divisions: + Pashtun 38%, Tajik 25%, Uzbek 6%, Hazara 19%; minor ethnic groups include + Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others +Religions: + Sunni Muslim 84%, Shi`a Muslim 15%, other 1% +Languages: + Pashtu 35%, Afghan Persian (Dari) 50%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and + Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%; much + bilingualism +Literacy: + 29% (male 44%, female 14%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 4,980,000; agriculture and animal husbandry 67.8%, industry 10.2%, + construction 6.3%, commerce 5.0%, services and other 10.7%, (1980 est.) +Organized labor: + some small government-controlled unions existed under the former regime but + probably now have disbanded + +:Afghanistan Government + +Long-form name: + Islamic State of Afghanistan +Type: + transitional +Capital: + Kabul +Administrative divisions: + 30 provinces (velayat, singular - velayat); Badakhshan, Badghis, Baghlan, + Balkh, Bamian, Farah, Faryab, Ghazni, Ghowr, Helmand, Herat, Jowzjan, Kabol, + Kandahar, Kapisa, Konar, Kondoz, Laghman, Lowgar, Nangarhar, Nimruz, + Oruzgan, Paktia, Paktika, Parvan, Samangan, Sar-e Pol, Takhar, Vardak, + Zabol; note - there may be a new province of Nurestan (Nuristan) +Independence: + 19 August 1919 (from UK) +Constitution: + the old Communist-era constitution probably will be replaced with an Islamic + constitution +Legal system: + a new legal system has not been adopted but the transitional government has + declared it will follow Islamic law (Shari`a) +National holiday: + 28 April, Victory of the Muslim Nation; 4 May, Remembrance Day for Martyrs + and Disabled; 19 August, Independence Day +Executive branch: + a 51-member transitional council headed by Sibghatullah MOJADDEDI rules + Kabul; this body is to turn over power to a leadership council, which will + function as the government and organize elections; Burhanuddin RABBANI will + serve as interim President +Legislative branch: + previous bicameral legislature has been abolished +Judicial branch: + an interim Chief Justice of the Supreme Court has been appointed, but a new + court system has not yet been organized +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + Interim President Burhanuddin RABBANI; First Vice President Abdul Wahed + SORABI (since 7 January 1991); Prime Minister Fazil Haq KHALIQYAR (since 21 + May 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + the former resistance parties represent the only current political + organizations and include Jamiat-i-Islami (Islamic Society), Burhanuddin + RABBANI; Hizbi Islami-Gulbuddin (Islamic Party), Gulbuddin Hikmatyar + Faction; Hizbi Islami-Khalis (Islamic Party) Yunis Khalis Faction; + Ittihad-i-Islami Barai Azadi Afghanistan (Islamic Union for the Liberation + of Afghanistan), Abdul Rasul SAYYAF; Harakat-Inqilab-i-Islami (Islamic + Revolutionary Movement), Mohammad Nabi MOHAMMADI; Jabha-i-Najat-i-Milli + Afghanistan (Afghanistan National Liberation Front), Sibghatullah MOJADDEDI; + Mahaz-i-Milli-Islami (National Islamic Front), Sayed Ahamad GAILANI; + Jonbesh-i-Milli Islami (National Islamic Movement), Ahmad Shah MASOOD and + Rashid DOSTAM; Hizbi Wahdat (Islamic Unity Party), and a number of minor + resistance parties; the former ruling Watan Party has been disbanded +Suffrage: + undetermined; previously universal, male ages 15-50 +Elections: + the transition government has promised elections in October 1992 +Communists: + the former ruling Watan (Homeland) Party has been disbanded + +:Afghanistan Government + +Other political or pressure groups: + the former resistance commanders are the major power brokers in the + countryside; shuras (councils) of commanders are now administering most + cities outside Kabul; ulema (religious scholars); tribal elders +Member of: + Has previously been a member of AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, + UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO; note - the new + government has not yet announced whether it will continue to be a member of + these bodies; the former resistance government in exile (Afghan Interim + Government) was given membership in the OIC in 1989 +Diplomatic representation: + previous Minister-Counselor, Charge d'Affaires Abdul Ghafur JOUSHAN; + Chancery at 2341 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) + 234-3770 or 3771; a new representative has not yet been named + US: + Charge d'Affaires (vacant); Embassy at Ansari Wat, Wazir Akbar Khan Mina, + Kabul; telephone 62230 through 62235 or 62436; note - US Embassy in Kabul + was closed in January 1989 +Flag: + a new flag of unknown description reportedly has been adopted; previous flag + consisted of three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green, + with the national coat of arms superimposed on the hoist side of the black + and red bands; similar to the flag of Malawi, which is shorter and bears a + radiant, rising red sun centered in the black band + +:Afghanistan Economy + +Overview: + Fundamentally, Afghanistan is an extremely poor, landlocked country, highly + dependent on farming (wheat especially) and livestock raising (sheep and + goats). Economic considerations, however, have played second fiddle to + political and military upheavals during more than 13 years of war, including + the nearly 10-year Soviet military occupation (which ended 15 February + 1989). Over the past decade, one-third of the population fled the country, + with Pakistan sheltering more than 3 million refugees and Iran about 1.3 + million. Another 1 million probably moved into and around urban areas within + Afghanistan. Although reliable data are unavailable, gross domestic product + is lower than 12 years ago because of the loss of labor and capital and the + disruption of trade and transport. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $3 billion, per capita $200; real growth rate 0% + (1989 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + over 90% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues NA; expenditures NA, including capital expenditures of NA +Exports: + $236 million (f.o.b., FY91 est.) + commodities: + natural gas 55%, fruits and nuts 24%, handwoven carpets, wool, cotton, + hides, and pelts + partners: + mostly former USSR +Imports: + $874 million (c.i.f., FY91 est.) + commodities: + food and petroleum products + partners: + mostly former USSR +External debt: + $2.3 billion (March 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 2.3% (FY91 est.); accounts for about 25% of GDP +Electricity: + 480,000 kW capacity; 1,450 million kWh produced, 90 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + small-scale production of textiles, soap, furniture, shoes, fertilizer, and + cement; handwoven carpets; natural gas, oil, coal, copper +Agriculture: + largely subsistence farming and nomadic animal husbandry; cash products - + wheat, fruits, nuts, karakul pelts, wool, mutton +Illicit drugs: + an illicit producer of opium poppy and cannabis for the international drug + trade; world's second-largest opium producer (after Burma) and a major + source of hashish +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $380 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $510 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $57 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $4.1 + billion; net official Western disbursements (1985-89), $270 million +Currency: + afghani (plural - afghanis); 1 afghani (Af) = 100 puls + +:Afghanistan Economy + +Exchange rates: + afghanis (Af) per US$1 - 550 (May 1992, free market exchange rate), 900 + (free market exchange rate as of November 1991), 850 (1991), 700 (1989-90), + 220 (1988-89); note - these rates reflect the bazaar rates rather than the + official exchange rates +Fiscal year: + 21 March - 20 March + +:Afghanistan Communications + +Railroads: + 9.6 km (single track) 1.524-meter gauge from Kushka (Turkmenistan) to + Towraghondi and 15.0 km from Termez (Uzbekistan) to Kheyrabad transshipment + point on south bank of Amu Darya +Highways: + 21,000 km total (1984); 2,800 km hard surface, 1,650 km bituminous-treated + gravel and improved earth, 16,550 km unimproved earth and tracks +Inland waterways: + total navigability 1,200 km; chiefly Amu Darya, which handles steamers up to + about 500 metric tons +Pipelines: + petroleum products - former USSR to Bagram and former USSR to Shindand; + natural gas 180 km +Ports: + Shir Khan and Kheyrabad (river ports) +Civil air: + 2 Tu-154, 2 Boeing 727, 4 Yak-40, assorted smaller transports +Airports: + 41 total, 37 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 18 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + limited telephone, telegraph, and radiobroadcast services; television + introduced in 1980; 31,200 telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, no FM, 1 + TV; 1 satellite earth station + +:Afghanistan Defense Forces + +Branches: + the military currently is being reorganized by the new government and does + not yet exist on a national scale; some elements of the former Army, Air and + Air Defense Forces, National Guard, Border Guard Forces, National Police + Force (Sarandoi), and Tribal Militias remain intact and are supporting the + new government; the government has asked all military personnel to return to + their stations; a large number of former resistance groups also field + irregular military forces; the Ministry of State Security (WAD) has been + disbanded +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 3,989,232; 2,139,771 fit for military service; 150,572 reach + military age (22) annually +Defense expenditures: + the new government has not yet adopted a defense budget + +:Albania Geography + +Total area: + 28,750 km2 +Land area: + 27,400 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Maryland +Land boundaries: + 720 km total; Greece 282 km, Macedonia 151 km, Serbia and Montenegro 287 km + (114 km with Serbia, 173 km with Montenegro) +Coastline: + 362 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + not specified + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Kosovo question with Serbia and Montenegro; Northern Epirus question with + Greece +Climate: + mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior + is cooler and wetter +Terrain: + mostly mountains and hills; small plains along coast +Natural resources: + crude oil, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, timber, nickel +Land use: + arable land 21%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 15%; forest and + woodland 38%; other 22%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + subject to destructive earthquakes; tsunami occur along southwestern coast +Note: + strategic location along Strait of Otranto (links Adriatic Sea to Ionian Sea + and Mediterranean Sea) + +:Albania People + +Population: + 3,285,224 (July 1992), growth rate 1.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 23 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + --6 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 27 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 71 years male, 78 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Albanian(s); adjective - Albanian +Ethnic divisions: + Albanian 90%, Greeks 8%, other 2% (Vlachs, Gypsies, Serbs, and Bulgarians) + (1989 est.) +Religions: + all mosques and churches were closed in 1967 and religious observances + prohibited; in November 1990, Albania began allowing private religious + practice; estimates of religious affiliation - Muslim 70%, Greek Orthodox + 20%, Roman Catholic 10% +Languages: + Albanian (Tosk is official dialect), Greek +Literacy: + 72% (male 80%, female 63%) age 9 and over can read and write (1955) +Labor force: + 1,500,000 (1987); agriculture about 60%, industry and commerce 40% (1986) +Organized labor: + Independent Trade Union Federation of Albania; Confederation of Trade Unions + +:Albania Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Albania +Type: + nascent democracy +Capital: + Tirane +Administrative divisions: + 26 districts (rrethe, singular - rreth); Berat, Dibre, Durres, Elbasan, + Fier, Gjirokaster, Gramsh, Kolonje, Kore, Kruje, Kukes, Lezhe, Librazhd, + Lushnje, Mat, Mirdite, Permet, Pogradec, Puke, Sarande, Shkoder, Skrapar, + Tepelene, Tirane, Tropoje, Vlore +Independence: + 28 November 1912 (from Ottoman Empire); People's Socialist Republic of + Albania declared 11 January 1946 +Constitution: + an interim basic law was approved by the People's Assembly on 29 April 1991; + a new constitution is to be drafted for adoption in 1992 +Legal system: + has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Liberation Day, 29 November (1944) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister of the Council of Ministers, two deputy prime + ministers of the Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral People's Assembly (Kuvendi Popullor) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President of the Republic Sali BERISHA (since 9 April 1992) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister of the Council of Ministers Aleksander MEKSI (since 10 April + 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + there are at least 18 political parties; most prominent are the Albanian + Socialist Party (ASP), Fatos NANO, first secretary; Democratic Party (DP), + Eduard SELAMI, chairman; Albanian Republican Party (RP), Sabri GODO; Omonia + (Greek minority party), leader NA (ran in 1992 election as Unity for Human + Rights Party (UHP)); Social Democratic Party (SDP), Skender GJINUSHI; note - + in December 1990 then President ALIA allowed new political parties to be + formed in addition to the then AWP for the first time since 1944 +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 18 +Elections: + People's Assembly: + last held 22 March 1992; results - DP 62.29%, ASP 25.57%, SDP 4.33%, RP + 3.15%, UHP 2.92%, other 1.74%; seats - (140 total) DP 92, ASP 38, SDP 7, RP + 1, UHP 2 +Member of: + CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, OIC, + UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Minister-Counselor, Charge d'Affaires ad interim (30 April 1991) Sazan Hyda + BEJO; chancery (temporary) at 320 East 79th Street, New York, NY 10021; + telephone (212) 249-2059 + US: + Ambassador (vacant); Embassy at Rruga Labinoti 103, room 2921, Tirane + (mailing address is APO AE 09624); telephone 355-42-32875; FAX 355-42-32222 + +:Albania Government + +Flag: + red with a black two-headed eagle in the center + +:Albania Economy + +Overview: + The Albanian economy, already providing the lowest standard of living in + Europe, contracted sharply in 1991, with most industries producing at only a + fraction of past levels and an unemployment rate estimated at 40%. For over + 40 years, the Stalinist-type economy has operated on the principle of + central planning and state ownership of the means of production. Albania + began fitful economic reforms during 1991, including the liberalization of + prices and trade, the privatization of shops and transport, and land reform. + These reform measures were crippled, however, by the widespread civil + disorder that accompanied the collapse of the Communist state. Following + their overwhelming victory in the 22 March 1991 elections, the new + Democratic government announced a program of shock therapy to stabilize the + economy and establish a market economy. In an effort to expand international + ties, Tirane has reestablished diplomatic relations with the former Soviet + Union and the US and has joined the IMF and World Bank. The Albanians have + also passed legislation allowing foreign investment. Albania possesses + considerable mineral resources and, until 1990, was largely self-sufficient + in food; however, the breakup of cooperative farms in 1991 and general + economic decline forced Albania to rely on foreign aid to maintain adequate + supplies. Available statistics on Albanian economic activity are rudimentary + and subject to an especially wide margin of error. +GNP: + purchasing power equivalent - $2.7 billion, per capita $820; real growth + rate --35% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 100% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 40% (1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $1.1 billion; expenditures $1.4 billion, including capital + expenditures of $70 million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $80 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + asphalt, petroleum products, metals and metallic ores, electricity, crude + oil, vegetables, fruits, tobacco + partners: + Italy, Yugoslavia, Germany, Greece, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, + Bulgaria, Hungary +Imports: + $147 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + machinery, machine tools, iron and steel products, textiles, chemicals, + pharmaceuticals + partners: + Italy, Yugoslavia, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland, Hungary, + Bulgaria +External debt: + $500 million (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate --55% (1991 est.) +Electricity: + 1,690,000 kW capacity; 5,000 million kWh produced, 1,530 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + food processing, textiles and clothing, lumber, oil, cement, chemicals, + basic metals, hydropower + +:Albania Economy + +Agriculture: + arable land per capita among lowest in Europe; over 60% of arable land now + in private hands; one-half of work force engaged in farming; wide range of + temperate-zone crops and livestock; severe dislocations suffered in 1991 +Economic aid: + $190 million humanitarian aid, $94 million in loans/guarantees/credits +Currency: + lek (plural - leke); 1 lek (L) = 100 qintars +Exchange rates: + leke (L) per US$1 - 50 (January 1992), 25 (September 1991) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Albania Communications + +Railroads: + 543 km total; 509 1.435-meter standard gauge, single track and 34 km narrow + gauge, single track (1990); line connecting Titograd (Serbia and Montenegro) + and Shkoder (Albania) completed August 1986 +Highways: + 16,700 km total; 6,700 km highways, 10,000 km forest and agricultural cart + roads (1990) +Inland waterways: + 43 km plus Albanian sections of Lake Scutari, Lake Ohrid, and Lake Prespa + (1990) +Pipelines: + crude oil 145 km; petroleum products 55 km; natural gas 64 km (1988) +Ports: + Durres, Sarande, Vlore +Merchant marine: + 11 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 52,886 GRT/76,449 DWT +Airports: + 12 total, 10 usable; more than 5 with permanent-surface runways; more than 5 + with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + inadequate service; 15,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 13 AM, 1 TV; + 514,000 radios, 255,000 TVs (1987 est.) + +:Albania Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Coastal Defense Command, Air and Air Defense Forces, Interior Ministry + Troops, Border Troops +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 886,032; 731,072 fit for military service; 33,028 reach + military age (19) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - 1.0 billion leks, NA% of GNP (FY90); note - + conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current + exchange rate could produce misleading results + +:Algeria Geography + +Total area: + 2,381,740 km2 +Land area: + 2,381,740 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Texas +Land boundaries: + 6,343 km total; Libya 982 km, Mali 1,376 km, Mauritania 463 km, Morocco + 1,559 km, Niger 956 km, Tunisia 965 km, Western Sahara 42 km +Coastline: + 998 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Libya claims about 19,400 km2 in southeastern Algeria; land boundary + disputes with Tunisia under discussion +Climate: + arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier + with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, + dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer +Terrain: + mostly high plateau and desert; some mountains; narrow, discontinuous + coastal plain +Natural resources: + crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, uranium, lead, zinc +Land use: + arable land 3%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 13%; forest and + woodland 2%; other 82%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; desertification +Note: + second-largest country in Africa (after Sudan) + +:Algeria People + +Population: + 26,666,921 (July 1992), growth rate 2.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 31 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 56 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 66 years male, 68 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Algerian(s); adjective - Algerian +Ethnic divisions: + Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1% +Religions: + Sunni Muslim (state religion) 99%, Christian and Jewish 1% +Languages: + Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects +Literacy: + 50% (male 63%, female 36%) age 15 and over can read and write (1987) +Labor force: + 3,700,000; industry and commerce 40%, agriculture 24%, government 17%, + services 10% (1984) +Organized labor: + 16-19% of labor force claimed; General Union of Algerian Workers (UGTA) is + the only labor organization and is subordinate to the National Liberation + Front + +:Algeria Government + +Long-form name: + Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria +Type: + republic +Capital: + Algiers +Administrative divisions: + 48 provinces (wilayast, singular - wilaya); Adrar, Ain Defla, Ain + Temouchent, Alger, Annaba, Batna, Bechar, Bejaia, Biskra, Blida, Bordj Bou + Arreridj, Bouira, Boumerdes, Chlef, Constantine, Djelfa, El Bayadh, El Oued, + El Tarf, Ghardaia, Guelma, Illizi, Jijel, Khenchela, Laghouat, Mascara, + Medea, Mila, Mostaganem, M'Sila, Naama, Oran, Ouargla, Oum el Bouaghi, + Relizane, Saida, Setif, Sidi Bel Abbes, Skikda, Souk Ahras, Tamanghasset, + Tebessa, Tiaret, Tindouf, Tipaza, Tissemsilt, Tizi Ouzou, Tlemcen +Independence: + 5 July 1962 (from France) +Constitution: + 19 November 1976, effective 22 November 1976; revised February 1989 +Legal system: + socialist, based on French and Islamic law; judicial review of legislative + acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of various public officials, + including several Supreme Court justices; has not accepted compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Revolution, 1 November (1954) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National People's Assembly (Al-Majlis Ech-Chaabi Al-Watani) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Mohamed BOUDIAF; assassinated 29 June 1992 + Head of Government: + Interim Prime Minister Sid Ahmed GHOZALI (since 6 June 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + National Liberation Front (FLN); Socialist Forces Front (FFS), Hocine Ait + AHMED, Secretary General; the government established a multiparty system in + September 1989, and, as of 31 December 1990, over 30 legal parties existed +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + National People's Assembly: + first round held on 26 December 1991 (second round canceled by the military + after President BENJEDID resigned 11 January 1992); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (281 total); the fundamentalist FIS won 188 of the + 231 seats contested in the first round; note - elections (municipal and + wilaya) were held in June 1990, the first in Algerian history; results - FIS + 55%, FLN 27.5%, other 17.5%, with 65% of the voters participating + President: + next election to be held December 1993 +Communists: + 400 (est.); Communist party banned 1962 +Member of: + ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, + IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, + IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OAU, OIC, OPEC, UN, + UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO + +:Algeria Government + +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Abderrahmane BENSID; Chancery at 2118 Kalorama Road NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-2800 + US: + Ambassador Mary Ann CASEY; Embassy at 4 Chemin Cheich Bachir El-Ibrahimi, + Algiers (mailing address is B. P. Box 549, Alger-Gare, 16000 Algiers); + telephone [213] (2) 601-425 or 255, 186; FAX [213] (2) 603979; there is a US + Consulate in Oran +Flag: + two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white with a red + five-pointed star within a red crescent; the crescent, star, and color green + are traditional symbols of Islam (the state religion) + +:Algeria Economy + +Overview: + The oil and natural gas sector forms the backbone of the economy. Algeria + depends on hydrocarbons for nearly all of its export receipts, about 30% of + government revenues, and nearly 25% of GDP. In 1973-74 the sharp increase in + oil prices led to a booming economy and helped to finance an ambitious + program of industrialization. Plunging oil and gas prices, combined with the + mismanagement of Algeria's highly centralized economy, has brought the + nation to its most serious social and economic crisis since independence in + 1988. The government has promised far-reaching reforms, including + privatization of some public- sector companies, encouraging private-sector + activity, boosting gas and nonhydrocarbon exports, and proposing a major + overhaul of the banking and financial systems, but to date it has made only + limited progress. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $54 billion, per capita $2,130; real growth rate + 2.5% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 30% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 30% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $16.7 billion; expenditures $17.3 billion, including capital + expenditures of $6.6 billion (1990 est.) +Exports: + $11.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + petroleum and natural gas 97% + partners: + Netherlands, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Italy, France, US +Imports: + $9 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + capital goods 29%, consumer goods 30% + partners: + France 25%, Italy 8%, FRG 8%, US 6-7% +External debt: + $26.4 billion +Industrial production: + growth rate --3% (1989 est.); accounts for 30% of GDP, including petroleum +Electricity: + 6,380,000 kW capacity; 16,700 million kWh produced, 640 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + petroleum, light industries, natural gas, mining, electrical, petrochemical, + food processing +Agriculture: + accounts for 11% of GDP and employs 24% of labor force; net importer of food + - grain, vegetable oil, and sugar; farm production includes wheat, barley, + oats, grapes, olives, citrus, fruits, sheep, and cattle +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-85), $1.4 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $925 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $1.8 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.7 + billion; net official disbursements (1985-89), --$375 million +Currency: + Algerian dinar (plural - dinars); 1 Algerian dinar (DA) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Algerian dinars (DA) per US$1 - 21.862 (January 1992), 18.473 (1991), 8.958 + (1990), 7.6086 (1989), 5.9148 (1988), 4.8497 (1987) + +:Algeria Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Algeria Communications + +Railroads: + 4,060 km total; 2,616 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 1,188 km 1.055-meter + gauge, 256 km 1.000-meter gauge; 300 km electrified; 215 km double track +Highways: + 80,000 km total; 60,000 km concrete or bituminous, 20,000 km gravel, crushed + stone, unimproved earth +Pipelines: + crude oil 6,612 km; petroleum products 298 km; natural gas 2,948 km +Ports: + Algiers, Annaba, Arzew, Bejaia, Djendjene, Ghazaouet, Jijel, Mers el Kebir, + Mostaganem, Oran, Skikda +Merchant marine: + 75 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 903,179 GRT/1,064,246 DWT; includes 5 + short-sea passenger, 27 cargo, 12 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 5 petroleum + tanker, 9 liquefied gas, 7 chemical tanker, 9 bulk, 1 specialized tanker +Civil air: + 42 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 141 total, 124 usable; 53 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways + over 3,659 m; 32 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 65 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + excellent domestic and international service in the north, sparse in the + south; 822,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 26 AM, no FM, 18 TV; + 1,600,000 TV sets; 5,200,000 radios; 5 submarine cables; radio relay to + Italy, France, Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia; coaxial cable to Morocco and + Tunisia; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian + Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Intersputnik, l ARABSAT, and 15 domestic + +:Algeria Defense Forces + +Branches: + National Popular Army, Navy, Air Force, Territorial Air Defense, National + Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 6,386,157; 3,928,029 fit for military service; 283,068 reach + military age (19) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $867 million, approximately 1.8% of GDP (1992) + +:American Samoa Geography + +Total area: + 199 km2 +Land area: + 199 km2; includes Rose Island and Swains Island +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 116 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds; annual rainfall + averages 124 inches; rainy season from November to April, dry season from + May to October; little seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + five volcanic islands with rugged peaks and limited coastal plains, two + coral atolls +Natural resources: + pumice and pumicite +Land use: + arable land 10%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 75%; other 10% +Environment: + typhoons common from December to March +Note: + Pago Pago has one of the best natural deepwater harbors in the South Pacific + Ocean, sheltered by shape from rough seas and protected by peripheral + mountains from high winds; strategic location about 3,700 km south-southwest + of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean about halfway between Hawaii and New + Zealand + +:American Samoa People + +Population: + 51,115 (July 1992), growth rate 3.9% (1992); about 65,000 American Samoans + live in the states of California and Washington and 20,000 in Hawaii +Birth rate: + 37 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 4 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 6 immigrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 19 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 71 years male, 75 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - American Samoan(s); adjective - American Samoan; US, noncitizen + nationals +Ethnic divisions: + Samoan (Polynesian) 90%, Caucasian 2%, Tongan 2%, other 6% +Religions: + Christian Congregationalist 50%, Roman Catholic 20%, Protestant + denominations and other 30% +Languages: + Samoan (closely related to Hawaiian and other Polynesian languages) and + English; most people are bilingual +Literacy: + 97% (male 97%, female 97%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) +Labor force: + 14,400 (1990); government 48%, tuna canneries 33%, other 19% (1986 est.) +Organized labor: + NA + +:American Samoa Government + +Long-form name: + Territory of American Samoa +Type: + unincorporated and unorganized territory of the US; + administered by the US Department of Interior, Office of Territorial and + International Affairs; indigenous inhabitants are US nationals, not citizens + of the US +Capital: + Pago Pago +Administrative divisions: + none (territory of the US) +Independence: + none (territory of the US) +Constitution: + ratified 1966, in effect 1967; note - a comprehensive revision is awaiting + ratification by the US Congress (1992) +National holiday: + Territorial Flag Day, 17 April (1900) +Executive branch: + popularly elected governor and lieutenant governor +Legislative branch: + bicameral Legislative Assembly (Fono) consists of an upper house or Senate + and a lower house or House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + High Court, district courts, and village courts +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); Vice President Dan QUAYLE + (since 20 January 1989) + Head of Government: + Governor Peter Tali COLEMAN (since 20 January 1989); Lieutenant Governor + Galea'i POUMELE (since NA 1989) +Suffrage: + universal at age 18; indigenous inhabitants are US nationals, not US + citizens +Elections: + Governor: + last held 7 November 1988 (next to be held November 1992); results - Peter + T. COLEMAN was elected (percent of vote NA) + House of Representatives: + last held November 1990 (next to be held November 1992); results - + representatives popularly elected from 17 house districts; seats - (21 + total, 20 elected, and 1 nonvoting delegate from Swain's Island) + Senate: + last held 7 November 1988 (next to be held November 1992); results - + senators elected by county councils from 12 senate districts; seats - (18 + total) number of seats by party NA + US House of Representatives: + last held 19 November 1990 (next to be held November 1992); results - Eni R. + F. H. FALEOMAVAEGA reelected as a nonvoting delegate +Member of: + ESCAP, IOC, SPC +Diplomatic representation: + none (territory of the US) +Flag: + blue with a white triangle edged in red that is based on the fly side and + extends to the hoist side; a brown and white American bald eagle flying + toward the hoist side is carrying two traditional Samoan symbols of + authority, a staff and a war club + +:American Samoa Economy + +Overview: + Economic development is strongly linked to the US, with which American Samoa + does nearly 90% of its foreign trade. Tuna fishing and tuna processing + plants are the backbone of the private-sector economy, with canned tuna the + primary export. The tuna canneries and the government are by far the two + largest employers. Other economic activities include a slowly developing + tourist industry. +GNP: + purchasing power equivalent - $128 million, per capita $2,500; real growth + rate NA% (1990) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.3% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + 12% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $126,394,000 (consisting of $46,441,000 local revenue and + $79,953,000 grant revenue); including capital expenditures of $NA million + (1990) +Exports: + $307 million (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + canned tuna 93% + partners: + US 99.6% +Imports: + $377.9 million (c.i.f., 1989) + commodities: + materials for canneries 56%, food 8%, petroleum 7%, machinery and parts 6% + partners: + US 72%, Japan 7%, NZ 7%, Australia 5%, other 9% +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 42,000 kW capacity; 85 million kWh produced, 2,020 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + tuna canneries (largely dependent on foreign supplies of raw tuna), meat + canning, handicrafts +Agriculture: + bananas, coconuts, vegetables, taro, breadfruit, yams, copra, pineapples, + papayas, dairy farming +Economic aid: + $21,042,650 in operational funds and $5,948,931 in construction funds for + capital improvement projects from the US Department of Interior (1991) +Currency: + US currency is used +Exchange rates: + US currency is used +Fiscal year: + 1 October - 30 September + +:American Samoa Communications + +Railroads: + none +Highways: + 350 km total; 150 km paved, 200 km unpaved +Ports: + Pago Pago, Ta'u +Airports: + 4 total, 4 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440 to 3,659 m (international airport at Tafuna, + near Pago Pago); small airstrips on Ta'u and Ofu +Telecommunications: + 6,500 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; good telex, + telegraph, and facsimile services; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station, 1 + COMSAT earth station + +:American Samoa Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +:Andorra Geography + +Total area: + 450 km2 +Land area: + 450 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 125 km total; France 60 km, Spain 65 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate; snowy, cold winters and cool, dry summers +Terrain: + rugged mountains dissected by narrow valleys +Natural resources: + hydropower, mineral water, timber, iron ore, lead +Land use: + arable land 2%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 56%; forest and + woodland 22%; other 20% +Environment: + deforestation, overgrazing +Note: + landlocked + +:Andorra People + +Population: + 54,428 (July 1992), growth rate 2.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + 11 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 4 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 15 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 74 years male, 81 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Andorran(s); adjective - Andorran +Ethnic divisions: + Catalan stock; Spanish 61%, Andorran 30%, French 6%, other 3% +Religions: + virtually all Roman Catholic +Languages: + Catalan (official); many also speak some French and Castilian +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + NA +Organized labor: + none + +:Andorra Government + +Long-form name: + Principality of Andorra +Type: + unique coprincipality under formal sovereignty of president of France and + Spanish bishop of Seo de Urgel, who are represented locally by officials + called veguers +Capital: + Andorra la Vella +Administrative divisions: + 7 parishes (parroquies, singular - parroquia); Andorra, Canillo, Encamp, La + Massana, Les Escaldes, Ordino, Sant Julia de Loria +Independence: + 1278 +Constitution: + none; some pareatges and decrees, mostly custom and usage +Legal system: + based on French and Spanish civil codes; no judicial review of legislative + acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Mare de Deu de Meritxell, 8 September +Executive branch: + two co-princes (president of France, bishop of Seo de Urgel in Spain), two + designated representatives (French veguer, Episcopal veguer), two permanent + delegates (French prefect for the department of Pyrenees-Orientales, Spanish + vicar general for the Seo de Urgel diocese), president of government, + Executive Council +Legislative branch: + unicameral General Council of the Valleys (Consell General de las Valls) +Judicial branch: + civil cases - Supreme Court of Andorra at Perpignan (France) or the + Ecclesiastical Court of the bishop of Seo de Urgel (Spain); criminal cases - + Tribunal of the Courts (Tribunal des Cortes) +Leaders: + Chiefs of State: + French Co-Prince Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981), represented by + Veguer de Franca Jean Pierre COURTOIS; Spanish Episcopal Co-Prince Mgr. Joan + MARTI y Alanis (since 31 January 1971), represented by Veguer Episcopal + Francesc BADIA Batalla + Head of Government: + Oscar RIBAS Reig (since January 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + political parties not yet legally recognized; traditionally no political + parties but partisans for particular independent candidates for the General + Council on the basis of competence, personality, and orientation toward + Spain or France; various small pressure groups developed in 1972; first + formal political party, Andorran Democratic Association, was formed in 1976 + and reorganized in 1979 as Andorran Democratic Party +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + General Council of the Valleys: + last held 11 December 1989 (next to be held December 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (28 total) number of seats by party NA +Member of: + INTERPOL, IOC +Diplomatic representation: + Andorra has no mission in the US + +:Andorra Government + + US: + includes Andorra within the Barcelona (Spain) Consular District, and the US + Consul General visits Andorra periodically; Consul General Carolee HEILEMAN; + Consulate General at Via Layetana 33, 08003 Barcelona (mailing address APO + AE 09646); telephone [34] (3) 319-9550 +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red with the + national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the coat of arms features + a quartered shield; similar to the flags of Chad and Romania that do not + have a national coat of arms in the center + +:Andorra Economy + +Overview: + The mainstay of Andorra's economy is tourism. An estimated 13 million + tourists visit annually, attracted by Andorra's duty-free status and by its + summer and winter resorts. Agricultural production is limited by a scarcity + of arable land, and most food has to be imported. The principal livestock + activity is sheep raising. Manufacturing consists mainly of cigarettes, + cigars, and furniture. The rapid pace of European economic integration is a + potential threat to Andorra's advantages from its duty-free status. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $727 million, per capita $14,000; real growth + rate NA% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + none +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $0.017 million (f.o.b., 1986) + commodities: + electricity + partners: + France, Spain +Imports: + $531 million (f.o.b., 1986) + commodities: + consumer goods, food + partners: + France, Spain +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 35,000 kW capacity; 140 million kWh produced, 2,800 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + tourism (particularly skiing), sheep, timber, tobacco, banking +Agriculture: + sheep raising; small quantities of tobacco, rye, wheat, barley, oats, and + some vegetables +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + French franc (plural - francs) and Spanish peseta (plural - pesetas); 1 + French franc (F) = 100 centimes and 1 Spanish peseta (Pta) = 100 centimos +Exchange rates: + French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.3801 January (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 + (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987); Spanish pesetas (Ptas) + per US$1 - 100.02 (January 1992), 103.91 (1991), 101.93 (1990), 118.38 + (1989), 116.49 (1988), 123.48 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Andorra Communications + +Highways: + 96 km +Telecommunications: + international digital microwave network; international landline circuits to + France and Spain; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 17,700 telephones + +:Andorra Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France and Spain + +:Angola Geography + +Total area: + 1,246,700 km2 +Land area: + 1,246,700 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of Texas +Land boundaries: + 5,198 km total; Congo 201 km, Namibia 1,376 km, Zaire 2,511 km, Zambia 1,110 + km +Coastline: + 1,600 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 20 nm +Disputes: + civil war since independence on 11 November 1975; on 31 May 1991 Angolan + President Jose Eduardo dos SANTOS and Jonas SAVIMBI, leader of the National + Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), signed a peace treaty + that calls for multiparty elections in late September 1992, an + internationally monitored cease-fire, and termination of outside military + assistance +Climate: + semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May + to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April) +Terrain: + narrow coastal plain rises abruptly to vast interior plateau +Natural resources: + petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite, + uranium +Land use: + arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 23%; forest and + woodland 43%; other 32% +Environment: + locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on plateau; desertification +Note: + Cabinda is separated from rest of country by Zaire + +:Angola People + +Population: + 8,902,076 (July 1992), growth rate 2.7% (1992) +Birth rate: + 46 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 19 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 152 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 43 years male, 47 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Angolan(s); adjective - Angolan +Ethnic divisions: + Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, Mestico 2%,European 1%, other 22% +Religions: + indigenous beliefs 47%, Roman Catholic 38%, Protestant 15% (est.) +Languages: + Portuguese (official); various Bantu dialects +Literacy: + 42% (male 56%, female 28%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 2,783,000 economically active; agriculture 85%, industry 15% (1985 est.) +Organized labor: + about 450,695 (1980) + +:Angola Government + +Long-form name: + People's Republic of Angola +Type: + in transition from a one-party Marxist state to a multiparty democracy with + a strong presidential system +Capital: + Luanda +Administrative divisions: + 18 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Bengo, Benguela, Bie, + Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, + Luanda, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige, Zaire +Independence: + 11 November 1975 (from Portugal) +Constitution: + 11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978, 11 August 1980, and 6 March 1991 +Legal system: + based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law; recently modified to + accommodate multipartyism and increased use of free markets +National holiday: + Independence Day, 11 November (1975) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, chairman of the Council of Ministers, Council of + Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral People's Assembly (Assembleia do Povo) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Tribunal da Relacaao) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Jose Eduardo dos SANTOS (since 21 September 1979) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Fernando Jose Franca VAN DUNEM (since 21 July 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola - Labor Party (MPLA), led + by Jose Eduardo dos SANTOS, is the ruling party that has been in power in + Angola's one-party system since 1975. The National Union for the Total + Independence of Angola (UNITA), led by Jonas SAVIMBI, has been in insurgency + since 1975, but as a result of the peace accords is now a legally recognized + political party. Some 30 other political parties now exist in Angola, but + few of them are viable and only a couple have met the requirements to become + legally recognized. +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + first nationwide, multiparty elections to be held between September and + November 1992 +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC (observer), ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, + ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + none; note - US Liaison Office (USLO) established after Peace Accords in May + 1991 as a precursor to establishing an embassy after election in 1992; + address - Luanda (USLO), BPA Building, llth floor, telephone [244] (2) + 39-02-42; FAX [244] (2) 39-05-15 +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow + emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed by a + machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle) + +:Angola Economy + +Overview: + Subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for 80-90% of the + population, but accounts for less than 15% of GDP. Oil production is vital + to the economy, contributing about 60% to GDP. In recent years, a bitter + internal war has severely affected the nonoil economy, and food has to be + imported. For the long run, Angola has the advantage of rich natural + resources in addition to oil, notably gold, diamonds, and arable land. To + realize its economic potential Angola not only must secure domestic peace + but also must reform government policies that have led to distortions and + imbalances throughout the economy. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $8.3 billion, per capita $950; real growth rate + 1.7% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 6.1% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $2.6 billion; expenditures $4.4 billion, including capital + expenditures of $963 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $3.9 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + oil, liquefied petroleum gas, diamonds, coffee, sisal, fish and fish + products, timber, cotton + partners: + US, USSR, Cuba, Portugal, Brazil, France +Imports: + $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + capital equipment (machinery and electrical equipment), food, vehicles and + spare parts, textiles and clothing, medicines; substantial military + deliveries + partners: + US, USSR, Cuba, Portugal, Brazil +External debt: + $7.0 billion (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA%; accounts for about 60% of GDP, including petroleum output +Electricity: + 510,000 kW capacity; 770 million kWh produced, 90 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + petroleum, diamonds, mining, fish processing, food processing, brewing, + tobacco, sugar, textiles, cement, basic metal products +Agriculture: + cash crops - coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, sugar, manioc, tobacco; food crops + - cassava, corn, vegetables, plantains, bananas; livestock production + accounts for 20%, fishing 4%, forestry 2% of total agricultural output; + disruptions caused by civil war and marketing deficiencies require food + imports +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $265 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,105 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $1.3 billion; net official disbursements + (1985-89), $750 million +Currency: + kwanza (plural - kwanza); 1 kwanza (Kz) = 100 lwei +Exchange rates: + kwanza (Kz) per US$1 - 180.0 + +:Angola Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Angola Communications + +Railroads: + 3,189 km total; 2,879 km 1.067-meter gauge, 310 km 0.600-meter gauge; + limited trackage in use because of landmines still in place from the civil + war; majority of the Benguela Railroad also closed because of civil war +Highways: + 73,828 km total; 8,577 km bituminous-surface treatment, 29,350 km crushed + stone, gravel, or improved earth, remainder unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 1,295 km navigable +Pipelines: + crude oil 179 km +Ports: + Luanda, Lobito, Namibe, Cabinda +Merchant marine: + 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 66,348 GRT/102,825 DWT; includes 11 + cargo, 1 petroleum tanker +Civil air: + 28 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 309 total, 177 usable; 30 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways + over 3,659 m; 15 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 54 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + limited system of wire, radio relay, and troposcatter routes; high frequency + radio used extensively for military links; 40,300 telephones; broadcast + stations - 17 AM, 13 FM, 6 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations + +:Angola Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force/Air Defense, People's Defense Organization and + Territorial Troops, Frontier Guard +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,129,877; 1,072,323 fit for military service; 89,585 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Anguilla Geography + +Total area: + 91 km2 +Land area: + 91 km2 +Comparative area: + about half the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 61 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds +Terrain: + flat and low-lying island of coral and limestone +Natural resources: + negligible; salt, fish, lobster +Land use: + arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and + woodland NA%; other NA%; mostly rock with sparse scrub oak, few trees, some + commercial salt ponds +Environment: + frequent hurricanes, other tropical storms (July to October) +Note: + located 270 km east of Puerto Rico + +:Anguilla People + +Population: + 6,963 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 24 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + --10 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 71 years male, 77 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Anguillan(s); adjective - Anguillan +Ethnic divisions: + mainly of black African descent +Religions: + Anglican 40%, Methodist 33%, Seventh-Day Adventist 7%, Baptist 5%, Roman + Catholic 3%, other 12% +Languages: + English (official) +Literacy: + 95% (male 95%, female 95%) age 12 and over can read and write (1984) +Labor force: + 2,780 (1984) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Anguilla Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + The Valley +Administrative divisions: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Constitution: + 1 April 1982 +Legal system: + based on English common law +National holiday: + Anguilla Day, 30 May +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor, chief minister, Executive Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Assembly +Judicial branch: + High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Brian G. + J. CANTY (since NA 1989) + Head of Government: + Chief Minister Emile GUMBS (since March 1984, served previously from + February 1977 to May 1980) +Political parties and leaders: + Anguilla National Alliance (ANA), Emile GUMBS; Anguilla United Party (AUP), + Hubert HUGHES; Anguilla Democratic Party (ADP), Victor BANKS +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Assembly: + last held 27 February 1989 (next to be held February 1994); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (11 total, 7 elected) ANA 3, AUP 2, ADP + 1, independent 1 +Member of: + CARICOM (observer), CDB +Diplomatic representation: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Flag: + two horizontal bands of white (top, almost triple width) and light blue with + three orange dolphins in an interlocking circular design centered in the + white band; a new flag may have been in use since 30 May 1990 + +:Anguilla Economy + +Overview: + Anguilla has few natural resources, and the economy depends heavily on + lobster fishing, offshore banking, tourism, and remittances from emigrants. + In recent years the economy has benefited from a boom in tourism. + Development plans center around the improvement of the infrastructure, + particularly transport and tourist facilities, and also light industry. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $23 million, per capita $3,300; real growth rate + 8.2% (1988 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.5% (1988 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 5.0% (1988 est.) +Budget: + revenues $13.8 million; expenditures $15.2 million, including capital + expenditures of $2.4 million (1992 est.) +Exports: + $NA + commodities: + lobster and salt + partners: + NA +Imports: + $NA + commodities: + NA + partners: + NA +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 2,000 kW capacity; 6 million kWh produced, 867 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + tourism, boat building, salt, fishing (including lobster) +Agriculture: + pigeon peas, corn, sweet potatoes, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, poultry +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $38 + million +Currency: + East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) +Fiscal year: + NA + +:Anguilla Communications + +Highways: + 60 km surfaced +Ports: + Road Bay, Blowing Point +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 3 total, 3 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways of 1,100 m (Wallblake + Airport) +Telecommunications: + modern internal telephone system; 890 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, + 1 FM, no TV; radio relay link to island of Saint Martin + +:Anguilla Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +:Antarctica Geography + +Total area: + 14,000,000 km2 (est.) +Land area: + about 14,000,000 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US; second-smallest continent + (after Australia) +Land boundaries: + none, but see entry on Disputes +Coastline: + 17,968 km +Maritime claims: + none, but see entry on Disputes +Disputes: + Antarctic Treaty defers claims (see Antarctic Treaty Summary below); + sections (some overlapping) claimed by Argentina, Australia, Chile, France + (Adelie Land), New Zealand (Ross Dependency), Norway (Queen Maud Land), and + UK; the US and Russia do not recognize the territorial claims of other + nations and have made no claims themselves (but reserve the right to do so); + no formal claims have been made in the sector between 90. west and 150. + west, where, because of floating ice, Antarctica is unapproachable from the + sea +Climate: + severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the + ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher + elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher + temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below + freezing +Terrain: + about 98% thick continental ice sheet and 2% barren rock, with average + elevations between 2,000 and 4,000 meters; mountain ranges up to 4,897 + meters high; ice-free coastal areas include parts of southern Victoria Land, + Wilkes Land, the Antarctic Peninsula area, and Ross Island on McMurdo Sound; + glaciers form ice shelves along about half of the coastline, and floating + ice shelves constitute 11% of the area of the continent +Natural resources: + none presently exploited; iron, chromium, copper, gold, nickel, platinum, + and other minerals, and coal and hydrocarbons have been found in small, + uncommercial quantities +Land use: + no arable land and no plant growth; ice 98%, barren rock 2% +Environment: + mostly uninhabitable; katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from + the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau; a + circumpolar ocean current flows clockwise along the coast as do cyclonic + storms that form over the ocean; during summer more solar radiation reaches + the surface at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an + equivalent period; in October 1991 it was reported that the ozone shield, + which protects the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation, had + dwindled to its lowest level ever over Antarctica; active volcanism on + Deception Island and isolated areas of West Antarctica; other seismic + activity rare and weak +Note: + the coldest, windiest, highest, and driest continent + +:Antarctica People + +Population: + no indigenous inhabitants; staffing of research stations varies seasonally +Population: + Summer (January) population: + 4,115; Argentina 207, Australia 268, Belgium 13, Brazil 80, Chile 256, China + NA, Ecuador NA, Finland 11, France 78, Germany 32, Greenpeace 12, India 60, + Italy 210, Japan 59, South Korea 14, Netherlands 10, New Zealand 264, Norway + 23, Peru 39, Poland NA, South Africa 79, Spain 43, Sweden 10, UK 116, + Uruguay NA, US 1,666, Russia 565 (1989-90) + Summer only stations: + over 40; Argentina 7, Australia 3, Chile 5, Germany 3, India 1, Italy 1, + Japan 4, New Zealand 2, Norway 1, Peru 1, South Africa 1, Spain 1, Sweden 2, + UK 1, US numerous, Russia 5 (1989-90); note - the disintegration of the + former Soviet Union has placed the status and future of its Antarctic + facilities in doubt. Stations may be subject to closings at any time because + of ongoing economic difficulties. + Winter (July) population: + 1,066 total; Argentina 150, Australia 71, Brazil 12, Chile 73, China NA, + France 33, Germany 19, Greenpeace 5, India 1, Japan 38, South Korea 14, NZ + 11, Poland NA, South Africa 12, UK 69, Uruguay NA, US 225, Russia 313 + (1989-90) + Year-round stations: + 43 total; Argentina 6, Australia 3, Brazil 1, Chile 3, China 2, Finland 1, + France 1, Germany 1, India 1, Japan 2, South Korea 1, NZ 1, Poland 1, South + Africa 3, UK 5, Uruguay 1, US 3, Russia 6 (1990-91) + +:Antarctica Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + Antarctic Treaty Summary: Article 1: + area to be used for peaceful purposes only; military activity, such as + weapons testing, is prohibited, but military personnel and equipment may be + used for scientific research or any other peaceful purposes + Article 2: + freedom of scientific investigation and cooperation shall continue + Article 3: + free exchange of information and personnel in cooperation with the UN and + other international agencies + Article 4: + does not recognize, dispute, or establish territorial claims and no new + claims shall be asserted while the treaty is in force + Article 5: + prohibits nuclear explosions or disposal of radioactive wastes + Article 6: + includes under the treaty all land and ice shelves south of 60. 00' south + Article 7: + treaty-state observers have free access, including aerial observation, to + any area and may inspect all stations, installations, and equipment; advance + notice of all activities and of the introduction of military personnel must + be given + Article 8: + allows for jurisdiction over observers and scientists by their own states + Article 9: + frequent consultative meetings take place among member nations + Article 10: + treaty states will discourage activities by any country in Antarctica that + are contrary to the treaty + Article 11: + disputes to be settled peacefully by the parties concerned or, ultimately, + by the ICJ + Article 12, 13, 14: + deal with upholding, interpreting, and amending the treaty among involved + nations + Other agreements: + more than 170 recommendations adopted at treaty consultative meetings and + ratified by governments include - Agreed Measures for the Conservation of + Antarctic Fauna and Flora (1964); Convention for the Conservation of + Antarctic Seals (1972); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine + Living Resources (1980); a mineral resources agreement was signed in 1988 + but was subsequently rejected; in 1991 the Protocol on Environmental + Protection to the Antarctic Treaty was signed and awaits ratification; this + agreement provides for the protection of the Antarctic environment through + five specific annexes on marine pollution, fauna, and flora, environmental + impact assessments, waste management, and protected areas; it also prohibits + all activities relating to mineral resources except scientific research + +:Antarctica Economy + +Overview: + No economic activity at present except for fishing off the coast and + small-scale tourism, both based abroad. + +:Antarctica Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only at most coastal stations +Airports: + 41 airport facilities at different locations operated by 14 national + governments party to the Treaty; one additional air facility operated by + commercial (nongovernmental) tourist organization; helicopter pads at 28 of + these locations; runways at 9 locations are gravel, sea ice, glacier ice, or + compacted snow surface suitable for wheeled fixed-wing aircraft; no paved + runways; 16 locations have snow-surface skiways limited to use by + ski-equipped planes - 9 runways/skiways 1,000 to 3,000 m, 4 runways/skiways + less than 1,000 m, 5 runways/skiways greater than 3,000 m, and 7 of + unspecified or variable length; airports generally subject to severe + restrictions and limitations resulting from extreme seasonal and geographic + conditions + +:Antarctica Defense Forces + +Note: + none; Article 7 of the Antarctic Treaty states that advance notice of all + military activities and the introduction of military personnel must be given + +:Antigua and Barbuda Geography + +Total area: + 440 km2 +Land area: + 440 km2; includes Redonda +Comparative area: + slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 153 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + mostly low-lying limestone and coral islands with some higher volcanic areas +Natural resources: + negligible; pleasant climate fosters tourism +Land use: + arable land 18%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and + woodland 16%; other 59% +Environment: + subject to hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October); insufficient + freshwater resources; deeply indented coastline provides many natural + harbors +Note: + 420 km east-southeast of Puerto Rico + +:Antigua and Barbuda People + +Population: + 64,110 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 18 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + --8 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 20 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 71 years male, 75 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.7 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Antiguan(s), Barbudan(s); adjective - Antiguan, Barbudan +Ethnic divisions: + almost entirely of black African origin; some of British, Portuguese, + Lebanese, and Syrian origin +Religions: + Anglican (predominant), other Protestant sects, some Roman Catholic +Languages: + English (official), local dialects +Literacy: + 89% (male 90%, female 88%) age 15 and over having completed 5 or more years + of schooling (1960) +Labor force: + 30,000; commerce and services 82%, agriculture 11%, industry 7% (1983) +Organized labor: + Antigua and Barbuda Public Service Association (ABPSA), membership 500; + Antigua Trades and Labor Union (ATLU), 10,000 members; Antigua Workers Union + (AWU), 10,000 members (1986 est.) + +:Antigua and Barbuda Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Saint John's +Administrative divisions: + 6 parishes and 2 dependencies*; Barbuda*, Redonda*, Saint George, Saint + John, Saint Mary, Saint Paul, Saint Peter, Saint Philip +Independence: + 1 November 1981 (from UK) +Constitution: + 1 November 1981 +Legal system: + based on English common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 1 November (1981) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house + or House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Sir Wilfred Ebenezer JACOBS (since 1 November 1981, previously Governor + since 1976) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Vere Cornwall BIRD, Sr. (since NA 1976); Deputy Prime + Minister (vacant) +Political parties and leaders: + Antigua Labor Party (ALP), Vere C. BIRD, Sr., Lester BIRD; United + Progressive Party (UPP), Baldwin SPENCER +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held 9 March 1989 (next to be held NA 1994); results - percent of vote + by party NA; seats - (17 total) ALP 15, UPP 1, independent 1 +Other political or pressure groups: + United Progressive Party (UPP), a coalition of three opposition political + parties - the United National Democratic Party (UNDP), the Antigua Caribbean + Liberation Movement (ACLM), and the Progressive Labor Movement (PLM), the + UPP is led by Baldwin SPENCER; Antigua Trades and Labor Union (ATLU), headed + by Noel THOMAS +Member of: + ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, + ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM (observer), OAS, OECS, OPANAL, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, WCL, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Patrick Albert LEWIS; Chancery at Suite 2H, 3400 International + Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 362-5211 or 5166, 5122, + 5225; there is an Antiguan Consulate in Miami + +:Antigua and Barbuda Government + + US: + the US Ambassador to Barbados is accredited to Antigua and Barbuda, and, in + his absence, the Embassy is headed by Charge d'Affaires Bryant SALTER; + Embassy at Queen Elizabeth Highway, Saint John's (mailing address is FPO AA + 34054); telephone (809) 462-3505 or 3506; FAX (809) 462-3516 +Flag: + red with an inverted isosceles triangle based on the top edge of the flag; + the triangle contains three horizontal bands of black (top), light blue, and + white with a yellow rising sun in the black band + +:Antigua and Barbuda Economy + +Overview: + The economy is primarily service oriented, with tourism the most important + determinant of economic performance. During the period 1987-90, real GDP + expanded at an annual average rate of about 6%. Tourism makes a direct + contribution to GDP of about 13% and also affects growth in other sectors - + particularly in construction, communications, and public utilities. Although + Antigua and Barbuda is one of the few areas in the Caribbean experiencing a + labor shortage in some sectors of the economy, it was hurt in 1991 by a + downturn in tourism caused by the Persian Gulf war and the US recession. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $418 million, per capita $6,500 (1989); real + growth rate 4.2% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 7% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 5.0% (1988 est.) +Budget: + revenues $92.8 million; expenditures $101 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1990 est.) +Exports: + $33.2 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + petroleum products 48%, manufactures 23%, food and live animals 4%, + machinery and transport equipment 17% + partners: + OECS 26%, Barbados 15%, Guyana 4%, Trinidad and Tobago 2%, US 0.3% +Imports: + $325.9 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + food and live animals, machinery and transport equipment, manufactures, + chemicals, oil + partners: + US 27%, UK 16%, Canada 4%, OECS 3%, other 50% +External debt: + $250 million (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 3% (1989 est.); accounts for 3% of GDP +Electricity: + 52,100 kW capacity; 95 million kWh produced, 1,482 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + tourism, construction, light manufacturing (clothing, alcohol, household + appliances) +Agriculture: + accounts for 4% of GDP; expanding output of cotton, fruits, vegetables, and + livestock; other crops - bananas, coconuts, cucumbers, mangoes, sugarcane; + not self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + US commitments, $10 million (1985-88); Western (non-US) countries, ODA and + OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $50 million +Currency: + East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Antigua and Barbuda Communications + +Railroads: + 64 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge and 13 km 0.610-meter gauge used almost + exclusively for handling sugarcane +Highways: + 240 km +Ports: + Saint John's +Merchant marine: + 105 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 364,891 GRT/552,475 DWT; includes 71 + cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 12 container, 3 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 + multifunction large load carrier, 1 oil tanker, 12 chemical tanker, 2 bulk; + note - a flag of convenience registry +Civil air: + 11 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways + 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways less than 1,220 m +Telecommunications: + good automatic telephone system; 6,700 telephones; tropospheric scatter + links with Saba and Guadeloupe; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV, 2 + shortwave; 1 coaxial submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth + station + +:Antigua and Barbuda Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Antigua and Barbuda Defense Force, Royal Antigua and Barbuda Police + Force (including the Coast Guard) +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.4 million, 1% of GDP (FY91) + +:Arctic Ocean Geography + +Total area: + 14,056,000 km2 +Land area: + 14,056,000 km2; includes Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, + East Siberian Sea, Greenland Sea, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Kara Sea, + Laptev Sea, and other tributary water bodies +Comparative area: + slightly more than 1.5 times the size of the US; smallest of the world's + four oceans (after Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and Indian Ocean) +Coastline: + 45,389 km +Disputes: + some maritime disputes (see littoral states) +Climate: + persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters + characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, + and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and + foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow +Terrain: + central surface covered by a perennial drifting polar icepack that averages + about 3 meters in thickness, although pressure ridges may be three times + that size; clockwise drift pattern in the Beaufort Gyral Stream, but nearly + straight line movement from the New Siberian Islands (Russia) to Denmark + Strait (between Greenland and Iceland); the ice pack is surrounded by open + seas during the summer, but more than doubles in size during the winter and + extends to the encircling land masses; the ocean floor is about 50% + continental shelf (highest percentage of any ocean) with the remainder a + central basin interrupted by three submarine ridges (Alpha Cordillera, + Nansen Cordillera, and Lomonsov Ridge); maximum depth is 4,665 meters in the + Fram Basin +Natural resources: + sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, oil and + gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals, whales) +Environment: + endangered marine species include walruses and whales; ice islands + occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island; icebergs calved from + glaciers in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada; maximum snow + cover in March or April about 20 to 50 centimeters over the frozen ocean and + lasts about 10 months; permafrost in islands; virtually icelocked from + October to June; fragile ecosystem slow to change and slow to recover from + disruptions or damage +Note: + major chokepoint is the southern Chukchi Sea (northern access to the Pacific + Ocean via the Bering Strait); ships subject to superstructure icing from + October to May; strategic location between North America and Russia; + shortest marine link between the extremes of eastern and western Russia, + floating research stations operated by the US and Russia + +:Arctic Ocean Economy + +Overview: + Economic activity is limited to the exploitation of natural resources, + including crude oil, natural gas, fish, and seals. + +:Arctic Ocean Communications + +Ports: + Churchill (Canada), Murmansk (Russia), Prudhoe Bay (US) +Telecommunications: + no submarine cables +Note: + sparse network of air, ocean, river, and land routes; the Northwest Passage + (North America) and Northern Sea Route (Asia) are important seasonal + waterways + +:Argentina Geography + +Total area: + 2,766,890 km2 +Land area: + 2,736,690 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than four times the size of Texas +Land boundaries: + 9,665 km total; Bolivia 832 km, Brazil 1,224 km, Chile 5,150 km, Paraguay + 1,880 km, Uruguay 579 km +Coastline: + 4,989 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + nm limits unknown + Territorial sea: + 12 nm (overflight and navigation permitted beyond 12 nm) +Disputes: + short section of the boundary with Uruguay is in dispute; short section of + the boundary with Chile is indefinite; claims British-administered Falkland + Islands (Islas Malvinas); claims British- administered South Georgia and the + South Sandwich Islands; territorial claim in Antarctica +Climate: + mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest +Terrain: + rich plains of the Pampas in northern half, flat to rolling plateau of + Patagonia in south, rugged Andes along western border +Natural resources: + fertile plains of the pampas, lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron ore, manganese, + crude oil, uranium +Land use: + arable land 9%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 52%; forest and + woodland 22%; other 13%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + Tucuman and Mendoza areas in Andes subject to earthquakes; pamperos are + violent windstorms that can strike Pampas and northeast; irrigated soil + degradation; desertification; air and water pollution in Buenos Aires +Note: + second-largest country in South America (after Brazil); strategic location + relative to sea lanes between South Atlantic and South Pacific Oceans + (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage) + +:Argentina People + +Population: + 32,901,234 (July 1992), growth rate 1.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 20 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 34 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 67 years male, 74 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Argentine(s); adjective - Argentine +Ethnic divisions: + white 85%; mestizo, Indian, or other nonwhite groups 15% +Religions: + nominally Roman Catholic 90% (less than 20% practicing), Protestant 2%, + Jewish 2%, other 6% +Languages: + Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French +Literacy: + 95% (male 96%, female 95%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 10,900,000; agriculture 12%, industry 31%, services 57% (1985 est.) +Organized labor: + 3,000,000; 28% of labor force + +:Argentina Government + +Long-form name: + Argentine Republic +Type: + republic +Capital: + Buenos Aires +Administrative divisions: + 23 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia), and 1 district** + (distrito); Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chaco, Chubut, Cordoba, Corrientes, + Distrito Federal**, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, + Misiones, Neuquen, Rio Negro, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz, Santa + Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tierra del Fuego, Tucuman; note - the national + territory is in the process of becoming a province; the US does not + recognize claims to Antarctica +Independence: + 9 July 1816 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 1 May 1853 +Legal system: + mixture of US and West European legal systems; has not accepted compulsory + ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Revolution Day, 25 May (1810) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of an upper chamber + or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de + Diputados) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Carlos Saul MENEM (since 8 July 1989); Vice President (position + vacant) +Political parties and leaders: + Justicialist Party (JP), Carlos Saul MENEM, Peronist umbrella political + organization; Radical Civic Union (UCR), Mario LOSADA, moderately left of + center; Union of the Democratic Center (UCD), Jorge AGUADO, conservative + party; Intransigent Party (PI), Dr. Oscar ALENDE, leftist party; several + provincial parties +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Chamber of Deputies: + last held in three phases during late 1991 for half of 254 seats, total + current breakdown of seats - JP 122, UCR 85, UCD 10, other 37 + President: + last held 14 May 1989 (next to be held NA May 1995); results - Carlos Saul + MENEM was elected + Senate: + last held May 1989, but provincial elections in late 1991 set the stage for + indirect elections by provincial senators for one-third of 46 seats in the + national senate in May 1992; total current breakdown of seats - JP 27, UCR + 14, others 5 +Communists: + some 70,000 members in various party organizations, including a small + nucleus of activists + +:Argentina Government + +Other political or pressure groups: + Peronist-dominated labor movement, General Confederation of Labor + (Peronist-leaning umbrella labor organization), Argentine Industrial Union + (manufacturers' association), Argentine Rural Society (large landowners' + association), business organizations, students, the Roman Catholic Church, + the Armed Forces +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-6, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, + GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, + INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, + MERCOSUR, OAS, PCA, RG, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, + UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Carlos ORTIZ DE ROZAS; Chancery at 1600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 939-6400 through 6403; there are + Argentine Consulates General in Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San + Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico), and Consulates in Baltimore, Chicago, + and Los Angeles + US: + Ambassador Terence A. TODMAN; Embassy at 4300 Colombia, 1425 Buenos Aires + (mailing address is APO AA 34034); telephone [54] (1) 774- 7611 or 8811, + 9911; Telex 18156 AMEMBAR +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of light blue (top), white, and light blue; + centered in the white band is a radiant yellow sun with a human face known + as the Sun of May + +:Argentina Economy + +Overview: + Argentina is rich in natural resources and has a highly literate population, + an export-oriented agricultural sector, and a diversified industrial base. + Nevertheless, following decades of mismanagement and statist policies, the + economy has encountered major problems in recent years, leading to + escalating inflation and a recession during 1988-90. Since 1978, Argentina's + external debt has nearly doubled to $58 billion, creating severe debt + servicing difficulties and hurting the country's creditworthiness with + international lenders. Elected in 1989, President Menem has implemented a + comprehensive economic restructuring program that shows signs of reversing + Argentina's economic decline and putting it on a path of stable, sustainable + growth. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $101.2 billion, per capita $3,100; real growth + rate 5.5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 83.8% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 6.4% (October 1991) +Budget: + revenues $13.6 billion; expenditures $16.6 billion, including capital + expenditures of $2.5 billion (1991) +Exports: + $12 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + meat, wheat, corn, oilseed, hides, wool + partners: + US 12%, USSR, Italy, Brazil, Japan, Netherlands +Imports: + $8 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals, fuels and lubricants, + agricultural products + partners: + US 22%, Brazil, FRG, Bolivia, Japan, Italy, Netherlands +External debt: + $61 billion (January 1992) +Industrial production: + growth rate 20% (1991 est.); accounts for 30% of GDP +Electricity: + 17,059,000 kW capacity; 47,357 million kWh produced, 1,450 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + food processing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, textiles, chemicals and + petrochemicals, printing, metallurgy, steel +Agriculture: + accounts for 15% of GNP (including fishing); produces abundant food for both + domestic consumption and exports; among world's top five exporters of grain + and beef; principal crops - wheat, corn, sorghum, soybeans, sugar beets +Illicit drugs: + increasing use as a transshipment country for cocaine headed for the US and + Europe +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.0 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.4 billion; + Communist countries (1970-89), $718 million +Currency: + peso (plural - pesos); 1 pesos = 100 centavos + +:Argentina Economy + +Exchange rates: + pesos per US$1 - 0.99076 (Feburary 1992), 0.95355 (1991), 0.48759 (1990), + 0.04233 (1989), 0.00088 (1988), 0.00021 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Argentina Communications + +Railroads: + 34,172 km total (includes 209 km electrified); includes a mixture of + 1.435-meter standard gauge, 1.676-meter broad gauge, 1.000-meter narrow + gauge, and 0.750-meter narrow gauge +Highways: + 208,350 km total; 47,550 km paved, 39,500 km gravel, 101,000 km improved + earth, 20,300 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 11,000 km navigable +Pipelines: + crude oil 4,090 km; petroleum products 2,900 km; natural gas 9,918 km +Ports: + Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, Necochea, Rio Gallegos, Rosario, Santa Fe +Merchant marine: + 98 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,235,385 GRT/1,952,307 DWT; includes + 35 cargo, 6 refrigerated cargo, 6 container, 1 railcar carrier, 33 oil + tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 10 bulk; in addition, 2 naval + tankers and 1 military transport are sometimes used commercially +Civil air: + 56 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 1,702 total, 1,473 usable; 137 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with + runways over 3,659 m; 31 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 326 with runways + 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + extensive modern system; 2,650,000 telephones (12,000 public telephones); + microwave widely used; broadcast stations - 171 AM, no FM, 231 TV, 13 + shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; domestic satellite + network has 40 earth stations + +:Argentina Defense Forces + +Branches: + Argentine Army, Navy of the Argentine Republic, Argentine Air Force, + National Gendarmerie, Argentine Naval Prefecture (Coast Guard only), + National Aeronautical Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 8,101,856; 6,568,885 fit for military service; 276,457 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $700 million, 1.5% of GDP (1991) + +:Armenia Geography + +Total area: + 29,800 km2 +Land area: + 28,400 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Maryland +Land boundaries: + 1,254 km total; Azerbaijan (east) 566 km, Azerbaijan (south) 221 km, Georgia + 164 km, Iran 35 km, Turkey 268 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + violent and longstanding dispute with Azerbaijan over ethnically Armenian + exclave of Nagorno-Karabakh; some irredentism by Armenians living in + southern Georgia; traditional demands on former Armenian lands in Turkey + have greatly subsided +Climate: + continental, hot, and subject to drought +Terrain: + high Armenian Plateau with mountain; little forest land; fast flowing + rivers; good soil in Aras River valley +Natural resources: + small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, alumina +Land use: + 10% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest + and woodland; NA% other; NA% irrigated +Environment: + pollution of Razdan and Aras Rivers; air pollution in Yerevan + +:Armenia People + +Population: + 3,415,566 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992) +Birth rate: + 22 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + --7 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 35 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 68 years male, 74 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.7 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Armenian(s); adjective - Armenian +Ethnic divisions: + Armenian 93.3%, Russian 1.5%, Kurd 1.7%, other 3.5% +Religions: + Armenian Orthodox 94% +Languages: + Armenian 93%, Russian 2%, other 5% +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (NA) +Labor force: + 1,630,000; industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 18%, + other 40%(1990) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Armenia Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Armenia +Type: + republic +Capital: + Yerevan +Administrative divisions: + none - all rayons are under direct republic jurisdiction +Independence: + Armenian Republic formed 29 November 1920 and became part of the Soviet + Union on 30 December 1922; on 23 September 1991, Armenia renamed itself the + Republic of Armenia +Constitution: + adopted NA April 1978, effective NA +Legal system: + based on civil law system +National holiday: + NA +Executive branch: + President, Council of Ministers, prime minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral body - Supreme Soviet +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Levon Akopovich TER-PETROSYAN (since 16 October 1991), Vice + President Gagik ARUTYUNYAN (since 16 October 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Gagik ARUTYUNYAN (since November 1991), First Deputy Prime + Minister Grant BAGRATYAN (since NA September 1990); Supreme Soviet Chairman + - Babken ARARKTSYAN +Political parties and leaders: + Armenian National Movement, Husik LAZARYAN, chairman; National + Self-Determination Association, Pakvyr HAYRIKIAN, chairman; National + Democratic Union, Vazgen MANUKYAN, chairman; Democratic Liberal Party, + Ramkavar AZATAKAN, chairman; Dashnatktsutyan Party, Rouben MIRZAKHANIN; + Chairman of Parliamentary opposition - Mekhak GABRIYELYAN +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 16 October 1990 (next to be held NA); results - elected by the + Supreme Soviet, Levon Akopovich TER-PETROSYAN 86%; radical nationalists + about 7% + Supreme Soviet: + last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by + party NA; seats - (259 total); number of seats by party NA +Other political or pressure groups: + NA +Member of: + CSCE, NACC, UN, UNCTAD +Diplomatic representation: + Charge d'Affaires ad interim, Aleksandr ARZOUMANIAN + US: + Ambassador (vacant); Steven R. MANN, Charge d'Affaires; Embassy at Hotel + Hrazdan (telephone 8-011-7-8852-53-53-32); (mailing address is APO AE + 09862); telephone 8-011-7-885-215-1122 (voice and FAX); 8-011-7-885-215-1144 + (voice) + +:Armenia Government + +Flag: + NA + +:Armenia Economy + +Overview: + Armenia under the old centrally planned Soviet system had built up textile, + machine-building, and other industries and had become a key supplier to + sister republics. In turn, Armenia had depended on supplies of raw materials + and energy from the other republics. Most of these supplies enter the + republic by rail through Azerbaijan (85%) and Georgia (15%). The economy has + been severely hurt by ethnic strife with Azerbaijan over control of the + Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, a mostly Armenian-populated enclave + within the national boundaries of Azerbaijan. In addition to outright + warfare, the strife has included interdiction of Armenian imports on the + Azerbaijani railroads and expensive airlifts of supplies to beleagured + Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh. An earthquake in December 1988 destroyed + about one-tenth of industrial capacity and housing, the repair of which has + not been possible because the supply of funds and real resources has been + disrupted by the reorganization and subsequent dismantling of the central + USSR administrative apparatus. Among facilities made unserviceable by the + earthquake are the Yerevan nuclear power plant, which had supplied 40% of + Armenia's needs for electric power and a plant that produced one-quarter of + the output of elevators in the former USSR. Armenia has some deposits of + nonferrous metal ores (bauxite, copper, zinc, and molybdenum) that are + largely unexploited. For the mid-term, Armenia's economic prospects seem + particularly bleak because of ethnic strife and the unusually high + dependence on outside areas, themselves in a chaotic state of + transformation. +GDP: + $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate --10% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 91% +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $176 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment, ferrous and nonferrous metals, and + chemicals (1991) + partners: + NA +Imports: + $1.5 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + machinery, energy, consumer goods (1991) + partners: + NA +External debt: + $650 million (December 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate --9.6% (1991) +Electricity: + NA kW capacity; 10,433 million kWh produced, about 3,000 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + diverse, including (in percent of output of former USSR) metalcutting + machine tools (6.7%), forging-pressing machines (4.7%), electric motors + (8.7%), tires (2.1%), knitted wear (5.6%), hosiery (2.3%), shoes (2.2%), + silk fabric (5.3%), washing machines (2.0%); also chemicals, trucks, + watches, instruments, and microelectronics + +:Armenia Economy + +Agriculture: + only 10% of land area is arable; employs 18% of labor force; citrus, cotton, + and dairy farming; vineyards near Yerevan are famous for brandy and other + liqueurs +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis mostly for domestic consumption; used as a + transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency +Exchange rates: + NA +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Armenia Communications + +Railroads: + 840 km all 1.000-meter gauge (includes NA km electrified); does not include + industrial lines (1990) +Highways: + 11,300 km total (1990); 10,500 km hard surfaced, 800 km earth +Inland waterways: + NA km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + NA +Ports: + none - landlocked +Merchant marine: + none: + landlocked +Civil air: + none +Airports: + NA total, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over + 3,659 m; NA with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + Armenia has about 260,000 telephones, of which about 110,000 are in Yerevan; + average telephone density is 8 per 100 persons; international connections to + other former republics of the USSR are by landline or microwave and to other + countries by satellite and by leased connection through the Moscow + international gateway switch; broadcast stations - 100% of population + receives Armenian and Russian TV programs; satellite earth station - + INTELSAT + +:Armenia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS + Forces (Ground and Air Defense) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18) + annually +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Aruba Geography + +Total area: + 193 km2 +Land area: + 193 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 68.5 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 12 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + flat with a few hills; scant vegetation +Natural resources: + negligible; white sandy beaches +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + lies outside the Caribbean hurricane belt +Note: + 28 km north of Venezuela + +:Aruba People + +Population: + 64,692 (July 1992), growth rate 0.7% (1992) +Birth rate: + 16 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + --3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 73 years male, 80 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Aruban(s); adjective - Aruban +Ethnic divisions: + mixed European/Caribbean Indian 80% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 82%, Protestant 8%, also small Hindu, Muslim, Confucian, and + Jewish minority +Languages: + Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, English + dialect), English (widely spoken), Spanish +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + NA, but most employment is in the tourist industry (1986) +Organized labor: + Aruban Workers' Federation (FTA) + +:Aruba Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + part of the Dutch realm - full autonomy in internal affairs obtained in 1986 + upon separation from the Netherlands Antilles +Capital: + Oranjestad +Administrative divisions: + none (self-governing part of the Netherlands) +Independence: + none (part of the Dutch realm); note - in 1990, Aruba requested and received + from the Netherlands cancellation of the agreement to automatically give + independence to the island in 1996 +Constitution: + 1 January 1986 +Legal system: + based on Dutch civil law system, with some English common law influence +National holiday: + Flag Day, 18 March +Executive branch: + Dutch monarch, governor, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral legislature (Staten) +Judicial branch: + Joint High Court of Justice +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980), represented by + Governor General Felipe B. TROMP (since 1 January 1986) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Nelson ODUBER (since NA February 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + Electoral Movement Party (MEP), Nelson ODUBER; Aruban People's Party (AVP), + Henny EMAN; National Democratic Action (ADN), Pedro Charro KELLY; New + Patriotic Party (PPN), Eddy WERLEMEN; Aruban Patriotic Party (PPA), Benny + NISBET; Aruban Democratic Party (PDA), Leo BERLINSKI; Democratic Action '86 + (AD '86), Arturo ODUBER; Organization for Aruban Liberty (OHA), Glenbert + CROES; governing coalition includes the MEP, PPA, and ADN +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Legislature: + last held 6 January 1989 (next to be held by NA January 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (21 total) MEP 10, AVP 8, ADN 1, PPN 1, + PPA 1 +Member of: + ECLAC (associate), INTERPOL, IOC, UNESCO (associate), WCL, WTO (associate) +Diplomatic representation: + none (self-governing part of the Netherlands) +Flag: + blue with two narrow horizontal yellow stripes across the lower portion and + a red, four-pointed star outlined in white in the upper hoist-side corner + +:Aruba Economy + +Overview: + Tourism is the mainstay of the economy, although offshore banking and oil + refining and storage are also important. Hotel capacity expanded rapidly + between 1985 and 1989 and nearly doubled in 1990 alone. Unemployment has + steadily declined from about 20% in 1986 to about 3% in 1991. The reopening + of the local oil refinery, once a major source of employment and foreign + exchange earnings, promises to give the economy an additional boost. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $854 million, per capita $13,600; real growth + rate l0% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 3% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $145 million; expenditures $185 million, including capital + expenditures of $42 million (1988) +Exports: + $134.4 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + mostly petroleum products + partners: + US 64%, EC +Imports: + $488 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + food, consumer goods, manufactures + partners: + US 8%, EC +External debt: + $81 million (1987) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA +Electricity: + 310,000 kW capacity; 945 million kWh produced, 15,000 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + tourism, transshipment facilities, oil refining +Agriculture: + poor quality soils and low rainfall limit agricultural activity to the + cultivation of aloes, some livestock, and fishing +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $220 + million +Currency: + Aruban florin (plural - florins); 1 Aruban florin (Af.) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Aruban florins (Af.) per US$1 - 1.7900 (fixed rate since 1986) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Aruba Communications + +Highways: + Aruba has a system of all-weather highways +Ports: + Oranjestad, Sint Nicolaas +Civil air: + Air Aruba has a fleet of 3 intermediate-range Boeing aircraft +Airports: + government-owned airport east of Oranjestad accepts transatlantic flights +Telecommunications: + generally adequate; extensive interisland radio relay links; 72,168 + telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV; 1 sea cable to Sint + Maarten + +:Aruba Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the Netherlands + +:Ashmore and Cartier Islands Geography + +Total area: + 5 km2 +Land area: + 5 km2; includes Ashmore Reef (West, Middle, and East Islets) and Cartier + Island +Comparative area: + about 8.5 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 74.1 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploration + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical +Terrain: + low with sand and coral +Natural resources: + fish +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other - grass and sand 100% +Environment: + surrounded by shoals and reefs; Ashmore Reef National Nature Reserve + established in August 1983 +Note: + located in extreme eastern Indian Ocean between Australia and Indonesia, 320 + km off the northwest coast of Australia + +:Ashmore and Cartier Islands People + +Population: + no permanent inhabitants; seasonal caretakers + +:Ashmore and Cartier Islands Government + +Long-form name: + Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands +Type: + territory of Australia administered by the Australian Minister for Arts, + Sports, the Environment, Tourism, and Territories - Roslyn KELLY +Capital: + none; administered from Canberra, Australia +Administrative divisions: + none (territory of Australia) +Legal system: + relevant laws of the Northern Territory of Australia +Diplomatic representation: + none (territory of Australia) + +:Ashmore and Cartier Islands Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +:Ashmore and Cartier Islands Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only + +:Ashmore and Cartier Islands Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of Australia; periodic visits by the Royal + Australian Navy and Royal Australian Air Force + +:Atlantic Ocean Geography + +Total area: + 82,217,000 km2 +Land area: + 82,217,000 km2; includes Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Caribbean Sea, Davis Strait, + Denmark Strait, Drake Passage, Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, + Norwegian Sea, Weddell Sea, and other tributary water bodies +Comparative area: + slightly less than nine times the size of the US; second-largest of the + world's four oceans (after the Pacific Ocean, but larger than Indian Ocean + or Arctic Ocean) +Coastline: + 111,866 km +Disputes: + some maritime disputes (see littoral states) +Climate: + tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa near Cape + Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea; hurricanes can occur from + May to December, but are most frequent from August to November +Terrain: + surface usually covered with sea ice in Labrador Sea, Denmark Strait, and + Baltic Sea from October to June; clockwise warm water gyre (broad, circular + system of currents) in the north Atlantic, counterclockwise warm water gyre + in the south Atlantic; the ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Atlantic + Ridge, a rugged north-south centerline for the entire Atlantic basin; + maximum depth is 8,605 meters in the Puerto Rico Trench +Natural resources: + oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales), sand and gravel + aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, precious stones +Environment: + endangered marine species include the manatee, seals, sea lions, turtles, + and whales; municipal sludge pollution off eastern US, southern Brazil, and + eastern Argentina; oil pollution in Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Lake + Maracaibo, Mediterranean Sea, and North Sea; industrial waste and municipal + sewage pollution in Baltic Sea, North Sea, and Mediterranean Sea; icebergs + common in Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, and the northwestern Atlantic from + February to August and have been spotted as far south as Bermuda and the + Madeira Islands; icebergs from Antarctica occur in the extreme southern + Atlantic +Note: + ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme north Atlantic from October + to May and extreme south Atlantic from May to October; persistent fog can be + a hazard to shipping from May to September; major choke points include the + Dardanelles, Strait of Gibraltar, access to the Panama and Suez Canals; + strategic straits include the Dover Strait, Straits of Florida, Mona + Passage, The Sound (Oresund), and Windward Passage; north Atlantic shipping + lanes subject to icebergs from February to August; the Equator divides the + Atlantic Ocean into the North Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean + Kiel Canal and Saint Lawrence Seaway are two important waterways + +:Atlantic Ocean Economy + +Overview: + Economic activity is limited to exploitation of natural resources, + especially fish, dredging aragonite sands (The Bahamas), and crude oil and + natural gas production (Caribbean Sea and North Sea). + +:Atlantic Ocean Communications + +Ports: + Alexandria (Egypt), Algiers (Algeria), Antwerp (Belgium), Barcelona (Spain), + Buenos Aires (Argentina), Casablanca (Morocco), Colon (Panama), Copenhagen + (Denmark), Dakar (Senegal), Gdansk (Poland), Hamburg (Germany), Helsinki + (Finland), Las Palmas (Canary Islands, Spain), Le Havre (France), Lisbon + (Portugal), London (UK), Marseille (France), Montevideo (Uruguay), Montreal + (Canada), Naples (Italy), New Orleans (US), New York (US), Oran (Algeria), + Oslo (Norway), Piraeus (Greece), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Rotterdam + (Netherlands), Saint Petersburg (formerly Leningrad; Russia), Stockholm + (Sweden) +Telecommunications: + numerous submarine cables with most between continental Europe and the UK, + North America and the UK, and in the Mediterranean; numerous direct links + across Atlantic via INTELSAT satellite network + +:Australia Geography + +Total area: + 7,686,850 km2 +Land area: + 7,617,930 km2; includes Macquarie Island +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than the US +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 25,760 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + territorial claim in Antarctica (Australian Antarctic Territory) +Climate: + generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north +Terrain: + mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeast +Natural resources: + bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, silver, uranium, nickel, tungsten, + mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, natural gas, crude oil +Land use: + arable land 6%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 58%; forest and + woodland 14%; other 22%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + subject to severe droughts and floods; cyclones along coast; limited + freshwater availability; irrigated soil degradation; regular, tropical, + invigorating, sea breeze known as the doctor occurs along west coast in + summer; desertification +Note: + world's smallest continent but sixth-largest country + +:Australia People + +Population: + 17,576,354 (July 1992), growth rate 1.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 15 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 7 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 74 years male, 80 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Australian(s); adjective - Australian +Ethnic divisions: + Caucasian 95%, Asian 4%, Aboriginal and other 1% +Religions: + Anglican 26.1%, Roman Catholic 26.0%, other Christian 24.3% +Languages: + English, native languages +Literacy: + 100% (male 100%, female 100%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.) +Labor force: + 8,630,000 (September 1991); finance and services 33.8%, public and community + services 22.3%, wholesale and retail trade 20.1%, manufacturing and industry + 16.2%, agriculture 6.1% (1987) +Organized labor: + 40% of labor force (November 1991) + +:Australia Government + +Long-form name: + Commonwealth of Australia +Type: + federal parliamentary state +Capital: + Canberra +Administrative divisions: + 6 states and 2 territories*; Australian Capital Territory*, New South Wales, + Northern Territory*, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, + Western Australia +Independence: + 1 January 1901 (federation of UK colonies) +Constitution: + 9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901 +Dependent areas: + Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, + Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island +Legal system: + based on English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with + reservations +National holiday: + Australia Day, 26 January +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, + Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Federal Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a + lower house or House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since February 1952), represented by Governor General + William George HAYDEN (since 16 February 1989) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Paul John KEATING (since 20 December 1991); Deputy Prime + Minister Brian HOWE (since 4 June 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + government: + Australian Labor Party, Paul John KEATING + opposition: + Liberal Party, John HEWSON; National Party, Timothy FISCHER; Australian + Democratic Party, John COULTER +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 18 +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held 24 March 1990 (next to be held by NA November 1993); results - + Labor 39.7%, Liberal-National 43%, Australian Democrats and independents + 11.1%; seats - (148 total) Labor 78, Liberal-National 69, independent 1 + Senate: + last held 11 July 1987 (next to be held by NA July 1993); results - Labor + 43%, Liberal-National 42%, Australian Democrats 8%, independents 2%; seats - + (76 total) Labor 32, Liberal-National 34, Australian Democrats 7, + independents 3 +Communists: + 4,000 members (est.) + +:Australia Government + +Other political or pressure groups: + Australian Democratic Labor Party (anti-Communist Labor Party splinter + group); Peace and Nuclear Disarmament Action (Nuclear Disarmament Party + splinter group) +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), ANZUS, APEC, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, C, CCC, COCOM, + CP, EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, G-8, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, + LORCS, MTCR, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, OECD, PCA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, + UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIIMOG, UNTAG, UNTSO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Michael J. COOK; Chancery at 1601 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 797-3000; there are Australian + Consulates General in Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, + Pago Pago (American Samoa), and San Francisco + US: + Ambassador Melvin F. SEMBLER; Moonah Place, Yarralumla, Canberra, Australian + Capital Territory 2600 (mailing address is APO AP 96549); telephone [61] (6) + 270-5000; FAX [61] (6) 270-5970; there are US Consulates General in + Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney, and a Consulate in Brisbane +Flag: + blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large + seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side quadrant; the remaining half is a + representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white with one small + five-pointed star and four, larger, seven-pointed stars + +:Australia Economy + +Overview: + Australia has a prosperous Western-style capitalist economy, with a per + capita GDP comparable to levels in industrialized West European countries. + Rich in natural resources, Australia is a major exporter of agricultural + products, minerals, metals, and fossil fuels. Of the top 25 exports, 21 are + primary products, so that, as happened during 1983-84, a downturn in world + commodity prices can have a big impact on the economy. The government is + pushing for increased exports of manufactured goods, but competition in + international markets continues to be severe. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $280.8 billion, per capita $16,200; real + growth rate --0.6% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.3% (September 1991) +Unemployment rate: + 10.5% (November 1991) +Budget: + revenues $76.9 billion; expenditures $75.4 billion, including capital + expenditures of NA (FY91) +Exports: + $41.7 billion (f.o.b., FY91) + commodities: + metals, minerals, coal, wool, cereals, meat, manufacturers + partners: + Japan 26%, US 11%, NZ 6%, South Korea 4%, Singapore 4%, UK, Taiwan, Hong + Kong +Imports: + $37.8 billion (f.o.b., FY91) + commodities: + manufactured raw materials, capital equipment, consumer goods + partners: + US 24%, Japan 19%, UK 6%, FRG 7%, NZ 4% (1990) +External debt: + $130.4 billion (June 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate --0.9% (1991); accounts for 32% of GDP +Electricity: + 40,000,000 kW capacity; 155,000 million kWh produced, 8,960 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals, + steel, motor vehicles +Agriculture: + accounts for 5% of GNP and 37% of export revenues; world's largest exporter + of beef and wool, second-largest for mutton, and among top wheat exporters; + major crops - wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruit; livestock - cattle, sheep, + poultry +Illicit drugs: + Tasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products; + government maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation + and output of poppy straw concentrate +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $10.4 billion +Currency: + Australian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3360 (January 1992), 1.2836 (1991), + 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987) + +:Australia Economy + +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Australia Communications + +Railroads: + 40,478 km total; 7,970 km 1.600-meter gauge, 16,201 km 1.435-meter standard + gauge, 16,307 km 1.067-meter gauge; 183 km dual gauge; 1,130 km electrified; + government owned (except for a few hundred kilometers of privately owned + track) (1985) +Highways: + 837,872 km total; 243,750 km paved, 228,396 km gravel, crushed stone, or + stabilized soil surface, 365,726 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 8,368 km; mainly by small, shallow-draft craft +Pipelines: + crude oil 2,500 km; petroleum products 500 km; natural gas 5,600 km +Ports: + Adelaide, Brisbane, Cairns, Darwin, Devonport, Fremantle, Geelong, Hobart, + Launceston, Mackay, Melbourne, Sydney, Townsville +Merchant marine: + 85 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,324,803 GRT/3,504,385 DWT; includes + 2 short-sea passenger, 8 cargo, 8 container, 11 roll-on/roll-off, 1 vehicle + carrier, 17 petroleum tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 4 liquefied gas, 1 + combination ore/oil, 30 bulk, 1 combination bulk +Civil air: + about 150 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 481 total, 440 usable; 237 with permanent-surface runways, 1 with runway + over 3,659 m; 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 268 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + good international and domestic service; 8.7 million telephones; broadcast + stations - 258 AM, 67 FM, 134 TV; submarine cables to New Zealand, Papua New + Guinea, and Indonesia; domestic satellite service; satellite stations - 4 + Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 6 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations + +:Australia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Australian Army, Royal Australian Navy, Royal Australian Air Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 4,769,005; 4,153,060 fit for military service; 138,117 reach + military age (17) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $7.5 billion, 2.4% of GDP (FY92 budget) + +:Austria Geography + +Total area: + 83,850 km2 +Land area: + 82,730 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Maine +Land boundaries: + 2,591 km total; Czechoslovakia 548 km, Germany 784 km, Hungary 366 km, Italy + 430 km, Liechtenstein 37 km, Slovenia 262 km, Switzerland 164 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain in lowlands + and snow in mountains; cool summers with occasional showers +Terrain: + mostly mountains with Alps in west and south; mostly flat, with gentle + slopes along eastern and northern margins +Natural resources: + iron ore, crude oil, timber, magnesite, aluminum, lead, coal, lignite, + copper, hydropower +Land use: + arable land 17%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 24%; forest and + woodland 39%; other 19%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + because of steep slopes, poor soils, and cold temperatures, population is + concentrated on eastern lowlands +Note: + landlocked; strategic location at the crossroads of central Europe with many + easily traversable Alpine passes and valleys; major river is the Danube + +:Austria People + +Population: + 7,867,541 (July 1992), growth rate 0.7% (1992) +Birth rate: + 12 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 5 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 73 years male, 80 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Austrian(s); adjective - Austrian +Ethnic divisions: + German 99.4%, Croatian 0.3%, Slovene 0.2%, other 0.1% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant 6%, other 9% +Languages: + German +Literacy: + 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1974 est.) +Labor force: + 3,470,000 (1989); services 56.4%, industry and crafts 35.4%, agriculture and + forestry 8.1%; an estimated 200,000 Austrians are employed in other European + countries; foreign laborers in Austria number 177,840, about 6% of labor + force (1988) +Organized labor: + 60.1% of work force; the Austrian Trade Union Federation has 1,644,408 + members (1989) + +:Austria Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Austria +Type: + federal republic +Capital: + Vienna +Administrative divisions: + 9 states (bundeslander, singular - bundesland); Burgenland, Karnten, + Niederosterreich, Oberosterreich, Salzburg, Steiermark, Tirol, Vorarlberg, + Wien +Independence: + 12 November 1918 (from Austro-Hungarian Empire) +Constitution: + 1920; revised 1929 (reinstated 1945) +Legal system: + civil law system with Roman law origin; judicial review of legislative acts + by a Constitutional Court; separate administrative and civil/penal supreme + courts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 26 October (1955) +Executive branch: + president, chancellor, vice chancellor, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + bicameral Federal Assembly (Bundesversammlung) consists of an upper council + or Federal Council (Bundesrat) and a lower council or National Council + (Nationalrat) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Judicial Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) for civil and criminal cases, + Administrative Court (Verwaltungsgerichtshof) for bureaucratic cases, + Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof) for constitutional cases +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Thomas KLESTIL (since 8 July 1992) + Head of Government: + Chancellor Franz VRANITZKY (since 16 June 1986); Vice Chancellor Erhard + BUSEK (since 2 July 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPO), Franz VRANITZKY, chairman; + Austrian People's Party (OVP), Erhard BUSEK, chairman; Freedom Party of + Austria (FPO), Jorg HAIDER, chairman; Communist Party (KPO), Walter + SILBERMAYER, chairman; Green Alternative List (GAL), Johannes VOGGENHUBER, + chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 19; compulsory for presidential elections +Elections: + National Council: + last held 7 October 1990 (next to be held October 1994); results - SPO 43%, + OVP 32.1%, FPO 16.6%, GAL 4.5%, KPO 0.7%, other 0.32%; seats - (183 total) + SPO 80, OVP 60, FPO 33, GAL 10 + President: + last held 24 May 1992 (next to be held 1996); results of Second Ballot - + Thomas KLESTIL 57%, Rudolf STREICHER 43% +Communists: + membership 15,000 est.; activists 7,000-8,000 + +:Austria Government + +Other political or pressure groups: + Federal Chamber of Commerce and Industry; Austrian Trade Union Federation + (primarily Socialist); three composite leagues of the Austrian People's + Party (OVP) representing business, labor, and farmers; OVP-oriented League + of Austrian Industrialists; Roman Catholic Church, including its chief lay + organization, Catholic Action +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, + EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA, FAO, G-9, GATT, HG, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, + ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, + ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTRC, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNDOF, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, + WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Friedrich HOESS; Embassy at 3524 International Court NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 895-6700; there are Austrian + Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York + US: + Ambassador Roy Michael HUFFINGTON; Embassy at Boltzmanngasse 16, A-1091, + Vienna (mailing address is APO AE 09108-0001); telephone [43] (1) 31-55-11; + FAX [43] (1) 310-0682; there is a US Consulate General in Salzburg +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red + +:Austria Economy + +Overview: + Austria boasts a prosperous and stable capitalist economy with a sizable + proportion of nationalized industry and extensive welfare benefits. Thanks + to an excellent raw material endowment, a technically skilled labor force, + and strong links to German industrial firms, Austria occupies specialized + niches in European industry and services (tourism, banking) and produces + almost enough food to feed itself with only 8% of the labor force in + agriculture. Improved export prospects resulting from German unification and + the opening of Eastern Europe, boosted the economy during 1990 and to a + lesser extent in 1991. GDP growth slowed from 4.9% in 1990 to 3% in 1991 - + mainly due to the weaker world economy - and is expected to drop to around + 2% in 1992. Inflation is forecasted at about 4%, while unemployment probably + will increase moderately through 1992 before declining in 1993. Living + standards are comparable with the large industrial countries of Western + Europe. Problems for the l990s include an aging population, the high level + of subsidies, and the struggle to keep welfare benefits within budget + capabilities. Austria, which has applied for EC membership, was involved in + EC and European Free Trade Association negotiations for a European Economic + Area and will have to adapt its economy to achieve freer interchange of + goods, services, capital, and labor within the EC. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $164.1 billion, per capita $20,985; real + growth rate 3% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.3% (1991, annual rate) +Unemployment rate: + 5.8% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $47.7 billion; expenditures $53.0 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1990) +Exports: + $40 billion (1991) + commodities: + machinery and equipment, iron and steel, lumber, textiles, paper products, + chemicals + partners: + EC 65.8%, (Germany 39%), EFTA 9.1%, Eastern Europe/former USSR 9.0%, Japan + 1.7%, US 2.8% +Imports: + $50.2 billion (1991) + commodities: + petroleum, foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, vehicles, chemicals, + textiles and clothing, pharmaceuticals + partners: + EC 67.8% (Germany is 43.0%), EFTA 6.9%, Eastern Europe/former USSR 6.0%, + Japan 4.8%, US 3.9% +External debt: + $11.8 billion (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + 2.0% (1991) +Electricity: + 17,600,000 kW capacity; 49,500 million kWh produced, 6,500 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + foods, iron and steel, machines, textiles, chemicals, electrical, paper and + pulp, tourism, mining + +:Austria Economy + +Agriculture: + accounts for 3.2% of GDP (including forestry); principal crops and animals - + grains, fruit, potatoes, sugar beets, sawn wood, cattle, pigs, poultry; + 80-90% self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $2.4 billion +Currency: + Austrian schilling (plural - schillings); 1 Austrian schilling (S) = 100 + groschen +Exchange rates: + Austrian schillings (S) per US$1 - 11.068 (January 1992), 11.676 (1991), + 11.370 (1990), 13.231 (1989), 12.348 (1988), 12.643 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Austria Communications + +Railroads: + 6,028 km total; 5,388 km government owned and 640 km privately owned (1.435- + and 1.000-meter gauge); 5,403 km 1.435-meter standard gauge of which 3,051 + km is electrified and 1,520 km is double tracked; 363 km 0.760-meter narrow + gauge of which 91 km is electrified +Highways: + 95,412 km total; 34,612 km are the primary network (including 1,012 km of + autobahn, 10,400 km of federal, and 23,200 km of provincial roads); of this + number, 21,812 km are paved and 12,800 km are unpaved; in addition, there + are 60,800 km of communal roads (mostly gravel, crushed stone, earth) +Inland waterways: + 446 km +Pipelines: + crude oil 554 km; natural gas 2,611 km; petroleum products 171 km +Ports: + Vienna, Linz (river ports) +Merchant marine: + 31 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 130,966 GRT/219,130 DWT; includes 26 + cargo, 1 container, 4 bulk +Civil air: + 25 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 55 total, 55 usable; 20 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + highly developed and efficient; 4,014,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 + AM, 21 (545 repeaters) FM, 47 (870 repeaters) TV; satellite ground stations + for Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, Indian Ocean INTELSAT, and EUTELSAT systems + +:Austria Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Flying Division, Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,011,895; 1,693,244 fit for military service; 51,788 reach + military age (19) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.8 billion, 1% of GDP (1991) + +:Azerbaijan Geography + +Total area: + 86,600 km2 +Land area: + 86,100 km2; includes the Nakhichevan' Autonomous Republic and the + Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast; region's autonomy was abolished by + Azerbaijan Supreme Soviet on 26 November 1991 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Maine +Land boundaries: + 2,013 km total; Armenia (west) 566 km, Armenia (southwest) 221 km, Georgia + 322 km, Iran (south) 432 km, Iran (southwest) 179 km, Russia 284 km, Turkey + 9 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + NA + Exclusive fishing zone: + NA nm; Azerbaijani claims in Caspian Sea unknown; 10 nm fishing zone + provided for in 1940 treaty regarding trade and navigation between Soviet + Union and Iran +Disputes: + violent and longstanding dispute with Armenia over status of + Nagorno-Karabakh, lesser dispute concerns Nakhichevan'; some Azeris desire + absorption of and/or unification with the ethnically Azeri portion of Iran; + minor irredentist disputes along Georgia border +Climate: + dry, semiarid steppe; subject to drought +Terrain: + large, flat Kura Lowland (much of it below sea level) with Great Caucasus + Mountains to the north, Karabakh Upland in west; Baku lies on Aspheson + Peninsula that juts into Caspian Sea +Natural resources: + petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, nonferrous metals, alumina +Land use: + NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest + and woodland; NA% other; includes 70% of cultivated land irrigated (1.2 + million hectares) +Environment: + local scientists consider Apsheron Peninsula, including Baku and Sumgait, + and the Caspian Sea to be "most ecologically devastated area in the world" + because of severe air and water pollution +Note: + landlocked; major polluters are oil, gas, and chemical industries + +:Azerbaijan People + +Population: + 7,450,787 (July 1992), growth rate 1.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 26 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + --3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 45 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 65 years male, 73 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Azerbaijani(s); adjective - Azerbaijani +Ethnic divisions: + Azeri 82.7%, Russian 5.6%, Armenian 5.6%, Daghestanis 3.2%, other 2.9%; note + - Armenian share may be less than 5.6% because many Armenians have fled the + ethnic violence since 1989 census +Religions: + Moslem 87%, Russian Orthodox 5.6%, Armenian Orthodox 5.6%, other 1.8% +Languages: + Azeri 82%, Russian 7%, Armenian 5%, other 6% +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1992 est.) +Labor force: + 2,789,000; agriculture and forestry 32%, industry and construction 26%, + other 42% (1990) +Organized labor: + NA (1992) + +:Azerbaijan Government + +Long-form name: + Azerbaijani Republic; short-form name: Azerbaijan +Type: + republic +Capital: + Baku (Baky) +Administrative divisions: + 1 autonomous republic (avtomnaya respublika), Nakhichevan' (administrative + center at Nakhichevan'); note - all rayons except for the exclave of + Nakhichevan' are under direct republic jurisdiction;1 autonomous oblast, + Nagorno-Karabakh (officially abolished by Azerbaijani Supreme Soviet on 26 + November 1991) has declared itself Nagorno-Karabakh Republic +Independence: + 28 May 1918; on 28 April 1920, Azerbaijan became the Soviet Socialist + Republic of Azerbaijan; on 30 April 1992 it became the Azerbaijani Republic; + independence declared 30 August 1991 +Constitution: + adopted NA April 1978 +Legal system: + based on civil law system +National holiday: + NA +Executive branch: + president, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + National Parliament (Milli Majlis) was formed on the basis of the National + Council (Milli Shura) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President-elect Ebulfez ELCIBEY (since 7 June 1992) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Rahim GUSEYNOV (since 14 May 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + NA +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + National Parliament: + last held NA September 1990 (next expected to be held late 1992); results - + seats - (360 total) Communists 280, Democratic Bloc 45 (grouping of + opposition parties), other 15, vacant 20; note - these figures are + approximate + President: + held 8 September 1991 (next to be held 7 June 1992); results - Ebulfez + ELCIBEY (6,390 unofficial) +Other political or pressure groups: + Self-proclaimed Armenian Nagorno-Karabakh Republic +Member of: + CIS, CSCE, IMF, OIC, UN, UNCTAD +Diplomatic representation: + NA + US: + Ambassador (vacant); Robert MILES, Charge d'Affaires; Embassy at Hotel + Intourist (telephone 8-011-7-8922-91-79-56) plus 8 hours; (mailing address + is APO New York is 09862); telephone NA + +:Azerbaijan Government + +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), red, and green; a crescent and + eight-pointed star in white are centered in red band + +:Azerbaijan Economy + +Overview: + Azerbaijan is less developed industrially than either Armenia or Georgia, + the other Transcaucasian states. It resembles the Central Asian states in + its majority Muslim population, high structural unemployment, and low + standard of living. The economy's most prominent products are cotton, oil, + and gas. Production from the Caspian oil and gas field has been in decline + for several years. With foreign assistance, the oil industry might generate + the funds needed to spur industrial development. However, civil unrest, + marked by armed conflict in the Nagorno-Karabakh region between Muslim + Azeris and Christian Armenians, makes foreign investors wary. Azerbaijan + accounts for 1.5% to 2% of the capital stock and output of the former Soviet + Union. Although immediate economic prospects are not favorable because of + civil strife, lack of economic reform, political disputes about new economic + arrangements, and the skittishness of foreign investors, Azerbaijan's + economic performance was the best of all former Soviet republics in 1991 + largely because of its reliance on domestic resources for industrial output. +GDP: + $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate --0.7% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 87% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992) +Exports: + $780 million (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + oil and gas, chemicals, oilfield equipment, textiles, cotton (1991) + partners: + mostly CIS countries +Imports: + $2.2 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and parts, consumer durables, foodstuffs, textiles (1991) +External debt: + $1.3 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 3.8% (1991) +Electricity: + 6,025,000 kW capacity; 23,300 million kWh produced, 3,280 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + petroleum and natural gas, petroleum products, oilfield equipment; steel, + iron ore, cement; chemicals and petrochemicals; textiles +Agriculture: + cotton, grain, rice, grapes, fruit, vegetables, tea, tobacco; cattle, pigs, + sheep and goats +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption; + status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipment + points for illicit drugs to Western Europe +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency +Exchange rates: + NA +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Azerbaijan Communications + +Railroads: + 2,090 km (includes NA km electrified); does not include industrial lines + (1990) +Highways: + 36,700 km total (1990); 31,800 km hard surfaced; 4,900 km earth +Inland waterways: + NA km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + NA +Ports: + inland - Baku (Baky) +Merchant marine: + none - landlocked +Civil air: + none +Airports: + NA +Telecommunications: + quality of local telephone service is poor; connections to other former USSR + republics by landline or microwave and to countries beyond the former USSR + via the Moscow international gateway switch; Azeri and Russian TV broadcasts + are received; Turkish and Iranian TV broadcasts are received from INTELSAT + through a TV receive-only earth station + +:Azerbaijan Defense Forces + +Branches: + Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS + Forces (Ground, Navy, Air, Air Defense) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18) + annually +Defense expenditures: + $NA million, NA% of GDP + +:The Bahamas Geography + +Total area: + 13,940 km2 +Land area: + 10,070 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Connecticut +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 3,542 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream +Terrain: + long, flat coral formations with some low rounded hills +Natural resources: + salt, aragonite, timber +Land use: + arable land 1%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest + and woodland 32%; other 67% +Environment: + subject to hurricanes and other tropical storms that cause extensive flood + damage +Note: + strategic location adjacent to US and Cuba; extensive island chain + +:The Bahamas People + +Population: + 255,811 (July 1992), growth rate 1.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 19 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 19 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 69 years male, 76 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun--Bahamian(s); adjective--Bahamian +Ethnic divisions: + black 85%, white 15% +Religions: + Baptist 32%, Anglican 20%, Roman Catholic 19%, Methodist 6%, Church of God + 6%, other Protestant 12%, none or unknown 3%, other 2% (1980) +Languages: + English; some Creole among Haitian immigrants +Literacy: + 90% (male 90%, female 89%) age 15 and over but definition of literacy not + available (1963 est.) +Labor force: + 127,400; government 30%, hotels and restaurants 25%, business services + 10%, agriculture 5% (1989) +Organized labor: + 25% of labor force + +:The Bahamas Government + +Long-form name: + The Commonwealth of The Bahamas +Type: + commonwealth +Capital: + Nassau +Administrative divisions: + 21 districts; Abaco, Acklins Island, Andros Island, Berry Islands, + Biminis, Cat Island, Cay Lobos, Crooked Island, Eleuthera, Exuma, Grand + Bahama, Harbour Island, Inagua, Long Cay, Long Island, Mayaguana, + New Providence, Ragged Island, Rum Cay, San Salvador, + Spanish Wells +Independence: + 10 July 1973 (from UK) +Constitution: + 10 July 1973 +Legal system: + based on English common law +National holiday: + National Day, 10 July (1973) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime + minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower + house or House of Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by + Acting Governor General Sir Clifford DARLING (since 2 January 1992) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Sir Lynden Oscar PINDLING (since 16 January 1967) +Political parties and leaders: + Progressive Liberal Party (PLP), Sir Lynden O. PINDLING; Free National + Movement (FNM), Hubert Alexander INGRAHAM +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Assembly: + last held 19 June 1987 (next to be held by NA June 1992); + results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(49 total) PLP 32, FNM 17 + *** No entry for this item *** +Other political or pressure groups: + Vanguard Nationalist and Socialist Party (VNSP), a small leftist party + headed + by Lionel CAREY; Trade Union Congress (TUC), headed by Arlington MILLER +Member of: + ACP, C, CCC, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, + ICFTU, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, + OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Margaret E. McDONALD; Chancery at 2220 Massachusetts + Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 319-2660; there are + Bahamian Consulates General in Miami and New York; + +:The Bahamas Government + + US: + Ambassador Chic HECHT; Embassy at Mosmar Building, Queen Street, Nassau + (mailing address is P. O. Box N-8197, Nassau); telephone (809) 322-1181 or + 328-2206; FAX (809) 328-7838 +Diplomatic representation: + *** No entry for this item *** +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of aquamarine (top), gold, and aquamarine with + a black equilateral triangle based on the hoist side + +:The Bahamas Economy + +Overview: + The Bahamas is a stable, middle-income developing nation whose economy is + based primarily on tourism and offshore banking. Tourism alone provides + about 50% of GDP and directly or indirectly employs about 50,000 people or + 40% of the local work force. The economy has slackened in recent years, as + the annual increase in the number of tourists slowed. Nonetheless, the per + capita GDP of $9,900 is one of the highest in the region. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent--$2.5 billion, per capita $9,900; real growth + rate 1.0% (1990 est.) + *** No entry for this item *** +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 7.3% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 16.0% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $627.5 million; expenditures $727.5 million, including capital + expenditures of $100 million (1992, projected) + *** No entry for this item *** +Exports: + $306 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.); + commodities: + pharmaceuticals, cement, rum, crawfish; + partners: + US 41%, Norway 30%, Denmark 4% +Imports: + $1.14 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.); + commodities: + foodstuffs, manufactured goods, mineral fuels; + partners: + US 35%, Nigeria 21%, Japan 13%, Angola 11% +External debt: + $1.2 billion (December 1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 3% (1990); accounts for 15% of GDP +Electricity: + 368,000 kw capacity; 857 million kWh produced 3,339 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + tourism, banking, cement, oil refining and transshipment, salt production, + rum, aragonite, pharmaceuticals, spiral welded steel pipe + *** No entry for this item *** +Agriculture: + accounts for less than 5% of GDP; dominated by small-scale producers; + principal products--citrus fruit, vegetables, poultry; large net importer of + food + *** No entry for this item *** +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for cocaine +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-89), $1.0 million; Western + (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $345 + million +Currency: + Bahamian dollar (plural--dollars); 1 Bahamian dollar (B$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Bahamian dollar (B$) per US$1--1.00 (fixed rate) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:The Bahamas Communications + +Highways: + 2,400 km total; 1,350 km paved, 1,050 km gravel +Ports: + Freeport, Nassau +Merchant marine: + 778 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 18,129,173 GRT/30,002,421 DWT; + includes 48 passenger, 19 short-sea passenger, 152 cargo, 37 + roll-on/roll-off cargo, 42 container, 6 vehicle carrier, 1 railcar carrier, + 172 petroleum tanker, 9 liquefied gas, 16 combination ore/oil, 47 chemical + tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 143 bulk, 7 combination bulk, 78 refrigerated + cargo; + note--a flag of convenience registry + *** No entry for this item *** +Civil air: + 11 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 59 total, 54 usable; 30 with permanent-surface runways; none with + runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3, 659 m; 26 with runways + 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + highly developed; 99,000 telephones in totally automatic system; + tropospheric scatter and submarine cable links to Florida; broadcast + stations--3 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; 3 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT earth station + *** No entry for this item *** + +:The Bahamas Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Bahamas Defense Force (Coast Guard only), Royal Bahamas Police +Branches: + Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 68,020; NA fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion--$65 million, 2.7% of GDP (1990) + +:Bahrain Geography + +Total area: + 620 km2 +Land area: + 620 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 161 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + not specific + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + territorial dispute with Qatar over the Hawar Islands; maritime boundary + with Qatar +Climate: + arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers +Terrain: + mostly low desert plain rising gently to low central escarpment +Natural resources: + oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fish +Land use: + arable land 2%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 90%, includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + subsurface water sources being rapidly depleted (requires development of + desalination facilities); dust storms; desertification +Note: + close to primary Middle Eastern crude oil sources; strategic location in + Persian Gulf through which much of Western world's crude oil must transit to + reach open ocean + +:Bahrain People + +Population: + 551,513 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 27 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 4 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 7 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 21 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 70 years male, 75 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Bahraini(s); adjective - Bahraini +Ethnic divisions: + Bahraini 63%, Asian 13%, other Arab 10%, Iranian 8%, other 6% +Religions: + Muslim (Shi`a 70%, Sunni 30%) +Languages: + Arabic (official); English also widely spoken; Farsi, Urdu +Literacy: + 77% (male 82%, female 69%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 140,000; 42% of labor force is Bahraini; industry and commerce 85%, + agriculture 5%, services 5%, government 3% (1982) +Organized labor: + General Committee for Bahrain Workers exists in only eight major designated + companies + +:Bahrain Government + +Long-form name: + State of Bahrain +Type: + traditional monarchy +Capital: + Manama +Administrative divisions: + 12 districts (manatiq, singular - mintaqah); Al Hadd, Al Manamah, Al + Mintaqah al Gharbiyah, Al Mintaqah al Wusta, Al Mintaqah ash Shamaliyah, Al + Muharraq, Ar Rifa`wa al Mintaqah al Janubiyah, Jidd Hafs, Madinat Hamad, + Madinat `Isa, Mintaqat Juzur Hawar, Sitrah +Independence: + 15 August 1971 (from UK) +Constitution: + 26 May 1973, effective 6 December 1973 +Legal system: + based on Islamic law and English common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 16 December +Executive branch: + amir, crown prince and heir apparent, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly was dissolved 26 August 1975 and legislative + powers were assumed by the Cabinet +Judicial branch: + High Civil Appeals Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Amir `ISA bin Salman Al Khalifa (since 2 November 1961); Heir Apparent HAMAD + bin `Isa Al Khalifa (son of Amir; born 28 January 1950) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman Al Khalifa (since 19 January 1970) +Political parties and leaders: + political parties prohibited; several small, clandestine leftist and Islamic + fundamentalist groups are active +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + none +Member of: + ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, ILO, IMF, + IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, + OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador `Abd al-Rahman Faris Al KHALIFA; Chancery at 3502 International + Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 342-0741 or 342-0742; there + is a Bahraini Consulate General in New York + US: + Ambassador Dr. Charles W. HOSTLER; Embassy at Road No. 3119 (next to Alahli + Sports Club), Zinj; (mailing address is P. O. 26431, Manama, or FPO AE + 09834-6210); telephone [973] 273-300; FAX (973) 272-594 +Flag: + red with a white serrated band (eight white points) on the hoist side + +:Bahrain Economy + +Overview: + Petroleum production and processing account for about 80% of export + receipts, 60% of government revenues, and 31% of GDP. Economic conditions + have fluctuated with the changing fortunes of oil since 1985, for example, + the Gulf crisis of 1990-91. The liberation of Kuwait in early 1991 has + improved short- to medium-term prospects and has raised investors' + confidence. Bahrain with its highly developed communication and transport + facilities is home to numerous multinational firms with business in the + Gulf. A large share of exports is petroleum products made from imported + crude. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $4.0 billion, per capita $7,500 (1990); real + growth rate 6.7% (1988) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 1.5% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + 8-10% (1989) +Budget: + revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.32 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1989) +Exports: + $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + petroleum and petroleum products 80%, aluminum 7%, other 13% + partners: + UAE 18%, Japan 12%, India 11%, US 6% +Imports: + $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + nonoil 59%, crude oil 41% + partners: + Saudi Arabia 41%, US 23%, Japan 8%, UK 8% +External debt: + $1.1 billion (December 1989 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 3.8% (1988); accounts for 44% of GDP +Electricity: + 3,600,000 kW capacity; 10,500 million kWh produced, 21,000 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + petroleum processing and refining, aluminum smelting, offshore banking, ship + repairing +Agriculture: + including fishing, accounts for less than 2% of GDP; not self-sufficient in + food production; heavily subsidized sector produces fruit, vegetables, + poultry, dairy products, shrimp, and fish; fish catch 9,000 metric tons in + 1987 +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-79), $24 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $45 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $9.8 billion +Currency: + Bahraini dinar (plural - dinars); 1 Bahraini dinar (BD) = 1,000 fils +Exchange rates: + Bahraini dinars (BD) per US$1 - 0.3760 (fixed rate) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Bahrain Communications + +Highways: + 200 km bituminous surfaced, including 25 km bridge-causeway to Saudi Arabia + opened in November 1986; NA km natural surface tracks +Pipelines: + crude oil 56 km; petroleum products 16 km; natural gas 32 km +Ports: + Mina' Salman, Manama, Sitrah +Merchant marine: + 9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 186,367 GRT/249,441 DWT; includes 5 + cargo, 2 container, 1 liquefied gas, 1 bulk +Civil air: + 27 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + excellent international telecommunications; good domestic services; 98,000 + telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 2 TV; satellite earth stations + - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT; + tropospheric scatter to Qatar, UAE, and microwave to Saudi Arabia; submarine + cable to Qatar, UAE, and Saudi Arabia + +:Bahrain Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense, Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 190,937; 105,857 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $194 million, 6% of GDP (1990) + +:Baker Island Geography + +Total area: + 1.4 km2 +Land area: + 1.4 km2 +Comparative area: + about 2.3 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 4.8 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun +Terrain: + low, nearly level coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing reef +Natural resources: + guano (deposits worked until 1891) +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + treeless, sparse and scattered vegetation consisting of grasses, prostrate + vines, and low growing shrubs; lacks fresh water; primarily a nesting, + roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds, and marine wildlife +Note: + remote location 2,575 km southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean, + just north of the Equator, about halfway between Hawaii and Australia + +:Baker Island People + +Population: + uninhabited; American civilians evacuated in 1942 after Japanese air and + naval attacks during World War II; occupied by US military during World War + II, but abandoned after the war; public entry is by special-use permit only + and generally restricted to scientists and educators + +:Baker Island Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and Wildlife + Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National + Wildlife Refuge system +Capital: + none; administered from Washington, DC + +:Baker Island Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +:Baker Island Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only, one boat landing area along the middle of the + west coast +Airports: + 1 abandoned World War II runway of 1,665 m +Telecommunications: + there is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast + +:Baker Island Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US Coast + Guard + +:Bangladesh Geography + +Total area: + 144,000 km2 +Land area: + 133,910 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Wisconsin +Land boundaries: + 4,246 km total; Burma 193 km, India 4,053 km +Coastline: + 580 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 18 nm + Continental shelf: + up to outer limits of continental margin + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + a portion of the boundary with India is in dispute; water sharing problems + with upstream riparian India over the Ganges +Climate: + tropical; cool, dry winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to + June); cool, rainy monsoon (June to October) +Terrain: + mostly flat alluvial plain; hilly in southeast +Natural resources: + natural gas, uranium, arable land, timber +Land use: + arable land 67%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and + woodland 16%; other 11%; includes irrigated 14% +Environment: + vulnerable to droughts; much of country routinely flooded during summer + monsoon season; overpopulation; deforestation +Note: + almost completely surrounded by India + +:Bangladesh People + +Population: + 119,411,711 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 36 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 112 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 55 years male, 54 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Bangladeshi(s); adjective - Bangladesh +Ethnic divisions: + Bengali 98%, Biharis 250,000, and tribals less than 1 million +Religions: + Muslim 83%, Hindu 16%, Buddhist, Christian, and other less than 1% +Languages: + Bangla (official), English widely used +Literacy: + 35% (male 47%, female 22%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 35,100,000; agriculture 74%, services 15%, industry and commerce 11% (FY86); + extensive export of labor to Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Oman (1991) +Organized labor: + 3% of labor force belongs to 2,614 registered unions (1986 est.) + +:Bangladesh Government + +Long-form name: + People's Republic of Bangladesh +Type: + republic +Capital: + Dhaka +Administrative divisions: + 64 districts (zillagulo, singular - zilla); Bagerhat, Bandarban, Barguna, + Barisal, Bhola, Bogra, Brahmanbaria, Chandpur, Chapai Nawabganj, Chattagram, + Chuadanga, Comilla, Cox's Bazar, Dhaka, Dinajpur, Faridpur, Feni, Gaibandha, + Gazipur, Gopalganj, Habiganj, Jaipurhat, Jamalpur, Jessore, Jhalakati, + Jhenaidah, Khagrachari, Khulna, Kishorganj, Kurigram, Kushtia, Laksmipur, + Lalmonirhat, Madaripur, Magura, Manikganj, Meherpur, Moulavibazar, + Munshiganj, Mymensingh, Naogaon, Narail, Narayanganj, Narsingdi, Nator, + Netrakona, Nilphamari, Noakhali, Pabna, Panchagar, Parbattya Chattagram, + Patuakhali, Pirojpur, Rajbari, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Satkhira, Shariyatpur, + Sherpur, Sirajganj, Sunamganj, Sylhet, Tangail, Thakurgaon +Independence: + 16 December 1971 (from Pakistan; formerly East Pakistan) +Constitution: + 4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972, suspended following coup of 24 + March 1982, restored 10 November 1986, amended NA March 1991 +Legal system: + based on English common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 26 March (1971) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Parliament (Jatiya Sangsad) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Abdur Rahman BISWAS (since 8 October 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Khaleda ZIAUR Rahman (since 20 March 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), Khaleda ZIAUR Rahman; Awami League (AL), + Sheikh Hasina WAZED; Jatiyo Party (JP), Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD; + Jamaat-E-Islami (JI), Ali KHAN; Bangladesh Communist Party (BCP), Saifuddin + Ahmed MANIK; National Awami Party (Muzaffar); Workers Party, leader NA; + Jatiyo Samajtantik Dal (National Socialist Party - SIRAJ), M. A. JALIL; + Ganotantri Party, leader NA; Islami Oikya Jote, leader NA; National + Democratic Party (NDP), leader NA; Muslim League, Khan A. SABUR; Democratic + League, Khondakar MUSHTAQUE Ahmed; United People's Party, Kazi ZAFAR Ahmed +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + National Parliament: + last held 27 February 1991 (next to be held NA February 1996); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (330 total, 300 elected and 30 seats + reserved for women) BNP 168, AL 93, JP 35, JI 20, CBP 5, National Awami + Party (Muzaffar) 1, Workers Party 1, SIRAJ 1, Ganotantri Party 1, Islami + Oikya Jote 1, NDP 1, independents 3 + President: + last held 8 October 1991 (next to be held by NA October 1996); results - + Abdur Rahman BISWAS received 52.1% of parliamentary vote + +:Bangladesh Government + +Communists: + 5,000 members (1987 est.) +Member of: + AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, + NAM, OIC, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WHO, WFTU, WIPO, + WCL, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Abul AHSAN; Chancery at 2201 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC + 20007; telephone (202) 342-8372 through 8376; there is a Bangladesh + Consulate General in New York + US: + Ambassador William B. MILAM; Embassy at Diplomatic Enclave, Madani Avenue, + Baridhara, Dhaka (mailing address is G. P. O. Box 323, Dhaka 1212); + telephone [880] (2) 884700-22; FAX [880] (2) 883648 +Flag: + green with a large red disk slightly to the hoist side of center; green is + the traditional color of Islam + +:Bangladesh Economy + +Overview: + Bangladesh is one of the poorest nations in the world. The economy is based + on the output of a narrow range of agricultural products, such as jute, + which is the main cash crop and major source of export earnings, and rice. + Bangladesh is hampered by a relative lack of natural resources, population + growth of more than 2% a year, large-scale unemployment, and a limited + infrastructure; furthermore, it is highly vulnerable to natural disasters. + Despite these constraints, real GDP growth averaged about 3.5% annually + during 1985-89. A strong agricultural performance in FY90 pushed the growth + rate up to 6.2%, and FY91 saw further, though smaller, increases in output. + Alleviation of poverty remains the cornerstone of the government's + development strategy. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $23.1 billion, per capita $200; real growth rate + 3.2% (FY91) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8.9% (FY91 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 30%, including underemployment (FY90 est.) +Budget: + revenues $2.24 billion; expenditures $3.7 billion (FY91) +Exports: + $1.7 billion (FY91 est.) + commodities: + garments, jute and jute goods, leather, shrimp + partners: + US 32%, Italy 8.1%, UK 6.2% (FY90) +Imports: + $3.5 billion (FY91 est.) + commodities: + capital goods, petroleum, food, textiles + partners: + Japan 9.2%, India 6.2%, Singapore 5.9%, US 5.7% +External debt: + $11.1 billion (FY91 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1% (FY91 est.); accounts for 10% of GDP +Electricity: + 1,990,000 kW capacity; 5,700 million kWh produced, 50 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + jute manufacturing, cotton textiles, food processing, steel, fertilizer +Agriculture: + accounts for about 40% of GDP, 70% of employment, and one-third of exports; + imports 10% of food grain requirements; world's largest exporter of jute; + commercial products - jute, rice, wheat, tea, sugarcane, potatoes, beef, + milk, poultry; shortages include wheat, vegetable oils and cotton; fish + catch 778,000 metric tons in 1986 +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.4 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $11.65 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $6.52 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $1.5 + billion +Currency: + taka (plural - taka); 1 taka (Tk) = 100 paise +Exchange rates: + taka (Tk) per US$1 - 38.800 (January 1992), 36.596 (1991), 34.569 (1990), + 32.270 (1989), 31.733 (1988), 30.950 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Bangladesh Communications + +Railroads: + 2,892 km total (1986); 1,914 km 1.000 meter gauge, 978 km 1.676 meter broad + gauge +Highways: + 7,240 km total (1985); 3,840 km paved, 3,400 km unpaved +Inland waterways: + 5,150-8,046 km navigable waterways (includes 2,575-3,058 km main cargo + routes) +Pipelines: + natural gas 1,220 km +Ports: + Chittagong, Chalna +Merchant marine: + 44 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 328,382 GRT/479,985 DWT; includes 36 + cargo, 2 petroleum tanker, 3 refrigerated cargo, 3 bulk +Civil air: + 15 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 16 total, 12 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + adequate international radio communications and landline service; fair + domestic wire and microwave service; fair broadcast service; 241,250 + telephones; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 6 FM, 11 TV; 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT + satellite earth stations + +:Bangladesh Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force; paramilitary forces - Bangladesh Rifles, Bangladesh + Ansars, Armed Police Reserve, Coastal Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 29,891,224; 17,745,343 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $339 million, 1.5% of GDP (FY92 budget) + +:Barbados Geography + +Total area: + 430 km2 +Land area: + 430 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 97 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; rainy season (June to October) +Terrain: + relatively flat; rises gently to central highland region +Natural resources: + crude oil, fishing, natural gas +Land use: + arable land 77%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 9%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 14% +Environment: + subject to hurricanes (especially June to October) +Note: + easternmost Caribbean island + +:Barbados People + +Population: + 254,934 (July 1992), growth rate 0.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 16 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + --6 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 22 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 70 years male, 76 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Barbadian(s); adjective - Barbadian +Ethnic divisions: + African 80%, mixed 16%, European 4% +Religions: + Protestant 67% (Anglican 40%, Pentecostal 8%, Methodist 7%, other 12%), + Roman Catholic 4%; none 17%, unknown 3%, other 9% (1980) +Languages: + English +Literacy: + 99% (male 99%, female 99%) age 15 and over having ever attended school + (1970) +Labor force: + 120,900 (1991); services and government 37%; commerce 22%; manufacturing and + construction 22%; transportation, storage, communications, and financial + institutions 9%; agriculture 8%; utilities 2% (1985 est.) +Organized labor: + 32% of labor force + +:Barbados Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Bridgetown +Administrative divisions: + 11 parishes; Christ Church, Saint Andrew, Saint George, Saint James, Saint + John, Saint Joseph, Saint Lucy, Saint Michael, Saint Peter, Saint Philip, + Saint Thomas; note - there may be a new city of Bridgetown +Independence: + 30 November 1966 (from UK) +Constitution: + 30 November 1966 +Legal system: + English common law; no judicial review of legislative acts +National holiday: + Independence Day, 30 November (1966) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, + Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house + or House of Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Judicature +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Dame Nita BARROW (since 6 June 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Lloyd Erskine SANDIFORD (since 2 June 1987) +Political parties and leaders: + Democratic Labor Party (DLP), Erskine SANDIFORD; Barbados Labor Party (BLP), + Henry FORDE; National Democratic Party (NDP), Richie HAYNES +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Assembly: + last held 22 January 1991 (next to be held by January 1996); results - DLP + 49.8%; seats - (28 total) DLP 18, BLP 10 +Other political or pressure groups: + Industrial and General Workers Union, Sir Frank WALCOTT; People's + Progressive Movement, Eric SEALY; Workers' Party of Barbados, Dr. George + BELLE +Member of: + ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, + IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES, + LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Dr. Rudi WEBSTER; Chancery at 2144 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, + DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-9200 through 9202; there is a Barbadian + Consulate General in New York and a Consulate in Los Angeles + US: + Ambassador G. Philip HUGHES; Embassy at Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce + Building, Broad Street, Bridgetown (mailing address is P. O. Box 302, Box B, + FPO AA 34054); telephone (809) 436-4950 through 4957; FAX (809) 429-5246 + +:Barbados Government + +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and blue with the + head of a black trident centered on the gold band; the trident head + represents independence and a break with the past (the colonial coat of arms + contained a complete trident) + +:Barbados Economy + +Overview: + A per capita income of $6,500 gives Barbados one of the highest standards of + living of all the small island states of the eastern Caribbean. + Historically, the economy was based on the cultivation of sugarcane and + related activities. In recent years, however, the economy has diversified + into manufacturing and tourism. The tourist industry is now a major employer + of the labor force and a primary source of foreign exchange. The economy + slowed in 1990-91, however, and Bridgetown's declining hard currency + reserves and inability to finance its deficits have caused it to adopt an + austere economic reform program. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $1.7 billion, per capita $6,500; real growth + rate--3.1% (1990) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.4% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 18% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $514 million; expenditures $615 million (FY91-92) +Exports: + $210.6 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + sugar and molasses, chemicals, electrical components, clothing, rum, + machinery and transport equipment + partners: + CARICOM 30%, US 20%, UK 20% +Imports: + $704 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + foodstuffs, consumer durables, raw materials, machinery, crude oil, + construction materials, chemicals + partners: + US 35%, CARICOM 13%, UK 12%, Japan 6%, Canada 8%, Venezuela 4% +External debt: + $539.9 million (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate--2.7% (1990); accounts for 14% of GDP +Electricity: + 152,100 kW capacity; 539 million kWh produced, 2,117 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + tourism, sugar, light manufacturing, component assembly for export +Agriculture: + accounts for 10% of GDP; major cash crop is sugarcane; other crops - + vegetables and cotton; not self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $15 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $171 million +Currency: + Barbadian dollars (plural - dollars); 1 Barbadian dollar (Bds$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Barbadian dollars (Bds$) per US$1 - 2.0113 (fixed rate) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Barbados Communications + +Highways: + 1,570 km total; 1,475 km paved, 95 km gravel and earth +Ports: + Bridgetown +Merchant marine: + 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,200 GRT/7,338 DWT +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m +Telecommunications: + islandwide automatic telephone system with 89,000 telephones; tropospheric + scatter link to Trinidad and Saint Lucia; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 2 FM, 2 + (1 is pay) TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Barbados Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Barbados Defense Force, Coast Guard, Royal Barbados Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 69,678; 48,803 fit for military service, no conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $10 million, 0.7% of GDP (1989) + +:Bassas da India Geography + +Total area: + NA +Land area: + undetermined +Comparative area: + undetermined +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 35.2 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claimed by Madagascar +Climate: + tropical +Terrain: + a volcanic rock 2.4 m high +Natural resources: + none +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other (rock) 100% +Environment: + surrounded by reefs; subject to periodic cyclones +Note: + navigational hazard since it is usually under water during high tide; + located in southern Mozambique Channel about halfway between Africa and + Madagascar + +:Bassas da India People + +Population: + uninhabited + +:Bassas da India Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Jacques + DEWATRE (since July 1991), resident in Reunion +Capital: + none; administered by France from Reunion + +:Bassas da India Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +:Bassas da India Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only + +:Bassas da India Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +:Belarus Geography + +Total area: + 207,600 km2 +Land area: + 207,600 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Kansas +Land boundaries: + 3,098 km total; Latvia 141 km, Lithuania 502 km, Poland 605 km, Russia 959 + km, Ukraine 891 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + mild and moist; transitional between continental and maritime +Terrain: + generally flat and contains much marshland +Natural resources: + forest land and peat deposits +Land use: + arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and + woodland NA%; other NA%; includes irrigated NA% +Environment: + southern part of Belarus + highly contaminated with fallout from 1986 nuclear reactor accident at + Chernobyl' +Note: + landlocked + +:Belarus People + +Population: + 10,373,881 (July 1992), growth rate 0.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 15 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 20 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 66 years male, 76 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Belarusian(s); adjective - Belarusian +Ethnic divisions: + Byelorussian 77.9%, Russian 13.2%, Poles 4.1%, Ukrainian 2.9%, Jews 1.1%, + other 0.8% +Religions: + Russian Orthodox NA%, unknown NA%, none NA%, other NA% +Languages: + Byelorussian NA%, Russian NA%, other NA% +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write +Labor force: + 5,418,000; industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 20%, + other 38% (1990) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Belarus Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Belarus +Type: + republic +Capital: + Mensk +Administrative divisions: + 6 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Brest, Gomel', Grodno, Minsk, + Mogilev, Vitebsk; note - all oblasts have the same name as their + administrative center +Independence: + 1 January 1919 Belorussian Republic; 30 December 1922 joined with the USSR; + 25 August 1991 redeclared independence +Constitution: + adopted April 1978 +Legal system: + based on civil law system +National holiday: + 24 August (1991) +Executive branch: + NA +Legislative branch: + unicameral with 360 seats +Judicial branch: + NA +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Chairman of the Supreme Soviet Stanislav S. SHUSHKEVICH (since NA 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Vyacheslav F. KEBICH (since NA April 1990), First Deputy + Prime Minister Mikhail MYASNIKOVICH (since early 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Belarusian Popular Front, Zenon POZNYAK, chairman; United Democratic Party, + Stanislav GUSAK, co-chairman; Social Democratic Gramada, Mikhail TKACHEV, + chairman; Belarus Workers Union, Mikhail SOBOL, Chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + NA + Supreme Soviet: + last held 4 March 1990 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by + party NA; seats - (360 total) number of seats by party NA; note - 50 seats + are for public bodies +Communists: + NA +Other political or pressure groups: + NA +Member of: + CE, CIS, CSCE, ECE, IAEA, ILO, INMARSAT, IOC, ITU, NACC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Martynov; Chancery at NA NW, Washington, DC 200__; telephone NA + US: + Ambassador (vacant); David SWARTZ, Charge d'Affaires; Embassy at Hotel + Belarus (telephone 8-011-7-0172-69-08-02) plus 7 hours; (mailing address is + APO New York is 09862); telephone NA +Flag: + white, red, and white + +:Belarus Economy + +Overview: + In many ways Belarus resembles the three Baltic states, for example, in its + industrial competence, its higher-than-average standard of living, and its + critical dependence on the other former Soviet states for fuels and raw + materials. Belarus ranks fourth in gross output among the former Soviet + republics, producing 4% of the total GDP and employing 4% of the labor + force. Once a mainly agricultural area, it now supplies important producer + and consumer goods - sometimes as the sole producer - to the other states. + The soil in Belarus is not as fertile as the black earth of Ukraine, but by + emphasizing favorable crops and livestock (especially pigs and chickens), + Belarus has become a net exporter to the other republics of meat, milk, + eggs, flour, and potatoes. Belarus produces only small amounts of oil and + gas and receives most of its fuel from Russia through the Druzhba oil + pipeline and the Northern Lights gas pipeline. These pipelines transit + Belarus enroute to Eastern Europe. Belarus produces petrochemicals, + plastics, synthetic fibers (nearly 30% of former Soviet output), and + fertilizer (20% of former Soviet output). Raw material resources are limited + to potash and peat deposits. The peat (more than one-third of the total for + the former Soviet Union) is used in domestic heating as boiler fuel for + electric power stations and in the production of chemicals. The potash + supports fertilizer production. +GDP: + NA - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate --2% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 81% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA million; expenditures $NA million, including capital + expenditures of $NA million +Exports: + $4.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs + partners: + NA +Imports: + $5.6 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + machinery, chemicals, textiles + partners: + NA +External debt: + $2.6 billion (end of 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate --1.5% (1991) +Electricity: + 7,500,000 kW capacity; 38,700 million kWh produced, 3,770 kWh per capita + (1991) + +:Belarus Economy + +Industries: + employ about 27% of labor force and produce a wide variety of products + essential to the other states; products include (in percent share of total + output of former Soviet Union): tractors(12%); metal-cutting machine tools + (11%); off-highway dump trucksup to 110-metric- ton load capacity (100%); + wheel-type earthmovers for construction and mining (100%); eight- + wheel-drive, high-flotation trucks with cargo capacity of 25 metric tons for + use in tundra and roadless areas (100%); equipment for animal husbandry and + livestock feeding (25%); motorcycles (21.3%); television sets (11%); + chemical fibers (28%); fertilizer (18%); linen fabric (11%); wool fabric + (7%); radios; refrigerators; and other consumer goods +Agriculture: + accounts for 5.7% of total agricultural output of former Soviet Union; + employs 29% of the labor force; in 1988 produced the following (in percent + of total Soviet production): grain (3.6%), potatoes (12.2%), vegetables + (3.0%), meat (6.0%), milk (7.0%); net exporter of meat, milk, eggs, flour, + and potatoes +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of opium mostly for the domestic market; transshipment + point for illicit drugs to Western Europe +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency +Exchange rates: + NA +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Belarus Communications + +Railroads: + 5,570 km (includes NA km electrified); does not include industrial lines + (1990) +Highways: + 98,200 km total (1990); 66,100 km hard surfaced, 32,100 km earth +Inland waterways: + NA km +Pipelines: + NA +Ports: + none - landlocked +Merchant marine: + none - landlocked +Civil air: + NA major transport aircraft +Airports: + NA +Telecommunications: + telephone network has 1.7 million lines, 15% of which are switched + automatically; Minsk has 450,000 lines; telephone density is approximately + 17 per 100 persons; as of 31 January 1990, 721,000 applications from + households for telephones were still unsatisfied; international connections + to other former Soviet republics are by landline or microwave and to other + countries by leased connection through the Moscow international gateway + switch + +:Belarus Defense Forces + +Branches: + Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops); CIS Forces (Ground, + Air, Air Defense, Strategic Rocket) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18) + annually +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Belgium Geography + +Total area: + 30,510 km2 +Land area: + 30,230 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Maryland +Land boundaries: + 1,385 km total; France 620 km, Germany 167 km, Luxembourg 148 km, + Netherlands 450 km +Coastline: + 64 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + not specific + Exclusive fishing zone: + equidistant line with neighbors (extends about 68 km from coast) + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy +Terrain: + flat coastal plains in northwest, central rolling hills, rugged mountains of + Ardennes Forest in southeast +Natural resources: + coal, natural gas +Land use: + arable land 24%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and + woodland 21%; other 34%, includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + air and water pollution +Note: + majority of West European capitals within 1,000 km of Brussels; crossroads + of Western Europe; Brussels is the seat of the EC + +:Belgium People + +Population: + 10,016,623 (July 1992), growth rate 0.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 12 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 73 years male, 80 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Belgian(s); adjective - Belgian +Ethnic divisions: + Fleming 55%, Walloon 33%, mixed or other 12% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 75%, remainder Protestant or other +Languages: + Flemish (Dutch) 56%, French 32%, German 1%; legally bilingual 11%; divided + along ethnic lines +Literacy: + 99% (male 99%, female 99%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.) +Labor force: + 4,126,000; services 63.6%, industry 28%, construction 6.1%, agriculture 2.3% + (1988) +Organized labor: + 70% of labor force + +:Belgium Government + +Long-form name: + Kingdom of Belgium +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Brussels +Administrative divisions: + 9 provinces (French - provinces, singular - province; Flemish - provincien, + singular - provincie); Antwerpen, Brabant, Hainaut, Liege, Limburg, + Luxembourg, Namur, Oost-Vlaanderen, West-Vlaanderen +Independence: + 4 October 1830 (from the Netherlands) +Constitution: + 7 February 1831, last revised 8-9 August 1980; the government is in the + process of revising the Constitution with the aim of federalizing the + Belgian state +Legal system: + civil law system influenced by English constitutional theory; judicial + review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with + reservations +National holiday: + National Day, 21 July (ascension of King Leopold to the throne in 1831) +Executive branch: + monarch, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper chamber or Senate (Flemish - + Senaat, French - Senat) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Representatives + (Flemish - Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers, French - Chambre des + Representants) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Justice (Flemish - Hof van Cassatie, French - Cour de + Cassation) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King BAUDOUIN I (since 17 July 1951); Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT of Liege + (brother of the King; born 6 June 1934) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Jean-Luc DEHAENE (since 6 March 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + Flemish Social Christian (CVP), Herman van ROMPUY, president; Walloon Social + Christian (PSC) , Gerard DEPREZ, president; Flemish Socialist (SP), Frank + VANDENBROUCKE, president; Walloon Socialist (PS), NA; Flemish Liberal (PVV), + Guy VERHOF STADT, president; Walloon Liberal (PRL), Antoine DUQUESNE, + president; Francophone Democratic Front (FDF), Georges CLERFAYT, president; + Volksunie (VU), Jaak GABRIELS, president; Communist Party (PCB), Louis van + GEYT, president; Vlaams Blok (VB), Karel DILLEN, chairman; ROSSEM, Jean + Pierre VAN ROSSEM; National Front (FN), Werner van STEEN; Live Differently + (AGALEV), Leo COX; Ecologist (ECOLO), NA; other minor parties +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 18 +Elections: + Chamber of Representatives: + last held 24 November 1991 (next to be held by November 1996); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (212 total) number of seats by party NA + Senate: + last held 24 November 1991 (next to be held by November 1996); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (106 total) number of seats by party NA + +:Belgium Government + +Other political or pressure groups: + Christian and Socialist Trade Unions; Federation of Belgian Industries; + numerous other associations representing bankers, manufacturers, + middle-class artisans, and the legal and medical professions; various + organizations represent the cultural interests of Flanders and Wallonia; + various peace groups such as the Flemish Action Committee Against Nuclear + Weapons and Pax Christi +Member of: + ACCT, AfDB, AG, AsDB, Benelux, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, + ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-9, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, + IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, + ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMOGIP, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, + WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Juan CASSIERS; Chancery at 3330 Garfield Street NW, Washington, + DC 20008; telephone (202) 333-6900; there are Belgian Consulates General in + Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York + US: + Ambassador Bruce S. GELB; Embassy at 27 Boulevard du Regent, B-1000 Brussels + (mailing address is APO AE 09724); telephone [32] (2) 513-3830; FAX [32] (2) + 511-2725; there is a US Consulate General in Antwerp +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), yellow, and red; the + design was based on the flag of France + +:Belgium Economy + +Overview: + This small private enterprise economy has capitalized on its central + geographic location, highly developed transport network, and diversified + industrial and commercial base. Industry is concentrated mainly in the + populous Flemish area in the north, although the government is encouraging + reinvestment in the southern region of Walloon. With few natural resources + Belgium must import essential raw materials, making its economy closely + dependent on the state of world markets. Over 70% of trade is with other EC + countries. During the period 1988-90, Belgium's economic performance was + marked by 4% average growth, moderate inflation, and a substantial external + surplus. Growth fell to 1.4% in 1991. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $171.8 billion, per capita $17,300; real + growth rate 1.4% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.2% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 9.4% est. (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $45.0 billion; expenditures $55.3 billion, including capital + expenditures of NA (1989) +Exports: + $118 billion (f.o.b., 1990) Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union + commodities: + iron and steel, transportation equipment, tractors, diamonds, petroleum + products + partners: + EC 74%, US 5%, former Communist countries 2% (1989) +Imports: + $120 billion (c.i.f., 1990) Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union + commodities: + fuels, grains, chemicals, foodstuffs + partners: + EC 73%, US 4%, oil-exporting less developed countries 4%, former Communist + countries 3% (1989) +External debt: + $28.8 billion (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.2% (1991 est.); accounts for almost 30% of GDP +Electricity: + 17,400,000 kW capacity; 67,100 million kWh produced, 6,767 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + engineering and metal products, processed food and beverages, chemicals, + basic metals, textiles, glass, petroleum, coal +Agriculture: + accounts for 2.3% of GDP; emphasis on livestock production - beef, veal, + pork, milk; major crops are sugar beets, fresh vegetables, fruits, grain, + and tobacco; net importer of farm products +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $5.8 billion +Currency: + Belgian franc (plural - francs); 1 Belgian franc (BF) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Belgian francs (BF) per US$1 - 32.462 (January 1992), 34.148 (1991), 33.418 + (1990), 39.404 (1989), 36.768 (1988), 37.334 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Belgium Communications + +Railroads: + Belgian National Railways (SNCB) operates 3,667 km 1.435-meter standard + gauge, government owned; 2,563 km double track; 1,978 km electrified; 191 km + 1.000-meter gauge, government owned and operated +Highways: + 103,396 km total; 1,317 km limited access, divided autoroute; 11,717 km + national highway; 1,362 km provincial road; about 38,000 km paved and 51,000 + km unpaved rural roads +Inland waterways: + 2,043 km (1,528 km in regular commercial use) +Pipelines: + petroleum products 1,167 km; crude oil 161 km; natural gas 3,300 km +Ports: + Antwerp, Brugge, Gent, Oostende, Zeebrugge +Merchant marine: + 23 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 62,979 GRT/88,738 DWT; includes 10 + cargo, 4 petroleum tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 5 chemical tanker, 1 bulk, 2 + refrigerated cargo +Civil air: + 47 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 42 total, 42 usable; 24 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 14 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + highly developed, technologically advanced, and completely automated + domestic and international telephone and telegraph facilities; extensive + cable network; limited radio relay network; 4,720,000 telephones; broadcast + stations - 3 AM, 39 FM, 32 TV; 5 submarine cables; 2 satellite earth + stations - Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and EUTELSAT systems; nationwide mobile + phone system + +:Belgium Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,550,088; 2,133,483 fit for military service; 66,249 reach + military age (19) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $4.2 billion, 2.7% of GDP (1991) + +:Belize Geography + +Total area: + 22,960 km2 +Land area: + 22,800 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Massachusetts +Land boundaries: + 516 km total; Guatemala 266 km, Mexico 250 km +Coastline: + 386 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 12 nm in the north and 3 nm in the south; note - from the mouth of the + Sarstoon River to Ranguana Caye, Belize's territorial sea is 3 miles; + according to Belize's Maritime Areas Act, 1992, the purpose of this + limitation is to provide a framework for the negotiation of a definitive + agreement on territorial differences with the Republic of Guatemala'' +Disputes: + claimed by Guatemala, but boundary negotiations to resolve the dispute have + begun +Climate: + tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to February) +Terrain: + flat, swampy coastal plain; low mountains in south +Natural resources: + arable land potential, timber, fish +Land use: + arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest and + woodland 44%; other 52%, includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + frequent devastating hurricanes (September to December) and coastal flooding + (especially in south); deforestation +Note: + national capital moved 80 km inland from Belize City to Belmopan because of + hurricanes; only country in Central America without a coastline on the North + Pacific Ocean + +:Belize People + +Population: + 229,143 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 31 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 4 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 30 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 67 years male, 73 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Belizean(s); adjective - Belizean +Ethnic divisions: + Creole 39.7%, Mestizo 33.1%, Maya 9.5%, Garifuna 7.6%, East Indian 2.1%, + other 8.0% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 30% (Anglican 12%, Methodist 6%, Mennonite + 4%, Seventh-Day Adventist 3%, Pentecostal 2%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1%, other + 2%), none 2%, unknown 3%, other 3% (1980) +Languages: + English (official), Spanish, Maya, Garifuna (Carib) +Literacy: + 91% (male 91%, female 91%) age 15 and over having ever attended school + (1970) +Labor force: + 51,500; agriculture 30.0%, services 16.0%, government 15.4%, commerce 11.2%, + manufacturing 10.3%; shortage of skilled labor and all types of technical + personnel (1985) +Organized labor: + 12% of labor force; 7 unions currently active + +:Belize Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Belmopan +Administrative divisions: + 6 districts; Belize, Cayo, Corozal, Orange Walk, Stann Creek, Toledo +Independence: + 21 September 1981 (from UK; formerly British Honduras) +Constitution: + 21 September 1981 +Legal system: + English law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 21 September +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, + Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower + house or House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Dame Elmira Minita GORDON (since 21 September 1981) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister George Cadle PRICE (since 4 September 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + People's United Party (PUP), George PRICE, Florencio MARIN, Said MUSA; + United Democratic Party (UDP), Manuel ESQUIVEL, Dean LINDO, Dean BARROW; + Belize Popular Party (BPP), Louis SYLVESTRE +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + National Assembly: + last held 4 September 1989 (next to be held September 1994); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (28 total) PUP 15, UDP 13; note - in + January 1990 one member expelled from UDP joined PUP, making the seat count + PUP 16, UDP 12 +Other political or pressure groups: + Society for the Promotion of Education and Research (SPEAR) headed by former + PUP minister; United Workers Front +Member of: + ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, + ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAS, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador James V. HYDE; Chancery at 2535 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-9636 + US: + Ambassador Eugene L. SCASSA; Embassy at Gabourel Lane and Hutson Street, + Belize City (mailing address is P. O. Box 286, Belize City); telephone [501] + (2) 77161; FAX [501] (2) 30802 +Flag: + on a scroll at the bottom, all encircled by a green garland + +:Belize Government + + blue with a narrow red stripe along the top and the bottom edges; centered + is a large white disk bearing the coat of arms; the coat of arms features a + shield flanked by two workers in front of a mahogany tree with the related + motto RA FLOREO (I Flourish in the Shade) + +:Belize Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based primarily on agriculture, agro-based industry, and + merchandising, with tourism and construction assuming increasing importance. + Agriculture accounts for about 30% of GDP and provides 75% of export + earnings, while sugar, the chief crop, accounts for almost 40% of hard + currency earnings. The US, Belize's main trading partner, is assisting in + efforts to reduce dependency on sugar with an agricultural diversification + program. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $373 million, per capita $1,635; real growth rate + 10% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.5% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 12% (1988) +Budget: + revenues $126.8 million; expenditures $123.1 million, including capital + expenditures of $44.8 million (FY91 est.) +Exports: + $134 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + sugar, clothing, seafood, molasses, citrus, wood and wood products + partners: + US 47%, UK, Trinidad and Tobago, Canada (1987) +Imports: + $194 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + machinery and transportation equipment, food, manufactured goods, fuels, + chemicals, pharmaceuticals + partners: + US 56%, UK, Netherlands Antilles, Mexico (1991) +External debt: + $142 million (December 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 9.7% (1989); accounts for 16% of GDP +Electricity: + 34,532 kW capacity; 90 million kWh produced, 395 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + garment production, citrus concentrates, sugar refining, rum, beverages, + tourism +Agriculture: + accounts for 30% of GDP (including fish and forestry); commercial crops + include sugarcane, bananas, coca, citrus fruits; expanding output of lumber + and cultured shrimp; net importer of basic foods +Illicit drugs: + an illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; + eradication program cut marijuana production from 200 metric tons in 1987 to + about 50 metric tons in 1991; transshipment point for cocaine +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $104 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $215 million +Currency: + Belizean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Belizean dollar (Bz$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Belizean dollars (Bz$) per US$1 - 2.00 (fixed rate) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Belize Communications + +Highways: + 2,710 km total; 500 km paved, 1,600 km gravel, 300 km improved earth, and + 310 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 825 km river network used by shallow-draft craft; seasonally navigable +Ports: + Belize City; additional ports for shallow draught craft include Corozol, + Punta Gorda, Big Creek +Merchant marine: + 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,127 GRT/5,885 DWT +Civil air: + 2 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 44 total, 34 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 8,650 telephones; above-average system based on radio relay; broadcast + stations - 6 AM, 5 FM, 1 TV, 1 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth + station + +:Belize Defense Forces + +Branches: + British Forces Belize, Belize Defense Force (including Army, Navy, Air + Force, and Volunteer Guard) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 55,333; 33,040 fit for military service; 2,509 reach military + age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $4.8 million, 1.8% of GDP (FY91) + +:Benin Geography + +Total area: + 112,620 km2 +Land area: + 110,620 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Pennsylvania +Land boundaries: + 1,989 km total; Burkina 306 km, Niger 266 km, Nigeria 773 km, Togo 644 km +Coastline: + 121 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 200 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north +Terrain: + mostly flat to undulating plain; some hills and low mountains +Natural resources: + small offshore oil deposits, limestone, marble, timber +Land use: + arable land 12%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and + woodland 35%; other 45%, includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + hot, dry, dusty harmattan wind may affect north in winter; deforestation; + desertification +Note: + recent droughts have severely affected marginal agriculture in north; no + natural harbors + +:Benin People + +Population: + 4,997,599 (July 1992), growth rate 3.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 49 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 15 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 115 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 49 years male, 53 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Beninese (singular and plural); adjective - Beninese +Ethnic divisions: + African 99% (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja, Yoruba, + Bariba); Europeans 5,500 +Religions: + indigenous beliefs 70%, Muslim 15%, Christian 15% +Languages: + French (official); Fon and Yoruba most common vernaculars in south; at least + six major tribal languages in north +Literacy: + 23% (male 32%, female 16%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 1,900,000 (1987); agriculture 60%, transport, commerce, and public services + 38%, industry less than 2%; 49% of population of working age (1985) +Organized labor: + about 75% of wage earners + +:Benin Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Benin +Type: + republic under multiparty democratic rule; dropped Marxism-Leninism December + 1989; democratic reforms adopted February 1990; transition to multiparty + system completed 4 April 1991 +Capital: + Porto-Novo +Administrative divisions: + 6 provinces; Atakora, Atlantique, Borgou, Mono, Oueme, Zou +Independence: + 1 August 1960 (from France; formerly Dahomey) +Constitution: + 2 December 1990 +Legal system: + based on French civil law and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 1 August (1990) +Executive branch: + president, cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Nicephore SOGLO (since 4 April 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Alliance of the Democratic Union for the Forces of Progress (UDFP), Timothee + ADANLIN; Movement for Democracy and Social Progress (MDPS), Jean-Roger + AHOYO; and the Union for Liberty and Development (ULD), Marcellin DEGBE; + Alliance of the National Party for Democracy and Development (PNDD) and the + Democratic Renewal Party (PRD), Pascal Chabi KAO; Alliance of the Social + Democratic Party (PSD) and the National Union for Solidarity and Progress + (UNSP), Bruno AMOUSSOU; Our Common Cause (NCC), Albert TEVOEDJRE; National + Rally for Democracy (RND), Joseph KEKE; Alliance of the National Movement + for Democracy and Development (MNDD), Bertin BORNA; Movement for Solidarity, + Union, and Progress (MSUP), Adebo ADENIYI; and Union for Democracy and + National Reconstruction (UDRN), Azaria FAKOREDE; Union for Democracy and + National Solidarity (UDS), Mama Amadou N'DIAYE; Assembly of Liberal + Democrats for National Reconstruction (RDL), Severin ADJOVI; Alliance of the + Alliance for Social Democracy (ASD), Robert DOSSOU, and Bloc for Social + Democracy (BSD), Michel MAGNIDE; Alliance of the Alliance for Democracy and + Progress (ADP), Akindes ADEKPEDJOU, and Democratic Union for Social Renewal + (UDRS), Bio Gado Seko N'GOYE; National Union for Democracy and Progress + (UNDP), Robert TAGNON; numerous other small parties +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + National Assembly: + last held 10 and 24 March 1991; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats + - (64 total) UDFP-MDPS-ULD 12, PNDD/PRD 9, PSD/UNSP 8, NCC 7, RND 7, + MNDD/MSUP/UDRN 6, UDS 5, RDL 4, ASD/BSD 3, ADP/UDRS 2, UNDP 1 + President: + last held 10 and 24 March 1991; results - Nicephore SOGLO 68%, Mathieu + KEREKOU 32% +Communists: + Communist Party of Dahomey (PCD) remains active + +:Benin Government + +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, + ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, + LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, + WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Candide AHOUANSOU; Chancery at 2737 Cathedral Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 232-6656 + US: + Ambassador Harriet W. ISOM; Embassy at Rue Caporal Anani Bernard, Cotonou + (mailing address is B. P. 2012, Cotonou); telephone [229] 30-06-50, + 30-05-13, 30-17-92; FAX [229] 30-14-39 and 30-19-74 +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and red with a vertical green + band on the hoist side + +:Benin Economy + +Overview: + Benin is one of the least developed countries in the world because of + limited natural resources and a poorly developed infrastructure. Agriculture + accounts for about 35% of GDP, employs about 60% of the labor force, and + generates a major share of foreign exchange earnings. The industrial sector + contributes only about 15% to GDP and employs 2% of the work force. Low + prices in recent years have kept down hard currency earnings from Benin's + major exports of agricultural products and crude oil. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $2.0 billion, per capita $410; real growth rate + 3% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.0% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $194 million; expenditures $390 million, including capital + expenditures of $104 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $263.3 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + crude oil, cotton, palm products, cocoa + partners: + FRG 36%, France 16%, Spain 14%, Italy 8%, UK 4% +Imports: + $428 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco, petroleum products, intermediate goods, + capital goods, light consumer goods + partners: + France 34%, Netherlands 10%, Japan 7%, Italy 6%, US 4% +External debt: + $1.0 billion (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate --0.7% (1988); accounts for 15% of GDP +Electricity: + 30,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced, 5 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + textiles, cigarettes, construction materials, beverages, food production, + petroleum +Agriculture: + small farms produce 90% of agricultural output; production is dominated by + food crops - corn, sorghum, cassava, beans, and rice; cash crops include + cotton, palm oil, and peanuts; poultry and livestock output has not kept up + with consumption +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $46 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,300 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $101 + million +Currency: + Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) + = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January + 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 + (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Benin Communications + +Railroads: + 578 km, all 1.000-meter gauge, single track +Highways: + 5,050 km total; 920 km paved, 2,600 laterite, 1,530 km improved earth +Inland waterways: + navigable along small sections, important only locally +Ports: + Cotonou +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 6 total, 5 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 2,439 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fair system of open wire, submarine cable, and radio relay; broadcast + stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Benin Defense Forces + +Branches: + Armed Forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force), National Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + eligible 15-49, 2,165,515; of the 1,031,738 males 15-49, 528,366 are fit for + military service; of the 1,133,777 females 15-49, 572,603 are fit for + military service; about 55,697 males and 53,786 females reach military age + (18) annually; both sexes are liable for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $29 million, 1.7% of GDP (1988 est.) + +:Bermuda Geography + +Total area: + 50 km2 +Land area: + 50 km2 +Comparative area: + about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 103 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Climate: + subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter +Terrain: + low hills separated by fertile depressions +Natural resources: + limestone, pleasant climate fostering tourism +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 20%; other 80% +Environment: + ample rainfall, but no rivers or freshwater lakes; consists of about 360 + small coral islands +Note: + 1,050 km east of North Carolina; some reclaimed land leased by US Government + +:Bermuda People + +Population: + 60,213 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992) +Birth rate: + 15 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 13 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 73 years male, 77 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Bermudian(s); adjective - Bermudian +Ethnic divisions: + black 61%, white and other 39% +Religions: + Anglican 37%, Roman Catholic 14%, African Methodist Episcopal (Zion) 10%, + Methodist 6%, Seventh-Day Adventist 5%, other 28% +Languages: + English +Literacy: + 98% (male 98%, female 99%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970) +Labor force: + 32,000; clerical 25%, services 22%, laborers 21%, professional and technical + 13%, administrative and managerial 10%, sales 7%, agriculture and fishing 2% + (1984) +Organized labor: + 8,573 members (1985); largest union is Bermuda Industrial Union + +:Bermuda Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + Hamilton +Administrative divisions: + 9 parishes and 2 municipalities*; Devonshire, Hamilton, Hamilton*, Paget, + Pembroke, Saint George*, Saint George's, Sandys, Smiths, Southampton, + Warwick +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Constitution: + 8 June 1968 +Legal system: + English law +National holiday: + Bermuda Day, 22 May +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor, deputy governor, premier, deputy premier, + Executive Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house + or House of Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Lord + David WADDINGTON + Head of Government: + Premier John William David SWAN (since January 1982) +Political parties and leaders: + United Bermuda Party (UBP), John W. D. SWAN; Progressive Labor Party (PLP), + Frederick WADE; National Liberal Party (NLP), Gilbert DARRELL +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + House of Assembly: + last held 9 February 1989 (next to be held by February 1994); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (40 total) UBP 23, PLP 15, NLP 1, other + 1 +Other political or pressure groups: + Bermuda Industrial Union (BIU), headed by Ottiwell SIMMONS +Member of: + CARICOM (observer), CCC, ICFTU, IOC +Diplomatic representation: + as a dependent territory of the UK, Bermuda's interests in the US are + represented by the UK + US: + Consul General L. Ebersole GAINES; Consulate General at Crown Hill, 16 + Middle Road, Devonshire, Hamilton (mailing address is P. O. Box HM325, + Hamilton HMBX; PSC 1002, FPO AE 09727-1002); telephone (809) 295-1342; FAX + (809) 295-1592 +Flag: + red with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the + Bermudian coat of arms (white and blue shield with a red lion holding a + scrolled shield showing the sinking of the ship Sea Venture off Bermuda in + 1609) centered on the outer half of the flag + +:Bermuda Economy + +Overview: + Bermuda enjoys one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, having + successfully exploited its location by providing luxury tourist facilities + and financial services. The tourist industry attracts more than 90% of its + business from North America. The industrial sector is small, and agriculture + is severely limited by a lack of suitable land. About 80% of food needs are + imported. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $1.3 billion, per capita $22,400; real growth + rate 2.0% (1989 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 5.8% (June 1989, annual rate) +Unemployment rate: + 2.0% (1988) +Budget: + revenues $361.6 million; expenditures $396.1 million, including capital + expenditures of $74.1 million (FY91 est.) +Exports: + $30 million (f.o.b., FY88) + commodities: + semitropical produce, light manufactures + partners: + US 25%, Italy 25%, UK 14%, Canada 5%, other 31% +Imports: + $420 million (c.i.f., FY88) + commodities: + fuel, foodstuffs, machinery + partners: + US 58%, Netherlands Antilles 9%, UK 8%, Canada 6%, Japan 5%, other 14% +External debt: + NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 154,000 kW capacity; 504 million kWh produced, 8,625 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + tourism, finance, structural concrete products, paints, pharmaceuticals, + ship repairing +Agriculture: + accounts for less than 1% of GDP; most basic foods must be imported; + produces bananas, vegetables, citrus fruits, flowers, dairy products +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $34 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $277 million +Currency: + Bermudian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Bermudian dollar (Bd$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Bermudian dollar (Bd$) per US$1 - 1.0000 (fixed rate) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Bermuda Communications + +Highways: + 210 km public roads, all paved (about 400 km of private roads) +Ports: + Freeport, Hamilton, Saint George +Merchant marine: + 73 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,511,972 GRT/6,093,321 DWT; includes + 4 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 4 container, 7 roll-on/roll-off, 23 petroleum + tanker, 12 liquefied gas, 18 bulk; note - a flag of convenience registry +Civil air: + 16 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m +Telecommunications: + modern with fully automatic telephone system; 52,670 telephones; broadcast + stations - 5 AM, 3 FM, 2 TV; 3 submarine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + earth stations + +:Bermuda Defense Forces + +Branches: + Bermuda Regiment, Bermuda Police Force, Bermuda Reserve Constabulary +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +:Bhutan Geography + +Total area: + 47,000 km2 +Land area: + 47,000 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than half the size of Indiana +Land boundaries: + 1,075 km; China 470 km, India 605 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central + valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas +Terrain: + mostly mountainous with some fertile valleys and savanna +Natural resources: + timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbide, tourism potential +Land use: + arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and + woodland 70%; other 23% +Environment: + violent storms coming down from the Himalayas were the source of the country + name which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon +Note: + landlocked; strategic location between China and India; controls several key + Himalayan mountain passes + +:Bhutan People + +Population: + 1,660,167 (July 1992), growth rate 2.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 40 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 17 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 126 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 50 years male, 49 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 5.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Bhutanese (singular and plural); adjective - Bhutanese +Ethnic divisions: + Bhote 60%, ethnic Nepalese 25%, indigenous or migrant tribes 15% +Religions: + Lamaistic Buddhism 75%, Indian- and Nepalese-influenced Hinduism 25% +Languages: + Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects - most widely spoken dialect is + Dzongkha (official); Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + NA; agriculture 93%, services 5%, industry and commerce 2%; massive lack of + skilled labor +Organized labor: + not permitted + +:Bhutan Government + +Long-form name: + Kingdom of Bhutan +Type: + monarchy; special treaty relationship with India +Capital: + Thimphu +Administrative divisions: + 18 districts (dzongkhag, singular and plural); Bumthang, Chhukha, Chirang, + Daga, Geylegphug, Ha, Lhuntshi, Mongar, Paro, Pemagatsel, Punakha, Samchi, + Samdrup Jongkhar, Shemgang, Tashigang, Thimphu, Tongsa, Wangdi Phodrang +Independence: + 8 August 1949 (from India) +Constitution: + no written constitution or bill of rights +Legal system: + based on Indian law and English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day (Ugyen Wangchuck became first hereditary king), 17 December + (1907) +Executive branch: + monarch, chairman of the Royal Advisory Council, Royal Advisory Council + (Lodoi Tsokde), chairman of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers + (Lhengye Shungtsog) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Tshogdu) +Judicial branch: + High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK (since 24 July 1972) +Political parties and leaders: + no legal parties +Suffrage: + each family has one vote in village-level elections +Elections: + no national elections +Communists: + no overt Communist presence +Other political or pressure groups: + Buddhist clergy, Indian merchant community; ethnic Nepalese organizations + leading militant antigovernment campaign +Member of: + AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IMF, IOC, ITU, NAM, + SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO +Diplomatic representation: + no formal diplomatic relations, although informal contact is maintained + between the Bhutanese and US Embassies in New Delhi (India); the Bhutanese + mission to the UN in New York has consular jurisdiction in the US +Flag: + divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper triangle is + orange and the lower triangle is red; centered along the dividing line is a + large black and white dragon facing away from the hoist side + +:Bhutan Economy + +Overview: + The economy, one of the world's least developed, is based on agriculture and + forestry, which provide the main livelihood for 90% of the population and + account for about 50% of GDP. Rugged mountains dominate the terrain and make + the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive. The + economy is closely aligned with that of India through strong trade and + monetary links. Low wages in industry lead most Bhutanese to stay in + agriculture. Most development projects, such as road construction, rely on + Indian migrant labor. Bhutan's hydropower potential and its attraction for + tourists are its most important natural resources. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $320 million, per capita $200; real growth rate + 3.1% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 12% (FY90) +Unemployment rate: + NA +Budget: + revenues $112 million; expenditures $121 million, including capital + expenditures of $58 million (FY91 est.) +Exports: + $74 million (f.o.b., FY91) + commodities: + cardamon, gypsum, timber, handicrafts, cement, fruit + partners: + India 93% +Imports: + $106.4 million (c.i.f., FY91 est.) + commodities: + fuel and lubricants, grain, machinery and parts, vehicles, fabrics + partners: + India 67% +External debt: + $80 million (FY91 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA; accounts for 18% of GDP +Electricity: + 353,000 kW capacity; 2,000 million kWh produced, 1,280 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + cement, wood products, processed fruits, alcoholic beverages, calcium + carbide +Agriculture: + accounts for 50% of GDP; based on subsistence farming and animal husbandry; + self-sufficient in food except for foodgrains; other production - rice, + corn, root crops, citrus fruit, dairy, and eggs +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $115 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $11 million +Currency: + ngultrum (plural - ngultrum); 1 ngultrum (Nu) = 100 chetrum; note - Indian + currency is also legal tender +Exchange rates: + ngultrum (Nu) per US$1 - 25.927 (January 1992), 22.742 (1991), 17.504 + (1990), 16.226 (1989), 13.917 (1988), 12.962 (1987); note - the Bhutanese + ngultrum is at par with the Indian rupee +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Bhutan Communications + +Highways: + 1,304 km total; 418 km surfaced, 515 km improved, 371 km unimproved earth +Civil air: + 1 jet, 2 prop +Airports: + 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + inadequate; 1,990 telephones (1988); 22,000 radios (1990 est.); 85 TVs + (1985); broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, no TV (1990) + +:Bhutan Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Bhutan Army, Palace Guard, Militia +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 406,360; 217,348 fit for military service; 17,316 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Bolivia Geography + +Total area: + 1,098,580 km2 +Land area: + 1,084,390 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than three times the size of Montana +Land boundaries: + 6,743 km; Argentina 832 km, Brazil 3,400 km, Chile 861 km, Paraguay 750 km, + Peru 900 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + has wanted a sovereign corridor to the South Pacific Ocean since the Atacama + area was lost to Chile in 1884; dispute with Chile over Rio Lauca water + rights +Climate: + varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid +Terrain: + rugged Andes Mountains with a highland plateau (Altiplano), hills, lowland + plains of the Amazon basin +Natural resources: + tin, natural gas, crude oil, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron ore, + lead, gold, timber +Land use: + arable land 3%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 25%; forest and + woodland 52%; other 20%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + cold, thin air of high plateau is obstacle to efficient fuel combustion; + overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification +Note: + landlocked; shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, + with Peru + +:Bolivia People + +Population: + 7,323,048 (July 1992), growth rate 2.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 33 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + --1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 82 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 59 years male, 64 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Bolivian(s); adjective - Bolivian +Ethnic divisions: + Quechua 30%, Aymara 25%, mixed 25-30%, European 5-15% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 95%; active Protestant minority, especially Evangelical + Methodist +Languages: + Spanish, Quechua, and Aymara (all official) +Literacy: + 78% (male 85%, female 71%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 1,700,000; agriculture 50%, services and utilities 26%, manufacturing 10%, + mining 4%, other 10% (1983) +Organized labor: + 150,000-200,000, concentrated in mining, industry, construction, and + transportation; mostly organized under Bolivian Workers' Central (COB) labor + federation + +:Bolivia Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Bolivia +Type: + republic +Capital: + La Paz (seat of government); Sucre (legal capital and seat of judiciary) +Administrative divisions: + 9 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Chuquisaca, + Cochabamba, Beni, La Paz, Oruro, Pando, Potosi, Santa Cruz, Tarija +Independence: + 6 August 1825 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 2 February 1967 +Legal system: + based on Spanish law and Code Napoleon; has not accepted compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 6 August (1825) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of an upper chamber + or Chamber of Senators (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber + of Deputies (Camara de Diputados) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Jaime PAZ Zamora (since 6 August 1989); Vice President Luis OSSIO + Sanjines (since 6 August 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR), Jaime PAZ Zamora; Nationalist + Democratic Action (ADN), Hugo BANZER Suarez; Nationalist Revolutionary + Movement (MNR), Gonzalo SANCHEZ de Lozada; Civic Solidarity Union (UCS), Max + FERNANDEZ Rojas; Conscience of the Fatherland (CONDEPA), Carlos PALENQUE + Aviles; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Jorge AGREDO; Free Bolivia + Movement (MBL), led by Antonio ARANIBAR; United Left (IU), a coalition of + leftist parties that includes Patriotic National Convergency Axis (EJE-P) + led by Walter DELGADILLO, and Bolivian Communist Party (PCB) led by Humberto + RAMIREZ; Revolutionary Vanguard - 9th of April (VR-9), Carlos SERRATE Reich +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 18 (married) or 21 (single) +Elections: + Chamber of Deputies: + last held 7 May 1989 (next to be held May 1993); results - percent of vote + by party NA; note - legislative and presidential candidates run on a unified + slate, so vote percentages are the same as in section on presidential + election results; seats - (130 total) MNR 40, ADN 35, MIR 33, IU 10, CONDEPA + 9, PDC 3 + Chamber of Senators: + last held 7 May 1989 (next to be held May 1993); results - percent of vote + by party NA; note - legislative and presidential candidates run on a unified + slate, so vote percentages are the same as in section on presidential + election results; seats - (27 total) MNR 9, ADN 7, MIR 8, CONDEPA 2, PDC 1 + +:Bolivia Government + + President: + last held 7 May 1989 (next to be held May 1993); results - Gonzalo SANCHEZ + de Lozada (MNR) 23%, Hugo BANZER Suarez (ADN) 22%, Jaime PAZ Zamora (MIR) + 19%; no candidate received a majority of the popular vote; Jaime PAZ Zamora + (MIR) formed a coalition with Hugo BANZER (ADN); with ADN support PAZ Zamora + won the congressional runoff election on 4 August and was inaugurated on 6 + August 1989 +Member of: + AG, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, + IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, + PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Jorge CRESPO; Chancery at 3014 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-4410 through 4412; there are + Bolivian Consulates General in Los Angeles, Miami, New York, and San + Francisco + US: + Ambassador Charles R. BOWERS; Embassy at Banco Popular del Peru Building, + corner of Calles Mercado y Colon, La Paz (mailing address is P. O. Box 425, + La Paz, or APO AA 34032); telephone [591] (2) 350251 or 350120; FAX [591] + (2) 359875 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with the coat + of arms centered on the yellow band; similar to the flag of Ghana, which has + a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band + +:Bolivia Economy + +Overview: + The Bolivian economy steadily deteriorated between 1980 and 1985 as La Paz + financed growing budget deficits by expanding the money supply, and + inflation spiraled - peaking at 11,700%. An austere orthodox economic + program adopted by then President Paz Estenssoro in 1985, however, succeeded + in reducing inflation to between 10% and 20% annually since 1987, eventually + restarting economic growth. Since August 1989, President Paz Zamora has + retained the economic policies of the previous government, keeping inflation + down and continuing moderate growth. Nevertheless, Bolivia continues to be + one of the poorest countries in Latin America, with widespread poverty and + unemployment, and it remains vulnerable to price fluctuations for its + limited exports - agricultural products, minerals, and natural gas. + Moreover, for many farmers, who constitute half of the country's work force, + the main cash crop is coca, which is sold for cocaine processing. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $4.6 billion, per capita $630; real growth rate + 4% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 15% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 7% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $900 million; expenditures $825 million, including capital + expenditures of $300 million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $970 million (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + metals 45%, natural gas 25%, other 30% (coffee, soybeans, sugar, cotton, + timber) + partners: + US 15%, Argentina +Imports: + $760 million (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + food, petroleum, consumer goods, capital goods + partners: + US 22% +External debt: + $3.3 billion (December 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 6% (1991); accounts for almost 30% of GDP +Electricity: + 849,000 kW capacity; 1,798 million kWh produced, 251 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + mining, smelting, petroleum, food and beverage, tobacco, handicrafts, + clothing; illicit drug industry reportedly produces significant revenues +Agriculture: + accounts for about 20% of GDP (including forestry and fisheries); principal + commodities - coffee, coca, cotton, corn, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, timber; + self-sufficient in food +Illicit drugs: + world's second-largest producer of coca (after Peru) with an estimated + 47,900 hectares under cultivation; voluntary and forced eradication program + unable to prevent production from rising to 78,400 metric tons in 1991 from + 74,700 tons in 1989; government considers all but 12,000 hectares illicit; + intermediate coca products and cocaine exported to or through Colombia and + Brazil to the US and other international drug markets + +:Bolivia Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $990 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2,025 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $340 million +Currency: + boliviano (plural - bolivianos); 1 boliviano ($B) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + bolivianos ($B) per US$1 - 3.7534 (January 1992), 3.5806 (1991), 3.1727 + (1990), 2.6917 (1989), 2.3502 (1988), 2.0549 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Bolivia Communications + +Railroads: + 3,684 km total, all narrow gauge; 3,652 km 1.000-meter gauge and 32 km + 0.760-meter gauge, all government owned, single track +Highways: + 38,836 km total; 1,300 km paved, 6,700 km gravel, 30,836 km improved and + unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 10,000 km of commercially navigable waterways +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,800 km; petroleum products 580 km; natural gas 1,495 km +Ports: + none; maritime outlets are Arica and Antofagasta in Chile, Matarani and Ilo + in Peru +Merchant marine: + 2 cargo and 1 container ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 16,951 GRT/26,320 + DWT +Civil air: + 56 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 1,105 total, 943 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways + over 3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 146 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + radio relay system being expanded; improved international services; 144,300 + telephones; broadcast stations - 129 AM, no FM, 43 TV, 68 shortwave; 1 + Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Bolivia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, National Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,727,101; 1,122,224 fit for military service; 72,977 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $80 million, 1.6% of GDP (1990 est). + +:Bosnia and Herzegovina Geography + +Total area: + 51,233 km2 +Land area: + 51,233 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Tennessee +Land boundaries: + 1,369 km; Croatia (northwest) 751 km, Croatia (south) 91 km, Serbia and + Montenegro 527 km +Coastline: + 20 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + NA nm + Continental shelf: + 20-meter depth + Exclusive economic zone: + 12 nm + Exclusive fishing zone: + 12 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Serbia and Croatia seek to cantonize Bosnia and Herzegovina; Muslim majority + being forced from many areas +Climate: + hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool + summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast +Terrain: + mountains and valleys +Natural resources: + coal, iron, bauxite, manganese, timber, wood products, copper, chromium, + lead, zinc +Land use: + 20% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 25% meadows and pastures; 36% forest + and woodland; 16% other; includes 1% irrigated +Environment: + air pollution from metallurgical plants; water scarce; sites for disposing + of urban waste are limited; subject to frequent and destructive earthquakes +Note: + Controls large percentage of important land routes from Western Europe to + Aegean Sea and Turkish Straits + +:Bosnia and Herzegovina People + +Population: + 4,364,000 (July 1991), growth rate 0.5% (1991) +Birth rate: + 14.5 births/1,000 population (1991) +Death rate: + 6.5 deaths/1,000 population (1991) +Net migration rate: + NA migrants/1,000 population (1991) +Infant mortality rate: + 15.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) +Life expectancy at birth: + 68 years male, 73 years female (1980-82) +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman (1991) +Nationality: + noun - Muslim, Serb, Croat (s); adjective - Muslim, Serbian, Croatian +Ethnic divisions: + Muslim 44%, Serb 33%, Croat 17% +Religions: + Slavic Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Catholic 15%, Protestant 4% +Languages: + Serbo-Croatian 99% +Literacy: + 85.5% (male 94.5%, female 76.7%) age 10 and over can read and write (1981 + est.) +Labor force: + 1,026,254; 2% agriculture, industry, mining 45% (1991 est.) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Bosnia and Herzegovina Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + emerging democracy +Capital: + Sarajevo +Administrative divisions: + NA +Independence: + December 1918; April 1992 from Yugoslavia +Constitution: + NA +Legal system: + based on civil law system +National holiday: + NA +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, deputy prime minister +Legislative branch: + NA +Judicial branch: + NA +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Alija IZETBEGOVIC (since December 1990), Vice President NA + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Jore PELIVAN (since January 1991), Deputy Prime Minister + Muhamed CENGIC and Rusmir MAHMUTCEHAJIC (since January 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Party of Democratic Action, Alija IZETBEGOVIC; Croatian Democratic Union, + Mate BOBAN; Serbian Democratic Party, Radovah KARADZIC; Muslim Bosnian + Organization, Muhamed Zulfikar PASIC; Socialist Democratic Party, Nijaz + DURAKOVIC +Suffrage: + at age 16 if employed; universal at age 18 +Elections: + NA +Other political or pressure groups: + NA +Member of: + CSCE +Diplomatic representation: + NA +Flag: + NA + +:Bosnia and Herzegovina Economy + +Overview: + Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked next to Macedonia as the poorest component in + the old Yugoslav federation. Although agriculture has been almost all in + private hands, farms have been small and inefficient, and the republic + traditionally has been a net importer of food. Industry has been greatly + overstaffed, one reflection of the rigidities of Communist central planning + and management. Tito had pushed the development of military industries in + the republic with the result that Bosnia hosted a large share of + Yugoslavia's defense plants. As of April 1992, the newly independent + republic was being torn apart by bitter interethnic warfare that has caused + production to plummet, unemployment and inflation to soar, and human misery + to multiply. The survival of the republic as a political and economic unit + is in doubt. Both Serbia and Croatia have imposed various economic blockades + and may permanently take over large areas populated by fellow ethnic groups. + These areas contain most of the industry. If a much smaller core Muslim + state survives, it will share many Third World problems of poverty, + technological backwardness, and dependence on historically soft foreign + markets for its primary products. In these circumstances, other Muslim + countries might offer assistance. +GDP: + $14 billion; real growth rate --37% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 80% per month (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 28% (February 1992 est.) +Budget: + revenues $NA million; expenditures $NA million, including capital + expenditures of $NA million (19__) +Exports: + $2,054 million (1990) + commodities: + manufactured goods (31%), machinery and transport equipment (20.8%), raw + materials (18%), miscellaneous manufactured articles (17.3%), chemicals + (9.4%), fuel and lubricants (1.4%), food and live animals (1.2%) + partners: + principally the other former Yugoslav republics +Imports: + $1,891 million (1990) + commodities: + fuels and lubricants (32%), machinery and transport equipment (23.3%), other + manufactures (21.3%), chemicals (10%), raw materials (6.7%), food and live + animals (5.5%), beverages and tobacco (1.9%) + partners: + principally the other former Yugoslav republics +External debt: + NA +Industrial production: + sharply down because of interethnic and interrepublic warfare (1991-92) +Electricity: + 14,400 million kW capacity; NA million kWh produced, 3,303 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + steel production, mining (coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, and + bauxite), manufacturing (vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, + wooden furniture, 40% of former Yugoslavia's armaments including tank and + aircraft assembly, domestic appliances), oil refining + +:Bosnia and Herzegovina Economy + +Agriculture: + accounted for 8.6% of national income in 1989; regularly produces less than + 50% of food needs; the foothills of northern Bosnia support orchards, + vineyards, livestock, and some wheat and corn; long winters and heavy + precipitation leach soil fertility reducing agricultural output in the + mountains; farms are mostly privately held, small, and not very productive +Illicit drugs: + NA +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $NA billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million; + Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million +Currency: + none; note - Croatian dinar used in ethnic Croat areas, Yugoslav dinar used + in all other areas +Exchange rates: + NA +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Bosnia and Herzegovina Communications + +Railroads: + NA km all 1.000-meter gauge (includes NA km electrified) +Highways: + 21,168 km total (1991); 11,436 km paved, 8,146 km gravel, 1,586 km earth +Inland waterways: + NA km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + crude oil 174 km, petroleum products NA km, natural gas NA km +Ports: + maritime - none; inland - Bosanski Brod +Merchant marine: + NA ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling NA GRT/NA DWT; includes NA cargo, NA + container, NA liquefied gas, NA petroleum tanker +Civil air: + NA major transport aircraft +Airports: + 2 main, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over + 3,659 m; NA with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + Bosnia's telephone and telegraph network is in need of modernization and + expansion, many urban areas being below average compared with services in + other former Yugoslav republics; 727,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 9 + AM, 2 FM, 6 (0 repeaters) TV; 840,000 radios; 1,012,094 TVs; NA submarine + coaxial cables; satellite ground stations - none + +:Bosnia and Herzegovina Defense Forces + +Branches: + Territorial Defense Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; 39,000 reach military age (18) + annually +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Botswana Geography + +Total area: + 600,370 km2 +Land area: + 585, 370 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Texas +Land boundaries: + 4,013 km; Namibia 1,360 km, South Africa 1,840 km, Zimbabwe 813 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + semiarid; warm winters and hot summers +Terrain: + predominately flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari Desert in southwest +Natural resources: + diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda, ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver, + natural gas +Land use: + urable land 2%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 75%; forest and + woodland 2%; other 21%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + rains in early 1988 broke six years of drought that had severely affected + the important cattle industry; overgazing; desertification +Note: + landlocked + +:Botswana People + +Population: + 1,292,210 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 35 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 42 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 59 years male, 65 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun and ajective - Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural) +Ethnic divisions: + Batswana 95%; Kalanga, Basarwa, and Kgalagadi about 4%; white about 1% +Religions: + indigenous beliefs 50%, Christian 50% +Languages: + English (official), Setswana +Literacy: + 23% (male 32%, female 16%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 400,000; 198,500 formal sector employees, most others are engaged in cattle + raising and subsistence agriculture (1990 est.); 14,600 are employed in + various mines in South Africa (1990) +Organized labor: + 19 trade unions + +:Botswana Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Botswana +Type: + parliamentary republic +Capital: + Gaborone +Administrative divisions: + 10 districts: Central, Chobe, Ghanzi, Kgalagadi, Kgatleng, Kweneng, + Ngamiland, North-East, South-East, Southern; note - in addition, there may + now be 4 town councils named Francistown, Gaborone, Lobaste Selebi-Pikwe +Independence: + 30 September 1966 (from UK; formerly Bechuanaland) +Constitution: + March 1965, effective 30 September 1966 +Legal system: + based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law; judicial review limited to + matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 30 September (1966) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or House of Chiefs + and a lower house or National Assembly +Judicial branch: + High Court, Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Quett K. J. MASIRE (since 13 July 1980); Vice President Peter S. + MMUSI (since 3 January 1983) +Political parties and leaders: + Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), Quett MASIRE; Botswana National Front + (BNF), Kenneth KOMA; Boswana People's Party (BPP), Knight MARIPE; Botswana + Independence Party (BIP), Motsamai MPHO +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + National Assembly: + last held 7 October 1989 (next to be held October 1994); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (38 total, 34 elected) BDP 35, BNF 3 + President: + last held 7 October 1989 (next to be held October 1994); results - President + Quett K. J. MASIRE was reelected by the National Assembly +Communists: + no known Communist organization; Kenneth KOMA of BNF has long history of + Communist contacts +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, + IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Botsweletse Kingsley SEBELE; Chancery at Suite 7M, 3400 + International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 244-4990 or + 4991 + US: + Ambassador Davie PASSAGE; Embassy at Gaborone (mailing address is P. O. Box + 90, Gaborone); telephone [267] 353-982; FAX [267] 356-947 +Flag: + light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in the center + +:Botswana Economy + +Overview: + The economy has historically been based on cattle raising and crops. + Agriculture today provides a livelihood for more than 80% of the population, + but produces only about 50% of food needs. The driving force behind the + rapid economic growth of the 1970s and 1980s has been the mining industry. + This sector, mostly on the strength of diamonds, has gone from generating + 25% of GDP in 1980 to over 50% in 1989. No other sector has experienced such + growth, especially not agriculture, which is plagued by erratic rainfall and + poor soils. The unemployment rate remains a problem at 25%. Although diamond + production remained level in FY91, substantial gains in coal output and + manufacturing helped boost the economy +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $3.6 billion, per capita $2,800; real growth + rate 6.3% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 12.6% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 25% (1989) +Budget: + revenues $1,935 million; expenditures $1,885 million, including capital + expenditures of $658 million (FY93) +Exports: + $1.8 billion (f.o.b. 1990) + commodities: + diamonds 80%, copper and nickel 9%, meat 4%, cattle, animal products + partners: + Switzerland, UK, SACU (Southern African Customs Union) +Imports: + $1.6 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs, vehicles and transport equipment, textiles, petroleum products + partners: + Switzerland, SACU (Southern African Customs Union), UK, US +External debt: + $780 million (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 16.8% (FY86); accounts for about 57% of GDP, including mining +Electricity: + 220,000 kW capacity; 630 million kWh produced 858 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + mining of diamonds, copper, nickel, coal, salt, soda ash, potash; livestock + processing +Agriculture: + accounts for only 3% of DGP; subsistence farming predominates; cattle + raising supports 50% of the population; must import large share of food + needs +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $257 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,875 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $43 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $29 + million +Currency: + pula (plural - pula); 1 pula (P) = 100 thebe +Exchange rates: + pula (P) per US$1 - 2.1683 (March 1992), 2.0173 (1991), 1.8601 (1990), + 2.0125 (1989), 1.8159 (1988), 1.6779 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Botswana Communications + +Railroads: + 712 km 1.067-meter gauge +Highways: + 11,514 km total; 1,600 km paved; 1,700 km crushed stone or gravel, 5,177 km + improved earth, 3,037 km unimproved earth +Civil air: + 5 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 100 total, 87 unable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 27 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + the small system is a combination of open-wire lines, radio relay links, and + a few radio-communications stations; 26,000 telephones; broadcast stations - + 7 AM, 13 FM, no TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Botswana Defense Forces + +Branches: + Botswana Defense Force (including Army and Air Wing); Botswana National + Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 271,511; 142,947 fit for military service; 14,473 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $136.4 million, 4.4% of GDP (FY92) + +:Bouvet Island Geography + +Total area: + 58 km2 +Land area: + 58 km2 +Comparative area: + about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 29.6 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 4 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + antarctic +Terrain: + volcanic; maximum elevation about 800 meters; coast is mostly inacessible +Natural resources: + none +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% (ice) +Environment: + covered by glacial ice +Note: + located in the South Atlantic Ocean 2,575 km south-southwest of the Cape of + Good Hope, South Africa + +:Bouvet Island People + +Population: + uninhabited + +:Bouvet Island Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + territory of Norway +Capital: + none; administered from Oslo, Norway + +:Bouvet Island Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +:Bouvet Island Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only +Telecommunications: + automatic meteorological station + +:Bouvet Island Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of Norway + +:Brazil Geography + +Total area: + 8,511,965 km2 +Land area: + 8,456,510 km2; includes Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas, + Ilha da Trindade, Ilhas Martin Vaz, and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than the US +Land boundaries: + 14,691 km; Argentina 1,224 km, Bolivia 3,400 km, Colombia 1,643 km, French + Guiana 673 km, Guyana 1,119 km, Paraguay 1,290 km, Peru 1,560 km, Suriname + 597 km, Uruguay 985 km, Venezuela 2,200 km +Coastline: + 7,491 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 200 nm +Disputes: + short section of the boundary with Paraguay (just west of Guaira Falls on + the Rio Parana) is in dispute; two short sections of boundary with Uruguay + are in dispute (Arroyo de la Invernada area of the Rio Quarai and the + islands at the confluence of the Rio Quarai and the Uruguay) +Climate: + mostly tropical, but temperate in south +Terrain: + mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills, mountains, and + narrow coastal belt +Natural resources: + iron ore, manganese, bauxite, nickel, uranium, phosphates, tin, hydropower, + gold, platinum, crude oil, timber +Land use: + arable land 7%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 19%; forest and + woodland 67%; other 6%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + recurrent droughts in northeast; floods and frost in south; deforestation in + Amazon basin; air and water pollution in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo +Note: + largest country in South America; shares common boundaries with every South + American country except Chile and Ecuador + +:Brazil People + +Population: + 158,202,019 (July 1992), growth rate 1.8% (1992) +Birth rate: + 25 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 67 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 62 years male, 69 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Brazilian(s); adjective - Brazilian +Ethnic divisions: + Portuguese, Italian, German, Japanese, black, Amerindian; white 55%, mixed + 38%, black 6%, other 1% +Religions: + Roman Catholic (nominal) 90% +Languages: + Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French +Literacy: + 81% (male 82%, female 80%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 57,000,000 (1989 est.); services 42%, agriculture 31%, industry 27% +Organized labor: + 13,000,000 dues paying members (1989 est.) + +:Brazil Government + +Long-form name: + Federative Republic of Brazil +Type: + federal republic +Capital: + Brasilia +Administrative divisions: + 26 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito + federal); Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal*, + Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas + Gerais, Para, Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande + do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, + Sergipe, Tocantins; note - the former territories of Amapa and Roraima + became states in January 1991 +Independence: + 7 September 1822 (from Portugal) +Constitution: + 5 October 1988 +Legal system: + based on Latin codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 7 September (1822) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Congress (Congresso Nacional) consists of an upper + chamber or Federal Senate (Senado Federal) and a lower chamber or Chamber of + Deputies (Camara dos Deputados) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Federal Tribunal +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Fernando Affonso COLLOR de Mello (since 15 March 1990); Vice + President Itamar FRANCO (since 15 March 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + National Reconstruction Party (PRN), Daniel TOURINHO, president; Brazilian + Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), Orestes QUERCIA, president; Liberal Front + Party (PFL), Hugo NAPOLEAO, president; Workers' Party (PT), Luis Ignacio + (Lula) da SILVA, president; Brazilian Labor Party (PTB), Luiz GONZAGA de + Paiva Muniz, president; Democratic Labor Party (PDT), Leonel BRIZOLA, + president; Democratic Social Party (PPS), Paulo MALUF, president; Brazilian + Social Democracy Party (PSDB), Tasso JEREISSATI, president; Popular + Socialist Party (PPS), Roberto FREIRE, president; Communist Party of Brazil + (PCdoB), Joao AMAZONAS, secretary general; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), + Siqueira CAMPOS, president +Suffrage: + voluntary at age 16; compulsory between ages 18 and 70; voluntary at age 70 +Elections: + Chamber of Deputies: + last held 3 October 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results - PMDB + 21%, PFL 17%, PDT 9%, PDS 8%, PRN 7.9%, PTB 7%, PT 7%, other 23.1%; seats - + (503 total as of 3 February 1991) PMDB 108, PFL 87, PDT 46, PDS 43, PRN 40, + PTB 35, PT 35, other 109 + Federal Senate: + last held 3 October 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (81 total as of 3 February 1991) PMDB 27, PFL + 15, PSDB 10, PTB 8, PDT 5, other 16 + +:Brazil Government + + President: + last held 15 November 1989, with runoff on 17 December 1989 (next to be held + November 1994); results - Fernando COLLOR de Mello 53%, Luis Inacio da SILVA + 47%; note - first free, direct presidential election since 1960 +Communists: + less than 30,000 +Other political or pressure groups: + left wing of the Catholic Church and labor unions allied to leftist Worker's + Party are critical of government's social and economic policies +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, + IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, + INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, + MERCOSUR, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, + UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WFTU, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Rubens RICUPERO; Chancery at 3006 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 745-2700; there are Brazilian + Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, and New + York, and Consulates in Dallas, Houston, and San Francisco + US: + Ambassador Richard MELTON; Embassy at Avenida das Nacoes, Lote 3, Brasilia, + Distrito Federal (mailing address is APO AA 34030); telephone [55] (61) + 321-7272; FAX [55] (61) 225-9136; there are US Consulates General in Rio de + Janeiro and Sao Paulo, and Consulates in PortoAlegre and Recife +Flag: + green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial + globe with 23 white five-pointed stars (one for each state) arranged in the + same pattern as the night sky over Brazil; the globe has a white equatorial + band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress) + +:Brazil Economy + +Overview: + The economy, with large agrarian, mining, and manufacturing sectors, entered + the 1990s with declining real growth, runaway inflation, an unserviceable + foreign debt of $122 billion, and a lack of policy direction. In addition, + the economy remained highly regulated, inward-looking, and protected by + substantial trade and investment barriers. Ownership of major industrial and + mining facilities is divided among private interests - including several + multinationals - and the government. Most large agricultural holdings are + private, with the government channeling financing to this sector. Conflicts + between large landholders and landless peasants have produced intermittent + violence. The Collor government, which assumed office in March 1990, is + embarked on an ambitious reform program that seeks to modernize and + reinvigorate the economy by stabilizing prices, deregulating the economy, + and opening it to increased foreign competition. The government in December + 1991 signed a letter of intent with the IMF for a 20-month standby loan. + Having reached an agreement on the repayment of interest arrears accumulated + during 1989 and 1990, Brazilian officials and commercial bankers are engaged + in talks on the reduction of medium- and long-term debt and debt service + payments and on the elimination of remaining interest arrears. A major + long-run strength is Brazil's vast natural resources. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $358 billion, per capita $2,300; real growth rate + 1.2% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 478.5% (December 1991, annual rate) +Unemployment rate: + 4.3% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $164.3 billion; expenditures $170.6 billion, including capital + expenditures of $32.9 billion (1990) +Exports: + $31.6 billion (1991) + commodities: + iron ore, soybean bran, orange juice, footwear, coffee + partners: + EC 31%, US 24%, Latin America 11%, Japan 8% (1990) +Imports: + $21.0 billion (1991) + commodities: + crude oil, capital goods, chemical products, foodstuffs, coal + partners: + Middle East and Africa 22%, US 21%, EC 21%, Latin America 18%, Japan 6% + (1990) +External debt: + $118 billion (December 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate--0.5% (1991); accounts for 39% of GDP +Electricity: + 58,500,000 kW capacity; 229,824 million kWh produced, 1,479 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + textiles and other consumer goods, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron + ore, steel, motor vehicles and auto parts, metalworking, capital goods, tin +Agriculture: + world's largest producer and exporter of coffee and orange juice concentrate + and second- largest exporter of soybeans; other products - rice, corn, + sugarcane, cocoa, beef; self-sufficient in food, except for wheat + +:Brazil Economy + +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis and coca, mostly for domestic consumption; + government has a modest eradication program to control cannabis and coca + cultivation; important transshipment country for Bolivian and Colombian + cocaine headed for the US and Europe +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.5 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.2 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $284 million; former Communist countries (1970-89), + $1.3 billion +Currency: + cruzeiro (plural - cruzeiros); 1 cruzeiro (Cr$) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + cruzeiros (Cr$) per US$1 - 1,197.38 (January 1992), 406.61 (1991), 68.300 + (1990), 2.834 (1989), 0.26238 (1988), 0.03923 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Brazil Communications + +Railroads: + 28,828 km total; 24,864 km 1.000-meter gauge, 3,877 km 1.600-meter gauge, 74 + km mixed 1.600-1.000-meter gauge, 13 km 0.760-meter gauge; 2,360 km + electrified +Highways: + 1,448,000 km total; 48,000 km paved, 1,400,000 km gravel or earth +Inland waterways: + 50,000 km navigable +Pipelines: + crude oil 2,000 km; petroleum products 3,804 km; natural gas 1,095 km +Ports: + Belem, Fortaleza, Ilheus, Manaus, Paranagua, Porto Alegre, Recife, Rio de + Janeiro, Rio Grande, Salvador, Santos +Merchant marine: + 245 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,693,500 GRT/9,623,918 DWT; includes + 3 passenger-cargo, 49 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 13 container, 9 + roll-on/roll-off, 57 petroleum tanker, 15 chemical tanker, 11 liquefied gas, + 14 combination ore/oil, 71 bulk, 2 combination bulk; in addition, 2 naval + tankers and 4 military transport are sometimes used commercially +Civil air: + 198 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 3,563 total, 2,911 usable; 420 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with + runways over 3,659 m; 22 with runways 2,240-3,659 m; 550 with runways + 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + good system; extensive radio relay facilities; 9.86 million telephones; + broadcast stations - 1,223 AM, no FM, 112 TV, 151 shortwave; 3 coaxial + submarine cables, 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations and 64 domestic + satellite earth stations + +:Brazil Defense Forces + +Branches: + Brazilian Army, Navy of Brazil (including Marines), Brazilian Air Force, + Military Police (paramilitary) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 41,515,103; 27,987,257 fit for military service; 1,644,571 + reach military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, 0.3% of GDP (1990) + +:British Indian Ocean Territory Geography + +Total area: + 60 km2 +Land area: + 60 km2; includes the island of Diego Garcia +Comparative area: + about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 698 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + UK announced establishment of 200-nm fishery zone in August 1991 +Disputes: + the entire Chagos Archipelago is claimed by Mauritius +Climate: + tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds +Terrain: + flat and low (up to 4 meters in elevation) +Natural resources: + coconuts, fish +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + archipelago of 2,300 islands +Note: + Diego Garcia, largest and southernmost island, occupies strategic location + in central Indian Ocean; island is site of joint US-UK military facility + +:British Indian Ocean Territory People + +Population: + no permanent civilian population; formerly about 3,000 islanders +Ethnic divisions: + civilian inhabitants, known as the Ilois, evacuated to Mauritius before + construction of UK and US defense facilities + +:British Indian Ocean Territory Government + +Long-form name: + British Indian Ocean Territory (no short-form name); abbreviated BIOT +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + none +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) + Head of Government: + Commissioner Mr. T. G. HARRIS; Administrator Mr. R. G. WELLS (since NA + 1991); note - both reside in the UK +Diplomatic representation: + none (dependent territory of UK) +Flag: + white with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and six blue + wavy horizontal stripes bearing a palm tree and yellow crown centered on the + outer half of the flag + +:British Indian Ocean Territory Economy + +Overview: + All economic activity is concentrated on the largest island of Diego Garcia, + where joint UK-US defense facilities are located. Construction projects and + various services needed to support the military installations are done by + military and contract employees from the UK and the US. There are no + industrial or agricultural activities on the islands. +Electricity: + provided by the US military + +:British Indian Ocean Territory Communications + +Highways: + short stretch of paved road between port and airfield on Diego Garcia +Ports: + Diego Garcia +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runways over 3,659 m on Diego Garcia +Telecommunications: + minimal facilities; broadcast stations (operated by US Navy) - 1 AM, 1 FM, 1 + TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:British Indian Ocean Territory Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +:British Virgin Islands Geography + +Total area: + 150 km2 +Land area: + 150 km2; includes the island of Anegada +Comparative area: + about 0.8 times the size of Washington, DC +Coastline: + 80 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds +Terrain: + coral islands relatively flat; volcanic islands steep, hilly +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land 20%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 33%; forest and + woodland 7%; other 33% +Environment: + subject to hurricanes and tropical storms from July to October +Note: + strong ties to nearby US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico + +:British Virgin Islands People + +Population: + 12,555 (July 1992), growth rate 1.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + 20 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + --2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 20 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 71 years male, 75 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - British Virgin Islander(s); adjective - British Virgin Islander +Ethnic divisions: + over 90% black, remainder of white and Asian origin +Religions: + Protestant 86% (Methodist 45%, Anglican 21%, Church of God 7%, Seventh-Day + Adventist 5%, Baptist 4%, Jehovah's Witnesses 2%, other 2%), Roman Catholic + 6%, none 2%, other 6% (1981) +Languages: + English (official) +Literacy: + 98% (male 98%, female 98%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970) +Labor force: + 4,911 (1980) +Organized labor: + NA% of labor force + +:British Virgin Islands Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + Road Town +Administrative divisions: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Constitution: + 1 June 1977 +Legal system: + English law +National holiday: + Territory Day, 1 July +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor, chief minister, Executive Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Council +Judicial branch: + Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor P. A. + PENFOLD (since NA 1991) + Head of Government: + Chief Minister H. Lavity STOUTT (since NA 1986) +Political parties and leaders: + United Party (UP), Conrad MADURO; Virgin Islands Party (VIP), H. Lavity + STOUTT; Independent Progressive Movement (IPM), Cyril B. ROMNEY +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Legislative Council: + last held 12 November 1990 (next to be held by November 1995); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (9 total) VIP 6, IPM 1, independents 2 +Member of: + CARICOM (associate), CDB, ECLAC (associate), IOC, OECS, UNESCO (associate) +Diplomatic representation: + none (dependent territory of UK) +Flag: + blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Virgin + Islander coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of + arms depicts a woman flanked on either side by a vertical column of six oil + lamps above a scroll bearing the Latin word + VIGILATE (Be Watchful) + +:British Virgin Islands Economy + +Overview: + The economy, one of the most prosperous in the Caribbean area, is highly + dependent on the tourist industry, which generates about 21% of the national + income. In 1985 the government offered offshore registration to companies + wishing to incorporate in the islands, and, in consequence, incorporation + fees generated about $2 million in 1987. Livestock raising is the most + significant agricultural activity. The islands' crops, limited by poor + soils, are unable to meet food requirements. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $130 million, per capita $10,600; real growth + rate 6.3% (1990) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.5% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NEGL% +Budget: + revenues $51 million; expenditures $88 million, including capital + expenditures of $38 million (1991) +Exports: + $2.7 million (f.o.b., 1988) + commodities: + rum, fresh fish, gravel, sand, fruits, animals + partners: + Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US +Imports: + $11.5 million (c.i.f., 1988) + commodities: + building materials, automobiles, foodstuffs, machinery + partners: + Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US +External debt: + $4.5 million (1985) +Industrial production: + growth rate--4.0% (1985) +Electricity: + 10,500 kW capacity; 43 million kWh produced, 3,510 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + tourism, light industry, construction, rum, concrete block, offshore + financial center +Agriculture: + livestock (including poultry), fish, fruit, vegetables +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + US currency is used +Exchange rates: + US currency is used +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:British Virgin Islands Communications + +Highways: + 106 km motorable roads (1983) +Ports: + Road Town +Airports: + 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways less than 1,220 m +Telecommunications: + 3,000 telephones; worldwide external telephone service; submarine cable + communication links to Bermuda; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV + +:British Virgin Islands Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +:Brunei Geography + +Total area: + 5,770 km2 +Land area: + 5,270 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Delaware +Land boundaries: + 381 km; Malysia 381 km +Coastline: + 161 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + may wish to purchase the Malaysian salient that divides the country; all of + the Spratly Islands are claimed by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them + are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines; in 1984, Brunei established an + exclusive fishing zone that encompasses Louisa Reef, but has not publicly + claimed the island +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid, rainy +Terrain: + flat coastal plain rises to mountains in east; hilly lowland in west +Natural resources: + crude oil, natural gas, timber +Land use: + arable land 1%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and + woodland 79%; other 18%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + typhoons, earthquakes, and severe flooding are rare +Note: + close to vital sea lanes through South China Sea linking Indian and Pacific + Oceans; two parts physically separated by Malaysia; almost an enclave of + Malaysia + +:Brunei People + +Population: + 269,319 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 27 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 7 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 26 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 69 years male, 73 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Bruneian(s); adjective - Bruneian +Ethnic divisions: + Malay 64%, Chinese 20%, other 16% +Religions: + Muslim (official) 63%, Buddhism 14%, Christian 8%, indigenous beliefs and + other 15% (1981) +Languages: + Malay (official), English, and Chinese +Literacy: + 77% (male 85%, female 69%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981) +Labor force: + 89,000 (includes members of the Army); 33% of labor force is foreign (1988); + government 47.5%; production of oil, natural gas, services, and construction + 41.9%; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 3.8% (1986) +Organized labor: + 2% of labor force + +:Brunei Government + +Long-form name: + Negara Brunei Darussalam +Type: + constitutional sultanate +Capital: + Bandar Seri Begawan +Administrative divisions: + 4 districts (daerah-daerah, singular - daerah); Belait, Brunei and Muara, + Temburong, Tutong +Independence: + 1 January 1984 (from UK) +Constitution: + 29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State of Emergency + since December 1962, others since independence on 1 January 1984) +Legal system: + based on Islamic law +National holiday: + 23 February (1984) +Executive branch: + sultan, prime minister, Council of Cabinet Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Council (Majlis Masyuarat Megeri) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + Sultan and Prime Minister His Majesty Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji + HASSANAL Bolkiah Mu`izzaddin Waddaulah (since 5 October 1967) +Political parties and leaders: + Brunei United National Party (inactive), Anak HASANUDDIN, chairman; Brunei + National Democratic Party (the first legal political party and now banned), + leader NA +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + Legislative Council: + last held in March 1962; in 1970 the Council was changed to an appointive + body by decree of the sultan and no elections are planned +Member of: + APEC, ASEAN, C, ESCAP, G-77, ICAO, IDB, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO + (correspondent), ITU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Mohamed KASSIM bin Haji Mohamed Daud; Chancery at 2600 Virginia + Avenue NW, Suite 3000, Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 342-0159 + US: + Ambassador (vacant); Embassy at Third Floor, Teck Guan Plaza, Jalan Sultan, + American Embassy Box B, APO AP 96440; telephone [673] (2) 229-670; FAX [673] + (2) 225-293 +Flag: + yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, almost double width) and black + starting from the upper hoist side; the national emblem in red is + superimposed at the center; the emblem includes a swallow-tailed flag on top + of a winged column within an upturned crescent above a scroll and flanked by + two upraised hands + +:Brunei Economy + +Overview: + The economy is a mixture of foreign and domestic entrepreneurship, + government regulation and welfare measures, and village tradition. It is + almost totally supported by exports of crude oil and natural gas, with + revenues from the petroleum sector accounting for more than 50% of GDP. Per + capita GDP of $8,800 is among the highest in the Third World, and + substantial income from overseas investment supplements domestic production. + The government provides for all medical services and subsidizes food and + housing. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $3.5 billion, per capita $8,800; real growth rate + 1% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 1.3% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + 3.7%, shortage of skilled labor (1989) +Budget: + revenues $1.3 billion; expenditures $1.5 billion, including capital + expenditures of $255 million (1989 est.) +Exports: + $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + crude oil, liquefied natural gas, petroleum products + partners: + Japan 53%, UK 12%, South Korea 9%, Thailand 7%, Singapore 5% (1990) +Imports: + $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, chemicals + partners: + Singapore 35%, UK 26%, Switzerland 9%, US 9%, Japan 5% (1990) +External debt: + none +Industrial production: + growth rate 12.9% (1987); accounts for 52.4% of GDP +Electricity: + 310,000 kW capacity; 890 million kWh produced, 2,400 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + petroleum, petroleum refining, liquefied natural gas, construction +Agriculture: + imports about 80% of its food needs; principal crops and livestock include + rice, cassava, bananas, buffaloes, and pigs +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $20.6 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $153 million +Currency: + Bruneian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Bruneian dollar (B$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Bruneian dollars (B$) per US$1 - 1.7454 (January 1991), 1.8125 (1990), + 1.9503 (1989), 2.0124 (1988), 2.1060 (1987), 2.1774 (1986); note - the + Bruneian dollar is at par with the Singapore dollar +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Brunei Communications + +Railroads: + 13 km 0.610-meter narrow-gauge private line +Highways: + 1,090 km total; 370 km paved (bituminous treated) and another 52 km under + construction, 720 km gravel or unimproved +Inland waterways: + 209 km; navigable by craft drawing less than 1.2 meters +Pipelines: + crude oil 135 km; petroleum products 418 km; natural gas 920 km +Ports: + Kuala Belait, Muara +Merchant marine: + 7 liquefied gas carriers (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 348,476 GRT/340,635 + DWT +Civil air: + 4 major transport aircraft (3 Boeing 757-200, 1 Boeing 737-200) +Airports: + 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway over + 3,659 m; 1 with runway 1,406 m +Telecommunications: + service throughout country is adequate for present needs; international + service good to adjacent Malaysia; radiobroadcast coverage good; 33,000 + telephones (1987); broadcast stations - 4 AM/FM, 1 TV; 74,000 radio + receivers (1987); satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 + Pacific Ocean INTELSAT + +:Brunei Defense Forces + +Branches: + Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force, and Royal Brunei Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 75,330; 43,969 fit for military service; 2,595 reach military + age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $233.1 million, 7.1% of GDP (1988) + +:Bulgaria Geography + +Total area: + 110,910 km2 +Land area: + 110,550 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Tennessee +Land boundaries: + 1,881 km; Greece 494 km, Macedonia 148 km, Romania 608 km, Serbia and + Montenegro 318 km, Turkey 240 km +Coastline: + 354 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Macedonia question with Greece and Macedonia +Climate: + temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers +Terrain: + mostly mountains with lowlands in north and south +Natural resources: + bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable land +Land use: + arable land 34%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest and + woodland 35%; other 10%; includes irrigated 11% +Environment: + subject to earthquakes, landslides; deforestation; air pollution +Note: + strategic location near Turkish Straits; controls key land routes from + Europe to Middle East and Asia + +:Bulgaria People + +Population: + 8,869,161 (July 1992), growth rate --0.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 12 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + --5 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 13 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 69 years male, 76 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.7 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Bulgarian(s); adjective - Bulgarian +Ethnic divisions: + Bulgarian 85.3%, Turk 8.5%, Gypsy 2.6%, Macedonian 2.5%, Armenian 0.3%, + Russian 0.2%, other 0.6% +Religions: + Bulgarian Orthodox 85%; Muslim 13%; Jewish 0.8%; Roman Catholic 0.5%; Uniate + Catholic 0.2%; Protestant, Gregorian-Armenian, and other 0.5% +Languages: + Bulgarian; secondary languages closely correspond to ethnic breakdown +Literacy: + 93% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.) +Labor force: + 4,300,000; industry 33%, agriculture 20%, other 47% (1987) +Organized labor: + Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria (KNSB); Edinstvo + (Unity) People's Trade Union (splinter confederation from KNSB); Podkrepa + (Support) Labor Confederation, legally registered in January 1990 + +:Bulgaria Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Bulgaria +Type: + emerging democracy, diminishing Communist Party influence +Capital: + Sofia +Administrative divisions: + 9 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast); Burgas, Grad Sofiya, Khaskovo, + Lovech, Mikhaylovgrad, Plovdiv, Razgrad, Sofiya, Varna +Independence: + 22 September 1908 (from Ottoman Empire) +Constitution: + adopted 12 July 1991 +Legal system: + based on civil law system, with Soviet law influence; has accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + 3 March (1878) +Executive branch: + president, chairman of the Council of Ministers (premier), two deputy + chairmen of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Narodno Sobranie) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court; Constitutional Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Zhelyu ZHELEV (since 1 August 1990) + Head of Government: + Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Premier) Filip DIMITROV (since 8 + November 1991); Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Deputy Prime + Minister) Stoyan GANEV (since 8 November 1991); Deputy Chairman of the + Council of Ministers Nikolay VASILEV (since 8 November 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + government: + Union of Democratic Forces (UDF), Filip DIMITROV, chairman, consisting of + United Democratic Center, Democratic Party, Radical Democratic Party, + Christian Democratic Union, Alternative Social Liberal Party, Republican + Party, Civic Initiative Movement, Union of the Repressed, and about a dozen + other groups; Movement for Rights and Freedoms (pro-Muslim party) (MRF), + Ahmed DOGAN, chairman, supports UDF but not officially in coalition with it + opposition: + Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP), formerly Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP), + Zhan VIDENOV, chairman +Suffrage: + universalandcompulsoryatage 18 +Elections: + National Assembly: + last held 13 October 1991; results - BSP 33%, UDF 34%, MRF 7.5%; seats - + (240 total) BSP 106, UDF 110, Movement for Rights and Freedoms 24 + President: + last held 12 January 1992; second round held 19 January 1992; results - + Zhelyu ZHELEV was elected by popular vote +Communists: + Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP), formerly Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP), + 501,793 members; several small Communist parties + +:Bulgaria Government + +Other political or pressure groups: + Ecoglasnost; Podkrepa (Support) Labor Confederation; Fatherland Union; + Bulgarian Democratic Youth (formerly Communist Youth Union); Confederation + of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria (KNSB); Nationwide Committee for + Defense of National Interests; Peasant Youth League; Bulgarian Agrarian + National Union - United (BZNS); Bulgarian Democratic Center; "Nikola Petkov" + Bulgarian Agrarian National Union; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary + Organization - Union of Macedonian Societies (IMRO-UMS); numerous regional, + ethnic, and national interest groups with various agendas +Member of: + BIS, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IIB, ILO, + IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NSG, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Ognyan PISHEV; Chancery at 1621 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC + 20008; telephone (202) 387-7969 + US: + Ambassador Hugh Kenneth HILL; Embassy at 1 Alexander Stamboliski Boulevard, + Sofia (mailing address is APO AE 09213-5740); telephone [359] (2) 88-48-01 + through 05; Embassy has no FAX machine +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red; the national + emblem formerly on the hoist side of the white stripe has been removed - it + contained a rampant lion within a wreath of wheat ears below a red + five-pointed star and above a ribbon bearing the dates 681 (first Bulgarian + state established) and 1944 (liberation from Nazi control) + +:Bulgaria Economy + +Overview: + Growth in the lackluster Bulgarian economy fell to the 2% annual level in + the 1980s. By 1990, Sofia's foreign debt had skyrocketed to over $10 billion + - giving a debt-service ratio of more than 40% of hard currency earnings and + leading the regime to declare a moratorium on its hard currency payments. + The post-Communist government faces major problems of renovating an aging + industrial plant; coping with worsening energy, food, and consumer goods + shortages; keeping abreast of rapidly unfolding technological developments; + investing in additional energy capacity (the portion of electric power from + nuclear energy reached over one-third in 1990); and motivating workers, in + part by giving them a share in the earnings of their enterprises. Bulgaria's + new government, led by Prime Minister Filip Dimitrov, is strongly committed + to economic reform. The previous government, even though dominated by former + Communists, had taken the first steps toward dismantling the central + planning system, bringing the economy back into balance, and reducing + inflationary pressures. The program produced some encouraging early results, + including eased restrictions on foreign investment, increased support from + international financial institutions, and liberalized currency trading. + Small entrepreneurs have begun to emerge and some privatization of small + enterprises has taken place. The government has passed bills to privatize + large state-owned enterprises and reform the banking system. Negotiations on + an association agreement with the EC began in late 1991. +GNP: + purchasing power equivalent - $36.4 billion, per capita $4,100; real growth + rate --22% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 420% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 10% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues NA; expenditures NA, including capital expenditures of $NA billion + (1991) +Exports: + $8.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and equipment 55.3%; agricultural products 15.0%; manufactured + consumer goods 10.0%; fuels, minerals, raw materials, and metals 18.4%; + other 1.3% (1990) + partners: + former CMEA countries 70.6% (USSR 56.2%, Czechoslovakia 3.9%, Poland 2.5%); + developed countries 13.6% (Germany 2.1%, Greece 1.2%); less developed + countries 13.1% (Libya 5.8%, Iran 0.5%) (1990) +Imports: + $9.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + fuels, minerals, and raw materials 43.7%; machinery and equipment 45.2%; + manufactured consumer goods 6.7%; agricultural products 3.8%; other 0.6% + partners: + former CMEA countries 70.9% (former USSR 52.7%, Poland 4.1%); developed + countries 20.2% (Germany 5.0%, Austria 2.1%); less developed countries 7.2% + (Libya 2.0%, Iran 0.7%) +External debt: + $11.2 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate --14.7% (1990); accounts for about 37% of GNP (1990) +Electricity: + 11,500,000 kW capacity; 45,000 million kWh produced, 5,040 kWh per capita + (1990) + +:Bulgaria Economy + +Industries: + machine building and metal working, food processing, chemicals, textiles, + building materials, ferrous and nonferrous metals +Agriculture: + accounts for 22% of GNP (1990); climate and soil conditions support + livestock raising and the growing of various grain crops, oilseeds, + vegetables, fruits, and tobacco; more than one-third of the arable land + devoted to grain; world's fourth-largest tobacco exporter; surplus food + producer +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route +Economic aid: + donor - $1.6 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed + countries (1956-89) +Currency: + lev (plural - leva); 1 lev (Lv) = 100 stotinki +Exchange rates: + leva (Lv) per US$1 - 17.18 (1 January 1992), 16.13 (March 1991), 0.7446 + (November 1990), 0.84 (1989), 0.82 (1988), 0.90 (1987); note - floating + exchange rate since February 1991 +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Bulgaria Communications + +Railroads: + 4,300 km total, all government owned (1987); 4,055 km 1.435-meter standard + gauge, 245 km narrow gauge; 917 km double track; 2,510 km electrified +Highways: + 36,908 km total; 33,535 km hard surface (including 242 km superhighways); + 3,373 km earth roads (1987) +Inland waterways: + 470 km (1987) +Pipelines: + crude oil 193 km; petroleum products 418 km; natural gas 1,400 km (1986) +Ports: + Burgas, Varna, Varna West; river ports are Ruse, Vidin, and Lom on the + Danube +Merchant marine: + 110 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 1,234,657 GRT/1,847,759 DWT; + includes 2 short-sea passenger, 30 cargo, 2 container, 1 passenger-cargo + training, 6 roll-on/roll-off, 15 petroleum tanker, 4 chemical carrier, 2 + railcar carrier, 48 bulk; Bulgaria owns 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling + 8,717 DWT operating under Liberian registry +Civil air: + 86 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 380 total, 380 usable; about 120 with permanent-surface runways; 20 with + runways 2,440-3,659 m; 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + extensive radio relay; 2.5 million telephones; direct dialing to 36 + countries; phone density is 25 phones per 100 persons; 67% of Sofia + households now have a phone (November 1988); broadcast stations - 20 AM, 15 + FM, and 29 TV, with 1 Soviet TV repeater in Sofia; 2.1 million TV sets + (1990); 92% of country receives No. 1 television program (May 1990); 1 + satellite ground station using Intersputnik; INTELSAT is used through a + Greek earth station + +:Bulgaria Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Troops, Internal Troops +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,181,421; 1,823,678 fit for military service; 65,942 reach + military age (19) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - 4.413 billion leva, 4.4% of GNP (1991); note - + conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current + exchange rate could produce misleading results + +:Burkina Geography + +Total area: + 274,200 km2 +Land area: + 273,800 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Colorado +Land boundaries: + 3,192 km; Benin 306 km, Ghana 548 km, Ivory Coast 584 km, Mali 1,000 km, + Niger 628 km, Togo 126 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + the disputed international boundary between Burkina and Mali was submitted + to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in October 1983 and the ICJ + issued its final ruling in December 1986, which both sides agreed to accept; + Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary demarcation, including the + tripoint with Niger +Climate: + tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers +Terrain: + mostly flat to dissected, undulating plains; hills in west and southeast +Natural resources: + manganese, limestone, marble; small deposits of gold, antimony, copper, + nickel, bauxite, lead, phosphates, zinc, silver +Land use: + arable land 10%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 37%; forest and + woodland 26%; other 27%, includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + recent droughts and desertification severely affecting marginal agricultural + activities, population distribution, economy; overgrazing; deforestation +Note: + landlocked + +:Burkina People + +Population: + 9,653,672 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 49 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 16 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + --2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 117 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 52 years male, 53 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 7.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Burkinabe (singular and plural); adjective - Burkinabe +Ethnic divisions: + more than 50 tribes; principal tribe is Mossi (about 2.5 million); other + important groups are Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande, and Fulani +Religions: + indigenous beliefs about 65%, Muslim 25%, Christian (mainly Roman Catholic) + 10% +Languages: + French (official); tribal languages belong to Sudanic family, spoken by 90% + of the population +Literacy: + 18% (male 28%, female 9%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 3,300,000 residents; 30,000 are wage earners; agriculture 82%, industry 13%, + commerce, services, and government 5%; 20% of male labor force migrates + annually to neighboring countries for seasonal employment (1984); 44% of + population of working age (1985) +Organized labor: + four principal trade union groups represent less than 1% of population + +:Burkina Government + +Long-form name: + Burkina Faso +Type: + military; established by coup on 4 August 1983 +Capital: + Ouagadougou +Administrative divisions: + 30 provinces; Bam, Bazega, Bougouriba, Boulgou, Boulkiemde, Ganzourgou, + Gnagna, Gourma, Houet, Kadiogo, Kenedougou, Komoe, Kossi, Kouritenga, + Mouhoun, Namentenga, Naouri, Oubritenga, Oudalan, Passore, Poni, Sanguie, + Sanmatenga, Seno, Sissili, Soum, Sourou, Tapoa, Yatenga, Zoundweogo +Independence: + 5 August 1960 (from France; formerly Upper Volta) +Constitution: + June 1991 +Legal system: + based on French civil law system and customary law +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Revolution, 4 August (1983) +Executive branch: + President, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) was dissolved on 25 + November 1980 +Judicial branch: + Appeals Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Captain Blaise COMPAORE (since 15 October 1987) +Political parties and leaders: + Organization for Popular Democracy (ODP/MT), ruling party; Coordination of + Democratic Forces (CFD), composed of opposition parties +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + the National Assembly was dissolved 25 November 1980; presidential election + held December 1991 and legislative election scheduled for 24 May 1992 +Communists: + small Communist party front group; some sympathizers +Other political or pressure groups: + committees for the defense of the revolution, watchdog/political action + groups throughout the country in both organizations and communities +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, + ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, + ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, + WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Paul Desire KABORE; Chancery at 2340 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-5577 or 6895 + US: + Ambassador Edward P. BYRNN; Embassy at Avenue Raoul Follerau, Ouagadougou + (mailing address is 01 B. P. 35, Ouagadougou); telephone [226] 30-67- 23 + through 25 and [226] 33-34-22; FAX [226] 31-23-68 +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a yellow five-pointed + star in the center; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia + +:Burkina Economy + +Overview: + One of the poorest countries in the world, Burkina has a high population + density, few natural resources, and relatively infertile soil. Economic + development is hindered by a poor communications network within a landlocked + country. Agriculture provides about 40% of GDP and is entirely of a + subsistence nature. Industry, dominated by unprofitable + government-controlled corporations, accounts for about 15% of GDP. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $2.9 billion, per capita $320 (1988); real growth + rate 1.3% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + --0.5% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $275 million; expenditures $287 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1989) +Exports: + $262 million (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + oilseeds, cotton, live animals, gold + partners: + EC 42% (France 30%, other 12%), Taiwan 17%, Ivory Coast 15% (1985) +Imports: + $619 million (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + grain, dairy products, petroleum, machinery + partners: + EC 37% (France 23%, other 14%), Africa 31%, US 15% (1985) +External debt: + $962 million (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5.7% (1990 est.), accounts for about 15% of GDP (1988) +Electricity: + 120,000 kW capacity; 320 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + cotton lint, beverages, agricultural processing, soap, cigarettes, textiles, + gold +Agriculture: + accounts for about 40% of GDP; cash crops - peanuts, shea nuts, sesame, + cotton; food crops - sorghum, millet, corn, rice; livestock; not + self-sufficient in food grains +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $294 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.9 billion; + Communist countries (1970-89), $113 million +Currency: + Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) + = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 + (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Burkina Communications + +Railroads: + 620 km total; 520 km Ouagadougou to Ivory Coast border and 100 km + Ouagadougou to Kaya; all 1.00-meter gauge and single track +Highways: + 16,500 km total; 1,300 km paved, 7,400 km improved, 7,800 km unimproved + (1985) +Civil air: + 2 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 48 total, 38 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + all services only fair; radio relay, wire, and radio communication stations + in use; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + earth station + +:Burkina Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Police, Peoples' Militia +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,904,647; 971,954 fit for military service; no conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $55 million, 2.7% of GDP (1988 est.) + +:Burma Geography + +Total area: + 678,500 km2 +Land area: + 657,740 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Texas +Land boundaries: + 5,876 km; Bangladesh 193 km, China 2,185 km, India 1,463 km, Laos 235 km, + Thailand 1,800 km +Coastline: + 1,930 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + edge of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June + to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower + humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April) +Terrain: + central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands +Natural resources: + crude oil, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, some + marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas +Land use: + arable land 15%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and + woodland 49%; other 34%; includes irrigated 2% +Environment: + subject to destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides + common during rainy season (June to September); deforestation +Note: + strategic location near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes + +:Burma People + +Population: + 42,642,418 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 29 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 68 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 57 years male, 61 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Burmese (singular and plural); adjective - Burmese +Ethnic divisions: + Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Mon 2%, Indian 2%, + other 5% +Religions: + Buddhist 89%, Christian 4% (Baptist 3%, Roman Catholic 1%), Muslim 4%, + animist beliefs 1%, other 2% +Languages: + Burmese; minority ethnic groups have their own languages +Literacy: + 81% (male 89%, female 72%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 16,036,000; agriculture 65.2%, industry 14.3%, trade 10.1%, government 6.3%, + other 4.1% (FY89 est.) +Organized labor: + Workers' Asiayone (association), 1,800,000 members; Peasants' Asiayone, + 7,600,000 members + +:Burma Government + +Long-form name: + Union of Burma; note - the local official name is Pyidaungzu Myanma + Naingngandaw, which has been translated by the US Government as Union of + Myanma and by the Burmese as Union of Myanmar +Type: + military regime +Capital: + Rangoon (sometimes translated as Yangon) +Administrative divisions: + 7 divisions* (yin-mya, singular - yin) and 7 states (pyine-mya, singular - + pyine); Chin State, Irrawaddy*, Kachin State, Karan State, Kayah State, + Magwe*, Mandalay*, Mon State, Pegu*, Rakhine State, Rangoon*, Sagaing*, Shan + State, Tenasserim* +Independence: + 4 January 1948 (from UK) +Constitution: + 3 January 1974 (suspended since 18 September 1988) +Legal system: + martial law in effect throughout most of the country; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 4 January (1948) +Executive branch: + chairman of the State Law and Order Restoration Council, State Law and Order + Restoration Council +Legislative branch: + unicameral People's Assembly (Pyithu Hluttaw) was dissolved after the coup + of 18 September 1988 +Judicial branch: + Council of People's Justices was abolished after the coup of 18 September + 1988 +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + Chairman of the State Law and Order Restoration Council Gen. THAN SHWE + (since 23 April 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + National Unity Party (NUP; proregime), THA KYAW; National League for + Democracy (NLD), U AUNG SHWE; National Coalition of Union of Burma (NCGUB), + SEIN WIN - consists of individuals legitimately elected but not recognized + by military regime; fled to border area and joined with insurgents in + December 1990 to form a parallel government +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + People's Assembly: + last held 27 May 1990, but Assembly never convened; results - NLD 80%; seats + - (485 total) NLD 396, the regime-favored NUP 10, other 79 +Communists: + several hundred (est.) in Burma Communist Party (BCP) +Other political or pressure groups: + Kachin Independence Army (KIA), United Wa State Army (UWSA), Karen National + Union (KNU) , several Shan factions, including the Shan United Army (SUA) + (all ethnically based insurgent groups) +Member of: + AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, + IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO + +:Burma Government + +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador U THAUNG; Chancery at 2300 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008; + telephone (202) 332-9044 through 9046; there is a Burmese Consulate General + in New York + US: + Ambassador (vacant); Deputy Chief of Mission, Charge d'Affaires Franklin P. + HUDDLE, Jr.; Embassy at 581 Merchant Street, Rangoon (mailing address is GPO + Box 521, AMEMB Box B, APO AP 96546); telephone [95] (1) 82055, 82181; FAX + [95] (1) 80409 +Flag: + red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing, all in + white, 14 five-pointed stars encircling a cogwheel containing a stalk of + rice; the 14 stars represent the 14 administrative divisions + +:Burma Economy + +Overview: + Burma is a poor Asian country, with a per capita GDP of about $500. The + nation has been unable to achieve any substantial improvement in export + earnings because of falling prices for many of its major commodity exports. + For rice, traditionally the most important export, the drop in world prices + has been accompanied by shrinking markets and a smaller volume of sales. In + 1985 teak replaced rice as the largest export and continues to hold this + position. The economy is heavily dependent on the agricultural sector, which + generates about 40% of GDP and provides employment for 65% of the work + force. Burma has been largely isolated from international economic forces + and has been trying to encourage foreign investment, so far with little + success. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $22.2 billion, per capita $530; real growth rate + 5.6% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 40% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 9.6% in urban areas (FY89 est.) +Budget: + revenues $7.2 billion; expenditures $9.3 billion, including capital + expenditures of $6 billion (1991) +Exports: + $568 million + commodities: + teak, rice, oilseed, metals, rubber, gems + partners: + Southeast Asia, India, Japan, China, EC, Africa +Imports: + $1.16 billion + commodities: + machinery, transport equipment, chemicals, food products + partners: + Japan, EC, China, Southeast Asia +External debt: + $4.2 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 2.6% (FY90 est.); accounts for 10% of GDP +Electricity: + 950,000 kW capacity; 2,900 million kWh produced, 70 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + agricultural processing; textiles and footwear; wood and wood products; + petroleum refining; mining of copper, tin, tungsten, iron; construction + materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizer +Agriculture: + accounts for 40% of GDP (including fish and forestry); self-sufficient in + food; principal crops - paddy rice, corn, oilseed, sugarcane, pulses; + world's largest stand of hardwood trees; rice and teak account for 55% of + export revenues; fish catch of 740,000 metric tons (FY90) +Illicit drugs: + world's largest illicit producer of opium poppy and minor producer of + cannabis for the international drug trade; opium production is on the + increase as growers respond to the collapse of Rangoon's antinarcotic + programs +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $158 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.9 billion; + Communist countries (1970-89), $424 million + +:Burma Economy + +Currency: + kyat (plural - kyats); 1 kyat (K) = 100 pyas +Exchange rates: + kyats (K) per US$1 - 6.0963 (January 1992), 6.2837 (1991), 6.3386 (1990), + 6.7049 (1989), 6.46 (1988), 6.6535 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Burma Communications + +Railroads: + 3,991 km total, all government owned; 3,878 km 1.000-meter gauge, 113 km + narrow-gauge industrial lines; 362 km double track +Highways: + 27,000 km total; 3,200 km bituminous, 17,700 km improved earth or gravel, + 6,100 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 12,800 km; 3,200 km navigable by large commercial vessels +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,343 km; natural gas 330 km +Ports: + Rangoon, Moulmein, Bassein +Merchant marine: + 71 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,036,018 GRT/1,514,121 DWT; includes + 3 passenger-cargo, 19 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 3 vehicle carrier, 3 + container, 2 petroleum tanker, 6 chemical, 1 combination ore/oil, 27 bulk, 1 + combination bulk, 1 roll-on/roll-off +Civil air: + 17 major transport aircraft (including 3 helicopters) +Airports: + 85 total, 82 usable; 27 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 38 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + meets minimum requirements for local and intercity service; international + service is good; 53,000 telephones (1986); radiobroadcast coverage is + limited to the most populous areas; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV + (1985); 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Burma Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force +Manpower availability: + eligible 15-49, 21,447,878; of the 10,745,530 males 15-49, 5,759,840 are fit + for military service; of the 10,702,348 females 15-49, 5,721,868 are fit for + military service; 424,474 males and 410,579 females reach military age (18) + annually; both sexes are liable for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.28 billion, FY(91-92) + +:Burundi Geography + +Total area: + 27,830 km2 +Land area: + 25,650 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Maryland +Land boundaries: + 974 km; Rwanda 290 km, Tanzania 451 km, Zaire 233 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate; warm; occasional frost in uplands +Terrain: + mostly rolling to hilly highland; some plains +Natural resources: + nickel, uranium, rare earth oxide, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum (not yet + exploited), vanadium +Land use: + arable land 43%; permanent crops 8%; meadows and pastures 35%; forest and + woodland 2%; other 12%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + soil exhaustion; soil erosion; deforestation +Note: + landlocked; straddles crest of the Nile-Congo watershed + +:Burundi People + +Population: + 6,022,341 (July 1992), growth rate 3.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + 46 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 14 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 106 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 51 years male, 55 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Burundian(s); adjective - Burundi +Ethnic divisions: + Africans - Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%; other + Africans include about 70,000 refugees, mostly Rwandans and Zairians; + non-Africans include about 3,000 Europeans and 2,000 South Asians +Religions: + Christian about 67% (Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 5%), indigenous beliefs + 32%, Muslim 1% +Languages: + Kirundi and French (official); Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the + Bujumbura area) +Literacy: + 50% (male 61%, female 40%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 1,900,000 (1983 est.); agriculture 93.0%, government 4.0%, industry and + commerce 1.5%, services 1.5%; 52% of population of working age (1985) +Organized labor: + sole group is the Union of Burundi Workers (UTB); by charter, membership is + extended to all Burundi workers (informally); active membership figures NA + +:Burundi Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Burundi +Type: + republic +Capital: + Bujumbura +Administrative divisions: + 15 provinces; Bubanza, Bujumbura, Bururi, Cankuzo, Cibitoke, Gitega, Karuzi, + Kayanza, Kirundo, Makamba, Muramvya, Muyinga, Ngozi, Rutana, Ruyigi +Independence: + 1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration) +Constitution: + 20 November 1981; suspended following the coup of 3 September 1987; a + constitutional committee was charged with drafting a new constitution + created in February 1991; a referendum on the new constitution scheduled for + March 1992 +Legal system: + based on German and Belgian civil codes and customary law; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 1 July (1962) +Executive branch: + president; chairman of the Central Committee of the National Party of Unity + and Progress (UPRONA), prime minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) was dissolved following + the coup of 3 September 1987; at an extraordinary party congress held from + 27 to 29 December 1990, the Central Committee of the National Party of Unity + and Progress (UPRONA) replaced the Military Committee for National + Salvation, and became the supreme governing body during the transition to + constitutional government +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Major Pierre BUYOYA, President (since 9 September 1987) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Adrien SIBOMANA (since 26 October 1988) +Political parties and leaders: + only party - National Party of Unity and Progress (UPRONA), Nicolas MAYUGI, + secretary general; note - although Burundi is still officially a one-party + state, at least four political parties were formed in 1991 in anticipation + of proposed constitutional reform in 1992 - Burundi Democratic Front + (FRODEBU), Organization of the People of Burundi (RPB), Socialist Party of + Burundi (PSB), Movement for Peace and Democracy (MPD) - the Party for the + Liberation of the Hutu People (PALIPEHUTU), formed in exile in the early + 1980s, is an ethnically based political party dedicated to majority rule; + the government has long accused PALIPEHUTU of practicing devisive ethnic + politics and fomenting violence against the state. PALIPEHUTU's exclusivist + charter makes it an unlikely candidate for legalization under the new + constitution that will require party membership open to all ethnic groups +Suffrage: + universal adult at age NA +Elections: + National Assembly: + dissolved after the coup of 3 September 1987; note - The National Unity + Charter outlining the principles for constitutional government was adopted + by a national referendum on 5 February 1991 + +:Burundi Government + +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, + UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Julien KAVAKURE; Chancery at Suite 212, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20007; telephone (202) 342-2574 + US: + Ambassador Cynthia Shepherd PERRY; B. P. 1720, Avenue des Etats-Unis, + Bujumbura; telephone [257] (222) 454; FAX [257] (222) 926 +Flag: + divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and bottom) and green + panels (hoist side and outer side) with a white disk superimposed at the + center bearing three red six-pointed stars outlined in green arranged in a + triangular design (one star above, two stars below) + +:Burundi Economy + +Overview: + A landlocked, resource-poor country in an early stage of economic + development, Burundi is predominately agricultural with only a few basic + industries. Its economic health depends on the coffee crop, which accounts + for an average 90% of foreign exchange earnings each year. The ability to + pay for imports therefore continues to rest largely on the vagaries of the + climate and the international coffee market. As part of its economic reform + agenda, launched in February 1991 with IMF and World Bank support, Burundi + is trying to diversify its export agriculture capability and attract foreign + investment in industry. Several state-owned coffee companies were privatized + via public auction in September 1991. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.13 billion, per capita $200; real growth rate + 3.4% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 7.1% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $158 million; expenditures $204 million, including capital + expenditures of $131 million (1989 est.) +Exports: + $74.7 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + coffee 88%, tea, hides, and skins + partners: + EC 83%, US 5%, Asia 2% +Imports: + $234.6 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + capital goods 31%, petroleum products 15%, foodstuffs, consumer goods + partners: + EC 57%, Asia 23%, US 3% +External debt: + $1.0 billion (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + real growth rate 5.1% (1986); accounts for about 10% of GDP +Electricity: + 55,000 kW capacity; 105 million kWh produced, 20 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + light consumer goods such as blankets, shoes, soap; assembly of imports; + public works construction; food processing +Agriculture: + accounts for 60% of GDP; 90% of population dependent on subsistence farming; + marginally self-sufficient in food production; cash crops - coffee, cotton, + tea; food crops - corn, sorghum, sweet potatoes, bananas, manioc; livestock + - meat, milk, hides, and skins +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $71 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.2 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $32 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $175 + million +Currency: + Burundi franc (plural - francs); 1 Burundi franc (FBu) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Burundi francs (FBu) per US$1 - 193.72 (January 1992), 181.51 (1991), 171.26 + (1990), 158.67 (1989), 140.40 (1988), 123. 56 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Burundi Communications + +Highways: + 5,900 km total; 400 km paved, 2,500 km gravel or laterite, 3,000 km improved + or unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + Lake Tanganyika +Ports: + Bujumbura (lake port) connects to transportation systems of Tanzania and + Zaire +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 6 total, 6 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220 to 2,439 m +Telecommunications: + sparse system of wire, radiocommunications, and low-capacity radio relay + links; 8,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian + Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Burundi Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army (includes naval and air units); paramilitary Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,306,611; 681,050 fit for military service; 59,676 reach + military age (16) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $28 million, 3.7% of GDP (1989) + +:Cambodia Geography + +Total area: + 181,040 km2 +Land area: + 176,520 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Oklahoma +Land boundaries: + 2,572 km; Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam 1,228 km +Coastline: + 443 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + offshore islands and three sections of the boundary with Vietnam are in + dispute; maritime boundary with Vietnam not defined +Climate: + tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to October); dry season (December to + March); little seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north +Natural resources: + timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower + potential +Land use: + arable land 16%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and + woodland 76%; other 4%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + a land of paddies and forests dominated by Mekong River and Tonle Sap +Note: + buffer between Thailand and Vietnam + +:Cambodia People + +Population: + 7,295,706 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 37 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 15 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 121 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 48 years male, 51 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Cambodian(s); adjective - Cambodian +Ethnic divisions: + Khmer 90%, Chinese 5%, other 5% +Religions: + Theravada Buddhism 95%, other 5% +Languages: + Khmer (official), French +Literacy: + 35% (male 48%, female 22%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 2.5-3.0 million; agriculture 80% (1988 est.) +Organized labor: + Kampuchea Federation of Trade Unions (FSC); under government control + +:Cambodia Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + currently administered by the Supreme National Council (SNC), a body set up + under United Nations' auspices, in preparation for an internationally + supervised election in 1993 and including representatives from each of the + country's four political factions +Capital: + Phnom Penh +Administrative divisions: + 19 provinces (khet, singular and plural) and 2 autonomous cities* Banteay + Meanchey, Batdambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Saom City*, + Kampong Spoe, Kampong Thum, Kampot, Kandal, Kaoh Kong, Kracheh, Mondol Kiri, + Phnom Phen City*, Pouthisat, Preah Vihear, Prey Veng, Rotanokiri, + Siemreab-Otdar Meanchey, Stoeng Treng, Svay Rieng, Takev +Independence: + 8 November 1949 (from France) +Constitution: + a new constitution will be drafted after the national election in 1993 +National holiday: + NGC - Independence Day, 17 April (1975); SOC - Liberation Day, 7 January + (1979) +Executive branch: + a twelve-member Supreme National Council (SNC), chaired by Prince NORODOM + SIHANOUK, composed of representatives from each of the four political + factions; faction names and delegation leaders are: State of Cambodia (SOC) + - HUN SEN; Democratic Kampuchea (DK or Khmer Rouge) - KHIEU SAMPHAN; Khmer + People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF) - SON SANN; National United Front + for an Independent, Peaceful, Neutral, and Cooperative Cambodia (FUNCINPEC) + - Prince NORODOM RANARIDDH +Legislative branch: + pending a national election in 1993, the incumbent SOC faction's National + Assembly is the only functioning national legislative body +Judicial branch: + pending a national election in 1993, the incumbent SOC faction's Supreme + People's Court is the only functioning national judicial body +Leaders: + Chief of State: + SNC - Chairman Prince NORODOM SIHANOUK, under United Nations's supervision + Head of Government: + NGC - vacant, formerly held by SON SANN (since July 1982); will be + determined following the national election in 1993; SOC - Chairman of the + Council of Ministers HUN SEN (since 14 January 1985) +Political parties and leaders: + Democratic Kampuchea (DK, also known as the Khmer Rouge) under KHIEU + SAMPHAN; Cambodian Pracheachon Party or Cambodian People's Party (CPP) (name + changed and HENG SAMRIN replaced in October 1991) under CHEA SIM; Khmer + People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF) under SON SANN; National United + Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia + (FUNCINPEC) under Prince NORODOM RANNARIDH +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + UN-supervised election for a 120-member constituent assembly based on + proportional representation within each province will be held nine months + after UN-organized voter registration is complete; the election is not + anticipated before April 1993; the assembly will draft and approve a + constitution and then transform itself into a legislature that will create a + new Cambodian Government + +:Cambodia Government + +Member of: + AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, + ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + the Supreme National Council (SNC) represents Cambodia in international + organizations - it filled UN seat in September 1991 + US: + Charles TWINNING is the US representative to Cambodia +Flag: + SNC - blue background with white map of Cambodia in middle; SOC - two equal + horizontal bands of red (top) and blue with a gold stylized five-towered + temple representing Angkor Wat in the center + +:Cambodia Economy + +Overview: + Cambodia is a desperately poor country whose economic development has been + stymied by deadly political infighting. The economy is based on agriculture + and related industries. Over the past decade Cambodia has been slowly + recovering from its near destruction by war and political upheaval. The food + situation remains precarious; during the 1980s famine was averted only + through international relief. In 1986 the production level of rice, the + staple food crop, was able to meet only 80% of domestic needs. The biggest + success of the nation's recovery program has been in new rubber plantings + and in fishing. Industry, other than rice processing, is almost nonexistent. + Foreign trade has been primarily with the former USSR and Vietnam, and both + trade and foreign aid are being adversely affected by the breakup of the + USSR. Statistical data on the economy continue to be sparse and unreliable. + Foreign aid from the former USSR and Eastern Europe has virtually stopped. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $930 million, per capita $130; real growth rate + NA (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 53% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $178 million expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of + $NA (1991) +Exports: + $32 million (f.o.b., 1988) + commodities: + natural rubber, rice, pepper, wood + partners: + Vietnam, USSR, Eastern Europe, Japan, India +Imports: + $147 million (c.i.f., 1988) + commodities: + international food aid; fuels, consumer goods, machinery + partners: + Vietnam, USSR, Eastern Europe, Japan, India +External debt: + $600 million (1989) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 140,000 kW capacity; 200 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber, cement, gem mining +Agriculture: + mainly subsistence farming except for rubber plantations; main crops - rice, + rubber, corn; food shortages - rice, meat, vegetables, dairy products, + sugar, flour +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $725 million; Western (non-US + countries) (1970-89), $300 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $1.8 + billion +Currency: + riel (plural - riels); 1 riel (CR) = 100 sen +Exchange rates: + riels (CR) per US$1 - 714 (May 1992), 500 (December 1991), 560 (1990), + 159.00 (1988), 100.00 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Cambodia Communications + +Railroads: + 612 km 1.000-meter gauge, government owned +Highways: + 13,351 km total; 2,622 km bituminous; 7,105 km crushed stone, gravel, or + improved earth; 3,624 km unimproved earth; some roads in disrepair +Inland waterways: + 3,700 km navigable all year to craft drawing 0.6 meters; 282 km navigable to + craft drawing 1.8 meters +Ports: + Kampong Saom, Phnom Penh +Airports: + 16 total, 8 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + service barely adequate for government requirements and virtually + nonexistent for general public; international service limited to Vietnam and + other adjacent countries; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV + +:Cambodia Defense Forces + +Branches: + SOC - Cambodian People's Armed Forces (CPAF); Communist resistance forces - + National Army of Democratic Kampuchea (Khmer Rouge); non-Communist + resistance forces - Armee National Kampuchea Independent (ANKI), which is + sometimes anglicized as National Army of Independent Cambodia (NAIC), and + Khmer People's National Liberation Armed Forces (KPNLAF) - under the Paris + peace agreement of October 1991, all four factions are to observe a + cease-fire and prepare for UN-supervised cantonment, disarmament, and 70% + demobilization before the election, with the fate of the remaining 30% to be + determined by the newly elected government - the United Nations Transitional + Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) will verify the cease-fire and disarm the + combatants +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,877,339; 1,032,102 fit for military service; 61,807 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Cameroon Geography + +Total area: + 475,440 km2 +Land area: + 469,440 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than California +Land boundaries: + 4,591 km; Central African Republic 797 km, Chad 1,094 km, Congo 523 km, + Equatorial Guinea 189 km, Gabon 298 km, Nigeria 1,690 km +Coastline: + 402 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 50 nm +Disputes: + demarcation of international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has + led to border incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification + by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; boundary commission created with + Nigeria to discuss unresolved land and maritime boundaries - has not yet + convened +Climate: + varies with terrain from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north +Terrain: + diverse, with coastal plain in southwest, dissected plateau in center, + mountains in west, plains in north +Natural resources: + crude oil, bauxite, iron ore, timber, hydropower potential +Land use: + arable land 13%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest and + woodland 54%; other 13%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + recent volcanic activity with release of poisonous gases; deforestation; + overgrazing; desertification +Note: + sometimes referred to as the hinge of Africa + +:Cameroon People + +Population: + 12,658,439 (July 1992), growth rate 3.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 44 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 81 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 55 years male, 60 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Cameroonian(s); adjective - Cameroonian +Ethnic divisions: + over 200 tribes of widely differing background; Cameroon Highlanders 31%, + Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%, Fulani 10%, Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern + Nigritic 7%, other African 13%, non-African less than 1% +Religions: + indigenous beliefs 51%, Christian 33%, Muslim 16% +Languages: + English and French (official), 24 major African language groups +Literacy: + 54% (male 66%, female 43%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + NA; agriculture 74.4%, industry and transport 11.4%, other services 14.2% + (1983); 50% of population of working age (15-64 years) (1985) +Organized labor: + under 45% of wage labor force + +:Cameroon Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Cameroon +Type: + unitary republic; multiparty presidential regime (opposition parties + legalized 1990) +Capital: + Yaounde +Administrative divisions: + 10 provinces; Adamaoua, Centre, Est, Extreme-Nord, Littoral, Nord, + Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest +Independence: + 1 January 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French administration; formerly + French Cameroon) +Constitution: + 20 May 1972 +Legal system: + based on French civil law system, with common law influence; has not + accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 20 May (1972) +Executive branch: + president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982) + Head of Government: + interim Prime Minister Sadou HAYATOU (since 25 April 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (RDPC), Paul BIYA, president, is + government-controlled and was formerly the only party; numerous small + parties formed since opposition parties were legalized in 1990 +Suffrage: + universal at age 20 +Elections: + National Assembly: + next to be held 1 March 1992 + President: + last held 24 April 1988 (next to be held April 1993); results - President + Paul BIYA reelected without opposition +Other political or pressure groups: + NA +Member of: + ACCT (associate), ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-19, G-77, + GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, + INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Paul PONDI; Chancery at 2349 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, + DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-8790 through 8794 + US: + Ambassador Frances D. COOK; Embassy at Rue Nachtigal, Yaounde (mailing + address is B. P. 817, Yaounde); telephone [237] 234014; FAX [237] 230753; + there is a US Consulate General in Douala + +:Cameroon Government + +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), red, and yellow with a + yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band; uses the popular + pan-African colors of Ethiopia + +:Cameroon Economy + +Overview: + Because of its offshore oil resources, Cameroon has one of the highest + incomes per capita in tropical Africa. Still, it faces many of the serious + problems facing other underdeveloped countries, such as political + instability, a top-heavy civil service, and a generally unfavorable climate + for business enterprise. The development of the oil sector led rapid + economic growth between 1970 and 1985. Growth came to an abrupt halt in 1986 + precipitated by steep declines in the prices of major exports: coffee, + cocoa, and petroleum. Export earnings were cut by almost one-third, and + inefficiencies in fiscal management were exposed. In 1990-92, with support + from the IMF and World Bank, the government has begun to introduce reforms + designed to spur business investment, increase efficiency in agriculture, + and recapitalize the nation's banks. Nationwide strikes organized by + opposition parties in 1991, however, undermined these efforts. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $11.5 billion, per capita $1,040; real growth + rate 0.7% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8.6% (FY88) +Unemployment rate: + 25% (1990 est.) +Budget: + revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.8 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA million (FY89) +Exports: + $2.1 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + petroleum products 56%, coffee, cocoa, timber, manufactures + partners: + EC (particularly France) about 50%, US 10% +Imports: + $2.1 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + machines and electrical equipment, transport equipment, chemical products, + consumer goods + partners: + France 41%, Germany 9%, US 4% +External debt: + $4.9 billion (December 1989 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate - 6.4% (FY87); accounts for 30% of GDP +Electricity: + 755,000 kW capacity; 2,940 million kWh produced, 270 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + crude oil products, food processing, light consumer goods, textiles, + sawmills +Agriculture: + the agriculture and forestry sectors provide employment for the majority of + the population, contributing nearly 25% to GDP and providing a high degree + of self-sufficiency in staple foods; commercial and food crops include + coffee, cocoa, timber, cotton, rubber, bananas, oilseed, grains, livestock, + root starches +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $440 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.5 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $29 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $125 + million + +:Cameroon Economy + +Currency: + Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) + = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January + 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 + (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Cameroon Communications + +Railroads: + 1,003 km total; 858 km 1.000-meter gauge, 145 km 0.600-meter gauge +Highways: + about 65,000 km total; includes 2,682 km paved, 32,318 km gravel and + improved earth, and 30,000 km of unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 2,090 km; of decreasing importance +Ports: + Douala +Merchant marine: + 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 24,122 GRT/33,509 DWT +Civil air: + 5 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 56 total, 50 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over + 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 21 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + good system of open wire, cable, troposcatter, and radio relay; 26,000 + telephones; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 11 FM, 1 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT earth stations + +:Cameroon Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy (including naval infantry), Air Force; National Gendarmerie, + Presidential Guards +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,753,059; 1,385,706 fit for military service; 120,011 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $219 million, 1.7% of GDP (1990 est.) + +:Canada Geography + +Total area: + 9,976,140 km2 +Land area: + 9,220,970 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than US +Land boundaries: + 8,893 km with US (includes 2,477 km with Alaska) +Coastline: + 243,791 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + maritime boundary disputes with the US +Climate: + varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north +Terrain: + mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in southeast +Natural resources: + nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, potash, silver, fish, timber, + wildlife, coal, crude oil, natural gas +Land use: + arable land 5%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and + woodland 35%; other 57%; includes NEGL% irrigated +Environment: + 80% of population concentrated within 160 km of US border; continuous + permafrost in north a serious obstacle to development +Note: + second-largest country in world (after Russia); strategic location between + Russia and US via north polar route + +:Canada People + +Population: + 27,351,509 (July 1992), growth rate 1.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 14 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 6 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 74 years male, 81 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Canadian(s); adjective - Canadian +Ethnic divisions: + British Isles origin 40%, French origin 27%, other European 20%, indigenous + Indian and Eskimo 1.5% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 46%, United Church 16%, Anglican 10% +Languages: + English and French (both official) +Literacy: + 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981 est.) +Labor force: + 13,380,000; services 75%, manufacturing 14%, agriculture 4%, construction + 3%, other 4% (1988) +Organized labor: + 30.6% of labor force; 39.6% of nonagricultural paid workers + +:Canada Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + confederation with parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Ottawa +Administrative divisions: + 10 provinces and 2 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New + Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Ontario, + Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory* +Independence: + 1 July 1867 (from UK) +Constitution: + amended British North America Act 1867 patriated to Canada 17 April 1982; + charter of rights and unwritten customs +Legal system: + based on English common law, except in Quebec, where civil law system based + on French law prevails; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with + reservations +National holiday: + Canada Day, 1 July (1867) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, + Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament (Parlement) consists of an upper house or Senate + (Senat) and a lower house or House of Commons (Chambre des Communes) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Raymond John HNATSHYN (since 29 January 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister (Martin) Brian MULRONEY (since 4 September 1984); Deputy + Prime Minister Donald Frank MAZANKOWSKI (since June 1986) +Political parties and leaders: + Progressive Conservative Party, Brian MULRONEY; Liberal Party, Jean + CHRETIEN; New Democratic Party, Audrey McLAUGHLIN +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Commons: + last held 21 November 1988 (next to be held by November 1993); results - + Progressive Conservative Party 43.0%, Liberal Party 32%, New Democratic + Party 20%, other 5%; seats - (295 total) Progressive Conservative Party 159, + Liberal Party 80, New Democratic Party 44, independents 12 +Communists: + 3,000 +Member of: + ACCT, AfDB, AG (observer), APEC, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, C, CCC, CDB, + COCOM, CP, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ECLAC, FAO, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, + IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, + INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, + OAS, OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, + UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC + +:Canada Government + +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Derek BURNEY; Chancery at 501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, + DC 20001; telephone (202) 682-1740; there are Canadian Consulates General in + Atlanta, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Detroit, Los Angeles, + Minneapolis, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Seattle + US: + Ambassador Peter TEELEY; Embassy at 100 Wellington Street, K1P 5T1, Ottawa + (mailing address is P. O. Box 5000, Ogdensburg, NY 13669-0430); telephone + (613) 238-5335 or (613) 238-4470; FAX (613) 238-5720; there are US + Consulates General in Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Toronto, and + Vancouver +Flag: + three vertical bands of red (hoist side), white (double width, square), and + red with a red maple leaf centered in the white band + +:Canada Economy + +Overview: + As an affluent, high-tech industrial society, Canada today closely resembles + the US in per capita output, market-oriented economic system, and pattern of + production. Since World War II the impressive growth of the manufacturing, + mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural + economy into one primarily industrial and urban. In the 1980s, Canada + registered one of the highest rates of real growth among the OECD nations, + averaging about 3.2%. With its great natural resources, skilled labor force, + and modern capital plant, Canada has excellent economic prospects. However, + the continuing constitutional impasse between English- and French-speaking + areas has observers discussing a possible split in the confederation; + foreign investors are becoming edgy. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $521.5 billion, per capita $19,400; real + growth rate -1.1% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.2% (November 1991, annual rate) +Unemployment rate: + 10.3% (November 1991) +Budget: + revenues $111.8 billion; expenditures $138.3 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY90 est.) +Exports: + $124.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + newsprint, wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, machinery, natural gas, + aluminum, motor vehicles and parts; telecommunications equipment + partners: + US, Japan, UK, Germany, South Korea, Netherlands, China +Imports: + $118 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + crude petroleum, chemicals, motor vehicles and parts, durable consumer + goods, electronic computers; telecommunications equipment and parts + partners: + US, Japan, UK, Germany, France, Mexico, Taiwan, South Korea +External debt: + $247 billion (1987) +Industrial production: + growth rate -3.8% (August 1991); accounts for 34% of GDP +Electricity: + 106,464,000 kW capacity; 479,600 million kWh produced, 17,872 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, + transportation equipment, chemicals, fish products, petroleum and natural + gas +Agriculture: + accounts for about 3% of GDP; one of the world's major producers and + exporters of grain (wheat and barley); key source of US agricultural + imports; large forest resources cover 35% of total land area; commercial + fisheries provide annual catch of 1.5 million metric tons, of which 75% is + exported +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market; use of + hydroponics technology permits growers to plant large quantities of + high-quality marijuana indoors; growing role as a transit point for heroin + and cocaine entering the US market + +:Canada Economy + +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $7.2 billion +Currency: + Canadian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Canadian dollar (Can$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Canadian dollars (Can$) per US$1 - 1.1565 (January 1992), 1.1457 (1991), + 1.1668 (1990), 1.1840 (1989), 1.2307 (1988), 1.3260 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Canada Communications + +Railroads: + 93,544 km total; two major transcontinental freight railway systems - + Canadian National (government owned) and Canadian Pacific Railway; passenger + service - VIA (government operated) +Highways: + 884,272 km total; 712,936 km surfaced (250,023 km paved), 171,336 km earth +Inland waterways: + 3,000 km, including Saint Lawrence Seaway +Pipelines: + crude and refined oil 23,564 km; natural gas 74,980 km +Ports: + Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Saint John (New Brunswick), Saint John's + (Newfoundland), Toronto, Vancouver +Merchant marine: + 70 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 500,904 GRT/727,118 DWT; includes 1 + passenger, 3 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 10 cargo, 2 railcar + carrier, 1 refrigerated cargo, 8 roll-on/roll-off, 1 container, 28 petroleum + tanker, 5 chemical tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 8 bulk; note - does not + include ships used exclusively in the Great Lakes +Civil air: + 636 major transport aircraft; Air Canada is the major carrier +Airports: + 1,416 total, 1,168 usable; 455 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with + runways over 3,659 m; 30 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 338 with runways + 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + excellent service provided by modern media; 18.0 million telephones; + broadcast stations - 900 AM, 29 FM, 53 (1,400 repeaters) TV; 5 coaxial + submarine cables; over 300 earth stations operating in INTELSAT (including 4 + Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) and domestic systems + +:Canada Defense Forces + +Branches: + Canadian Armed Forces (including Mobile Command, Maritime Command, Air + Command, Communications Command, Canadian Forces Europe, Training Commands), + Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 7,366,675; 6,387,459 fit for military service; 190,752 reach + military age (17) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $11.4 billion, 1.7% of GDP (FY91); $10.5 billion, + NA% of GDP (FY 92) + +:Cape Verde Geography + +Total area: + 4,030 km2 +Land area: + 4,030 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Rhode Island +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 965 km +Maritime claims: + (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate; warm, dry, summer; precipitation very erratic +Terrain: + steep, rugged, rocky, volcanic +Natural resources: + salt, basalt rock, pozzolana, limestone, kaolin, fish +Land use: + arable land 9%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and + woodland NEGL%; other 85%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + subject to prolonged droughts; harmattan wind can obscure visibility; + volcanically and seismically active; deforestation; overgrazing +Note: + strategic location 500 km from African coast near major north-south sea + routes; important communications station; important sea and air refueling + site + +:Cape Verde People + +Population: + 398,276 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 48 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + - 8 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 61 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 60 years male, 64 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Cape Verdean(s); adjective - Cape Verdean +Ethnic divisions: + Creole (mulatto) about 71%, African 28%, European 1% +Religions: + Roman Catholicism fused with indigenous beliefs +Languages: + Portuguese and Crioulo, a blend of Portuguese and West African words +Literacy: + 66% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1989 est.) +Labor force: + 102,000 (1985 est.); agriculture (mostly subsistence) 57%, services 29%, + industry 14% (1981); 51% of population of working age (1985) +Organized labor: + Trade Unions of Cape Verde Unity Center (UNTC-CS) + +:Cape Verde Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Cape Verde +Type: + republic +Capital: + Praia +Administrative divisions: + 14 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Boa Vista, Brava, Fogo, Maio, + Paul, Praia, Porto Novo, Ribeira Grande, Sal, Santa Catarina, Santa Cruz, + Sao Nicolau, Sao Vicente, Tarrafal +Independence: + 5 July 1975 (from Portugal) +Constitution: + 7 September 1980; amended 12 February 1981, December 1988, and 28 September + 1990 (legalized opposition parties) +National holiday: + Independence Day, 5 July (1975) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, deputy minister, secretaries of state, Council of + Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral People's National Assembly (Assembleia Nacional Popular) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de Justia) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Antonio Monteiro MASCARENHAS (since 22 March 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Carlos VEIGA (since 13 January 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Movement for Democracy (MPD), Prime Minister Carlos VEIGA, founder and + chairman; African Party for Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV), Pedro Verona + Rodrigues PIRES, chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + People's National Assembly: + last held 13 January 1991 (next to be held January 1996); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (79 total) MPD 56, PAICV 23; note - this + multiparty Assembly election ended 15 years of single-party rule + President: + last held 17 February 1991 (next to be held February 1996); results - + Antonio Monteiro MASCARENHAS (MPD) received 72.6% of vote +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, + INTERPOL, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, + UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Carlos Alberto Santos SILVA; Chancery at 3415 Massachusetts + Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007; telephone (202) 965-6820; there is a Cape + Verdean Consulate General in Boston + US: + Ambassador Francis T. (Terry) McNAMARA; Embassy at Rua Hoji Ya Henda Yenna + 81, Praia (mailing address is C. P. 201, Praia); telephone [238] 61-43-63 or + 61-42-53; FAX [238] 61-13-55 + +:Cape Verde Government + +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a vertical red + band on the hoist side; in the upper portion of the red band is a black + five-pointed star framed by two corn stalks and a yellow clam shell; uses + the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of + Guinea-Bissau, which is longer and has an unadorned black star centered in + the red band + +:Cape Verde Economy + +Overview: + Cape Verde's low per capita GDP reflects a poor natural resource base, a + 17-year drought, and a high birthrate. The economy is service oriented, with + commerce, transport, and public services accounting for 65% of GDP during + the period 1985-88. Although nearly 70% of the population lives in rural + areas, agriculture's share of GDP is only 16%; the fishing sector accounts + for 4%. About 90% of food must be imported. The fishing potential, mostly + lobster and tuna, is not fully exploited. In 1988 fishing represented only + 3.5% of GDP. Cape Verde annually runs a high trade deficit, financed by + remittances from emigrants and foreign aid. Economic reforms launched by the + new democratic government in February 1991 are aimed at developing the + private sector and attracting foreign investment to diversify the economy. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $310 million, per capita $800; real growth rate + 4% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 10% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 25% (1988) +Budget: + revenues $98.3 million; expenditures $138.4 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1988 est.) +Exports: + $10.9 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) + commodities: + fish, bananas, salt + partners: + Portugal 40%, Algeria 31%, Angola, Netherlands (1990 est.) +Imports: + $107.8 million (c.i.f., 1989) + commodities: + petroleum, foodstuffs, consumer goods, industrial products + partners: + Sweden 33%, Spain 11%, Germany 5%, Portugal 3%, France 3%, Netherlands, US + (1990 est.) +External debt: + $150 million (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 18% (1988 est.); accounts for 7% of GDP +Electricity: + 15,000 kW capacity; 15 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + fish processing, salt mining, clothing factories, ship repair, construction + materials, food and beverage production +Agriculture: + accounts for 16% of GDP; largely subsistence farming; bananas are the only + export crop; other crops - corn, beans, sweet potatoes, coffee; growth + potential of agricultural sector limited by poor soils and limited rainfall; + annual food imports required; fish catch provides for both domestic + consumption and small exports +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY75-89), $88 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $537 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $12 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $36 + million +Currency: + Cape Verdean escudo (plural - escudos); 1 Cape Verdean escudo (CVEsc) = 100 + centavos + +:Cape Verde Economy + +Exchange rates: + Cape Verdean escudos (CVEsc) per US$1 - 71.28 (March 1992), 71.41 (1991), + 64.10 (November 1990), 74.86 (December 1989), 72.01 (1988), 72.5 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Cape Verde Communications + +Ports: + Mindelo, Praia +Merchant marine: + 7 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,717 GRT/19,000 DWT +Civil air: + 3 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 6 total, 6 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + interisland radio relay system, high-frequency radio to Senegal and + Guinea-Bissau; over 1,700 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 6 FM, 1 TV; + 2 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Cape Verde Defense Forces + +Branches: + People's Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARP) - Army and Navy are separate + components of FARP; Security Service +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 72,916; 43,010 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Cayman Islands Geography + +Total area: + 260 km2 +Land area: + 260 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 160 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October) and cool, relatively + dry winters (November to April) +Terrain: + low-lying limestone base surrounded by coral reefs +Natural resources: + fish, climate and beaches that foster tourism +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 8%; forest and + woodland 23%; other 69% +Environment: + within the Caribbean hurricane belt +Note: + important location between Cuba and Central America + +:Cayman Islands People + +Population: + 29,139 (July 1992), growth rate 4.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 16 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 33 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 75 years male, 79 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Caymanian(s); adjective - Caymanian +Ethnic divisions: + 40% mixed, 20% white, 20% black, 20% expatriates of various ethnic groups +Religions: + United Church (Presbyterian and Congregational), Anglican, Baptist, Roman + Catholic, Church of God, other Protestant denominations +Languages: + English +Literacy: + 98% (male 98%, female 98%) age 15 and over having ever attended school + (1970) +Labor force: + 8,061; service workers 18.7%, clerical 18.6%, construction 12.5%, finance + and investment 6.7%, directors and business managers 5.9% (1979) +Organized labor: + Global Seaman's Union; Cayman All Trade Union + +:Cayman Islands Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + George Town +Administrative divisions: + 8 districts; Creek, Eastern, Midland, South Town, Spot Bay, Stake Bay, West + End, Western +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Constitution: + 1959, revised 1972 +Legal system: + British common law and local statutes +National holiday: + Constitution Day (first Monday in July) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Assembly +Judicial branch: + Grand Court, Cayman Islands Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Michael + GORE (since May 1992) + Head of Government: + Governor and President of the Executive Council Alan James SCOTT (since NA + 1987) +Political parties and leaders: + no formal political parties +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Legislative Assembly: + last held November 1988 (next to be held November 1992); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total, 12 elected) +Member of: + CARICOM (observer), CDB, IOC +Diplomatic representation: + as a dependent territory of the UK, Caymanian interests in the US are + represented by the UK + US: + none +Flag: + blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the + Caymanian coat of arms on a white disk centered on the outer half of the + flag; the coat of arms includes a pineapple and turtle above a shield with + three stars (representing the three islands) and a scroll at the bottom + bearing the motto HE HATH FOUNDED IT UPON THE SEAS + HE HATH FOUNDED IT UPON THE SEAS + +:Cayman Islands Economy + +Overview: + The economy depends heavily on tourism (70% of GDP and 75% of export + earnings) and offshore financial services, with the tourist industry aimed + at the luxury market and catering mainly to visitors from North America. + About 90% of the islands' food and consumer goods needs must be imported. + The Caymanians enjoy one of the highest standards of living in the region. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $384 million, per capita $14,500 (1989); real + growth rate 8% (1990) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $83.6 million; expenditures $98.9 million, including capital + expenditures of $13.6 million (1990) +Exports: + $1.5 million (f.o.b., 1987 est.) + commodities: + turtle products, manufactured consumer goods + partners: + mostly US +Imports: + $136 million (c.i.f., 1987 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs, manufactured goods + partners: + US, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, Netherlands Antilles, Japan +External debt: + $15 million (1986) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 74,000 kW capacity; 256 million kWh produced, 9,313 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + tourism, banking, insurance and finance, construction, building materials, + furniture making +Agriculture: + minor production of vegetables, fruit, livestock; turtle farming +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $26.7 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $35 million +Currency: + Caymanian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Caymanian dollar (CI$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Caymanian dollars (CI$) per US$1 - 1.20 (fixed rate) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Cayman Islands Communications + +Highways: + 160 km of main roads +Ports: + George Town, Cayman Brac +Merchant marine: + 32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 364,174 GRT/560,241 DWT; includes 1 + passenger-cargo, 7 cargo, 8 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 6 petroleum tanker, 1 + chemical tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 1 liquefied gas carrier, 5 bulk, 2 + combination bulk; note - a flag of convenience registry +Civil air: + 2 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 3 total; 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 35,000 telephones; telephone system uses 1 submarine coaxial cable and 1 + Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station to link islands and access + international services; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, no TV + +:Cayman Islands Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Cayman Islands Police Force (RCIPF) +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +:Central African Republic Geography + +Total area: + 622,980 km2 +Land area: + 622,980 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Texas +Land boundaries: + 5,203 km; Cameroon 797 km, Chad 1,197 km, Congo 467 km, Sudan 1,165 km, + Zaire 1,577 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers +Terrain: + vast, flat to rolling, monotonous plateau; scattered hills in northeast and + southwest +Natural resources: + diamonds, uranium, timber, gold, oil +Land use: + arable land 3%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and + woodland 64%; other 28% +Environment: + hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds affect northern areas; poaching has + diminished reputation as one of last great wildlife refuges; desertification +Note: + landlocked; almost the precise center of Africa + +:Central African Republic People + +Population: + 3,029,080 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 43 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 18 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 135 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 46 years male, 49 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 5.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Central African(s); adjective - Central African +Ethnic divisions: + about 80 ethnic groups, the majority of which have related ethnic and + linguistic characteristics; Baya 34%, Banda 27%, Sara 10%, Mandjia 21%, + Mboum 4%, M'Baka 4%; 6,500 Europeans, of whom 3,600 are French +Religions: + indigenous beliefs 24%, Protestant 25%, Roman Catholic 25%, Muslim 15%, + other 11%; animistic beliefs and practices strongly influence the Christian + majority +Languages: + French (official); Sangho (lingua franca and national language); Arabic, + Hunsa, Swahili +Literacy: + 27% (male 33%, female 15%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 775,413 (1986 est.); agriculture 85%, commerce and services 9%, industry 3%, + government 3%; about 64,000 salaried workers; 55% of population of working + age (1985) +Organized labor: + 1% of labor force + +:Central African Republic Government + +Long-form name: + Central African Republic (no short-form name); abbreviated CAR +Type: + republic, one-party presidential regime since 1986 +Capital: + Bangui +Administrative divisions: + 14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture), 2 economic prefectures* + (prefectures economiques, singular - prefecture economique), and 1 + commune**; Bamingui-Bangoran, Bangui** Basse-Kotto, Gribingui*, Haute-Kotto, + Haute-Sangha, Haut-Mbomou, Kemo-Gribingui, Lobaye, Mbomou, Nana-Mambere, + Ombella-Mpoko, Ouaka, Ouham, Ouham-Pende, Sangha*, Vakaga +Independence: + 13 August 1960 (from France; formerly Central African Empire) +Constitution: + 21 November 1986 +Legal system: + based on French law +National holiday: + National Day (proclamation of the republic), 1 December (1958) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) advised by the Economic + and Regional Council (Conseil Economique et Regional); when they sit + together this is known as the Congress (Congres) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State:: + President Andre-Dieudonne KOLINGBA (since 1 September 1981) + Head of Government:: + Prime Minister Edouard FRANCK (since 15 March 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Centrafrican Democratic Rally Party (RDC), Andre-Dieudonne KOLINGBA; note - + as part of political reforms leading to a democratic system announced in + April 1991, 18 opposition parties have been legalized +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + National Assembly: + last held 31 July 1987 (next to be held by end of 1992); results - RDC is + the only party; seats - (52 total) RDC 52 + President: + last held 21 November 1986 (next to be held by end of 1992); results - + President KOLINGBA was reelected without opposition +Communists: + small number of Communist sympathizers +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, + ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, + UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Jean-Pierre SOHAHONG-KOMBET; Chancery at 1618 22nd Street NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-7800 or 7801 + US: + Ambassador Daniel H. SIMPSON; Embassy at Avenue du President David Dacko, + Bangui (mailing address is B. P. 924, Bangui); telephone 61-02-00, 61-25-78, + or 61-43-33; FAX [190] (236) 61-44-94 + +:Central African Republic Government + +Flag: + four equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, green, and yellow with a + vertical red band in center; there is a yellow five-pointed star on the + hoist side of the blue band + +:Central African Republic Economy + +Overview: + Subsistence agriculture, including forestry, is the backbone of the CAR + economy, with more than 70% of the population living in the countryside. In + 1988 the agricultural sector generated about 40% of GDP. Agricultural + products accounted for about 60% of export earnings and the diamond industry + for 30%. The country's 1991 budget deficit was US $70 million and in 1992 is + expected to be about the same. Important constraints to economic development + include the CAR's landlocked position, a poor transportation system, and a + weak human resource base. Multilateral and bilateral development assistance, + particularly from France, plays a major role in providing capital for new + investment. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.3 billion, per capita $440; real growth rate - + 3.0% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + -3.0% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 30% in Bangui (1988 est.) +Budget: + revenues $121 million; expenditures $193 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $151.3 million (1990 est.) + commodities: + diamonds, cotton, coffee, timber, tobacco + partners: + France, Belgium, Italy, Japan, US +Imports: + $214.5 million (1990 est.) + commodities: + food, textiles, petroleum products, machinery, electrical equipment, motor + vehicles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, consumer goods, industrial products + partners: + France, other EC countries, Japan, Algeria, Yugoslavia +External debt: + $700 million (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + 0.8% (1988); accounts for 12% of GDP +Electricity: + 40,000 kW capacity; 95 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + diamond mining, sawmills, breweries, textiles, footwear, assembly of + bicycles and motorcycles +Agriculture: + accounts for 40% of GDP; self-sufficient in food production except for + grain; commercial crops - cotton, coffee, tobacco, timber; food crops - + manioc, yams, millet, corn, bananas +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $49 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $6 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $38 + million +Currency: + Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) + = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January + 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 + (1987) + +:Central African Republic Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Central African Republic Communications + +Highways: + 22,000 km total; 458 km bituminous, 10,542 km improved earth, 11,000 + unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 800 km; traditional trade carried on by means of shallow-draft dugouts; + Oubangui is the most important river +Civil air: + 2 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 66 total, 52 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fair system; network relies primarily on radio relay links, with + low-capacity, low-powered radiocommunication also used; broadcast stations - + 1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Central African Republic Defense Forces + +Branches: + Central African Army (including Republican Guard), Air Force, National + Gendarmerie, Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 677,889; 354,489 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $23 million, 1.8% of GDP (1989 est.) + +:Chad Geography + +Total area: + 1,284,000 km2 +Land area: + 1,259,200 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than three times the size of California +Land boundaries: + 5,968 km; Cameroon 1,094 km, Central African Republic 1,197 km, Libya 1,055 + km, Niger 1,175 km, Nigeria 87 km, Sudan 1,360 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + Libya claims and occupies the 100,000 km2 Aozou Strip in the far north; + demarcation of international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has + led to border incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification + by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria +Climate: + tropical in south, desert in north +Terrain: + broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest, + lowlands in south +Natural resources: + crude oil (unexploited but exploration under way), uranium, natron, kaolin, + fish (Lake Chad) +Land use: + arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 36%; forest and + woodland 11%; other 51%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; drought and desertification + adversely affecting south; subject to plagues of locusts +Note: + landlocked; Lake Chad is the most significant water body in the Sahel + +:Chad People + +Population: + 5,238,908 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 42 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 21 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 136 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 39 years male, 41 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 5.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Chadian(s); adjective - Chadian +Ethnic divisions: + some 200 distinct ethnic groups, most of whom are Muslims (Arabs, Toubou, + Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Kanembou, Baguirmi, Boulala, Zaghawa, and Maba) in + the north and center and non-Muslims (Sara, Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye, + Moundang, Moussei, Massa) in the south; some 150,000 nonindigenous, of whom + 1,000 are French +Religions: + Muslim 44%, Christian 33%, indigenous beliefs, animism 23% +Languages: + French and Arabic (official); Sara and Sango in south; more than 100 + different languages and dialects are spoken +Literacy: + 30% (male 42%, female 18%) age 15 and over can read and write French or + Arabic (1990 est.) +Labor force: + NA; agriculture (engaged in unpaid subsistence farming, herding, and + fishing) 85% +Organized labor: + about 20% of wage labor force + +:Chad Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Chad +Type: + republic +Capital: + N'Djamena +Administrative divisions: + 14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture); Batha, Biltine, + Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti, Chari-Baguirmi, Guera, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental, + Logone Oriental, Mayo-Kebbi, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat, Tandjile +Independence: + 11 August 1960 (from France) +Constitution: + 22 December 1989, suspended 3 December 1990; Provisional National Charter 1 + March 1991 +Legal system: + based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + 11 August +Executive branch: + president, Council of State (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + the National Consultative Council (Conseil National Consultatif) was + disbanded 3 December 1990 and replaced by the Provisional Council of the + Republic; 30 members appointed by President DEBY on 8 March 1991 +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Col. Idriss DEBY (since 4 December 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Jean ALINGUE Bawoyeu (since 8 March 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS; former dissident group), Idriss DEBY, + chairman; President DEBY has promised political pluralism, a new + constitution, and free elections by September 1993; numerous dissident + groups; national conference to be held in 1992 +Suffrage: + universal at age NA +Elections: + National Consultative Council: + last held 8 July 1990; disbanded 3 December 1990 + President: + last held 10 December 1989 (next to be held NA); results - President Hissein + HABRE was elected without opposition; note - the government of then + President HABRE fell on 1 December 1990, and Idriss DEBY seized power on 3 + December 1990; national conference scheduled for mid-1992 and election to + follow in 1993 +Communists: + no front organizations or underground party; probably a few Communists and + some sympathizers +Other political or pressure groups: + NA +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, + IDA, IDB, IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, + OIC, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO + +:Chad Government + +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador ACHEIKH ibn Oumar; Chancery at 2002 R Street NW, Washington, DC + 20009; telephone (202) 462-4009 + US: + Ambassador Richard W. BOGOSIAN; Embassy at Avenue Felix Eboue, N'Djamena + (mailing address is B. P. 413, N'Djamena); telephone [235] (51) 62-18, + 40-09, or 51-62-11; FAX [235] 51-33-72 +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; similar to + the flag of Romania; also similar to the flag of Andorra, which has a + national coat of arms featuring a quartered shield centered in the yellow + band; design was based on the flag of France + +:Chad Economy + +Overview: + The climate, geographic location, and lack of infrastructure and natural + resources potential make Chad one of the most underdeveloped countries in + the world. Its economy is burdened by the ravages of civil war, conflict + with Libya, drought, and food shortages. In 1986 real GDP returned to its + 1977 level, with cotton, the major cash crop, accounting for 48% of exports. + Over 80% of the work force is employed in subsistence farming and fishing. + Industry is based almost entirely on the processing of agricultural + products, including cotton, sugarcane, and cattle. Chad is highly dependent + on foreign aid, with its economy in trouble and many regions suffering from + shortages. Oil companies are exploring areas north of Lake Chad and in the + Doba basin in the south. Since coming to power in December 1990, the Deby + government has experienced a year of economic chaos. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.0 billion, per capita $205; real growth rate + 0.9% (1989 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + --4.9% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + NA +Budget: + entirely funded by outside donors +Exports: + $174 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + cotton 48%, cattle 35%, textiles 5%, fish + partners: + France, Nigeria, Cameroon +Imports: + $264 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + machinery and transportation equipment 39%, industrial goods 20%, petroleum + products 13%, foodstuffs 9%; note - excludes military equipment + partners: + US, France, Nigeria, Cameroon +External debt: + $530 million (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 12.9% (1989 est.); accounts for nearly 15% of GDP +Electricity: + 40,000 kW capacity; 70 million kWh produced, 15 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + cotton textile mills, slaughterhouses, brewery, natron (sodium carbonate), + soap, cigarettes +Agriculture: + accounts for about 45% of GDP; largely subsistence farming; cotton most + important cash crop; food crops include sorghum, millet, peanuts, rice, + potatoes, manioc; livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, camels; self-sufficient + in food in years of adequate rainfall +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $198 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $28 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $80 + million +Currency: + Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) + = 100 centimes + +:Chad Economy + +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine Francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January + 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 + (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Chad Communications + +Highways: + 31,322 km total; 32 km bituminous; 7,300 km gravel and laterite; remainder + unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 2,000 km navigable +Civil air: + 3 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 71 total, 55 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 25 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fair system of radiocommunication stations for intercity links; broadcast + stations - 6 AM, 1 FM, limited TV service; many facilities are inoperative; + 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Chad Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army (includes Ground Forces, Air Force, and Gendarmerie), National Police, + Republican Guard +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,217,728; 632,833 fit for military service; 50,966 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $39 million, 4.3% of GDP (1988) + +:Chile Geography + +Total area: + 756,950 km2 +Land area: + 748,800 km2; includes Isla de Pascua (Easter Island) and Isla Sala y Gomez +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than twice the size of Montana +Land boundaries: + 6,171 km; Argentina 5,150 km, Bolivia 861 km, Peru 160 km +Coastline: + 6,435 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + short section of the southern boundary with Argentina is indefinite; Bolivia + has wanted a sovereign corridor to the South Pacific Ocean since the Atacama + area was lost to Chile in 1884; dispute with Bolivia over Rio Lauca water + rights; territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean Antarctic Territory) + partially overlaps Argentine claim +Climate: + temperate; desert in north; cool and damp in south +Terrain: + low coastal mountains; fertile central valley; rugged Andes in east +Natural resources: + copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum +Land use: + arable land 7%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 16%; forest and + woodland 21%; other 56%; includes irrigated 2% +Environment: + subject to severe earthquakes, active volcanism, tsunami; Atacama Desert one + of world's driest regions; desertification +Note: + strategic location relative to sea lanes between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans + (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage) + +:Chile People + +Population: + 13,528,945 (July 1992), growth rate 1.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 21 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 17 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 71 years male, 77 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Chilean(s); adjective - Chilean +Ethnic divisions: + European and European-Indian 95%, Indian 3%, other 2% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 11%, and small Jewish population +Languages: + Spanish +Literacy: + 93% (male 94%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 4,728,000; services 38.3% (includes government 12%); industry and commerce + 33.8%; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 19.2%; mining 2.3%; construction + 6.4% (1990) +Organized labor: + 13% of labor force (1990) + +:Chile Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Chile +Type: + republic +Capital: + Santiago +Administrative divisions: + 13 regions (regiones, singular - region); Aisen del General Carlos Ibanez + del Campo, Antofagasta, Araucania, Atacama, Bio-Bio, Coquimbo, Libertador + General Bernardo O'Higgins, Los Lagos, Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena, + Maule, Region Metropolitana, Tarapaca, Valparaiso; note - the US does not + recognize claims to Antarctica +Independence: + 18 September 1810 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; amended 30 July 1989 +Legal system: + based on Code of 1857 derived from Spanish law and subsequent codes + influenced by French and Austrian law; judicial review of legislative acts + in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 18 September (1810) +Executive branch: + president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consisting of an upper house + or Senate (Senado) and a lower house or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de + Diputados) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Patricio AYLWIN Azocar (since 11 March 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + Concertation of Parties for Democracy now consists mainly of five parties - + Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Eduardo FREI Ruiz-Tagle; Party for + Democracy (PPD), Erich SCHNAKE; Radical Party (PR), Carlos GONZALEZ Marquez; + Social Democratic Party (PSP), Roberto MUNOZ Barros; Socialist Party (PS), + Ricardo NUNEZ; National Renovation (RN), Andres ALLAMAND; Independent + Democratic Union (UDI), Julio DITTBORN; Center-Center Union (UCC), Francisco + Juner ERRAZURIZA; Communist Party of Chile (PCCh), Volodia TEITELBOIM; + Movement of Revolutionary Left (MIR) is splintered, no single leader +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 18 +Elections: + Chamber of Deputies: + last held 14 December 1989 (next to be held December 1993 or January 1994); + results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (120 total) Concertation of + Parties for Democracy 72 (PDC 38, PPD 17, PR 5, other 12), RN 29, UDI 11, + right-wing independents 8 + President: + last held 14 December 1989 (next to be held December 1993 or January 1994); + results - Patricio AYLWIN (PDC) 55.2%, Hernan BUCHI 29.4%, other 15.4% + Senate: + last held 14 December 1989 (next to be held December 1993 or January 1994); + results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (46 total, 38 elected) + Concertation of Parties for Democracy 22 (PDC 13, PPD 5, PR 2, PSD 1, PRSD + 1), RN 6, UDI 2, independents 8 + +:Chile Government + +Communists: + The PCCh has legal party status and has less than 60,000 members +Other political or pressure groups: + revitalized university student federations at all major universities + dominated by opposition political groups; labor - United Labor Central (CUT) + includes trade unionists from the country's five largest labor + confederations; Roman Catholic Church +Member of: + CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, + IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, + LAIA, LORCS, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMOGIP, + UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WFTV, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Patricio SILVA Echenique; Chancery at 1732 Massachusetts Avenue + NW, Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 785-1746; there are Chilean + Consulates General in Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Philadelphia, + and San Francisco + US: + Ambassador Curtis KAMMAN; Embassy at Codina Building, 1343 Agustinas, + Santiago (mailing address is APO AA 34033); telephone [56] (2) 671-0133; FAX + [56] (2) 699-1141 +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; there is a blue square + the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; + the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center; design was based + on the US flag + +:Chile Economy + +Overview: + The government of President Aylwin, which took power in 1990, has opted to + retain the orthodox economic policies of Pinochet, although the share of + spending for social welfare has risen slightly. In 1991 growth in GDP + recovered to 5.5% (led by consumer spending) after only 2.1% growth in 1990. + The tight monetary policy of 1990 helped cut the rate of inflation from + 27.3% in 1990 to 18.7% in 1991. Despite a 12% drop in copper prices, the + trade surplus rose in 1991, and international reserves increased. + Inflationary pressures are not expected to ease much in 1992, and economic + growth is likely to approach 7%. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $30.5 billion, per capita $2,300; real growth + rate 5.5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 18.7% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 6.5% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $7.6 billion; expenditures $8.3 billion, including capital + expenditures of $772 million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $8.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + copper 50%, other metals and minerals 7%, wood products 6.5%, fish and + fishmeal 9%, fruits 5% (1989) + partners: + EC 36%, US 18%, Japan 14%, Brazil 6% (1989) +Imports: + $7.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + petroleum, wheat, capital goods, spare parts, raw materials + partners: + EC 20%, US 20%, Japan 11%, Brazil 10% (1989) +External debt: + $16.2 billion (October 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5.9% (1991 est.); accounts for 36% of GDP +Electricity: + 5,502,800 kW capacity; 21,470 million kWh produced, 1,616 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + copper, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and steel, wood + and wood products, transport equipment, cement, textiles +Agriculture: + accounts for about 9% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); major + exporter of fruit, fish, and timber products; major crops - wheat, corn, + grapes, beans, sugar beets, potatoes, deciduous fruit; livestock products - + beef, poultry, wool; self-sufficient in most foods; 1989 fish catch of 6.1 + million metric tons; net agricultural importer +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $521 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.6 billion; + Communist countries (1970-89), $386 million +Currency: + Chilean peso (plural - pesos); 1 Chilean peso (Ch$) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + Chilean pesos (Ch$) per US$1 - 368.66 (January 1992), 349.37 (1991), 305.06 + (1990), 267.16 (1989), 245.05 (1988), 219.54 (1987) + +:Chile Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Chile Communications + +Railroads: + 7,766 km total; 3,974 km 1.676-meter gauge, 150 km 1.435-meter standard + gauge, 3,642 km 1.000-meter gauge; electrification, 1,865 km 1.676-meter + gauge, 80 km 1.000-meter gauge +Highways: + 79,025 km total; 9,913 km paved, 33,140 km gravel, 35,972 km improved and + unimproved earth (1984) +Inland waterways: + 725 km +Pipelines: + crude oil 755 km; petroleum products 785 km; natural gas 320 km +Ports: + Antofagasta, Iquique, Puerto Montt, Punta Arenas, Valparaiso, San Antonio, + Talcahuano, Arica +Merchant marine: + 33 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 468,873 GRT/780,932 DWT; includes 11 + cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 3 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 petroleum tanker, 1 + chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 3 combination ore/oil, 9 bulk; note - in + addition, 2 naval tanker and 2 military transport are sometimes used + commercially +Civil air: + 29 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 390 total, 349 usable; 48 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 58 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + modern telephone system based on extensive microwave relay facilities; + 768,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 159 AM, no FM, 131 TV, 11 + shortwave; satellite ground stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 3 + domestic + +:Chile Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army of the Nation, National Navy (including Naval Air, Coast Guard, and + Marines), Air Force of the Nation, Carabineros of Chile (National Police), + Investigative Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 3,600,654; 2,685,924 fit for military service; 118,480 reach + military age (19) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1 billion, 3.4% of GDP (1991 est.) + +:China Geography + +Total area: + 9,596,960 km2 +Land area: + 9,326,410 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than the US +Land boundaries: + 22,143.34 km; Afghanistan 76 km, Bhutan 470 km, Burma 2,185 km, Hong Kong 30 + km, India 3,380 km, Kazakhstan 1,533 km, North Korea 1,416 km, Kyrgyzstan + 858 km, Laos 423 km, Macau 0.34 km, Mongolia 4,673 km, Nepal 1,236 km, + Pakistan 523 km, Russia (northeast) 3,605 km, Russia (northwest) 40 km, + Tajikistan 414 km, Vietnam 1,281 km +Coastline: + 14,500 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + claim to shallow areas of East China Sea and Yellow Sea + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + boundary with India; bilateral negotiations are under way to resolve + disputed sections of the boundary with Russia; boundary with Tajikistan + under dispute: a short section of the boundary with North Korea is + indefinite; involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with + Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; maritime + boundary dispute with Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin; Paracel Islands + occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; claims + Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto, as does Taiwan, (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu + Tai) +Climate: + extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north +Terrain: + mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills + in east +Natural resources: + coal, iron ore, crude oil, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, + molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, world's + largest hydropower potential +Land use: + arable land 10%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 31%; forest and + woodland 14%; other 45%; includes irrigated 5% +Environment: + frequent typhoons (about five times per year along southern and eastern + coasts), damaging floods, tsunamis, earthquakes; deforestation; soil + erosion; industrial pollution; water pollution; air pollution; + desertification +Note: + world's third-largest country (after Russia and Canada) + +:China People + +Population: + 1,169,619,601 (July 1992), growth rate 1.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 22 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 32 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 69 years male, 72 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Chinese (singular and plural); adjective - Chinese +Ethnic divisions: + Han Chinese 93.3%; Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol, + Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 6.7% +Religions: + officially atheist, but traditionally pragmatic and eclectic; most important + elements of religion are Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism; Muslim 2-3%, + Christian 1% (est.) +Languages: + Standard Chinese (Putonghua) or Mandarin (based on the Beijing dialect); + also Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan + (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, and minority languages (see + ethnic divisions) +Literacy: + 73% (male 84%, female 62%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 567,400,000; agriculture and forestry 60%, industry and commerce 25%, + construction and mining 5%, social services 5%, other 5% (1990 est.) +Organized labor: + All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) follows the leadership of the + Chinese Communist Party; membership over 80 million or about 65% of the + urban work force (1985) + +:China Government + +Long-form name: + People's Republic of China; abbreviated PRC +Type: + Communist Party - led state +Capital: + Beijing +Administrative divisions: + 23 provinces (sheng, singular and plural), 5 autonomous regions* (zizhiqu, + singular and plural), and 3 municipalities** (shi, singular and plural); + Anhui, Beijing Shi**, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi*, Guizhou, Hainan, + Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, + Nei Mongol*, Ningxia*, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai Shi**, Shanxi, + Sichuan, Tianjin Shi**, Xinjiang*, Xizang*, Yunnan, Zhejiang; note - China + considers Taiwan its 23rd province +Independence: + unification under the Qin (Ch'in) Dynasty 221 BC, Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty + replaced by the Republic on 12 February 1912, People's Republic established + 1 October 1949 +Constitution: + most recent promulgated 4 December 1982 +Legal system: + a complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely criminal law; rudimentary + civil code in effect since 1 January 1987; new legal codes in effect since 1 + January 1980; continuing efforts are being made to improve civil, + administrative, criminal, and commercial law +National holiday: + National Day, 1 October (1949) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, premier, five vice premiers, State Council +Legislative branch: + unicameral National People's Congress (Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui) +Judicial branch: + Supreme People's Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President YANG Shangkun (since 8 April 1988); Vice President WANG Zhen + (since 8 April 1988) + Chief of State and Head of Government (de facto): + DENG Xiaoping (since mid-1977) + Head of Government: + Premier LI Peng (Acting Premier since 24 November 1987, Premier since 9 + April 1988); Vice Premier YAO Yilin (since 2 July 1979); Vice Premier TIAN + Jiyun (since 20 June 1983); Vice Premier WU Xueqian (since 12 April 1988); + Vice Premier ZOU Jiahua (since 8 April 1991); Vice Premier ZHU Rongji (since + 8 April 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + - Chinese Communist Party (CCP), JIANG Zemin, general secretary of the + Central Committee (since 24 June 1989); also, eight registered small parties + controlled by CCP +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + National People's Congress: + last held March 1988 (next to be held March 1993); results - CCP is the only + party but there are also independents; seats - (2,976 total) CCP and + independents 2,976 (indirectly elected at county or xian level) + President: + last held 8 April 1988 (next to be held March 1993); results - YANG Shangkun + was nominally elected by the Seventh National People's Congress + +:China Government + +Communists: + 49,000,000 party members (1990 est.) +Other political or pressure groups: + such meaningful opposition as exists consists of loose coalitions, usually + within the party and government organization, that vary by issue +Member of: + AfDB, APEC, AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, + IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, PCA, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UN Security Council, UNTSO, UN Trusteeship + Council, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador ZHU Qizhen; Chancery at 2300 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, + DC 20008; telephone (202) 328-2500 through 2502; there are Chinese + Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San + Francisco + US: + Ambassador J. Stapleton ROY; Embassy at Xiu Shui Bei Jie 3, Beijing (mailing + address is 100600, PSC 461, Box 50, Beijing or FPO AP 96521-0002); telephone + [86] (1) 532-3831; FAX [86] (1) 532-3178; there are US Consulates General in + Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Shenyang +Flag: + red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller yellow + five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the middle of the + flag) in the upper hoist-side corner + +:China Economy + +Overview: + Beginning in late 1978 the Chinese leadership has been trying to move the + economy from the sluggish Soviet-style centrally planned economy to a more + productive and flexible economy with market elements, but still within the + framework of monolithic Communist control. To this end the authorities have + switched to a system of household responsibility in agriculture in place of + the old collectivization, increased the authority of local officials and + plant managers in industry, permitted a wide variety of small-scale + enterprise in services and light manufacturing, and opened the foreign + economic sector to increased trade and joint ventures. The most gratifying + result has been a strong spurt in production, particularly in agriculture in + the early 1980s. Industry also has posted major gains, especially in coastal + areas near Hong Kong and opposite Taiwan, where foreign investment and + modern production methods have helped spur production of both domestic and + export goods. Aggregate output has more than doubled since 1978. On the + darker side, the leadership has often experienced in its hybrid system the + worst results of socialism (bureaucracy, lassitude, corruption) and of + capitalism (windfall gains and stepped-up inflation). Beijing thus has + periodically backtracked, retightening central controls at intervals and + thereby lessening the credibility of the reform process. In 1991 output rose + substantially, particularly in the favored coastal areas. Popular + resistance, changes in central policy, and loss of authority by rural cadres + have weakened China's population control program, which is essential to the + nation's long-term economic viability. +GNP: + $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate 6% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.1% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 4.0% in urban areas (1991) +Budget: + deficit $9.5 billion (1990) +Exports: + $71.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + textiles, garments, telecommunications and recording equipment, petroleum, + minerals + partners: + Hong Kong, Japan, US, USSR, Singapore (1990) +Imports: + $63.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + specialized industrial machinery, chemicals, manufactured goods, steel, + textile yarn, fertilizer + partners: + Hong Kong, Japan, US, Germany, Taiwan (1990) +External debt: + $51 billion (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 14.0% (1991); accounts for 45% of GNP +Electricity: + 138,000,000 kW capacity (1990); 670,000 million kWh produced (1991), 582 kWh + per capita (1991) +Industries: + iron, steel, coal, machine building, armaments, textiles, petroleum, cement, + chemical fertilizers, consumer durables, food processing + +:China Economy + +Agriculture: + accounts for 26% of GNP; among the world's largest producers of rice, + potatoes, sorghum, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, and pork; commercial crops + include cotton, other fibers, and oilseeds; produces variety of livestock + products; basically self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 8 million metric + tons in 1986 +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for heroin produced in the Golden Triangle +Economic aid: + donor - to less developed countries (1970-89) $7.0 billion; US commitments, + including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $220.7 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA + and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $13.5 billion +Currency: + yuan (plural - yuan); 1 yuan (Y) = 10 jiao +Exchange rates: + yuan (Y) per US$1 - 5.4481 (January 1992), 5.3234 (1991), 4.7832 (1990), + 3.7651 (1989), 3.7221 (1988), 3.7221 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:China Communications + +Railroads: + total about 54,000 km common carrier lines; 53,400 km 1.435-meter standard + gauge; 600 km 1.000-meter gauge; of these 11,200 km are double track + standard-gauge lines; 6,900 km electrified (1990); 10,000 km dedicated + industrial lines (gauges range from 0.762 to 1.067 meters) +Highways: + about 1,029,000 km (1990) all types roads; 170,000 km (est.) paved roads, + 648,000 km (est.) gravel/improved earth roads, 211,000 km (est.) unimproved + earth roads and tracks +Inland waterways: + 138,600 km; about 109,800 km navigable +Pipelines: + crude oil 9,700 km (1990); petroleum products 1,100 km; natural gas 6,200 km +Ports: + Dalian, Guangzhou, Huangpu, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Xingang, + Zhanjiang, Ningbo, Xiamen, Tanggu, Shantou +Merchant marine: + 1,454 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 13,887,312 GRT/20,916,127 DWT; + includes 25 passenger, 42 short-sea passenger, 18 passenger-cargo, 6 + cargo/training, 801 cargo, 10 refrigerated cargo, 77 container, 19 + roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 multifunction/barge carrier, 177 petroleum tanker, + 10 chemical tanker, 254 bulk, 3 liquefied gas, 1 vehicle carrier, 9 + combination bulk, 1 barge carrier; note - China beneficially owns an + additional 194 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling approximately 7,077,089 + DWT that operate under Panamanian, British, Hong Kong, Maltese, Liberian, + Vanuatu, Cyprus, and Saint Vincent registry +Civil air: + 284 major transport aircraft (1988 est.) +Airports: + 330 total, 330 usable; 260 with permanent-surface runways; fewer than 10 + with runways over 3,500 m; 90 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 200 with runways + 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + domestic and international services are increasingly available for private + use; unevenly distributed internal system serves principal cities, + industrial centers, and most townships; 11,000,000 telephones (December + 1989); broadcast stations - 274 AM, unknown FM, 202 (2,050 repeaters) TV; + more than 215 million radio receivers; 75 million TVs; satellite earth + stations - 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 INMARSAT, + and 55 domestic + +:China Defense Forces + +Branches: + People's Liberation Army (PLA), PLA Navy (including Marines), PLA Air Force, + People's Armed Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 339,554,712; 188,995,620 fit for military service; 11,691,967 + reach military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $12-15 billion, NA of GNP (1991 est.) + +:Christmas Island Geography + +Total area: + 135 km2 +Land area: + 135 km2 +Comparative area: + about 0.8 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 138.9 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds +Terrain: + steep cliffs along coast rise abruptly to central plateau +Natural resources: + phosphate +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + almost completely surrounded by a reef +Note: + located along major sea lanes of Indian Ocean + +:Christmas Island People + +Population: + 929 (July 1992), growth rate NA% (1992) +Birth rate: + NA births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + NA years male, NA years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Christmas Islander(s); adjective - Christmas Island +Ethnic divisions: + Chinese 61%, Malay 25%, European 11%, other 3%; no indigenous population +Religions: + Buddhist 36.1%, Muslim 25.4%, Christian 17.7% (Roman Catholic 8.2%, Church + of England 3.2%, Presbyterian 0.9%, Uniting Church 0.4%, Methodist 0.2%, + Baptist 0.1%, and other 4.7%), none 12.7%, unknown 4.6%, other 3.5% (1981) +Languages: + English +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + NA; all workers are employees of the Phosphate Mining Company of Christmas + Island, Ltd. +Organized labor: + NA + +:Christmas Island Government + +Long-form name: + Territory of Christmas Island +Type: + territory of Australia +Capital: + The Settlement +Administrative divisions: + none (territory of Australia) +Independence: + none (territory of Australia) +Constitution: + Christmas Island Act of 1958 +Legal system: + under the authority of the governor general of Australia +National holiday: + NA +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general of Australia, administrator, Advisory + Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + none +Judicial branch: + none +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) + Head of Government: + Administrator W. A. MCKENZIE (since NA) +Member of: + none +Diplomatic representation: + none (territory of Australia) +Flag: + the flag of Australia is used + +:Christmas Island Economy + +Overview: + Phosphate mining had been the only significant economic activity, but in + December 1987 the Australian Government closed the mine as no longer + economically viable. Plans have been under way to reopen the mine and also + to build a casino and hotel to develop tourism, with a possible opening date + during the first half of 1992. +GDP: + NA - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA% +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $NA + commodities: + phosphate + partners: + Australia, NZ +Imports: + $NA + commodities: + NA + partners: + NA +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 11,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced, 13,170 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + phosphate extraction (near depletion) +Agriculture: + NA +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + Australian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3360 (January 1992), 1.2836 (1991), + 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Christmas Island Communications + +Ports: + Flying Fish Cove +Airports: + 1 usable with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 4,000 radios (1982) + +:Christmas Island Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of Australia + +:Clipperton Island Geography + +Total area: + 7 km2 +Land area: + 7 km2 +Comparative area: + about 12 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 11.1 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claimed by Mexico +Climate: + tropical +Terrain: + coral atoll +Natural resources: + none +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other (coral) 100% +Environment: + reef about 8 km in circumference +Note: + located 1,120 km southwest of Mexico in the North Pacific Ocean; also called + Ile de la Passion + +:Clipperton Island People + +Population: + uninhabited + +:Clipperton Island Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + French possession administered by France from French Polynesia by High + Commissioner of the Republic Jean MONTPEZAT +Capital: + none; administered by France from French Polynesia + +:Clipperton Island Economy + +Overview: + The only economic activity is a tuna fishing station. + +:Clipperton Island Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only + +:Clipperton Island Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +:Cocos Islands Geography + +Total area: + 14 km2 +Land area: + 14 km2; main islands are West Island and Home Island +Comparative area: + about 24 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 2.6 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + pleasant, modified by the southeasttrade wind for about nine months of the + year; moderate rain fall +Terrain: + flat, low-lying coral atolls +Natural resources: + fish +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + two coral atolls thickly covered with coconut palms and other vegetation +Note: + located 1,070 km southwest of Sumatra (Indonesia) in the Indian Ocean about + halfway between Australia and Sri Lanka + +:Cocos Islands People + +Population: + 597 (July 1992), growth rate - 0.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + NA births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + NA years male, NA years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Cocos Islander(s); adjective - Cocos Islander +Ethnic divisions: + mostly Europeans on West Island and Cocos Malays on Home Island +Religions: + almost all Sunni Muslims +Languages: + English +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + NA +Organized labor: + none + +:Cocos Islands Government + +Long-form name: + Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands +Type: + territory of Australia +Capital: + West Island +Administrative divisions: + none (territory of Australia) +Independence: + none (territory of Australia) +Constitution: + Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955 +Legal system: + based upon the laws of Australia and local laws +National holiday: + NA +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general of Australia, administrator, chairman of + the Islands Council +Legislative branch: + unicameral Islands Council +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) + Head of Government: + Administrator B. CUNNINGHAM (since NA); Chairman of the Islands Council Haji + Wahin bin BYNIE (since NA) +Suffrage: + NA +Elections: + NA +Member of: + none +Diplomatic representation: + none (territory of Australia) +Flag: + the flag of Australia is used + +:Cocos Islands Economy + +Overview: + Grown throughout the islands, coconuts are the sole cash crop. Copra and + fresh coconuts are the major export earners. Small local gardens and fishing + contribute to the food supply, but additional food and most other + necessities must be imported from Australia. +GDP: + $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA% +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $NA + commodities: + copra + partners: + Australia +Imports: + $NA + commodities: + foodstuffs + partners: + Australia +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 1,000 kW capacity; 2 million kWh produced, 2,980 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + copra products +Agriculture: + gardens provide vegetables, bananas, pawpaws, coconuts +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + Australian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3360 (January 1992), 1.2836 (1991), + 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Cocos Islands Communications + +Ports: + none; lagoon anchorage only +Airports: + 1 airfield with permanent-surface runway, 1,220-2,439 m; airport on West + Island is a link in service between Australia and South Africa +Telecommunications: + 250 radios (1985); linked by telephone, telex, and facsimile communications + via satellite with Australia; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV + +:Cocos Islands Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of Australia + +:Colombia Geography + +Total area: + 1,138,910 km2 +Land area: + 1,038,700 km2; includes Isla de Malpelo, Roncador Cay, Serrana Bank, and + Serranilla Bank +Comparative area: + slightly less than three times the size of Montana +Land boundaries: + 7,408 km; Brazil 1,643 km, Ecuador 590 km, Panama 225 km, Peru 2,900, + Venezuela 2,050 km +Coastline: + 3,208 km; Caribbean Sea 1,760 km, North Pacific Ocean 1,448 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + not specified + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + maritime boundary dispute with Venezuela in the Gulf of Venezuela; + territorial dispute with Nicaragua over Archipelago de San Andres y + Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank +Climate: + tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands +Terrain: + flat coastal lowlands, central highlands, high Andes mountains, eastern + lowland plains +Natural resources: + crude oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore, nickel, gold, copper, emeralds +Land use: + arable land 4%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 29%; forest and + woodland 49%; other 16%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + highlands subject to volcanic eruptions; deforestation; soil damage from + overuse of pesticides; periodic droughts +Note: + only South American country with coastlines on both North Pacific Ocean and + Caribbean Sea + +:Colombia People + +Population: + 34,296,941 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 24 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 31 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 69 years male, 74 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Colombian(s); adjective - Colombian +Ethnic divisions: + mestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixed black-Indian 3%, Indian + 1% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 95% +Languages: + Spanish +Literacy: + 87% (male 88%, female 86%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 12,000,000 (1990); services 46%, agriculture 30%, industry 24% (1990) +Organized labor: + 984,000 members (1989), about 8.2% of labor force; the Communist-backed + Unitary Workers Central or CUT is the largest labor organization, with about + 725,000 members (including all affiliate unions) + +:Colombia Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Colombia +Type: + republic; executive branch dominates government structure +Capital: + Bogota +Administrative divisions: + 23 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento), 5 commissariats* + (comisarias, singular - comisaria), and 4 intendancies** (intendencias, + singular - intendencia); Amazonas*, Antioquia, Arauca**, Atlantico, Bolivar, + Boyaca, Caldas, Caqueta, Casanare**, Cauca, Cesar, Choco, Cordoba, + Cundinamarca, Guainia*, Guaviare*, Huila, La Guajira, Magdalena, Meta, + Narino, Norte de Santander, Putumayo**, Quindio, Risaralda, San Andres y + Providencia**, Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Valle del Cauca, Vaupes*, Vichada*; + note - there may be a new special district (distrito especial) named Bogota; + the Constitution of 5 July 1991 states that the commissariats and + intendancies are to become full departments and a capital district (distrito + capital) of Santa Fe de Bogota is to be established by 1997 +Independence: + 20 July 1810 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 5 July 1991 +Legal system: + based on Spanish law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme + Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 20 July (1810) +Executive branch: + president, presidential designate, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of a nationally elected upper chamber + or Senate (Senado) and a nationally elected lower chamber or House of + Representatives (Camara de Representantes) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justica) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Cesar GAVIRIA Trujillo (since 7 August 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + Liberal Party (PL), Cesar GAVIRIA Trujillo, president; Social Conservative + Party (PCS), Misael PASTRANA Borrero; National Salvation Movement (MSN), + Alvaro GOMEZ Hurtado; Democratic Alliance M-19 (AD/M-19) is headed by 19th + of April Movement (M-19) leader Antonio NAVARRO Wolf, coalition of small + leftist parties and dissident liberals and conservatives; Patriotic Union + (UP) is a legal political party formed by Revolutionary Armed Forces of + Colombia (FARC) and Colombian Communist Party (PCC), Carlos ROMERO +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 27 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - Cesar GAVIRIA + Trujillo (Liberal) 47%, Alvaro GOMEZ Hurtado (National Salvation Movement) + 24%, Antonio NAVARRO Wolff (M-19) 13%, Rodrigo LLOREDA (Conservative) 12% + Senate: + last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held March 1994); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (102 total) Liberal 58, Conservative 22, AD/M-19 + 9, MSN 5, UP 1, others 7 + +:Colombia Government + + House of Representatives: + last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held March 1994); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (161 total) Liberal 87, Conservative 31, AD/M-19 + 13, MSN 10, UP 3, other 17 +Communists: + 18,000 members (est.), including Communist Party Youth Organization (JUCO) +Other political or pressure groups: + three insurgent groups are active in Colombia - Revolutionary Armed Forces + of Colombia (FARC), led by Manuel MARULANDA and Alfonso CANO; National + Liberation Army (ELN), led by Manuel PEREZ; and dissidents of the recently + demobilized People's Liberation Army (EPL) led by Francisco CARABALLO +Member of: + AG, CDB, CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-3, G-11, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, + INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, + UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Jaime GARCIA Parra; Chancery at 2118 Leroy Place NW, Washington, + DC 20008; telephone (202) 387-8338; there are Colombian Consulates General + in Chicago, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San + Juan (Puerto Rico), and Consulates in Atlanta, Boston, Detroit, Los Angeles, + and Tampa + US: + Ambassador Morris D. BUSBY; Embassy at Calle 38, No. 8-61, Bogota (mailing + address is P. O. Box A. A. 3831, Bogota or APO AA 34038); telephone [57] (1) + 285-1300 or 1688; FAX [571] 288-5687; there is a US Consulate in + Barranquilla +Flag: + three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width), blue, and red; similar + to the flag of Ecuador, which is longer and bears the Ecuadorian coat of + arms superimposed in the center + +:Colombia Economy + +Overview: + Economic development has slowed gradually since 1986, but growth rates + remain high by Latin American standards. Conservative economic policies have + kept inflation and unemployment near 30% and 10%, respectively. The rapid + development of oil, coal, and other nontraditional industries over the past + four years has helped to offset the decline in coffee prices - Colombia's + major export. The collapse of the International Coffee Agreement in the + summer of 1989, a troublesome rural insurgency, and drug-related violence + have dampened growth, but significant economic reforms are likely to + facilitate a resurgent economy in the medium term. These reforms center on + fiscal restraint, trade liberalization, and privatization of state utilities + and commercial banks. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $45 billion, per capita $1,300; real growth rate + 3.7% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 26.8% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 10.5% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $4.39 billion; current expenditures $3.93 billion, capital + expenditures $1.03 billion (1989 est.) +Exports: + $7.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + petroleum (19%), coffee, coal, bananas, fresh cut flowers + partners: + US 40%, EC 21%, Japan 5%, Netherlands 4%, Sweden 3% +Imports: + $6.1 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + industrial equipment, transportation equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, paper + products + partners: + US 36%, EC 16%, Brazil 4%, Venezuela 3%, Japan 3% +External debt: + $17.0 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1% (1991 est.); accounts for 21% of GDP +Electricity: + 9,624,000 kW capacity; 38,856 million kWh produced, 1,150 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + textiles, food processing, oil, clothing and footwear, beverages, chemicals, + metal products, cement; mining - gold, coal, emeralds, iron, nickel, silver, + salt +Agriculture: + growth rate 3% (1991 est.) accounts for 22% of GDP; crops make up two-thirds + and livestock one-third of agricultural output; climate and soils permit a + wide variety of crops, such as coffee, rice, tobacco, corn, sugarcane, cocoa + beans, oilseeds, vegetables; forest products and shrimp farming are becoming + more important +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis, coca, and opium; about 37,500 hectares of coca + under cultivation; major supplier of cocaine to the US and other + international drug markets + +:Colombia Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.6 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.3 billion, + Communist countries (1970-89), $399 million +Currency: + Colombian peso (plural - pesos); 1 Colombian peso (Col$) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + Colombian pesos (Col$) per US$1 - 711.88 (January 1992), 633.08 (1991), + 550.00 (1990), 435.00 (1989), 336.00 (1988), 242.61 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Colombia Communications + +Railroads: + 3,386 km; 3,236 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track (2,611 km in use), 150 km + 1. 435-meter gauge +Highways: + 75,450 km total; 9,350 km paved, 66,100 km earth and gravel surfaces +Inland waterways: + 14,300 km, navigable by river boats +Pipelines: + crude oil 3,585 km; petroleum products 1,350 km; natural gas 830 km; natural + gas liquids 125 km +Ports: + Barranquilla, Buenaventura, Cartagena, Covenas, San Andres, Santa Marta, + Tumaco +Merchant marine: + 31 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 289,794 GRT/443,369 DWT; includes 9 + cargo, 1 chemical tanker, 3 petroleum tanker, 8 bulk, 10 container; note - + in addition, 2 naval tankers are sometimes used commercially +Civil air: + 83 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 1,167 total, 1,023 usable; 70 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways + over 3,659 m; 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 191 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + nationwide radio relay system; 1,890,000 telephones; broadcast stations - + 413 AM, no FM, 33 TV, 28 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations + and 11 domestic satellite earth stations + +:Colombia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army (Ejercito Nacional), Navy (Armada Nacional, including Marines), Air + Force (Fuerza Aerea de Colombia), National Police (Policia Nacional) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 9,214,691; 6,240,601 fit for military service; 353,691 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $624 million, 1.4% of GDP (1991) + +:Comoros Geography + +Total area: + 2,170 km2 +Land area: + 2,170 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than 12 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 340 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claims French-administered Mayotte +Climate: + tropical marine; rainy season (November to May) +Terrain: + volcanic islands, interiors vary from steep mountains to low hills +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land 35%; permanent crops 8%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and + woodland 16%; other 34% +Environment: + soil degradation and erosion; deforestation; cyclones possible during rainy + season +Note: + important location at northern end of Mozambique Channel + +:Comoros People + +Population: + 493,853 (July 1992), growth rate 3.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 47 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 84 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 55 years male, 59 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Comoran(s); adjective - Comoran +Ethnic divisions: + Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava +Religions: + Sunni Muslim 86%, Roman Catholic 14% +Languages: + official languages are Arabic and French but majority of population speak + Comoran, a blend of Swahili and Arabic +Literacy: + 48% (male 56%, female 40%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) +Labor force: + 140,000 (1982); agriculture 80%, government 3%; 51% of population of working + age (1985) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Comoros Government + +Long-form name: + Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros +Type: + independent republic +Capital: + Moroni +Administrative divisions: + three islands; Njazidja, Nzwani, and Mwali, formerly Grand Comore, Anjouan, + and Moheli respectively; note - there are also four municipalities named + Domoni, Fomboni, Moroni, and Mutsamudu +Independence: + 31 December 1975 (from France) +Constitution: + 1 October 1978, amended October 1982 and January 1985 +Legal system: + French and Muslim law in a new consolidated code +National holiday: + Independence Day, 6 July (1975) +Executive branch: + president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Federal Assembly (Assemblee Federale) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Said Mohamed DJOHAR (since 11 March 1990); coordinator of National + Unity Government (de facto prime minister) - Mohamed Taki ABDULKARIM (1 + January 1992) +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Federal Assembly: + last held 22 March 1987 (next to be held March 1992); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (42 total) Udzima 42 + President: + last held 11 March 1990 (next to be held March 1996); results - Said Mohamed + DJOHAR (Udzima) 55%, Mohamed TAKI Abdulkarim (UNDC) 45% +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, ILO, IMF, + ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Amini Ali MOUMIN; Chancery (temporary) at the Comoran Permanent + Mission to the UN, 336 East 45th Street, 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10017; + telephone (212) 972-8010 + US: + Ambassador Kenneth N. PELTIER; Embassy at address NA, Moroni (mailing + address B. P. 1318, Moroni); telephone 73-22-03, 73-29-22 +Flag: + green with a white crescent placed diagonally (closed side of the crescent + points to the upper hoist-side corner of the flag); there are four white + five-pointed stars placed in a line between the points of the crescent; the + crescent, stars, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam; the four + stars represent the four main islands of the archipelago - Mwali, Njazidja, + Nzwani, and Mayotte (which is a territorial collectivity of France, but + claimed by the Comoros) + +:Comoros Economy + +Overview: + One of the world's poorest countries, Comoros is made up of several islands + that have poor transportation links, a young and rapidly increasing + population, and few natural resources. The low educational level of the + labor force contributes to a low level of economic activity, high + unemployment, and a heavy dependence on foreign grants and technical + assistance. Agriculture, including fishing, hunting, and forestry, is the + leading sector of the economy. It contributes about 34% to GDP, employs 80% + of the labor force, and provides most of the exports. The country is not + self-sufficient in food production, and rice, the main staple, accounts for + 90% of imports. During the period 1982-86 the industrial sector grew at an + annual average rate of 5.3%, but its contribution to GDP was only 5% in + 1988. Despite major investment in the tourist industry, which accounts for + about 25% of GDP, growth has stagnated since 1983. A sluggish growth rate of + 1.5% during 1985-90 has led to large budget deficits, declining incomes, and + balance-of-payments difficulties. Preliminary estimates for 1991 show a + moderate increase in the growth rate based on increased exports, tourism, + and government investment outlays. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $260 million, per capita $540; real growth rate + 2.7% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.0% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + over 16% (1988 est.) +Budget: + revenues $88 million; expenditures $92 million, including capital + expenditures of $13 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $16 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + vanilla, cloves, perfume oil, copra, ylang-ylang + partners: + US 53%, France 41%, Africa 4%, FRG 2% (1988) +Imports: + $41 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + rice and other foodstuffs, cement, petroleum products, consumer goods + partners: + Europe 62% (France 22%), Africa 5%, Pakistan, China (1988) +External debt: + $196 million (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 3.4% (1988 est.); accounts for 5% of GDP +Electricity: + 16,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced, 50 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + perfume distillation, textiles, furniture, jewelry, construction materials, + soft drinks +Agriculture: + accounts for 34% of GDP; most of population works in subsistence agriculture + and fishing; plantations produce cash crops for export - vanilla, cloves, + perfume essences, and copra; principal food crops - coconuts, bananas, + cassava; world's leading producer of essence of ylang-ylang (for perfumes) + and second-largest producer of vanilla; large net food importer + +:Comoros Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-89), $10 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $435 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $22 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $18 + million +Currency: + Comoran franc (plural - francs); 1 Comoran franc (CF) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Comoran francs (CF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 + (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987); note - linked to the + French franc at 50 to 1 French franc +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Comoros Communications + +Highways: + 750 km total; about 210 km bituminous, remainder crushed stone or gravel +Ports: + Mutsamudu, Moroni +Civil air: + 1 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 4 total, 4 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + sparse system of radio relay and high-frequency radio communication stations + for interisland and external communications to Madagascar and Reunion; over + 1,800 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, no TV + +:Comoros Defense Forces + +Branches: + Comoran Security Forces (FCS), Federal Gendarmerie (GFC) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 105,022; 62,808 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA of GDP + +:Congo Geography + +Total area: + 342,000 km2 +Land area: + 341,500 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Montana +Land boundaries: + 5,504 km; Angola 201 km, Cameroon 523 km, Central African Republic 467 km, + Gabon 1,903 km, Zaire 2,410 km +Coastline: + 169 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 200 nm +Disputes: + long section with Zaire along the Congo River is indefinite (no division of + the river or its islands has been made) +Climate: + tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); + constantly high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate + astride the Equator +Terrain: + coastal plain, southern basin, central plateau, northern basin +Natural resources: + petroleum, timber, potash, lead, zinc, uranium, copper, phosphates, natural + gas +Land use: + arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 29%; forest and + woodland 62%; other 7% +Environment: + deforestation; about 70% of the population lives in Brazzaville, Pointe + Noire, or along the railroad between them + +:Congo People + +Population: + 2,376,687 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 42 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 13 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 109 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 53 years male, 56 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 5.7 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Congolese (singular and plural); adjective - Congolese or Congo +Ethnic divisions: + about 15 ethnic groups divided into some 75 tribes, almost all Bantu; most + important ethnic groups are Kongo (48%) in the south, Sangha (20%) and + M'Bochi (12%) in the north, Teke (17%) in the center; about 8,500 Europeans, + mostly French +Religions: + Christian 50%, animist 48%, Muslim 2% +Languages: + French (official); many African languages with Lingala and Kikongo most + widely used +Literacy: + 57% (male 70%, female 44%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 79,100 wage earners; agriculture 75%, commerce, industry, and government + 25%; 51% of population of working age; 40% of population economically active + (1985) +Organized labor: + 20% of labor force (1979 est.) + +:Congo Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of the Congo +Type: + republic +Capital: + Brazzaville +Administrative divisions: + 9 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 commune*; Bouenza, + Brazzaville*, Cuvette, Kouilou, Lekoumou, Likouala, Niari, Plateaux, Pool, + Sangha +Independence: + 15 August 1960 (from France; formerly Congo/Brazzaville) +Constitution: + 8 July 1979, currently being modified +Legal system: + based on French civil law system and customary law +National holiday: + Congolese National Day, 15 August (1960) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + a transitional National Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO (since 8 February 1979); stripped of most + powers by National Conference in May 1991 + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Andre MILONGO (since May 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Congolese Labor Party (PCT), President Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO, leader; note - + multiparty system legalized, with over 50 parties established +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + National Assembly: + transitional body selected by National Conference in May 1991; election for + new legislative body to be held spring 1992 + President: + last held 26-31 July 1989 (next to be held June 1992); results - President + SASSOU-NGUESSO unanimously reelected leader of the PCT by the Party + Congress, which automatically made him president +Communists: + small number of Communists and sympathizers +Other political or pressure groups: + Union of Congolese Socialist Youth (UJSC), Congolese Trade Union Congress + (CSC), Revolutionary Union of Congolese Women (URFC), General Union of + Congolese Pupils and Students (UGEEC) +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, + IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, + OAU, UDEAC, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, + WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Roger ISSOMBO; Chancery at 4891 Colorado Avenue NW, Washington, + DC 20011; telephone (202) 726-5500 + +:Congo Government + + US: + Ambassador James Daniel PHILLIPS; Embassy at Avenue Amilcar Cabral, + Brazzaville (mailing address is B. P. 1015, Brazzaville, or Box C, APO AE + 09828); telephone (242) 83-20-70; FAX [242] 83-63-38 +Flag: + red, divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a yellow band; the + upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is red; uses the + popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia + +:Congo Economy + +Overview: + Congo's economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts, a + beginning industrial sector based largely on oil, supporting services, and a + government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. A reform + program, supported by the IMF and World Bank, ran into difficulties in + 1990-91 because of problems in changing to a democratic political regime and + a heavy debt-servicing burden. Oil has supplanted forestry as the mainstay + of the economy, providing about two-thirds of government revenues and + exports. In the early 1980s rapidly rising oil revenues enabled Congo to + finance large-scale development projects with growth averaging 5% annually, + one of the highest rates in Africa. During the period 1987-91, however, + growth has slowed to an average of roughly 1.5% annually, only half the + population growth rate. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $2.4 billion, per capita $1,070; real growth rate + 0.5% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.6% (1989 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $522 million; expenditures $767 million, including capital + expenditures of $141 million (1989) +Exports: + $751 million (f.o.b., 1988) + commodities: + crude petroleum 72%, lumber, plywood, coffee, cocoa, sugar, diamonds + partners: + US, France, other EC +Imports: + $564 million (c.i.f., 1988) + commodities: + foodstuffs, consumer goods, intermediate manufactures, capital equipment + partners: + France, Italy, other EC, US, FRG, Spain, Japan, Brazil +External debt: + $4.5 billion (December 1988) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.2% (1989); accounts for 33% of GDP, including petroleum +Electricity: + 140,000 kW capacity; 315 million kWh produced, 135 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + crude oil, cement, sawmills, brewery, sugar mill, palm oil, soap, cigarettes +Agriculture: + accounts for 10% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); cassava accounts + for 90% of food output; other crops - rice, corn, peanuts, vegetables; cash + crops include coffee and cocoa; forest products important export earner; + imports over 90% of food needs +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $60 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.3 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $15 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $338 + million +Currency: + Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) + = 100 centimes + +:Congo Economy + +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January + 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 + (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Congo Communications + +Railroads: + 797 km, 1.067-meter gauge, single track (includes 285 km that are privately + owned) +Highways: + 11,960 km total; 560 km paved; 850 km gravel and laterite; 5,350 km improved + earth; 5,200 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + the Congo and Ubangi (Oubangui) Rivers provide 1,120 km of commercially + navigable water transport; the rest are used for local traffic only +Pipelines: + crude oil 25 km +Ports: + Pointe-Noire (ocean port), Brazzaville (river port) +Civil air: + 4 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 46 total, 42 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 17 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + services adequate for government use; primary network is composed of radio + relay routes and coaxial cables; key centers are Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, + and Loubomo; 18,100 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 4 TV; 1 + Atlantic Ocean satellite earth station + +:Congo Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy (including Naval Infantry), Air Force, National Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 526,058; 267,393 fit for military service; 23,884 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 4.6% of GDP (1987 est.) + +:Cook Islands Geography + +Total area: + 240 km2 +Land area: + 240 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than 1.3 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 120 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + edge of continental margin or minimum of 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; moderated by trade winds +Terrain: + low coral atolls in north; volcanic, hilly islands in south +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land 4%; permanent crops 22%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 74% +Environment: + subject to typhoons from November to March +Note: + located 4,500 km south of Hawaii in the South Pacific Ocean + +:Cook Islands People + +Population: + 17,977 (July 1992), growth rate 0.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 22 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -10 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 25 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 69 years male, 73 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Cook Islander(s); adjective - Cook Islander +Ethnic divisions: + Polynesian (full blood) 81.3%, Polynesian and European 7.7%, Polynesian and + other 7.7%, European 2.4%, other 0.9% +Religions: + Christian, majority of populace members of Cook Islands Christian Church +Languages: + English (official); Maori +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + 5,810; agriculture 29%, government 27%, services 25%, industry 15%, and + other 4% (1981) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Cook Islands Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + self-governing in free association with New Zealand; Cook Islands fully + responsible for internal affairs; New Zealand retains responsibility for + external affairs, in consultation with the Cook Islands +Capital: + Avarua +Administrative divisions: + none +Independence: + became self-governing in free association with New Zealand on 4 August 1965 + and has the right at any time to move to full independence by unilateral + action +Constitution: + 4 August 1965 +National holiday: + Constitution Day, 4 August +Executive branch: + British monarch, representative of the UK, representative of New Zealand, + prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament; note - the House of Arikis (chiefs) advises on + traditional matters, but has no legislative powers +Judicial branch: + High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Representative of the UK Sir + Tangaroa TANGAROA (since NA); Representative of New Zealand Adrian SINCOCK + (since NA) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Geoffrey HENRY (since 1 February 1989); Deputy Prime Minister + Inatio AKARURU (since February 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + Cook Islands Party, Geoffrey HENRY; Democratic Tumu Party, Vincent INGRAM; + Democratic Party, Terepai MAOATE; Cook Islands Labor Party, Rena JONASSEN; + Cook Islands People's Party, Sadaraka SADARAKA +Suffrage: + universal adult at age NA +Elections: + Parliament: + last held 19 January 1989 (next to be held by January 1994); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (24 total) Cook Islands Party 12, + Democratic Tumu Party 2, opposition coalition (including Democratic Party) + 9, independent 1 +Member of: + AsDB, ESCAP (associate), FAO, ICAO, IOC, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, WHO +Diplomatic representation: + none (self-governing in free association with New Zealand) +Flag: + blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large + circle of 15 white five-pointed stars (one for every island) centered in the + outer half of the flag + +:Cook Islands Economy + +Overview: + Agriculture provides the economic base. The major export earners are fruit, + copra, and clothing. Manufacturing activities are limited to a + fruit-processing plant and several clothing factories. Economic development + is hindered by the isolation of the islands from foreign markets and a lack + of natural resources and good transportation links. A large trade deficit is + annually made up for by remittances from emigrants and from foreign aid. + Current economic development plans call for exploiting the tourism potential + and expanding the fishing industry. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $40.0 million, per capita $2,200 (1988 est.); + real growth rate 5.3% (1986-88 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8.0% (1988) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $33.8 million; expenditures $34.4 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1990 est.) +Exports: + $4.0 million (f.o.b., 1988) + commodities: + copra, fresh and canned fruit, clothing + partners: + NZ 80%, Japan +Imports: + $38.7 million (c.i.f., 1988) + commodities: + foodstuffs, textiles, fuels, timber + partners: + NZ 49%, Japan, Australia, US +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 14,000 kW capacity; 21 million kWh produced, 1,170 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + fruit processing, tourism +Agriculture: + export crops - copra, citrus fruits, pineapples, tomatoes, bananas; + subsistence crops - yams, taro +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $128 million +Currency: + New Zealand dollar (plural - dollars); 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 + cents +Exchange rates: + New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.8502 (January 1992), 1.7266 (1991), + 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6886 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Cook Islands Communications + +Highways: + 187 km total (1980); 35 km paved, 35 km gravel, 84 km improved earth, 33 km + unimproved earth +Ports: + Avatiu +Merchant marine: + 1 cargo ship (1,000 or over) totaling 1,464 GRT/2,181 DWT +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 6 total, 6 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 2,439 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, no TV; 10,000 radio receivers; 2,052 + telephones; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Cook Islands Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of New Zealand + +:Coral Sea Islands Geography + +Total area: + less than 3 km2 +Land area: + less than 3 km2; includes numerous small islands and reefs scattered over a + sea area of about 1 million km2, with Willis Islets the most important +Comparative area: + undetermined +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 3,095 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical +Terrain: + sand and coral reefs and islands (or cays) +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other, mostly grass or scrub cover 100%; Lihou Reef Reserve and + Coringa-Herald Reserve were declared National Nature Reserves on 3 August + 1982 +Environment: + subject to occasional tropical cyclones; no permanent fresh water; important + nesting area for birds and turtles +Note: + the islands are located just off the northeast coast of Australia in the + Coral Sea + +:Coral Sea Islands People + +Population: + 3 meteorologists (1992) + +:Coral Sea Islands Government + +Long-form name: + Coral Sea Islands Territory +Type: + territory of Australia administered by the Minister for Arts, Sport, the + Environment, Tourism, and Territories Roslyn KELLY +Capital: + none; administered from Canberra, Australia +Flag: + the flag of Australia is used + +:Coral Sea Islands Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +:Coral Sea Islands Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorages only + +:Coral Sea Islands Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of Australia; visited regularly by the Royal + Australian Navy; Australia has control over the activities of visitors + +:Costa Rica Geography + +Total area: + 51,100 km2 +Land area: + 50,660 km2; includes Isla del Coco +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than West Virginia +Land boundaries: + 639 km; Nicaragua 309 km, Panama 330 km +Coastline: + 1,290 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November) +Terrain: + coastal plains separated by rugged mountains +Natural resources: + hydropower potential +Land use: + arable land 6%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 45%; forest and + woodland 34%; other 8%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + subject to occasional earthquakes, hurricanes along Atlantic coast; frequent + flooding of lowlands at onset of rainy season; active volcanoes; + deforestation; soil erosion + +:Costa Rica People + +Population: + 3,187,085 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 27 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 4 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 12 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 75 years male, 79 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Costa Rican(s); adjective - Costa Rican +Ethnic divisions: + white (including mestizo) 96%, black 2%, Indian 1%, Chinese 1% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 95% +Languages: + Spanish (official), English spoken around Puerto Limon +Literacy: + 93% (male 93%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 868,300; industry and commerce 35.1%, government and services 33%, + agriculture 27%, other 4.9% (1985 est.) +Organized labor: + 15.1% of labor force + +:Costa Rica Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Costa Rica +Type: + democratic republic +Capital: + San Jose +Administrative divisions: + 7 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Alajuela, Cartago, + Guanacaste, Heredia, Limon, Puntarenas, San Jose +Independence: + 15 September 1821 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 9 November 1949 +Legal system: + based on Spanish civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in + the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 15 September (1821) +Executive branch: + president, two vice presidents, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Rafael Angel CALDERON Fournier (since 8 May 1990); First Vice + President German SERRANO Pinto (since 8 May 1990); Second Vice President + Arnoldo LOPEZ Echandi (since 8 May 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + National Liberation Party (PLN), Carlos Manuel CASTILLO Morales; Social + Christian Unity Party (PUSC), Rafael Angel CALDERON Fournier; Marxist + Popular Vanguard Party (PVP), Humberto VARGAS Carbonell; New Republic + Movement (MNR), Sergio Erick ARDON Ramirez; Progressive Party (PP), Isaac + Felipe AZOFEIFA Bolanos; People's Party of Costa Rica (PPC), Lenin CHACON + Vargas; Radical Democratic Party (PRD), Juan Jose ECHEVERRIA Brealey +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 18 +Elections: + Legislative Assembly: + last held 4 February 1990 (next to be held February 1994); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (57 total) PUSC 29, PLN 25, PVP/PPC 1, regional + parties 2 + President: + last held 4 February 1990 (next to be held February 1994); results - Rafael + Angel CALDERON Fournier 51%, Carlos Manuel CASTILLO 47% +Communists: + 7,500 members and sympathizers +Other political or pressure groups: + Costa Rican Confederation of Democratic Workers (CCTD; Liberation Party + affiliate), Confederated Union of Workers (CUT; Communist Party affiliate), + Authentic Confederation of Democratic Workers (CATD; Communist Party + affiliate), Chamber of Coffee Growers, National Association for Economic + Development (ANFE), Free Costa Rica Movement (MCRL; rightwing militants), + National Association of Educators (ANDE) + +:Costa Rica Government + +Member of: + AG (observer), BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, + IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, + LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, + WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Gonzalo FACIO Segreda; Chancery at Suite 211, 1825 Connecticut + Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 234-2945 through 2947; + there are Costa Rican Consulates General at Albuquerque, Houston, Los + Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Diego, San Francisco, and San + Juan (Puerto Rico), and a Consulate in Buffalo + US: + Ambassador Luis GUINOT, Jr.; Embassy at Pavas Road, San Jose (mailing + address is APO AA 34020); telephone [506] 20-39-39 FAX (506) 20-2305 +Flag: + five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double width), white, and + blue, with the coat of arms in a white disk on the hoist side of the red + band + +:Costa Rica Economy + +Overview: + In 1991 the economy grew at an estimated 2.5%, down somewhat from the 3.6% + gain of 1990 and below the strong 5.5% gain of 1989. Increases in + agricultural production (on the strength of good coffee and banana crops) + and in construction have been offset by lower rates of growth for industry. + In 1991 consumer prices rose by 27%, about the same as in 1990. The trade + deficit of $270 million was substantially below the 1990 deficit of $677 + million. Unemployment is officially reported at 4.6%, but much + underemployment remains. External debt, on a per capita basis, is among the + world's highest. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $5.9 billion, per capita $1,900; real growth rate + 2.5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 27% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 4.6% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $831 million; expenditures $1.08 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1990 est.) +Exports: + $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + coffee, bananas, textiles, sugar + partners: + US 75%, Germany, Guatemala, Netherlands, UK, Japan +Imports: + $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + petroleum, machinery, consumer durables, chemicals, fertilizer, foodstuffs + partners: + US 40%, Japan, Guatemala, Germany +External debt: + $4.5 billion (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 2.3% (1990 est.); accounts for 23% of GDP +Electricity: + 927,000 kW capacity; 3,408 million kWh produced, 1,095 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + food processing, textiles and clothing, construction materials, fertilizer, + plastic products +Agriculture: + accounts for 20-25% of GDP and 70% of exports; cash commodities - coffee, + beef, bananas, sugar; other food crops include corn, rice, beans, potatoes; + normally self-sufficient in food except for grain; depletion of forest + resources resulting in lower timber output +Illicit drugs: + illicit production of cannabis on small scattered plots; transshipment + country for cocaine from South America +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.4 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $935 million; + Communist countries (1971-89), $27 million +Currency: + Costa Rican colon (plural - colones); 1 Costa Rican colon (C) = 100 centimos +Exchange rates: + Costa Rican colones (C) per US$1 - 136.35 (January 1992), 122.43 (1991), + 91.58 (1990), 81.504 (1989), 75.805 (1988), 62.776 (1987) + +:Costa Rica Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Costa Rica Communications + +Railroads: + 950 km total, all 1.067-meter gauge; 260 km electrified +Highways: + 15,400 km total; 7,030 km paved, 7,010 km gravel, 1,360 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + about 730 km, seasonally navigable +Pipelines: + petroleum products 176 km +Ports: + Puerto Limon, Caldera, Golfito, Moin, Puntarenas +Merchant marine: + 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,878 GRT/4,506 DWT +Civil air: + 11 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 164 total, 149 usable; 28 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + very good domestic telephone service; 292,000 telephones; connection into + Central American Microwave System; broadcast stations - 71 AM, no FM, 18 TV, + 13 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Costa Rica Defense Forces + +Branches: + Civil Guard, Rural Assistance Guard; note - Constitution prohibits armed + forces +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 829,576; 559,575 fit for military service; 31,828 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $22 million, 0.5% of GDP (1989) + +:Croatia Geography + +Total area: + 56,538 km2 +Land area: + 56,410 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than West Virginia +Land boundaries: + 1,843 km; Bosnia and Hercegovina (east) 751 km, Bosnia and Hercegovina + (southeast) 91 km, Hungary 292 km, Serbia and Montenegro 254 km, Slovenia + 455 km +Coastline: + 5,790 km; mainland 1,778 km, islands 4,012 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + NA nm + Continental shelf: + 200-meter depth or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + 12 nm + Exclusive fishing zone: + 12 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Serbian enclaves in eastern Slavonia and along the western Bosnia and + Hercegovinian border; dispute with Slovenia over fishing rights in Adriatic +Climate: + Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot + summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast +Terrain: + geographically diverse; flat plains along Hungarian border, low mountains + and highlands near Adriatic coast, coastline, and islands +Natural resources: + oil, some coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium, natural asphalt, + silica, mica, clays, salt, fruit, livestock +Land use: + 32% arable land; 20% permanent crops; 18% meadows and pastures; 15% forest + and woodland; 9% other; includes 5% irrigated +Environment: + air pollution from metallurgical plants; damaged forest; coastal pollution + from industrial and domestic waste; subject to frequent and destructive + earthquakes +Note: + controls most land routes from Western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish + Straits + +:Croatia People + +Population: + 4,784,000 (July 1991), growth rate 0.39% (for the period 1981-91) +Birth rate: + 12.2 births/1,000 population (1991) +Death rate: + 11.3 deaths/1,000 population (1991) +Net migration rate: + NA migrants/1,000 population (1991) +Infant mortality rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1990) +Life expectancy at birth: + 67 years male, 74 years female (1980-82) +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman (1991) +Nationality: + noun - Croat(s); adjective - Croatian +Ethnic divisions: + Croat 78%, Serb 12%, Muslims 0.9%, Hungarian 0.5%, Slovenian 0.5%, others + 7.8% +Religions: + Catholic 76.5%, Orthodox 11.1%, Slavic Muslim 1.2%, Protestant 1.4%, others + and unknown 11% +Languages: + Serbo-Croatian 96% +Literacy: + 96.5% (male 98.6%, female 94.5%) age 10 and over can read and write (1991 + census) +Labor force: + 1,509,489; industry and mining 37%, agriculture 4%, government NA%, other +Organized labor: + NA + +:Croatia Government + +Long-form name: + None +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Zagreb +Administrative divisions: + 102 districts (opcine, singular - opcina) +Independence: + June 1991 from Yugoslavia +Constitution: + promulgated on 22 December 1990 +Legal system: + based on civil law system; judicial/no judicial review of legislative acts; + does/does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + 30 May, Statehood Day (1990) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister +Legislative branch: + bicameral +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court, Constitutional Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Franjo TUDJMAN (since April 1990), Vice President NA (since NA) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Franjo GREGURIC (since August 1991), Deputy Prime Minister + Mila RAMLJAK (since NA ) +Political parties and leaders: + Christian Democratic Union, TUDJMAN; Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), + Stjepan Mesic; Croatian National Party, Savka DABCEVIC-KUCAR; Croatian + Christian Democratic Party (HKDS), Ivan CESAR; Croatian Party of Rights, + Dobroslav Paraga; Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS), Drazen BUDISA +Suffrage: + at age 16 if employed, universal at age 18 +Elections: + Parliament: + last held May 1990 (next to be held NA); results - HDZ won 205 seats; seats + - 349 (total) + President: + NA +Other political or pressure groups: + NA +Member of: + CSCE +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Dr. Franc Vinko GOLEM, Office of Republic of Croatia, 256 + Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 543-5586 + US: + Ambassador NA; Embassy at NA (mailing address is APO New York is 09862); + telephone NA +Flag: + red, white, and blue with Croatian coat of arms (red and white checkered) + +:Croatia Economy + +Overview: + Before the political disintegration of Yugoslavia, the republic of Croatia + stood next to Slovenia as the most prosperous and industrialized area, with + a per capita output roughly comparable to that of Portugal and perhaps + one-third above the Yugoslav average. Serbia and the Serb-dominated army of + the old Yugoslavia, however, have seized Croatian territory, and the + overriding determinant of Croatia's long-term economic prospects will be the + final border settlement. Under the most favorable circumstances, Croatia + will retain the Dalmatian coast with its major tourist attractions and + Slavonia with its oilfields and rich agricultural land. Even so, Croatia + would face monumental problems stemming from: the legacy of longtime + Communist mismanagement of the economy; large foreign debt; damage during + the fighting to bridges, factories, powerlines, buildings, and houses; and + the disruption of economic ties to Serbia and the other former Yugoslav + republics. At the minimum, extensive Western aid and investment, especially + in the tourist and oil industries, would seem necessary to salvage a + desperate economic situation. However, peace and political stability must + come first. +GDP: + NA - $26.3 billion, per capita $5,600; real growth rate -25% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 14.3% (March 1992) +Unemployment rate: + 20% (December 1991) +Budget: + revenues $NA million; expenditures $NA million, including capital + expenditures of $NA million +Exports: + $2.9 billion (1990) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment (30%), other manufacturers (37%), + chemicals (11%), food and live animals (9%), raw materials (6.5%), fuels and + lubricants (5%) + partners: + principally the other former Yugoslav republics +Imports: + $4.4 billion (1990) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment (21%), fuels and lubricants (19%), food + and live animals (16%), chemicals (14%), manufactured goods (13%), + miscellaneous manufactured articles (9%), raw materials (6.5%), beverages + and tobacco (1%) + partners: + principally other former Yugoslav republics +External debt: + $2.6 billion (may assume some part of foreign debt of former Yugoslavia) +Industrial production: + declined as much as 11% in 1990 and probably another 29% in 1991 +Electricity: + 3,570,000 kW capacity; 8,830 million kWh produced, 1,855 kWh per capita + 1991) +Industries: + chemicals and plastics, machine tools, fabricated metal, electronics, pig + iron and rolled steel products, aluminum reduction, paper, wood products + (including furniture), building materials (including cement), textiles, + shipbuilding, petroleum and petroleum refining, food processing and + beverages + +:Croatia Economy + +Agriculture: + Croatia normally produces a food surplus; most agricultural land in private + hands and concentrated in Croat-majority districts in Slavonia and Istria; + much of Slavonia's land has been put out of production by fighting; wheat, + corn, sugar beets, sunflowers, alfalfa, and clover are main crops in + Slavonia; central Croatian highlands are less fertile but support cereal + production, orchards, vineyards, livestock breeding, and dairy farming; + coastal areas and offshore islands grow olives, citrus fruits, and + vegetables +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + Croatian dinar(s) +Exchange rates: + Croatian dinar per US $1 - 60.00 (April 1992) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Croatia Communications + +Railroads: + 2,698 km (34.5% electrified) +Highways: + 32,071 km total (1990); 23,305 km paved, 8,439 km gravel, 327 km earth +Inland waterways: + 785 km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + crude oil 670 km, petroleum products 20 km, natural gas 310 km +Ports: + maritime - Rijeka, Split, Kardeljevo (Ploce); inland - Vukovar, Osijek, + Sisak, Vinkovci +Merchant marine: + 11 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 60,802 GRT/65,560 DWT; includes 1 + cargo, 3 roll-on/roll-off, 5 passenger ferries, 2 bulk carriers; note - also + controlled by Croatian shipowners are 196 ships (1,000 GRT or over) under + flags of convenience - primarily Malta and St. Vincent - totaling 2,593,429 + GRT/4,101,119 DWT; includes 91 general cargo, 7 roll-on/ roll-off, 6 + refrigerated cargo, 13 container ships, 3 multifunction large load carriers, + 52 bulk carriers, 3 passenger ships, 11 petroleum tankers, 4 chemical + tankers, 6 service vessels +Civil air: + NA major transport aircraft +Airports: + 8 total, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over + 3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 1 with + runways 900 m +Telecommunications: + 350,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 14 AM, 8 FM, 12 (2 repeaters) TV; + 1,100,000 radios; 1,027,000 TVs; NA submarine coaxial cables; satellite + ground stations - none + +:Croatia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Guard, + Home Guard, Civil Defense +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,188,576; NA fit for military service; 42,664 reach military + age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Cuba Geography + +Total area: + 110,860 km2 +Land area: + 110,860 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Pennsylvania +Land boundaries: + 29.1 km; US Naval Base at Guantanamo 29.1 km + note: + Guantanamo is leased and as such remains part of Cuba +Coastline: + 3,735 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + US Naval Base at Guantanamo is leased to US and only mutual agreement or US + abandonment of the area can terminate the lease +Climate: + tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy + season (May to October) +Terrain: + mostly flat to rolling plains with rugged hills and mountains in the + southeast +Natural resources: + cobalt, nickel, iron ore, copper, manganese, salt, timber, silica +Land use: + arable land 23%; permanent crops 6%; meadows and pastures 23%; forest and + woodland 17%; other 31%; includes irrigated 10% +Environment: + averages one hurricane every other year +Note: + largest country in Caribbean; 145 km south of Florida + +:Cuba People + +Population: + 10,846,821 (July 1992), growth rate 1.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 17 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 74 years male, 79 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Cuban(s); adjective - Cuban +Ethnic divisions: + mulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1% +Religions: + 85% nominally Roman Catholic before Castro assumed power +Languages: + Spanish +Literacy: + 94% (male 95%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 3,578,800 in state sector; services and government 30%, industry 22%, + agriculture 20%, commerce 11%, construction 10%, transportation and + communications 7% (June 1990); economically active population 4,620,800 + (1988) +Organized labor: + Workers Central Union of Cuba (CTC), only labor federation approved by + government; 2,910,000 members; the CTC is an umbrella organization composed + of 17 member unions + +:Cuba Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Cuba +Type: + Communist state +Capital: + Havana +Administrative divisions: + 14 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 special municipality* + (municipio especial); Camaguey, Ciego de Avila, Cienfuegos, Ciudad de La + Habana, Granma, Guantanamo, Holguin, Isla de la Juventud*, La Habana, Las + Tunas, Matanzas, Pinar del Rio, Sancti Spiritus, Santiago de Cuba, Villa + Clara +Independence: + 20 May 1902 (from Spain 10 December 1898); administered by the US from 1898 + to 1902 +Constitution: + 24 February 1976 +Legal system: + based on Spanish and American law, with large elements of Communist legal + theory; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Rebellion Day, 26 July (1953) +Executive branch: + president of the Council of State, first vice president of the Council of + State, Council of State, president of the Council of Ministers, first vice + president of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly of the People's Power (Asamblea Nacional del + Poder Popular) +Judicial branch: + People's Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo Popular) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers + Fidel CASTRO Ruz (became Prime Minister in February 1959 and President since + 2 December 1976); First Vice President of the Council of State and First + Vice President of the Council of Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 + December 1976) +Political parties and leaders: + only party - Cuban Communist Party (PCC), Fidel CASTRO Ruz, first secretary +Suffrage: + universal at age 16 +Elections: + National Assembly of the People's Power: + last held December 1986 (next to be held before December 1992); results - + PCC is the only party; seats - (510 total) indirectly elected +Communists: + about 600,000 full and candidate members +Member of: + CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBEC, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMO, INTERPOL, + IOC, ISO, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS (excluded from formal participation + since 1962), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, + WTO +Diplomatic representation: + none; protecting power in the US is Switzerland - Cuban Interests Section; + position vacant since March 1992; 2630 and 2639 16th Street NW, Washington, + DC 20009; telephone (202) 797-8518 or 8519, 8520, 8609, 8610 + +:Cuba Government + + US: + protecting power in Cuba is Switzerland - US Interests Section, Swiss + Embassy; Principal Officer Alan H. FLANIGAN; Calzada entre L Y M, Vedado + Seccion, Havana (mailing address is USINT, Swiss Embassy, Havana, Calzada + Entre L Y M, Vedado); telephone 32-0051, 32-0543 +Flag: + five equal horizontal bands of blue (top and bottom) alternating with white; + a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a white + five-pointed star in the center + +:Cuba Economy + +Overview: + The economy, centrally planned and largely state owned, is highly dependent + on the agricultural sector and foreign trade. Sugar provided about + two-thirds of export revenues in 1991, and over half was exported to the + former Soviet republics. The economy has stagnated since 1985 under policies + that have deemphasized material incentives in the workplace, abolished + farmers' informal produce markets, and raised prices of government-supplied + goods and services. In 1990 the economy probably fell 5% largely as a result + of declining trade with the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. Recently + the government has been trying to increase trade with Latin America and + China. Cuba has had difficulty servicing its foreign debt since 1982. The + government currently is encouraging foreign investment in tourist facilities + and in industrial plants idled by falling imports from the former Soviet + Union. Other investment priorities include sugar, basic foods, and nickel. + The annual Soviet subsidy dropped from $4 billion in 1990 to about $1 + billion in 1991 because of a lower price paid for Cuban sugar and a sharp + decline in Soviet exports to Cuba. The former Soviet republics have + indicated they will no longer extend aid to Cuba beginning in 1992. Instead + of highly subsidized trade, Cuba has been shifting to trade at market prices + in convertible currencies. Because of increasingly severe shortages of + fuels, industrial raw materials, and spare parts, aggregate output dropped + by one-fifth in 1991. +GNP: + $17 billion, per capita $1,580; real growth rate -20% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Budget: + revenues $12.46 billion; expenditures $14.45 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1990 est.) +Exports: + $3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + sugar, nickel, medical products, shellfish, citrus, tobacco, coffee + partners: + former USSR 63%, China 6%, Canada 4%, Japan 4% (1991 est.) +Imports: + $3.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + petroleum, capital goods, industrial raw materials, food + partners: + former USSR 47%, Spain 8%, China 6%, Argentina 5%, Italy 4%, Mexico 3% (1991 + est.) +External debt: + $6.8 billion (convertible currency, July 1989) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0%; accounts for 45% of GDP (1989) +Electricity: + 3,889,000 kW capacity; 16,272 million kWh produced, 1,516 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + sugar milling, petroleum refining, food and tobacco processing, textiles, + chemicals, paper and wood products, metals (particularly nickel), cement, + fertilizers, consumer goods, agricultural machinery +Agriculture: + accounts for 11% of GNP (including fishing and forestry); key commercial + crops - sugarcane, tobacco, and citrus fruits; other products - coffee, + rice, potatoes, meat, beans; world's largest sugar exporter; not + self-sufficient in food (excluding sugar) + +:Cuba Economy + +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $710 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $18.5 billion +Currency: + Cuban peso (plural - pesos); 1 Cuban peso (Cu$) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + Cuban pesos (Cu$) per US$1 - 1.0000 (linked to the US dollar) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Cuba Communications + +Railroads: + 12,947 km total; Cuban National Railways operates 5,053 km of 1.435-meter + gauge track; 151.7 km electrified; 7,742 km of sugar plantation lines of + 0.914-m and 1.435-m gauge +Highways: + 26,477 km total; 14,477 km paved, 12,000 km gravel and earth surfaced (1989 + est.) +Inland waterways: + 240 km +Ports: + Cienfuegos, Havana, Mariel, Matanzas, Santiago de Cuba; 7 secondary, 35 + minor +Merchant marine: + 77 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 537,464 GRT/755,824 DWT; includes 46 + cargo, 10 refrigerated cargo, 1 cargo/training, 11 petroleum tanker, 1 + chemical tanker, 4 liquefied gas, 4 bulk; note - Cuba beneficially owns an + additional 45 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 574,047 DWT under the + registry of Panama, Cyprus, and Malta +Civil air: + 88 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 189 total, 167 usable; 73 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways + over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 18 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + broadcast stations - 150 AM, 5 FM, 58 TV; 1,530,000 TVs; 2,140,000 radios; + 229,000 telephones; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Cuba Defense Forces + +Branches: + Revolutionary Armed Forces (including Ground Forces, Revolutionary Navy + (MGR), Air and Air Defense Force[DAAFR]), Ministry of Interior and Ministry + of Defense Special Troops, Border Guard Troops, Territorial Militia Troops, + Youth Labor Army, Civil Defense, National Revolutionary Police +Manpower availability: + eligible 15-49, 6,130,641; of the 3,076,276 males 15-49, 1,925,648 are fit + for military service; of the 3,054,365 females 15-49, 1,907,281 are fit for + military service; 97,973 males and 94,514 females reach military age (17) + annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.2-1.4 billion, 6% of GNP (1989 est.) + +:Cyprus Geography + +Total area: + 9,250 km2 +Land area: + 9,240 km2 +Comparative area: + about 0.7 times the size of Connecticut +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 648 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + 1974 hostilities divided the island into two de facto autonomous areas - a + Greek area controlled by the Cypriot Government (60% of the island's land + area) and a Turkish-Cypriot area (35% of the island) that are separated by a + narrow UN buffer zone; in addition, there are two UK sovereign base areas + (about 5% of the island's land area) +Climate: + temperate, Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters +Terrain: + central plain with mountains to north and south +Natural resources: + copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt, marble, clay earth pigment +Land use: + arable land 40%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 10%; forest and + woodland 18%; other 25%; includes irrigated 10% (most irrigated lands are in + the Turkish-Cypriot area of the island) +Environment: + moderate earthquake activity; water resource problems (no natural reservoir + catchments, seasonal disparity in rainfall, and most potable resources + concentrated in the Turkish-Cypriot area) + +:Cyprus People + +Population: + 716,492 (July 1992), growth rate 1.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 18 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 74 years male, 78 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Cypriot(s); adjective - Cypriot +Ethnic divisions: + Greek 78%; Turkish 18%; other 4% +Religions: + Greek Orthodox 78%, Muslim 18%, Maronite, Armenian, Apostolic, and other 4% +Languages: + Greek, Turkish, English +Literacy: + 90% (male 96%, female 85%) age 10 and over can read and write (1976) +Labor force: + Greek area - 278,000; services 45%, industry 35%, agriculture 14%; Turkish + area - 71,500 (1990); services 21%, industry 30%, agriculture 27% +Organized labor: + 156,000 (1985 est.) + +:Cyprus Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Cyprus +Type: + republic; a disaggregation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting the + island began after the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation + was further solidified following the Turkish invasion of the island in July + 1974, which gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek + Cypriots control the only internationally recognized government; on 15 + November 1983 Turkish Cypriot President Rauf DENKTASH declared independence + and the formation of a Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), which has + been recognized only by Turkey; both sides publicly call for the resolution + of intercommunal differences and creation of a new federal system of + government +Capital: + Nicosia +Administrative divisions: + 6 districts; Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Nicosia, Paphos +Independence: + 16 August 1960 (from UK) +Constitution: + 16 August 1960; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revised + constitution to govern the island and to better relations between Greek and + Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently; in 1975 Turkish Cypriots + created their own Constitution and governing bodies within the Turkish + Federated State of Cyprus, which was renamed the Turkish Republic of + Northern Cyprus in 1983; a new Constitution for the Turkish area passed by + referendum in May 1985 +Legal system: + based on common law, with civil law modifications +National holiday: + Independence Day, 1 October (15 November is celebrated as Independence Day + in the Turkish area) +Executive branch: + president, Council of Ministers (cabinet); note - there is a president, + prime minister, and Council of Ministers (cabinet) in the Turkish area +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Representatives (Vouli Antiprosopon); note - there is a + unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Cumhuriyet Meclisi) in the Turkish area +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court; note - there is also a Supreme Court in the Turkish area +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President George VASSILIOU (since February 1988); note - Rauf R. DENKTASH + has been president of the Turkish area since 13 February 1975 +Political parties and leaders: + Greek Cypriot: + Progressive Party of the Working People (AKEL; Communist Party), Dimitrios + CHRISTOFIAS; Democratic Rally (DESY), Glafkos KLERIDES; Democratic Party + (DEKO), Spyros KYPRIANOU; United Democratic Union of the Center (EDEK), + Vassos LYSSARIDES; Socialist Democratic Renewal Movement (ADESOK), Mikhalis + PAPAPETROU; Liberal Party, Nikos ROLANDIS + +:Cyprus Government + + Turkish area: + National Unity Party (UBP), Dervis EROGLU; Communal Liberation Party (TKP), + Mustafa AKINCI; Republican Turkish Party (CTP), Ozker OZGUR; New Cyprus + Party (YKP), Alpay DURDURAN; Social Democratic Party (SDP), Ergun VEHBI; New + Birth Party (YDP), Ali Ozkan ALTINISHIK; Free Democratic Party (HDP), Ismet + KOTAK; note - CTP, TKP, and YDP joined in the coalition Democratic Struggle + Party (DMP) for the 22 April 1990 legislative election; the CTP and TKP + boycotted the byelection of 13 October 1991, which was for 12 seats; the DMP + was dissolved after the 1990 election; National Justice Party (MAP), Zorlu + TORE; United Sovereignty Party, Arif Salih KIRDAG +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 14 February and 21 February 1988 (next to be held February 1993); + results - George VASSILIOU 52%, Glafkos KLERIDES 48% + House of Representatives: + last held 19 May 1991; results - DESY 35.8%, AKEL (Communist) 30.6, DEKO + 19.5%, EDEK 10. 9%; others 3.2% seats - (56 total) DESY 20, AKEL (Communist) + 18, DEKO 11, EDEK 7 + Turkish Area: President: + last held 22 April 1990 (next to be held April 1995); results - Rauf R. + DENKTASH 66%, Ismail BOZKURT 32.05% + Turkish Area: Assembly of the Republic: + last held 6 May 1990 (next to be held May 1995); results - UBP + (conservative) 54.4%, DMP 44.4% YKP .9%; seats - (50 total) UBP + (conservative) 45, SDP 1, HDP 2, YDP 2; note - by-election of 13 October + 1991 was for 12 seats +Communists: + about 12,000 +Other political or pressure groups: + United Democratic Youth Organization (EDON; Communist controlled); Union of + Cyprus Farmers (EKA; Communist controlled); Cyprus Farmers Union (PEK; + pro-West); Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation (PEO; Communist controlled) ; + Confederation of Cypriot Workers (SEK; pro-West); Federation of Turkish + Cypriot Labor Unions (Turk-Sen); Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions + (Dev-Is) +Member of: + C, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, + IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM, + OAS (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, + WTO; note - the Turkish-Cypriot administered area of Cyprus has observer + status in the OIC +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Michael E. SHERIFIS; Chancery at 2211 R Street NW, Washington, DC + 20008; telephone (202) 462-5772 + US: + Ambassador Robert E. LAMB; Embassy at the corner of Therissos Street and + Dositheos Street, Nicosia (mailing address is APO AE 09836); telephone [357] + (2) 465151; FAX [357] (2) 459-571 +Flag: + white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the name Cyprus is + derived from the Greek word for copper) above two green crossed olive + branches in the center of the flag; the branches symbolize the hope for + peace and reconciliation between the Greek and Turkish communities; note - + the Turkish cypriot flag has a horizontal red stripe at the top and bottom + with a red crescent and red star on a white field + +:Cyprus Economy + +Overview: + The Greek Cypriot economy is small, diversified, and prosperous. Industry + contributes 24% to GDP and employs 35% of the labor force, while the service + sector contributes 44% to GDP and employs 45% of the labor force. Rapid + growth in exports of agricultural and manufactured products and in tourism + have played important roles in the average 6.4% rise in GDP between 1985 and + 1990. In mid-1991, the World Bank "graduated" Cyprus off its list of + developing countries. In contrast to the bright picture in the south, the + Turkish Cypriot economy has less than half the per capita GDP and suffered a + series of reverses in 1991. Crippled by the effects of the Gulf war, the + collapse of the fruit-to-electronics conglomerate, Polly Peck, Ltd., and a + drought, the Turkish area in late 1991 asked for a multibillion-dollar grant + from Turkey to help ease the burden of the economic crisis. Turkey normally + underwrites a substantial portion of the TRNC economy. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - Greek area: $5.5 billion, per capita $9,600; + real growth rate 6.0%; Turkish area: $600 million, per capita $4,000; real + growth rate 5.9% (1990) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + Greek area: 4.5%; Turkish area: 69.4% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + Greek area: 1.8%; Turkish area: 1.2% (1990) +Budget: + revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $2.0 billion, including capital + expenditures of $250 million (1991) +Exports: + $847 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + citrus, potatoes, grapes, wine, cement, clothing and shoes + partners: + UK 23%, Greece 10%, Lebanon 10%, Germany 5% +Imports: + $2.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + consumer goods, petroleum and lubricants, food and feed grains, machinery + partners: + UK 13%, Japan 12%, Italy 10%, Germany 9.1% +External debt: + $2.8 billion (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5.6% (1990); accounts for 24% of GDP +Electricity: + 620,000 kW capacity; 1,770 million kWh produced, 2,530 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + food, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metal products, tourism, wood products +Agriculture: + accounts for 7% of GDP and employs 14% of labor force in the south; major + crops - potatoes, vegetables, barley, grapes, olives, and citrus fruits; + vegetables and fruit provide 25% of export revenues +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $292 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $250 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $62 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $24 + million +Currency: + Cypriot pound (plural - pounds) and in Turkish area, Turkish lira (plural - + liras); 1 Cypriot pound (#C) = 100 cents and 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus + +:Cyprus Economy + +Exchange rates: + Cypriot pounds (#C) per US$1 - 0.4683 (March 1992), 0.4615 (1991), 0.4572 + (1990), 0.4933 (1989), 0.4663 (1988), 0.4807 (1987); in Turkish area, + Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 6,098.4 (March 1992), 4,173.9 (1991), 2,608.6 + (1990), 2,121.7 (1989), 1,422.3 (1988), 857.2 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Cyprus Communications + +Highways: + 10,780 km total; 5,170 km paved; 5,610 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth +Ports: + Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Paphos +Merchant marine: + 1,228 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,053,213 GRT/35,647,964 DWT; + includes 8 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 440 cargo, 83 + refrigerated cargo, 22 roll-on/roll-off, 52 container, 5 multifunction large + load carrier, 107 petroleum tanker, 3 specialized tanker, 3 liquefied gas, + 20 chemical tanker, 32 combination ore/oil, 394 bulk, 3 vehicle carrier, 49 + combination bulk, 2 railcar carrier, 2 passenger, 1 passenger cargo; note - + a flag of convenience registry; Cuba owns at least 30 of these ships, + republics of the former USSR own 58, Latvia also has 5 ships, Yugoslavia + owns 1, and Romania 3 +Civil air: + 11 major transport aircraft (Greek Cypriots); 2 (Turkish Cypriots) +Airports: + 14 total, 14 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + excellent in both the area controlled by the Cypriot Government (Greek + area), and in the Turkish-Cypriot administered area; 210,000 telephones; + largely open-wire and radio relay; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 8 FM, 1 (34 + repeaters) TV in Greek sector and 2 AM, 6 FM and 1 TV in Turkish sector; + international service by tropospheric scatter, 3 submarine cables, and + satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean + INTELSAT and EUTELSAT earth stations + +:Cyprus Defense Forces + +Branches: + Greek area - Greek Cypriot National Guard (GCNG; including air and naval + elements), Greek Cypriot Police; Turkish area - Turkish Cypriot Security + Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 183,899; 126,664 fit for military service; 5,030 reach military + age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $209 million, 5% of GDP (1990 est.) + +:Czechoslovakia Geography + +Total area: + 127,870 km2 +Land area: + 125,460 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than New York State +Land boundaries: + 3,438 km; Austria 548 km, Germany 815 km, Hungary 676 km, Poland 1,309 km, + Ukraine 90 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + Gabcikovo Nagymaros Dam dispute with Hungary +Climate: + temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters +Terrain: + mixture of hills and mountains separated by plains and basins +Natural resources: + hard coal, timber, lignite, uranium, magnesite, iron ore, copper, zinc +Land use: + arable land 37%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 13%; forest and + woodland 36%; other 13%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + infrequent earthquakes; acid rain; water pollution; air pollution +Note: + landlocked; strategically located astride some of oldest and most + significant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is a traditional military + corridor between the North European Plain and the Danube in central Europe + +:Czechoslovakia People + +Population: + 15,725,680 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + 13 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 68 years male, 76 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Czechoslovak(s); adjective - Czechoslovak +Ethnic divisions: + Czech 62.9%, Slovak 31.8%, Hungarian 3.8%, Polish 0.5%, German 0.3%, + Ukrainian 0.3%, Russian 0.1%, other 0.3% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 20%, Orthodox 2%, other 28% +Languages: + Czech and Slovak (official), Hungarian +Literacy: + 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.) +Labor force: + 8,200,000 (1987); industry 36.9%, agriculture 12.3%, construction, + communications, and other 50.8% (1982) +Organized labor: + Czech and Slovak Confederation of Trade Unions (CSKOS); several new + independent trade unions established + +:Czechoslovakia Government + +Long-form name: + Czech and Slovak Federal Republic +Type: + federal republic in transition +Capital: + Prague +Administrative divisions: + 2 republics (republiky, singular - republika); Czech Republic (Ceska + Republika), Slovak Republic (Slovenska Republika); note - 11 regions (kraj, + singular); Severocesky, Zapadocesky, Jihocesky, Vychodocesky, Praha, + Severomoravsky, Jihomoravsky, Bratislava, Zapadoslovensky, Stredoslovensky, + Vychodoslovensky +Independence: + 28 October 1918 (from Austro-Hungarian Empire) +Constitution: + 11 July 1960; amended in 1968 and 1970; new Czech, Slovak, and federal + constitutions to be drafted in 1992 +Legal system: + civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes, modified by Communist + legal theory; constitutional court currently being established; has not + accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code in process of modification + to bring it in line with Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe + (CSCE) obligations and to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory +National holiday: + National Liberation Day, 9 May (1945) and Founding of the Republic, 28 + October (1918) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Federal Assembly (Federalni Shromazdeni) consists of an upper + house or Chamber of Nations (Snemovna Narodu) and a lower house or Chamber + of the People (Snemovna Lidu) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Vaclav HAVEL; (interim president from 29 December 1989 and + president since 5 July 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Marian CALFA (since 10 December 1989); Deputy Prime Minister + Vaclav KLAUS (since 3 October 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Jiri DIENSTBIER + (since 28 June 1990); Deputy Prime Minister Jozef MIKLOSKO (since 28 June + 1990); Deputy Prime Minister Pavel RYCHETSKY (since 28 June 1990); Deputy + Prime Minister Pavel HOFFMAN (since 3 October 1991); note - generally, + "prime minister" is used at the federal level, "premier" at the republic + level; Czech Premier - Petr PITHART; Slovak Premier - Jan CARNOGVRSKY + +:Czechoslovakia Government + +Political parties and leaders: + note - there are very few federation-wide parties; party affiliation is + indicted as Czech (C) or Slovak (S); Civic Democratic Party, Vaclav KLAUS, + chairman, (C/S); Civic Movement, Jiri DIENSTBIER, chairman, (C); Civic + Democratic Alliance, Jan KALVODA, chairman; Christian Democratic Union + Public Against Violence, Martin PORUBJAK, chairman, (S); Christian + Democratic Party, Vaclav BENDA, (C); Christian Democratic Movement, Jan + CARNOGURSKY,(S); Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia, Juri SVOBODA, + chairman; Movement for a Democratic Slovakia, Vladimir MECIAR, chairman - + removed from power in November 1989 by massive antiregime demonstrations; + Czechoslovak Social Democracy, Jiri HORAK, chairman, (C); Czechoslovak + Socialist Party, Ladislav DVORAK, chairman, (C)(S); Movement for + Self-Governing Democracy Society for Moravia and Silesia, Jan KRYCER, + chairman, (C); Party of the Democratic Left, Peter WEISS, chairman + (Slovakia's renamed Communists) (S); Slovak National Party, Jozef PROKES, + chairman, (S); Democratic Party, Jan HOLCIK, chairman, (S); Coexistence, + (C)(S) +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Federal Assembly: + last held 8-9 June 1990 (next to be held 5-6 June 1992); results - Civic + Forum/Public Against Violence coalition 46%, KSC 13.6%; seats - (300 total) + Civic Forum/Public Against Violence coalition 170, KSC 47, Christian and + Democratic Union/Christian Democratic Movement 40, Czech, Slovak, Moravian, + and Hungarian groups 43 + President: + last held 5 July 1990 (next to be held 3 July 1992); results - Vaclav HAVEL + elected by the Federal Assembly +Communists: + 760,000 party members (September 1990); about 1,000,000 members lost since + November 1989 +Other political or pressure groups: + Czechoslovak Socialist Party, Czechoslovak People's Party, Czechoslovak + Social Democracy, Slovak Nationalist Party, Slovak Revival Party, Christian + Democratic Party; over 80 registered political groups fielded candidates in + the 8-9 June 1990 legislative election +Member of: + BIS, CCC, CE, CSCE, EC (associate) ECE, FAO, GATT, HG, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + IFCTU, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NSG, PCA, UN, + UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Rita KLIMOVA; Chancery at 3900 Linnean Avenue NW, Washington, DC + 20008; telephone (202) 363-6315 or 6316 + US: + Ambassador Shirley Temple BLACK; Embassy at Trziste 15, 125 48, Prague 1 + (mailing address is Unit 25402; APO AE 09213-5630); telephone [42] (2) + 536-641/6; FAX [42] (2) 532-457 +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isosceles + triangle based on the hoist side + +:Czechoslovakia Economy + +Overview: + Czechoslovakia is highly industrialized by East European standards and has a + well-educated and skilled labor force. GDP per capita has been the highest + in Eastern Europe. Annual GDP growth slowed to less than 1 percent during + the 1985-90 period. The country is deficient in energy and in many raw + materials. Moreover, its aging capital plant lags well behind West European + standards. In January 1991, Prague launched a sweeping program to convert + its almost entirely state-owned and controlled economy to a market system. + The koruna now enjoys almost full internal convertibility and over 90% of + prices are set by the market. The government is planning to privatize all + small businesses and roughly two-thirds of large enterprises by the end of + 1993. New private-sector activity is also expanding. Agriculture - 95% + socialized - is to be privatized by the end of 1992. Reform has taken its + toll on the economy: inflation was roughly 50% in 1991, unemployment was + nearly 70%, and GDP dropped an estimated 15%. In 1992 the government is + anticipating inflation of 10-15%, unemployment of 11-12%, and a drop in GDP + of up to 8%. As of mid-1992, the nation appears to be splitting in two - + into the industrial Czech area and the more agarian Slovak area. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $108.9 billion, per capita $6,900; real growth + rate -15% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 52% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + officially 6.7% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $4.5 billion; expenditures $4.5 billion, including capital + expenditures of $200 million (1992) +Exports: + $12.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and equipment 39.2%; fuels, minerals, and metals 8.1%; + agricultural and forestry products 6.2%, other 46.5% + partners: + USSR, Germany, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Italy, France, US, UK +Imports: + $13.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and equipment 37.3%; fuels, minerals, and metals 22.6%; + agricultural and forestry products 7.0%; other 33.1% + partners: + USSR, Germany, Austria, Poland, Switzerland, Hungary, Yugoslavia, UK, Italy +External debt: + $9.1 billion, hard currency indebtedness (December 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate -22% (1991 est.); accounts for almost 60% of GNP +Electricity: + 23,000,000 kW capacity; 90,000 million kWh produced, 5,740 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + iron and steel, machinery and equipment, cement, sheet glass, motor + vehicles, armaments, chemicals, ceramics, wood, paper products, footwear +Agriculture: + accounts for 9% of GDP (includes forestry); largely self-sufficient in food + production; diversified crop and livestock production, including grains, + potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit, hogs, cattle, and poultry; exporter of + forest products + +:Czechoslovakia Economy + +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and emerging as a + transshipment point for Latin American cocaine E +Economic aid: + donor - $4.2 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed + countries (1954-89) +Currency: + koruna (plural - koruny); 1 koruna (Kc) = 100 haleru +Exchange rates: + koruny (Kcs) per US$1 - 28.36 (January 1992), 29.53 (1991), 17.95 (1990), + 15.05 (1989), 14.36 (1988), 13.69 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Czechoslovakia Communications + +Railroads: + 13,103 km total; 12,855 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 102 km 1.520-meter + broad gauge, 146 km 0.750- and 0.760-meter narrow gauge; 2,861 km double + track; 3,798 km electrified; government owned (1988) +Highways: + 73,540 km total; including 517 km superhighway (1988) +Inland waterways: + 475 km (1988); the Elbe (Labe) is the principal river +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,448 km; petroleum products 1,500 km; natural gas 8,100 km +Ports: + maritime outlets are in Poland (Gdynia, Gdansk, Szczecin), Croatia (Rijeka), + Slovenia (Koper), Germany (Hamburg, Rostock); principal river ports are + Prague on the Vltava, Decin on the Elbe (Labe), Komarno on the Danube, + Bratislava on the Danube +Merchant marine: + 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 290,185 GRT/437,291 DWT; includes 13 + cargo, 9 bulk +Civil air: + 47 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 158 total, 158 usable; 40 with permanent-surface runways; 19 with runways + 2,440-3,659 m; 37 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + inadequate circuit capacity; 4 million telephones; Radrel backbone of + network; 25% of households have a telephone; broadcast stations - 32 AM, 15 + FM, 41 TV (11 Soviet TV repeaters); 4.4 million TVs (1990); 1 satellite + earth station using INTELSAT and Intersputnik + +:Czechoslovakia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, Civil Defense, Border Guard +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 4,110,628; 3,142,457 fit for military service; 142,239 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - 28 billion koruny, NA% of GNP (1991); note - + conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current + exchange rate would produce misleading results + +:Denmark Geography + +Total area: + 43,070 km2 +Land area: + 42,370 km2; includes the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea and the rest + of metropolitan Denmark, but excludes the Faroe Islands and Greenland +Comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of Massachusetts +Land boundaries: + 68 km; Germany 68 km +Coastline: + 3,379 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 4 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Iceland, Ireland, and the UK + (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area); + Denmark has challenged Norway's maritime claims between Greenland and Jan + Mayen +Climate: + temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers +Terrain: + low and flat to gently rolling plains +Natural resources: + crude oil, natural gas, fish, salt, limestone +Land use: + arable land 61%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and + woodland 12%; other 21%; includes irrigated 9% +Environment: + air and water pollution +Note: + controls Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas + +:Denmark People + +Population: + 5,163,955 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + 13 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 72 years male, 78 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.7 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Dane(s); adjective - Danish +Ethnic divisions: + Scandinavian, Eskimo, Faroese, German +Religions: + Evangelical Lutheran 91%, other Protestant and Roman Catholic 2%, other 7% + (1988) +Languages: + Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Eskimo dialect); small German-speaking + minority +Literacy: + 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.) +Labor force: + 2,581,400; private services 36.4%; government services 30.2%; manufacturing + and mining 20%; construction 6.8%; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 5.9%; + electricity/gas/water 0.7% (1990) +Organized labor: + 65% of labor force + +:Denmark Government + +Long-form name: + Kingdom of Denmark +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Copenhagen +Administrative divisions: + metropolitan Denmark - 14 counties (amter, singular - amt) and 1 city* + (stad); Arhus, Bornholm, Frederiksborg, Fyn, Kbenhavn, Nordjylland, Ribe, + Ringkbing, Roskilde, Snderjylland, Staden Kbenhavn*, Storstrm, Vejle, + Vestsjaelland, Viborg; note - see separate entries for the Faroe Islands and + Greenland, which are part of the Danish realm and self-governing + administrative divisions +Independence: + became a constitutional monarchy in 1849 +Constitution: + 5 June 1953 +Legal system: + civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory + ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940) +Executive branch: + monarch, heir apparent, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral parliament (Folketing) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen MARGRETHE II (since January 1972); Heir Apparent Crown Prince + FREDERIK, elder son of the Queen (born 26 May 1968) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Poul SCHLUTER (since 10 September 1982) +Political parties and leaders: + Social Democratic Party, Paul Nyrup RASMUSSEN; Conservative Party, Poul + SCHLUTER; Liberal Party, Uffe ELLEMANN-JENSEN; Socialist People's Party, + Holger K. NIELSEN; Progress Party, Pia KJAERSGAARD; Center Democratic Party, + Mimi Stilling JAKOBSEN; Radical Liberal Party, Marianne JELVED; Christian + People's Party, Jam SJURSEN; Left Socialist Party, Elizabeth BRUN-OLESEN; + Justice Party, Poul Gerhard KRISTIANSEN; Socialist Workers Party, leader NA; + Communist Workers' Party (KAP), leader NA; Common Course, Preben Meller + HANSEN; Green Party, Inger BORLEHMANN +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + Parliament: + last held 12 December 1990 (next to be held by December 1994); results - + Social Democratic Party 37.4%, Conservative Party 16.0%, Liberal 15.8%, + Socialist People's Party 8.3%, Progress Party 6.4%, Center Democratic Party + 5.1%, Radical Liberal Party 3.5%, Christian People's Party 2.3%, other 5.2%; + seats - (179 total; includes 2 from Greenland and 2 from the Faroe Islands) + Social Democratic 69, Conservative 30, Liberal 29, Socialist People's 15, + Progress Party 12, Center Democratic 9, Radical Liberal 7, Christian + People's 4 + +:Denmark Government + +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, + EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-9, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, + IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, + ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WM, + ZC +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Peter Pedersen DYVIG; Chancery at 3200 Whitehaven Street NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-4300; there are Danish Consulates + General in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York + US: + Ambassador Richard B. STONE; Embassy at Dag Hammarskjolds Alle 24, 2100 + Copenhagen O (mailing address is APO AE 09716); telephone [45] (31) + 42-31-44; FAX [45] (35) 43-0223 +Flag: + red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical + part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side, and that design element of + the (Danish flag) was subsequently adopted by the other Nordic countries of + Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden + +:Denmark Economy + +Overview: + This modern economy features high-tech agriculture, up-to-date small-scale + and corporate industry, extensive government welfare measures, comfortable + living standards, and high dependence on foreign trade. Denmark probably + will continue its successful economic recovery in 1992 with tight fiscal and + monetary policies and export- oriented growth. Prime Minister Schluter's + main priorities are to maintain a current account surplus in order to pay + off extensive external debt and to continue to freeze public-sector + expenditures in order to reduce the budget deficit. The rate of growth by + 1993 - boosted by increased investment and domestic demand - may be + sufficient to start to cut Denmark's high unemployment rate, which is + expected to remain at about 11% in 1992. Low inflation, low wage increases, + and the current account surplus put Denmark in a good competitive position + for the EC's anticipated single market, although Denmark must cut its VAT + and income taxes. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $91.1 billion, per capita $17,700; real growth + rate 2.0% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.4% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 10.6% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $44.1 billion; expenditures $50 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA billion (1991 est.) +Exports: + $37.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + meat and meat products, dairy products, transport equipment (shipbuilding), + fish, chemicals, industrial machinery + partners: + EC 54.2% (Germany 22.5%, UK 10.3%, France 5.9%), Sweden 11.5%, Norway 5.8%, + US 5.0%, Japan 3.6% (1991) +Imports: + $31.6 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + petroleum, machinery and equipment, chemicals, grain and foodstuffs, + textiles, paper + partners: + EC 52.8% (Germany 22.5%, UK 8.1%), Sweden 10.8%, US 6.3% (1991) +External debt: + $45 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0% (1991 est.) +Electricity: + 11,215,000 kW capacity; 31,000 million kWh produced, 6,030 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + food processing, machinery and equipment, textiles and clothing, chemical + products, electronics, construction, furniture, and other wood products +Agriculture: + accounts for 4.5% of GDP and employs 6% of labor force (includes fishing and + forestry); farm products account for nearly 15% of export revenues; + principal products - meat, dairy, grain, potatoes, rape, sugar beets, fish; + self-sufficient in food production +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89) $5.9 billion +Currency: + Danish krone (plural - kroner); 1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 re + +:Denmark Economy + +Exchange rates: + Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.116 (January 1992), 6.396 (1991), 6.189 + (1990), 7.310 (1989), 6.732 (1988), 6.840 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Denmark Communications + +Railroads: + 2,675 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; Danish State Railways (DSB) operate + 2,120 km (1,999 km rail line and 121 km rail ferry services); 188 km + electrified, 730 km double tracked; 650 km of standard- gauge lines are + privately owned and operated +Highways: + 66,482 km total; 64,551 km concrete, bitumen, or stone block; 1,931 km + gravel, crushed stone, improved earth +Inland waterways: + 417 km +Pipelines: + crude oil 110 km; petroleum products 578 km; natural gas 700 km +Ports: + Alborg, Arhus, Copenhagen, Esbjerg, Fredericia; numerous secondary and minor + ports +Merchant marine: + 317 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,367,063 GRT/7,921,891 DWT; includes + 13 short-sea passenger, 94 cargo, 21 refrigerated cargo, 38 container, 39 + roll-on/roll-off, 1 railcar carrier, 42 petroleum tanker, 14 chemical + tanker, 33 liquefied gas, 4 livestock carrier, 17 bulk, 1 combination bulk; + note - Denmark has created its own internal register, called the Danish + International Ship register (DIS); DIS ships do not have to meet Danish + manning regulations, and they amount to a flag of convenience within the + Danish register; by the end of 1990, 258 of the Danish-flag ships belonged + to the DIS +Civil air: + 69 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 121 total, 108 usable; 27 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + excellent telephone, telegraph, and broadcast services; 4,509,000 + telephones; buried and submarine cables and radio relay support trunk + network; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 2 FM, 50 TV; 19 submarine coaxial + cables; 7 earth stations operating in INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, and INMARSAT + +:Denmark Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Danish Army, Royal Danish Navy, Royal Danish Air Force, Home Guard +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,372,878; 1,181,857 fit for military service; 38,221 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion, 2% of GDP (1991) + +:Djibouti Geography + +Total area: + 22,000 km2 +Land area: + 21,980 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Massachusetts +Land boundaries: + 517 km; Ethiopia 459 km, Somalia 58 km +Coastline: + 314 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic Somalis +Climate: + desert; torrid, dry +Terrain: + coastal plain and plateau separated by central mountains +Natural resources: + geothermal areas +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 9%; forest and + woodland NEGL%; other 91% +Environment: + vast wasteland +Note: + strategic location near world's busiest shipping lanes and close to Arabian + oilfields; terminus of rail traffic into Ethiopia + +:Djibouti People + +Population: + 390,906 (July 1992), growth rate 2.7% (1992) +Birth rate: + 43 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 16 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 115 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 47 years male, 50 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Djiboutian(s); adjective - Djiboutian +Ethnic divisions: + Somali 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian 5% +Religions: + Muslim 94%, Christian 6% +Languages: + French and Arabic (both official); Somali and Afar widely used +Literacy: + 48% (male 63%, female 34%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990) +Labor force: + NA, but a small number of semiskilled laborers at the port and 3,000 railway + workers; 52% of population of working age (1983) +Organized labor: + 3,000 railway workers, General Union of Djiboutian Workers (UGTD), + government affiliated; some smaller unions + +:Djibouti Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Djibouti +Type: + republic +Capital: + Djibouti +Administrative divisions: + 5 districts (cercles, singular - cercle); `Ali Sabih, Dikhil, Djibouti, + Obock, Tadjoura +Independence: + 27 June 1977 (from France; formerly French Territory of the Afars and Issas) +Constitution: + partial constitution ratified January 1981 by the National Assembly +Legal system: + based on French civil law system, traditional practices, and Islamic law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 27 June (1977) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Hassan GOULED Aptidon (since 24 June 1977) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister BARKAT Gourad Hamadou (since 30 September 1978) +Political parties and leaders: + only party - People's Progress Assembly (RPP), Hassan GOULED Aptidon +Suffrage: + universal adult at age NA +Elections: + National Assembly: + last held 24 April 1987 (next scheduled for May 1992 but post- poned); + results - RPP is the only party; seats - (65 total) RPP 65 + President: + last held 24 April 1987 (next to be held April 1993); results - President + Hassan GOULED Aptidon was reelected without opposition +Other political or pressure groups: + Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy and affiliates +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, + IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, + UNCTAD, UPU, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Roble OLHAYE; Chancery at Suite 515, 1156 15th Street NW, + Washington, DC 20005; telephone (202) 331-0270 + US: + Ambassador Charles R. BAQUET III; Embassy at Villa Plateau du Serpent, + Boulevard Marechal Joffre, Djibouti (mailing address is B. P. 185, + Djibouti); telephone [253] 35-39-95; FAX [253] 35-39-40 +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of light blue (top) and light green with a white + isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a red five-pointed star + in the center + +:Djibouti Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based on service activities connected with the country's + strategic location and status as a free trade zone in northeast Africa. + Djibouti provides services as both a transit port for the region and an + international transshipment and refueling center. It has few natural + resources and little industry. The nation is, therefore, heavily dependent + on foreign assistance to help support its balance of payments and to finance + development projects. An unemployment rate of over 30% continues to be a + major problem. Per capita consumption dropped an estimated 35% over the last + five years because of recession and a high population growth rate (including + immigrants and refugees). +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $340 million, $1,000 per capita; real growth rate + -1.0% (1989 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.7% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + over 30% (1989) +Budget: + revenues $131 million; expenditures $154 million, including capital + expenditures of $25 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $190 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + hides and skins, coffee (in transit) + partners: + Middle East 50%, Africa 43%, Western Europe 7% +Imports: + $311 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + foods, beverages, transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum products + partners: + EC 36%, Africa 21%, Asia 12%, US 2% +External debt: + $355 million (December 1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0.1% (1989); manufacturing accounts for 4% of GDP +Electricity: + 115,000 kW capacity; 200 million kWh produced, 580 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + limited to a few small-scale enterprises, such as dairy products and + mineral-water bottling +Agriculture: + accounts for only 5% of GDP; scanty rainfall limits crop production to + mostly fruit and vegetables; half of population pastoral nomads herding + goats, sheep, and camels; imports bulk of food needs +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY78-89), $39 million; Western (non-US) + countries, including ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.1 + billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $149 million; Communist countries + (1970-89), $35 million +Currency: + Djiboutian franc (plural - francs); 1 Djiboutian franc (DF) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Djiboutian francs (DF) per US$1 - 177.721 (fixed rate since 1973) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Djibouti Communications + +Railroads: + the Ethiopian-Djibouti railroad extends for 97 km through Djibouti +Highways: + 2,900 km total; 280 km paved; 2,620 km improved or unimproved earth (1982) +Ports: + Djibouti +Civil air: + 1 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 13 total, 11 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fair system of urban facilities in Djibouti and radio relay stations at + outlying places; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean + INTELSAT earth station and 1 ARABSAT; 1 submarine cable to Saudi Arabia + +:Djibouti Defense Forces + +Branches: + Djibouti National Army (including Navy and Air Force), National Security + Force (Force Nationale de Securite), National Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 96,150; 56,077 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $29.9 million, NA% of GDP (1986) + +:Dominica Geography + +Total area: + 750 km2 +Land area: + 750 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 148 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall +Terrain: + rugged mountains of volcanic origin +Natural resources: + timber +Land use: + arable land 9%; permanent crops 13%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and + woodland 41%; other 34% +Environment: + flash floods a constant hazard; occasional hurricanes +Note: + located 550 km southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea + +:Dominica People + +Population: + 87,035 (July 1992), growth rate 1.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 24 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 74 years male, 79 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Dominican(s); adjective - Dominican +Ethnic divisions: + mostly black; some Carib Indians +Religions: + Roman Catholic 77%, Protestant 15% (Methodist 5%, Pentecostal 3%, + Seventh-Day Adventist 3%, Baptist 2%, other 2%), none 2%, unknown 1%, other + 5% +Languages: + English (official); French patois widely spoken +Literacy: + 94% (male 94%, female 94%) age 15 and over having ever attended school + (1970) +Labor force: + 25,000; agriculture 40%, industry and commerce 32%, services 28% (1984) +Organized labor: + 25% of labor force + +:Dominica Government + +Long-form name: + Commonwealth of Dominica +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Roseau +Administrative divisions: + 10 parishes; Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint John, Saint + Joseph, Saint Luke, Saint Mark, Saint Patrick, Saint Paul, Saint Peter +Independence: + 3 November 1978 (from UK) +Constitution: + 3 November 1978 +Legal system: + based on English common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 3 November (1978) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Assembly +Judicial branch: + Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Sir Clarence Augustus SEIGNORET (since 19 December 1983) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister (Mary) Eugenia CHARLES (since 21 July 1980, elected for a + third term 28 May 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + Dominica Freedom Party (DFP), (Mary) Eugenia CHARLES; Dominica Labor Party + (DLP), Pierre CHARLES; United Workers Party (UWP), Edison JAMES +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Assembly: + last held 28 May 1990 (next to be held May 1995); results - percent of vote + by party NA; seats - (30 total; 9 appointed senators and 21 elected + representatives) DFP 11, UWP 6, DLP 4 + President: + last held 20 December 1988 (next to be held December 1993); results - + President Sir Clarence Augustus SEIGNORET was reelected by the House of + Assembly +Other political or pressure groups: + Dominica Liberation Movement (DLM), a small leftist group +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, + ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + there is no Chancery in the US + US: + no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados), + but travels frequently to Dominica + +:Dominica Government + +Flag: + green with a centered cross of three equal bands - the vertical part is + yellow (hoist side), black, and white - the horizontal part is yellow (top), + black, and white; superimposed in the center of the cross is a red disk + bearing a sisserou parrot encircled by 10 green five-pointed stars edged in + yellow; the 10 stars represent the 10 administrative divisions (parishes) + +:Dominica Economy + +Overview: + The economy is dependent on agriculture and thus is highly vulnerable to + climatic conditions. Agriculture accounts for about 30% of GDP and employs + 40% of the labor force. Principal products include bananas, citrus, mangoes, + root crops, and coconuts. In 1990, GDP grew by 7%, bouncing back from the + 1.6% decline of 1989. The tourist industry remains undeveloped because of a + rugged coastline and the lack of an international airport. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $170 million, per capita $2,000; real growth + rate 7.0% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.7% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 10% (1989 est.) +Budget: + revenues $48 million; expenditures $85 million, including capital + expenditures of $41 million (FY90) +Exports: + $59.9 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + bananas, coconuts, grapefruit, soap, galvanized sheets + partners: + UK 72%, Jamaica 10%, OECS 6%, US 3%, other 9% +Imports: + $103.9 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + food, oils and fats, chemicals, fuels and lubricants, manufactured goods, + machinery and equipment + partners: + US 23%, UK 18%, CARICOM 15%, OECS 15%, Japan 5%, Canada 3%, other 21% +External debt: + $73 million (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 4.5% in manufacturing (1988 est.); accounts for 11% of GDP +Electricity: + 7,000 kW capacity; 16 million kWh produced, 185 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + soap, beverages, tourism, food processing, furniture, cement blocks, shoes +Agriculture: + accounts for 30% of GDP; principal crops - bananas, citrus, mangoes, root + crops, and coconuts; bananas provide the bulk of export earnings; forestry + and fisheries potential not exploited +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $120 million +Currency: + East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Dominica Communications + +Highways: + 750 km total; 370 km paved, 380 km gravel and earth +Ports: + Roseau, Portsmouth +Civil air: + NA +Airports: + 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 4,600 telephones in fully automatic network; VHF and UHF link to Saint + Lucia; new SHF links to Martinique and Guadeloupe; broadcast stations - 3 + AM, 2 FM, 1 cable TV + +:Dominica Defense Forces + +Branches: + Commonwealth of Dominica Police Force (including Coast Guard) +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Dominican Republic Geography + +Total area: + 48,730 km2 +Land area: + 48,380 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of New Hampshire +Land boundaries: + 275 km; Haiti 275 km +Coastline: + 1,288 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + outer edge of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 6 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + rugged highlands and mountains with fertile valleys interspersed +Natural resources: + nickel, bauxite, gold, silver +Land use: + arable land 23%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 43%; forest and + woodland 13%; other 14%; includes irrigated 4% +Environment: + subject to occasional hurricanes (July to October); deforestation +Note: + shares island of Hispaniola with Haiti (western one-third is Haiti, eastern + two-thirds is the Dominican Republic) + +:Dominican Republic People + +Population: + 7,515,892 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 26 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 56 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 66 years male, 70 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Dominican(s); adjective - Dominican +Ethnic divisions: + mixed 73%, white 16%, black 11% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 95% +Languages: + Spanish +Literacy: + 83% (male 85%, female 82%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 2,300,000 to 2,600,000; agriculture 49%, services 33%, industry 18% (1986) +Organized labor: + 12% of labor force (1989 est.) + +:Dominican Republic Government + +Long-form name: + Dominican Republic (no short-form name) +Type: + republic +Capital: + Santo Domingo +Administrative divisions: + 29 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 district* (distrito); + Azua, Baoruco, Barahona, Dajabon, Distrito Nacional*, Duarte, Elias Pina, El + Seibo, Espaillat, Hato Mayor, Independencia, La Altagracia, La Romana, La + Vega, Maria Trinidad Sanchez, Monsenor Nouel, Monte Cristi, Monte Plata, + Pedernales, Peravia, Puerto Plata, Salcedo, Samana, Sanchez Ramirez, San + Cristobal, San Juan, San Pedro De Macoris, Santiago, Santiago Rodriguez, + Valverde +Independence: + 27 February 1844 (from Haiti) +Constitution: + 28 November 1966 +Legal system: + based on French civil codes +National holiday: + Independence Day, 27 February (1844) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of an upper chamber + or Senate (Senado) and lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de + Diputados) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Joaquin BALAGUER Ricardo (since 16 August 1986, fifth elected term + began 16 August 1990); Vice President Carlos A. MORALES Troncoso (since 16 + August 1986) +Political parties and leaders: + Major parties: + Social Christian Reformist Party (PRSC), Joaquin BALAGUER Ricardo; Dominican + Revolutionary Party (PRD), Jose Franciso PENA Gomez; Dominican Liberation + Party (PLD), Juan BOSCH Gavino; Independent Revolutionary Party (PRI), + Jacobo MAJLUTA + Minor parties: + National Veterans and Civilian Party (PNVC), Juan Rene BEAUCHAMPS Javier; + Liberal Party of the Dominican Republic (PLRD), Andres Van Der HORST; + Democratic Quisqueyan Party (PQD), Elias WESSIN Chavez; National Progressive + Force (FNP), Marino VINICIO Castillo; Popular Christian Party (PPC), Rogelio + DELGADO Bogaert; Dominican Communist Party (PCD) Narciso ISA Conde; + Dominican Workers' Party (PTD), Ivan RODRIGUEZ; Anti-Imperialist Patriotic + Union (UPA), Ignacio RODRIGUEZ Chiappini + Note: + in 1983 several leftist parties, including the PCD, joined to form the + Dominican Leftist Front (FID); however, they still retain individual party + structures +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 18 or if married; members of the armed + forces and police cannot vote + +:Dominican Republic Government + +Elections: + Chamber of Deputies: + last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - percent of vote + by party NA; seats - (120 total) PLD 44, PRSC 41, PRD 33, PRI 2 + President: + last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - Joaquin BALAGUER + (PRSC) 35.7%, Juan BOSCH Gavino (PLD) 34.4% + Senate: + last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - percent of vote + by party NA; seats - (30 total) PRSC 16, PLD 12, PRD 2 +Communists: + an estimated 8,000 to 10,000 members in several legal and illegal factions; + effectiveness limited by ideological differences, organizational + inadequacies, and severe funding shortages +Member of: + ACP, CARICOM (observer), ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, + ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM (guest), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, + UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Jose del Carmen ARIZA Gomez; Chancery at 1715 22nd Street NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-6280; there are Dominican + Consulates General in Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, Mayaguez (Puerto Rico), + Miami, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, San Juan (Puerto Rico), and + Consulates in Charlotte Amalie (Virgin Islands), Detroit, Houston, + Jacksonville, Minneapolis, Mobile, Ponce (Puerto Rico), and San Francisco + US: + Ambassador Robert S. PASTORINO; Embassy at the corner of Calle Cesar Nicolas + Penson and Calle Leopoldo Navarro, Santo Domingo (mailing address is APO AA + 34041-0008); telephone (809) 5412171 +Flag: + a centered white cross that extends to the edges, divides the flag into four + rectangles - the top ones are blue (hoist side) and red, the bottom ones are + red (hoist side) and blue; a small coat of arms is at the center of the + cross + +:Dominican Republic Economy + +Overview: + The economy is largely dependent on trade; imported components average 60% + of the value of goods consumed in the domestic market. Rapid growth of free + trade zones has established a significant expansion of manufacturing for + export, especially wearing apparel. Over the past decade, tourism has also + increased in importance and is a major earner of foreign exchange and a + source of new jobs. Agriculture remains a key sector of the economy. The + principal commercial crop is sugarcane, followed by coffee, cotton, cocoa, + and tobacco. Domestic industry is based on the processing of agricultural + products, durable consumer goods, minerals, and chemicals. Unemployment is + officially reported at about 30%, but there is considerable underemployment. + A fiscal austerity program has brought inflation under control, but in 1991 + the economy contracted for a second straight year. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $7 billion, per capita $950; real growth rate -2% + (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 9% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 30% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues NA; expenditures $1.1 billion, including capital expenditures of NA + (1992 est.) +Exports: + $775 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + sugar, coffee, cocoa, gold, ferronickel + partners: + US 60%, EC 19%, Puerto Rico 8% (1990) +Imports: + $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs, petroleum, cotton and fabrics, chemicals and pharmaceuticals + partners: + US 50% +External debt: + $4.7 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA; accounts for 20% of GDP +Electricity: + 2,133,000 kW capacity; 4,410 million kWh produced, 597 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + tourism, sugar processing, ferronickel and gold mining, textiles, cement, + tobacco +Agriculture: + accounts for 15% of GDP and employs 49% of labor force; sugarcane is the + most important commercial crop, followed by coffee, cotton, cocoa, and + tobacco; food crops - rice, beans, potatoes, corn, bananas; animal output - + cattle, hogs, dairy products, meat, eggs; not self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-89), $575 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $655 million +Currency: + Dominican peso (plural - pesos); 1 Dominican peso (RD$) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + Dominican pesos (RD$) per US$1 - 12.609 (January 1992), 12.692 (1991), 8.525 + (1990), 6.340 (1989), 6.113 (1988), 3.845 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Dominican Republic Communications + +Railroads: + 1,655 km total in numerous segments; 4 different gauges from 0.558 m to + 1.435 m +Highways: + 12,000 km total; 5,800 km paved, 5,600 km gravel and improved earth, 600 km + unimproved +Pipelines: + crude oil 96 km; petroleum products 8 km +Ports: + Santo Domingo, Haina, San Pedro de Macoris, Puerto Plata +Merchant marine: + 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,587 GRT/1,165 DWT +Civil air: + 23 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 36 total, 30 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + relatively efficient domestic system based on islandwide microwave relay + network; 190,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 120 AM, no FM, 18 TV, 6 + shortwave; 1 coaxial submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth + station + +:Dominican Republic Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,013,294; 1,271,772 fit for military service; 80,117 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $70 million, 1% of GDP (1990) + +:Ecuador Geography + +Total area: + 283,560 km2 +Land area: + 276,840 km2; includes Galapagos Islands +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Nevada +Land boundaries: + 2,010 km; Colombia 590 km, Peru 1,420 km +Coastline: + 2,237 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + claims continental shelf between mainland and Galapagos Islands + Territorial sea: + 200 nm +Disputes: + three sections of the boundary with Peru are in dispute +Climate: + tropical along coast becoming cooler inland +Terrain: + coastal plain (Costa), inter-Andean central highlands (Sierra), and flat to + rolling eastern jungle (Oriente) +Natural resources: + petroleum, fish, timber +Land use: + arable land 6%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 17%; forest and + woodland 51%; other 23%; includes irrigated 2% +Environment: + subject to frequent earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity; + deforestation; desertification; soil erosion; periodic droughts +Note: + Cotopaxi in Andes is highest active volcano in world + +:Ecuador People + +Population: + 10,933,143 (July 1992), growth rate 2.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + 28 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 42 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 67 years male, 72 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Ecuadorian(s); adjective - Ecuadorian +Ethnic divisions: + mestizo (mixed Indian and Spanish) 55%, Indian 25%, Spanish 10%, black 10% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 95% +Languages: + Spanish (official); Indian languages, especially Quechua +Literacy: + 86% (male 88%, female 84%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 2,800,000; agriculture 35%, manufacturing 21%, commerce 16%, services and + other activities 28% (1982) +Organized labor: + less than 15% of labor force + +:Ecuador Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Ecuador +Type: + republic +Capital: + Quito +Administrative divisions: + 21 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Azuay, Bolivar, Canar, + Carchi, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, El Oro, Esmeraldas, Galapagos, Guayas, + Imbabura, Loja, Los Rios, Manabi, Morona-Santiago, Napo, Pastaza, Pichincha, + Sucumbios, Tungurahua, Zamora-Chinchipe +Independence: + 24 May 1822 (from Spain; Battle of Pichincha) +Constitution: + 10 August 1979 +Legal system: + based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 10 August (1809, independence of Quito) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Rodrigo BORJA Cevallos (since 10 August 1988); Vice President Luis + PARODI Valverde (since 10 August 1988) +Suffrage: + universal at age 18; compulsory for literate persons ages 18-65, optional + for other eligible voters +Elections: + National Congress: + last held 17 June 1990 (next to be held 17 May 1992); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (72 total) PSC 16, ID 14, PRE 13, PSE 8, DP 7, CFP + 3, PC 3, PLR 3, FADI 2, FRA 2, MPD 1 + President: + runoff election held 5 July 1992; results - Sixto DURAN elected as president + and Alberto DAHIK elected as vice president +Communists: + Communist Party of Ecuador (PCE, pro-Moscow), Rene Mauge MOSQUERA, secretary + general, 5,000 members; Communist Party of Ecuador/Marxist-Leninist (PCMLE, + Maoist), 3,000 members; Socialist Party of Ecuador (PSE, pro-Cuba), 5,000 + members (est.); National Liberation Party (PLN, Communist), less than 5,000 + members (est.) +Member of: + AG, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, + IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, + NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPEC, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, + WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Jaime MONCAYO; Chancery at 2535 15th Street NW, Washington, DC + 20009; telephone (202) 234-7200; there are Ecuadorian Consulates General in + Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San + Francisco, and a Consulate in San Diego + +:Ecuador Government + + US: + Ambassador vacant; Embassy at Avenida 12 de Octubre y Avenida Patria; Quito + (mailing address is P. O. Box 538, Quito, or APO AA 34039); telephone [593] + (2) 562-890; FAX [593] (2) 502-052; there is a US Consulate General in + Guayaquil +Flag: + three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double width), blue, and red with the + coat of arms superimposed at the center of the flag; similar to the flag of + Colombia that is shorter and does not bear a coat of arms + +:Ecuador Economy + +Overview: + Ecuador has substantial oil resources and rich agricultural areas. Growth + has been uneven because of natural disasters (for example, a major + earthquake in 1987), fluctuations in global oil prices, and government + policies designed to curb inflation. The government has not taken a + supportive attitude toward either domestic or foreign investment, although + its agreement to enter the Andean free trade zone is an encouraging move. As + 1991 ended, Ecuador received a standby IMF loan of $105 million, which will + permit the country to proceed with the rescheduling of Paris Club debt. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $11.5 billion, per capita $1,070; real growth + rate 2.5% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 49% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 8.0% (1990) +Budget: + revenues $2.2 billion; expenditures $2.2 billion, including capital + expenditures of $375 million (1991) +Exports: + $2.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + petroleum 47%, coffee, bananas, cocoa products, shrimp, fish products + partners: + US 60%, Latin America, Caribbean, EC countries +Imports: + $1.95 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + transport equipment, vehicles, machinery, chemicals + partners: + US 34%, Latin America, Caribbean, EC, Japan +External debt: + $12.4 billion (December 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate -3.8% (1989); accounts for almost 40% of GDP, including + petroleum +Electricity: + 2,344,000 kW capacity; 6,430 million kWh produced, 598 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + petroleum, food processing, textiles, metal works, paper products, wood + products, chemicals, plastics, fishing, timber +Agriculture: + accounts for 18% of GDP and 35% of labor force (including fishing and + forestry); leading producer and exporter of bananas and balsawood; other + exports - coffee, cocoa, fish, shrimp; crop production - rice, potatoes, + manioc, plantains, sugarcane; livestock sector - cattle, sheep, hogs, beef, + pork, dairy products; net importer of foodgrains, dairy products, and sugar +Illicit drugs: + minor illicit producer of coca following the successful eradication campaign + of 1985-87; significant transit country, however, for derivatives of coca + originating in Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $498 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.15 billion; + Communist countries (1970-89), $64 million +Currency: + sucre (plural - sucres); 1 sucre (S/) = 100 centavos + +:Ecuador Economy + +Exchange rates: + sucres (S/) per US$1 - 1,046.25 (1991), 869.54 (December 1990), 767.75 + (1990), 526.35 (1989), 301.61 (1988), 170.46 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Ecuador Communications + +Railroads: + 965 km total; all 1.067-meter-gauge single track +Highways: + 28,000 km total; 3,600 km paved, 17,400 km gravel and improved earth, 7,000 + km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 1,500 km +Pipelines: + crude oil 800 km; petroleum products 1,358 km +Ports: + Guayaquil, Manta, Puerto Bolivar, Esmeraldas +Merchant marine: + 46 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 337,999 GRT/491,996 DWT; includes 2 + passenger, 4 cargo, 17 refrigerated cargo, 4 container, 1 roll-on/roll-off, + 15 petroleum tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 2 bulk +Civil air: + 23 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 143 total, 142 usable; 43 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway over + 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 23 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + domestic facilities generally adequate; 318,000 telephones; broadcast + stations - 272 AM, no FM, 33 TV, 39 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + earth station + +:Ecuador Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army (Ejercito Ecuatoriano), Navy (Armada Ecuatoriana), Air Force (Fuerza + Aerea Ecuatoriana), National Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,804,260; 1,898,401 fit for military service; 115,139 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Egypt Geography + +Total area: + 1,001,450 km2 +Land area: + 995,450 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than three times the size of New Mexico +Land boundaries: + 2,689 km; Gaza Strip 11 km, Israel 255 km, Libya 1,150 km, Sudan 1,273 km +Coastline: + 2,450 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + undefined + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Administrative boundary with Sudan does not coincide with international + boundary +Climate: + desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters +Terrain: + vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta +Natural resources: + crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, + talc, asbestos, lead, zinc +Land use: + arable land 3%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland NEGL%; other 95%; includes irrigated 5% +Environment: + Nile is only perennial water source; increasing soil salinization below + Aswan High Dam; hot, driving windstorm called khamsin occurs in spring; + water pollution; desertification +Note: + controls Sinai Peninsula, only land bridge between Africa and remainder of + Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, shortest sea link between Indian + Ocean and Mediterranean; size and juxtaposition to Israel establish its + major role in Middle Eastern geopolitics + +:Egypt People + +Population: + 56,368,950 (July 1992), growth rate 2.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 33 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 80 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 58 years male, 62 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Egyptian(s); adjective - Egyptian +Ethnic divisions: + Eastern Hamitic stock 90%; Greek, Italian, Syro-Lebanese 10% +Religions: + (official estimate) Muslim (mostly Sunni) 94%; Coptic Christian and other 6% +Languages: + Arabic (official); English and French widely understood by educated classes +Literacy: + 48% (male 63%, female 34%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 15,000,000 (1989 est.); government, public sector enterprises, and armed + forces 36%; agriculture 34%; privately owned service and manufacturing + enterprises 20% (1984); shortage of skilled labor; 2,500,000 Egyptians work + abroad, mostly in Iraq and the Gulf Arab states (1988 est.) +Organized labor: + 2,500,000 (est.) + +:Egypt Government + +Long-form name: + Arab Republic of Egypt +Type: + republic +Capital: + Cairo +Administrative divisions: + 26 governorates (muhafazah, singular - muhafazah); Ad Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al + Ahmar, Al Buchayrah, Al Fayyum, Al Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah, Al + Isma`iliyah, Al Jizah, Al Minufiyah, Al Minya, Al Qahirah, Al Qalyubiyah, Al + Wadi al Jadid, Ash Sharqiyah, As Suways, Aswan, Asyu`t, Bani Suwayf, Bur + Sa`id, Dumyat, Janub Sina, Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh, Qina, Shamal Sina, Suhaj +Independence: + 28 February 1922 (from UK); formerly United Arab Republic +Constitution: + 11 September 1971 +Legal system: + based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes; judicial + review by Supreme Court and Council of State (oversees validity of + administrative decisions); accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with + reservations +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Revolution, 23 July (1952) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral People's Assembly (Majlis al-Cha'b); note - there is an Advisory + Council (Majlis al-Shura) that functions in a consultative role +Judicial branch: + Supreme Constitutional Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (was made acting President on 6 October + 1981 upon the assassination of President SADAT and sworn in as President on + 14 October 1981) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Atef Mohammed Najib SEDKY (since 12 November 1986) +Political parties and leaders: + formation of political parties must be approved by government; National + Democratic Party (NDP), President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK, leader, is the + dominant party; legal opposition parties are Socialist Liberal Party (SLP), + Kamal MURAD; Socialist Labor Party, Ibrahim SHUKRI; National Progressive + Unionist Grouping (NPUG), Khalid MUHYI-AL-DIN; Umma Party, Ahmad al-SABAHI; + New Wafd Party (NWP), Fu'd SIRAJ AL-DIN; Misr al-Fatah Party (Young Egypt + Party), Ali al-Din SALIH; The Greens Party, Hasan RAJAB; Nasserist Arab + Democratic Party, Dia' AL-DIN DAWOUD +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 18 +Elections: + Advisory Council: + last held 8 June 1989 (next to be held June 1995); results - NDP 100%; seats + - (258 total, 172 elected) NDP 172 + People's Assembly: + last held 29 November 1990 (next to be held November 1995); results - NDP + 78.4%, NPUG 1.4%, independents 18.7%; seats - (437 total, 444 elected) - + including NDP 348, NPUG 6, independents 83; note - most opposition parties + boycotted + +:Egypt Government + + President: + last held 5 October 1987 (next to be held October 1993); results - President + Hosni MUBARAK was reelected +Communists: + about 500 party members +Other political or pressure groups: + Islamic groups are illegal, but the largest one, the Muslim Brotherhood, is + tolerated by the government; trade unions and professional associations are + officially sanctioned +Member of: + ACC, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AG (observer), AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, EBRD, + ECA, ESCWA, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, + IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM + (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador El Sayed Abdel Raouf EL REEDY; Chancery at 2310 Decatur Place NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 232-5400; there are Egyptian + Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, New York, and San Francisco + US: + Ambassador Robert PELLETREAU; Embassy at Lazougi Street, Garden City, Cairo + (mailing address is APO AE 09839); telephone [20] (2) 355-7371; FAX [20] (2) + 355-7375; there is a US Consulate General in Alexandria +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with the + national emblem (a shield superimposed on a golden eagle facing the hoist + side above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in + the white band; similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band; + also similar to the flag of Syria that has two green stars and to the flag + of Iraq, which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a + horizontal line centered in the white band + +:Egypt Economy + +Overview: + Egypt has one of the largest public sectors of all the Third World + economies, most industrial plants being owned by the government. + Overregulation holds back technical modernization and foreign investment. + Even so, the economy grew rapidly during the late 1970s and early 1980s, but + in 1986 the collapse of world oil prices and an increasingly heavy burden of + debt servicing led Egypt to begin negotiations with the IMF for + balance-of-payments support. As part of the 1987 agreement with the IMF, the + government agreed to institute a reform program to reduce inflation, promote + economic growth, and improve its external position. The reforms have been + slow in coming, however, and the economy has been largely stagnant for the + past four years. The addition of 1 million people every seven months to + Egypt's population exerts enormous pressure on the 5% of the total land area + available for agriculture. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $39.2 billion, per capita $720; real growth rate + 2% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 17% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 15% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $9.4 billion; expenditures $15.9 billion, including capital + expenditures of $6 billion (FY90 est.) +Exports: + $4.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + crude oil and petroleum products, cotton yarn, raw cotton, textiles, metal + products, chemicals + partners: + EC, Eastern Europe, US, Japan +Imports: + $11.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + machinery and equipment, foods, fertilizers, wood products, durable consumer + goods, capital goods + partners: + EC, US, Japan, Eastern Europe +External debt: + $38 billion (December 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 7.3% (FY89 est.); accounts for 18% of GDP +Electricity: + 13,500,000 kW capacity; 45,000 million kWh produced, 820 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, petroleum, construction, + cement, metals +Agriculture: + accounts for 20% of GDP and employs more than one-third of labor force; + dependent on irrigation water from the Nile; world's sixth-largest cotton + exporter; other crops produced include rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruit, + vegetables; not self-sufficient in food; livestock - cattle, water buffalo, + sheep, and goats; annual fish catch about 140,000 metric tons +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $15.7 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $10.1 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $2.9 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.4 + billion + +:Egypt Economy + +Currency: + Egyptian pound (plural - pounds); 1 Egyptian pound (#E) = 100 piasters +Exchange rates: + Egyptian pounds (#E) per US$1 - 3.3310 (January 1992), 2.7072 (1990), 2.5171 + (1989), 2.2233 (1988), 1.5183 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Egypt Communications + +Railroads: + 5,110 km total; 4,763 km 1,435-meter standard gauge, 347 km 0.750-meter + gauge; 951 km double track; 25 km electrified +Highways: + 51,925 km total; 17,900 km paved, 2,500 km gravel, 13,500 km improved earth, + 18,025 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 3,500 km (including the Nile, Lake Nasser, Alexandria-Cairo Waterway, and + numerous smaller canals in the delta); Suez Canal, 193.5 km long (including + approaches), used by oceangoing vessels drawing up to 16.1 meters of water +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,171 km; petroleum products 596 km; natural gas 460 km +Ports: + Alexandria, Port Said, Suez, Bur Safajah, Damietta +Merchant marine: + 150 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,019,182 GRT/1,499,880 DWT; includes + 11 passenger, 5 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 86 cargo, 3 + refrigerated cargo, 15 roll-on/roll-off, 12 petroleum tanker, 15 bulk, 1 + container +Civil air: + 50 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 92 total, 82 usable; 66 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over + 3,659 m; 44 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 24 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + system is large but still inadequate for needs; principal centers are + Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah, Ismailia, Suez and Tanta; intercity + connections by coaxial cable and microwave; extensive upgrading in progress; + 600,000 telephones (est.); broadcast stations - 39 AM, 6 FM, 41 TV; + satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean + INTELSAT, 1 INMARSAT, 1 ARABSAT; 5 submarine coaxial cables; tropospheric + scatter to Sudan; radio relay to Libya, Israel, and Jordan + +:Egypt Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Command +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 13,911,006; 9,044,425 fit for military service; 563,321 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion, 6.4% of GDP (1991) + +:El Salvador Geography + +Total area: + 21,040 km2 +Land area: + 20,720 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Massachusetts +Land boundaries: + 545 km; Guatemala 203 km, Honduras 342 km +Coastline: + 307 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 200 nm (overflight and navigation permitted beyond 12 nm) +Disputes: + dispute with Honduras over several sections of the land boundary; dispute + over Golfo de Fonseca maritime boundary because of disputed sovereignty of + islands +Climate: + tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April) +Terrain: + mostly mountains with narrow coastal belt and central plateau +Natural resources: + hydropower, geothermal power, crude oil +Land use: + arable land 27%; permanent crops 8%; meadows and pastures 29%; forest and + woodland 6%; other 30%; includes irrigated 5% +Environment: + The Land of Volcanoes; subject to frequent and sometimes very destructive + earthquakes; deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution +Note: + smallest Central American country and only one without a coastline on + Caribbean Sea + +:El Salvador People + +Population: + 5,574,279 (July 1992), growth rate 2.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + 33 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + - 6 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 26 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 68 years male, 75 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Salvadoran(s); adjective - Salvadoran +Ethnic divisions: + mestizo 89%, Indian 10%, white 1% +Religions: + Roman Catholic about 75%, with extensive activity by Protestant groups + throughout the country (more than 1 million Protestant evangelicals in El + Salvador at the end of 1990) +Languages: + Spanish, Nahua (among some Indians) +Literacy: + 73% (male 76%, female 70%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 1,700,000 (1982 est.); agriculture 40%, commerce 16%, manufacturing 15%, + government 13%, financial services 9%, transportation 6%, other 1%; shortage + of skilled labor and a large pool of unskilled labor, but manpower training + programs improving situation (1984 est.) +Organized labor: + total labor force 15%; agricultural labor force 10%; urban labor force 7% + (1987 est.) + +:El Salvador Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of El Salvador +Type: + republic +Capital: + San Salvador +Administrative divisions: + 14 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Ahuachapan, + Cabanas, Chalatenango, Cuscatlan, La Libertad, La Paz, La Union, Morazan, + San Miguel, San Salvador, Santa Ana, San Vicente, Sonsonate, Usulutan +Independence: + 15 September 1821 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 20 December 1983 +Legal system: + based on civil and Roman law, with traces of common law; judicial review of + legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, + with reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 15 September (1821) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Alfredo CRISTIANI Buchard (since 1 June 1989); Vice President Jose + Francisco MERINO (since 1 June 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + National Republican Alliance (ARENA), Armando CALDERON Sol; Christian + Democratic Party (PDC), Fidel CHAVEZ Mena; National Conciliation Party + (PCN), Ciro CRUZ Zepeda; National Democratic Union (UDN), Mario AGUINADA + Carranza; the Democratic Convergence (CD) is a coalition of three parties - + the Social Democratic Party (PSD), Wilfredo BARILLAS; the National + Revolutionary Movement (MNR), Victor VALLE; and the Popular Social Christian + Movement (MPSC), Ruben ZAMORA; Authentic Christian Movement (MAC), Julio REY + PRENDES; Democratic Action (AD), Ricardo GONZALEZ Camacho +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Legislative Assembly: + last held 10 March 1991 (next to be held March 1994); results - ARENA 44.3%, + PDC 27.96%, CD 12.16%, PCN 8.99%, MAC 3.23%, UDN 2.68%; seats - (84 total) + ARENA 39, PDC 26, PCN 9, CD 8, UDN 1, MAC 1 + President: + last held 19 March 1989 (next to be held March 1994); results - Alfredo + CRISTIANI (ARENA) 53.8%, Fidel CHAVEZ Mena (PDC) 36.6%, other 9.6% +Other political or pressure groups: + Business organizations: + National Association of Private Enterprise (ANEP), conservative; Productive + Alliance (AP), conservative; National Federation of Salvadoran Small + Businessmen (FENAPES), conservative + +:El Salvador Government + + FMLN front organizations: + Labor fronts include - National Union of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS), leftist + umbrella front group, leads FMLN front network; National Federation of + Salvadoran Workers (FENASTRAS), best organized of front groups and + controlled by FMLN's National Resistance (RN); Social Security Institute + Workers Union (STISSS), one of the most militant fronts, is controlled by + FMLN's Armed Forces of National Resistance (FARN) and RN; Association of + Telecommunications Workers (ASTTEL); Centralized Union Federation of El + Salvador (FUSS); Treasury Ministry Employees (AGEMHA); Nonlabor fronts + include - Committee of Mothers and Families of Political Prisoners, + Disappeared Persons, and Assassinated of El Salvador (COMADRES); + Nongovernmental Human Rights Commission (CDHES); Committee of Dismissed and + Unemployed of El Salvador (CODYDES); General Association of Salvadoran + University Students (AGEUS); National Association of Salvadoran Educators + (ANDES-21 DE JUNIO); Salvadoran Revolutionary Student Front (FERS), + associated with the Popular Forces of Liberation (FPL); Association of + National University Educators (ADUES); Salvadoran University Students Front + (FEUS); Christian Committee for the Displaced of El Salvador (CRIPDES), an + FPL front; The Association for Communal Development in El Salvador + (PADECOES), controlled by the People's Revolutionary Army (ERP); + Confederation of Cooperative Associations of El Salvador (COACES) +Other political or pressure groups: + Labor organizations: + Federation of Construction and Transport Workers Unions (FESINCONSTRANS), + independent; Salvadoran Communal Union (UCS), peasant association; Unitary + Federation of Salvadoran Unions (FUSS), leftist; National Federation of + Salvadoran Workers (FENASTRAS), leftist; Democratic Workers Central (CTD), + moderate; General Confederation of Workers (CGT), moderate; National Unity + of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS), leftist; National Union of Workers and + Peasants (UNOC), moderate labor coalition of democratic labor organizations; + United Workers Front (FUT) + Leftist political parties: + National Democratic Union (UDN), National Revolutionary Movement (MNR), and + Popular Social Movement (MPSC) + Leftist revolutionary movement: + Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN), leadership body of the + insurgency, five factions - Popular Liberation Forces (FPL), Armed Forces of + National Resistance (FARN), People's Revolutionary Army (ERP), Salvadoran + Communist Party/Armed Forces of Liberation (PCES/FAL), and Central American + Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRTC)/Popular Liberation Revolutionary Armed + Forces (FARLP) +Member of: + BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, + ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, + OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Miguel Angel SALAVERRIA; Chancery at 2308 California Street NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-9671 through 3482; there are + Salvadoran Consulates General in Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, + New York, and San Francisco + US: + Ambassador William G. WALKER; Embassy at 25 Avenida Norte No. 1230, San + Salvador (mailing address is APO AA 34023); telephone [503] 26-7100; FAX + [503] (26) 5839 + +:El Salvador Government + +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the + national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features + a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA + CENTRAL; similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which has a different coat of + arms centered in the white band - it features a triangle encircled by the + words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; also + similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X + pattern centered in the white band + +:El Salvador Economy + +Overview: + The agricultural sector accounts for 25% of GDP, employs about 40% of the + labor force, and contributes about 66% to total exports. Coffee is the major + commercial crop, accounting for 45% of export earnings. The manufacturing + sector, based largely on food and beverage processing, accounts for 18% of + GDP and 15% of employment. Economic losses because of guerrilla sabotage + total more than $2 billion since 1979. The costs of maintaining a large + military seriously constrain the government's efforts to provide essential + social services. Nevertheless, growth in national output during the period + 1990-91 exceeded growth in population for the first time since 1987. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $5.5 billion, per capita $1,010; real growth rate + 3% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 19% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 10% (1989) +Budget: + revenues $751 million; expenditures $790 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1990 est.) +Exports: + $580 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + coffee 45%, sugar, cotton, shrimp + partners: + US 49%, Germany 24%, Guatemala 7%, Costa Rica 4%, Japan 4% +Imports: + $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + petroleum products, consumer goods, foodstuffs, machinery, construction + materials, fertilizer + partners: + US 40%, Guatemala 12%, Venezuela 7%, Mexico 7%, Germany 5%, Japan 4% +External debt: + $2.0 billion (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 2.4% (1990); accounts for 22% of GDP +Electricity: + 682,000 kW capacity; 1,927 million kWh produced, 356 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + food processing, textiles, clothing, beverages, petroleum, tobacco products, + chemicals, furniture +Agriculture: + accounts for 25% of GDP and 40% of labor force (including fishing and + forestry); coffee most important commercial crop; other products - + sugarcane, corn, rice, beans, oilseeds, beef, dairy products, shrimp; not + self-sufficient in food +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for cocaine +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $2.95 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $525 million +Currency: + Salvadoran colon (plural - colones); 1 Salvadoran colon (C) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + Salvadoran colones (C) per US$1 - 8.1 (January 1992), floating rate since + mid-1990); 5.0000 (fixed rate 1986 to mid-1990) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:El Salvador Communications + +Railroads: + 602 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track +Highways: + 10,000 km total; 1,500 km paved, 4,100 km gravel, 4,400 km improved and + unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + Rio Lempa partially navigable +Ports: + Acajutla, Cutuco +Civil air: + 7 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 107 total, 77 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + nationwide trunk radio relay system; connection into Central American + Microwave System; 116,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 77 AM, no FM, 5 + TV, 2 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:El Salvador Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, National Guard, National Police, Treasury Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,265,149; 809,419 fit for military service; 68,445 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $220 million, 3.6% of GDP (1991) + +:Equatorial Guinea Geography + +Total area: + 28,050 km2 +Land area: + 28,050 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Maryland +Land boundaries: + 539 km; Cameroon 189 km, Gabon 350 km +Coastline: + 296 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + maritime boundary dispute with Gabon because of disputed sovereignty over + islands in Corisco Bay +Climate: + tropical; always hot, humid +Terrain: + coastal plains rise to interior hills; islands are volcanic +Natural resources: + timber, crude oil, small unexploited deposits of gold, manganese, uranium +Land use: + arable land 8%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and + woodland 51%; other 33% +Environment: + subject to violent windstorms +Note: + insular and continental regions rather widely separated + +:Equatorial Guinea People + +Population: + 388,799 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 42 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 15 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 107 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 49 years male, 53 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 5.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Equatorial Guinean(s) or Equatoguinean(s); adjective - Equatorial + Guinean or Equatoguinean +Ethnic divisions: + indigenous population of Bioko, primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos; Rio Muni, + primarily Fang; less than 1,000 Europeans, mostly Spanish +Religions: + natives all nominally Christian and predominantly Roman Catholic; some pagan + practices retained +Languages: + Spanish (official), pidgin English, Fang, Bubi, Ibo +Literacy: + 50% (male 64%, female 37%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 172,000 (1986 est.); agriculture 66%, services 23%, industry 11% (1980); + labor shortages on plantations; 58% of population of working age (1985) +Organized labor: + no formal trade unions + +:Equatorial Guinea Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Equatorial Guinea +Type: + republic in transition to multiparty democracy +Capital: + Malabo +Administrative divisions: + 7 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Annobon, Bioko Norte, Bioko + Sur, Centro Sur, Kie-Ntem, Litoral, Wele-Nzas +Independence: + 12 October 1968 (from Spain; formerly Spanish Guinea) +Constitution: + new constitution 17 November 1991 +Legal system: + partly based on Spanish civil law and tribal custom +National holiday: + Independence Day, 12 October (1968) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers + (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Representatives of the People (Camara de Representantes + del Pueblo) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Tribunal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO (since 3 August + 1979) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Cristino SERICHE BIOKO MALABO (since 15 August 1982); Deputy + Prime Minister Isidoro Eyi MONSUY ANDEME (since 15 August 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + only party - Democratic Party for Equatorial Guinea (PDGE), Brig. Gen. + (Ret.) Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO, party leader; multipartyism legalized + in new constitution of November 1991, promulgated January 1992 +Suffrage: + universal adult at age NA +Elections: + Chamber of People's Representatives: + last held 10 July 1988 (next to be held 10 July 1993); results - PDGE is the + only party; seats - (41 total) PDGE 41 + President: + last held 25 June 1989 (next to be held 25 June 1996); results - President + Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO was reelected without + opposition +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, + IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS (associate), NAM, OAS (observer), OAU, + UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Damaso OBIANG NDONG; Chancery (temporary) 57 Magnolia Avenue, + Mount Vernon, NY 10553; telephone (914) 667-9664 + US: + Ambassador John E. BENNETT; Embassy at Calle de Los Ministros, Malabo + (mailing address is P.O. Box 597, Malabo); telephone [240] (9) 2185, 2406, + 2507; FAX [240] (9) 2164 + +:Equatorial Guinea Government + +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a blue + isosceles triangle based on the hoist side and the coat of arms centered in + the white band; the coat of arms has six yellow six-pointed stars + (representing the mainland and five offshore islands) above a gray shield + bearing a silk-cotton tree and below which is a scroll with the motto + UNIDAD, PAZ, JUSTICIA (Unity, Peace, Justice) + +:Equatorial Guinea Economy + +Overview: + The economy, destroyed during the regime of former President Macias NGUEMA, + is now based on agriculture, forestry, and fishing, which account for about + half of GDP and nearly all exports. Subsistence agriculture predominates, + with cocoa, coffee, and wood products providing income, foreign exchange, + and government revenues. There is little industry. Commerce accounts for + about 8% of GDP and the construction, public works, and service sectors for + about 38%. Undeveloped natural resources include titanium, iron ore, + manganese, uranium, and alluvial gold. Oil exploration, taking place under + concessions offered to US, French, and Spanish firms, has been moderately + successful. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $156 million, per capita $400; real growth rate + 1.6% (1988 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.6% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $27 million; expenditures $29 million, including capital + expenditures of NA (1990 est.) +Exports: + $37 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + coffee, timber, cocoa beans + partners: + Spain 38.2%, Italy 12.2%, Netherlands 11.4%, FRG 6.9%, Nigeria 12.4 (1988) +Imports: + $68.3 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + petroleum, food, beverages, clothing, machinery + partners: + France 25.9%, Spain 21.0%, Italy 16%, US 12.8%, Netherlands 8%, Germany + 3.1%, Gabon 2.9%, Nigeria 1.8 (1988) +External debt: + $213 million (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate - 6.8% (1990 est.) +Electricity: + 23,000 kW capacity; 60 million kWh produced, 160 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + fishing, sawmilling +Agriculture: + cash crops - timber and coffee from Rio Muni, cocoa from Bioko; food crops - + rice, yams, cassava, bananas, oil palm nuts, manioc, livestock +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for illicit drugs from Central and Southwest Asia to + Western Europe +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY81-89), $14 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89) $130 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $55 million +Currency: + Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) + = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January + 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 + (1987) + +:Equatorial Guinea Economy + +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Equatorial Guinea Communications + +Highways: + Rio Muni - 2,460 km; Bioko - 300 km +Ports: + Malabo, Bata +Merchant marine: + 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,413 GRT/6,699 DWT; includes 1 cargo + and 1 passenger-cargo +Civil air: + 1 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + poor system with adequate government services; international communications + from Bata and Malabo to African and European countries; 2,000 telephones; + broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth + station + +:Equatorial Guinea Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, National Guard, National Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 81,850; 41,528 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP + +:Estonia Geography + +Total area: + 45,100 km2 +Land area: + 43,200 km2; (includes 1,520 islands in the Baltic Sea) +Comparative area: + slightly larger than New Hampshire and Vermont combined +Land boundaries: + 557 km; Latvia 267 km, Russia 290 km +Coastline: + 1,393 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + NA nm + Continental shelf: + NA meter depth + Exclusive economic zone: + NA nm + Exclusive fishing zone: + NA nm + Territorial sea: + NA nm +Disputes: + international small border strips along the northern (Narva) and southern + (Petseri) sections of eastern border with Russia ceded to Russia in 1945 by + the Estonian SSR +Climate: + maritime, wet, moderate winters +Terrain: + marshy, lowlands +Natural resources: + shale oil, peat, phosphorite, amber +Land use: + 22% arable land; NA% permanent crops; 11% meadows and pastures; 31% forest + and woodland; 21% other; includes NA% irrigated; 15% swamps and lakes +Environment: + coastal waters largely polluted + +:Estonia People + +Population: + 1,607,349 (July 1992), growth rate 0.7% (1992) +Birth rate: + 16 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 25 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 65 years male, 74 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Estonian(s); adjective - Estonian +Ethnic divisions: + Estonian 61.5%, Russian 30.3%, Ukrainian 3.17%, Byelorussian 1.8%, Finn + 1.1%, other 2.13% (1989) +Religions: + Lutheran is primary denomination +Languages: + Estonian NA% (official), Latvian NA%, Lithuanian NA%, Russian NA%, other NA% +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + 796,000; industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 13%, other + 45% (1990) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Estonia Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Estonia +Type: + republic +Capital: + Tallinn +Administrative divisions: + none - all districts are under direct republic jurisdiction +Independence: + 8 November 1917; occupied by Germany in March 1918 and restored to power in + November 1918; annexed by USSR 6 August 1940; declared independence 20 + August 1991 and regained independence from USSR 6 September 1991 +Constitution: + currently rewriting constitution, but readopted the constitution of 1938 +Legal system: + based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts +National holiday: + Independence Day, 24 February (1918) +Executive branch: + prime minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral Supreme Council +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Chairman, Supreme Council Arnold R'UTEL (since April 1983) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Tiit VAHI (since January 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + Popular Front of Estonia (Rahvarinne), NA chairman; Estonian Christian + Democratic Party, Aivar KALA, chairman; Estonian Christian Democratic Union, + Illar HALLASTE, chairman; Estonian Heritage Society (EMS), Trivimi VELLISTE, + chairman; Estonian National Independence Party (ERSP), Lagle PAREK, + chairman; Estonian Social Democratic Party, Marju LAURISTIN, chairman; + Estonian Green Party, Tonu OJA; Independent Estonian Communist Party, Vaino + VALJAS; People's Centrist Party, Edgar SAVISAAR, chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Congress of Estonia: + last held March 1990 (next to be held NA); note - Congress of Estonia is a + quasi-governmental structure; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - + (495 total) number of seats by party NA + President: + last held NA 1990; (next to be held NA); results - NA + Supreme Council: + last held 18 March 1990; (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by + party NA; seats - (105 total) number of seats by party NA +Other political or pressure groups: + NA +Member of: + CSCE, IAEA, ICFTU, NACC, UN, UNCTAD +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Ernst JAAKSON, Legation of Estonia, Office of Consulate General, + 9 Rockefeller Plaza, Suite 1421, New York, NY 10020; telephone (212) + 247-1450 + +:Estonia Government + + US: + Ambassador Robert C. FRASURE; Embassy at Kentmanni 20, Tallin EE 0001; + telephone 011-[358] (49) 303-182 (cellular); FAX [358] (49) 306-817 + (cellular); note - dialing to Baltics still requires use of an international + operator unless you use the cellular phone lines +Flag: + pre-1940 flag restored by Supreme Soviet in May 1990; flag is three equal + horizontal bands of blue, black, and white + +:Estonia Economy + +Overview: + Starting in July 1991, under a new law on private ownership, small + enterprises, such as retail shops and restaurants, were sold to private + owners. The auctioning of large-scale enterprises is now in progress with + the proceeds being held in escrow until the prior ownership (that is, + Estonian or the Commonwealth of Independent States) can be established. + Estonia ranks first in per capita consumption among the former Soviet + republics. Agriculture is well developed, especially meat production, and + provides a surplus for export. Only about one-fifth of the work force is in + agriculture. The major share of the work force engages in manufacturing both + capital and consumer goods based on raw materials and intermediate products + from the other former Soviet republics. These manufactures are of high + quality by ex-Soviet standards and are exported to the other republics. + Estonia's mineral resources are limited to major deposits of shale oil (60% + of old Soviet total) and phosphorites (400 million tons). Estonia has a + large, relatively modern port and produces more than half of its own energy + needs at highly polluting shale oil power plants. Like the other 14 + successor republics, Estonia is suffering through a difficult transitional + period - between a collapsed command economic structure and a + still-to-be-built market structure. It has advantages in the transition, not + having suffered so long under the Soviet yoke and having better chances of + developing profitable ties to the Nordic and West European countries. +GDP: + $NA billion, per capita $NA; real growth rate -11% (1992) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + approximately 200% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA million; expenditures $NA million, including capital + expenditures of $NA million +Exports: + $186 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + machinery 30%, food 17%, chemicals 11%, electric power 9% + partners: + Russia 50%, other former Soviet republics 30%, Ukraine 15%, West 5% +Imports: + $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + machinery 45%, oil 13%, chemicals 12% + partners: + NA +External debt: + $650 million (end of 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate -9% (1991) +Electricity: + 3,305,000 kW capacity; 17,200 million kWh produced, 10,865 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + accounts for 30% of labor force; oil shale, shipbuilding, phosphates, + electric motors, excavators, cement, furniture, clothing, textiles, paper, + shoes, apparel +Agriculture: + employs 20% of work force; very efficient; net exports of meat, fish, dairy + products, and potatoes; imports feedgrains for livestock; fruits and + vegetables + +:Estonia Economy + +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for illicit drugs from Central and Southwest Asia to + Western Europe +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (1992), $10 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million; + Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million +Currency: + kroon; to be introduced in 1992 +Exchange rates: + NA +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Estonia Communications + +Railroads: + 1,030 km (includes NA km electrified); does not include industrial lines + (1990) +Highways: + 30,300 km total (1990); 29,200 km hard surfaced; 1,100 km earth +Inland waterways: + 500 km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + crude oil NA km, refined products NA km, natural gas NA km +Ports: + maritime - Tallinn, Parnu; inland - Narva +Merchant marine: + 65 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 386,634 GRT/516,866 DWT; includes 51 + cargo, 6 roll-on/roll-off, 2 short-sea passenger, 6 bulk +Civil air: + NA major transport aircraft +Airports: + NA total, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over + 3,659 m; NA with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + telephone diversity - NA; broadcast stations - 3 TV (provide Estonian + programs as well as Moscow Ostenkino's first and second programs); + international traffic is carried to the other former USSR republics by + landline or microwave and to other countries by leased connection to the + Moscow international gateway switch, by the Finnish cellular net, and by an + old copper submarine cable to Finland + +:Estonia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; + Russian Forces (Ground, Navy, Air, Air Defense, and Border Guard) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, total mobilized force projected 120,000-130,000; NA fit for + military service; between 10,000-12,000 reach military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Ethiopia Geography + +Total area: + 1,221,900 km2 +Land area: + 1,101,000 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of Texas +Land boundaries: + 5,141 km; Djibouti 459 km, Kenya 861 km, Somalia 1,600 km, Sudan 2,221 km +Coastline: + 1,094 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + southern half of the boundary with Somalia is a Provisional Administrative + Line; possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic Somalis; + territorial dispute with Somalia over the Ogaden; independence referendum in + Eritrea scheduled for April 1992 +Climate: + tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation; some areas prone + to extended droughts +Terrain: + high plateau with central mountain range divided by Great Rift Valley +Natural resources: + small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash +Land use: + arable land 12%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 41%; forest and + woodland 24%; other 22%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic + eruptions; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; + frequent droughts; famine +Note: + strategic geopolitical position along world's busiest shipping lanes and + close to Arabian oilfields + +:Ethiopia People + +Population: + 54,270,464 (July 1992), growth rate 3.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + 45 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 14 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 112 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 50 years male, 53 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Ethiopian(s); adjective - Ethiopian +Ethnic divisions: + Oromo 40%, Amhara and Tigrean 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%, Somali 6%, Afar + 4%, Gurage 2%, other 1% +Religions: + Muslim 40-45%, Ethiopian Orthodox 35-40%, animist 15-20%, other 5% +Languages: + Amharic (official), Tigrinya, Orominga, Guaraginga, Somali, Arabic, English + (major foreign language taught in schools) +Literacy: + 62% (male NA%, female NA%) age 10 and over can read and write (1983 est.) +Labor force: + 18,000,000; agriculture and animal husbandry 80%, government and services + 12%, industry and construction 8% (1985) +Organized labor: + All Ethiopian Trade Union formed by the government in January 1977 to + represent 273,000 registered trade union members; was dissolved when the TGE + came to power; labor code of 1975 is being redrafted + +:Ethiopia Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + on 28 May 1991 the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) + toppled the authoritarian government of MENGISTU Haile-Mariam and took + control in Addis Ababa; the Transitional Government of Ethiopia (TGE), + announced as a two-year transitional period; on 29 May 1991, Issayas + AFEWORKE, secretary general of the Eritrean People's Liberation Front + (EPLF), announced the formation of the Provisional Government in Eritrea + (PGE), in preparation for an eventual referendum on independence for the + province +Capital: + Addis Ababa +Administrative divisions: + 14 administrative regions (astedader akababiwach, singular - astedader + akababi) and 1 autonomous region* (rasgez akababi); Addis Ababa (Addis + Ababa), Afar, Agew, Amhara, Benishangul, Ertra (Eritrea)*, Gambela, + Gurage-Hadiya-Wolayta, Harer, Kefa, Omo, Oromo, Sidamo, Somali, Tigray +Independence: + oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest in the world - at + least 2,000 years +Constitution: + to be redrafted by 1993 +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: + National Revolution Day 12 September (1974) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + Council of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Interim President Meles ZENAWI (since 1 June 1991); transitional government + Head of Government: + Acting Prime Minister Tamirat LAYNE (since 6 June 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + NA +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Council of Representatives: + last held 14 June 1987 (next to be held after new constitution drafted) + President: + last held 10 September 1987; next election planned after new constitution + drafted; results - MENGISTU Haile-Mariam elected by the now defunct National + Assembly, but resigned and left Ethiopia on 21 May 1991 +Other political or pressure groups: + Oromo Liberation Front (OLF); Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party (EPRP); + numerous small, ethnic-based groups have formed since Mengistu's resignation +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, + IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, + UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Counselor, Charge d'Affaires ad interim Girma AMARE; Chancery at 2134 + Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-2281 or 2282 + +:Ethiopia Government + + US: + Charge d'Affaires Marc A. BAAS; Embassy at Entoto Street, Addis Ababa + (mailing address is P. O. Box 1014, Addis Ababa); telephone [251] (01) + 550666; FAX [251] (1) 551-166 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red; Ethiopia is + the oldest independent country in Africa, and the colors of her flag were so + often adopted by other African countries upon independence that they became + known as the pan-African colors + +:Ethiopia Economy + +Overview: + Ethiopia is one of the poorest and least developed countries in Africa. Its + economy is based on subsistence agriculture, which accounts for about 45% of + GDP, 90% of exports, and 80% of total employment; coffee generates 60% of + export earnings. The manufacturing sector is heavily dependent on inputs + from the agricultural sector. Over 90% of large-scale industry, but less + than 10% of agriculture, is state run; the government is considering selling + off a portion of state-owned plants. Favorable agricultural weather largely + explains the 4.5% growth in output in FY89, whereas drought and + deteriorating internal security conditions prevented growth in FY90. In 1991 + the lack of law and order, particularly in the south, interfered with + economic development and growth. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $6.6 billion, per capita $130, real growth rate- + 0.4% (FY90 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 5.2% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + NA +Budget: + revenues $1.8 billion; expenditures $1.7 billion, including capital + expenditures of $842 million (FY88) +Exports: + $429 million (f.o.b., FY88) + commodities: + coffee 60%, hides + partners: + US, FRG, Djibouti, Japan, PDRY, France, Italy, Saudi Arabia +Imports: + $1.1 billion (c.i.f., FY88) + commodities: + food, fuels, capital goods + partners: + USSR, Italy, FRG, Japan, UK, US, France +External debt: + $2.6 billion (1988) +Industrial production: + growth rate 2.3% (FY89 est.); accounts for 13% of GDP +Electricity: + 330,000 kW capacity; 650 million kWh produced, 10 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + food processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metals processing, cement +Agriculture: + accounts for 45% of GDP and is the most important sector of the economy even + though frequent droughts and poor cultivation practices keep farm output + low; famines not uncommon; export crops of coffee and oilseeds grown partly + on state farms; estimated 50% of agricultural production at subsistence + level; principal crops and livestock - cereals, pulses, coffee, oilseeds, + sugarcane, potatoes and other vegetables, hides and skins, cattle, sheep, + goats +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $504 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.4 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $8 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.0 + billion +Currency: + birr (plural - birr); 1 birr (Br) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + birr (Br) per US$1 - 2.0700 (fixed rate) + +:Ethiopia Economy + +Fiscal year: + 8 July - 7 July + +:Ethiopia Communications + +Railroads: + 988 km total; 681 km 1.000-meter gauge; 307 km 0.950-meter gauge + (nonoperational) +Highways: + 44,300 km total; 3,650 km paved, 9,650 km gravel, 3,000 km improved earth, + 28,000 km unimproved earth +Ports: + Aseb, Mitsiwa +Merchant marine: + 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 62,627 GRT/88,909 DWT; includes 8 + cargo, 1 roll-on/roll off, 1 livestock carrier, 2 petroleum tanker +Civil air: + 25 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 123 total, 86 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over + 3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 38 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + open-wire and radio relay system adequate for government use; open-wire to + Sudan and Djibouti; radio relay to Kenya and Djibouti; broadcast stations - + 4 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 100,000 TV sets; 9,000,000 radios; 1 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT earth station + +:Ethiopia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 12,015,589; 6,230,680 fit for military service; 572,982 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $760 million, 12.8% of GDP (1989) + +:Europa Island Geography + +Total area: + 28 km2 +Land area: + 28 km2 +Comparative area: + about 0.2 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 22.2 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claimed by Madagascar +Climate: + tropical +Terrain: + NA +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and + woodland NA%; other NA%; heavily wooded +Environment: + wildlife sanctuary +Note: + located in the Mozambique Channel 340 km west of Madagascar + +:Europa Island People + +Population: + uninhabited + +:Europa Island Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Jacques + DEWATRE (as of July 1991); resident in Reunion +Capital: + none; administered by France from Reunion + +:Europa Island Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +:Europa Island Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only +Airports: + 1 with runways 1,220 to 2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 1 meteorological station + +:Europa Island Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +:Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Geography + +Total area: + 12,170 km2 +Land area: + 12,170 km2; includes the two main islands of East and West Falkland and + about 200 small islands +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Connecticut +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 1,288 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 100 meter depth + Exclusive fishing zone: + 150 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + administered by the UK, claimed by Argentina +Climate: + cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than + half of days in year; occasional snow all year, except in January and + February, but does not accumulate +Terrain: + rocky, hilly, mountainous with some boggy, undulating plains +Natural resources: + fish and wildlife +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 99%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 1% +Environment: + poor soil fertility and a short growing season +Note: + deeply indented coast provides good natural harbors + +:Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) People + +Population: + 1,900 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + NA births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + NA years male, NA years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Falkland Islander(s); adjective - Falkland Island +Ethnic divisions: + almost totally British +Religions: + primarily Anglican, Roman Catholic, and United Free Church; Evangelist + Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Lutheran, Seventh-Day Adventist +Languages: + English +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) but compulsory education age 5 to 15 (1988) +Labor force: + 1,100 (est.); agriculture, mostly sheepherding about 95% +Organized labor: + Falkland Islands General Employees Union, 400 members + +:Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Government + +Long-form name: + Colony of the Falkland Islands +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + Stanley +Administrative divisions: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Constitution: + 3 October 1985 +Legal system: + English common law +National holiday: + Liberation Day, 14 June (1982) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor, Executive Council +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Council +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) + Head of Government: + Governor William Hugh FULLERTON (since NA 1988) +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Legislative Council: + last held 11 October 1989 (next to be held October 1994); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (10 total, 8 elected) number of seats by party + NA +Member of: + ICFTU +Diplomatic representation: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Flag: + blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the + Falkland Island coat of arms in a white disk centered on the outer half of + the flag; the coat of arms contains a white ram (sheep raising is the major + economic activity) above the sailing ship Desire (whose crew discovered the + islands) with a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto DESIRE THE RIGHT + +:Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based on sheep farming, which directly or indirectly employs + most of the work force. A few dairy herds are kept to meet domestic + consumption of milk and milk products, and crops grown are primarily those + for providing winter fodder. Exports feature shipments of high-grade wool to + the UK and the sale of postage stamps and coins. Rich stocks of fish in the + surrounding waters are not presently exploited by the islanders. So far, + efforts to establish a domestic fishing industry have been unsuccessful. In + 1987 the government began selling fishing licenses to foreign trawlers + operating within the Falklands exclusive fishing zone. These license fees + amount to more than $40 million per year and are a primary source of income + for the government. To encourage tourism, the Falkland Islands Development + Corporation has built three lodges for visitors attracted by the abundant + wildlife and trout fishing. +GDP: + $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA% +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 7.4% (1980-87 average) +Unemployment rate: + NA%; labor shortage +Budget: + revenues $62.7 million; expenditures $41.8 million, excluding capital + expenditures of $NA (FY90) +Exports: + at least $14.7 million + commodities: + wool, hides and skins, and other + partners: + UK, Netherlands, Japan (1987 est.) +Imports: + at least $13.9 million + commodities: + food, clothing, fuels, and machinery + partners: + UK, Netherlands Antilles (Curacao), Japan (1987 est.) +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 9,200 kW capacity; 17 million kWh produced, 8,638 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + wool and fish processing +Agriculture: + predominantly sheep farming; small dairy herds; some fodder and vegetable + crops +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $277 million +Currency: + Falkland pound (plural - pounds); 1 Falkland pound (#F) = 100 pence +Exchange rates: + Falkland pound (#F) per US$1 - 0.5519 (January 1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5604 + (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987); note - the Falkland + pound is at par with the British pound +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Communications + +Highways: + 510 km total; 30 km paved, 80 km gravel, and 400 km unimproved earth +Ports: + Port Stanley +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 5 total, 5 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220 to 2,439 m +Telecommunications: + government-operated radiotelephone and private VHF/CB radio networks provide + effective service to almost all points on both islands; 590 telephones; + broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, no TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth + station with links through London to other countries + +:Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Defense Forces + +Branches: + British Forces Falkland Islands (including Army, Royal Air Force, Royal + Navy, and Royal Marines); Police Force +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +:Faroe Islands Geography + +Total area: + 1,400 km2 +Land area: + 1,400 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than eight times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 764 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy +Terrain: + rugged, rocky, some low peaks; cliffs along most of coast +Natural resources: + fish +Land use: + arable land 2%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 98% +Environment: + precipitous terrain limits habitation to small coastal lowlands; archipelago + of 18 inhabited islands and a few uninhabited islets +Note: + strategically located along important sea lanes in northeastern Atlantic + about midway between Iceland and Shetland Islands + +:Faroe Islands People + +Population: + 48,588 (July 1992), growth rate 0.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 17 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 75 years male, 81 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Faroese (singular and plural); adjective - Faroese +Ethnic divisions: + homogeneous Scandinavian population +Religions: + Evangelical Lutheran +Languages: + Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + 17,585; largely engaged in fishing, manufacturing, transportation, and + commerce +Organized labor: + NA + +:Faroe Islands Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative division of + Denmark +Capital: + Torshavn +Administrative divisions: + none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark) +Independence: + part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative division of + Denmark +Constitution: + Danish +Legal system: + Danish +National holiday: + Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940) +Executive branch: + Danish monarch, high commissioner, prime minister, deputy prime minister, + Cabinet (Landsstyri) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament (Lgting) +Judicial branch: + none +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner + Bent KLINTE (since NA) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Atli P. DAM (since 15 January 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + opposition: + Cooperation Coalition Party, Pauli ELLEFSEN; Republican Party, Signer + HANSEN; Progressive and Fishing Industry Party-Christian People's Party + (PFIP-CPP), leader NA; Progress Party, leader NA; Home Rule Party, Hilmar + KASS + two-party ruling coalition: + Social Democratic Party, Atli P. DAM; People's Party, Jogvan SUND- STEIN +Suffrage: + universal at age 20 +Elections: + Danish Parliament: + last held on 12 December 1990 (next to be held by December 1994); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) Social Democratic 1, People's + Party 1; note - the Faroe Islands elects two representatives to the Danish + Parliament + Faroese Parliament: + last held 17 November 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results - Social + Democratic 27.4%, People's Party 21.9%, Cooperation Coalition Party 18.9%, + Republican Party 14.7%, Home Rule 8.8%, PFIP-CPP 5.9%, other 2.4%; seats - + (32 total) two-party coalition 17 (Social Democratic 10, People's Party 7), + Cooperation Coalition Party 6, Republican Party 4, Home Rule 3, PFIP-CPP 2 +Diplomatic representation: + none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark) +Flag: + white with a red cross outlined in blue that extends to the edges of the + flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the + style of the DANNEBROG (Danish flag) + +:Faroe Islands Economy + +Overview: + The Faroese, who have long been enjoying the affluent living standards of + the Danes and other Scandinavians, now must cope with the decline of the + all-important fishing industry and with an external debt twice the size of + annual income. When the nations of the world extended their fishing zones to + 200 nautical miles in the early 1970s, the Faroese no longer could continue + their traditional long-distance fishing and subsequently depleted their own + nearby fishing areas. The government's tight controls on fish stocks and its + austerity measures have caused a recession, and subsidy cuts will force + further reductions in the fishing industry, which has already been plagued + with bankrupcies. An annual Danish subsidy of $140 million continues to + provide roughly one-third of the islands' budget revenues. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $662 million, per capita $14,000; real growth + rate 3% (1989 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.0% (1988) +Unemployment rate: + 5-6% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $425 million; expenditures $480 million, including capital + expenditures of NA (1991 est.) +Exports: + $386 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + fish and fish products 88%, animal feedstuffs, transport equipment (1989) + partners: + Denmark 20%, Germany 18.3%, UK 14.2%, France 11.2%, Spain 7.9%, US 4.5% +Imports: + $322 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment 24.4%, manufactures 24%, food and + livestock 19%, fuels 12%, chemicals 6.5% + partners: + Denmark 43.8%, Norway 19.8%, Sweden 4.9%, Germany 4.2%, US 1.3% +External debt: + $1.3 billion (1989) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 80,000 kW capacity; 280 million kWh produced, 5,910 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + fishing, shipbuilding, handicrafts +Agriculture: + accounts for 27% of GDP and employs 27% of labor force; principal crops - + potatoes and vegetables; livestock - sheep; annual fish catch about 360,000 + metric tons +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + Danish krone (plural - kroner); 1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 ore +Exchange rates: + Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.116 (January 1992), 6.396 (1991), 6.189 + (1990), 7.310 (1989), 6.732 (1988), 6.840 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Faroe Islands Communications + +Highways: + 200 km +Ports: + Torshavn, Tvoroyri +Merchant marine: + 10 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 22,015 GRT/24,007 DWT; includes 1 + short-sea passenger, 5 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 2 refrigerated cargo; note + - a subset of the Danish register +Airports: + 1 with permanent surface runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + good international communications; fair domestic facilities; 27,900 + telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 3 (10 repeaters) FM, 3 (29 repeaters) + TV; 3 coaxial submarine cables + +:Faroe Islands Defense Forces + +Branches: + no organized native military forces; only a small Police Force is maintained +Note: + defense is the responsibility of Denmark + +:Fiji Geography + +Total area: + 18,270 km2 +Land area: + 18,270 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than New Jersey +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 1,129 km +Maritime claims: + (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines) + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation; rectilinear shelf claim added + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + mostly mountains of volcanic origin +Natural resources: + timber, fish, gold, copper; offshore oil potential +Land use: + arable land 8%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and + woodland 65%; other 19%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + subject to hurricanes from November to January; includes 332 islands of + which approximately 110 are inhabited +Note: + located 2,500 km north of New Zealand in the South Pacific Ocean + +:Fiji People + +Population: + 749,946 (July 1992), growth rate 0.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 25 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -10 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 19 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 62 years male, 67 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Fijian(s); adjective - Fijian +Ethnic divisions: + Indian 49%, Fijian 46%, European, other Pacific Islanders, overseas Chinese, + and other 5% +Religions: + Christian 52% (Methodist 37%, Roman Catholic 9%), Hindu 38%, Muslim 8%, + other 2%; note - Fijians are mainly Christian, Indians are Hindu, and there + is a Muslim minority (1986) +Languages: + English (official); Fijian; Hindustani +Literacy: + 86% (male 90%, female 81%) age 15 and over can read and write (1985 est.) +Labor force: + 235,000; subsistence agriculture 67%, wage earners 18%, salary earners 15% + (1987) +Organized labor: + about 45,000 employees belong to some 46 trade unions, which are organized + along lines of work and ethnic origin (1983) + +:Fiji Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Fiji +Type: + military coup leader Maj. Gen. Sitiveni RABUKA formally declared Fiji a + republic on 6 October 1987 +Capital: + Suva +Administrative divisions: + 4 divisions and 1 dependency*; Central, Eastern, Northern, Rotuma*, Western +Independence: + 10 October 1970 (from UK) +Constitution: + 10 October 1970 (suspended 1 October 1987); a new Constitution was proposed + on 23 September 1988 and promulgated on 25 July 1990 +Legal system: + based on British system +National holiday: + Independence Day, 10 October (1970) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet Great Councils of Chiefs (highest ranking + members of the traditional chiefly system) +Legislative branch: + the bicameral Parliament, consisting of an upper house or Senate and a lower + house or House of Representatives, was dissolved following the coup of 14 + May 1987; the Constitution of 23 September 1988 provides for a bicameral + Parliament +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Ratu Sir Penaia Kanatabatu GANILAU (since 5 December 1987) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Ratu Sir Kamisese MARA (since 5 December 1987); Deputy Prime + Minister Josefata KAMIKAMICA (since October 1991); note - Ratu Sir Kamisese + MARA served as prime minister from 10 October 1970 until the 5-11 April 1987 + election; after a second coup led by Maj. Gen. Sitiveni RABUKA on 25 + September 1987, Ratu Sir Kamisese MARA was reappointed as prime minister +Political parties and leaders: + Fijian Political Party (primarily Fijian), leader Maj. Gen. Sitivini RABUKA; + National Federation Party (NFP; primarily Indian), Siddiq KOYA; Christian + Fijian Nationalist Party (CFNP), Sakeasi BUTADROKA; Fiji Labor Party (FLP), + Jokapeci KOROI; All National Congress (ANC), Apisai TORA; General Voters + Party (GVP), Max OLSSON; Fiji Conservative Party (FCP), Isireli VUIBAU; + Conservative Party of Fiji (CPF), Jolale ULUDOLE and Viliame SAVU; Fiji + Indian Liberal Party, Swami MAHARAJ; Fiji Indian Congress Party, Ishwari + BAJPAI; Fiji Independent Labor (Muslim), leader NA; Four Corners Party, + David TULVANUAVOU +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held 14 May 1987 (next to be held 23-29 May 1992); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (70 total, with ethnic Fijians allocated 37 seats, + ethnic Indians 27 seats, and independents and other 6 seats) number of seats + by party NA +Member of: + ACP, AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, + IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, PCA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO + +:Fiji Government + +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Pita Kewa NACUVA; Chancery at Suite 240, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue + NW, Washington, DC 20007; telephone (202) 337-8320; there is a Fijian + Consulate in New York + US: + Ambassador Evelyn I. H. TEEGEN; Embassy at 31 Loftus Street, Suva (mailing + address is P. O. Box 218, Suva); telephone [679] 314-466; FAX [679] 300-081 +Flag: + light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the + Fijian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield depicts a + yellow lion above a white field quartered by the cross of Saint George + featuring stalks of sugarcane, a palm tree, bananas, and a white dove + +:Fiji Economy + +Overview: + Fiji's economy is primarily agricultural, with a large subsistence sector. + Sugar exports are a major source of foreign exchange, and sugar processing + accounts for one-third of industrial output. Industry, including sugar + milling, contributes 13% to GDP. Fiji traditionally had earned considerable + sums of hard currency from the 250,000 tourists who visited each year. In + 1987, however, after two military coups, the economy went into decline. GDP + dropped by 7.8% in 1987 and by another 2.5% in 1988; political uncertainty + created a drop in tourism, and the worst drought of the century caused sugar + production to fall sharply. In contrast, sugar and tourism turned in strong + performances in 1989, and the economy rebounded vigorously. In 1990 the + economy received a setback from cyclone Sina, which cut sugar output by an + estimated 21%. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.3 billion, per capita $1,700; real growth rate + 3.5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 7.0% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 5.9% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $413 million; expenditures $464 million, including capital + expenditures of NA (1992 est.) +Exports: + $646 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + sugar 40%, gold, clothing, copra, processed fish, lumber + partners: + EC 31%, Australia 21%, Japan 8%, US 6% +Imports: + $840 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment 32%, food 15%, petroleum products, + consumer goods, chemicals + partners: + Australia 30%, NZ 17%, Japan 13%, EC 6%, US 6% +External debt: + $428 million (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 8.4% (1991 est.); accounts for 13% of GDP +Electricity: + 215,000 kW capacity; 330 million kWh produced, 430 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + sugar, tourism, copra, gold, silver, fishing, clothing, lumber, small + cottage industries +Agriculture: + accounts for 23% of GDP; principal cash crop is sugarcane; coconuts, + cassava, rice, sweet potatoes, and bananas; small livestock sector includes + cattle, pigs, horses, and goats +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), + $815 million +Currency: + Fijian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Fijian dollar (F$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Fijian dollars (F$) per US$1 - 1.4855 (January 1992), 1.4756 (1991), 1.4809 + (1990), 1.4833 (1989), 1.4303 (1988), 1.2439 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Fiji Communications + +Railroads: + 644 km 0.610-meter narrow gauge, belonging to the government-owned Fiji + Sugar Corporation +Highways: + 3,300 km total (1984) - 1,590 km paved; 1,290 km gravel, crushed stone, or + stabilized soil surface; 420 unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 203 km; 122 km navigable by motorized craft and 200-metric-ton barges +Ports: + Lambasa, Lautoka, Savusavu, Suva +Merchant marine: + 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 40,072 GRT/47,187 DWT; includes 2 + roll-on/roll-off, 2 container, 1 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 1 + cargo +Civil air: + 1 DC-3 and 1 light aircraft +Airports: + 25 total, 22 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + modern local, interisland, and international (wire/radio integrated) public + and special-purpose telephone, telegraph, and teleprinter facilities; + regional radio center; important COMPAC cable link between US-Canada and New + Zealand-Australia; 53,228 telephones; broadcast stations - 7 AM, 1 FM, no + TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Fiji Defense Forces + +Branches: + Fiji Military Force (FMF; including a naval division, Police) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 192,056; 105,898 fit for military service; 7,564 reach military + age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $22.4 million, 1.7% of GDP (FY 91) + +:Finland Geography + +Total area: + 337,030 km2 +Land area: + 305,470 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Montana +Land boundaries: + 2,628 km; Norway 729 km, Sweden 586 km, Russia 1,313 km +Coastline: + 1,126 km; excludes islands and coastal indentations +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 6 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive fishing zone: + 12 nm + Territorial sea: + 4 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + cold temperate; potentially subarctic, but comparatively mild because of + moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more + than 60,000 lakes +Terrain: + mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills +Natural resources: + timber, copper, zinc, iron ore, silver +Land use: + arable land 8%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest and + woodland 76%; other 16%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + permanently wet ground covers about 30% of land; population concentrated on + small southwestern coastal plain +Note: + long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national capital on + European continent + +:Finland People + +Population: + 5,004,273 (July 1992), growth rate 0.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 12 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 72 years male, 80 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.7 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Finn(s); adjective - Finnish +Ethnic divisions: + Finn, Swede, Lapp, Gypsy, Tatar +Religions: + Evangelical Lutheran 89%, Greek Orthodox 1%, none 9%, other 1% +Languages: + Finnish 93.5%, Swedish (both official) 6.3%; small Lapp- and + Russian-speaking minorities +Literacy: + 100% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.) +Labor force: + 2,533,000; public services 30.4%; industry 20.9%; commerce 15.0%; finance, + insurance, and business services 10.2%; agriculture and forestry 8.6%; + transport and communications 7.7%; construction 7.2% +Organized labor: + 80% of labor force + +:Finland Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Finland +Type: + republic +Capital: + Helsinki +Administrative divisions: + 12 provinces (laanit, singular - laani); Ahvenanmaa, Hame, Keski-Suomi, + Kuopio, Kymi, Lappi, Mikkeli, Oulu, Pohjois-Karjala, Turku ja Pori, Uusimaa, + Vaasa +Independence: + 6 December 1917 (from Soviet Union) +Constitution: + 17 July 1919 +Legal system: + civil law system based on Swedish law; Supreme Court may request legislation + interpreting or modifying laws; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with + reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 6 December (1917) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of State + (Valtioneuvosto) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament (Eduskunta) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Korkein Oikeus) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Mauno KOIVISTO (since 27 January 1982) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Esko AHO (since 26 April 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Ilkka + KANERVA (since 26 April 1991) +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Parliament: + last held 17 March 1991 (next to be held March 1995); results - Center Party + 24.8%, Social Democratic Party 22.1%, National Coalition (Conservative) + Party 19.3%, Leftist Alliance (Communist) 10.1%, Green League 6.8%, Swedish + People's Party 5.5%, Rural 4.8%, Finnish Christian League 3.1%, Liberal + People's Party 0.8%; seats - (200 total) Center Party 55, Social Democratic + Party 48, National Coalition (Conservative) Party 40, Leftist Alliance + (Communist) 19, Swedish People's Party 12, Green League 10, Finnish + Christian League 8, Rural 7, Liberal People's Party 1 + President: + last held 31 January - 1 February and 15 February 1988 (next to be held + January 1994); results - Mauno KOIVISTO 48%, Paavo VAYRYNEN 20%, Harri + HOLKERI 18% +Communists: + 28,000 registered members; an additional 45,000 persons belong to People's + Democratic League +Other political or pressure groups: + Finnish Communist Party-Unity, Yrjo HAKANEN; Constitutional Rightist Party; + Finnish Pensioners Party; Communist Workers Party, Timo LAHDENMAKI + +:Finland Government + +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, + ECE, EFTA, ESA (associate), FAO, G-9, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, + ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM + (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NAM (guest), NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS + (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, + UNIFIL, UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Jukka VALTASAARI; Chancery at 3216 New Mexico Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20016; telephone (202) 363-2430; there are Finnish Consulates + General in Los Angeles and New York, and Consulates in Chicago and Houston + US: + Ambassador John H. KELLY (as of December 1991); Embassy at Itainen Puistotie + 14A, SF-00140, Helsinki (mailing address is APO AE 09723); telephone [358] + (0) 171931; FAX [358] (0) 174681 +Flag: + white with a blue cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical + part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the DANNEBROG + (Danish flag) + +:Finland Economy + +Overview: + Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free market economy, with per + capita output nearly three-fourths the US figure. Its main economic force is + the manufacturing sector - principally the wood, metals, and engineering + industries. Trade is important, with the export of goods representing about + 30% of GDP. Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on + imported raw materials, energy, and some components of manufactured goods. + Because of the climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining + self-sufficiency in basic commodities. The economy, which experienced an + average of 4.9% annual growth between 1987 and 1989, sank into a deep + recession in 1991 as growth contracted by 6.2%. The recession - which is + expected to bottom out in late 1992 - has been caused by economic + overheating, depressed foreign markets, and the dismantling of the barter + system between Finland and the former Soviet Union in which Soviet oil and + gas had been exchanged for Finnish manufactured goods. The Finnish + Government has proposed efforts to increase industrial competitiveness and + efficiency by an increase in exports to Western markets, cuts in public + expenditures, partial privatization of state enterprises, and foreign + investment and exchange liberalization. Helsinki tied the markkaa to the + EC's European Currency Unit to promote stability but was forced to devalue + the markkaa by about 12% in November 1991. The devaluation should improve + industrial competitiveness and business confidence in 1992. Finland, as a + member of EFTA, negotiated a European Economic Area arrangement with the EC + that allows for free movement of capital, goods, services, and labor within + the organization as of January 1993. Finland applied for full EC membership + in March 1992. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $80.6 billion, per capita $16,200; real growth + rate - 6.2% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.9% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 7.6% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $35.8 billion; expenditures $41.5 billion, including capital + expenditures of NA billion (1991) +Exports: + $22.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + timber, paper and pulp, ships, machinery, clothing and footwear + partners: + EC 50.25%, Germany 15.5%, UK 10.4%, EFTA 20.7%, Sweden 14%, US 6.1%, Japan + 1.5%, USSR/EE 6.71% (1991) +Imports: + $21.6 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, transport + equipment, iron and steel, machinery, textile yarn and fabrics, fodder + grains + partners: + EC 45.9% (Germany 16.9%), UK 7.7%, EFTA 19.9%, Sweden 12.3%, US 6.9%, Japan + 6%, USSR/EE 10.7% +External debt: + $5.3 billion (1989) +Industrial production: + growth rate - 8.6% (1991 est.) +Electricity: + 13,324,000 kW capacity; 49,330 million kWh produced, 9,857 kWh per capita + (1991) + +:Finland Economy + +Industries: + metal products, shipbuilding, forestry and wood processing (pulp, paper), + copper refining, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing +Agriculture: + accounts for 8% of GDP (including forestry); livestock production, + especially dairy cattle, predominates; forestry is an important export + earner and a secondary occupation for the rural population; main crops - + cereals, sugar beets, potatoes; 85% self-sufficient, but short of foodgrains + and fodder grains; annual fish catch about 160,000 metric tons +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $2.7 billion +Currency: + markka (plural - markkaa); 1 markka (FMk) or Finmark = 100 pennia +Exchange rates: + markkaa (FMk) per US$1 - 4.2967 (January 1992), 4.0440 (1991), 3.8235 + (1990), 4.2912 (1989), 4.1828 (1988), 4.3956 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Finland Communications + +Railroads: + 5,924 km total; Finnish State Railways (VR) operate a total of 5,863 km + 1.524-meter gauge, of which 480 km are multiple track and 1,445 km are + electrified +Highways: + about 103,000 km total, including 35,000 km paved (bituminous, concrete, + bituminous-treated surface) and 38,000 km unpaved (stabilized gravel, + gravel, earth); additional 30,000 km of private (state-subsidized) roads +Inland waterways: + 6,675 km total (including Saimaa Canal); 3,700 km suitable for steamers +Pipelines: + natural gas 580 km +Ports: + Helsinki, Oulu, Pori, Rauma, Turku; 6 secondary, numerous minor ports +Merchant marine: + 80 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 794,094 GRT/732,585 DWT; includes 1 + passenger, 9 short-sea passenger, 16 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 26 + roll-on/roll-off, 12 petroleum tanker, 6 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 7 + bulk +Civil air: + 42 major transport +Airports: + 159 total, 156 usable; 58 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 23 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + good service from cable and radio relay network; 3,140,000 telephones; + broadcast stations - 6 AM, 105 FM, 235 TV; 1 submarine cable; INTELSAT + satellite transmission service via Swedish earth station and a receive-only + INTELSAT earth station near Helsinki + +:Finland Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Frontier Guard (including Coast Guard) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,314,305; 1,087,286 fit for military service; 33,053 reach + military age (17) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.8 billion, 1.6% of GDP (1989 est.) + +:France Geography + +Total area: + 547,030 km2 +Land area: + 545,630 km2; includes Corsica and the rest of metropolitan France, but + excludes the overseas administrative divisions +Comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of Colorado +Land boundaries: + 2,892.4 km; Andorra 60 km, Belgium 620 km, Germany 451 km, Italy 488 km, + Luxembourg 73 km, Monaco 4.4 km, Spain 623 km, Switzerland 573 km +Coastline: + 3,427 km; mainland 2,783 km, Corsica 644 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12-24 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Madagascar claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de + Nova Island, and Tromelin Island; Comoros claims Mayotte; Mauritius claims + Tromelin Island; Seychelles claims Tromelin Island; Suriname claims part of + French Guiana; Mexico claims Clipperton Island; territorial claim in + Antarctica (Adelie Land) +Climate: + generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers + along the Mediterranean +Terrain: + mostly flat plains or gently rolling hills in north and west; remainder is + mountainous, especially Pyrenees in south, Alps in east +Natural resources: + coal, iron ore, bauxite, fish, timber, zinc, potash +Land use: + arable land 32%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 23%; forest and + woodland 27%; other 16%; includes irrigated 2% +Environment: + most of large urban areas and industrial centers in Rhone, Garonne, Seine, + or Loire River basins; occasional warm tropical wind known as mistral +Note: + largest West European nation + +:France People + +Population: + 57,287,258 (July 1992), growth rate 0.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 13 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 74 years male, 82 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women); adjective - French +Ethnic divisions: + Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African, Indochinese, and + Basque minorities +Religions: + Roman Catholic 90%, Protestant 2%, Jewish 1%, Muslim (North African workers) + 1%, unaffiliated 6% +Languages: + French (100% of population); rapidly declining regional dialects (Provencal, + Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish) +Literacy: + 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.) +Labor force: + 24,170,000; services 61.5%, industry 31.3%, agriculture 7.3% (1987) +Organized labor: + 20% of labor force (est.) + +:France Government + +Long-form name: + French Republic +Type: + republic +Capital: + Paris +Administrative divisions: + metropolitan France - 22 regions (regions, singular - region); Alsace, + Aquitaine, Auvergne, Basse-Normandie, Bourgogne, Bretagne, Centre, + Champagne-Ardenne, Corse, Franche-Comte, Haute-Normandie, Ile-de-France, + Languedoc-Roussillon, Limousin, Lorraine, Midi-Pyrenees, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, + Pays de la Loire, Picardie, Poitou-Charentes, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, + Rhone-Alpes; note - the 22 regions are subdivided into 96 departments; see + separate entries for the overseas departments (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, + Martinique, Reunion) and the territorial collectivities (Mayotte, Saint + Pierre and Miquelon) +Independence: + unified by Clovis in 486, First Republic proclaimed in 1792 +Constitution: + 28 September 1958, amended concerning election of president in 1962 +Dependent areas: + Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French Polynesia, French + Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island, New + Caledonia, Tromelin Island, Wallis and Futuna + note: + the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica +Legal system: + civil law system with indigenous concepts; review of administrative but not + legislative acts +National holiday: + Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament (Parlement) consists of an upper house or Senate + (Senat) and a lower house or National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) +Judicial branch: + Constitutional Court (Cour Constitutionnelle) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Pierre BEREGOVOY (since 2 April 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + Rally for the Republic (RPR, formerly UDR), Jacques CHIRAC; Union for French + Democracy (UDF, federation of PR, CDS, and RAD), Valery Giscard d'ESTAING; + Republican Party (PR), Gerard LONGUET; Center for Social Democrats (CDS), + Pierre MEHAIGNERIE; Radical (RAD), Yves GALLAND; Socialist Party (PS), + Laurent FABIUS; Left Radical Movement (MRG), Emile ZUCCARELLI; Communist + Party (PCF), Georges MARCHAIS; National Front (FN), Jean-Marie LE PEN +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + National Assembly: + last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results - Second + Ballot PS-MRG 48. 7%, RPR 23.1%, UDF 21%, PCF 3.4%, other 3.8%; seats - (577 + total) PS 272, RPR 127, UDF 91, UDC 40, PCF 26, independents 21 + +:France Government + + President: + last held 8 May 1988 (next to be held May 1995); results - Second Ballot + Francois MITTERRAND 54%, Jacques CHIRAC 46% +Elections: + Senate: + last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (321 total; 296 metropolitan France, 13 + for overseas departments and territories, and 12 for French nationals + abroad) RPR 91, UDF 143 (PR 52, CDS 68, RAD 23), PS 66, PCF 16, independents + 2, unknown 3 +Communists: + 700,000 claimed but probably closer to 150,000; Communist voters, 2.8 + million in 1988 election +Other political or pressure groups: + Communist-controlled labor union (Confederation Generale du Travail) nearly + 2.4 million members (claimed); Socialist-leaning labor union (Confederation + Francaise Democratique du Travail or CFDT) about 800,000 members est.; + independent labor union (Force Ouvriere) 1 million members (est.); + independent white-collar union (Confederation Generale des Cadres) 340,000 + members (claimed); National Council of French Employers (Conseil National du + Patronat Francais - CNPF or Patronat) +Member of: + ACCT, AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BDEAC, BIS, CCC, CDB, CE, + CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, ESCAP, FAO, FZ, GATT, + G-5, G-7, G-10, IABD, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, + IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, + LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, SPC, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNRWA, UN Security Council, UN + Trusteeship Council, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Jacques ANDREANI; Chancery at 4101 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, + DC 20007; telephone (202) 944-6000; there are French Consulates General in + Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, New Orleans, Miami, New + York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) + US: + Ambassador Walter J. P. CURLEY; Embassy at 2 Avenue Gabriel, 75382 Paris + Cedex 08, Unit 21551 (mailing address is APO AE 09777); telephone [33] (1) + 42-96-12-02 or 42-61-80-75; FAX [33] (1) 42-66-97-83; there are US + Consulates General in Bordeaux, Marseille, and Strasbourg +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; known as + the French Tricouleur (Tricolor); the design and colors have been the basis + for a number of other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Ireland, + Ivory Coast, and Luxembourg; the official flag for all French dependent + areas + +:France Economy + +Overview: + One of the world's most developed economies, France has substantial + agricultural resources and a highly diversified modern industrial sector. + Large tracts of fertile land, the application of modern technology, and + subsidies have combined to make it the leading agricultural producer in + Western Europe. France is largely self-sufficient in agricultural products + and is a major exporter of wheat and dairy products. The industrial sector + generates about one-quarter of GDP, and the growing services sector has + become crucial to the economy. After expanding at a rapid 3.8% pace during + the period 1988-89, the economy slowed down in 1990, with growth of 1.5% in + 1990 and 1.4% in 1991; growth in 1992 is expected to be about 2%. The + economy has had difficulty generating enough jobs for new entrants into the + labor force, resulting in a high unemployment rate, which rose to almost 10% + in 1991. The steadily advancing economic integration within the European + Community is a major force affecting the fortunes of the various economic + sectors. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $1,033.7 billion, per capita $18,300; real + growth rate 1.4% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.3% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 9.8% (end 1991) +Budget: + revenues $229.8 billion; expenditures $246.4 billion, including capital + expenditures of $36 billion (1992 budget) +Exports: + $209.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and transportation equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, agricultural + products, iron and steel products, textiles and clothing + partners: + FRG 17.3%, Italy 11.4%, UK 9.2%, Spain 10.3%, Netherlands 9.0%, + Belgium-Luxembourg 9.4%, US 6.1%, Japan 1.9%, former USSR 0.7% (1989 est.) +Imports: + $232.5 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + crude oil, machinery and equipment, agricultural products, chemicals, iron + and steel products + partners: + FRG 18.9%, Italy 11.6%, Belgium-Luxembourg 8.8%, Netherlands 8.6%, US 8.0%, + Spain 7.9%, UK 7.2%, Japan 4.0%, former USSR 1.4% (1989 est.) +External debt: + $59.3 billion (December 1987) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.2% (1990); accounts for 26% of GDP +Electricity: + 109,972,000 kW capacity; 399,318 million kWh produced, 7,200 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + steel, machinery, chemicals, automobiles, metallurgy, aircraft, electronics, + mining, textiles, food processing, and tourism +Agriculture: + accounts for 4% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); one of the world's + top five wheat producers; other principal products - beef, dairy products, + cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes; self-sufficient for most + temperate-zone foods; shortages include fats and oils and tropical produce, + but overall net exporter of farm products; fish catch of 850,000 metric tons + ranks among world's top 20 countries and is all used domestically + +:France Economy + +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $75.1 billion +Currency: + French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.3801 (January 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 + (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:France Communications + +Railroads: + French National Railways (SNCF) operates 34,568 km 1.435-meter standard + gauge; 11,674 km electrified, 15,132 km double or multiple track; 2,138 km + of various gauges (1.000-meter to 1.440-meter), privately owned and operated +Highways: + 1,551,400 km total; 33,400 km national highway; 347,000 km departmental + highway; 421,000 km community roads; 750,000 km rural roads; 5,401 km of + controlled-access divided autoroutes; about 803,000 km paved +Inland waterways: + 14,932 km; 6,969 km heavily traveled +Pipelines: + crude oil 3,059 km; petroleum products 4,487 km; natural gas 24,746 km +Ports: + maritime - Bordeaux, Boulogne, Brest, Cherbourg, Dunkerque, Fos-Sur-Mer, Le + Havre, Marseille, Nantes, Rouen, Sete, Toulon; inland - 42 +Merchant marine: + 128 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,222,539 GRT/5,117,091 DWT; includes + 6 short-sea passenger, 11 cargo, 18 container, 1 multifunction large-load + carrier, 30 roll-on/roll-off, 34 petroleum tanker, 8 chemical tanker, 6 + liquefied gas, 2 specialized tanker, 11 bulk, 1 refrigerated cargo; note - + France also maintains a captive register for French-owned ships in the + Kerguelen Islands (French Southern and Antarctic Lands) and French Polynesia +Civil air: + 195 major transport aircraft (1989 est.) +Airports: + 472 total, 460 usable; 251 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways + over 3,659 m; 36 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 136 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + highly developed; extensive cable and radio relay networks; large-scale + introduction of optical-fiber systems; satellite systems for domestic + traffic; 39,200,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 41 AM, 800 (mostly + repeaters) FM, 846 (mostly repeaters) TV; 24 submarine coaxial cables; 2 + INTELSAT earth stations (with total of 5 antennas - 2 for the Indian Ocean + INTELSAT and 3 for the Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT); HF radio communications + with more than 20 countries; INMARSAT service; EUTELSAT TV service + +:France Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy (including Naval Air), Air Force, National Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 14,599,636; 12,225,969 fit for military service; 411,211 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $33.1 billion, 3.4% of GDP (1991) + +:French Guiana Geography + +Total area: + 91,000 km2 +Land area: + 89,150 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Indiana +Land boundaries: + 1,183 km; Brazil 673 km, Suriname 510 km +Coastline: + 378 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Suriname claims area between Riviere Litani and Riviere Marouini (both + headwaters of the Lawa) +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + low-lying coastal plains rising to hills and small mountains +Natural resources: + bauxite, timber, gold (widely scattered), cinnabar, kaolin, fish +Land use: + arable land NEGL%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest + and woodland 82%; other 18% +Environment: + mostly an unsettled wilderness + +:French Guiana People + +Population: + 127,505 (July 1992), growth rate 4.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 27 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 24 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 17 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 71 years male, 78 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - French Guianese (singular and plural); adjective - French Guianese; + note - they are a colony/department; they hold French passports +Ethnic divisions: + black or mulatto 66%; Caucasian 12%; East Indian, Chinese, Amerindian 12%; + other 10% +Religions: + predominantly Roman Catholic +Languages: + French +Literacy: + 82% (male 81%, female 83%) age 15 and over can read and write (1982) +Labor force: + 23,265; services, government, and commerce 60.6%, industry 21.2%, + agriculture 18.2% (1980) +Organized labor: + 7% of labor force + +:French Guiana Government + +Long-form name: + Department of Guiana +Type: + overseas department of France +Capital: + Cayenne +Administrative divisions: + none (overseas department of France) +Independence: + none (overseas department of France) +Constitution: + 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) +Legal system: + French legal system +National holiday: + Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) +Executive branch: + French president, commissioner of the republic +Legislative branch: + unicameral General Council and a unicameral Regional Council +Judicial branch: + highest local court is the Court of Appeals based in Martinique with + jurisdiction over Martinique, Guadeloupe, and French Guiana +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) + Head of Government: + Commissioner of the Republic Jean-Francois DICHIARA (since NA 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + Guianese Socialist Party (PSG), Gerard HOLDER; Rally for the Republic (RPR), + Paulin BRUNE; Guianese Democratic Action (ADG), Andre LECANTE; Union for + French Democracy (UDF), Claude Ho A CHUCK; National Front (FN), Guy MALON; + Popular and National Party of Guiana (PNPG), Claude ROBO; National + Anti-Colonist Guianese Party (PANGA), Michel KAPEL +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + French National Assembly: + last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) PSG 1, RPR 1 + French Senate: + last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) PSG 1 + Regional Council: + last held 16 March 1986 (next to be held NA 1991); results - PSG 43%, RPR + 27.7%, ADG 12.2%, UDF 8. 9%, FN 3.7%, PNPG 1.4%, other 3.1%; seats - (31 + total) PSG 15, RPR 9, ADG 4, UDF 3 +Member of: + FZ, WCL, WFTU +Diplomatic representation: + as an overseas department of France, the interests of French Guiana are + represented in the US by France +Flag: + the flag of France is used + +:French Guiana Economy + +Overview: + The economy is tied closely to that of France through subsidies and imports. + Besides the French space center at Kourou, fishing and forestry are the most + important economic activities, with exports of fish and fish products + (mostly shrimp) accounting for more than 60% of total revenue in 1987. The + large reserves of tropical hardwoods, not fully exploited, support an + expanding sawmill industry that provides sawn logs for export. Cultivation + of crops - rice, cassava, bananas, and sugarcane - are limited to the + coastal area, where the population is largely concentrated. French Guiana is + heavily dependent on imports of food and energy. Unemployment is a serious + problem, particularly among younger workers. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $186 million, per capita $2,240; real growth rate + NA% (1985) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.1% (1987) +Unemployment rate: + 15% (1987) +Budget: + revenues $735 million; expenditures $735 million, including capital + expenditures of NA (1987) +Exports: + $54.0 million (f.o.b., 1987) + commodities: + shrimp, timber, rum, rosewood essence + partners: + France 31%, US 22%, Japan 10% (1987) +Imports: + $394.0 million (c.i.f., 1987) + commodities: + food (grains, processed meat), other consumer goods, producer goods, + petroleum + partners: + France 62%, Trinidad and Tobago 9%, US 4%, FRG 3% (1987) +External debt: + $1.2 billion (1988) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 92,000 kW capacity; 185 million kWh produced, 1,821 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + construction, shrimp processing, forestry products, rum, gold mining +Agriculture: + some vegetables for local consumption; rice, corn, manioc, cocoa, bananas, + sugar; livestock - cattle, pigs, poultry +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $1.51 billion +Currency: + French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.3801 (January 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 + (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:French Guiana Communications + +Highways: + 680 km total; 510 km paved, 170 km improved and unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 460 km, navigable by small oceangoing vessels and river and coastal + steamers; 3,300 km navigable by native craft +Ports: + Cayenne +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 10 total, 10 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fair open-wire and radio relay system; 18,100 telephones; broadcast stations + - 5 AM, 7 FM, 9 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:French Guiana Defense Forces + +Branches: + French Forces, Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males 15-49 37,467; 24,534 fit for military service +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +:French Polynesia Geography + +Total area: + 3,941 km2 +Land area: + 3,660 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than one-third the size of Connecticut +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 2,525 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical, but moderate +Terrain: + mixture of rugged high islands and low islands with reefs +Natural resources: + timber, fish, cobalt +Land use: + arable land 1%; permanent crops 19%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and + woodland 31%; other 44% +Environment: + occasional cyclonic storm in January; includes five archipelagoes +Note: + Makatea in French Polynesia is one of the three great phosphate rock islands + in the Pacific Ocean - the others are Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati and + Nauru + +:French Polynesia People + +Population: + 205,620 (July 1992), growth rate 2.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 28 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 15 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 68 years male, 73 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - French Polynesian(s); adjective - French Polynesian +Ethnic divisions: + Polynesian 78%, Chinese 12%, local French 6%, metropolitan French 4% +Religions: + mainly Christian; Protestant 54%, Roman Catholic 30%, other 16% +Languages: + French and Tahitian (both official) +Literacy: + 98% (male 98%, female 98%) age 14 and over but definition of literacy not + available (1977) +Labor force: + 76,630 employed (1988) +Organized labor: + NA + +:French Polynesia Government + +Long-form name: + Territory of French Polynesia +Type: + overseas territory of France since 1946 +Capital: + Papeete +Administrative divisions: + none (overseas territory of France); there are no first-order administrative + divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 5 archipelagic + divisions named Archipel des Marquises, Archipel des Tuamotu, Archipel des + Tubuai, Iles du Vent, and Iles Sous-le-Vent; note - Clipperton Island is + administered by France from French Polynesia +Independence: + none (overseas territory of France) +Constitution: + 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) +Legal system: + based on French system +National holiday: + Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) +Executive branch: + French president, high commissioner of the republic, president of the + Council of Ministers, vice president of the Council of Ministers, Council of + Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral Territorial Assembly +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981); High Commissioner of the + Republic Jean MONTPEZAT (since November 1987) + Head of Government: + President of the Council of Ministers Gaston FLOSSE (since 10 May 1991); + Vice President of the Council of Ministers Joel BUILLARD (since 12 September + 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + People's Rally (Tahoeraa Huiraatira; Gaullist), Gaston FLOSSE; Polynesian + Union Party (Te Tiarama; centrist), Alexandre LEONTIEFF; New Fatherland + Party (Ai'a Api), Emile VERNAUDON; Polynesian Liberation Front (Tavini + Huiraatira), Oscar TEMARU; other small parties +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + National Assembly last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); + results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) People's Rally + (Gaullist) 1, New Fatherland Party 1 + French Senate: + last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) party NA + Territorial Assembly: + last held 17 March 1991 (next to be held March 1996); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (41 total) People's Rally (Gaullist) 18, + Polynesian Union Party 14, New Fatherland Party 5, other 4 +Member of: + FZ, ICFTU, SPC, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + as an overseas territory of France, French Polynesian interests are + represented in the US by France + +:French Polynesia Government + +Flag: + the flag of France is used + +:French Polynesia Economy + +Overview: + Since 1962, when France stationed military personnel in the region, French + Polynesia has changed from a subsistence economy to one in which a high + proportion of the work force is either employed by the military or supports + the tourist industry. Tourism accounts for about 20% of GDP and is a primary + source of hard currency earnings. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.2 billion, per capita $6,000; real growth rate + NA% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.9% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + 14.9% (1988 est.) +Budget: + revenues $614 million; expenditures $957 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1988) +Exports: + $88.9 million (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + coconut products 79%, mother-of-pearl 14%, vanilla, shark meat + partners: + France 54%, US 17%, Japan 17% +Imports: + $765 million (c.i.f., 1989) + commodities: + fuels, foodstuffs, equipment + partners: + France 53%, US 11%, Australia 6%, NZ 5% +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 72,000 kW capacity; 265 million kWh produced, 1,390 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + tourism, pearls, agricultural processing, handicrafts +Agriculture: + coconut and vanilla plantations; vegetables and fruit; poultry, beef, dairy + products +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), + $3.95 billion +Currency: + Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (plural - francs); 1 CFP franc (CFPF) + = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1 - 97.81 (January + 1992), 102.57 (1991), 99.00 (1990), 115.99 (1989), 108.30 (1988), 109.27 + (1987); note - linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French franc +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:French Polynesia Communications + +Highways: + 600 km (1982) +Ports: + Papeete, Bora-bora +Merchant marine: + 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,128 GRT/6,710 DWT; includes 2 + passenger-cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo; note - a captive subset of the French + register +Civil air: + about 6 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 43 total, 41 usable; 23 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 33,200 telephones; 84,000 radio receivers; 26,400 TV sets; broadcast + stations - 5 AM, 2 FM, 6 TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:French Polynesia Defense Forces + +Branches: + French forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force), Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 50,844; NA fit for military service +Note: + defense is responsibility of France + +:French Southern and Antarctic Lands Geography + +Total area: + 7,781 km2 +Land area: + 7,781 km2; includes Ile Amsterdam, Ile Saint-Paul, Iles Kerguelen, and Iles + Crozet; excludes Terre Adelie claim of about 500,000 km2 in Antarctica that + is not recognized by the US +Comparative area: + slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Delaware +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 1,232 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm (Iles Kerguelen only) + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Terre Adelie claim in Antarctica is not recognized by the US +Climate: + antarctic +Terrain: + volcanic +Natural resources: + fish, crayfish +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint-Paul are extinct volcanoes +Note: + located in the southern Indian Ocean about equidistant between Africa, + Antarctica, and Australia + +:French Southern and Antarctic Lands People + +Population: + summer (January 1991) - 200, winter (July 1992) - 150, growth rate 0.0% + (1992); note - mostly researchers + +:French Southern and Antarctic Lands Government + +Long-form name: + Territory of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands +Type: + overseas territory of France since 1955; governed by High Administrator + Bernard de GOUTTES (since May 1990), who is assisted by a 7-member + Consultative Council and a 12-member Scientific Council +Capital: + none; administered from Paris, France +Administrative divisions: + none (overseas territory of France); there are no first-order administrative + divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 3 districts named + Ile Crozet, Iles Kerguelen, and Iles Saint-Paul et Amsterdam; excludes Terre + Adelie claim in Antarctica that is not recognized by the US +Flag: + the flag of France is used + +:French Southern and Antarctic Lands Economy + +Overview: + Economic activity is limited to servicing meteorological and geophysical + research stations and French and other fishing fleets. The fishing catches + landed on Iles Kerguelen by foreign ships are exported to France and + Reunion. +Budget: + $33.6 million (1990) + +:French Southern and Antarctic Lands Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only +Merchant marine: + 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 192,752 GRT/334,400 DWT; includes 1 + cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 petroleum tanker, 1 + liquefied gas, 2 bulk, 1 multifunction large load carrier; note - a captive + subset of the French register +Telecommunications: + NA + +:French Southern and Antarctic Lands Defense Forces + +Branches: + French Forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force) +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +:Gabon Geography + +Total area: + 267,670 km2 +Land area: + 257,670 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Colorado +Land boundaries: + 2,551 km; Cameroon 298 km, Congo 1,903 km, Equatorial Guinea 350 km +Coastline: + 885 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + maritime boundary dispute with Equatorial Guinea because of disputed + sovereignty over islands in Corisco Bay +Climate: + tropical; always hot, humid +Terrain: + narrow coastal plain; hilly interior; savanna in east and south +Natural resources: + crude oil, manganese, uranium, gold, timber, iron ore +Land use: + arable land 1%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest and + woodland 78%; other 2% +Environment: + deforestation + +:Gabon People + +Population: + 1,106,355 (July 1992), growth rate 1.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 29 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 14 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 100 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 51 years male, 56 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Gabonese (singular and plural); adjective - Gabonese +Ethnic divisions: + about 40 Bantu tribes, including four major tribal groupings (Fang, Eshira, + Bapounou, Bateke); about 100,000 expatriate Africans and Europeans, + including 27,000 French +Religions: + Christian 55-75%, Muslim less than 1%, remainder animist +Languages: + French (official), Fang, Myene, Bateke, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi +Literacy: + 61% (male 74%, female 48%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 120,000 salaried; agriculture 65.0%, industry and commerce 30.0%, services + 2.5%, government 2.5%; 58% of population of working age (1983) +Organized labor: + there are 38,000 members of the national trade union, the Gabonese Trade + Union Confederation (COSYGA) + +:Gabon Government + +Long-form name: + Gabonese Republic +Type: + republic; multiparty presidential regime (opposition parties legalized 1990) +Capital: + Libreville +Administrative divisions: + 9 provinces; Estuaire, Haut-Ogooue, Moyen-Ogooue, Ngounie, Nyanga, + Ogooue-Ivindo, Ogooue-Lolo, Ogooue-Maritime, Woleu-Ntem +Independence: + 17 August 1960 (from France) +Constitution: + 21 February 1961, revised 15 April 1975 +Legal system: + based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review of + legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; compulsory + ICJ jurisdiction not accepted +National holiday: + Renovation Day (Gabonese Democratic Party established), 12 March (1968) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President El Hadj Omar BONGO (since 2 December 1967) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Casimir OYE-MBA (since 3 May 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG, former sole party), El Hadj Omar BONGO, + president; National Recovery Movement - Lumberjacks (Morena-Bucherons); + Gabonese Party for Progress (PGP); National Recovery Movement + (Morena-Original); Association for Socialism in Gabon (APSG); Gabonese + Socialist Union (USG); Circle for Renewal and Progress (CRP); Union for + Democracy and Development (UDD) +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + National Assembly: + last held on 28 October 1990 (next to be held by NA); results - percent of + vote NA; seats - (120 total, 111 elected) PDG 62, National Recovery Movement + - Lumberjacks (Morena-Bucherons) 19, PGP 18, National Recovery Movement + (Morena-Original) 7, APSG 6, USG 4, CRP 1, independents 3 + President: + last held on 9 November 1986 (next to be held December 1993); results - + President Omar BONGO was reelected without opposition +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, + IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, + INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS (associate), NAM, OAU, OIC, OPEC, UDEAC, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador-designate Alexandre SAMBAT; Chancery at 2034 20th Street NW, + Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 797-1000 + +:Gabon Government + + US: + Ambassador Keith L. WAUCHOPE; Embassy at Boulevard de la Mer, Libreville + (mailing address is B. P. 4000, Libreville); telephone (241) 762003/4, or + 743492 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and blue + +:Gabon Economy + +Overview: + The economy, dependent on timber and manganese until the early 1970s, is now + dominated by the oil sector. During the period 1981-85, oil accounted for + about 46% of GDP, 83% of export earnings, and 65% of government revenues on + average. The high oil prices of the early 1980s contributed to a substantial + increase in per capita income, stimulated domestic demand, reinforced + migration from rural to urban areas, and raised the level of real wages to + among the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa. The three-year slide of Gabon's + economy, which began with falling oil prices in 1985, was reversed in 1989 + because of a near doubling of oil prices over their 1988 lows. In 1990 the + economy posted strong growth despite serious strikes, but debt servicing + problems are hindering economic advancement. The agricultural and industrial + sectors are relatively underdeveloped, except for oil. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $3.3 billion, per capita $3,090; real growth rate + 13% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3% (1989 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $1.1 billion; expenditures $1.5 billion, including capital + expenditures of $277 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $1.16 billion (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + crude oil 70%, manganese 11%, wood 12%, uranium 6% + partners: + France 53%, US 22%, FRG, Japan +Imports: + $0.78 billion (c.i.f., 1989) + commodities: + foodstuffs, chemical products, petroleum products, construction materials, + manufactures, machinery + partners: + France 48%, US 2.6%, FRG, Japan, UK +External debt: + $3.4 billion (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -10% (1988 est.) +Electricity: + 315,000 kW capacity; 995 million kWh produced, 920 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + petroleum, food and beverages, timber, cement, plywood, textiles, mining - + manganese, uranium, gold +Agriculture: + accounts for 10% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); cash crops - + cocoa, coffee, palm oil; livestock not developed; importer of food; small + fishing operations provide a catch of about 20,000 metric tons; okoume (a + tropical softwood) is the most important timber product +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $66 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2,225 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $27 million +Currency: + Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) + = 100 centimes + +:Gabon Economy + +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January + 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 + (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Gabon Communications + +Railroads: + 649 km 1.437-meter standard-gauge single track (Transgabonese Railroad) +Highways: + 7,500 km total; 560 km paved, 960 km laterite, 5,980 km earth +Inland waterways: + 1,600 km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + crude oil 270 km; petroleum products 14 km +Ports: + Owendo, Port-Gentil, Libreville +Merchant marine: + 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 18,563 GRT/25,330 DWT +Civil air: + 15 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 70 total, 59 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + adequate system of cable, radio relay, tropospheric scatter links and + radiocommunication stations; 15,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 6 + FM, 3 (5 repeaters) TV; satellite earth stations - 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + and 12 domestic satellite + +:Gabon Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Presidential Guard, National Gendarmerie, National + Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 267,580; 134,665 fit for military service; 9,262 reach military + age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $102 million, 3.2% of GDP (1990 est.) + +:The Gambia Geography + +Total area: + 11,300 km2 +Land area: + 10,000 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of Delaware +Land boundaries: + 740 km; Senegal 740 km +Coastline: + 80 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 18 nm + Continental shelf: + not specific + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + short section of boundary with Senegal is indefinite +Climate: + tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November + to May) +Terrain: + flood plain of the Gambia River flanked by some low hills +Natural resources: + fish +Land use: + arable land 16%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 9%; forest and + woodland 20%; other 55%; includes irrigated 3% +Environment: + deforestation +Note: + almost an enclave of Senegal; smallest country on the continent of Africa + +:The Gambia People + +Population: + 902,089 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 47 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 17 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 129 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 47 years male, 51 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Gambian(s); adjective - Gambian +Ethnic divisions: + African 99% (Mandinka 42%, Fula 18%, Wolof 16%, Jola 10%, Serahuli 9%, other + 4%); non-Gambian 1% +Religions: + Muslim 90%, Christian 9%, indigenous beliefs 1% +Languages: + English (official); Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars +Literacy: + 27% (male 39%, female 16%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 400,000 (1986 est.); agriculture 75.0%, industry, commerce, and services + 18.9%, government 6.1%; 55% population of working age (1983) +Organized labor: + 25-30% of wage labor force + +:The Gambia Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of The Gambia +Type: + republic under multiparty democratic rule +Capital: + Banjul +Administrative divisions: + 5 divisions and 1 city*; Banjul*, Lower River, MacCarthy Island, North Bank, + Upper River, Western +Independence: + 18 February 1965 (from UK); The Gambia and Senegal signed an agreement on 12 + December 1981 (effective 1 February 1982) that called for the creation of a + loose confederation to be known as Senegambia, but the agreement was + dissolved on 30 September 1989 +Constitution: + 24 April 1970 +Legal system: + based on a composite of English common law, Koranic law, and customary law; + accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 18 February (1965) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Alhaji Sir Dawda Kairaba JAWARA (since 24 April 1970); Vice + President Bakary Bunja DARBO (since 12 May 1982) +Political parties and leaders: + People's Progressive Party (PPP), Dawda K. JAWARA, secretary general; + National Convention Party (NCP), Sheriff DIBBA; Gambian People's Party + (GPP), Hassan Musa CAMARA; United Party (UP), leader NA; People's Democratic + Organization of Independence and Socialism (PDOIS), leader NA; People's + Democratic Party (PDP), Jabel SALLAH +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held on 11 March 1987 (next to be held by March 1992); results - PPP + 56.6%, NCP 27.6%, GPP 14.7%, PDOIS 1%; seats - (43 total, 36 elected) PPP + 31, NCP 5 + President: + last held on 11 March 1987 (next to be held March 1992); results - Sir Dawda + JAWARA (PPP) 61.1%, Sherif Mustapha DIBBA (NCP) 25.2%, Assan Musa CAMARA + (GPP) 13.7% +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, + IDB, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Ousman A. SALLAH; Chancery at Suite 720, 1030 15th Street NW, + Washington, DC 20005; telephone (202) 842-1356 or 842-1359 + US: + Ambassador Arlene RENDER; Embassy at Pipeline Road (Kairaba Avenue), Fajara, + Banjul (mailing address is P. M. B. No. 19, Banjul); telephone Serrekunda + [220] 92856 or 92858, 91970, 91971 + +:The Gambia Government + +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue with white edges, and green + +:The Gambia Economy + +Overview: + The Gambia has no important mineral or other natural resources and has a + limited agricultural base. It is one of the world's poorest countries with a + per capita income of about $230. About 75% of the population is engaged in + crop production and livestock raising, which contribute 30% to GDP. + Small-scale manufacturing activity - processing peanuts, fish, and hides - + accounts for less than 10% of GDP. Tourism is a growing industry. The Gambia + imports one-third of its food, all fuel, and most manufactured goods. + Exports are concentrated on peanut products (about 75% of total value). +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $207 million, per capita $235; real growth rate + 3% (FY91 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 6.0% (FY91) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $79 million; expenditures $84 million, including capital + expenditures of $21 million (FY90) +Exports: + $116 million (f.o.b., FY90) + commodities: + peanuts and peanut products, fish, cotton lint, palm kernels + partners: + Japan 60%, Europe 29%, Africa 5%, US 1, other 5% (1989) +Imports: + $147 million (f.o.b., FY90) + commodities: + foodstuffs, manufactures, raw materials, fuel, machinery and transport + equipment + partners: + Europe 57%, Asia 25%, USSR/EE 9%, US 6%, other 3% (1989) +External debt: + $336 million (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 6.7%; accounts for 5.8% of GDP (FY90) +Electricity: + 30,000 kW capacity; 65 million kWh produced, 75 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + peanut processing, tourism, beverages, agricultural machinery assembly, + woodworking, metalworking, clothing +Agriculture: + accounts for 30% of GDP and employs about 75% of the population; imports + one-third of food requirements; major export crop is peanuts; the other + principal crops - millet, sorghum, rice, corn, cassava, palm kernels; + livestock - cattle, sheep, and goats; forestry and fishing resources not + fully exploited +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $93 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $535 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $39 million +Currency: + dalasi (plural - dalasi); 1 dalasi (D) = 100 bututs +Exchange rates: + dalasi (D) per US$1 - 8.790 (March 1992), 8.803 (1991), 7.883 (1990), 7.5846 + (1989), 6.7086 (1988), 7.0744 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:The Gambia Communications + +Highways: + 3,083 km total; 431 km paved, 501 km gravel/laterite, and 2,151 km + unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 400 km +Ports: + Banjul +Civil air: + 4 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runway 2,440-3,659 m +Telecommunications: + adequate network of radio relay and wire; 3,500 telephones; broadcast + stations - 3 AM, 2 FM; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:The Gambia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, National Gendarmerie, National Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 194,480; 98,271 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - more than $1 million, 0.7% of GDP (1989) +\ + +:Gaza Strip Geography + +Total area: + 380 km2 +Land area: + 380 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 62 km; Egypt 11 km, Israel 51 km +Coastline: + 40 km +Maritime claims: + Israeli occupied with status to be determined +Disputes: + Israeli occupied with status to be determined +Climate: + temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers +Terrain: + flat to rolling, sand- and dune- covered coastal plain +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land 13%, permanent crops 32%, meadows and pastures 0%, forest and + woodland 0%, other 55% +Environment: + desertification +Note: + The war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967 ended with Israel in + control of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, the Sinai, and the Golan + Heights. As stated in the 1978 Camp David accords and reaffirmed by + President Bush's post - Gulf crisis peace initiative, the final status of + the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, + and a peace treaty be-tween Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the + concerned parties. Camp David further specifies that these negotiations will + resolve the respective boundaries. Pending the completion of this process, + it is US policy that the final status of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip + has yet to be determined. In the US view, the term West Bank describes all + of the area west of the Jordan River under Jordanian administration before + the 1967 Arab-Israeli war. With respect to negotiations envisaged in the + framework agreement, however, it is US policy that a distinction must be + made between Jerusalem and the rest of the West Bank because of the city's + special status and circumstances. Therefore, a negotiated solution for the + final status of Jerusalem could be different in character from that of the + rest of the West Bank. + The Gaza Strip is currently governed by Israeli military authorities and + Israeli civil administration; it is US policy that the final status of the + Gaza Strip will be determined by negotiations among the concerned parties; + these negotiations will determine how this area is to be governed. + There are 18 Jewish settlements in the Gaza Strip. + +:Gaza Strip People + +Population: + 681,026 (July 1992), growth rate 3.6% (1992); in addition, there are 4,000 + Jewish settlers in the Gaza Strip (1992 est.) +Birth rate: + 46 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + - 4 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 41 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 66 years male, 68 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + NA +Ethnic divisions: + Palestinian Arab and other 99.8%, Jewish 0.2% +Religions: + Muslim (predominantly Sunni) 99%, Christian 0.7%, Jewish 0.3% +Languages: + Arabic, Israeli settlers speak Hebrew; English widely understood +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + (excluding Israeli Jewish settlers) small industry, commerce and business + 32.0%, construction 24.4%, service and other 25.5%, and agriculture 18.1% + (1984) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Gaza Strip Government + +Long-form name: + none + +:Gaza Strip Economy + +Overview: + In 1990 roughly 40% of Gaza Strip workers were employed across the border by + Israeli industrial, construction, and agricultural enterprises, with worker + remittances accounting for about one-third of GNP. The construction, + agricultural, and industrial sectors account for about 15%, 12%, and 8% of + GNP, respectively. Gaza depends upon Israel for some 90% of its external + trade. Unrest in the territory in 1988-92 (intifadah) has raised + unemployment and substantially lowered the standard of living of Gazans. The + Persian Gulf crisis and its aftershocks also have dealt severe blows to Gaza + since August 1990. Worker remittances from the Gulf states have plunged, + unemployment has increased, and exports have fallen dramatically. The area's + economic outlook remains bleak. +GNP: + exchange rate conversion - $380 million, per capita $590; real growth rate - + 30% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 9% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 20% (1990 est.) +Budget: + revenues $33.8 million; expenditures $33.3 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY88) +Exports: + $30 million (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + citrus + partners: + Israel, Egypt +Imports: + $255 million (c.i.f., 1989) + commodities: + food, consumer goods, construction materials + partners: + Israel, Egypt +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate 10% (1989); accounts for about 8% of GNP +Electricity: + power supplied by Israel +Industries: + generally small family businesses that produce textiles, soap, olive-wood + carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs; the Israelis have established some + small-scale modern industries in an industrial center +Agriculture: + accounts for about 12% of GNP; olives, citrus and other fruits, vegetables, + beef, dairy products +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + new Israeli shekel (plural - shekels); 1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new + agorot +Exchange rates: + new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1 - 2.2984 (January 1992), 2.2792 (1991), + 2.0162 (1990), 1.9164 (1989), 1.5989 (1988), 1.5946 (1987) +Fiscal year: + previously 1 April - 31 March; FY91 was 1 April - 3l December, and since 1 + January 1992 the fiscal year has conformed to the calendar year + +:Gaza Strip Communications + +Railroads: + one line, abandoned and in disrepair, some trackage remains +Highways: + small, poorly developed indigenous road network +Ports: + facilities for small boats to service the city of Gaza +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runway less than 1,220 m +Telecommunications: + broadcast stations - no AM, no FM, no TV + +:Gaza Strip Defense Forces + +Branches: + NA +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 136,311; NA fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Georgia Geography + +Total area: + 69,700 km2 +Land area: + 69,700 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than South Carolina +Land boundaries: + 1,461 km; Armenia 164 km, Azerbaijan 322 km, Russia 723 km, Turkey 252 km +Coastline: + 310 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + NA nm + Continental Shelf: + NA meter depth + Exclusive economic zone: + NA nm + Exclusive fishing zone: + NA nm + Territorial sea: + NA nm, Georgian claims unknown; 12 nm in 1973 USSR-Turkish Protocol + concerning the sea boundary between the two states in the Black Sea +Disputes: + none +Climate: + warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast +Terrain: + largely mountainous with Great Caucasus Mountains in the north and Lesser + Caucasus Mountains in the south; Colchis lowland opens to the Black Sea in + the west; Kura River Basin in the east; good soils in river valley flood + plains, foothills of Colchis lowland +Natural resources: + forest lands, hydropower, manganese deposits, iron ores, copper, minor coal + and oil deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for important tea and + citrus growth +Land use: + NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest + and woodland; NA% other; includes 200,000 hectares irrigated +Environment: + air pollution, particularly in Rustavi; heavy pollution of Kura River, Black + Sea + +:Georgia People + +Population: + 5,570,978 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992) +Birth rate: + 17 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 34 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 67 years male, 75 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Georgian(s); adjective - Georgian +Ethnic divisions: + Georgian 68.8%, Armenian 9.0%, Russian Azari 5.1%, Ossetian 3.2%, Abkhaz + 1.7%, other 4.8% +Religions: + Russian Orthodox 10%, Georgian Orthodox 65%, Armenian Orthodox 8%, Muslim + 11%, unknown 6% +Languages: + Georgian (official language) 71%, Russian 9%, other 20% - Armenian 7%, + Azerbaijani 6% +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write +Labor force: + 2,834,000; agriculture 29.1% (1988), government NA%, industry 17.8%, other + 53.1% +Organized labor: + NA + +:Georgia Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Georgia +Type: + republic +Capital: + T'bilisi (Tbilisi) +Administrative divisions: + 2 autonomous republics (avtomnoy respubliki, singular - avtom respublika); + Abkhazia (Sukhumi), Ajaria (Batumi); note - the administrative centers of + the autonomous republics are included in parentheses; there are no oblasts - + the rayons around T'bilisi are under direct republic jurisdiction; also + included is the South Ossetia Autonomous Oblast +Independence: + 9 April 1991 (from Soviet Union); formerly Georgian Soviet Socialist + Republic +Constitution: + adopted NA, effective NA +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: + Independence Day, 9 April 1991 +Executive branch: + State Council, chairman of State Council, Council of Ministers, prime + minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral Supreme Soviet +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Chairman of State Council Eduard SHEVARDNADZE (since March 1992) + Head of Government: + Acting Prime Minister Tengiz SIGUA (since January 1992); First Deputy Prime + Minister Otar KVILITAYA (since January 1992); First Deputy Prime Minister + Tengiz KITOVANI (since March 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + All-Georgian Merab Kostava Society, Vazha ADAMIA, chairman; All-Georgian + Tradionalists' Union, Akakiy ASATIANI, chairman; Georgian National Front - + Radical Union, Ruslan GONGADZE, chairman; Social-Democratic Party, Guram + MUCHAIDZE, chairman; All-Georgian Rustaveli Society, Akakiy BAKRADZE, + chairman; Georgian Monarchists' Party, Teymur JORJOLIANI, chairman; Georgian + Popular Front, Nodar NATADZE, chairman; National Democratic Party, Georgiy + CHANTURIA, chairman; National Independence Party, Irakliy TSERETELI, + chairman; Charter 1991 Party, Tedo PAATASHVILI, chairman; Democratic Georgia + Party, Georgiy SHENGELAYA, Chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Georgian Parliament: + last held November 1990; results - 7-party coalition Round Table - Free + Georgia 62%, other 38%; seats - (250) Round Table - Free Georgia 155, other + 95 + President: + Zviad GAMSAKHURDIYA, 87% of vote +Other political or pressure groups: + NA +Member of: + CSCE, IMF, World Bank + +:Georgia Government + +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador NA, Chancery at NA NW, Washington, DC 200__; telephone (202) NA + US: + Ambassador NA; Embassy at NA (mailing address is APO New York 09862) +Flag: + maroon field with small rectangle in upper left corner; rectangle divided + horizontally with black on top, white below + +:Georgia Economy + +Overview: + Among the former Soviet republics, Georgia is noted for its Black Sea + tourist industry, its large output of citrus fruits and tea, and the amazing + diversity of an industrial sector that accounted, however, for less than 2% + of the USSR's output. Another salient characteristic of the economy has been + a flourishing private sector (compared with the other republics). Almost 30% + of the labor force is employed in agriculture and 18% in industry. Mineral + resources consist of manganese and copper, and, to a lesser extent, + molybdenum, arsenic, tungsten, and mercury. Except for very small quantities + of domestic oil, gas, and coal, fuel must be imported from neighboring + republics. Oil and its products are delivered by pipeline from Azerbaijan to + the port of Batumi for export and local refining. Gas is supplied in + pipelines from Krasnodar and Stavropol'. Georgia is nearly self-sufficient + in electric power, thanks to abundant hydropower stations as well as some + thermal power stations. The dismantling of central economic controls is + being delayed by political factionalism, marked by armed struggles between + the elected government and the opposition, and industrial output seems to + have fallen more steeply in Georgia in 1991 than in any other of the former + Soviet republics. To prevent further economic decline, Georgia must + establish domestic peace and must maintain economic ties to the other former + Soviet republics while developing new links to the West. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $NA; per capita $NA; real growth rate - 23% + (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + approximately 90% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA + million (1991) +Exports: + $176 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + citrus fruits, tea, other agricultural products; diverse types of machinery; + ferrous and nonferrous metals; textiles + partners: + NA +Imports: + $1.5 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and parts, fuel, transport equipment, textiles + partners: + NA +External debt: + $650 million (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate - 19% (1991) +Electricity: + 4,575,000 kW capacity; 15,300 million kWh produced, about 2,600 kWh per + capita (1991) +Industries: + Heavy industrial products include raw steel, rolled steel, cement, lumber; + machine tools, foundry equipment, electric mining locomotives, tower cranes, + electric welding equipment, machinery for food preparation, meat packing, + dairy, and fishing industries; air-conditioning electric motors up to 100 kW + in size, electric motors for cranes, magnetic starters for motors; devices + for control of industrial processes; trucks, tractors, and other farm + machinery; light industrial products, including cloth, hosiery, and shoes + +:Georgia Economy + +Agriculture: + accounted for 97% of former USSR citrus fruits and 93% of former USSR tea; + berries and grapes; sugar; vegetables, grains, and potatoes; cattle, pigs, + sheep, goats, and poultry +Illicit drugs: + illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption; + status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipment + points for illicit drugs to Western Europe +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $NA billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million; + Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million +Currency: + as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency +Exchange rates: + NA +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Georgia Communications + +Railroads: + 1,570 km, does not include industrial lines (1990) +Highways: + 33,900 km total; 29,500 km hard surfaced, 4,400 km earth (1990) +Inland waterways: + NA km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + crude oil NA km, refined products NA km, natural gas NA km +Ports: + maritime - Batumi, Poti; inland - NA +Merchant marine: + 54 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 715,802 GRT/1,108,068 DWT; includes 16 + bulk cargo, 34 oil tanker, 2 chemical tanker, and 2 specialized liquid + carrier +Civil air: + NA major transport aircraft +Airports: + NA total, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over + 3,659 m; NA with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + poor telephone service; 339,000 unsatisfied applications for telephones (31 + January 1992); international links via landline to CIS members and Turkey; + low capacity satellite earth station and leased international connections + via the Moscow international gateway switch + +:Georgia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS + Forces (Ground, Navy, Air, and Air Defense) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18) + annually +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GNP + +:Germany Geography + +Total area: + 356,910 km2 +Land area: + 349,520 km2; comprises the formerly separate Federal Republic of Germany, + the German Democratic Republic, and Berlin following formal unification on 3 + October 1990 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Montana +Land boundaries: + 3,790 km; Austria 784 km, Belgium 167 km, Czechoslovakia 815 km, Denmark 68 + km, France 451 km, Luxembourg 138 km, Netherlands 577 km, Poland 456 km, + Switzerland 334 km +Coastline: + 2,389 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + North Sea and Schleswig-Holstein coast of Baltic Sea - 3 nm (extends, at one + point, to 16 nm in the Helgolander Bucht); remainder of Baltic Sea - 12 nm +Disputes: + the boundaries of Germany were set by the Treaty on the Final Settlement + With Respect to Germany signed 12 September 1990 in Moscow by the Federal + Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic, France, the United + Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union; this Treaty entered into + force on 15 March 1991; a subsequent Treaty between Germany and Poland, + reaffirming the German-Polish boundary, was signed on 14 November 1990 and + took effect on 16 January 1992 +Climate: + temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional + warm, tropical foehn wind; high relative humidity +Terrain: + lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south +Natural resources: + iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, + nickel +Land use: + arable land 34%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 16%; forest and + woodland 30%; other 19%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + air and water pollution; groundwater, lakes, and air quality in eastern + Germany are especially bad; significant deforestation in the eastern + mountains caused by air pollution and acid rain +Note: + strategic location on North European Plain and along the entrance to the + Baltic Sea + +:Germany People + +Population: + 80,387,283 (July 1992), growth rate 0.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 11 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 5 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 73 years male, 79 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - German(s); adjective - German +Ethnic divisions: + primarily German; small Danish and Slavic minorities +Religions: + Protestant 45%, Roman Catholic 37%, unaffiliated or other 18% +Languages: + German +Literacy: + 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.) +Labor force: + 36,750,000; industry 41%, agriculture 6%, other 53% (1987) +Organized labor: + 47% of labor force (1986 est.) + +:Germany Government + +Long-form name: + Federal Republic of Germany +Type: + federal republic +Capital: + Berlin; note - the shift from Bonn to Berlin will take place over a period + of years with Bonn retaining many administrative functions and several + ministries +Administrative divisions: + 16 states (lander, singular - land); Baden-Wurttemberg, Bayern, Berlin, + Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, + Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, + Schleswig-Holstein, Thuringen +Independence: + 18 January 1871 (German Empire unification); divided into four zones of + occupation (UK, US, USSR, and later, France) in 1945 following World War II; + Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West Germany) proclaimed 23 May 1949 and + included the former UK, US, and French zones; German Democratic Republic + (GDR or East Germany) proclaimed 7 October 1949 and included the former USSR + zone; unification of West Germany and East Germany took place 3 October + 1990; all four power rights formally relinquished 15 March 1991 +Constitution: + 23 May 1949, provisional constitution known as Basic Law +Legal system: + civil law system with indigenous concepts; judicial review of legislative + acts in the Federal Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + German Unity Day, 3 October (1990) +Executive branch: + president, chancellor, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral parliament (no official name for the two chambers as a whole) + consists of an upper chamber or Federal Council (Bundesrat) and a lower + chamber or Federal Diet (Bundestag) +Judicial branch: + Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Dr. Richard von WEIZSACKER (since 1 July 1984) + Head of Government: + Chancellor Dr. Helmut KOHL (since 4 October 1982) + *** No entry for this item *** +Political parties and leaders: + Christian Democratic Union (CDU), Helmut KOHL, chairman; Christian Social + Union (CSU), Theo WAIGEL; Free Democratic Party (FDP), Otto Count + LAMBSDORFF, chairman; Social Democratic Party (SPD), Bjoern ENGHOLM, - + chairman; - Green - Party - Ludger VOLMER, Christine WEISKE, co-chairmen + (after the 2 December 1990 election the East and West German Green Parties + united); Alliance 90 united to form one party in September 1991, Petra + MORAWE, chairwoman; Republikaner, Franz SCHOENHUBER; National Democratic + Party (NPD), Walter BACHMANN; Communist Party (DKP), Rolf PRIEMER +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 + +:Germany Government + +Elections: + Federal Diet: + last held 2 December 1990 (next to be held October 1994); results - CDU + 36.7%, SPD 33.5%, FDP 11.0%, CSU 7.1%, Green Party (West Germany) 3.9%, PDS + 2.4%, Republikaner 2.1%, Alliance 90/Green Party (East Germany) 1.2%, other + 2.1%; seats - (662 total, 656 statutory with special rules to allow for + slight expansion) CDU 268, SPD 239, FDP 79, CSU 51, PDS 17, Alliance + 90/Green Party (East Germany) 8; note - special rules for this election + allowed former East German parties to win seats if they received at least 5% + of vote in eastern Germany + *** No entry for this item *** +Communists: + West - about 40,000 members and supporters; East - about 200,000 party + members (December 1991) +Other political or pressure groups: + expellee, refugee, and veterans groups +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, BDEAC, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, + ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-5, G-7, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, + ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, + IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NATO, NEA, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNIDO, UNHCR, UPU, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Dr. Immo STABREIT will become Ambassador in late summer/early + fall 1992; Chancery at 4645 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007; + telephone (202) 298-4000; there are German Consulates General in Atlanta, + Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, and + New York, and Consulates in Miami and New Orleans + US: + Ambassador Robert M. KIMMITT; Embassy at Deichmanns Avenue, 5300 Bonn 2 + (mailing address is APO AE 09080); telephone [49] (228) 3391; there is a US + Branch Office in Berlin and US Consulates General in Frankfurt, Hamburg, + Leipzig, Munich, and Stuttgart +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and yellow + +:Germany Economy + +Overview: + The Federal Republic of Germany is making substantial progress in + integrating and modernizing eastern Germany, but at a heavy economic cost. + Western Germany's growth in 1991 slowed to 3.1% - the lowest rate since 1987 + - because of slack world growth and higher interest rates and taxes required + by the unification process. While western Germany's economy was in recession + in the last half of 1991, eastern Germany's economy bottomed out after a + nearly two-year freefall and shows signs of recovery, particularly in the + construction, transportation, and service sectors. Eastern Germany could + begin a fragile recovery later, concentrated in 1992 in construction, + transportation, and services. The two regions remain vastly different, + however, despite eastern Germany's progress. Western Germany has an advanced + market economy and is a world leader in exports. It has a highly urbanized + and skilled population that enjoys excellent living standards, abundant + leisure time, and comprehensive social welfare benefits. Western Germany is + relatively poor in natural resources, coal being the most important mineral. + Western Germany's world-class companies manufacture technologically advanced + goods. The region's economy is mature: services and manufacturing account + for the dominant share of economic activity, and raw materials and + semimanufactured goods constitute a large portion of imports. In recent + years, manufacturing has accounted for about 31% of GDP, with other sectors + contributing lesser amounts. Gross fixed investment in 1990 accounted for + about 21% of GDP. In 1991, GDP in the western region was an estimated + $19,200 per capita. In contrast, eastern Germany's economy is shedding the + obsolete heavy industries that dominated the economy during the Communist + era. Eastern Germany's share of all-German GDP is only about 7%, and eastern + productivity is just 30% that of the west. The privatization agency for + eastern Germany, the Treuhand, is rapidly selling many of the 11,500 firms + under its control. The pace of private investment is starting to pick up, + but questions about property rights and environmental liabilities remain. + Eastern Germany has one of the world's largest reserves of low-grade lignite + coal but little else in the way of mineral resources. The quality of + statistics from eastern Germany is improving, yet many gaps remain; the + federal government began producing all-German data for select economic + statistics at the start of 1992. The most challenging economic problem is + promoting eastern Germany's economic reconstruction - specifically, finding + the right mix of fiscal, monetary, regulatory, and tax policies that will + spur investment in eastern Germany - without destabilizing western Germany's + economy or damaging relations with West European partners. The biggest + danger is that excessive wage settlements and heavy federal borrowing could + fuel inflation and prompt the German Central Bank, the Bundesbank, to keep a + tight monetary policy to choke off a wage-price spiral. Meanwhile, the FRG + has been providing billions of dollars to help the former Soviet republics + and the reformist economies of Eastern Europe. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - Federal Republic of Germany: $1,331.4 billion, + per capita $16,700; real growth rate 0.7%; western Germany: $1,235.8 + billion, per capita $19,200; real growth rate 3.1%; eastern Germany $95.6 + billion, per capita $5,870; real growth rate - 30% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + West - 3.5% (1991); East - NA% +Unemployment rate: + West - 6.3% (1991); East - 11% (1991) +Budget: + West (federal, state, local) - revenues $684 billion; expenditures $704 + billion, including capital expenditures $NA (1990), East - NA +Exports: + West - $324.3 billion (f.o.b., 1989) + +:Germany Economy + + commodities: + manufactures 86.6% (including machines and machine tools, chemicals, motor + vehicles, iron and steel products), agricultural products 4.9%, raw + materials 2.3%, fuels 1.3% +Exports: + partners: + EC 53.3% (France 12.7%, Netherlands 8.3%, Italy 9.1%, UK 8.3%, + Belgium-Luxembourg 7.3%), other Western Europe 15.9%, US 7.1%, Eastern + Europe 4.1%, OPEC 2.7% (1990) +Imports: + West - $346.5 billion (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + manufactures 68.5%, agricultural products 12.0%, fuels 9.7%, raw materials + 7.1% + partners: + EC 51.7% (France 11.7%, Netherlands 10.1%, Italy 9.3%, UK 6.7%, + Belgium-Luxembourg 7.2%), other Western Europe 13.4%, US 6.6%, Eastern + Europe 3.8%, OPEC 2.5% (1990) +External debt: + West - $500 million (June 1988); East - $20.6 billion (1989) +Industrial production: + growth rates, West - 5.4% (1990); East - 30% (1991 est.) +Electricity: + 133,000,000 kW capacity; 580,000 million kWh produced, 7,390 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + West - among world's largest producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, + chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics; food and + beverages; East - metal fabrication, chemicals, brown coal, shipbuilding, + machine building, food and beverages, textiles, petroleum refining +Agriculture: + West - accounts for about 2% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); + diversified crop and livestock farming; principal crops and livestock + include potatoes, wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit, cabbage, cattle, pigs, + poultry; net importer of food; fish catch of 202,000 metric tons in 1987; + East - accounts for about 10% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); + principal crops - wheat, rye, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, fruit; + livestock products include pork, beef, chicken, milk, hides and skins; net + importer of food; fish catch of 193,600 metric tons in 1987 +Economic aid: + West - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $75.5 billion; East - + donor - $4.0 billion extended bilaterally to non-Communist less developed + countries (1956-89) +Currency: + deutsche mark (plural - deutsche marks); 1 deutsche mark (DM) = 100 pfennige +Exchange rates: + deutsche marks (DM) per US$1 - 1.6611 (March 1992), 1.6595 (1991), 1.6157 + (1990), 1.8800 (1989), 1.7562 (1988), 1.7974 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Germany Communications + +Railroads: + West - 31,443 km total; 27,421 km government owned, 1.435-meter standard + gauge (12,491 km double track, 11,501 km electrified); 4,022 km + nongovernment owned, including 3,598 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (214 km + electrified) and 424 km 1.000-meter gauge (186 km electrified); East - + 14,025 km total; 13,750 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 275 km 1.000-meter or + other narrow gauge; 3,830 (est.) km 1.435-meter standard gauge double-track; + 3,475 km overhead electrified (1988) +Highways: + West - 466,305 km total; 169,568 km primary, includes 6,435 km autobahn, + 32,460 km national highways (Bundesstrassen), 65,425 km state highways + (Landesstrassen), 65,248 km county roads (Kreisstrassen); 296,737 km of + secondary communal roads (Gemeindestrassen); East - 124,604 km total; 47,203 + km concrete, asphalt, stone block, of which 1,855 km are autobahn and + limited access roads, 11,326 are trunk roads, and 34,022 are regional roads; + 77,401 municipal roads (1988) +Inland waterways: + West - 5,222 km, of which almost 70% are usable by craft of 1,000-metric ton + capacity or larger; major rivers include the Rhine and Elbe; Kiel Canal is + an important connection between the Baltic Sea and North Sea; East - 2,319 + km (1988) +Pipelines: + crude oil 3,644 km; petroleum products 3,946 km; natural gas 97,564 km + (1988) +Ports: + maritime - Bremerhaven, Brunsbuttel, Cuxhaven, Emden, Bremen, Hamburg, Kiel, + Lubeck, Wilhelmshaven, Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Sassnitz; inland - 31 + major +Merchant marine: + 607 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,210,060 GRT/6,626,333 DWT; includes + 3 passenger, 5 short-sea passenger, 324 cargo, 10 refrigerated cargo, 135 + container, 31 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 5 railcar carrier, 6 barge carrier, 11 + oil tanker, 21 chemical tanker, 22 liquefied gas tanker, 5 combination + ore/oil, 14 combination bulk, 15 bulk; note - the German register includes + ships of the former East and West Germany; during 1991 the fleet underwent + major restructuring as surplus ships were sold off +Civil air: + 239 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 462 total, 455 usable; 242 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways + over 3,659 m; 40 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 55 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + West - highly developed, modern telecommunication service to all parts of + the country; fully adequate in all respects; 40,300,000 telephones; + intensively developed, highly redundant cable and radio relay networks, all + completely automatic; broadcast stations - 80 AM, 470 FM, 225 (6,000 + repeaters) TV; 6 submarine coaxial cables; satellite earth stations - 12 + Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT antennas, 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT antennas, + EUTELSAT, and domestic systems; 2 HF radiocommunication centers; + tropospheric links East - badly needs modernization; 3,970,000 telephones; + broadcast stations - 23 AM, 17 FM, 21 TV (15 Soviet TV repeaters); 6,181,860 + TVs; 6,700,000 radios; 1 satellite earth station operating in INTELSAT and + Intersputnik systems + +:Germany Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Federal Border Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 20,300,359; 17,612,677 fit for military service; 414,330 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $39.5 billion, 2.5% of GDP (1991) + +:Ghana Geography + +Total area: + 238,540 km2 +Land area: + 230,020 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Oregon +Land boundaries: + 2,093 km; Burkina 548 km, Ivory Coast 668 km, Togo 877 km +Coastline: + 539 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in + southwest; hot and dry in north +Terrain: + mostly low plains with dissected plateau in south-central area +Natural resources: + gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber +Land use: + arable land 5%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 15%; forest and + woodland 37%; other 36%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + recent drought in north severely affecting marginal agricultural activities; + deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; dry, northeasterly harmattan wind + (January to March) +Note: + Lake Volta is the world's largest artificial lake + +:Ghana People + +Population: + 16,185,351 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 45 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 13 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 86 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 53 years male, 57 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Ghanaian(s); adjective - Ghanaian +Ethnic divisions: + black African 99.8% (major tribes - Akan 44%, Moshi-Dagomba 16%, Ewe 13%, Ga + 8%), European and other 0.2% +Religions: + indigenous beliefs 38%, Muslim 30%, Christian 24%, other 8% +Languages: + English (official); African languages include Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and + Ga +Literacy: + 60% (male 70%, female 51%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 3,700,000; agriculture and fishing 54.7%, industry 18.7%, sales and clerical + 15.2%, services, transportation, and communications 7.7%, professional 3.7%; + 48% of population of working age (1983) +Organized labor: + 467,000 (about 13% of labor force) + +:Ghana Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Ghana +Type: + military +Capital: + Accra +Administrative divisions: + 10 regions; Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra, Northern, + Upper East, Upper West, Volta, Western +Independence: + 6 March 1957 (from UK, formerly Gold Coast) +Constitution: + 24 September 1979; suspended 31 December 1981 +Legal system: + based on English common law and customary law; has not accepted compulsory + ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 6 March (1957) +Executive branch: + chairman of the Provisional National Defense Council (PNDC), PNDC, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly dissolved after 31 December 1981 coup, and + legislative powers were assumed by the Provisional National Defense Council +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + Chairman of the Provisional National Defense Council Flt. Lt. (Ret.) Jerry + John RAWLINGS (since 31 December 1981) +Political parties and leaders: + none; political parties outlawed after 31 December 1981 coup +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + no national elections; district assembly elections held in 1988-89 +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, + ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, + WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Dr. Joseph ABBEY; Chancery at 3512 International Drive NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 686-4520; there is a Ghanaian + Consulate General in New York + US: + Ambassador Raymond C. EWING; Embassy at Ring Road East, East of Danquah + Circle, Accra (mailing address is P. O. Box 194, Accra); telephone [233] + (21) 775348, 775349 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with a large + black five-pointed star centered in the gold band; uses the popular + pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Bolivia, which has a + coat of arms centered in the yellow band + +:Ghana Economy + +Overview: + Supported by substantial international assistance, Ghana has been + implementing a steady economic rebuilding program since 1983, including + moves toward privatization and relaxation of government controls. Heavily + dependent on cocoa, gold, and timber exports, economic growth so far has not + spread substantially to other areas of the economy. The costs of sending + peacekeeping forces to Liberia and preparing for the transition to a + democratic government have been boosting government expenditures and + undercutting structural adjustment reforms. Ghana opened a stock exchange in + 1990. Much of the economic improvement in 1991 was caused by favorable + weather (following a severe drought the previous year) that led to plentiful + harvests in Ghana's agriculturally based economy. +GDP: + $6.2 billion; per capita $400; real growth rate 5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 10% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 10% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $821 million; expenditures $782 million, including capital + expenditures of $151 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $843 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + cocoa 45%, gold, timber, tuna, bauxite, and aluminum + partners: + US 23%, UK, other EC +Imports: + $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + petroleum 16%, consumer goods, foods, intermediate goods, capital equipment + partners: + US 10%, UK, FRG, France, Japan, South Korea, GDR +External debt: + $3.1 billion (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 7.4% in manufacturing (1989); accounts for almost 1.5% of GDP +Electricity: + 1,180,000 kW capacity; 4,140 million kWh produced, 265 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, fishing, aluminum, food processing +Agriculture: + accounts for more than 50% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); the + major cash crop is cocoa; other principal crops - rice, coffee, cassava, + peanuts, corn, shea nuts, timber; normally self-sufficient in food +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $455 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.6 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $78 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $106 + million +Currency: + cedi (plural - cedis); 1 cedi (C) = 100 pesewas +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Ghana Communications + +Railroads: + 953 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 32 km double track; railroads undergoing + major renovation +Highways: + 32,250 km total; 6,084 km concrete or bituminous surface, 26,166 km gravel, + laterite, and improved earth surfaces +Inland waterways: + Volta, Ankobra, and Tano Rivers provide 168 km of perennial navigation for + launches and lighters; Lake Volta provides 1,125 km of arterial and feeder + waterways +Pipelines: + none +Ports: + Tema, Takoradi +Merchant marine: + 5 cargo and 1 refrigerated cargo (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 53,435 + GRT/69,167 DWT +Civil air: + 8 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 10 total, 9 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + poor to fair system handled primarily by microwave links; 42,300 telephones; + broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 4 (8 translators) TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT earth station + +:Ghana Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police Force, National Civil Defense +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 3,661,558; 2,049,842 fit for military service; 170,742 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $30 million, less than 1% of GNP (1989 est.) + +:Gibraltar Geography + +Total area: + 6.5 km2 +Land area: + 6.5 km2 +Comparative area: + about 11 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 1.2 km; Spain 1.2 km +Coastline: + 12 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 3 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + source of occasional friction between Spain and the UK +Climate: + Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers +Terrain: + a narrow coastal lowland borders The Rock +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + natural freshwater sources are meager, so large water catchments (concrete + or natural rock) collect rain water +Note: + strategic location on Strait of Gibraltar that links the North Atlantic + Ocean and Mediterranean Sea + +:Gibraltar People + +Population: + 29,651 (July 1992), growth rate 0.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 18 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + - 9 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 72 years male, 79 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Gibraltarian(s); adjective - Gibraltar +Ethnic divisions: + mostly Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese, and Spanish descent +Religions: + Roman Catholic 74%, Protestant 11% (Church of England 8%, other 3%), Moslem + 8%, Jewish 2%, none or other 5% (1981) +Languages: + English and Spanish are primary languages; Italian, Portuguese, and Russian + also spoken; English used in the schools and for official purposes +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + about 14,800 (including non-Gibraltar laborers); UK military establishments + and civil government employ nearly 50% of the labor force +Organized labor: + over 6,000 + +:Gibraltar Government + +Long-form name: + none +Digraph: + f Assembly *** last held on 24 March 1988 (next to be held March 1992); + results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (18 total, 15 elected) SL 8, + GCL/AACR 7 +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + Gibraltar +Administrative divisions: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Constitution: + 30 May 1969 +Legal system: + English law +National holiday: + Commonwealth Day (second Monday of March) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor, chief minister, Gibraltar Council, Council of + Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court, Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor and + Commander in Chief Adm. Sir Derek REFFELL (since NA 1989) + Head of Government: + Chief Minister Joe BOSSANO (since 25 March 1988) +Political parties and leaders: + Socialist Labor Party (SL), Joe BOSSANO; Gibraltar Labor Party/Association + for the Advancement of Civil Rights (GCL/AACR), leader NA; Gibraltar Social + Democrats, Peter CARUANA; Gibraltar National Party, Joe GARCIA +Suffrage: + universal at age 18, plus other UK subjects resident six months or more +Elections: + House of Assembly: + last held on 24 March 1988 (next to be held March 1992); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (18 total, 15 elected) SL 8, GCL/AACR 7 +Other political or pressure groups: + Housewives Association, Chamber of Commerce, Gibraltar Representatives + Organization +Diplomatic representation: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Flag: + two horizontal bands of white (top, double width) and red with a + three-towered red castle in the center of the white band; hanging from the + castle gate is a gold key centered in the red band + +:Gibraltar Economy + +Overview: + The economy depends heavily on British defense expenditures, revenue from + tourists, fees for services to shipping, and revenues from banking and + finance activities. Because more than 70% of the economy is in the public + sector, changes in government spending have a major impact on the level of + employment. Construction workers are particularly affected when government + expenditures are cut. +GNP: + exchange rate conversion - $182 million, per capita $4,600; real growth rate + 5% (FY87) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.6% (1988) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $136 million; expenditures $139 million, including capital + expenditures of NA (FY88) +Exports: + $82 million (f.o.b., 1988) + commodities: + (principally reexports) petroleum 51%, manufactured goods 41%, other 8% + partners: + UK, Morocco, Portugal, Netherlands, Spain, US, FRG +Imports: + $258 million (c.i.f., 1988) + commodities: + fuels, manufactured goods, and foodstuffs + partners: + UK, Spain, Japan, Netherlands +External debt: + $318 million (1987) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 47,000 kW capacity; 200 million kWh produced, 6,670 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + tourism, banking and finance, construction, commerce; support to large UK + naval and air bases; transit trade and supply depot in the port; light + manufacturing of tobacco, roasted coffee, ice, mineral waters, candy, beer, + and canned fish +Agriculture: + none +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $0.8 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $188 million +Currency: + Gibraltar pound (plural - pounds); 1 Gibraltar pound (#G) = 100 pence +Exchange rates: + Gibraltar pounds (#G) per US$1 - 0.5799 (March 1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 + (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987); note - the Gibraltar + pound is at par with the British pound +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Gibraltar Communications + +Railroads: + 1.000-meter-gauge system in dockyard area only +Highways: + 50 km, mostly good bitumen and concrete +Pipelines: + none +Ports: + Gibraltar +Merchant marine: + 21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 795,356 GRT/1,490,737 DWT; includes 5 + cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 container, 6 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical + tanker, 6 bulk; note - a flag of convenience registry +Civil air: + 1 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + adequate, automatic domestic system and adequate international + radiocommunication and microwave facilities; 9,400 telephones; broadcast + stations - 1 AM, 6 FM, 4 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Gibraltar Defense Forces + +Branches: + British Army, Royal Navy, Royal Air Force +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +:Glorioso Islands Geography + +Total area: + 5 km2 +Land area: + 5 km2; includes Ile Glorieuse, Ile du Lys, Verte Rocks, Wreck Rock, and + South Rock +Comparative area: + about 8.5 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 35.2 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claimed by Madagascar +Climate: + tropical +Terrain: + undetermined +Natural resources: + guano, coconuts +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other - lush vegetation and coconut palms 100% +Environment: + subject to periodic cyclones +Note: + located in the Indian Ocean just north of the Mozambique Channel between + Africa and Madagascar + +:Glorioso Islands People + +Population: + uninhabited + +:Glorioso Islands Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Jacques + DEWATRE, resident in Reunion +Capital: + none; administered by France from Reunion + +:Glorioso Islands Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +:Glorioso Islands Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only +Airports: + 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m + +:Glorioso Islands Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +:Greece Geography + +Total area: + 131,940 km2 +Land area: + 130,800 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Alabama +Land boundaries: + 1,210 km; Albania 282 km, Bulgaria 494 km, Turkey 206 km, Macedonia 228 km +Coastline: + 13,676 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Territorial sea: + 6 nm, but Greece has threatened to claim 12 nm +Disputes: + air, continental shelf, and territorial water disputes with Turkey in Aegean + Sea; Cyprus question +Climate: + temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers +Terrain: + mostly mountains with ranges extending into sea as peninsulas or chains of + islands +Natural resources: + bauxite, lignite, magnesite, crude oil, marble +Land use: + arable land 23%; permanent crops 8%; meadows and pastures 40%; forest and + woodland 20%; other 9%; includes irrigated 7% +Environment: + subject to severe earthquakes; air pollution; archipelago of 2,000 islands +Note: + strategic location dominating the Aegean Sea and southern approach to + Turkish Straits + +:Greece People + +Population: + 10,064,250 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + 11 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 75 years male, 81 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Greek(s); adjective - Greek +Ethnic divisions: + Greek 98%, other 2%; note - the Greek Government states there are no ethnic + divisions in Greece +Religions: + Greek Orthodox 98%, Muslim 1.3%, other 0.7% +Languages: + Greek (official); English and French widely understood +Literacy: + 93% (male 98%, female 89%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 3,657,000; services 44%, agriculture 27%, manufacturing and mining 20%, + construction 6% (1988) +Organized labor: + 10-15% of total labor force, 20-25% of urban labor force + +:Greece Government + +Long-form name: + Hellenic Republic +Type: + presidential parliamentary government; monarchy rejected by referendum 8 + December 1974 +Capital: + Athens +Administrative divisions: + 52 departments (nomoi, singular - nomos); Aitolia kai Akarnania, Akhaia, + Argolis, Arkadhia, Arta, Attiki, Dhodhekanisos, Dhrama, Evritania, Evros, + Evvoia, Florina, Fokis, Fthiotis, Grevena, Ilia, Imathia, Ioannina, + Iraklion, Kardhitsa, Kastoria, Kavala, Kefallinia, Kerkira, Khalkidhiki, + Khania, Khios, Kikladhes, Kilkis, Korinthia, Kozani, Lakonia, Larisa, + Lasithi, Lesvos, Levkas, Magnisia, Messinia, Pella, Pieria, Piraievs, + Preveza, Rethimni, Rodhopi, Samos, Serrai, Thesprotia, Thessaloniki, + Trikala, Voiotia, Xanthi, Zakinthos, autonomous region: Agios Oros (Mt. + Athos) +Independence: + 1829 (from the Ottoman Empire) +Constitution: + 11 June 1975 +Legal system: + based on codified Roman law; judiciary divided into civil, criminal, and + administrative courts +National holiday: + Independence Day (proclamation of the war of independence), 25 March (1821) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Greek Chamber of Deputies (Vouli ton Ellinon) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Konstantinos KARAMANLIS (since 5 May 1990); - + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Konstantinos MITSOTAKIS (since 11 April 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + New Democracy (ND; conservative), Konstantinos MITSOTAKIS; Panhellenic + Socialist Movement (PASOK), Andreas PAPANDREOU; Left Alliance, Maria + DAMANAKI; Democratic Renewal (DEANA), Konstantinos STEFANOPOULOS; Communist + Party (KKE), Aleka PAPARIGA; Ecologist-Alternative List, leader rotates +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 18 +Elections: + Chamber of Deputies: + last held 8 April 1990 (next to be held April 1994); results - ND 46.89%, + PASOK 38.62%, Left Alliance 10.27%, PASOK/Left Alliance 1.02%, + Ecologist-Alternative List 0.77%, DEANA 0.67%, Muslim independents 0.5%; + seats - (300 total) ND 150, PASOK 123, Left Alliance 19, PASOK-Left Alliance + 4, Muslim independents 2, DEANA 1, Ecologist-Alternative List 1; note - one + DEANA deputy joined ND in July, giving ND 151 seats; in November, a special + electoral court ruled in favor of ND on a contested seat, at PASOK'S + expense; PASOK and the Left Alliance divided their four joint mandates + evenly, and the seven KKE deputies split off from the Left Alliance; new + configuration: ND 152, PASOK 124, Left Alliance 14, KKE 7, others unchanged + President: + last held 4 May 1990 (next to be held May 1995); results - Konstantinos + KARAMANLIS was elected by Parliament + +:Greece Government + +Communists: + an estimated 60,000 members and sympathizers +Member of: + AG, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, FAO, G-6, GATT, + IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, + INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, + NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, + WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Christos ZACHARAKIS; Chancery at 2221 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-5800; there are Greek Consulates + General in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, and San + Francisco, and a Consulate in New Orleans + US: + Ambassador Michael G. SOTIRHOS; Embassy at 91 Vasilissis Sophias Boulevard, + 10160 Athens (mailing address is APO AE 09842; telephone [30] (1) 721-2951 + or 721-8401; there is a US Consulate General in Thessaloniki +Flag: + nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white; there is a + blue square in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white cross; the cross + symbolizes Greek Orthodoxy, the established religion of the country + +:Greece Economy + +Overview: + Greece has a mixed capitalistic economy with the basic entrepreneurial + system overlaid in 1981-89 by a socialist government that enlarged the + public sector from 55% of GDP in 1981 to about 70% when Prime Minister + Mitsotakis took office. Tourism continues as a major industry, and + agriculture - although handicapped by geographic limitations and fragmented, + small farms - is self-sufficient except for meat, dairy products, and animal + feedstuffs. The Mitsotakis government inherited several severe economic + problems from the preceding socialist and caretaker administrations, which + had neglected the runaway budget deficit, a ballooning current account + deficit, and accelerating inflation. In early 1991, the government secured a + $2.5 billion assistance package from the EC under the strictest terms yet + imposed on a member country, as the EC finally ran out of patience with + Greece's failure to put its financial affairs in order. Over the next three + years, Athens must bring inflation down to 7%, cut the current account + deficit and central government borrowing as a percentage of GDP, slash + public-sector employment by 10%, curb public-sector pay raises, and broaden + the tax base. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $77.6 billion, per capita $7,730; real growth + rate 1.0% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 17.8% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 8.6% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $24.0 billion; expenditures $33.0 billion, including capital + expenditures of $3.3 billion (1991) +Exports: + $6.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + manufactured goods 48%, food and beverages 22%, fuels and lubricants 6% + partners: + Germany 22%, Italy 17%, France 10%, UK 7%, US 6% +Imports: + $18.7 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + consumer goods 33%, machinery 17%, foodstuffs 12%, fuels and lubricants 8% + partners: + Germany 21%, Italy 15%, Netherlands 11%, France 8%, UK 5% +External debt: + $25.5 billion (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate - 2.4% (1990); accounts for 22% of GDP +Electricity: + 10,500,000 kW capacity; 36,420 million kWh produced, 3,630 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + food and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, metal products, tourism, + mining, petroleum +Agriculture: + including fishing and forestry, accounts for 17% of GDP and 27% of the labor + force; principal products - wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, olives, + tomatoes, wine, tobacco, potatoes; self-sufficient in food except meat, + dairy products, and animal feedstuffs; fish catch of 115,000 metric tons in + 1988 +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $525 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,390 million + +:Greece Economy + +Currency: + drachma (plural - drachmas); 1 drachma (Dr) = 100 lepta +Exchange rates: + drachma (Dr) per US$1 - 182.33 (January 1992), 182.27 (1991), 158.51 (1990), + 162.42 (1989), 141.86 (1988), 135.43 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Greece Communications + +Railroads: + 2,479 km total; 1,565 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, of which 36 km + electrified and 100 km double track, 892 km 1.000-meter gauge; 22 km + 0.750-meter narrow gauge; all government owned +Highways: + 38,938 km total; 16,090 km paved, 13,676 km crushed stone and gravel, 5,632 + km improved earth, 3,540 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 80 km; system consists of three coastal canals and three unconnected rivers +Pipelines: + crude oil 26 km; petroleum products 547 km +Ports: + Piraievs, Thessaloniki +Merchant marine: + 977 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 23,450,910 GRT/42,934,863 DWT; + includes 15 passenger, 66 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 136 cargo, + 24 container, 15 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 18 refrigerated cargo, 1 vehicle + carrier, 196 petroleum tanker, 18 chemical tanker, 9 liquefied gas, 37 + combination ore/oil, 3 specialized tanker, 417 bulk, 19 combination bulk, 1 + livestock carrier; note - ethnic Greeks also own large numbers of ships + under the registry of Liberia, Panama, Cyprus, Malta, and The Bahamas +Civil air: + 39 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 77 total, 77 usable; 77 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 19 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 23 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + adequate, modern networks reach all areas; 4,080,000 telephones; microwave + carries most traffic; extensive open-wire network; submarine cables to + off-shore islands; broadcast stations - 29 AM, 17 (20 repeaters) FM, 361 TV; + tropospheric links, 8 submarine cables; 1 satellite earth station operating + in INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean antenna), and EUTELSAT + systems + +:Greece Defense Forces + +Branches: + Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy, Hellenic Air Force, Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,453,756; 1,883,152 fit for military service; 73,913 reach + military age (21) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $3.8 billion, 5.6% of GDP (1991) + +:Greenland Geography + +Total area: + 2,175,600 km2 +Land area: + 341,700 km2 (ice free) +Comparative area: + slightly more than three times the size of Texas +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 44,087 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + Denmark has challenged Norway's maritime claims between Greenland and Jan + Mayen +Climate: + arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters +Terrain: + flat to gradually sloping icecap covers all but a narrow, mountainous, + barren, rocky coast +Natural resources: + zinc, lead, iron ore, coal, molybdenum, cryolite, uranium, fish +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and + woodland NEGL%; other 99% +Environment: + sparse population confined to small settlements along coast; continuous + permafrost over northern two-thirds of the island +Note: + dominates North Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe + +:Greenland People + +Population: + 57,407 (July 1992), growth rate 1.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 19 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 27 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 63 years male, 69 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Greenlander(s); adjective - Greenlandic +Ethnic divisions: + Greenlander (Eskimos and Greenland-born Caucasians) 86%, Danish 14% +Religions: + Evangelical Lutheran +Languages: + Eskimo dialects, Danish +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + 22,800; largely engaged in fishing, hunting, sheep breeding +Organized labor: + NA + +:Greenland Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative division +Capital: + Nuuk (Godthab) +Administrative divisions: + 3 municipalities (kommuner, - singular - kommun); - Nordgronland, + Ostgrnland, Vestgronland +Independence: + part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative division +Constitution: + Danish +Legal system: + Danish +National holiday: + Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940) +Executive branch: + Danish monarch, high commissioner, home rule chairman, prime minister, + Cabinet (Landsstyre) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament (Landsting) +Judicial branch: + High Court (Landsret) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner + Bent KLINTE (since NA) + Head of Government: + Home Rule Chairman Lars Emil JOHANSEN (since 15 March 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + two-party ruling coalition - Siumut (a moderate socialist party that + advocates more distinct Greenlandic identity and greater autonomy from + Denmark), Lars Emil JOHANSEN, chairman; - Inuit - Ataqatigiit - (IA; - a - + Marxist-Leninist party that favors complete independence from Denmark rather + than home rule), leader NA; Atassut Party (a more conservative party that + favors continuing close relations with Denmark), leader NA; Polar Party + (conservative-Greenland nationalist), leader NA; Center Party (a new + nonsocialist protest party), leader NA +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Danish Folketing: + last held on 12 December 1990 (next to be held by December 1994); Greenland + elects two representatives to the Folketing; results - percent of vote by + party NA; seats - (2 total) Siumut 1, Atassut 1 + Landsting: + last held on 5 March 1991 (next to be held 5 March 1995); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (27 total) Siumut 11, Atassut Party 8, Inuit + Ataqatigiit 5, Center Party 2, Polar Party 1 +Member of: + NC +Diplomatic representation: + none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark) +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a large disk slightly + to the hoist side of center - the top half of the disk is red, the bottom + half is white + +:Greenland Economy + +Overview: + Over the past 25 years, the economy has changed from one based on + subsistence whaling, hunting, and fishing to one dependent on foreign trade. + Fishing is still the most important industry, accounting for over 75% of + exports and about 25% of the population's income. Maintenance of a social + welfare system similar to Denmark's has given the public sector a dominant + role in the economy. In 1990, the economy became critically dependent on + shrimp exports and on an annual subsidy (now about $500 million) from the + Danish Government because cod exports dropped off and commercial mineral + production stopped. As of 1992, the government also has taken control of the + health sector from Denmark. The new Home Rule government installed in March + 1991 has decided to end much of the central control of the economy and to + open it wider to competitive forces. +GNP: + purchasing power equivalent - $500 million, per capita $9,000; real growth + rate 5% (1988) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + l.6% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 9% (1990 est.) +Budget: + revenues $381 million; expenditures $381 million, including capital + expenditures of $36 million (1989) +Exports: + $435 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + fish and fish products 83%, metallic ores and concentrates 13% + partners: + Denmark 79%, Benelux 9%, Germany 5% +Imports: + $420 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + manufactured goods 28%, machinery and transport equipment 24%, food and live + animals 12.4%, petroleum and petroleum products 12% + partners: + Denmark 65%, Norway 8.8%, US 4.6%, Germany 3.8%, Japan 3.8%, Sweden 2.4% +External debt: + $480 million (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 84,000 kW capacity; 176 million kWh produced, 3,180 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + fish processing (mainly shrimp), potential for platinum and gold mining, + handicrafts, shipyards +Agriculture: + sector dominated by fishing and sheep raising; crops limited to forage and + small garden vegetables; 1988 fish catch of 133,500 metric tons +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + Danish krone (plural - kroner); 1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 re +Exchange rates: + Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.447 (March 1992), 6.396 (1991), 6.189 + (1990), 7.310 (1989), 6.732 (1988), 6.840 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Greenland Communications + +Highways: + 80 km +Ports: + Kangerluarsoruseq (Faeringehavn), Paamiut (Frederikshaab), Nuuk (Godthaab), + Sisimiut (Holsteinsborg), Julianehaab, Maarmorilik, North Star Bay +Merchant marine: + 1 refrigerated cargo (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,021 GRT/1,778 DWT; note + - operates under the registry of Denmark +Civil air: + 2 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 11 total, 8 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + adequate domestic and international service provided by cables and + microwave; 17,900 telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 7 (35 repeaters) + FM, 4 (9 repeaters) TV; 2 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT earth station + +:Greenland Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is responsibility of Denmark + +:Grenada Geography + +Total area: + 340 km2 +Land area: + 340 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 121 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds +Terrain: + volcanic in origin with central mountains +Natural resources: + timber, tropical fruit, deepwater harbors +Land use: + arable land 15%; permanent crops 26%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and + woodland 9%; other 47% +Environment: + lies on edge of hurricane belt; hurricane season lasts from June to November +Note: + islands of the Grenadines group are divided politically with Saint Vincent + and the Grenadines + +:Grenada People + +Population: + 83,556 (July 1992), growth rate - 0.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 34 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + - 30 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 28 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 69 years male, 74 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Grenadian(s); adjective - Grenadian +Ethnic divisions: + mainly of black African descent +Religions: + largely Roman Catholic; Anglican; other Protestant sects +Languages: + English (official); some French patois +Literacy: + 98% (male 98%, female 98%) age 15 and over having ever attended school + (1970) +Labor force: + 36,000; services 31%, agriculture 24%, construction 8%, manufacturing 5%, + other 32% (1985) +Organized labor: + 20% of labor force + +:Grenada Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Saint George's +Administrative divisions: + 6 parishes and 1 dependency*; Carriacou and Little Martinique*, Saint + Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint John, Saint Mark, Saint Patrick +Independence: + 7 February 1974 (from UK) +Constitution: + 19 December 1973 +Legal system: + based on English common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 7 February (1974) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Ministers of Government + (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house + or House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Sir Paul SCOON (since 30 September 1978) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Nicholas BRATHWAITE (since 13 March 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + National Democratic Congress (NDC), Nicholas BRATHWAITE; Grenada United + Labor Party (GULP), Sir Eric GAIRY; The National Party (TNP), Ben JONES; New + National Party (NNP), Keith MITCHELL; Maurice Bishop Patriotic Movement + (MBPM), Terrence MARRYSHOW; New Jewel Movement (NJM), Bernard COARD +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held on 13 March 1990 (next to be held by NA March 1996); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total) NDC 8, GULP 3, TNP 2, NNP 2 +Member of: + ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, + ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OECS, OPANAL, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Denneth MODESTE; Chancery at 1701 New Hampshire Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 265-2561; there is a Grenadian + Consulate General in New York + US: + Charge d'Affaires Annette VELER; Embassy at Ross Point Inn, Saint George's + (mailing address is P. O. Box 54, Saint George's); telephone (809) 444-1173 + through 1178 + +:Grenada Government + +Flag: + a rectangle divided diagonally into yellow triangles (top and bottom) and + green triangles (hoist side and outer side) with a red border around the + flag; there are seven yellow five-pointed stars with three centered in the + top red border, three centered in the bottom red border, and one on a red + disk superimposed at the center of the flag; there is also a symbolic nutmeg + pod on the hoist-side triangle (Grenada is the world's second-largest + producer of nutmeg, after Indonesia); the seven stars represent the seven + administrative divisions + +:Grenada Economy + +Overview: + The economy is essentially agricultural and centers on the traditional + production of spices and tropical plants. Agriculture accounts for about 16% + of GDP and 80% of exports and employs 24% of the labor force. Tourism is the + leading foreign exchange earner, followed by agricultural exports. + Manufacturing remains relatively undeveloped, but is expected to grow, given + a more favorable private investment climate since 1983. Despite an + impressive average annual growth rate for the economy of 5.5% during the + period 1986-91, unemployment remains high at about 25%. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $238 million, per capita $2,800 (1989); real + growth rate 5.2% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 7.0% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 25% (1990 est.) +Budget: + revenues $54.9 million; expenditures $77.6 million, including capital + expenditures of $16.6 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $26.0 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + nutmeg 36%, cocoa beans 9%, bananas 14%, mace 8%, textiles 5% + partners: + US 12%, UK, FRG, Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago (1989) +Imports: + $105.0 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) + commodities: + food 25%, manufactured goods 22%, machinery 20%, chemicals 10%, fuel 6% + (1989) + partners: + US 29%, UK, Trinidad and Tobago, Japan, Canada (1989) +External debt: + $90 million (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5.8% (1989 est.); accounts for 6% of GDP +Electricity: + 12,500 kW capacity; 26 million kWh produced, 310 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + food and beverage, textile, light assembly operations, tourism, construction +Agriculture: + accounts for 16% of GDP and 80% of exports; bananas, cocoa, nutmeg, and mace + account for two-thirds of total crop production; world's second-largest + producer and fourth-largest exporter of nutmeg and mace; small-size farms + predominate, growing a variety of citrus fruits, avocados, root crops, + sugarcane, corn, and vegetables +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY84-89), $60 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $70 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $32 million +Currency: + East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Grenada Communications + +Highways: + 1,000 km total; 600 km paved, 300 km otherwise improved; 100 km unimproved +Ports: + Saint George's +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + automatic, islandwide telephone system with 5,650 telephones; new SHF radio + links to Trinidad and Tobago and Saint Vincent; VHF and UHF radio links to + Trinidad and Carriacou; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV + +:Grenada Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Grenada Police Force, Coast Guard +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Guadeloupe Geography + +Total area: + 1,780 km2 +Land area: + 1,760 km2 +Comparative area: + 10 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 306 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + subtropical tempered by trade winds; relatively high humidity +Terrain: + Basse-Terre is volcanic in origin with interior mountains; Grand-Terre is + low limestone formation +Natural resources: + cultivable land, beaches, and climate that foster tourism +Land use: + arable land 18%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 13%; forest and + woodland 40%; other 24%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + subject to hurricanes (June to October); La Soufriere is an active volcano +Note: + located 500 km southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea + +:Guadeloupe People + +Population: + 409,132 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 19 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 8 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 74 years male, 80 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Guadeloupian(s); adjective - Guadeloupe +Ethnic divisions: + black or mulatto 90%; white 5%; East Indian, Lebanese, Chinese less than 5% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 95%, Hindu and pagan African 5% +Languages: + French, creole patois +Literacy: + 90% (male 90%, female 91%) age 15 and over can read and write (1982) +Labor force: + 120,000; 53.0% services, government, and commerce, 25.8% industry, 21.2% + agriculture +Organized labor: + 11% of labor force + +:Guadeloupe Government + +Long-form name: + Department of Guadeloupe +Type: + overseas department of France +Capital: + Basse-Terre +Administrative divisions: + none (overseas department of France) +Independence: + none (overseas department of France) +Constitution: + 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) +Legal system: + French legal system +National holiday: + Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) +Executive branch: + government commissioner +Legislative branch: + unicameral General Council and unicameral Regional Council +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel) with jurisdiction over Guadeloupe, French + Guiana, and Martinique +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) + Head of Government: + Commissioner of the Republic Jean-Paul PROUST (since November 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + Rally for the Republic (RPR), Marlene CAPTANT; Communist Party of Guadeloupe + (PCG), Christian Medard CELESTE; Socialist Party (PSG), Dominique LARIFLA; + Popular Union for the Liberation of Guadeloupe (UPLG); Independent + Republicans; Union for French Democracy (UDF); Union for a New Majority + (UNM) +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + French National Assembly: + last held on 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1994); Guadeloupe + elects four representatives; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - + (4 total) PS 2 seats, RPR 1 seat, PCG 1 seat + French Senate: + last held on 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1994); Guadeloupe + elects two representatives; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - + (2 total) PCG 1, PS 1 + General Council: + last held NA 1986 (next to be held by NA 1992); results - percent of vote by + party NA; seats - (42 total) number of seats by party NA + Regional Council: + last held on 16 March 1992 (next to be held by 16 March 1998); results - RPR + 33.1%, PSG 28.7%, PCG 23.8%, UDF 10.7%, other 3.7%; seats - (41 total) RPR + 15, PSG 12, PCG 10, UDF 4 +Communists: + 3,000 est. +Other political or pressure groups: + Popular Union for the Liberation of Guadeloupe (UPLG); Popular Movement for + Independent Guadeloupe (MPGI); General Union of Guadeloupe Workers (UGTG); + General Federation of Guadeloupe Workers (CGT-G); Christian Movement for the + Liberation of Guadeloupe (KLPG) + +:Guadeloupe Government + +Member of: + FZ, WCL +Diplomatic representation: + as an overseas department of France, the interests of Guadeloupe are + represented in the US by France +Flag: + the flag of France is used + +:Guadeloupe Economy + +Overview: + The economy depends on agriculture, tourism, light industry, and services. + It is also dependent upon France for large subsidies and imports. Tourism is + a key industry, with most tourists from the US. In addition, an increasingly + large number of cruise ships visit the islands. The traditionally important + sugarcane crop is slowly being replaced by other crops, such as bananas + (which now supply about 50% of export earnings), eggplant, and flowers. + Other vegetables and root crops are cultivated for local consumption, + although Guadeloupe is still dependent on imported food, which comes mainly + from France. Light industry consists mostly of sugar and rum production. + Most manufactured goods and fuel are imported. Unemployment is especially + high among the young. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, per capita $3,300; real growth rate + NA% (1987) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.3% (1988) +Unemployment rate: + 38% (1987) +Budget: + revenues $254 million; expenditures $254 million, including capital + expenditures of NA (1989) +Exports: + $153 million (f.o.b., 1988) + commodities: + bananas, sugar, rum + partners: + France 68%, Martinique 22% (1987) +Imports: + $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1988) + commodities: + vehicles, foodstuffs, clothing and other consumer goods, construction + materials, petroleum products + partners: + France 64%, Italy, FRG, US (1987) +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 171,500 kW capacity; 441 million kWh produced, 1,279 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + construction, cement, rum, sugar, tourism +Agriculture: + cash crops - bananas and sugarcane; other products include tropical fruits + and vegetables; livestock - cattle, pigs, and goats; not self-sufficient in + food +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $4 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $8.235 billion +Currency: + French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.6397 (March 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 + (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Guadeloupe Communications + +Railroads: + privately owned, narrow-gauge plantation lines +Highways: + 1,940 km total; 1,600 km paved, 340 km gravel and earth +Ports: + Pointe-a-Pitre, Basse-Terre +Civil air: + 2 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 9 total, 9 usable, 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + domestic facilities inadequate; 57,300 telephones; interisland radio relay + to Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, and Martinique; broadcast stations - 2 AM, + 8 FM (30 private stations licensed to broadcast FM), 9 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT ground station + +:Guadeloupe Defense Forces + +Branches: + French Forces, Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 98,069; NA fit for military service +Note: + defense is responsibility of France + +:Guam Geography + +Total area: + 541.3 km2 +Land area: + 541.3 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than three times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 125.5 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by northeast trade + winds; dry season from January to June, rainy season from July to December; + little seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + volcanic origin, surrounded by coral reefs; relatively flat coraline + limestone plateau (source of most fresh water) with steep coastal cliffs and + narrow coastal plains in north, low-rising hills in center, mountains in + south +Natural resources: + fishing (largely undeveloped), tourism (especially from Japan) +Land use: + arable land 11%; permanent crops 11%; meadows and pastures 15%; forest and + woodland 18%; other 45% +Environment: + frequent squalls during rainy season; subject to relatively rare, but + potentially very destructive typhoons (especially in August) +Note: + largest and southernmost island in the Mariana Islands archipelago; + strategic location in western North Pacific Ocean 5,955 km west-southwest of + Honolulu about three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and the Philippines + +:Guam People + +Population: + 142,271 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 27 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 4 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 15 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 72 years male, 76 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Guamanian(s); adjective - Guamanian; note - Guamanians are US + citizens +Ethnic divisions: + Chamorro 47%, Filipino 25%, Caucasian 10%, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and + other 18% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 98%, other 2% +Languages: + English and Chamorro, most residents bilingual; Japanese also widely spoken +Literacy: + 96% (male 96%, female 96%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) +Labor force: + 46,930; federal and territorial government 40%, private 60% (trade 18%, + services 15.6%, construction 13.8%, other 12.6%) (1990) +Organized labor: + 13% of labor force + +:Guam Government + +Long-form name: + Territory of Guam +Type: + organized, unincorporated territory of the US; policy relations between Guam + and the US are under the jurisdiction of the Office of Territorial and + International Affairs, US Department of the Interior +Capital: + Agana +Administrative divisions: + none (territory of the US) +Independence: + none (territory of the US) +Constitution: + Organic Act of 1 August 1950 +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: + Guam Discovery Day (first Monday in March), Liberation Day (July 21), US + Government holidays +Executive branch: + President of the US, governor, lieutenant governor, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislature +Judicial branch: + Federal District Court of Guam, Territorial Superior Court of Guam +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989) + Head of Government: + Governor Joseph A. ADA (since November 1986); Lieutenant Governor Frank F. + BLAS +Political parties and leaders: + Democratic Party (controls the legislature); Republican Party (party of the + Governor) +Suffrage: + universal at age 18; US citizens, but do not vote in US presidential + elections +Elections: + Governor: + last held on 6 November 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results - + Joseph F. ADA reelected + Legislature: + last held on 6 November 1990 (next to be held November 1992); a byelection + was held in April 1991 to replace a deceased legislator, results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (21 total) Democratic 11, Republican 10 + US House of Representatives: + last held 6 November 1990 (next to be held 3 November 1992); Guam elects one + nonvoting delegate; results - Ben BLAZ was elected as the nonacting + delegate; seats - (1 total) Republican 1 +Member of: + ESCAP (associate), IOC, SPC +Diplomatic representation: + none (territory of the US) +Flag: + territorial flag is dark blue with a narrow red border on all four sides; + centered is a red-bordered, pointed, vertical ellipse containing a beach + scene, outrigger canoe with sail, and a palm tree with the word GUAM + superimposed in bold red letters; US flag is the national flag + +:Guam Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based on US military spending and on revenues from tourism. + Over the past 20 years the tourist industry has grown rapidly, creating a + construction boom for new hotels and the expansion of older ones. Visitors + numbered about 900,000 in 1990. The small manufacturing sector includes + textiles and clothing, beverage, food, and watch production. About 60% of + the labor force works for the private sector and the rest for government. + Most food and industrial goods are imported, with about 75% from the US. In + 1991 the unemployment rate was about 4.1%. +GNP: + purchasing power equivalent - $2.0 billion, per capita $14,000; real growth + rate NA% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 12.6% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 4.1% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $525 million; expenditures $395 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA. +Exports: + $34 million (f.o.b., 1984) + commodities: + mostly transshipments of refined petroleum products, construction materials, + fish, food and beverage products + partners: + US 25%, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 63%, other 12% +Imports: + $493 million (c.i.f., 1984) + commodities: + petroleum and petroleum products, food, manufactured goods + partners: + US 23%, Japan 19%, other 58% +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 500,000 kW capacity; 2,300 million kWh produced, 16,300 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + US military, tourism, construction, transshipment services, concrete + products, printing and publishing, food processing, textiles +Agriculture: + relatively undeveloped with most food imported; fruits, vegetables, eggs, + pork, poultry, beef, copra +Economic aid: + although Guam receives no foreign aid, it does receive large transfer + payments from the general revenues of the US Federal Treasury into which + Guamanians pay no income or excise taxes; under the provisions of a special + law of Congress, the Guamanian Treasury, rather than the US Treasury, + receives federal income taxes paid by military and civilian Federal + employees stationed in Guam +Currency: + US currency is used +Exchange rates: + US currency is used +Fiscal year: + 1 October - 30 September + +:Guam Communications + +Highways: + 674 km all-weather roads +Ports: + Apra Harbor +Airports: + 5 total, 4 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 26,317 telephones (1989); broadcast stations - 3 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV; 2 Pacific + Ocean INTELSAT ground stations + +:Guam Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +:Guatemala Geography + +Total area: + 108,890 km2 +Land area: + 108,430 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Tennessee +Land boundaries: + 1,687 km; Belize 266 km, El Salvador 203 km, Honduras 256 km, Mexico 962 km +Coastline: + 400 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + not specific + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claims Belize, but boundary negotiations to resolve the dispute have begun +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands +Terrain: + mostly mountains with narrow coastal plains and rolling limestone plateau + (Peten) +Natural resources: + crude oil, nickel, rare woods, fish, chicle +Land use: + arable land 12%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 12%; forest and + woodland 40%; other 32%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + numerous volcanoes in mountains, with frequent violent earthquakes; + Caribbean coast subject to hurricanes and other tropical storms; + deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution +Note: + no natural harbors on west coast + +:Guatemala People + +Population: + 9,784,275 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 34 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 56 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 61 years male, 66 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Guatemalan(s); adjective - Guatemalan +Ethnic divisions: + Ladino (mestizo - mixed Indian and European ancestry) 56%, Indian 44% +Religions: + predominantly Roman Catholic; also Protestant, traditional Mayan +Languages: + Spanish, but over 40% of the population speaks an Indian language as a + primary tongue (18 Indian dialects, including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi) +Literacy: + 55% (male 63%, female 47%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 2,500,000; agriculture 60%, services 13%, manufacturing 12%, commerce 7%, + construction 4%, transport 3%, utilities 0.8%, mining 0.4% (1985) +Organized labor: + 8% of labor force (1988 est.) + +:Guatemala Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Guatemala +Type: + republic +Capital: + Guatemala +Administrative divisions: + 22 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Alta Verapaz, Baja + Verapaz, Chimaltenango, Chiquimula, El Progreso, Escuintla, Guatemala, + Huehuetenango, Izabal, Jalapa, Jutiapa, Peten, Quetzaltenango, Quiche, + Retalhuleu, Sacatepequez, San Marcos, Santa Rosa, Solola, Suchitepequez, + Totonicapan, Zacapa +Independence: + 15 September 1821 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986 +Legal system: + civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 15 September (1821) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Congress of the Republic (Congreso de la Republica) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Jorge SERRANO Elias (since 14 January 1991); Vice President + Gustavo ESPINA Salguero (since 14 January 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + National Centrist Union (UCN), Jorge CARPIO Nicolle; Solidarity Action + Movement (MAS), Jorge SERRANO Elias; Christian Democratic Party (DCG), + Alfonso CABRERA Hidalgo; National Advancement Party (PAN), Alvaro ARZU + Irigoyen; National Liberation Movement (MLN), Mario SANDOVAL Alarcon; Social + Democratic Party (PSD), Mario SOLARZANO Martinez; Popular Alliance 5 (AP-5), + Max ORLANDO Molina; Revolutionary Party (PR), Carlos CHAVARRIA; National + Authentic Center (CAN), Hector MAYORA Dawe; Democratic Institutional Party + (PID), Oscar RIVAS; Nationalist United Front (FUN), Gabriel GIRON; + Guatemalan Republican Front (FRG), Efrain RIOS Montt +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Congress: + last held on 11 November 1990 (next to be held 11 November 1995); results - + UCN 25.6%, MAS 24.3%, DCG 17. 5%, PAN 17.3%, MLN 4.8%, PSD/AP-5 3.6%, PR + 2.1%; seats - (116 total) UCN 38, DCG 27, MAS 18, PAN 12, Pro - Rios Montt + 10, MLN 4, PR 1, PSD/AP-5 1, independent 5 + President: + runoff held on 11 January 1991 (next to be held 11 November 1995); results - + Jorge SERRANO Elias (MAS) 68.1%, Jorge CARPIO Nicolle (UCN) 31.9% +Communists: + Guatemalan Labor Party (PGT); main radical left guerrilla groups - Guerrilla + Army of the Poor (EGP), Revolutionary Organization of the People in Arms + (ORPA), Rebel Armed Forces (FAR), and PGT dissidents + +:Guatemala Government + +Other political or pressure groups: + Federated Chambers of Commerce and Industry (CACIF), Mutual Support Group + (GAM), Unity for Popular and Labor Action (UASP), Agrarian Owners Group + (UNAGRO), Committee for Campesino Unity (CUC) +Member of: + BCIE, CACM, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, + LAES, LAIA, LORCS, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, + WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Juan Jose CASO-FANJUL; Chancery at 2220 R Street NW, Washington, + DC 20008; telephone (202) 745-4952 through 4954; there are Guatemalan + Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New + York, and San Francisco + US: + Ambassador Thomas F. STROOCK; Embassy at 7-01 Avenida de la Reforma, Zone + 10, Guatemala City (mailing address is APO AA 34024); telephone [502] (2) + 31-15-41 +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of light blue (hoist side), white, and light blue + with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms includes + a green and red quetzal (the national bird) and a scroll bearing the + inscription LIBERTAD 15 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 1821 (the original date of + independence from Spain) all superimposed on a pair of crossed rifles and a + pair of crossed swords and framed by a wreath + +:Guatemala Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based on family and corporate agriculture, which accounts for + 26% of GDP, employs about 60% of the labor force, and supplies two-thirds of + exports. Manufacturing, predominantly in private hands, accounts for about + 18% of GDP and 12% of the labor force. In both 1990 and 1991, the economy + grew by 3%, the fourth and fifth consecutive years of mild growth. Inflation + at 40% in 1990-91 was more than double the 1987-89 level. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $11.7 billion, per capita $1,260; real growth + rate 3% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 40% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 6.7%, with 30-40% underemployment (1989 est.) +Budget: + revenues $1.05 billion; expenditures $1.3 billion, including capital + expenditures of $270 million (1989 est.) +Exports: + $1.16 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + coffee 26%, sugar 13%, bananas 7%, beef 2% + partners: + US 39%, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Germany, Honduras +Imports: + $1.66 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + fuel and petroleum products, machinery, grain, fertilizers, motor vehicles + partners: + US 40%, Mexico, Venezuela, Japan, Germany +External debt: + $2.6 billion (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA; accounts for 18% of GDP +Electricity: + 802,600 kW capacity; 2,461 million kWh produced, 266 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + sugar, textiles and clothing, furniture, chemicals, petroleum, metals, + rubber, tourism +Agriculture: + accounts for 26% of GDP; most important sector of economy and contributes + two-thirds of export earnings; principal crops - sugarcane, corn, bananas, + coffee, beans, cardamom; livestock - cattle, sheep, pigs, chickens; food + importer +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of opium poppy and cannabis for the international drug + trade; the government has an active eradication program for cannabis and + opium poppy; transit country for cocaine shipments +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $1.1 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.92 billion +Currency: + quetzal (plural - quetzales); 1 quetzal (Q) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + free market quetzales (Q) per US$1 - 5.0854 (January 1992), 5.0289 (1991), + 2.8161 (1989), 2.6196 (1988), 2.500 (1987); note - black-market rate 2.800 + (May 1989) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Guatemala Communications + +Railroads: + 884 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track; 782 km government owned, 102 km + privately owned +Highways: + 26,429 km total; 2,868 km paved, 11,421 km gravel, and 12,140 unimproved +Inland waterways: + 260 km navigable year round; additional 730 km navigable during high-water + season +Pipelines: + crude oil 275 km +Ports: + Puerto Barrios, Puerto Quetzal, Santo Tomas de Castilla +Merchant marine: + 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,129 GRT/6,450 DWT +Civil air: + 8 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 448 total, 400 usable; 11 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 19 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fairly modern network centered in Guatemala [city]; 97,670 telephones; + broadcast stations - 91 AM, no FM, 25 TV, 15 shortwave; connection into + Central American Microwave System; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Guatemala Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,169,073; 1,420,116 fit for military service; 107,239 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $113 million, 1% of GDP (1990) + +:Guernsey Geography + +Total area: + 194 km2 +Land area: + 194 km2; includes Alderney, Guernsey, Herm, Sark, and some other smaller + islands +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 50 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are overcast +Terrain: + mostly level with low hills in southwest +Natural resources: + cropland +Land use: + arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and + woodland NA%; other NA%; cultivated about 50% +Environment: + large, deepwater harbor at Saint Peter Port +Note: + 52 km west of France + +:Guernsey People + +Population: + 57,949 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 12 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 5 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 72 years male, 78 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Channel Islander(s); adjective - Channel Islander +Ethnic divisions: + UK and Norman-French descent +Religions: + Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Baptist, Congregational, Methodist +Languages: + English, French; Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) but compulsory education age 5 to 16 +Labor force: + NA +Organized labor: + NA + +:Guernsey Government + +Long-form name: + Bailiwick of Guernsey +Type: + British crown dependency +Capital: + Saint Peter Port +Administrative divisions: + none (British crown dependency) +Independence: + none (British crown dependency) +Constitution: + unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice +Legal system: + English law and local statute; justice is administered by the Royal Court +National holiday: + Liberation Day, 9 May (1945) +Executive branch: + British monarch, lieutenant governor, bailiff, deputy bailiff +Legislative branch: + unicameral Assembly of the States +Judicial branch: + Royal Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) + Head of Government: + Lieutenant Governor Lt. Gen. Sir Michael WILKINS (since NA 1990); Bailiff + Mr. Graham Martyn DOREY (since February 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + none; all independents +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Assembly of the States: + last held NA (next to be held NA); results - no percent of vote by party + since all are independents; seats - (60 total, 33 elected), all independents +Member of: + none +Diplomatic representation: + none (British crown dependency) +Flag: + white with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) extending + to the edges of the flag + +:Guernsey Economy + +Overview: + Tourism is a major source of revenue. Other economic activity includes + financial services, breeding the world-famous Guernsey cattle, and growing + tomatoes and flowers for export. +GDP: + $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate 9% (1987) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 7% (1988) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $208.9 million; expenditures $173.9 million, including capital + expenditures of NA (1988) +Exports: + $NA + commodities: + tomatoes, flowers and ferns, sweet peppers, eggplant, other vegetables + partners: + UK (regarded as internal trade) +Imports: + $NA + commodities: + coal, gasoline, and oil + partners: + UK (regarded as internal trade) +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 173,000 kW capacity; 525 million kWh produced, 9,340 kWh per capita (1989) +Industries: + tourism, banking +Agriculture: + tomatoes, flowers (mostly grown in greenhouses), sweet peppers, eggplant, + other vegetables and fruit; Guernsey cattle +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + Guernsey pound (plural - pounds); 1 Guernsey (#G) pound = 100 pence +Exchange rates: + Guernsey pounds (#G) per US$1 - 0.5799 (March 1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 + (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987); note - the Guernsey + pound is at par with the British pound +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Guernsey Communications + +Ports: + Saint Peter Port, Saint Sampson +Telecommunications: + broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 41,900 telephones; 1 submarine cable + +:Guernsey Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +:Guinea Geography + +Total area: + 245,860 km2 +Land area: + 245,860 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Oregon +Land boundaries: + 3,399 km; Guinea-Bissau 386 km, Ivory Coast 610 km, Liberia 563 km, Mali 858 + km, Senegal 330 km, Sierra Leone 652 km +Coastline: + 320 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with + southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly + harmattan winds +Terrain: + generally flat coastal plain, hilly to mountainous interior +Natural resources: + bauxite, iron ore, diamonds, gold, uranium, hydropower, fish +Land use: + arable land 6%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 12%; forest and + woodland 42%; other 40%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season; + deforestation + +:Guinea People + +Population: + 7,783,926 (July 1992), growth rate - 1.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 46 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 21 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -40 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 143 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 41 years male, 45 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Guinean(s); adjective - Guinean +Ethnic divisions: + Fulani 35%, Malinke 30%, Soussou 20%, small indigenous tribes 15% +Religions: + Muslim 85%, Christian 8%, indigenous beliefs 7% +Languages: + French (official); each tribe has its own language +Literacy: + 24% (male 35%, female 13%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 2,400,000 (1983); agriculture 82.0%, industry and commerce 11.0%, services + 5.4%; 88,112 civil servants (1987); 52% of population of working age (1985) +Organized labor: + virtually 100% of wage earners loosely affiliated with the National + Confederation of Guinean Workers + +:Guinea Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Guinea +Type: + republic +Capital: + Conakry +Administrative divisions: + 33 administrative regions (regions administratives, singular - region + administrative); Beyla, Boffa, Boke, Conakry, Coyah, Dabola, Dalaba, + Dinguiraye, Faranah, Forecariah, Fria, Gaoual, Gueckedou, Kankan, Kerouane, + Kindia, Kissidougou, Koubia, Koundara, Kouroussa, Labe, Lelouma, Lola, + Macenta, Mali, Mamou, Mandiana, Nzerekore, Pita, Siguiri, Telimele, Tougue, + Yomou +Independence: + 2 October 1958 (from France; formerly French Guinea) +Constitution: + 23 December 1990 (Loi Fundamentale) +Legal system: + based on French civil law system, customary law, and decree; legal codes + currently being revised; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Second Republic, 3 April (1984) +Executive branch: + president, Transitional Committee for National Recovery (Comite + Transitionale de Redressement National or CTRN) replaced the Military + Committee for National Recovery (Comite Militaire de Redressement National + or CMRN); Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + People's National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale Populaire) was dissolved + after the 3 April 1984 coup; note: framework for a new National Assembly + established in December 1991 (will have 114 seats) +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + Gen. Lansana CONTE (since 5 April 1984) +Political parties and leaders: + none; following the 3 April 1984 coup, all political activity was banned +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + none +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, + LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, + WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires ad interim Ansoumane CAMARA; Chancery + at 2112 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-9420 + US: + Ambassador Dane F. SMITH, Jr.; Embassy at 2nd Boulevard and 9th Avenue, + Conakry (mailing address is B. P. 603, Conakry); telephone (224) 44-15-20 + through 24 +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green; uses the + popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Rwanda, which + has a large black letter R centered in the yellow band + +:Guinea Economy + +Overview: + Although possessing many natural resources and considerable potential for + agricultural development, Guinea is one of the poorest countries in the + world. The agricultural sector contributes about 40% to GDP and employs more + than 80% of the work force, while industry accounts for 27% of GDP. Guinea + possesses over 25% of the world's bauxite reserves; exports of bauxite and + alumina accounted for about 70% of total exports in 1989. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $3.0 billion, per capita $410; real growth rate + 4.3% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 19.6% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $449 million; expenditures $708 million, including capital + expenditures of $361 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $788 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + alumina, bauxite, diamonds, coffee, pineapples, bananas, palm kernels + partners: + US 33%, EC 33%, USSR and Eastern Europe 20%, Canada +Imports: + $692 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + petroleum products, metals, machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, + textiles, and other grain + partners: + US 16%, France, Brazil +External debt: + $2.6 billion (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA%; accounts for 27% of GDP +Electricity: + 113,000 kW capacity; 300 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1989) +Industries: + bauxite mining, alumina, gold, diamond mining, light manufacturing and + agricultural processing industries +Agriculture: + accounts for 40% of GDP (includes fishing and forestry); mostly subsistence + farming; principal products - rice, coffee, pineapples, palm kernels, + cassava, bananas, sweet potatoes, timber; livestock - cattle, sheep and + goats; not self-sufficient in food grains +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $227 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,465 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $120 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $446 + million +Currency: + Guinean franc (plural - francs); 1 Guinean franc (FG) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Guinean francs (FG) per US$1 - 675 (1990), 618 (1989), 515 (1988), 440 + (1987), 383 (1986) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Guinea Communications + +Railroads: + 1,045 km; 806 km 1.000-meter gauge, 239 km 1.435-meter standard gauge +Highways: + 30,100 km total; 1,145 km paved, 12,955 km gravel or laterite (of which + barely 4,500 km are currently all-weather roads), 16,000 km unimproved earth + (1987) +Inland waterways: + 1,295 km navigable by shallow-draft native craft +Ports: + Conakry, Kamsar +Civil air: + 10 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 15 total, 15 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + poor to fair system of open-wire lines, small radiocommunication stations, + and new radio relay system; 15,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM 1 + FM, 1 TV; 65,000 TV sets; 200,000 radio receivers; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + earth station + +:Guinea Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy (acts primarily as a coast guard), Air Force, Republican Guard, + paramilitary National Gendarmerie, National Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,759,811; 888,968 fit for military service (1989) +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $29 million, 1.2% of GDP (1988) + +:Guinea-Bissau Geography + +Total area: + 36,120 km2 +Land area: + 28,000 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than three times the size of Connecticut +Land boundaries: + 724 km; Guinea 386, Senegal 338 km +Coastline: + 350 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on 12 November 1991 rendered its + decision on the Guinea-Bissau/Senegal maritime boundary in favor of Senegal +Climate: + tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoon-type rainy season (June to + November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with + northeasterly harmattan winds +Terrain: + mostly low coastal plain rising to savanna in east +Natural resources: + unexploited deposits of petroleum, bauxite, phosphates; fish, timber +Land use: + arable land 11%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 43%; forest and + woodland 38%; other 7% +Environment: + hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season + +:Guinea-Bissau People + +Population: + 1,047,137 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 42 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 18 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 124 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 45 years male, 48 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 5.7 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Guinea-Bissauan(s); adjective - Guinea-Bissauan +Ethnic divisions: + African about 99% (Balanta 30%, Fula 20%, Manjaca 14%, Mandinga 13%, Papel + 7%); European and mulatto less than 1% +Religions: + indigenous beliefs 65%, Muslim 30%, Christian 5% +Languages: + Portuguese (official); Criolo and numerous African languages +Literacy: + 36% (male 50%, female 24%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 403,000 (est.); agriculture 90%, industry, services, and commerce 5%, + government 5%; population of working age 53% (1983) +Organized labor: + only one trade union - the National Union of Workers of Guinea-Bissau (UNTG) + +:Guinea-Bissau Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Guinea-Bissau +Type: + republic; highly centralized multiparty since mid-1991; the African Party + for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC) held an + extraordinary party congress in December 1990 and established a two-year + transition program during which the constitution will be revised, allowing + for multiple political parties and a presidential election in 1993 +Capital: + Bissau +Administrative divisions: + 9 regions (regioes, singular - regiao); Bafata, Biombo, Bissau, Bolama, + Cacheu, Gabu, Oio, Quinara, Tombali +Independence: + 10 September 1974 (from Portugal; formerly Portuguese Guinea) +Constitution: + 16 May 1984 +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: + Independence Day, 10 September (1974) +Executive branch: + president of the Council of State, vice presidents of the Council of State, + Council of State, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National People's Assembly (Assembleia Nacional Popular) +Judicial branch: + none; there is a Ministry of Justice in the Council of Ministers +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President of the Council of State Brig. Gen. Joao Bernardo VIEIRA (assumed + power 14 November 1980 and elected President of Council of State on 16 May + 1984) +Political parties and leaders: + 3 parties - African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape + Verde (PAIGC), President Joao Bernardo VIEIRA, leader; PAIGC is still the + major party and controls all aspects of the Government, but 2 opposition + parties registered in late 1991; Democratic Social Front (FDS), Rafael + BARBOSA, leader; Bafata Movement, Domingos Fernandes GARNER, leader; + Democratic Front, Aristides MENEZES, leader; other parties forming +Suffrage: + universal at age 15 +Elections: + National People's Assembly: + last held 15 June 1989 (next to be held 15 June 1994); results - PAIGC is + the only party; seats - (150 total) PAIGC 150, appointed by Regional + Councils + President of Council of State: + last held 19 June 1989 (next to be held NA 1993); results - Brig. Gen. Joao + Bernardo VIEIRA was reelected without opposition by the National People's + Assembly +Member of: + ACCT (associate), ACP, AfDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Alfredo Lopes CABRAL; Chancery at 918 16th Street NW, Mezzanine + Suite, Washington, DC 20006; telephone (202) 872-4222, + +:Guinea-Bissau Government + + US: + Ambassador William L. JACOBSEN, Jr.; Embassy at 17 Avenida Domingos Ramos, + Bissau (mailing address is 1067 Bissau Codex, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau); + telephone [245] 20-1139, 20-1145, 20-1113 +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a vertical red + band on the hoist side; there is a black five-pointed star centered in the + red band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the + flag of Cape Verde, which has the black star raised above the center of the + red band and is framed by two corn stalks and a yellow clam shell + +:Guinea-Bissau Economy + +Overview: + Guinea-Bissau ranks among the poorest countries in the world, with a per + capita GDP below $200. Agriculture and fishing are the main economic + activities. Cashew nuts, peanuts, and palm kernels are the primary exports. + Exploitation of known mineral deposits is unlikely at present because of a + weak infrastructure and the high cost of development. The government's + four-year plan (1988-91) has targeted agricultural development as the top + priority. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $162 million, per capita $160; real growth rate + 5.0% (1989) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 25% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $22.7 million; expenditures $30.8 million, including capital + expenditures of $18.0 million (1989 est.) +Exports: + $14.2 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) + commodities: + cashews, fish, peanuts, palm kernels + partners: + Portugal, Senegal, France, The Gambia, Netherlands, Spain +Imports: + $68.9 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) + commodities: + capital equipment, consumer goods, semiprocessed goods, foods, petroleum + partners: + Portugal, Netherlands, Senegal, USSR, Germany +External debt: + $462 million (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate - 1.0% (1989 est.); accounts for 10% of GDP (1989 est.) +Electricity: + 22,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + agricultural processing, beer, soft drinks +Agriculture: + accounts for over 50% of GDP, nearly 100% of exports, and 90% of employment; + rice is the staple food; other crops include corn, beans, cassava, cashew + nuts, peanuts, palm kernels, and cotton; not self-sufficient in food; + fishing and forestry potential not fully exploited +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $49 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $615 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $41 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $68 + million +Currency: + Guinea-Bissauan peso (plural - pesos); 1 Guinea-Bissauan peso (PG) = 100 + centavos +Exchange rates: + Guinea-Bissauan pesos (PG) per US$1 - 1987.2 (1989), 1363.6 (1988), 851.65 + (1987), 238.98 (1986) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Guinea-Bissau Communications + +Highways: + 3,218 km; 2,698 km bituminous, remainder earth +Inland waterways: + scattered stretches are important to coastal commerce +Ports: + Bissau +Civil air: + 2 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 34 total, 15 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + poor system of radio relay, open-wire lines, and radiocommunications; 3,000 + telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 1 TV + +:Guinea-Bissau Defense Forces + +Branches: + People's Revolutionary Armed Force (FARP; including Army, Navy, Air Force), + paramilitary force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 228,856; 130,580 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $9.3 million, 5-6% of GDP (1987) + +:Guyana Geography + +Total area: + 214,970 km2 +Land area: + 196,850 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Idaho +Land boundaries: + 2,462 km; Brazil 1,119 km, Suriname 600 km, Venezuela 743 km +Coastline: + 459 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + outer edge of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + all of the area west of the Essequibo River claimed by Venezuela; Suriname + claims area between New (Upper Courantyne) and Courantyne/Kutari Rivers (all + headwaters of the Courantyne) +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy seasons + (May to mid-August, mid-November to mid-January) +Terrain: + mostly rolling highlands; low coastal plain; savanna in south +Natural resources: + bauxite, gold, diamonds, hardwood timber, shrimp, fish +Land use: + arable land 3%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and + woodland 83%; other 8%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + flash floods a constant threat during rainy seasons; water pollution + +:Guyana People + +Population: + 739,431 (July 1992), growth rate - 0.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 21 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -20 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 50 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 61 years male, 68 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Guyanese (singular and plural); adjective - Guyanese +Ethnic divisions: + East Indian 51%, black and mixed 43%, Amerindian 4%, European and Chinese 2% +Religions: + Christian 57%, Hindu 33%, Muslim 9%, other 1% +Languages: + English, Amerindian dialects +Literacy: + 95% (male 98%, female 96%) age 15 and over having ever attended school (1990 + est.) +Labor force: + 268,000; industry and commerce 44.5%, agriculture 33.8%, services 21.7%; + public-sector employment amounts to 60-80% of the total labor force (1985) +Organized labor: + 34% of labor force + +:Guyana Government + +Long-form name: + Co-operative Republic of Guyana +Type: + republic +Capital: + Georgetown +Administrative divisions: + 10 regions; Barima-Waini, Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Demerara-Mahaica, East + Berbice-Corentyne, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Mahaica-Berbice, + Pomeroon-Supenaam, Potaro-Siparuni, Upper Demerara-Berbice, Upper + Takutu-Upper Essequibo +Independence: + 26 May 1966 (from UK; formerly British Guiana) +Constitution: + 6 October 1980 +Legal system: + based on English common law with certain admixtures of Roman-Dutch law; has + not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Republic Day, 23 February (1970) +Executive branch: + executive president, first vice president, prime minister, first deputy + prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Judicature +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Executive President Hugh Desmond HOYTE (since 6 August 1985); First Vice + President Hamilton GREEN (since 6 August 1985) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Hamilton GREEN (since NA August 1985) +Political parties and leaders: + People's National Congress (PNC), Hugh Desmond HOYTE; People's Progressive + Party (PPP), Cheddi JAGAN; Working People's Alliance (WPA), Eusi KWAYANA, + Rupert ROOPNARINE; Democratic Labor Movement (DLM), Paul TENNASSEE; People's + Democratic Movement (PDM), Llewellyn JOHN; National Democratic Front (NDF), + Joseph BACCHUS; United Force (UF), Manzoor NADIR; United Republican Party + (URP), Leslie RAMSAMMY; National Republican Party (NRP), Robert GANGADEEN; + Guyanese Labor Party (GLP), Nanda GOPAUL +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Executive President: + last held on 9 December 1985 (next to be held 1992); results - Hugh Desmond + HOYTE was elected president since he was leader of the party with the most + votes in the National Assembly elections + National Assembly: + last held on 9 December 1985 (next to be held mid-1992); results - PNC 78%, + PPP 16%, UF 4%, WPA 2%; seats - (65 total, 53 elected) PNC 42, PPP 8, UF 2, + WPA 1 +Other political or pressure groups: + Trades Union Congress (TUC); Guyana Council of Indian Organizations (GCIO); + Civil Liberties Action Committee (CLAC); the latter two organizations are + small and active but not well organized; Guyanese Action for Reform and + Democracy (GUARD) includes various labor groups, as well as several of the + smaller political parties + +:Guyana Government + +Member of: + ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, + IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, + UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Dr. Cedric Hilburn GRANT; Chancery at 2490 Tracy Place NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-6900; there is a Guyanese + Consulate General in New York + US: + Ambassador George JONES; Embassy at 99-100 Young and Duke Streets, + Georgetown; telephone [592] (2) 54900 through 54909 +Flag: + green with a red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) superimposed + on a long yellow arrowhead; there is a narrow black border between the red + and yellow, and a narrow white border between the yellow and the green + +:Guyana Economy + +Overview: + Guyana is one of the world's poorest countries with a per capita income less + than one-fifth the South American average. After growing on average at less + than 1% a year in 1986-87, GDP dropped by 5% a year in 1988-90. The decline + resulted from bad weather, labor trouble in the canefields, and flooding and + equipment problems in the bauxite industry. Consumer prices rose about 100% + in 1989 and 75% in 1990, and the current account deficit widened + substantially as sugar and bauxite exports fell. Moreover, electric power is + in short supply and constitutes a major barrier to future gains in national + output. The government, in association with international financial + agencies, seeks to reduce its payment arrears and to raise new funds. The + government's stabilization program - aimed at establishing realistic + exchange rates, reasonable price stability, and a resumption of growth - + requires considerable public administrative abilities and continued patience + by consumers during a long incubation period. In 1991, buoyed by a recovery + in mining and agriculture, the economy posted 6% growth, according to + official figures. A large volume of illegal and quasi- legal economic + activity is not captured in estimates of the country's total output. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $250 million, per capita $300; real growth rate + 6% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 75% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 12-15% (1990 est.) +Budget: + revenues $126 million; expenditures $250 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $189 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + bauxite, sugar, gold, rice, shrimp, molasses, timber, rum + partners: + UK 31%, US 23%, CARICOM 7%, Canada 6% (1988) +Imports: + $246 million (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + manufactures, machinery, food, petroleum + partners: + US 33%, CARICOM 10%, UK 9%, Canada 2% (1989) +External debt: + $2.0 billion, including arrears (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate - 12.0% (1990 est.); accounts for about 11% of GDP +Electricity: + 252,500 kW capacity; 647 million kWh produced, 863 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + bauxite mining, sugar, rice milling, timber, fishing (shrimp), textiles, + gold mining +Agriculture: + most important sector, accounting for 24% of GDP and about half of exports; + sugar and rice are key crops; development potential exists for fishing and + forestry; not self-sufficient in food, especially wheat, vegetable oils, and + animal products +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $116 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $325 million; + Communist countries 1970-89, $242 million +Currency: + Guyanese dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Guyanese dollar (G$) = 100 cents + +:Guyana Economy + +Exchange rates: + Guyanese dollars (G$) per US$1 - 124.1 (March 1992) 111.8 (1991), 39.533 + (1990), 27.159 (1989), 10.000 (1988), 9.756 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Guyana Communications + +Railroads: + 187 km total, all single track 0.914-meter gauge +Highways: + 7,665 km total; 550 km paved, 5,000 km gravel, 1,525 km earth, 590 km + unimproved +Inland waterways: + 6,000 km total of navigable waterways; Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo + Rivers are navigable by oceangoing vessels for 150 km, 100 km, and 80 km, + respectively +Ports: + Georgetown +Civil air: + 3 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 54 total, 49 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; none with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 13 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fair system with radio relay network; over 27,000 telephones; tropospheric + scatter link to Trinidad; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 3 FM, no TV, 1 + shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Guyana Defense Forces + +Branches: + Guyana Defense Force (GDF; includes Coast Guard and Air Corps), Guyana + Police Force (GPF), Guyana People's Militia (GPM), Guyana National Service + (GNS) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 196,066; 149,045 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $5.5 million, 6% of GDP (1989 est.) + +:Haiti Geography + +Total area: + 27,750 km2 +Land area: + 27,560 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Maryland +Land boundaries: + 275 km; Dominican Republic 275 km +Coastline: + 1,771 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claims US-administered Navassa Island +Climate: + tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds +Terrain: + mostly rough and mountainous +Natural resources: + bauxite +Land use: + arable land 20%; permanent crops 13%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest and + woodland 4%; other 45%; includes irrigated 3% +Environment: + lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from + June to October; occasional flooding and earthquakes; deforestation; soil + erosion +Note: + shares island of Hispaniola with Dominican Republic + +:Haiti People + +Population: + 6,431,977 (July 1992), growth rate 2.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 42 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 15 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -5 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 104 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 53 years male, 55 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Haitian(s); adjective - Haitian +Ethnic divisions: + black 95%, mulatto and European 5% +Religions: + Roman Catholic is the official religion; Roman Catholic 80% (of which an + overwhelming majority also practice Voodoo), Protestant 16% (Baptist 10%, + Pentecostal 4%, Adventist 1%, other 1%), none 1%, other 3% (1982) +Languages: + French (official) spoken by only 10% of population; all speak Creole +Literacy: + 53% (male 59%, female 47%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 2,300,000; agriculture 66%, services 25%, industry 9%; shortage of skilled + labor, unskilled labor abundant (1982) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Haiti Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Haiti +Type: + republic +Capital: + Port-au-Prince +Administrative divisions: + 9 departments, (departements, singular - departement); Artibonite, Centre, + Grand'Anse, Nord, Nord-Est, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Est +Independence: + 1 January 1804 (from France) +Constitution: + 27 August 1983, suspended February 1986; draft constitution approved March + 1987, suspended June 1988, most articles reinstated March 1989; October + 1991, government claims to be observing the Constitution +Legal system: + based on Roman civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 1 January (1804) +Executive branch: + president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) consisting of an upper + house or Senate and a lower house or Chamber of Deputies +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal (Cour de Cassation) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE (since 7 February 1991), ousted in a coup + in September 1991, but still recognized by international community as Chief + of State; President Joseph NERETTE installed by military on 7 October 1991 + Head of Government: + de facto Prime Minister Marc BAZIN (since June 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + National Front for Change and Democracy (FNCD) led by Jean-Bertrand + ARISTIDE, including Congress of Democratic Movements (CONACOM), Victor + BENOIT; National Konbite Movement (MKN), Volvick Remy JOSEPH; National + Alliance for Democracy and Progress (ANDP), a coalition - that broke up + following elections - consisting of Movement for the Installation of + Democracy in Haiti (MIDH), Marc BAZIN; National Progressive Revolutionary + Party (PANPRA), Serge GILLES; and National Patriotic Movement of November 28 + (MNP-28), Dejean BELIZAIRE; National Agricultural and Industrial Party + (PAIN), Louis DEJOIE; Movement for National Reconstruction (MRN), Rene + THEODORE; Haitian Christian Democratic Party (PDCH), Joseph DOUZE; Assembly + of Progressive National Democrats (RDNP), Leslie MANIGAT; National Party of + Labor (PNT), Thomas DESULME; Mobilization for National Development (MDN), + Hubert DE RONCERAY; Democratic Movement for the Liberation of Haiti + (MODELH), Francois LATORTUE; Haitian Social Christian Party (PSCH), Gregoire + EUGENE; Movement for the Organization of the Country (MOP), Gesner COMEAU +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Chamber of Deputies: + last held 16 December 1990, with runoff held 20 January 1991 (next to be + held by December 1994); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (83 total) + FNCD 27, ANDP 17, PDCH 7, PAIN 6, RDNP 6, MDN 5, PNT 3, MKN 2, MODELH 2, MRN + 1, independents 5, other 2 + +:Haiti Government + + President: + last held 16 December 1990 (next election to be held by December 1995); + results - Rev. Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE 67.5%, Marc BAZIN 14.2%, Louis DEJOIE + 4.9% +Elections: + Senate: + last held 16 December 1990, with runoff held 20 January 1991 (next to be + held December 1992); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (27 total) FNCD + 13, ANDP 6, PAIN 2, MRN 2, PDCH 1, RDNP 1, PNT 1, independent 1 +Communists: + United Party of Haitian Communists (PUCH), Rene THEODORE (roughly 2,000 + members) +Other political or pressure groups: + Democratic Unity Confederation (KID), Roman Catholic Church, Confederation + of Haitian Workers (CTH), Federation of Workers Trade Unions (FOS), + Autonomous Haitian Workers (CATH), National Popular Assembly (APN) +Member of: + ACCT, CARICOM (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES, + LORCS, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, + WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Jean CASIMIR; Chancery at 2311 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-4090 through 4092; there are + Haitian Consulates General in Boston, Chicago, Miami, New York, and San Juan + (Puerto Rico) + US: + Ambassador Alvin P. ADAMS, Jr.; Embassy at Harry Truman Boulevard, + Port-au-Prince (mailing address is P. O. Box 1761, Port-au-Prince), + telephone [509] 22-0354 or 22-0368, 22-0200, 22-0612 +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a centered white + rectangle bearing the coat of arms, which contains a palm tree flanked by + flags and two cannons above a scroll bearing the motto L'UNION FAIT LA FORCE + (Union Makes Strength) + +:Haiti Economy + +Overview: + About 75% of the population live in abject poverty. Agriculture is mainly + small-scale subsistence farming and employs nearly three-fourths of the work + force. The majority of the population does not have ready access to safe + drinking water, adequate medical care, or sufficient food. Few social + assistance programs exist, and the lack of employment opportunities remains + one of the most critical problems facing the economy, along with soil + erosion and political instability. Trade sanctions applied by the + Organization of American States in response to the September 1991 coup + against President Aristide have further damaged the economy. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $2.7 billion, per capita $440; real growth rate - + 3.0% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 20% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 25-50% (1990 est.) +Budget: + revenues $300 million; expenditures $416 million, including capital + expenditures of $145 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $169 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + light manufactures 65%, coffee 19%, other agriculture 8%, other 8% + partners: + US 84%, Italy 4%, France 3%, other industrial countries 6%, less developed + countries 3% (1987) +Imports: + $348 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + machines and manufactures 34%, food and beverages 22%, petroleum products + 14%, chemicals 10%, fats and oils 9% + partners: + US 64%, Netherlands Antilles 5%, Japan 5%, France 4%, Canada 3%, Germany 3% + (1987) +External debt: + $838 million (December 1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0.3% (FY88); accounts for 15% of GDP +Electricity: + 217,000 kW capacity; 468 million kWh produced, 74 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + sugar refining, textiles, flour milling, cement manufacturing, tourism, + light assembly industries based on imported parts +Agriculture: + accounts for 28% of GDP and employs 74% of work force; mostly small-scale + subsistence farms; commercial crops - coffee, mangoes, sugarcane and wood; + staple crops - rice, corn, sorghum; shortage of wheat flour +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for cocaine +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $700 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $770 million +Currency: + gourde (plural - gourdes); 1 gourde (G) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + gourdes (G) per US$1 - 5.0 (fixed rate) +Fiscal year: + 1 October - 30 September + +:Haiti Communications + +Railroads: + 40 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge, single-track, privately owned industrial + line +Highways: + 4,000 km total; 950 km paved, 900 km otherwise improved, 2,150 km unimproved +Inland waterways: + negligible; less than 100 km navigable +Ports: + Port-au-Prince, Cap-Haitien +Civil air: + 12 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 13 total, 10 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + domestic facilities barely adequate, international facilities slightly + better; 36,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 33 AM, no FM, 4 TV, 2 + shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Haiti Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army (including Police), Navy, Air Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,313,044; 706,221 fit for military service; 59,060 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $34 million, 1.5% of GDP (1988 est.) + +:Heard Island and McDonald Islands Geography + +Total area: + 412 km2 +Land area: + 412 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 101.9 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + antarctic +Terrain: + Heard Island - bleak and mountainous, with an extinct volcano; McDonald + Islands - small and rocky +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + primarily used as research stations +Note: + located 4,100 km southwest of Australia in the southern Indian Ocean + +:Heard Island and McDonald Islands People + +Population: + uninhabited + +:Heard Island and McDonald Islands Government + +Long-form name: + Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands +Type: + territory of Australia administered by the Antarctic Division of the + Department of Science in Canberra (Australia) +Capital: + none; administered from Canberra, Australia + +:Heard Island and McDonald Islands Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +:Heard Island and McDonald Islands Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only + +:Heard Island and McDonald Islands Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of Australia + +:Holy See (Vatican City) Geography + +Total area: + 0.438 km2 +Land area: + 0.438 km2 +Comparative area: + about 0.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 3.2 km; Italy 3.2 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to mid-May) with hot, dry summers + (May to September) +Terrain: + low hill +Natural resources: + none +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + urban +Note: + landlocked; enclave of Rome, Italy; world's smallest state; outside the + Vatican City, 13 buildings in Rome and Castel Gandolfo (the pope's summer + residence) enjoy extraterritorial rights + +:Holy See (Vatican City) People + +Population: + 802 (July 1992), growth rate 1.2% (1992) +Nationality: + no noun or adjectival forms +Ethnic divisions: + primarily Italians but also Swiss and other nationalities +Religions: + Roman Catholic +Languages: + Italian, Latin, and various other languages +Literacy: + 100% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + high dignitaries, priests, nuns, guards, and 3,000 lay workers who live + outside the Vatican +Organized labor: + Association of Vatican Lay Workers, 1,800 members (1987) + +:Holy See (Vatican City) Government + +Long-form name: + State of the Vatican City; note - the Vatican City is the physical seat of + the Holy See, which is the central government of the Roman Catholic Church +Type: + monarchical-sacerdotal state +Capital: + Vatican City +Independence: + 11 February 1929 (from Italy) +Constitution: + Apostolic Constitution of 1967 (effective 1 March 1968) +National holiday: + Installation Day of the Pope (John Paul II), 22 October (1978); note - Pope + John Paul II was elected on 16 October 1978 +Executive branch: + pope +Legislative branch: + unicameral Pontifical Commission +Judicial branch: + none; normally handled by Italy +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Pope JOHN PAUL II (Karol WOJTYA; since 16 October 1978) + Head of Government: + Secretary of State Archbishop Angelo SODANO +Political parties and leaders: + none +Suffrage: + limited to cardinals less than 80 years old +Elections: + Pope: + last held 16 October 1978 (next to be held after the death of the current + pope); results - Karol WOJTYA was elected for life by the College of + Cardinals +Other political or pressure groups: + none (exclusive of influence exercised by church officers) +Member of: + CSCE, IAEA, ICFTU, IMF (observer), INTELSAT, IOM (observer), ITU, OAS + (observer), UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNHCR, UPU, WIPO, WTO (observer) +Diplomatic representation: + Apostolic Pro-Nuncio Archbishop Agostino CACCIAVILLAN; 3339 Massachusetts + Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 333-7121 + US: + Ambassador Thomas P. MELADY; Embassy at Villino Pacelli, Via Aurelia 294, + 00165 Rome (mailing address is APO AE 09624); telephone [396] 639-0558 +Flag: + two vertical bands of yellow (hoist side) and white with the crossed keys of + Saint Peter and the papal tiara centered in the white band + +:Holy See (Vatican City) Economy + +Overview: + This unique, noncommercial economy is supported financially by contributions + (known as Peter's Pence) from Roman Catholics throughout the world, the sale + of postage stamps and tourist mementos, fees for admission to museums, and + the sale of publications. The incomes and living standards of lay workers + are comparable to, or somewhat better than, those of counterparts who work + in the city of Rome. +Budget: + revenues $92 million; expenditures $178 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1992) +Electricity: + 5,000 kW standby capacity (1990); power supplied by Italy +Industries: + printing and production of a small amount of mosaics and staff uniforms; + worldwide banking and financial activities +Currency: + Vatican lira (plural - lire); 1 Vatican lira (VLit) = 100 centesimi +Exchange rates: + Vatican lire (VLit) per US$1 - 1,248.4 (March 1992), 1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1 + (1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987); note - the Vatican + lira is at par with the Italian lira which circulates freely +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Holy See (Vatican City) Communications + +Railroads: + 850 m, 750 mm gauge (links with Italian network near the Rome station of + Saint Peter's) +Highways: + none; all city streets +Telecommunications: + broadcast stations - 3 AM, 4 FM, no TV; 2,000-line automatic telephone + exchange; no communications satellite systems + +:Holy See (Vatican City) Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of Italy; Swiss Papal Guards are posted at + entrances to the Vatican City + +:Honduras Geography + +Total area: + 112,090 km2 +Land area: + 111,890 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Tennessee +Land boundaries: + 1,520 km; Guatemala 256 km, El Salvador 342 km, Nicaragua 922 km +Coastline: + 820 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + dispute with El Salvador over several sections of the land boundary; dispute + over Golfo de Fonseca maritime boundary because of disputed sovereignty of + islands; unresolved maritime boundary with Nicaragua +Climate: + subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains +Terrain: + mostly mountains in interior, narrow coastal plains +Natural resources: + timber, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron ore, antimony, coal, fish +Land use: + arable land 14%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 30%; forest and + woodland 34%; other 20%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + subject to frequent, but generally mild, earthquakes; damaging hurricanes + and floods along Caribbean coast; deforestation; soil erosion + +:Honduras People + +Population: + 5,092,776 (July 1992), growth rate 2.8% (1992) +Birth rate: + 37 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 54 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 65 years male, 68 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Honduran(s); adjective - Honduran +Ethnic divisions: + mestizo (mixed Indian and European) 90%, Indian 7%, black 2%, white 1% +Religions: + Roman Catholic about 97%; small Protestant minority +Languages: + Spanish, Indian dialects +Literacy: + 73% (male 76%, female 71%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 1,300,000; agriculture 62%, services 20%, manufacturing 9%, construction 3%, + other 6% (1985) +Organized labor: + 40% of urban labor force, 20% of rural work force (1985) + +:Honduras Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Honduras +Type: + republic +Capital: + Tegucigalpa +Administrative divisions: + 18 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Atlantida, + Choluteca, Colon, Comayagua, Copan, Cortes, El Paraiso, Francisco Morazan, + Gracias a Dios, Intibuca, Islas de la Bahia, La Paz, Lempira, Ocotepeque, + Olancho, Santa Barbara, Valle, Yoro +Independence: + 15 September 1821 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 11 January 1982, effective 20 January 1982 +Legal system: + rooted in Roman and Spanish civil law; some influence of English common law; + accepts ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 15 September (1821) +Executive branch: + president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justica) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Rafael Leonardo CALLEJAS Romero (since 26 January 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + Liberal Party (PLH) - faction leaders, Carlos FLORES Facusse (leader of + Florista Liberal Movement), Carlos MONTOYA (Azconista subfaction), Ramon + VILLEDA Bermudez and Jorge Arturo REINA (M-Lider faction); National Party + (PNH), Jose Celin DISCUA, party president; PNH faction leaders - Oswaldo + RAMOS Soto and Rafael Leonardo CALLEJAS Romero (Monarca faction); National + Innovation and Unity Party - Social Democrats (PINU-SD), Enrique AGUILAR + Cerrato Paz; Christian Democratic Party (PDCH), Jorge ILLESCAS; Democratic + Action (AD), Walter LOPEZ Reyes +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 18 +Elections: + National Congress: + last held on 26 November 1989 (next to be held November 1993); results - PNH + 51%, PLH 43%, PDCH 1.9%, PINU-SD 1.5%, other 2.6%; seats - (128 total) PNH + 71, PLH 55, PINU-SD 2 + President: + last held on 26 November 1989 (next to be held November 1993); results - + Rafael Leonardo CALLEJAS (PNH) 51%, Carlos FLORES Facusse (PLH) 43.3%, other + 5.7% +Other political or pressure groups: + National Association of Honduran Campesinos (ANACH), Honduran Council of + Private Enterprise (COHEP), Confederation of Honduran Workers (CTH), + National Union of Campesinos (UNC), General Workers Confederation (CGT), + United Federation of Honduran Workers (FUTH), Committee for the Defense of + Human Rights in Honduras (CODEH), Coordinating Committee of Popular + Organizations (CCOP) + +:Honduras Government + +Member of: + BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, + IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, OAS, OPANAL, + PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Jorge Ramon HERNANDEZ Alcerro; Chancery at 3007 Tilden Street NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 966-7702; there are Honduran + Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, + and San Francisco, and Consulates in Baton Rouge, Boston, Detroit, Houston, + and Jacksonville + US: + Ambassador S. Crescencio ARCOS; Embassy at Avenida La Paz, Tegucigalpa + (mailing address is APO AA 34022); telephone [504] 32-3120 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with five blue + five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band; the + stars represent the members of the former Federal Republic of Central + America - Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua; + similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled + by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the + white band; also similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which features a triangle + encircled by the word REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on + the bottom, centered in the white band + +:Honduras Economy + +Overview: + Honduras is one of the poorest countries in the Western Hemisphere. + Agriculture, the most important sector of the economy, accounts for more + than 25% of GDP, employs 62% of the labor force, and produces two-thirds of + exports. Productivity remains low. Industry, still in its early stages, + employs nearly 9% of the labor force, accounts for 15% of GDP, and generates + 20% of exports. The service sectors, including public administration, + account for 50% of GDP and employ nearly 20% of the labor force. Basic + problems facing the economy include rapid population growth, high + unemployment, sharply increased inflation, a lack of basic services, a large + and inefficient public sector, and the dependence of the export sector + mostly on coffee and bananas, which are subject to sharp price fluctuations. + Despite government efforts at reform and large-scale foreign assistance, the + economy still is unable to take advantage of its sizable natural resources. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $5.2 billion, per capita $1,050; real growth rate + - 0.3% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 26% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 15% unemployed, 30-40% underemployed (1989) +Budget: + revenues $1.4 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital + expenditures of $511 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + bananas, coffee, shrimp, lobster, minerals, lumber + partners: + US 52%, Germany 11%, Japan, Italy, Belgium +Imports: + $1.3 billion (c.i.f. 1991) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment, chemical products, manufactured goods, + fuel and oil, foodstuffs + partners: + US 39%, Japan 9%, CACM, Venezuela, Mexico +External debt: + $2.8 billion (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 2.9% (1989); accounts for 15% of GDP +Electricity: + 575,000 kW capacity; 1,850 million kWh produced, 374 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + agricultural processing (sugar and coffee), textiles, clothing, wood + products +Agriculture: + most important sector, accounting for more than 25% of GDP, over 60% of the + labor force, and two-thirds of exports; principal products include bananas, + coffee, timber, beef, citrus fruit, shrimp; importer of wheat +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis, cultivated on small plots and used principally + for local consumption; transshipment point for cocaine +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.4 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.1 billion +Currency: + lempira (plural - lempiras); 1 lempira (L) = 100 centavos + +:Honduras Economy + +Exchange rates: + lempiras (L) per US$1 - 5.4 (fixed rate); 5.70 parallel black-market rate + (November 1990) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Honduras Communications + +Railroads: + 785 km total; 508 km 1.067-meter gauge, 277 km 0.914-meter gauge +Highways: + 8,950 km total; 1,700 km paved, 5,000 km otherwise improved, 2,250 km + unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 465 km navigable by small craft +Ports: + Puerto Castilla, Puerto Cortes, San Lorenzo +Merchant marine: + 201 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 629,134 GRT/939,289 DWT; includes 2 + passenger-cargo, 127 cargo, 17 refrigerated - cargo, - 7 - container, - 2 - + roll-on/roll-off cargo, 19 petroleum tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 3 + specialized tanker, 1 vehicle carrier, 18 bulk, 2 passenger, 1 short-sea + passenger; note - a flag of convenience registry; Republics of the former + USSR own 10 ships under the Honduran flag +Civil air: + 6 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 171 total, 133 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + improved, but still inadequate; connection into Central American Microwave + System; 35,100 telephones; broadcast stations - 176 AM, no FM, 28 TV, 7 + shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations + +:Honduras Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, Public Security Forces (FUSEP) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,148,376; 684,375 fit for military service; 57,028 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $43.4 million, about 1% of GDP (1992 est.) + +:Hong Kong Geography + +Total area: + 1,040 km2 +Land area: + 990 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than six times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 30 km; China 30 km +Coastline: + 733 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 3 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from spring + through summer, warm and sunny in fall +Terrain: + hilly to mountainous with steep slopes; lowlands in north +Natural resources: + outstanding deepwater harbor, feldspar +Land use: + arable land 7%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and + woodland 12%; other 79%; includes irrigated 3% +Environment: + more than 200 islands; occasional typhoons + +:Hong Kong People + +Population: + 5,889,095 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 13 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + - 2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 76 years male, 83 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + adjective - Hong Kong +Ethnic divisions: + Chinese 98%, other 2% +Religions: + eclectic mixture of local religions 90%, Christian 10% +Languages: + Chinese (Cantonese), English +Literacy: + 77% (male 90%, female 64%) age 15 and over having ever attended school + (1971) +Labor force: + 2,800,000 (1990); manufacturing 28.5%, wholesale and retail trade, + restaurants, and hotels 27.9%, services 17.7%, financing, insurance, and + real estate 9.2%, transport and communications 4.5%, construction 2.5%, + other 9.7% (1989) +Organized labor: + 16% of labor force (1990) + +:Hong Kong Government + +Long-form name: + none; abbreviated HK +Type: + dependent territory of the UK; scheduled to revert to China in 1997 +Capital: + Victoria +Administrative divisions: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK); the UK signed an agreement with China + on 19 December 1984 to return Hong Kong to China on 1 July 1997; in the + joint declaration, China promises to respect Hong Kong's existing social and + economic systems and lifestyle for 50 years after transition +Constitution: + unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice; new Basic Law + approved in March 1990 in preparation for 1997 +Legal system: + based on English common law +National holiday: + Liberation Day, 29 August (1945) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor, chief secretary of the Executive Council +Legislative branch: + Legislative Council +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) + Head of Government: + Governor-designate Chris PATTEN (since July 1992); Chief Secretary Sir David + Robert FORD (since February 1987) +Suffrage: + direct election - universal at age 21 as a permanent resident living in the + territory of Hong Kong for the past seven years; indirect election - limited + to about 100,000 professionals of electoral college and functional + constituencies +Elections: + Legislative Council: + indirect elections last held 12 September 1991 and direct elections were + held 15 September 1991 (next to be held for the first time in September + 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (60 total; 21 + indirectly elected by functional constituencies, 18 directly elected, 18 + appointed by governor, 3 ex officio members); indirect elections - number of + seats by functional constituency NA; direct elections - UDHK 12, Meeting + Point 3, ADPL 1, other 2 +Communists: + 5,000 (est.) cadres affiliated with Communist Party of China +Other political or pressure groups: + Federation of Trade Unions (pro-China), Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade Union + Council (pro-Taiwan), Confederation of Trade Unions (prodemocracy), Hong + Kong General Chamber of Commerce, Chinese General Chamber of Commerce + (pro-China), Federation of Hong Kong Industries, Chinese Manufacturers' + Association of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union, Hong Kong + Alliance in Support of the Patriotic Democratic Movement in China +Member of: + APEC, AsDB, CCC, ESCAP (associate), GATT, ICFTU, IMO (associate), IOC, ISO + (correspondent), WCL, WMO + +:Hong Kong Government + +Diplomatic representation: + as a dependent territory of the UK, the interests of Hong Kong in the US are + represented by the UK + US: + Consul General Richard L. WILLIAMS; Consulate General at 26 Garden Road, + Hong Kong (mailing address is Box 30, Hong Kong, or FPO AP 96522-0002); + telephone [852] 239-011 +Flag: + blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant with the Hong + Kong coat of arms on a white disk centered on the outer half of the flag; + the coat of arms contains a shield (bearing two junks below a crown) held by + a lion (representing the UK) and a dragon (representing China) with another + lion above the shield and a banner bearing the words HONG KONG below the + shield + +:Hong Kong Economy + +Overview: + Hong Kong has a bustling free market economy with few tariffs or nontariff + barriers. Natural resources are limited, and food and raw materials must be + imported. Manufacturing accounts for about 18% of GDP, employs 28% of the + labor force, and exports about 90% of its output. Real GDP growth averaged a + remarkable 8% in 1987-88, then slowed to 2.5-3.0% in 1989-90. Unemployment, + which has been declining since the mid-1980s, is now about 2%. A shortage of + labor continues to put upward pressure on prices and the cost of living. + Short-term prospects remain solid so long as major trading partners continue + to be reasonably prosperous. The crackdown in China in 1989-91 casts a + shadow over the longer term economic outlook. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $80.9 billion, per capita $13,800; real growth + rate 3.8% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 12.0% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 2.0% (1991 est.) +Budget: + $8.8 billion (FY90) +Exports: + $82.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990), including reexports of $53.1 billion + commodities: + clothing, textiles, yarn and fabric, footwear, electrical appliances, + watches and clocks, toys + partners: + China 25%, US 24%, Germany 7%, Japan 6%, UK 2%, (1990) +Imports: + $82.4 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + foodstuffs, transport equipment, raw materials, semimanufactures, petroleum + partners: + China 37%, Japan 16%, Taiwan 9%, US 8% (1990) +External debt: + $9.5 billion (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 4% 1991 (est) +Electricity: + 8,600,000 kW capacity; 25,637 million kWh produced, 4,378 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + textiles, clothing, tourism, electronics, plastics, toys, watches, clocks +Agriculture: + minor role in the economy; rice, vegetables, dairy products; less than 20% + self-sufficient; shortages of rice, wheat, water +Illicit drugs: + a hub for Southeast Asian heroin trade; transshipment and major financial + and money-laundering center +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $152 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $923 million +Currency: + Hong Kong dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Hong Kong dollar (HK$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Hong Kong dollars (HK$) per US$ - 7.800 (1991), 7.790 (1990), 7.800 (1989), + 7.810 (1988), 7.760 (1987); note - linked to the US dollar at the rate of + about 7.8 HK$ per 1 US$ since 1985 +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Hong Kong Communications + +Railroads: + 35 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, government owned +Highways: + 1,484 km total; 794 km paved, 306 km gravel, crushed stone, or earth +Ports: + Hong Kong +Merchant marine: + 142 ships (1,000 GRT or over), totaling 5,035,223 GRT/8,598,134 DWT; + includes 1 passenger, 1 short-sea passenger, 15 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, + 26 container, 13 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 6 combination ore/oil, + 5 liquefied gas, 68 bulk, 1 combination bulk; note - a flag of convenience + registry; ships registered in Hong Kong fly the UK flag, and an estimated + 500 Hong Kong - owned ships are registered elsewhere +Civil air: + 16 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 2 total; 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + modern facilities provide excellent domestic and international services; + 3,000,000 telephones; microwave transmission links and extensive optical + fiber transmission network; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 6 FM, 4 TV; 1 British + Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) repeater station and 1 British Forces + Broadcasting Service repeater station; 2,500,000 radio receivers; 1,312,000 + TV sets (1,224,000 color TV sets); satellite earth stations - 1 Pacific + Ocean INTELSAT and 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; coaxial cable to Guangzhou, + China; links to 5 international submarine cables providing access to ASEAN + member nations, Japan, Taiwan, Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe + +:Hong Kong Defense Forces + +Branches: + Headquarters of British Forces, Royal Navy, Royal Air Force, Royal Hong Kong + Auxiliary Air Force, Royal Hong Kong Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,732,360; 1,334,923 fit for military service; 46,285 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $300 million, 0.5% of GDP (1989 est.); this + represents one-fourth of the total cost of defending itself, the remainder + being paid by the UK +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +:Howland Island Geography + +Total area: + 1.6 km2 +Land area: + 1.6 km2 +Comparative area: + about 2.7 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 6.4 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun +Terrain: + low-lying, nearly level, sandy, coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing + reef; depressed central area +Natural resources: + guano (deposits worked until late 1800s) +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 5%; other 95% +Environment: + almost totally covered with grasses, prostrate vines, and low-growing + shrubs; small area of trees in the center; lacks fresh water; primarily a + nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds, and marine + wildlife; feral cats +Note: + remote location 2,575 km southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean, + just north of the Equator, about halfway between Hawaii and Australia + +:Howland Island People + +Population: + uninhabited +Population: + note: + American civilians evacuated in 1942 after Japanese air and naval attacks + during World War II; occupied by US military during World War II, but + abandoned after the war; public entry is by special-use permit only and + generally restricted to scientists and educators + +:Howland Island Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and Wildlife + Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National + Wildlife Refuge System +Capital: + none; administered from Washington, DC + +:Howland Island Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +:Howland Island Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only, one boat landing area along the middle of the + west coast +Airports: + airstrip constructed in 1937 for scheduled refueling stop on the + round-the-world flight of Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan - they left Lae, + New Guinea, for Howland Island, but were never seen again; the airstrip is + no longer serviceable +Note: + Earhart Light is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast that was + partially destroyed during World War II, but has since been rebuilt in + memory of famed aviatrix Amelia Earhart + +:Howland Island Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US Coast + Guard + +:Hungary Geography + +Total area: + 93,030 km2 +Land area: + 92,340 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Indiana +Land boundaries: + 2,113 km; Austria 366 km, Slovenia 82 km, Czechoslovakia 676 km, Romania 443 + km, Croatia 292 km, Serbia and Montenegro 151 km, Ukraine 103 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + Gabcikovo Dam dispute with Czechoslovakia +Climate: + temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers +Terrain: + mostly flat to rolling plains +Natural resources: + bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils +Land use: + arable land 54%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 14%; forest and + woodland 18%; other 11%; includes irrigated 2% +Environment: + levees are common along many streams, but flooding occurs almost every year +Note: + landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between Western + Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean + basin + +:Hungary People + +Population: + 10,333,327 (July 1992), growth rate - 0.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 12 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 13 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 14 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 66 years male, 75 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Hungarian(s); adjective - Hungarian +Ethnic divisions: + Hungarian 96.6%, Gypsy 5.8%, German 1.6%, Slovak 1.1%, Southern Slav 0.3%, + Romanian 0.2% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 67.5%, Calvinist 20.0%, Lutheran 5.0%, atheist and other 7.5% +Languages: + Hungarian 98.2%, other 1.8% +Literacy: + 99% (male 99%, female 98%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) +Labor force: + 5.4 million; services, trade, government, and other 43.2%, industry 30.9%, + agriculture 18.8%, construction 7.1% (1991) +Organized labor: + 45-55% of labor force; Central Council of Hungarian Trade Unions (SZOT) + includes 19 affiliated unions, all controlled by the government; independent + unions legal; may be as many as 12 small independent unions in operation + +:Hungary Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Hungary +Type: + republic +Capital: + Budapest +Administrative divisions: + 19 counties (megyek, singular - megye) and 1 capital city* (fovaros); + Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya, Bekes, Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen, Budapest*, Csongrad, + Fejer, Gyor-Moson-Sopron, Hajdu-Bihar, Heves, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok, + Komarom-Esztergom, Nograd, Pest, Somogy, Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg, Tolna, Vas, + Veszprem, Zala +Independence: + 1001, unification by King Stephen I +Constitution: + 18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949, revised 19 April 1972; 18 October + 1989 revision ensured legal rights for individuals and constitutional checks + on the authority of the prime minister and also established the principle of + parliamentary oversight +Legal system: + in process of revision, moving toward rule of law based on Western model +National holiday: + October 23 (1956); commemorates the Hungarian uprising +Executive branch: + president, prime minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Orszaggyules) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court, may be restructured as part of ongoing government overhaul +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Arpad GONCZ (since 3 August 1990; previously interim President + from 2 May 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Jozsef ANTALL (since 23 May 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + Democratic Forum, Jozsef ANTALL, chairman; Dr. Lajos FUR, acting president; + Free Democrats, Peter TOLGYESSY, chairman; Independent Smallholders, Jozsef + TORGYAN, president; Hungarian Socialist Party (MSP), Gyula HORN, chairman; + Young Democrats, Gabor FODOR, head; Christian Democrats, Dr. Lazlo SURJAN, + president; note - the Hungarian Socialist (Communist) Workers' Party (MSZMP) + renounced Communism and became the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSP) in + October 1989; there is still a small (fringe) MSZMP +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 3 August 1990 (next to be held August 1994); results - President + GONCZ elected by popular vote; note - President GONCZ was elected by the + National Assembly with a total of 294 votes out of 304 as interim President + from 2 May 1990 until elected President + National Assembly: + last held on 25 March 1990 (first round, with the second round held 8 April + 1990); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (386 total) Democratic + Forum 162, Free Democrats 90, Independent Smallholders 45, Hungarian + Socialist Party (MSP) 33, Young Democrats 22, Christian Democrats 21, + independents or jointly sponsored candidates 13 +Communists: + fewer than 100,000 (December 1989) + +:Hungary Government + +Member of: + BIS, CCC, CE, CSCE, ECE, FAO, G-9, GATT, HG, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, + ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NSG, + PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Pal TAR; Chancery at 3910 Shoemaker Street NW, Washington, DC + 20008; telephone (202) 362-6730; there is a Hungarian Consulate General in + New York + US: + Ambassador Charles THOMAS; Embassy at V. Szabadsag Ter 12, Budapest (mailing + address is APO AE 09213-5270); telephone [36] (1) 112-6450; FAX 132-8934 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green + +:Hungary Economy + +Overview: + Hungary is in the midst of a difficult transition between a command and a + market economy. Agriculture is an important sector, providing sizable export + earnings and meeting domestic food needs. Industry accounts for about 40% of + GDP and 30% of employment. Hungary claims that less than 20% of foreign + trade is now with former CEMA countries, while about 70% is with OECD + members. Hungary's economic reform programs during the Communist era gave it + a head start in creating a market economy and attracting foreign investment. + In 1990, Hungary received half of all foreign investment in Eastern Europe + and in 1991 received the largest single share. The growing private sector + accounts for one-quarter to one-third of national output according to + unofficial estimates. Privatization of state enterprises is progressing, + although excessive redtape, bureaucratic oversight, and uncertainties about + pricing have slowed the process. Escalating unemployment and high rates of + inflation may impede efforts to speed up privatization and budget reform, + while Hungary's heavy foreign debt will make the government reluctant to + introduce full convertability of the forint before 1993. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $60.1 billion, per capita $5,700; real growth + rate - 7% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 34% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 8.0% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $12.7 billion; expenditures $13.6 billion (1992 planned) +Exports: + $10.2 billion (f.o.b. 1991) + commodities: + capital goods 25.9%, foods 23%, consumer goods 16.5%, fuels 2.4%, other + 32.2% + partners: + USSR and Eastern Europe 31.9%, EC 32.2%, EFTA 12% (1990) +Imports: + $11.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + capital goods 31.6%, fuels 13.8%, manufactured consumer goods 14.6%, + agriculture 6%, other 34.0% + partners: + USSR and Eastern Europe 34%, EC 31%, EFTA 15.4% +External debt: + $22.7 billion (January 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate - 20% (1991 est.) +Electricity: + 6,967,000 kW capacity; 28,376 million kWh produced, 2,750 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + mining, metallurgy, engineering industries, processed foods, textiles, + chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), trucks, buses +Agriculture: + including forestry, accounts for about 15% of GDP and 19% of employment; + highly diversified crop-livestock farming; principal crops - wheat, corn, + sunflowers, potatoes, sugar beets; livestock - hogs, cattle, poultry, dairy + products; self-sufficient in food output +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for Southeast Asia heroin transiting the Balkan route + +:Hungary Economy + +Economic aid: + recipient - $9.1 billion in assistance from OECD countries (from 1st quarter + 1990 to end of 2nd quarter 1991) +Currency: + forint (plural - forints); 1 forint (Ft) = 100 filler +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Hungary Communications + +Railroads: + 7,765 km total; 7,508 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 222 km narrow gauge + (mostly 0.760-meter), 35 km 1.520-meter broad gauge; 1,147 km double track, + 2,161 km electrified; all government owned (1991) +Highways: + 130,014 km total; 29,715 km national highway system - 26,834 km asphalt, 142 + km concrete, 51 km stone and road brick, 2,276 km macadam, 412 km unpaved; + 58,495 km country roads (66% unpaved), and 41,804 km (est.) other roads (70% + unpaved) (1988) +Inland waterways: + 1,622 km (1988) +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,204 km; petroleum products 630 km; natural gas 3,895 km (1986) +Ports: + Budapest and Dunaujvaros are river ports on the Danube; maritime outlets are + Rostock (Germany), Gdansk (Poland), Gdynia (Poland), Szczecin (Poland), + Galati (Romania), and Braila (Romania) +Merchant marine: + 14 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) and 1 bulk totaling 85,489 GRT/119,520 + DWT +Civil air: + 28 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 90 total, 90 usable; 20 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over + 3,659 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + automatic telephone network based on radio relay system; 1.9 million phones; + telephone density is at 17 per 100 inhabitants; 49% of all phones are in + Budapest; 12-15 year wait for a phone; 16,000 telex lines (June 1990); + broadcast stations - 32 AM, 15 FM, 41 TV (8 Soviet TV repeaters); 4.2 + million TVs (1990); 1 satellite ground station using INTELSAT and + Intersputnik + +:Hungary Defense Forces + +Branches: + Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Border Guard, Territorial Defense +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,619,277; 2,092,867 fit for military service; 87,469 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - 60.8 billion forints, 1.7% of GNP (1992 est.); + note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current + exchange rate would produce misleading results + +:Iceland Geography + +Total area: + 103,000 km2 +Land area: + 100,250 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Kentucky +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 4,988 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + edge of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark, Ireland, and the UK + (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area) +Climate: + temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, + cool summers +Terrain: + mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks, icefields; coast deeply + indented by bays and fiords +Natural resources: + fish, hydroelectric and geothermal power, diatomite +Land use: + arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 23%; forest and + woodland 1%; other 76% +Environment: + subject to earthquakes and volcanic activity +Note: + strategic location between Greenland and Europe; westernmost European + country + +:Iceland People + +Population: + 259,012 (July 1992), growth rate 0.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 18 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 4 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 76 years male, 81 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Icelander(s); adjective - Icelandic +Ethnic divisions: + homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norwegians and Celts +Religions: + Evangelical Lutheran 96%, other Protestant and Roman Catholic 3%, none 1% + (1988) +Languages: + Icelandic +Literacy: + 100% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1976 est.) +Labor force: + 134,429; commerce, finance, and services 55.4%, other manufacturing 14.3%., + agriculture 5.8%, fish processing 7.9%, fishing 5.0% (1986) +Organized labor: + 60% of labor force + +:Iceland Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Iceland +Type: + republic +Capital: + Reykjavik +Administrative divisions: + 23 counties (syslar, singular - sysla) and 14 independent towns* + (kaupstadhir, singular - kaupstadhur); Akranes*, Akureyri*, Arnessysla, + Austur-Bardhastrandarsysla, Austur-Hunavatnssysla, Austur-Skaftafellssysla, + Borgarfjardharsysla, Dalasysla, Eyjafjardharsysla, Gullbringusysla, + Hafnarfjordhur*, Husavik*, Isafjordhur*, Keflavik*, Kjosarsysla, Kopavogur*, + Myrasysla, Neskaupstadhur*, Nordhur-Isafjardharsysla, Nordhur-Mulasys-la, + Nordhur-Thingeyjarsysla, Olafsfjordhur*, Rangarvallasysla, Reykjavik*, + Saudharkrokur*, Seydhisfjordhur*, Siglufjordhur*, Skagafjardharsysla, + Snaefellsnes-og Hnappadalssysla, Strandasysla, Sudhur-Mulasysla, + Sudhur-Thingeyjarsysla, Vesttmannaeyjar*, Vestur-Bardhastrandarsysla, + Vestur-Hunavatnssysla, Vestur-Isafjardharsysla, Vestur-Skaftafellssysla +Independence: + 17 June 1944 (from Denmark) +Constitution: + 16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944 +Legal system: + civil law system based on Danish law; does not accept compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Establishment of the Republic, 17 June (1944) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament (Althing) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Haestirettur) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Vigdis FINNBOGADOTTIR (since 1 August 1980) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister David ODDSSON (since 30 April 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Independence Party (conservative), David ODDSSON; Progressive Party, + Steingrimur HERMANNSSON; Social Democratic Party, Jon Baldvin HANNIBALSSON; + People's Alliance (left socialist), Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON; Citizens Party + (conservative nationalist), Julius SOLNES; Women's List +Suffrage: + universal at age 20 +Elections: + President: + last held on 29 June 1980 (next scheduled for June 1992); results - there + were no elections in 1984 and 1988 as President Vigdis FINNBOGADOTTIR was + unopposed + Althing: + last held on 20 April 1991 (next to be held by April 1995); results - + Independence Party 38.6%, Progressive Party 18.9%, Social Democratic Party + 15.5%, People's Alliance 14.4%, Womens List 8.13%, Liberals 1.2%, other + 3.27% seats - (63 total) Independence 26, Progressive 13, Social Democratic + 10, People's Alliance 9, Womens List 5 + +:Iceland Government + +Member of: + BIS, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, + ICFTU, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO + (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NACC, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, OECD, PCA, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Tomas A. TOMASSON; Chancery at 2022 Connecticut Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-6653 through 6655; there is an + Icelandic Consulate General in New York + US: + Ambassador Charles E. COBB, Jr.; Embassy at Laufasvegur 21, Box 40, + Reykjavik (mailing address is FPO AE 09728-0340); telephone [354] (1) 29100 +Flag: + blue with a red cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the + flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the + style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag) + +:Iceland Economy + +Overview: + Iceland's prosperous Scandinavian-type economy is basically capitalistic, + but with extensive welfare measures, low unemployment, and comparatively + even distribution of income. The economy is heavily dependent on the fishing + industry, which provides nearly 75% of export earnings. In the absence of + other natural resources, Iceland's economy is vulnerable to changing world + fish prices. The economic improvements resulting from climbing fish prices + in 1990 and a noninflationary labor agreement probably will be reversed by + tighter fish quotas and a delay in the construction of an aluminum smelting + plant. The conservative government's economic priorities include reducing + the budget and current account deficits, containing inflation, revising + agricultural and fishing policies, diversifying the economy, and tying the + krona to the EC's European currency unit in 1993. The fishing industries - + notably the shrimp industry - are experiencing a series of bankruptcies and + mergers. Inflation has continued to drop sharply from 20% in 1989 to about + 7.5% in 1991 and possibly 3% in 1992, while unemployment is expected to + increase to 2.5%. GDP is expected to contract by nearly 4% in 1992. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $4.2 billion, per capita $16,200; real growth + rate 0.3% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 7.5% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 1.8% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + fish and fish products, animal products, aluminum, diatomite + partners: + EC 67.7% (UK 25.3%, FRG 12.7%), US 9.9%, Japan 6% (1990) +Imports: + $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, textiles + partners: + EC 49.8% (FRG 12.4%, Denmark 8.6%, UK 8.1%), US 14.4%, Japan 5.6% (1990) +External debt: + $3 billion (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.75% (1991 est.) +Electricity: + 1,063,000 kW capacity; 5,165 million kWh produced, 20,780 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + fish processing, aluminum smelting, ferro-silicon production, hydropower +Agriculture: + accounts for about 25% of GDP (including fishing); fishing is most important + economic activity, contributing nearly 75% to export earnings; principal + crops - potatoes and turnips; livestock - cattle, sheep; self-sufficient in + crops; fish catch of about 1.4 million metric tons in 1989 +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $19.1 million +Currency: + krona (plural - kronur); 1 Icelandic krona (IKr) = 100 aurar + +:Iceland Economy + +Exchange rates: + Icelandic kronur (IKr) per US$1 - 57.277 (January 1992), 58.996 (1991), + 58.284 (1990), 57.042 (1989), 43.014 (1988), 38.677 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Iceland Communications + +Highways: + 12,343 km total; 166 km bitumen and concrete; 1,284 km bituminous treated + and gravel; 10,893 km earth +Ports: + Reykjavik, Akureyri, Hafnarfjordhur, Keflavik, Seydhisfjordhur, + Siglufjordhur, Vestmannaeyjar +Merchant marine: + 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 37,969 GRT/57,060 DWT; includes 5 + cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 petroleum tanker, 1 + chemical tanker +Civil air: + 20 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 94 total, 89 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + adequate domestic service; coaxial and fiber-optical cables and radio relay + for trunk network; 135,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 19 AM, 30 (43 + repeaters) FM, 13 (132 repeaters) TV; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT earth station carries majority of international traffic + +:Iceland Defense Forces + +Branches: + no armed forces; Police, Coast Guard; Iceland's defense is provided by the + US-manned Icelandic Defense Force (IDF) headquartered at Keflavik +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 69,072; 61,556 fit for military service; no conscription or + compulsory military service +Defense expenditures: + none + +:India Geography + +Total area: + 3,287,590 km2 +Land area: + 2,973,190 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than one-third the size of the US +Land boundaries: + 14,103 km; Bangladesh 4,053 km, Bhutan 605 km, Burma 1,463 km, China 3,380, + Nepal 1,690 km, Pakistan 2,912 km +Coastline: + 7,000 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + edge of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + boundaries with Bangladesh, China, and Pakistan; water sharing problems with + downstream riparians, Bangladesh over the Ganges and Pakistan over the Indus +Climate: + varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north +Terrain: + upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain along the + Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north +Natural resources: + coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore, manganese, mica, + bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, crude oil, limestone +Land use: + arable land 55%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and + woodland 23%; other 17%; includes irrigated 13% +Environment: + droughts, flash floods, severe thunderstorms common; deforestation; soil + erosion; overgrazing; air and water pollution; desertification +Note: + dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important Indian Ocean trade routes + +:India People + +Population: + 886,362,180 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 30 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 81 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 57 years male, 58 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.7 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Indian(s); adjective - Indian +Ethnic divisions: + Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% +Religions: + Hindu 82.6%, Muslim 11.4%, Christian 2.4%, Sikh 2.0%, Buddhist 0.7%, Jains + 0.5%, other 0.4% +Languages: + Hindi, English, and 14 other official languages - Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, + Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, + Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; 24 languages spoken by a million or more + persons each; numerous other languages and dialects, for the most part + mutually unintelligible; Hindi is the national language and primary tongue + of 30% of the people; English enjoys associate status but is the most + important language for national, political, and commercial communication; + Hindustani, a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu, is spoken widely throughout + northern India +Literacy: + 48% (male 62%, female 34%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 284,400,000; 67% agriculture (FY85) +Organized labor: + less than 5% of the labor force + +:India Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of India +Type: + federal republic +Capital: + New Delhi +Administrative divisions: + 25 states and 7 union territories*; Andaman and Nicobar Islands*, Andhra + Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh*, Dadra and Nagar + Haveli*, Daman and Diu*, Delhi*, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, + Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh, + Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Pondicherry*, + Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal +Independence: + 15 August 1947 (from UK) +Constitution: + 26 January 1950 +Legal system: + based on English common law; limited judicial review of legislative acts; + accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Proclamation of the Republic, 26 January (1950) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, prime minister, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament (Sansad) consists of an upper house or Council of + States (Rajya Sabha) and a lower house or People's Assembly (Lok Sabha) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Ramaswamy Iyer VENKATARAMAN (since 25 July 1987); Vice President + Dr. Shankar Dayal SHARMA (since 3 September 1987) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha RAO (since 21 June 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Congress (I) Party, P. V. Narasimha RAO, president; Bharatiya Janata Party, + L. K. ADVANI; Janata Dal Party, V. P. SINGH; Communist Party of + India/Marxist (CPI/M), Harkishan Singh SURJEET; Communist Party of India + (CPI), C. Rajeswara RAO; Telugu Desam (a regional party in Andhra Pradesh), + N. T. Rama RAO; All-India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (AIADMK; a regional + party in Tamil Nadu), JAYALALITHA; Samajwadi Janata Party, CHANDRA SHEKHAR; + Shiv Sena, Bal THACKERAY; Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP), Tridip + CHOWDHURY; Bahujana Samaj Party (BSP), Kanshi RAM; Congress (S) Party, + leader NA; Communist Party of India/Marxist-Leninist (CPI/ML), Satyanarayan + SINGH; Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (a regional party in Tamil Nadu), M. + KARUNANIDHI; Akali Dal factions representing Sikh religious community in the + Punjab; National Conference (NC; a regional party in Jammu and Kashmir), + Farooq ABDULLAH; Asom Gana Parishad (a regional party in Assam), Prafulla + MAHANTA +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 + +:India Government + +Elections: + People's Assembly: + last held 21 May, 12 and 15 June 1991 (next to be held by November 1996); + results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (545 total), 520 elected - + Congress (I) Party 231, Bharatiya Janata Party 119, Janata Dal Party 59, + CPI/M 35, CPI 14, Telugu Desam 13, AIADMK 11, Samajwadi Janata Party 5, Shiv + Sena 4, RSP 4, BSP 1, Congress (S) Party 1, other 23; note - second and + third rounds of voting were delayed because of the assassination of Congress + President Rajiv GANDHI on 21 May 1991 +Communists: + 466,000 members claimed by CPI, 361,000 members claimed by CPI/M; Communist + extremist groups, about 15,000 members +Other political or pressure groups: + various separatist groups seeking greater communal and/or regional autonomy; + numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic organizations, including Adam + Sena, Ananda Marg, Vishwa Hindu Parishad, and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-6, G-15, G-19, G-24, + G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, + INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, SAARC, UN, + UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Abid HUSSEIN; Chancery at 2107 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-7000; there are Indian Consulates + General in Chicago, New York, and San Francisco + US: + Ambassador William CLARK, Jr.; Embassy at Shanti Path, Chanakyapuri 110021, + New Delhi; telephone [91] (11) 600651; FAX [91] (11) 687-2028, 687-2391; + there are US Consulates General in Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a blue + chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white band; similar to the flag of + Niger, which has a small orange disk centered in the white band + +:India Economy + +Overview: + India's economy is a mixture of traditional village farming and handicrafts, + modern agriculture, old and new branches of industry, and a multitude of + support services. It presents both the entrepreneurial skills and drives of + the capitalist system and widespread government intervention of the + socialist mold. Growth of 4-5% annually in the 1980s has softened the impact + of population growth on unemployment, social tranquility, and the + environment. Agricultural output has continued to expand, reflecting the + greater use of modern farming techniques and improved seed that have helped + to make India self-sufficient in food grains and a net agricultural + exporter. However, tens of millions of villagers, particularly in the south, + have not benefited from the green revolution and live in abject poverty, and + great numbers of urban residents lack the basic essentials of life. Industry + has benefited from a partial liberalization of controls. The growth rate of + the service sector has also been strong. India, however, has been challenged + more recently by much lower foreign exchange reserves, higher inflation, and + a large debt service burden. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $328 billion, per capita $380; real growth rate + 2.5% (FY92 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 12.0% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 20% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $38.5 billion; expenditures $53.4 billion, including capital + expenditures of $11.1 billion (FY92) +Exports: + $20.2 billion (f.o.b., FY91) + commodities: + gems and jewelry, engineering goods, clothing, textiles, chemicals, tea, + coffee, fish products + partners: + EC 25%, US 16%, USSR and Eastern Europe 19%, Japan 10% (1989) +Imports: + $25.2 billion (c.i.f., FY91) + commodities: + petroleum products, capital goods, uncut gems, gems, jewelry, chemicals, + iron and steel, edible oils + partners: + EC 33%, Middle East 19%, US 12%, Japan 8%, USSR and Eastern Europe 8% (1989) +External debt: + $72.0 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 8.4% (1990); accounts for about 25% of GDP +Electricity: + 80,000,000 kW capacity; 290,000 million kWh produced, 330 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + textiles, food processing, steel, machinery, transportation equipment, + cement, jute manufactures, mining, petroleum, power, chemicals, + pharmaceuticals, electronics +Agriculture: + accounts for about 30% of GDP and employs 67% of labor force; + self-sufficient in food grains; principal crops - rice, wheat, oilseeds, + cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes; livestock - cattle, buffaloes, + sheep, goats and poultry; fish catch of about 3 million metric tons ranks + India among the world's top 10 fishing nations + +:India Economy + +Illicit drugs: + licit producer of opium poppy for the pharmaceutical trade, but some opium + is diverted to illicit international drug markets; major transit country for + illicit narcotics produced in neighboring countries; illicit producer of + hashish +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.4 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $31.7 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $315 million; USSR (1970-89), $11.6 billion; + Eastern Europe (1970-89), $105 million +Currency: + Indian rupee (plural - rupees); 1 Indian rupee (Re) = 100 paise +Exchange rates: + Indian rupees (Rs) per US$1 - 25.917 (January 1992), 22.742 (1991), 17.504 + (1990), 16.226 (1989), 13.917 (1988), 12.962 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:India Communications + +Railroads: + 61,850 km total (1986); 33,553 km 1.676-meter broad gauge, 24,051 km + 1.000-meter gauge, 4,246 km narrow gauge (0.762 meter and 0.610 meter); + 12,617 km is double track; 6,500 km is electrified +Highways: + 1,970,000 km total (1989); 960,000 km surfaced and 1,010,000 km gravel, + crushed stone, or earth +Inland waterways: + 16,180 km; 3,631 km navigable by large vessels +Pipelines: + crude oil 3,497 km; petroleum products 1,703 km; natural gas 902 km (1989) +Ports: + Bombay, Calcutta, Cochin, Kandla, Madras, New Mangalore, Port Blair (Andaman + Islands) +Merchant marine: + 299 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,991,278 GRT/9,935,463 DWT; includes + 1 short-sea passenger, 7 passenger-cargo, 91 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 8 + container, 54 oil tanker, 10 chemical tanker, 8 combination ore/oil, 111 + bulk, 2 combination bulk, 6 liquefied gas +Civil air: + 93 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 341 total, 288 usable; 203 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways + over 3,659 m; 59 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 87 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + poor domestic telephone service, international radio communications + adequate; 4,700,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 96 AM, 4 FM, 274 TV + (government controlled); domestic satellite system for communications and + TV; 3 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; submarine cables to Malaysia and + United Arab Emirates + +:India Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Security or Paramilitary Forces, Border Security + Force, Coast Guard, Assam Rifles +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 237,803,153; 140,140,736 fit for military service; about + 9,474,290 reach military age (17) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP (FY91) + +:Indian Ocean Geography + +Total area: + 73,600,000 km2 +Land area: + 73,600,000 km2; Arabian Sea, Bass Strait, Bay of Bengal, Java Sea, Persian + Gulf, Red Sea, Strait of Malacca, Timor Sea, and other tributary water + bodies +Comparative area: + slightly less than eight times the size of the US; third-largest ocean + (after the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, but larger than the Arctic + Ocean) +Coastline: + 66,526 km +Disputes: + some maritime disputes (see littoral states) +Climate: + northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to October); + tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in the north + Indian Ocean and January/February in the south Indian Ocean +Terrain: + surface dominated by counterclockwise gyre (broad, circular system of + currents) in the south Indian Ocean; unique reversal of surface currents in + the north Indian Ocean - low pressure over southwest Asia from hot, rising, + summer air results in the southwest monsoon and southwest-to-northeast winds + and currents, while high pressure over northern Asia from cold, falling, + winter air results in the northeast monsoon and northeast-to-southwest winds + and currents; ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge and + subdivided by the Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge, Southwest Indian Ocean + Ridge, and Ninety East Ridge; maximum depth is 7,258 meters in the Java + Trench +Natural resources: + oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and gravel aggregates, placer + deposits, polymetallic nodules +Environment: + endangered marine species include the dugong, seals, turtles, and whales; + oil pollution in the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea +Note: + major chokepoints include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz, Strait of + Malacca, southern access to the Suez Canal, and the Lombok Strait; ships + subject to superstructure icing in extreme south near Antarctica from May to + October + +:Indian Ocean Economy + +Overview: + The Indian Ocean provides a major highway for the movement of petroleum + products from the Middle East to Europe and North and South American + countries. Fish from the ocean are of growing economic importance to many of + the bordering countries as a source of both food and exports. Fishing fleets + from Russia, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan also exploit the Indian Ocean, mainly + for shrimp and tuna. Large reserves of hydrocarbons are being tapped in the + offshore areas of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and Western Australia. An + estimated 40% of the world's offshore oil production comes from the Indian + Ocean. Beach sands rich in heavy minerals and offshore placer deposits are + actively exploited by bordering countries, particularly India, South Africa, + Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. +Industries: + based on exploitation of natural resources, particularly marine life, + minerals, oil and gas production, fishing, sand and gravel aggregates, + placer deposits + +:Indian Ocean Communications + +Ports: + Bombay (India), Calcutta (India), Madras (India), Colombo (Sri Lanka), + Durban (South Africa), Fremantle (Australia), Jakarta (Indonesia), Melbourne + (Australia), Richard's Bay (South Africa) +Telecommunications: + submarine cables from India to United Arab Emirates and Malaysia + +:Indonesia Geography + +Total area: + 1,919,440 km2 +Land area: + 1,826,440 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than three times the size of Texas +Land boundaries: + 2,602 km; Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km +Coastline: + 54,716 km +Maritime claims: + (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Portugal +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands +Terrain: + mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains +Natural resources: + crude oil, tin, natural gas liquids, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, + fertile soils, coal, gold, silver +Land use: + arable land 8%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and + woodland 67%; other 15%; includes irrigated 3% +Environment: + archipelago of 13,500 islands (6,000 inhabited); occasional floods, severe + droughts, and tsunamis; deforestation +Note: + straddles Equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from + Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean + +:Indonesia People + +Population: + 195,683,531 (July 1992), growth rate 1.7% (1992) +Birth rate: + 25 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 70 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 59 years male, 64 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Indonesian(s); adjective - Indonesian +Ethnic divisions: + majority of Malay stock comprising Javanese 45.0%, Sundanese 14.0%, Madurese + 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26.0% +Religions: + Muslim 87%, Protestant 6%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other + 1% (1985) +Languages: + Bahasa Indonesia (modified form of Malay; official); English and Dutch + leading foreign languages; local dialects, the most widely spoken of which + is Javanese +Literacy: + 77% (male 84%, female 68%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 67,000,000; agriculture 55%, manufacturing 10%, construction 4%, transport + and communications 3% (1985 est.) +Organized labor: + 3,000,000 members (claimed); about 5% of labor force + +:Indonesia Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Indonesia +Type: + republic +Capital: + Jakarta +Administrative divisions: + 24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special regions* + (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital + city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya, + Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan + Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung, + Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, + Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera + Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor Timur, Yogyakarta* +Independence: + 17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December 1949, Indonesia + became legally independent from the Netherlands) +Constitution: + August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional + Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959 +Legal system: + based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and + by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 17 August (1945) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR); note - + the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) + includes the DPR plus 500 indirectly elected members who meet every five + years to elect the president and vice president and, theoretically, to + determine national policy +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO (since 27 March 1968); Vice President Lt. + Gen. (Ret.) SUDHARMONO (since 11 March 1988) +Political parties and leaders: + GOLKAR (quasi-official party based on functional groups), Lt. Gen. (Ret.) + WAHONO, general chairman; Indonesia Democracy Party (PDI - federation of + former Nationalist and Christian Parties), SOERYADI, chairman; Development + Unity Party (PPP, federation of former Islamic parties), Ismail Hasan + METAREUM, chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 17 and married persons regardless of age +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held on 23 April 1987 (next to be held 8 June 1992); results - Golkar + 73%, UDP 16%, PDI 11%; seats - (500 total - 400 elected, 100 appointed) + Golkar 299, UDP 61, PDI 40 +Communists: + Communist Party (PKI) was officially banned in March 1966; current strength + about 1,000-3,000, with less than 10% engaged in organized activity; + pre-October 1965 hardcore membership about 1.5 million + +:Indonesia Government + +Member of: + APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, + INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, + UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Abdul Rachman RAMLY; Chancery at 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 775-5200; there are Indonesian + Consulates General in Houston, New York, and Los Angeles, and Consulates in + Chicago and San Francisco + US: + Ambassador John C. MONJO; Embassy at Medan Merdeka Selatan 5, Jakarta + (mailing address is APO AP 96520); telephone [62] (21) 360-360; FAX [62] + (21) 360-644; there are US Consulates in Medan and Surabaya +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of + Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white + (top) and red + +:Indonesia Economy + +Overview: + Indonesia is a mixed economy with many socialist institutions and central + planning but with a recent emphasis on deregulation and private enterprise. + Indonesia has extensive natural wealth, yet, with a large and rapidly + increasing population, it remains a poor country. GDP growth in 1985-91 + averaged about 6%, quite impressive, but not sufficient to both slash + underemployment and absorb the 2.3 million workers annually entering the + labor force. Agriculture, including forestry and fishing, is an important + sector, accounting for 23% of GDP and over 50% of the labor force. The + staple crop is rice. Once the world's largest rice importer, Indonesia is + now nearly self-sufficient. Plantation crops - rubber and palm oil - and + textiles and plywood are being encouraged for both export and job + generation. Industrial output now accounts for 30% of GDP and is based on a + supply of diverse natural resources, including crude oil, natural gas, + timber, metals, and coal. Of these, the oil sector dominates the external + economy, generating more than 20% of the government's revenues and 40% of + export earnings in 1989. However, the economy's growth is highly dependent + on the continuing expansion of nonoil exports. Japan is Indonesia's most + important customer and supplier of aid. In 1991, rapid growth in the money + supply prompted Jakarta to implement a tight monetary policy, forcing the + private sector to go to foreign banks for investment financing. Real + interest rates remained above 10%, off-shore commercial debt grew, and real + GDP growth dropped slightly from the 7% of 1990. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $122 billion, per capita $630; real growth rate + 6.0% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 10% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 3%; underemployment 45% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $17.2 billion; expenditures $23.4 billion, including capital + expenditures of $8.9 billion (FY91) +Exports: + $25.7 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + petroleum and liquefied natural gas 40%, timber 15%, textiles 7%, rubber 5%, + coffee 3% + partners: + Japan 40%, US 14%, Singapore 7%, Europe 16% (1990) +Imports: + $21.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + machinery 39%, chemical products 19%, manufactured goods 16% + partners: + Japan 23%, US 13%, EC, Singapore +External debt: + $58.5 billion (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 11.6% (1989 est.); accounts for 30% of GDP +Electricity: + 11,600,000 kW capacity; 38,000 million kWh produced, 200 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + petroleum, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, food, + rubber + +:Indonesia Economy + +Agriculture: + accounts for 23% of GDP; subsistence food production; small-holder and + plantation production for export; main products are rice, cassava, peanuts, + rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra, other tropical products, poultry, + beef, pork, eggs +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade, but not a + major player; government actively eradicating plantings and prosecuting + traffickers +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.4 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $25.9 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $213 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $175 + million +Currency: + Indonesian rupiah (plural - rupiahs); 1 Indonesian rupiah (Rp) = 100 sen + (sen no longer used) +Exchange rates: + Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1 - 1,998.2 (January 1992), 1,950.3 (1991), + 1,842.8 (1990), 1,770.1 (1989), 1,685.7 (1988), 1,643.8 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Indonesia Communications + +Railroads: + 6,964 km total; 6,389 km 1.067-meter gauge, 497 km 0.750-meter gauge, 78 km + 0.600-meter gauge; 211 km double track; 101 km electrified; all government + owned +Highways: + 119,500 km total; 11,812 km state, 34,180 km provincial, and 73,508 km + district roads +Inland waterways: + 21,579 km total; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 + km, Celebes 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km +Pipelines: + crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum products 456 km; natural gas 1,703 km (1989) +Ports: + Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Palembang, Ujungpandang, Semarang, + Surabaya +Merchant marine: + 387 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,698,946 GRT/2,560,414 DWT; includes + 5 short-sea passenger, 13 passenger-cargo, 231 cargo, 8 container, 3 + roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 vehicle carrier, 79 petroleum tanker, 5 chemical + tanker, 6 liquefied gas, 7 specialized tanker, 1 livestock carrier, 25 bulk, + 1 passenger +Civil air: + about 216 commercial transport aircraft +Airports: + 437 total, 410 usable; 114 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways + over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 64 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + interisland microwave system and HF police net; domestic service fair, + international service good; radiobroadcast coverage good; 763,000 telephones + (1986); broadcast stations - 618 AM, 38 FM, 9 TV; satellite earth stations - + 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth + station; and 1 domestic satellite communications system + +:Indonesia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 51,906,415; 30,668,815 fit for military service; 2,095,698 + reach military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, 2% of GNP (FY91) + +:Iran Geography + +Total area: + 1,648,000 km2 +Land area: + 1,636,000 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Alaska +Land boundaries: + 5,440 km; Afghanistan 936 km, Armenia 35 km, Azerbaijan (north) 432 km, + Azerbaijan (northwest) 179 km, Iraq 1,458 km, Pakistan 909 km, Turkey 499 + km, Turkmenistan 992 km +Coastline: + 2,440 km + note: + Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km) +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + not specific + Exclusive fishing zone: + 50 nm in the Sea of Oman; continental shelf limit, continental shelf + boundaries, or median lines in the Persian Gulf + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Iran and Iraq restored diplomatic relations in 1990 but are still trying to + work out written agreements settling outstanding disputes from their + eight-year war concerning border demarcation, prisoners-of-war, and freedom + of navigation and sovereignty over the Shatt-al-Arab waterway; Iran occupies + two islands in the Persian Gulf claimed by the UAE: Tunb as Sughra (Arabic), + Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek (Persian) or Lesser Tunb, and Tunb al Kubra + (Arabic), Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg (Persian) or Greater Tunb; it jointly + administers with the UAE an island in the Persian Gulf claimed by the UAE, + Abu Musa (Arabic) or Jazireh-ye Abu Musa (Persian) +Climate: + mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast +Terrain: + rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts, mountains; small, + discontinuous plains along both coasts +Natural resources: + petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese, + zinc, sulfur +Land use: + arable land 8%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 27%; forest and + woodland 11%; other 54%; includes irrigated 2% +Environment: + deforestation; overgrazing; desertification + +:Iran People + +Population: + 61,183,138 (July 1992), growth rate 3.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 44 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 64 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 64 years male, 66 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Iranian(s); adjective - Iranian +Ethnic divisions: + Persian 51%, Azerbaijani 25%, Kurd 9%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Lur 2%, + Baloch 1%, Arab 1%, other 3% +Religions: + Shi`a Muslim 95%, Sunni Muslim 4%, Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian, and + Baha'i 1% +Languages: + 58% Persian and Persian dialects, 26% Turkic and Turkic dialects, 9% + Kurdish, 2% Luri, 1% Baloch, 1% Arabic, 1% Turkish, 2% other +Literacy: + 54% (male 64%, female 43%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 15,400,000; agriculture 33%, manufacturing 21%; shortage of skilled labor + (1988 est.) +Organized labor: + none + +:Iran Government + +Long-form name: + Islamic Republic of Iran +Type: + theocratic republic +Capital: + Tehran +Administrative divisions: + 24 provinces (ostanha, singular - ostan); Azarbayjan-e Bakhtari, + Azarbayjan-e Khavari, Bakhtaran, Bushehr, Chahar Machall va Bakhtiari, + Ecsfahan, Fars, Gilan, Hamadan, Hormozgan, Ilam, Kerman, Khorasan, + Khuzestan, Kohkiluyeh va Buyer Achmadi, Kordestan, Lorestan, Markazi, + Mazandaran, Semnan, Sistan va Baluchestan, Tehran, Yazd, Zanjan +Independence: + 1 April 1979, Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimed +Constitution: + 2-3 December 1979; revised 1989 to expand powers of the presidency and + eliminate the prime ministership +Legal system: + the Constitution codifies Islamic principles of government +National holiday: + Islamic Republic Day, 1 April (1979) +Executive branch: + cleric (faqih), president, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majles-e-Shura-ye-Eslami) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Cleric and functional Chief of State: + Leader of the Islamic Revolution Ayatollah Ali HOSEINI-KHAMENEI (since 4 + June 1989) + Head of Government: + President Ali Akbar HASHEMI-RAFSANJANI (since 3 August 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + there are at least 18 licensed parties; the three most important are - + Tehran Militant Clergy Association, Mohammad Reza MAHDAVI-KANI; Militant + Clerics Association, Mehdi MAHDAVI-KARUBI and Mohammad Asqar + MUSAVI-KHOINIHA; Fedaiyin Islam Organization, Sadeq KHALKHALI +Suffrage: + universal at age 15 +Elections: + President: + last held July 1989 (next to be held April 1993); results - Ali Akbar + HASHEMI-RAFSANJANI was elected with only token opposition + Islamic Consultative Assembly: + last held 8 April 1992 (next to be held April 1996); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (270 seats total) number of seats by party NA +Communists: + 1,000 to 2,000 est. hardcore; 15,000 to 20,000 est. sympathizers; crackdown + in 1983 crippled the party; trials of captured leaders began in late 1983 +Other political or pressure groups: + groups that generally support the Islamic Republic include Hizballah, + Hojjatiyeh Society, Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution, Muslim Students + Following the Line of the Imam; armed political groups that have been almost + completely repressed by the government include Mojahedin-e Khalq + Organization (MEK), People's Fedayeen, Kurdish Democratic Party; the Society + for the Defense of Freedom + +:Iran Government + +Member of: + CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, + LORCS, NAM, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, + WHO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + none; protecting power in the US is Pakistan - Iranian Interests Section, + 2315 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-6200 + US: + protecting power in Iran is Switzerland +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red; the national + emblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah) in red is centered in + the white band; Allah Alkbar (God is Great) in white Arabic script is + repeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green band and 11 times along + the top edge of the red band + +:Iran Economy + +Overview: + Iran's economy is a mixture of central planning, state ownership of oil and + other large enterprises, village agriculture, and small-scale private + trading and service ventures. After a decade of economic decline, Iran's GNP + grew roughly 4% in FY90 and 10% in FY91. An oil windfall in 1990 combined + with a substantial increase in imports contributed to Iran's recent economic + growth. Iran has also begun implementing a number of economic reforms to + reduce government intervention (including subsidies) and has allocated + substantial resources to development projects in the hope of stimulating the + economy. Nevertheless, lower oil revenues in 1991 - oil accounts for more + than 90% of export revenues and provides roughly 65% of the financing for + the five-year economic development plan - and dramatic increases in external + debt are threatening development plans and could prompt Iran to cut imports, + thus limiting economic growth in the medium term. +GNP: + exchange rate conversion - $90 billion, per capita $1,500; real growth rate + 10% (FY91 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 18% (FY91 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 30% (1989) +Budget: + revenues $63 billion; expenditures $80 billion, including capital + expenditures of $23 billion (FY90 est.) +Exports: + $17.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + petroleum 90%, carpets, fruits, nuts, hides + partners: + Japan, Italy, France, Netherlands, Belgium/Luxembourg, Spain, and Germany +Imports: + $15.9 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + machinery, military supplies, metal works, foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, + technical services, refined oil products + partners: + Germany, Japan, Italy, UK, France +External debt: + $10 billion (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 14,579,000 kW capacity; 40,000 million kWh produced, 740 kWh per capita + (1989) +Industries: + petroleum, petrochemicals, textiles, cement and other building materials, + food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable oil production), + metal fabricating (steel and copper) +Agriculture: + principal products - wheat, rice, other grains, sugar beets, fruits, nuts, + cotton, dairy products, wool, caviar; not self-sufficient in food +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of opium poppy for the domestic and international drug + trade +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $1.0 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.675 billion; + Communist countries (1970-89), $976 million; note - aid fell sharply + following the 1979 revolution + +:Iran Economy + +Currency: + Iranian rial (plural - rials); 1 Iranian rial (IR) = 100 dinars; note - + domestic figures are generally referred to in terms of the toman (plural - + tomans), which equals 10 rials +Exchange rates: + Iranian rials (IR) per US$1 - 65.515 (January 1992), 67.505 (1991), 68.096 + (1990), 72.015 (1989), 68.683 (1988), 71.460 (1987); note - black-market + rate 1,400 (January 1991) +Fiscal year: + 21 March - 20 March + +:Iran Communications + +Railroads: + 4,850 km total; 4,760 km 1.432-meter gauge, 92 km 1.676-meter gauge; 480 km + under construction from Bafq to Bandar Abbas, rail construction from Bafq to + Sirjan has been completed and is operational +Highways: + 140,072 km total; 42,694 km paved surfaces; 46,866 km gravel and crushed + stone; 49,440 km improved earth; 1,200 km (est.) rural road network +Inland waterways: + 904 km; the Shatt-al-Arab is usually navigable by maritime traffic for about + 130 km, but closed since September 1980 because of Iran-Iraq war +Pipelines: + crude oil 5,900 km; petroleum products 3,900 km; natural gas 4,550 km +Ports: + Abadan (largely destroyed in fighting during 1980-88 war), Bandar Beheshti, + Bandar-e Abbas, Bandar-e Bushehr, Bandar-e Khomeyni, Bandar-e Shahid Raja, + Khorramshahr (largely destroyed in fighting during 1980-88 war) +Merchant marine: + 134 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,466,395 GRT/8,329,760 DWT; includes + 38 cargo, 6 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 32 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 3 + refrigerated cargo, 47 bulk, 2 combination bulk, 1 liquefied gas +Civil air: + 48 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 214 total, 188 usable; 81 with permanent-surface runways; 16 with runways + over 3,659 m; 16 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 71 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + radio relay extends throughout country; system centered in Tehran; 2,143,000 + telephones; broadcast stations - 77 AM, 3 FM, 28 TV; satellite earth + stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; HF radio + and radio relay to Turkey, Pakistan, Syria, Kuwait, Tajikistan, and + Uzbekistan + +:Iran Defense Forces + +Branches: + Islamic Republic of Iran Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force, and Revolutionary + Guard Corps (includes Basij militia and own ground, air, and naval forces); + Law Enforcement Forces +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 13,267,810; 7,895,591 fit for military service; 552,408 reach + military age (21) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $13 billion, 14-15% of GNP (1991 est.) + +:Iraq Geography + +Total area: + 436,245 km2 +Land area: + 435,292 km2 (est.) +Comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of Idaho +Land boundaries: + 3,576 km; Iran 1,458 km, Jordan 134 km, Kuwait 240 km, Saudi Arabia 808 km, + Syria 605 km, Turkey 331 km +Coastline: + 58 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + not specific + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Iran and Iraq restored diplomatic relations in 1990 but are still trying to + work out written agreements settling outstanding disputes from their + eight-year war concerning border demarcation, prisoners-of-war, and freedom + of navigation and sovereignty over the Shatt-al-Arab waterway; in April 1991 + official Iraqi acceptance of UN Security Council Resolution 687, which + demands that Iraq accept the inviolability of the boundary set forth in its + 1963 agreement with Kuwait, ending earlier claims to Bubiyan and Warbah + Islands or to all of Kuwait; a United Nations Boundary Demarcation + Commission is demarcating the Iraq-Kuwait boundary persuant to Resolution + 687, and, on 17 June 1992, the UN Security Council reaffirmed the finality + of the Boundary Demarcation Commission's decisions; periodic disputes with + upstream riparian Syria over Euphrates water rights; potential dispute over + water development plans by Turkey for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers +Climate: + mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; + northernmost regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold + winters with occasionally heavy snows +Terrain: + mostly broad plains; reedy marshes in southeast; mountains along borders + with Iran and Turkey +Natural resources: + crude oil, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur +Land use: + arable land 12%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 9%; forest and + woodland 3%; other 75%; includes irrigated 4% +Environment: + development of Tigris-Euphrates Rivers system contingent upon agreements + with upstream riparians (Syria, Turkey); air and water pollution; soil + degradation (salinization) and erosion; desertification + +:Iraq People + +Population: + 18,445,847 (July 1992), growth rate 3.7% (1992) +Birth rate: + 45 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 84 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 62 years male, 64 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 7.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Iraqi(s); adjective - Iraqi +Ethnic divisions: + Arab 75-80%, Kurdish 15-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or other 5% +Religions: + Muslim 97%, (Shi`a 60-65%, Sunni 32-37%), Christian or other 3% +Languages: + Arabic (official), Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian +Literacy: + 60% (male 70%, female 49%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 4,400,000 (1989); services 48%, agriculture 30%, industry 22%, severe labor + shortage; expatriate labor force about 1,600,000 (July 1990) +Organized labor: + less than 10% of the labor force + +:Iraq Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Iraq +Type: + republic +Capital: + Baghdad +Administrative divisions: + 18 provinces (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Anbar, Al Basrah, Al + Muthanna, Al Qadisiyah, An Najaf, Arbil, As Sulaymaniyah, At Ta'im, Babil, + Baghdad, Dahuk, Dhi Qar, Diyala, Karbala, Maysan, Ninawa, Salah ad Din, + Wasit +Independence: + 3 October 1932 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration) +Constitution: + 22 September 1968, effective 16 July 1970 (interim Constitution); new + constitution drafted in 1990 but not adopted +Legal system: + based on Islamic law in special religious courts, civil law system + elsewhere; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Revolution, 17 July (1968) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council, + vice chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council, prime minister, first + deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Majlis al-Watani) +Judicial branch: + Court of Cassation +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President SADDAM Husayn (since 16 July 1979); Vice President Taha Muhyi + al-Din MA'RUF (since 21 April 1974); Vice President Taha Yasin RAMADAN + (since 23 March 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Muhammad Hamza al-ZUBAYDI (since 13 September 1991); Deputy + Prime Minister Tariq `AZIZ (since NA 1979) +Suffrage: + universal adult at age 18 +Elections: + National Assembly: + last held on 1 April 1989 (next to be held NA); results - Sunni Arabs 53%, + Shi`a Arabs 30%, Kurds 15%, Christians 2% est.; seats - (250 total) number + of seats by party NA +Other political or pressure groups: + political parties and activity severely restricted; possibly some opposition + to regime from disaffected members of the regime, Army officers, and Shi`a + religious and Kurdish ethnic dissidents +Member of: + ABEDA, ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, + ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, + WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Iraq has an Interest Section in the Algerian Embassy in Washington, DC; + Chancery at 1801 P Street NW, Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 483-7500 + +:Iraq Government + + US: + no US representative in Baghdad since mid-January 1991; Embassy in Masbah + Quarter (opposite the Foreign Ministry Club), Baghdad (mailing address is P. + O. Box 2447 Alwiyah, Baghdad); telephone [964] (1) 719-6138 or 719-6139, + 718-1840, 719-3791 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with three green + five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; the + phrase Allahu Akbar (God is Great) in green Arabic script - Allahu to the + right of the middle star and Akbar to the left of the middle star - was + added in January 1991 during the Persian Gulf crisis; similar to the flag of + Syria that has two stars but no script and the flag of Yemen that has a + plain white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt that has a symbolic + eagle centered in the white band + +:Iraq Economy + +Overview: + The Ba`thist regime engages in extensive central planning and management of + industrial production and foreign trade while leaving some small-scale + industry and services and most agriculture to private enterprise. The + economy has been dominated by the oil sector, which has provided about 95% + of foreign exchange earnings. In the 1980s financial problems, caused by + massive expenditures in the eight-year war with Iran and damage to oil + export facilities by Iran, led the government to implement austerity + measures and to borrow heavily and later reschedule foreign debt payments. + After the end of hostilities in 1988, oil exports gradually increased with + the construction of new pipelines and restoration of damaged facilities. + Agricultural development remained hampered by labor shortages, salinization, + and dislocations caused by previous land reform and collectivization + programs. The industrial sector, although accorded high priority by the + government, also was under financial constraints. Iraq's seizure of Kuwait + in August 1990, subsequent international economic embargoes, and military + actions by an international coalition beginning in January 1991 drastically + changed the economic picture. Oil exports were cut to near zero, and + industrial and transportation facilities were severely damaged. Throughout + 1991, the UN's economic embargo worked to reduce exports and imports and to + increase prices for most goods. The government's policy to allocate goods to + key supporters of the regime exacerbated shortages. +GNP: + $35 billion, per capita $1,940; real growth rate 10% (1989 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 45% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + less than 5% (1989 est.) +Budget: + revenues $NA billion; expenditures $NA billion, including capital + expenditures of NA (1989) +Exports: + $10.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + crude oil and refined products, fertilizer, sulfur + partners: + US, Brazil, Turkey, Japan, Netherlands, Spain (1990) +Imports: + $6.6 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + manufactures, food + partners: + FRG, US, Turkey, France, UK (1990) +External debt: + $45 billion (1989 est.), excluding debt of about $35 billion owed to Arab + Gulf states +Industrial production: + NA%; manufacturing accounts for 10% of GNP (1989) +Electricity: + 3,800,000 kW available out of 9,902,000 kw capacity due to Gulf war; 7,700 + million kWh produced, 430 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + petroleum production and refining, chemicals, textiles, construction + materials, food processing +Agriculture: + accounts for 11% of GNP but 30% of labor force; principal products - wheat, + barley, rice, vegetables, dates, other fruit, cotton, wool; livestock - + cattle, sheep; not self-sufficient in food output + +:Iraq Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $3 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $647 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $3.9 billion +Currency: + Iraqi dinar (plural - dinars); 1 Iraqi dinar (ID) = 1,000 fils +Exchange rates: + Iraqi dinars (ID) per US$1 - 3.1 (fixed official rate since 1982); + black-market rate (December 1991) US$1 = 12 Iraqi dinars +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Iraq Communications + +Railroads: + 2,457 km 1.435-meter standard gauge +Highways: + 34,700 km total; 17,500 km paved, 5,500 km improved earth, 11,700 km + unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 1,015 km; Shatt-al-Arab usually navigable by maritime traffic for about 130 + km, but closed since September 1980 because of Iran-Iraq war; Tigris and + Euphrates Rivers have navigable sections for shallow-draft watercraft; + Shatt-al-Basrah canal was navigable by shallow-draft craft before closing in + 1991 because of the Persian Gulf war +Pipelines: + crude oil 4,350 km; petroleum products 725 km; natural gas 1,360 km +Ports: + Umm Qasr, Khawr az Zubayr, Al Basrah (closed since 1980) +Merchant marine: + 42 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 936,665 GRT/1,683,212 DWT; includes 1 + passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 16 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 3 + roll-on/roll-off cargo, 19 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical tanker; note - since + the 2 August 1990 invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi forces, Iraq has sought to + register at least part of its merchant fleet under convenience flags; none + of the Iraqi flag merchant fleet was trading internationally as of 1 January + 1992 +Civil air: + 34 major transport aircraft (including 7 grounded in Iran; excluding 12 + IL-76s and 7 Kuwait Airlines) +Airports: + 113 total, 98 usable; 73 with permanent-surface runways; 8 with runways over + 3,659 m; 52 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + reconstitution of damaged telecommunication infrastructure began after + Desert Storm; the network consists of coaxial cables and microwave links; + 632,000 telephones; the network is operational; broadcast stations - 16 AM, + 1 FM, 13 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian + Ocean INTELSAT, 1 GORIZONT Atlantic Ocean in the Intersputnik system and 1 + ARABSAT; coaxial cable and microwave to Jordan, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey + +:Iraq Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army and Republican Guard, Navy, Air Force, Border Guard Force, Internal + Security Forces +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 4,042,374; 2,272,578 fit for military service; 213,788 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP + +:Ireland Geography + +Total area: + 70,280 km2 +Land area: + 68,890 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than West Virginia +Land boundaries: + 360 km; UK 360 km +Coastline: + 1,448 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + no precise definition + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Northern Ireland question with the UK; Rockall continental shelf dispute + involving Denmark, Iceland, and the UK (Ireland and the UK have signed a + boundary agreement in the Rockall area) +Climate: + temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool + summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time +Terrain: + mostly level to rolling interior plain surrounded by rugged hills and low + mountains; sea cliffs on west coast +Natural resources: + zinc, lead, natural gas, crude oil, barite, copper, gypsum, limestone, + dolomite, peat, silver +Land use: + arable land 14%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 71%; forest and + woodland 5%; other 10% +Environment: + deforestation + +:Ireland People + +Population: + 3,521,207 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + 15 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -4 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 72 years male, 78 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Irishman(men), Irish (collective pl.); adjective - Irish +Ethnic divisions: + Celtic, with English minority +Religions: + Roman Catholic 93%, Anglican 3%, none 1%, unknown 2%, other 1% (1981) +Languages: + Irish (Gaelic) and English; English is the language generally used, with + Gaelic spoken in a few areas, mostly along the western seaboard +Literacy: + 98% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981) +Labor force: + 1,333,000; services 57.0%, manufacturing and construction 26.1%, + agriculture, forestry, and fishing 15.0%, energy and mining 1.9% (1991) +Organized labor: + 58% of labor force (1991) + +:Ireland Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + republic +Capital: + Dublin +Administrative divisions: + 26 counties; Carlow, Cavan, Clare, Cork, Donegal, Dublin, Galway, Kerry, + Kildare, Kilkenny, Laois, Leitrim, Limerick, Longford, Louth, Mayo, Meath, + Monaghan, Offaly, Roscommon, Sligo, Tipperary, Waterford, Westmeath, + Wexford, Wicklow +Independence: + 6 December 1921 (from UK) +Constitution: + 29 December 1937; adopted 1937 +Legal system: + based on English common law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts; + judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Saint Patrick's Day, 17 March +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament (Oireachtas) consists of an upper house or Senate + (Seanad Eireann) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Dail + Eireann) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Mary Bourke ROBINSON (since 9 November 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Albert REYNOLDS (since 11 February 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + Fianna Fail, Albert REYNOLDS; Labor Party, Richard SPRING; Fine Gael, John + BRUTON; Communist Party of Ireland, Michael O'RIORDAN; Workers' Party + (vacant); Sinn Fein, Gerry ADAMS; Progressive Democrats, Desmond O'MALLEY; + note - Prime Minister REYNOLDS heads a coalition consisting of the Fianna + Fail and the Progressive Democrats +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 9 November 1990 (next to be held November 1997); results - Mary + Bourke ROBINSON 52.8%, Brian LENIHAN 47.2% + Senate: + last held on 17 February 1987 (next to be held February 1992); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (60 total, 49 elected) Fianna Fail 30, + Fine Gael 16, Labor 3, independents 11 + House of Representatives: + last held on 12 July 1989 (next to be held June 1994); results - Fianna Fail + 44.0%, Fine Gael 29.4%, Labor Party 9.3%, Progressive Democrats 5.4%, + Workers' Party 4.9%, Sinn Fein 1.1%, independents 5.9%; seats - (166 total) + Fianna Fail 77, Fine Gael 55, Labor Party 15, Workers' Party 7, Progressive + Democrats 6, independents 6 +Communists: + under 500 + +:Ireland Government + +Member of: + AG, BIS, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, ICC, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, + ITU, LORCS, NEA, NSG, OECD, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, UNIFIL, + UNIIMOG, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Dermot GALLAGHER; Chancery at 2234 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 462-3939; there are Irish Consulates + General in Boston, Chicago, New York, and San Francisco + US: + Ambassador Richard A. MOORE; Embassy at 42 Elgin Road, Ballsbridge, Dublin; + telephone [353] (1) 688777; FAX [353] (1) 689-946 +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and orange; similar + to the flag of the Ivory Coast, which is shorter and has the colors reversed + - orange (hoist side), white, and green; also similar to the flag of Italy, + which is shorter and has colors of green (hoist side), white, and red + +:Ireland Economy + +Overview: + The economy is small, open, and trade dependent. Agriculture, once the most + important sector, is now dwarfed by industry, which accounts for 37% of GDP + and about 80% of exports and employs 26% of the labor force. The government + has successfully reduced the rate of inflation from double-digit figures in + the late 1970s to 3.8% in 1991. In 1987, after years of deficits, the + balance of payments was brought into the black. Unemployment, however, + remains a serious problem. A 1991 unemployment rate of 20.4% placed Ireland + along with Spain as the countries with the worst jobless records in Western + Europe. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $39.2 billion, per capita $11,200; real growth + rate 1.3% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.8% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 20.4% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $11.4 billion; expenditures $12.6 billion, including capital + expenditures of $1.6 billion (1992 est.) +Exports: + $27.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + chemicals, data processing equipment, industrial machinery, live animals, + animal products + partners: + EC 74% (UK 34%, Germany 11%, France 10%), US 8% +Imports: + $24.5 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + food, animal feed, chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products, machinery, + textiles, clothing + partners: + EC 66% (UK 41%, Germany 9%, France 4%), US 14% +External debt: + $14.8 billion (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 3.0% (1991); accounts for 37% of GDP +Electricity: + 4,957,000 kW capacity; 14,480 million kWh produced, 4,080 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + food products, brewing, textiles, clothing, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, + machinery, transportation equipment, glass and crystal +Agriculture: + accounts for 11% of GDP and 15% of the labor force; principal crops - + turnips, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, wheat; livestock - meat and dairy + products; 85% self-sufficient in food; food shortages include bread grain, + fruits, vegetables +Economic aid: + donor - ODA commitments (1980-89), $90 million +Currency: + Irish pound (plural - pounds); 1 Irish pound (#Ir) = 100 pence +Exchange rates: + Irish pounds (#Ir) per US$1 - 0.6227 (March 1992), 0.6190 (1991), 0.6030 + (1990), 0.7472 (1989), 0.6553 (1988), 0.6720 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Ireland Communications + +Railroads: + Irish National Railways (CIE) operates 1,947 km 1.602-meter gauge, + government owned; 485 km double track; 38 km electrified +Highways: + 92,294 km total; 87,422 km paved, 4,872 km gravel or crushed stone +Inland waterways: + limited for commercial traffic +Pipelines: + natural gas 225 km +Ports: + Cork, Dublin, Shannon Estuary, Waterford +Merchant marine: + 55 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 146,081 GRT/177,058 DWT; includes 4 + short-sea passenger, 32 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 3 container, 3 + petroleum tanker, 3 specialized tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 6 bulk +Civil air: + 23 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 36 total, 35 usable; 17 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + small, modern system using cable and digital microwave circuits; 900,000 + telephones; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 45 FM, 86 TV; 2 coaxial submarine + cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Ireland Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army (including Naval Service and Air Corps), National Police (GARDA) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 894,421; 724,262 fit for military service; 34,182 reach + military age (17) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $566 million, 1-2% of GDP (1992 est.) + +:Israel Header + +Note: + The Arab territories occupied by Israel since the 1967 war are not included + in the data below. As stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords and reaffirmed + by President Bush's post-Gulf crisis peace initiative, the final status of + the West Bank and Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, and a + peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the + concerned parties. The Camp David Accords further specify that these + negotiations will resolve the location of the respective boundaries. Pending + the completion of this process, it is US policy that the final status of the + West Bank and Gaza Strip has yet to be determined (see West Bank and Gaza + Strip entries). On 25 April 1982 Israel relinquished control of the Sinai to + Egypt. Statistics for the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights are included in the + Syria entry. + +:Israel Geography + +Total area: + 20,770 km2 +Land area: + 20,330 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than New Jersey +Land boundaries: + 1,006 km; Egypt 255 km, Jordan 238 km, Lebanon 79 km, Syria 76 km, West Bank + 307, Gaza Strip 51 km +Coastline: + 273 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + to depth of exploitation + Territorial sea: + 6 nm +Disputes: + separated from Lebanon, Syria, and the West Bank by the 1949 Armistice Line; + differences with Jordan over the location of the 1949 Armistice Line that + separates the two countries; West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli occupied + with status to be determined; Golan Heights is Israeli occupied; Israeli + troops in southern Lebanon since June 1982; water-sharing issues with Jordan +Climate: + temperate; hot and dry in desert areas +Terrain: + Negev desert in the south; low coastal plain; central mountains; Jordan Rift + Valley +Natural resources: + copper, phosphates, bromide, potash, clay, sand, sulfur, asphalt, manganese, + small amounts of natural gas and crude oil +Land use: + arable land 17%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 40%; forest and + woodland 6%; other 32%; includes irrigated 11% +Environment: + sandstorms may occur during spring and summer; limited arable land and + natural water resources pose serious constraints; deforestation +Note: + there are 175 Jewish settlements in the West Bank, 38 in the + Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, 18 in the Gaza Strip, and 14 Israeli-built + Jewish neighborhoods in East Jerusalem + +:Israel People + +Population: + 4,748,059 (July 1992), growth rate 4.0% (1992); includes 95,000 Jewish + settlers in the West Bank, 14,000 in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, + 4,000 in the Gaza Strip, and 132,000 in East Jerusalem (1992 est.) +Birth rate: + 21 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 26 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 76 years male, 80 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Israeli(s); adjective - Israeli +Ethnic divisions: + Jewish 83%, non-Jewish (mostly Arab) 17% +Religions: + Judaism 82%, Islam (mostly Sunni Muslim) 14%, Christian 2%, Druze and other + 2% +Languages: + Hebrew (official); Arabic used officially for Arab minority; English most + commonly used foreign language +Literacy: + 92% (male 95%, female 89%) age 15 and over can read and write (1983) +Labor force: + 1,400,000 (1984 est.); public services 29.3%; industry, mining, and + manufacturing 22.8%; commerce 12.8%; finance and business 9.5%; transport, + storage, and communications 6.8%; construction and public works 6.5%; + personal and other services 5.8%; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 5.5%; + electricity and water 1.0% (1983) +Organized labor: + 90% of labor force + +:Israel Government + +Long-form name: + State of Israel +Type: + republic +Capital: + Israel proclaimed Jerusalem its capital in 1950, but the US, like nearly all + other countries, maintains its Embassy in Tel Aviv +Administrative divisions: + 6 districts (mehozot, singular - mehoz); Central, Haifa, Jerusalem, + Northern, Southern, Tel Aviv +Independence: + 14 May 1948 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration) +Constitution: + no formal constitution; some of the functions of a constitution are filled + by the Declaration of Establishment (1948), the basic laws of the parliament + (Knesset), and the Israeli citizenship law +Legal system: + mixture of English common law, British Mandate regulations, and, in personal + matters, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim legal systems; in December 1985, + Israel informed the UN Secretariat that it would no longer accept compulsory + ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day; Israel declared independence on 14 May 1948, but the + Jewish calendar is lunar and the holiday may occur in April or May +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, vice prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral parliament (Knesset) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Chaim HERZOG (since 5 May 1983) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Yitzhak SHAMIR (since 20 October 1986) +Political parties and leaders: + Israel currently has a coalition government comprising 12 parties that hold + 66 of the Knesset's 120 seats; currently in state of flux; election held 23 + June 1992 + Members of the government: + Likud bloc, Prime Minister Yitzhak SHAMIR; Sephardic Torah Guardians (SHAS), + Minister of Interior Arieh DER'I; National Religious Party, Minister of + Education Shulamit ALONI; Agudat Israel, Avraham SHAPIRA; Degel HaTorah, + Avraham RAVITZ; Moriya, Minister of Immigrant Absorption, Yair TZABAN; + Ge'ulat Israel, Eliezer MIZRAHI; New Liberal Party, Minister of Finance, + Avraham SHOCHAT; Tehiya Party, Minister of Science Technology, Yuval NEEMAN; + Tzomet Party Unity for Peace and Aliyah, Rafael EITAN; Moledet Party, + Rehavam ZEEVI + Opposition parties: + Labor Party, Shimon PERES; Citizens' Rights Movement, Shulamit ALONI; United + Workers' Party (MAPAM), Yair TZABAN; Center Movement-Shinui, Amnon + RUBENSTEIN; New Israeli Communist Party (MAKI), Meir WILNER; Progressive + List for Peace, Muhammad MI'ARI; Arab Democratic Party, `Abd Al Wahab + DARAWSHAH; Black Panthers, Charlie BITON +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 + +:Israel Government + +Elections: + President: + last held 23 February 1988 (next to be held February 1994); results - Chaim + HERZOG reelected by Knesset + Knesset: + last held June 1992 (next to be held by NA; results - percent of vote by + party NA; seats - (120 total) Labor Party 44, Likud bloc 12, SHAS 6, + National Religious Party 6, Meretz 12, Agudat Yisrael 4, PAZI 3, MAKI 3, + Tehiya Party 3, Tzomet Party 8, Moledet Party 3, Degel HaTorah 4, Center + Movement Progressive List for Peace 1, Arab Democratic Party 2; Black + Panthers 1, Moriya 1, Ge'ulat Yisrael 1, Unity for Peace and Aliyah 1 +Communists: + Hadash (predominantly Arab but with Jews in its leadership) has some 1,500 + members +Other political or pressure groups: + Gush Emunim, Jewish nationalists advocating Jewish settlement on the West + Bank and Gaza Strip; Peace Now, critical of government's West Bank/Gaza + Strip and Lebanon policies +Member of: + AG (observer), CCC, EBRD, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, + IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, + ITU, OAS (observer), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, + WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Zalman SHOVAL; Chancery at 3514 International Drive NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 364-5500; there are Israeli Consulates + General in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, + Philadelphia, and San Francisco + US: + Ambassador William HARROP; Embassy at 71 Hayarkon Street, Tel Aviv (mailing + address is APO AE 09830; telephone [972] (3) 654338; FAX [972] (3) 663449; + there is a US Consulate General in Jerusalem +Flag: + white with a blue hexagram (six-pointed linear star) known as the Magen + David (Shield of David) centered between two equal horizontal blue bands + near the top and bottom edges of the flag + +:Israel Economy + +Overview: + Israel has a market economy with substantial government participation. It + depends on imports of crude oil, grains, raw materials, and military + equipment. Despite limited natural resources, Israel has intensively + developed its agricultural and industrial sectors over the past 20 years. + Industry employs about 20% of Israeli workers, agriculture 5%, and services + most of the rest. Diamonds, high-technology equipment, and agricultural + products (fruits and vegetables) are leading exports. Israel usually posts + balance-of-payments deficits, which are covered by large transfer payments + from abroad and by foreign loans. Roughly half of the government's $17 + billion external debt is owed to the United States, which is its major + source of economic and military aid. To earn needed foreign exchange, Israel + has been targeting high-technology niches in international markets, such as + medical scanning equipment. Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 dealt a + blow to Israel's economy. Higher world oil prices added an estimated $300 + million to the oil import bill that year and helped keep annual inflation at + 18%. Regional tension and the continuing Palestinian uprising (intifadah) + have contributed to a sharp drop in tourism - a key foreign exchange earner + - to the lowest level since the 1973 Arab-Israeli war. The influx of Jewish + immigrants from the former USSR, which topped 330,000 during the period + 1990-91, will increase unemployment, intensify housing problems, widen the + government budget deficit, and fuel inflation. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $54.6 billion, per capita $12,000; real growth + rate 5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 18% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 11% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $41.7 billion; expenditures $47.6 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY92) +Exports: + $12.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + polished diamonds, citrus and other fruits, textiles and clothing, processed + foods, fertilizer and chemical products, military hardware, electronics + partners: + US, EC, Japan, Hong Kong, Switzerland +Imports: + $18.1 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + military equipment, rough diamonds, oil, chemicals, machinery, iron and + steel, cereals, textiles, vehicles, ships, aircraft + partners: + US, EC, Switzerland, Japan, South Africa, Canada, Hong Kong +External debt: + $24 billion, of which government debt is $17 billion (December 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate - 7% (1991 est.); accounts for about 20% of GDP +Electricity: + 5,300,000 kWh capacity; 21,000 million kWh produced, 4,800 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + food processing, diamond cutting and polishing, textiles, clothing, + chemicals, metal products, military equipment, transport equipment, + electrical equipment, miscellaneous machinery, potash mining, + high-technology electronics, tourism + +:Israel Economy + +Agriculture: + accounts for about 3% of GDP; largely self-sufficient in food production, + except for grains; principal products - citrus and other fruits, vegetables, + cotton; livestock products - beef, dairy, and poultry +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $18.2 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.8 billion +Currency: + new Israeli shekel (plural - shekels); 1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new + agorot +Exchange rates: + new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1 - 2.4019 (March 1992), 2.2791 (1991), + 2.0162 (1990), 1.9164 (1989), 1.5989 (1988), 1.5946 (1987) +Fiscal year: + previously 1 April - 31 March; FY91 was 1 April - 31 December, and since 1 + January 1992 the fiscal year has conformed to the calendar year + +:Israel Communications + +Railroads: + 600 km 1.435-meter gauge, single track; diesel operated +Highways: + 4,750 km; majority is bituminous surfaced +Pipelines: + crude oil 708 km; petroleum products 290 km; natural gas 89 km +Ports: + Ashdod, Haifa +Merchant marine: + 34 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 629,966 GRT/721,106 DWT; includes 8 + cargo, 23 container, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off; note - Israel + also maintains a significant flag of convenience fleet, which is normally at + least as large as the Israeli flag fleet; the Israeli flag of convenience + fleet typically includes all of its petroleum tankers +Civil air: + 32 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 51 total, 44 usable; 26 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 11 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + most highly developed in the Middle East although not the largest; good + system of coaxial cable and radio relay; 1,800,000 telephones; broadcast + stations - 14 AM, 21 FM, 20 TV; 3 submarine cables; satellite earth stations + - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT + +:Israel Defense Forces + +Branches: + Israel Defense Forces, including ground, naval, and air components; + historically, there have been no separate Israeli military services +Manpower availability: + eligible 15-49, 2,357,195; of the 1,189,275 males 15-49, 977,332 are fit for + military service; of the 1,167,920 females 15-49, 955,928 are fit for + military service; 44,624 males and 42,705 females reach military age (18) + annually; both sexes are liable for military service; Nahal or Pioneer + Fighting Youth, Frontier Guard, Chen +Defense expenditures: + $7.5 billion, 12.1% of GNP (1992 budget); note - does not include pay for + reserve soldiers and other defense-related categories; actual outlays would + therefore be higher + +:Italy Geography + +Total area: + 301,230 km2 +Land area: + 294, 020 km2; includes Sardinia and Sicily +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Arizona +Land boundaries: + 1,899.2 km; Austria 430 km, France 488 km, San Marino 39 km, Slovenia 199 + km, Switzerland 740 km, Vatican City 3.2 km +Coastline: + 4,996 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south +Terrain: + mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowlands +Natural resources: + mercury, potash, marble, sulfur, dwindling natural gas and crude oil + reserves, fish, coal +Land use: + arable land 32%; permanent crops 10%; meadows and pastures 17%; forest and + woodland 22%; other 19%; includes irrigated 10% +Environment: + regional risks include land-slides, mudflows, snowslides, earthquakes, + volcanic eruptions, flooding, pollution; land sinkage in Venice +Note: + strategic location dominating central Mediterranean as well as southern sea + and air approaches to Western Europe + +:Italy People + +Population: + 57,904,628 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + 10 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 74 years male, 81 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Italian(s); adjective - Italian +Ethnic divisions: + primarily Italian but population includes small clusters of German-, + French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians and + Greek-Italians in the south; Sicilians; Sardinians +Religions: + virtually 100% Roman Catholic +Languages: + Italian; parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German + speaking; small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region; + Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area +Literacy: + 97% (male 98%, female 96%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 23,988,000; services 58%, industry 32.2%, agriculture 9.8% (1988) +Organized labor: + 40-45% of labor force (est.) + +:Italy Government + +Long-form name: + Italian Republic +Type: + republic +Capital: + Rome +Administrative divisions: + 20 regions (regioni, singular - regione); Abruzzi, Basilicata, Calabria, + Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Lazio, Liguria, Lombardia, + Marche, Molise, Piemonte, Puglia, Sardegna, Sicilia, Toscana, Trentino-Alto + Adige, Umbria, Valle d'Aosta, Veneto +Independence: + 17 March 1861, Kingdom of Italy proclaimed +Constitution: + 1 January 1948 +Legal system: + based on civil law system, with ecclesiastical law influence; appeals + treated as trials de novo; judicial review under certain conditions in + Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Republic, 2 June (1946) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister (president of the Council of Ministers) +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament (Parlamento) consists of an upper chamber or Senate of + the Republic (Senato della Repubblica) and a lower chamber or Chamber of + Deputies (Camera dei Deputati) +Judicial branch: + Constitutional Court (Corte Costituzionale) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Oscar Luigi SCALFARO (since 28 May 1992) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Guiliano AMATO (since 28 June 1992); Deputy Prime Minister +Political parties and leaders: + Christian Democratic Party (DC), Arnaldo FORLANI (general secretary), + Ciriaco De MITA (president); Socialist Party (PSI), Bettino CRAXI (party + secretary); Social Democratic Party (PSDI), Carlo VIZZINI (party secretary); + Liberal Party (PLI), Renato ALTISSIMO (secretary general); Democratic Party + of the Left (PDS - was Communist Party, or PCI, until January 1991), Achille + OCCHETTO (secretary general); Italian Social Movement (MSI), Gianfranco FINI + (national secretary); Republican Party (PRI), Giorgio La MALFA (political + secretary); Lega Nord (Northern League), Umberto BOSSI, president +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 (except in senatorial elections, where minimum age is + 25) +Elections: + Senate: + last held 5-6 April 1992 (next to be held by April 1997); results - DC + 33.9%, PCI 28.3%, PSI 10.7%, other 27.1%; seats - (326 total, 315 elected) + DC 107, PDS 64, PSI 49, Leagues 25, other 70 + Chamber of Deputies: + last held 5-6 April 1992 (next to be held April 1997); results - DC 29.7%, + PDS 26.6%, PSI 13.6%, Leagues 8.7%, Communist Renewal 5.6%, MSI 5.4%, PRI + 4.4%, PLI 2.8%, PSDI 2.7%, other 11% + +:Italy Government + +Other political or pressure groups: + the Roman Catholic Church; three major trade union confederations (CGIL - + Communist dominated, CISL - Christian Democratic, and UIL - Social + Democratic, Socialist, and Republican); Italian manufacturers association + (Confindustria); organized farm groups (Confcoltivatori, Confagricoltura) +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), Australia Group, AsDB, BIS, CCC, CDB (nonregional + member), CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-7, G-10, + GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IEA, IFC, ILO, IMF, + IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, + NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, MTCR, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, + UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, + ZC +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Boris BIANCHERI CHIAPPORI; Chancery at 1601 Fuller Street NW, + Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 328-5500; there are Italian Consulates + General in Boston, Chicago, Houston, New Orleans, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, + San Francisco, and Consulates in Detroit and Newark (New Jersey) + US: + Ambassador Peter F. SECCHIA; Embassy at Via Veneto 119/A, 00187, Rome + (mailing address is APO AE 09624); telephone [39] (6) 46741, FAX [39] (6) + 467-2356; there are US Consulates General in Florence, Genoa, Milan, Naples, + and Palermo (Sicily) +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; similar to + the flag of Ireland, which is longer and is green (hoist side), white, and + orange; also similar to the flag of the Ivory Coast, which has the colors + reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green + +:Italy Economy + +Overview: + Since World War II the economy has changed from one based on agriculture + into a ranking industrial economy, with approximately the same total and per + capita output as France and the UK. The country is still divided into a + developed industrial north, dominated by small private companies, and an + undeveloped agricultural south, dominated by large public enterprises. + Services account for 48% of GDP, industry about 35%, agriculture 4%, and + public administration 13%. Most raw materials needed by industry and over + 75% of energy requirements must be imported. After growing at an annual + average rate of 3% during the period 1983-90, growth slowed to about 1% in + 1991. For the 1990s, Italy faces the problems of refurbishing a tottering + communications system, curbing pollution in major industrial centers, and + adjusting to the new competitive forces accompanying the ongoing economic + integration of the European Community. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $965.0 billion, per capita $16,700; real + growth rate 1.0% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 6.5% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 11.0% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $431 billion; expenditures $565 billion, including capital + expenditures of $48 billion (1991) +Exports: + $209 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + textiles, wearing apparel, metals, transportation equipment, chemicals + partners: + EC 58.5%, US 8%, OPEC 4% +Imports: + $222 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + petroleum, industrial machinery, chemicals, metals, food, agricultural + products + partners: + EC 58%, OPEC 7%, US 5% +External debt: + NA +Industrial production: + growth rate - 2.0% (1991); accounts for almost 35% of GDP +Electricity: + 57,500,000 kW capacity; 235,000 million kWh produced, 4,072 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles, motor + vehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramics +Agriculture: + accounts for about 4% of GDP and 10% of the work force; self-sufficient in + foods other than meat and dairy products; principal crops - fruits, + vegetables, grapes, potatoes, sugar beets, soybeans, grain, olives; fish + catch of 388,200 metric tons in 1988 +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $25.9 billion +Currency: + Italian lira (plural - lire); 1 Italian lira (Lit) = 100 centesimi +Exchange rates: + Italian lire (Lit) per US$1 - 1,248.4 (March 1992), 1,240.6 (January 1991), + 1,198.1 (1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987) + +:Italy Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Italy Communications + +Railroads: + 20,011 km total; 16,066 km 1.435-meter government-owned standard gauge + (8,999 km electrified); 3,945 km privately owned - 2,100 km 1.435-meter + standard gauge (1,155 km electrified) and 1,845 km 0.950-meter narrow gauge + (380 km electrified) +Highways: + 294,410 km total; autostrada (expressway) 5,900 km, state highways 45,170 + km, provincial highways 101,680 km, communal highways 141,660 km; 260,500 km + paved, 26,900 km gravel and crushed stone, 7,010 km earth +Inland waterways: + 2,400 km for various types of commercial traffic, although of limited + overall value +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,703 km; petroleum products 2,148 km; natural gas 19,400 km +Ports: + Cagliari (Sardinia), Genoa, La Spezia, Livorno, Naples, Palermo (Sicily), + Taranto, Trieste, Venice +Merchant marine: + 546 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 7,004,462 GRT/10,265,132 DWT; + includes 17 passenger, 39 short-sea passenger, 94 cargo, 4 refrigerated + cargo, 24 container, 66 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 9 vehicle carrier, 1 + multifunction large-load carrier, 1 livestock carrier, 142 petroleum tanker, + 33 chemical tanker, 39 liquefied gas, 10 specialized tanker, 10 combination + ore/oil, 55 bulk, 2 combination bulk +Civil air: + 125 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 137 total, 134 usable; 91 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways + over 3,659 m; 36 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 39 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + modern, well-developed, fast; 25,600,000 telephones; fully automated + telephone, telex, and data services; high-capacity cable and radio relay + trunks; very good broadcast service by stations - 135 AM, 28 (1,840 + repeaters) FM, 83 (1,000 repeaters) TV; international service by 21 + submarine cables; 3 satellite earth stations operating in INTELSAT with 3 + Atlantic Ocean antennas and 2 Indian Ocean antennas; also participates in + INMARSAT and EUTELSAT systems + +:Italy Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Carabinieri +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 14,864,191; 12,980,362 fit for military service; 441,768 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $22.7 billion, 2.2% of GDP (1991) + +:Ivory Coast Geography + +Total area: + 322,460 km2 +Land area: + 318,000 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than New Mexico +Land boundaries: + 3,110 km; Burkina 584 km, Ghana 668 km, Guinea 610 km, Liberia 716 km, Mali + 532 km +Coastline: + 515 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons - warm and dry + (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to + October) +Terrain: + mostly flat to undulating plains; mountains in northwest +Natural resources: + crude oil, diamonds, manganese, iron ore, cobalt, bauxite, copper +Land use: + arable land 9%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 9%; forest and + woodland 26%; other 52%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + coast has heavy surf and no natural harbors; severe deforestation + +:Ivory Coast People + +Population: + 13,497,153 (July 1992), growth rate 3.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 47 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 94 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 53 years male, 57 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Ivorian(s); adjective - Ivorian +Ethnic divisions: + over 60 ethnic groups; most important are the Baoule 23%, Bete 18%, Senoufou + 15%, Malinke 11%, and Agni; foreign Africans, mostly Burkinabe about 2 + million; non-Africans about 130,000 to 330,000 (French 30,000 and Lebanese + 100,000 to 300,000) +Religions: + indigenous 63%, Muslim 25%, Christian 12%, +Languages: + French (official), over 60 native dialects; Dioula most widely spoken +Literacy: + 54% (male 67%, female 40%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 5,718,000; over 85% of population engaged in agriculture, forestry, + livestock raising; about 11% of labor force are wage earners, nearly half in + agriculture and the remainder in government, industry, commerce, and + professions; 54% of population of working age (1985) +Organized labor: + 20% of wage labor force + +:Ivory Coast Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of the Ivory Coast; note - the local official name is Republique de + Cote d'Ivoire +Type: + republic; multiparty presidential regime established 1960 +Capital: + Yamoussoukro (although Yamoussoukro has been the capital since 1983, Adibjan + remains the administrative center; foreign governments, including the United + States, maintain presence in Abidjan) +Administrative divisions: + 49 departments (departements, singular - (departement); Abengourou, Abidjan, + Aboisso, Adzope, Agboville, Bangolo, Beoumi, Biankouma, Bondoukou, + Bongouanou, Bouafle, Bouake, Bouna, Boundiali, Dabakala, Daloa, Danane, + Daoukro, Dimbokro, Divo, Duekoue, Ferkessedougou, Gagnoa, Grand-Lahou, + Guiglo, Issia, Katiola, Korhogo, Lakota, Man, Mankono, Mbahiakro, Odienne, + Oume, Sakassou, San-Pedro, Sassandra, Seguela, Sinfra, Soubre, Tabou, Tanda, + Tingrela, Tiassale, Touba, Toumodi, Vavoua, Yamoussoukro, Zuenoula +Independence: + 7 August 1960 (from France) +Constitution: + 3 November 1960 +Legal system: + based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review in the + Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 7 December +Executive branch: + president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Dr. Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY (since 27 November 1960); Prime + Minister Alassane OUATTARA (since 7 November 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + Democratic Party of the Ivory Coast (PDCI), Dr. Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY; + Ivorian Popular Front (FPI), Laurent GBAGBO; Ivorian Worker's Party (PIT), + Francis WODIE; Ivorian Socialist Party (PSI), Morifere BAMBA; over 20 + smaller parties +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + President: + last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held October 1995); results - + President Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY received 81% of the vote in his first + contested election; he is currently serving his seventh consecutive + five-year term + National Assembly: + last held 25 November 1990 (next to be held November 1995); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (175 total) PDCI 163, FPI 9, PIT 1, + independents 2 +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-24, G-77, GATT, + IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, + IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, + WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO + +:Ivory Coast Government + +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Charles GOMIS; Chancery at 2424 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 797-0300 + US: + Ambassador Kenneth L. BROWN; Embassy at 5 Rue Jesse Owens, Abidjan (mailing + address is 01 B. P. 1712, Abidjan); telephone [225] 21-09-79 or 21-46-72, + FAX [225] 22-32-59 +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of orange (hoist side), white, and green; similar + to the flag of Ireland, which is longer and has the colors reversed - green + (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is + green (hoist side), white, and red; design was based on the flag of France + +:Ivory Coast Economy + +Overview: + Ivory Coast is among the world's largest producers and exporters of coffee, + cocoa beans, and palm-kernel oil. Consequently, the economy is highly + sensitive to fluctuations in international prices for coffee and cocoa and + to weather conditions. Despite attempts by the government to diversify, the + economy is still largely dependent on agriculture and related industries. + The agricultural sector accounts for over one-third of GDP and about 80% of + export earnings and employs about 85% of the labor force. A collapse of + world cocoa and coffee prices in 1986 threw the economy into a recession, + from which the country had not recovered by 1990. Continuing poor prices for + commodity exports, an overvalued exchange rate, a bloated public-sector wage + bill, and a large foreign debt hindered economic recovery in 1991. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $10 billion, per capita $800; real growth rate + -2.9% (1990) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + -0.8% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 14% (1985) +Budget: + revenues $2.8 billion (1989 est.); expenditures $4.1 billion, including + capital expenditures of $NA (1989 est.) +Exports: + $2.5 billion (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + cocoa 30%, coffee 20%, tropical woods 11%, cotton, bananas, pineapples, palm + oil, cotton + partners: + France, FRG, Netherlands, US, Belgium, Spain (1985) +Imports: + $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + manufactured goods and semifinished products 50%, consumer goods 40%, raw + materials and fuels 10% + partners: + France, other EC, Nigeria, US, Japan (1985) +External debt: + $15.0 billion (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate - 6% (1989); accounts for 17% of GDP +Electricity: + 1,210,000 kW capacity; 2,680 million kWh produced, 210 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + foodstuffs, wood processing, oil refinery, automobile assembly, textiles, + fertilizer, beverage +Agriculture: + most important sector, contributing one-third to GDP and 80% to exports; + cash crops include coffee, cocoa beans, timber, bananas, palm kernels, + rubber; food crops - corn, rice, manioc, sweet potatoes; not self-sufficient + in bread grain and dairy products +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis on a small scale for the international drug + trade +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $356 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $5.2 billion +Currency: + Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) + = 100 centimes + +:Ivory Coast Economy + +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January + 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 + (1987), 346.30 (1986) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Ivory Coast Communications + +Railroads: + 660 km (Burkina border to Abidjan, 1.00-meter gauge, single track, except 25 + km Abidjan-Anyama section is double track) +Highways: + 46,600 km total; 3,600 km paved; 32,000 km gravel, crushed stone, laterite, + and improved earth; 11,000 km unimproved +Inland waterways: + 980 km navigable rivers, canals, and numerous coastal lagoons +Ports: + Abidjan, San-Pedro +Merchant marine: + 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 70,957 GRT/ 91,782 DWT; includes 5 + cargo, 1 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical tanker +Civil air: + 14 major transport aircraft, including multinationally owned Air Afrique + fleet +Airports: + 45 total, 39 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + well-developed by African standards but operating well below capacity; + consists of open-wire lines and radio relay links; 87,700 telephones; + broadcast stations - 3 AM, 17 FM, 13 TV, 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean + INTELSAT earth station; 2 coaxial submarine cables + +:Ivory Coast Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie, Republican Guard, Military + Fire Group +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 3,083,765; 1,597,108 fit for military service; 141,259 males + reach military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $200 million, 2.3% of GDP (1988) + +:Jamaica Geography + +Total area: + 10,990 km2 +Land area: + 10,830 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Connecticut +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 1,022 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior +Terrain: + mostly mountains with narrow, discontinuous coastal plain +Natural resources: + bauxite, gypsum, limestone +Land use: + arable land 19%; permanent crops 6%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest and + woodland 28%; other 29%; includes irrigated 3% +Environment: + subject to hurricanes (especially July to November); deforestation; water + pollution +Note: + strategic location between Cayman Trench and Jamaica Channel, the main sea + lanes for Panama Canal + +:Jamaica People + +Population: + 2,506,701 (July 1992), growth rate 0.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 23 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -8 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 72 years male, 76 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Jamaican(s); adjective - Jamaican +Ethnic divisions: + African 76.3%, Afro-European 15.1%, East Indian and Afro-East Indian 3.0%, + white 3.2%, Chinese and Afro-Chinese 1.2%, other 1.2% +Religions: + predominantly Protestant 55.9% (Church of God 18.4%, Baptist 10%, Anglican + 7.1%, Seventh-Day Adventist 6.9%, Pentecostal 5.2%, Methodist 3.1%, United + Church 2.7%, other 2.5%), Roman Catholic 5%, other 39.1%, including some + spiritualist cults (1982) +Languages: + English, Creole +Literacy: + 98% (male 98%, female 99%) age 15 and over having ever attended school (1990 + est.) +Labor force: + 1,062,100; services 41%, agriculture 22.5%, industry 19%; unemployed 17.5% + (1989) +Organized labor: + 24% of labor force (1989) + +:Jamaica Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Kingston +Administrative divisions: + 14 parishes; Clarendon, Hanover, Kingston, Manchester, Portland, Saint + Andrew, Saint Ann, Saint Catherine, Saint Elizabeth, Saint James, Saint + Mary, Saint Thomas, Trelawny, Westmoreland +Independence: + 6 August 1962 (from UK) +Constitution: + 6 August 1962 +Legal system: + based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day (first Monday in August) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house + or House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Howard COOKE (since 1 August 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister P. J. Patterson (since 30 March 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + People's National Party (PNP) P. J. Patterson; Jamaica Labor Party (JLP), + Edward SEAGA +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held 9 February 1989 (next to be held by February 1994); results - PNP + 57%, JLP 43%; seats - (60 total) PNP 45, JLP 15 +Other political or pressure groups: + Rastafarians (black religious/racial cultists, pan-Africanists) +Member of: + ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, GATT, G-15, IADB, + IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, + ISO, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, + WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Richard BERNAL; Chancery at Suite 355, 1850 K Street NW, + Washington, DC 20006; telephone (202) 452-0660; there are Jamaican + Consulates General in Miami and New York + US: + Ambassador Glen A. HOLDEN; Embassy at 3rd Floor, Jamaica Mutual Life Center, + 2 Oxford Road, Kingston; telephone (809) 929-4850 through 4859, FAX (809) + 926-6743 +Flag: + diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles - green (top and + bottom) and black (hoist side and fly side) + +:Jamaica Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based on sugar, bauxite, and tourism. In 1985 it suffered a + setback with the closure of some facilities in the bauxite and alumina + industry, a major source of hard currency earnings. Since 1986 an economic + recovery has been under way. In 1987 conditions began to improve for the + bauxite and alumina industry because of increases in world metal prices. The + recovery has also been supported by growth in the manufacturing and tourism + sectors. In September 1988, Hurricane Gilbert inflicted severe damage on + crops and the electric power system, a sharp but temporary setback to the + economy. By October 1989 the economic recovery from the hurricane was + largely complete, and real growth was up about 3% for 1989. In 1991, + however, growth dropped to 1.0% as a result of the US recession, lower world + bauxite prices, and monetary instability. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $3.6 billion, per capita $1,400; real growth rate + 1.0% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 80% (1991 projected) +Unemployment rate: + 15.1% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $600 million; expenditures $736 million (FY91 est.) +Exports: + $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991, projected) + commodities: + bauxite, alumina, sugar, bananas + partners: + US 36%, UK, Canada, Norway, Trinidad and Tobago +Imports: + $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991 projected) + commodities: + petroleum, machinery, food, consumer goods, construction goods + partners: + US 48%, UK, Venezuela, Canada, Japan, Trinidad and Tobago +External debt: + $3.8 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate - 2.0% (1990); accounts for almost 25% of GDP +Electricity: + 1,122,000 kW capacity; 2,520 million kWh produced, 1,012 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + tourism, bauxite mining, textiles, food processing, light manufactures +Agriculture: + accounts for about 9% of GDP, 22% of work force, and 17% of exports; + commercial crops - sugarcane, bananas, coffee, citrus, potatoes, and + vegetables; live-stock and livestock products include poultry, goats, milk; + not self-sufficient in grain, meat, and dairy products +Illicit drugs: + illicit cultivation of cannabis; transshipment point for cocaine from + Central and South America to North America; government has an active + cannabis eradication program +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.2 billion; other countries, + ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.6 billion +Currency: + Jamaican dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Jamaican dollar (J$) = 100 cents + +:Jamaica Economy + +Exchange rates: + Jamaican dollars (J$) per US$1 - 21.946 (January 1992), 12.116 (1991), 7.184 + (1990), 5.7446 (1989), 5.4886 (1988), 5.4867 (1987), 5.4778 (1986) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Jamaica Communications + +Railroads: + 294 km, all 1.435-meter standard gauge, single track +Highways: + 18,200 km total; 12,600 km paved, 3,200 km gravel, 2,400 km improved earth +Pipelines: + petroleum products 10 km +Ports: + Kingston, Montego Bay +Merchant marine: + 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,619 GRT/16,302 DWT; includes 1 + roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 petroleum tanker, 2 bulk +Civil air: + 8 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 36 total, 23 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fully automatic domestic telephone network; 127,000 telephones; broadcast + stations - 10 AM, 17 FM, 8 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; 3 + coaxial submarine cables + +:Jamaica Defense Forces + +Branches: + Jamaica Defense Force (including Coast Guard and Air Wing), Jamaica + Constabulary Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 640,058; 454,131 fit for military service; no conscription; + 26,785 reach minimum volunteer age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $20 million, less than 1% of GDP (FY91) + +:Jan Mayen Geography + +Total area: + 373 km2 +Land area: + 373 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 124.1 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 10 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 4 nm +Disputes: + Denmark has challenged Norway's maritime claims beween Greenland and Jan + Mayen +Climate: + arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog +Terrain: + volcanic island, partly covered by glaciers; Beerenberg is the highest peak, + with an elevation of 2,277 meters +Natural resources: + none +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + barren volcanic island with some moss and grass; volcanic activity resumed + in 1970 +Note: + located north of the Arctic Circle about 590 km north-northeast of Iceland + between the Greenland Sea and the Norwegian Sea + +:Jan Mayen People + +Population: + no permanent inhabitants + +:Jan Mayen Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + territory of Norway +Capital: + none; administered from Oslo, Norway, through a governor (sysselmann) + resident in Longyearbyen (Svalbard) + +:Jan Mayen Economy + +Overview: + Jan Mayen is a volcanic island with no exploitable natural resources. + Economic activity is limited to providing services for employees of Norway's + radio and meteorological stations located on the island. +Electricity: + 15,000 kW capacity; 40 million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita (1989) + +:Jan Mayen Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only +Airports: + 1 with runways 1,220 to 2,439 m +Telecommunications: + radio and meteorological station + +:Jan Mayen Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of Norway + +:Japan Geography + +Total area: + 377,835 km2 +Land area: + 374,744 km2; includes Bonin Islands (Ogasawara-gunto), Daito-shoto, + Minami-jima, Okinotori-shima, Ryukyu Islands (Nansei-shoto), and Volcano + Islands (Kazan-retto) +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than California +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 29,751 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm (3 nm in international straits - La Perouse or Soya, Tsugaru, Osumi, + and Eastern and Western channels of the Korea or Tsushima Strait) +Disputes: + Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands and the Habomai island group + occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, claimed by + Japan; Liancourt Rocks disputed with South Korea; Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku + Islands) claimed by China and Taiwan +Climate: + varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north +Terrain: + mostly rugged and mountainous +Natural resources: + negligible mineral resources, fish +Land use: + arable land 13%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and + woodland 67%; other 18%; includes irrigated 9% +Environment: + many dormant and some active volcanoes; about 1,500 seismic occurrences + (mostly tremors) every year; subject to tsunamis +Note: + strategic location in northeast Asia + +:Japan People + +Population: + 124,460,481 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 10 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 4 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 77 years male, 82 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Japanese (singular and plural); adjective - Japanese +Ethnic divisions: + Japanese 99.4%, other (mostly Korean) 0.6% +Religions: + most Japanese observe both Shinto and Buddhist rites so the percentages add + to more than 100% - Shinto 95.8%, Buddhist 76.3%, Christian 1.4%, other 12% + (1985) +Languages: + Japanese +Literacy: + 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.) +Labor force: + 63,330,000; trade and services 54%; manufacturing, mining, and construction + 33%; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 7%; government 3% (1988) +Organized labor: + about 29% of employed workers; public service 76.4%, transportation and + telecommunications 57.9%, mining 48.7%, manufacturing 33.7%, services 18.2%, + wholesale, retail, and restaurant 9.3% + +:Japan Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Tokyo +Administrative divisions: + 47 prefectures; Aichi, Akita, Aomori, Chiba, Ehime, Fukui, Fukuoka, + Fukushima, Gifu, Gumma, Hiroshima, Hokkaido, Hyogo, Ibaraki, Ishikawa, + Iwate, Kagawa, Kagoshima, Kanagawa, Kochi, Kumamoto, Kyoto, Mie, Miyagi, + Miyazaki, Nagano, Nagasaki, Nara, Niigata, Oita, Okayama, Okinawa, Osaka, + Saga, Saitama, Shiga, Shimane, Shizuoka, Tochigi, Tokushima, Tokyo, Tottori, + Toyama, Wakayama, Yamagata, Yamaguchi, Yamanashi +Independence: + 660 BC, traditional founding by Emperor Jimmu +Constitution: + 3 May 1947 +Legal system: + civil law system with English-American influence; judicial review of + legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, + with reservations +National holiday: + Birthday of the Emperor, 23 December (1933) +Executive branch: + Emperor, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Diet (Kokkai) consists of an upper house or House of Councillors + (Sangi-in) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Shugi-in) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Emperor AKIHITO (since 7 January 1989) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Kiichi MIYAZAWA (since 5 November 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), Kiichi MIYAZAWA, president; Tamisuke + WATANUKI, secretary general; Social Democratic Party of Japan (SDPJ), Makoto + TANABE, Chairman; Democratic Socialist Party (DSP), Keizo OUCHI, chairman; + Japan Communist Party (JCP), Tetsuzo FUWA, Presidium chairman; Komeito + (Clean Government Party, CGP), Koshiro ISHIDA, chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 20 +Elections: + House of Councillors: + last held on 23 July 1989 (next to be held 26 July 1992); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (263 total) LDP 114, SDPJ 71, CGP 20, JCP 14, + other 33 + House of Representatives: + last held on 18 February 1990 (next to be held by February 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (512 total) LDP 278, SDPJ 137, CGP 46, + JCP 16, DSP 13, others 5, independents 6, vacant 11 +Communists: + about 490,000 registered Communist party members + +:Japan Government + +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), Australia Group, APEC, AsDB, BIS, CCC, COCOM, CP, EBRD, + ESCAP, FAO, G-2, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, + ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, + IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, + PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, + WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Takakazu KURIYAMA; Chancery at 2520 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-6700; there are Japanese + Consulates General in Agana (Guam), Anchorage, Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, + Honolulu, Houston, Kansas City (Missouri), Los Angeles, New Orleans, New + York, San Francisco, Seattle, and Portland (Oregon), and a Consulate in + Saipan (Northern Mariana Islands) + US: + Ambassador Michael H. ARMACOST; Embassy at 10-5, Akasaka 1-chome, Minato-ku + (107), Tokyo (mailing address is APO AP 96337-0001); telephone [81] (3) + 3224-5000; FAX [81] (3) 3505-1862; there are US Consulates General in Naha + (Okinawa), Osaka-Kobe, and Sapporo and a Consulate in Fukuoka +Flag: + white with a large red disk (representing the sun without rays) in the + center + +:Japan Economy + +Overview: + Government-industry cooperation, a strong work ethic, and a comparatively + small defense allocation have helped Japan advance with extraordinary + rapidity, notably in high-technology fields. Industry, the most important + sector of the economy, is heavily dependent on imported raw materials and + fuels. Self-sufficent in rice, Japan must import 50% of its requirements for + other grain and fodder crops. Japan maintains one of the world's largest + fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch. Overall + economic growth has been spectacular: a 10% average in the 1960s, a 5% + average in the 1970s and 1980s. A major contributor to overall growth of + 4.5% in 1991 was net exports, which cushioned the effect of slower growth in + domestic demand. Inflation remains low at 3.3% and is easing due to lower + oil prices and a stronger yen. Japan continues to run a huge trade surplus, + $80 billion in 1991, which supports extensive investment in foreign assets. + The increased crowding of its habitable land area and the aging of its + population are two major long-run problems. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $2,360.7 billion, per capita $19,000; real + growth rate 4.5% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.3% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 2.1% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $481 billion; expenditures $531 billion, including capital + expenditures (public works only) of about $60 billion (FY91) +Exports: + $314.3 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + manufactures 97% (including machinery 40%, motor vehicles 18%, consumer + electronics 10%) + partners: + Southeast Asia 31%, US 29%, Western Europe 23%, Communist countries 4%, + Middle East 3% +Imports: + $236.6 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + manufactures 50%, fossil fuels 21%, foodstuffs and raw materials 25% + partners: + Southeast Asia 25%, US 22%, Western Europe 17%, Middle East 12%, Communist + countries 8% +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate 2.1% (1991); accounts for 30% of GDP (mining and manufacturing) +Electricity: + 196,000,000 kW capacity; 823,000 million kWh produced, 6,640 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + metallurgy, engineering, electrical and electronic, textiles, chemicals, + automobiles, fishing, telecommunications, machine tools, construction + equipment +Agriculture: + accounts for only 2% of GDP; highly subsidized and protected sector, with + crop yields among highest in world; principal crops - rice, sugar beets, + vegetables, fruit; animal products include pork, poultry, dairy and eggs; + about 50% self-sufficient in food production; shortages of wheat, corn, + soybeans; world's largest fish catch of 11.9 million metric tons in 1988 + +:Japan Economy + +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $83.2 billion; ODA outlay of $9.1 + billion in 1990 (est.) +Currency: + yen (plural - yen); 1 yen (Y) = 100 sen +Exchange rates: + yen (Y) per US$1 - 132.70 (March 1992), 134.71 (1991), 144.79 (1990), 137.96 + (1989), 128.15 (1988), 144.64 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Japan Communications + +Railroads: + 27,327 km total; 2,012 km 1.435-meter standard gauge and 25,315 km + predominantly 1.067-meter narrow gauge; 5,724 km doubletrack and multitrack + sections, 9,038 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge electrified, 2,012 km + 1.435-meter standard-gauge electrified (1987) +Highways: + 1,111,974 km total; 754,102 km paved, 357,872 km gravel, crushed stone, or + unpaved; 4,400 km national expressways; 46,805 km national highways; 128,539 + km prefectural roads; and 930,230 km city, town, and village roads +Inland waterways: + about 1,770 km; seagoing craft ply all coastal inland seas +Pipelines: + crude oil 84 km; petroleum products 322 km; natural gas 1,800 km +Ports: + Chiba, Muroran, Kitakyushu, Kobe, Tomakomai, Nagoya, Osaka, Tokyo, + Yokkaichi, Yokohama, Kawasaki, Niigata, Fushiki-Toyama, Shimizu, Himeji, + Wakayama-Shimozu, Shimonoseki, Tokuyama-Shimomatsu +Merchant marine: + 976 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 21,684,459 GRT/34,683,035 DWT; + includes 10 passenger, 40 short-sea passenger, 3 passenger cargo, 89 cargo, + 44 container, 36 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 111 refrigerated cargo, 93 vehicle + carrier, 227 petroleum tanker, 11 chemical tanker, 40 liquefied gas, 9 + combination ore/oil, 3 specialized tanker, 260 bulk; note - Japan also owns + a large flag of convenience fleet, including up to 55% of the total number + of ships under the Panamanian flag +Civil air: + 360 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 163 total, 158 usable; 131 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways + over 3,659 m; 31 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 51 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + excellent domestic and international service; 64,000,000 telephones; + broadcast stations - 318 AM, 58 FM, 12,350 TV (196 major - 1 kw or greater); + satellite earth stations - 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean + INTELSAT; submarine cables to US (via Guam), Philippines, China, and Russia + +:Japan Defense Forces + +Branches: + Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (Army), Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force + (Navy), Japan Air Self-Defense Force (Air Force), Maritime Safety Agency + (Coast Guard) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 32,219,754; 27,767,280 fit for military service; 1,042,493 + reach military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $36.7 billion, 0.94% of GDP (FY92 est.) + +:Jarvis Island Geography + +Total area: + 4.5 km2 +Land area: + 4.5 km2 +Comparative area: + about 7.5 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 8 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun +Terrain: + sandy, coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing reef +Natural resources: + guano (deposits worked until late 1800s) +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + sparse bunch grass, prostrate vines, and low-growing shrubs; lacks fresh + water; primarily a nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, + shorebirds, and marine wildlife; feral cats +Note: + 2,090 km south of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean, just south of the + Equator, about halfway between Hawaii and the Cook Islands + +:Jarvis Island People + +Population: + uninhabited +Population: + note: + Millersville settlement on western side of island occasionally used as a + weather station from 1935 until World War II, when it was abandoned; + reoccupied in 1957 during the International Geophysical Year by scientists + who left in 1958; public entry is by special-use permit only and generally + restricted to scientists and educators + +:Jarvis Island Government + +Long-form name: + none (territory of the US) +Type: + unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and Wildlife + Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National + Wildlife Refuge System +Capital: + none; administered from Washington, DC + +:Jarvis Island Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +:Jarvis Island Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only - one boat landing area in the middle of the + west coast and another near the southwest corner of the island +Note: + there is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast + +:Jarvis Island Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US Coast + Guard + +:Jersey Geography + +Total area: + 117 km2 +Land area: + 117 km2 +Comparative area: + about 0.7 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 70 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate; mild winters and cool summers +Terrain: + gently rolling plain with low, rugged hills along north coast +Natural resources: + agricultural land +Land use: + arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and + woodland NA%; other NA%; about 58% of land under cultivation +Environment: + about 30% of population concentrated in Saint Helier +Note: + largest and southernmost of Channel Islands; 27 km from France + +:Jersey People + +Population: + 85,026 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992) +Birth rate: + 12 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 6 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 72 years male, 78 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Channel Islander(s); adjective - Channel Islander +Ethnic divisions: + UK and Norman-French descent +Religions: + Anglican, Roman Catholic, Baptist, Congregational New Church, Methodist, + Presbyterian +Languages: + English and French (official), with the Norman-French dialect spoken in + country districts +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) but compulsory education age 5 to 16 +Labor force: + NA +Organized labor: + none + +:Jersey Government + +Long-form name: + Bailiwick of Jersey +Type: + British crown dependency +Capital: + Saint Helier +Administrative divisions: + none (British crown dependency) +Independence: + none (British crown dependency) +Constitution: + unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice +Legal system: + English law and local statute +National holiday: + Liberation Day, 9 May (1945) +Executive branch: + British monarch, lieutenant governor, bailiff +Legislative branch: + unicameral Assembly of the States +Judicial branch: + Royal Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) + Head of Government: + Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief Air Marshal Sir John SUTTON + (since NA 1990); Bailiff Peter CRILL (since NA) +Political parties and leaders: + none; all independents +Suffrage: + universal adult at age NA +Elections: + Assembly of the States: + last held NA (next to be held NA); results - no percent of vote by party + since all are independents; seats - (56 total, 52 elected) 52 independents +Member of: + none +Diplomatic representation: + none (British crown dependency) +Flag: + white with the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint of Ireland) + extending to the corners of the flag + +:Jersey Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based largely on financial services, agriculture, and + tourism. Potatoes, cauliflower, tomatoes, and especially flowers are + important export crops, shipped mostly to the UK. The Jersey breed of dairy + cattle is known worldwide and represents an important export earner. Milk + products go to the UK and other EC countries. In 1986 the finance sector + overtook tourism as the main contributor to GDP, accounting for 40% of the + island's output. In recent years the government has encouraged light + industry to locate in Jersey, with the result that an electronics industry + has developed alongside the traditional manufacturing of knitwear. All raw + material and energy requirements are imported, as well as a large share of + Jersey's food needs. +GDP: + $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate 8% (1987 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8% (1988 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $308.0 million; expenditures $284.4 million, including capital + expenditures of NA (1985) +Exports: + $NA + commodities: + light industrial and electrical goods, foodstuffs, textiles + partners: + UK +Imports: + $NA + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, foodstuffs, mineral + fuels, chemicals + partners: + UK +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 50,000 kW standby capacity (1990); power supplied by France +Industries: + tourism, banking and finance, dairy +Agriculture: + potatoes, cauliflowers, tomatoes; dairy and cattle farming +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + Jersey pound (plural - pounds); 1 Jersey pound (#J) = 100 pence +Exchange rates: + Jersey pounds (#J) per US$1 - 0.5799 (March 1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 + (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987), 0.6817 (1986); the + Jersey pound is at par with the British pound +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Jersey Communications + +Ports: + Saint Helier, Gorey, Saint Aubin +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m (Saint Peter) +Telecommunications: + 63,700 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 3 submarine + cables + +:Jersey Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +:Johnston Atoll Geography + +Total area: + 2.8 km2 +Land area: + 2.8 km2 +Comparative area: + about 4.7 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 10 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little + seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + mostly flat with a maximum elevation of 4 meters +Natural resources: + guano (deposits worked until about 1890) +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + some low-growing vegetation +Note: + strategic location 717 nautical miles west-southwest of Honolulu in the + North Pacific Ocean, about one-third of the way between Hawaii and the + Marshall Islands; Johnston Island and Sand Island are natural islands; North + Island (Akau) and East Island (Hikina) are manmade islands formed from coral + dredging; closed to the public; former nuclear weapons test site; site of + Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS) + +:Johnston Atoll People + +Population: + 1,375 (December 1991); all US government personnel and contractors + +:Johnston Atoll Government + +Long-form name: + none (territory of the US) +Type: + unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Defense Nuclear + Agency (DNA) and managed cooperatively by DNA and the Fish and Wildlife + Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National + Wildlife Refuge system +Capital: + +none; administered from Washington, DC +Diplomatic representation: + none (territory of the US) +Flag: + the flag of the US is used + +:Johnston Atoll Economy + +Overview: + Economic activity is limited to providing services to US military personnel + and contractors located on the island. All food and manufactured goods must + be imported. +Electricity: + supplied by the management and operations contractor + +:Johnston Atoll Communications + +Ports: + Johnston Island +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runways 2,743 m +Telecommunications: + excellent system including 60-channel submarine cable, Autodin/SRT terminal, + digital telephone switch, Military Affiliated Radio System (MARS station), + commercial satellite television system, and UHF/VHF air-ground radio, marine + VHF/FM Channel 16 +Note: + US Coast Guard operates a LORAN transmitting station (estimated closing date + for LORAN is December 1992) + +:Johnston Atoll Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +:Jordan Geography + +Total area: + 91,880 km2 +Land area: + 91,540 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Indiana +Land boundaries: + 1,586 km; Iraq 134 km, Israel 238 km, Saudi Arabia 742 km, Syria 375 km, + West Bank 97 km +Coastline: + 26 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + differences with Israel over the location of the 1949 Armistice Line that + separates the two countries +Climate: + mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April) +Terrain: + mostly desert plateau in east, highland area in west; Great Rift Valley + separates East and West Banks of the Jordan River +Natural resources: + phosphates, potash, shale oil +Land use: + arable land 4%; permanent crops 0.5%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and + woodland 0.5%; other 94%; includes irrigated 0.5% +Environment: + lack of natural water resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; + desertification +Note: + The war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967 ended with Israel in + control of the West Bank. As stated in the 1978 Camp David accords and + reaffirmed by President Bush's post - Gulf crisis peace initiative, the + final status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, their relationship with their + neighbors, and a peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated + among the concerned parties. The Camp David accords also specify that these + negotiations will resolve the location of the respective boundaries. Pending + the completion of this process, it is US policy that the final status of the + West Bank and Gaza Strip has yet to be determined. + +:Jordan People + +Population: + 3,557,304 (July 1992), growth rate 4.1% (1992); Palestinians now constitute + roughly two-thirds of the population; most are Jordanian citizens +Birth rate: + 45 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 38 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 70 years male, 73 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 7.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Jordanian(s); adjective - Jordanian +Ethnic divisions: + Arab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1% +Religions: + Sunni Muslim 92%, Christian 8% +Languages: + Arabic (official); English widely understood among upper and middle classes +Literacy: + 80% (male 89%, female 70%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 572,000 (1988); agriculture 20%, manufacturing and mining 20% (1987 est.) +Organized labor: + about 10% of labor force + +:Jordan Government + +Long-form name: + Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Amman +Administrative divisions: + 8 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Balqa', Al Karak, Al + Mafraq, `Amman, At Tafilah, Az Zarqa', Irbid, Ma`an +Independence: + 25 May 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration; + formerly Transjordan) +Constitution: + 8 January 1952 +Legal system: + based on Islamic law and French codes; judicial review of legislative acts + in a specially provided High Tribunal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 25 May (1946) +Executive branch: + monarch, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Assembly (Majlis al-`Umma) consists of an upper house or + House of Notables (Majlis al-A`ayan) and a lower house or House of + Representatives (Majlis al-Nuwaab); note - the House of Representatives has + been convened and dissolved by the King several times since 1974 and in + November 1989 the first parliamentary elections in 22 years were held +Judicial branch: + Court of Cassation +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King HUSSEIN Ibn Talal Al Hashemi (since 11 August 1952) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Zayd bin SHAKIR (since 21 November 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + approximately 24 parties have been formed since the National Charter, but + the number fluctuates; after the 1989 parliamentary elections, King Hussein + promised to allow the formation of political parties; a national charter + that sets forth the ground rules for democracy in Jordan - including the + creation of political parties - was approved in principle by the special + National Conference on 9 June 1991, but its specific provisions have yet to + be passed by National Assembly +Suffrage: + universal at age 20 +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held 8 November 1989 (next to be held November 1993); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (80 total) Muslim Brotherhood (fundamentalist) + 22, Independent Islamic bloc (generally traditionalist) 6, Democratic bloc + (mostly leftist) 9, Constitutionalist bloc (traditionalist) 17, Nationalist + bloc (traditionalist) 16, independent 10 +Member of: + ABEDA, ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO + (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, + UNRWA, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO + +:Jordan Government + +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Hussein A. HAMMAMI; Chancery at 3504 International Drive NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 966-2664 + US: + Ambassador Roger Gram HARRISON; Embassy on Jebel Amman, Amman (mailing + address is P. O. Box 354, Amman, or APO AE 09892); telephone [962] (6) + 644-371 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of black (top), white, and green with a red + isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a small white + seven-pointed star; the seven points on the star represent the seven + fundamental laws of the Koran + +:Jordan Economy + +Overview: + Jordan benefited from increased Arab aid during the oil boom of the late + 1970s and early 1980s, when its annual GNP growth averaged more than 10%. In + the remainder of the 1980s, however, reductions in both Arab aid and worker + remittances slowed economic growth to an average of roughly 2% per year. + Imports - mainly oil, capital goods, consumer durables, and food - have been + outstripping exports, with the difference covered by aid, remittances, and + borrowing. In mid-1989, the Jordanian Government began debt-rescheduling + negotiations and agreed to implement an IMF program designed to gradually + reduce the budget deficit and implement badly needed structural reforms. The + Persian Gulf crisis that began in August 1990, however, aggravated Jordan's + already serious economic problems, forcing the government to shelve the IMF + program, stop most debt payments, and suspend rescheduling negotiations. Aid + from Gulf Arab states and worker remittances have plunged, and refugees have + flooded the country, straining government resources. Economic recovery is + unlikely without substantial foreign aid, debt relief, and economic reform. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $3.6 billion, per capita $1,100; real growth rate + 3% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 9% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 40% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1992) +Exports: + $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + phosphates, fertilizers, potash, agricultural products, manufactures + partners: + India, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Ethiopia, UAE, China +Imports: + $2.3 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + crude oil, machinery, transport equipment, food, live animals, manufactured + goods + partners: + EC, US, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Japan, Turkey +External debt: + $9 billion (December 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of GDP +Electricity: + 1,025,000 kW capacity; 3,900 million kWh produced, 1,150 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + phosphate mining, petroleum refining, cement, potash, light manufacturing +Agriculture: + accounts for about 7% of GDP; principal products are wheat, barley, citrus + fruit, tomatoes, melons, olives; livestock - sheep, goats, poultry; large + net importer of food +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $9.5 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $44 + million +Currency: + Jordanian dinar (plural - dinars); 1 Jordanian dinar (JD) = 1,000 fils + +:Jordan Economy + +Exchange rates: + Jordanian dinars (JD) per US$1 - 0.6861 (March 1992), 0.6807 1991), 0.6636 + (1990), 0.5704 (1989), 0.3709 (1988), 0.3387 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Jordan Communications + +Railroads: + 619 km 1.050-meter gauge, single track +Highways: + 7,500 km; 5,500 km asphalt, 2,000 km gravel and crushed stone +Pipelines: + crude oil 209 km +Ports: + Al `Aqabah +Merchant marine: + 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 60,378 GRT/113,557 DWT; includes 1 + cargo and 1 petroleum tanker +Civil air: + 23 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 19 total, 15 usable; 14 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over + 3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + adequate telephone system of microwave, cable, and radio links; 81,500 + telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 7 FM, 8 TV; satellite earth stations + - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, 1 domestic + TV receive-only; coaxial cable and microwave to Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and + Syria; microwave link to Lebanon is inactive; participates in a microwave + network linking Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco + +:Jordan Defense Forces + +Branches: + Jordan Arab Army, Royal Jordanian Air Force, Royal Jordanian Navy, Public + Security Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 808,725; 576,934 fit for military service; 39,310 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $404 million, 9.5% of GDP (1990) + +:Juan de Nova Island Geography + +Total area: + 4.4 km2 +Land area: + 4.4 km2 +Comparative area: + about 7.5 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 24.1 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claimed by Madagascar +Climate: + tropical +Terrain: + undetermined +Natural resources: + guano deposits and other fertilizers +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 90%; other 10% +Environment: + subject to periodic cyclones; wildlife sanctuary +Note: + located in the central Mozambique Channel about halfway between Africa and + Madagascar + +:Juan de Nova Island People + +Population: + uninhabited + +:Juan de Nova Island Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Jacques + DEWATRE, resident in Reunion +Capital: + none; administered by France from Reunion + +:Juan de Nova Island Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +:Juan de Nova Island Communications + +Railroads: + short line going to a jetty +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only +Airports: + 1 with non-permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m + +:Juan de Nova Island Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +:Kazakhstan Geography + +Total area: + 2,717,300 km2 +Land area: + 2,669,800 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than four times the size of Texas +Land boundaries: + 12,012 km; China 1,533 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,051 km, Russia 6,846 km, + Turkmenistan 379 km, Uzbekistan 2,203 km +Coastline: + 0 km + note: + Kazakhstan does border the Aral Sea (1,015 km) and the Caspian Sea (1,894 + km) +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + dry continental, about half is desert +Terrain: + extends from the Volga to the Altai mountains and from the plains in western + Siberia to oasis and desert in Central Asia +Natural resources: + petroleum, coal, iron, manganese, chrome, nickel, cobalt, copper, + molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium, iron +Land use: + NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest + and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated +Environment: + drying up of Aral Sea is causing increased concentrations of chemical + pesticides and natural salts; industrial pollution + +:Kazakhstan People + +Population: + 17,103,927 (July 1992), growth rate 1.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 23 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -6.1 migrants/1,000 population (1991) +Infant mortality rate: + 25.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 63 years male, 72 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Kazakh(s); adjective - Kazakhstani +Ethnic divisions: + Kazakh (Qazaq) 40%, Russian 38%, other Slavs 7%, Germans 6%, other 9% +Religions: + Muslim 47% Russian Orthodox NA%, Lutheran NA% +Languages: + Kazakh (Qazaq; official language), Russian +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write +Labor force: + 8,267,000 (1989) +Organized labor: + official trade unions, independent coal miners' union + +:Kazakhstan Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Kazakhstan +Type: + republic +Capital: + Alma-Ata (Almaty) +Administrative divisions: + 19 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Aktyubinsk, Alma-Ata, Atyrau, + Chimkent, Dzhambul, Dzhezkazgan, Karaganda, Kokchetav, Kustanay, Kzyl-Orda, + Mangistauz (Aqtau), Pavlodar, Semipalatinsk, Severo-Kazakhstan + (Petropavlovsk), Taldy-Kurgan, Tselinograd, Turgay (Arkalyk), Ural'sk, + Vostochno-Kazakhstan (Ust'-Kamenogorsk); note - an oblast has the same name + as its administrative center (exceptions have the administrative center name + following in parentheses) +Independence: + 16 December 1991; from the Soviet Union (formerly the Kazakh Soviet + Socialist Republic) +Constitution: + new postindependence constitution under preparation +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: + NA +Executive branch: + president with presidential appointed cabinet of ministers +Legislative branch: + Supreme Soviet +Judicial branch: + NA +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV (since April 1990), Vice President Yerik + ASANBAYEV (since 1 December 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Sergey TERESHCHENKO (since 14 October 1991), Deputy Prime + Minister Davlat SEMBAYEV (since November 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + Peoples Forum Party, Olzhas SULEIMENOV and Mukhtar SHAKHANOV, co-chairmen; + Socialist Party (former Communist Party), Anuar ALIJANOV, chairman; + ZHOLTOKSAN, Hasan KOJAKHETOV, chairmen; AZAT Party, Sabitkazi AKETAEV, + chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 1 December 1991 (next to be held NA); percent of vote by party NA; + seats - (NA total) percent of seats by party NA +Communists: + party disbanded 6 September 1992 +Member of: + CIS, CSCE, IMF, NACC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador NA; Chancery at NA NW, Washington, DC 200__; telephone NA; there + are NA Consulates General + US: + Ambassador-designate William Courtney; Embassy at Hotel Kazakhstan, + Alma-Ata, (mailing address is APO AE 09862); telephone 8-011-7-3272-61-90-56 +Flag: + no national flag yet adopted + +:Kazakhstan Economy + +Overview: + The second-largest in area of the 15 former Soviet republics, Kazakhstan has + vast oil, coal, and agricultural resources. Kazakhstan is highly dependent + on trade with Russia, exchanging its natural resources for finished consumer + and industrial goods. Kazakhstan now finds itself with serious pollution + problems, backward technology, and little experience in foreign markets. The + government in 1991 pushed privatization of the economy at a faster pace than + Russia's program. The ongoing transitional period - marked by sharp + inflation in wages and prices, lower output, lost jobs, and disruption of + time-honored channels of supply - has brought considerable social unrest. + Kazakhstan lacks the funds, technology, and managerial skills for a quick + recovery of output. US firms have been enlisted to increase oil output but + face formidable obstacles; for example, oil can now reach Western markets + only through pipelines that run across independent (and sometimes + unfriendly) former Soviet republics. Finally, the end of monolithic + Communist control has brought ethnic grievances into the open. The 6 million + Russians in the republic, formerly the favored class, now face the hostility + of a society dominated by Muslims. Ethnic rivalry will be just one of the + formidable obstacles to the creation of a productive, technologically + advancing society. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $NA; per capita NA; real growth rate - 7% + (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 83% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA million; expenditures $NA million, including capital + expenditures of $1.76 billion (1991) +Exports: + $4.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + oil, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, grain, wool, meat (1991) + partners: + Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan +Imports: + $NA million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and parts, industrial materials + partners: + Russia and other former Soviet republics +External debt: + $2.6 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0.7% (1991) +Electricity: + 17,900,000 kW capacity; 79,100 million kWh produced, 4,735 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + extractive industries (oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, + copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur) iron and steel, + nonferrous metal, tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric + motors, construction materials +Agriculture: + employs 30% of the labor force; grain, mostly spring wheat; meat, cotton, + wool + +:Kazakhstan Economy + +Illicit drugs: + illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption; + status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipment + points for illicit drugs to Western Europe +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $NA billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million; + Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million +Currency: + as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency +Exchange rates: + NA +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Kazakhstan Communications + +Railroads: + 14,460 km (all 1.520-meter gauge); does not include industrial lines (1990) +Highways: + 189,000 km total (1990); 188,900 km hard surfaced (paved or gravel), 80,900 + km earth +Inland waterways: + NA km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + crude oil NA km, refined products NA km, natural gas NA +Ports: + none - landlocked; inland - Guryev +Civil air: + NA major transport aircraft +Airports: + NA +Telecommunications: + telephone service is poor, with only about 6 telephones for each 100 + persons; of the approximately 1 million telephones, Alma-Ata has 184,000; + international traffic with other former USSR republics and China carried by + landline and microwave, and with other countries by satellite and through + the Moscow international gateway switch; satellite earth stations - INTELSAT + and Orbita + +:Kazakhstan Defense Forces + +Branches: + Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS + Forces (Ground, Air, Air Defense, and Strategic Rocket) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18) + annually +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Kenya Geography + +Total area: + 582,650 km2 +Land area: + 569,250 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of Nevada +Land boundaries: + 3,477 km; Ethiopia 861 km, Somalia 682 km, Sudan 232 km, Tanzania 769 km, + Uganda 933 km +Coastline: + 536 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + administrative boundary with Sudan does not coincide with international + boundary; possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic Somalis +Climate: + varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior +Terrain: + low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley; fertile + plateau in west +Natural resources: + gold, limestone, soda ash, salt barytes, rubies, fluorspar, garnets, + wildlife +Land use: + arable land 3%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and + woodland 4%; other 85%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + unique physiography supports abundant and varied wildlife of scientific and + economic value; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; glaciers on + Mt. Kenya +Note: + the Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most successful agricultural + production regions in Africa + +:Kenya People + +Population: + 26,164,473 (July 1992), growth rate 3.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 44 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 68 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 60 years male, 64 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Kenyan(s); adjective - Kenyan +Ethnic divisions: + Kikuyu 21%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 11%, Kamba 11%, Kisii 6%, Meru 6%, + Asian, European, and Arab 1% +Religions: + Protestant 38%, Roman Catholic 28%, indigenous beliefs 26%, Muslim 6% +Languages: + English and Swahili (official); numerous indigenous languages +Literacy: + 69% (male 80%, female 58%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 9.2 million (includes unemployed); the total employed is 1.37 million (14.8% + of the labor force); services 54.8%, industry 26.2%, agriculture 19.0% + (1989) +Organized labor: + 390,000 (est.) + +:Kenya Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Kenya +Type: + republic +Capital: + Nairobi +Administrative divisions: + 7 provinces and 1 area*; Central, Coast, Eastern, Nairobi Area*, North + Eastern, Nyanza, Rift Valley, Western +Independence: + 12 December 1963 (from UK; formerly British East Africa) +Constitution: + 12 December 1963, amended as a republic 1964; reissued with amendments 1979, + 1983, 1986, 1988, and 1991 +Legal system: + based on English common law, tribal law, and Islamic law; judicial review in + High Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; + constitutional amendment of 1982 making Kenya a de jure one-party state + repealed in 1991 +National holiday: + Independence Day, 12 December (1963) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Bunge) +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal, High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Daniel Teroitich arap MOI (since 14 October 1978); Vice President + George SAITOTI (since 10 May 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + ruling party is Kenya African National Union (KANU), Daniel T. arap MOI, + president; opposition parties include Forum for the Restoration of Democracy + (FORD), Oginga ODINJA; Democratic Party of Kenya (DP), KIBAKI; note - some + dozen other opposition parties +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held on 21 March 1988 (next to be held before March 1993); results - + President Daniel T. arap MOI was reelected + National Assembly: + last held on 21 March 1988 (next to be held before March 1993); will be + first multiparty election since repeal of one-party state law +Other political or pressure groups: + labor unions; exile opposition - Mwakenya and other groups +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, + IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, + NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Denis Daudi AFANDE; Chancery at 2249 R Street NW, Washington, DC + 20008; telephone (202) 387-6101; there are Kenyan Consulates General in Los + Angeles and New York + +:Kenya Government + + US: + Ambassador Smith HEMPSTONE, Jr.; Embassy at the corner of Moi Avenue and + Haile Selassie Avenue, Nairobi (mailing address is P. O. Box 30137, Nairobi + or APO AE 09831); telephone [254] (2) 334141; FAX [254] (2) 340838; there is + a US Consulate in Mombasa +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is + edged in white; a large warrior's shield covering crossed spears is + superimposed at the center + +:Kenya Economy + +Overview: + Kenya's 3.6% annual population growth rate - one of the highest in the world + - presents a serious problem for the country's economy. In the meantime, GDP + growth in the near term has kept slightly ahead of population - annually + averaging 4.9% in the 1986-90 period. Undependable weather conditions and a + shortage of arable land hamper long-term growth in agriculture, the leading + economic sector. In 1991, deficient rainfall, stagnant export volume, and + sagging export prices held economic growth below the all-important + population growth figure. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $9.7 billion, per capita $385 (1989 est.); real + growth rate 2.3% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 14.3% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA%, but there is a high level of unemployment and underemployment +Budget: + revenues $2.4 billion; expenditures $2.8 billion, including capital + expenditures of $0.74 billion (FY90) +Exports: + $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + tea 25%, coffee 21%, petroleum products 7% (1989) + partners: + EC 44%, Africa 25%, Asia 5%, US 5%, Middle East 4% (1988) +Imports: + $1.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + machinery and transportation equipment 29%, petroleum and petroleum products + 15%, iron and steel 7%, raw materials, food and consumer goods (1989) + partners: + EC 45%, Asia 11%, Middle East 12%, US 5% (1988) +External debt: + $6.0 billion (December 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5.4% (1989 est.); accounts for 17% of GDP +Electricity: + 730,000 kW capacity; 2,700 million kWh produced, 110 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries, textiles, soap, + cigarettes, flour), agricultural processing, oil refining, cement, tourism +Agriculture: + most important sector, accounting for 29% of GDP, about 19% of the work + force, and over 50% of exports; cash crops - coffee, tea, sisal, pineapple; + food products - corn, wheat, sugarcane, fruit, vegetables, dairy products; + food output not keeping pace with population growth +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis used mostly for domestic consumption; + widespread cultivation of cannabis and qat on small plots; transit country + for heroin and methaqualone en route from Southwest Asia to West Africa, + Western Europe, and the US +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $839 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7,490 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $74 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $83 + million +Currency: + Kenyan shilling (plural - shillings); 1 Kenyan shilling (KSh) = 100 cents + +:Kenya Economy + +Exchange rates: + Kenyan shillings (KSh) per US$1 - 28.466 (January 1992), 27.508 (1991), + 22.915 (1990), 20.572 (1989), 17.747 (1988), 16.454 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Kenya Communications + +Railroads: + 2,040 km 1.000-meter gauge +Highways: + 64,590 km total; 7,000 km paved, 4,150 km gravel, remainder improved earth +Inland waterways: + part of Lake Victoria system is within boundaries of Kenya; principal inland + port is at Kisumu +Pipelines: + petroleum products 483 km +Ports: + Mombasa, Lamu +Merchant marine: + 1 petroleum tanker ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 7,727 GRT/5,558 DWT +Civil air: + 19 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 249 total, 214 usable; 21 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways + over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 46 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + in top group of African systems; consists primarily of radio relay links; + over 260,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 16 AM; 4 FM, 6 TV; satellite + earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT + +:Kenya Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary General Service Unit of the Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 5,688,543; 3,513,611 fit for military service; no conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 1% of GDP (1989 est.) + +:Kingman Reef Geography + +Total area: + 1 km2 +Land area: + 1 km2 +Comparative area: + about 1.7 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 3 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical, but moderated by prevailing winds +Terrain: + low and nearly level with a maximum elevation of about 1 meter +Natural resources: + none +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + barren coral atoll with deep interior lagoon; wet or awash most of the time +Note: + located 1,600 km south-southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean, + about halfway between Hawaii and American Samoa; maximum elevation of about + 1 meter makes this a navigational hazard; closed to the public + +:Kingman Reef People + +Population: + uninhabited + +:Kingman Reef Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Navy +Capital: + none; administered from Washington, DC + +:Kingman Reef Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +:Kingman Reef Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only +Airports: + lagoon was used as a halfway station between Hawaii and American Samoa by + Pan American Airways for flying boats in 1937 and 1938 + +:Kingman Reef Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +:Kiribati Geography + +Total area: + 717 km2 +Land area: + 717 km2; includes three island groups - Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, + Phoenix Islands +Comparative area: + slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 1,143 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds +Terrain: + mostly low-lying coral atolls surrounded by extensive reefs +Natural resources: + phosphate (production discontinued in 1979) +Land use: + arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 51%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 3%; other 46% +Environment: + typhoons can occur any time, but usually November to March; 20 of the 33 + islands are inhabited +Note: + Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati is one of the three great phosphate rock + islands in the Pacific Ocean - the others are Makatea in French Polynesia + and Nauru + +:Kiribati People + +Population: + 74,788 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 33 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 99 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 52 years male, 56 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - I-Kiribati (singular and plural); adjective - I-Kiribati +Ethnic divisions: + Micronesian +Religions: + Roman Catholic 52.6%, Protestant (Congregational) 40.9%, Seventh-Day + Adventist, Baha'i, Church of God, Mormon 6% (1985) +Languages: + English (official), Gilbertese +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + 7,870 economically active, not including subsistence farmers (1985 est.) +Organized labor: + Kiribati Trades Union Congress - 2,500 members + +:Kiribati Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Kiribati; note - pronounced Kiribas +Type: + republic +Capital: + Tarawa +Administrative divisions: + 3 units; Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, Phoenix Islands; note - a new + administrative structure of 6 districts (Banaba, Central Gilberts, Line + Islands, Northern Gilberts, Southern Gilberts, Tarawa) may have been changed + to 21 island councils (one for each of the inhabited islands) named Abaiang, + Abemama, Aranuka, Arorae, Banaba, Beru, Butaritari, Canton, Kiritimati, + Kuria, Maiana, Makin, Marakei, Nikunau, Nonouti, Onotoa, Tabiteuea, + Tabuaeran, Tamana, Tarawa, Teraina +Independence: + 12 July 1979 (from UK; formerly Gilbert Islands) +Constitution: + 12 July 1979 +National holiday: + Independence Day, 12 July (1979) +Executive branch: + president (Beretitenti), vice president (Kauoman-ni-Beretitenti), Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Assembly (Maneaba Ni Maungatabu) +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal, High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Teatao TEANNAKI (since 8 July 1991); Vice President Taomati IUTA + (since 8 July 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + National Progressive Party, Teatao TEANNAKI; Christian Democratic Party, + Teburoro TITO; New Movement Party, leader NA; Liberal Party, Tewareka + TENTOA; note - there is no tradition of formally organized political parties + in Kiribati; they more closely resemble factions or interest groups because + they have no party headquarters, formal platforms, or party structures +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held on 8 July 1991 (next to be held May 1995); results - Teatao + TEANNAKI 52%, Roniti TEIWAKI 28% + House of Assembly: + last held on 8 May 1991 (next to be held May 1995); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (40 total; 39 elected) percent of seats by party + NA +Member of: + ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP (associate), IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFC, IMF, INTERPOL, + ITU, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador (vacant) lives in Tarawa (Kiribati) + US: + the ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Kiribati +Flag: + the upper half is red with a yellow frigate bird flying over a yellow rising + sun, and the lower half is blue with three horizontal wavy white stripes to + represent the ocean + +:Kiribati Economy + +Overview: + The country has few national resources. Commercially viable phosphate + deposits were exhausted at the time of independence in 1979. Copra and fish + now represent the bulk of production and exports. The economy has fluctuated + widely in recent years. Real GDP declined about 8% in 1987, as the fish + catch fell sharply to only one-fourth the level of 1986 and copra production + was hampered by repeated rains. Output rebounded strongly in 1988, with real + GDP growing by 17%. The upturn in economic growth came from an increase in + copra production and a good fish catch. Following the strong surge in output + in 1988, GNP increased 1% in both 1989 and 1990. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $36.8 million, per capita $525; real growth rate + 1.0% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.0% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 2% (1985); considerable underemployment +Budget: + revenues $29.9 million; expenditures $16.3 million, including capital + expenditures of $14.0 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $5.8 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + fish 55%, copra 42% + partners: + EC 20%, Marshall Islands 12%, US 8%, American Samoa 4% (1985) +Imports: + $26.7 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs, fuel, transportation equipment + partners: + Australia 39%, Japan 21%, NZ 6%, UK 6%, US 3% (1985) +External debt: + $2.0 million (December 1989 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0% (1988 est.); accounts for less than 4% of GDP +Electricity: + 5,000 kW capacity; 13 million kWh produced, 190 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + fishing, handicrafts +Agriculture: + accounts for 30% of GDP (including fishing); copra and fish contribute about + 95% to exports; subsistence farming predominates; food crops - taro, + breadfruit, sweet potatoes, vegetables; not self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $273 million +Currency: + Australian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3177 (March 1992), 1.2835 (1991), + 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987), 1.4905 (1986) +Fiscal year: + NA + +:Kiribati Communications + +Highways: + 640 km of motorable roads +Inland waterways: + small network of canals, totaling 5 km, in Line Islands +Ports: + Banaba and Betio (Tarawa) +Civil air: + 2 Trislanders; no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 21 total; 20 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 2,439 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 1,400 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean + INTELSAT earth station + +:Kiribati Defense Forces + +Branches: + no military force maintained; the Police Force carries out law enforcement + functions and paramilitary duties; there are small police posts on all + islands +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Korea, North Geography + +Total area: + 120,540 km2 +Land area: + 120,410 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Mississippi +Land boundaries: + 1,673 km; China 1,416 km, South Korea 238 km, Russia 19 km +Coastline: + 2,495 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Military boundary line: + 50 nm in the Sea of Japan and the exclusive economic zone limit in the + Yellow Sea (all foreign vessels and aircraft without permission are banned) + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + short section of boundary with China is indefinite; Demarcation Line with + South Korea +Climate: + temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer +Terrain: + mostly hills and mountains separated by deep, narrow valleys; coastal plains + wide in west, discontinuous in east +Natural resources: + coal, lead, tungsten, zinc, graphite, magnesite, iron ore, copper, gold, + pyrites, salt, fluorspar, hydropower +Land use: + arable land 18%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest and + woodland 74%; other 7%; includes irrigated 9% +Environment: + mountainous interior is isolated, nearly inaccessible, and sparsely + populated; late spring droughts often followed by severe flooding +Note: + strategic location bordering China, South Korea, and Russia + +:Korea, North People + +Population: + 22,227,303 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 24 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 30 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 66 years male, 72 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Korean(s);adjective - Korean +Ethnic divisions: + racially homogeneous +Religions: + Buddhism and Confucianism; some Christianity and syncretic Chondogyo; + autonomous religious activities now almost nonexistent; government-sponsored + religious groups exist to provide illusion of religious freedom +Languages: + Korean +Literacy: + 99%, (male 99%, female 99%); note - presumed to be virtually universal among + population under age 60 +Labor force: + 9,615,000; agricultural 36%, nonagricultural 64%; shortage of skilled and + unskilled labor (mid-1987 est.) +Organized labor: + 1,600,000 members; single-trade union system coordinated by the General + Federation of Trade Unions of Korea under the Central Committee + +:Korea, North Government + +Long-form name: + Democratic People's Republic of Korea; abbreviated DPRK +Type: + Communist state; Stalinist dictatorship +Capital: + P'yongyang +Administrative divisions: + 9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 3 special cities* (jikhalsi, + singular and plural); Chagang-do, Hamgyong-namdo, Hamgyong-bukto, + Hwanghae-namdo, Hwanghae-bukto, Kaesong-si*, Kangwon-do, Namp'o-si*, + P'yongan-bukto, P'yongan-namdo,P'yongyang-si*, Yanggang-do +Independence: + 9 September 1948 +Constitution: + adopted 1948, revised 27 December 1972 +Legal system: + based on German civil law system with Japanese influences and Communist + legal theory; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 9 September (1948) +Executive branch: + president, two vice presidents, premier, eleven vice premiers, State + Administration Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Supreme People's Assembly (Ch'oego Inmin Hoeui) +Judicial branch: + Central Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President KIM Il-song (national leader since 1945, formally President since + 28 December 1972); designated Successor KIM Chong-il (son of President, born + 16 February 1942) + Head of Government: + Premier YON Hyong-muk (since December 1988) +Political parties and leaders: + major party - Korean Workers' Party (KWP), KIM Il-song, general secretary, + and his son, KIM Chong-il, secretary, Central Committee; Korean Social + Democratic Party, YI Kye-paek, chairman; Chondoist Chongu Party, CHONG + Sin-hyok, chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 17 +Elections: + President: + last held 24 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1994); results - President KIM + Il-song was reelected without opposition + Supreme People's Assembly: + last held on 24 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1994); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (687 total) the KWP approves a single list of + candidates who are elected without opposition; minor parties hold a few + seats +Communists: + KWP claims membership of about 3 million +Member of: + ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, IFAD, IMF (observer), IMO, IOC, ISO, ITU, + LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + none + +:Korea, North Government + +Flag: + three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red + band is edged in white; on the hoist side of the red band is a white disk + with a red five-pointed star + +:Korea, North Economy + +Overview: + More than 90% of this command economy is socialized; agricultural land is + collectivized; and state-owned industry produces 95% of manufactured goods. + State control of economic affairs is unusually tight even for a Communist + country because of the small size and homogeneity of the society and the + strict rule of KIM Il-song and his son, KIM Chong-il. Economic growth during + the period 1984-89 averaged 2-3%, but output declined by 2-4% annually + during 1990-91, largely because of disruptions in economic relations with + the USSR. Abundant natural resources and hydropower form the basis of + industrial development. Output of the extractive industries includes coal, + iron ore, magnesite, graphite, copper, zinc, lead, and precious metals. + Manufacturing is centered on heavy industry, with light industry lagging far + behind. Despite the use of improved seed varieties, expansion of irrigation, + and the heavy use of fertilizers, North Korea has not yet become + self-sufficient in food production. Four consecutive years of poor harvests, + coupled with distribution problems, have led to chronic food shortages. + North Korea remains far behind South Korea in economic development and + living standards. +GNP: + purchasing power equivalent - $23.3 billion, per capita $1,100; real growth + rate -2% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + officially none +Budget: + revenues $17.3 billion; expenditures $17.7 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1990) +Exports: + $2.02 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + minerals, metallurgical products, agricultural products, manufactures + partners: + USSR, China, Japan, Hong Kong, Germany, Singapore +Imports: + $2.62 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + petroleum, machinery and equipment, coking coal, grain + partners: + USSR, Japan, China, Hong Kong, FRG, Singapore +External debt: + $7 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 7,140,000 kW capacity; 36,000 million kWh produced, 1,650 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + machine building, military products, electric power, chemicals, mining, + metallurgy, textiles, food processing +Agriculture: + accounts for about 25% of GNP and 36% of work force; principal crops - rice, + corn, potatoes, soybeans, pulses; livestock and livestock products - cattle, + hogs, pork, eggs; not self-sufficient in grain; fish catch estimated at 1.7 + million metric tons in 1987 +Economic aid: + Communist countries, $1.4 billion a year in the 1980s +Currency: + North Korean won (plural - won); 1 North Korean won (Wn) = 100 chon + +:Korea, North Economy + +Exchange rates: + North Korean won (Wn) per US$1 - 2.13 (May 1992), 2.14 (September 1991), 2.1 + (January 1990), 2.3 (December 1989), 2.13 (December 1988), 0.94 (March 1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Korea, North Communications + +Railroads: + 4,915 km total; 4,250 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 665 km 0.762-meter + narrow gauge; 159 km double track; 3,084 km electrified; government owned + (1989) +Highways: + about 30,000 km (1989); 98.5% gravel, crushed stone, or earth surface; 1.5% + paved +Inland waterways: + 2,253 km; mostly navigable by small craft only +Pipelines: + crude oil 37 km +Ports: + Ch'ongjin, Haeju, Hungnam, Namp'o, Wonsan, Songnim, Najin, Sonbong (formerly + Unggi), Kim Chaek +Merchant marine: + 78 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 543,033 GRT/804,507 DWT; includes 1 + passenger, 1 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 67 cargo, 2 petroleum + tanker, 4 bulk, 1 combination bulk, 1 container +Airports: + 55 total, 55 usable (est.); about 30 with permanent-surface runways; fewer + than 5 with runways over 3,659 m; 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 30 with + runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + broadcast stations - 18 AM, no FM, 11 TV; 200,000 TV sets; 3,500,000 radio + receivers; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Korea, North Defense Forces + +Branches: + Korean People's Army (including the Army, Navy, Air Force), Civil Security + Forces +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 6,476,839; 3,949,568 fit for military service; 227,154 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - about $5 billion, 20-25% of GNP (1991 est.); note + - the officially announced but suspect figure is $1.9 billion (1991) 8% of + GNP (1991 est.) + +:Korea, South Geography + +Total area: + 98,480 km2 +Land area: + 98,190 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Indiana +Land boundaries: + 238 km; North Korea 238 km +Coastline: + 2,413 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + not specific + Territorial sea: + 12 nm (3 nm in the Korea Strait) +Disputes: + Demarcation Line with North Korea; Liancourt Rocks claimed by Japan +Climate: + temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter +Terrain: + mostly hills and mountains; wide coastal plains in west and south +Natural resources: + coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropower +Land use: + arable land 21%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and + woodland 67%; other 10%; includes irrigated 12% +Environment: + occasional typhoons bring high winds and floods; earthquakes in southwest; + air pollution in large cities + +:Korea, South People + +Population: + 44,149,199 (July 1992), growth rate 1.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 16 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 23 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 67 years male, 73 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Korean(s);adjective - Korean +Ethnic divisions: + homogeneous; small Chinese minority (about 20,000) +Religions: + strong Confucian tradition; vigorous Christian minority (24.3% of the total + population); Buddhism; pervasive folk religion (Shamanism); Chondogyo + (religion of the heavenly way), eclectic religion with nationalist overtones + founded in 19th century, about 0.1% of population +Languages: + Korean; English widely taught in high school +Literacy: + 96% (male 99%, female 94%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 16,900,000; 52% services and other; 27% mining and manufacturing; 21% + agriculture, fishing, forestry (1987) +Organized labor: + 23.4% (1989) of labor force in government-sanctioned unions + +:Korea, South Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Korea; abbreviated ROK +Type: + republic +Capital: + Seoul +Administrative divisions: + 9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 6 special cities* (jikhalsi, + singular and plural); Cheju-do, Cholla-bukto, Cholla-namdo, + Ch'ungch'ong-bukto, Ch'ungch'ong-namdo, Inch'on-jikhalsi*, Kangwon-do, + Kwangju-jikhalsi*, Kyonggi-do, Kyongsang-bukto, Kyongsang-namdo, + Pusan-jikhalsi*, Soul-t'ukpyolsi*, Taegu-jikhalsi*, Taejon-jikhalsi* +Independence: + 15 August 1948 +Constitution: + 25 February 1988 +Legal system: + combines elements of continental European civil law systems, Anglo-American + law, and Chinese classical thought +National holiday: + Independence Day, 15 August (1948) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, two deputy prime ministers, State Council + (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Kuk Hoe) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President ROH Tae Woo (since 25 February 1988) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister CHUNG Won Shik (since 24 May 1991); Deputy Prime Minister + CHOI Gak Kyu (since 19 February 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + ruling party: + Democratic Liberal Party (DLP), ROH Tae Woo, president, KIM Young Sam, + chairman; KIM Chong Pil and PAK Tae Chun, co-chairmen; note - the DLP + resulted from a merger of the Democratic Justice Party (DJP), Reunification + Democratic Party (RDP), and New Democratic Republican Party (NDRP) on 9 + February 1990 + opposition: + Democratic Party (DP), result of a merger of the New Democratic Party and + the Democratic Party formalized 16 September 1991; KIM Dae Jung, executive + chairman; LEE Ki Taek, executive chairman; several smaller parties +Suffrage: + universal at age 20 +Elections: + President: + last held on 16 December 1987 (next to be held December 1992); results - ROH + Tae Woo (DJP) 35.9%, KIM Young Sam (RDP) 27.5%, KIM Dae Jung (PPD) 26.5%, + other 10.1% + National Assembly: + last held on 26 April 1988 (next to be held around March 1992); results - + DJP 34%, RDP 24%, PPD 19%, NDRP 15%, other 8%; seats - (296 total) DJP 125, + PPD 70, RDP 59, NDRP 35, other 10; note - on 9 February 1990 the DJP, RDP, + and NDRP merged to form the DLP; also the PPD, later renamed the NDP, merged + with another party to form the DP in September 1991. The distribution of + seats as of December 1991 was DLP 214, DP 72, independent 9, vacant 1 + +:Korea, South Government + +Other political or pressure groups: + Korean National Council of Churches; National Democratic Alliance of Korea; + National Council of College Student Representatives; National Federation of + Farmers' Associations; National Council of Labor Unions; Federation of + Korean Trade Unions; Korean Veterans' Association; Federation of Korean + Industries; Korean Traders Association +Member of: + AfDB, APEC, AsDB, CCC, COCOM, CP, EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, ILO, IMF, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, + INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, OAS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, + WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador HYUN Hong Joo; Chancery at 2370 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-5600; there are Korean Consulates + General in Agana (Guam), Anchorage, Atlanta, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los + Angeles, New York, San Francisco, and Seattle + US: + Ambassador Donald P. GREGG; Embassy at 82 Sejong-Ro, Chongro-ku, Seoul, + AMEMB, Unit 15550 (mailing address is APO AP 96205-0001); telephone [82] (2) + 732-2601 through 2618; FAX [82] (2) 738-8845; there is a US Consulate in + Pusan +Flag: + white with a red (top) and blue yin-yang symbol in the center; there is a + different black trigram from the ancient I Ching (Book of Changes) in each + corner of the white field + +:Korea, South Economy + +Overview: + The driving force behind the economy's dynamic growth has been the planned + development of an export-oriented economy in a vigorously entrepreneurial + society. Real GNP has increased more than 10% annually over the past six + years. This growth has led to an overheated situation characterized by a + tight labor market, strong inflationary pressures, and a rapidly rising + current account deficit. Policymakers have stated they will focus attention + on slowing inflation. In any event, the economy will remain the envy of the + great majority of the world's peoples. +GNP: + purchasing power equivalent - $273 billion, per capita $6,300; real growth + rate 8.7% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 9.7% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 2.4% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $44 billion; expenditures $44 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1992) +Exports: + $71.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + textiles, clothing, electronic and electrical equipment, footwear, + machinery, steel, automobiles, ships, fish + partners: + US 26%, Japan 18% (1991) +Imports: + $81.6 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + machinery, electronics and electronic equipment, oil, steel, transport + equipment, textiles, organic chemicals, grains + partners: + Japan 26%, US 23% (1991) +External debt: + $38.2 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 7.5% (1991 est.); accounts for about 45% of GNP +Electricity: + 24,000,000 kW capacity; 106,000 million kWh produced, 2,460 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + textiles, clothing, footwear, food processing, chemicals, steel, + electronics, automobile production, shipbuilding +Agriculture: + accounts for 8% of GNP and employs 21% of work force (including fishing and + forestry); principal crops - rice, root crops, barley, vegetables, fruit; + livestock and livestock products - cattle, hogs, chickens, milk, eggs; + self-sufficient in food, except for wheat; fish catch of 2.9 million metric + tons, seventh-largest in world +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.9 billion; non-US countries + (1970-89), $3.0 billion +Currency: + South Korean won (plural - won); 1 South Korean won (W) = 100 chon + (theoretical) +Exchange rates: + South Korean won (W) per US$1 - 766.66 (January 1992), 733.35 (1991), 707.76 + (1990), 671.46 (1989), 731.47 (1988), 822.57 (1987) + +:Korea, South Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Korea, South Communications + +Railroads: + 3,106 km operating in 1983; 3,059 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 47 km + 0.610-meter narrow gauge, 712 km double track, 418 km electrified; + government owned +Highways: + 62,936 km total (1982); 13,476 km national highway, 49,460 km provincial and + local roads +Inland waterways: + 1,609 km; use restricted to small native craft +Pipelines: + petroleum products 455 km +Ports: + Pusan, Inchon, Kunsan, Mokpo, Ulsan +Merchant marine: + 435 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,924,818 GRT/11,389,397 DWT; + includes 2 short-sea passenger, 140 cargo, 53 container, 11 refrigerated + cargo, 9 vehicle carrier, 42 petroleum tanker, 10 chemical tanker, 14 + liquefied gas, 5 combination ore/oil, 145 bulk, 3 combination bulk, 1 + multifunction large-load carrier +Civil air: + 93 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 105 total, 97 usable; 60 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 23 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + adequate domestic and international services; 4,800,000 telephones; + broadcast stations - 79 AM, 46 FM, 256 TV (57 of 1 kW or greater); satellite + earth stations - 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT + +:Korea, South Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Marines Corps, Air Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 13,131,113; 8,456,428 fit for military service; 448,450 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $12.6 billion, 4.5% of GNP (1992 budget) + +:Kuwait Geography + +Total area: + 17,820 km2 +Land area: + 17,820 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than New Jersey +Land boundaries: + 462 km; Iraq 240 km, Saudi Arabia 222 km +Coastline: + 499 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + not specific + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + in April 1991 official Iraqi acceptance of UN Security Council Resolution + 687, which demands that Iraq accept the inviolability of the boundary set + forth in its 1963 agreement with Kuwait, ending earlier claims to Bubiyan + and Warbah Islands or to all of Kuwait; a UN Boundary Demarcation Commission + is demarcating the Iraq-Kuwait boundary persuant to Resolution 687, and, on + 17 June 1992, the UN Security Council reaffirmed the finality of the + Boundary Demarcation Commission's decisions; ownership of Qaruh and Umm al + Maradim Islands disputed by Saudi Arabia +Climate: + dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters +Terrain: + flat to slightly undulating desert plain +Natural resources: + petroleum, fish, shrimp, natural gas +Land use: + arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 8%; forest and + woodland NEGL%; other 92%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + some of world's largest and most sophisticated desalination facilities + provide most of water; air and water pollution; desertification +Note: + strategic location at head of Persian Gulf + +:Kuwait People + +Population: + 1,378,613 (July 1992), growth rate NA (1992) +Birth rate: + 32 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 2 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 14 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 72 years male, 76 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Kuwaiti(s); adjective - Kuwaiti +Ethnic divisions: + Kuwaiti 50%, other Arab 35%, South Asian 9%, Iranian 4%, other 2% +Religions: + Muslim 85% (Shi`a 30%, Sunni 45%, other 10%), Christian, Hindu, Parsi, and + other 15% +Languages: + Arabic (official); English widely spoken +Literacy: + 74% (male 78%, female 69%) age 15 and over can read and write (1985) +Labor force: + 566,000 (1986); services 45.0%, construction 20.0%, trade 12.0%, + manufacturing 8.6%, finance and real estate 2.6%, agriculture 1.9%, power + and water 1.7%, mining and quarrying 1.4%; 70% of labor force was + non-Kuwaiti +Organized labor: + labor unions exist in oil industry and among government personnel + +:Kuwait Government + +Long-form name: + State of Kuwait +Type: + nominal constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Kuwait +Administrative divisions: + 5 governorates (mu'hafaz'at, singular - muh'afaz'ah); Al Ah'madi, Al Jahrah, + Al Kuwayt, 'Hawalli; Farwaniyah +Independence: + 19 June 1961 (from UK) +Constitution: + 16 November 1962 (some provisions suspended since 29 August 1962) +Legal system: + civil law system with Islamic law significant in personal matters; has not + accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 25 February +Executive branch: + amir, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + National Assembly (Majlis al `umma) dissolved 3 July 1986; elections for new + Assembly scheduled for October 1992 +Judicial branch: + High Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Amir Shaykh JABIR al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah (since 31 December 1977) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister and Crown Prince SA`UD al-`Abdallah al-Salim al-Sabah (since + 8 February 1978); Deputy Prime Minister SALIM al-Sabah al-Salim al-Sabah +Political parties and leaders: + none +Suffrage: + adult males who resided in Kuwait before 1920 and their male descendants at + age 21; note - out of all citizens, only 10% are eligible to vote and only + 5% actually vote +Elections: + National Assembly: + dissolved 3 July 1986; new elections are scheduled for October 1992 +Other political or pressure groups: + 40,000 Palestinian community; small, clandestine leftist and Shi`a + fundamentalist groups are active; several groups critical of government + policies are active +Member of: + ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, BDEAC, CAEU, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GATT, GCC, IAEA, + IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, + INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Shaykh Sa`ud Nasir al-SABAH; Chancery at 2940 Tilden Street NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 966-0702 + US: + Ambassador Edward (Skip) GNEHM, Jr.; Embassy at Bneid al-Gar (opposite the + Kuwait International Hotel), Kuwait City (mailing address is P.O. Box 77 + SAFAT, 13001 SAFAT, Kuwait; APO AE 09880); telephone [965] 242-4151 through + 4159; FAX [956] 244-2855 + +:Kuwait Government + +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a black + trapezoid based on the hoist side + +:Kuwait Economy + +Overview: + Up to the invasion by Iraq in August 1990, the oil sector had dominated the + economy. Kuwait has the third-largest oil reserves in the world after Saudi + Arabia and Iraq. Earnings from hydrocarbons have generated over 90% of both + export and government revenues and contributed about 40% to GDP. Most of the + nonoil sector has traditionally been dependent upon oil-derived government + revenues. Iraq's destruction of Kuwait's oil industry during the Gulf war + has devastated the economy. Iraq destroyed or damaged more than 80% of + Kuwait's 950 operating oil wells, as well as sabotaged key surface + facilities. Firefighters brought all of the roughly 750 oil well fires and + blowouts under control by November 1991. By yearend, production had been + brought back to 400,000 barrels per day; it could take two to three years to + restore Kuwait's oil production to its prewar level of about 2.0 million + barrels per day. Meanwhile, population had been greatly reduced because of + the war, from 2.1 million to 1.4 million. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $8.75 billion, per capita $6,200; real growth + rate -50% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA +Unemployment rate: + NA +Budget: + revenues $7.1 billion; expenditures $10.5 billion, including capital + expenditures of $3.1 billion (FY88) +Exports: + $11.4 billion (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + oil 90% + partners: + Japan 19%, Netherlands 9%, US 8%, Pakistan 6% +Imports: + $6.6 billion (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + food, construction materials, vehicles and parts, clothing + partners: + US 15%, Japan 12%, FRG 8%, UK 7% +External debt: + $7.2 billion (December 1989 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 3% (1988); accounts for 52% of GDP +Electricity: + 3,100,000 kW available out of 8,290,000 kW capacity due to Persian Gulf war; + 7,300 million kWh produced, 3,311 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + petroleum, petrochemicals, desalination, food processing, building + materials, salt, construction +Agriculture: + virtually none; dependent on imports for food; about 75% of potable water + must be distilled or imported +Economic aid: + donor - pledged $18.3 billion in bilateral aid to less developed countries + (1979-89) +Currency: + Kuwaiti dinar (plural - dinars); 1 Kuwaiti dinar (KD) = 1,000 fils +Exchange rates: + Kuwaiti dinars (KD) per US$1 - 0.2950 (March 1992), 0.2843 (1991), 0.2915 + (1990), 0.2937 (1989), 0.2790 (1988), 0.2786 (1987) + +:Kuwait Economy + +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Kuwait Communications + +Railroads: + 6,456 km total track length (1990); over 700 km double track; government + owned +Highways: + 3,900 km total; 3,000 km bituminous; 900 km earth, sand, light gravel +Pipelines: + crude oil 877 km; petroleum products 40 km; natural gas 165 km +Ports: + Ash Shu`aybah, Ash Shuwaykh, Mina' al 'Ahmadi +Merchant marine: + 29 ships (1,000 GRT or over), totaling 1,196,435 GRT/1,957,216 DWT; includes + 2 cargo, 4 livestock carrier, 18 oil tanker, 4 liquefied gas; note - all + Kuwaiti ships greater than 1,000 GRT were outside Kuwaiti waters at the time + of the Iraqi invasion; many of these ships transferred to the Liberian flag + or to the flags of other Persian Gulf states; only 1 has returned to Kuwaiti + flag since the liberation of Kuwait +Civil air: + 9 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 7 total, 4 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + civil network suffered extensive damage as a result of Desert Storm; + reconstruction is under way with some restored international and domestic + capabilities; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 0 FM, 3 TV; satellite earth + stations - destroyed during Persian Gulf war; temporary mobile satellite + ground stations provide international telecommunications; coaxial cable and + radio relay to Saudi Arabia; service to Iraq is nonoperational + +:Kuwait Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police Force, National Guard +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 389,770; 234,609 fit for military service; 12,773 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $9.17 billion, 20.4% of GDP (1992 budget) + +:Kyrgyzstan Geography + +Total area: + 198,500 km2 +Land area: + 191,300 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than South Dakota +Land boundaries: + 3,878 km; China 858 km, Kazakhstan 1,051 km, Tajikistan 870 km, Uzbekistan + 1,099 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + territorial dispute with Tajikistan on southern boundary in Isfara Valley + area +Climate: + dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan; subtropical in south (Fergana + Valley) +Terrain: + peaks of Tien Shan rise to 7,000 meters, and associated valleys and basins + encompass entire nation +Natural resources: + small amounts of coal, natural gas, oil; also nepheline, rare earth metals, + mercury, bismuth, gold, uranium, lead, zinc, hydroelectric power +Land use: + NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest + and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated +Environment: + NA + +:Kyrgyzstan People + +Population: + 4,567,875 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 31 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + - 8.5 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 56 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) +Life expectancy at birth: + 62 years male, 71 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Kirghiz(s); adjective - Kirghiz +Ethnic divisions: + Kirghiz 52%, Russian 21%, Uzbek 13%, other 14% +Religions: + Muslim 70%, Russian Orthodox NA% +Languages: + Kirghiz (Kyrgyz) +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write +Labor force: + 1,894,000 (1989); agriculture 33%, other 49%, industry 18%, other NA% (1988) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Kyrgyzstan Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Kyrgyzstan +Type: + republic +Capital: + Bishkek (formerly Frunze) +Administrative divisions: + 6 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Chu, Dzhalal-Abad, Issyk-Kul', + Naryn, Osh, Talas; note - an oblast has the same name as its administrative + center +Independence: + 31 August 1991 (from Soviet Union; formerly Kirghiz Soviet Socialist + Republic) +Constitution: + adopted NA, effective 20 April 1978, amended 23 September 1989; note - new + constitution is being drafted +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: + NA +Executive branch: + president, Cabinet of Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral body or bicameral +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + President Askar AKAYEV; Vice President Felix KULOV; Chairman, Supreme + Soviet, Medetkav SHERIMKULOV; Spiritual leader of Kyrgyz Muslims, Sadykzhav + KAMALOV + Chief of State: + President Askar AKAYEV (since 28 October 1990), Vice President Felix KULOV + (since 2 March 1992) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Tursenbek CHYNGYSHEV (since 2 March 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + Kyrgyzstan Democratic Movement, Zhypur ZHEKSHEYEV, Kazat AKMAKOV, and + Toshubek TURGANALIEV, co-chairmen of popular front coalition of 40 informal + groups for Democratic Renewal and Civic Accord, 117-man pro-Akayev + parliamentary faction; Civic Accord, Coalition representing nonnative + minority groups; National Revived Asaba (Banner) Party, Asan ORMUSHEV, + chairman; Communist Party now banned +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 12 October 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - AKAYEV won in + uncontested election with 95% of vote with 90% of electorate voting; note - + Republic Supreme Soviet elections held 25 February 1990; presidential + elections held first by Supreme Soviet 28 October 1990, then by popular vote + 12 October 1991 + Supreme Soviet: + note - last held 25 February 1990 (next to be held no later than November + 1994); results - Commnunists (310) 90%, seats - (350 total) +Other political or pressure groups: + National Unity Democratic Movement; Peasant Party; Council of Free Trade + Union; Union of Entrepreneurs +Member of: + CIS, CSCE, IMF, UN, UNCTAD + +:Kyrgyzstan Government + +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador NA; Chancery at NW, Washington, DC 200__; telephone (202) NA; + there are Consulates General in NA; + US: + Charge Ralph Bresler; Interim Chancery at #66 Derzhinskiy Prospekt; + Residence: Hotel Pishpek (mailing address is APO AE 09862); telephone + 8-011-7-3312-22-22-70 +Flag: + red-orange field with yellow sun in center with folk motif medallion + inscribed + +:Kyrgyzstan Economy + +Overview: + Kyrgyzstan's small economy (less than 1% of the total for the former Soviet + Union) is oriented toward agriculture, producing mainly livestock such as + goats and sheep, as well as cotton, grain, and tobacco. Industry, + concentrated around Bishkek, produces small quantities of electric motors, + livestock feeding equipment, washing machines, furniture, cement, paper, and + bricks. Mineral extraction is small, the most important minerals being rare + earth metals and gold. Kyrgyzstan is a net importer of most types of food + and fuel but is a net exporter of electricity. By early 1991, the Kirghiz + leadership had accelerated reform, primarily by privatizing business and + granting life-long tenure to farmers. In 1991 overall industrial and + livestock output declined substantially. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $NA billion, per capita $NA; real growth rate + -5% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 88% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA million; expenditures $NA million +Exports: + $115 million (1990) + commodities: + wool, chemicals, cotton, ferrous and nonferrous metals, shoes, machinery, + tobacco + partners: + Russia 70%, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and others +Imports: + $1.5 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + lumber, industrial products, ferrous metals, fuel, machinery, textiles, + footwear +External debt: + $650 million (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0.1% (1991) +Electricity: + NA kW capacity; 13,900 million kWh produced, 3,232 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + small machinery, textiles, food-processing industries, cement, shoes, sawn + logs, steel, refrigerators, furniture, electric motors, gold, and rare earth + metals +Agriculture: + wool, tobacco, cotton, livestock (sheep and goats) and cattle, vegetables, + meat, grapes, fruits and berries, eggs, milk, potatoes +Illicit drugs: + poppy cultivation legal +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $NA billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million; + Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million +Currency: + as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Kyrgyzstan Communications + +Railroads: + 370 km; does not include industrial lines (1990) +Highways: + 30,300 km total; 22,600 km paved or graveled, 7,700 km earth(1990) +Inland waterways: + NA km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + NA +Ports: + none - landlocked +Civil air: + NA +Airports: + NA +Telecommunications: + poorly developed; connections with other CIS countries by landline or + microwave and with other countries by leased connections with Moscow + international gateway switch; satellite earth stations - Orbita and INTELSAT + (TV receive only) + +:Kyrgyzstan Defense Forces + +Branches: + Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops); National Guard, Civil + Defense; CIS Forces (Ground, Air, and Air Defense) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18) + annually +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Laos Geography + +Total area: + 236,800 km2 +Land area: + 230,800 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Utah +Land boundaries: + 5,083 km; Burma 235 km, Cambodia 541 km, China 423 km, Thailand 1,754 km, + Vietnam 2,130 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + boundary dispute with Thailand +Climate: + tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to + April) +Terrain: + mostly rugged mountains; some plains and plateaus +Natural resources: + timber, hydropower, gypsum, tin, gold, gemstones +Land use: + arable land 4%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and + woodland 58%; other 35%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + deforestation; soil erosion; subject to floods +Note: + landlocked + +:Laos People + +Population: + 4,440,213 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 44 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 16 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 107 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 49 years male, 52 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Lao(s) or Laotian(s); adjective - Lao or Laotian +Ethnic divisions: + Lao 50%, Phoutheung (Kha) 15%, tribal Thai 20%, Meo, Hmong, Yao, and other + 15% +Religions: + Buddhist 85%, animist and other 15% +Languages: + Lao (official), French, and English +Literacy: + 84% (male 92%, female 76%) age 15 to 45 can read and write (1985 est.) +Labor force: + 1-1.5 million; 85-90% in agriculture (est.) +Organized labor: + Lao Federation of Trade Unions is subordinate to the Communist party + +:Laos Government + +Long-form name: + Lao People's Democratic Republic +Type: + Communist state +Capital: + Vientiane +Administrative divisions: + 16 provinces (khoueng, singular and plural) and 1 municipality* (kampheng + nakhon, singular and plural); Attapu, Bokeo, Bolikhamsai, Champasak, + Houaphan, Khammouan, Louang Namtha, Louangphrabang, Oudomxai, Phongsali, + Saravan, Savannakhet, Sekong, Vientiane, Vientiane*, Xaignabouri, + Xiangkhoang +Independence: + 19 July 1949 (from France) +Constitution: + promulgated August 1991 +Legal system: + based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day (proclamation of the Lao People's Democratic Republic), 2 + December (1975) +Executive branch: + president, chairman and two vice chairmen of the Council of Ministers, + Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + Supreme People's Assembly +Judicial branch: + People's Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President KAYSONE PHOMVIHAN (since 15 August 1991) + Head of Government: + Chairman of the Council of Ministers Gen. KHAMTAI SIPHANDON (since 15 August + 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP), KAYSONE PHOMVIHAN, party chairman; + includes Lao Patriotic Front and Alliance Committee of Patriotic Neutralist + Forces; other parties moribund +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Supreme People's Assembly: + last held on 26 March 1989 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote + by party NA; seats - (79 total) number of seats by party NA +Other political or pressure groups: + non-Communist political groups moribund; most leaders have fled the country +Member of: + ACCT (associate), AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, + IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, + WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Charge d'Affaires LINTHONG PHETSAVAN; Chancery at 2222 S Street NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-6416 or 6417 + US: + Charge d'Affaires Charles B. SALMON, Jr.; Embassy at Rue Bartholonie, + Vientiane (mailing address is B. P. 114, Vientiane, or AMEMB, Box V, APO AP + 96546); telephone (856) 2220, 2357, 2384; FAX (856) 4675 + +:Laos Government + +Flag: + three horizontal bands of red (top), blue (double width), and red with a + large white disk centered in the blue band + +:Laos Economy + +Overview: + One of the world's poorest nations, Laos has had a Communist centrally + planned economy with government ownership and control of productive + enterprises of any size. In recent years, however, the government has been + decentralizing control and encouraging private enterprise. Laos is a + landlocked country with a primitive infrastructure; that is, it has no + railroads, a rudimentary road system, limited external and internal + telecommunications, and electricity available in only a limited area. + Subsistence agriculture is the main occupation, accounting for over 60% of + GDP and providing about 85-90% of total employment. The predominant crop is + rice. For the foreseeable future the economy will continue to depend for its + survival on foreign aid from the IMF and other international sources; aid + from the former USSR and Eastern Europe has been cut sharply. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $800 million, per capita $200; real growth rate + 4% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 10.4% (December 1991) +Unemployment rate: + 21% (1989 est.) +Budget: + revenues $83 million; expenditures $188.5 million, including capital + expenditures of $94 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $72 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + electricity, wood products, coffee, tin + partners: + Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, USSR, US, China +Imports: + $238 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + food, fuel oil, consumer goods, manufactures + partners: + Thailand, USSR, Japan, France, Vietnam, China +External debt: + $1.1 billion (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 12% (1991 est.); accounts for about 18% of GDP (1991 est.) +Electricity: + 226,000 kW capacity; 1,100 million kWh produced, 270 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + tin and gypsum mining, timber, electric power, agricultural processing, + construction +Agriculture: + accounts for 60% of GDP and employs most of the work force; subsistence + farming predominates; normally self-sufficient in nondrought years; + principal crops - rice (80% of cultivated land), sweet potatoes, vegetables, + corn, coffee, sugarcane, cotton; livestock - buffaloes, hogs, cattle, + chicken +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis, opium poppy for the international drug trade, + third-largest opium producer +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-79), $276 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $605 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $995 million +Currency: + new kip (plural - kips); 1 new kip (NK) = 100 at + +:Laos Economy + +Exchange rates: + new kips (NK) per US$1 - 710 (May 1992), 710 (December 1991), 700 (September + 1990), 576 (1989), 385 (1988), 200 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Laos Communications + +Railroads: + none +Highways: + about 27,527 km total; 1,856 km bituminous or bituminous treated; 7,451 km + gravel, crushed stone, or improved earth; 18,220 km unimproved earth and + often impassable during rainy season mid-May to mid-September +Inland waterways: + about 4,587 km, primarily Mekong and tributaries; 2,897 additional + kilometers are sectionally navigable by craft drawing less than 0.5 m +Pipelines: + petroleum products 136 km +Ports: + none +Airports: + 57 total, 47 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 14 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + service to general public considered poor; radio communications network + provides generally erratic service to government users; 7,390 telephones + (1986); broadcast stations - 10 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 satellite earth station + +:Laos Defense Forces + +Branches: + Lao People's Army (LPA; including naval, aviation, and militia elements), + Air Force, National Police Department +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 946,289; 509,931 fit for military service; 45,232 reach + military age (18) annually; conscription age NA +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Latvia Geography + +Total area: + 64,100 km2 +Land area: + 64,100 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than West Virginia +Land boundaries: + 1,078 km; Belarus 141 km, Estonia 267 km, Lithuania 453 km, Russia 217 km +Coastline: + 531 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + NA nm + Continental shelf: + NA meter depth + Exclusive fishing zone: + NA nm + Exclusive economic zone: + NA nm + Territorial sea: + NA nm +Disputes: + the Abrene section of border ceded by the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic + to Russia in 1944 +Climate: + maritime; wet, moderate winters +Terrain: + low plain +Natural resources: + minimal; amber, peat, limestone, dolomite +Land use: + 27% arable land; NA% permanent crops; 13% meadows and pastures; 39% forest + and woodland; 21% other; includes NA% irrigated +Environment: + heightened levels of air and water pollution because of a lack of waste + conversion equipment; Gulf of Riga heavily polluted + +:Latvia People + +Population: + 2,728,937 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 15 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 4 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 19 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 65 years male, 75 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Latvian(s);adjective - Latvian +Ethnic divisions: + Latvian 51.8%, Russian 33.8%, Byelorussian 4.5%, Ukrainian 3.4%, Polish + 2.3%, other 4.2% +Religions: + Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Russian Orthodox +Languages: + Latvian NA% (official), Lithuanian NA%, Russian NA%, other NA% +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write +Labor force: + 1,407,000; industry and construction 41%, agriculture and forestry 16%, + other 43% (1990) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Latvia Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Latvia +Type: + republic +Capital: + Riga +Administrative divisions: + none - all districts are under direct republic jurisdiction +Independence: + 18 November 1918; annexed by the USSR 21 July 1940, the Latvian Soviet + Socialist Republic declared independence 6 September 1991 from USSR +Constitution: + April 1978, currently rewriting constitution, but readopted the 1922 + Constitution +Legal system: + based on civil law system +National holiday: + Independence Day, 18 November (1918) +Executive branch: + Prime Minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral Supreme Council +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Chairman, Supreme Council, Anatolijs GORBUNOVS (since October 1988); + Chairmen, Andrejs KRASTINS, Valdis BIRKAVS (since NA 1992) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Ivars GODMANIS (since May 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + Democratic Labor Party of Latvia, Juris BOJARS, chairman; Inter-Front of the + Working People of Latvia, Igor LOPATIN, chairman; note - Inter-Front was + banned after the coup; Latvian National Movement for Independence, Eduards + BERKLAVS, chairman; Latvian Social Democratic Party, Janis DINEVICS, + chairman; Social Democratic Party of Latvia, Uldis BERZINS, chairman; + Latvian People's Front, Romualdas RAZUKAS, chairman; Latvian Liberal Party, + Georg LANSMANIS, chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held October 1988 (next to be held NA; note - elected by Parliament; + new elections have not been scheduled; results - percent of vote by party NA + Supreme Council: + last held 18 March 1990 (next to be held NA); results - undetermined; seats + - (234 total) Latvian Communist Party 59, Latvian Democratic Workers Party + 31, Social Democratic Party of Latvia 4, Green Party of Latvia 7, Latvian + Farmers Union 7, 126 supported by the Latvia Popular Front + Congress of Latvia: + last held April 1990 (next to be held NA); note - the Congress of Latvia is + a quasi-governmental structure; results - percent of vote by party NA%; + seats - (231 total) number of seats by party NA +Member of: + CSCE, IAEA, UN +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Dr. Anatol DINBERGS; Chancery at 4325 17th St. NW, Washington, DC + 20011; telephone (202) 726-8213 and 8214 + +:Latvia Government + + US: + Ambassador Ints SILINS; (mailing address is APO AE 09862); telephone [358] + (49) 306-067 (cellular), (7) (01-32) 325-968/185; FAX [358] (49) 308-326 + (cellular), (7) (01-32) 220-502 +Flag: + two horizontal bands of maroon (top), white (middle, narrower than other two + bands) and maroon (bottom) + +:Latvia Economy + +Overview: + Latvia is in the process of reforming the centrally planned economy + inherited from the former USSR into a market economy. Prices have been + freed, and privatization of shops and farms has begun. Latvia lacks natural + resources, aside from its arable land and small forests. Its most valuable + economic asset is its work force, which is better educated and disciplined + than in most of the former Soviet republics. Industrial production is highly + diversified, with products ranging from agricultural machinery to consumer + electronics. One conspicuous vulnerability: Latvia produces only 10% of its + electric power needs. Latvia in the near term must retain key commercial + ties to Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine while moving in the long run toward + joint ventures, technological support, and trade ties to the West. Because + of the efficiency of its mostly individual farms, Latvians enjoy a diet that + is higher in meat, vegetables, and dairy products and lower in grain and + potatoes than diets in the 12 non-Baltic republics of the USSR. Good + relations with Russia are threatened by animosity between ethnic Russians + (34% of the population) and native Latvians. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $NA; per capital NA; real growth rate - 8% + (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + approximately 200% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991) +Exports: + $239 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + food 14%, railroad cars 13%, chemicals 12% + partners: + Russia 50%, Ukraine 15%, other former Soviet republics 30%, West 5% +Imports: + $9.0 billion (c.i.f., 1989) + commodities: + machinery 35%, petroleum products 13%, chemicals 9% + partners: + NA +External debt: + $650 million (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0% (1991) +Electricity: + 1,975,000 kW capacity; 6,500 million kWh produced, 2,381 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + employs 33.2% of labor force; highly diversified; dependent on imports for + energy, raw materials, and intermediate products; produces buses, vans, + street and railroad cars, synthetic fibers, agricultural machinery, + fertilizers, washing machines, radios, electronics, pharmaceuticals, + processed foods, textiles +Agriculture: + employs 23% of labor force; principally dairy farming and livestock feeding; + products - meat, milk, eggs, grain, sugar beets, potatoes, and vegetables; + fishing and fish packing +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for illicit drugs from Central and Southwest Asia to + Western Europe + +:Latvia Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $NA billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million; + Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million +Currency: + as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency but planning early introduction + of ``lat'' +Exchange rates: + NA +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Latvia Communications + +Railroads: + 2,400 km (includes NA km electrified) does not include industrial lines + (1990) +Highways: + 59,500 km total (1990); 33,000 km hard surfaced 26,500 km earth +Inland waterways: + 300 km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + crude oil NA km, refined products NA km, natural gas NA km +Ports: + maritime - Riga, Ventspils, Liepaja; inland - Daugavpils +Merchant marine: + 96 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 917,979 GRT/1,194,666 DWT; includes 14 + cargo, 29 refrigerated cargo, 2 container, 9 roll-on/roll-off, 42 petroleum + tanker +Civil air: + NA major transport aircraft +Airports: + NA total, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over + 3,659 m; NA with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + broadcast stations - NA; international traffic carried by leased connection + to the Moscow international gateway switch and the Finnish cellular net + +:Latvia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard, + Russian Forces (Ground, Navy, Air, Air Defense, Border Guard +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18) + annually +Defense expenditures: + NA% of GDP; 3-5% of Latvia's budget (1992) + +:Lebanon Geography + +Total area: + 10,400 km2 +Land area: + 10,230 km2 +Comparative area: + about 0.8 times the size of Connecticut +Land boundaries: + 454 km; Israel 79 km, Syria 375 km +Coastline: + 225 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + separated from Israel by the 1949 Armistice Line; Israeli troops in southern + Lebanon since June 1982; Syrian troops in northern Lebanon since October + 1976 +Climate: + Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers +Terrain: + narrow coastal plain; Al Biqa` (Bekaa Valley) separates Lebanon and + Anti-Lebanon Mountains +Natural resources: + limestone, iron ore, salt; water-surplus state in a water-deficit region +Land use: + arable land 21%; permanent crops 9%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and + woodland 8%; other 61%; includes irrigated 7% +Environment: + rugged terrain historically helped isolate, protect, and develop numerous + factional groups based on religion, clan, ethnicity; deforestation; soil + erosion; air and water pollution; desertification +Note: + Nahr al Litani only major river in Near East not crossing an international + boundary + +:Lebanon People + +Population: + 3,439,115 (July 1992), growth rate 1.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 28 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -5 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 43 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 66 years male, 71 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Lebanese (singular and plural); adjective - Lebanese +Ethnic divisions: + Arab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1% +Religions: + Islam 75%, Christian 25%, Judaism NEGL%; 17 legally recognized groups - 5 + Islam (Alawite or Nusayri, Druze, Isma`ilite, Shi`a, Sunni); 11 Christian, + consisting of 4 Orthodox Christian (Armenian Orthodox, Greek Orthodox, + Nestorean, Syriac Orthodox), 6 Catholic (Armenian Catholic, Caldean, Greek + Catholic, Maronite, Roman Catholic, and Syrian Catholic) and the + Protestants; 1 Jewish +Languages: + Arabic and French (both official); Armenian, English +Literacy: + 80% (male 88%, female 73%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 650,000; industry, commerce, and services 79%, agriculture 11%, government + 10% (1985) +Organized labor: + 250,000 members (est.) + +:Lebanon Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Lebanon; note - may be changed to Lebanese Republic +Type: + republic +Capital: + Beirut +Administrative divisions: + 5 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Biqa, `Al Janub, Ash + Shamal, Bayrut, Jabal Lubnan +Independence: + 22 November 1943 (from League of Nations mandate under French + administration) +Constitution: + 26 May 1926 (amended) +Legal system: + mixture of Ottoman law, canon law, Napoleonic code, and civil law; no + judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 22 November (1943) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet; note - by custom, the president is a + Maronite Christian, the prime minister is a Sunni Muslim, and the speaker of + the legislature is a Shi`a Muslim +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Arabic - Majlis Alnuwab, French - Assemblee + Nationale) +Judicial branch: + four Courts of Cassation (three courts for civil and commercial cases and + one court for criminal cases) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Ilyas HARAWI (since 24 November 1989) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Rashid SULH (since 13 May 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + political party activity is organized along largely sectarian lines; + numerous political groupings exist, consisting of individual political + figures and followers motivated by religious, clan, and economic + considerations; most parties have well-armed militias, which are still + involved in occasional clashes +Suffrage: + compulsory for all males at age 21; authorized for women at age 21 with + elementary education +Elections: + National Assembly: + elections should be held every four years, but security conditions have + prevented elections since May 1972; in June 1991, the Cabinet appointed 40 + new deputies to fill vacancies and balance Christian and Muslim + representation; the legislature's mandate expires in 1994 +Communists: + the Lebanese Communist Party was legalized in 1970; members and sympathizers + estimated at 2,000-3,000 +Member of: + ABEDA, ACCT, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, + ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, + WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO + +:Lebanon Government + +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador - no ambassador at present; Mission is headed by Charge; Chancery + at 2560 28th Street NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-6300; + there are Lebanese Consulates General in Detroit, New York, and Los Angeles + US: + Ambassador Ryan C. CROCKER; Embassy at Antelias, Beirut (mailing address is + P. O. Box 70-840, Beirut, or Box B, FPO AE 09836); telephone [961] 417774 or + 415802, 415803, 402200, 403300 +Flag: + three horizontal bands of red (top), white (double width), and red with a + green and brown cedar tree centered in the white band + +:Lebanon Government + +Note: + Between early 1975 and late 1976 Lebanon was torn by civil war between its + Christians - then aided by Syrian troops - and its Muslims and their + Palestinian allies. The cease-fire established in October 1976 between the + domestic political groups generally held for about six years, despite + occasional fighting. Syrian troops constituted as the Arab Deterrent Force + by the Arab League have remained in Lebanon. Syria's move toward supporting + the Lebanese Muslims, and the Palestinians and Israel's growing support for + Lebanese Christians, brought the two sides into rough equilibrium, but no + progress was made toward national reconciliation or political reforms - the + original cause of the war. Continuing Israeli concern about the Palestinian + presence in Lebanon led to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in June 1982. + Israeli forces occupied all of the southern portion of the country and + mounted a summer-long siege of Beirut, which resulted in the evacuation of + the PLO from Beirut in September under the supervision of a multinational + force (MNF) made up of US, French, and Italian troops. Within days of the + departure of the MNF, Lebanon's newly elected president, Bashir Gemayel, was + assassinated; his elder brother Amin was elected to succeed him. In the + immediate wake of Bashir's death, however, Christian militiamen massacred + hundreds of Palestinian refugees in two Beirut camps. This prompted the + return of the MNF to ease the security burden on Lebanon's weak Army and + security forces. In late March 1984 the last MNF units withdrew. In 1988, + President Gemayel completed his term of office. Because parliamentarians + failed to elect a presidential successor, Gemayel appointed then Lebanese + Armed Forces (LAF) Commander Gen. Michel Awn acting president. Lebanese + parliamentarians met in Ta'if, Saudi Arabia, in late 1989 and concluded a + national reconciliation pact that codified a new power-sharing formula, + specifying reduced powers for the Christian president and giving Muslims + more authority. Rene MUAWAD was subsequently elected president on 4 November + 1989, ending a 13-month period during which Lebanon had no president and + rival Muslim and Christian governments. MUAWAD was assassinated 17 days + later, on 22 November; on 24 November, Ilyas Harawi was elected to succeed + MUAWAD. In October 1990, the civil war was apparently brought to a + conclusion when Syrian and Lebanese forces ousted renegade Christian General + Awn from his stronghold in East Beirut. Awn had defied the legitimate + government and established a separate ministate within East Beirut after + being appointed acting Prime Minister by outgoing President Gemayel in 1988. + Awn and his supporters feared Ta'if would diminish Christian power in + Lebanon and increase the influence of Syria. Awn was granted amnesty and + allowed to travel in France in August 199l. Since the removal of Awn, the + Lebanese Government has made substantial progress in strengthening the + central government, rebuilding government institutions, and extending its + authority throughout the nation. The LAF has deployed from Beirut north + along the coast road to Tripoli, southeast into the Shuf mountains, and + south to Sidon and Tyre. Many militiamen from Christian and Muslim groups + have evacuated Beirut for their strongholds in the north, south, and east of + the country. Some heavy weapons possessed by the militias have been turned + over to the government, or sold outside the country, which has begun a plan + to integrate some militiamen into the military and the internal security + forces. Lebanon and Syria signed a treaty of friendship and cooperation in + May 1991. Lebanon continues to be partially occupied by Syrian troops, which + are deployed in Beirut, its southern suburbs, the Bekaa Valley, and northern + Lebanon. Iran also maintains a small contingent of revolutionary guards in + the Bekaa Valley to support Lebanese Islamic fundamentalist groups. Israel + withdrew the bulk of its forces from the south in 1985, although it still + retains troops in a 10-km-deep security zone north of its border with + Lebanon. Israel arms and trains the Army of South Lebanon (ASL), which also + occupies the security zone and is Israel's first line of defense against + attacks on its northern border. The following description is based on the + present constitutional and customary practices of the Lebanese system. + +:Lebanon Economy + +Overview: + Since 1975 civil war has seriously damaged Lebanon's economic + infrastructure, cut national output by half, and all but ended Lebanon's + position as a Middle Eastern entrepot and banking hub. Following October + 1990, however, a tentative peace has enabled the central government to begin + restoring control in Beirut, collect taxes, and regain access to key port + and government facilities. The battered economy has also been propped up by + a financially sound banking system and resilient small- and medium-scale + manufacturers. Family remittances, banking transactions, manufactured and + farm exports, the narcotics trade, and international emergency aid are main + sources of foreign exchange. In the relatively settled year of 1991, + industrial production, agricultural output, and exports showed substantial + gains. The further rebuilding of the war-ravaged country could provide a + major stimulus to the economy in 1992, provided that the political and + military situation remains reasonably calm. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $4.8 billion, per capita $1,400; real growth rate + NA (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 30% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 35% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $533 million; expenditures $1.3 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1991 est.) +Exports: + $700 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + agricultural products, chemicals, textiles, precious and semiprecious metals + and jewelry, metals and metal products + partners: + Saudi Arabia 16%, Switzerland 8%, Jordan 6%, Kuwait 6%, US 5% +Imports: + $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + NA + partners: + Italy 14%, France 12%, US 6%, Turkey 5%, Saudi Arabia 3% +External debt: + $900 million (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 1,381,000 kW capacity; 3,870 million kWh produced, 1,170 kWh per capita + (1989) +Industries: + banking, food processing, textiles, cement, oil refining, chemicals, + jewelry, some metal fabricating +Agriculture: + accounts for about one-third of GDP; principal products - citrus fruits, + vegetables, potatoes, olives, tobacco, hemp (hashish), sheep, and goats; not + self-sufficient in grain +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of opium and hashish for the international drug trade; + opium poppy production in Al Biqa` is increasing; hashish production is + shipped to Western Europe, Israel, US, and the Middle East + +:Lebanon Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $356 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $664 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $962 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $9 + million +Currency: + Lebanese pound (plural - pounds); 1 Lebanese pound (#L) = 100 piasters +Exchange rates: + Lebanese pounds (#L) per US$1 - 879.00 (January 1992), 928.23 (1991), 695.09 + (1990), 496.69 (1989), 409.23 (1988), 224.60 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Lebanon Communications + +Railroads: + system in disrepair, considered inoperable +Highways: + 7,300 km total; 6,200 km paved, 450 km gravel and crushed stone, 650 km + improved earth +Pipelines: + crude oil 72 km (none in operation) +Ports: + Beirut, Tripoli, Ra'Sil`ata, Juniyah, Sidon, Az Zahrani, Tyre +Merchant marine: + 56 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 236,196 GRT/346,760 DWT; includes 36 + cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 2 vehicle carrier, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 1 + container, 8 livestock carrier, 1 chemical tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 3 + bulk, 1 combination bulk +Civil air: + 19 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 9 total, 8 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m; none + under the direct control of the Lebanese Government +Telecommunications: + rebuilding program disrupted; had fair system of microwave relay, cable; + 325,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 3 FM (numerous AM and FM + radio stations are operated inconsistently by various factions), 13 TV; 1 + Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT satellite earth station, + erratic operations; 3 submarine coaxial cables; radio relay to Jordan + inoperable, but operational to Syria, coaxial cable to Syria + +:Lebanon Defense Forces + +Branches: + Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) (including Army, Navy, and Air Force) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 750,319; 465,938 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $271 million, 8.2% of GDP (1992 budget) + +:Lesotho Geography + +Total area: + 30,350 km2 +Land area: + 30,350 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Maryland +Land boundaries: + 909 km; South Africa 909 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers +Terrain: + mostly highland with some plateaus, hills, and mountains +Natural resources: + some diamonds and other minerals, water, agricultural and grazing land +Land use: + arable land 10%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 66%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 24% +Environment: + population pressure forcing settlement in marginal areas results in + overgrazing, severe soil erosion, soil exhaustion; desertification +Note: + landlocked; surrounded by South Africa; Highlands Water Project will + control, store, and redirect water to South Africa + +:Lesotho People + +Population: + 1,848,925 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 35 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 74 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 60 years male, 63 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.7 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Mosotho (singular), Basotho (plural); adjective - Basotho +Ethnic divisions: + Sotho 99.7%; Europeans 1,600, Asians 800 +Religions: + Christian 80%, rest indigenous beliefs +Languages: + Sesotho (southern Sotho) and English (official); also Zulu and Xhosa +Literacy: + 59% (male 44%, female 68%) age 15 and over can read and write (1966) +Labor force: + 689,000 economically active; 86.2% of resident population engaged in + subsistence agriculture; roughly 60% of active male labor force works in + South Africa +Organized labor: + there are two trade union federations; the government favors formation of a + single, umbrella trade union confederation + +:Lesotho Government + +Long-form name: + Kingdom of Lesotho +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Maseru +Administrative divisions: + 10 districts; Berea, Butha-Buthe, Leribe, Mafeteng, Maseru, Mohale's Hoek, + Mokhotlong, Qacha's Nek, Quthing, Thaba-Tseka +Independence: + 4 October 1966 (from UK; formerly Basutoland) +Constitution: + 4 October 1966, suspended January 1970 +Legal system: + based on English common law and Roman-Dutch law; judicial review of + legislative acts in High Court and Court of Appeal; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 4 October (1966) +Executive branch: + monarch, chairman of the Military Council, Military Council, Council of + Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + none - the bicameral Parliament was dissolved following the military coup in + January 1986; note - a National Constituent Assembly convened in June 1990 + to rewrite the constitution and debate issues of national importance, but it + has no legislative authority +Judicial branch: + High Court, Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King LETSIE III (since 12 November 1990 following dismissal of his father, + exiled King MOSHOESHOE II, by Maj. Gen. LEKHANYA) + Head of Government: + Chairman of the Military Council Col. Elias Phisoana RAMAEMA (since 30 April + 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Basotho National Party (BNP), Evaristus SEKHONYANA; Basutoland Congress + Party (BCP), Ntsu MOKHEHLE; National Independent Party (NIP), A. C. MANYELI; + Marematlou Freedom Party (MFP), Bernard M. KHAKETLA; United Democratic + Party, Charles MOFELI; Communist Party of Lesotho (CPL), J. M. KENA +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + National Assembly: + dissolved following the military coup in January 1986; military has pledged + elections will take place in June 1992 +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, + ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Tseliso THAMAE; Chancery at 2511 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 797-5534 + US: + Ambassador Leonard H.O. SPEARMAN, Sr.; Embassy at address NA, Maseru + (mailing address is P. O. Box 333, Maseru 100 Lesotho); telephone [266] + 312-666; FAX (266) 310-116 + +:Lesotho Government + +Flag: + divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper half is white + bearing the brown silhouette of a large shield with crossed spear and club; + the lower half is a diagonal blue band with a green triangle in the corner + +:Lesotho Economy + +Overview: + Small, landlocked, and mountainous, Lesotho has no important natural + resources other than water. Its economy is based on agriculture, light + manufacturing, and remittances from laborers employed in South Africa ($153 + million in 1989). The great majority of households gain their livelihoods + from subsistence farming and migrant labor. Manufacturing depends largely on + farm products to support the milling, canning, leather, and jute industries; + other industries include textile, clothing, and light engineering. + Industry's share of GDP rose from 6% in 1982 to 15% in 1989. Political and + economic instability in South Africa raises uncertainty for Lesotho's + economy, especially with respect to migrant worker remittances - typically + about 40% of GDP. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $420 million, per capita $240; real growth rate + 4.0% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 15% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + at least 55% among adult males (1991 est.) +Budget: + expenditures $399 million, including capital expenditures of $132 million + (FY92-93) +Exports: + $59 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + wool, mohair, wheat, cattle, peas, beans, corn, hides, skins, baskets + partners: + South Africa 53%, EC 30%, North and South America 13% (1989) +Imports: + $604 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + mainly corn, building materials, clothing, vehicles, machinery, medicines, + petroleum + partners: + South Africa 95%, EC 2% (1989) +External debt: + $370 million (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 7.8% (1989 est.); accounts for 15% of GDP +Electricity: + power supplied by South Africa +Industries: + food, beverages, textiles, handicrafts, tourism +Agriculture: + accounts for 18% of GDP and employs 60-70% of all households; exceedingly + primitive, mostly subsistence farming and livestock; principal crops are + corn, wheat, pulses, sorghum, barley +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $268 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $819 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $4 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $14 + million +Currency: + loti (plural - maloti); 1 loti (L) = 100 lisente +Exchange rates: + maloti (M) per US$1 - 2.8809 (March 1992), 2.7563 (1991), 2.5863 (1990), + 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988), 2.0350 (1987); note - the Basotho loti is at + par with the South African rand + +:Lesotho Economy + +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Lesotho Communications + +Railroads: + 2.6 km; owned, operated by, and included in the statistics of South Africa +Highways: + 7,215 km total; 572 km paved; 2,337 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized + soil; 1,806 km improved earth, 2,500 km unimproved earth (1988) +Civil air: + 1 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 28 total, 28 usable; 3 with permanent surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + rudimentary system consisting of a few landlines, a small microwave system, + and minor radio communications stations; 5,920 telephones; broadcast + stations - 3 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Lesotho Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Lesotho Defense Force (RLDF; including Army, Air Wing), Royal Lesotho + Mounted Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 408,003; 220,129 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $55 million, 13.1% of GDP (1990 est.) + +:Liberia Geography + +Total area: + 111,370 km2 +Land area: + 96,320 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Tennessee +Land boundaries: + 1,585 km; Guinea 563 km, Ivory Coast 716 km, Sierra Leone 306 km +Coastline: + 579 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Territorial sea: + 200 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights; + wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers +Terrain: + mostly flat to rolling coastal plains rising to rolling plateau and low + mountains in northeast +Natural resources: + iron ore, timber, diamonds, gold +Land use: + arable land 1%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest and + woodland 39%; other 55%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + West Africa's largest tropical rain forest, subject to deforestation + +:Liberia People + +Population: + 2,462,276 (July 1992), growth rate 29.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 44 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 13 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 265 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 119 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 54 years male, 59 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Liberian(s); adjective - Liberian +Ethnic divisions: + indigenous African tribes, including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru, Grebo, Mano, + Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, and Bella 95%; descendants of + repatriated slaves known as Americo-Liberians 5% +Religions: + traditional 70%, Muslim 20%, Christian 10% +Languages: + English (official); more than 20 local languages of the Niger-Congo language + group; English used by about 20% +Literacy: + 40% (male 50%, female 29%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 510,000, including 220,000 in the monetary economy; agriculture 70.5%, + services 10.8%, industry and commerce 4.5%, other 14.2%; non-African + foreigners hold about 95% of the top-level management and engineering jobs; + 52% of population of working age +Organized labor: + 2% of labor force + +:Liberia Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Liberia +Type: + republic +Capital: + Monrovia +Administrative divisions: + 13 counties; Bomi, Bong, Grand Bassa, Cape Mount, Grand Gedeh, Grand Kru, + Lofa, Margibi, Maryland, Montserrado, Nimba, River Cess, Sinoe +Independence: + 26 July 1847 +Constitution: + 6 January 1986 +Legal system: + dual system of statutory law based on Anglo-American common law for the + modern sector and customary law based on unwritten tribal practices for + indigenous sector +National holiday: + Independence Day, 26 July (1847) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower + house or House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + People's Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + interim President Dr. Amos SAWYER (since 15 November 1990); Vice President, + vacant (since August 1991); note - this is an interim government appointed + by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) that will be + replaced after elections are held under a West African - brokered peace + plan; rival rebel factions led by Prince Y. JOHNSON and Charles TAYLOR are + challenging the SAWYER government's legitimacy while observing a tenuous + cease-fire; the former president, Gen. Dr. Samuel Kanyon DOE, was killed on + 9 September 1990 by Prince Y. JOHNSON +Political parties and leaders: + National Democratic Party of Liberia (NDPL), Augustus CAINE, chairman; + Liberian Action Party (LAP), Emmanuel KOROMAH, chairman; Unity Party (UP), + Carlos SMITH, chairman; United People's Party (UPP), Gabriel Baccus + MATTHEWS, chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held on 15 October 1985 (next to be held NA); results - Gen. Dr. Samuel + Kanyon DOE (NDPL) 50.9%, Jackson DOE (LAP) 26.4%, other 22.7%; note - + President Doe was killed by rebel forces on 9 September 1990 + Senate: + last held on 15 October 1985 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote + by party NA; seats - (26 total) NDPL 21, LAP 3, UP 1, UPP 1 + House of Representatives: + last held on 15 October 1985 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote + by party NA; seats - (64 total) NDPL 51, LAP 8, UP 3, UPP 2 +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, + IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO + +:Liberia Government + +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Eugenia A. WORDSWORTH-STEVENSON; Chancery at 5201 16th Street NW, + Washington, DC 20011; telephone (202) 723-0437 through 0440; there is a + Liberian Consulate General in New York + US: + Ambassador Peter J. de VOS; Embassy at 111 United Nations Drive, Monrovia + (mailing address is P. O. Box 98, Monrovia, or APO AE 09813; telephone [231] + 222991 through 222994; FAX (231) 223-710 +Flag: + 11 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; + there is a white five-pointed star on a blue square in the upper hoist-side + corner; the design was based on the US flag + +:Liberia Economy + +Overview: + Civil war during 1990 destroyed much of Liberia's economy, especially the + infrastructure in and around Monrovia. Expatriate businessmen fled the + country, taking capital and expertise with them. Many will not return. + Richly endowed with water, mineral resources, forests, and a climate + favorable to agriculture, Liberia had been a producer and exporter of basic + products, while local manufacturing, mainly foreign owned, had been small in + scope. Political instability threatens prospects for economic reconstruction + and repatriation of some 750,000 Liberian refugees who fled to neighboring + countries. In 1991, the political impasse between the interim government and + the rebel leader Charles Taylor prevented restoration of normal economic + life. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $988 million, per capita $400; real growth rate + 1.5% (1988) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 12% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + 43% urban (1988) +Budget: + revenues $242.1 million; expenditures $435.4 million, including capital + expenditures of $29.5 million (1989) +Exports: + $505 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) + commodities: + iron ore 61%, rubber 20%, timber 11%, coffee + partners: + US, EC, Netherlands +Imports: + $394 million (c.i.f., 1989 est.) + commodities: + rice, mineral fuels, chemicals, machinery, transportation equipment, other + foodstuffs + partners: + US, EC, Japan, China, Netherlands, ECOWAS +External debt: + $1.6 billion (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.5% in manufacturing (1987); accounts for 22% of GDP +Electricity: + 410,000 kW capacity; 750 million kWh produced, 275 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + rubber processing, food processing, construction materials, furniture, palm + oil processing, mining (iron ore, diamonds) +Agriculture: + accounts for about 40% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); principal + products - rubber, timber, coffee, cocoa, rice, cassava, palm oil, + sugarcane, bananas, sheep, and goats; not self-sufficient in food, imports + 25% of rice consumption +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $665 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $870 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $25 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $77 + million +Currency: + Liberian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Liberian dollar (L$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Liberian dollars (L$) per US$1 - 1.00 (fixed rate since 1940); unofficial + parallel exchange rate of L$7 = US$1, January 1992 + +:Liberia Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Liberia Communications + +Railroads: + 480 km total; 328 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 152 km 1.067-meter narrow + gauge; all lines single track; rail systems owned and operated by foreign + steel and financial interests in conjunction with Liberian Government +Highways: + 10,087 km total; 603 km bituminous treated, 2,848 km all weather, 4,313 km + dry weather; there are also 2,323 km of private, laterite-surfaced roads + open to public use, owned by rubber and timber companies +Ports: + Monrovia, Buchanan, Greenville, Harper (or Cape Palmas) +Merchant marine: + 1,564 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 54,049,124 DWT/ 95,338,925 DWT; + includes 19 passenger, 1 short-sea passenger, 145 cargo, 51 refrigerated + cargo, 22 roll-on/roll-off, 62 vehicle carrier, 89 container, 4 barge + carrier, 460 petroleum tanker, 105 chemical, 57 combination ore/oil, 50 + liquefied gas, 6 specialized tanker, 465 bulk, 1 multifunction large-load + carrier, 27 combination bulk; note - a flag of convenience registry; all + ships are foreign owned; the top 4 owning flags are US 18%, Japan 16%, Hong + Kong 10%, and Norway 9% +Civil air: + 1 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 66 total, 49 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + telephone and telegraph service via radio relay network; main center is + Monrovia; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + earth stations; most telecommunications services inoperable due to + insurgency movement + +:Liberia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Monrovia-based Armed Forces of Liberia (Army only) along with a police + force; rest of country controlled by the army of the National Patriotic + Front of Liberia (NPFL) insurgent group +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 585,224; 312,420 fit for military service; no conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Libya Geography + +Total area: + 1,759,540 km2 +Land area: + 1,759,540 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Alaska +Land boundaries: + 4,383 km; Algeria 982 km, Chad 1,055 km, Egypt 1,150 km, Niger 354 km, Sudan + 383 km, Tunisia 459 km +Coastline: + 1,770 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 12 nm + Gulf of Sidra closing line: + 32 degrees 30 minutes N +Disputes: + claims and occupies the 100,000 km2 Aozou Strip in northern Chad; maritime + boundary dispute with Tunisia; Libya claims about 19,400 km2 in northern + Niger; Libya claims about 19,400 km2 in southeastern Algeria +Climate: + Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior +Terrain: + mostly barren, flat to undulating plains, plateaus, depressions +Natural resources: + crude oil, natural gas, gypsum +Land use: + arable land 1%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 8%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 91%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in + spring and fall; desertification; sparse natural surface-water resources +Note: + the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water development scheme in the + world, is being built to bring water from large aquifers under the Sahara to + coastal cities + +:Libya People + +Population: + 4,484,795 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 36 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 60 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 66 years male, 71 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Libyan(s); adjective - Libyan +Ethnic divisions: + Berber and Arab 97%; some Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians, Pakistanis, + Turks, Indians, and Tunisians +Religions: + Sunni Muslim 97% +Languages: + Arabic; Italian and English widely understood in major cities +Literacy: + 64% (male 75%, female 50%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 1,000,000, includes about 280,000 resident foreigners; industry 31%, + services 27%, government 24%, agriculture 18% +Organized labor: + National Trade Unions' Federation, 275,000 members; General Union for Oil + and Petrochemicals; Pan-Africa Federation of Petroleum Energy and Allied + Workers + +:Libya Government + +Long-form name: + Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya +Digraph: + Tripoli Administration divisions *** 25 municipalities (baladiyah, singular + - baladiyat; Ajdabiya, Al `Aziziyah, Al Fatih, Al Jabal al Akhdar, Al + Jufrah, Al Khums, Al Kufrah, An Nuqat al Khams, Ash Shati', Awbari, Az + Zawiyah, Banghazi, Darnah, Ghadamis, Gharyan, Misratah, Murzuq, Sabha, + Sawfajjin, Surt, Tarabulus, Tarhunah, Tubruq, Yafran, Zlitan +Type: + Jamahiriya (a state of the masses); in theory, governed by the populace + through local councils; in fact, a military dictatorship +Capital: + Tripoli Administration divisions +Administrative divisions: + 25 municipalities (baladiyah, singular - baladiyat; Ajdabiya, Al 'Aziziyah, + Al Fatih, Al Jabal al Akhdar, Al Jufrah, Al Khums, Al Kufrah, An Nuqat al + Khams, Ash Shati', Awbari, Az Zawiyah, Banghazi, Darnah, Ghadamis, Gharyan, + Misratah, Murzuq Sabha, Sawfajjin, Surt, Tarabulus, Tarhunah, Tubruq, + Yafran, Zlitan +Independence: + 24 December 1951 (from Italy) +Constitution: + 11 December 1969, amended 2 March 1977 +Legal system: + based on Italian civil law system and Islamic law; separate religious + courts; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; + has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Revolution Day, 1 September (1969) +Executive branch: + revolutionary leader, chairman of the General People's Committee (premier), + General People's Committee (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral General People's Congress +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Revolutionary Leader Col. Mu`ammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI (since 1 September + 1969) + Head of Government: + Chairman of the General People's Committee (Premier) Abu Zayd `umar DURDA + (since 7 October 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + none +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 18 +Elections: + national elections are indirect through a hierarchy of peoples' committees +Other political or pressure groups: + various Arab nationalist movements and the Arab Socialist Resurrection + (Ba'th) party with almost negligible memberships may be functioning + clandestinely, as well as some Islamic elements +Member of: + ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CAEU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, + LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, + WIPO, WMO, WTO + +:Libya Government + +Diplomatic representation: + none +Flag: + plain green; green is the traditional color of Islam (the state religion) + +:Libya Economy + +Overview: + The socialist-oriented economy depends primarily upon revenues from the oil + sector, which contributes practically all export earnings and about + one-third of GDP. Since 1980, however, the sharp drop in oil prices and the + resulting decline in export revenues have adversely affected economic + development. In 1988 per capita GDP was the highest in Africa at $5,410, but + GDP growth rates have slowed and fluctuate sharply in response to changes in + the world oil market. Import restrictions and inefficient resource + allocations have led to shortages of basic goods and foodstuffs, although + the reopening of the Libyan-Tunisian border in April 1988 and the + Libyan-Egyptian border in December 1989 have somewhat eased shortages. + Austerity budgets and a lack of trained technicians have undermined the + government's ability to implement a number of planned infrastructure + development projects. Windfall revenues from the hike in world oil prices in + late 1990 improved the foreign payments position and resulted in a current + account surplus for the first time in five years. The nonoil manufacturing + and construction sectors, which account for about 22% of GDP, have expanded + from processing mostly agricultural products to include petrochemicals, + iron, steel, and aluminum. Although agriculture accounts for about 5% of + GDP, it employs about 20% of the labor force. Climatic conditions and poor + soils severely limit farm output, and Libya imports about 75% of its food + requirements. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $28.9 billion, per capita $6,800; real growth + rate 9% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 7% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 2% (1988 est.) +Budget: + revenues $8.1 billion; expenditures $9.8 billion, including capital + expenditures of $3.1 billion (1989 est.) +Exports: + $11 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + petroleum, peanuts, hides + partners: + Italy, USSR, Germany, Spain, France, Belgium/Luxembourg, Turkey +Imports: + $7.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + machinery, transport equipment, food, manufactured goods + partners: + Italy, USSR, Germany, UK, Japan +External debt: + $3.5 billion, excluding military debt (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate - 4%; accounts for 22% of GDP (not including oil) (1989) +Electricity: + 4,700,000 kW capacity; 13,700 million kWh produced, 3,100 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + petroleum, food processing, textiles, handicrafts, cement +Agriculture: + 5% of GNP; cash crops - wheat, barley, olives, dates, citrus fruits, + peanuts; 75% of food is imported +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), + $242 million; no longer a recipient + +:Libya Economy + +Currency: + Libyan dinar (plural - dinars); 1 Libyan dinar (LD) = 1,000 dirhams +Exchange rates: + Libyan dinars (LD) per US$1 - 0.2743 (March 1992), 0.2669 (1991), 0.2699 + (1990), 0.2922 (1989), 0.2853 (1988), 0.2706 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Libya Communications + +Pipelines: + crude oil 4,383 km; natural gas 1,947 km; petroleum products 443 km + (includes liquid petroleum gas 256 km) +Ports: + Tobruk, Tripoli, Banghazi, Misratah, Marsa al Burayqah, Ra's Lanuf +Merchant marine: + 30 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 684,969 GRT/1,209,084 DWT; includes 3 + short-sea passenger, 11 cargo, 4 roll-on/roll-off, 10 petroleum tanker, 1 + chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas +Civil air: + 59 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 133 total, 120 usable; 53 with permanent-surface runways; 9 with runways + over 3,659 m; 28 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 46 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + modern telecommunications system using radio relay, coaxial cable, + tropospheric scatter, and domestic satellite stations; 370,000 telephones; + broadcast stations - 17 AM, 3 FM, 12 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 + Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, and 14 domestic; submarine + cables to France and Italy; radio relay to Tunisia and Egypt; tropospheric + scatter to Greece; planned ARABSAT and Intersputnik satellite stations + +:Libya Defense Forces + +Branches: + Armed Peoples of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (including Army, Navy, Air and + Air Defense Command), National Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,056,686; 624,027 fit for military service; 50,916 reach + military age (17) annually; conscription now being implemented +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, 11.1% of GDP (1987) + +:Liechtenstein Geography + +Total area: + 160 km2 +Land area: + 160 km2 +Comparative area: + about 0.9 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 78 km; Austria 37 km, Switzerland 41 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to + moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers +Terrain: + mostly mountainous (Alps) with Rhine Valley in western third +Natural resources: + hydroelectric potential +Land use: + arable land 25%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 38%; forest and + woodland 19%; other 18% +Environment: + variety of microclimatic variations based on elevation +Note: + landlocked + +:Liechtenstein People + +Population: + 28,642 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 13 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 74 years male, 81 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Liechtensteiner(s); adjective - Liechtenstein +Ethnic divisions: + Alemannic 95%, Italian and other 5% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 87.3%, Protestant 8.3%, unknown 1.6%, other 2.8% (1988) +Languages: + German (official), Alemannic dialect +Literacy: + 100% (male 100%, female 100%) age 10 and over can read and write (1981) +Labor force: + 19,905, of which 11,933 are foreigners; 6,885 commute from Austria and + Switzerland to work each day; industry, trade, and building 53.2%, services + 45%, agriculture, fishing, forestry, and horticulture 1.8% (1990) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Liechtenstein Government + +Long-form name: + Principality of Liechtenstein +Type: + hereditary constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Vaduz +Administrative divisions: + 11 communes (gemeinden, singular - gemeinde); Balzers, Eschen, Gamprin, + Mauren, Planken, Ruggell, Schaan, Schellenberg, Triesen, Triesenberg, Vaduz +Independence: + 23 January 1719, Imperial Principality of Liechtenstein established +Constitution: + 5 October 1921 +Legal system: + local civil and penal codes; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with + reservations +National holiday: + Assumption Day, 15 August +Executive branch: + reigning prince, hereditary prince, head of government, deputy head of + government +Legislative branch: + unicameral Diet (Landtag) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) for criminal cases and Superior Court + (Obergericht) for civil cases +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Prince Hans ADAM II (since 13 November 1989; assumed executive powers 26 + August 1984); Heir Apparent Prince ALOIS von und zu Liechtenstein (born 11 + June 1968) + Head of Government: + Hans BRUNHART (since 26 April 1978); Deputy Head of Government Dr. Herbert + WILLE (since 2 February 1986) +Political parties and leaders: + Fatherland Union (VU), Dr. Otto HASLER; Progressive Citizens' Party (FBP), + Emanuel VOGT; Free Electoral List (FW) +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Diet: + last held on 5 March 1989 (next to be held by March 1993); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (25 total) VU 13, FBP 12 +Member of: + CE, CSCE, EBRD, IAEA, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, + WIPO +Diplomatic representation: + in routine diplomatic matters, Liechtenstein is represented in the US by the + Swiss Embassy + US: + the US has no diplomatic or consular mission in Liechtenstein, but the US + Consul General at Zurich (Switzerland) has consular accreditation at Vaduz +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a gold crown on the + hoist side of the blue band + +:Liechtenstein Economy + +Overview: + The prosperous economy is based primarily on small-scale light industry and + tourism. Industry accounts for 53% of total employment, the service sector + 45% (mostly based on tourism), and agriculture and forestry 2%. The sale of + postage stamps to collectors is estimated at $10 million annually. Low + business taxes (the maximum tax rate is 20%) and easy incorporation rules + have induced about 25,000 holding or so-called letter box companies to + establish nominal offices in Liechtenstein. Such companies, incorporated + solely for tax purposes, provide 30% of state revenues. The economy is tied + closely to that of Switzerland in a customs union, and incomes and living + standards parallel those of the more prosperous Swiss groups. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $630 million, per capita $22,300; real growth + rate NA% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 5.4% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 1.5% (1990) +Budget: + revenues $259 million; expenditures $292 million, including capital + expenditures of NA (1990) +Exports: + $1.6 billion + commodities: + small specialty machinery, dental products, stamps, hardware, pottery + partners: + EFTA countries 20.9% (Switzerland 15.4%), EC countries 42.7%, other 36.4% + (1990) +Imports: + $NA + commodities: + machinery, metal goods, textiles, foodstuffs, motor vehicles + partners: + NA +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 23,000 kW capacity; 150 million kWh produced, 5,340 kWh per capita (1989) +Industries: + electronics, metal manufacturing, textiles, ceramics, pharmaceuticals, food + products, precision instruments, tourism +Agriculture: + livestock, vegetables, corn, wheat, potatoes, grapes +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + Swiss franc, franken, or franco (plural - francs, franken, or franchi); 1 + Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SwF) = 100 centimes, rappen, or centesimi +Exchange rates: + Swiss francs, franken, or franchi (SwF) per US$1 - 1.5079 (March 1992), + 1.4340 (1991), 1.3892 (1990), 1.6359 (1989), 1.4633 (1988), 1.4912 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Liechtenstein Communications + +Railroads: + 18.5 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, electrified; owned, operated, and + included in statistics of Austrian Federal Railways +Highways: + 130.66 km main roads, 192.27 km byroads +Civil air: + no transport aircraft +Airports: + none +Telecommunications: + limited, but sufficient automatic telephone system; 25,400 telephones; + linked to Swiss networks by cable and radio relay for international + telephone, radio, and TV services + +:Liechtenstein Defense Forces + +Branches: + Police Department +Note: + defense is responsibility of Switzerland + +:Lithuania Geography + +Total area: + 65,200 km2 +Land area: + 65,200 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than West Virginia +Land boundaries: + 1,273 km; Belarus 502 km, Latvia 453 km, Poland 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad) + 227 km +Coastline: + 108 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + NA nm + Continental shelf: + NA meter depth + Exclusive fishing zone: + NA nm + Exclusive economic zone: + NA nm + Territorial sea: + NA nm +Disputes: + dispute with Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) over the position of the Neman + River border presently located on the Lithuanian bank and not in midriver as + by international standards +Climate: + maritime; wet, moderate winters +Terrain: + lowland, many scattered small lakes, fertile soil +Natural resources: + peat +Land use: + 49.1% arable land; NA% permanent crops; 22.2% meadows and pastures; 16.3% + forest and woodland; 12.4% other; includes NA% irrigated +Environment: + NA + +:Lithuania People + +Population: + 3,788,542 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992) +Birth rate: + 15 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 4 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 66 years male, 76 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Lithuanian(s); adjective - Lithuanian +Ethnic divisions: + Lithuanian 80.1%, Russian 8.6%, Poles 7.7%, Byelorussian 1.5%, other 2.1% +Religions: + Catholic NA%, Lutheran NA%, unknown NA%, none NA%, other NA% +Languages: + Lithuanian (official), Polish NA%, Russian NA% +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write +Labor force: + 1,836,000; industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 18%, + other 40% (1990) +Organized labor: + Lithuanian Trade Union Association; Labor Federation of Lithuania; Union of + Workers + +:Lithuania Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Lithuania +Type: + republic +Capital: + Vilnius +Administrative divisions: + none - all rayons are under direct republic jurisdiction +Independence: + 1918; annexed by the Soviet Union 3 August 1940; restored independence 11 + March 1990; and regained indpendence from the USSR 6 September 1991 +Constitution: + NA; Constitutional Commission has drafted a new constitution that will be + sent to Parliament for ratification +Legal system: + based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts +National holiday: + Independence Day, 16 February; Defenders of Freedom Day, 13 January +Executive branch: + prime minister, Council of Ministers, Government, +Legislative branch: + unicameral Supreme Council, Parliament +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court; Court of Appeals; district and city courts; Procurator + General of Lithuania +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Chairman, Supreme Council Vytautas LANDSBERGIS (since March 1990), Deputy + Chairmen Bronius KUZMICKAS (since March 1990), Ceslovas STANKEVICIUS (since + March 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Gediminas VAGNORIUS (since January 1991); Deputy Prime + Ministers Algis DOBROVOLSKAS (since January 1991), Vytantas PAKALNISKIS + (since January 1991), Zigmas VAISVILA (since January 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Christian Democratic Party, FNU KATILIUS, chairman; Democratic Labor Party + of Lithuania, Algirdas Mykolas BRAZAUSKAS, chairman; Lithuanian Democratic + Party, Sauluis PECELIUNAS, chairman; Lithuanian Green Party, Irena + IGNATAVICIENE, chairwoman; Lithuanian Humanism Party, Vytautas KAZLAUSKAS, + chairman; Lithuanian Independence Party, Virgilijus CEPAITIS, chairman; + Lithuanian Liberty League, Antanas TERLECKAS; Lithuanian Liberals Union, + Vytautus RADZVILAS, chairman; Lithuanian Nationalist Union, Rimantas + SMETONA, chairman; Lithuanian Social Democratic Party, Aloizas SAKALAS, + chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held March 1990 (elected by Parliament); results - LANDSBERGIS, + BRAZAUSKAS + Supreme Council: + last held 24 February 1990; results - Sajudis (nationalist movement won a + large majority) (90) 63%; seats - (141 total) +Other political or pressure groups: + Sajudis; Lithuanian Future Forum; Farmers Union +Member of: + CSCE, IAEA, ILO, NACC, UN, UNCTAD + +:Lithuania Government + +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Stasys LOZORAITIS, Jr.; Embassy at 2622 16th St. NW, Washington, + DC 20009; telephone (202) 234-5860, 2639 + US: + Ambassador Darryl JOHNSON; Embassy at Mykolaicio putino 4, Vilnius; (mailing + address is APO AE 09862); telephone [7] (01-22) 628-049 +Flag: + yellow, green, and red horizontal stripes + +:Lithuania Economy + +Overview: + Lithuania is striving to become a small, independent, largely privatized + economy rather than a segment of a huge, centrally planned economy. Although + substantially above average in living standards and technology in the old + USSR, Lithuania historically lagged behind Latvia and Estonia in economic + development. It is ahead of its Baltic neighbors, however, in implementing + market reform. The country has no important natural resources aside from its + arable land and strategic location. Industry depends entirely on imported + materials that have come from the republics of the former USSR. Lithuania + benefits from its ice-free port at Klaipeda on the Baltic Sea and its rail + and highway hub at Vilnius, which provides land communication between + Eastern Europe and Russia, Latvia, Estonia, and Belarus. Industry produces a + small assortment of high-quality products, ranging from complex machine + tools to sophisticated consumer electronics. Thanks to nuclear power, + Lithuania is presently self-sufficient in electricity, exporting its surplus + to Latvia and Belarus; the nuclear facilities inherited from the USSR, + however, have come under world scrutiny as seriously deficient in safety + standards. Agriculture is efficient compared with most of the former Soviet + Union. Lithuania holds first place in per capita consumption of meat, second + place for eggs and potatoes, and fourth place for milk and dairy products. + Grain must be imported to support the meat and dairy industries. As to + economic reforms, Lithuania is pressing ahead with plans to privatize at + least 60% of state-owned property (industry, agriculture, and housing) + having already sold many small enterprises using a voucher system. Other + government priorities include stimulating foreign investment by protecting + the property rights of foreign firms and redirecting foreign trade away from + Eastern markets to the more competitive Western markets. For the moment, + Lithuania will remain highly dependent on Russia for energy, raw materials, + grains, and markets for its products. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $NA; per capita NA; real growth rate -13% + (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 200% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues 4.8 billion rubles; expenditures 4.7 billion rubles (1989 economic + survey); note - budget revenues and expenditures are not given for other + former Soviet republics; implied deficit from these figures does not have a + clear interpretation +Exports: + 700 million rubles (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + electronics 18%, petroleum products 16%, food 10%, chemicals 6% (1989) + partners: + Russia 60%, Ukraine 15%, other former Soviet republics 20%, West 5% +Imports: + 2.2 billion rubles (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + oil 24%, machinery 14%, chemicals 8%, grain NA% + partners: + NA +External debt: + $650 million (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -1.3% (1991) +Electricity: + 5,875,000 kW capacity; 25,500 million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita (1991) + +:Lithuania Economy + +Industries: + employs 25% of the labor force; its shares in the total production of the + former USSR are metal-cutting machine tools 6.6%; electric motors 4.6%; + television sets 6.2%; refrigerators and freezers 5.4%; other production + includes petroleum refining, shipbuilding (small ships), furniture making, + textiles, food processing, fertilizers, agricultural machinery, optical + equipment, electronic components, computers, and amber +Agriculture: + employs 29% of labor force; sugar, grain, potatoes, sugarbeets, vegetables, + meat, milk, dairy products, eggs, and fish; most developed are the livestock + and dairy branches - these depend on imported grain; Lithuania is a net + exporter of meat, milk, and eggs +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for illicit drugs from Central and Southwest Asia to + Western Europe +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (1992), $10 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million; + Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million +Currency: + as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency but planning early introduction + of ``litas'' +Exchange rates: + NA +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Lithuania Communications + +Railroads: + 2,010 km (includes NA km electrified); does not include industrial lines + (1990) +Highways: + 44,200 km total (1990); 35,500 km hard surfaced, 8,700 km earth +Inland waterways: + 600 km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + NA +Ports: + maritime - Klaipeda; inland - Kaunas +Merchant marine: + 66 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 268,854 GRT/315,690 DWT; includes 27 + cargo, 24 timber carrier, 1 container, 3 railcar carrier, 11 combination + bulk +Civil air: + NA +Airports: + NA +Telecommunications: + better developed than in most other former USSR republics; 22.4 telephones + per 100 persons; broadcast stations - 13 AM, 26 FM, 1 SW, 1 LW, 3 TV; + landlines or microwave to former USSR republics; leased connection to the + Moscow international switch for traffic with other countries; satellite + earth stations - (8 channels to Norway) + +:Lithuania Defense Forces + +Branches: + Ground Forces, Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), + National Guard/Volunteers; Russian Forces (Ground, Navy, Air, and Air + Defense) +Manpower availability: + NA + +:Luxembourg Geography + +Total area: + 2,586 km +Land area: + 2,586 km +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Rhode Island +Land boundaries: + 359 km; Belgium 148 km, France 73 km, Germany 138 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + modified continental with mild winters, cool summers +Terrain: + mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to + slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle floodplain in + the southeast +Natural resources: + iron ore (no longer exploited) +Land use: + arable land 24%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and + woodland 21%; other 34% +Environment: + deforestation +Note: + landlocked + +:Luxembourg People + +Population: + 392,405 (July 1992), growth rate 1.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 12 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 7 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 73 years male, 80 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Luxembourger(s); adjective - Luxembourg +Ethnic divisions: + Celtic base, with French and German blend; also guest and worker residents + from Portugal, Italy, and European countries +Religions: + Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant and Jewish 3% +Languages: + Luxembourgisch, German, French; many also speak English +Literacy: + 100% (male 100%, female 100%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.) +Labor force: + 177,300; one-third of labor force is foreign workers, mostly from Portugal, + Italy, France, Belgium, and FRG; services 65%, industry 31.6%, agriculture + 3.4% (1988) +Organized labor: + 100,000 (est.) members of four confederated trade unions + +:Luxembourg Government + +Long-form name: + Grand Duchy of Luxembourg +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Luxembourg +Administrative divisions: + 3 districts; Diekirch, Grevenmacher, Luxembourg +Independence: + 1839 +Constitution: + 17 October 1868, occasional revisions +Legal system: + based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day (public celebration of the Grand Duke's birthday), 23 June + (1921) +Executive branch: + grand duke, prime minister, vice prime minister, Council of Ministers + (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des Deputes); note - the Council of + State (Conseil d'Etat) is an advisory body whose views are considered by the + Chamber of Deputies +Judicial branch: + Superior Court of Justice (Cour Superieure de Justice) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Grand Duke JEAN (since 12 November 1964); Heir Apparent Prince HENRI (son of + Grand Duke Jean, born 16 April 1955) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Jacques SANTER (since 21 July 1984); Vice Prime Minister + Jacques F. POOS (since 21 July 1984) +Political parties and leaders: + Christian Social Party (CSV), Jacques SANTER; Socialist Workers Party + (LSAP), Jacques POOS; Liberal (DP), Colette FLESCH; Communist (KPL), Andre + HOFFMANN; Green Alternative (GAP), Jean HUSS +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 18 +Elections: + Chamber of Deputies: + last held on 18 June 1989 (next to be held by June 1994); results - CSV + 31.7%, LSAP 27.2%, DP 16.2%, Greens 8.4%, PAC 7.3%, KPL 5.1%, other 4.1%; + seats - (60 total) CSV 22, LSAP 18, DP 11, Greens 4, PAC 4, KPL 1 +Other political or pressure groups: + group of steel industries representing iron and steel industry, Centrale + Paysanne representing agricultural producers; Christian and Socialist labor + unions; Federation of Industrialists; Artisans and Shopkeepers Federation +Member of: + ACCT, Australia Group, Benelux, CCC, CE, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, + EMS, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, + IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, + OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Alphonse BERNS; Chancery at 2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-4171; there are Luxembourg + Consulates General in New York and San Francisco + +:Luxembourg Government + + US: + Ambassador Edward M. ROWELL; Embassy at 22 Boulevard Emmanuel-Servais, 2535 + Luxembourg City; PSC 11 (mailing address is APO AE 09132-5380); telephone + [352] 460123; FAX [352] 461401 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue; similar to + the flag of the Netherlands, which uses a darker blue and is shorter; design + was based on the flag of France + +:Luxembourg Economy + +Overview: + The stable economy features moderate growth, low inflation, and negligible + unemployment. Agriculture is based on small but highly productive + family-owned farms. The industrial sector, until recently dominated by + steel, has become increasingly more diversified, particularly toward + high-technology firms. During the past decade, growth in the financial + sector has more than compensated for the decline in steel. Services, + especially banking, account for a growing proportion of the economy. + Luxembourg participates in an economic union with Belgium on trade and most + financial matters and is also closely connected economically to the + Netherlands. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $7.83 billion, per capita $20,200; real growth + rate 2.5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.7% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 1.3% (1990) +Budget: + revenues $2.5 billion; expenditures $2.3 billion, including capital + expenditures of NA (1988) +Exports: + $6.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + finished steel products, chemicals, rubber products, glass, aluminum, other + industrial products + partners: + EC 75%, US 5% +Imports: + $7.5 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + minerals, metals, foodstuffs, quality consumer goods + partners: + Belgium 37%, FRG 31%, France 12%, US 2% +External debt: + $131.6 million (1989 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate - 0.5% (1990); accounts for 25% of GDP +Electricity: + 1,500,000 kW capacity; 1,163 million kWh produced, 3,170 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + banking, iron and steel, food processing, chemicals, metal products, + engineering, tires, glass, aluminum +Agriculture: + accounts for less than 3% of GDP (including forestry); principal products - + barley, oats, potatoes, wheat, fruits, wine grapes; cattle raising + widespread +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + Luxembourg franc (plural - francs); 1 Luxembourg franc (LuxF) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Luxembourg francs (LuxF) per US$1 - 32.462 (January 1992), 34.148 (1991), + 33.418 (1990), 39.404 (1989), 36.768 (1988), 37.334 (1987); note - the + Luxembourg franc is at par with the Belgian franc, which circulates freely + in Luxembourg +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Luxembourg Communications + +Railroads: + Luxembourg National Railways (CFL) operates 270 km 1.435-meter standard + gauge; 162 km double track; 162 km electrified +Highways: + 5,108 km total; 4,995 km paved, 57 km gravel, 56 km earth; about 80 km + limited access divided highway +Inland waterways: + 37 km; Moselle River +Pipelines: + petroleum products 48 km +Ports: + Mertert (river port) +Merchant marine: + 49 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,592,985 GRT/2,642,249 DWT; includes + 3 cargo, 5 container, 5 roll-on/roll-off, 6 petroleum tanker, 4 chemical + tanker, 3 combination ore/oil, 8 liquefied gas, 1 passenger, 8 bulk, 6 + combination bulk +Civil air: + 13 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways less than 1,220 m +Telecommunications: + highly developed, completely automated and efficient system, mainly buried + cables; 230,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV; 3 + channels leased on TAT-6 coaxial submarine cable; 1 direct-broadcast + satellite earth station; nationwide mobile phone system + +:Luxembourg Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, National Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 100,994; 83,957 fit for military service; 2,320 reach military + age (19) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 1.4% of GDP (1991) + +:Macau Geography + +Total area: + 16 km2 +Land area: + 16 km2 +Comparative area: + about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 0.34 km; China 0.34 km +Coastline: + 40 km +Maritime claims: + not known +Disputes: + none +Climate: + subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers +Terrain: + generally flat +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + essentially urban; one causeway and one bridge connect the two islands to + the peninsula on mainland +Note: + 27 km west-southwest of Hong Kong on the southeast coast of China + +:Macau People + +Population: + 473,333 (July 1992), growth rate 1.7% (1992) +Birth rate: + 17 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 4 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 4 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 78 years male, 84 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Macanese (singular and plural); adjective - Macau +Ethnic divisions: + Chinese 95%, Portuguese 3%, other 2% +Religions: + Buddhist 45%, Roman Catholic 7%, Protestant 1%, none 45.8%, other 1.2% + (1981) +Languages: + Portuguese (official); Cantonese is the language of commerce +Literacy: + 90% (male 93%, female 86%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981) +Labor force: + 180,000 (1986) +Organized labor: + none + +:Macau Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + overseas territory of Portugal; scheduled to revert to China in 1999 +Capital: + Macau +Administrative divisions: + 2 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Ilhas, Macau +Independence: + none (territory of Portugal); Portugal signed an agreement with China on 13 + April 1987 to return Macau to China on 20 December 1999; in the joint + declaration, China promises to respect Macau's existing social and economic + systems and lifestyle for 50 years after transition +Constitution: + 17 February 1976, Organic Law of Macau; basic law drafted primarily by + Beijing awaiting final approval +Legal system: + Portuguese civil law system +National holiday: + Day of Portugal, 10 June +Executive branch: + President of Portugal, governor, Consultative Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + Legislative Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President (of Portugal) Mario Alberto SOARES (since 9 March 1986) + Head of Government: + Governor Gen. Vasco Joachim Rocha VIEIRA (since 20 March 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Association to Defend the Interests of Macau; Macau Democratic Center; Group + to Study the Development of Macau; Macau Independent Group +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Legislative Assembly: + last held on 10 March 1991; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - + (23 total; 8 elected by universal suffrage, 8 by indirect suffrage, and 7 + appointed by the governor) number of seats by party NA +Other political or pressure groups: + wealthy Macanese and Chinese representing local interests, wealthy + pro-Communist merchants representing China's interests; in January 1967 the + Macau Government acceded to Chinese demands that gave China veto power over + administration +Member of: + IMO (associate), WTO (associate) +Diplomatic representation: + as Chinese territory under Portuguese administration, Macanese interests in + the US are represented by Portugal + US: + the US has no offices in Macau, and US interests are monitored by the US + Consulate General in Hong Kong +Flag: + the flag of Portugal is used + +:Macau Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based largely on tourism (including gambling) and textile and + fireworks manufacturing. Efforts to diversify have spawned other small + industries - toys, artificial flowers, and electronics. The tourist sector + has accounted for roughly 25% of GDP, and the clothing industry has provided + about two-thirds of export earnings; the gambling industry represented 36% + of GDP in 1991. Macau depends on China for most of its food, fresh water, + and energy imports. Japan and Hong Kong are the main suppliers of raw + materials and capital goods. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $3.1 billion, per capita $6,900; real growth rate + 6% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8.8% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 2% (1989 est.) +Budget: + revenues $305 million; expenditures $298 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1989) +Exports: + $1.5 billion (1990 est.) + commodities: + textiles, clothing, toys + partners: + US 33%, Hong Kong 15%, FRG 12%, France 10% (1987) +Imports: + $1.8 billion (1990 est.) + commodities: + raw materials, foodstuffs, capital goods + partners: + Hong Kong 39%, China 21%, Japan 10% (1987) +External debt: + $91 million (1985) +Industrial production: + NA +Electricity: + 220,000 kW capacity; 520 million kWh produced, 1,165 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + clothing, textiles, toys, plastic products, furniture, tourism +Agriculture: + rice, vegetables; food shortages - rice, vegetables, meat; depends mostly on + imports for food requirements +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + pataca (plural - patacas); 1 pataca (P) = 100 avos +Exchange rates: + patacas (P) per US$1 - 8.034 (1991), 8.024 (1990), 8.030 (1989), 8.044 + (1988), 7.993 (1987); note - linked to the Hong Kong dollar at the rate of + 1.03 patacas per Hong Kong dollar +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Macau Communications + +Highways: + 42 km paved +Ports: + Macau +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + none useable, 1 under construction; 1 seaplane station +Telecommunications: + fairly modern communication facilities maintained for domestic and + international services; 52,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 3 FM, + no TV; 75,000 radio receivers (est.); international high-frequency radio + communication facility; access to international communications carriers + provided via Hong Kong and China; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Macau Defense Forces + +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 135,923; 76,414 fit for military service +Note: + defense is responsibility of Portugal + +:Macedonia Header + +Note: + Macedonia has proclaimed independent statehood but has not been formally + recognized as a state by the United States. + +:Macedonia Geography + +Total area: + 25,333 km2 +Land area: + 24,856 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Vermont +Land boundaries: + 748 km; Albania 151 km, Bulgaria 148 km, Greece 228 km, Serbia and + Montenegro 221 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + Greece claims republic's name implies territorial claims against Aegean + Macedonia +Climate: + hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall +Terrain: + territory covered with deep basins and valleys; there are three large lakes, + each divided by a frontier line +Natural resources: + chromium, lead, zinc, manganese, tungsten, nickel, low-grade iron ore, + asbestos, sulphur, timber +Land use: + arable land 5%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and + woodland 30%; other 40%; includes irrigated NA% +Environment: + Macedonia suffers from high seismic hazard; air pollution from metallurgical + plants +Note: + major transportation corridor from Western and Central Europe to Aegean Sea + +:Macedonia People + +Population: + 2,174,000 (July 1992), growth rate NA% (1992) +Birth rate: + NA births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 71 years male, 75 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman (1992) +Ethnic divisions: + Macedonian 67%, Albanian 20%, Turkish 4%, Serb 2%, other 7% +Religions: + Eastern Orthodox 59%, Muslim 26%, Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, unknown 10% +Languages: + Macedonian 70%, Albanian 21%, Turkish 3%, Serbo-Croatian 3%, other 3% +Literacy: + 89.1% (male 94.2%, female 83.8%) age 10 and over can read and write (1992 + est.) +Labor force: + 507,324; agriculture 8%, manufacturing and mining 40% (1990) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Macedonia Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Macedonia +Type: + emerging democracy +Capital: + Skopje +Administrative divisions: + NA +Independence: + 20 November 1991 from Yugoslavia +Constitution: + adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991 +Legal system: + based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts +National holiday: + NA +Executive branch: + presidency, Council of Ministers, prime minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral Assembly +Judicial branch: + Constitutional Court, Judicial Court of the Republic +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Kiro GLIGOROV (since 27 January 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Nikola KLJUSEV (since March 1991), Deputy Prime Ministers + Jovan ANDONOV (since March 1991), Blaze RISTOVSKI (since March 1991), and + Bezir ZUTA (since March 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Social Democratic Alliance (SDA; former Communist Party), Branko + CRVENKOVSKI, chairman; Party of Democratic Prosperity, (PDP), Nevzat HALILI, + chairman; National Democratic Party, Iliaz HALIMI, chairman; Alliance of + Reform Forces of Macedonia (MARF), Sojan ANDOV, chairman; Socialist Party, + chairman NA; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - Democratic + Party for Macedonian National Unity (IMRO-DPMNU), Ljupco GEORGIEVSKI, + chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 27 January 1991 (next to be held NA); results - Kiro GLIGOREV won + Assembly: + last held 11 November 1990 (next to be held NA);results - percent of vote by + party NA; seats - (120 total) IMRO-DPMNU 37, SDA 31, PDP 25, MARF 17, Party + of Yugoslavs 1, Socialists 5, others 4 +Communists: + NA +Other political or pressure groups: + Movement for All Macedonian Action (MAAK), IMRU-Democratic Party, League for + Democracy, Albanian Democratic Union-Liberal Party +Member of: + none +Diplomatic representation: + has not been formerly recognized by the US +Flag: + NA + +:Macedonia Economy + +Overview: + Macedonia, although the poorest among the six republics of a disintegrated + Yugoslav federation, can meet basic food and energy needs through its own + agricultural and coal resources. As a breakaway republic, however, it will + move down toward a bare subsistence level of life unless economic ties are + reforged or enlarged with its neighbors Serbia, Albania, Greece, and + Bulgaria. The economy depends on outside sources for all of its oil and gas + and its modern machinery and parts. Continued political turmoil, both + internally and in the region as a whole, prevents any swift readjustments of + trade patterns and economic rules of the game. Inflation in early 1992 was + out of control, the result of fracturing trade links, the decline in + economic activity, and general uncertainties about the future status of the + country; prices rose 38% in March 1992 alone. Macedonia's geographical + isolation, technological backwardness, and political instability place it + far down the list of countries of interest to Western investors. Recognition + of Macedonia by the EC and an internal commitment to economic reform would + help to encourage foreign investment over the long run. +GDP: + $7.1 billion, per capita $3,110; real growth rate -18% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 20% (1991 est.) +Exports: + $578 million (1990) + commodities: + manufactured goods 40%, machinery and transport equipment 14%, miscellaneous + manufactured articles 23%, raw materials 7.6%, food (rice) and live animals + 5.7%, beverages and tobacco 4.5%, chemicals 4.7% + partners: + principally Serbia and the other former Yugoslav republics, Germany, Greece, + Albania +Imports: + $1,112 million (1990) + commodities: + fuels and lubricants 19%, manufactured goods 18%, machinery and transport + equipment 15%, food and live animals 14%, chemicals 11.4%, raw materials + 10%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 8.0%, beverages and tobacco 3.5% + partners: + other former Yugoslav republics, Greece, Albania, Germany, Bulgaria +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate -18% (1991 est.) +Electricity: + 1,600,000 kw capacity; 6,300 million kWh produced, 3,103 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + low levels of technology predominate, such as, oil refining by distillation + only; produces basic fuels; mining and manufacturing processes result in the + extraction and production of coal as well as metallic chromium, lead, zinc, + and ferronickel; light industry produces basic textiles, wood products, and + tobacco +Agriculture: + provides 12% of Macedonia's GDP and meets the basic need for food; principal + crops are rice, tobacco, wheat, corn, and millet; also grown are cotton, + sesame, mulberry leaves, citrus fruit, and vegetables; Macedonia is one of + the seven legal cultivators of the opium poppy for the world pharmaceutical + industry, including some exports to the US; agricultural production is + highly labor intensive + +:Macedonia Economy + +Illicit drugs: + NA +Economic aid: + $NA +Currency: + denar (plural - denars); 1 denar (NA) = 100 NA +Exchange rates: + denar (NA) per US$1 - 240 (January 1991) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Macedonia Communications + +Railroads: + NA +Highways: + 10,591 km total (1991); 5,091 km paved, 1,404 km gravel, 4,096 km earth +Inland waterways: + NA km +Pipelines: + none +Ports: + none - landlocked +Airports: + 2 main +Telecommunications: + 125,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 2 FM, 5 (2 relays) TV; + 370,000 radios, 325,000 TV; satellite communications ground stations - none + +:Macedonia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Air and Air Defense Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 590,613; NA fit for military service; 22,913 reach military age + (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - 7.0 billion dinars (est.), NA% of GDP (1992); + note - conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the current + exchange rate could produce misleading results + +:Madagascar Geography + +Total area: + 587,040 km2 +Land area: + 581,540 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of Arizona +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 4,828 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova + Island, and Tromelin Island (all administered by France) +Climate: + tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south +Terrain: + narrow coastal plain, high plateau and mountains in center +Natural resources: + graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, salt, quartz, tar sands, semiprecious + stones, mica, fish +Land use: + arable land 4%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 58%; forest and + woodland 26%; other 11%; includes irrigated 2% +Environment: + subject to periodic cyclones; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; + desertification +Note: + world's fourth-largest island; strategic location along Mozambique Channel + +:Madagascar People + +Population: + 12,596,263 (July 1992), growth rate 3.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + 46 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 14 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 93 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 51 years male, 55 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Malagasy (singular and plural); adjective - Malagasy +Ethnic divisions: + basic split between highlanders of predominantly Malayo-Indonesian origin + (Merina and related Betsileo) on the one hand and coastal tribes, + collectively termed the Cotiers, with mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and + Arab ancestry (Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), on the other; + there are also small French, Indian, Creole, and Comoran communities; no + current, accurate assessment of tribal numbers is available +Religions: + indigenous beliefs 52%, Christian about 41%, Muslim 7% +Languages: + French and Malagasy (official) +Literacy: + 80% (male 88%, female 73%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 4,900,000; 90% nonsalaried family workers engaged in subsistence + agriculture; 175,000 wage earners - agriculture 26%, domestic service 17%, + industry 15%, commerce 14%, construction 11%, services 9%, transportation + 6%, other 2%; 51% of population of working age (1985) +Organized labor: + 4% of labor force + +:Madagascar Government + +Long-form name: + Democratic Republic of Madagascar +Type: + republic +Capital: + Antananarivo +Administrative divisions: + 6 provinces (plural - NA, singular - faritanin'); Antananarivo, Antsiranana, + Fianarantsoa, Mahajanga, Toamasina, Toliary +Independence: + 26 June 1960 (from France; formerly Malagasy Republic) +Constitution: + 21 December 1975; note - a new constitution is to be in place before 1993 +Legal system: + based on French civil law system and traditional Malagasy law; has not + accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 26 June (1960) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral Popular National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale Populaire); note - + the National Assembly has suspended its operations during 1992 in + preparation for new legislative and presidential elections. In its place, an + interim High Authority of State and a Social and Economic Recovery Council + have been established +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme), High Constitutional Court (Haute Cour + Constitutionnelle) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Adm. Didier RATSIRAKA (since 15 June 1975) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Guy RASANAMAZY (since 8 August 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + some 30 political parties now exist in Madagascar, the most important of + which are the Advance Guard of the Malagasy Revolution (AREMA), Didier + RATSIRAKA; Congress Party for Malagasy Independence (AKFM), + RAKOTOVAO-ANDRIATIANA; Congress Party for Malagasy Independence-Revival + (AKFM-R), Pastor Richard ANDRIAMANJATO; Movement for National Unity (VONJY), + Dr. Marojama RAZANABAHINY; Malagasy Christian Democratic Union (UDECMA), + Norbert ANDRIAMORASATA; Militants for the Establishment of a Proletarian + Regime (MFM), Manandafy RAKOTONIRINA; National Movement for the Independence + of Madagascar (MONIMA), Monja JAONA; National Union for the Defense of + Democracy (UNDD), Albert ZAFY +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held on 12 March 1989 (next to be held NA 1992); results - Didier + RATSIRAKA (AREMA) 62%, Manandafy RAKOTONIRINA (MFM/MFT) 20%, Dr. Jerome + Marojama RAZANABAHINY (VONJY) 15%, Monja JAONA (MONIMA) 3% + Popular National Assembly: + last held on 28 May 1989 (next to be held 1992); results - AREMA 88.2%, MFM + 5.1%, AKFM 3.7%, VONJY 2.2%, other 0.8%; seats - (137 total) AREMA 120, MFM + 7, AKFM 5, VONJY 4, MONIMA 1 + +:Madagascar Government + +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, + IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, + OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Pierrot Jocelyn RAJAONARIVELO; Chancery at 2374 Massachusetts + Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-5525 or 5526; there is + a Malagasy Consulate General in New York + US: + Ambassador Howard K. WALKER; Embassy at 14 and 16 Rue Rainitovo, + Antsahavola, Antananarivo (mailing address is B. P. 620, Antananarivo); + telephone [261] (2) 212-57, 209-56, 200-89, 207-18 +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a vertical white band + of the same width on hoist side + +:Madagascar Economy + +Overview: + Madagascar is one of the poorest countries in the world. Agriculture, + including fishing and forestry, is the mainstay of the economy, accounting + for over 40% of GDP, employing about 80% of the labor force, and + contributing to more than 70% of total export earnings. Industry is largely + confined to the processing of agricultural products and textile + manufacturing; in 1990 it accounted for only 16% of GDP and employed almost + 5% of the labor force. In 1986 the government introduced a five-year + development plan that stressed self-sufficiency in food (mainly rice) by + 1990, increased production for exports, and reduced energy imports. After + mid-1991, however, output dropped sharply because of protracted + antigovernment strikes and demonstrations for political reform. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $2.4 billion, per capita $200; real growth rate + -3.8% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 10% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $390 million; expenditures $525 million, including capital + expenditures of $240 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $290 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + coffee 45%, vanilla 15%, cloves 11%, sugar, petroleum products + partners: + France, Japan, Italy, Germany, US +Imports: + $436 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + intermediate manufactures 30%, capital goods 28%, petroleum 15%, consumer + goods 14%, food 13% + partners: + France, Germany, UK, other EC, US +External debt: + $4.4 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5.2% (1990 est.); accounts for 16% of GDP +Electricity: + 125,000 kW capacity; 450 million kWh produced, 35 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + agricultural processing (meat canneries, soap factories, breweries, + tanneries, sugar refining plants), light consumer goods industries + (textiles, glassware), cement, automobile assembly plant, paper, petroleum +Agriculture: + accounts for 40% of GDP; cash crops - coffee, vanilla, sugarcane, cloves, + cocoa; food crops - rice, cassava, beans, bananas, peanuts; cattle raising + widespread; almost self-sufficient in rice +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis (cultivated and wild varieties) used mostly for + domestic consumption +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $136 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3,125 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $491 million +Currency: + Malagasy franc (plural - francs); 1 Malagasy franc (FMG) = 100 centimes + +:Madagascar Economy + +Exchange rates: + Malagasy francs (FMG) per US$1 - 1,943.4 (March 1992), 1,835.4 (1991), + 1,454.6 (December 1990), 1,603.4 (1989) , 1,407.1 (1988), 1,069.2 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Madagascar Communications + +Railroads: + 1,020 km 1.000-meter gauge +Highways: + 40,000 km total; 4,694 km paved, 811 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized + soil, 34,495 km improved and unimproved earth (est.) +Inland waterways: + of local importance only; isolated streams and small portions of Canal des + Pangalanes +Ports: + Toamasina, Antsiranana, Mahajanga, Toliara +Merchant marine: + 14 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 59,255 GRT/81,509 DWT; includes 9 + cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 1 + liquefied gas +Civil air: + 8 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 148 total, 103 usable; 30 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 34 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + above average system includes open-wire lines, coaxial cables, radio relay, + and troposcatter links; submarine cable to Bahrain; satellite earth stations + - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and broadcast stations - 17 AM, 3 FM, 1 (36 + repeaters) TV + +:Madagascar Defense Forces + +Branches: + Popular Armed Forces (including Intervention Forces, Development Forces, + Aeronaval Forces - including Navy and Air Force), Gendarmerie, Presidential + Security Regiment +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,730,713; 1,625,335 fit for military service; 114,687 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $37 million, 2.2% of GDP (1989 est.) + +:Malawi Geography + +Total area: + 118,480 km2 +Land area: + 94,080 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Pennsylvania +Land boundaries: + 2,881 km; Mozambique 1,569 km, Tanzania 475 km, Zambia 837 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + dispute with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) +Climate: + tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November) +Terrain: + narrow elongated plateau with rolling plains, rounded hills, some mountains +Natural resources: + limestone; unexploited deposits of uranium, coal, and bauxite +Land use: + arable land 25%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and + woodland 50%; other 5%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + deforestation +Note: + landlocked + +:Malawi People + +Population: + 9,605,342 (July 1992), growth rate 1.8% (1992); note - 900,000 Mozambican + refugees in Malawi (1990 est.) +Birth rate: + 52 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 17 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -17 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 134 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 48 years male, 51 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 7.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Malawian(s); adjective - Malawian +Ethnic divisions: + Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuko, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni, Ngonde, Asian, + European +Religions: + Protestant 55%, Roman Catholic 20%, Muslim 20%; traditional indigenous + beliefs are also practiced +Languages: + English and Chichewa (official); other languages important regionally +Literacy: + 22% (male 34%, female 12%) age 15 and over can read and write (1966) +Labor force: + 428,000 wage earners; agriculture 43%, manufacturing 16%, personal services + 15%, commerce 9%, construction 7%, miscellaneous services 4%, other + permanently employed 6% (1986) +Organized labor: + small minority of wage earners are unionized + +:Malawi Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Malawi +Type: + one-party state +Capital: + Lilongwe +Administrative divisions: + 24 districts; Blantyre, Chikwawa, Chiradzulu, Chitipa, Dedza, Dowa, Karonga, + Kasungu, Lilongwe, Machinga (Kasupe), Mangochi, Mchinji, Mulanje, Mwanza, + Mzimba, Ntcheu, Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota, Nsanje, Ntchisi, Rumphi, Salima, + Thyolo, Zomba +Independence: + 6 July 1964 (from UK; formerly Nyasaland) +Constitution: + 6 July 1964; republished as amended January 1974 +Legal system: + based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of + legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Appeal; has not accepted compulsory + ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 6 July (1964) +Executive branch: + president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly +Judicial branch: + High Court, Supreme Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Dr. Hastings Kamuzu BANDA (since 6 July 1966; sworn in as + President for Life 6 July 1971) +Political parties and leaders: + only party - Malawi Congress Party (MCP), Wadson DELEZA, administrative + secretary; John TEMBO, treasurer general; top party position of secretary + general vacant since 1983 +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + President: + President BANDA sworn in as President for Life on 6 July 1971 + National Assembly: + last held 27-28 May 1987 (next to be held by May 1992); results - MCP is the + only party; seats - (133 total, 112 elected) MCP 133 +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, + ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, + NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Robert B. MBAYA; Chancery at 2408 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 797-1007 + US: + Ambassador Michael T. F. PISTOR; Embassy in new capital city development + area, address NA (mailing address is P. O. Box 30016, Lilongwe); telephone + [265] 730-166; FAX [265] 732-282 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green with a radiant, + rising, red sun centered in the black band; similar to the flag of + Afghanistan, which is longer and has the national coat of arms superimposed + on the hoist side of the black and red bands + +:Malawi Economy + +Overview: + Landlocked Malawi ranks among the world's least developed countries. The + economy is predominately agricultural, with about 90% of the population + living in rural areas. Agriculture accounts for 40% of GDP and 90% of export + revenues. After two years of weak performance, economic growth improved + significantly in 1988-91 as a result of good weather and a broadly based + economic adjustment effort by the government. The economy depends on + substantial inflows of economic assistance from the IMF, the World Bank, and + individual donor nations. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.9 billion, per capita $200; growth rate 4.2% + (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 9% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $398 million; expenditures $510 million, including capital + expenditures of $154 million (FY91 est.) +Exports: + $390 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + tobacco, tea, sugar, coffee, peanuts + partners: + US, UK, Zambia, South Africa, Germany +Imports: + $560 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + food, petroleum, semimanufactures, consumer goods, transportation equipment + partners: + South Africa, Japan, US, UK, Zimbabwe +External debt: + $1.8 billion (December 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 4.0% (1990 est.); accounts for about 18% of GDP (1988) +Electricity: + 185,000 kW capacity; 550 million kWh produced, 60 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + agricultural processing (tea, tobacco, sugar), sawmilling, cement, consumer + goods +Agriculture: + accounts for 40% of GDP; cash crops - tobacco, sugarcane, cotton, tea, and + corn; subsistence crops - potatoes, cassava, sorghum, pulses; livestock - + cattle and goats +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $215 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2,150 million +Currency: + Malawian kwacha (plural - kwacha); 1 Malawian kwacha (MK) = 100 tambala +Exchange rates: + Malawian kwacha (MK) per US$1 - 2.7200 (January 1992), 2.8033 (1991), 2.7289 + (1990), 2.7595 (1989), 2.5613 (1988), 2.2087 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Malawi Communications + +Railroads: + 789 km 1.067-meter gauge +Highways: + 13,135 km total; 2,364 km paved; 251 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized + soil; 10,520 km earth and improved earth +Inland waterways: + Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi); Shire River, 144 km +Ports: + Chipoka, Monkey Bay, Nkhata Bay, and Nkotakota - all on Lake Nyasa (Lake + Malawi) +Civil air: + 5 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 48 total, 43 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fair system of open-wire lines, radio relay links, and radio communications + stations; 42,250 telephones; broadcast stations - 10 AM, 17 FM, no TV; + satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT +Note: + a majority of exports would normally go through Mozambique on the Beira or + Nacala railroads, but now most go through South Africa because of insurgent + activity and damage to rail lines + +:Malawi Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army (including Air Wing and Naval Detachment), Police (including + paramilitary Mobile Force Unit), paramilitary Malawi Young Pioneers +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,000,406; 1,016,901 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $22 million, 1.6% of GDP (1989 est.) + +:Malaysia Geography + +Total area: + 329,750 km2 +Land area: + 328,550 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than New Mexico +Land boundaries: + 2,669 km; Brunei 381 km, Indonesia 1,782, Thailand 506 km +Coastline: + 4,675 km; Peninsular Malaysia 2,068 km, East Malaysia 2,607 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation, specified boundary in the South + China Sea + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, + Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; State of Sabah claimed by + the Philippines; Brunei may wish to purchase the Malaysian salient that + divides Brunei into two parts; two islands in dispute with Singapore +Climate: + tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to + February) monsoons +Terrain: + coastal plains rising to hills and mountains +Natural resources: + tin, crude oil, timber, copper, iron ore, natural gas, bauxite +Land use: + arable land 3%; permanent crops 10%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest and + woodland 63%; other 24%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + subject to flooding; air and water pollution +Note: + strategic location along Strait of Malacca and southern South China Sea + +:Malaysia People + +Population: + 18,410,920 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 29 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 27 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 66 years male, 71 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Malaysian(s); adjective - Malaysian +Ethnic divisions: + Malay and other indigenous 59%, Chinese 32%, Indian 9% +Religions: + Peninsular Malaysia - Malays nearly all Muslim, Chinese predominantly + Buddhists, Indians predominantly Hindu; Sabah - Muslim 38%, Christian 17%, + other 45%; Sarawak - tribal religion 35%, Buddhist and Confucianist 24%, + Muslim 20%, Christian 16%, other 5% +Languages: + Peninsular Malaysia - Malay (official); English, Chinese dialects, Tamil; + Sabah - English, Malay, numerous tribal dialects, Mandarin and Hakka + dialects predominate among Chinese; Sarawak - English, Malay, Mandarin, + numerous tribal languages +Literacy: + 78% (male 86%, female 70%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 7,258,000 (1991 est.) +Organized labor: + 640,000; 10% of total labor force (1990) + +:Malaysia Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + Federation of Malaysia formed 9 July 1963; constitutional monarchy nominally + headed by the paramount ruler (king) and a bicameral Parliament; Peninsular + Malaysian states - hereditary rulers in all but Melaka, where governors are + appointed by Malaysian Pulau Pinang Government; powers of state governments + are limited by federal Constitution; Sabah - self-governing state, holds 20 + seats in House of Representatives, with foreign affairs, defense, internal + security, and other powers delegated to federal government; Sarawak - + self-governing state within Malaysia, holds 27 seats in House of + Representatives, with foreign affairs, defense, internal security, and other + powers delegated to federal government +Capital: + Kuala Lumpur +Administrative divisions: + 13 states (negeri-negeri, singular - negeri) and 2 federal territories* + (wilayah-wilayah persekutuan, singular - wilayah persekutuan); Johor, Kedah, + Kelantan, Labuan*, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Pulau + Pinang, Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor, Terengganu, Wilayah Persekutuan* +Independence: + 31 August 1957 (from UK) +Constitution: + 31 August 1957, amended 16 September 1963 when Federation of Malaya became + Federation of Malaysia +Legal system: + based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the + Supreme Court at request of supreme head of the federation; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 31 August (1957) +Executive branch: + paramount ruler, deputy paramount ruler, prime minister, deputy prime + minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament (Parlimen) consists of an upper house or Senate (Dewan + Negara) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Paramount Ruler AZLAN Muhibbuddin Shah ibni Sultan Yusof Izzudin (since 26 + April 1989); Deputy Paramount Ruler JA'AFAR ibni Abdul Rahman (since 26 + April 1989) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Dr. MAHATHIR bin Mohamad (since 16 July 1981); Deputy Prime + Minister Abdul GHAFAR Bin Baba (since 7 May 1986) +Political parties and leaders: + Peninsular Malaysia: + National Front, a confederation of 13 political parties dominated by United + Malays National Organization Baru (UMNO Baru), MAHATHIR bin Mohamad; + Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), LING Liong Sik; Gerakan Rakyat + Malaysia, Datuk LIM Keng Yaik; Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), Datuk S. + Samy VELLU + Sabah: + Berjaya Party, Datuk Haji Mohammed NOOR Mansor; Bersatu Sabah (PBS), Joseph + Pairin KITINGAN; United Sabah National Organizaton (USNO), leader NA + +:Malaysia Government + + Sarawak: + coalition Sarawak National Front composed of the Party Pesaka Bumiputra + Bersatu (PBB), Datuk Patinggi Amar Haji Abdul TAIB Mahmud; Sarawak United + People's Party (SUPP), Datuk Amar James WONG Soon Kai; Sarawak National + Party (SNAP), Datuk Amar James WONG; Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak (PBDS), Datuk + Leo MOGGIE; major opposition parties are Democratic Action Party (DAP), LIM + Kit Siang and Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), Fadzil NOOR +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held 21 October 1990 (next to be held by August 1995); results - + National Front 52%, other 48%; seats - (180 total) National Front 127, DAP + 20, PAS 7, independents 4, other 22; note - within the National Front, UMNO + got 71 seats and MCA 18 seats +Member of: + APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, + INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, + UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Abdul MAJID Mohamed; Chancery at 2401 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 328-2700; there are Malaysian + Consulates General in Los Angeles and New York + US: + Ambassador Paul M. CLEVELAND; Embassy at 376 Jalan Tun Razak, 50400 Kuala + Lumpur (mailing address is P. O. Box No. 10035, 50700 Kuala Lumpur); + telephone [60] (3) 248-9011; FAX [60] (3) 242-2207 +Flag: + fourteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top) alternating with white + (bottom); there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a + yellow crescent and a yellow fourteen-pointed star; the crescent and the + star are traditional symbols of Islam; the design was based on the flag of + the US + +:Malaysia Economy + +Overview: + During the period 1988-91 booming exports helped Malaysia continue to + recover from the severe 1985-86 recession. Real output grew by 8.8% in 1989, + 10% in 1990, and 8.6% in 1991, helped by vigorous growth in manufacturing + output, further increases in foreign direct investment - particularly from + Japanese and Taiwanese firms facing higher costs at home - and increased oil + production. Malaysia has become the world's third-largest producer of + semiconductor devices (after the US and Japan) and the world's largest + exporter of semiconductor devices. Inflation has remained low; unemployment + has stood at 6% of the labor force; and the government has followed prudent + fiscal/monetary policies. The country is not self-sufficient in food, and + some of the rural population subsist at the poverty level. Malaysia's high + export dependence leaves it vulnerable to a recession in the OECD countries + or a fall in world commodity prices. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $48.0 billion, per capita $2,670; real growth + rate 8.6% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.5% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 5.8% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $12.2 billion; expenditures $14.4 billion, including capital + expenditures of $3.2 billion (1991 est.) +Exports: + $35.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + electrical manufactures, crude petroleum, timber, rubber, palm oil, textiles + partners: + Singapore, US, Japan, EC +Imports: + $38.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + food, crude oil, consumer goods, intermediate goods, capital equipment, + chemicals + partners: + Japan, US, Singapore, Germany, UK +External debt: + $21.3 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 18% (1990); accounts for 40% of GDP +Electricity: + 5,600,000 kW capacity; 16,500 million kWh produced, 940 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + Peninsular Malaysia: + rubber and oil palm processing and manufacturing, light manufacturing + industry, electronics, tin mining and smelting, logging and processing + timber + Sabah: + logging, petroleum production + Sarawak: + agriculture processing, petroleum production and refining, logging +Agriculture: + Peninsular Malaysia: + natural rubber, palm oil, rice + Sabah: + mainly subsistence, but also rubber, timber, coconut, rice + +:Malaysia Economy + + Sarawak: + rubber, timber, pepper; there is a deficit of rice in all areas; fish catch + of 608,000 metric tons in 1987 +Illicit drugs: + transit point for Golden Triangle heroin going to the US, Western Europe, + and the Third World +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-84), $170 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.7 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $42 million +Currency: + ringgit (plural - ringgits); 1 ringgit (M$) = 100 sen +Exchange rates: + ringgits (M$) per US$1 - 2.6930 (January 1992), 2.7501 (1991), 1.7048 + (1990), 2.7088 (1989), 2.6188 (1988), 2.5196 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Malaysia Communications + +Railroads: + Peninsular Malaysia: + 1,665 km 1.04-meter gauge; 13 km double track, government owned +Railroads: + Sabah: + 136 km 1.000-meter gauge +Highways: + Peninsular Malaysia: + 23,600 km (19,352 km hard surfaced, mostly bituminous-surface treatment, and + 4,248 km unpaved) + Sabah: + 3,782 km + Sarawak: + 1,644 km +Inland waterways: + Peninsular Malaysia: + 3,209 km + Sabah: + 1,569 km + Sarawak: + 2,518 km +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,307 km; natural gas 379 km +Ports: + Tanjong Kidurong, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching, Pasir Gudang, Penang, Port Kelang, + Sandakan, Tawau +Merchant marine: + 167 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,653,633 GRT/2,444,393 DWT; includes + 1 passenger-cargo, 1 short-sea passenger, 64 cargo, 27 container, 2 vehicle + carrier, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 1 livestock carrier, 37 petroleum tanker, 5 + chemical tanker, 6 liquefied gas, 21 bulk +Civil air: + 53 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 115 total, 108 usable; 33 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways + over 3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 18 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + good intercity service provided to Peninsular Malaysia mainly by radio + relay; adequate intercity radio relay network between Sabah and Sarawak via + Brunei; international service good; good coverage by radio and television + broadcasts; 994,860 telephones (1984); broadcast stations - 28 AM, 3 FM, 33 + TV; submarine cables extend to India and Sarawak; SEACOM submarine cable + links to Hong Kong and Singapore; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean + INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, and 2 domestic + +:Malaysia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Malaysian Army, Royal Malaysian Navy, Royal Malaysian Air Force, Royal + Malaysian Police Force, Marine Police, Sarawak Border Scouts +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 4,728,103; 2,878,574 fit for military service; 179,486 reach + military age (21) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $2.4 billion, about 5% of GDP (1992 budget) + +:Maldives Geography + +Total area: + 300 km2 +Land area: + 300 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 644 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 35-310 nm (defined by geographic coordinates; segment of zone coincides with + maritime boundary with India) + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, + southwest monsoon (June to August) +Terrain: + flat with elevations only as high as 2.5 meters +Natural resources: + fish +Land use: + arable land 10%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and + woodland 3%; other 84% +Environment: + 1,200 coral islands grouped into 19 atolls +Note: + archipelago of strategic location astride and along major sea lanes in + Indian Ocean + +:Maldives People + +Population: + 234,371 (July 1992), growth rate 3.7% (1992) +Birth rate: + 45 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 61 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 62 years male, 64 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Maldivian(s); adjective - Maldivian +Ethnic divisions: + Maldivians are a generally homogenous admixture of Sinhalese, Dravidian, + Arab, Austrolasian, and African +Religions: + Sunni Muslim +Languages: + Divehi (dialect of Sinhala; script derived from Arabic); English spoken by + most government officials +Literacy: + 92% (male 92%, female 92%) age 15 and over can read and write (1985) +Labor force: + 66,000 (est.); 25% engaged in fishing industry +Organized labor: + none + +:Maldives Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Maldives +Type: + republic +Capital: + Male +Administrative divisions: + 19 district (atolls); Aliff, Baa, Daalu, Faafu, Gaafu Aliff, Gaafu Daalu, + Haa Aliff, Haa Daalu, Kaafu, Laamu, Laviyani, Meemu, Naviyani, Noonu, Raa, + Seenu, Shaviyani, Thaa, Waavu +Independence: + 26 July 1965 (from UK) +Constitution: + 4 June 1964 +Legal system: + based on Islamic law with admixtures of English common law primarily in + commercial matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 26 July (1965) +Executive branch: + president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Citizens' Council (Majlis) +Judicial branch: + High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM (since 11 November 1978) +Political parties and leaders: + no organized political parties; country governed by the Didi clan for the + past eight centuries +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + President: + last held 23 September 1988 (next to be held September 1994); results - + President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM reelected + Citizens' Council: + last held on 7 December 1989 (next to be held 7 December 1994); results - + percent of vote NA; seats - (48 total, 40 elected) +Member of: + AsDB, C, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IMF, + IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OIC, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, + WHO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Maldives does not maintain an embassy in the US, but does have a UN mission + in New York + US: + the US Ambassador to Sri Lanka is accredited to Maldives and makes periodic + visits there; US Consular Agency, Midhath Hilmy, Male; telephone 2581 +Flag: + red with a large green rectangle in the center bearing a vertical white + crescent; the closed side of the crescent is on the hoist side of the flag + +:Maldives Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based on fishing, tourism, and shipping. Agriculture is + limited to the production of a few subsistence crops that provide only 10% + of food requirements. Fishing is the largest industry, employing 25% of the + work force and accounting for over 60% of exports; it is also an important + source of government revenue. During the 1980s tourism has become one of the + most important and highest growth sectors of the economy. In 1988 industry + accounted for about 5% of GDP. Real GDP is officially estimated to have + increased by about 10% annually during the period 1974-90. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $174 million, per capita $770 (1988); real growth + rate 10.1% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 10.7% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NEGL% +Budget: + revenues $67 million; expenditures $82 million, including capital + expenditures of $45 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $52.0 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + fish 57%, clothing 25% + partners: + US, UK, Sri Lanka +Imports: + $128.9 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + consumer goods 54%, intermediate and capital goods 33%, petroleum products + 13% + partners: + Singapore, Germany, Sri Lanka, India +External debt: + $70 million (December 1989) +Industrial production: + growth rate -5.0% (1988); accounts for 6% of GDP +Electricity: + 5,000 kW capacity; 11 million kWh produced, 50 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + fishing and fish processing, tourism, shipping, boat building, some coconut + processing, garments, woven mats, coir (rope), handicrafts +Agriculture: + accounts for almost 30% of GDP (including fishing); fishing more important + than farming; limited production of coconuts, corn, sweet potatoes; most + staple foods must be imported; fish catch of 67,000 tons (1990 est.) +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $28 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $125 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $14 million +Currency: + rufiyaa (plural - rufiyaa); 1 rufiyaa (Rf) = 100 laaris +Exchange rates: + rufiyaa (Rf) per US$1 - 10.234 (January 1992), 10.253 (1991), 9.509 (1990), + 9.0408 (1989), 8.7846 (1988), 9.2230 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Maldives Communications + +Highways: + Male has 9.6 km of coral highways within the city +Ports: + Male, Gan +Merchant marine: + 13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 37,293 GRT/56,246 DWT; includes 11 + cargo, 1 container, 1 petroleum tanker +Civil air: + 1 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 2 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m +Telecommunications: + minimal domestic and international facilities; 2,804 telephones; broadcast + stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Maldives Defense Forces + +Branches: + National Security Service (paramilitary police force) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 52,195; 29,162 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.8 million, NA% of GDP (1984 est.) + +:Mali Geography + +Total area: + 1,240,000 km2 +Land area: + 1,220,000 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of Texas +Land boundaries: + 7,243 km; Algeria 1,376 km, Burkina 1,000 km, Guinea 858 km, Ivory Coast 532 + km, Mauritania 2,237 km, Niger 821 km, Senegal 419 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + the disputed international boundary between Burkina and Mali was submitted + to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in October 1983 and the ICJ + issued its final ruling in December 1986, which both sides agreed to accept; + Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary demarcation, including the + tripoint with Niger +Climate: + subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy, humid, and mild + June to November; cool and dry November to February +Terrain: + mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna in south, + rugged hills in northeast +Natural resources: + gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium; bauxite, iron ore, + manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploited +Land use: + arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 25%; forest and + woodland 7%; other 66%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + hot, dust-laden harmattan; haze common during dry seasons; desertification +Note: + landlocked + +:Mali People + +Population: + 8,641,178 (July 1992), growth rate 2.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 52 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 21 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -5 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 110 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 43 years male, 47 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 7.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Malian(s); adjective - Malian +Ethnic divisions: + Mande (Bambara, Malinke, Sarakole) 50%, Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%, Songhai 6%, + Tuareg and Moor 5%, other 10% +Religions: + Muslim 90%, indigenous beliefs 9%, Christian 1% +Languages: + French (official); Bambara spoken by about 80% of the population; numerous + African languages +Literacy: + 32% (male 41%, female 24%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 2,666,000 (1986 est.); agriculture 80%, services 19%, industry and commerce + 1% (1981); 50% of population of working age (1985) +Organized labor: + National Union of Malian Workers (UNTM) is umbrella organization for over 13 + national unions + +:Mali Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Mali +Type: + republic; an interim government appointed by the national reform conference + has organized a series of democratic elections and is scheduled to hand over + power to an elected government on 26 March 1992 +Capital: + Bamako +Administrative divisions: + 8 regions (regions, singular - region); Gao, Kayes, Kidal, Koulikoro, Mopti, + Segou, Sikasso, Tombouctou +Independence: + 22 September 1960 (from France; formerly French Sudan) +Constitution: + 2 June 1974, effective 19 June 1979; amended September 1981 and March 1985; + new constitution presented during national reform conference in August 1991; + a constitutional referendum is scheduled for 16 January 1992 +Legal system: + based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review of + legislative acts in Constitutional Section of Court of State; has not + accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Proclamation of the Republic, 22 September (1960) +Executive branch: + Transition Committee for the Salvation of the People (CTSP) composed of 25 + members, predominantly civilian +Legislative branch: + Transition Committee for the Salvation of the People (CTSP) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Lt. Col. Amadou Toumani TOURE + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Soumana SAKO (since 2 April 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + formerly the only party, the Democratic Union of Malian People (UDPM), was + disbanded after the coup of 26 March 1991, and the new regime legalized the + formation of political parties on 5 April 1991; new political parties are + Union of Democratic Forces (UFD), Demba DIALLO; Union for Democracy and + Development (UDD), Moussa Bala COULIBALY; Sudanese Union/African Democratic + Rally (US-RDA), Mamadou Madeira KEITA; African Party for Solidarity and + Justice (ADEMA), Alpha Oumar KONARE; Party for Democracy and Progress (PDP), + Idrissa TRAORE; Democratic Party for Justice (PDJ), Abdul BA; Rally for + Democracy and Progress (RDP), Almany SYLLA; Party for the Unity of Malian + People (PUPM), Nock AGATTIA; Hisboulah al Islamiya, Hamidou DRAMERA; Union + of Progressive Forces (UFP), Yacouba SIDIBE; National Congress of Democratic + Initiative (CNID), Mountaga TALL; Assembly for Justice and Progress, Kady + DRAME; Sudanese Progressive Party (PPS), Sekene Mody SISSOKO; numerous small + parties formed in 1991; 46 total parties +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + President: + last held on 9 June 1985 (next to be held March 1992); results - Gen. Moussa + TRAORE was reelected without opposition + +:Mali Government + + National Assembly: + last held on 26 June 1988 (next to be held NA 1992); results - UDPM was the + only party; seats - (82 total) UDPM 82; note - following the military coup + of 26 March 1991, President TRAORE was deposed and the UDPM was disbanded; + the 25-member CTSP has instituted a multiparty system, and presidential + elections are to be held on 26 March 1992 and legislative elections on 9 + February 1992 (new National Assembly to have 116 seats) +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, + OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Mohamed Alhousseyni TOURE; Chancery at 2130 R Street NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-2249 or 939-8950 + US: + Ambassador Herbert D. GELBER; Embassy at Rue Rochester NY and Rue Mohamed + V., Bamako (mailing address is B. P. 34, Bamako); telephone [223] 225470; + FAX [233] 22-80-59 +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red; uses the + popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia + +:Mali Economy + +Overview: + Mali is among the poorest countries in the world, with about 70% of its land + area desert or semidesert. Economic activity is largely confined to the + riverine area irrigated by the Niger. About 10% of the population live as + nomads and some 80% of the labor force is engaged in agriculture and + fishing. Industrial activity is concentrated on processing farm commodities. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $2.2 billion, per capita $265; real growth rate + 2.2% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + -1.6% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $329 million; expenditures $519 million, including capital + expenditures of $178 (1989 est.) +Exports: + $285 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) + commodities: + livestock, peanuts, dried fish, cotton, skins + partners: + mostly franc zone and Western Europe +Imports: + $513 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) + commodities: + textiles, vehicles, petroleum products, machinery, sugar, cereals + partners: + mostly franc zone and Western Europe +External debt: + $2.2 billion (1989 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 19.9% (1989 est.); accounts for 7% of GDP +Electricity: + 260,000 kW capacity; 750 million kWh produced, 90 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + small local consumer goods and processing, construction, phosphate, gold, + fishing +Agriculture: + accounts for 50% of GDP; most production based on small subsistence farms; + cotton and livestock products account for over 70% of exports; other crops - + millet, rice, corn, vegetables, peanuts; livestock - cattle, sheep, and + goats +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $349 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3,020 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $92 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $190 + million +Currency: + Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) + = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January + 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 + (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Mali Communications + +Railroads: + 642 km 1.000-meter gauge; linked to Senegal's rail system through Kayes +Highways: + about 15,700 km total; 1,670 km paved, 3,670 km gravel and improved earth, + 10,360 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 1,815 km navigable +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 35 total, 27 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + domestic system poor but improving; provides only minimal service with radio + relay, wire, and radio communications stations; expansion of radio relay in + progress; 11,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV; + satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean + INTELSAT + +:Mali Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Air Force, Gendarmerie, Republican Guard, National Guard, National + Police, Surete Nationale +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,701,050; 966,293 fit for military service; no conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $41 million, 2% of GDP (1989) + +:Malta Geography + +Total area: + 320 km2 +Land area: + 320 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 140 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive fishing zone: + 25 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + Mediterranean with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers +Terrain: + mostly low, rocky, flat to dissected plains; many coastal cliffs +Natural resources: + limestone, salt +Land use: + arable land 38%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 59%; includes irrigated 3% +Environment: + numerous bays provide good harbors; fresh water very scarce - increasing + reliance on desalination +Note: + strategic location in central Mediterranean, 93 km south of Sicily, 290 km + north of Libya + +:Malta People + +Population: + 359,231 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992) +Birth rate: + 14 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 74 years male, 79 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Maltese (singular and plural); adjective - Maltese +Ethnic divisions: + mixture of Arab, Sicilian, Norman, Spanish, Italian, English +Religions: + Roman Catholic 98% +Languages: + Maltese and English (official) +Literacy: + 84% (male 86%, female 82%) age 15 and over can read and write (1985) +Labor force: + 127,200; government (excluding job corps) 37%, services 26%, manufacturing + 22%, training programs 9%, construction 4%, agriculture 2% (1990) +Organized labor: + about 40% of labor force + +:Malta Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Malta +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Valletta +Administrative divisions: + none (administration directly from Valletta) +Independence: + 21 September 1964 (from UK) +Constitution: + 26 April 1974, effective 2 June 1974 +Legal system: + based on English common law and Roman civil law; has accepted compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 21 September +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Constitutional Court and Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Vincent (Censu) TABONE (since 4 April 1989) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Dr. Edward (Eddie) FENECH ADAMI (since 12 May 1987); Deputy + Prime Minister Dr. Guido DE MARCO (since 14 May 1987) +Political parties and leaders: + Nationalist Party (NP), Edward FENECH ADAMI; Malta Labor Party (MLP), Alfred + SANT +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held on 22 February 1992 (next to be held by February 1997); results - + NP 51.8%, MLP 46.5%; seats - (usually 65 total) MLP 36, NP 29; note - + additional seats are given to the party with the largest popular vote to + ensure a legislative majority; current total 69 (MLP 33, NP 36 after + adjustment) +Member of: + C, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, ILO, + IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, + WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Albert BORG OLIVIER DE PUGET; Chancery at 2017 Connecticut Avenue + NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 462-3611 or 3612; there is a + Maltese Consulate General in New York + US: + Ambassador Sally J. NOVETZKE; Embassy at 2nd Floor, Development House, Saint + Anne Street, Floriana, Valletta (mailing address is P. O. Box 535, + Valletta); telephone [356] 240424, 240425, 243216, 243217, 243653, 223654; + FAX same as phone numbers +Flag: + two equal vertical bands of white (hoist side) and red; in the upper + hoist-side corner is a representation of the George Cross, edged in red + +:Malta Economy + +Overview: + Significant resources are limestone, a favorable geographic location, and a + productive labor force. Malta produces only about 20% of its food needs, has + limited freshwater supplies, and has no domestic energy sources. + Consequently, the economy is highly dependent on foreign trade and services. + Manufacturing and tourism are the largest contributors to the economy. + Manufacturing accounts for about 27% of GDP, with the electronics and + textile industries major contributors. In 1990 inflation was held to a low + 3.0%. Per capita GDP at $7,000 places Malta in the middle-income range of + the world's nations. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion, per capita $7,000 (1991 est.); real + growth rate 5.5% (1990) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.0% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 3.8% (1990) +Budget: + revenues $1.3 billion; expenditures $1.3 billion, including capital + expenditures of $380 million (1992 plan) +Exports: + $l.1 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + clothing, textiles, footwear, ships + partners: + Italy 30%, Germany 22%, UK 11% +Imports: + $2.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + food, petroleum, machinery and semimanufactured goods + partners: + Italy 30%, UK 16%, Germany 13%, US 4% +External debt: + $90 million, medium and long term (December 1987) +Industrial production: + growth rate 19.0% (1990); accounts for 27% of GDP +Electricity: + 328,000 kW capacity; 1,110 million kWh produced, 2,990 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + tourism, electronics, ship repair yard, construction, food manufacturing, + textiles, footwear, clothing, beverages, tobacco +Agriculture: + accounts for 3% of GDP; overall, 20% self-sufficient; main products - + potatoes, cauliflower, grapes, wheat, barley, tomatoes, citrus, cut flowers, + green peppers, hogs, poultry, eggs; generally adequate supplies of + vegetables, poultry, milk, pork products; seasonal or periodic shortages in + grain, animal fodder, fruits, other basic foodstuffs +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $172 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $336 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $76 million; Communist countries (1970-88), $48 + million +Currency: + Maltese lira (plural - liri); 1 Maltese lira (LM) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Maltese liri (LM) per US$1 - 0.3257 (March 1992), 0.3004 (1991), 0.3172 + (1990), 0.3483 (1989), 0.3306 (1988), 0.3451 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Malta Communications + +Highways: + 1,291 km total; 1,179 km paved (asphalt), 77 km crushed stone or gravel, 35 + km improved and unimproved earth +Ports: + Valletta, Marsaxlokk +Merchant marine: + 658 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,003,001 GRT/15,332,287 DWT; + includes 3 passenger, 13 short-sea passenger, 241 cargo, 14 container, 2 + passenger-cargo, 16 roll-on/roll-off, 2 vehicle carrier, 1 barge carrier, 15 + refrigerated cargo, 11 chemical tanker, 12 combination ore/oil, 2 + specialized tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 124 petroleum tanker, 176 bulk, 23 + combination bulk; note - a flag of convenience registry; China owns 2 ships, + former republics of the USSR own 52 ships, Cuba owns 10, Vietnam owns 6, + Yugoslavia owns 9, Romania owns 4 +Civil air: + 7 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m +Telecommunications: + automatic system satisfies normal requirements; 153,000 telephones; + excellent service by broadcast stations - 8 AM, 4 FM, and 2 TV; submarine + cable and radio relay between islands; international service by 1 submarine + cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Malta Defense Forces + +Branches: + Armed Forces, Maltese Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 95,661; 76,267 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $21.9 million, 1.3% of GDP (1989 est.) + +:Man, Isle of Geography + +Total area: + 588 km2 +Land area: + 588 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 113 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + cool summers and mild winters; humid; overcast about half the time +Terrain: + hills in north and south bisected by central valley +Natural resources: + lead, iron ore +Land use: + arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and + woodland NA%; other NA%; extensive arable land and forests +Environment: + strong westerly winds prevail +Note: + located in Irish Sea equidistant from England, Scotland, and Ireland + +:Man, Isle of People + +Population: + 64,068 (July 1992), growth rate 0.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 11 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 14 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 4 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 72 years male, 78 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Manxman, Manxwoman; adjective - Manx +Ethnic divisions: + native Manx of Norse-Celtic descent; British +Religions: + Anglican, Roman Catholic, Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian, Society of + Friends +Languages: + English, Manx Gaelic +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) but compulsory education ages 5 to 16 +Labor force: + 25,864 (1981) +Organized labor: + 22 labor unions patterned along British lines + +:Man, Isle of Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + British crown dependency +Capital: + Douglas +Administrative divisions: + none (British crown dependency) +Independence: + none (British crown dependency) +Constitution: + 1961, Isle of Man Constitution Act +Legal system: + English law and local statute +National holiday: + Tynwald Day, 5 July +Executive branch: + British monarch, lieutenant governor, prime minister, Executive Council + (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + bicameral Tynwald consists of an upper house or Legislative Council and a + lower house or House of Keys +Judicial branch: + High Court of Justice +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Lord of Mann Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by + Lieutenant Governor Air Marshal Sir Laurence JONES (since NA 1990) + Head of Government: + President of the Legislative Council Sir Charles KERRUISH (since NA 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + there is no party system and members sit as independents +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + House of Keys: + last held in 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote NA; + no party system; seats - (24 total) independents 24 +Member of: + none +Diplomatic representation: + none (British crown dependency) +Flag: + red with the Three Legs of Man emblem (Trinacria), in the center; the three + legs are joined at the thigh and bent at the knee; in order to have the toes + pointing clockwise on both sides of the flag, a two-sided emblem is used + ria), in the center; the three legs are joined at the thigh and bent at the + knee; in order to have the toes pointing clockwise on both sides of the + flag, a two-sided emblem is used + +:Man, Isle of Economy + +Overview: + Offshore banking, manufacturing, and tourism are key sectors of the economy. + The government's policy of offering incentives to high-technology companies + and financial institutions to locate on the island has paid off in expanding + employment opportunities in high-income industries. As a result, agriculture + and fishing, once the mainstays of the economy, have declined in their + shares of GNP. Banking now contributes over 20% to GNP and manufacturing + about 15%. Trade is mostly with the UK. +GNP: + exchange rate conversion - $490 million, per capita $7,573; real growth rate + NA% (1988) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + 1.5% (1988) +Budget: + revenues $130.4 million; expenditures $114.4 million, including capital + expenditures of $18.1 million (FY85 est.) +Exports: + $NA + commodities: + tweeds, herring, processed shellfish, meat + partners: + UK +Imports: + $NA + commodities: + timber, fertilizers, fish + partners: + UK +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 61,000 kW capacity; 190 million kWh produced, 2,930 kWh per capita (1989) +Industries: + an important offshore financial center; financial services, light + manufacturing, tourism +Agriculture: + cereals and vegetables; cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + Manx pound (plural - pounds); 1 Manx pound (#M) = 100 pence +Exchange rates: + Manx pounds (#M) per US$1 - 0.5799 (March 1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 + (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0. 6102 (1987); the Manx pound is at + par with the British pound +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Man, Isle of Communications + +Railroads: + 36 km electric track, 24 km steam track +Highways: + 640 km motorable roads +Ports: + Douglas, Ramsey, Peel +Merchant marine: + 79 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,436,196 GRT/2,479,432 DWT; includes + 12 cargo, 7 container, 10 roll-on/roll-off, 30 petroleum tanker, 4 chemical + tanker, 5 liquefied gas, 11 bulk; note - a captive register of the United + Kingdom, although not all ships on the register are British owned +Airports: + 1 total; 1 usable with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 24,435 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 4 FM, 4 TV + +:Man, Isle of Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +:Marshall Islands Geography + +Total area: + 181.3 km2 +Land area: + 181.3 km2; includes the atolls of Bikini, Eniwetok, and Kwajalein +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 370.4 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claims US territory of Wake Island +Climate: + wet season May to November; hot and humid; islands border typhoon belt +Terrain: + low coral limestone and sand islands +Natural resources: + phosphate deposits, marine products, deep seabed minerals +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 60%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 40% +Environment: + occasionally subject to typhoons; two archipelagic island chains of 30 + atolls and 1,152 islands +Note: + located 3,825 km southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean, about + two-thirds of the way between Hawaii and Papua New Guinea; Bikini and + Eniwetok are former US nuclear test sites; Kwajalein, the famous World War + II battleground, is now used as a US missile test range + +:Marshall Islands People + +Population: + 50,004 (July 1992), growth rate 3.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 47 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 52 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 61 years male, 64 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 7.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Marshallese (singular and plural); adjective - Marshallese +Ethnic divisions: + almost entirely Micronesian +Religions: + predominantly Christian, mostly Protestant +Languages: + English universally spoken and is the official language; two major + Marshallese dialects from Malayo-Polynesian family; Japanese +Literacy: + 93% (male 100%, female 88%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) +Labor force: + 4,800 (1986) +Organized labor: + none + +:Marshall Islands Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of the Marshall Islands +Type: + constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of + Free Association entered into force 21 October 1986 +Capital: + Majuro +Administrative divisions: + none +Independence: + 21 October 1986 (from the US-administered UN trusteeship; formerly the + Marshall Islands District of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands) +Constitution: + 1 May 1979 +Legal system: + based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, + common, and customary laws +National holiday: + Proclamation of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, 1 May (1979) +Executive branch: + president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Nitijela (parliament) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Amata KABUA (since 1979) +Political parties and leaders: + no formal parties; President KABUA is chief political (and traditional) + leader +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 6 January 1992 (next to be held NA; results - President Amata + KABUA was reelected + Parliament: + last held 18 November 1991 (next to be held November 1995); results - + percent of vote NA; seats - (33 total) +Member of: + AsDB, ESCAP (associate), ICAO, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Wilfred I. KENDALL; Chancery at 2433 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-5414 + US: + Ambassador William BODDE, Jr.; Embassy at NA address (mailing address is P. + O. Box 1379, Majuro, Republic of the Marshall Islands 96960-1379); telephone + (011) 692-4011; FAX (011) 692-4012 +Flag: + blue with two stripes radiating from the lower hoist-side corner - orange + (top) and white; there is a white star with four large rays and 20 small + rays on the hoist side above the two stripes + +:Marshall Islands Economy + +Overview: + Agriculture and tourism are the mainstays of the economy. Agricultural + production is concentrated on small farms, and the most important commercial + crops are coconuts, tomatoes, melons, and breadfruit. A few cattle ranches + supply the domestic meat market. Small-scale industry is limited to + handicrafts, fish processing, and copra. The tourist industry is the primary + source of foreign exchange and employs about 10% of the labor force. The + islands have few natural resources, and imports far exceed exports. In 1987 + the US Government provided grants of $40 million out of the Marshallese + budget of $55 million. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $63 million, per capita $1,500; real growth rate + NA% (1989 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $55 million; expenditures NA, including capital expenditures of NA + (1987 est.) +Exports: + $2.5 million (f.o.b., 1985) + commodities: + copra, copra oil, agricultural products, handicrafts + partners: + NA +Imports: + $29.2 million (c.i.f., 1985) + commodities: + foodstuffs, beverages, building materials + partners: + NA +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 42,000 kW capacity; 80 million kWh produced, 1,840 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + copra, fish, tourism; craft items from shell, wood, and pearls; offshore + banking (embryonic) +Agriculture: + coconuts, cacao, taro, breadfruit, fruits, copra; pigs, chickens +Economic aid: + under the terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US is to provide + approximately $40 million in aid annually +Currency: + US currency is used +Exchange rates: + US currency is used +Fiscal year: + 1 October - 30 September + +:Marshall Islands Communications + +Highways: + paved roads on major islands (Majuro, Kwajalein), otherwise stone-, coral-, + or laterite-surfaced roads and tracks +Ports: + Majuro +Merchant marine: + 32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,347,312 GRT/4,630,172 DWT; includes + 2 cargo, 1 container, 9 petroleum tanker, 18 bulk carrier, 2 combination + ore/oil; note - a flag of convenience registry +Airports: + 17 total, 16 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 8 with runways + 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + telephone network - 570 lines (Majuro) and 186 (Ebeye); telex services; + islands interconnected by shortwave radio (used mostly for government + purposes); broadcast stations - 1 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV, 1 shortwave; 2 Pacific + Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; US Government satellite communications system + on Kwajalein + +:Marshall Islands Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +:Martinique Geography + +Total area: + 1,100 km2 +Land area: + 1,060 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than six times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 290 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; moderated by trade winds; rainy season (June to October) +Terrain: + mountainous with indented coastline; dormant volcano +Natural resources: + coastal scenery and beaches, cultivable land +Land use: + arable land 10%; permanent crops 8%; meadows and pastures 30%; forest and + woodland 26%; other 26%; includes irrigated 5% +Environment: + subject to hurricanes, flooding, and volcanic activity that result in an + average of one major natural disaster every five years +Note: + located 625 km southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea + +:Martinique People + +Population: + 371,803 (July 1992), growth rate 1.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 19 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 75 years male, 81 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Martiniquais (singular and plural); adjective - Martiniquais +Ethnic divisions: + African and African-Caucasian-Indian mixture 90%, Caucasian 5%, East Indian, + Lebanese, Chinese less than 5% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 95%, Hindu and pagan African 5% +Languages: + French, Creole patois +Literacy: + 93% (male 92%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1982) +Labor force: + 100,000; service industry 31.7%, construction and public works 29.4%, + agriculture 13.1%, industry 7.3%, fisheries 2.2%, other 16.3% +Organized labor: + 11% of labor force + +:Martinique Government + +Long-form name: + Department of Martinique +Type: + overseas department of France +Capital: + Fort-de-France +Administrative divisions: + none (overseas department of France) +Independence: + none (overseas department of France) +Constitution: + 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) +Legal system: + French legal system +National holiday: + Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) +Executive branch: + government commissioner +Legislative branch: + unicameral General Council +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) + Head of Government: + Government Commissioner Jean Claude ROURE (since 5 May 1989); President of + the General Council Emile MAURICE (since NA 1988) +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + General Council: + last held in October 1988 (next to be held by March 1991); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (44 total) number of seats by party NA + Regional Assembly: + last held on 16 March 1986 (next to be held by March 1992); results - + UDF/RPR coalition 49.8%, PPM/FSM/PCM coalition 41.3%, other 8.9%; seats - + (41 total) PPM/FSM/PCM coalition 21, UDF/RPR coalition 20 + French Senate: + last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) UDF 1, PPM 1 + French National Assembly: + last held on 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (4 total) PPM 1, FSM 1, RPR 1, UDF 1 +Communists: + 1,000 (est.) +Other political or pressure groups: + Proletarian Action Group (GAP); Alhed Marie-Jeanne Socialist Revolution + Group (GRS); Martinique Independence Movement (MIM); Caribbean Revolutionary + Alliance (ARC); Central Union for Martinique Workers (CSTM), Marc Pulvar; + Frantz Fanon Circle; League of Workers and Peasants +Member of: + FZ, WCL +Diplomatic representation: + as an overseas department of France, Martiniquais interests are represented + in the US by France + +:Martinique Government + + US: + Consul General Raymond G. ROBINSON; Consulate General at 14 Rue Blenac, + Fort-de-France (mailing address is B. P. 561, Fort-de-France 97206); + telephone [596] 63-13-03 +Flag: + the flag of France is used + +:Martinique Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based on sugarcane, bananas, tourism, and light industry. + Agriculture accounts for about 12% of GDP and the small industrial sector + for 10%. Sugar production has declined, with most of the sugarcane now used + for the production of rum. Banana exports are increasing, going mostly to + France. The bulk of meat, vegetable, and grain requirements must be + imported, contributing to a chronic trade deficit that requires large annual + transfers of aid from France. Tourism has become more important than + agricultural exports as a source of foreign exchange. The majority of the + work force is employed in the service sector and in administration. In 1986 + per capita GDP was relatively high at $6,000. During 1986 the unemployment + rate was 30% and was particularly severe among younger workers. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $2.0 billion, per capita $6,000; real growth rate + NA% (1986) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.9% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + 30% (1986) +Budget: + revenues $268 million; expenditures $268 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1989 est.) +Exports: + $196 million (f.o.b., 1988) + commodities: + refined petroleum products, bananas, rum, pineapples + partners: + France 65%, Guadeloupe 24%, Germany (1987) +Imports: + $1.3 billion (c.i.f., 1988) + commodities: + petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials, vehicles, clothing + and other consumer goods + partners: + France 65%, UK, Italy, Germany, Japan, US (1987) +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 113,100 kW capacity; 588 million kWh produced, 1,703 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + construction, rum, cement, oil refining, sugar, tourism +Agriculture: + including fishing and forestry, accounts for about 12% of GDP; principal + crops - pineapples, avocados, bananas, flowers, vegetables, and sugarcane + for rum; dependent on imported food, particularly meat and vegetables +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $10.1 billion +Currency: + French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.3801 (January 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 + (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Martinique Communications + +Highways: + 1,680 km total; 1,300 km paved, 380 km gravel and earth +Ports: + Fort-de-France +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 2 total; 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway + 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways less than 2,439 m +Telecommunications: + domestic facilities are adequate; 68,900 telephones; interisland radio relay + links to Guadeloupe, Dominica, and Saint Lucia; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 6 + FM, 10 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations + +:Martinique Defense Forces + +Branches: + French Forces, Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 95,235; NA fit for military service +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +:Mauritania Geography + +Total area: + 1,030,700 km2 +Land area: + 1,030,400 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than three times the size of New Mexico +Land boundaries: + 5,074 km; Algeria 463 km, Mali 2,237 km, Senegal 813 km, Western Sahara + 1,561 km +Coastline: + 754 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + edge of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + boundary with Senegal +Climate: + desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty +Terrain: + mostly barren, flat plains of the Sahara; some central hills +Natural resources: + iron ore, gypsum, fish, copper, phosphate +Land use: + arable land 1%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 38%; forest and + woodland 5%; other 56%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind blows primarily in March and April; + desertification; only perennial river is the Senegal + +:Mauritania People + +Population: + 2,059,187 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 48 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 17 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 89 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 44 years male, 50 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 7.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Mauritanian(s); adjective - Mauritanian +Ethnic divisions: + mixed Maur/black 40%, Maur 30%, black 30% +Religions: + Muslim, nearly 100% +Languages: + Hasaniya Arabic (official); Hasaniya Arabic, Pular, Soninke, Wolof + (official) +Literacy: + 34% (male 47%, female 21%) age 10 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 465,000 (1981 est.); 45,000 wage earners (1980); agriculture 47%, services + 29%, industry and commerce 14%, government 10%; 53% of population of working + age (1985) +Organized labor: + 30,000 members claimed by single union, Mauritanian Workers' Union + +:Mauritania Government + +Long-form name: + Islamic Republic of Mauritania +Type: + republic; military first seized power in bloodless coup 10 July 1978; a + palace coup that took place on 12 December 1984 brought President Taya to + power; he was elected in 1992 +Capital: + Nouakchott +Administrative divisions: + 12 regions(regions, singular - region); Adrar, Assaba, Brakna, Dakhlet + Nouadhibou, Gorgol, Guidimaka, Hodh ech Chargui, Hodh el Gharbi, Inchiri, + Tagant, Tiris Zemmour, Trarza; note - there may be a new capital district of + Nouakchott +Independence: + 28 November 1960 (from France) +Constitution: + currently 12 July 1991; 20 May 1961 Constitution abrogated after coup of 10 + July 1978; provisional constitution published 17 December 1980 but abandoned + in 1981; constitutional charter published 27 February 1985 after Taya came + to power; latest constitution approved after general referendum 12 July 1991 +Legal system: + based on Islamic law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 28 November (1960) +Executive branch: + president +Legislative branch: + National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) and Senate +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Col. Maaouya Ould Sid`Ahmed TAYA (since 12 December 1984) +Political parties and leaders: + legalized by constitution passed 12 July 1991; emerging parties include + Democratic and Social Republican Party (PRDS), led by President Col. Maaouya + Ould Sid`Ahmed TAYA; Union of Democratic Forces (UDF), coalition of seven + opposition factions, three leaders: Mohameden Ould BABAH, Diop Mamadou + AMADOU, and Messoud Ould BOULKHEIR; Assembly for Democracy (RDU), Mohamed + Ould SIDI BABA; Rally for Democracy and Unity (RDUN), Mohamed Ould Sidi + BABA; Popular Social and Democratic Union (UPSD), Mohamed Mahmoud Ould MAH; + Progressive Popular Alliance (APP), Taleb Ould Jiddou Ould Mohamed LAGHDAF; + Mauritanian Party for Renewal (PMR), Moulaye El Hassan Ould JEYID; National + Avant-Garde Party (PAN or PAGN), Khattry Ould Taleb JIDDOU; Mauritanian + Party of the Democratic Center (PCDM), Bamba Ould SIDI BADI; Union for + Planning and Construction (UPC), Mohamed Ould EYAHA; Democratic Justice + Party (PJD), Mohamed Abdallahi Ould EL BANE; Party for Liberty, Equality, + and Justice (PLEJ), Ba Mamadou ALASSANE; Labor and National Unity Party + (PTUN), Ali Bouna Ould OUENINA +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held January 1992 (next to be held NA) + results: + President Col. Maabuya Ould Sid`Ahmed TAYA elected + Senate: + last held 3 and 10 April 1992 (next to be held April 1998) + +:Mauritania Government + + National Assembly: + last held 6 and 13 March 1992 (next to be held NA 1997) +Member of: + ABEDA, ACCT (associate), ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CAEU, CCC, CEAO, + ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, + IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, + UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Mohamed Fall OULD AININA; Chancery at 2129 Leroy Place NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 232-5700 + US: + Ambassador Gordon S. BROWN; Embassy at address NA, Nouakchott (mailing + address is B. P. 222, Nouakchott); telephone [222] (2) 526-60 or 526-63; FAX + [222] (2) 515-92 +Flag: + green with a yellow five-pointed star above a yellow, horizontal crescent; + the closed side of the crescent is down; the crescent, star, and color green + are traditional symbols of Islam + +:Mauritania Economy + +Overview: + A majority of the population still depends on agriculture and livestock for + a livelihood, even though most of the nomads and many subsistence farmers + were forced into the cities by recurrent droughts in the 1970s and 1980s. + Mauritania has extensive deposits of iron ore, which account for almost 50% + of total exports. The decline in world demand for this ore, however, has led + to cutbacks in production. The nation's coastal waters are among the richest + fishing areas in the world, but overexploitation by foreigners threatens + this key source of revenue. The country's first deepwater port opened near + Nouakchott in 1986. In recent years, the droughts, the endemic conflict with + Senegal, rising energy costs, and economic mismanagement have resulted in a + substantial buildup of foreign debt. The government has begun the second + stage of an economic reform program in consultation with the World Bank, the + IMF, and major donor countries. But the reform process suffered a major + setback following the Gulf war of early 1991. Because of Mauritania's + support of Saddam Husayn, bilateral aid from its two top donors, Saudi + Arabia and Kuwait, was suspended, and multilateral aid was reduced. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, per capita $535; real growth rate + 3% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 6.5% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 20% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $280 million; expenditures $346 million, including capital + expenditures of $61 million (1989 est.) +Exports: + $436 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + iron ore, processed fish, small amounts of gum arabic and gypsum; unrecorded + but numerically significant cattle exports to Senegal + partners: + EC 43%, Japan 27%, USSR 11%, Ivory Coast 3% +Imports: + $389 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + foodstuffs, consumer goods, petroleum products, capital goods + partners: + EC 60%, Algeria 15%, China 6%, US 3% +External debt: + $1.9 billion (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 4.4% (1988 est.); accounts for almost 20% of GDP +Electricity: + 190,000 kW capacity; 135 million kWh produced, 70 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + fishing, fish processing, mining of iron ore and gypsum +Agriculture: + accounts for 29% of GDP (including fishing); largely subsistence farming and + nomadic cattle and sheep herding except in Senegal river valley; crops - + dates, millet, sorghum, root crops; fish products number-one export; large + food deficit in years of drought +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $168 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.3 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $490 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $277 + million; Arab Development Bank (1991), $20 million + +:Mauritania Economy + +Currency: + ouguiya (plural - ouguiya); 1 ouguiya (UM) = 5 khoums +Exchange rates: + ouguiya (UM) per US$1 - 79.300 (January 1992), 81.946 (1991), 80.609 (1990), + 83.051 (1989), 75.261 (1988), 73.878 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Mauritania Communications + +Railroads: + 690 km 1.435-meter (standard) gauge, single track, owned and operated by + government mining company +Highways: + 7,525 km total; 1,685 km paved; 1,040 km gravel, crushed stone, or otherwise + improved; 4,800 km unimproved roads, trails, tracks +Inland waterways: + mostly ferry traffic on the Senegal River +Ports: + Nouadhibou, Nouakchott +Merchant marine: + 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,290 GRT/1,840 DWT +Civil air: + 3 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 28 total, 28 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + poor system of cable and open-wire lines, minor radio relay links, and radio + communications stations (improvements being made); broadcast stations - 2 + AM, no FM, 1 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 2 + ARABSAT, with six planned + +:Mauritania Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Guard, National + Police, Presidential Guard +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 436,897; 213,307 fit for military service; conscription law not + implemented +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $40 million, 4.2% of GDP (1989) + +:Mauritius Geography + +Total area: + 1,860 km2 +Land area: + 1,850 km2; includes Agalega Islands, Cargados Carajos Shoals (Saint + Brandon), and Rodrigues +Comparative area: + slightly less than 10.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 177 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + edge of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claims UK-administered Chagos Archipelago, which includes the island of + Diego Garcia in UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory; claims + French-administered Tromelin Island +Climate: + tropical modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to + November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May) +Terrain: + small coastal plain rising to discontinuous mountains encircling central + plateau +Natural resources: + arable land, fish +Land use: + arable land 54%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and + woodland 31%; other 7%; includes irrigated 9% +Environment: + subject to cyclones (November to April); almost completely surrounded by + reefs +Note: + located 900 km east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean + +:Mauritius People + +Population: + 1,092,130 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992) +Birth rate: + 19 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -4 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 22 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 66 years male, 73 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Mauritian(s); adjective - Mauritian +Ethnic divisions: + Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%, Franco-Mauritian 2% +Religions: + Hindu 52%, Christian (Roman Catholic 26%, Protestant 2.3%) 28.3%, Muslim + 16.6%, other 3.1% +Languages: + English (official), Creole, French, Hindi, Urdu, Hakka, Bojpoori +Literacy: + 82.8 % (male 88.7%, female 77.1%) age 13 and over can read and write (1985 + UNESCO estimate) +Labor force: + 335,000; government services 29%, agriculture and fishing 27%, manufacturing + 22%, other 22%; 43% of population of working age (1985) +Organized labor: + 35% of labor force in more than 270 unions + +:Mauritius Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Port Louis +Administrative divisions: + 9 districts and 3 dependencies*; Agalega Islands*, Black River, Cargados + Carajos*, Flacq, Grand Port, Moka, Pamplemousses, Plaines Wilhems, Port + Louis, Riviere du Rempart, Rodrigues*, Savanne +Independence: + 12 March 1968 (from UK) +Constitution: + 12 March 1968 +Legal system: + based on French civil law system with elements of English common law in + certain areas +National holiday: + Independence Day, 12 March (1968) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, + Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Sir Veerasamy RINGADOO (since 17 January 1986) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Sir Anerood JUGNAUTH (since 12 June 1982); Deputy Prime + Minister Prem NABABSING (since 26 September 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + government coalition: + Militant Socialist Movement (MSM), A. JUGNAUTH; Mauritian Militant Movement + (MMM), Paul BERENGER; Organization of the People of Rodrigues (OPR), Louis + Serge CLAIR; Democratic Labor Movement (MTD), Anil BAICHOO + opposition: + Mauritian Labor Party (MLP), Navin RAMGOOLMAN; Socialist Workers Front, + Sylvio MICHEL; Mauritian Social Democratic Party (PMSD), G. DUVAL +Elections: + Legislative Assembly: + last held on 15 September 1991 (next to be held by 15 September 1996); + results - MSM/MMM 53%, MLP/PMSD 38%; seats - (70 total, 62 elected) MSM/MMM + alliance 59 (MSM 29, MMM 26, OPR 2, MTD 2); MLP/PMSD 3 +Communists: + may be 2,000 sympathizers +Other political or pressure groups: + various labor unions +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, + LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, + WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Chitmansing JESSERAMSING; Chancery at Suite 134, 4301 Connecticut + Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 244-1491 or 1492 + +:Mauritius Government + + US: + Ambassador Penne Percy KORTH; Embassy at 4th Floor, Rogers House, John + Kennedy Street, Port Louis; telephone [230] 208-9763 through 208-9767; FAX + [230] 208-9534 +Flag: + four equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, yellow, and green + +:Mauritius Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based on sugar, manufacturing (mainly textiles), and tourism. + Sugarcane is grown on about 90% of the cultivated land area and accounts for + 40% of export earnings. The government's development strategy is centered on + industrialization (with a view to exports), agricultural diversification, + and tourism. Economic performance in FY91 was impressive, with 6% real + growth and low unemployment. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion, per capita $2,300; real growth rate + 6.1% (FY91 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 13.2% (FY91 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 2.4% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $557 million; expenditures $607 million, including capital + expenditures of $111 million (FY90) +Exports: + $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + textiles 44%, sugar 40%, light manufactures 10% + partners: + EC and US have preferential treatment, EC 77%, US 15% +Imports: + $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + manufactured goods 50%, capital equipment 17%, foodstuffs 13%, petroleum + products 8%, chemicals 7% + partners: + EC, US, South Africa, Japan +External debt: + $869 million (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 12.9% (FY87); accounts for 25% of GDP +Electricity: + 235,000 kW capacity; 425 million kWh produced, 395 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + food processing (largely sugar milling), textiles, wearing apparel, + chemicals, metal products, transport equipment, nonelectrical machinery, + tourism +Agriculture: + accounts for 10% of GDP; about 90% of cultivated land in sugarcane; other + products - tea, corn, potatoes, bananas, pulses, cattle, goats, fish; net + food importer, especially rice and fish +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $76 million; Western (non-US) + countries (1970-89), $709 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $54 + million +Currency: + Mauritian rupee (plural - rupees); 1 Mauritian rupee (MauR) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Mauritian rupees (MauRs) per US$1 - 15.198 (January 1992), 15.652 (1991), + 14.839 (1990), 15.250 (1989), 13.438 (1988), 12.878 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Mauritius Communications + +Highways: + 1,800 km total; 1,640 km paved, 160 km earth +Ports: + Port Louis +Merchant marine: + 9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 94,710 GRT/150,345 DWT; includes 1 + passenger-cargo, 3 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 1 liquefied gas, 3 bulk +Civil air: + 7 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 5 total, 4 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + small system with good service utilizing primarily radio relay; new + microwave link to Reunion; high-frequency radio links to several countries; + over 48,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 4 TV; 1 Indian + Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Mauritius Defense Forces + +Branches: + paramilitary Special Mobile Force, Special Support Unit, National Police + Force, National Coast Guard +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 307,237; 157,246 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $5 million, 0.2% of GDP (FY89) + +:Mayotte Geography + +Total area: + 375 km2 +Land area: + 375 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 185.2 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claimed by Comoros +Climate: + tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon + (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November) +Terrain: + generally undulating with ancient volcanic peaks, deep ravines +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and + woodland NA%; other NA% +Environment: + subject to cyclones during rainy season +Note: + part of Comoro Archipelago; located in the Mozambique Channel about halfway + between Africa and Madagascar + +:Mayotte People + +Population: + 86,628 (July 1992), growth rate 3.8% (1992) +Birth rate: + 50 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 84 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 55 years male, 59 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Mahorais (singular and plural); adjective - Mahoran +Religions: + Muslim 99%; remainder Christian, mostly Roman Catholic +Languages: + Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + NA +Organized labor: + NA + +:Mayotte Government + +Long-form name: + Territorial Collectivity of Mayotte +Type: + territorial collectivity of France +Capital: + Mamoutzou +Administrative divisions: + none (territorial collectivity of France) +Independence: + none (territorial collectivity of France) +Constitution: + 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) +Legal system: + French law +National holiday: + Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) +Executive branch: + government commissioner +Legislative branch: + unicameral General Council (Conseil General) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Tribunal Superieur d'Appel) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) + Head of Government: + Commissioner, Representative of the French Government Jean-Paul COSTE (since + NA 1991); President of the General Council Youssouf BAMANA (since NA 1976) +Political parties and leaders: + Mahoran Popular Movement (MPM), Younoussa BAMANA; Party for the Mahoran + Democratic Rally (PRDM), Daroueche MAOULIDA; Mahoran Rally for the Republic + (RMPR), Mansour KAMARDINE; Union of the Center (UDC) +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + General Council: + last held June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results - percent of vote + by party NA; seats - (17 total) MPM 9, RPR 6, other 2 + French Senate: + last held on 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) MPM 1 + French National Assembly: + last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) UDC 1 +Member of: + FZ +Diplomatic representation: + as a territorial collectivity of France, Mahoran interests are represented + in the US by France +Flag: + the flag of France is used + +:Mayotte Economy + +Overview: + Economic activity is based primarily on the agricultural sector, including + fishing and livestock raising. Mayotte is not self-sufficient and must + import a large portion of its food requirements, mainly from France. The + economy and future development of the island is heavily dependent on French + financial assistance. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA% +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $37.3 million, including capital expenditures of + $NA (1985) +Exports: + $4.0 million (f.o.b., 1984) + commodities: + ylang-ylang, vanilla + partners: + France 79%, Comoros 10%, Reunion 9% +Imports: + $21.8 million (f.o.b., 1984) + commodities: + building materials, transportation equipment, rice, clothing, flour + partners: + France 57%, Kenya 16%, South Africa 11%, Pakistan 8% +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + NA kW capacity; NA million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita +Industries: + newly created lobster and shrimp industry +Agriculture: + most important sector; provides all export earnings; crops - vanilla, + ylang-ylang, coffee, copra; imports major share of food needs +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $402 million +Currency: + French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.3801 (January 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 + (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Mayotte Communications + +Highways: + 42 km total; 18 km bituminous +Ports: + Dzaoudzi +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + small system administered by French Department of Posts and + Telecommunications; includes radio relay and high-frequency radio + communications for links to Comoros and international communications; 450 + telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV + +:Mayotte Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +:Mexico Geography + +Total area: + 1,972,550 km2 +Land area: + 1,923,040 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than three times the size of Texas +Land boundaries: + 4,538 km; Belize 250 km, Guatemala 962 km, US 3,326 km +Coastline: + 9,330 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + natural prolongation of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claims Clipperton Island (French possession) +Climate: + varies from tropical to desert +Terrain: + high, rugged mountains, low coastal plains, high plateaus, and desert +Natural resources: + crude oil, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber +Land use: + arable land 12%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 39%; forest and + woodland 24%; other 24%; includes irrigated 3% +Environment: + subject to tsunamis along the Pacific coast and destructive earthquakes in + the center and south; natural water resources scarce and polluted in north, + inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; + deforestation; erosion widespread; desertification; serious air pollution in + Mexico City and urban centers along US-Mexico border +Note: + strategic location on southern border of US + +:Mexico People + +Population: + 92,380,721 (July 1992), growth rate 2.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 29 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 30 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 69 years male, 76 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Mexican(s); adjective - Mexican +Ethnic divisions: + mestizo (Indian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian 30%, + Caucasian or predominantly Caucasian 9%, other 1% +Religions: + nominally Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 6% +Languages: + Spanish; various Mayan dialects +Literacy: + 87% (male 90%, female 85%) age 15 and over can read and write (1985 est.) +Labor force: + 26,100,000 (1988); services 31.4%, agriculture, forestry, hunting, and + fishing 26%, commerce 13.9%, manufacturing 12.8%, construction 9.5%, + transportation 4.8%, mining and quarrying 1.3%, electricity 0.3% (1986) +Organized labor: + 35% of labor force + +:Mexico Government + +Long-form name: + United Mexican States +Type: + federal republic operating under a centralized government +Capital: + Mexico +Administrative divisions: + 31 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito + federal); Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, + Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Distrito Federal*, Durango, + Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, + Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, + Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas +Independence: + 16 September 1810 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 5 February 1917 +Legal system: + mixture of US constitutional theory and civil law system; judicial review of + legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 16 September (1810) +Executive branch: + president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Congress (Congreso de la Union) consists of an upper + chamber or Senate (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber of + Deputies (Camara de Diputados) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Carlos SALINAS de Gortari (since 1 December 1988) +Political parties and leaders: + (recognized parties) Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), Genaro BORREGO + Estrada; National Action Party (PAN), Luis ALVAREZ; Popular Socialist Party + (PPS), Indalecio SAYAGO Herrera; Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD), + Cuauhtemoc CARDENAS Solorzano; Cardenist Front for the National + Reconstruction Party (PFCRN), Rafael AGUILAR Talamantes; Authentic Party of + the Mexican Revolution (PARM), Carlos Enrique CANTU Rosas +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory (but not enforced) at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held on 6 July 1988 (next to be held September 1994); results - Carlos + SALINAS de Gortari (PRI) 50.74%, Cuauhtemoc CARDENAS Solorzano (FDN) 31.06%, + Manuel CLOUTHIER (PAN) 16.81%; other 1.39%; note - several of the smaller + parties ran a common candidate under a coalition called the National + Democratic Front (FDN) + Senate: + last held on 18 August 1988 (next to be held midyear 1994); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats in full Senate - (64 total) number of + seats by party; PRI 61, PRD 2, PAN 1 + Chamber of Deputies: + last held on 18 August 1991 (next to be held midyear 1994); results - PRI + 53%, PAN 20%, PFCRN 10%, PPS 6%, PARM 7%, PMS (now part of PRD) 4%; seats - + (500 total) PRI 320, PAN 89, PRD 41, PFCRN 23, PARM 15, PPS 12 + +:Mexico Government + +Other political or pressure groups: + Roman Catholic Church, Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM), Confederation + of Industrial Chambers (CONCAMIN), Confederation of National Chambers of + Commerce (CONCANACO), National Peasant Confederation (CNC), UNE (no + expansion), Revolutionary Workers Party (PRT), Mexican Democratic Party + (PDM), Revolutionary Confederation of Workers and Peasants (CROC), Regional + Confederation of Mexican Workers (CROM), Confederation of Employers of the + Mexican Republic (COPARMEX), National Chamber of Transformation Industries + (CANACINTRA), Coordinator for Foreign Trade Business Organizations (COECE) +Member of: + AG (observer), CARICOM (observer) CCC, CDB, CG, EBRD, ECLAC, FAO, G-3, G-6, + G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, + LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, + UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Gustavo PETRICIOLI Iturbide; Chancery at 1911 Pennsylvania Avenue + NW, Washington, DC 20006; telephone (202) 728-1600; there are Mexican + Consulates General in Chicago, Dallas, Denver, El Paso, Houston, Los + Angeles, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, San Antonio, San Diego, and + Consulates in Albuquerque, Atlanta, Austin, Boston, Brownsville (Texas), + Calexico (California), Corpus Christi, Del Rio (Texas), Detroit, Douglas + (Arizona), Eagle Pass (Texas), Fresno (California), Kansas City (Missouri), + Laredo, McAllen (Texas), Miami, Nogales (Arizona), Oxnard (California), + Philadelphia, Phoenix, Presidio (Texas), Sacramento, St. Louis, St. Paul + (Minneapolis), Salt Lake City, San Bernardino, San Jose, San Juan (Puerto + Rico), and Seattle + US: + Ambassador John D. NEGROPONTE, Jr.; Embassy at Paseo de la Reforma 305, + 06500 Mexico, D.F. (mailing address is P. O. Box 3087, Laredo, TX + 78044-3087); telephone [52] (5) 211-0042; FAX [52] (5) 511-9980, 208-3373; + there are US Consulates General in Ciudad Juarez, Guadalajara, Monterrey, + and Tijuana, and Consulates in Hermosillo, Matamoros, Mazatlan, Merida, and + Nuevo Laredo +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; the coat + of arms (an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in its beak) is centered + in the white band + +:Mexico Economy + +Overview: + Mexico's economy is a mixture of state-owned industrial plants (notably + oil), private manufacturing and services, and both large-scale and + traditional agriculture. In the 1980s, Mexico experienced severe economic + difficulties: the nation accumulated large external debts as world petroleum + prices fell; rapid population growth outstripped the domestic food supply; + and inflation, unemployment, and pressures to emigrate became more acute. + Growth in national output, however, is recovering, rising from 1.4% in 1988 + to 4% in 1990 and again in 1991. The US is Mexico's major trading partner, + accounting for two-thirds of its exports and imports. After petroleum, + border assembly plants and tourism are the largest earners of foreign + exchange. The government, in consultation with international economic + agencies, is implementing programs to stabilize the economy and foster + growth. In 1991 the government began negotiations with the US and Canada on + a free trade agreement. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $289 billion, per capita $3,200; real growth rate + 4% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 18.8% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 14-17% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $41.0 billion; expenditures $47.9 billion, including capital + expenditures of $6.3 billion (1990) +Exports: + $27.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + crude oil, oil products, coffee, shrimp, engines, motor vehicles, cotton, + consumer electronics + partners: + US 68%, EC 14%, Japan 6% (1990 est.) +Imports: + $36.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + grain, metal manufactures, agricultural machinery, electrical equipment + partners: + US 69%, EC 13%, Japan 6% (1990) +External debt: + $98.4 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5.5% (1991 est.); accounts for 28% of GDP +Electricity: + 26,150,000 kW capacity; 114,277 million kWh produced, 1,270 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining, + textiles, clothing, transportation equipment, tourism +Agriculture: + accounts for 9% of GDP and over 25% of work force; large number of small + farms at subsistence level; major food crops - corn, wheat, rice, beans; + cash crops - cotton, coffee, fruit, tomatoes; fish catch of 1.4 million + metric tons among top 20 nations (1987) +Illicit drugs: + illicit cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis continues in spite of active + government eradication program; major supplier to the US market; continues + as the primary transshipment country for US-bound cocaine from South America + +:Mexico Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.1 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.7 billion; + Communist countries (1970-89), $110 million +Currency: + Mexican peso (plural - pesos); 1 Mexican peso (Mex$) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + market rate of Mexican pesos (Mex$) per US$1 - 3,068.5 (January 1992), + 3,018.4 (1991) 2,940.9 (January 1991), 2,812.6 (1990), 2,461.3 (1989), + 2,273.1 (1988), 1,378.2 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Mexico Communications + +Railroads: + 24,500 km total; breakdown NA +Highways: + 212,000 km total; 65,000 km paved, 30,000 km semipaved or cobblestone, + 62,000 km rural roads (improved earth) or roads under construction, 55,000 + km unimproved earth roads +Inland waterways: + 2,900 km navigable rivers and coastal canals +Pipelines: + crude oil 28,200 km; petroleum products 10,150 km; natural gas 13,254 km; + petrochemical 1,400 km +Ports: + Acapulco, Coatzacoalcos, Ensenada, Guaymas, Manzanillo, Mazatlan, Progreso, + Puerto Vallarta, Salina Cruz, Tampico, Veracruz +Merchant marine: + 58 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 875,239 GRT/1,301,355 DWT; includes 4 + short-sea passenger, 3 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 30 + petroleum tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 1 bulk, 1 combination + bulk, 4 container +Civil air: + 186 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 1,815 total, 1,505 usable; 200 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with + runways over 3,659 m; 33 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 284 with runways + 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + highly developed system with extensive radio relay links; privatized in + December 1990; connected into Central America Microwave System; 6,410,000 + telephones; broadcast stations - 679 AM, no FM, 238 TV, 22 shortwave; 120 + domestic satellite terminals; earth stations - 4 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and + 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT + +:Mexico Defense Forces + +Branches: + National Defense (including Army and Air Force), Navy (including Marines) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 23,023,871; 16,852,513 fit for military service; 1,138,455 + reach military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.6 billion, less than 1% of GDP (1982 budget) + +:Micronesia, Federated States of Geography + +Total area: + 702 km2 +Land area: + 702 km2; includes Pohnpei, Truk, Yap, and Kosrae +Comparative area: + slightly less than four times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 6,112 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands; + located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasional severe damage +Terrain: + islands vary geologically from high mountainous islands to low, coral + atolls; volcanic outcroppings on Pohnpei, Kosrae, and Truk +Natural resources: + forests, marine products, deep-seabed minerals +Land use: + arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and + woodland NA%; other NA% +Environment: + subject to typhoons from June to December; four major island groups totaling + 607 islands +Note: + located 5,150 km west-southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean, + about three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and Indonesia + +:Micronesia, Federated States of People + +Population: + 114,694 (July 1992), growth rate 3.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 29 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 12 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 39 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 65 years male, 69 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Micronesian(s); adjective - Micronesian; Kosrae(s), Pohnpeian(s), + Trukese (singular and plural), Yapese (singular and plural) +Ethnic divisions: + nine ethnic Micronesian and Polynesian groups +Religions: + predominantly Christian, divided between Roman Catholic and Protestant; + other churches include Assembly of God, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-Day + Adventist, Latter-Day Saints, and the Baha'i Faith +Languages: + English is the official and common language; most indigenous languages fall + within the Austronesian language family, the exceptions are the Polynesian + languages; major indigenous languages are Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, and + Kosrean +Literacy: + 90% (male 90%, female 85%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) +Labor force: + NA; two-thirds are government employees; 45,000 people are between the ages + of 15 and 65 +Organized labor: + NA + +:Micronesia, Federated States of Government + +Long-form name: + Federated States of Micronesia (no short-form name) +Type: + constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of + Free Association entered into force 3 November 1986 +Capital: + Kolonia (on the island of Pohnpei); note - a new capital is being built + about 10 km southwest in the Palikir valley +Administrative divisions: + 4 states; Kosrae, Pohnpei, Chuuk, Yap +Independence: + 3 November 1986 (from the US-administered UN Trusteeship; formerly the + Kosrae, Pohnpei, Truk, and Yap districts of the Trust Territory of the + Pacific Islands) +Constitution: + 10 May 1979 +Legal system: + based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, + common, and customary laws +National holiday: + Proclamation of the Federated States of Micronesia, 10 May (1979) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Congress +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Bailey OLTER (since 21 May 1991); Vice President Jacob NENA (since + 21 May 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + no formal parties +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held ll May 1991 (next to be held March 1995); results - President + Bailey OLTER elected president; Vice-President Jacob NENA + Congress: + last held on 5 March 1991 (next to be held March 1993); results - percent of + vote NA; seats - (14 total) +Member of: + ESCAP (associate), ICAO, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Jesse B. MAREHALAU; Embassy at 1725 N St., NW, Washington, DC + 20036; telephone (202) 223-4383 + US: + Ambassador Aurelia BRAZEAL; Embassy at address NA, Kolonia (mailing address + is P. O. Box 1286, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia 96941); telephone + 691-320-2187; FAX 691-320-2186 +Flag: + light blue with four white five-pointed stars centered; the stars are + arranged in a diamond pattern + +:Micronesia, Federated States of Economy + +Overview: + Economic activity consists primarily of subsistence farming and fishing. The + islands have few mineral deposits worth exploiting, except for high-grade + phosphate. The potential for a tourist industry exists, but the remoteness + of the location and a lack of adequate facilities hinder development. + Financial assistance from the US is the primary source of revenue, with the + US pledged to spend $1 billion in the islands in the l990s. Geographical + isolation and a poorly developed infrastructure are major impediments to + long-term growth. +GNP: + purchasing power equivalent - $150 million, per capita $1,500; real growth + rate NA% (1989 est.); note - GNP numbers reflect US spending +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + NA +Budget: + revenues $165 million; expenditures $115 million, including capital + expenditures of $20 million (1988) +Exports: + $2.3 million (f.o.b., 1988) + commodities: + copra + partners: + NA +Imports: + $67.7 million (c.i.f., 1988) + commodities: + NA + partners: + NA +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 18,000 kW capacity; 40 million kWh produced, 380 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + tourism, construction, fish processing, craft items from shell, wood, and + pearls +Agriculture: + mainly a subsistence economy; copra, black pepper; tropical fruits and + vegetables, coconuts, cassava, sweet potatoes, pigs, chickens +Economic aid: + under terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US will provide $1.3 + billion in grant aid during the period 1986-2001 +Currency: + US currency is used +Exchange rates: + US currency is used +Fiscal year: + 1 October - 30 September + +:Micronesia, Federated States of Communications + +Highways: + 39 km of paved roads on major islands; also 187 km stone-, coral-, or + laterite-surfaced roads +Ports: + Colonia (Yap), Truk (Kosrae), Okat (Kosrae) +Airports: + 6 total, 5 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 2,439 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 +Telecommunications: + telephone network - 960 telephone lines total at Kolonia and Truk; islands + interconnected by shortwave radio (used mostly for government purposes); + 16,000 radio receivers, 1,125 TV sets (est. 1987); broadcast stations - 5 + AM, 1 FM, 6 TV, 1 shortwave; 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations + +:Micronesia, Federated States of Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +:Midway Islands Geography + +Total area: + 5.2 km2 +Land area: + 5.2 km2; includes Eastern Island and Sand Island +Comparative area: + about nine times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 15 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical, but moderated by prevailing easterly winds +Terrain: + low, nearly level +Natural resources: + fish and wildlife +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + coral atoll +Note: + located 2,350 km west-northwest of Honolulu at the western end of Hawaiian + Islands group, about one-third of the way between Honolulu and Tokyo; closed + to the public + +:Midway Islands People + +Population: + 453 US military personnel (1992) + +:Midway Islands Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Navy, under + command of the Barbers Point Naval Air Station in Hawaii and managed + cooperatively by the US Navy and the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US + Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge System; + legislation before Congress in 1990 proposed inclusion of territory within + the State of Hawaii +Capital: + none; administered from Washington, DC +Diplomatic representation: + none (territory of the US) +Flag: + the US flag is used + +:Midway Islands Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based on providing support services for US naval operations + located on the islands. All food and manufactured goods must be imported. +Electricity: + supplied by US Military + +:Midway Islands Communications + +Highways: + 32 km total +Pipelines: + 7.8 km +Ports: + Sand Island +Airports: + 3 total; 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m + +:Midway Islands Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +:Moldova Geography + +Total area: + 33,700 km2 +Land area: + 33,700 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of Hawaii +Land boundaries: + 1,389 km; Romania 450 km, Ukraine 939 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + potential dispute with Ukraine over former southern Bessarabian areas; + northern Bukovina ceded to Ukraine upon Moldova's incorporation into USSR; + internal with ethnic Russians in the Trans-Dnestr and Gagauz Muslims in the + South +Climate: + mild winters, warm summers +Terrain: + rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black Sea +Natural resources: + lignite, phosphorites, gypsum +Land use: + NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest + and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated +Environment: + NA + +:Moldova People + +Population: + 4,458,435 (July 1992), growth rate 0.7% (1992) +Birth rate: + 19 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 35 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 64 years male, 71 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Moldovan(s); adjective - Moldovan +Ethnic divisions: + Moldavian (Moldovan) 64.5%, Ukrainian 13.8%, Russian 13.0%, Gagauz 3.5%, + Jews 1.5%, Bulgarian 2.0%, other 1.0% (1989 figures) +Religions: + Eastern Orthodox 98.5%, Jewish 1.5%, Baptist only about 1,000 members, other + 1.0%; note - almost all churchgoers are ethnic Moldovan; the Slavic + population are not churchgoers (1991 figures) +Languages: + Romanian; (Moldovan official), Russian +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write +Labor force: + 2,095,000; agriculture 34.4%, industry 20.1%, other 45.5% (1985 figures) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Moldova Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Moldova +Type: + republic +Capital: + Chisinau (Kishinev) +Administrative divisions: + previously divided into 40 rayons; now to be divided into 7-9 larger + districts at some future point +Independence: + 27 August 1991 (from Soviet Union; formerly Soviet Socialist Republic of + Moldova) +Constitution: + formulating a new constitution; old constitution is still in effect but has + been heavily amended during the past few years +Legal system: + based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts; does not + accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction but accepts many UN and CSCE documents +National holiday: + Independence Day, 27 August 1991 +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet of Ministers +Legislative branch: + Moldovan Supreme Soviet +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (highest civil court in Moldova) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + Prime Minister Valeriy MURAVSKY (since 28 May 1991), 1st Deputy Prime + Minister Constantin OBOROC (since June 1990); 1st Deputy Prime Minister + Constantin TAMPIZA (since June 1990); 1st Deputy Prime Minister Andrei + SANGHELI (since June 1990) + Chief of State: + President Mircea SNEGUR (since 3 September 1990) + Head of Legislature: + Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (Premier) Valeriy MURAVSKIY (since May 1991); + 1st Deputy Prime Minister Ian HADIRCA (since 11 May 1990); Deputy Prime + Minister Victor PUSCASU, 21 November 1989; Deputy Prime Minister Mihial + PLASICHUK, NA +Political parties and leaders: + Moldovan Popular Front, Yuriy ROSHKA, chairman (since summer 1990); + Unitatea-Yedinstvo Intermovement, V. YAKOVLEV, chairman; Bulgarian Rebirth + Society, Ivan ZABUNOV, chairman; Democratic Group, five cochairmen +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 8 December 1991; results - Mircea SNEGUR won 98.17% of vote + Moldovan Supreme Soviet: + last held 25 February 1990; results - Moldovan Popular Front 33%, + Intermovement 34%, Communist Party 32%; seats - (366 total) Popular Front + Club 35; Sovereignty Club 35; Club of Independent Deputies 25; Agrarian Club + 110; Club Bujak 15; Reality Club 25; Soviet Moldova 80; remaining 41 seats + probably belong to Onestr region deputies who usually boycott Moldovan + legislative proceedings + +:Moldova Government + +Other political or pressure groups: + United Council of Labor Collectives (UCLC), Igor SMIRNOV, chairman; Social + Democratic Party of Moldova (SDPM), V. CHIOBATARU, leader; The Ecology + Movement of Moldova (EMM), G. MALARCHUK, chairman; The Christian Democratic + League of Women of Moldova (CDLWM), L. LARI, chairman; National Christian + Party of Moldova (NCPM), D. TODIKE, M. BARAGA, V. NIKU, leaders; The Peoples + Movement Gagauz Khalky (GKh), S. GULGAR, leader; The Democratic Party of + Gagauzia (DPG), G. SAVOSTIN, chairman; The Alliance of Working People of + Moldova (AWPM), G. POLOGOV, president +Member of: + CSCE, UN +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador vacant + US: + Charge Howard Steers; Interim Chancery at #103 Strada Alexei Mateevich, + Kishinev (mailing address is APO AE 09862); telephone 8-011-7-0422-23-28-94 + at Hotel Seabeco in Kishinev +Flag: + same color scheme as Romania - 3 equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), + yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is of a Roman eagle carrying a + cross in its beak and an olive branch in its claws + +:Moldova Economy + +Overview: + Moldova, the next-to-smallest of the former Soviet republics in area, is the + most densely inhabited. Moldova has a little more than 1% of the population, + labor force, capital stock, and output of the former Soviet Union. Living + standards have been below average for the European USSR. The country enjoys + a favorable climate, and economic development has been primarily based on + agriculture, featuring fruits, vegetables, wine, and tobacco. Industry + accounts for 20% of the labor force, whereas agriculture employs more than + one-third. Moldova has no major mineral resources and has depended on the + former Soviet republics for coal, oil, gas, steel, most electronic + equipment, machine tools, and major consumer durables such as automobiles. + Its industrial and agricultural products, in turn, have been exported to the + other former Soviet republics. Moldova has freed prices on most goods and + has legalized private ownership of property, including agricultural land. + Moldova's economic prospects are dimmed by the difficulties of moving toward + a market economy and the political problems of redefining ties to the other + former Soviet republics and Romania. +GDP: + NA; per capita NA; real growth rate -12% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 97% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA million; expenditures $NA million, including capital + expenditures of $NA million (1992) +Exports: + $400 million rubles (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + foodstuffs, wine, tobacco, textiles and footwear, machinery, chemicals + (1991) + partners: + NA +Imports: + $1.9 billion rubles (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + oil, gas, coal, steel machinery, foodstuffs, automobiles, and other consumer + durables + partners: + NA +External debt: + $650 million (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -7% (1991) +Electricity: + 3,000,000 kW capacity; 13,000 million kWh produced, 2,806 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + key products (with share of total former Soviet output in parentheses where + known): agricultural machinery, foundry equipment, refrigerators and + freezers (2.7%), washing machines (5.0%), hosiery (2.0%), refined sugar + (3.1%), vegetable oil (3.7%), canned food (8.6%), shoes, textiles +Agriculture: + Moldova's principal economic activity; products (shown in share of total + output of the former Soviet republics): Grain (1.6%), sugar beets (2.6%), + sunflower seed (4.4%), vegetables (4.4%), fruits and berries (9.7%), grapes + (20.1%), meat (1.7%), milk (1.4%), and eggs (1.4%) +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe + +:Moldova Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (1991), $NA, Western (non-US) countries, ODA + and OOF bilateral commitments (1991), $NA million +Currency: + as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Moldova Communications + +Railroads: + 1,150 km (includes NA km electrified) (1990); does not include industrial + lines +Highways: + 20,000 km total (1990); 13,900 km hard-surfaced, 6,100 km earth +Inland waterways: + NA km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + NA +Ports: + none - landlocked +Merchant marine: + NA +Civil air: + NA major transport aircraft +Airports: + NA +Telecommunications: + poorly supplied with telephones; 215,000 unsatisfied applications for + telephone installations (31 January 1990); connected to Ukraine by landline + and countries beyond the former USSR through the switching center in Moscow + +:Moldova Defense Forces + +Branches: + Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops); Russian Forces + (Ground, Navy, Air, and Air Defense) +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Monaco Geography + +Total area: + 1.9 km2 +Land area: + 1.9 km2 +Comparative area: + about three times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 4.4 km; France 4.4 km +Coastline: + 4.1 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers +Terrain: + hilly, rugged, rocky +Natural resources: + none +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + almost entirely urban +Note: + second-smallest independent state in world (after Vatican City) + +:Monaco People + +Population: + 29,965 (July 1992), growth rate 0.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 7 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 9 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 72 years male, 80 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Monacan(s) or Monegasque(s); adjective - Monacan or Monegasque +Ethnic divisions: + French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 95% +Languages: + French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + NA +Organized labor: + 4,000 members in 35 unions + +:Monaco Government + +Long-form name: + Principality of Monaco +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Monaco +Administrative divisions: + 4 quarters (quartiers, singular - quartier); Fontvieille, La Condamine, + Monaco-Ville, Monte-Carlo +Independence: + 1419, rule by the House of Grimaldi +Constitution: + 17 December 1962 +Legal system: + based on French law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 19 November +Executive branch: + prince, minister of state, Council of Government (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + National Council (Conseil National) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Tribunal (Tribunal Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Prince RAINIER III (since November 1949); Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT + Alexandre Louis Pierre (born 14 March 1958) + Head of Government: + Minister of State Jean AUSSEIL (since 16 September 1985) +Political parties and leaders: + National and Democratic Union (UND), Democratic Union Movement (MUD), Monaco + Action, Monegasque Socialist Party (PSM) +Suffrage: + universal adult at age 25 +Elections: + National Council: + last held on 24 January 1988 (next to be held 24 January 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (18 total) UND 18 +Member of: + ACCT, CSCE, IAEA, ICAO, IMF (observer), IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, + IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO +Diplomatic representation: + Monaco maintains honorary consulates general in Boston, Chicago, Los + Angeles, New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco, and honorary consulates + in Dallas, Honolulu, Palm Beach, Philadelphia, and Washington + US: + no mission in Monaco, but the US Consul General in Marseille, France, is + accredited to Monaco; Consul General R. Susan WOOD; Consulate General at 12 + Boulevard Paul Peytral, 13286 Marseille Cedex (mailing address APO AE + 09777); telephone [33] (91) 549-200 +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of + Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top) and + red + +:Monaco Economy + +Overview: + Monaco, situated on the French Mediterranean coast, is a popular resort, + attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate. The Principality has + successfully sought to diversify into services and small, high-value-added, + nonpolluting industries. The state has no income tax and low business taxes + and thrives as a tax haven both for individuals who have established + residence and for foreign companies that have set up businesses and offices. + About 50% of Monaco's annual revenue comes from value-added taxes on hotels, + banks, and the industrial sector; about 25% of revenue comes from tourism. + Living standards are high, that is, roughly comparable to those in + prosperous French metropolitan suburbs. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $475 million, per capita $16,000; real growth + rate NA% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + full employment (1989) +Budget: + revenues $424 million; expenditures $376 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1991) +Exports: + $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates + Monacan trade duties; also participates in EC market system through customs + union with France +Imports: + $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates + Monacan trade duties; also participates in EC market system through customs + union with France +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 10,000 kW standby capacity (1991); power supplied by France Indus +Agriculture: + NA +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.3801 (January 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 + (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Monaco Communications + +Railroads: + 1.6 km 1.435-meter gauge +Highways: + none; city streets +Ports: + Monaco +Merchant marine: + 1 petroleum tanker (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,268 GRT/4,959 DWT +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 1 usable airfield with permanent-surface runways +Telecommunications: + served by cable into the French communications system; automatic telephone + system; 38,200 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; no + communication satellite earth stations + +:Monaco Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +:Mongolia Geography + +Total area: + 1,565,000 km2 +Land area: + 1,565,000 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Alaska +Land boundaries: + 8,114 km; China 4,673 km, Russia 3,441 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges) +Terrain: + vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in west and southwest; Gobi + Desert in southeast +Natural resources: + oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, + wolfram, fluorspar, gold +Land use: + arable land 1%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 79%; forest and + woodland 10%; other 10%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + harsh and rugged +Note: + landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia + +:Mongolia People + +Population: + 2,305,516 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 34 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 47 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 63 years male, 68 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Mongolian(s); adjective - Mongolian +Ethnic divisions: + Mongol 90%, Kazakh 4%, Chinese 2%, Russian 2%, other 2% +Religions: + predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, Muslim (about 4%); previously limited + religious activity because of Communist regime +Languages: + Khalkha Mongol used by over 90% of population; minor languages include + Turkic, Russian, and Chinese +Literacy: + 90% (male NA%, female NA%) (1989 est.) +Labor force: + NA, but primarily herding/agricultural; over half the adult population is in + the labor force, including a large percentage of women; shortage of skilled + labor +Organized labor: + 425,000 members of the Central Council of Mongolian Trade Unions (CCMTU) + controlled by the government (1984); independent labor organizations now + being formed + +:Mongolia Government + +Long-form name: + Mongolia +Type: + in transition from Communist state to republic +Capital: + Ulaanbaatar +Administrative divisions: + 18 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 3 municipalities* (hotuud, + singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan*, + Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Erdenet*, Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovd, + Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs +Independence: + 13 March 1921 (from China; formerly Outer Mongolia) +Constitution: + 12 February 1992 +Legal system: + blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law; no constitutional + provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Mongolian People's Revolution (NAADAM) 11-13 July; observed 13 July +Executive branch: + premier, deputy premiers, Cabinet, president, vice president +Legislative branch: + State Great Hural +Judicial branch: + High Court; serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts, but + to date rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 3 September 1990); Vice President + Radnaasumbereliyn GONCHIGDORJ (since 7 September 1990) + Head of Government: + Premier Dashiyn BYAMBASUREN (since 11 September 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + ruling party: + Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), Budragchagiin DASH-YONDON, + general secretary + opposition: + Social Democratic Party (SDP), BATBAYAR; Mongolian Democratic Association, + Ts. ELBEGDORJ, chief coordinator; Mongolian Party of National Progress, + GANBOLD + other: + Mongolian Democratic Party (MDP), BATUUL; Free Labor Party, C. DUL; note - + opposition parties were legalized in May 1990; additional parties exist: The + Green Party, The Buddhist Party, The Republican Party, Mongolian People's + Party, and Mongolian Revival Party; these were formed but may not be + officially registered because of low rates of membership +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 3 September 1990 (next to be held NA July 1994); results - + Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT elected by the People's Great Hural + State Great Hural: + first time held June 1992; note - according to the new present Constitution, + the two parliamentary bodies are to be combined into a single popularly + elected house consisting of 76 members; results - NA + +:Mongolia Government + + People's Small Hural: + last held on 29 July 1990 (next to be held June 1992); results - MPRP 62.3%, + MDP 24.5%, SDP 7. 5%, PNP 5.7%; seats - (50 total) MPRP 33, other 17; note - + People's Small Hural will not exist after State Great Hural is assembled +Communists: + MPRP membership 90,000 (1990 est.) +Member of: + AsDB, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, G-77, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, IOC, ISO, + ITU, LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Luvsandorj DAWAGIV; Chancery, (202) 983-1962 + US: + Ambassador Joseph E. LAKE; Deputy Chief of Mission Thomas E. DOWLING; + Embassy at Ulaanbaatar, c/o American Embassy Beijing; PSC 461, Box 300, FPO + AP 06521-0002; telephone (800) 29095 and 29639 +Flag: + a new flag of unknown description reportedly has been adopted + +:Mongolia Economy + +Overview: + Mongolia's severe climate, scattered population, and wide expanses of + unproductive land have constrained economic development. Economic activity + traditionally has been based on agriculture and the breeding of livestock - + Mongolia has the highest number of livestock per person in the world. In + recent years extensive mineral resources have been developed with Soviet + support. The mining and processing of coal, copper, molybdenum, tin, + tungsten, and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Timber + and fishing are also important sectors. In 1991-92 Mongolian leadership is + struggling with severe economic dislocations, mainly attributable to the + economic crumbling of the USSR, by far Mongolia's leading trade and + development partner. Moscow almost certainly cut aid in 1991, and the + dissolution of the USSR at yearend 1991 makes prospects for aid quite bleak + for 1992. Industry in 1991-92 has been hit hard by energy shortages, mainly + due to disruptions in coal production and shortfalls in petroleum imports. + The government is moving away from the Soviet-style centrally planned + economy through privatization and price reform. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $2.1 billion, per capita $900; real growth rate + -3% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 100% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 15% (1991 est.) +Budget: + deficit of $67 million (1991) +Exports: + $279 million (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other + nonferrous metals + partners: + USSR 75%, China 10%, Japan 4% +Imports: + $360 million (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + machinery and equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumer goods, + chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea + partners: + USSR 75%, Austria 5%, China 5% +External debt: + $16.8 billion (yearend 1990); 98.6% with USSR +Industrial production: + growth rate -12% (1991 est.) +Electricity: + 1,238,000 kW capacity; 3,700 million kWh produced, 1,692 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + copper, processing of animal products, building materials, food and + beverage, mining (particularly coal) +Agriculture: + accounts for about 20% of GDP and provides livelihood for about 50% of the + population; livestock raising predominates (primarily sheep and goats, but + also cattle, camels, and horses); crops - wheat, barley, potatoes, forage + +:Mongolia Economy + +Economic aid: + about $300 million in trade credits and $34 million in grant aid from USSR + and other CEMA countries, plus $7.4 million from UNDP (1990); in 1991, $170 + million in grants and technical assistance from Western donor countries, + including $30 million from World Bank and $30 million from the IMF; over + $200 million from donor countries projected in 1992 +Currency: + tughrik (plural - tughriks); 1 tughrik (Tug) = 100 mongos +Exchange rates: + tughriks (Tug) per US$1 - 7.1 (1991), 5.63 (1990), 3.00 (1989) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Mongolia Communications + +Railroads: + 1,750 km 1.524-meter broad gauge (1988) +Highways: + 46,700 km total; 1,000 km hard surface; 45,700 km other surfaces (1988) +Inland waterways: + 397 km of principal routes (1988) +Civil air: + 25 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 81 total, 31 usable; 11 with permanent-surface runways; fewer than 5 with + runways over 3,659 m; fewer than 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with + runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 63,000 telephones (1989); broadcast stations - 12 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (with 18 + provincial repeaters); repeat of Russian TV; 120,000 TVs; 220,000 radios; at + least 1 earth station + +:Mongolia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Mongolian People's Army (includes Border Guards), Air Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 551,548; 359,904 fit for military service; 25,275 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $22.8 million of GDP (1992 budget) + +:Montserrat Geography + +Total area: + 100 km2 +Land area: + 100 km2 +Comparative area: + about 0.6 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 40 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + volcanic islands, mostly mountainous, with small coastal lowland +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land 20%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 10%; forest and + woodland 40%; other 30% +Environment: + subject to severe hurricanes from June to November +Note: + located 400 km southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea + +:Montserrat People + +Population: + 12,617 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4 (1992) +Birth rate: + 17 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 74 years male, 78 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Montserratian(s); adjective - Montserratian +Ethnic divisions: + mostly black with a few Europeans +Religions: + Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, Seventh-Day Adventist, + other Christian denominations +Languages: + English +Literacy: + 97% (male 97%, female 97%) age 15 and over having ever attended school + (1970) +Labor force: + 5,100; community, social, and personal services 40.5%, construction 13.5%, + trade, restaurants, and hotels 12.3%, manufacturing 10.5%, agriculture, + forestry, and fishing 8.8%, other 14.4% (1983 est.) +Organized labor: + 30% of labor force, three trade unions with 1,500 members (1984 est.) + +:Montserrat Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + Plymouth +Administrative divisions: + 3 parishes; Saint Anthony, Saint Georges, Saint Peter +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Constitution: + 1 January 1960 +Legal system: + English common law and statute law +National holiday: + Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday of June) +Executive branch: + monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet), chief minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Council +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor David + TAYLOR (since NA 1990) + Head of Government: + Chief Minister Reuben T. MEADE (since October 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + National Progressive Party (NPP) Reuben T. MEADE; People's Liberation + Movement (PLM), Noel TUITT; National Development Party (NDP), Bertrand + OSBORNE; Independent (IND), Ruby BRAMBLE +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Legislative Council: + last held on 8 October 1991; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - + (11 total, 7 elected) NPP 4, NDP 1, PLM 1, independent 1 +Member of: + CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC (associate), ICFTU, OECS, WCL +Diplomatic representation: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Flag: + blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the + Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat + of arms features a woman standing beside a yellow harp with her arm around a + black cross + +:Montserrat Economy + +Overview: + The economy is small and open with economic activity centered on tourism and + construction. Tourism is the most important sector and accounted for 20% of + GDP in 1986. Agriculture accounted for about 4% of GDP and industry 10%. The + economy is heavily dependent on imports, making it vulnerable to + fluctuations in world prices. Exports consist mainly of electronic parts + sold to the US. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $54.2 million, per capita $4,500 (1988); real + growth rate 10% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 6.8% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 3.0% (1987) +Budget: + revenues $12.1 million; expenditures $14.3 million, including capital + expenditures of $3.2 million (1988) +Exports: + $2.3 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.) + commodities: + electronic parts, plastic bags, apparel, hot peppers, live plants, cattle + partners: + NA +Imports: + $30 million (c.i.f., 1988 est.) + commodities: + machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs, manufactured goods, + fuels, lubricants, and related materials + partners: + NA +External debt: + $2.05 million (1987) +Industrial production: + growth rate 8.1% (1986); accounts for 10% of GDP +Electricity: + 5,271 kW capacity; 12 million kWh produced, 960 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + tourism; light manufacturing - rum, textiles, electronic appliances +Agriculture: + accounts for 4% of GDP; small-scale farming; food crops - tomatoes, onions, + peppers; not self-sufficient in food, especially livestock products +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $90 + million +Currency: + East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Montserrat Communications + +Highways: + 280 km total; about 200 km paved, 80 km gravel and earth +Ports: + Plymouth +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runways 1,036 m +Telecommunications: + 3,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV + +:Montserrat Defense Forces + +Branches: + Police Force +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +:Morocco Geography + +Total area: + 446,550 km2 +Land area: + 446,300 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than California +Land boundaries: + 2,002 km; Algeria 1,559 km, Western Sahara 443 km +Coastline: + 1,835 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claims and administers Western Sahara, but sovereignty is unresolved; the UN + is attempting to hold a referendum; the UN-administered cease-fire has been + currently in effect since September 1991 Spain controls five places of + sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - the + coastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla which Morocco contests as well as the + islands of Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera, and Islas + Chafarinas +Climate: + Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior +Terrain: + mostly mountains with rich coastal plains +Natural resources: + phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, fish, salt +Land use: + arable land 18%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 28%; forest and + woodland 12%; other 41%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + northern mountains geologically unstable and subject to earthquakes; + desertification +Note: + strategic location along Strait of Gibraltar + +:Morocco People + +Population: + 26,708,587 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 29 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 56 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 63 years male, 67 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.7 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Moroccan(s); adjective - Moroccan +Ethnic divisions: + Arab-Berber 99.1%, non-Moroccan 0.7%, Jewish 0.2% +Religions: + Muslim 98.7%, Christian 1.1%, Jewish 0.2% +Languages: + Arabic (official); several Berber dialects; French is often the language of + business, government, and diplomacy +Literacy: + 50% (male 61%, female 38%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 7,400,000; agriculture 50%, services 26%, industry 15%, other 9% (1985) +Organized labor: + about 5% of the labor force, mainly in the Union of Moroccan Workers (UMT) + and the Democratic Confederation of Labor (CDT) + +:Morocco Government + +Long-form name: + Kingdom of Morocco +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Rabat +Administrative divisions: + 37 provinces and 5 municipalities* (wilayas, singular - wilaya); Agadir, Al + Hoceima, Azilal, Beni Mellal, Ben Slimane, Boulemane, Casablanca*, Chaouen, + El Jadida, El Kelaa des Srarhna, Er Rachidia, Essaouira, Fes, Fes*, Figuig, + Guelmim, Ifrane, Kenitra, Khemisset, Khenifra, Khouribga, Laayoune, Larache, + Marrakech, Marrakech*, Meknes, Meknes*, Nador, Ouarzazate, Oujda, + Rabat-Sale*, Safi, Settat, Sidi Kacem, Tanger, Tan-Tan, Taounate, + Taroudannt, Tata, Taza, Tetouan, Tiznit +Independence: + 2 March 1956 (from France) +Constitution: + 10 March 1972 +Legal system: + based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil law system; judicial + review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of Supreme Court +National holiday: + National Day (anniversary of King Hassan II's accession to the throne), 3 + March (1961) +Executive branch: + monarch, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Chamber of Representatives (Majlis Nawab) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King HASSAN II (since 3 March 1961) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Dr. Azzedine LARAKI (since 30 September 1986) +Political parties and leaders: + Morocco has 15 political parties; the major ones are Istiqlal, M'Hamed + BOUCETTA; Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP); Popular Movement (MP), + Secretariat General; National Assembly of Independents (RNI), Ahmed OSMAN; + National Democratic Party (PND), Mohamed Arsalane EL-JADIDI; Party for + Progress and Socialism (PPS); Constitutional Union (UC), Maati BOUABID +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + Chamber of Representatives: + last held on 14 September 1984 (were scheduled for September 1990, but + postponed until NA 1992); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - + (306 total, 206 elected) CU 83, RNI 61, MP 47, Istiqlal 41, USFP 36, PND 24, + other 14 +Communists: + about 2,000 +Member of: + ABEDA, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, EBRD, ECA, FAO, + G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IIB, ILO, + IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, OAS (observer), NAM, + OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO + +:Morocco Government + +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Mohamed BELKHAYAT; Chancery at 1601 21st Street NW, Washington, + DC 20009; telephone (202) 462-7979; there is a Moroccan Consulate General in + New York + US: + Ambassador Frederick VREELAND; Embassy at 2 Avenue de Marrakech, Rabat + (mailing address is P. O. Box 120, Rabat, or PSC 74, APO AE 09718; telephone + [212] (7) 76-22-65; FAX [212] (7) 76-56-61; there is a US Consulate General + in Casablanca +Flag: + red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as Solomon's + seal in the center of the flag; green is the traditional color of Islam + +:Morocco Economy + +Overview: + The economy had recovered moderately in 1990 because of: the resolution of a + trade dispute with India over phosphoric acid sales, a rebound in textile + sales to the EC, lower prices for food imports, a sharp increase in worker + remittances, increased Arab donor aid, and generous debt rescheduling + agreements. Economic performance in 1991 was mixed. A record harvest helped + real GDP advance by 4.2%, although nonagricultural output grew by less than + 1%. Inflation accelerated slightly as easier financial policies triggered + rapid credit and monetary growth. Despite recovery of domestic demand, + import volume growth slowed while export volume was adversely affected by + phosphate marketing difficulties. In January 1992, Morocco reached a new + 12-month standby arrangement for $129 million with the IMF. In February + 1992, the Paris Club rescheduled $1.4 billion of Morocco's commercial debt. + This is thought to be Morocco's last rescheduling. By 1993 the Moroccan + authorities hope to be in a position to meet all debt service obligations + without additional rescheduling. Servicing this large debt, high + unemployment, and Morocco's vulnerability to external economic forces remain + severe long-term problems. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $27.3 billion, per capita $1,060; real growth + rate 4.2% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8.1% (1991 ) +Unemployment rate: + 16% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $7.5 billion; expenditures $7.7 billion, including capital + expenditures of $1.9 billion (1992) +Exports: + $4.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + food and beverages 30%, semiprocessed goods 23%, consumer goods 21%, + phosphates 17% + partners: + EC 58%, India 7%, Japan 5%, USSR 3%, US 2% +Imports: + $6.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + capital goods 24%, semiprocessed goods 22%, raw materials 16%, fuel and + lubricants 16%, food and beverages 13%, consumer goods 9% + partners: + EC 53%, US 11%, Canada 4%, Iraq 3%, USSR 3%, Japan 2% +External debt: + $20 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 4% (1989 est.); accounts for an estimated 20% of GDP +Electricity: + 2,270,000 kW capacity; 8,170 million kWh produced, 310 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + phosphate rock mining and processing, food processing, leather goods, + textiles, construction, tourism +Agriculture: + 50% of employment and 30% of export value; not self-sufficient in food; + cereal farming and livestock raising predominate; barley, wheat, citrus + fruit, wine, vegetables, olives; fishing catch of 491,000 metric tons in + 1987 + +:Morocco Economy + +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of hashish; trafficking on the increase for both domestic + and international drug markets; shipments of hashish mostly directed to + Western Europe; occasional transit point for cocaine from South America + destined for Western Europe. +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.3 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.5 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $4.8 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.5 + billion; $2.8 billion debt canceled by Saudi Arabia (1991); IMF standby + agreement worth $13 million; World Bank, $450 million (1991) +Currency: + Moroccan dirham (plural - dirhams); 1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 - 8.889 (March 1992), 8.707 (1991), 8.242 + (1990), 8.488 (1989), 8.209 (1988), 8.359 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Morocco Communications + +Railroads: + 1,893 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (246 km double track, 974 km + electrified) +Highways: + 59,198 km total; 27,740 km paved, 31,458 km gravel, crushed stone, improved + earth, and unimproved earth +Pipelines: + crude oil 362 km; petroleum products (abandoned) 491 km; natural gas 241 km +Ports: + Agadir, Casablanca, El Jorf Lasfar, Kenitra, Mohammedia, Nador, Safi, + Tangier; also Spanish-controlled Ceuta and Melilla +Merchant marine: + 51 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 315,249 GRT/487,479 DWT; includes 10 + cargo, 2 container, 12 refrigerated cargo, 6 roll-on/roll-off, 3 petroleum + tanker, 11 chemical tanker, 4 bulk, 3 short-sea passenger +Civil air: + 28 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 75 total, 67 usable; 26 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over + 3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 27 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + good system composed of wire lines, cables, and radio relay links; principal + centers are Casablanca and Rabat; secondary centers are Fes, Marrakech, + Oujda, Tangier, and Tetouan; 280,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 20 AM, + 7 FM, 26 TV and 26 additional rebroadcast sites; 5 submarine cables; + satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT; radio + relay to Gibraltar, Spain, and Western Sahara; coaxial cable and microwave + to Algeria; microwave network linking Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, + Algeria, and Morocco + +:Morocco Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Moroccan Army, Royal Moroccan Navy, Royal Moroccan Air Force, Royal + Gendarmerie, Auxiliary Forces +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 6,604,712; 4,196,449 fit for military service; 293,204 reach + military age (18) annually; limited conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, 4.2% of GDP (1992 budget) + +:Mozambique Geography + +Total area: + 801,590 km2 +Land area: + 784,090 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of California +Land boundaries: + 4,571 km total; Malawi 1,569 km, South Africa 491 km, Swaziland 105 km, + Tanzania 756 km, Zambia 419 km, Zimbabwe 1,231 km +Coastline: + 2,470 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical to subtropical +Terrain: + mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in center, high plateaus in northwest, + mountains in west +Natural resources: + coal, titanium +Land use: + arable land 4%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 56%; forest and + woodland 20%; other 20%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + severe drought and floods occur in south; desertification + +:Mozambique People + +Population: + 15,469,150 (July 1992), growth rate 4.1% (1992); note - 1.5 million + Mozambican refugees; 900,000 in Malawi (1991 est.) +Birth rate: + 46 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 17 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 12 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 134 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 46 years male, 49 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Mozambican(s); adjective - Mozambican +Ethnic divisions: + majority from indigenous tribal groups; Europeans about 10,000, + Euro-Africans 35,000, Indians 15,000 +Religions: + indigenous beliefs 60%, Christian 30%, Muslim 10% +Languages: + Portuguese (official); many indigenous dialects +Literacy: + 33% (male 45%, female 21%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + NA, but 90% engaged in agriculture +Organized labor: + 225,000 workers belong to a single union, the Mozambique Workers' + Organization (OTM) + +:Mozambique Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Mozambique +Type: + republic +Capital: + Maputo +Administrative divisions: + 10 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Cabo Delgado, Gaza, + Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Nampula, Niassa, Sofala, Tete, Zambezia +Independence: + 25 June 1975 (from Portugal) +Constitution: + 30 November 1990 +Legal system: + based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 25 June (1975) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica) +Judicial branch: + People's Courts at all levels +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO (since 6 November 1986) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Mario da Graca MACHUNGO (since 17 July 1986) +Political parties and leaders: + Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO) - formerly a Marxist + organization with close ties to the USSR - was the only legal party before + 30 November 1990 when the new Constitution went into effect establishing a + multiparty system; note - the government plans multiparty elections as early + as 1993; 14 parties, including the Liberal Democratic Party of Mozambique + (PALMO), the Mozambique National Union (UNAMO), and the Mozambique National + Movement (MONAMO) have already emerged +Suffrage: + universal adult at age 18 +Elections: + draft electoral law provides for periodic, direct presidential and Assembly + elections +Communists: + about 200,000 FRELIMO members; note - FRELIMO no longer considers itself a + Communist party +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, + INMARSAT, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Hipolito PATRICIO; Chancery at Suite 570, 1990 M Street NW, + Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 293-7146 + US: + Ambassador Townsend B. FRIEDMAN, Jr.; Embassy at Avenida Kenneth Kuanda, 193 + Maputo (mailing address is P. O. Box 783, Maputo); telephone [258] (1) + 49-27-97, 49-01-67, 49-03-50; FAX [258] (1) 49-01-14 + +:Mozambique Government + +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with a red + isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is edged in + white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed star bearing a + crossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open white book + +:Mozambique Economy + +Overview: + One of Africa's poorest countries, Mozambique has failed to exploit the + economic potential of its sizable agricultural, hydropower, and + transportation resources. Indeed, national output, consumption, and + investment declined throughout the first half of the 1980s because of + internal disorders, lack of government administrative control, and a growing + foreign debt. A sharp increase in foreign aid, attracted by an economic + reform policy, has resulted in successive years of economic growth since + 1985. Agricultural output, nevertheless, is at about only 75% of its 1981 + level, and grain has to be imported. Industry operates at only 20-40% of + capacity. The economy depends heavily on foreign assistance to keep afloat. + The continuation of civil strife through 1991 has dimmed chances of foreign + investment, and growth was a mere 1%. Living standards, already abysmally + low, dropped by 3-4% in both 1990 and 1991. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, per capita $120; real growth rate + 1.0% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 40.5% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 50% (1989 est.) +Budget: + revenues $369 million; expenditures $860 million, including capital + expenditures of $432 million (1989 est.) +Exports: + $117 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + shrimp 48%, cashews 21%, sugar 10%, copra 3%, citrus 3% + partners: + US, Western Europe, GDR, Japan +Imports: + $870 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.), including aid + commodities: + food, clothing, farm equipment, petroleum + partners: + US, Western Europe, USSR +External debt: + $4.9 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5% (1989 est.) +Electricity: + 2,270,000 kW capacity; 1,745 million kWh produced, 115 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + food, beverages, chemicals (fertilizer, soap, paints), petroleum products, + textiles, nonmetallic mineral products (cement, glass, asbestos), tobacco +Agriculture: + accounts for 80% of the labor force, 50% of GDP, and about 90% of exports; + cash crops - cotton, cashew nuts, sugarcane, tea, shrimp; other crops - + cassava, corn, rice, tropical fruits; not self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $350 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.4 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $37 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $890 + million +Currency: + metical (plural - meticais); 1 metical (Mt) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + meticais (Mt) per US$1 - 2,358 (1 May 1992), 1,811.18 (1991), 929.00 (1990), + 800.00 (1989), 528.60 (1988), 289.44 (1987) + +:Mozambique Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Mozambique Communications + +Railroads: + 3,288 km total; 3,140 km 1.067-meter gauge; 148 km 0.762-meter narrow gauge; + Malawi-Nacala, Malawi-Beira, and Zimbabwe-Maputo lines are subject to + closure because of insurgency +Highways: + 26,498 km total; 4,593 km paved; 829 km gravel, crushed stone, stabilized + soil; 21,076 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + about 3,750 km of navigable routes +Pipelines: + crude oil (not operating) 306 km; petroleum products 289 km +Ports: + Maputo, Beira, Nacala +Merchant marine: + 5 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 7,806 GRT/12,873 DWT +Civil air: + 7 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 195 total, 137 usable; 27 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways + over 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 26 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fair system of troposcatter, open-wire lines, and radio relay; broadcast + stations - 29 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV; earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and + 3 domestic Indian Ocean INTELSAT + +:Mozambique Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Naval Command, Air and Air Defense Forces, Border Guards, Militia +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 3,490,554; 2,004,913 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $107 million, 6-7% of GDP (1989) + +:Namibia Geography + +Total area: + 824,290 km2 +Land area: + 823,290 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than half the size of Alaska +Land boundaries: + 3,935 km total; Angola 1,376 km, Botswana 1,360 km, South Africa 966 km, + Zambia 233 km +Coastline: + 1,489 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + short section of boundary with Botswana is indefinite; disputed island with + Botswana in the Chobe River; quadripoint with Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe + is in disagreement; claim by Namibia to Walvis Bay and 12 offshore islands + administered by South Africa; Namibia and South Africa have agreed to + jointly administer the area for an interim period; the terms and dates to be + covered by joint administration arrangements have not been established at + this time, and Namibia will continue to maintain a claim to sovereignty over + the entire area; recent dispute with Botswana over uninhabited Sidudu Island + in the Linyanti River +Climate: + desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic +Terrain: + mostly high plateau; Namib Desert along coast; Kalahari Desert in east +Natural resources: + diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin, lithium, cadmium, zinc, salt, + vanadium, natural gas, fish; suspected deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, + and iron ore +Land use: + arable land 1%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 64%; forest and + woodland 22%; other 13%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + inhospitable with very limited natural water resources; desertification +Note: + Walvis Bay area is an exclave of South Africa in Namibia + +:Namibia People + +Population: + 1,574,927 (July 1992), growth rate 3.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 45 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 66 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 58 years male, 63 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Namibian(s); adjective - Namibian +Ethnic divisions: + black 86%, white 6.6%, mixed 7.4%; about 50% of the population belong to the + Ovambo tribe and 9% from the Kavangos tribe +Religions: + predominantly Christian +Languages: + English is official language; Afrikaans is common language of most of + population and about 60% of white population, German 32%, English 7%; + several indigenous languages +Literacy: + 38% (male 45%, female 31%) age 15 and over can read and write (1960) +Labor force: + 500,000; agriculture 60%, industry and commerce 19%, services 8%, government + 7%, mining 6% (1981 est.) +Organized labor: + 20 trade unions representing about 90,000 workers + +:Namibia Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Namibia +Type: + republic +Capital: + Windhoek +Administrative divisions: + the former administrative structure of 26 districts has been abolished and + 14 temporary regions are still being determined; note - the 26 districts + were Bethanien, Boesmanland, Caprivi Oos, Damaraland, Gobabis, Grootfontein, + Hereroland Oos, Hereroland Wes, Kaokoland, Karasburg, Karibib, Kavango, + Keetmanshoop, Luderitz, Maltahohe, Mariental, Namaland, Okahandja, Omaruru, + Otjiwarongo, Outjo, Owambo, Rehoboth, Swakopmund, Tsumeb, Windhoek +Independence: + 21 March 1990 (from South African mandate) +Constitution: + ratified 9 February 1990 +Legal system: + based on Roman-Dutch law and 1990 constitution +National holiday: + Independence Day, 21 March (1990) +Executive branch: + president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral; House of Review (upper house, to be established with elections in + late 1992 by planned new regional authorities); National Assembly (lower + house elected by universal suffrage) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Sam NUJOMA (since 21 March 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + South-West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), Sam NUJOMA; Democratic + Turnhalle Alliance (DTA), Dirk MUDGE; United Democratic Front (UDF), Justus + GAROEB; Action Christian National (ACN), Kosie PRETORIUS; National Patriotic + Front (NPF), Moses KATJIUONGUA; Federal Convention of Namibia (FCN), Hans + DIERGAARDT; Namibia National Front (NNF), Vekuii RUKORO +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 16 February 1990 (next to be held March 1995); results - Sam + NUJOMA was elected president by the Constituent Assembly (now the National + Assembly) + National Assembly: + last held on 7-11 November 1989 (next to be held by November 1994); results + - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (72 total) SWAPO 41, DTA 21, UDF 4, + ACN 3, NNF 1, FCN 1, NPF 1 +Other political or pressure groups: + NA +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, CECA (associate), ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, + IMF, ITU, NAM, SACU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, WCL, WFTU, WHO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Tuliameni KALOMOH; Chancery at 1605 New Hampshire Ave. NW, + Washington, DC 20009 (mailing address is PO Box 34738, Washington, DC + 20043); telephone (202) 986-0540 + +:Namibia Government + + US: + Ambassador Genta Hawkins HOLMES; Embassy at Ausplan Building, 14 Lossen St., + Windhoek (mailing address is P. O. Box 9890, Windhoek 9000, Namibia); + telephone [264] (61) 221-601, 222-675, 222-680; FAX [264] (61) 229-792 +Flag: + a large blue triangle with a yellow sunburst fills the upper left section, + and an equal green triangle (solid) fills the lower right section; the + triangles are separated by a red stripe that is contrasted by two narrow + white-edge borders + +:Namibia Economy + +Overview: + The economy is heavily dependent on the mining industry to extract and + process minerals for export. Mining accounts for almost 25% of GDP. Namibia + is the fourth-largest exporter of nonfuel minerals in Africa and the world's + fifth-largest producer of uranium. Alluvial diamond deposits are among the + richest in the world, making Namibia a primary source for gem-quality + diamonds. Namibia also produces large quantities of lead, zinc, tin, silver, + and tungsten, and it has substantial resources of coal. More than half the + population depends on agriculture (largely subsistence agriculture) for its + livelihood. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $2 billion, per capita $1,400; real growth rate + 5.1% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 17% (1991 - Windhoek) +Unemployment rate: + over 25% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $864 million; expenditures $1,112 million, including capital + expenditures of $144 million (FY 92) +Exports: + $1,021 million (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + uranium, diamonds, zinc, copper, cattle, processed fish, karakul skins + partners: + Switzerland, South Africa, FRG, Japan +Imports: + $894 million (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + foodstuffs, petroleum products and fuel, machinery and equipment + partners: + South Africa, FRG, US, Switzerland +External debt: + about $250 million; under a 1971 International Court of Justice (ICJ) + ruling, Namibia may not be liable for debt incurred during its colonial + period +Industrial production: + growth rate - 6% (1990 est.); accounts for 35% of GDP, including mining +Electricity: + 490,000 kW capacity; 1,290 million kWh produced, 850 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + meatpacking, fish processing, dairy products, mining (copper, lead, zinc, + diamond, uranium) +Agriculture: + mostly subsistence farming; livestock raising major source of cash income; + crops - millet, sorghum, peanuts; fish catch potential of over 1 million + metric tons not being fulfilled, 1988 catch reaching only 384,000 metric + tons; not self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), + $47.2 million +Currency: + South African rand (plural - rand); 1 South African rand (R) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + South African rand (R) per US$1 - 2.8809 (March 1992), 2.7653 (1991), 2.5863 + (1990), 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988), 2.0350 (1987), 2.2685 (1986) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Namibia Communications + +Railroads: + 2,341 km 1.067-meter gauge, single track +Highways: + 54,500 km; 4,079 km paved, 2,540 km gravel, 47,881 km earth roads and tracks +Ports: + Luderitz; primary maritime outlet is Walvis Bay (South Africa) +Civil air: + NA major transport aircraft +Airports: + 137 total, 112 usable; 21 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways + over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 63 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + good urban, fair rural services; radio relay connects major towns, wires + extend to other population centers; 62,800 telephones; broadcast stations - + 4 AM, 40 FM, 3 TV + +:Namibia Defense Forces + +Branches: + National Defense Force (Army), Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 320,277; 189,997 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $66 million, 3.4% of GDP (FY 92) + +:Nauru Geography + +Total area: + 21 km2 +Land area: + 21 km2 +Comparative area: + about one-tenth the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 30 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; monsoonal; rainy season (November to February) +Terrain: + sandy beach rises to fertile ring around raised coral reefs with phosphate + plateau in center +Natural resources: + phosphates +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + only 53 km south of Equator +Note: + located 500 km north-northeast of Papua New Guinea, Nauru is one of the + three great phosphate rock islands in the Pacific Ocean - the others are + Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati and Makatea in French Polynesia + +:Nauru People + +Population: + 9,460 (July 1992), growth rate 1.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 18 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 41 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 64 years male, 69 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Nauruan(s); adjective - Nauruan +Ethnic divisions: + Nauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European 8% +Religions: + Christian (two-thirds Protestant, one-third Roman Catholic) +Languages: + Nauruan, a distinct Pacific Island language (official); English widely + understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposes +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + NA +Organized labor: + NA + +:Nauru Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Nauru +Type: + republic +Capital: + no capital city as such; government offices in Yaren District +Administrative divisions: + 14 districts; Aiwo, Anabar, Anetan, Anibare, Baiti, Boe, Buada, Denigomodu, + Ewa, Ijuw, Meneng, Nibok, Uaboe, Yaren +Independence: + 31 January 1968 (from UN trusteeship under Australia, New Zealand, and UK); + formerly Pleasant Island +Constitution: + 29 January 1968 +Legal system: + own Acts of Parliament and British common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 31 January (1968) +Executive branch: + president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Bernard DOWIYOGO (since 12 December 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + none +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 20 +Elections: + President: + last held 9 December 1989 (next to be held December 1992); results - Bernard + DOWIYOGO elected by Parliament + Parliament: + last held on 9 December 1989 (next to be held December 1992); results - + percent of vote NA; seats - (18 total) independents 18 +Member of: + C (special), ESCAP, ICAO, INTERPOL, ITU, SPC, SPF, UPU +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador-designate Theodore Conrad MOSES resident in Melbourne + (Australia); there is a Nauruan Consulate in Agana (Guam) + US: + the US Ambassador to Australia is accredited to Nauru +Flag: + blue with a narrow, horizontal, yellow stripe across the center and a large + white 12-pointed star below the stripe on the hoist side; the star indicates + the country's location in relation to the Equator (the yellow stripe) and + the 12 points symbolize the 12 original tribes of Nauru + +:Nauru Economy + +Overview: + Revenues come from the export of phosphates, the reserves of which are + expected to be exhausted by the year 2000. Phosphates have given Nauruans + one of the highest per capita incomes in the Third World - $10,000 annually. + Few other resources exist, so most necessities must be imported, including + fresh water from Australia. The rehabilitation of mined land and the + replacement of income from phosphates are serious long-term problems. + Substantial amounts of phosphate income are invested in trust funds to help + cushion the transition. +GNP: + exchange rate conversion - over $90 million, per capita $10,000; real growth + rate NA% (1989) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + 0% +Budget: + revenues $69.7 million; expenditures $51.5 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY86 est.) +Exports: + $93 million (f.o.b., 1984) + commodities: + phosphates + partners: + Australia, NZ +Imports: + $73 million (c.i.f., 1984) + commodities: + food, fuel, manufactures, building materials, machinery + partners: + Australia, UK, NZ, Japan +External debt: + $33.3 million +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 14,000 kW capacity; 50 million kWh produced, 5,430 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + phosphate mining, financial services, coconuts +Agriculture: + negligible; almost completely dependent on imports for food and water +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries (1970-89), $2 million +Currency: + Australian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3177 (March 1992), 1.2834 (1991), + 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Nauru Communications + +Railroads: + 3.9 km; used to haul phosphates from the center of the island to processing + facilities on the southwest coast +Highways: + about 27 km total; 21 km paved, 6 km improved earth +Ports: + Nauru +Merchant marine: + 1 bulk ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,426 GRT/5,750 DWT +Civil air: + 3 major transport aircraft, one on order +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + adequate local and international radio communications provided via + Australian facilities; 1,600 telephones; 4,000 radios; broadcast stations - + 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Nauru Defense Forces + +Branches: + no regular armed forces; Directorate of the Nauru Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + $NA - no formal defense structure + +:Navassa Island Geography + +Total area: + 5.2 km2 +Land area: + 5.2 km2 +Comparative area: + about nine times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 8 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claimed by Haiti +Climate: + marine, tropical +Terrain: + raised coral and limestone plateau, flat to undulating; ringed by vertical + white cliffs (9 to 15 meters high) +Natural resources: + guano +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 10%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 90% +Environment: + mostly exposed rock, but enough grassland to support goat herds; dense + stands of fig-like trees, scattered cactus +Note: + strategic location between Cuba, Haiti, and Jamaica in the Caribbean Sea; + 160 km south of the US Naval Base at Guantanamo, Cuba + +:Navassa Island People + +Population: + uninhabited; transient Haitian fishermen and others camp on the island + +:Navassa Island Government + +Long-form name: + none (territory of the US) +Type: + unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Coast Guard +Capital: + none; administered from Washington, DC + +:Navassa Island Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +:Navassa Island Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only + +:Navassa Island Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +:Nepal Geography + +Total area: + 140,800 km2 +Land area: + 136,800 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Arkansas +Land boundaries: + 2,926 km total; China 1,236 km, India 1,690 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers + and mild winters in south +Terrain: + Terai or flat river plain of the Ganges in south, central hill region, + rugged Himalayas in north +Natural resources: + quartz, water, timber, hydroelectric potential, scenic beauty; small + deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore +Land use: + arable land 17%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 13%; forest and + woodland 33%; other 37%; includes irrigated 2% +Environment: + contains eight of world's 10 highest peaks; deforestation; soil erosion; + water pollution +Note: + landlocked; strategic location between China and India + +:Nepal People + +Population: + 20,086,455 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 38 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 14 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 90 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 51 years male, 51 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 5.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Nepalese (singular and plural); adjective - Nepalese +Ethnic divisions: + Newars, Indians, Tibetans, Gurungs, Magars, Tamangs, Bhotias, Rais, Limbus, + Sherpas, as well as many smaller groups +Religions: + only official Hindu state in world, although no sharp distinction between + many Hindu (about 90% of population) and Buddhist groups (about 5% of + population); Muslims 3%, other 2% (1981) +Languages: + Nepali (official); 20 languages divided into numerous dialects +Literacy: + 26% (male 38%, female 13%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 8,500,000 (1991 est.); agriculture 93%, services 5%, industry 2%; severe + lack of skilled labor +Organized labor: + Teachers' Union and many other nonofficially recognized unions + +:Nepal Government + +Long-form name: + Kingdom of Nepal +Type: + parliamentary democracy as of 12 May 1991 +Capital: + Kathmandu +Administrative divisions: + 14 zones (anchal, singular and plural); Bagmati, Bheri, Dhawalagiri, + Gandaki, Janakpur, Karnali, Kosi, Lumbini, Mahakali, Mechi, Narayani, Rapti, + Sagarmatha, Seti +Independence: + 1768, unified by Prithyi Narayan Shah +Constitution: + 9 November 1990 +Legal system: + based on Hindu legal concepts and English common law; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Birthday of His Majesty the King, 28 December (1945) +Executive branch: + monarch, prime minister, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or National Council and a + lower house or House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Sarbochha Adalat) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King BIRENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev (since 31 January 1972, crowned King 24 + February 1985); Heir Apparent Crown Prince DIPENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev, son + of the King (born 21 June 1971) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Girija Prasad KOIRALA (since 29 May 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + ruling party: + Nepali Congress Party (NCP), Girija Prasad KOIRALA, Ganesh Man SINGH, + Krishna Prasad BHATTARAI + center: + the NDP has two factions: National Democratic Party/Chand (NDP/Chand), + Lokinra Bahadur CHAND, and National Democratic Party/Thapa (NDP/Thapa), + Surya Bahadur THAPA - the two factions announced a merger in late 1991; + Terai Rights Sadbhavana (Goodwill) Party, G. N. Naryan SINGH + Communist: + Communist Party of Nepal/United Marxist and Leninist (CPN/UML), Man Mohan + ADIKHARY; United People's Front (UPF), N. K. PRASAI, Lila Mani POKHAREL; + Nepal Workers and Peasants Party, leader NA; Rohit Party, N. M. BIJUKCHHE; + Democratic Party, leader NA +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held on 12 May 1991 (next to be held May 1996); results - NCP 38%, + CPN/UML 28%, NDP/Chand 6%, UPF 5%, NDP/Thapa 5%, Terai Rights Sadbhavana + Party 4%, Rohit 2%, CPN (Democratic) 1%, independents 4%, other 7%; seats - + (205 total) NCP 110, CPN/UML 69, UPF 9, Terai Rights Sadbhavana Party 6, + NDP/Chand 3, Rohit 2, CPN (Democratic) 2, NDP/Thapa 1, independents 3; note + - the new Constitution of 9 November 1990 gives Nepal a multiparty democracy + system for the first time in 32 years + +:Nepal Government + +Communists: + Communist Party of Nepal (CPN) +Other political or pressure groups: + numerous small, left-leaning student groups in the capital; several small, + radical Nepalese antimonarchist groups +Member of: + AsDB, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, + INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, + UNIFIL, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Yog Prasad UPADHYAYA; Chancery at 2131 Leroy Place NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 667-4550; there is a Nepalese + Consulate General in New York + US: + Ambassador Julia Chang BLOCH; Embassy at Pani Pokhari, Kathmandu; telephone + [977] (1) 411179 or 412718, 411604, 411613, 413890; FAX [977] (1) 419963 +Flag: + red with a blue border around the unique shape of two overlapping right + triangles; the smaller, upper triangle bears a white stylized moon and the + larger, lower triangle bears a white 12-pointed sun + +:Nepal Economy + +Overview: + Nepal is among the poorest and least developed countries in the world. + Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood for over + 90% of the population and accounting for 60% of GDP. Industrial activity is + limited, mainly involving the processing of agricultural produce (jute, + sugarcane, tobacco, and grain). Production of textiles and carpets has + expanded recently and accounted for 87% of foreign exchange earnings in + FY89. Apart from agricultural land and forests, the only other exploitable + natural resources are mica, hydropower, and tourism. Agricultural production + in the late 1980s grew by about 5%, as compared with annual population + growth of 2.6%. Forty percent or more of the population is undernourished + partly because of poor distribution. Since May 1991, the government has been + encouraging privatization and foreign investment. It has introduced policies + to eliminate many business licenses and registration requirements in order + to simplify domestic and foreign investment procedures. Economic prospects + for the 1990s remain poor because the economy starts from such a low base. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $3.2 billion, per capita $165; real growth rate + 3.5% (FY91) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 15.0% (December 1991) +Unemployment rate: + 5%; underemployment estimated at 25-40% (1987) +Budget: + revenues $294.0 million; expenditures $624.0 million, including capital + expenditures of $396 (FY92 est.) +Exports: + $180 million (f.o.b., FY91) but does not include unrecorded border trade + with India + commodities: + clothing, carpets, leather goods, grain + partners: + US, India, Germany, UK +Imports: + $545 million (c.i.f., FY91 est.) + commodities: + petroleum products 20%, fertilizer 11%, machinery 10% + partners: + India, Singapore, Japan, Germany +External debt: + $2.5 billion (April 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 6% (FY91 est.); accounts for 7% of GDP +Electricity: + 280,000 kW capacity; 540 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + small rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed mills; cigarette, textile, carpet, + cement, and brick production; tourism +Agriculture: + accounts for 60% of GDP and 90% of work force; farm products - rice, corn, + wheat, sugarcane, root crops, milk, buffalo meat; not self-sufficient in + food, particularly in drought years +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic and international drug markets +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $304 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $2,230 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $30 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $286 + million + +:Nepal Economy + +Currency: + Nepalese rupee (plural - rupees); 1 Nepalese rupee (NR) = 100 paisa +Exchange rates: + Nepalese rupees (NRs) per US$1 - 42.7 (January 1992), 37.255 (1991), 29.370 + (1990), 27.189 (1989), 23.289 (1988), 21.819 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 16 July - 15 July + +:Nepal Communications + +Railroads: + 52 km (1990), all 0.762-meter narrow gauge; all in Terai close to Indian + border; 10 km from Raxaul to Birganj is government owned +Highways: + 7,080 km total (1990); 2,898 km paved, 1,660 km gravel or crushed stone; + also 2,522 km of seasonally motorable tracks +Civil air: + 5 major and 11 minor transport aircraft +Airports: + 37 total, 37 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + poor telephone and telegraph service; fair radio communication and broadcast + service; international radio communication service is poor; 50,000 + telephones (1990); broadcast stations - 88 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean + INTELSAT earth station + +:Nepal Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Nepalese Army, Royal Nepalese Army Air Service, Nepalese Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 4,798,984; 2,488,749 fit for military service; 225,873 reach + military age (17) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $34 million, 2% of GDP (FY92) + +:Netherlands Geography + +Total area: + 37,330 km2 +Land area: + 33,920 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of New Jersey +Land boundaries: + 1,027 km total; Belgium 450 km, Germany 577 km +Coastline: + 451 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + not specific + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters +Terrain: + mostly coastal lowland and reclaimed land (polders); some hills in southeast +Natural resources: + natural gas, crude oil, fertile soil +Land use: + arable land 26%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 32%; forest and + woodland 9%; other 32%; includes irrigated 16% +Environment: + 27% of the land area is below sea level and protected from the North Sea by + dikes +Note: + located at mouths of three major European rivers (Rhine, Maas or Meuse, + Schelde) + +:Netherlands People + +Population: + 15,112,064 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 13 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 75 years male, 81 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Dutchman(men), Dutchwoman(women); adjective - Dutch +Ethnic divisions: + Dutch 96%, Moroccans, Turks, and other 4% (1988) +Religions: + Roman Catholic 36%, Protestant 27%, other 6%, unaffiliated 31% (1988) +Languages: + Dutch +Literacy: + 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1979 est.) +Labor force: + 5,300,000; services 50.1%, manufacturing and construction 28.2%, government + 15.9%, agriculture 5.8% (1986) +Organized labor: + 29% of labor force + +:Netherlands Government + +Long-form name: + Kingdom of the Netherlands +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Amsterdam; The Hague is the seat of government +Administrative divisions: + 12 provinces (provincien, singular - provincie); Drenthe, Flevoland, + Friesland, Gelderland, Groningen, Limburg, Noord-Brabant, Noord-Holland, + Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland, Zuid-Holland +Independence: + 1579 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 17 February 1983 +Dependent areas: + Aruba, Netherlands Antilles +Legal system: + civil law system incorporating French penal theory; judicial review in the + Supreme Court of legislation of lower order rather than Acts of the States + General; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Queen's Day, 30 April (1938) +Executive branch: + monarch, prime minister, vice prime minister, Cabinet, Cabinet of Ministers +Legislative branch: + bicameral legislature (Staten Generaal) consists of an upper chamber or + First Chamber (Eerste Kamer) and a lower chamber or Second Chamber (Tweede + Kamer) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (De Hoge Raad) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980); Heir Apparent + WILLEM-ALEXANDER, Prince of Orange, son of Queen Beatrix (born 27 April + 1967) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Ruud (Rudolph) F. M. LUBBERS (since 4 November 1982); Vice + Prime Minister Wim KOK (since 2 November 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), Willem van VELZEN; Labor (PvdA), Wim KOK; + Liberal (VVD), Joris VOORHOEVE; Democrats '66 (D'66), Hans van MIERIO; a + host of minor parties +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + First Chamber: + last held on 9 June l991 (next to be held 9 June 1995); results - elected by + the country's 12 provincial councils; seats - (75 total) percent of seats by + party NA + Second Chamber: + last held on 6 September 1989 (next to be held by September 1993); results - + CDA 35.3%, PvdA 31. 9%, VVD 14.6%, D'66 7.9%, other 10.3%; seats - (150 + total) CDA 54, PvdA 49, VVD 22, D'66 12, other 13 +Communists: + about 6,000 + +:Netherlands Government + +Other political or pressure groups: + large multinational firms; Federation of Netherlands Trade Union Movement + (comprising Socialist and Catholic trade unions) and a Protestant trade + union; Federation of Catholic and Protestant Employers Associations; the + nondenominational Federation of Netherlands Enterprises; and IKV - + Interchurch Peace Council +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, + COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, EMS, ESA, ESCAP, FAO, G-10, GATT, + IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, + INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, + NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, + UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Johan Hendrick MEESMAN; Chancery at 4200 Linnean Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 244-5300; there are Dutch Consulates + General in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco + US: + Ambassador C. Howard WILKINS, Jr.; Embassy at Lange Voorhout 102, The Hague + (mailing address PSC 71, Box 1000, APO AE 09715); telephone [31] (70) + 310-9209; FAX [31] (70) 361-4688; there is a US Consulate General in + Amsterdam +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue; similar to the + flag of Luxembourg, which uses a lighter blue and is longer + +:Netherlands Economy + +Overview: + This highly developed and affluent economy is based on private enterprise. + The government makes its presence felt, however, through many regulations, + permit requirements, and welfare programs affecting most aspects of economic + activity. The trade and financial services sector contributes over 50% of + GDP. Industrial activity provides about 25% of GDP and is led by the + food-processing, oil-refining, and metalworking industries. The highly + mechanized agricultural sector employs only 5% of the labor force, but + provides large surpluses for export and the domestic food-processing + industry. An unemployment rate of 6.2% and a sizable budget deficit are + currently the most serious economic problems. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $249.6 billion, per capita $16,600; real + growth rate 2.2% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.6% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 6.2% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $98.7 billion; expenditures $110.8 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1991) +Exports: + $131.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + agricultural products, processed foods and tobacco, natural gas, chemicals, + metal products, textiles, clothing + partners: + EC 74.9% (FRG 28.3%, Belgium-Luxembourg 14.2%, France 10.7%, UK 10.2%), US + 4.7% (1988) +Imports: + $125.9 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + raw materials and semifinished products, consumer goods, transportation + equipment, crude oil, food products + partners: + EC 63.8% (FRG 26.5%, Belgium-Luxembourg 23.1%, UK 8.1%), US 7.9% (1988) +External debt: + none +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.7% (1991 est.); accounts for 25% of GDP +Electricity: + 22,216,000 kW capacity; 63,570 million kWh produced, 4,300 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + agroindustries, metal and engineering products, electrical machinery and + equipment, chemicals, petroleum, fishing, construction, microelectronics +Agriculture: + accounts for 4% of GDP; animal production predominates; crops - grains, + potatoes, sugar beets, fruits, vegetables; shortages of grain, fats, and + oils +Illicit drugs: + European producer of illicit amphetamines and other synethic drugs +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $19.4 billion +Currency: + Netherlands guilder, gulden, or florin (plural - guilders, gulden, or + florins); 1 Netherlands guilder, gulden, or florin (f.) = 100 cents + +:Netherlands Economy + +Exchange rates: + Netherlands guilders, gulden, or florins (f.) per US$1 - 1.7753 (January + 1992), 1.8697 (1991), 1.8209 (1990), 2.1207 (1989), 1.9766 (1988), 2.0257 + (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Netherlands Communications + +Railroads: + 3,037 km track (includes 1,871 km electrified and 1,800 km double track); + 2,871 km 1.435-meter standard gauge operated by Netherlands Railways (NS); + 166 km privately owned +Highways: + 108,360 km total; 92,525 km paved (including 2,185 km of limited access, + divided highways); 15,835 km gravel, crushed stone +Inland waterways: + 6,340 km, of which 35% is usable by craft of 1,000 metric ton capacity or + larger +Pipelines: + crude oil 418 km; petroleum products 965 km; natural gas 10,230 km +Ports: + maritime - Amsterdam, Delfzijl, Den Helder, Dordrecht, Eemshaven, Ijmuiden, + Rotterdam, Scheveningen, Terneuzen, Vlissingen; inland - 29 ports +Merchant marine: + 345 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,630,962 GRT/3,687,598 DWT; includes + 3 short-sea passenger, 191 cargo, 30 refrigerated cargo, 24 container, 12 + roll-on/roll-off, 2 livestock carrier, 10 multifunction large-load carrier, + 22 oil tanker, 27 chemical tanker, 10 liquefied gas, 2 specialized tanker, 9 + bulk, 3 combination bulk; note - many Dutch-owned ships are also registered + on the captive Netherlands Antilles register +Civil air: + 98 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 28 total, 28 usable; 19 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 11 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + highly developed, well maintained, and integrated; extensive redundant + system of multiconductor cables, supplemented by radio relay links; + 9,418,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 (3 relays) AM, 12 (39 + repeaters) FM, 8 (7 repeaters) TV; 5 submarine cables; 1 communication + satellite earth station operating in INTELSAT (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic + Ocean antenna) and EUTELSAT systems; nationwide mobile phone system + +:Netherlands Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Netherlands Army, Royal Netherlands Navy (including Naval Air Service + and Marine Corps), Royal Netherlands Air Force, Royal Constabulary +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 4,144,477; 3,649,746 fit for military service; 111,952 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $7.2 billion, 2.9% of GDP (1991) + +:Netherlands Antilles Geography + +Total area: + 960 km2 +Land area: + 960 km2; includes Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten + (Dutch part of the island of Saint Martin) +Comparative area: + slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 364 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 12 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds +Terrain: + generally hilly, volcanic interiors +Natural resources: + phosphates (Curacao only), salt (Bonaire only) +Land use: + arable land 8%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 92% +Environment: + Curacao and Bonaire are south of Caribbean hurricane belt, so rarely + threatened; Sint Maarten, Saba, and Sint Eustatius are subject to hurricanes + from July to October +Note: + consists of two island groups - Curacao and Bonaire are located off the + coast of Venezuela, and Sint Maarten, Saba, and Sint Eustatius lie 800 km to + the north + +:Netherlands Antilles People + +Population: + 184,325 (July 1992), growth rate 0.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 18 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -9 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 73 years male, 77 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Netherlands Antillean(s); adjective - Netherlands Antillean +Ethnic divisions: + mixed African 85%; remainder Carib Indian, European, Latin, and Oriental +Religions: + predominantly Roman Catholic; Protestant, Jewish, Seventh-Day Adventist +Languages: + Dutch (official); Papiamento, a Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect + predominates; English widely spoken; Spanish +Literacy: + 94% (male 94%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981) +Labor force: + 89,000; government 65%, industry and commerce 28% (1983) +Organized labor: + 60-70% of labor force + +:Netherlands Antilles Government + +Long-form name: + none +Digraph: + political parties are indigenous to each island *** +Type: + part of the Dutch realm - full autonomy in internal affairs granted in 1954 +Capital: + Willemstad +Administrative divisions: + none (part of the Dutch realm) +Independence: + none (part of the Dutch realm) +Constitution: + 29 December 1954, Statute of the Realm of the Netherlands, as amended +Legal system: + based on Dutch civil law system, with some English common law influence +National holiday: + Queen's Day, 30 April (1938) +Executive branch: + Dutch monarch, governor, prime minister, vice prime minister, Council of + Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + legislature (Staten) +Judicial branch: + Joint High Court of Justice +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980), represented by + Governor General Jaime SALEH (since October 1989) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Maria LIBERIA-PETERS (since 17 May 1988, previously served + from September 1984 to November 1985) +Political parties and leaders: + political parties are indigenous to each island + Bonaire: + Patriotic Union of Bonaire (UPB), Rudy ELLIS; Democratic Party of Bonaire + (PDB), Franklin CRESTIAN + Curacao: + National People's Party (PNP), Maria LIBERIA-PETERS; New Antilles Movement + (MAN), Domenico Felip Don MARTINA; Workers' Liberation Front (FOL), Wilson + (Papa) GODETT; Socialist Independent (SI), George HUECK and Nelson MONTE; + Democratic Party of Curacao (DP), Augustin DIAZ; Nos Patria, Chin BEHILIA + Saba: + Windward Islands People's Movement (WIPM Saba), Will JOHNSON; Saba + Democratic Labor Movement, Vernon HASSELL; Saba Unity Party, Carmen SIMMONDS + Sint Eustatius: + Democratic Party of Sint Eustatius (DP-St.E), K. Van PUTTEN; Windward + Islands People's Movement (WIPM); St. Eustatius Alliance (SEA), Ralph BERKEL + Sint Maarten: + Democratic Party of Sint Maarten (DP-St.M), Claude WATHEY; Patriotic + Movement of Sint Maarten (SPA), Vance JAMES +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 + +:Netherlands Antilles Government + +Elections: + Staten: + last held on 16 March 1990 (next to be held March 1994); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (22 total) PNP 7, FOL-SI 3, UPB 3, MAN 2, + DP-St. M 2, DP 1, SPM 1, WIPM 1, DP-St. E 1, Nos Patria 1; note - the + government of Prime Minister Maria LIBERIA-PETERS is a coalition of several + parties +Member of: + CARICOM (observer), ECLAC (associate), ICFTU, INTERPOL, IOC, UNESCO + (associate), UPU, WCL, WMO, WTO (associate) +Diplomatic representation: + as an autonomous part of the Netherlands, Netherlands Antillean interests in + the US are represented by the Netherlands + US: + Consul General Sharon P. WILKINSON; Consulate General at Sint Anna Boulevard + 19, Willemstad, Curacao (mailing address P. O. Box 158, Willemstad, + Curacao); telephone [599] (9) 613066; FAX [599] (9) 616489 +Flag: + white with a horizontal blue stripe in the center superimposed on a vertical + red band also centered; five white five-pointed stars are arranged in an + oval pattern in the center of the blue band; the five stars represent the + five main islands of Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint + Maarten + +:Netherlands Antilles Economy + +Overview: + Tourism, petroleum refining, and offshore finance are the mainstays of the + economy. The islands enjoy a high per capita income and a well-developed + infrastructure as compared with other countries in the region. Unlike many + Latin American countries, the Netherlands Antilles has avoided large + international debt. Almost all consumer and capital goods are imported, with + the US being the major supplier. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.4 billion, per capita $7,600; real growth rate + 1.5% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 5% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 21% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $454 million; expenditures $525 million, including capital + expenditures of $42 million (1989 est.) +Exports: + $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1988) + commodities: + petroleum products 98% + partners: + US 40%, Italy 6%, The Bahamas 5% +Imports: + $1.4 billion (c.i.f., 1988) + commodities: + crude petroleum 64%, food, manufactures + partners: + Venezuela 42%, US 18%, Netherlands 6% +External debt: + $701.2 million (December 1987) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 125,000 kW capacity; 365 million kWh produced, 1,985 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + tourism (Curacao and Sint Maarten), petroleum refining (Curacao), petroleum + transshipment facilities (Curacao and Bonaire), light manufacturing + (Curacao) +Agriculture: + hampered by poor soils and scarcity of water; chief products - aloes, + sorghum, peanuts, fresh vegetables, tropical fruit; not self-sufficient in + food +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $513 million +Currency: + Netherlands Antillean guilder, gulden, or florin (plural - guilders, gulden, + or florins); 1 Netherlands Antillean guilder, gulden, or florin (NAf.) = 100 + cents +Exchange rates: + Netherlands Antillean guilders, gulden, or florins (NAf.) per US$1 - 1.79 + (fixed rate since 1989; 1.80 fixed rate 1971-88) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Netherlands Antilles Communications + +Highways: + 950 km total; 300 km paved, 650 km gravel and earth +Ports: + Willemstad, Philipsburg, Kralendijk +Merchant marine: + 80 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 607,010 GRT/695,864 DWT; includes 4 + passenger, 27 cargo, 13 refrigerated cargo, 7 container, 9 roll-on/roll-off, + 11 multifunction large-load carrier, 4 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 1 + bulk, 1 oil tanker; note - all but a few are foreign owned, mostly in the + Netherlands +Civil air: + 8 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 7 total, 6 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + generally adequate facilities; extensive interisland radio relay links; + broadcast stations - 9 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV; 2 submarine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT earth stations + +:Netherlands Antilles Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Netherlands Navy, Marine Corps, Royal Netherlands Air Force, National + Guard, Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49 49,082; 27,656 fit for military service; 1,673 reach military + age (20) annually +Note: + defense is responsibility of the Netherlands + +:New Caledonia Geography + +Total area: + 19,060 km2 +Land area: + 18,760 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than New Jersey +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 2,254 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid +Terrain: + coastal plains with interior mountains +Natural resources: + nickel, chrome, iron, cobalt, manganese, silver, gold, lead, copper +Land use: + arable land NEGL%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 14%; forest + and woodland 51%; other 35% +Environment: + typhoons most frequent from November to March +Note: + located 1,750 km east of Australia in the South Pacific Ocean + +:New Caledonia People + +Population: + 174,805 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 23 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 17 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 70 years male, 76 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.7 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - New Caledonian(s); adjective - New Caledonian +Ethnic divisions: + Melanesian 42.5%, European 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%, Polynesian 3.8%, + Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese 1.6%, other 3.0% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 60%, Protestant 30%, other 10% +Languages: + French; 28 Melanesian-Polynesian dialects +Literacy: + 91% (male 91%, female 90%) age 15 and over can read and write (1976) +Labor force: + 50,469; foreign workers for plantations and mines from Wallis and Futuna, + Vanuatu, and French Polynesia (1980 est.) +Organized labor: + NA + +:New Caledonia Government + +Long-form name: + Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies +Type: + overseas territory of France since 1956 +Capital: + Noumea +Administrative divisions: + none (overseas territory of France); there are no first-order administrative + divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 3 provinces named + Iles Loyaute, Nord, and Sud +Independence: + none (overseas territory of France); note - a referendum on independence + will be held in 1998, with a review of the issue in 1992 +Constitution: + 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) +Legal system: + the 1988 Matignon Accords grant substantial autonomy to the islands; + formerly under French law +National holiday: + Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) +Executive branch: + French President, high commissioner, Consultative Committee (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Territorial Assembly +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) + Head of Government: + High Commissioner and President of the Council of Government Alain + CHRISTNACHT (since 15 January 1991) +Suffrage: + universal adult at age 18 +Elections: + Territorial Assembly: + last held 11 June 1989 (next to be held 1993); results - RPCR 44.5%, FLNKS + 28.5%, FN 7%, CD 5%, UO 4%, other 11%; seats - (54 total) RPCR 27, FLNKS 19, + FN 3, other 5; note - election boycotted by FULK + French Senate: + last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) RPCR 1 + French National Assembly: + last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results - RPR + 83.5%, FN 13.5%, other 3%; seats - (2 total) RPCR 2 +Member of: + FZ, ICFTU, SPC, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + as an overseas territory of France, New Caledonian interests are represented + in the US by France +Flag: + the flag of France is used + +:New Caledonia Economy + +Overview: + New Caledonia has more than 25% of the world's known nickel resources. In + recent years the economy has suffered because of depressed international + demand for nickel, the principal source of export earnings. Only a + negligible amount of the land is suitable for cultivation, and food accounts + for about 25% of imports. +GNP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.0 billion, per capita $6,000 (1991 est.); real + growth rate 2.4% (1988) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.1% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + 16.0% (1989) +Budget: + revenues $224.0 million; expenditures $211.0 million, including capital + expenditures of NA (1985) +Exports: + $671 million (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + nickel metal 87%, nickel ore + partners: + France 52.3%, Japan 15.8%, US 6.4% +Imports: + $764 million (c.i.f., 1989) + commodities: + foods, fuels, minerals, machines, electrical equipment + partners: + France 44.0%, US 10%, Australia 9% +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 400,000 kW capacity; 2,200 million kWh produced, 12,790 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + nickel mining +Agriculture: + large areas devoted to cattle grazing; coffee, corn, wheat, vegetables; 60% + self-sufficient in beef +Illicit drugs: + illicit cannabis cultivation is becoming a principal source of income for + some families +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $4,185 million +Currency: + Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (plural - francs); 1 CFP franc (CFPF) + = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Comptoirs Francais duPacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1 - 97.81 (January + 1992), 102.57 (1991), 99.00 (1990), 115.99 (1989), 108.30 (1988), 109.27 + (1987); note - linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French franc +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:New Caledonia Communications + +Highways: + 6,340 km total; only about 10% paved (1987) +Ports: + Noumea, Nepoui, Poro, Thio +Civil air: + 1 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 29 total, 27 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 32,578 telephones (1987); broadcast stations - 5 AM, 3 FM, 7 TV; 1 Pacific + Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:New Caledonia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Gendarmerie, Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 46,388; NA fit for military service +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +:New Zealand Geography + +Total area: + 268,680 km2 +Land area: + 268,670 km2; includes Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands, Bounty Islands, + Campbell Island, Chatham Islands, and Kermadec Islands +Comparative area: + about the size of Colorado +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 15,134 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + edge of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + territorial claim in Antarctica (Ross Dependency) +Climate: + temperate with sharp regional contrasts +Terrain: + predominately mountainous with some large coastal plains +Natural resources: + natural gas, iron ore, sand, coal, timber, hydropower, gold, limestone +Land use: + arable land 2%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 53%; forest and + woodland 38%; other 7%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + earthquakes are common, though usually not severe + +:New Zealand People + +Population: + 3,347,369 (July 1992), growth rate 0.7% (1992) +Birth rate: + 16 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 72 years male, 80 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - New Zealander(s); adjective - New Zealand +Ethnic divisions: + European 88%, Maori 8.9%, Pacific Islander 2.9%, other 0.2% +Religions: + Anglican 24%, Presbyterian 18%, Roman Catholic 15%, Methodist 5%, Baptist + 2%, other Protestant 3%, unspecified or none 9% (1986) +Languages: + English (official), Maori +Literacy: + 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970) +Labor force: + 1,603,500 (June 1991); services 67.4%, manufacturing 19.8%, primary + production 9.3% (1987) +Organized labor: + 681,000 members; 43% of labor force (1986) + +:New Zealand Government + +Long-form name: + none; abbreviated NZ +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Wellington +Administrative divisions: + 93 counties, 9 districts*, and 3 town districts**; Akaroa, Amuri, Ashburton, + Bay of Islands, Bruce, Buller, Chatham Islands, Cheviot, Clifton, Clutha, + Cook, Dannevirke, Egmont, Eketahuna, Ellesmere, Eltham, Eyre, Featherston, + Franklin, Golden Bay, Great Barrier Island, Grey, Hauraki Plains, Hawera*, + Hawke's Bay, Heathcote, Hikurangi**, Hobson, Hokianga, Horowhenua, Hurunui, + Hutt, Inangahua, Inglewood, Kaikoura, Kairanga, Kiwitea, Lake, Mackenzie, + Malvern, Manaia**, Manawatu, Mangonui, Maniototo, Marlborough, Masterton, + Matamata, Mount Herbert, Ohinemuri, Opotiki, Oroua, Otamatea, Otorohanga*, + Oxford, Pahiatua, Paparua, Patea, Piako, Pohangina, Raglan, Rangiora*, + Rangitikei, Rodney, Rotorua*, Runanga, Saint Kilda, Silverpeaks, Southland, + Stewart Island, Stratford, Strathallan, Taranaki, Taumarunui, Taupo, + Tauranga, Thames-Coromandel*, Tuapeka, Vincent, Waiapu, Waiheke, Waihemo, + Waikato, Waikohu, Waimairi, Waimarino, Waimate, Waimate West, Waimea, Waipa, + Waipawa*, Waipukurau*, Wairarapa South, Wairewa, Wairoa, Waitaki, Waitomo*, + Waitotara, Wallace, Wanganui, Waverley**, Westland, Whakatane*, Whangarei, + Whangaroa, Woodville +Independence: + 26 September 1907 (from UK) +Constitution: + no formal, written constitution; consists of various documents, including + certain acts of the UK and New Zealand Parliaments; Constitution Act 1986 + was to have come into force 1 January 1987, but has not been enacted +Dependent areas: + Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau +Legal system: + based on English law, with special land legislation and land courts for + Maoris; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty), 6 + February (1840) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, + Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Representatives (commonly called Parliament) +Judicial branch: + High Court, Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Dame Catherine TIZARD (since 12 December 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister James BOLGER (since 29 October 1990); Deputy Prime Minister + Donald McKINNON (since 2 November 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + National Party (NP; government), James BOLGER; New Zealand Labor Party + (NZLP; opposition), Michael MOORE; NewLabor Party (NLP), Jim ANDERTON; + Democratic Party, Dick RYAN; New Zealand Liberal Party, Hanmish MACINTYRE + and Gilbert MYLES; Green Party, no official leader; Mana Motuhake, Martin + RATA; Socialist Unity Party (SUP; pro-Soviet), Kenneth DOUGLAS; note - the + New Labor, Democratic, and Mana Motuhake parties formed a coalition in + September 1991; the Green Party joined the coalition in May 1992 + +:New Zealand Government + +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held on 27 October 1990 (next to be held October 1993); results - NP + 49%, NZLP 35%, Green Party 7%, NLP 5%; seats - (97 total) NP 67, NZLP 29, + NLP 1 +Member of: + ANZUS (US suspended security obligations to NZ on 11 August 1986), APEC, + AsDB, Australia Group, C, CCC, CP, COCOM, (cooperating country), EBRD, + ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, + IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, + MTCR, OECD, PCA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UNTSO, UPU, + WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador - Denis Bazely Gordon McLEAN; Chancery at 37 Observatory Circle + NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 328-4800; there are New Zealand + Consulates General in Los Angeles and New York + US: + Ambassador Della M. NEWMAN; Embassy at 29 Fitzherbert Terrace, Thorndon, + Wellington (mailing address is P. O. Box 1190, Wellington; PSC 467, Box 1, + FPO AP 96531-1001); telephone [64] (4) 722-068; FAX [64] (4) 723-537; there + is a US Consulate General in Auckland +Flag: + blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant with four red + five-pointed stars edged in white centered in the outer half of the flag; + the stars represent the Southern Cross constellation + +:New Zealand Economy + +Overview: + Since 1984 the government has been reorienting an agrarian economy dependent + on a guaranteed British market to an open free market economy that can + compete on the global scene. The government has hoped that dynamic growth + would boost real incomes, reduce inflationary pressures, and permit the + expansion of welfare benefits. The results have been mixed: inflation is + down from double-digit levels, but growth has been sluggish and + unemployment, always a highly sensitive issue, has exceeded 10% since May + 1991. In 1988, GDP fell by 1%, in 1989 grew by a moderate 2.4%, and was flat + in 1990-91. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $46.2 billion, per capita $14,000; real growth + rate - 0.4% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 1.0% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 10.7% (September 1991) +Budget: + revenues $17.6 billion; expenditures $18.3 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY91 est.) +Exports: + $9.4 billion (f.o.b., FY91) + commodities: + wool, lamb, mutton, beef, fruit, fish, cheese, manufactures, chemicals, + forestry products + partners: + EC 18.3%, Japan 17.9%, Australia 17.5%, US 13.5%, China 3.6%, South Korea + 3.1% +Imports: + $8.4 billion (f.o.b., FY91) + commodities: + petroleum, consumer goods, motor vehicles, industrial equipment + partners: + Australia 19.7%, Japan 16.9%, EC 16.9%, US 15.3%, Taiwan 3.0% +External debt: + $17.4 billion (1989) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.9% (1990); accounts for about 20% of GDP +Electricity: + 7,800,000 kW capacity; 28,000 million kWh produced, 8,500 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + food processing, wood and paper products, textiles, machinery, + transportation equipment, banking and insurance, tourism, mining +Agriculture: + accounts for about 9% of GDP and 10% of the work force; livestock + predominates - wool, meat, dairy products all export earners; crops - wheat, + barley, potatoes, pulses, fruits, and vegetables; surplus producer of farm + products; fish catch reached a record 503,000 metric tons in 1988 +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $526 million +Currency: + New Zealand dollar (plural - dollars); 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 + cents +Exchange rates: + New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.8245 (March 1992), 1.7265 (1991), + 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6886 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:New Zealand Communications + +Railroads: + 4,716 km total; all 1.067-meter gauge; 274 km double track; 113 km + electrified; over 99% government owned +Highways: + 92,648 km total; 49,547 km paved, 43,101 km gravel or crushed stone +Inland waterways: + 1,609 km; of little importance to transportation +Pipelines: + natural gas 1,000 km; petroleum products 160 km; condensate 150 km +Ports: + Auckland, Christchurch, Dunedin, Wellington, Tauranga +Merchant marine: + 18 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 182,206 GRT/246,446 DWT; includes 2 + cargo, 5 roll-on/roll-off, 1 railcar carrier, 4 oil tanker, 1 liquefied gas, + 5 bulk +Civil air: + about 40 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 118 total, 118 usable; 34 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 43 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + excellent international and domestic systems; 2,110,000 telephones; + broadcast stations - 64 AM, 2 FM, 14 TV; submarine cables extend to + Australia and Fiji; 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations + +:New Zealand Defense Forces + +Branches: + New Zealand Army, Royal New Zealand Navy, Royal New Zealand Air Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 874,703; 739,923 fit for military service; 30,297 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $792 million, 2% of GDP (FY92) + +:Nicaragua Geography + +Total area: + 129,494 km2 +Land area: + 120,254 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than New York State +Land boundaries: + 1,231 km total; Costa Rica 309 km, Honduras 922 km +Coastline: + 910 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 25 nm security zone (status of claim uncertain) + Continental shelf: + not specified + Territorial sea: + 200 nm +Disputes: + territorial disputes with Colombia over the Archipelago de San Andres y + Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank; unresolved maritime boundary in Golfo de + Fonseca +Climate: + tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands +Terrain: + extensive Atlantic coastal plains rising to central interior mountains; + narrow Pacific coastal plain interrupted by volcanoes +Natural resources: + gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, timber, fish +Land use: + arable land 9%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 43%; forest and + woodland 35%; other 12%; including irrigated 1% +Environment: + subject to destructive earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, and occasional + severe hurricanes; deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution + +:Nicaragua People + +Population: + 3,878,150 (July 1992), growth rate 2.8% (1992) +Birth rate: + 37 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 57 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 60 years male, 66 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Nicaraguan(s); adjective - Nicaraguan +Ethnic divisions: + mestizo 69%, white 17%, black 9%, Indian 5% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 95%, Protestant 5% +Languages: + Spanish (official); English- and Indian-speaking minorities on Atlantic + coast +Literacy: + 57% (male 57%, female 57%) age 15 and over can read and write (1971) +Labor force: + 1,086,000; service 43%, agriculture 44%, industry 13% (1986) +Organized labor: + 35% of labor force + +:Nicaragua Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Nicaragua +Type: + republic +Capital: + Managua +Administrative divisions: + 9 administrative regions encompassing 17 departments (departamentos, + singular - departamento); Boaco, Carazo, Chinandega, Chontales, Esteli, + Granada, Jinotega, Leon, Madriz, Managua, Masaya, Matagalpa, North Atlantic + Coast Autonomous Zone (RAAN), Nueva Segovia, Rio San Juan, Rivas, South + Atlantic Coast Autonomous Zone (RAAS) +Independence: + 15 September 1821 (from Spain) +Constitution: + January 1987 +Legal system: + civil law system; Supreme Court may review administrative acts +National holiday: + Independence Day, 15 September (1821) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + National Assembly (Asamblea Nacional) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) and municipal courts +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Violeta Barrios de CHAMORRO (since 25 April 1990); Vice President + Virgilio GODOY (since 25 April 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + ruling coalition: + National Opposition Union (UNO) is a 14-party alliance - National + Conservative Party (PNC), Silviano MATAMOROS; Conservative Popular Alliance + Party (PAPC), Myriam ARGUELLO; National Conservative Action Party (PANC), + Hernaldo ZUNIGA; National Democratic Confidence Party (PDCN), Augustin + JARQUIN; Independent Liberal Party (PLI), Wilfredo NAVARRO; Neo-Liberal + Party (PALI), Andres ZUNIGA; Liberal Constitutionalist Party (PLC), Jose + Ernesto SOMARRIBA; National Action Party (PAN), Eduardo RIVAS; Nicaraguan + Socialist Party (PSN), Gustavo TABLADA; Communist Party of Nicaragua + (PCdeN), Eli ALTIMIRANO; Popular Social Christian Party (PPSC), Luis + Humberto GUZMAN; Nicaraguan Democratic Movement (MDN), Roberto URROZ; Social + Democratic Party (PSD), Guillermo POTOY; Central American Integrationist + Party (PIAC), Alejandro PEREZ + opposition parties: + Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), Daniel ORTEGA; Central American + Unionist Party (PUCA), Blanca ROJAS; Democratic Conservative Party of + Nicaragua (PCDN), Jose BRENES; Liberal Party of National Unity (PLUIN), + Eduardo CORONADO; Movement of Revolutionary Unity (MUR), Francisco SAMPER; + Social Christian Party (PSC), Erick RAMIREZ; Revolutionary Workers' Party + (PRT), Bonifacio MIRANDA; Social Conservative Party (PSOC), Fernando + AGUERRO; Popular Action Movement - Marxist-Leninist (MAP-ML), Isidro TELLEZ; + Popular Social Christian Party (PPSC), Mauricio DIAZ +Suffrage: + universal at age 16 + +:Nicaragua Government + +Elections: + President: + last held on 25 February 1990 (next to be held February 1996); results - + Violeta Barrios de CHAMORRO (UNO) 54.7%, Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra (FSLN) + 40.8%, other 4.5% + National Assembly: + last held on 25 February 1990 (next to be held February 1996); results - UNO + 53.9%, FSLN 40.8%, PSC 1.6%, MUR 1.0%; seats - (92 total) UNO 51, FSLN 39, + PSC 1, MUR 1 +Communists: + 15,000-20,000 +Other political or pressure groups: + National Workers Front (FNT) is a Sandinista umbrella group of eight labor + unions: Sandinista Workers' Central (CST), Farm Workers Association (ATC), + Health Workers Federation (FETASALUD), National Union of Employees (UNE), + National Association of Educators of Nicaragua (ANDEN), Union of Journalists + of Nicaragua (UPN), Heroes and Martyrs Confederation of Professional + Associations (CONAPRO), and the National Union of Farmers and Ranchers + (UNAG); Permanent Congress of Workers (CPT) is an umbrella group of four + non-Sandinista labor unions: Confederation of Labor Unification (CUS), + Autonomous Nicaraguan Workers' Central (CTN-A), Independent General + Confederation of Labor (CGT-I), and Labor Action and Unity Central (CAUS); + Nicaraguan Workers' Central (CTN) is an independent labor union; Superior + Council of Private Enterprise (COSEP) is a confederation of business groups +Member of: + BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LORCS, + NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, + WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Ernesto PALAZIO; Chancery at 1627 New Hampshire Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 939-6570 + US: + Ambassador Harry W. SHLAUDEMAN; Embassy at Kilometer 4.5 Carretera Sur., + Managua (mailing address is APO AA 34021); telephone [505] (2) 666010 or + 666013, 666015 through 18, 666026, 666027, 666032 through 34; FAX [505] (2) + 666046 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the + national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features + a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on the top and + AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; similar to the flag of El Salvador, which + features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN + LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of + Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the + white band + +:Nicaragua Economy + +Overview: + Government control of the economy historically has been extensive, although + the CHAMORRO government has pledged to greatly reduce intervention. Four + private banks have been licensed, and the government has liberalized foreign + trade and abolished price controls on most goods. Over 50% of the + agricultural and industrial firms remain state owned. Sandinista economic + policies and the war had produced a severe economic crisis. The foundation + of the economy continues to be the export of agricultural commodities, + largely coffee and cotton. Farm production fell by roughly 7% in 1989 and 4% + in 1990, and remained about even in 1991. The agricultural sector employs + 44% of the work force and accounts for 15% of GDP and 80% of export + earnings. Industry, which employs 13% of the work force and contributes + about 25% to GDP, showed a drop of 7% in 1989, fell slightly in 1990, and + remained flat in 1991; output still is below pre-1979 levels. External debt + is one of the highest in the world on a per capita basis. In 1991 the + inflation rate was 766%, down sharply from the 13,490% of 1990. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.6 billion, per capita $425; real growth rate + -1.0% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 766% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 13%; underemployment 50% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $347 million; expenditures $499 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA million (1991) +Exports: + $342 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + coffee, cotton, sugar, bananas, seafood, meat, chemicals + partners: + OECD 75%, USSR and Eastern Europe 15%, other 10% +Imports: + $738 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + petroleum, food, chemicals, machinery, clothing + partners: + Latin America 30%, US 25%, EC 20%, USSR and Eastern Europe 10%, other 15% + (1990 est.) +External debt: + $10 billion (December 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA; accounts for about 25% of GDP +Electricity: + 423,000 kW capacity; 1,409 million kWh produced, 376 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + food processing, chemicals, metal products, textiles, clothing, petroleum + refining and distribution, beverages, footwear +Agriculture: + accounts for 15% of GDP and 44% of work force; cash crops - coffee, bananas, + sugarcane, cotton; food crops - rice, corn, cassava, citrus fruit, beans; + variety of animal products - beef, veal, pork, poultry, dairy; normally + self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $294 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,381 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $3.5 billion +Currency: + cordoba (plural - cordobas); 1 cordoba (C$) = 100 centavos + +:Nicaragua Economy + +Exchange rates: + cordobas (C$) per US$1 - 25,000,000 (March 1992), 21,354,000 (1991), 15,655 + (1989), 270 (1988), 102.60 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Nicaragua Communications + +Railroads: + 373 km 1.067-meter narrow gauge, government owned; majority of system not + operating; 3 km 1.435-meter gauge line at Puerto Cabezas (does not connect + with mainline) +Highways: + 25,930 km total; 4,000 km paved, 2,170 km gravel or crushed stone, 5,425 km + earth or graded earth, 14,335 km unimproved; Pan-American highway 368.5 km +Inland waterways: + 2,220 km, including 2 large lakes +Pipelines: + crude oil 56 km +Ports: + Corinto, El Bluff, Puerto Cabezas, Puerto Sandino, Rama +Merchant marine: + 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,161 GRT/2,500 DWT +Civil air: + 9 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 228 total, 155 usable; 11 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + low-capacity radio relay and wire system being expanded; connection into + Central American Microwave System; 60,000 telephones; broadcast stations - + 45 AM, no FM, 7 TV, 3 shortwave; earth stations - 1 Intersputnik and 1 + Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + +:Nicaragua Defense Forces + +Branches: + Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 878,066; 541,090 fit for military service; 42,997 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $70 million, 3.8% of GDP (1991 budget) + +:Niger Geography + +Total area: + 1,267,000 km2 +Land area: + 1,266,700 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of Texas +Land boundaries: + 5,697 km total; Algeria 956 km, Benin 266 km, Burkina 628 km, Chad 1,175 km, + Libya 354 km, Mali 821 km, Nigeria 1,497 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + Libya claims about 19,400 km2 in northern Niger; demarcation of + international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has led to border + incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification by Cameroon, + Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary + demarcation, including the tripoint with Niger +Climate: + desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south +Terrain: + predominately desert plains and sand dunes; flat to rolling plains in south; + hills in north +Natural resources: + uranium, coal, iron ore, tin, phosphates +Land use: + arable land 3%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and + woodland 2%; other 88%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + recurrent drought and desertification severely affecting marginal + agricultural activities; overgrazing; soil erosion +Note: + landlocked + +:Niger People + +Population: + 8,052,945 (July 1992), growth rate 3.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 58 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 23 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 115 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 42 years male, 45 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 7.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Nigerien(s); adjective - Nigerien +Ethnic divisions: + Hausa 56%; Djerma 22%; Fula 8.5%; Tuareg 8%; Beri Beri (Kanouri) 4.3%; Arab, + Toubou, and Gourmantche 1.2%; about 4,000 French expatriates +Religions: + Muslim 80%, remainder indigenous beliefs and Christians +Languages: + French (official); Hausa, Djerma +Literacy: + 28% (male 40%, female 17%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 2,500,000 wage earners (1982); agriculture 90%, industry and commerce 6%, + government 4%; 51% of population of working age (1985) +Organized labor: + negligible + +:Niger Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Niger +Type: + as of November 1991, transition government appointed by national reform + conference; scheduled to turn over power to democratically elected + government in January 1993 +Capital: + Niamey +Administrative divisions: + 7 departments (departements, singular - departement); Agadez, Diffa, Dosso, + Maradi, Niamey, Tahoua, Zinder +Independence: + 3 August 1960 (from France) +Constitution: + December 1989 constitution revised November 1991 by National Democratic + Reform Conference +Legal system: + based on French civil law system and customary law; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Republic Day, 18 December (1958) +Executive branch: + president (ceremonial), prime minister (interim), Cabinet +Legislative branch: + National Assembly +Judicial branch: + State Court (Cour d'Etat), Court of Appeal (Cour d'Apel) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Brig. Gen. Ali SAIBOU (since 14 November 1987); ceremonial post + since national conference (1991) + Head of Government: + Interim Prime Minister Amadou CHEIFFOU (since November 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + National Movement of the Development Society (MNSD-NASSARA), Tanda MAMADOU; + Niger Progressive Party - African Democratic Rally (PPN-RDA), Harou KOUKA; + Union of Popular Forces for Democracy and Progress (UDFP-SAWABA), Djibo + BAKARY; Niger Democratic Union (UDN-SAWABA), Mamoudou PASCAL; Union of + Patriots, Democrats, and Progressives (UPDP), Andre SALIFOU; Niger Social + Democrat Party (PSDN-ALHERI), Mallam Adji WAZIRI; Niger Party for Democracy + and Socialism (PNDS-TARAYA), Issoufou MAHAMADOU; Democratic and Social + Convention (CDS-RAHAMA), Mahamane OUSMANE; Union for Democracy and Progress + (UDP), Bello TCHIOUSSO; Union for Democracy and Social Progress + (UDPS-AMANA), Akoli DAOUEL; Masses Union for Democratic Action (UMAD-AIKI), + Belko GARBA; Worker's Liberation Party (PLT), Idi Ango OUMAROU; Convention + for Social Rehabilitation (CRS), Abdoul Karim SEYNI; Popular Movement for + Democracy in Niger (MPDN), Abdou SANDA; Popular Front for National + Liberation (FPLN), Diallo SABO; Republican Party for Freedom and Progress in + Niger (PRLPN), Alka ALMOU; other parties forming +Suffrage: + universal adult at age 18 +Elections: + President: + President Ali SAIBOU has been in office since December 1989, but the + presidency is now a largely ceremonial position + +:Niger Government + + National Assembly: + last held 10 December 1989 (next to be held NA); results - MNSD was the only + party; seats - (150 total) MNSD 150 (indirectly elected); note - Niger held + a national conference from July to November 1991 to decide upon a + transitional government and an agenda for multiparty elections +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IAEA, + IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, + LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, + WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Moumouni Adamou DJERMAKOYE; Chancery at 2204 R Street NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-4224 through 4227 + US: + Ambassador Jennifer C. WARD; Embassy at Avenue des Ambassades, Niamey + (mailing address is B. P. 11201, Niamey); telephone [227] 72-26-61 through + 64 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a small + orange disk (representing the sun) centered in the white band; similar to + the flag of India, which has a blue spoked wheel centered in the white band + +:Niger Economy + +Overview: + About 90% of the population is engaged in farming and stock raising, + activities that generate almost half the national income. The economy also + depends heavily on exploitation of large uranium deposits. Uranium + production grew rapidly in the mid-1970s, but tapered off in the early 1980s + when world prices declined. France is a major customer, while Germany, + Japan, and Spain also make regular purchases. The depressed demand for + uranium has contributed to an overall sluggishness in the economy, a severe + trade imbalance, and a mounting external debt. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $2.4 billion, per capita $300; real growth rate + -3.4% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $220 million; expenditures $446 million, including capital + expenditures of $190 million (FY89 est.) +Exports: + $320 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + uranium 75%, livestock products, cowpeas, onions + partners: + France 65%, Nigeria 11%, Ivory Coast, Italy +Imports: + $439 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + petroleum products, primary materials, machinery, vehicles and parts, + electronic equipment, pharmaceuticals, chemical products, cereals, + foodstuffs + partners: + France 32%, Ivory Coast 11%, Germany 5%, Italy 4%, Nigeria 4% +External debt: + $1.8 billion (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0% (1989); accounts for 18% of GDP +Electricity: + 105,000 kW capacity; 230 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + cement, brick, textiles, food processing, chemicals, slaughterhouses, and a + few other small light industries; uranium production began in 1971 +Agriculture: + accounts for roughly 40% of GDP and 90% of labor force; cash crops - + cowpeas, cotton, peanuts; food crops - millet, sorghum, cassava, rice; + livestock - cattle, sheep, goats; self-sufficient in food except in drought + years +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $380 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3,165 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $504 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $61 + million +Currency: + Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) + = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January + 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 + (1987) + +:Niger Economy + +Fiscal year: + 1 October - 30 September + +:Niger Communications + +Highways: + 39,970 km total; 3,170 km bituminous, 10,330 km gravel and laterite, 3,470 + km earthen, 23,000 km tracks +Inland waterways: + Niger River is navigable 300 km from Niamey to Gaya on the Benin frontier + from mid-December through March +Civil air: + 2 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 29 total, 27 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 13 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + small system of wire, radiocommunications, and radio relay links + concentrated in southwestern area; 14,260 telephones; broadcast stations - + 15 AM, 5 FM, 18 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 + Indian Ocean INTELSAT, and 3 domestic, with 1 planned + +:Niger Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Air Force, Gendarmerie, Republican National Guard, National police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,724,293; 928,177 fit for military service; 83,528 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $27 million, 1.3% of GDP (1989) + +:Nigeria Geography + +Total area: + 923,770 km2 +Land area: + 910,770 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of California +Land boundaries: + 4,047 km total; Benin 773 km, Cameroon 1,690 km, Chad 87 km, Niger 1,497 km +Coastline: + 853 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 30 nm +Disputes: + demarcation of international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has + led to border incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification + by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; boundary commission created with + Cameroon to discuss unresolved land and maritime boundaries - has not yet + convened +Climate: + varies - equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north +Terrain: + southern lowlands merge into central hills and plateaus; mountains in + southeast, plains in north +Natural resources: + crude oil, tin, columbite, iron ore, coal, limestone, lead, zinc, natural + gas +Land use: + arable land 31%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 23%; forest and + woodland 15%; other 28%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + recent droughts in north severely affecting marginal agricultural + activities; desertification; soil degradation, rapid deforestation + +:Nigeria People + +Population: + 126,274,589 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992); note - a new population + figure of 88.5 million is in the process of being incorporated into revised + Census Bureau figures (April 1992) +Birth rate: + 46 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 16 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 110 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 48 years male, 50 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Nigerian(s); adjective - Nigerian +Ethnic divisions: + more than 250 tribal groups; Hausa and Fulani of the north, Yoruba of the + southwest, and Ibos of the southeast make up 65% of the population; about + 27,000 non-Africans +Religions: + Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10% +Languages: + English (official); Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo, Fulani, and several other languages + also widely used +Literacy: + 51% (male 62%, female 40%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 42,844,000; agriculture 54%, industry, commerce, and services 19%, + government 15%; 49% of population of working age (1985) +Organized labor: + 3,520,000 wage earners belong to 42 recognized trade unions, which come + under a single national labor federation - the Nigerian Labor Congress (NLC) + +:Nigeria Government + +Long-form name: + Federal Republic of Nigeria +Type: + military government since 31 December 1983 +Capital: + Abuja; note - on 12 December 1991 the capital was officially moved from + Lagos to Abuja; many government offices remain in Lagos pending completion + of facilities in Abuja +Administrative divisions: + 30 states and 1 territory*; Abia, Abuja Capital Territory*, Adamawa, Akwa + Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Edo, Enugu, Imo, + Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, + Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe +Independence: + 1 October 1960 (from UK) +Constitution: + 1 October 1979, amended 9 February 1984, revised 1989 +Legal system: + based on English common law, Islamic law, and tribal law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 1 October (1960) +Executive branch: + president of the Armed Forces Ruling Council, Armed Forces Ruling Council, + National Council of State, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + National Assembly was dissolved after the military coup of 31 December 1983 +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court, Federal Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President and Commander in Chief of Armed Forces Gen. Ibrahim BABANGIDA + (since 27 August 1985) +Political parties and leaders: + two political parties established by the government in 1989 - Social + Democratic Party (SDP) and National Republican Convention (NRC) +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + President: + first presidential elections since the 31 December 1983 coup scheduled for + late 1992 + National Assembly: + first elections since it was dissolved after the 31 December 1983 coup + scheduled for 4 July 1992 +Communists: + the pro-Communist underground consists of a small fraction of the Nigerian + left; leftist leaders are prominent in the country's central labor + organization but have little influence on the government +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, + IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMO, IMF, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, + INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Zubair Mahmud KAZAURE; Chancery at 2201 M Street NW, Washington, + DC 20037; telephone (202) 822-1500; there is a Nigerian Consulate General in + New York + +:Nigeria Government + + US: + Ambassador Lannon WALKER; Embassy at 2 Eleke Crescent, Lagos (mailing + address is P. O. Box 554, Lagos); telephone [234] (1) 610097; FAX [234] (1) + 610257; there is a US Consulate General in Kaduna; note - the US Government + has requested Nigerian Government permission to open an Embassy Branch + Office in Abuja; the US Embassy will remain in Lagos until a later date, + when the Branch Office in Abuja will become the Embassy and the Embassy in + Lagos will become a Consulate General +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green + +:Nigeria Economy + +Overview: + Although Nigeria is Africa's leading oil-producing country, it remains poor + with a $250 per capita GDP. In 1991 massive government spending, much of it + to help ensure a smooth transition to civilian rule, ballooned the budget + deficit and caused inflation and interest rates to rise. The lack of fiscal + discipline forced the IMF to declare Nigeria not in compliance with an + 18-month standby facility started in January 1991. Lagos has set ambitious + targets for expanding oil production capacity and is offering foreign + companies more attractive investment incentives. Government efforts to + reduce Nigeria's dependence on oil exports and to sustain noninflationary + growth, however, have fallen short because of inadequate new investment + funds and endemic corruption. Living standards continue to deteriorate from + the higher level of the early 1980s oil boom. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $30 billion, per capita $250; real growth rate + 5.2% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 40% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $10 billion; expenditures $10 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1992 est.) +Exports: + $13.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + oil 95%, cocoa, rubber + partners: + EC 51%, US 32% +Imports: + $6.9 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + consumer goods, capital equipment, chemicals, raw materials + partners: + EC, US +External debt: + $32 billion (December 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 7.2% (1990); accounts for 8.5% of GDP +Electricity: + 4,740,000 kW capacity; 11,280 million kWh produced, 90 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + crude oil and mining - coal, tin, columbite; primary processing industries - + palm oil, peanut, cotton, rubber, wood, hides and skins; manufacturing + industries - textiles, cement, building materials, food products, footwear, + chemical, printing, ceramics, steel +Agriculture: + accounts for 32% of GDP and half of labor force; inefficient small-scale + farming dominates; once a large net exporter of food and now an importer; + cash crops - cocoa, peanuts, palm oil, rubber; food crops - corn, rice, + sorghum, millet, cassava, yams; livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; + fishing and forestry resources extensively exploited +Illicit drugs: + illicit heroin and some cocaine trafficking; marijuana cultivation for + domestic consumption and export; major transit country for heroin en route + from southeast and southwest Asia via Africa to Western Europe and the US; + growing transit route for cocaine from South America via West Africa to + Western Europe and the US + +:Nigeria Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $705 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.0 billion; + Communist countries (1970-89), $2.2 billion +Currency: + naira (plural - naira); 1 naira (N) = 100 kobo +Exchange rates: + naira (N) per US$1 - 10.226 (February 1992), 9.909 (1991), 8.038 (1990), + 7.3647 (1989), 4.5370 (1988), 4.0160 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Nigeria Communications + +Railroads: + 3,505 km 1.067-meter gauge +Highways: + 107,990 km total 30,019 km paved (mostly bituminous-surface treatment); + 25,411 km laterite, gravel, crushed stone, improved earth; 52,560 km + unimproved +Inland waterways: + 8,575 km consisting of Niger and Benue Rivers and smaller rivers and creeks +Pipelines: + crude oil 2,042 km; natural gas 500 km; petroleum products 3,000 km +Ports: + Lagos, Port Harcourt, Calabar, Warri, Onne, Sapele +Merchant marine: + 28 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 418,046 GRT/664,949 DWT; includes 17 + cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 7 petroleum tanker, 1 + chemical tanker, 1 bulk +Civil air: + 57 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 76 total, 64 usable; 33 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over + 3,659 m; 15 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + above-average system limited by poor maintenance; major expansion in + progress; radio relay and cable routes; broadcast stations - 35 AM, 17 FM, + 28 TV; satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean + INTELSAT, 20 domestic stations; 1 coaxial submarine cable + +:Nigeria Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 28,778,532; 16,451,582 fit for military service; 1,256,440 + reach military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $300 million, 1% of GDP (1990 est.) +\ + +:Niue Geography + +Total area: + 260 km2 +Land area: + 260 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 64 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; modified by southeast trade winds +Terrain: + steep limestone cliffs along coast, central plateau +Natural resources: + fish, arable land +Land use: + arable land 61%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and + woodland 19%; other 12% +Environment: + subject to typhoons +Note: + one of world's largest coral islands; located about 460 km east of Tonga + +:Niue People + +Population: + 1,751 (July 1992), growth rate - 6.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + NA births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + NA years male, NA years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Niuean(s); adjective - Niuean +Ethnic divisions: + Polynesian, with some 200 Europeans, Samoans, and Tongans +Religions: + Ekalesia Nieue (Niuean Church) - a Protestant church closely related to the + London Missionary Society 75%, Mormon 10%, Roman Catholic, Jehovah's + Witnesses, Seventh-Day Adventist 5% +Languages: + Polynesian tongue closely related to Tongan and Samoan; English +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) but compulsory education age 5 to 14 +Labor force: + 1,000 (1981 est.); most work on family plantations; paid work exists only in + government service, small industry, and the Niue Development Board +Organized labor: + NA + +:Niue Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand; Niue fully + responsible for internal affairs; New Zealand retains responsibility for + external affairs +Capital: + Alofi +Administrative divisions: + none +Independence: + became a self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand on 19 + October 1974 +Constitution: + 19 October 1974 (Niue Constitution Act) +Legal system: + English common law +National holiday: + Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty), 6 + February (1840) +Executive branch: + British monarch, premier, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + Legislative Assembly +Judicial branch: + Appeal Court of New Zealand, High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by New Zealand + Representative John SPRINGFORD (since 1974) + Head of Government: + Premier Sir Robert R. REX (since October 1974) +Political parties and leaders: + Niue Island Party (NIP), Young VIVIAN +Suffrage: + universal adult at age 18 +Elections: + Legislative Assembly: + last held on 8 April 1990 (next to be held March 1993); results - percent of + vote NA; seats - (20 total, 6 elected) NIP 1, independents 5 +Member of: + ESCAP (associate), SPC, SPF +Diplomatic representation: + none (self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand) +Flag: + yellow with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the flag of + the UK bears five yellow five-pointed stars - a large one on a blue disk in + the center and a smaller one on each arm of the bold red cross + +:Niue Economy + +Overview: + The economy is heavily dependent on aid from New Zealand. Government + expenditures regularly exceed revenues, with the shortfall made up by grants + from New Zealand - the grants are used to pay wages to public employees. The + agricultural sector consists mainly of subsistence gardening, although some + cash crops are grown for export. Industry consists primarily of small + factories to process passion fruit, lime oil, honey, and coconut cream. The + sale of postage stamps to foreign collectors is an important source of + revenue. The island in recent years has suffered a serious loss of + population because of migration of Niueans to New Zealand. +GNP: + exchange rate conversion - $2.1 million, per capita $1,000; real growth rate + NA% (1989 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 9.6% (1984) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $5.5 million; expenditures $6.3 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY85 est.) +Exports: + $175,274 (f.o.b., 1985) + commodities: + canned coconut cream, copra, honey, passion fruit products, pawpaw, root + crops, limes, footballs, stamps, handicrafts + partners: + NZ 89%, Fiji, Cook Islands, Australia +Imports: + $3.8 million (c.i.f., 1985) + commodities: + food, live animals, manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, lubricants, + chemicals, drugs + partners: + NZ 59%, Fiji 20%, Japan 13%, Western Samoa, Australia, US +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 1,500 kW capacity; 3 million kWh produced, 1,490 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + tourist, handicrafts +Agriculture: + copra, coconuts, passion fruit, honey, limes; subsistence crops - taro, + yams, cassava (tapioca), sweet potatoes; pigs, poultry, beef cattle +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $62 + million +Currency: + New Zealand dollar (plural - dollars); 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 + cents +Exchange rates: + New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.8245 (March 1992), 1.7265 (1991), + 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6886 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Niue Communications + +Highways: + 123 km all-weather roads, 106 km access and plantation roads +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runway of 1,650 m +Telecommunications: + single-line telephone system connects all villages on island; 383 + telephones; 1,000 radio receivers (1987 est.); broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 + FM, no TV + +:Niue Defense Forces + +Branches: + Police Force +Note: + defense is the responsibility of New Zealand + +:Norfolk Island Geography + +Total area: + 34.6 km2 +Land area: + 34.6 km2 +Comparative area: + about 0.2 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 32 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + subtropical, mild, little seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + volcanic formation with mostly rolling plains +Natural resources: + fish +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 25%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 75% +Environment: + subject to typhoons (especially May to July) +Note: + located 1,575 km east of Australia in the South Pacific Ocean + +:Norfolk Island People + +Population: + 2,620 (July 1992), growth rate 1.7% (1992) +Birth rate: + NA births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + NA years male, NA years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Norfolk Islander(s); adjective - Norfolk Islander(s) +Ethnic divisions: + descendants of the Bounty mutiny; more recently, Australian and New Zealand + settlers +Religions: + Anglican 39%, Roman Catholic 11.7%, Uniting Church in Australia 16.4%, + Seventh-Day Adventist 4.4%, none 9.2%, unknown 16.9%, other 2.4% (1986) +Languages: + English (official) and Norfolk - a mixture of 18th century English and + ancient Tahitian +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + NA +Organized labor: + NA + +:Norfolk Island Government + +Long-form name: + Territory of Norfolk Island +Type: + territory of Australia +Capital: + Kingston (administrative center), Burnt Pine (commercial center) +Administrative divisions: + none (territory of Australia) +Independence: + none (territory of Australia) +Constitution: + Norfolk Island Act of 1957 +Legal system: + wide legislative and executive responsibility under the Norfolk Island Act + of 1979; Supreme Court +National holiday: + Pitcairners Arrival Day Anniversary, 8 June (1856) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general of Australia, administrator, Executive + Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Administrator H. + B. MACDONALD (since NA 1989), who is appointed by the Governor General of + Australia + Head of Government: + Assembly President and Chief Minister John Terence BROWN (since NA) +Political parties and leaders: + NA +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Legislative Assembly: + last held 1989 (held every three years); results - percent of vote by party + NA; seats - (9 total) percent of seats by party NA +Member of: + none +Diplomatic representation: + none (territory of Australia) +Flag: + three vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green with a large + green Norfolk Island pine tree centered in the slightly wider white band + +:Norfolk Island Economy + +Overview: + The primary economic activity is tourism, which has brought a level of + prosperity unusual among inhabitants of the Pacific Islands. The number of + visitors has increased steadily over the years and reached 29,000 in FY89. + Revenues from tourism have given the island a favorable balance of trade and + helped the agricultural sector to become self-sufficient in the production + of beef, poultry, and eggs. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA% +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $4.2 million, including capital expenditures of + $400,000 (FY89) +Exports: + $1.7 million (f.o.b., FY86) + commodities: + postage stamps, seeds of the Norfolk Island pine and Kentia Palm, small + quantities of avocados + partners: + Australia, Pacific Islands, NZ, Asia, Europe +Imports: + $15.6 million (c.i.f., FY86) + commodities: + NA + partners: + Australia, Pacific Islands, NZ, Asia, Europe +External debt: + NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 7,000 kW capacity; 8 million kWh produced, 3,160 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + tourism +Agriculture: + Norfolk Island pine seed, Kentia palm seed, cereals, vegetables, fruit, + cattle, poultry +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + Australian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3177 (March 1992), 1.2835 (1991), + 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Norfolk Island Communications + +Highways: + 80 km of roads, including 53 km paved; remainder are earth formed or coral + surfaced +Ports: + none; loading jetties at Kingston and Cascade +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m (Australian owned) +Telecommunications: + 1,500 radio receivers (1982); radio link service with Sydney; 987 telephones + (1983); broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV + +:Norfolk Island Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of Australia + +:Northern Mariana Islands Geography + +Total area: + 477 km2 +Land area: + 477 km2; comprises 16 islands including Saipan, Rota, and Tinian +Comparative area: + slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 1,482 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little seasonal + temperature variation; dry season December to July, rainy season July to + October +Terrain: + southern islands are limestone with level terraces and fringing coral reefs; + northern islands are volcanic; highest elevation is 471 meters (Mt. Tagpochu + on Saipan) +Natural resources: + arable land, fish +Land use: + arable land 1%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures 19%; forest and + woodland NA%; other NA% +Environment: + active volcanos on Pagan and Agrihan; subject to typhoons during the rainy + season +Note: + strategic location 5,635 km west-southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific + Ocean, about three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and the Philippines + +:Northern Mariana Islands People + +Population: + 47,168 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 35 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 38 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 66 years male, 69 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.7 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + undetermined +Ethnic divisions: + Chamorro majority; Carolinians and other Micronesians; Spanish, German, + Japanese admixtures +Religions: + Christian with a Roman Catholic majority, although traditional beliefs and + taboos may still be found +Languages: + English, but Chamorro and Carolinian are also spoken in the home and taught + in school +Literacy: + 96% (male 97%, female 96%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) +Labor force: + 12,788 local; 18,799 foreign workers (1990 est.) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Northern Mariana Islands Government + +Long-form name: + Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands +Type: + commonwealth in political union with the US and administered by the Office + of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the Interior +Capital: + Saipan +Administrative divisions: + none +Independence: + none (commonwealth in political union with the US) +Constitution: + Covenant Agreement effective 3 November 1986 +Legal system: + based on US system except for customs, wages, immigration laws, and taxation +National holiday: + Commonwealth Day, 8 January (1978) +Executive branch: + US President; governor, lieutenant governor +Legislative branch: + bicameral Legislature consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house + or House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Commonwealth Court and the Federal District Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); Vice President Dan QUAYLE + (since 20 January 1989) + Head of Government: + Governor Lorenzo I. DeLeon GUERRERO (since 9 January 1990); Lieutenant + Governor Benjamin T. MANGLONA (since 9 January 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + Republican Party, Alonzo IGISOMAR; Democratic Party, Felicidad OGUMORO +Suffrage: + universal at age 18; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens but do not vote + in US presidential elections +Elections: + Governor: + last held in November 1989 (next to be held November 1993); results - + Lorenzo I. DeLeon GUERRERO, Republican Party, was elected governor + Senate: + last held on November 1991 (next to be held November 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (9 total) Republications 6, Democrats 3 + House of Representatives: + last held in November 1991 (next to be held November 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total) Republicans 5, Democrats 10 + US House of Representatives: + the Commonwealth does not have a nonvoting delegate in Congress; instead, it + has an elected official ``resident representative'' located in Washington, + DC; seats - (1 total) Republican (Juan N. BABAUTA) +Member of: + ESCAP (associate), SPC +Diplomatic representation: + none +Flag: + blue with a white five-pointed star superimposed on the gray silhouette of a + latte stone (a traditional foundation stone used in building) in the center + +:Northern Mariana Islands Economy + +Overview: + The economy benefits substantially from financial assistance from the US. An + agreement for the years 1986 to 1992 entitles the islands to $228 million + for capital development, government operations, and special programs. + Another major source of income is the tourist industry, which employs about + 10% of the work force. Japanese tourists predominate. The agricultural + sector is made up of cattle ranches and small farms producing coconuts, + breadfruit, tomatoes, and melons. Industry is small scale in nature - mostly + handicrafts and fish processing. +GNP: + purchasing power equivalent - $165 million, per capita $3,498; real growth + rate NA% (1982); note - GNP numbers reflect US spending +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $112.2 million, including capital expenditures of + $NA (February 1990) +Exports: + $153.9 million (1989) + commodities: + manufactured goods, garments, vegetables, beef, pork + partners: + NA +Imports: + $313.7 million, a 43% increase over previous year (1989) + commodities: + NA + partners: + NA +External debt: + none +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 25,000 kW capacity; 35 million kWh produced, 740 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + tourism, construction, light industry, handicrafts +Agriculture: + coffee, coconuts, fruits, tobacco, cattle +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + US currency is used +Exchange rates: + US currency is used +Fiscal year: + 1 October - 30 September + +:Northern Mariana Islands Communications + +Highways: + 381.5 km total (134.5 km first-grade primary, 55 km secondary, 192 km local) + (1991) +Ports: + Saipan, Rota, Tinian +Airports: + 6 total, 4 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM (1984), 1 TV; 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth + stations + +:Northern Mariana Islands Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +:Norway Geography + +Total area: + 324,220 km2 +Land area: + 307,860 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than New Mexico +Land boundaries: + 2,515 km total; Finland 729 km, Sweden 1,619 km, Russia 167 km +Coastline: + 21,925 km; includes mainland 3,419 km, large islands 2,413 km, long fjords, + numerous small islands, and minor indentations 16,093 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 10 nm + Continental shelf: + to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 4 nm +Disputes: + territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud Land); Denmark has challenged + Norway's maritime claims between Greenland and Jan Mayen; maritime boundary + dispute with Russia over portion of Barents Sea +Climate: + temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior; + rainy year-round on west coast +Terrain: + glaciated; mostly high plateaus and rugged mountains broken by fertile + valleys; small, scattered plains; coastline deeply indented by fjords; + arctic tundra in north +Natural resources: + crude oil, copper, natural gas, pyrites, nickel, iron ore, zinc, lead, fish, + timber, hydropower +Land use: + arable land 3%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest and + woodland 27%; other 70%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + air and water pollution; acid rain; note - strategic location adjacent to + sea lanes and air routes in North Atlantic; one of most rugged and longest + coastlines in world; Norway and Turkey only NATO members having a land + boundary with Russia + +:Norway People + +Population: + 4,294,876 (July 1992), growth rate 0.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 14 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 74 years male, 81 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Norwegian(s); adjective - Norwegian +Ethnic divisions: + Germanic (Nordic, Alpine, Baltic) and racial-cultural minority of 20,000 + Lapps +Religions: + Evangelical Lutheran (state church) 87.8%, other Protestant and Roman + Catholic 3.8%, none 3.2%, unknown 5.2% (1980) +Languages: + Norwegian (official); small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities +Literacy: + 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1976 est.) +Labor force: + 2,167,000 (September 1990); services 34.7%, commerce 18%, mining and + manufacturing 16.6%, banking and financial services 7.5%, transportation and + communications 7.2%, construction 7.2%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing + 6.4% (1989) +Organized labor: + 66% of labor force (1985) + +:Norway Government + +Long-form name: + Kingdom of Norway +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Oslo +Administrative divisions: + 19 provinces (fylker, singular - fylke); Akershus, Aust-Agder, Buskerud, + Finnmark, Hedmark, Hordaland, More og Romsdal, Nordland, Nord-Trondelag, + Oppland, Oslo, OCstfold, Rogaland, Sogn og Fjordane, Sor-Trondelag, + Telemark, Troms, Vest-Agder, Vestfold +Independence: + 26 October 1905 (from Sweden) +Constitution: + 17 May 1814, modified in 1884 +Dependent areas: + Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard +Legal system: + mixture of customary law, civil law system, and common law traditions; + Supreme Court renders advisory opinions to legislature when asked; accepts + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Constitution Day, 17 May (1814) +Executive branch: + monarch, prime minister, State Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament (Storting) with an Upper Chamber (Lagting) and a Lower + Chamber (Odelsting) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Hoiesterett) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991); Heir Apparent Crown Prince HAAKON + MAGNUS (born 20 July 1973) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Gro Harlem BRUNDTLAND (since 3 November 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + Labor, Gro Harlem BRUNDTLAND; Conservative, Kaci Kullmann FIVE; Center + Party, Anne Enger LAHNSTEIN; Christian People's, Kjell Magne BONDEVIK; + Socialist Left, Erick SOLHEIM; Norwegian Communist, Kare Andre NILSEN; + Progress, Carl I. HAGEN; Liberal, Odd Einar DORUM; Finnmark List, leader NA +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Storting: + last held on 11 September 1989 (next to be held 6 September 1993); results - + Labor 34.3%, Conservative 22.2%, Progress 13.0%, Socialist Left 10.1%, + Christian People's 8.5%, Center Party 6.6%, Finnmark List 0.3%, other 5%; + seats - (165 total) Labor 63, Conservative 37, Progress 22, Socialist Left + 17, Christian People's 14, Center Party 11, Finnmark List 1 +Communists: + 15,500 est.; 5,500 Norwegian Communist Party (NKP); 10,000 Workers Communist + Party Marxist-Leninist (AKP-ML, pro-Chinese) +Member of: + AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, + EFTA, ESA, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, + IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, + MTCR, NACC, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OECD, PCA, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, + UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC + +:Norway Government + +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Kjeld VIBE; Chancery at 2720 34th Street NW, Washington, DC + 20008; telephone (202) 333-6000; there are Norwegian Consulates General in + Houston, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, New York, and San Francisco, and + Consulates in Miami and New Orleans + US: + Ambassador Loret Miller RUPPE; Embassy at Drammensveien 18, 0244 Oslo 2 + (mailing address is APO AE 09707); telephone [47] (2) 44-85-50; FAX [47] (2) + 43-07-77 +Flag: + red with a blue cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the + flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the + style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag) + +:Norway Economy + +Overview: + Norway has a mixed economy involving a combination of free market activity + and government intervention. The government controls key areas, such as the + vital petroleum sector, through large-scale state enterprises and + extensively subsidizes agricultural, fishing, and other sectors. Norway also + maintains an extensive welfare system that helps propel public-sector + expenditures to slightly more than 50% of the GDP and results in one of the + highest average tax burdens in the world (54%). A small country with a high + dependence on international trade, Norway is basically an exporter of raw + materials and semiprocessed goods, with an abundance of small- and + medium-sized firms, and is ranked among the major shipping nations. The + country is richly endowed with natural resources - petroleum, hydropower, + fish, forests, and minerals - and is highly dependent on its oil sector to + keep its economy afloat. Although one of the government's main priorities is + to reduce this dependency, this situation is not likely to improve for years + to come. The government also hopes to reduce unemployment and strengthen and + diversify the economy through tax reform and an expansionary 1992 budget. + Forecasters predict that economic growth will rise slightly in 1992 because + of public-sector expansion and moderate improvements in private investment + and demand. Inflation will remain about 3%, while unemployment continues at + record levels of over 5% because of the weakness of the economy outside the + oil sector. Oslo, a member of the European Free Trade Area, is continuing to + deregulate and harmonize with EC regulations to prepare for the European + Economic Area (EEA) - which creates a EC/EFTA market with free movement of + capital, goods, services, and labor - which takes effect in 1993. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $72.9 billion, per capita $17,100; real growth + rate 4.1% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.5% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 5.4% (1991, excluding people in job-training programs) +Budget: + revenues $47.9 billion; expenditures $52.7 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1991) +Exports: + $34.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + petroleum and petroleum products 36.5%, natural gas 7.5%, fish 7%, aluminum + 6%, ships 6.2%, pulp and paper + partners: + EC 66.5%, Nordic countries 19.5%, developing countries 7.8%, US 4.6%, Japan + 1.9% (1991) +Imports: + $25.1 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + machinery, fuels and lubricants, transportation equipment, chemicals, + foodstuffs, clothing, ships + partners: + EC 46.8%, Nordic countries 26.1%, developing countries 12.3%, US 7.8%, Japan + 4.7% (1991) +External debt: + $10.2 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 4.7% (1991) +Electricity: + 26,735,000 kW capacity; 121,685 million kWh produced, 28,950 kWh per capita + (1991) + +:Norway Economy + +Industries: + petroleum and gas, food processing, shipbuilding, pulp and paper products, + metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textiles, fishing +Agriculture: + accounts for 2.8% of GDP and 6.4% of labor force; among world's top 10 + fishing nations; livestock output exceeds value of crops; over half of food + needs imported; fish catch of 1.76 million metric tons in 1989 +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $4.4 billion +Currency: + Norwegian krone (plural - kroner); 1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 re +Exchange rates: + Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1 - 6.1956 (January 1992), 6.4829 (1991), + 6.2597 (1990), 6.9045 (1989), 6.5170 (1988), 6.7375 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Norway Communications + +Railroads: + 4,223 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; Norwegian State Railways (NSB) operates + 4,219 km (2,450 km electrified and 96 km double track); 4 km other +Highways: + 79,540 km total; 38,580 km paved; 40,960 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth +Inland waterways: + 1,577 km along west coast; 2.4 m draft vessels maximum +Pipelines: + refined products 53 km +Ports: + Oslo, Bergen, Fredrikstad, Kristiansand, Stavanger, Trondheim +Merchant marine: + 864 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 22,978,202 GRT/40,128,177 DWT; + includes 12 passenger, 20 short-sea passenger, 118 cargo, 2 passenger-cargo, + 19 refrigerated cargo, 16 container, 49 roll-on/roll-off, 22 vehicle + carrier, 1 railcar carrier, 180 oil tanker, 93 chemical tanker, 83 liquefied + gas, 28 combination ore/oil, 211 bulk, 10 combination bulk; note - the + government has created a captive register, the Norwegian International Ship + Register (NIS), as a subset of the Norwegian register; ships on the NIS + enjoy many benefits of flags of convenience and do not have to be crewed by + Norwegians; the majority of ships (777) under the Norwegian flag are now + registered with the NIS +Civil air: + 76 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 103 total, 102 usable; 64 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + high-quality domestic and international telephone, telegraph, and telex + services; 2 buried coaxial cable systems; 3,102,000 telephones; broadcast + stations - 46 AM, 350 private and 143 government FM, 54 (2,100 repeaters) + TV; 4 coaxial submarine cables; 3 communications satellite earth stations + operating in the EUTELSAT, INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean), MARISAT, and + domestic systems + +:Norway Defense Forces + +Branches: + Norwegian Army, Royal Norwegian Navy, Royal Norwegian Air Force, Home Guard +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,129,871; 944,290 fit for military service; 33,175 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $3.8 billion, 3.8% of GDP (1991) + +:Oman Geography + +Total area: + 212,460 km2 +Land area: + 212,460 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Kansas +Land boundaries: + 1,374 km total; Saudi Arabia 676 km, UAE 410 km, Yemen 288 km +Coastline: + 2,092 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + to be defined + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + no defined boundary with most of UAE; Administrative Line with UAE in far + north; there is a proposed treaty with Yemen (which has not yet been + formally accepted) to settle the Omani-Yemeni boundary +Climate: + dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest + summer monsoon (May to September) in far south +Terrain: + vast central desert plain, rugged mountains in north and south +Natural resources: + crude oil, copper, asbestos, some marble, limestone, chromium, gypsum, + natural gas +Land use: + arable land NEGL%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest + and woodland NEGL%; other 95%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + summer winds often raise large sandstorms and duststorms in interior; sparse + natural freshwater resources +Note: + strategic location with small foothold on Musandam Peninsula controlling + Strait of Hormuz (17% of world's oil production transits this point going + from Persian Gulf to Arabian Sea) + +:Oman People + +Population: + 1,587,581 (July 1992), growth rate 3.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 41 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 40 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 65 years male, 69 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Omani(s); adjective - Omani +Ethnic divisions: + mostly Arab, with small Balochi, Zanzibari, and South Asian (Indian, + Pakistani, Bangladeshi) groups +Religions: + Ibadhi Muslim 75%; remainder Sunni Muslim, Shi`a Muslim, some Hindu +Languages: + Arabic (official); English, Balochi, Urdu, Indian dialects +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + 430,000; agriculture 60% (est.); 58% are non-Omani +Organized labor: + trade unions are illegal + +:Oman Government + +Long-form name: + Sultanate of Oman +Type: + absolute monarchy; independent, with residual UK influence +Capital: + Muscat +Administrative divisions: + there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US + Government, but there are 3 governorates (muhafazah, singular - muhafazat); + Musqat, Musandam, Zufar +Independence: + 1650, expulsion of the Portuguese +Constitution: + none +Legal system: + based on English common law and Islamic law; ultimate appeal to the sultan; + has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 18 November +Executive branch: + sultan, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + National Assembly +Judicial branch: + none; traditional Islamic judges and a nascent civil court system +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + Sultan and Prime Minister QABOOS bin Sa`id Al Sa`id (since 23 July 1970) +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + elections scheduled for October 1992 +Other political or pressure groups: + outlawed Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman (PFLO), based in Yemen +Member of: + ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, + IFC, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, + NAM, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Awadh bin Badr AL-SHANFARI; Chancery at 2342 Massachusetts Avenue + NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 387-1980 through 1982 + US: + Ambassador Richard W. BOEHM; Embassy at address NA, Muscat (mailing address + is P. O. Box 50202 Madinat Qaboos, Muscat); telephone [968] 698-989; FAX + [968] 604-316 +Flag: + three horizontal bands of white (top, double width), red, and green (double + width) with a broad, vertical, red band on the hoist side; the national + emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath superimposed on two crossed swords in + scabbards) in white is centered at the top of the vertical band + +:Oman Economy + +Overview: + Economic performance is closely tied to the fortunes of the oil industry. + Petroleum accounts for more than 90% of export earnings, about 80% of + government revenues, and roughly 40% of GDP. Oman has proved oil reserves of + 4 billion barrels, equivalent to about 20 years' supply at the current rate + of extraction. Although agriculture employs a majority of the population, + urban centers depend on imported food. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $10.6 billion, per capita $6,925 (1990); real + growth rate 0.5% (1989) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 1.3% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $4.9 billion; expenditures $4.9 billion, including capital + expenditures of $825 million (1990) +Exports: + $5.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + petroleum, reexports, fish, processed copper, fruits and vegetables + partners: + Japan 35%, South Korea 21%, Singapore 7%, US 6% +Imports: + $2.5 billion (f.o.b, 1990) + commodities: + machinery, transportation equipment, manufactured goods, food, livestock, + lubricants + partners: + UK 20%, UAE 20%, Japan 17%, US 7% +External debt: + $3.1 billion (December 1989 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 10% (1989), including petroleum sector +Electricity: + 1,120,000 kW capacity; 5,000 million kWh produced, 3,800 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + crude oil production and refining, natural gas production, construction, + cement, copper +Agriculture: + accounts for 6% of GDP and 60% of the labor force (including fishing); less + than 2% of land cultivated; largely subsistence farming (dates, limes, + bananas, alfalfa, vegetables, camels, cattle); not self-sufficient in food; + annual fish catch averages 100,000 metric tons +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $137 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $148 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $797 million +Currency: + Omani rial (plural - rials); 1 Omani rial (RO) = 1,000 baiza +Exchange rates: + Omani rials (RO) per US$1 - 0.3845 (fixed rate since 1986) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Oman Communications + +Highways: + 26,000 km total; 6,000 km paved, 20,000 km motorable track +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,300 km; natural gas 1,030 km +Ports: + Mina' Qabus, Mina' Raysut +Merchant marine: + 1 passenger ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,442 GRT/1,320 DWT +Civil air: + 19 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 134 total, 127 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over + 3,659 m; 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 73 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fair system of open-wire, microwave, and radio communications stations; + limited coaxial cable 50,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 7 + TV; satellite earth stations - 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, and 8 + domestic + +:Oman Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Royal Oman Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 359,394; 204,006 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.73 billion, 16% of GDP (1992 budget) + +:Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the Geography + +Total area: + 458 km2 +Land area: + 458 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 1,519 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + wet season May to November; hot and humid +Terrain: + about 200 islands varying geologically from the high, mountainous main + island of Babelthuap to low, coral islands usually fringed by large barrier + reefs +Natural resources: + forests, minerals (especially gold), marine products; deep-seabed minerals +Land use: + arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and + woodland NA%; other NA% +Environment: + subject to typhoons from June to December; archipelago of six island groups + totaling over 200 islands in the Caroline chain +Note: + important location 850 km southeast of the Philippines; includes World War + II battleground of Peleliu and world-famous rock islands + +:Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the People + +Population: + 15,775 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 23 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 25 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 69 years male, 73 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Palauan(s); adjective - Palauan +Ethnic divisions: + Palauans are a composite of Polynesian, Malayan, and Melanesian races +Religions: + predominantly Christian, including Catholics, Seventh-Day Adventists, + Jehovah's Witnesses, the Assembly of God, the Liebenzell Mission, and + Latter-Day Saints; a third of the population observes the Modekngei + religion, indigenous to Palau +Languages: + English is an official language, though Palauan is also official in 13 of + Palau's 16 states, and Tobi and Sonsorolese are official in the 3 other + states +Literacy: + 92% (male 93%, female 91%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) +Labor force: + NA +Organized labor: + NA + +:Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the Government + +Long-form name: + Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (no short-form name); may change to + Republic of Palau after independence; note - Belau, the native form of + Palau, is sometimes used +Type: + UN trusteeship administered by the US; constitutional government signed a + Compact of Free Association with the US on 10 January 1986, which was never + approved in a series of UN-observed plebiscites; until the UN trusteeship is + terminated with entry into force of the Compact, Palau remains under US + administration as the Palau District of the Trust Territory of the Pacific + Islands +Capital: + Koror; a new capital is being built about 20 km northeast in eastern + Babelthuap +Administrative divisions: + there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US + Government, but there are 16 states; Aimeliik, Airai, Angaur, Kayangel, + Koror, Melekeok, Ngaraard, Ngardmau, Ngaremlengui, Ngatpang, Ngchesar, + Ngerchelong, Ngiwal, Peleliu, Sonsorol, Tobi +Independence: + still part of the US-administered UN trusteeship (the last polity remaining + under the trusteeship; the Republic of the Marshall Islands, Federated + States of Micronesia, and Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas have left); + administered by the Office of Territorial and International Affairs, US + Department of Interior +Constitution: + 1 January 1981 +Legal system: + based on Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, common, + and customary laws +National holiday: + Constitution Day, 9 July (1979) +Executive branch: + US president, US vice president, national president, national vice president +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament (Olbiil Era Kelulau or OEK) consists of an upper house + or Senate and a lower house or House of Delegates +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court, National Court, and Court of Common Pleas +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); represented by the Assistant + Secretary for Territorial Affairs, US Department of the Interior, Stella + GUERRA (since 21 July 1989) and J. Victor HOBSON Jr., Director (since 16 + December 1990) + Head of Government: + President Ngiratkel ETPISON (since 2 November 1988), Vice-President Kuniwo + NAKAMURA (since 2 November 1988) +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Delegates: + last held 2 November 1988 (next to be held NA November 1992); results - + percent of vote NA; seats - (16 total); number of seats by party NA + President: + last held on 2 November 1988 (next to be held NA November 1992); results - + Ngiratkel ETPISON 26.3%, Roman TMETUCHL 25.9%, Thomas REMENGESAU 19.5%, + other 28.3% + +:Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the Government + + Senate: + last held 2 November 1988 (next to be held NA November 1992); results - + percent of vote NA; seats - (14 total); number of seats by party NA +Member of: + ESCAP (associate), SPC, SPF (observer) +Diplomatic representation: + none + US: + US Liaison Officer Lloyed W. MOSS; US Liaison Office at Top Side, Neeriyas, + Koror (mailing address: P. O. Box 6028, Koror, PW 96940); telephone (680) + 488-2920; (680) 488-2911 +Flag: + light blue with a large yellow disk (representing the moon) shifted slightly + to the hoist side + +:Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the Economy + +Overview: + The economy consists primarily of subsistence agriculture and fishing. + Tourism provides some foreign exchange, although the remote location of + Palau and a shortage of suitable facilities has hindered development. The + government is the major employer of the work force, relying heavily on + financial assistance from the US. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $31.6 million, per capita $2,260; real growth + rate NA% (1986); note - GDP numbers reflect US spending +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + 20% (1986) +Budget: + revenues $6.0 million; expenditures NA, including capital expenditures of NA + (1986) +Exports: + $0.5 million (f.o.b., 1986) + commodities: + NA + partners: + US, Japan +Imports: + $27.2 million (c.i.f., 1986) + commodities: + NA + partners: + US +External debt: + about $100 million (1989) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 16,000 kW capacity; 22 million kWh produced, 1,540 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + tourism, craft items (shell, wood, pearl), some commercial fishing and + agriculture +Agriculture: + subsistence-level production of coconut, copra, cassava, sweet potatoes +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2,560 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $92 million +Currency: + US currency is used +Exchange rates: + US currency is used +Fiscal year: + 1 October - 30 September + +:Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the Communications + +Highways: + 22.3 km paved, some stone-, coral-, or laterite-surfaced roads (1991) +Ports: + Koror +Airports: + 2 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth + station + +:Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US and that will not change when the UN + trusteeship terminates if the Compact of Free Association with the US goes + into effect + +:Pacific Ocean Geography + +Total area: + 165,384,000 km2 +Land area: + 165,384,000 km2; includes Arafura Sea, Banda Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, Bering + Sea, Bering Strait, Coral Sea, East China Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Makassar + Strait, Philippine Sea, Ross Sea, Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk, South China + Sea, Tasman Sea, and other tributary water bodies +Comparative area: + slightly less than 18 times the size of the US; the largest ocean (followed + by the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean); covers about + one-third of the global surface; larger than the total land area of the + world +Coastline: + 135,663 km +Disputes: + some maritime disputes (see littoral states) +Climate: + the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer + months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a + dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian land + mass back to the ocean +Terrain: + surface in the northern Pacific dominated by a clockwise, warm-water gyre + (broad, circular system of currents) and in the southern Pacific by a + counterclockwise, cool-water gyre; sea ice occurs in the Bering Sea and Sea + of Okhotsk during winter and reaches maximum northern extent from Antarctica + in October; the ocean floor in the eastern Pacific is dominated by the East + Pacific Rise, while the western Pacific is dissected by deep trenches; the + world's greatest depth is 10,924 meters in the Marianas Trench +Natural resources: + oil and gas fields, polymetallic nodules, sand and gravel aggregates, placer + deposits, fish +Environment: + endangered marine species include the dugong, sea lion, sea otter, seals, + turtles, and whales; oil pollution in Philippine Sea and South China Sea; + dotted with low coral islands and rugged volcanic islands in the + southwestern Pacific Ocean; subject to tropical cyclones (typhoons) in + southeast and east Asia from May to December (most frequent from July to + October); tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico and strike + Central America and Mexico from June to October (most common in August and + September); southern shipping lanes subject to icebergs from Antarctica; + occasional El Nino phenomenon occurs off the coast of Peru when the trade + winds slacken and the warm Equatorial Countercurrent moves south, killing + the plankton that is the primary food source for anchovies; consequently, + the anchovies move to better feeding grounds, causing resident marine birds + to starve by the thousands because of their lost food source +Note: + the major choke points are the Bering Strait, Panama Canal, Luzon Strait, + and the Singapore Strait; the Equator divides the Pacific Ocean into the + North Pacific Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean; ships subject to + superstructure icing in extreme north from October to May and in extreme + south from May to October; persistent fog in the northern Pacific from June + to December is a hazard to shipping; surrounded by a zone of violent + volcanic and earthquake activity sometimes referred to as the Pacific Ring + of Fire + +:Pacific Ocean Economy + +Overview: + The Pacific Ocean is a major contributor to the world economy and + particularly to those nations its waters directly touch. It provides cheap + sea transportation between East and West, extensive fishing grounds, + offshore oil and gas fields, minerals, and sand and gravel for the + construction industry. In 1985 over half (54%) of the world's total fish + catch came from the Pacific Ocean, which is the only ocean where the fish + catch has increased every year since 1978. Exploitation of offshore oil and + gas reserves is playing an ever-increasing role in the energy supplies of + Australia, New Zealand, China, US, and Peru. The high cost of recovering + offshore oil and gas, combined with the wide swings in world prices for oil + since 1985, has slowed but not stopped new drillings. +Industries: + fishing, oil and gas production + +:Pacific Ocean Communications + +Ports: + Bangkok (Thailand), Hong Kong, Los Angeles (US), Manila (Philippines), Pusan + (South Korea), San Francisco (US), Seattle (US), Shanghai (China), + Singapore, Sydney (Australia), Vladivostok (Russia), Wellington (NZ), + Yokohama (Japan) +Telecommunications: + several submarine cables with network focused on Guam and Hawaii + +:Pakistan Geography + +Total area: + 803,940 km2 +Land area: + 778,720 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of California +Land boundaries: + 6,774 km total; Afghanistan 2,430 km, China 523 km, India 2,912 km, Iran 909 + km +Coastline: + 1,046 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + edge of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + boundary with India; border question (Durand line); water sharing problems + with upstream riparian India over the Indus +Climate: + mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north +Terrain: + flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and northwest; Balochistan + plateau in west +Natural resources: + land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited crude oil, poor quality coal, + iron ore, copper, salt, limestone +Land use: + arable land 26%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and + woodland 4%; other 64%; includes irrigated 19% +Environment: + frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west; + flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August); deforestation; + soil erosion; desertification; water logging +Note: + controls Khyber Pass and Malakand Pass, traditional invasion routes between + Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent + +:Pakistan People + +Population: + 121,664,539 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 43 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 13 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 105 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 56 years male, 57 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Pakistani(s); adjective - Pakistani +Ethnic divisions: + Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir (immigrants from India + and their descendents) +Religions: + Muslim 97% (Sunni 77%, Shi`a 20%), Christian, Hindu, and other 3% +Languages: + Urdu and English (both official); total spoken languages - Punjabi 64%, + Sindhi 12%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu 7%, Balochi and other 9%; English is lingua + franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries, but official + policies are promoting its gradual replacement by Urdu +Literacy: + 35% (male 47%, female 21%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 28,900,000; agriculture 54%, mining and manufacturing 13%, services 33%; + extensive export of labor (1987 est.) +Organized labor: + about 10% of industrial work force + +:Pakistan Government + +Long-form name: + Islamic Republic of Pakistan +Type: + parliamentary with strong executive, federal republic +Capital: + Islamabad +Administrative divisions: + 4 provinces, 1 territory*, and 1 capital territory**; Balochistan, Federally + Administered Tribal Areas*, Islamabad Capital Territory**, North-West + Frontier, Punjab, Sindh; note - the Pakistani-administered portion of the + disputed Jammu and Kashmir region includes Azad Kashmir and the Northern + Areas +Independence: + 14 August 1947 (from UK; formerly West Pakistan) +Constitution: + 10 April 1973, suspended 5 July 1977, restored with amendments, 30 December + 1985 +Legal system: + based on English common law with provisions to accommodate Pakistan's + stature as an Islamic state; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with + reservations +National holiday: + Pakistan Day (proclamation of the republic), 23 March (1956) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament (Majlis-e-Shoora) consists of an upper house or Senate + and a lower house or National Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court, Federal Islamic (Shari`at) Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President GHULAM ISHAQ Khan (since 13 December 1988) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Mian Nawaz SHARIF (since 6 November 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + Islamic Democratic Alliance (Islami Jamuri Ittehad or IJI) - the Pakistan + Muslim League (PML) led by Mohammed Khan JUNEJO is the main party in the + IJI; Pakistan People's Party (PPP), Benazir BHUTTO; note - in September 1990 + the PPP announced the formation of the People's Democratic Alliance (PDA), + an electoral alliance including the following four parties - PPP, Solidarity + Movement (Tehrik Istiqlal), Movement for the Implementation of Shi`a + Jurisprudence (Tehrik-i-Nifaz Fiqh Jafariya or TNFJ), and the PML (Malik + faction); Muhajir Qaumi Movement (MQM), Altaf HUSSAIN; Awami National Party + (ANP), Khan Abdul Wali KHAN; Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Islam (JUI), Fazlur RAHMAN; + Jamhoori Watan Party (JWP), Mohammad Akbar Khan BUGTI; Pakistan National + Party (PNP), Mir Ghaus Bakhsh BIZENJO; Pakistan Khawa Milli Party (PKMP), + leader NA; Assembly of Pakistani Clergy (Jamiat-ul-Ulema-e-Pakistan or JUP), + Maulana Shah Ahmed NOORANI; Jamaat-i-Islami (JI), Qazi Hussain AHMED +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + President: + last held on 12 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results - + Ghulam Ishaq KHAN was elected by Parliament and the four provincial + assemblies + +:Pakistan Government + + Senate: + last held March 1991 (next to be held NA March 1994); seats - (87 total) IJI + 57, Tribal Area Representatives (nonparty) 8, PPP 5, ANP 5, JWP 4, MQM 3, + PNP 2, PKMP 1, JUI 1, independent 1 +Elections: + National Assembly: + last held on 24 October 1990 (next to be held by NA October 1995); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (217 total) IJI 107, PDA 45, MQM 15, + ANP 6, JUI 2, JWP 2, PNP 2, PKMP 1, independents 14, religious minorities + 10, Tribal Area Representatives (nonparty) 8, vacant 1 +Communists: + the Communist party is officially banned but is allowed to operate openly +Other political or pressure groups: + military remains dominant political force; ulema (clergy), industrialists, + and small merchants also influential +Member of: + AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, + ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, + IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Abida HUSSAIN; Chancery at 2315 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-6200; there is a Pakistani + Consulate General in New York + US: + Ambassador Nicholas PLATT; Embassy at Diplomatic Enclave, Ramna 5, Islamabad + (mailing address is P. O. Box 1048, PSC 1212, Box 2000, Islamabad or APO AE + 09812-2000); telephone [92] (51) 826161 through 79; FAX [92] (51) 822004; + there are US Consulates General in Karachi and Lahore and a Consulate in + Peshawar +Flag: + green with a vertical white band on the hoist side; a large white crescent + and star are centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color + green are traditional symbols of Islam + +:Pakistan Economy + +Overview: + Pakistan is a poor Third World country faced with the usual problems of + rapidly increasing population, sizable government deficits, and heavy + dependence on foreign aid. In addition, the economy must support a large + military establishment and provide for the needs of 4 million Afghan + refugees. A real economic growth rate averaging 5-6% in recent years has + enabled the country to cope with these problems. Almost all agriculture and + small-scale industry is in private hands. In 1990, Pakistan embarked on a + sweeping economic liberalization program to boost foreign and domestic + private investment and lower foreign aid dependence. The SHARIF government + has denationalized several state-owned firms and has attracted some foreign + investment. Pakistan likely will have difficulty raising living standards + because of its rapidly expanding population. At the current rate of growth, + population would double in 25 years. +GNP: + exchange rate conversion - $45.4 billion, per capita $380; real growth rate + 4.8% (FY91 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 12.3% (FY91) +Unemployment rate: + 10% (FY91 est.) +Budget: + revenues $6.4 billion; expenditures $10 billion, including capital + expenditures of $2.6 billion (FY92 est.) +Exports: + $6.0 billion (f.o.b., FY91) + commodities: + cotton, textiles, clothing, rice + partners: + EC 31%, Japan 9%, US 13% (FY90) +Imports: + $7.9 billion (f.o.b., FY91) + commodities: + petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, transportation, equipment, + vegetable oils, animal fats, chemicals + partners: + EC 21%, US 14%, Japan 13% (FY90) +External debt: + $20.1 billion (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5.7% (FY91); accounts for almost 20% of GNP +Electricity: + 8,500,000 kW capacity; 35,000 million kWh produced, 300 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + textiles, food processing, beverages, construction materials, clothing, + paper products, shrimp +Agriculture: + 25% of GNP, over 50% of labor force; world's largest contiguous irrigation + system; major crops - cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, and + vegetables; live-stock products - milk, beef, mutton, eggs; self-sufficient + in food grain +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of opium and hashish for the international drug trade; + government eradication efforts on poppy cultivation of limited success + +:Pakistan Economy + +Economic aid: + (including Bangladesh only before 1972) US commitments, including Ex-Im + (FY70-89), $4.5 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral + commitments (1980-89), $9.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $2.3 + billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $3.2 billion +Currency: + Pakistani rupee (plural - rupees); 1 Pakistani rupee (PRe) = 100 paisa +Exchange rates: + Pakistani rupees (PRs) per US$1 - 24.980 (March 1992), 23.801 (1991), 21.707 + (1990), 20.541 (1989), 18.003 (1988), 17.399 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Pakistan Communications + +Railroads: + 8,773 km total; 7,718 km broad gauge, 445 km 1-meter gauge, and 610 km less + than 1-meter gauge; 1,037 km broad-gauge double track; 286 km electrified; + all government owned (1985) +Highways: + 101,315 km total (1987); 40,155 km paved, 23,000 km gravel, 29,000 km + improved earth, and 9,160 km unimproved earth or sand tracks (1985) +Pipelines: + crude oil 250 km; natural gas 4,044 km; petroleum products 885 km (1987) +Ports: + Gwadar, Karachi, Port Muhammad bin Qasim +Merchant marine: + 28 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 334,227 GRT/495,425 DWT; includes 3 + passenger-cargo, 24 cargo, 1 petroleum tanker +Civil air: + 40 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 112 total, 104 usable; 75 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways + over 3,659 m; 31 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 43 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + good international communication service over microwave and INTELSAT + satellite; domestic communications poor; 813,000 telephones (1990); + broadcast service good; broadcast stations - 19 AM, 8 FM, 29 TV; satellite + earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT + +:Pakistan Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Civil Armed Forces, National Guard +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 27,811,099; 17,064,073 fit for military service; 1,287,041 + reach military age (17) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $2.9 billion, 6% of GNP (1992 budget) + +:Palmyra Atoll Geography + +Total area: + 11.9 km2 +Land area: + 11.9 km2 +Comparative area: + about 20 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 14.5 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + equatorial, hot, and very rainy +Terrain: + low, with maximum elevations of about 2 meters +Natural resources: + none +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 100%; other 0% +Environment: + about 50 islets covered with dense vegetation, coconut trees, and balsa-like + trees up to 30 meters tall +Note: + located 1,600 km south-southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean, + almost halfway between Hawaii and American Samoa + +:Palmyra Atoll People + +Population: + uninhabited + +:Palmyra Atoll Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + unincorporated territory of the US; privately owned, but administered by the + Office of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the + Interior +Capital: + none; administered from Washington, DC + +:Palmyra Atoll Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +:Palmyra Atoll Communications + +Ports: + the main harbor is West Lagoon, which is entered by a channel on the + southwest side of the atoll; both the channel and harbor will accommodate + vessels drawing 4 meters of water; much of the road and many causeways built + during the war are unserviceable and overgrown +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m + +:Palmyra Atoll Defense Forces + +Branches: + Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +:Panama Geography + +Total area: + 78,200 km2 +Land area: + 75,990 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than South Carolina +Land boundaries: + 555 km total; Colombia 225 km, Costa Rica 330 km +Coastline: + 2,490 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 200 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short + dry season (January to May) +Terrain: + interior mostly steep, rugged mountains and dissected, upland plains; + coastal areas largely plains and rolling hills +Natural resources: + copper, mahogany forests, shrimp +Land use: + arable land 6%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 15%; forest and + woodland 54%; other 23%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + dense tropical forest in east and northwest +Note: + strategic location on eastern end of isthmus forming land bridge connecting + North and South America; controls Panama Canal that links North Atlantic + Ocean via Caribbean Sea with North Pacific Ocean + +:Panama People + +Population: + 2,529,902 (July 1992), growth rate 2.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 25 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 17 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 73 years male, 77 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Panamanian(s); adjective - Panamanian +Ethnic divisions: + mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry) 70%, West Indian 14%, white + 10%, Indian 6% +Religions: + Roman Catholic over 93%, Protestant 6% +Languages: + Spanish (official); English as native tongue 14%; many Panamanians bilingual +Literacy: + 88% (male 88%, female 88%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 770,472 (1987); government and community services 27.9%; agriculture, + hunting, and fishing 26.2%; commerce, restaurants, and hotels 16%; + manufacturing and mining 10.5%; construction 5.3%; transportation and + communications 5.3%; finance, insurance, and real estate 4.2%; Canal Zone + 2.4%; shortage of skilled labor, but an oversupply of unskilled labor +Organized labor: + 17% of labor force (1986) + +:Panama Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Panama +Type: + centralized republic +Capital: + Panama +Administrative divisions: + 9 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 territory* (comarca); + Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui, Cocle, Colon, Darien, Herrera, Los Santos, Panama, + San Blas*, Veraguas +Independence: + 3 November 1903 (from Colombia; became independent from Spain 28 November + 1821) +Constitution: + 11 October 1972; major reforms adopted April 1983 +Legal system: + based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in the + Supreme Court of Justice; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with + reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 3 November (1903) +Executive branch: + president, two vice presidents, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) currently being + reorganized +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Guillermo ENDARA (since 20 December 1989, elected 7 May 1989); + First Vice President Ricardo ARIAS Calderon (since 20 December 1989, elected + 7 May 1989); Second Vice President Guillermo FORD Boyd (since 20 December + 1989, elected 7 May 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + government alliance: + Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement (MOLIRENA), Alfredo RAMIREZ; + Authentic Liberal Party (PLA), Arnulfo ESCALONA; Arnulfista Party (PA), + Mireya MOSCOSO DE GRUBER; + opposition parties: + Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Ricardo ARIAS Calderon; Democratic + Revolutionary Party (PRD, ex-official government party), Gerardo GONZALEZ; + Agrarian Labor Party (PALA), Carlos LOPEZ Guevara; Liberal Party (PL), + Roderick ESQUIVEL; Popular Action Party (PAPO); Socialist Workers Party + (PST, leftist), Jose CAMBRA; Revolutionary Workers Party (PRT, leftist), + Graciela DIXON +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held on 7 May 1989, annulled but later upheld (next to be held NA May + 1994); results - anti-NORIEGA coalition believed to have won about 75% of + the total votes cast + Legislative Assembly: + last held on 27 January 1991 (next to be held NA May 1994); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (67 total) + progovernment parties: + PDC 28, MOLIRENA 16, PA 7, PLA 4 + +:Panama Government + + opposition parties: + PRD 10, PALA 1, PL 1; note - the PDC went into opposition after President + Guillermo ENDARA ousted the PDC from the coalition government in April 1991 +Communists: + People's Party (PdP), mainline Communist party, did not obtain the necessary + 3% of the total vote in the 1984 election to retain its legal status; about + 3,000 members +Other political or pressure groups: + National Council of Organized Workers (CONATO); National Council of Private + Enterprise (CONEP); Panamanian Association of Business Executives (APEDE); + National Civic Crusade; National Committee for the Right to Life +Member of: + AG (associate), CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, + LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, + UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Jaime FORD; Chancery at 2862 McGill Terrace NW, Washington, DC + 20008; telephone (202) 483-1407; the status of the Consulates General and + Consulates has not yet been determined + US: + Ambassador Deane R. HINTON; Embassy at Avenida Balboa and Calle 38, Apartado + 6959, Panama City 5 (mailing address is Box E, APO AA 34002); telephone + (507) 27-1777; FAX (507) 27-1964 +Flag: + divided into four, equal rectangles; the top quadrants are white with a blue + five-pointed star in the center (hoist side) and plain red, the bottom + quadrants are plain blue (hoist side) and white with a red five-pointed star + in the center + +:Panama Economy + +Overview: + GDP expanded by roughly 9.3% in 1991, following growth of 4.6% in 1990 and a + 0.4% contraction in 1989. Delay in coming to terms with the international + financial institutions on policies to implement structural reform in Panama + generated uncertainty in the private sector and tempered the pace of + business expansion in 1991. Public investment was limited as the + administration kept the fiscal deficit below 3% of GDP. Unemployment and + economic reform are the two major issues the government must face in + 1992-93. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $5.0 billion, per capita $2,040; real growth rate + 9.3% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.0% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 17% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $1.5 billion; expenditures $1.7 billion, including capital + expenditures of $140 million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $380 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + bananas 28%, shrimp 14%, sugar 12%, clothing 5%, coffee 4% + partners: + US 44%, Central America and Caribbean, EC (1991 est.) +Imports: + $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + capital goods 13%, crude oil 12%, foodstuffs 10%, consumer goods, chemicals + (1990) + partners: + US 37%, Japan, EC, Central America and Caribbean, Mexico, Venezuela (1989 + est.) +External debt: + $5.4 billion (December 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 7.2% (1991 est.); accounts for almost 9.4% of GDP +Electricity: + 1,135,000 kW capacity; 3,397 million kWh produced, 1,372 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + manufacturing and construction activities, petroleum refining, brewing, + cement and other construction material, sugar mills +Agriculture: + accounts for 12% of GDP (1991 est.), 25% of labor force (1989); crops - + bananas, rice, corn, coffee, sugarcane; livestock; fishing; importer of food + grain, vegetables +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $516 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $582 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $4 million +Currency: + balboa (plural - balboas); 1 balboa (B) = 100 centesimos +Exchange rates: + balboas (B) per US$1 - 1.000 (fixed rate) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Panama Communications + +Railroads: + 238 km total; 78 km 1.524-meter gauge, 160 km 0.914-meter gauge +Highways: + 8,530 km total; 2,745 km paved, 3,270 km gravel or crushed stone, 2,515 km + improved and unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 800 km navigable by shallow draft vessels; 82 km Panama Canal +Pipelines: + crude oil 130 km +Ports: + Cristobal, Balboa, Puerto de La Bahia de Las Minas +Merchant marine: + 3,004 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 41,314,623 GRT/73,325,176 DWT; + includes 20 passenger, 22 short-sea passenger, 3 passenger-cargo, 1,046 + cargo, 205 refrigerated cargo, 175 container, 65 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 111 + vehicle carrier, 9 livestock carrier, 4 multifunction large-load carrier, + 340 petroleum tanker, 177 chemical tanker, 23 combination ore/oil, 101 + liquefied gas, 8 specialized tanker, 659 bulk, 35 combination bulk, 1 barge + carrier; note - all but 5 are foreign owned and operated; the top 4 foreign + owners are Japan 36%, Greece 8%, Hong Kong 8%, and the US 7%; (China owns at + least 128 ships, Vietnam 4, former Yugoslavia 4, Cuba 4, Cyprus 5, and the + republics of the former USSR 12) +Civil air: + 5 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 112 total, 102 usable; 39 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + domestic and international facilities well developed; connection into + Central American Microwave System; 220,000 telephones; broadcast stations - + 91 AM, no FM, 23 TV; 1 coaxial submarine cable; satellite ground stations - + 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + +:Panama Defense Forces + +Branches: + note - the Panamanian Defense Forces (PDF) ceased to exist as a military + institution shortly after the United States invaded Panama on 20 December + 1989; President ENDARA has restructured the forces into a civilian police + service under the new name of Panamanian Public Forces (PPF); a Council of + Public Security and National Defense under Menalco SOLIS in the office of + the president coordinates the activities of the security forces; the + Institutional Protection Service under Carlos BARES is attached to the + presidency +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 661,101; 455,412 fit for military service; no conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $75.5 million, 1.5% of GDP (1990) + +:Papua New Guinea Geography + +Total area: + 461,690 km2 +Land area: + 451,710 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than California +Land boundaries: + 820 km; Indonesia 820 km +Coastline: + 5,152 km +Maritime claims: + (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines) + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to + October); slight seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + mostly mountains with coastal lowlands and rolling foothills +Natural resources: + gold, copper, silver, natural gas, timber, oil potential +Land use: + arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest + and woodland 71%; other 28% +Environment: + one of world's largest swamps along southwest coast; some active volcanos; + frequent earthquakes +Note: + shares island of New Guinea with Indonesia + +:Papua New Guinea People + +Population: + 4,006,509 (July 1992), growth rate 2.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 34 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 67 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 55 years male, 56 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Papua New Guinean(s); adjective - Papua New Guinean +Ethnic divisions: + predominantly Melanesian and Papuan; some Negrito, Micronesian, and + Polynesian +Religions: + Roman Catholic 22%, Lutheran 16%, Presbyterian/Methodist/London Missionary + Society 8%, Anglican 5%, Evangelical Alliance 4%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1%, + other Protestant sects 10%; indigenous beliefs 34% +Languages: + 715 indigenous languages; English spoken by 1-2%, pidgin English widespread, + Motu spoken in Papua region +Literacy: + 52% (male 65%, female 38%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + NA +Organized labor: + more than 50 trade unions, some with fewer than 20 members + +:Papua New Guinea Government + +Long-form name: + Independent State of Papua New Guinea +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Port Moresby +Administrative divisions: + 20 provinces; Central, Chimbu, Eastern Highlands, East New Britain, East + Sepik, Enga, Gulf, Madang, Manus, Milne Bay, Morobe, National Capital, New + Ireland, Northern, North Solomons, Sandaun, Southern Highlands, Western, + Western Highlands, West New Britain +Independence: + 16 September 1975 (from UN trusteeship under Australian administration) +Constitution: + 16 September 1975 +Legal system: + based on English common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 16 September (1975) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, + National Executive Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Parliament (sometimes referred to as the House of + Assembly) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen Elizabeth II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Wiwa KOROWI (since NA November 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Paias WINGTI (since 17 July 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + Papua New Guinea United Party (Pangu Party), Rabbie NAMALIU; People's + Democratic Movement (PDM), Paias WINGTI; People's Action Party (PAP), Akoka + DOI; People's Progress Party (PPP), Sir Julius CHAN; United Party (UP), Paul + TORATO; Papua Party (PP), Galeva KWARARA; National Party (NP), Paul PORA; + Melanesian Alliance (MA), Fr. John MOMIS +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + National Parliament: + last held 13-26 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1997); results - percent by + party NA; seats - (109 total) Pangu Party 24, PDM 17, PPP 10, PAP 10, + independents 30, others 18 +Member of: + ACP, AsDB, ASEAN (observer), C, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, + IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM + (observer), SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Margaret TAYLOR; Chancery at 3rd floor, 1615 New Hampshire Avenue + NW, Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 745-3680 + US: + Ambassador Robert W. FARRAND; Embassy at Armit Street, Port Moresby (mailing + address is P. O. Box 1492, Port Moresby, or APO AE 96553); telephone [675] + 211-455 or 594, 654; FAX [675] 213-423 + +:Papua New Guinea Government + +Flag: + divided diagonally from upper hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is red + with a soaring yellow bird of paradise centered; the lower triangle is black + with five white five-pointed stars of the Southern Cross constellation + centered + +:Papua New Guinea Economy + +Overview: + Papua New Guinea is richly endowed with natural resources, but exploitation + has been hampered by the rugged terrain and the high cost of developing an + infrastructure. Agriculture provides a subsistence livelihood for 85% of the + population. Mining of numerous deposits, including copper and gold, accounts + for about 60% of export earnings. Budgetary support from Australia and + development aid under World Bank auspices have helped sustain the economy. + Robust growth in 1991 was led by the mining sector; the opening of a large + new gold mine featured in the advance. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $3.1 billion, per capita $800; real growth rate + 9% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 6.8% (first half 1991) +Unemployment rate: + 5% (1988) +Budget: + revenues $1.26 billion; expenditures $1.46 billion, including capital + expenditures of $273 million (1992 est.) +Exports: + $1.14 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + copper ore, gold, coffee, logs, palm oil, cocoa, lobster + partners: + FRG, Japan, Australia, UK, Spain, US +Imports: + $1.18 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment, food, fuels, chemicals, consumer goods + partners: + Australia, Singapore, Japan, US, New Zealand, UK +External debt: + $2.2 billion (April 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 2.4% (1990 est.); accounts for 25% of GDP +Electricity: + 397,000 kW capacity; 1,510 million kWh produced, 400 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + copra crushing, oil palm processing, plywood processing, wood chip + production, gold, silver, copper, construction, tourism +Agriculture: + one-third of GDP; livelihood for 85% of population; fertile soils and + favorable climate permits cultivating a wide variety of crops; cash crops - + coffee, cocoa, coconuts, palm kernels; other products - tea, rubber, sweet + potatoes, fruit, vegetables, poultry, pork; net importer of food for urban + centers +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $40.6 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $6.5 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $17 million +Currency: + kina (plural - kina); 1 kina (K) = 100 toea +Exchange rates: + kina (K) per US$1 - 1.0413 (March 1992), 1.0508 (1991), 1.0467 (1990), + 1.1685 (1989), 1.1538 (1988), 1.1012 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Papua New Guinea Communications + +Railroads: + none +Highways: + 19,200 km total; 640 km paved, 10,960 km gravel, crushed stone, or + stabilized-soil surface, 7,600 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 10,940 km +Ports: + Anewa Bay, Lae, Madang, Port Moresby, Rabaul +Merchant marine: + 8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 14,102 GRT/16,016 DWT; includes 2 + cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 combination ore/oil, 1 bulk, 1 container +Civil air: + about 15 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 503 total, 460 usable; 18 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 39 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + services are adequate and being improved; facilities provide radiobroadcast, + radiotelephone and telegraph, coastal radio, aeronautical radio, and + international radiocommunication services; submarine cables extend to + Australia and Guam; 51,700 telephones (1985); broadcast stations - 31 AM, 2 + FM, 2 TV (1987); 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Papua New Guinea Defense Forces + +Branches: + Papua New Guinea Defense Force (including Army, Navy, Air Force) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,013,812; 564,081 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $42 million, 1.3% of GDP (1989 est.) + +:Paracel Islands Geography + +Total area: + NA +Land area: + undetermined +Comparative area: + undetermined +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 518 km +Maritime claims: + undetermined +Disputes: + occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam +Climate: + tropical +Terrain: + undetermined +Natural resources: + none +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + subject to typhoons +Note: + located 400 km east of Vietnam in the South China Sea about one-third of the + way between Vietnam and the Philippines + +:Paracel Islands People + +Population: + no permanent inhabitants + +:Paracel Islands Government + +Long-form name: + none + +:Paracel Islands Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +:Paracel Islands Communications + +Ports: + small Chinese port facilities on Woody Island and Duncan Island currently + under expansion +Airports: + 1 on Woody Island + +:Paracel Islands Defense Forces + +Note: + occupied by China + +:Paraguay Geography + +Total area: + 406,750 km2 +Land area: + 397,300 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than California +Land boundaries: + 3,920 km total; Argentina 1,880 km, Bolivia 750 km, Brazil 1,290 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + short section of the boundary with Brazil (just west of Guaira Falls on the + Rio Parana) has not been determined +Climate: + varies from temperate in east to semiarid in far west +Terrain: + grassy plains and wooded hills east of Rio Paraguay; Gran Chaco region west + of Rio Paraguay mostly low, marshy plain near the river, and dry forest and + thorny scrub elsewhere +Natural resources: + iron ore, manganese, limestone, hydropower, timber +Land use: + arable land 20%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 39%; forest and + woodland 35%; other 5%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + local flooding in southeast (early September to June); poorly drained plains + may become boggy (early October to June) +Note: + landlocked; buffer between Argentina and Brazil + +:Paraguay People + +Population: + 4,929,446 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 33 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 28 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 71 years male, 74 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Paraguayan(s); adjective - Paraguayan +Ethnic divisions: + mestizo (Spanish and Indian) 95%, white and Indian 5% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 90%; Mennonite and other Protestant denominations +Languages: + Spanish (official) and Guarani +Literacy: + 90% (male 92%, female 88%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 1,418,000 (1991 est.); agriculture, industry and commerce, services, + government (1986) +Organized labor: + about 2% of labor force + +:Paraguay Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Paraguay +Type: + republic +Capital: + Asuncion +Administrative divisions: + 19 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Alto Paraguay, Alto + Parana, Amambay, Boqueron, Caaguazu, Caazapa, Canindeyu, Central, Chaco, + Concepcion, Cordillera, Guaira, Itapua, Misiones, Neembucu, Nueva Asuncion, + Paraguari, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro +Independence: + 14 May 1811 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 25 August 1967; Constituent Assembly rewrote the Constitution that was + promulgated on 20 June 1992 +Legal system: + based on Argentine codes, Roman law, and French codes; judicial review of + legislative acts in Supreme Court of Justice; does not accept compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Days, 14-15 May (1811) +Executive branch: + president, Council of Ministers (cabinet), Council of State +Legislative branch: + bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of an upper chamber or Chamber of + Senators (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies + (Camara de Diputados) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Gen. Andres RODRIGUEZ Pedotti (since 15 May 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + Colorado Party, Luis Maria ARGANA, acting president; Authentic Radical + Liberal Party (PLRA), Juan Manuel BENITEZ Florentin; Christian Democratic + Party (PDC), Jose Angel BURRO; Febrerista Revolutionary Party (PRF), Victor + BAREIRO; Popular Democratic Party (PDP), Hugo RICHER +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 18 and up to age 60 +Elections: + President: + last held 1 May 1989 (next to be held NA February 1993); results - Gen. + RODRIGUEZ 75.8%, Domingo LAINO 19.4% + Chamber of Senators: + last held 1 May 1989 (next to be held by NA May 1993); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (36 total) Colorado Party 24, PLRA 10, PLR 1, PRF + 1 + Chamber of Deputies: + last held on 1 May 1989 (next to be held by NA May 1994); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (72 total) Colorado Party 48, PLRA 19, PRF 2, + PDC 1, other 2 +Communists: + Oscar CREYDT faction and Miguel Angel SOLER faction (both illegal); 3,000 to + 4,000 (est.) party members and sympathizers in Paraguay, very few are hard + core; party beginning to return from exile is small and deeply divided +Other political or pressure groups: + Confederation of Workers (CUT); Roman Catholic Church + +:Paraguay Government + +Member of: + AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, + IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, OAS, + OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Juan Esteban Aguirre MARTINEZ; Chancery at 2400 Massachusetts + Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-6960 through 6962; + there are Paraguayan Consulates General in New Orleans and New York, and a + Consulate in Houston + US: + Ambassador Jon D. GLASSMAN; Embassy at 1776 Avenida Mariscal Lopez, Asuncion + (mailing address is C. P. 402, Asuncion, or APO AA 34036-0001); telephone + [595] (21) 213-715; FAX [595] (21) 213-728 +Flag: + three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue with an emblem + centered in the white band; unusual flag in that the emblem is different on + each side; the obverse (hoist side at the left) bears the national coat of + arms (a yellow five-pointed star within a green wreath capped by the words + REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles); the reverse (hoist side at + the right) bears the seal of the treasury (a yellow lion below a red Cap of + Liberty and the words Paz y Justicia (Peace and Justice) capped by the words + REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles) + +:Paraguay Economy + +Overview: + Agriculture, including forestry, accounts for about 25% of GDP, employs + about 45% of the labor force, and provides the bulk of exports. Paraguay has + no known significant mineral or petroleum resources but does have a large + hydropower potential. Since 1981 economic performance has declined compared + with the boom period of 1976-81, when real GDP grew at an average annual + rate of nearly 11%. During the period 1982-86 real GDP fell in three of five + years, inflation jumped to an annual rate of 32%, and foreign debt rose. + Factors responsible for the erratic behavior of the economy were the + completion of the Itaipu hydroelectric dam, bad weather for crops, and weak + international commodity prices for agricultural exports. In 1987 the economy + experienced a minor recovery because of improved weather conditions and + stronger international prices for key agricultural exports. The recovery + continued through 1990, on the strength of bumper crops in 1988-89. In a + major step to increase its economic activity in the region, Paraguay in + March 1991 joined the Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR), which includes + Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. During 1991 the government began to more + seriously address its arrearages with international creditors and its + domestic fiscal problems. Inflation was cut in third, but the foreign trade + deficit widened to more than $1 billion. For the long run, the government + must press forward with general market-oriented economic reforms. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $7.0 billion, per capita $1,460; real growth rate + 3.0% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 15% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 14% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.2 billion, including capital + expenditures of $487 million (1991) +Exports: + $642 million (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + cotton, soybean, timber, vegetable oils, coffee, tung oil, meat products + partners: + EC 37%, Brazil 25%, Argentina 10%, Chile 6%, US 6% +Imports: + $1.85 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + capital goods 35%, consumer goods 20%, fuels and lubricants 19%, raw + materials 16%, foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco 10% + partners: + Brazil 30%, EC 20%, US 18%, Argentina 8%, Japan 7% +External debt: + $1.7 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5.9% (1989 est.); accounts for 16% of GDP +Electricity: + 5,578,000 kW capacity; 15,447 million kWh produced, 3,219 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + meat packing, oilseed crushing, milling, brewing, textiles, other light + consumer goods, cement, construction +Agriculture: + accounts for 25% of GDP and 44% of labor force; cash crops - cotton, + sugarcane; other crops - corn, wheat, tobacco, soybeans, cassava, fruits, + and vegetables; animal products - beef, pork, eggs, milk; surplus producer + of timber; self-sufficient in most foods + +:Paraguay Economy + +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; important + transshipment point for Bolivian cocaine headed for the US and Europe +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $172 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.1 billion +Currency: + guarani (plural - guaranies); 1 guarani (G) = 100 centimos +Exchange rates: + guaranies (G) per US$ - 1,447.5 (March 1992), 1,325.2 (1991), 1,229.8 + (1990), 1,056.2 (1989), 550.00 (fixed rate 1986-February 1989), +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Paraguay Communications + +Railroads: + 970 km total; 440 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 60 km 1.000-meter gauge, + 470 km various narrow gauge (privately owned) +Highways: + 21,960 km total; 1,788 km paved, 474 km gravel, and 19,698 km earth +Inland waterways: + 3,100 km +Ports: + Asuncion +Merchant marine: + 13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 16,747 GRT/19,865 DWT; includes 11 + cargo, 2 petroleum tanker; note - 1 naval cargo ship is sometimes used + commercially +Civil air: + 9 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 845 total, 716 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; 0 with runways over + 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 66 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + principal center in Asuncion; fair intercity microwave net; 78,300 + telephones; broadcast stations - 40 AM, no FM, 5 TV, 7 shortwave; 1 Atlantic + Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Paraguay Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy (including Naval Air and Marines), Air Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,172,813; 853,129 fit for military service; 49,917 reach + military age (17) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $84 million, 1.4% of GDP (1988 est.) + +:Peru Geography + +Total area: + 1,285,220 km2 +Land area: + 1,280,000 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Alaska +Land boundaries: + 6,940 km total; Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km, Chile 160 km, Colombia + 2,900 km, Ecuador 1,420 km +Coastline: + 2,414 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 200 nm +Disputes: + three sections of the boundary with Ecuador are in dispute +Climate: + varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west +Terrain: + western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), + eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva) +Natural resources: + copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, + potash +Land use: + arable land 3%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 21%; forest and + woodland 55%; other 21%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + subject to earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, mild volcanic activity; + deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in + Lima +Note: + shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with + Bolivia + +:Peru People + +Population: + 22,767,543 (July 1992), growth rate 2.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 27 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 59 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 63 years male, 67 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Peruvian(s); adjective - Peruvian +Ethnic divisions: + Indian 45%; mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry) 37%; white 15%; + black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3% +Religions: + predominantly Roman Catholic +Languages: + Spanish and Quechua (both official), Aymara +Literacy: + 85% (male 92%, female 29%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 6,800,000 (1986); government and other services 44%, agriculture 37%, + industry 19% (1988 est.) +Organized labor: + about 40% of salaried workers (1983 est.) + +:Peru Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Peru +Type: + in transition, President FUJIMORI on 5 April 1992 suspended the constitution + and dissolved the legislative and judicial branches +Capital: + Lima +Administrative divisions: + 24 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 constitutional + province* (provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, + Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao*, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La + Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, + Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali; note - the 1979 Constitution and + legislation enacted from 1987 to 1990 mandate the creation of regions + (regiones, singular - region) intended to function eventually as autonomous + economic and administrative entities; so far, 12 regions have been + constituted from 23 existing departments - Amazonas (from Loreto), Andres + Avelino Caceres (from Huanuco, Pasco, Junin), Arequipa (from Arequipa), + Chavin (from Ancash), Grau (from Tumbes, Piura), Inca (from Cusco, Madre de + Dios, Apurimac), La Libertad (from La Libertad), Los Libertadores-Huari + (from Ica, Ayacucho, Huancavelica), Mariategui (from Moquegua, Tacna, Puno), + Nor Oriental del Maranon (from Lambayeque, Cajamarca, Amazonas), San Martin + (from San Martin), Ucayali (from Ucayali); formation of another region has + been delayed by the reluctance of the constitutional province of Callao to + merge with the department of Lima; because of inadequate funding from the + central government, the regions have yet to assume their responsibilities + and at the moment coexist with the departmental structure +Independence: + 28 July 1821 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 28 July 1980 (often referred to as the 1979 Constitution because the + Constituent Assembly met in 1979, but the Constitution actually took effect + the following year); suspended 5 April 1992 +Legal system: + based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 28 July (1821) +Executive branch: + president, two vice presidents (vacant as of 19 May 1992), prime minister, + Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of an upper chamber or Senate + (Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados); + note - dissolved on 5 April 1992; being reconstituted +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Alberto FUJIMORI (since 28 July 1990); note - slots for first and + second Vice Presidents vacant as of 19 May 1992 + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Oscar DE LA PUENTE Raygada (since 6 April 1992) + +:Peru Government + +Political parties and leaders: + Change 90 (Cambio 90), Alberto FUJIMORI; Popular Christian Party (PPC), Luis + BEDOYA Reyes; Popular Action Party (AP), Eduardo CALMELL del Solar; Liberty + Movement (ML), Luis BUSTAMANTE; American Popular Revolutionary Alliance + (APRA), Luis ALVA Castro, Alan GARCIA; National Front of Workers and + Peasants (FNTC), Roger CACERES; United Left (IU), leader NA; Independent + Moralizing Front (FIM), Fernando OLIVERA Vega; Socialist Left (IS), leader + NA; note - Democratic Front (FREDEMO) was a loosely organized coalition of + the PPC, AP, and ML during the 8 April 1990 elections, but the parties no + longer maintain a formal alliance +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held on 10 June 1990 (next to be held NA April 1995); results - Alberto + FUJIMORI 56.53%, Mario VARGAS Llosa 33.92%, other 9.55% + Senate: + last held on 8 April 1990; dissolved on 5 April 1992; because of suspension + of constitutional role, next election not yet scheduled; results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (62 total; 60 elected, 2 ex-presidents who are + senators for life) FREDEMO 20, APRA 16, Change 90 14, IU 6, IS 3, FNTC 1; + note - as a result of the dissolution of FREDEMO and defections and + expulsions from the various parties, the seats have been reallocated: APRA + 17, Change 90 13, AP 8, IU 6, PPC 5, ML 4, IS 3, FNTC 1, independents 4, + other 1 (January 1992) + Chamber of Deputies: + last held 8 April 1990 dissolved on 5 April 1992; because of suspension of + constitutional role, next election not yet scheduled; results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (180 total) FREDEMO 62, APRA 53, Change 90 32, IU + 16, IS 4, FNTC 3, other 10; note - as a result of the dissolution of FREDEMO + and defections and expulsions from the various parties, the seats have been + reallocated: APRA 53, AP 25, Change 90 25, PPC 23, IU 16, ML 7, FIM 3, IS 4, + FNTC 3, independents 15, other 4, and 2 currently nonvoting deputies +Communists: + Peruvian Communist Party-Unity (PCP-U), 2,000; other minor Communist parties +Other political or pressure groups: + leftist guerrilla groups: + Shining Path, Abimael GUZMAN; Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, Nestor + SERPA and Victor POLAY +Member of: + AG, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, + IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador vacant; Chancery at 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC + 20036; telephone (202) 833-9860 through 9869); Peruvian Consulates General + are located in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New + Jersey), San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) + US: + Ambassador Anthony C. E. QUAINTON; Embassy at the corner of Avenida Inca + Garcilaso de la Vega and Avenida Espana, Lima (mailing address is P. O. Box + 1991, Lima 1, or APO AA 34031); telephone [51] (14) 33-8000; FAX [51] (14) + 316682 +Flag: + three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the + coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield + bearing a llama, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow + cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath + +:Peru Economy + +Overview: + The Peruvian economy is becoming increasingly market oriented, with a large + dose of government ownership remaining in mining, energy, and banking. In + the 1980s the economy suffered from hyperinflation, declining per capita + output, and mounting external debt. Peru was shut off from IMF and World + Bank support in the mid-1980s because of its huge debt arrears. An austerity + program implemented shortly after the FUJIMORI government took office in + July 1990 contributed to a third consecutive yearly contraction of economic + activity, but the slide halted late in the year, and output rose 2.4% in + 1991. After a burst of inflation as the austerity program eliminated + government price subsidies, monthly price increases eased to the + single-digit level and by December 1991 dropped to the lowest increase since + mid-1987. Lima obtained a financial rescue package from multilateral lenders + in September 1991, and, although it faces $14 billion in arrears on its + external debt, is working to pay some $1.8 billion of these to the IMF and + World Bank by 1993. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $20.6 billion, per capita $920; real growth rate + 2.4% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 139% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 15.0%; underemployment 65% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $1.8 billion, including capital + expenditures of $250 million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $3.3 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + copper, fishmeal, zinc, crude petroleum and byproducts, lead, refined + silver, coffee, cotton + partners: + EC 28%, US 22%, Japan 13%, Latin America 12%, former USSR 2% +Imports: + $3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs, machinery, transport equipment, iron and steel semimanufactures, + chemicals, pharmaceuticals + partners: + US 32%, Latin America 22%, EC 17%, Switzerland 6%, Japan 3% +External debt: + $19.4 billion (December 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.0% (1991 est.); accounts for almost 24% of GDP +Electricity: + 4,896,000 kW capacity; 15,851 million kWh produced, 709 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing, food processing, + cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication +Agriculture: + accounts for 10% of GDP, about 35% of labor force; commercial crops - + coffee, cotton, sugarcane; other crops - rice, wheat, potatoes, plantains, + coca; animal products - poultry, red meats, dairy, wool; not self-sufficient + in grain or vegetable oil; fish catch of 6.9 million metric tons (1990) + +:Peru Economy + +Illicit drugs: + world's largest coca leaf producer with about 121,000 hectares under + cultivation; source of supply for most of the world's coca paste and cocaine + base; at least 85% of coca cultivation is for illicit production; most of + cocaine base is shipped to Colombian drug dealers for processing into + cocaine for the international drug market +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.3 billion; + Communist countries (1970-89), $577 million +Currency: + (S/.) nuevo sol (plural - nuevos soles); 1 nuevo sol (S/.) = 100 centavos +Exchange rates: + nuevo sol (S/. per US$1 - 0.960 (March 1992), 0.772 (1991), 0.187 (1990), + 2.666 (1989), 0.129 (1988), 0.017 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Peru Communications + +Railroads: + 1,801 km total; 1,501 km 1.435-meter gauge, 300 km 0.914-meter gauge +Highways: + 69,942 km total; 7,459 km paved, 13,538 km improved, 48,945 km unimproved + earth +Inland waterways: + 8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system and 208 km Lago Titicaca +Pipelines: + crude oil 800 km, natural gas and natural gas liquids 64 km +Ports: + Callao, Ilo, Iquitos, Matarani, Talara +Merchant marine: + 26 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 286,313 GRT/461,233 DWT; includes 14 + cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 petroleum tanker, 7 + bulk; note - in addition, 8 naval tankers and 1 naval cargo are sometimes + used commercially +Civil air: + 44 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 221 total, 201 usable; 36 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways + over 3,659 m; 23 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 43 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fairly adequate for most requirements; nationwide microwave system; 544,000 + telephones; broadcast stations - 273 AM, no FM, 140 TV, 144 shortwave; + satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 12 domestic + +:Peru Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru), Air Force (Fuerza + Aerea del Peru), National Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 5,863,227; 3,964,930 fit for military service; 236,484 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $430 million, 2.4% of GDP (1991) + +:Philippines Geography + +Total area: + 300,000 km2 +Land area: + 298,170 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Arizona +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 36,289 km +Maritime claims: + (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines) + Continental shelf: + to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + irregular polygon extending up to 100 nm from coastline as defined by 1898 + treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal-shaped area in South + China Sea up to 285 nm in breadth +Disputes: + involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, + Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; claims Malaysian state of Sabah +Climate: + tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon + (May to October) +Terrain: + mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal lowlands +Natural resources: + timber, crude oil, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper +Land use: + arable land 26%; permanent crops 11%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and + woodland 40%; other 19%; includes irrigated 5% +Environment: + astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck by five to six + cyclonic storms per year; subject to landslides, active volcanoes, + destructive earthquakes, tsunami; deforestation; soil erosion; water + pollution + +:Philippines People + +Population: + 67,114,060 (July 1992), growth rate 2.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 28 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 53 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 62 years male, 68 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Filipino(s); adjective - Philippine +Ethnic divisions: + Christian Malay 91.5%, Muslim Malay 4%, Chinese 1.5%, other 3% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 83%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 5%, Buddhist and other 3% +Languages: + Pilipino (based on Tagalog) and English; both official +Literacy: + 90% (male 90%, female 90%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 24,120,000; agriculture 46%, industry and commerce 16%, services 18.5%, + government 10%, other 9.5% (1989) +Organized labor: + 3,945 registered unions; total membership 5.7 million (includes 2.8 million + members of the National Congress of Farmers Organizations) + +:Philippines Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of the Philippines +Type: + republic +Capital: + Manila +Administrative divisions: + 72 provinces and 61 chartered cities*; Abra, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del + Sur, Aklan, Albay, Angeles*, Antique, Aurora, Bacolod*, Bago*, Baguio*, + Bais*, Basilan, Basilan City*, Bataan, Batanes, Batangas, Batangas City*, + Benguet, Bohol, Bukidnon, Bulacan, Butuan*, Cabanatuan*, Cadiz*, Cagayan, + Cagayan de Oro*, Calbayog*, Caloocan*, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, + Camiguin, Canlaon*, Capiz, Catanduanes, Cavite, Cavite City*, Cebu, Cebu + City*, Cotabato*, Dagupan*, Danao*, Dapitan*, Davao City* Davao, Davao del + Sur, Davao Oriental, Dipolog*, Dumaguete*, Eastern Samar, General Santos*, + Gingoog*, Ifugao, Iligan*, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Iloilo, Iloilo City*, + Iriga*, Isabela, Kalinga-Apayao, La Carlota*, Laguna, Lanao del Norte, Lanao + del Sur, Laoag*, Lapu-Lapu*, La Union, Legaspi*, Leyte, Lipa*, Lucena*, + Maguindanao, Mandaue*, Manila*, Marawi*, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindoro + Occidental, Mindoro Oriental, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, + Mountain, Naga*, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, North Cotabato, + Northern Samar, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Olongapo*, Ormoc*, Oroquieta*, + Ozamis*, Pagadian*, Palawan, Palayan*, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Pasay*, Puerto + Princesa*, Quezon, Quezon City*, Quirino, Rizal, Romblon, Roxas*, Samar, San + Carlos* (in Negros Occidental), San Carlos* (in Pangasinan), San Jose*, San + Pablo*, Silay*, Siquijor, Sorsogon, South Cotabato, Southern Leyte, Sultan + Kudarat, Sulu, Surigao*, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Tacloban*, + Tagaytay*, Tagbilaran*, Tangub*, Tarlac, Tawitawi, Toledo*, Trece Martires*, + Zambales, Zamboanga*, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur +Independence: + 4 July 1946 (from US) +Constitution: + 2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987 +Legal system: + based on Spanish and Anglo-American law; accepts compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day (from Spain), 12 June (1898) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Congress (Kongreso) consists of an upper house or Senate (Senado) + and a lower house or House of Representatives (Kapulungan Ng Mga Kinatawan) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Corazon C. AQUINO (since 25 February 1986); Vice President + Salvador H. LAUREL (since 25 February 1986) +Political parties and leaders: + Alliance of Philippine Democrats (LDP), Neptali GONZALES and Jose (Peping) + COJUANGCO; Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC), Fidel Valdes RAMOS; Liberal + Party, Jovito SALONGA; New Society Movement (KBL), Amelda MARCOS +Suffrage: + universal at age 15 +Elections: + President: + last held 11 May 1992 (next election to be held NA May 1998);results - Fidel + Valdes RAMOS won 23.6% of votes, a narrow plurality + +:Philippines Government + + Senate: + last held 11 May 1992 (next election to be held NA May 1998); results - LDP + 66%, NPC 20%, Lakas-NUCD 8%, Liberal 6%; seats - (24 total) LDP 24, NPC 5, + Lakas-NUCD 2, Liberal 1 +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held 11 May 1992 (next election to be held NA May 1998); results - LDP + 43.5%; Lakas-NUCD 25%, NPC 23.5%, Liberal 5%, KBL 3%;seats - (200 total) LDP + 87, Lakas-NUCD 51, NPC 47, Liberal 10, KBL 5 +Communists: + the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) controls about 15,500-16,500 + full-time insurgents and is not recognized as a legal party; a second + Communist party, Philippine Communist Party (PKP), has quasi-legal status +Member of: + APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, + IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, + WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Emmanuel PELAEZ; Chancery at 1617 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 483-1414; there are Philippine + Consulates General in Agana (Guam), Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, + New York, San Francisco, and Seattle + US: + Ambassador Frank G. WISNER II; Embassy at 1201 Roxas Boulevard, Manila + (mailing address is APO AP 96440); telephone [63] (2) 521-7116; FAX [63] (2) + 522-4361; there is a US Consulate in Cebu +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a white equilateral + triangle based on the hoist side; in the center of the triangle is a yellow + sun with eight primary rays (each containing three individual rays) and in + each corner of the triangle is a small yellow five-pointed star + +:Philippines Economy + +Overview: + Following the recession of 1984-85, the Philippine economy grew on the + average of 5.0% per year during 1986-89. It slowed again during the period + 1990-91. The agricultural sector together with forestry and fishing, plays + an important role in the economy, employing about 45% of the work force and + providing almost 30% of GDP. The Philippines is the world's largest exporter + of coconuts and coconut products. Manufacturing contributes about 35% of + GDP. Major industries include food processing, chemicals, and textiles. +GNP: + exchange rate conversion - $47 billion, per capita $720; real growth rate + 0.1% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 17.6% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 10.0% (1991 est.) +Budget: + $8.4 billion; expenditures $9.36 billion, including capital expenditures of + $1.8 billion (1991 est.) +Exports: + $8.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + electrical equipment 19%, textiles 16%, minerals and ores 11%, farm products + 10%, coconut 10%, chemicals 5%, fish 5%, forest products 4% + partners: + US 36%, EC 19%, Japan 18%, ESCAP 9%, ASEAN 7% +Imports: + $12.3 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + raw materials 53%, capital goods 17%, petroleum products 17% + partners: + US 25%, Japan 17%, ESCAP 13%, EC 11%, ASEAN 10%, Middle East 10% +External debt: + $28.9 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate - 5% (1991 est.); accounts for 35% of GNP +Electricity: + 7,500,000 kW capacity; 31,000 million kWh produced, 470 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + textiles, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products, food processing, + electronics assembly, petroleum refining, fishing +Agriculture: + accounts for about one-third of GNP and 45% of labor force; major crops - + rice, coconut, corn, sugarcane, bananas, pineapple, mango; animal products - + pork, eggs, beef; net exporter of farm products; fish catch of 2 million + metric tons annually +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; growers are + producing more and better quality cannabis despite government eradication + efforts +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.6 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $7.9 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries (1975-89), $123 + million +Currency: + Philippine peso (plural - pesos); 1 Philippine peso (P) = 100 centavos + +:Philippines Economy + +Exchange rates: + Philippine pesos (P) per US$1 - 25.810 (March 1992), 27.479 (1991), 24.311 + (1990), 21.737 (1989), 21.095 (1988), 20.568 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Philippines Communications + +Railroads: + 378 km operable on Luzon, 34% government owned (1982) +Highways: + 156,000 km total (1984); 29,000 km paved; 77,000 km gravel, crushed-stone, + or stabilized-soil surface; 50,000 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 3,219 km; limited to shallow-draft (less than 1.5 m) vessels +Pipelines: + petroleum products 357 km +Ports: + Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Guimaras, Iloilo, Legaspi, Manila, Subic Bay +Merchant marine: + 552 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,150,425 GRT/13,624,527 DWT; + includes 1 passenger, 11 short-sea passenger, 13 passenger-cargo, 155 cargo, + 22 refrigerated cargo, 23 vehicle carrier, 8 livestock carrier, 13 + roll-on/roll-off cargo, 8 container, 35 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical tanker, + 6 liquefied gas, 2 combination ore/oil, 247 bulk, 7 combination bulk; note - + many Philippine flag ships are foreign owned and are on the register for the + purpose of long-term bare-boat charter back to their original owners who are + principally in Japan and Germany +Civil air: + 53 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 278 total, 244 usable; 72 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 53 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + good international radio and submarine cable services; domestic and + interisland service adequate; 872,900 telephones; broadcast stations - 267 + AM (including 6 US), 55 FM, 33 TV (including 4 US); submarine cables + extended to Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore, Taiwan, and Japan; satellite earth + stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, and 11 + domestic + +:Philippines Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy (including Coast Guard and Marine Corps), Air Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 16,719,421; 11,816,366 fit for military service; 698,683 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $915 million, 1.9% of GNP (1991) + +:Pitcairn Islands Geography + +Total area: + 47 km2 +Land area: + 47 km2 +Comparative area: + about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 51 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical, hot, humid, modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season + (November to March) +Terrain: + rugged volcanic formation; rocky coastline with cliffs +Natural resources: + miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish +Land use: + arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and + woodland NA%; other NA% +Environment: + subject to typhoons (especially November to March) +Note: + located in the South Pacific Ocean about halfway between Peru and New + Zealand + +:Pitcairn Islands People + +Population: + 52 (July 1992), growth rate 0.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + NA births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + NA years male, NA years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Pitcairn Islander(s); adjective - Pitcairn Islander +Ethnic divisions: + descendants of Bounty mutineers +Religions: + Seventh-Day Adventist 100% +Languages: + English (official); also a Tahitian/English dialect +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + NA; no business community in the usual sense; some public works; subsistence + farming and fishing +Organized labor: + NA + +:Pitcairn Islands Government + +Long-form name: + Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno Islands +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + Adamstown +Administrative divisions: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Constitution: + Local Government Ordinance of 1964 +Legal system: + local island by-laws +National holiday: + Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday in June), 10 June + 1989 +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor, island magistrate +Legislative branch: + unicameral Island Council +Judicial branch: + Island Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by the Governor and + UK High Commissioner to New Zealand David Joseph MOSS (since NA 1990) + Head of Government: + Island Magistrate and Chairman of the Island Council Brian YOUNG (since NA + 1985) +Political parties and leaders: + NA +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 with three years residency +Elections: + Island Council: + last held NA (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; + seats - (11 total, 5 elected) number of seats by party NA +Other political or pressure groups: + NA +Member of: + SPC +Diplomatic representation: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Flag: + blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the + Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the + coat of arms is yellow, green, and light blue with a shield featuring a + yellow anchor + +:Pitcairn Islands Economy + +Overview: + The inhabitants exist on fishing and subsistence farming. The fertile soil + of the valleys produces a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, including + citrus, sugarcane, watermelons, bananas, yams, and beans. Bartering is an + important part of the economy. The major sources of revenue are the sale of + postage stamps to collectors and the sale of handicrafts to passing ships. +GDP: + $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA% +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $430,440; expenditures $429,983, including capital expenditures of + $NA (FY87 est.) +Exports: + $NA + commodities: + fruits, vegetables, curios + partners: + NA +Imports: + $NA + commodities: + fuel oil, machinery, building materials, flour, sugar, other foodstuffs + partners: + NA +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 110 kW capacity; 0.30 million kWh produced, 5,360 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + postage stamp sales, handicrafts +Agriculture: + based on subsistence fishing and farming; wide variety of fruits and + vegetables grown; must import grain products +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + New Zealand dollar (plural - dollars); 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 + cents +Exchange rates: + New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.8245 (March 1992), 1.7265 (1991), + 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6866 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Pitcairn Islands Communications + +Railroads: + none +Highways: + 6.4 km dirt roads +Ports: + Bounty Bay +Airports: + none +Telecommunications: + 24 telephones; party line telephone service on the island; broadcast + stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; diesel generator provides electricity + +:Pitcairn Islands Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +:Poland Geography + +Total area: + 312,680 km2 +Land area: + 304,510 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than New Mexico +Land boundaries: + 3,321 km total; Belarus 605 km, Czechoslovakia 1,309 km, Germany 456 km, + Lithuania 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Ukraine 428 km +Coastline: + 491 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent + precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers +Terrain: + mostly flat plain; mountains along southern border +Natural resources: + coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt +Land use: + arable land 46%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 13%; forest and + woodland 28%; other 12%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + plain crossed by a few north flowing, meandering streams; severe air and + water pollution in south +Note: + historically, an area of conflict because of flat terrain and the lack of + natural barriers on the North European Plain + +:Poland People + +Population: + 38,385,617 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 14 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 14 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 68 years male, 76 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.0 children born/woman(1992) +Nationality: + noun - Pole(s); adjective - Polish +Ethnic divisions: + Polish 97.6%, German 1.3%, Ukrainian 0.6%, Belorussian 0.5% (1990 est.) +Religions: + Roman Catholic 95% (about 75% practicing), Russian Orthodox, Protestant, and + other 5% +Languages: + Polish +Literacy: + 98% (male 99%, female 98%) age 15 and over can read and write (1978) +Labor force: + 17,104,000; industry and construction 36.1%; agriculture 27.3%; trade, + transport, and communications 14.8%; government and other 21.8% (1989) +Organized labor: + trade union pluralism + +:Poland Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Poland +Type: + democratic state +Capital: + Warsaw +Administrative divisions: + 49 provinces (wojewodztwa, singular - wojewodztwo); Biaa Podlaska, Biaystok, + Bielsko, Bydgoszcz, Chem, Ciechanow, Czestochowa, Elblag, Gdansk, Gorzow, + Jelenia Gora, Kalisz, Katowice, Kielce, Konin, Koszalin, Krakow, Krosno, + Legnica, Leszno, odz, omza, Lublin, Nowy Sacz, Olsztyn, Opole, Ostroteka, + Pia, Piotrkow, Pock, Poznan, Przemysl, Radom, Rzeszow, Siedlce, Sieradz, + Skierniewice, Supsk, Suwaki, Szczecin, Tarnobrzeg, Tarnow, Torun, Wabrzych, + Warszawa, Wocawek, Wrocaw, Zamosc, Zielona Gora +Independence: + 11 November 1918, independent republic proclaimed +Constitution: + Communist-imposed Constitution of 22 July 1952; developing a democratic + Constitution +Legal system: + mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and holdover Communist legal + theory; changes being gradually introduced as part of broader + democratization process; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not + accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Constitution Day, 3 May (1794) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Assembly (Zgromadzenie Narodowe) consists of an upper + house or Senate (Senat) and a lower house or Diet (Sejm) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Lech WALESA (since 22 December 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Hanna SUCHOCKA (since 10 July 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + Solidarity Bloc: + Democratic Union (UD), Tadeusz MAZOWIECKI; Christian-National Union (ZCHN), + Wieslaw CHRZANOWSKI; Centrum (PC), Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI; Liberal-Democratic + Congress, Donald TUSK; Peasant Alliance (PL), Gabriel JANOWSKI; Solidarity + Trade Union (NSZZ), Marian KRZAKLEWSKI; Solidarity Labor (SP), Ryszard + BUGAJ; Christian-Democratic Party (PCHD), Pawel LACZKOWSKI; + Democratic-Social Movement (RDS), Zbigniew BUJAK; Kracow Coalition in + Solidarity with the President, Mieczyslaw GIL; Solidarity 80, Marian JURCZYK + Non-Communist, Non-Solidarity: + Confederation for an Independent Poland (KPN), Leszek MOCZULSKI; Beer + Lovers' Party (PPPP), Janusz REWINSKI; Christian Democrats (CHD), Andrzej + OWSINSKI; German Minority (MN), Henryk KROL; Western Union (KPN Front), + Damian JAKUBOWSKI; RealPolitik (UPR), Janusz KORWIN-MIKKE; Democratic Party + (SD), Antoni MACKIEWICZ + Communist origin or linked: + Social Democracy (SDRP, or SLD), Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz; Polish Peasants' + Party (PSL), Waldermar PAWLAK; Party X, Stanislaw Tyminski +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 + +:Poland Government + +Elections: + President: + first round held 25 November 1990, second round held 9 December 1990 (next + to be held NA November 1995); results - second round Lech WALESA 74.7%, + Stanislaw TYMINSKI 25.3% + Senate: + last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held no later than NA October 1995); + results - + Solidarity Bloc: + UD 21%, NSZZ 11%, ZCHN 9%, PC 9%, Liberal-Democratic Congress 6%, PL 7%, + PCHD 3%, other local candidates 11% + Non-Communist, Non-Solidarity: + KPN 4%, CHD 1%, MN 1%, local candidates 5% + Communist origin or linked: + PSL 8%, SLD 4%; seats - (100 total) + Solidarity Bloc: + UD 21, NSZZ 11, ZCHN 9, Liberal-Democratic Congress 6, PL 7, PCHD 3, other + local candidates 11; + Non-Communist, Non-Solidarity: + KPN 4, CHD 1, MN 1 local candidates 5 + Communist origin or linked: + PSL 8, SLD 4 + Sejm: + last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held no later than NA October 1995); + results - + Solidarity Bloc: + UD 12.31%, ZCHN 8.73%, PL 8.71%, Liberal-Democratic Congress 7.48%, PL + 5.46%, NSZZ 5.05%, SP 2.05%, PCHD 1.11% + Non-Communist, Non-Solidarity: + KPN 7.50%, PPPP 3.27%, CHD 2.36%, UPR 2.25%, MN 1.70% + Communist origin or linked: + SLD 11.98%, PSL 8.67%; seats - (460 total) + Solidarity Bloc: + UD 62, ZCHN 9, PC 44, Liberal-Democratic Congress 37, PL 28, NSZZ 27, SP 4, + PCHD 4, RDS 1, Krackow Coalition in Solidarity with the President 1, Piast + Agreement 1, Bydgoszcz Peasant List 1, Solidarity 80 1 + Non-Communist, Non-Solidarity: + KPN 46, PPPP 16, MN 7, CHD 5, Western Union 4, UPR 3, Autonomous Silesia 2, + SD 1, Orthodox Election Committee 1, Committee of Women Against Hardships 1, + Podhale Union 1, Wielkopolska Group 1, Wielkopolska and Lubuski Inhabitants + 1 + Communist origin or linked: + SLD 60, PSL 48, Party X 3 +Communists: + 70,000 members in the Communist successor parties (1990) +Other political or pressure groups: + powerful Roman Catholic Church; Confederation for an Independent Poland + (KPN), a nationalist group; Solidarity (trade union); All Poland Trade Union + Alliance (OPZZ), populist program; Clubs of Catholic Intellectuals (KIKs) +Member of: + BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, CSCE, ECE, FAO, GATT, Hexagonale, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, + ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IIB, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, PCA, + UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNDOF, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Kazimierz DZIEWANOWSKI; Chancery at 2640 16th Street NW, + Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 234-3800 through 3802; there are + Polish Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York + +:Poland Government + + US: + Ambassador Thomas W. SIMONS, Jr.; Embassy at Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31, Warsaw + (mailing address is American Embassy Warsaw, Box 5010, or APO AE + 09213-5010); telephone [48] (2) 628-8298; FAX [48] (2) 628-9326; there is a + US Consulate General in Krakow and a Consulate in Poznan +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; similar to the flags of + Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white + +:Poland Economy + +Overview: + Poland is undergoing a difficult transition from a Soviet-style economy - + with state ownership and control of productive assets - to a market economy. + On January 1, 1990, the new Solidarity-led government implemented shock + therapy by slashing subsidies, decontrolling prices, tightening the money + supply, stabilizing the foreign exchange rate, lowering import barriers, and + restraining state sector wages. As a result, consumer goods shortages and + lines disappeared, and inflation fell from 640% in 1989 to 60% in 1991. + Western governments, which hold two-thirds of Poland's $48 billion external + debt, pledged in 1991 to forgive half of Poland's official debt by 1994, and + the private sector grew, accounting for 22% of industrial production and 40% + of nonagricultural output by 1991. Production fell in state enterprises, + however, and the unemployment rate climbed steadily from virtually nothing + in 1989 to 11.4% in December 1991. Poland fell out of compliance with its + IMF program by mid-1991, and talks with commercial creditors stalled. The + increase in unemployment and the decline in living standards led to popular + discontent and a change in government in January 1991 and again in December. + The new government has promised selective industrial intervention, some + relaxation in monetary policy, and an improved social safety net, but will + be constrained by the decline in output and the growing budget deficit. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $162.7 billion, per capita $4,300; real growth + rate -5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 60% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 11.4% (end December 1991) +Budget: + revenues $19.5 billion; expenditures $22.4 billion, including capital + expenditures of $1.5 billion (1991 est.) +Exports: + $12.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + machinery 23%, metals 17%, chemicals 13%, fuels 11%, food 10% (1991 est.) + partners: + FRG 25.1%, former USSR 15.3%, UK 7.1%, Switzerland 4.7% (1990) +Imports: + $12.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + machinery 35%, fuels 20%, chemicals 13%, food 11%, light industry 7% (1991 + est.) + partners: + FRG 20.1%, former USSR 19.8%, Italy 7.5%, Switzerland 6.4% (1990) +External debt: + $48.5 billion (January 1992); note - Poland's Western government creditors + promised in 1991 to forgive 30% of Warsaw's official debt - currently $33 + billion - immediately and to forgive another 20% by 1994, if Poland adheres + to its IMF program +Industrial production: + growth rate -14% (State sector 1991 est.) +Electricity: + 31,530,000 kW capacity; 136,300 million kWh produced, 3,610 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + machine building, iron and steel, extractive industries, chemicals, + shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles + +:Poland Economy + +Agriculture: + accounts for 15% of GDP and 27% of labor force; 75% of output from private + farms, 25% from state farms; productivity remains low by European standards; + leading European producer of rye, rapeseed, and potatoes; wide variety of + other crops and livestock; major exporter of pork products; normally + self-sufficient in food +Illicit drugs: + illicit producers of opium for domestic consumption and amphetamines for the + international market; emerging as a transshipment point for illicit drugs to + Western Europe +Economic aid: + donor - bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries, $2.2 + billion (1954-89); note - the G-24 has pledged $8 billion in grants and + credit guarantees to Poland +Currency: + Zoty (plural - Zotych); 1 Zoty (Z) = 100 groszy +Exchange rates: + Zotych (z) per US$1 - 13,443 (March 1992), 10,576 (1991), 9,500 (1990), + 1,439.18 (1989), 430.55 (1988), 265.08 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Poland Communications + +Railroads: + 27,041 km total; 24,287 km 1.435-meter gauge, 397 km 1.520-meter gauge, + 2,357 km narrow gauge; 8,987 km double track; 11,016 km electrified; + government owned (1989) +Highways: + 299,887 km total; 130,000 km improved hard surface (concrete, asphalt, stone + block); 24,000 km unimproved hard surface (crushed stone, gravel); 100,000 + km earth; 45,887 km other urban roads (1985) +Inland waterways: + 3,997 km navigable rivers and canals (1989) +Pipelines: + natural gas 4,500 km, crude oil 1,986 km, petroleum products 360 km (1987) +Ports: + Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, Swinoujscie; principal inland ports are Gliwice on + Kana Gliwice, Wrocaw on the Oder, and Warsaw on the Vistula +Merchant marine: + 222 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,851,016 GRT/4,019,531 DWT; includes + 5 short-sea passenger, 79 cargo, 4 refrigerated cargo, 14 roll-on/roll-off + cargo, 12 container, 1 petroleum tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 102 bulk, 1 + passenger; Poland owns 1 ship of 6,333 DWT operating under Liberian registry +Civil air: + 48 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 160 total, 160 usable; 85 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway over + 3,659 m; 35 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 65 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + severely underdeveloped and outmoded system; cable, open wire and microwave; + phone density is 10.5 phones per 100 residents (October 1990); 3.1 million + subscribers; exchanges are 86% automatic (February 1990); broadcast stations + - 27 AM, 27 FM, 40 (5 Soviet repeaters) TV; 9.6 million TVs; 1 satellite + earth station using INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, INMARSAT and Intersputnik + +:Poland Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 9,785,823; 7,696,425 fit for military service; 294,191 reach + military age (19) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - 19.2 trillion zotych, NA% of GDP (1991); note - + conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current + exchange rate could produce misleading results + +:Portugal Geography + +Total area: + 92,080 km2 +Land area: + 91,640 km2; includes Azores and Madeira Islands +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Indiana +Land boundaries: + 1,214 km; Spain 1,214 km +Coastline: + 1,793 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Indonesia +Climate: + maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south +Terrain: + mountainous north of the Tagus, rolling plains in south +Natural resources: + fish, forests (cork), tungsten, iron ore, uranium ore, marble +Land use: + arable land 32%; permanent crops 6%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and + woodland 40%; other 16%; includes irrigated 7% +Environment: + Azores subject to severe earthquakes +Note: + Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations along western sea + approaches to Strait of Gibraltar + +:Portugal People + +Population: + 10,448,509 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 12 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 71 years male, 78 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Portuguese (singular and plural); adjective - Portuguese +Ethnic divisions: + homogeneous Mediterranean stock in mainland, Azores, Madeira Islands; + citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland during + decolonization number less than 100,000 +Religions: + Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant denominations 1%, other 2% +Languages: + Portuguese +Literacy: + 85% (male 89%, female 82%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 4,605,700; services 45%, industry 35%, agriculture 20% (1988) +Organized labor: + about 55% of the labor force; the Communist-dominated General Confederation + of Portuguese Workers - Intersindical (CGTP-IN) represents more than half of + the unionized labor force; its main competition, the General Workers Union + (UGT), is organized by the Socialists and Social Democrats and represents + less than half of unionized labor + +:Portugal Government + +Long-form name: + Portuguese Republic +Type: + republic +Capital: + Lisbon +Administrative divisions: + 18 districts (distritos, singular - distrito) and 2 autonomous regions* + (regioes autonomas, singular - regiao autonoma); Aveiro, Acores (Azores)*, + Beja, Braga, Braganca, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Evora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, + Lisboa, Madeira*, Portalegre, Porto, Santarem, Setubal, Viana do Castelo, + Vila Real, Viseu +Independence: + 1140; independent republic proclaimed 5 October 1910 +Constitution: + 25 April 1976, revised 30 October 1982 and 1 June 1989 +Legal system: + civil law system; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the constitutionality + of legislation; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Day of Portugal, 10 June +Executive branch: + president, Council of State, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council + of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de Justica) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Dr. Mario Alberto Nobre Lopes SOARES (since 9 March 1986) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Anibal CAVACO SILVA (since 6 November 1985) +Political parties and leaders: + Social Democratic Party (PSD), Anibal CAVACO Silva; Portuguese Socialist + Party (PS), Jorge SAMPAIO; Party of Democratic Renewal (PRD), Herminio + MARTINHO; Portuguese Communist Party (PCP), Alvaro CUNHAL; Social Democratic + Center (CDS), Andriano MORREIRA (interim); National Solidarity Party, Manuel + SERGIO; Center Democratic Party; United Democratic Coalition (CDU; + Communists) +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 13 February 1991 (next to be held NA February 1996); results - Dr. + Mario Lopes SOARES 70%, Basilio HORTA 14%, Carlos CARVALHAS 13%, Carlos + MARQUES 3% + Assembly of the Republic: + last held 6 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - PSD + 50.4%, PS 29.3%, CDU 8.8%, Center Democrats 4.4%, National Solidarity Party + 1.7%, PRD 0.6%, other 4.8%; seats - (230 total) PSD 135, PS 72, CDU 17, + Center Democrats 5, National Solidarity Party 1 +Communists: + Portuguese Communist Party claims membership of 200,753 (December 1983) + +:Portugal Government + +Member of: + AfDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, FAO, GATT, + IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, + INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM (guest), + NATO, NEA, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, + WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Joao Eduardo M. PEREIRA BASTOS; Chancery at 2125 Kalorama Road + NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 328-8610; there are Portuguese + Consulates General in Boston, New York, and San Francisco, and Consulates in + Los Angeles, Newark (New Jersey), New Bedford (Massachusetts), and + Providence (Rhode Island) + US: + Ambassador Everett E. BRIGGS; Embassy at Avenida das Forcas Armadas, 1600 + Lisbon (mailing address is PSC 83, APO AE 09726); telephone [351] (1) + 726-6600 or 6659, 8670, 8880; FAX [351] (1) 726-9109; there is a US + Consulate in Oporto and Ponta Delgada (Azores) +Flag: + two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red (three-fifths) + with the Portuguese coat of arms centered on the dividing line + +:Portugal Economy + +Overview: + Although Portugal has experienced strong growth since joining the EC in 1986 + - at least 4% each year through 1990 - it remains one of the poorest + members. To prepare for the European single market, the government is + restructuring and modernizing the economy and in 1989 embarked on a major + privatization program. The global slowdown and tight monetary policies to + counter inflation caused growth to slow in 1991, but it is likely to recover + in 1992. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $87.3 billion, per capita $8,400; real growth + rate 2.7% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 12.0% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 4.0% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $27.0 billion; expenditures $33.9 billion, including capital + expenditures of $6.7 billion (1991 est.) +Exports: + $16.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + cotton textiles, cork and paper products, canned fish, wine, timber and + timber products, resin, machinery, appliances + partners: + EC 74%, other developed countries 13.2%, US 4.8% +Imports: + $25.1 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment, agricultural products, chemicals, + petroleum, textiles + partners: + EC 69.1%, other developed countries 11.4% less developed countries 15.1%, US + 3.9% +External debt: + $15.0 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 9.1% (1990); accounts for 40% of GDP +Electricity: + 6,729,000 kW capacity; 16,000 million kWh produced, 1,530 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + textiles and footwear; wood pulp, paper, and cork; metalworking; oil + refining; chemicals; fish canning; wine; tourism +Agriculture: + accounts for 6.1% of GDP and about 20% of labor force; small, inefficient + farms; imports more than half of food needs; major crops - grain, potatoes, + olives, grapes; livestock sector - sheep, cattle, goats, poultry, meat, + dairy products +Illicit drugs: + increasingly import gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering the + European market +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.8 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.2 billion +Currency: + Portuguese escudo (plural - escudos); 1 Portuguese escudo (Esc) = 100 + centavos + +:Portugal Economy + +Exchange rates: + Portuguese escudos (Esc) per US$1 - 143.09 (March 1992), 144.48 (1991), + 142.55 (1990), 157.46 (1989), 143.95 (1988), 140.88 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Portugal Communications + +Railroads: + 3,613 km total; state-owned Portuguese Railroad Co. (CP) operates 2,858 km + 1.665-meter gauge (434 km electrified and 426 km double track), 755 km + 1.000-meter gauge; 12 km (1.435-meter gauge) electrified, double track, + privately owned +Highways: + 73,661 km total; 61,599 km surfaced (bituminous, gravel, and crushed stone), + including 140 km of limited-access divided highway; 7,962 km improved earth; + 4,100 km unimproved earth (motorable tracks) +Inland waterways: + 820 km navigable; relatively unimportant to national economy, used by + shallow-draft craft limited to 300-metric-ton cargo capacity +Pipelines: + crude oil 11 km; petroleum products 58 km +Ports: + Leixoes, Lisbon, Porto, Ponta Delgada (Azores), Velas (Azores), Setubal, + Sines +Merchant marine: + 53 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 738,774 GRT/1,300,787 DWT; includes 1 + short-sea passenger, 20 cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 3 container, 1 + roll-on/roll-off cargo, 13 petroleum tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 8 bulk, 2 + vehicle carrier; note - Portugal has created a captive register on Madeira + (MAR) for Portuguese-owned ships that will have the taxation and crewing + benefits of a flag of convenience; although only one ship currently is known + to fly the Portuguese flag on the MAR register, it is likely that a majority + of Portuguese flag ships will transfer to this subregister in a few years +Civil air: + 43 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 65 total, 62 usable; 36 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over + 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + generally adequate integrated network of coaxial cables, open wire and radio + relay; 2,690,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 57 AM, 66 (22 repeaters) + FM, 66 (23 repeaters) TV; 6 submarine cables; 3 INTELSAT earth stations (2 + Atlantic Ocean, 1 Indian Ocean), EUTELSAT, domestic satellite systems + (mainland and Azores); tropospheric link to Azores + +:Portugal Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, National Republican Guard, Fiscal + Guard, Public Security Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,666,450; 2,166,341 fit for military service; 88,826 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, 2.8% of GDP (1991) + +:Puerto Rico Geography + +Total area: + 9,104 km2 +Land area: + 8,959 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than three times the size of Rhode Island +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 501 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical marine, mild, little seasonal temperature variation +Terrain: + mostly mountains with coastal plain belt in north; mountains precipitous to + sea on west coast +Natural resources: + some copper and nickel; potential for onshore and offshore crude oil +Land use: + arable land 8%; permanent crops 9%; meadows and pastures 41%; forest and + woodland 20%; other 22% +Environment: + many small rivers and high central mountains ensure land is well watered; + south coast relatively dry; fertile coastal plain belt in north +Note: + important location between the Dominican Republic and the Virgin Islands + group along the Mona Passage - a key shipping lane to the Panama Canal; San + Juan is one of the biggest and best natural harbors in the Caribbean + +:Puerto Rico People + +Population: + 3,776,654 (July 1992), growth rate 1.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 17 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 14 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 70 years male, 78 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Puerto Rican(s); adjective - Puerto Rican +Ethnic divisions: + almost entirely Hispanic +Religions: + Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant denominations and other 15% +Languages: + Spanish (official); English is widely understood +Literacy: + 89% (male 90%, female 88%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) +Labor force: + 1,068,000; government 28%, manufacturing 15%, trade 14%, agriculture 3%, + other 40% (1990) +Organized labor: + 115,000 members in 4 unions; the largest is the General Confederation of + Puerto Rican Workers with 35,000 members (1983) + +:Puerto Rico Government + +Long-form name: + Commonwealth of Puerto Rico +Type: + commonwealth associated with the US +Capital: + San Juan +Administrative divisions: + none (commonwealth associated with the US) +Independence: + none (commonwealth associated with the US) +Constitution: + ratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July 1952; effective 25 + July 1952 +Legal system: + based on Spanish civil code +National holiday: + Constitution Day, 25 July (1952) +Executive branch: + US president, US vice president, governor +Legislative branch: + bicameral Legislative Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a + lower house or House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); Vice President Dan QUAYLE + (since 20 January 1989) + Head of Government: + Governor Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon (since 2 January 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + National Republican Party of Puerto Rico, Freddy VALENTIN; Popular + Democratic Party (PPD), Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon; New Progressive Party (PNP), + Carlos ROMERO Barcelo; Puerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP), Juan MARI Bras + and Carlos GALLISA; Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP), Ruben BERRIOS + Martinez; Puerto Rican Communist Party (PCP), leader(s) unknown; Puerto + Rican Renewal Party (PRP, breakaway group from PNP), leader (vacant); Puerto + Rico Democratic Party, Richard MACHADO +Suffrage: + universal at age 18; citizens of Puerto Rico are also US citizens, but do + not vote in US presidential elections +Elections: + Governor: + last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results - + Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon (PPD) 48.7%, Baltasar CORRADA Del Rio (PNP) 45.8%, + Ruben BERRIOS Martinez (PIP) 5.5% + Senate: + last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (27 total) PPD 18, PNP 8, PIP 1 + US House of Representatives: + last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) seats by party NA; note - + Puerto Rico elects one nonvoting representative to the US House of + Representatives, Jaime B. FUSTER + House of Representatives: + last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (53 total) PPD 36, PNP 15, PIP 2 + +:Puerto Rico Government + +Other political or pressure groups: + all have engaged in terrorist activities - Armed Forces for National + Liberation (FALN), Volunteers of the Puerto Rican Revolution, Boricua + Popular Army (also known as the Macheteros), Armed Forces of Popular + Resistance +Member of: + CARICOM (observer), ECLAC, ICFTU, IOC, WCL, WFTU, WTO (associate) +Diplomatic representation: + none (commonwealth associated with the US) +Flag: + five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; + a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large white + five-pointed star in the center; design based on the US flag + +:Puerto Rico Economy + +Overview: + Puerto Rico has one of the most dynamic economies in the Caribbean region. + Industry has surpassed agriculture as the primary sector of economic + activity and income. Encouraged by duty free access to the US and by tax + incentives, US firms have invested heavily in Puerto Rico since the 1950s. + Important new industries include pharmaceuticals, electronics, textiles, + petrochemicals, and processed foods. Sugar production has lost out to dairy + production and other livestock products as the main source of income in the + agricultural sector. Tourism has traditionally been an important source of + income for the island. The economy has largely recovered from the + disruptions caused by Hurricane Hugo in September 1989. The tourism + infrastructure has been especially hard hit. +GNP: + purchasing power equivalent - $21.6 billion, per capita $6,600; real growth + rate 2.2% (FY90) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 1.3% (October 1990-91) +Unemployment rate: + 15.5% (October 1991) +Budget: + revenues $5.8 billion; expenditures $5.8 billion, including capital + expenditures of $258 million (FY89) +Exports: + NA + commodities: + pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, canned tuna, rum, beverage + concentrates, medical equipment, instruments + partners: + US 87% (FY90) +Imports: + NA + commodities: + chemicals, clothing, food, fish, petroleum products + partners: + US 68% (FY90) +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate 3.8% (FY90) +Electricity: + 4,149,000 kW capacity; 14,844 million kWh produced, 4,510 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, food products, + instruments; tourism +Agriculture: + accounts for 3% of labor force; crops - sugarcane, coffee, pineapples, + plantains, bananas; livestock - cattle, chickens; imports a large share of + food needs +Economic aid: + none +Currency: + US currency is used +Exchange rates: + US currency is used +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Puerto Rico Communications + +Railroads: + 96 km rural narrow-gauge system for hauling sugarcane; no passenger + railroads +Highways: + 13,762 km paved (1982) +Ports: + San Juan, Ponce, Mayaguez, Arecibo +Airports: + 30 total; 24 usable; 19 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 900,000 or 99% of total households have TV; 1,067,787 telephones (1988); + broadcast stations - 50 AM, 63 FM, 9 TV (1990) + +:Puerto Rico Defense Forces + +Branches: + paramilitary National Guard, Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 830,133; NA fit for military service +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +:Qatar Geography + +Total area: + 11,000 km2 +Land area: + 11,000 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Connecticut +Land boundaries: + 60 km total; Saudi Arabia 40 km, UAE 20 km +Coastline: + 563 km +Maritime claims: + *** No entry for this item *** + Continental shelf: + not specific + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + location and status of Qatar's southern boundaries with Saudi Arabia and UAE + are unresolved; territorial dispute with Bahrain over the Hawar Islands; + maritime boundary with Bahrain +Climate: + desert; hot, dry; humid and sultry in summer +Terrain: + mostly flat and barren desert covered with loose sand and gravel +Natural resources: + crude oil, natural gas, fish +Land use: + arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 95% +Environment: + haze, duststorms, sandstorms common; limited freshwater resources mean + increasing dependence on large-scale desalination facilities +Note: + strategic location in central Persian Gulf near major crude oil sources + +:Qatar People + +Population: + 484,387 (July 1992), growth rate 3.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + 21 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 4 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 15 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 24 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 69 years male, 74 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Qatari(s); adjective - Qatari +Ethnic divisions: + Arab 40%, Pakistani 18%, Indian 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14% +Religions: + Muslim 95% +Languages: + Arabic (official); English is commonly used as second language +Literacy: + 76% (male 77%, female 72%) age 15 and over can read and write (1986) +Labor force: + 104,000; 85% non-Qatari in private sector (1983) +Organized labor: + trade unions are illegal + +:Qatar Government + +Long-form name: + State of Qatar +Type: + traditional monarchy +Capital: + Doha +Administrative divisions: + there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US + Government, but there are 9 municipalities (baladiyat, singular - + baladiyah); Ad Dawhah, Al Ghuwayriyah, Al Jumayliyah, Al Khawr, Al Rayyan, + Al Wakrah, Ash Shamal, Jarayan al Batnah, Umm Salal +Independence: + 3 September 1971 (from UK) +Constitution: + provisional constitution enacted 2 April 1970 +Legal system: + discretionary system of law controlled by the amir, although civil codes are + being implemented; Islamic law is significant in personal matters +National holiday: + Independence Day, 3 September (1971) +Executive branch: + amir, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Advisory Council (Majlis al-Shura) +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + Amir and Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Hamad Al Thani (since 22 February 1972); + Heir Apparent HAMAD bin Khalifa Al Thani (appointed 31 May 1977; son of + Amir) +Political parties and leaders: + none +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + Advisory Council: + constitution calls for elections for part of this consultative body, but no + elections have been held; seats - (30 total) +Member of: + ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, IFAD, + ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, + OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Hamad `Abd al-`Aziz AL-KAWARI, Chancery at Suite 1180, 600 New + Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 338-0111 + US: + Ambassador Kenton W. KEITH; Embassy at 149 Ali Bin Ahmed St., Farig Bin + Omran (opposite the television station), Doha (mailing address is P. O. Box + 2399, Doha); telephone (0974) 864701 through 864703; FAX (0974) 861669 +Flag: + maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the hoist + side + +:Qatar Economy + +Overview: + Oil is the backbone of the economy and accounts for more than 85% of export + earnings and roughly 75% of government revenues. Proved oil reserves of 3.3 + billion barrels should ensure continued output at current levels for about + 25 years. Oil has given Qatar a per capita GDP of about $15,000, comparable + to the leading industrial countries. Production and export of natural gas is + becoming increasingly important. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $7.4 billion, per capita $15,000; real growth + rate NA (1990) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.9% (1988 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $2.1 billion; expenditures $3.2 billion, including capital + expenditures of $490 million (FY91 est.) +Exports: + $3.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + petroleum products 85%, steel, fertilizers + partners: + Japan 61%, Brazil 9%, UAE 3%, Singapore 3% +Imports: + $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs, beverages, animal and vegetable oils, chemicals, machinery and + equipment + partners: + UK 13%, Japan 11%, US 8%, Italy 8% +External debt: + $1.1 billion (December 1989 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0.6% (1987); accounts for 64% of GDP, including oil +Electricity: + 1,520,000 kW capacity; 4,200 million kWh produced, 8,080 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + crude oil production and refining, fertilizers, petrochemicals, steel, + cement +Agriculture: + farming and grazing on small scale, less than 2% of GDP; commercial fishing + increasing in importance; most food imported +Economic aid: + donor - pledged $2.7 billion in ODA to less developed countries (1979-88) +Currency: + Qatari riyal (plural - riyals); 1 Qatari riyal (QR) = 100 dirhams +Exchange rates: + Qatari riyals (QR) per US$1 - 3.6400 riyals (fixed rate) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Qatar Communications + +Highways: + 1,500 km total; 1,000 km paved, 500 km gravel or natural surface (est.) +Pipelines: + crude oil 235 km, natural gas 400 km +Ports: + Doha, Umm Sa'id, Halul Island +Merchant marine: + 23 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 473,042 GRT/716,039 DWT; includes 14 + cargo, 5 container, 3 petroleum tanker, 1 refrigerated cargo +Civil air: + 3 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over + 3,659 m; none with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + modern system centered in Doha; 110,000 telephones; tropospheric scatter to + Bahrain; radio relay to Saudi Arabia and UAE; submarine cable to Bahrain and + UAE; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 + Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT + +:Qatar Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Public Security +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 211,812; 112,250 fit for military service; 3,414 reach military + age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA%, of GDP + +:Reunion Geography + +Total area: + 2,510 km2 +Land area: + 2,500 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Rhode Island +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 201 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical, but moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May to November, + hot and rainy from November to April +Terrain: + mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast +Natural resources: + fish, arable land +Land use: + arable land 20%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and + woodland 35%; other 39%; includes irrigated 2% +Environment: + periodic devastating cyclones +Note: + located 750 km east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean + +:Reunion People + +Population: + 626,414 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 26 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 70 years male, 77 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Reunionese (singular and plural); adjective - Reunionese +Ethnic divisions: + most of the population is of intermixed French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, + Pakistani, and Indian ancestry +Religions: + Roman Catholic 94% +Languages: + French (official); Creole widely used +Literacy: + 69% (male 67%, female 74%) age 15 and over can read and write (1982) +Labor force: + NA; agriculture 30%, industry 21%, services 49% (1981); 63% of population of + working age (1983) +Organized labor: + General Confederation of Workers of Reunion (CGTR) + +:Reunion Government + +Long-form name: + Department of Reunion +Type: + overseas department of France +Capital: + Saint-Denis +Administrative divisions: + none (overseas department of France) +Independence: + none (overseas department of France) +Constitution: + 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) +Legal system: + French law +National holiday: + Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) +Executive branch: + French president, commissioner of the Republic +Legislative branch: + General Council, Regional Council +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeals (Cour d'Appel) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) + Head of Government: + Commissioner of the Republic Jacques DEWATRE (since July 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Rally for the Republic (RPR), Francois MAS; Union for French Democracy + (UDF), Gilbert GERARD; Communist Party of Reunion (PCR), Paul VERGES; + France-Reunion Future (FRA), Andre THIEN AH KOON; Socialist Party (PS), + Jean-Claude FRUTEAU; Social Democrats (CDS); other small parties +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + General Council: + last held September/October 1988 (next to be held NA 1994); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (44 total) PCR 9, PS 4, UDF 6, other + left-wing 2, RPR 4, right-wing 19 + Regional Council: + last held 16 March 1986 (next to be held NA March 1992); results - RPR/UDF + 36.8%, PCR 28.2%, FRA and other right wing 17.3%, PS 14.1%, other 3.6%; + seats - (45 total) RPR/UDF 18, PCR 13, FRA and other right wing 8, PS 6 + French Senate: + last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held NA September 1992); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (3 total) RPR-UDF 1, PS 1, independent + 1 + French National Assembly: + last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held NA June 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (5 total) PCR 2, RPR 1, UDF-CDS 1, FRA + 1; note - Reunion elects 3 members to the French Senate and 5 members to the + French National Assembly who are voting members +Communists: + Communist party small but has support among sugarcane cutters, the minuscule + Popular Movement for the Liberation of Reunion (MPLR), and in the district + of Le Port +Member of: + FZ, WFTU + +:Reunion Government + +Diplomatic representation: + as an overseas department of France, Reunionese interests are represented in + the US by France +Flag: + the flag of France is used + +:Reunion Economy + +Overview: + The economy has traditionally been based on agriculture. Sugarcane has been + the primary crop for more than a century, and in some years it accounts for + 85% of exports. The government has been pushing the development of a tourist + industry to relieve high unemployment, which recently amounted to one-third + of the labor force. The gap in Reunion between the well-off and the poor is + extraordinary and accounts for the persistent social tensions. The white and + Indian communities are substantially better off than other segments of the + population, often approaching European standards, whereas indigenous groups + suffer the poverty and unemployment typical of the poorer nations of the + African continent. The outbreak of severe rioting in February 1991 + illustrates the seriousness of socioeconomic tensions. The economic + well-being of Reunion depends heavily on continued financial assistance from + France. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $3.37 billion, per capita $6,000 (1987 est.); + real growth rate 9% (1987 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 1.3% (1988) +Unemployment rate: + 35% (February 1991) +Budget: + revenues $358 million; expenditures $914 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1986) +Exports: + $166 million (f.o.b., 1988) + commodities: + sugar 75%, rum and molasses 4%, perfume essences 4%, lobster 3%, vanilla and + tea 1% + partners: + France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, Italy +Imports: + $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1988) + commodities: + manufactured goods, food, beverages, tobacco, machinery and transportation + equipment, raw materials, and petroleum products + partners: + France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, Italy +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA%; about 25% of GDP +Electricity: + 245,000 kW capacity; 546 million kWh produced, 965 kWh per capita (1989) +Industries: + sugar, rum, cigarettes, several small shops producing handicraft items +Agriculture: + accounts for 30% of labor force; dominant sector of economy; cash crops - + sugarcane, vanilla, tobacco; food crops - tropical fruits, vegetables, corn; + imports large share of food needs +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $14.8 billion +Currency: + French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.6397 (March 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 + (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987) + +:Reunion Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Reunion Communications + +Highways: + 2,800 km total; 2,200 km paved, 600 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized + earth +Ports: + Pointe des Galets +Civil air: + 3 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + adequate system; modern open-wire and microwave network; principal center + Saint-Denis; radiocommunication to Comoros, France, Madagascar; new + microwave route to Mauritius; 85,900 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, + 13 FM, 1 (18 repeaters) TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Reunion Defense Forces + +Branches: + French Forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 164,974; 85,370 fit for military service; 6,083 reach military + age (18) annually +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +:Romania Geography + +Total area: + 237,500 km2 +Land area: + 230,340 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Oregon +Land boundaries: + 2,508 km total; Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km, Serbia and + Montenegro 476 km, Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (south) 169 km +Coastline: + 225 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers + with frequent showers and thunderstorms +Terrain: + central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the plain of Moldavia on the + east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on + the south by the Transylvanian Alps +Natural resources: + crude oil (reserves being exhausted), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, + salt +Land use: + arable land 43%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 19%; forest and + woodland 28%; other 7%; includes irrigated 11% +Environment: + frequent earthquakes most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure + and climate promote landslides; air pollution in south +Note: + controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, + and the Ukraine + +:Romania People + +Population: + 23,169,914 (July 1992), growth rate 0.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 14 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 22 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 68 years male, 74 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Romanian(s); adjective - Romanian +Ethnic divisions: + Romanian 89.1%, Hungarian 8.9%, German 0.4%, Ukrainian, Serb, Croat, + Russian, Turk, and Gypsy 1.6% +Religions: + Romanian Orthodox 70%, Roman Catholic 6%, Greek Catholic (Uniate) 3%, + Protestant 6%, unaffiliated 15% +Languages: + Romanian, Hungarian, German +Literacy: + 96% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.) +Labor force: + 10,945,700; industry 38%, agriculture 28%, other 34% (1989) +Organized labor: + until December 1989, a single trade union system organized by the General + Confederation of Romanian Trade Unions (UGSR) under control of the Communist + Party; since CEAUSESCU'S overthrow, newly created trade and professional + trade unions are joining umbrella organizations, including the Organization + of Free Trade Unions, Fratia (Brotherhood), and the Alfa Cartel; many other + trade unions have been formed + +:Romania Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + republic +Capital: + Bucharest +Administrative divisions: + 40 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); + Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, + Bucuresti*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, + Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, + Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, + Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea +Independence: + 1881 (from Turkey); republic proclaimed 30 December 1947 +Constitution: + 8 December 1991 +Legal system: + former mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory that + increasingly reflected Romanian traditions is being revised +National holiday: + National Day of Romania, 1 December (1990) +Executive branch: + *** No entry for this item *** + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate (Senat) and a + lower house or House of Deputies (Adunarea Deputatilor) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Justice +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Ion ILIESCU (since 20 June 1990, previously President of + Provisional Council of National Unity since 23 December 1989) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Teodor STOLOJAN (since 2 October 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + National Salvation Front (FSN), Petre ROMAN; Democratuc National Salvation + Front (DNSF), Olivia GHERMAN; Magyar Democratic Union (UDMR), Geza DOMOKOS; + National Liberal Party (PNL), Radu CAMPEANU; National Peasants' Christian + and Democratic Party (PNTCD), Corneliu COPOSU; Ecology Movement (MER), Toma + Gheorghe MAIORESCU; Romanian National Unity Party (PUNR), Radu CEONTEA; + there are now more than 100 other parties; note - although the Communist + Party has ceased to exist, small proto-Communist parties, notably the + Socialist Labor Party, have been formed +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1992); results - Ion ILIESCU 85%, + Radu CAMPEANU 10.5%, Ion RATIU 3.8% + Senate: + last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1992); results - FSN 67%, other + 33%; seats - (118 total) FSN 92, UDMR 12, PNL 9, PUNR 2, PNTCD 1, MER 1, + other 1 + House of Deputies: + last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1992); results - FSN 66%, UDMR 7%, + PNL 6%, MER 2%, PNTCD 2%, PUNR 2%, other 15%; seats - (387 total) FSN 263, + UDMR 29, PNL 29, PNTCD 12, MER 12, PUNR 9, other 33 + +:Romania Government + +Member of: + BIS, CCC, CSCE, ECE, FAO, G-9, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, + IFC, IIB, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM (guest), PCA, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Aurel MUNTEANU; Chancery at 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC + 20008; telephone (202) 232-4747 + US: + Ambassador John R. DAVIS; Embassy at Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharest + (mailing address is APO AE 09213-5260); telephone [40] (0) 10-40-40; FAX + [40] (0) 12-03-95 +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; the + national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been + removed; now similar to the flags of Andorra and Chad + +:Romania Economy + +Overview: + Industry, which accounts for about one-third of the labor force and + generates over half the GDP, suffers from an aging capital plant and + persistent shortages of energy. The year 1991 witnessed about a 17% drop in + industrial production because of energy and input shortages and labor + unrest. In recent years the agricultural sector has had to contend with + flooding, mismanagement, shortages of inputs, and disarray caused by the + dismantling of cooperatives. A shortage of fuel and equipment in 1991 + contributed to a lackluster harvest, a problem compounded by corruption and + a poor distribution system. The new government is loosening the tight + central controls of CEAUSESCU'S command economy. It has instituted moderate + land reforms, with more than one-half of cropland now in private hands, and + it has liberalized private agricultural output. Also, the new regime is + permitting the establishment of private enterprises, largely in services, + handicrafts, and small-scale industry. A law providing for the privatization + of large state firms has been passed. Most of the large state firms have + been converted into joint-stock companies, but the selling of shares and + assets to private owners has been delayed. While the government has halted + the old policy of diverting food from domestic consumption to hard currency + export markets, supplies remain scarce in some areas. Furthermore, real + wages in Romania fell about 20% in 1991, contributing to the unrest which + forced the resignation of ROMAN in September. The new government continues + to impose price ceilings on key consumer items. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $71.9 billion, per capita $3,100; real growth + rate - 12% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 215% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 4% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $19 billion; expenditures $20 billion, including capital + expenditures of $2.1 billion (1991 est.) +Exports: + $4.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + machinery and equipment 29.3%, fuels, minerals and metals 32.1%, + manufactured consumer goods 18.1%, agricultural materials and forestry + products 9.0%, other 11.5% (1989) + partners: + USSR 27%, Eastern Europe 23%, EC 15%, US 5%, China 4% (1987) +Imports: + $5.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + fuels, minerals, and metals 56.0%, machinery and equipment 25.5%, + agricultural and forestry products 8.6%, manufactured consumer goods 3.4%, + other 6.5% (1989) + partners: + Communist countries 60%, non-Communist countries 40% (1987) +External debt: + $2 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate -17% (1991 est.) +Electricity: + 22,700,000 kW capacity; 64,200 million kWh produced, 2,760 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, machine + building, food processing, petroleum + +:Romania Economy + +Agriculture: + accounts for 15% of GDP and 28% of labor force; major wheat and corn + producer; other products - sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, milk, + eggs, meat, grapes +Illicit drugs: + transshipment point for southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route +Economic aid: + donor - $4.4 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed + countries (1956-89) +Currency: + leu (plural - lei); 1 leu (L) = 100 bani +Exchange rates: + lei (L) per US$1 - 198.00 (March 1992), 76.39 (1991), 22.432 (1990), 14.922 + (1989), 14.277 (1988), 14.557 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Romania Communications + +Railroads: + 11,275 km total; 10,860 km 1.435-meter gauge, 370 km narrow gauge, 45 km + broad gauge; 3,411 km electrified, 3,060 km double track; government owned + (1987) +Highways: + 72,799 km total; 35,970 km paved; 27,729 km gravel, crushed stone, and other + stabilized surfaces; 9,100 km unsurfaced roads (1985) +Inland waterways: + 1,724 km (1984) +Pipelines: + crude oil 2,800 km, petroleum products 1,429 km, natural gas 6,400 km +Ports: + Constanta, Galati, Braila, Mangalia; inland ports are Giurgiu, Drobeta-Turnu + Severin, Orsova +Merchant marine: + 262 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,320,373 GRT/5,207,580 DWT; includes + 1 passenger-cargo, 174 cargo, 2 container, 1 rail-car carrier, 9 + roll-on/roll-off cargo, 13 petroleum tanker, 60 bulk, 2 combination ore/oil +Civil air: + 59 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 165 total, 165 usable; 25 with permanent-surface runways; 15 with runways + 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + poor service; about 2.3 million telephone customers; 89% of phone network is + automatic; cable and open wire; trunk network is microwave; present phone + density is 9.85 per 100 residents; roughly 3,300 villages with no service + (February 1990); broadcast stations - 12 AM, 5 FM, 13 TV (1990); 1 satellite + ground station using INTELSAT + +:Romania Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Paramilitary Forces, Civil Defense +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 5,799,837; 4,909,642 fit for military service; 184,913 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - 50 billion lei (unofficial), NA% of GDP (1991); + note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current + exchange rate could produce misleading results + +:Russia Geography + +Total area: + 17,075,200 km2 +Land area: + 16,995,800 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than 1.8 times the size of the US +Land boundaries: + 20,139 km total; Azerbaijan 284 km, Belarus 959 km, China (southeast) 3,605 + km, China (south) 40 km, Estonia 290 km, Finland 1,313 km, Georgia 723 km, + Kazakhstan 6,846 km, North Korea 19 km, Latvia 217 km, Lithuania + (Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia 3,441 km, Norway 167 km, Poland + (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Ukraine 1,576 km +Coastline: + 37,653 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + NA nm + Continental shelf: + 200-meter depth or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Exclusive fishing zone: + NA nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + inherited disputes from former USSR including: sections of the boundary with + China, a section of the boundary with Tajikistan; boundary with Latvia, + Lithuania, and Estonia; Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands and the + Habomai island group occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, claimed by Japan; + maritime dispute with Norway over portion of the Barents Sea; has made no + territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and + does not recognize the claims of any other nation +Climate: + ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of + European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; + winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers + vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast +Terrain: + broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra + in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions +Natural resources: + wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, + coal, and many strategic minerals; timber; note - formidable obstacles of + climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources +Land use: + NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest + and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated +Environment: + despite its size, only a small percentage of land is arable and much is too + far north; permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to + development; catastrophic pollution of land, air, water, including both + inland waterways and sea coasts +Note: + largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in + relation to major sea lanes of the world + +:Russia People + +Population: + 149,527,479 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 15 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 31 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 63 years male, 74 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Russian(s); adjective - Russian +Ethnic divisions: + Estonian NA%, Latvian NA%, Lithuanian NA%, Russian NA%, other NA% +Religions: + Russian Orthodox NA%, unknown NA%, none NA%, other NA% +Languages: + Estonian NA%, Latvian NA%, Lithuanian NA%, Russian NA%, other NA% +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write +Labor force: + 78,682,000 (1989); industry and construction 43.0%, agriculture and forestry + 13.0%, transport and communication 7.9%, trade and distribution 7.9%, other + 28.2% +Organized labor: + NA + +:Russia Government + +Long-form name: + Russian Federation +Type: + federation +Capital: + Moscow +Administrative divisions: + 20 autonomous republics (avtomnykh respublik, singular - automnaya + respublika); Adygea (Maykop), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatia (Ulan-Ude), + Checheno-Ingushetia (Groznyy), Chuvashia (Cheboksary), Dagestan + (Makhachkala), Gorno-Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Kabardino-Balkaria (Nal`chik), + Kalmykia (Elista), Karachay-Cherkessia (Cherkessk), Karelia (Petrozavodsk), + Khakassia (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mari El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordvinia + (Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz; formerly Ordzhonikidze), Tatarstan + (Kazan'), Tuva (Kyzyl), Udmurtia (Izhevsk), Yakutia (Yakutsk); 49 oblasts + (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'sk, + Astrakhan', Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Chita, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, + Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kamchata (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Kemerovo, Kirov, + Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, Leningrad (St. Petersburg), Lipetsk, Magadan, + Moscow, Murmansk, Nizhegorod (Nizhniy Novgorod; formerly Gor'kiy), Novgorod, + Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orel, Orenburg, Penza, Perm', Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan', + Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara (formerly Kuybyshev), Saratov, + Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver' (formerly + Kalinin), Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk, Vladmir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, + Yaroslavl'; 6 krays (krayer, singular - kray); Altay (Barnaul), Khabarovsk, + Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Primorskiy (Vladivostok), Stavropol; note - the + cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg have oblast status; an administrative + division has the same name as its administrative center (exceptions have the + administrative center name following in parentheses); it is possible that 4 + more administrative divisions will be added +Independence: + 24 August 1991, declared by Supreme Council (from Soviet Union; formerly + Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic); 1 December 1991 referendum on + independence passed +Constitution: + a new constitution is in the process of being drafted +Legal system: + based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; does not + accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + NA +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Security Council, President's Administration, + Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + Congress of People's Deputies, Supreme Soviet +Judicial branch: + Constitutional Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + *** No entry for this item *** + President Boris YEL'TSIN (since 12 June 1991), Vice President Aleksandr + RUTSKOY (since 12 June 1991), State Secretary Gennadiy BURBULIS (since July + 1991); 1st Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers Yegor GAYDAR (since + March 1992), 2nd Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers Aleksandr + SHOKHIN (since 7 November 1991) + +:Russia Government + +Political parties and leaders: + Democratic Russia, A. Lev PONOMAREV and Gleb YAKUNIN, cochairmen; Democratic + Party of Russia, Nikolay TRAVKIN, chairman; People's Party of Free Russia, + Aleksandr RUTSKOY, chairman; Russian Movement for Democratic Reforms, + Gavriil POPOV, chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 12 June 1991 (next to be held 1996); results - percent of vote by + party NA% + Congress of People's Deputies: + last held March 1990 (next to be held 1995); results - percent of vote by + party NA%; seats - (1,063 total) number of seats by party NA + Supreme Soviet: + last held May 1990 (next to be held 1995); results - percent of vote by + party NA%; seats - (252 total) number of seats by party NA +Communists: + NA +Other political or pressure groups: + NA +Member of: + CIS, CSCE, ESCAP, ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IMF, INTERPOL, IMO, + INMARSAT, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NSG, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNTSO, + UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZG +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador LUKIN; Chancery at 1125 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036; + telephone (202) 628-7551 + US: + Ambassador Robert S. STRAUSS; Embassy at Ulitsa Chaykovskogo 19/21/23, + Moscow (mailing address is APO AE 09721); telephone [7] (095) 252-2450 + through 59; there is a consulate at St. Petersburg (formerly Leningrad); + future consulates will be in Yekaterinburg and Vladivostok +Flag: + tricolor; three equal bands of white (top), blue, red (bottom) + +:Russia Economy + +Overview: + Russia, one of the world's largest economies, possesses a wealth of natural + resources and a diverse industrial base. Within the now-dismantled USSR, it + had produced 60% of total output, with 55% of the total labor force and 60% + of the total capital stock. Russia depends on its world-class deposits of + oil and gas not only for its own needs but also for vital hard currency + earnings. Self-sufficient in coal and iron ore, it has a crude steel + production capacity of about 95 million tons, second only to Japan. Russia's + machine-building sector - 60% of the old USSR's - lags behind world + standards of efficiency and quality of product. Other major industrial + sectors - chemicals, construction materials, light industry, and food + processing - also suffer from quality problems, obsolescent capital + equipment, and pollution. Consumer goods have had lower priority, and the + product mix has not mirrored household preferences. Furthermore, the + transition to a more market-oriented economy has disrupted channels of + supply to factories and distribution outlets; substantial imports of foods + and medical supplies have helped maintain minimum standards of consumption. + Russia inherited 70% of the former USSR's defense production facilities and + is experiencing major social problems during conversion of many of these + plants to civilian production. Russia produces almost half of the old USSR's + farm products, but most warm-climate crops must be imported. Under the old + USSR, production of industrial and agricultural goods often was concentrated + in a single firm or a single republic. Today, producing units often have + lost their major customers and their major sources of supply, and the market + institutions and incentives for adjusting to the new political and economic + situations are only slowly emerging. Rank-and-file Russians will continue to + suffer major deprivations in 1992 and beyond before the country begins to + realize its great economic potential. The comprehensive economic reform + program enacted in January 1992 faces many economic and political hurdles + before it will lead to sustained economic growth. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate - 9% + (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 89% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + NA +Exports: + $58.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, wood and wood products, coal, + nonferrous metals, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and military + manufactures + partners: + Western Europe, Japan, Eastern Europe +Imports: + $43.5 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + machinery and equipment, chemicals, consumer goods, grain, meat, + semifinished metal products + partners: + Western and Eastern Europe, Japan, Third World countries, Cuba +External debt: + $40 billion (end of 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + -8% after adjustment for inflation due to shift to more expensive products, + -2% before this adjustment (1991) + +:Russia Economy + +Electricity: + 42,500 MW capacity; 1,100 billion kWh produced, 7,430 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, + chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to + high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; ship- building; road and rail + transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, + tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and + transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer + durables +Agriculture: + grain, meat, milk, vegetables, fruits; because of its northern location + Russia does not grow citrus, cotton, tea, and other warm climate products +Illicit drugs: + illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption; + government has active eradication program; used as transshipment point for + illicit drugs to Western Europe +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $NA; Western (non-US) countries, + ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA; Communist countries + (1971-86), $NA million +Currency: + ruble (plural - rubles); 1 ruble (R) = 100 kopeks +Exchange rates: + 150 rubles per US$1 (20 July 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Russia Communications + +Railroads: + 87,180 km all 1.520-meter broad gauge (includes NA km electrified); does not + include industrial lines (1990) +Highways: + 879,100 km total (1990); 652,500 km hard-surfaced, 226,600 km earth +Inland waterways: + NA km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + crude oil and petroleum products 68,400 km, natural gas NA km +Ports: + maritime - St. Petersburg (Leningrad), Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Arkhangel'sk, + Novorossiysk, Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Kholmsk, Korsakov, Magadan, Tiksi, + Tuapse, Vanino, Vostochnyy, Vyborg; inland - Astrakhan', Nizhniy Novgorod + (Gor'kiy), Kazan', Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Samara (Kuybyshev), Moscow, + Rostov, Volgograd +Merchant marine: + 842 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,151,393 GRT/11,308,812 DWT; + includes 494 cargo, 39 container, 2 barge carrier, 3 roll-on/float-off, 69 + roll-on/roll-off, 131 petroleum tanker, 53 bulk cargo, 9 chemical tanker, 2 + specialized liquid carriers, 17 combination ore/oil, 23 passenger +Civil air: + NA major transport aircraft +Airports: + NA total, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over + 3,659 m; NA with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + the telephone system is inadequate for a large industrial country, + consisting of about 36 million lines of which only about 3% are switched + automatically; as of 31 January 1990, 10.8 million applications for + telephones for household use could not be satisfied; telephone density is 11 + per 100 persons; international connections are made via satellite, land + line, microwave, and outdated submarine cables, and are generally + unsatisfactory; the international gateway switch in Moscow handles + international traffic for the other former Soviet republics as well as for + Russia; broadcast stations - 1,050 AM/FM/SW (reach 98.6% of population), 310 + TV (580 repeaters) (reach 98% of population); satellite ground stations - + INTELSAT, Intersputnik, INMARSAT, Orbita + +:Russia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Russian defence forces will be comprised of those ground-, air-, and + sea-based conventional assets currently on Russian soil and those scheduled + to be withdrawn from other countries; strategic forces will remain under CIS + control +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 36,288,000; 27,216,000 fit for military service; 1,020,341 + reach military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Rwanda Geography + +Total area: + 26,340 km2 +Land area: + 24,950 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Maryland +Land boundaries: + 893 km total; Burundi 290 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km, Zaire 217 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild + in mountains with frost and snow possible +Terrain: + mostly grassy uplands and hills; mountains in west +Natural resources: + gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), natural gas, + hydropower +Land use: + arable land 29%; permanent crops 11%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest and + woodland 10%; other 32%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + deforestation; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; periodic droughts +Note: + landlocked + +:Rwanda People + +Population: + 8,206,446 (July 1992), growth rate 3.8% (1992) +Birth rate: + 52 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 14 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 108 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 51 years male, 55 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 8.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Rwandan(s); adjective - Rwandan +Ethnic divisions: + Hutu 90%, Tutsi 9%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 1%, indigenous beliefs and other + 25% +Languages: + Kinyarwanda, French (official); Kiswahili used in commercial centers +Literacy: + 50% (male 64%, female 37%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 3,600,000; agriculture 93%, government and services 5%, industry and + commerce 2%; 49% of population of working age (1985) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Rwanda Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Rwanda +Type: + republic; presidential system in which military leaders hold key offices; on + 31 December 1990, the government announced a National Political Charter to + serve as a basis for transition to a presidential/parliamentary political + system; the 1978 constitution was replaced in June 1991 via popular + referendum by a new constitution creating a multiparty system with a + president and prime minister +Capital: + Kigali +Administrative divisions: + 10 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture in French; plural - NA, + singular - prefegitura in Kinyarwanda); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro, + Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Rigali, Ruhengeri +Independence: + 1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration) +Constitution: + 18 June 1991 +Legal system: + based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law; judicial + review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory + ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 1 July (1962) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Development Council (Conseil National de Developpement) +Judicial branch: + Constitutional Court (consists of the Court of Cassation and the Council of + State in joint session) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Maj. Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA (since 5 July 1973) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Sylvestre NSANZIMANA (since NA October 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Republican Revolutionary Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND), Maj. + Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA; formerly a one-party state, Rwanda legalized + independent parties in mid-1991; since then, at least 10 new political + parties have registered; President HABYARIMANA's political movement - the + National Revolutionary Movement for Development (MRND) - reorganized itself + as a political party and changed its name to the Republican National + Movement for Democracy and Development (but kept the same initials - MRND); + significant independent parties include: Democratic Republican Movement + (MDR), leader NA; Liberal Party (PL), leader NA; Democratic and Socialist + Party (PSD), leader NA; note - since October 1990, Rwanda has been involved + in a low-intensity conflict with the Rwandan Patriotic Front/Rwandan + Patriotic Army (RPF/RPA); the RPF/RPA is primarily an ethnically based + organization +Suffrage: + universal adult, exact age NA +Elections: + President: + last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results - + President Maj. Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA reelected + +:Rwanda Government + + National Development Council: + last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results - + MRND is the only party; seats - (70 total) MRND 70 +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Aloys UWIMANA; Chancery at 1714 New Hampshire Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 232-2882 + US: + Ambassador Robert A. FLATEN; Embassy at Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali + (mailing address is B. P. 28, Kigali); telephone [250] 75601 through 75603; + FAX [250] 72128 +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green with a + large black letter R + centered in the yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of + Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Guinea, which has a plain yellow band + +:Rwanda Economy + +Overview: + Almost 50% of GDP comes from the agricultural sector; coffee and tea make up + 80-90% of total exports. The amount of fertile land is limited, however, and + deforestation and soil erosion have created problems. The industrial sector + in Rwanda is small, contributing only 17% to GDP. Manufacturing focuses + mainly on the processing of agricultural products. The Rwandan economy + remains dependent on coffee exports and foreign aid. Weak international + prices since 1986 have caused the economy to contract and per capita GDP to + decline. A structural adjustment program with the World Bank began in + October 1990. An outbreak of insurgency, also in October, has dampened any + prospects for economic improvement. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $2.1 billion, per capita $300; real growth rate + -6.8% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.2% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $391 million; expenditures $491 million, including capital + expenditures of $225 million (1989 est.) +Exports: + $111.7 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + coffee 85%, tea, tin, cassiterite, wolframite, pyrethrum + partners: + Germany, Belgium, Italy, Uganda, UK, France, US +Imports: + $279.2 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + textiles, foodstuffs, machines and equipment, capital goods, steel, + petroleum products, cement and construction material + partners: + US, Belgium, Germany, Kenya, Japan +External debt: + $911 million (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.2% (1988); accounts for 17% of GDP +Electricity: + 30,000 kW capacity; 130 million kWh produced, 15 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + mining of cassiterite (tin ore) and wolframite (tungsten ore), tin, cement, + agricultural processing, small-scale beverage production, soap, furniture, + shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes +Agriculture: + accounts for almost 50% of GDP and about 90% of the labor force; cash crops + - coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums); main food + crops - bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; stock raising; self-sufficiency + declining; country imports foodstuffs as farm production fails to keep up + with a 3.8% annual growth in population +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $128 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.0 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $45 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $58 + million; note - in October 1990 Rwanda launched a Structural Adjustment + Program with the IMF; since September 1991, the EC has given $46 million and + the US $25 million in support of this program +Currency: + Rwandan franc (plural - francs); 1 Rwandan franc (RF) = 100 centimes + +:Rwanda Economy + +Exchange rates: + Rwandan francs (RF) per US$1 - 121.40 (January 1992), 125.14 (1991), 82.60 + (1990), 79.98 (1989), 76.45 (1988), 79.67 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Rwanda Communications + +Highways: + 4,885 km total; 460 km paved, 1,725 km gravel and/or improved earth, 2,700 + km unimproved +Inland waterways: + Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craft +Civil air: + 2 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 8 total, 8 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m;2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fair system with low-capacity radio relay system centered on Kigali; + broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 (7 repeaters) FM, no TV; satellite earth + stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE + +:Rwanda Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army (including Air Wing), Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,719,936; 876,659 fit for military service; no conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $37 million, 1.6% of GDP (1988 est.) + +:Saint Helena Geography + +Total area: + 410 km2 +Land area: + 410 km2; includes Ascension, Gough Island, Inaccessible Island, Nightingale + Island, and Tristan da Cunha +Comparative area: + slightly more than 2.3 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 60 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds +Terrain: + rugged, volcanic; small scattered plateaus and plains +Natural resources: + fish; Ascension is a breeding ground for sea turtles and sooty terns; no + minerals +Land use: + arable land 7%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and + woodland 3%; other 83% +Environment: + very few perennial streams +Note: + located 1,920 km west of Angola, about two-thirds of the way between South + America and Africa; Napoleon Bonaparte's place of exile and burial; the + remains were taken to Paris in 1840 + +:Saint Helena People + +Population: + 6,698 (July 1992), growth rate 0.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 10 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 40 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 72 years male, 76 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Saint Helenian(s); adjective - Saint Helenian +Ethnic divisions: + NA +Religions: + Anglican majority; also Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventist, and Roman Catholic +Languages: + English +Literacy: + 98% (male 97%, female 98%) age 15 and over can read and write (1987) +Labor force: + NA +Organized labor: + Saint Helena General Workers' Union, 472 members; crafts 17%, professional + and technical 10%, service 10%, management and clerical 9%, farming and + fishing 9%, transport 6%, sales 5%, and other 34% + +:Saint Helena Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + Jamestown +Administrative divisions: + 1 administrative area and 2 dependencies*; Ascension*, Saint Helena, Tristan + da Cunha* +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Constitution: + 1 January 1967 +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: + Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday in June), 10 June + 1989 +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Council +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) + Head of Government: + Governor A. N. HOOLE +Political parties and leaders: + Saint Helena Labor Party, leader NA; Saint Helena Progressive Party, leader + NA; note - both political parties inactive since 1976 +Suffrage: + NA +Elections: + Legislative Council: + last held October 1984 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by + party NA; seats - (15 total, 12 elected) number of seats by party NA +Member of: + ICFTU +Diplomatic representation: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Flag: + blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Saint + Helenian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield features + a rocky coastline and three-masted sailing ship + +:Saint Helena Economy + +Overview: + The economy depends primarily on financial assistance from the UK. The local + population earns some income from fishing, the rearing of livestock, and + sales of handicrafts. Because there are few jobs, a large proportion of the + work force has left to seek employment overseas. +GDP: + $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA% +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + -1.1% (1986) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $3.2 million; expenditures $2.9 million, including capital + expenditures of NA (1984) +Exports: + $23.9 thousand (f.o.b., 1984) + commodities: + fish (frozen and salt-dried skipjack, tuna), handicrafts + partners: + South Africa, UK +Imports: + $2.4 million (c.i.f., 1984) + commodities: + food, beverages, tobacco, fuel oils, animal feed, building materials, motor + vehicles and parts, machinery and parts + partners: + UK, South Africa +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 9,800 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced, 1,390 kWh per capita (1989) +Industries: + crafts (furniture, lacework, fancy woodwork), fish +Agriculture: + maize, potatoes, vegetables; timber production being developed; crawfishing + on Tristan da Cunha +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $198 million +Currency: + Saint Helenian pound (plural - pounds); 1 Saint Helenian pound (#S) = 100 + pence +Exchange rates: + Saint Helenian pounds (#S) per US$1 - 0.5799 (March 1992), 0.5652 (1991), + 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987); note - the Saint Helenian pound + is at par with the British pound +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Saint Helena Communications + +Highways: + 87 km paved roads, 20 km earth roads on Saint Helena; 80 km paved roads on + Ascension; 2.7 km paved roads on Tristan da Cunha +Ports: + Jamestown (Saint Helena), Georgetown (Ascension) +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runway 2,440-3,659 m on Ascension +Telecommunications: + 1,500 radio receivers; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 550 + telephones in automatic network; HF radio links to Ascension, then into + worldwide submarine cable and satellite networks; major coaxial submarine + cable relay point between South Africa, Portugal, and UK at Ascension; 2 + Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations + +:Saint Helena Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +:Saint Kitts and Nevis Geography + +Total area: + 269 km2 +Land area: + 269 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 135 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + subtropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature + variation; rainy season (May to November) +Terrain: + volcanic with mountainous interiors +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land 22%; permanent crops 17%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and + woodland 17%; other 41% +Environment: + subject to hurricanes (July to October) +Note: + located 320 km east-southeast of Puerto Rico + +:Saint Kitts and Nevis People + +Population: + 40,061 (July 1992), growth rate 0.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 22 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -9 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 22 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 63 years male, 69 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Kittsian(s), Nevisian(s); adjective - Kittsian, Nevisian +Ethnic divisions: + mainly of black African descent +Religions: + Anglican, other Protestant sects, Roman Catholic +Languages: + English +Literacy: + 98% (male 98%, female 98%) age 15 and over having ever attended school + (1970) +Labor force: + 20,000 (1981) +Organized labor: + 6,700 + +:Saint Kitts and Nevis Government + +Long-form name: + Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis; formerly Federation of Saint + Christopher and Nevis +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Basseterre +Administrative divisions: + 14 parishs; Christ Church Nichola Town, Saint Anne Sandy Point, Saint George + Basseterre, Saint George Gingerland, Saint James Windward, Saint John + Capisterre, Saint John Figtree, Saint Mary Cayon, Saint Paul Capisterre, + Saint Paul Charlestown, Saint Peter Basseterre, Saint Thomas Lowland, Saint + Thomas Middle Island, Trinity Palmetto Point +Independence: + 19 September 1983 (from UK) +Constitution: + 19 September 1983 +Legal system: + based on English common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 19 September (1983) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, + Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Assembly +Judicial branch: + Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Sir Clement Athelston ARRINDELL (since 19 September 1983, previously + Governor General of the Associated State since NA November 1981) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Dr. Kennedy Alphonse SIMMONDS (since 19 September 1983, + previously Premier of the Associated State since NA February 1980); Deputy + Prime Minister Michael Oliver POWELL (since NA) +Political parties and leaders: + People's Action Movement (PAM), Kennedy SIMMONDS; Saint Kitts and Nevis + Labor Party (SKNLP), Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS; Nevis Reformation Party (NRP), + Simeon DANIEL; Concerned Citizens Movement (CCM), Vance AMORY +Suffrage: + universal adult at age NA +Elections: + House of Assembly: + last held 21 March 1989 (next to be held by 21 March 1994); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (14 total, 11 elected) PAM 6, SKNLP 2, + NRP 2, CCM 1 +Member of: + ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IMF, INTERPOL, + OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO +Diplomatic representation: + Minister-Counselor (Deputy Chief of Mission), Charge d'Affaires ad interim + Aubrey Eric HART; Chancery at Suite 608, 2100 M Street NW, Washington, DC + 20037; telephone (202) 833-3550 + US: + no official presence since the Charge resides in Saint John's (Antigua and + Barbuda) + +:Saint Kitts and Nevis Government + +Flag: + divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a broad black band bearing + two white five-pointed stars; the black band is edged in yellow; the upper + triangle is green, the lower triangle is red + +:Saint Kitts and Nevis Economy + +Overview: + The economy has historically depended on the growing and processing of + sugarcane and on remittances from overseas workers. In recent years, tourism + and export-oriented manufacturing have assumed larger roles. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $146.6 million, per capita $3,650; real growth + rate 2.1% (1990) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.2% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 15% (1989) +Budget: + revenues $38.1 million; expenditures $68 million, including capital + expenditures of $31.5 million (1991) +Exports: + $24.6 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + sugar, clothing, electronics, postage stamps + partners: + US 53%, UK 22%, Trinidad and Tobago 5%, OECS 5% (1988) +Imports: + $103.2 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + foodstuffs, intermediate manufactures, machinery, fuels + partners: + US 36%, UK 17%, Trinidad and Tobago 6%, Canada 3%, Japan 3%, OECS 4% (1988) +External debt: + $26.4 million (1988) +Industrial production: + growth rate 11.8% (1988 est.); accounts for 17% of GDP +Electricity: + 15,800 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 1,117 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + sugar processing, tourism, cotton, salt, copra, clothing, footwear, + beverages +Agriculture: + cash crop - sugarcane; subsistence crops - rice, yams, vegetables, bananas; + fishing potential not fully exploited; most food imported +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-88), $10.7 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $67 million +Currency: + East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Saint Kitts and Nevis Communications + +Railroads: + 58 km 0.760-meter gauge on Saint Kitts for sugarcane +Highways: + 300 km total; 125 km paved, 125 km otherwise improved, 50 km unimproved + earth +Ports: + Basseterre (Saint Kitts), Charlestown (Nevis) +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + good interisland VHF/UHF/SHF radio connections and international link via + Antigua and Barbuda and Saint Martin; 2,400 telephones; broadcast stations - + 2 AM, no FM, 4 TV + +:Saint Kitts and Nevis Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Saint Kitts and Nevis Police Force, Coast Guard +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Saint Lucia Geography + +Total area: + 620 km2 +Land area: + 610 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 158 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to + April, rainy season from May to August +Terrain: + volcanic and mountainous with some broad, fertile valleys +Natural resources: + forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineral springs, geothermal + potential +Land use: + arable land 8%; permanent crops 20%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and + woodland 13%; other 54%; includes irrigated 2% +Environment: + subject to hurricanes and volcanic activity; deforestation; soil erosion +Note: + located 700 km southeast of Puerto Rico + +:Saint Lucia People + +Population: + 151,774 (July 1992), growth rate 1.7% (1992) +Birth rate: + 26 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -4 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 70 years male, 75 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Saint Lucian(s); adjective - Saint Lucian +Ethnic divisions: + African descent 90.3%, mixed 5.5%, East Indian 3.2%, Caucasian 0.8% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 90%, Protestant 7%, Anglican 3% +Languages: + English (official), French patois +Literacy: + 67% (male 65%, female 69%) age 15 and over having ever attended school + (1980) +Labor force: + 43,800; agriculture 43.4%, services 38.9%, industry and commerce 17.7% (1983 + est.) +Organized labor: + 20% of labor force + +:Saint Lucia Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Castries +Administrative divisions: + 11 quarters; Anse-la-Raye, Castries, Choiseul, Dauphin, Dennery, Gros-Islet, + Laborie, Micoud, Praslin, Soufriere, Vieux-Fort +Independence: + 22 February 1979 (from UK) +Constitution: + 22 February 1979 +Legal system: + based on English common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 22 February (1979) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house + or House of Assembly +Judicial branch: + Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Acting Governor + General Sir Stanislaus Anthony JAMES (since 10 October 1988) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister John George Melvin COMPTON (since 3 May 1982) +Political parties and leaders: + United Workers' Party (UWP), John COMPTON; Saint Lucia Labor Party (SLP), + Julian HUNTE; Progressive Labor Party (PLP), George ODLUM +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Assembly: + last held 6 April 1987 (next to be held by 27 April 1992); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (17 total) UWP 10, SLP 7 +Member of: + ACCT (associate), ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, + IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Dr. Joseph Edsel EDMUNDS; Chancery at Suite 309, 2100 M Street + NW, Washington, DC 30037; telephone (202) 463-7378 or 7379; there is a Saint + Lucian Consulate General in New York + US: + no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados) +Flag: + blue with a gold isosceles triangle below a black arrowhead; the upper edges + of the arrowhead have a white border + +:Saint Lucia Economy + +Overview: + Since 1983 the economy has shown an impressive average annual growth rate of + almost 5% because of strong agricultural and tourist sectors. Saint Lucia + also possesses an expanding industrial base supported by foreign investment + in manufacturing and other activities, such as in data processing. The + economy, however, remains vulnerable because the important agricultural + sector is dominated by banana production. Saint Lucia is subject to periodic + droughts and/or tropical storms, and its protected market agreement with the + UK for bananas may end in 1992. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $295 million, per capita $1,930; real growth rate + 4.0% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.2% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 16.0% (1988) +Budget: + revenues $131 million; expenditures $149 million, including capital + expenditures of $71 million (FY90 est.) +Exports: + $127 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + bananas 54%, clothing 17%, cocoa, vegetables, fruits, coconut oil + partners: + UK 51%, CARICOM 20%, US 19%, other 10% +Imports: + $270 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + manufactured goods 23%, machinery and transportation equipment 27%, food and + live animals 18%, chemicals 10%, fuels 6% + partners: + US 35%, CARICOM 16%, UK 15%, Japan 7%, Canada 4%, other 23% +External debt: + $54.5 million (1989) +Industrial production: + growth rate 3.5% (1990 est.); accounts for 7% of GDP +Electricity: + 32,500 kW capacity; 112 million kWh produced, 732 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + clothing, assembly of electronic components, beverages, corrugated boxes, + tourism, lime processing, coconut processing +Agriculture: + accounts for 16% of GDP and 43% of labor force; crops - bananas, coconuts, + vegetables, citrus fruit, root crops, cocoa; imports food for the tourist + industry +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $120 million +Currency: + East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) + +:Saint Lucia Communications + +Highways: + 760 km total; 500 km paved; 260 km otherwise improved +Ports: + Castries +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 +Telecommunications: + fully automatic telephone system; 9,500 telephones; direct microwave link + with Martinique and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; interisland + troposcatter link to Barbados; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (cable) + +:Saint Lucia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Saint Lucia Police Force, Coast Guard +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Saint Pierre and Miquelon Geography + +Total area: + 242 km2 +Land area: + 242 km2; includes eight small islands in the Saint Pierre and the Miquelon + groups +Comparative area: + slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 120 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + focus of maritime boundary dispute between Canada and France +Climate: + cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windy +Terrain: + mostly barren rock +Natural resources: + fish, deepwater ports +Land use: + arable land 13%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 4%; other 83% +Environment: + vegetation scanty +Note: + located 25 km south of Newfoundland, Canada, in the North Atlantic Ocean + +:Saint Pierre and Miquelon People + +Population: + 6,513 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 9 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 75 years male, 78 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women); adjective - French +Ethnic divisions: + originally Basques and Bretons (French fishermen) +Religions: + Roman Catholic 98% +Languages: + French +Literacy: + 99% (male 99%, female 99%) age 15 and over can read and write (1982) +Labor force: + 2,850 (1988) +Organized labor: + Workers' Force trade union + +:Saint Pierre and Miquelon Government + +Long-form name: + Territorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon +Type: + territorial collectivity of France +Capital: + Saint-Pierre +Administrative divisions: + none (territorial collectivity of France) +Independence: + none (territorial collectivity of France); note - has been under French + control since 1763 +Constitution: + 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) +Legal system: + French law +National holiday: + National Day, 14 July (Taking of the Bastille) +Executive branch: + French president, commissioner of the Republic +Legislative branch: + unicameral General Council +Judicial branch: + Superior Tribunal of Appeals (Tribunal Superieur d'Appel) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) + Head of Government: + Commissioner of the Republic Jean-Pierre MARQUIE (since February 1989); + President of the General Council Marc PLANTEGENET (since NA) +Political parties and leaders: + Socialist Party (PS); Union for French Democracy (UDF/CDS), Gerard GRIGNON +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + General Council: + last held September-October 1988 (next to be held NA September 1994); + results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (19 total) Socialist and + other left-wing parties 13, UDF and right-wing parties 6 + French President: + last held 8 May 1988 (next to be held NA May 1995); results - (second + ballot) Jacques CHIRAC 56%, Francois MITTERRAND 44% + French Senate: + last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held NA September 1992); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) PS 1 + French National Assembly: + last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held NA June 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) UDF/CDS 1; note - Saint + Pierre and Miquelon elects 1 member each to the French Senate and the French + National Assembly who are voting members +Member of: + FZ, WFTU +Diplomatic representation: + as a territorial collectivity of France, local interests are represented in + the US by France +Flag: + the flag of France is used + +:Saint Pierre and Miquelon Economy + +Overview: + The inhabitants have traditionally earned their livelihood by fishing and by + servicing fishing fleets operating off the coast of Newfoundland. The + economy has been declining, however, because the number of ships stopping at + Saint Pierre has dropped steadily over the years. In March 1989, an + agreement between France and Canada set fish quotas for Saint Pierre's + trawlers fishing in Canadian and Canadian-claimed waters for three years. + The agreement settles a longstanding dispute that had virtually brought fish + exports to a halt. The islands are heavily subsidized by France. Imports + come primarily from Canada and France. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $60 million, per capita $9,500; real growth rate + NA% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + 9.6% (1990) +Budget: + revenues $18.3 million; expenditures $18.3 million, including capital + expenditures of $5.5 million (1989) +Exports: + $25.5 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + fish and fish products, fox and mink pelts + partners: + US 58%, France 17%, UK 11%, Canada, Portugal +Imports: + $87.2 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + meat, clothing, fuel, electrical equipment, machinery, building materials + partners: + Canada, France, US, Netherlands, UK +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 10,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced, 3,970 kWh per capita (1989) +Industries: + fish processing and supply base for fishing fleets; tourism +Agriculture: + vegetables, cattle, sheep and pigs for local consumption; fish catch, 20,500 + metric tons (1989) +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $500 million +Currency: + French franc (plural - francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.6397 (March 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 + (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Saint Pierre and Miquelon Communications + +Highways: + 120 km total; 60 km paved (1985) +Ports: + Saint Pierre +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways, none with runways over + 2,439 m; 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 3,601 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 3 FM, no TV; radio + communication with most countries in the world; 1 earth station in French + domestic satellite system + +:Saint Pierre and Miquelon Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Geography + +Total area: + 340 km2 +Land area: + 340 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 84 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to + November) +Terrain: + volcanic, mountainous; Soufriere volcano on the island of Saint Vincent +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land 38%; permanent crops 12%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and + woodland 41%; other 3%; includes irrigated 3% +Environment: + subject to hurricanes; Soufriere volcano is a constant threat +Note: + some islands of the Grenadines group are administered by Grenada + +:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines People + +Population: + 115,339 (July 1992), growth rate 1.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 23 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -7 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 19 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 71 years male, 74 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Saint Vincentian(s) or Vincentian(s); adjectives - Saint Vincentian + or Vincentian +Ethnic divisions: + mainly of black African descent; remainder mixed, with some white, East + Indian, Carib Indian +Religions: + Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Seventh-Day Adventist +Languages: + English, some French patois +Literacy: + 96% (male 96%, female 96%) age 15 and over having ever attended school + (1970) +Labor force: + 67,000 (1984 est.) +Organized labor: + 10% of labor force + +:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Kingstown +Administrative divisions: + 6 parishes; Charlotte, Grenadines, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, + Saint Patrick +Independence: + 27 October 1979 (from UK) +Constitution: + 27 October 1979 +Legal system: + based on English common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 27 October (1979) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Assembly +Judicial branch: + Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + David JACK (since 29 September 1989) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister James F. MITCHELL (since 30 July 1984) +Political parties and leaders: + New Democratic Party (NDP), James (Son) MITCHELL; Saint Vincent Labor Party + (SVLP), Vincent BEACHE; United People's Movement (UPM), Adrian SAUNDERS; + Movement for National Unity (MNU), Ralph GONSALVES; National Reform Party + (NRP), Joel MIGUEL +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Assembly: + last held 16 May 1989 (next to be held NA July 1994); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (21 total; 15 elected representatives and 6 + appointed senators) NDP 15 +Member of: + ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IMF, + IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, + WCL, WFTU, WHO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Kingsley LAYNE; 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Suite 102, + Washington, DC 20036; telephone NA + US: + no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados) +Flag: + three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold (double width), and green; + the gold band bears three green diamonds arranged in a V pattern + *** No entry for this item *** + +:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Economy + +Overview: + Agriculture, dominated by banana production, is the most important sector of + the economy. The services sector, based mostly on a growing tourist + industry, is also important. The economy continues to have a high + unemployment rate of 30% because of an overdependence on the weather-plagued + banana crop as a major export earner. Government progress toward + diversifying into new industries has been relatively unsuccessful. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $146 million, per capita $1,300; real growth rate + 5.9% (1989) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.0% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 30% (1989 est.) +Budget: + revenues $62 million; expenditures $67 million, including capital + expenditures of $21 million (FY90 est.) +Exports: + $75 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + bananas, eddoes and dasheen (taro), arrowroot starch, tennis racquets, flour + partners: + UK 43%, CARICOM 37%, US 15% +Imports: + $130 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, chemicals and fertilizers, minerals and + fuels + partners: + US 42%, CARICOM 19%, UK 15% +External debt: + $50.9 million (1989) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0% (1989); accounts for 14% of GDP +Electricity: + 16,594 kW capacity; 64 million kWh produced, 560 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + food processing (sugar, flour), cement, furniture, clothing, starch, sheet + metal, beverage +Agriculture: + accounts for 15% of GDP and 60% of labor force; provides bulk of exports; + products - bananas, coconuts, sweet potatoes, spices; small numbers of + cattle, sheep, hogs, goats; small fish catch used locally +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $11 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $81 million +Currency: + East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) +Fiscal year: + calendar year (as of January 1991); previously 1 July - 30 June + +:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Communications + +Highways: + about 1,000 km total; 300 km paved; 400 km improved; 300 km unimproved +Ports: + Kingstown +Merchant marine: + 407 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,388,427 GRT/5,511,325 DWT; includes + 3 passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 222 cargo, 22 container, 19 roll-on/roll-off + cargo, 14 refrigerated cargo, 24 petroleum tanker, 7 chemical tanker, 4 + liquefied gas, 73 bulk, 13 combination bulk, 2 vehicle carrier, 1 livestock + carrier, 1 specialized tanker; note - China owns 3 ships; a flag of + convenience registry +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 6 total, 6 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + islandwide fully automatic telephone system; 6,500 telephones; VHF/UHF + interisland links from Saint Vincent to Barbados and the Grenadines; new SHF + links to Grenada and Saint Lucia; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV + (cable) + +:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force, Coast Guard +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:San Marino Geography + +Total area: + 60 km2 +Land area: + 60 km2 +Comparative area: + about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + 39 km; Italy 39 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers +Terrain: + rugged mountains +Natural resources: + building stones +Land use: + arable land 17%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 83% +Environment: + dominated by the Appenines +Note: + landlocked; world's smallest republic; enclave of Italy + +:San Marino People + +Population: + 23,404 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 8 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 5 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 74 years male, 79 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Sanmarinese (singular and plural); adjective - Sanmarinese +Ethnic divisions: + Sanmarinese, Italian +Religions: + Roman Catholic +Languages: + Italian +Literacy: + 96% (male 96%, female 95%) age 14 and over can read and write (1976) +Labor force: + about 4,300 +Organized labor: + Democratic Federation of Sanmarinese Workers (affiliated with ICFTU) has + about 1,800 members; Communist-dominated General Federation of Labor, 1,400 + members + +:San Marino Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of San Marino +Type: + republic +Capital: + San Marino +Administrative divisions: + 9 municipalities (castelli, singular - castello); Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, + Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Monte Giardino, San Marino, + Serravalle +Independence: + 301 AD (by tradition) +Constitution: + 8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions of a + constitution +Legal system: + based on civil law system with Italian law influences; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Foundation of the Republic, 3 September +Executive branch: + two captains regent, Congress of State (cabinet); real executive power is + wielded by the secretary of state for foreign affairs and the secretary of + state for internal affairs +Legislative branch: + unicameral Great and General Council (Consiglio Grande e Generale) +Judicial branch: + Council of Twelve (Consiglio dei XII) +Leaders: + Co-Chiefs of State: + Captain Regent Edda CETCOLI and Captain Regent Marino RICCARDI (since 1 + October 1991) + Head of Government: + Secretary of State Gabriele GATTI (since July 1986) +Political parties and leaders: + Christian Democratic Party (DCS), Piermarino MENICUCCI; San Marino + Democratic Progressive Party (PPDS) formerly San Marino Communist Party + (PCS), Gilberto GHIOTTI; San Marino Socialist Party (PSS), Remy GIACOMINI; + Unitary Socialst Party (PSU); Democratic Movement (MD), Emilio Della BALDA; + San Marino Social Democratic Party (PSDS), Augusto CASALI; San Marino + Republican Party (PRS), Cristoforo BUSCARINI +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Great and General Council: + last held 29 May 1988 (next to be held by NA May 1993); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (60 total) DCS 27, PCS 18, PSU 8, PSS 7 +Communists: + about 300 members +Member of: + CE, CSCE, ICAO, ICFTU, ILO, IMF (observer), IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, + NAM (guest), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + San Marino maintains honorary Consulates General in Washington and New York + and an honorary Consulate in Detroit + +:San Marino Government + + US: + no mission in San Marino, but the Consul General in Florence (Italy) is + accredited to San Marino; Consulate General at Lungarno Amerigo Vespucci, + 38, 50123 Firenze, Italy (mailing address is APO AE 09613; telephone [39] + (55) 239-8276 through 8279 and 217-605; FAX [39] (55) 284-088 +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the national + coat of arms superimposed in the center; the coat of arms has a shield + (featuring three towers on three peaks) flanked by a wreath, below a crown + and above a scroll bearing the word +Flag: + AS (Liberty) + +:San Marino Economy + +Overview: + More than 2 million tourists visit each year, contributing about 60% to GDP. + The sale of postage stamps to foreign collectors is another important income + producer. The manufacturing sector employs nearly 40% of the labor force and + agriculture less than 4%. The per capita level of output and standard of + living are comparable to northern Italy. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $400 million, per capita $17,000; real growth + rate NA% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 6% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 6.5% (1985) +Budget: + revenues $99.2 million; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of + $NA (1983) +Exports: + *** No entry for this item *** + trade data are included with the statistics for Italy; commodity trade + consists primarily of exchanging building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts, + wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, and ceramics for a wide variety of consumer + manufactures +Imports: + see +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + supplied by Italy +Industries: + wine, olive oil, cement, leather, textile, tourism +Agriculture: + employs less than 4% of labor force; products - wheat, grapes, corn, olives, + meat, cheese, hides; small numbers of cattle, pigs, horses; depends on Italy + for food imports +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + Italian lira (plural - lire); 1 Italian lira (Lit) = 100 centesimi; also + mints its own coins +Exchange rates: + Italian lire (Lit) per US$1 - 1,248.4 (March 1992), 1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1 + (1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:San Marino Communications + +Highways: + 104 km +Telecommunications: + automatic telephone system completely integrated into Italian system; 11,700 + telephones; broadcast services from Italy; microwave and cable links into + Italian networks; no communication satellite facilities + +:San Marino Defense Forces + +Branches: + public security or police force of less than 50 people +Manpower availability: + all fit men ages 16-60 constitute a militia that can serve as an army +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Sao Tome and Principe Geography + +Total area: + 960 km2 +Land area: + 960 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 209 km +Maritime claims: + (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May) +Terrain: + volcanic, mountainous +Natural resources: + fish +Land use: + arable land 1%; permanent crops 20%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and + woodland 75%; other 3% +Environment: + deforestation; soil erosion +Note: + located south of Nigeria and west of Gabon near the Equator in the North + Atlantic Ocean + +:Sao Tome and Principe People + +Population: + 132,338 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 38 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 58 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 64 years male, 68 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 5.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Sao Tomean(s); adjective - Sao Tomean +Ethnic divisions: + mestico, angolares (descendents of Angolan slaves), forros (descendents of + freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and + Cape Verde), tongas (children of servicais born on the islands), and + Europeans (primarily Portuguese) +Religions: + Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Seventh-Day Adventist +Languages: + Portuguese (official) +Literacy: + 57% (male 73%, female 42%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981) +Labor force: + 21,096 (1981); most of population engaged in subsistence agriculture and + fishing; labor shortages on plantations and of skilled workers; 56% of + population of working age (1983) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Sao Tome and Principe Government + +Long-form name: + Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe +Type: + republic +Capital: + Sao Tome +Administrative divisions: + 2 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Principe, Sao Tome +Independence: + 12 July 1975 (from Portugal) +Constitution: + 5 November 1975, approved 15 December 1982 +Legal system: + based on Portuguese law system and customary law; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 12 July (1975) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National People's Assembly (Assembleia Popular Nacional) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Miguel TROVOADA (since 4 April 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Noberto COSTA ALEGRE (since 16 May 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + Party for Democratic Convergence-Reflection Group (PCD-GR), Prime Minister + Daniel Lima Dos Santos DAIO, secretary general; Movement for the Liberation + of Sao Tome and Principe (MLSTP), Carlos da GRACA; Christian Democratic + Front (FDC), Alphonse Dos SANTOS; Democratic Opposition Coalition (CODO), + leader NA; other small parties +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 3 March 1991 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - Miguel + TROVOADA was elected without opposition in Sao Tome's first multiparty + presidential election + National People's Assembly: + last held 20 January 1991 (next to be held NA January 1996); results - + PCD-GR 54.4%, MLSTP 30.5%, CODO 5.2%, FDC 1.5%, other 8.3%; seats - (55 + total) PCD-GR 33, MLSTP 21, CODO 1; note - this was the first multiparty + election in Sao Tome and Principe +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, + ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Joaquim Rafael BRANCO; Chancery (temporary) at 801 Second Avenue, + Suite 603, New York, NY 10017; telephone (212) 697-4211 + US: + Ambassador to Gabon is accredited to Sao Tome and Principe on a nonresident + basis and makes periodic visits to the islands + +:Sao Tome and Principe Government + +Flag: + three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and green with + two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the center of the yellow + band and a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; uses the popular + pan-African colors of Ethiopia + +:Sao Tome and Principe Economy + +Overview: + The economy has remained dependent on cocoa since the country gained + independence nearly 15 years ago. Since then, however, cocoa production has + gradually deteriorated because of drought and mismanagement, so that by 1987 + output had fallen to less than 50% of its former levels. As a result, a + shortage of cocoa for export has created a serious balance-of-payments + problem. Production of less important crops, such as coffee, copra, and palm + kernels, has also declined. The value of imports generally exceeds that of + exports by a ratio of 4:1. The emphasis on cocoa production at the expense + of other food crops has meant that Sao Tome has to import 90% of food needs. + It also has to import all fuels and most manufactured goods. Over the years, + Sao Tome has been unable to service its external debt, which amounts to + roughly 80% of export earnings. Considerable potential exists for + development of a tourist industry, and the government has taken steps to + expand facilities in recent years. The government also implemented a + Five-Year Plan covering 1986-90 to restructure the economy and reschedule + external debt service payments in cooperation with the International + Development Association and Western lenders. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $46.0 million, per capita $400; real growth rate + 1.5% (1989) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 36% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $10.2 million; expenditures $36.8 million, including capital + expenditures of $22.5 million (1989) +Exports: + $4.4 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + cocoa 85%, copra, coffee, palm oil + partners: + FRG, GDR, Netherlands, China +Imports: + $21.3 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + machinery and electrical equipment 54%, food products 23%, other 23% + partners: + Portugal, GDR, Angola, China +External debt: + $147 million (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 7.1% (1986) +Electricity: + 5,000 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced, 80 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + light construction, shirts, soap, beer, fisheries, shrimp processing +Agriculture: + dominant sector of economy, primary source of exports; cash crops - cocoa + (85%), coconuts, palm kernels, coffee; food products - bananas, papaya, + beans, poultry, fish; not self-sufficient in food grain and meat +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $8 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $89 million +Currency: + dobra (plural - dobras); 1 dobra (Db) = 100 centimos + +:Sao Tome and Principe Economy + +Exchange rates: + dobras (Db) per US$1 - 260.0 (November 1991), 122.48 (December 1988), 72.827 + (1987), 36.993 (1986) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Sao Tome and Principe Communications + +Highways: + 300 km (two-thirds are paved); roads on Principe are mostly unpaved and in + need of repair +Ports: + Sao Tome, Santo Antonio +Civil air: + 10 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + minimal system; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 2 FM, no TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT earth station + +:Sao Tome and Principe Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, National Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 30,188; 15,918 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Saudi Arabia Geography + +Total area: + 1,945,000 km2 +Land area: + 1,945,000 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than one-fourth the size of the US +Land boundaries: + 4,532 km total; Iraq 808 km, Jordan 742 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman 676 km, + Qatar 40 km, UAE 586 km, Yemen 1,458 km +Coastline: + 2,510 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 18 nm + Continental shelf: + not specific + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + no defined boundaries with Yemen; location and status of Saudi Arabia's + boundaries with Qatar and UAE are unresolved; Kuwaiti ownership of Qaruh and + Umm al Maradim Islands is disputed by Saudi Arabia +Climate: + harsh, dry desert with great extremes of temperature +Terrain: + mostly uninhabited, sandy desert +Natural resources: + crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper +Land use: + arable land 1%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 39%; forest and + woodland 1%; other 59%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + no perennial rivers or permanent water bodies; developing extensive coastal + seawater desalination facilities; desertification +Note: + extensive coastlines on Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on + shipping (especially crude oil) through Persian Gulf and Suez Canal + +:Saudi Arabia People + +Population: + 17,050,934 (July 1992), growth rate 3.3% (1992); note - the population + figure is based on growth since the last official Saudi census of 1974 that + reported a total of 7 million persons and included foreign workers; + estimates from other sources may be 15-30% lower +Birth rate: + 39 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 59 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 65 years male, 68 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.7 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Saudi(s); adjective - Saudi or Saudi Arabian +Ethnic divisions: + Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10% +Religions: + Muslim 100% +Languages: + Arabic +Literacy: + 62% (male 73%, female 48%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 5,000,000; about 60% are foreign workers; government 34%, industry and oil + 28%, services 22%, and agriculture 16% +Organized labor: + trade unions are illegal + +:Saudi Arabia Government + +Long-form name: + Kingdom of Saudi Arabia +Type: + monarchy +Capital: + Riyadh +Administrative divisions: + 14 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Al Bahah, Al Hudud ash Shamaliyah, + Al Jawf, Al Madinah, Al Qasim, Al Qurayyat, Ar Riyad, Ash Sharqiyah, `Asir, + Ha'il, Jizan, Makkah, Najran, Tabuk +Independence: + 23 September 1932 (unification) +Constitution: + none; governed according to Shari`a (Islamic law) +Legal system: + based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been introduced; commercial + disputes handled by special committees; has not accepted compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + Unification of the Kingdom, 23 September (1932) +Executive branch: + monarch and prime minister, crown prince and deputy prime minister, Council + of Ministers +Legislative branch: + none +Judicial branch: + Supreme Council of Justice +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + King and Prime Minister FAHD bin `Abd al-`Aziz Al Sa`ud (since 13 June + 1982); Crown Prince and Deputy Prime Minister `ABDALLAH bin `Abd al-`Aziz Al + Sa`ud (half-brother to the King, appointed heir to the throne 13 June 1982) +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + none +Member of: + ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, + IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador BANDAR Bin Sultan; Chancery at 601 New Hampshire Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 342-3800; there are Saudi Arabian + Consulates General in Houston, Los Angeles, and New York + US: + Ambassador Charles W. FREEMAN, Jr.; Embassy at Collector Road M, Diplomatic + Quarter, Riyadh (mailing address is American Embassy, Unit 61307, Riyadh; + International Mail: P. O. Box 94309, Riyadh 11693; or APO AE 09803-1307); + telephone [966] (1) 488-3800; Telex 406866; there are US Consulates General + in Dhahran and Jiddah (Jeddah) +Flag: + green with large white Arabic script (that may be translated as There is no + God but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God) above a white horizontal + saber (the tip points to the hoist side); green is the traditional color of + Islam + +:Saudi Arabia Economy + +Overview: + The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 70% of budget revenues, 37% of + GDP, and almost all export earnings. Saudi Arabia has the largest reserves + of petroleum in the world, ranks as the largest exporter of petroleum, and + plays a leading role in OPEC. For the 1990s the government intends to + encourage private economic activity and to foster the gradual process of + turning Saudi Arabia into a modern industrial state that retains traditional + Islamic values. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $104 billion, per capita $5,800; real growth rate + 1.5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 0% (1989 est.) +Budget: + revenues $40.3 billion; expenditures $48.3 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1992) +Exports: + $44.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + petroleum and petroleum products 85% + partners: + US 22%, Japan 22%, Singapore 7%, France 6% +Imports: + $21.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + manufactured goods, transportation equipment, construction materials, + processed food products + partners: + US 16%, UK 14%, Japan 14%, FRG 7% +External debt: + $18.9 billion (December 1989 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -1.1% (1989 est.); accounts for 37% of GDP, including petroleum +Electricity: + 30,000,000 kW capacity; 60,000 million kWh produced, 3,300 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals, cement, + small steel-rolling mill, construction, fertilizer, plastic +Agriculture: + accounts for about 10% of GDP, 16% of labor force; fastest growing economic + sector; subsidized by government; products - wheat, barley, tomatoes, + melons, dates, citrus fruit, mutton, chickens, eggs, milk; approaching + self-sufficiency in food +Economic aid: + donor - pledged $64.7 billion in bilateral aid (1979-89) +Currency: + Saudi riyal (plural - riyals); 1 Saudi riyal (SR) = 100 halalas +Exchange rates: + Saudi riyals (SR) per US$1 - 3.7450 (fixed rate since late 1986), 3.7033 + (1986) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Saudi Arabia Communications + +Railroads: + 886 km 1.435-meter standard gauge +Highways: + 74,000 km total; 35,000 km paved, 39,000 km gravel and improved earth +Pipelines: + crude oil 6,400 km, petroleum products 150 km, natural gas 2,200 km, + includes natural gas liquids 1,600 km +Ports: + Jiddah, Ad Dammam, Ras Tanura, Jizan, Al Jubayl, Yanbu al Bahr, Yanbu al + Sinaiyah +Merchant marine: + 8l ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 884,470 GRT/1,254,882 DWT; includes 1 + passenger, 7 short-sea passenger, 11 cargo, 14 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 + container, 6 refrigerated cargo, 5 livestock carrier, 24 petroleum tanker, 7 + chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 1 specialized tanker, 1 bulk +Civil air: + 104 major transport aircraft available +Airports: + 211 total, 191 usable; 70 with permanent-surface runways; 14 with runways + over 3,659 m; 37 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 105 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + good system with extensive microwave and coaxial and fiber optic cable + systems; 1,624,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 43 AM, 13 FM, 80 TV; + radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and Sudan; + coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan; submarine cable to Djibouti, Egypt and + Bahrain; earth stations - 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Indian Ocean + INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, 1 INMARSAT + +:Saudi Arabia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Land Force (Army), Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, National Guard, Coast + Guard, Frontier Forces, Special Security Force, Public Security Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 5,619,147; 3,118,261 fit for military service; 133,314 reach + military age (17) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $14.5 billion, 13% of GDP (1992 budget) + +:Senegal Geography + +Total area: + 196,190 km2 +Land area: + 192,000 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than South Dakota +Land boundaries: + 2,640 km total; The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km, Guinea-Bissau 338 km, Mali + 419 km, Mauritania 813 km +Coastline: + 531 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + edge of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + short section of the boundary with The Gambia is indefinite; the + International Court of Justice (ICJ) on 12 November 1991 rendered its + decision on the Guinea-Bissau/ Senegal maritime boundary in favor of Senegal + - that decision has been rejected by Guinea-Bissau; boundary with Mauritania +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (December to April) has strong southeast + winds; dry season (May to November) dominated by hot, dry harmattan wind +Terrain: + generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast +Natural resources: + fish, phosphates, iron ore +Land use: + arable land 27%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 30%; forest and + woodland 31%; other 12%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + lowlands seasonally flooded; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; + desertification +Note: + The Gambia is almost an enclave + +:Senegal People + +Population: + 8,205,058 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 44 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 13 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 80 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 54 years male, 57 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Senegalese (singular and plural); adjective - Senegalese +Ethnic divisions: + Wolof 36%, Fulani 17%, Serer 17%, Toucouleur 9%, Diola 9%, Mandingo 9%, + European and Lebanese 1%, other 2% +Religions: + Muslim 92%, indigenous beliefs 6%, Christian 2% (mostly Roman Catholic) +Languages: + French (official); Wolof, Pulaar, Diola, Mandingo +Literacy: + 38% (male 52%, female 25%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 2,509,000; 77% subsistence agricultural workers; 175,000 wage earners - + private sector 40%, government and parapublic 60%; 52% of population of + working age (1985) +Organized labor: + majority of wage-labor force represented by unions; however, dues-paying + membership very limited; major confederation is National Confederation of + Senegalese Labor (CNTS), an affiliate of the governing party + +:Senegal Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Senegal +Type: + republic under multiparty democratic rule +Capital: + Dakar +Administrative divisions: + 10 regions (regions, singular - region); Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaolack, + Kolda, Louga, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda, Thies, Ziguinchor +Independence: + 20 August 1960 (from France); The Gambia and Senegal signed an agreement on + 12 December 1981 (effective 1 February 1982) that called for the creation of + a loose confederation to be known as Senegambia, but the agreement was + dissolved on 30 September 1989 +Constitution: + 3 March 1963, last revised in 1991 +Legal system: + based on French civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in + Supreme Court, which also audits the government's accounting office; has not + accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 4 April (1960) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Abdou DIOUF (since 1 January 1981) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Habib THIAM (since 7 April 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Socialist Party (PS), President Abdou DIOUF; Senegalese Democratic Party + (PDS), Abdoulaye WADE; 13 other small uninfluential parties +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 28 February 1988 (next to be held NA February 1993); results - + Abdou DIOUF (PS) 73%, Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 26%, other 1% + National Assembly: + last held 28 February 1988 (next to be held NA February 1993); results - PS + 71%, PDS 25%, other 4%; seats - (120 total) PS 103, PDS 17 +Other political or pressure groups: + students, teachers, labor, Muslim Brotherhoods +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO + (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, + UNIIMOG, UPU, WADB, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Ibra Deguene KA; Chancery at 2112 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, + DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-0540 or 0541 + US: + Ambassador Katherine SHIRLEY; Embassy on Avenue Jean XXIII at the corner of + Avenue Kleber, Dakar (mailing address is B. P. 49, Dakar); telephone [221] + 23-42-96 or 23-34-24; FAX [221] 22-29-91 + +:Senegal Government + +Flag: + three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with a + small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; uses the popular + pan-African colors of Ethiopia + +:Senegal Economy + +Overview: + The agricultural sector accounts for about 20% of GDP and provides + employment for about 75% of the labor force. About 40% of the total + cultivated land is used to grow peanuts, an important export crop. The + principal economic resource is fishing, which brought in about $200 million + or about 25% of total foreign exchange earnings in 1987. Mining is dominated + by the extraction of phosphate, but production has faltered because of + reduced worldwide demand for fertilizers in recent years. Over the past 10 + years tourism has become increasingly important to the economy. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $5.0 billion, per capita $615; real growth rate + 3.6% (1990) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 2.0% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 3.5% (1987) +Budget: + revenues $921 million; expenditures $1,024 million; including capital + expenditures of $14 million (FY89 est.) +Exports: + $814 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + manufactures 30%, fish products 27%, peanuts 11%, petroleum products 11%, + phosphates 10% + partners: + France, other EC members, Mali, Ivory Coast, India +Imports: + $1.05 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + semimanufactures 30%, food 27%, durable consumer goods 17%, petroleum 12%, + capital goods 14% + partners: + France, other EC, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Algeria, China, Japan +External debt: + $2.9 billion (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 4.7% (1989); accounts for 15% of GDP +Electricity: + 215,000 kW capacity; 760 million kWh produced, 100 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining, petroleum refining, + building materials +Agriculture: + including fishing, accounts for 20% of GDP and more than 75% of labor force; + major products - peanuts (cash crop), millet, corn, sorghum, rice, cotton, + tomatoes, green vegetables; estimated two-thirds self-sufficient in food; + fish catch of 299,000 metric tons in 1987 +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $551 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.23 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $589 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $295 + million +Currency: + Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) + = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January + 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 + (1987) + +:Senegal Economy + +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June; note - in January 1993, Senegal will switch to a calendar + year + +:Senegal Communications + +Railroads: + 1,034 km 1.000-meter gauge; all single track except 70 km double track Dakar + to Thies +Highways: + 14,007 km total; 3,777 km paved, 10,230 km laterite or improved earth +Inland waterways: + 897 km total; 785 km on the Senegal, 112 km on the Saloum +Ports: + Dakar, Kaolack, Foundiougne, Ziguinchor +Merchant marine: + 2 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 7,676 GRT/12,310 DWT; includes 1 + cargo, 1 bulk +Civil air: + 3 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 25 total, 19 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + above-average urban system, using microwave and cable; broadcast stations - + 8 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 3 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth + station + +:Senegal Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie, National Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,814,452; 947,723 fit for military service; 88,271 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 2% of GDP (1989 est.) + +:Serbia and Montenegro Geography + +Total area: + 102,350 km2 +Land area: + 102,136 km2: note - Serbia has a total area and a land area of 88,412 km2 + while Montenegro has a total area of 13,938 km2 and a land area of 13,724 + km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Kentucky; note - Serbia is slightly larger than Maine + while Montenegro is slightly larger than Connecticut +Land boundaries: + 2,234 km total; Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia, 173 km with Montenegro), + Bosnia and Hercegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia, 215 km with Montenegro), + Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 239 km, Croatia (south) 15 km, Hungary 151 + km, Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km; note - the internal boundary between + Montenegro and Serbia is 211 km +Coastline: + 199 km; Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked + Contiguous zone: + NA nm + Continental shelf: + NA meter depth + Exclusive fishing zone: + NA nm + Exclusive economic zone: + NA nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Sandzak region bordering northern Montenegro and southeastern Serbia - + Muslims seeking autonomy; Vojvodina taken from Hungary and awarded to the + former Yugoslavia (Serbia) by Treaty of Trianon in 1920; disputes with + Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia over Serbian populated areas; Albanian + minority in Kosovo seeks independence from Serbian Republic +Climate: + in the north, continental climate - cold winter and hot, humid summers with + well distributed rainfall; central portion, continental and Mediterranean + climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers + and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland +Terrain: + extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone + ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountain and hills; to the + southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off the coast; home of + largest lake in former Yugoslavia, Lake Scutari +Natural resources: + oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome +Land use: + arable land 30%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and + woodland 25%; other 20%; includes irrigated 5% +Environment: + coastal water pollution from sewage outlets, especially in tourist related + areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial + cities; water pollution along Danube from industrial waste dump into the + Sava which drains into the Danube; subject to destructive earthquakes +Note: + controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the + Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast + +:Serbia and Montenegro People + +Population: + 10,642,000 (July 1992), growth rate NA% (1991) +Birth rate: + NA births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + Serbia - 70.11 years male, 75.21 years female (1992); Montenegro - 76.33 + years male, 82.27 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Serbian(s) and Montenegrin(s); adjective - Serbian and Montenegrin +Ethnic divisions: + Serbs 63%, Albanians 14%, Montenegrins 6%, Hungarians 4% +Religions: + Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11% +Languages: + Serbo-Croatian 100% +Literacy: + 89% (male 95%, female 83%) age 10 and over can read and write (1991 est.) +Labor force: + 2,640,909; industry, mining 40%, agriculture 5% (1990) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Serbia and Montenegro Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + republic +Capital: + Belgrade +Administrative divisions: + 2 provinces (pokajine, singular - pokajina); and 2 automous provinces*; + Kosovo*, Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina* +Independence: + NA April 1992 +Constitution: + NA April 1992 +Legal system: + based on civil law system +National holiday: + NA +Executive branch: + president, vice president, prime minister, deputy prime minister +Legislative branch: + Parliament +Judicial branch: + NA +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Dobric COSIC (since NA), Vice President Branko KOSTIC (since July + 1991); note - Slobodan MILOSEVIC is president of Serbia + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Milan PANIC (since 14 July 1992), Deputy Prime Minister + Aleksandr MITROVIC (since March 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + former Communisty Party, Slobodan MILOSEVIC; Serbian Radical Party, Vojislav + SESELJ; Serbian Renewal Party, Vok DRASKOVIC +Suffrage: + at age 16 if employed, universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + NA + Parliament: + last held 4 June 1992 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by + party NA; seats - (138 total) former Community Party 73, Radical Party 33, + other 32 +Communists: + NA +Other political or pressure groups: + NA +Member of: + CSCE, UN +Diplomatic representation: + none; US does not recognize Serbia and Montenegro +Flag: + NA + +:Serbia and Montenegro Economy + +Overview: + The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation has been accompanied by bloody + ethnic warfare, the destabilization of republic boundaries, and the breakup + of important interrepublic trade flows. The situation in Serbia and + Montenegro remains fluid in view of the extensive political and military + strife. This new state faces major economic problems. First, like the other + former Yugoslav republics, Serbia and Montenegro depended on their sister + republics for large amounts of foodstuffs, energy supplies, and + manufactures. Wide varieties in climate, mineral resources, and levels of + technology among the six republics accentuated this interdependence, as did + the Communist practice of concentrating much industrial output in a small + number of giant plants. The breakup of many of the trade links, the sharp + drop in output as industrial plants lost suppliers and markets, and the + destruction of physical assets in the fighting all have contributed to the + economic difficulties of the republics. One singular factor in the economic + situation of Serbia and Montenegro is the continuation in office of a + Communist government that is primarily interested in political and military + mastery, not economic reform. A further complication is the major economic + sanctions by the leading industrial nations. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $44 billion, per capita $4,200; real growth rate + NA% (1990) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 60% per month +Unemployment rate: + 25-40% +Budget: + NA +Exports: + $4.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment 29%, manufactured goods 28.5%, + miscellaneous manufactured articles 13.5%, chemicals 11%, food and live + animals 9%, raw materials 6%, fuels and lubricants 2%, beverages and tobacco + 1% + partners: + principally the other former Yugoslav republics; Italy, Germany, other EC, + the former USSR, East European countries, US +Imports: + $6.4 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment 26%, fuels and lubricants 18%, + manufactured goods 16%, chemicals 12.5%, food and live animals 11%, + miscellaneous manufactured items 8%, raw materials, including coking coal + for the steel industry, 7%, beverages, tobacco, and edible oils 1.5% + partners: + principally the other former Yugoslav republics; the former USSR, EC + countries (mainly Italy and Germany), East European countries, US +External debt: + $4.2 billion (may assume some part of foreign debt of former Yugoslavia) +Industrial production: + growth rate -20% or greater (1991 est.) +Electricity: + 8,633,000 kW capacity; 34,600 million kWh produced, 3,496 kWh per capita + (1991) + +:Serbia and Montenegro Economy + +Industries: + machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; armored vehicles and + weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery), metallurgy (steel, + aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium), mining + (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone), consumer goods + (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances), electronics, petroleum + products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals +Agriculture: + the fertile plains of Vojvodina produce 80% of the cereal production of the + former Yugoslavia and most of the cotton, oilseeds, and chicory; Vojvodina + also produces fodder crops to support intensive beef and dairy production; + Serbia proper, although hilly, has a well-distributed rainfall and a long + growing season; produces fruit, grapes, and cereals; in this area, livestock + production (sheep and cattle) and dairy farming prosper; Kosovo province + produces fruits, vegetables, tobacco, and a small amount of cereals; the + mountainous pastures of Kosovo and Montenegro support sheep and goat + husbandry; Montenegro has only a small agriculture sector, mostly near the + coast where a Mediterranean climate permits the culture of olives, citrus, + grapes, and rice +Illicit drugs: + NA +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + Yugoslav New Dinar (plural - New Dinars); 1 Yugo New Dinar (YD) = 100 paras +Exchange rates: + Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1 - 28.230 (December 1991), 15.162 (1990), + 15.528 (1989), 0.701 (1988), 0.176 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Serbia and Montenegro Communications + +Railroads: + NA +Highways: + 46,019 km total (1990); 26,949 km paved, 10,373 km gravel, 8,697 km earth +Inland waterways: + NA km +Pipelines: + crude oil 415 km, petroleum products 130 km, natural gas 2,110 km +Ports: + maritime - Bar; inland - Belgrade +Merchant marine: + 43 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 866,915 GRT/1,449,094 DWT; includes 19 + cargo, 5 container, 16 bulk carriers, 2 combination/ore carrier and 1 + passenger ship, under Serbian and Montenegrin flag; note - Montenegro also + operates 3 bulk carriers under the flags of Panama and Saint Vincent and the + Grenadines +Civil air: + NA +Airports: + NA +Telecommunications: + 700,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 26 AM, 9 FM, 18 TV; 2,015,000 + radios; 1,000,000 TVs; satellite ground stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + +:Serbia and Montenegro Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, and Air Forces +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,545,357; NA fit for military service; 96,832 reach military + age (18) annually (est.) +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Seychelles Geography + +Total area: + 455 km2 +Land area: + 455 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 491 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + edge of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claims Tromelin Island +Climate: + tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to + September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May) +Terrain: + Mahe Group is granitic, narrow coastal strip, rocky, hilly; others are + coral, flat, elevated reefs +Natural resources: + fish, copra, cinnamon trees +Land use: + arable land 4%; permanent crops 18%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 18%; other 60% +Environment: + lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare; short droughts + possible; no fresh water - catchments collect rain; 40 granitic and about 50 + coralline islands +Note: + located north-northeast of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean + +:Seychelles People + +Population: + 69,519 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992) +Birth rate: + 23 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -8 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 15 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 65 years male, 75 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Seychellois (singular and plural); adjective - Seychelles +Ethnic divisions: + Seychellois (mixture of Asians, Africans, Europeans) +Religions: + Roman Catholic 90%, Anglican 8%, other 2% +Languages: + English and French (official); Creole +Literacy: + 85% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990) +Labor force: + 27,700; industry and commerce 31%, services 21%, government 20%, + agriculture, forestry, and fishing 12%, other 16% (1985); 57% of population + of working age (1983) +Organized labor: + three major trade unions + +:Seychelles Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Seychelles +Type: + republic +Capital: + Victoria +Administrative divisions: + 23 administrative districts; Anse aux Pins, Anse Boileau, Anse Etoile, Anse + Louis, Anse Royale, Baie Lazare, Baie Sainte Anne, Beau Vallon, Bel Air, Bel + Ombre, Cascade, Glacis, Grand' Anse (on Mahe Island), Grand' Anse (on + Praslin Island), La Digue, La Riviere Anglaise, Mont Buxton, Mont Fleuri, + Plaisance, Pointe La Rue, Port Glaud, Saint Louis, Takamaka +Independence: + 29 June 1976 (from UK) +Constitution: + 5 June 1979 +Legal system: + based on English common law, French civil law, and customary law +National holiday: + Liberation Day (anniversary of coup), 5 June (1977) +Executive branch: + president, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral People's Assembly (Assemblee du Peuple) +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal, Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President France Albert RENE (since 5 June 1977) +Political parties and leaders: + ruling party - Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF), France Albert + RENE; note - in December 1991, President RENE announced that the Seychelles + would begin an immediate transition to a multiparty political system; + registration of new political parties was scheduled to begin in January 1992 +Suffrage: + universal at age 17 +Elections: + election of delegates to a multiparty constitutional conference is scheduled + for June 1992 + President: + last held 9-11 June 1989 (next to be held NA June 1994); results - President + France Albert RENE reelected without opposition + People's Assembly: + last held 5 December 1987 (next to be held NA December 1992); results - SPPF + was the only legal party; seats - (25 total, 23 elected) SPPF 23 +Other political or pressure groups: + trade unions, Roman Catholic Church +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, + IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Second Secretary, Charge d'Affaires ad interim Marc R. MARENGO; Chancery + (temporary) at 820 Second Avenue, Suite 900F, New York, NY 10017; telephone + (212) 687-9766 + US: + Ambassador Richard W. CARLSON; Embassy at 4th Floor, Victoria House, + Victoria (mailing address is Box 148, Victoria, and Victoria House, Box 251, + Victoria, Mahe, Seychelles, or APO AE 09815-2501); telephone (248) 25256; + FAX (248) 25189 + +:Seychelles Government + +Flag: + three horizontal bands of red (top), white (wavy), and green; the white band + is the thinnest, the red band is the thickest + +:Seychelles Economy + +Overview: + In this small, open, tropical island economy, the tourist industry employs + about 30% of the labor force and provides more than 70% of hard currency + earnings. In recent years the government has encouraged foreign investment + in order to upgrade hotels and other services. At the same time, the + government has moved to reduce the high dependence on tourism by promoting + the development of farming, fishing, and small-scale manufacturing. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $350 million, per capita $5,200; real growth rate + -4.5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 1.8% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 9% (1987) +Budget: + revenues $180 million; expenditures $202 million, including capital + expenditures of $32 million (1989) +Exports: + $40 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + fish, copra, cinnamon bark, petroleum products (reexports) + partners: + France 63%, Pakistan 12%, Reunion 10%, UK 7% (1987) +Imports: + $186 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + manufactured goods, food, tobacco, beverages, machinery and transportation + equipment, petroleum products + partners: + UK 20%, France 14%, South Africa 13%, PDRY 13%, Singapore 8%, Japan 6% + (1987) +External debt: + $189 million (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 7% (1987); accounts for 10% of GDP +Electricity: + 30,000 kW capacity; 80 million kWh produced, 1,160 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + tourism, processing of coconut and vanilla, fishing, coir rope factory, boat + building, printing, furniture, beverage +Agriculture: + accounts for 7% of GDP, mostly subsistence farming; cash crops - coconuts, + cinnamon, vanilla; other products - sweet potatoes, cassava, bananas; + broiler chickens; large share of food needs imported; expansion of tuna + fishing under way +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY78-89), $26 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1978-89), $315 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $60 + million +Currency: + Seychelles rupee (plural - rupees); 1 Seychelles rupee (SRe) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Seychelles rupees (SRe) per US$1 - 5.2946 (March 1992), 5.2893 (1991), + 5.3369 (1990), 5.6457 (1989), 5.3836 (1988), 5.6000 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Seychelles Communications + +Highways: + 260 km total; 160 km paved, 100 km crushed stone or earth +Ports: + Victoria +Merchant marine: + 1 refrigerated cargo totaling 1,827 GRT/2,170 DWT +Civil air: + 1 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 14 total, 14 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + direct radio communications with adjacent islands and African coastal + countries; 13,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 2 TV; 1 + Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station; USAF tracking station + +:Seychelles Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Presidential Protection Unit, Police Force, Militia +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 17,739; 9,096 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $12 million, 4% of GDP (1990 est.) + +:Sierra Leone Geography + +Total area: + 71,740 km2 +Land area: + 71,620 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than South Carolina +Land boundaries: + 958 km total; Guinea 652 km, Liberia 306 km +Coastline: + 402 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 200 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry + season (December to April) +Terrain: + coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country, upland plateau, + mountains in east +Natural resources: + diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, chromite +Land use: + arable land 25%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 31%; forest and + woodland 29%; other 13%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + extensive mangrove swamps hinder access to sea; deforestation; soil + degradation + +:Sierra Leone People + +Population: + 4,456,737 (July 1992), growth rate -0.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + 46 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 20 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -28 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 148 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 43 years male, 48 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Sierra Leonean(s); adjective - Sierra Leonean +Ethnic divisions: + native African 99% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%); Creole, European, Lebanese, and + Asian 1%; 13 tribes +Religions: + Muslim 30%, indigenous beliefs 30%, Christian 10%, other or none 30% +Languages: + English (official); regular use limited to literate minority; principal + vernaculars are Mende in south and Temne in north; Krio is the language of + the resettled ex-slave population of the Freetown area and is lingua franca +Literacy: + 21% (male 31%, female 11%) age 15 and over can read and write English, + Mende, Temne, or Arabic (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 1,369,000 (est.); agriculture 65%, industry 19%, services 16% (1981); only + about 65,000 earn wages (1985); 55% of population of working age +Organized labor: + 35% of wage earners + +:Sierra Leone Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Sierra Leone +Type: + military government +Capital: + Freetown +Administrative divisions: + Western Area and 3 provinces; Eastern, Northern, Southern +Independence: + 27 April 1961 (from UK) +Constitution: + 1 October 1991; amended September 1991 +Legal system: + based on English law and customary laws indigenous to local tribes; has not + accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Republic Day, 27 April (1961) +Executive branch: + National Provisional Ruling Council +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Representatives (suspended after coup of 29 April 1992) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (suspended after coup of 29 April 1992) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Gen. Joseph Saidu MOMOH was ousted in coup of 29 April 1992; + succeeded by Chairman of the National Provisional Ruling Council Valentine + STRASSER (since 29 April 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + status of existing political parties are unknown following 29 April 1992 + coup +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + suspended after 29 April 1992 coup; Chairman STRASSER promises multi-party + elections sometime in the future +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, + IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, + OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador (vacant); Chancery at 1701 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009; + telephone (202) 939-9261 + US: + Ambassador Johnny YOUNG; Embassy at the corner of Walpole and Siaka Stevens + Street, Freetown; telephone [232] (22) 226-481; FAX [232] (22) 225471 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of light green (top), white, and light blue + +:Sierra Leone Economy + +Overview: + The economic and social infrastructure is not well developed. Subsistence + agriculture dominates the economy, generating about one-third of GDP and + employing about two-thirds of the working population. Manufacturing, which + accounts for roughly 10% of GDP, consists mainly of the processing of raw + materials and of light manufacturing for the domestic market. Diamond mining + provides an important source of hard currency. The economy suffers from high + unemployment, rising inflation, large trade deficits, and a growing + dependency on foreign assistance. The government in 1990 was attempting to + get the budget deficit under control and, in general, to bring economic + policy in line with the recommendations of the IMF and the World Bank. Since + March 1991, however, military incursions by Liberian rebels in southern and + eastern Sierra Leone have severely strained the economy and have undermined + efforts to institute economic reforms. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.4 billion, per capita $330; real growth rate + 3% (FY91 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 110% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $134 million; expenditures $187 million, including capital + expenditures of $32 million (FY91 est.) +Exports: + $138 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + rutile 50%, bauxite 17%, cocoa 11%, diamonds 3%, coffee 3% + partners: + US, UK, Belgium, FRG, other Western Europe +Imports: + $146 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + capital goods 40%, food 32%, petroleum 12%, consumer goods 7%, light + industrial goods + partners: + US, EC, Japan, China, Nigeria +External debt: + $572 million (1990) +Industrial production: + NA +Electricity: + 85,000 kW capacity; 185 million kWh produced, 45 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + mining (diamonds, bauxite, rutile), small-scale manufacturing (beverages, + textiles, cigarettes, footwear), petroleum refinery +Agriculture: + accounts for over 30% of GDP and two-thirds of the labor force; largely + subsistence farming; cash crops - coffee, cocoa, palm kernels; harvests of + food staple rice meets 80% of domestic needs; annual fish catch averages + 53,000 metric tons +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $161 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $848 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $18 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $101 + million +Currency: + leone (plural - leones); 1 leone (Le) = 100 cents + +:Sierra Leone Economy + +Exchange rates: + leones (Le) per US$1 - 476.74 (March 1992), 295.34 (1991), 144.9275 (1990), + 58.1395 (1989), 31.2500 (1988), 30.7692 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Sierra Leone Communications + +Railroads: + 84 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge mineral line is used on a limited basis + because the mine at Marampa is closed +Highways: + 7,400 km total; 1,150 km paved, 490 km laterite (some gravel), remainder + improved earth +Inland waterways: + 800 km; 600 km navigable year round +Ports: + Freetown, Pepel, Bonthe +Merchant marine: + 1 cargo ship totaling 5,592 GRT/9,107 DWT +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 12 total, 7 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + marginal telephone and telegraph service; national microwave system + unserviceable at present; 23,650 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 + FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Sierra Leone Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, National Police Force, Special Security Detachment +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 976,147; 472,112 fit for military service; no conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $6 million, 0.7% of GDP (1988 est.) + +:Singapore Geography + +Total area: + 632.6 km2 +Land area: + 622.6 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 193 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 12 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm +Disputes: + two islands in dispute with Malaysia +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid, rainy; no pronounced rainy or dry seasons; + thunderstorms occur on 40% of all days (67% of days in April) +Terrain: + lowland; gently undulating central plateau contains water catchment area and + nature preserve +Natural resources: + fish, deepwater ports +Land use: + arable land 4%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 5%; other 84% +Environment: + mostly urban and industrialized +Note: + focal point for Southeast Asian sea routes + +:Singapore People + +Population: + 2,792,092 (July 1992), growth rate 1.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 18 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 73 years male, 78 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Singaporean(s); adjective - Singapore +Ethnic divisions: + Chinese 76.4%, Malay 14.9%, Indian 6.4%, other 2.3% +Religions: + majority of Chinese are Buddhists or atheists; Malays are nearly all Muslim + (minorities include Christians, Hindus, Sikhs, Taoists, Confucianists) +Languages: + Chinese, Malay, Tamil, and English (all official); Malay (national) +Literacy: + 88% (male 93%, female 84%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 1,485,800; financial, business, and other services 30.2%, manufacturing + 28.4%, commerce 22.0%, construction 9.0%, other 10.4% (1990) +Organized labor: + 210,000; 16.1% of labor force (1989) + +:Singapore Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Singapore +Type: + republic within Commonwealth +Capital: + Singapore +Administrative divisions: + none +Independence: + 9 August 1965 (from Malaysia) +Constitution: + 3 June 1959, amended 1965; based on preindependence State of Singapore + Constitution +Legal system: + based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 9 August (1965) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, two deputy prime ministers, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President WEE Kim Wee (since 3 September 1985) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister GOH Chok Tong (since 28 November 1990); Deputy Prime Minister + LEE Hsien Loong (since 28 November 1990); Deputy Prime Ministers ONG Teng + Cheong (since 2 January 1985) and LEE Hsien Loong +Political parties and leaders: + government: + People's Action Party (PAP), LEE Kuan Yew, secretary general; + opposition: + Workers' Party (WP), J. B. JEYARETNAM; Singapore Democratic Party (SDP), + CHIAM See Tong; National Solidarity Party (NSP), leader NA; Barisan Sosialis + (BS, Socialist Front), leader NA +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 20 +Elections: + President: + last held 31 August 1989 (next to be held NA August 1993); results - + President WEE Kim Wee was reelected by Parliament without opposition + Parliament: + last held 31 August 1991 (next to be held 31 August 1996); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (81 total) PAP 77, SDP 3, WP 1 +Communists: + 200-500; Barisan Sosialis infiltrated by Communists; note - Communist party + illegal +Member of: + APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, + ICFTU, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, + LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador S. R. NATHAN; Chancery at 1824 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20009; + telephone (202) 667-7555 + US: + Ambassador Robert D. ORR; Embassy at 30 Hill Street, Singapore 0617 (mailing + address is FPO AP 96534); telephone [65] 338-0251; FAX [65] 338-4550 + +:Singapore Government + +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near the hoist side of + the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent (closed portion is toward + the hoist side) partially enclosing five white five-pointed stars arranged + in a circle + +:Singapore Economy + +Overview: + Singapore has an open entrepreneurial economy with strong service and + manufacturing sectors and excellent international trading links derived from + its entrepot history. During the 1970s and early 1980s, the economy expanded + rapidly, achieving an average annual growth rate of 9%. Per capita GDP is + among the highest in Asia. The economy grew at a respectable 6.5% in 1991, + down from 8.3% in 1990, in part because of a slowdown in overseas demand and + lower growth in the financial and business services sector. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $38.3 billion, per capita $13,900; real growth + rate 6.5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.4% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 1.5% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $9.8 billion; expenditures $9.0 billion, including capital + expenditures of $2.8 billion (FY91 est.) +Exports: + $57.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + includes transshipments to Malaysia - petroleum products, rubber, + electronics, manufactured goods + partners: + US 20%, Malaysia 15%, Japan 9%, Hong Kong 7%, Thailand 6% +Imports: + $65.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + includes transshipments from Malaysia - capital equipment, petroleum, + chemicals, manufactured goods, foodstuffs + partners: + Japan 21%, US 16%, Malaysia 15%, Taiwan 4% +External debt: + $3.8 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 9% (1991 est.); accounts for 29% of GDP (1990) +Electricity: + 4,000,000 kW capacity; 14,400 million kWh produced, 5,300 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + petroleum refining, electronics, oil drilling equipment, rubber processing + and rubber products, processed food and beverages, ship repair, entrepot + trade, financial services, biotechnology +Agriculture: + occupies a position of minor importance in the economy; self-sufficient in + poultry and eggs; must import much of other food; major crops - rubber, + copra, fruit, vegetables +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $590 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.0 billion +Currency: + Singapore dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Singapore dollar (S$) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Singapore dollars (S$) per US$1 - 1.6596 (March 1992), 1.7276 (1991), 1.8125 + (1990), 1.9503 (1989), 2.0124 (1988), 2.1060 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Singapore Communications + +Railroads: + 38 km of 1.000-meter gauge +Highways: + 2,597 km total (1984) +Ports: + Singapore +Merchant marine: + 468 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,751,619 GRT/14,195,718 DWT; + includes 1 passenger-cargo, 126 cargo, 74 container, 7 roll-on/roll-off + cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 18 vehicle carrier, 1 livestock carrier, 144 + petroleum tanker, 5 chemical tanker, 4 combination ore/oil, 1 specialized + tanker, 5 liquefied gas, 74 bulk, 2 combination bulk, 1 short-sea passenger; + note - many Singapore flag ships are foreign owned +Civil air: + 38 major transport aircraft (est.) +Airports: + 10 total, 10 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over + 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + good domestic facilities; good international service; good radio and + television broadcast coverage; 1,110,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 13 + AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; submarine cables extend to Malaysia (Sabah and peninsular + Malaysia), Indonesia, and the Philippines; satellite earth stations - 1 + Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT + +:Singapore Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, People's Defense Force, Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 847,435; 626,914 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, 4% of GDP (1990 est.) + +:Slovenia Geography + +Total area: + 20,296 km2 +Land area: + 20,296 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than New Jersey +Land boundaries: + 998 km total; Austria 262 km, Croatia 455 km, Italy 199 km, Hungary 83 km +Coastline: + 32 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + NA nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + NA nm + Exclusive fishing zone: + NA nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + dispute with Croatia over fishing rights in the Adriatic; small vocal + minority in northern Italy seeks the return of parts of southwestern + Slovenia +Climate: + Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot + summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east +Terrain: + a short coastal strip on the Adriatic, an alpine mountain region adjacent to + Italy, mixed mountain and valleys with numerous rivers to the east +Natural resources: + lignite coal, lead, zinc, mercury, uranium, silver +Land use: + arable land 10%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and + woodland 45%; other 23%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + Sava River polluted with domestic and industrial waste; heavy metals and + toxic chemicals along coastal waters; near Koper, forest damage from air + pollutants originating at metallurgical and chemical plants; subject to + flooding and earthquakes + +:Slovenia People + +Population: + 1,963,000 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + NA births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 70 years male, 78 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Slovene(s); adjective - Slovenia +Ethnic divisions: + Slovene 91%, Croat 3%, Serb 2%, Muslim 1%, other 3% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 94%, Orthodox Catholic 2%, Muslim 1%, other 3% +Languages: + Slovenian 91%, Serbo-Croatian 7%, other 2% +Literacy: + 99.2% (male 99.3%, female 99.1%) age 10 and over can read and write +Labor force: + 786,036; 2% agriculture, manufacturing and mining 46% +Organized labor: + NA + +:Slovenia Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Slovenia +Type: + emerging democracy +Capital: + Ljubljana +Administrative divisions: + 62 provinces (pokajine, singular - pokajina) +Independence: + 25 June 1991; 15 January 1992 from Yugoslavia +Constitution: + adopted 23 December 1991, effective 23 December 1991 +Legal system: + based on civil law system +National holiday: + NA +Executive branch: + president, 4 vice presidents +Legislative branch: + bicameral; consists of the State Assembly and the State Council; note - will + take effect after next election +Judicial branch: + NA +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Milan KUCAN (since 22 April 1990); Vice President Matjaz KMECL + (since 11 April 1990); Vice President Ivan OMAN (since 11 April 1990); Vice + President Dusan PLUT (since 11 April 1990); Vice President Ciril ZLOBEC + (since 11 April 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Janez DRNOVSEK (since 14 May 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + Christian Democratic, Lozje PETERLE, chairman; Liberal Democratic, Janez + DRNOVSEK, chairman; Social Democratic, Joze PUNIK, chairman; Socialist, + Viktor ZAKELJ, chairman; Greens, Dusan PLUT, chairman; National Democratic, + Rajko PIRNAT, chairman; Democratic Peoples Party, Marjan PODOBNIK, chairman; + Reformed Socialists (former Communist Party), Ciril RIBICIC, chairman +Suffrage: + at age 16 if employed, universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held NA (next to be held NA) + State Assembly: + last held NA (next to be held NA); + State Council: + last held NA (next to be held NA) +Communists: + NA +Other political or pressure groups: + NA +Member of: + CSCE, IMF, UN +Diplomatic representation: + Representative Ernest PETRIC; Chancery at 1300 19th Street NW, Washington, + DC 20036; telephone (202) 828-1650 + US: + Ambassador Ignac GOLOB, Embassy at NA (mailing address is APO AE 09862); + telephone NA + +:Slovenia Government + +Flag: + a three color flag, white (hoist side), blue, and red of equal width with + the Slovenian seal (a shield with the image of Triglav in white against a + blue background at the center; beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting + seas and rivers; around it, there are three six-sided stars arranged in an + inverted triangle); the seal is located in the upper hoist side of the flag + centered in the white and blue band + +:Slovenia Economy + +Overview: + Slovenia was by far the most prosperous of the old Yugoslav republics, with + a per capita income more than twice the Yugoslav average, indeed not far + below the levels in neighboring Austria and Italy. Because of its strong + ties to Western Europe and the small scale of damage during internecine + fighting in Yugoslavia, Slovenia has the brightest prospects among the + former Yugoslav republics for economic reform and recovery over the next few + years. The political and economic disintegration of Yugoslavia, however, has + led to severe short-term dislocations in production, employment, and trade + ties. For example, overall industrial production fell 10% in 1991; + particularly hard hit were the iron and steel, machine-building, chemical, + and textile industries. Meanwhile, fighting has continued in other republics + leading to further destruction of long-established trade channels and to an + influx of tens of thousands of Croatian refugees. As in other former + Communist areas in Eastern Europe, economic reform has often sputtered not + only because of the vested interests of old bosses in retaining old rules of + the game but also because of the tangible losses experienced by + rank-and-file people in the transition to a more market-oriented system. The + key program for breaking up and privatizing major industrial firms has not + yet begun. Bright spots for encouraging Western investors are Slovenia's + comparatively well-educated work force, its developed infrastructure, and + its Western business attitudes. Slovenia in absolute terms is a small + economy, and a little Western investment would go a long way. +GDP: + $21 billion, per capita $10,700; real growth rate -10% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 15-20% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 10% (April 1992) +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $4,120 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment 38%, other manufactured goods 44%, + chemicals 9%, food and live animals 4.6%, raw materials 3%, beverages and + tobacco less than 1% + partners: + principally the other former Yugoslav republics, Austria, and Italy +Imports: + $4,679 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and transport equipment 35%, other manufactured goods 26.7%, + chemicals 14.5%, raw materials 9.4%, fuels and lubricants 7%, food and live + animals 6% + partners: + principally the other former Yugoslav republics, Germany, former USSR, US, + Hungary, Italy, and Austria +External debt: + $2.5 billion +Industrial production: + industrial production has been declining at a rate of about 1% per month + (1991-92), mostly because of lost markets in the other former Yugoslav + republics +Electricity: + 2,900,000 kW capacity; 12,250 million kWh produced, 6,447 kWh per capita + (1991) + +:Slovenia Economy + +Industries: + ferrous metallurgy and rolling mill products, aluminum reduction and rolled + products, lead and zinc smelting, electronics (including military + electronics), trucks, electric power equipment, wood products, textiles, + chemicals, machine tools +Agriculture: + dominated by stock breeding (sheep and cattle) and dairy farming; main crops + are potatoes, hops, hemp, and flax; although self-sufficient and having an + export surplus in these commodities, Slovenia must import many other + agricultural products and has a negative overall trade balance in this + sector +Illicit drugs: + NA +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + Slovene Tolar (plural - Tolars); 1 Tolar (SLT) = 100 NA +Exchange rates: + Tolars (SLT) per US$1 - 28 (January 1992) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Slovenia Communications + +Railroads: + NA +Highways: + 14,553 km total; 10,525 km paved, 4,028 km gravel +Inland waterways: + NA +Pipelines: + crude oil 290 km, natural gas 305 km +Ports: + maritime - Koper +Merchant marine: + 0 ships (1,000 GRT or over) are under Slovenian flag; note - Slovenian + owners control 21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 334,995 GRT/558,621 + DWT; includes 14 bulk carriers and 7 general cargo ships all under Saint + Vincent and the Grenadines flag +Civil air: + NA major transport aircraft +Airports: + 3 main airports +Telecommunications: + 130,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 5 FM, 7 TV; 370,000 radios; + 330,000 TVs + +:Slovenia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 444,030; NA fit for military service; 18,219 reach military age + (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - 13.5 billion Slovene Tolars, 4.5% of GDP (1992); + note - conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the current + exchange rate could produce misleading results + +:Solomon Islands Geography + +Total area: + 28,450 km2 +Land area: + 27,540 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Maryland +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 5,313 km +Maritime claims: + (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weather +Terrain: + mostly rugged mountains with some low coral atolls +Natural resources: + fish, forests, gold, bauxite, phosphates +Land use: + arable land 1%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and + woodland 93%; other 4% +Environment: + subject to typhoons, which are rarely destructive; geologically active + region with frequent earth tremors +Note: + located just east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean + +:Solomon Islands People + +Population: + 360,010 (July 1992), growth rate 3.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 40 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 30 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 67 years male, 72 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Solomon Islander(s); adjective - Solomon Islander +Ethnic divisions: + Melanesian 93.0%, Polynesian 4.0%, Micronesian 1.5%, European 0.8%, Chinese + 0.3%, other 0.4% +Religions: + almost all at least nominally Christian; Anglican 34%, Roman Catholic 19%, + Baptist 17%, United (Methodist/Presbyterian) 11%, Seventh-Day Adventist 10%, + other Protestant 5% +Languages: + 120 indigenous languages; Melanesian pidgin in much of the country is lingua + franca; English spoken by 1-2% of population +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + 23,448 economically active; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 32.4%; + services 25%; construction, manufacturing, and mining 7.0%; commerce, + transport, and finance 4.7% (1984) +Organized labor: + NA, but most of the cash-economy workers have trade union representation + +:Solomon Islands Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Honiara +Administrative divisions: + 7 provinces and 1 town*; Central, Guadalcanal, Honiara*, Isabel, Makira, + Malaita, Temotu, Western +Independence: + 7 July 1978 (from UK; formerly British Solomon Islands) +Constitution: + 7 July 1978 +Legal system: + common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 7 July (1978) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Parliament +Judicial branch: + High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Sir George LEPPING (since 27 June 1989, previously acted as governor general + since 7 July 1988) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Solomon MAMALONI (since 28 March 1989); Deputy Prime Minister + Sir Baddeley DEVESI (since NA October 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + People's Alliance Party (PAP); United Party (UP), leader NA; Solomon Islands + Liberal Party (SILP), Bartholemew ULUFA'ALU; Nationalist Front for Progress + (NFP), Andrew NORI; Labor Party (LP), Joses TUHANUKU +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + National Parliament: + last held 22 February 1989 (next to be held NA February 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (38 total) PAP 13, UP 6, NFP 4, SILP 4, + LP 2, independents 9 +Member of: + ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, + IOC, ITU, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador (vacant) resides in Honiara (Solomon Islands) + US: + the ambassador in Papua New Guinea is accredited to the Solomon Islands; + Embassy at Mud Alley, Honiara (mailing address is American Embassy, P. O. + Box 561, Honiara); telephone (677) 23890; FAX (677) 23488 +Flag: + divided diagonally by a thin yellow stripe from the lower hoist-side corner; + the upper triangle (hoist side) is blue with five white five-pointed stars + arranged in an X pattern; the lower triangle is green + +:Solomon Islands Economy + +Overview: + About 90% of the population depend on subsistence agriculture, fishing, and + forestry for at least part of their livelihood. Agriculture, fishing, and + forestry contribute about 70% to GDP, with the fishing and forestry sectors + being important export earners. The service sector contributes about 25% to + GDP. Most manufactured goods and petroleum products must be imported. The + islands are rich in undeveloped mineral resources such as lead, zinc, + nickel, and gold. The economy suffered from a severe cyclone in mid-1986 + that caused widespread damage to the infrastructure. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $200 million, per capita $600; real growth rate + 6.0% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 10.2% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $44 million; expenditures $45 million, including capital + expenditures of $22 million (1989 est.) +Exports: + $67.3 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + fish 46%, timber 31%, copra 5%, palm oil 5% + partners: + Japan 51%, UK 12%, Thailand 9%, Netherlands 8%, Australia 2%, US 2% (1985) +Imports: + $86.0 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + plant and machinery 30%, fuel 19%, food 16% + partners: + Japan 36%, US 23%, Singapore 9%, UK 9%, NZ 9%, Australia 4%, Hong Kong 4%, + China 3% (1985) +External debt: + $128 million (1988 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0% (1987); accounts for 5% of GDP +Electricity: + 21,000 kW capacity; 39 million kWh produced, 115 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + copra, fish (tuna) +Agriculture: + including fishing and forestry, accounts for about 70% of GDP; mostly + subsistence farming; cash crops - cocoa, beans, coconuts, palm kernels, + timber; other products - rice, potatoes, vegetables, fruit, cattle, pigs; + not self-sufficient in food grains; 90% of the total fish catch of 44,500 + metric tons was exported (1988) +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), + $250 million +Currency: + Solomon Islands dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Solomon Islands dollar (SI$) = + 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Solomon Islands dollars (SI$) per US$1 - 2.8740 (March 1992), 2.7148 (1991), + 2.5288 (1990), 2.2932 (1989), 2.0825 (1988), 2.0033 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Solomon Islands Communications + +Highways: + about 2,100 km total (1982); 30 km paved, 290 km gravel, 980 km earth, 800 + private logging and plantation roads of varied construction +Ports: + Honiara, Ringi Cove +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 33 total, 30 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 2,439 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 3,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean + INTELSAT earth station + +:Solomon Islands Defense Forces + +Branches: + Police Force +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Somalia Geography + +Total area: + 637,660 km2 +Land area: + 627,340 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Texas +Land boundaries: + 2,340 km total; Djibouti 58 km, Ethiopia 1,600 km, Kenya 682 km +Coastline: + 3,025 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 200 nm +Disputes: + southern half of boundary with Ethiopia is a Provisional Administrative + Line; territorial dispute with Ethiopia over the Ogaden; possible claims to + Djibouti and parts of Ethiopia and Kenya based on unification of ethnic + Somalis +Climate: + desert; northeast monsoon (December to February), cooler southwest monsoon + (May to October); irregular rainfall; hot, humid periods (tangambili) + between monsoons +Terrain: + mostly flat to undulating plateau rising to hills in north +Natural resources: + uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, + copper, salt +Land use: + arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 46%; forest and + woodland 14%; other 38%; includes irrigated 3% +Environment: + recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern plains in summer; + deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification +Note: + strategic location on Horn of Africa along southern approaches to Bab el + Mandeb and route through Red Sea and Suez Canal + +:Somalia People + +Population: + 7,235,226 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 46 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 13 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -12 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 115 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 56 years male, 57 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 7.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Somali(s); adjective - Somali +Ethnic divisions: + Somali 85%, rest mainly Bantu; Arabs 30,000, Europeans 3,000, Asians 800 +Religions: + almost entirely Sunni Muslim +Languages: + Somali (official); Arabic, Italian, English +Literacy: + 24% (male 36%, female 14%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 2,200,000; very few are skilled laborers; pastoral nomad 70%, agriculture, + government, trading, fishing, handicrafts, and other 30%; 53% of population + of working age (1985) +Organized labor: + General Federation of Somali Trade Unions was controlled by the government + prior to January 1991; the fall of SIAD regime may have led to collapse of + Trade Union organization + +:Somalia Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + none +Capital: + Mogadishu +Administrative divisions: + 16 regions (plural - NA, singular - gobolka); Bakool, Banaadir, Bari, Bay, + Galguduud, Gedo, Hiiraan, Jubbada Dhexe, Jubbada Hoose, Mudug, Nugaal, + Sanaag, Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha Hoose, Togdheer, Woqooyi Galbeed +Independence: + 1 July 1960 (from a merger of British Somaliland, which became independent + from the UK on 26 June 1960, and Italian Somaliland, which became + independent from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship on 1 July 1960, to + form the Somali Republic) +Constitution: + 25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979 +National holiday: + NA +Executive branch: + president, two vice presidents, prime minister, Council of Ministers + (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral People's Assembly (Golaha Shacbiga) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Interim President ALI Mahdi Mohamed (since 27 January 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister OMAR Arteh Ghalib (since 27 January 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + the United Somali Congress (USC) ousted the former regime on 27 January + 1991; note - formerly the only party was the Somali Revolutionary Socialist + Party (SRSP), headed by former President and Commander in Chief of the Army + Maj. Gen. Mohamed SIAD Barre +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 23 December 1986 (next to be held NA); results - President SIAD + was reelected without opposition + People's Assembly: + last held 31 December 1984 (next to be held NA); results - SRSP was the only + party; seats - (177 total, 171 elected) SRSP 171; note - the United Somali + Congress (USC) ousted the regime of Maj. Gen. Mohamed SIAD Barre on 27 + January 1991; the provisional government has promised that a democratically + elected government will be established +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, + IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, + LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador (vacant); Chancery at Suite 710, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 342-1575; there is a Somali Consulate + General in New York; note - Somalian Embassy ceased operations on 8 May 1991 + +:Somalia Government + + US: + Ambassador (vacant); Embassy at K-7, AFGOI Road, Mogadishu (mailing address + is P. O. Box 574, Mogadishu); telephone [252] (01) 39971; note - US Embassy + evacuated and closed indefinitely in January 1991 +Flag: + light blue with a large white five-pointed star in the center; design based + on the flag of the UN (Italian Somaliland was a UN trust territory) + +:Somalia Economy + +Overview: + One of the world's poorest and least developed countries, Somalia has few + resources. Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy, with the + livestock sector accounting for about 40% of GDP and about 65% of export + earnings. Nomads and seminomads who are dependent upon livestock for their + livelihoods make up more than half of the population. Crop production + generates only 10% of GDP and employs about 20% of the work force. The main + export crop is bananas; sugar, sorghum, and corn are grown for the domestic + market. The small industrial sector is based on the processing of + agricultural products and accounts for less than 10% of GDP. Greatly + increased political turmoil in 1991-92 has resulted in a substantial drop in + output, with widespread famine a grim fact of life. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, per capita $210; real growth rate + -1.4% (1988) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 210% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $190 million; expenditures $195 million, including capital + expenditures of $111 million (1989 est.) +Exports: + $58.0 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + bananas, livestock, fish, hides, skins + partners: + US 0.5%, Saudi Arabia, Italy, FRG (1986) +Imports: + $249 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) + commodities: + petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials + partners: + US 13%, Italy, FRG, Kenya, UK, Saudi Arabia (1986) +External debt: + $1.9 billion (1989) +Industrial production: + growth rate -5.0% (1988); accounts for 5% of GDP +Electricity: + 75,000 kW capacity; 60 million kWh produced, 10 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + a few small industries, including sugar refining, textiles, petroleum + refining +Agriculture: + dominant sector, led by livestock raising (cattle, sheep, goats); crops - + bananas, sorghum, corn, mangoes, sugarcane; not self-sufficient in food; + fishing potential largely unexploited +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $639 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.8 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $1.1 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $336 + million +Currency: + Somali shilling (plural - shillings); 1 Somali shilling (So. Sh.) = 100 + centesimi +Exchange rates: + Somali shillings (So. Sh.) per US$1 - 3,800.00 (December 1990), 490.7 + (1989), 170.45 (1988), 105.18 (1987), 72.00 (1986) + +:Somalia Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Somalia Communications + +Highways: + 15,215 km total; including 2,335 km paved, 2,880 km gravel, and 10,000 km + improved earth or stabilized soil (1983) +Pipelines: + crude oil 15 km +Ports: + Mogadishu, Berbera, Chisimayu, Bosaso +Merchant marine: + 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,913 GRT/8,718 DWT; includes 2 cargo, + 1 refrigerated cargo +Civil air: + 1 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 53 total, 40 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over + 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + minimal telephone and telegraph service; microwave and troposcatter system + centered on Mogadishu connects a few towns; 6,000 telephones; broadcast + stations - 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station; + scheduled to receive an ARABSAT ground station + +:Somalia Defense Forces + +Branches: + NA +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,673,542; 942,153 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:South Africa Geography + +Total area: + 1,221,040 km2 +Land area: + 1,221,040 km2; includes Walvis Bay, Marion Island, and Prince Edward Island +Comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of Texas +Land boundaries: + 4,973 km total; Botswana 1,840 km, Lesotho 909 km, Mozambique 491 km, + Namibia 1,078 km, Swaziland 430 km, Zimbabwe 225 km +Coastline: + 2,881 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claim by Namibia to Walvis Bay exclave and 12 offshore islands administered + by South Africa; South Africa and Namibia have agreed to jointly administer + the area for an interim period; the terms and dates to be covered by joint + administration arrangements have not been established at this time; and + Namibia will continue to maintain a claim to sovereignty over the entire + area +Climate: + mostly semiarid; subtropical along coast; sunny days, cool nights +Terrain: + vast interior plateau rimmed by rugged hills and narrow coastal plain +Natural resources: + gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, + tin, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum, copper, vanadium, salt, natural gas +Land use: + arable land 10%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 65%; forest and + woodland 3%; other 21%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + lack of important arterial rivers or lakes requires extensive water + conservation and control measures +Note: + Walvis Bay is an exclave of South Africa in Namibia; South Africa completely + surrounds Lesotho and almost completely surrounds Swaziland + +:South Africa People + +Population: + 41,688,360 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992); includes the 10 so-called + homelands, which are not recognized by the US +Population: + four independent homelands: + Bophuthatswana 2,489,347, growth rate 2.86%; Ciskei 1,088,476, growth rate + 2.99%; Transkei 4,746,796, growth rate 4.13%; Venda 718,207, growth rate + 3.81% + six other homelands: + Gazankulu 803,806, growth rate 3.96%; Kangwane 597,783, growth rate 3.60%; + KwaNdebele 373,012, growth rate 3.40%; KwaZulu 5,748,950, growth rate 3.58%; + Lebowa 2,924,584, growth rate 3.90%; QwaQwa 288,155, growth rate 3.60% +Birth rate: + 34 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 50 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 62 years male, 67 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - South African(s); adjective - South African +Ethnic divisions: + black 75.2%, white 13.6%, Colored 8.6%, Indian 2.6% +Religions: + most whites and Coloreds and about 60% of blacks are Christian; about 60% of + Indians are Hindu; Muslim 20% +Languages: + Afrikaans, English (both official); many vernacular languages, including + Zulu, Xhosa, North and South Sotho, Tswana +Literacy: + 76% (male 78%, female 75%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) +Labor force: + 11,000,000 economically active (1989); services 34%, agriculture 30%, + industry and commerce 29%, mining 7% (1985) +Organized labor: + about 17% of total labor force belongs to a registered trade union (1989); + African unions represent 15% of black labor force + +:South Africa Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of South Africa; abbreviated RSA +Type: + republic +Capital: + Pretoria (administrative); Cape Town (legislative); Bloemfontein (judicial) +Administrative divisions: + 4 provinces; Cape, Natal, Orange Free State, Transvaal; there are 10 + homelands not recognized by the US - 4 independent (Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, + Transkei, Venda) and 6 other (Gazankulu, Kangwane, KwaNdebele, KwaZulu, + Lebowa, QwaQwa) +Independence: + 31 May 1910 (from UK) +Constitution: + 3 September 1984 +Legal system: + based on Roman-Dutch law and English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Republic Day, 31 May (1910) +Executive branch: + state president, Executive Council (cabinet), Ministers' Councils (from the + three houses of Parliament) +Legislative branch: + tricameral Parliament (Parlement) consists of the House of Assembly + (Volksraad; whites), House of Representatives (Raad van Verteenwoordigers; + Coloreds), and House of Delegates (Raad van Afgevaardigdes; Indians) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + State President Frederik W. DE KLERK (since 13 September 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + white political parties and leaders: + National Party (NP), Frederik W. DE KLERK (majority party); Conservative + Party (CP), Dr. Andries P. TREURNICHT (official opposition party); + Democratic Party (DP), Zach DE BEER + Colored political parties and leaders: + Labor Party (LP), Allan HENDRICKSE (majority party); Freedom Party; note - + the Democratic Reform Party (DRP) and the United Democratic Party (UDP) were + disbanded in May 1991 + Indian political parties and leaders: + Solidarity, J. N. REDDY (majority party); National People's Party (NPP), + Amichand RAJBANSI; Merit People's Party +Suffrage: + universal at age 18, but voting rights are racially based +Elections: + House of Assembly (whites): + last held 6 September 1989 (next to be held by NA March 1995); results - NP + 58%, CP 23%, DP 19%; seats - (178 total, 166 elected) NP 103, CP 41, DP 34; + note - by February 1992 because of byelections, changes in number of seats + held by parties were as follows: NP 102, CP 42, DP 33, vacant 1 + House of Representatives (Coloreds): + last held 6 September 1989 (next to be held no later than March 1995); + results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (85 total, 80 elected) LP 69, + DRP 5, UDP 3, Freedom Party 1, independents 2; note - since the National + Party became multiracial, by February 1992 many representatives from other + parties have changed their allegiance causing the following changes in + seating: LP 39, NP 38, Freedom Party 1, independents 7 + +:South Africa Government + + House of Delegates (Indians): + last held 6 September 1989 (next to be held no later than March 1995); + results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (45 total, 40 elected) + Solidarity 16, NPP 9, Merit People's Party 3, independents 6, other 6; note + - due to delegates changing party affiliation, seating as of February 1992 + is as follows: Solidarity 25, NPP 7, Merit People's Party 2, other 5, + independents 5, vacancy 1 +Communists: + South African Communist Party, Chris HANI, secretary general, and Joe SLOVO, + national chairman +Other political or pressure groups: + African National Congress (ANC), Nelson MANDELA, president; Inkatha Freedom + Party (IFP), Mangosuthu BUTHELEZI, president; Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), + Clarence MAKWETU, president +Member of: + BIS, CCC, ECA, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO (suspended), ICC, IDA, IFC, IMF, + INTELSAT, ISO, ITU (suspended), LORCS, SACU, UN, UNCTAD, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, + WMO (suspended) +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Harry SCHWARZ; Chancery at 3051 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 232-4400; there are South African + Consulates General in Beverly Hills (California), Chicago, Houston, and New + York + US: + Ambassador William L. SWING; Embassy at Thibault House, 225 Pretorius + Street, Pretoria; telephone [27] (12) 28-4266, FAX [27] (12) 21-92-78; there + are US Consulates General in Cape Town, Durban, and Johannesburg +Flag: + actually four flags in one - three miniature flags reproduced in the center + of the white band of the former flag of the Netherlands, which has three + equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and blue; the miniature flags + are a vertically hanging flag of the old Orange Free State with a horizontal + flag of the UK adjoining on the hoist side and a horizontal flag of the old + Transvaal Republic adjoining on the other side + +:South Africa Economy + +Overview: + Many of the white one-seventh of the South African population enjoy incomes, + material comforts, and health and educational standards equal to those of + Western Europe. In contrast, most of the remaining population suffers from + the poverty patterns of the Third World, including unemployment, lack of job + skills, and barriers to movement into higher-paying fields. Inputs and + outputs thus do not move smoothly into the most productive employments, and + the effectiveness of the market is further lowered by international + constraints on dealings with South Africa. The main strength of the economy + lies in its rich mineral resources, which provide two-thirds of exports. + Average growth of less than 2% in output in recent years falls far short of + the 5% to 6% level needed to absorb some 300,000 new entrants to the labor + force annually. Economic developments in the 1990s will be driven partly by + the changing relations among the various ethnic groups. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $104 billion, per capita $2,600; real growth rate + - 0.5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 15.7% (March 1992) +Unemployment rate: + 40% (1991); well over 50% in some homeland areas (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $29.4 billion; expenditures $35.0 billion, including capital + expenditures of $1.1 billion (FY93 est.) +Exports: + $24.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + gold 25-30%, minerals and metals 20-25%, food 5%, chemicals 3% + partners: + Italy, Japan, US, FRG, UK, other EC members, Hong Kong +Imports: + $18.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + machinery 32%, transport equipment 15%, chemicals 11%, oil, textiles, + scientific instruments, base metals + partners: + FRG, Japan, UK, US, Italy +External debt: + $19.0 billion (December 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA%; accounts for about 40% of GDP +Electricity: + 46,000,000 kW capacity; 180,000 million kWh produced, 4,100 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + mining (world's largest producer of platinum, gold, chromium), automobile + assembly, metalworking, machinery, textile, iron and steel, chemical, + fertilizer, foodstuffs +Agriculture: + accounts for about 5% of GDP and 30% of labor force; diversified + agriculture, with emphasis on livestock; products - cattle, poultry, sheep, + wool, milk, beef, corn, wheat, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; + self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + rand (plural - rand); 1 rand (R) = 100 cents + +:South Africa Economy + +Exchange rates: + rand (R) per US$1 - 2.7814 (January 1992), 2.7563 (1991), 2.5863 (1990), + 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988), 2.0350 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:South Africa Communications + +Railroads: + 20,638 km route distance total; 35,079 km of 1.067-meter gauge trackage + (counts double and multiple tracking as single track); 314 km of 610 mm + gauge +Highways: + 188,309 km total; 54,013 km paved, 134,296 km crushed stone, gravel, or + improved earth +Pipelines: + crude oil 931 km, petroleum products 1,748 km, natural gas 322 km +Ports: + Durban, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, Richard's Bay, Saldanha, Mosselbaai, + Walvis Bay +Merchant marine: + 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 213,708 GRT/201,043 DWT; includes 4 + container, 1 vehicle carrier +Civil air: + 90 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 901 total, 732 usable; 132 with permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways + over 3,659 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 224 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + the system is the best developed, most modern, and has the highest capacity + in Africa; it consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines, coaxial cables, + radio relay links, fiber optic cable, and radiocommunication stations; key + centers are Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, + and Pretoria; over 4,500,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 14 AM, 286 FM, + 67 TV; 1 submarine cable; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT + and 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + +:South Africa Defense Forces + +Branches: + South African Defense Force (SADF; including Army, Navy, Air Force, Medical + Services), South African Police (SAP) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 10,051,202; 6,133,484 fit for military service; 420,275 reach + military age (18) annually; obligation for service in Citizen Force or + Commandos begins at 18; volunteers for service in permanent force must be + 17; national service obligation is one year; figures include the so-called + homelands not recognized by the US +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $3.5 billion, about 3% of GDP (FY92) + +:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Geography + +Total area: + 4,066 km2 +Land area: + 4,066 km2; includes Shag and Clerke Rocks, South Georgia, Bird Island, South + Sandwich Islands +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Rhode Island +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + undetermined +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + administered by the UK, claimed by Argentina +Climate: + variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year, interspersed with + periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow +Terrain: + most of the islands, rising steeply from the sea, are rugged and + mountainous; South Georgia is largely barren and has steep, glacier-covered + mountains; the South Sandwich Islands are of volcanic origin with some + active volcanoes +Natural resources: + fish +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100%; largely covered by permanent ice and snow with some + sparse vegetation consisting of grass, moss, and lichen +Environment: + reindeer, introduced early in this century, live on South Georgia; weather + conditions generally make it difficult to approach the South Sandwich + Islands; the South Sandwich Islands are subject to active volcanism +Note: + the north coast of South Georgia has several large bays, which provide good + anchorage + +:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands People + +Population: + no permanent population; there is a small military garrison on South + Georgia, and the British Antarctic Survey has a biological station on Bird + Island; the South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited + +:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Government + +Long-form name: + South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (no short-form name) +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + none; Grytviken on South Georgia is the garrison town +Administrative divisions: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Constitution: + 3 October 1985 +Legal system: + English common law +National holiday: + Liberation Day, 14 June (1982) +Executive branch: + British monarch, commissioner +Legislative branch: + none +Judicial branch: + none +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Commissioner + William Hugh FULLERTON (since 1988; resident at Stanley, Falkland Islands) + +:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Economy + +Overview: + Some fishing takes place in adjacent waters. There is a potential source of + income from harvesting fin fish and krill. The islands receive income from + postage stamps produced in the UK. +Budget: + revenues $291,777; expenditures $451,011, including capital expenditures of + $NA (FY88 est.) +Electricity: + 900 kW capacity; 2 million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita (1990) + +:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Communications + +Highways: + NA +Ports: + Grytviken on South Georgia +Airports: + 5 total, 5 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway + 2,440-3,659 m +Telecommunications: + coastal radio station at Grytviken; no broadcast stations + +:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +:Spain Geography + +Total area: + 504,750 km2 +Land area: + 499,400 km2; includes Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, and five places of + sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - Ceuta, + Mellila, Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la + Gomera +Comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of Oregon +Land boundaries: + 1,903.2 km total; Andorra 65 km, France 623 km, Gibraltar 1.2 km, Portugal + 1,214 km +Coastline: + 4,964 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Gibraltar question with UK; Spain controls five places of sovereignty + (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - the coastal enclaves + of Ceuta and Melilla, which Morocco contests, as well as the islands of + Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera, and Islas Chafarinas +Climate: + temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along + coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast +Terrain: + large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills; Pyrenees in + north +Natural resources: + coal, lignite, iron ore, uranium, mercury, pyrites, fluorspar, gypsum, zinc, + lead, tungsten, copper, kaolin, potash, hydropower +Land use: + arable land 31%; permanent crops 10%; meadows and pastures 21%; forest and + woodland 31%; other 7%; includes irrigated 6% +Environment: + deforestation; air pollution +Note: + strategic location along approaches to Strait of Gibraltar + +:Spain People + +Population: + 39,118,399 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + 11 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 74 years male, 81 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Spaniard(s); adjective - Spanish +Ethnic divisions: + composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types +Religions: + Roman Catholic 99%, other sects 1% +Languages: + Castilian Spanish; second languages include Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque + 2% +Literacy: + 95% (male 97%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 14,621,000; services 53%, industry 24%, agriculture 14%, construction 9% + (1988) +Organized labor: + less 10% of labor force (1988) + +:Spain Government + +Long-form name: + Kingdom of Spain +Type: + parliamentary monarchy +Capital: + Madrid +Administrative divisions: + 17 autonomous communities (comunidades autonomas, singular - comunidad + autonoma); Andalucia, Aragon, Asturias, Canarias, Cantabria, Castilla-La + Mancha, Castilla y Leon, Cataluna, Communidad Valencia, Extremadura, + Galicia, Islas Baleares, La Rioja, Madrid, Murcia, Navarra, Pais Vasco; note + - there are five places of sovereignty on and off the coast of Morocco + (Ceuta, Mellila, Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de + la Gomera) with administrative status unknown +Independence: + 1492 (expulsion of the Moors and unification) +Constitution: + 6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978 +Legal system: + civil law system, with regional applications; does not accept compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 12 October +Executive branch: + monarch, president of the government (prime minister), deputy prime + minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet), Council of State +Legislative branch: + bicameral The General Courts or National Assembly (Las Cortes Generales) + consists of an upper house or Senate (Senado) and a lower house or Congress + of Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez (since 2 December 1982); Deputy Prime + Minister Narcis SERRA (since 13 March 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + principal national parties, from right to left - Popular Party (PP), Jose + Maria AZNAR; Popular Democratic Party (PDP), Luis DE GRANDES; Social + Democratic Center (CDS), Rafael Calvo ORTEGA; Spanish Socialist Workers + Party (PSOE), Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez; Socialist Democracy Party (DS), + Ricardo Garcia DAMBORENEA; Spanish Communist Party (PCE), Julio ANGUITA; + chief regional parties - Convergence and Unity (CiU), Jordi PUJOL Saley, in + Catalonia; Basque Nationalist Party (PNV), Xabier ARZALLUS; Basque + Solidarity (EA), Carlos GARAICOETXEA Urizza; Basque Popular Unity (HB), Jon + IDIGORAS; Basque Left (EE), Kepa AULESTIA; Andalusian Party (PA), Pedro + PACHECO; Independent Canary Group (AIC); Aragon Regional Party (PAR); + Valencian Union (UV) +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Senate: + last held 29 October 1989 (next to be held NA October 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (208 total) PSOE 106, PP 79, CiU 10, + PNV 4, HB 3, AIC 1, other 5 + +:Spain Government + + Congress of Deputies: + last held 29 October 1989 (next to be held NA October 1993); results - PSOE + 39.6%, PP 25.8%, CDS 9%, Communist-led coalition (IU) 9%, CiU 5%, PNV 1.2%, + HB 1%, PA 1%, other 8.4%; seats - (350 total) PSOE 175, PP 106, CiU 18, IU + 17, CDS 14, PNV 5, HB 4, other 11 +Communists: + PCE membership declined from a possible high of 160,000 in 1977 to roughly + 60,000 in 1987; the party gained almost 1 million voters and 10 deputies in + the 1989 election; voters came mostly from the disgruntled socialist left; + remaining strength is in labor, where it dominates the Workers Commissions + trade union (one of the country's two major labor centrals), which claims a + membership of about 1 million; experienced a modest recovery in 1986 + national election, nearly doubling the share of the vote it received in 1982 +Other political or pressure groups: + on the extreme left, the Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) and the First + of October Antifascist Resistance Group (GRAPO) use terrorism to oppose the + government; free labor unions (authorized in April 1977) include the + Communist-dominated Workers Commissions (CCOO); the Socialist General Union + of Workers (UGT), and the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union (USO); + the Catholic Church; business and landowning interests; Opus Dei; university + students +Member of: + AG (observer), AsDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, + EIB, ESA, FAO, G-8, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), + ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, OAS (observer), + OECD, PCA, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, + WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Jaime de OJEDA; Chancery at 2700 15th Street NW, Washington, DC + 20009; telephone (202) 265-0190 or 0191; there are Spanish Consulates + General in Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New + York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) + US: + Ambassador Joseph ZAPPALA; Embassy at Serrano 75, 28006 Madrid (mailing + address is APO AE 09642); telephone [34] (1) 577-4000, FAX [34] (1) + 577-5735; there is a US Consulate General in Barcelona and a Consulate in + Bilbao +Flag: + three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red with the + national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band; the coat of arms + includes the royal seal framed by the Pillars of Hercules, which are the two + promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the + Strait of Gibraltar + +:Spain Economy + +Overview: + Spain has done well since joining the EC in 1986. In accordance with its + accession treaty, Spain has almost wholly liberalized trade and capital + markets. Foreign and domestic investment has spurred average growth of 4% + per year. Beginning in 1989, Madrid implemented a tight monetary policy to + fight inflation - around 7% in 1989 and 1990. As a result growth slowed to + 2.5% in 1991. Spanish policymakers remain concerned with inflation - still + hovering at 6%. Government officials also are worried about 16% + unemployment, although many people listed as unemployed work in the + underground economy. Spanish economists believe that structural adjustments + due to the ongoing integration of the European market are likely to lead to + more displaced workers. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $487.5 billion, per capita $12,400; real + growth rate 2.5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 5.9% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 16.0% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $111.0 billion; expenditures $115.9 billion, including capital + expenditures of $20.8 billion (1991 est.) +Exports: + $60.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + cars and trucks, semifinished manufactured goods, foodstuffs, machinery + partners: + EC 71.0%, US 4.9%, other developed countries 7.9% +Imports: + $93.1 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + machinery, transport equipment, fuels, semifinished goods, foodstuffs, + consumer goods, chemicals + partners: + EC 60.0%, US 8.0%, other developed countries 11.5%, Middle East 2.6% +External debt: + $45 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 2.0% (1991 est.) +Electricity: + 46,589,000 kW capacity; 157,040 million kWh produced, 3,980 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals and + metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools, + tourism +Agriculture: + accounts for about 5% of GDP and 14% of labor force; major products - grain, + vegetables, olives, wine grapes, sugar beets, citrus fruit, beef, pork, + poultry, dairy; largely self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 1.4 million + metric tons is among top 20 nations +Illicit drugs: + key European gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering the + European market +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1.9 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-79), $545.0 million; not + currently a recipient + +:Spain Economy + +Currency: + peseta (plural - pesetas); 1 peseta (Pta) = 100 centimos +Exchange rates: + pesetas (Ptas) per US$1 - 104.79 (March 1992), 103.91 (1991), 101.93 (1990), + 118.38 (1989), 116.49 (1988), 123.48 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Spain Communications + +Railroads: + 15,430 km total; Spanish National Railways (RENFE) operates 12,691 km + 1.668-meter gauge, 6,184 km electrified, and 2,295 km double track; FEVE + (government-owned narrow-gauge railways) operates 1,821 km of predominantly + 1.000-meter gauge and 441 km electrified; privately owned railways operate + 918 km of predominantly 1.000-meter gauge, 512 km electrified, and 56 km + double track +Highways: + 150,839 km total; 82,513 km national (includes 2,433 km limited-access + divided highway, 63,042 km bituminous treated, 17,038 km intermediate + bituminous, concrete, or stone block) and 68,326 km provincial or local + roads (bituminous treated, intermediate bituminous, or stone block) +Inland waterways: + 1,045 km, but of minor economic importance +Pipelines: + crude oil 265 km, petroleum products 1,794 km, natural gas 1,666 km +Ports: + Algeciras, Alicante, Almeria, Barcelona, Bilbao, Cadiz, Cartagena, Castellon + de la Plana, Ceuta, El Ferrol del Caudillo, Puerto de Gijon, Huelva, La + Coruna, Las Palmas (Canary Islands), Mahon, Malaga, Melilla, Rota, Santa + Cruz de Tenerife, Sagunto, Tarragona, Valencia, Vigo, and 175 minor ports +Merchant marine: + 278 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,915,409 GRT/5,228,378 DWT; includes + 2 passenger, 9 short-sea passenger, 86 cargo, 13 refrigerated cargo, 15 + container, 32 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 4 vehicle carrier, 48 petroleum + tanker, 14 chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 3 specialized tanker, 45 bulk +Civil air: + 210 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 105 total, 99 usable; 60 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways over + 3,659 m; 22 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 25 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + generally adequate, modern facilities; 15,350,464 telephones; broadcast + stations - 190 AM, 406 (134 repeaters) FM, 100 (1,297 repeaters) TV; 22 + coaxial submarine cables; 2 communications satellite earth stations + operating in INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean); MARECS, INMARSAT, + and EUTELSAT systems; tropospheric links + +:Spain Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, Civil Guard, National Police, Coastal Civil + Guard +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 10,205,741; 8,271,151 fit for military service; 337,407 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $8.7 billion, 2% of GDP (1991) + +:Spratly Islands Geography + +Total area: + NA but less than 5 km2 +Land area: + less than 5 km2; includes 100 or so islets, coral reefs, and sea mounts + scattered over the South China Sea +Comparative area: + undetermined +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 926 km +Maritime claims: + undetermined +Disputes: + all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts + of them are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines; in 1984, Brunei + established an exclusive economic zone, which encompasses Louisa Reef, but + has not publicly claimed the island +Climate: + tropical +Terrain: + flat +Natural resources: + fish, guano; undetermined oil and natural gas potential +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + subject to typhoons; includes numerous small islands, atolls, shoals, and + coral reefs +Note: + strategically located near several primary shipping lanes in the central + South China Sea; serious navigational hazard + +:Spratly Islands People + +Population: + no permanent inhabitants; garrisons + +:Spratly Islands Government + +Long-form name: + none + +:Spratly Islands Economy + +Overview: + Economic activity is limited to commercial fishing, proximity to nearby oil- + and gas-producing sedimentary basins suggests the potential for oil and gas + deposits, but the Spratlys region is largely unexplored, and there are no + reliable estimates of potential reserves; commercial exploitation has yet to + be developed. +Industries: + none + +:Spratly Islands Communications + +Ports: + no natural harbors +Airports: + 2 total, 2 usable; none with runways over 2,439 m; 1 with runways + 1,220-2,439 m + +:Spratly Islands Defense Forces + +Note: + 44 small islands or reefs are occupied by China, Malaysia, the Philippines, + Taiwan, and Vietnam + +:Sri Lanka Geography + +Total area: + 65,610 km2 +Land area: + 64,740 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than West Virginia +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 1,340 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + edge of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; monsoonal; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest + monsoon (June to October) +Terrain: + mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in south-central interior +Natural resources: + limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay +Land use: + arable land 16%; permanent crops 17%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and + woodland 37%; other 23%; includes irrigated 8% +Environment: + occasional cyclones, tornados; deforestation; soil erosion +Note: + only 29 km from India across the Palk Strait; near major Indian Ocean sea + lanes + +:Sri Lanka People + +Population: + 17,631,528 (July 1992), growth rate 1.2% (1992); note - about 120,000 people + fled to India in 1991 because of fighting between government forces and + Tamil insurgents; about 200,000 Tamils will be repatriated in 1992 +Birth rate: + 20 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 21 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 69 years male, 74 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Sri Lankan(s); adjective - Sri Lankan +Ethnic divisions: + Sinhalese 74%; Tamil 18%; Moor 7%; Burgher, Malay, and Veddha 1% +Religions: + Buddhist 69%, Hindu 15%, Christian 8%, Muslim 8% +Languages: + Sinhala (official); Sinhala and Tamil listed as national languages; Sinhala + spoken by about 74% of population, Tamil spoken by about 18%; English + commonly used in government and spoken by about 10% of the population +Literacy: + 86% (male 91%, female 81%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981) +Labor force: + 6,600,000; agriculture 45.9%, mining and manufacturing 13.3%, trade and + transport 12.4%, services and other 28.4% (1985 est.) +Organized labor: + about 30% of labor force, over 50% of which are employed on tea, rubber, and + coconut estates + +:Sri Lanka Government + +Long-form name: + Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka +Type: + republic +Capital: + Colombo +Administrative divisions: + the administrative structure now includes 9 provinces - Central, Eastern, + North, North Central, North Western, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva, and + Western and 24 districts - Amparai, Anuradhapura, Badulla, Batticaloa, + Colombo, Galle, Gampaha, Hambantota, Jaffna, Kalutara, Kandy, Kegalla, + Kurunegala, Mannar, Matale, Matara, Moneragala, Mullaittivu, Nuwara Eliya, + Polonnaruwa, Puttalam, Ratnapura, Trincomalee, Vavuniya; note - in the + future there may be only 8 provinces (combining the two provinces of North + and Eastern into one province of North Eastern) and 25 districts (adding + Kilinochchi to the existing districts) +Independence: + 4 February 1948 (from UK; formerly Ceylon) +Constitution: + 31 August 1978 +Legal system: + a highly complex mixture of English common law, Roman-Dutch, Muslim, + Sinhalese, and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence and National Day, 4 February (1948) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Ranasinghe PREMADASA (since 2 January 1989) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Dingiri Banda WIJETUNGE (since 6 March 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + United National Party (UNP), Ranasinghe PREMADASA; Sri Lanka Freedom Party + (SLFP), Sirimavo BANDARANAIKE; Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC), M. H. M. + ASHRAFF; All Ceylon Tamil Congress (ACTC), Kumar PONNAMBALAM; People's + United Front (MEP, or Mahajana Eksath Peramuna), Dinesh GUNAWARDENE; Eelam + Democratic Front (EDF), Edward Sebastian PILLAI; Tamil United Liberation + Front (TULF), leader (vacant); Eelam Revolutionary Organization of Students + (EROS), Velupillai BALAKUMARAN; New Socialist Party (NSSP, or Nava Sama + Samaja Party), Vasudeva NANAYAKKARA; Lanka Socialist Party/Trotskyite (LSSP, + or Lanka Sama Samaja Party), Colin R. de SILVA; Sri Lanka People's Party + (SLMP, or Sri Lanka Mahajana Party), Ossie ABEYGUNASEKERA; Communist Party, + K. P. SILVA; Communist Party/Beijing (CP/B), N. SHANMUGATHASAN; note - the + United Socialist Alliance (USA) includes the NSSP, LSSP, SLMP, CP/M, and + CP/B +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1994); results - + Ranasinghe PREMADASA (UNP) 50%, Sirimavo BANDARANAIKE (SLFP) 45%, other 5% + +:Sri Lanka Government + + Parliament: + last held 15 February 1989 (next to be held by NA February 1995); results - + UNP 51%, SLFP 32%, SLMC 4%, TULF 3%, USA 3%, EROS 3%, MEP 1%, other 3%; + seats - (225 total) UNP 125, SLFP 67, other 33 +Other political or pressure groups: + Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and other smaller Tamil separatist + groups; Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP or People's Liberation Front); + Buddhist clergy; Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups; labor unions +Member of: + AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, + ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, + ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, + WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador W. Susanta De ALWIS; Chancery at 2148 Wyoming Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-4025 through 4028; there is a Sri + Lankan Consulate in New York + US: + Ambassador Marion V. CREEKMORE, Jr.; Embassy at 210 Galle Road, Colombo 3 + (mailing address is P. O. Box 106, Colombo); telephone [94] (1) 44180107, + FAX [94] (1) 43-73-45 +Flag: + yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has two equal vertical + bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other panel is a large dark red + rectangle with a yellow lion holding a sword, and there is a yellow bo leaf + in each corner; the yellow field appears as a border that goes around the + entire flag and extends between the two panels + +:Sri Lanka Economy + +Overview: + Agriculture, forestry, and fishing dominate the economy, employing half of + the labor force and accounting for one quarter of GDP. The plantation crops + of tea, rubber, and coconuts provide about one-third of export earnings. The + economy has been plagued by high rates of unemployment since the late 1970s. + Economic growth, which has been depressed by ethnic unrest, accelerated in + 1991 as domestic conditions began to improve. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $7.2 billion, per capita $410; real growth rate + 5.0% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 10% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 14% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $2.0 billion; expenditures $3.7 billion, including capital + expenditures of $500 million (1992) +Exports: + $2.3 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + textiles and garment, teas, petroleum products, coconut, rubber, + agricultural products, gems and jewelry, marine products + partners: + US 25%, FRG, Japan, UK, Belgium, Taiwan, Hong Kong, China +Imports: + $3.0 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + food and beverages, textiles and textile materials, petroleum, machinery and + equipment + partners: + Japan, Iran, US 7.7%, India, Taiwan, Singapore, FRG, UK +External debt: + $5.8 billion (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 8% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of GDP +Electricity: + 1,300,000 kW capacity; 4,200 million kWh produced, 240 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + processing of rubber, tea, coconuts, and other agricultural commodities; + cement, petroleum refining, textiles, tobacco, clothing +Agriculture: + accounts for 26% of GDP and nearly half of labor force; most important + staple crop is paddy rice; other field crops - sugarcane, grains, pulses, + oilseeds, roots, spices; cash crops - tea, rubber, coconuts; animal products + - milk, eggs, hides, meat; not self-sufficient in rice production +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.0 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $5.1 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $169 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $369 + million +Currency: + Sri Lankan rupee (plural - rupees); 1 Sri Lankan rupee (SLRe) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Sri Lankan rupees (SLRes) per US$1 - 43.112 (March 1992), 41.372 (1991), + 40.063 (1990), 36.047 (1989), 31.807 (1988), 29.445 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Sri Lanka Communications + +Railroads: + 1,948 km total (1990); all 1.868-meter broad gauge; 102 km double track; no + electrification; government owned +Highways: + 75,749 km total (1990); 27,637 km paved (mostly bituminous treated), 32,887 + km crushed stone or gravel, 14,739 km improved earth or unimproved earth; + several thousand km of mostly unmotorable tracks (1988 est.) +Inland waterways: + 430 km; navigable by shallow-draft craft +Pipelines: + crude oil and petroleum products 62 km (1987) +Ports: + Colombo, Trincomalee +Merchant marine: + 30 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 310,173 GRT/489,378 DWT; includes 13 + cargo, 6 refrigerated cargo, 5 container, 3 petroleum tanker, 3 bulk +Civil air: + 8 major transport (including 1 leased) +Airports: + 14 total, 13 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + good international service; 114,000 telephones (1982); broadcast stations - + 12 AM, 5 FM, 5 TV; submarine cables extend to Indonesia and Djibouti; 2 + Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth stations + +:Sri Lanka Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 4,709,203; 3,678,952 fit for military service; 177,554 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $432 million, 6% of GDP (1991) +\ + +:Sudan Geography + +Total area: + 2,505,810 km2 +Land area: + 2,376,000 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than one-quarter the size of the US +Land boundaries: + 7,697 km total; Central African Republic 1,165 km, Chad 1,360 km, Egypt + 1,273 km, Ethiopia 2,221 km, Kenya 232 km, Libya 383 km, Uganda 435 km, + Zaire 628 km +Coastline: + 853 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 18 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + administrative boundary with Kenya does not coincide with international + boundary; administrative boundary with Egypt does not coincide with + international boundary +Climate: + tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season (April to October) +Terrain: + generally flat, featureless plain; mountains in east and west +Natural resources: + small reserves of crude oil, iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, + mica, silver, crude oil +Land use: + arable land 5%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 24%; forest and + woodland 20%; other 51%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + dominated by the Nile and its tributaries; dust storms; desertification +Note: + largest country in Africa + +:Sudan People + +Population: + 28,305,046 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 44 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 13 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 83 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 53 years male, 54 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Sudanese (singular and plural); adjective - Sudanese +Ethnic divisions: + black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1% +Religions: + Sunni Muslim (in north) 70%, indigenous beliefs 20%, Christian (mostly in + south and Khartoum) 5% +Languages: + Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, + Nilo-Hamitic, and Sudanic languages, English; program of Arabization in + process +Literacy: + 27% (male 43%, female 12%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 6,500,000; agriculture 80%, industry and commerce 10%, government 6%; labor + shortages for almost all categories of skilled employment (1983 est.); 52% + of population of working age (1985) +Organized labor: + trade unions suspended following 30 June 1989 coup; now in process of being + legalized anew + +:Sudan Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of the Sudan +Type: + military; civilian government suspended and martial law imposed after 30 + June 1989 coup +Capital: + Khartoum +Administrative divisions: + 9 states (wilayat, singular - wilayat or wilayah*); A'ali an Nil, Al Wusta*, + Al Istiwa'iyah*, Al Khartum, Ash Shamaliyah*, Ash Sharqiyah*, Bahr al + Ghazal, Darfur, Kurdufan +Independence: + 1 January 1956 (from Egypt and UK; formerly Anglo-Egyptian Sudan) +Constitution: + 12 April 1973, suspended following coup of 6 April 1985; interim + constitution of 10 October 1985 suspended following coup of 30 June 1989 +Legal system: + based on English common law and Islamic law; as of 20 January 1991, the + Revolutionary Command Council imposed Islamic law in the six northern states + of Al Wusta, Al Khartum, Ash Shamaliyah, Ash Sharqiyah, Darfur, and + Kurdufan; the council is still studying criminal provisions under Islamic + law; Islamic law will apply to all residents of the six northern states + regardless of their religion; some separate religious courts; accepts + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 1 January (1956) +Executive branch: + executive and legislative authority vested in a 12-member Revolutionary + Command Council (RCC); chairman of the RCC acts as prime minister; in July + 1989, RCC appointed a predominately civilian 22-member cabinet to function + as advisers +Legislative branch: + appointed 300-member Transitional National Assembly; note - as announced 1 + January 1992 by RCC Chairman BASHIR, the Assembly assumes all legislative + authority for Sudan until the eventual, unspecified resumption of national + elections +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court, Special Revolutionary Courts +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + Revolutionary Command Council Chairman and Prime Minister Lt. Gen. Umar + Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR (since 30 June 1989); Deputy Chairman of the Command + Council and Deputy Prime Minister Maj. Gen. al-Zubayr Muhammad SALIH Ahmed + (since 9 July 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + none; banned following 30 June 1989 coup +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + none +Member of: + ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, + ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, + WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador `Abdallah Ahmad `ABDALLAH; Chancery at 2210 Massachusetts Avenue + NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 338-8565 through 8570; there is a + Sudanese Consulate General in New York + +:Sudan Government + + US: + Ambassador James R. CHEEK (will be replaced summer of 1992); Embassy at + Shar'ia Ali Abdul Latif, Khartoum (mailing address is P. O. Box 699, + Khartoum, or APO AE 09829); telephone 74700 or 74611; Telex 22619 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a green + isosceles triangle based on the hoist side + +:Sudan Economy + +Overview: + Sudan is buffeted by civil war, chronic political instability, adverse + weather, high inflation, and counterproductive economic policies. The + economy is dominated by governmental entities that account for more than 70% + of new investment. The private sector's main areas of activity are + agriculture and trading, with most private industrial investment predating + 1980. The economy's base is agriculture, which employs 80% of the work + force. Industry mainly processes agricultural items. Sluggish economic + performance over the past decade, attributable largely to declining annual + rainfall, has reduced levels of per capita income and consumption. A high + foreign debt and huge arrearages continue to cause difficulties. In 1990 the + International Monetary Fund took the unusual step of declaring Sudan + noncooperative because of its nonpayment of arrearages to the Fund. Despite + subsequent government efforts to implement reforms urged by the IMF and the + World Bank, the economy remained stagnant in FY91 as entrepreneurs lack the + incentive to take economic risks. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $12.1 billion, per capita $450; real growth rate + 0% (FY91 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 95% (FY91 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 15% (FY91 est.) +Budget: + revenues $1.3 billion; expenditures $2.1 billion, including capital + expenditures of $505 million (FY91 est.) +Exports: + $325 million (f.o.b., FY91 est.) + commodities: + cotton 52%, sesame, gum arabic, peanuts + partners: + Western Europe 46%, Saudi Arabia 14%, Eastern Europe 9%, Japan 9%, US 3% + (FY88) +Imports: + $1.40 billion (c.i.f., FY91 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs, petroleum products, manufactured goods, machinery and equipment, + medicines and chemicals, textiles + partners: + Western Europe 32%, Africa and Asia 15%, US 13%, Eastern Europe 3% (FY88) +External debt: + $14.6 billion (June 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA%; accounts for 11% of GDP (FY89) +Electricity: + 610,000 kW capacity; 905 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + cotton ginning, textiles, cement, edible oils, sugar, soap distilling, + shoes, petroleum refining +Agriculture: + accounts for 35% of GDP and 80% of labor force; water shortages; two-thirds + of land area suitable for raising crops and livestock; major products - + cotton, oilseeds, sorghum, millet, wheat, gum arabic, sheep; marginally + self-sufficient in most foods +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.5 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.1 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $3.1 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $588 + million + +:Sudan Economy + +Currency: + Sudanese pound (plural - pounds); 1 Sudanese pound (#Sd) = 100 piasters +Exchange rates: + official rate - Sudanese pounds (#Sd) per US$1 - 90.1 (March 1992), 5.4288 + (1991), 4.5004 (fixed rate since 1987), 2.8121 (1987); note - free market + rate 83 (December 1991) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Sudan Communications + +Railroads: + 5,500 km total; 4,784 km 1.067-meter gauge, 716 km 1.6096-meter-gauge + plantation line +Highways: + 20,000 km total; 1,600 km bituminous treated, 3,700 km gravel, 2,301 km + improved earth, 12,399 km unimproved earth and track +Inland waterways: + 5,310 km navigable +Pipelines: + refined products 815 km +Ports: + Port Sudan, Swakin +Merchant marine: + 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 42,277 GRT/59,588 DWT; includes 3 + cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo +Civil air: + 18 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 72 total, 57 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 31 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + large, well-equipped system by African standards, but barely adequate and + poorly maintained by modern standards; consists of microwave, cable, radio + communications, and troposcatter; domestic satellite system with 14 + stations; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 3 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 + Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT + +:Sudan Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 6,432,270; 3,949,518 fit for military service; 302,696 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $610 million, 7.2% of GDP (1989 est.) + +:Suriname Geography + +Total area: + 163,270 km2 +Land area: + 161,470 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Georgia +Land boundaries: + 1,707 km total; Brazil 597 km, French Guiana 510 km, Guyana 600 km +Coastline: + 386 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claims area in French Guiana between Litani Rivier and Riviere Marouini + (both headwaters of the Lawa); claims area in Guyana between New (Upper + Courantyne) and Courantyne/Kutari Rivers (all headwaters of the Courantyne) +Climate: + tropical; moderated by trade winds +Terrain: + mostly rolling hills; narrow coastal plain with swamps +Natural resources: + timber, hydropower potential, fish, shrimp, bauxite, iron ore, and small + amounts of nickel, copper, platinum, gold +Land use: + arable land NEGL%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest + and woodland 97%; other 3%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + mostly tropical rain forest + +:Suriname People + +Population: + 410,016 (July 1992), growth rate 1.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 26 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -5 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 34 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 66 years male, 71 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Surinamer(s); adjective - Surinamese +Ethnic divisions: + Hindustani (East Indian) 37.0%, Creole (black and mixed) 31.0%, Javanese + 15.3%, Bush black 10.3%, Amerindian 2.6%, Chinese 1.7%, Europeans 1.0%, + other 1.1% +Religions: + Hindu 27.4%, Muslim 19.6%, Roman Catholic 22.8%, Protestant (predominantly + Moravian) 25.2%, indigenous beliefs about 5% +Languages: + Dutch (official); English widely spoken; Sranan Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes + called Taki-Taki) is native language of Creoles and much of the younger + population and is lingua franca among others; also Hindi Suriname Hindustani + (a variant of Bhoqpuri) and Javanese +Literacy: + 95% (male 95%, female 95%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 104,000 (1984) +Organized labor: + 49,000 members of labor force + +:Suriname Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Suriname +Type: + republic +Capital: + Paramaribo +Administrative divisions: + 10 districts (distrikten, singular - distrikt); Brokopondo, Commewijne, + Coronie, Marowijne, Nickerie, Para, Paramaribo, Saramacca, Sipaliwini, + Wanica +Independence: + 25 November 1975 (from Netherlands; formerly Netherlands Guiana or Dutch + Guiana) +Constitution: + ratified 30 September 1987 +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: + Independence Day, 25 November (1975) +Executive branch: + president, vice president and prime minister, Cabinet of Ministers, Council + of State; note - Commander in Chief of the National Army maintains + significant power +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Ronald VENETIAAN (since 16 September 1991); Vice President and + Prime Minister Jules AJODHIA (since 16 September 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + traditional ethnic-based parties: + The New Front (NF), a coalition formed of four parties following the 24 + December 1990 military coup - Progressive Reform Party (VHP), Jaggernath + LACHMON; National Party of Suriname (NPS), Henck ARRON; Indonesian Peasants + Party (KTPI), Willie SOEMITA; and Suriname Labor Party (SPA) Fred DERBY; + promilitary: + National Democratic Party (NDP), Orlando VAN AMSON; Democratic Alternative + '91 (DA '91), Winston JESSURUN, a coalition of five parties formed in + January 1991 - Alternative Forum (AF), Gerard BRUNINGS, Winston JESSURUN; + Reformed Progressive Party (HPP), Panalal PARMESSAR; Party for Brotherhood + and Unity in Politics (BEP), Cipriano ALLENDY; Pendawalima, Marsha JAMIN; + and Independent Progressive Group, Karam RAMSUNDERSINGH; + leftists: + Revolutionary People's Party (RVP), Michael NAARENDORP; Progressive Workers + and Farmers (PALU), Iwan KROLIS +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 6 September 1991 (next to be held NA May 1996); results - elected + by the National Assembly - Ronald VENETIAAN (NF) 80% (645 votes), Jules + WIJDENBOSCH (NDP) 14% (115 votes), Hans PRADE (DA '91) 6% (49 votes) + National Assembly: + last held 25 May 1991 (next to be held NA May 1996); results - percent of + vote NA; seats - (51 total) NF 30, NDP 12, DA '91 9 + +:Suriname Government + +Member of: + ACP, CARICOM (observer), ECLAC, FAO, GATT, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, + IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Willem A. UDENHOUT; Chancery at Suite 108, 4301 Connecticut + Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 244-7488 or 7490 through + 7492; there is a Surinamese Consulate General in Miami + US: + Ambassador John (Jack) P. LEONARD; Embassy at Dr. Sophie Redmonstraat 129, + Paramaribo (mailing address is P. O. Box 1821, Paramaribo); telephone [597] + 472900, 477881, or 476459; FAX [597] 410025 +Flag: + five horizontal bands of green (top, double width), white, red (quadruple + width), white, and green (double width); there is a large yellow + five-pointed star centered in the red band + +:Suriname Economy + +Overview: + The economy is dominated by the bauxite industry, which accounts for about + 70% of export earnings and 40% of tax revenues. The economy has been in + trouble since the Dutch ended development aid in 1982. A drop in world + bauxite prices which started in the late 1970s and continued until late 1986 + was followed by the outbreak of a guerrilla insurgency in the interior that + crippled the important bauxite sector. Although the insurgency has since + ebbed and the bauxite sector recovered, a military coup in December 1990 + reflected continued political instability and deterred investment and + economic reform. High inflation, high unemployment, widespread black market + activity, and hard currency shortfalls continue to mark the economy. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.4 billion, per capita $3,400; real growth rate + 0% (1989 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 50% (1989 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 33% (1990) +Budget: + revenues $466 million; expenditures $716 million, including capital + expenditures of $123 million (1989 est.) +Exports: + $549 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) + commodities: + alumina, bauxite, aluminum, rice, wood and wood products, shrimp and fish, + bananas + partners: + Norway 33%, Netherlands 20%, US 15%, FRG 9%, Brazil 5%, UK 5%, Japan 3%, + other 10% +Imports: + $331 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) + commodities: + capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton, consumer goods + partners: + US 37%, Netherlands 15%, Netherlands Antilles 11%, Trinidad and Tobago 9%, + Brazil 5%, UK 3%, other 20% +External debt: + $138 million (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA; accounts for 22% of GDP +Electricity: + 458,000 kW capacity; 2,018 million kWh produced, 5,015 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + bauxite mining, alumina and aluminum production, lumbering, food processing, + fishing +Agriculture: + accounts for 11% of GDP; paddy rice planted on 85% of arable land and + represents 60% of total farm output; other products - bananas, palm kernels, + coconuts, plantains, peanuts, beef, chicken; shrimp and forestry products of + increasing importance; self-sufficient in most foods +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $2.5 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billion +Currency: + Surinamese guilder, gulden, or florin (plural - guilders, gulden, or + florins); 1 Surinamese guilder, gulden, or florin (Sf.) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Surinamese guilders, gulden, or florins (Sf.) per US$1 - 1.7850 (fixed rate) + +:Suriname Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Suriname Communications + +Railroads: + 166 km total; 86 km 1.000-meter gauge, government owned, and 80 km + 1.435-meter standard gauge; all single track +Highways: + 8,300 km total; 500 km paved; 5,400 km bauxite gravel, crushed stone, or + improved earth; 2,400 km sand or clay +Inland waterways: + 1,200 km; most important means of transport; oceangoing vessels with drafts + ranging up to 7 m can navigate many of the principal waterways +Ports: + Paramaribo, Moengo +Merchant marine: + 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,472 GRT/8,914 DWT; includes 2 cargo, + 1 container +Civil air: + 1 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 46 total, 40 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + international facilities good; domestic microwave system; 27,500 telephones; + broadcast stations - 5 AM, 14 FM, 6 TV, 1 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT earth stations + +:Suriname Defense Forces + +Branches: + National Army (including Navy which is company-size, small Air Force + element), Civil Police, People's Militia +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 109,551; 65,250 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Svalbard Geography + +Total area: + 62,049 km2 +Land area: + 62,049 km2; includes Spitsbergen and Bjornoya (Bear Island) +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than West Virginia +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 3,587 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm unilaterally claimed by Norway, not recognized by Russia + Territorial sea: + 4 nm +Disputes: + focus of maritime boundary dispute in the Barents Sea between Norway and + Russia +Climate: + arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold winters; + North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, + keeping water open and navigable most of the year +Terrain: + wild, rugged mountains; much of high land ice covered; west coast clear of + ice about half the year; fjords along west and north coasts +Natural resources: + coal, copper, iron ore, phosphate, zinc, wildlife, fish +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100%; there are no trees and the only bushes are + crowberry and cloudberry +Environment: + great calving glaciers descend to the sea +Note: + located 445 km north of Norway where the Arctic Ocean, Barents Sea, + Greenland Sea, and Norwegian Sea meet + +:Svalbard People + +Population: + 3,181 (July 1992), growth rate -3.9% (1992); about one-third of the + population resides in the Norwegian areas (Longyearbyen and Svea on + Vestspitsbergen) and two-thirds in the Russian areas (Barentsburg and + Pyramiden on Vestspitsbergen); about 9 persons live at the Polish research + station +Birth rate: + NA births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + NA years male, NA years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman (1992) +Ethnic divisions: + Russian 64%, Norwegian 35%, other 1% (1981) +Languages: + Russian, Norwegian +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + NA +Organized labor: + none + +:Svalbard Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + territory of Norway administered by the Ministry of Industry, Oslo, through + a governor (sysselmann) residing in Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen; by treaty (9 + February 1920) sovereignty was given to Norway +Capital: + Longyearbyen +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991) + Head of Government: + Governor Leif ELDRING (since NA) +Member of: + none +Flag: + the flag of Norway is used + +:Svalbard Economy + +Overview: + Coal mining is the major economic activity on Svalbard. By treaty (9 + February 1920), the nationals of the treaty powers have equal rights to + exploit mineral deposits, subject to Norwegian regulation. Although US, UK, + Dutch, and Swedish coal companies have mined in the past, the only companies + still mining are Norwegian and Russian. The settlements on Svalbard are + essentially company towns. The Norwegian state-owned coal company employs + nearly 60% of the Norwegian population on the island, runs many of the local + services, and provides most of the local infrastructure. There is also some + trapping of seal, polar bear, fox, and walrus. +Budget: + revenues $13.3 million, expenditures $13.3 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1990) +Electricity: + 21,000 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 11,420 kWh per capita (1989) +Currency: + Norwegian krone (plural - kroner); 1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 ore +Exchange rates: + Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1 - 6.5189 (March 1992), 6.4829 (1991), 6.2597 + (1990), 6.9045 (1989), 6.5170 (1988), 6.7375 (1987) + +:Svalbard Communications + +Ports: + limited facilities - Ny-Alesund, Advent Bay +Airports: + 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 5 meteorological/radio stations; local telephone service; broadcast stations + - 1 AM, 1 (2 repeaters) FM, 1 TV; satellite communication with Norwegian + mainland + +:Svalbard Defense Forces + +Note: + demilitarized by treaty (9 February 1920) + +:Swaziland Geography + +Total area: + 17,360 km2 +Land area: + 17,200 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than New Jersey +Land boundaries: + 535 km total; Mozambique 105 km, South Africa 430 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + varies from tropical to near temperate +Terrain: + mostly mountains and hills; some moderately sloping plains +Natural resources: + asbestos, coal, clay, cassiterite, hydropower, forests, small gold and + diamond deposits, quarry stone, and talc +Land use: + arable land 8%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 67%; forest and + woodland 6%; other 19%; includes irrigated 2% +Environment: + overgrazing; soil degradation; soil erosion +Note: + landlocked; almost completely surrounded by South Africa + +:Swaziland People + +Population: + 913,008 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 44 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -6 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 98 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 52 years male, 60 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Swazi(s); adjective - Swazi +Ethnic divisions: + African 97%, European 3% +Religions: + Christian 60%, indigenous beliefs 40% +Languages: + English and siSwati (official); government business conducted in English +Literacy: + 55% (male 57%, female 54%) age 15 and over can read and write (1976) +Labor force: + 195,000; over 60,000 engaged in subsistence agriculture; about 92,000 wage + earners (many only intermittently), with agriculture and forestry 36%, + community and social services 20%, manufacturing 14%, construction 9%, other + 21%; 16,800 employed in South Africa mines (1990) +Organized labor: + about 10% of wage earners + +:Swaziland Government + +Long-form name: + Kingdom of Swaziland +Type: + monarchy; independent member of Commonwealth +Capital: + Mbabane (administrative); Lobamba (legislative) +Administrative divisions: + 4 districts; Hhohho, Lubombo, Manzini, Shiselweni +Independence: + 6 September 1968 (from UK) +Constitution: + none; constitution of 6 September 1968 was suspended on 12 April 1973; a new + constitution was promulgated 13 October 1978, but has not been formally + presented to the people +Legal system: + based on South African Roman-Dutch law in statutory courts, Swazi + traditional law and custom in traditional courts; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Somhlolo (Independence) Day, 6 September (1968) +Executive branch: + monarch, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament is advisory and consists of an upper house or Senate + and a lower house or House of Assembly +Judicial branch: + High Court, Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King MSWATI III (since 25 April 1986) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Obed DLAMINI (since 12 July 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + none; banned by the Constitution promulgated on 13 October 1978 +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + indirect parliamentary election through Swaziland's Tinkhundala System + scheduled for November 1992 +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, + IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, SACU, SADCC, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Absalom Vusani MAMBA; Chancery at 3400 International Drive NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 362-6683 + US: + Ambassador Stephen H. ROGERS; Embassy at Central Bank Building, Warner + Street, Mbabane (mailing address is P. O. Box 199, Mbabane); telephone [268] + 46441 through 5; FAX [268] 45959 +Flag: + three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red + band is edged in yellow; centered in the red band is a large black and white + shield covering two spears and a staff decorated with feather tassels, all + placed horizontally + +:Swaziland Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based on subsistence agriculture, which occupies most of the + labor force and contributes nearly 25% to GDP. Manufacturing, which includes + a number of agroprocessing factories, accounts for another quarter of GDP. + Mining has declined in importance in recent years; high-grade iron ore + deposits were depleted in 1978, and health concerns cut world demand for + asbestos. Exports of sugar and forestry products are the main earners of + hard currency. Surrounded by South Africa, except for a short border with + Mozambique, Swaziland is heavily dependent on South Africa, from which it + receives 75% of its imports and to which it sends about half of its exports. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $563 million, per capita $725; real growth rate + 5.0% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 13% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $335.4 million; expenditures $360.5 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY93 est.) +Exports: + $557 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + soft drink concentrates, sugar, wood pulp, citrus, canned fruit + partners: + South Africa 50% (est.), EC, Canada +Imports: + $632 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + motor vehicles, machinery, transport equipment, petroleum products, + foodstuffs, chemicals + partners: + South Africa 75% (est.), Japan, Belgium, UK +External debt: + $290 million (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA; accounts for 26% of GDP (1989) +Electricity: + 60,000 kW capacity; 155 million kWh produced, 180 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + mining (coal and asbestos), wood pulp, sugar +Agriculture: + accounts for 23% of GDP and over 60% of labor force; mostly subsistence + agriculture; cash crops - sugarcane, cotton, maize, tobacco, rice, citrus + fruit, pineapples; other crops and livestock - corn, sorghum, peanuts, + cattle, goats, sheep; not self-sufficient in grain +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $142 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $518 million +Currency: + lilangeni (plural - emalangeni); 1 lilangeni (E) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + emalangeni (E) per US$1 - 2.7814 (January 1992), 2.7563 (1991), 2.5863 + (1990), 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988), 2.0350 (1987); note - the Swazi + emalangeni is at par with the South African rand +Fiscal year: + 1 April - 31 March + +:Swaziland Communications + +Railroads: + 297 km (plus 71 km disused), 1.067-meter gauge, single track +Highways: + 2,853 km total; 510 km paved, 1,230 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized + soil, and 1,113 km improved earth +Civil air: + 4 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 23 total, 21 usable; 1 with permanent-surfaced runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + system consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines and low-capacity + microwave links; 17,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 7 AM, 6 FM, 10 TV; + 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Swaziland Defense Forces + +Branches: + Umbutfo Swaziland Defense Force, Royal Swaziland Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 197,654; 114,204 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $11 million, about 2% of GNP (1989) + +:Sweden Geography + +Total area: + 449,964 km2 +Land area: + 410,928 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than California +Land boundaries: + 2,205 km total; Finland 586 km, Norway 1,619 km +Coastline: + 3,218 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy + summers; subarctic in north +Terrain: + mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains in west +Natural resources: + zinc, iron ore, lead, copper, silver, timber, uranium, hydropower potential +Land use: + arable land 7%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest and + woodland 64%; other 27%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + water pollution; acid rain +Note: + strategic location along Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas + +:Sweden People + +Population: + 8,602,157 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 13 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 75 years male, 81 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Swede(s); adjective - Swedish +Ethnic divisions: + homogeneous white population; small Lappish minority; foreign born or + first-generation immigrants (Finns, Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, + Turks) about 12% +Religions: + Evangelical Lutheran 94%, Roman Catholic 1.5%, Pentecostal 1%, other 3.5% + (1987) +Languages: + Swedish, small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities; immigrants speak + native languages +Literacy: + 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1979 est.) +Labor force: + 4,552,000 community, social and personal services 38.3%, mining and + manufacturing 21.2%, commerce, hotels, and restaurants 14.1%, banking, + insurance 9.0%, communications 7.2%, construction 7.0%, agriculture, + fishing, and forestry 3.2% (1991) +Organized labor: + 80% of labor force (1990 est.) + +:Sweden Government + +Long-form name: + Kingdom of Sweden +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Stockholm +Administrative divisions: + 24 provinces (lan, singular and plural); Alvsborgs Lan, Blekinge Lan, + Gavleborgs Lan, Goteborgs och Bohus Lan, Gotlands Lan, Hallands Lan, + Jamtlands Lan, Jonkopings Lan, Kalmar Lan, Kopparbergs Lan, Kristianstads + Lan, Kronobergs Lan, Malmohus Lan, Norrbottens Lan, Orebro Lan, + Ostergotlands Lan, Skaraborgs Lan, Sodermanlands Lan, Stockholms Lan, + Uppsala Lan, Varmlands Lan, Vasterbottens Lan, Vasternorrlands Lan, + Vastmanlands Lan +Independence: + 6 June 1809, constitutional monarchy established +Constitution: + 1 January 1975 +Legal system: + civil law system influenced by customary law; accepts compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Day of the Swedish Flag, 6 June +Executive branch: + monarch, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral parliament (Riksdag) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Hogsta Domstolen) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King CARL XVI GUSTAF (since 19 September 1973); Heir Apparent Princess + VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree, daughter of the King (born 14 July 1977) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Carl BILDT (since 3 October 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + ruling four-party coalition consists of the Moderate Party (conservative), + Carl BILDT; Liberal People's Party, Bengt WESTERBERG; Center Party, Olof + JOHANSSON; and the Christian Democratic Party, Alf SVENSSON; Social + Democratic Party, Ingvar CARLSSON; New Democracy Party, Count Ian + WACHTMEISTER; Left Party (VP; Communist), Lars WERNER; Swedish Communist + Party (SKP), Rune PETTERSSON; Communist Workers' Party, Rolf HAGEL; Green + Party, no formal leader +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Riksdag: + last held 15 September 1991 (next to be held NA September 1994); results - + Social Democratic Party 37.6%, Moderate Party (conservative) 21.9%, Liberal + People's Party 9.1%, Center Party 8.5%, Christian Democrats 7.1%, New + Democracy 6.7%, Left Party (Communist) 4.5%, Green Party 3.4%, other 1.2%; + seats - (349 total) Social Democratic 138, Moderate Party (conservative) 80, + Liberal People's Party 33, Center Party 31, Christian Democrats 26, New + Democracy 25, Left Party (Communist) 16; note - the Green Party has no seats + in the Riksdag because it received less than the required 4% of the vote +Communists: + VP and SKP; VP, formerly the Left Party-Communists, is reported to have + roughly 17,800 members and attracted 5.8% of the vote in the 1988 election; + VP dropped the Communist label in 1990, but maintains a Marxist ideology + +:Sweden Government + +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer) AsDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA, + FAO, G-6, G-8, G-9, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, + IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, INTELSAT, IOC, IOM + (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (guest), NC, NEA, NIB, OECD, PCA, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, + WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Anders THUNBORG; Chancery at Suite 1200, 600 New Hampshire Avenue + NW, Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 944-5600; there are Swedish + Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, and New York + US: + Ambassador Charles E. REDMAN; Embassy at Strandvagen 101, S-115 89 + Stockholm; telephone [46] (8) 783-5300; FAX [46] (8) 661-1964 +Flag: + blue with a yellow cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical + part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog + (Danish flag) + +:Sweden Economy + +Overview: + Aided by a long period of peace and neutrality during World War I through + World War II, Sweden has achieved an enviable standard of living under a + mixed system of high-tech capitalism and extensive welfare benefits. It has + essentially full employment, a modern distribution system, excellent + internal and external communications, and a skilled labor force. Timber, + hydropower, and iron ore constitute the resource base of an economy that is + heavily oriented toward foreign trade. Privately owned firms account for + about 90% of industrial output, of which the engineering sector accounts for + 50% of output and exports. In the last few years, however, this + extraordinarily favorable picture has been clouded by inflation, growing + absenteeism, and a gradual loss of competitiveness in international markets. + The new center-right government, facing a sagging economic situation which + is unlikely to improve until 1993, is pushing full steam ahead with economic + reform proposals to end Sweden's recession and to prepare for possible EC + membership in 1995. The free-market-oriented reforms are designed to spur + growth, maintain price stability, lower unemployment, create a more + efficient welfare state, and further adapt to EC standards. The measures + include: cutting taxes, particularly the value-added tax (VAT) and levies on + new and small business; privatization; liberalizing foreign ownership + restrictions; and opening the welfare system to competition and private + alternatives, which the government will still finance. Growth is expected to + remain flat in 1992, but increase slightly in 1993, while inflation should + remain around 3% for the next few years. On the down side, unemployment may + climb to slightly over 4% in 1993, and the budget deficit will reach nearly + $9 billion in 1992. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $147.6 billion, per capita $17,200; real + growth rate -1.1% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8.0% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 2.7% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $67.5 billion; expenditures $78.7 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY92 est.) +Exports: + $54.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + machinery, motor vehicles, paper products, pulp and wood, iron and steel + products, chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products + partners: + EC, (FRG, UK, Denmark), US, Norway +Imports: + $50.2 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + machinery, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, motor vehicles, + foodstuffs, iron and steel, clothing + partners: + EC 55.3%, US 8.4% (1990) +External debt: + $10.7 billion (November 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate -5.3% (1991) +Electricity: + 39,716,000 kW capacity; 142,000 million kWh produced, 16,700 kWh per capita + (1991) + +:Sweden Economy + +Industries: + iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and telephone parts, + armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed foods, motor vehicles +Agriculture: + animal husbandry predominates, with milk and dairy products accounting for + 37% of farm income; main crops - grains, sugar beets, potatoes; 100% + self-sufficient in grains and potatoes, 85% self-sufficient in sugar beets +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $10.3 billion +Currency: + Swedish krona (plural - kronor); 1 Swedish krona (SKr) = 100 ore +Exchange rates: + Swedish kronor (SKr) per US$1 - 6.0259 (March 1992), 6.0475 (1991) 5.9188 + (1990), 6.4469 (1989), 6.1272 (1988), 6.3404 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Sweden Communications + +Railroads: + 12,000 km total; Swedish State Railways (SJ) - 10,819 km 1.435-meter + standard gauge, 6,955 km electrified and 1,152 km double track; 182 km + 0.891-meter gauge; 117 km rail ferry service; privately owned railways - 511 + km 1.435-meter standard gauge (332 km electrified); 371 km 0.891-meter gauge + (all electrified) +Highways: + 97,400 km (51,899 km paved, 20,659 km gravel, 24,842 km unimproved earth) +Inland waterways: + 2,052 km navigable for small steamers and barges +Pipelines: + natural gas 84 km +Ports: + Gavle, Goteborg, Halmstad, Helsingborg, Kalmar, Malmo, Stockholm; numerous + secondary and minor ports +Merchant marine: + 186 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,665,902 GRT/3,646,165 DWT; includes + 10 short-sea passenger, 29 cargo, 3 container, 43 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 12 + vehicle carrier, 2 railcar carrier, 33 petroleum tanker, 28 chemical tanker, + 4 specialized tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 7 combination ore/oil, 12 bulk, 1 + combination bulk, 1 refrigerated cargo +Civil air: + 115 major transports +Airports: + 254 total, 252 usable; 139 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 94 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + excellent domestic and international facilities; 8,200,000 telephones; + mainly coaxial and multiconductor cables carry long-distance network; + parallel microwave network carries primarily radio, TV and some telephone + channels; automatic system; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 360 (mostly + repeaters) FM, 880 (mostly repeaters) TV; 5 submarine coaxial cables; + satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 EUTELSAT + +:Sweden Defense Forces + +Branches: + Swedish Army, Swedish Navy, Swedish Air Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,129,996; 1,858,944 fit for military service; 57,492 reach + military age (19) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $6.2 billion, about 4% of GDP (FY91) + +:Switzerland Geography + +Total area: + 41,290 km2 +Land area: + 39,770 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of New Jersey +Land boundaries: + 1,852 km total; Austria 164 km, France 573 km, Italy 740 km, Liechtenstein + 41 km, Germany 334 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool + to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers +Terrain: + mostly mountains (Alps in south, Jura in northwest) with a central plateau + of rolling hills, plains, and large lakes +Natural resources: + hydropower potential, timber, salt +Land use: + arable land 10%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 40%; forest and + woodland 26%; other 23%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + dominated by Alps +Note: + landlocked; crossroads of northern and southern Europe + +:Switzerland People + +Population: + 6,828,023 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 12 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 76 years male, 83 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Swiss (singular and plural); adjective - Swiss +Ethnic divisions: + total population - German 65%, French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, other + 6%; Swiss nationals - German 74%, French 20%, Italian 4%, Romansch 1%, other + 1% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 47.6%, Protestant 44.3%, other 8.1% (1980) +Languages: + total population - German 65%, French 18%, Italian 12%, Romansch 1%, other + 4%; Swiss nationals - German 74%, French 20%, Italian 4%, Romansch 1%, other + 1% +Literacy: + 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.) +Labor force: + 3,310,000; 904,095 foreign workers, mostly Italian; services 50%, industry + and crafts 33%, government 10%, agriculture and forestry 6%, other 1% (1989) +Organized labor: + 20% of labor force + +:Switzerland Government + +Long-form name: + Swiss Confederation +Type: + federal republic +Capital: + Bern +Administrative divisions: + 26 cantons (cantons, singular - canton in French; cantoni, singular - + cantone in Italian; kantone, singular - kanton in German); Aargau, + Ausser-Rhoden, Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Bern, Fribourg, Geneve, + Glarus, Graubunden, Inner-Rhoden, Jura, Luzern, Neuchatel, Nidwalden, + Obwalden, Sankt Gallen, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, Thurgau, Ticino, + Uri, Valais, Vaud, Zug, Zurich +Independence: + 1 August 1291 +Constitution: + 29 May 1874 +Legal system: + civil law system influenced by customary law; judicial review of legislative + acts, except with respect to federal decrees of general obligatory + character; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Founding of the Swiss Confederation, 1 August (1291) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Federal Council (German - Bundesrat, French - + Conseil Federal, Italian - Consiglio Federale) +Legislative branch: + bicameral Federal Assembly (German - Bundesversammlung, French - Assemblee + Federale, Italian - Assemblea Federale) consists of an upper council or + Council of States (German - Standerat, French - Conseil des Etats, Italian - + Consiglio degli Stati) and a lower council or National Council (German - + Nationalrat, French - Conseil National, Italian - Consiglio Nazionale) +Judicial branch: + Federal Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Rene FELBER (1992 calendar year; presidency rotates annually); + Vice President Adolf OGI (term runs concurrently with that of president) +Political parties and leaders: + Free Democratic Party (FDP), Bruno HUNZIKER, president; Social Democratic + Party (SPS), Helmut HUBACHER, chairman; Christian Democratic People's Party + (CVP), Eva SEGMULLER-WEBER, chairman; Swiss People's Party (SVP), Hans + UHLMANN, president; Green Party (GPS), Peter SCHMID, president; Automobile + Party (AP), DREYER; Alliance of Independents' Party (LdU), Dr. Franz JAEGER, + president; Swiss Democratic Party (SD), NA; Evangelical People's Party + (EVP), Max DUNKI, president; Workers' Party (PdA; Communist), Jean + SPIELMANN, general secretary; Ticino League, leader NA Liberal Party (LPS), + Gilbert COUTAU, president +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Council of States: + last held throughout 1991 (next to be held NA 1995); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (46 total) FDP 18, CVP 16, SVP 4, SPS 3, LPS 3, + LdU 1, Ticino League 1 + +:Switzerland Government + + National Council: + last held 20 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (200 total) FDP 44, SPS 42, CVP 37, SVP + 25, GPS 14, LPS 10, AP 8, LdU 6, SD 5, EVP 3, PdA 2, Ticino League 2, other + 2 +Communists: + 4,500 members (est.) +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA, + FAO, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IEA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, + IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (guest), + NEA, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, + UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Edouard BRUNNER; Chancery at 2900 Cathedral Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 745-7900; there are Swiss Consulates + General in Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San + Francisco + US: + Ambassador Joseph B. GILDENHORN; Embassy at Jubilaeumstrasse 93, 3005 Bern; + telephone [41] (31) 437-011; FAX [41] (31) 437-344; there is a Branch Office + of the Embassy in Geneva and a Consulate General in Zurich +Flag: + red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in the center that does not + extend to the edges of the flag + +:Switzerland Economy + +Overview: + Switzerland's economic success is matched in few other nations. Per capita + output, general living standards, education and science, health care, and + diet are unsurpassed in Europe. Economic stability helps promote the + important banking and tourist sectors. Since World War II, Switzerland's + economy has adjusted smoothly to the great changes in output and trade + patterns in Europe and presumably can adjust to the challenges of the 1990s, + particularly to the further economic integration of Western Europe and the + amazingly rapid changes in East European political and economic prospects. + After 8 years of growth, the economy experienced a mild recession in 1991 + because monetary policy was tightened to combat inflation and because of the + weak international economy. In the second half of 1992, however, Switzerland + is expected to resume growth, despite inflation and unemployment problems. + GDP growth for 1992 may be just under 1%, inflation should drop from 5.9% to + 3.5%, and the trade deficit will continue to decline after dropping by over + 15% to $5 billion, due to increased exports to Germany. Unemployment, + however, is forecast to rise to 1.6% in 1992, up from 1.3% in 1991 and 0.5% + in 1990. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $147.4 billion, per capita $21,700; real + growth rate -0.2% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 5.9% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 1.3% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $24.0 billion; expenditures $23.8 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1990) +Exports: + $62.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + machinery and equipment, precision instruments, metal products, foodstuffs, + textiles and clothing + partners: + Western Europe 64% (EC 56%, other 8%), US 9%, Japan 4% +Imports: + $68.5 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + agricultural products, machinery and transportation equipment, chemicals, + textiles, construction materials + partners: + Western Europe 78% (EC 71%, other 7%), US 6% +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate 0.4% (1991 est.) +Electricity: + 17,710,000 kW capacity; 59,070 million kWh produced, 8,930 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision instruments +Agriculture: + dairy farming predominates; less than 50% self-sufficient; food shortages - + fish, refined sugar, fats and oils (other than butter), grains, eggs, + fruits, vegetables, meat +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $3.5 billion + +:Switzerland Economy + +Currency: + Swiss franc, franken, or franco (plural - francs, franken, or franchi); 1 + Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SwF) = 100 centimes, rappen, or centesimi +Exchange rates: + Swiss francs, franken, or franchi (SwF) per US$1 - 1.4037 (January 1992), + 1.4340 (1991), 1.3892 (1990), 1.6359 (1989), 1.4633 (1988), 1.4912 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Switzerland Communications + +Railroads: + 5,174 km total; 2,971 km are government owned and 2,203 km are nongovernment + owned; the government network consists of 2,897 km 1.435-meter standard + gauge and 74 km 1.000-meter narrow gauge track; 1,432 km double track, 99% + electrified; the nongovernment network consists of 710 km 1.435-meter + standard gauge, 1,418 km 1.000-meter gauge, and 75 km 0.790-meter gauge + track, 100% electrified +Highways: + 62,145 km total (all paved), of which 18,620 km are canton and 1,057 km are + national highways (740 km autobahn); 42,468 km are communal roads +Inland waterways: + 65 km; Rhine (Basel to Rheinfelden, Schaffhausen to Bodensee); 12 navigable + lakes +Pipelines: + crude oil 314 km, natural gas 1,506 km +Ports: + Basel (river port) +Merchant marine: + 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 325,234 GRT/576,953 DWT; includes 5 + cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 chemical tanker, 2 specialized tanker, 9 + bulk, 1 petroleum tanker +Civil air: + 89 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 66 total, 65 usable; 42 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over + 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 18 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + excellent domestic, international, and broadcast services; 5,890,000 + telephones; extensive cable and microwave networks; broadcast stations - 7 + AM, 265 FM, 18 (1,322 repeaters) TV; communications satellite earth station + operating in the INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean) system + +:Switzerland Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Air Force, Frontier Guards, Fortification Guards +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,798,632; 1,544,191 fit for military service; 43,952 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $4.6 billion, about 2% of GDP (1990) + +:Syria Geography + +Total area: + 185,180 km2 +Land area: + 184,050 km2 (including 1,295 km2 of Israeli-occupied territory) +Comparative area: + slightly larger than North Dakota +Land boundaries: + 2,253 km total; Iraq 605 km, Israel 76 km, Jordan 375 km, Lebanon 375 km, + Turkey 822 km +Coastline: + 193 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 6 nm beyond territorial sea limit + Territorial sea: + 35 nm +Disputes: + separated from Israel by the 1949 Armistice Line; Golan Heights is Israeli + occupied; Hatay question with Turkey; periodic disputes with Iraq over + Euphrates water rights; ongoing dispute over water development plans by + Turkey for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers +Climate: + mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy + winters (December to February) along coast +Terrain: + primarily semiarid and desert plateau; narrow coastal plain; mountains in + west +Natural resources: + crude oil, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron ore, rock + salt, marble, gypsum +Land use: + arable land 28%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 46%; forest and + woodland 3%; other 20%; includes irrigated 3% +Environment: + deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification +Note: + there are 38 Jewish settlements in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights + +:Syria People + +Population: + 13,730,436 (July 1992), growth rate 3.8% (1992); in addition, there are at + least 14,500 Druze and 14,000 Jewish settlers in the Israeli-occupied Golan + Heights (1992 est.) +Birth rate: + 44 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 45 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 65 years male, 67 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Syrian(s); adjective - Syrian +Ethnic divisions: + Arab 90.3%; Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7% +Religions: + Sunni Muslim 74%, Alawite, Druze, and other Muslim sects 16%, Christian + (various sects) 10%, tiny Jewish communities in Damascus, Al Qamishli, and + Aleppo +Languages: + Arabic (official), Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian; French widely + understood +Literacy: + 64% (male 78%, female 51%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 2,400,000; miscellaneous and government services 36%, agriculture 32%, + industry and construction 32%; majority unskilled; shortage of skilled labor + (1984) +Organized labor: + 5% of labor force + +:Syria Government + +Long-form name: + Syrian Arab Republic +Type: + republic; under leftwing military regime since March 1963 +Capital: + Damascus +Administrative divisions: + 14 provinces (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Hasakah, Al Ladhiqiyah, + Al Qunaytirah, Ar Raqqah, As Suwayda', Dar`a, Dayr az Zawr, Dimashq, Halab, + Hamah, Hims, Idlib, Rif Dimashq, Tartus +Independence: + 17 April 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under French administration); + formerly United Arab Republic +Constitution: + 13 March 1973 +Legal system: + based on Islamic law and civil law system; special religious courts; has not + accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 17 April (1946) +Executive branch: + president, three vice presidents, prime minister, three deputy prime + ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral People's Council (Majlis al-Chaab) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Constitutional Court, High Judicial Council, Court of Cassation, + State Security Courts +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Hafiz al-ASAD (since 22 February 1971); Vice Presidents `Abd + al-Halim KHADDAM, Vice President Rif`at al-ASAD, and Vice President Muhammad + Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Mahmud ZU`BI (since 1 November 1987); Deputy Prime Minister + Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984); Deputy Prime Minister Salim + YASIN (since NA December 1981); Deputy Prime Minister Mahmud QADDUR (since + NA May 1985) +Political parties and leaders: + ruling party is the Arab Socialist Resurrectionist (Ba`th) Party; the + Progressive National Front is dominated by Ba`thists but includes + independents and members of the Syrian Arab Socialist Party (ASP), Arab + Socialist Union (ASU), Syrian Communist Party (SCP), Arab Socialist Unionist + Movement, and Democratic Socialist Union Party +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 2 December 1991 (next to be held December 1998); results - + President Hafiz al-ASAD was reelected for a fourth seven-year term with + 99.98% of the vote + People's Council: + last held 22-23 May 1990 (next to be held NA May 1994); results - Ba`th + 53.6%, ASU 3.2%, SCP 3.2%, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 2.8%, ASP 2%, + Democratic Socialist Union Party 1.6%, independents 33.6%; seats - (250 + total) Ba`th 134, ASU 8, SCP 8, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 7, ASP 5, + Democratic Socialist Union Party 4, independents 84; note - the People's + Council was expanded to 250 seats total prior to the May 1990 election + +:Syria Government + +Communists: + Syrian Communist Party (SCP) +Other political or pressure groups: + non-Ba`th parties have little effective political influence; Communist party + ineffective; conservative religious leaders; Muslim Brotherhood +Member of: + ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, + LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WFTU, WHO, + WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Walid MOUALEM; Chancery at 2215 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC + 20008; telephone (202) 232-6313 + US: + Ambassador Christopher W. S. ROSS; Embassy at Abu Rumaneh, Al Mansur Street + No. 2, Damascus (mailing address is P. O. Box 29, Damascus); telephone [963] + (11) 333052 or 332557, 330416, 332814, 332315, 714108, 337178, 333232; FAX + [963] (11) 718-687 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with two small + green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; + similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band and of Iraq, + which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal + line centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt, which + has a symbolic eagle centered in the white band + +:Syria Economy + +Overview: + Syria's state-dominated Ba`thist economy has benefited from the Gulf war, + increased oil production, good weather, and economic deregulation. Economic + growth averaged nearly 12% annually in 1990-91, buoyed by increased oil + production and improved agricultural performance. The Gulf war of early 1991 + provided Syria an aid windfall of several billion dollars from Arab, + European, and Japanese donors. These inflows more than offset Damascus's + war-related costs and will help Syria cover some of its debt arrears, + restore suspended credit lines, and initiate selected military and civilian + purchases. For the long run, Syria's economy is still saddled with a large + number of poorly performing public sector firms; investment levels remain + low; and industrial and agricultural productivity is poor. A major long-term + concern is the additional drain of upstream Euphrates water by Turkey when + its vast dam and irrigation projects are completed by mid-decade. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $30 billion, per capita $2,300; real growth rate + 11% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 25% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $5.4 billion; expenditures $7.5 billion, including capital + expenditures of $2.9 billion (1991 est.) +Exports: + $3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + petroleum 40%, farm products 13%, textiles, phosphates (1989) + partners: + USSR and Eastern Europe 42%, EC 31%, Arab countries 17%, US/Canada 2% (1989) +Imports: + $2.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs and beverages 21%, metal and metal products 16%, machinery 14%, + textiles, petroleum products (1989) + partners: + EC 42%, USSR and Eastern Europe 13%, other Europe 13%, US/Canada 8%, Arab + countries 6% (1989) +External debt: + $5.2 billion in hard currency (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 6% (1991 est.); accounts for 17% of GDP +Electricity: + 3,005,000 kW capacity; 8,800 million kWh produced, 680 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco, phosphate rock mining, + petroleum +Agriculture: + accounts for 27% of GDP and one-third of labor force; all major crops + (wheat, barley, cotton, lentils, chickpeas) grown mainly on rainfed land + causing wide swings in production; animal products - beef, lamb, eggs, + poultry, milk; not self-sufficient in grain or livestock products +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $538 million; Western (non-US) + ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.23 billion; OPEC bilateral + aid (1979-89), $12.3 billion; former Communist countries (1970-89), $3.3 + billion +Currency: + Syrian pound (plural - pounds); 1 Syrian pound (#S) = 100 piasters + +:Syria Economy + +Exchange rates: + Syrian pounds (#S) per US$1 - 22.0 (promotional rate since 1991), 11.2250 + (fixed rate 1987-90), 3.9250 (fixed rate 1976-87) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Syria Communications + +Railroads: + 2,350 km total; 2,035 km standard gauge, 315 km 1.050-meter (narrow) gauge +Highways: + 28,000 km total; 22,000 km paved, 3,000 km gravel or crushed stone, 3,000 km + improved earth +Inland waterways: + 672 km; minimal economic importance +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,304 km, petroleum products 515 km +Ports: + Tartus, Latakia, Baniyas +Merchant marine: + 29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 85,417 GRT/138,078 DWT; includes 25 + cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 vehicle carrier, 2 bulk +Civil air: + 35 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 104 total, 100 usable; 24 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 21 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fair system currently undergoing significant improvement; 512,600 + telephones; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 1 FM, 17 TV; satellite earth stations + - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Intersputnik, 1 submarine cable; coaxial + cable and radio relay to Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey + +:Syria Defense Forces + +Branches: + Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab Navy, Syrian Arab Air Force, Syrian Arab Air + Defense Forces, Police and Security Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 3,012,671; 1,691,660 fit for military service; 145,976 reach + military age (19) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion, 8% of GDP (1989) + +:Taiwan Geography + +Total area: + 35,980 km2 +Land area: + 32,260 km2; includes the Pescadores, Matsu, and Quemoy +Comparative area: + slightly less than three times the size of Connecticut +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 1,448 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + involved in complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, + Philippines, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; Paracel Islands occupied by + China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; Japanese-administered + Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu Tai) claimed by China and Taiwan +Climate: + tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); + cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year +Terrain: + eastern two-thirds mostly rugged mountains; flat to gently rolling plains in + west +Natural resources: + small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos +Land use: + arable land 24%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and + woodland 55%; other 15%; irrigated 14% +Environment: + subject to earthquakes and typhoons + +:Taiwan People + +Population: + 20,878,556 (July 1992), growth rate 1.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 16 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 72 years male, 78 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Chinese (singular and plural); adjective - Chinese +Ethnic divisions: + Taiwanese 84%, mainland Chinese 14%, aborigine 2% +Religions: + mixture of Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist 93%, Christian 4.5%, other 2.5% +Languages: + Mandarin Chinese (official); Taiwanese (Miu) and Hakka dialects also used +Literacy: + 91.2% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990) +Labor force: + 7,900,000; industry and commerce 53%, services 22%, agriculture 15.6%, civil + administration 7% (1989) +Organized labor: + 2,728,000 or about 44% (1991) + +:Taiwan Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + multiparty democratic regime; opposition political parties legalized in + March, 1989 +Capital: + Taipei +Administrative divisions: + the authorities in Taipei claim to be the government of all China; in + keeping with that claim, the central administrative divisions include 2 + provinces (sheng, singular and plural) and 2 municipalities* (shih, singular + and plural) - Fu-chien (some 20 offshore islands of Fujian Province + including Quemoy and Matsu), Kao-hsiung*, T'ai-pei*, and Taiwan (the island + of Taiwan and the Pescadores islands); the more commonly referenced + administrative divisions are those of Taiwan Province - 16 counties (hsien, + singular and plural), 5 municipalities* (shih, singular and plural), and 2 + special municipalities** (chuan-shih, singular and plural); Chang-hua, + Chia-i, Chia-i*, Chi-lung*, Hsin-chu, Hsin-chu*, Hua-lien, I-lan, + Kao-hsiung, Kao-hsiung**, Miao-li, Nan-t'ou, P'eng-hu, P'ing-tung, + T'ai-chung, T'ai-chung*, T'ai-nan, T'ai-nan*, T'ai-pei, T'ai-pei**, + T'ai-tung, T'ao-yuan, and Yun-lin; the provincial capital is at + Chung-hsing-hsin-ts'un; note - Taiwan uses the Wade-Giles system for + romanization +Constitution: + 25 December 1947, presently undergoing revision +Legal system: + based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with + reservations +National holiday: + National Day (Anniversary of the Revolution), 10 October (1911) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, premier of the Executive Yuan, vice premier of + the Executive Yuan, Executive Yuan +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Yuan, unicameral National Assembly +Judicial branch: + Judicial Yuan +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President LI Teng-hui (since 13 January 1988); Vice President LI Yuan-zu + (since 20 May 1990) + Head of Government: + Premier (President of the Executive Yuan) HAO Po-ts'un (since 2 May 1990); + Vice Premier (Vice President of the Executive Yuan) SHIH Ch'i-yang (since NA + July 1988) +Political parties and leaders: + Kuomintang (Nationalist Party), LI Teng-hui, chairman; Democratic Socialist + Party and Young China Party controlled by Kuomintang; Democratic Progressive + Party (DPP); Labor Party; 27 other minor parties +Suffrage: + universal at age 20 +Elections: + President: + last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - President + LI Teng-hui was reelected by the National Assembly + Vice President: + last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - LI + Yuan-zu was elected by the National Assembly + +:Taiwan Government + + Legislative Yuan: + last held 2 December 1989 (next to be held NA December 1992); results - KMT + 65%, DPP 33%, independents 2%; seats - (304 total, 102 elected) KMT 78, DPP + 21, independents 3 +Elections: + National Assembly: + first National Assembly elected in November 1947 with a supplementary + election in December 1986; second National Assembly elected in December 1991 +Member of: + expelled from UN General Assembly and Security Council on 25 October 1971 + and withdrew on same date from other charter-designated subsidiary organs; + expelled from IMF/World Bank group April/May 1980; seeking to join GATT; + attempting to retain membership in INTELSAT; suspended from IAEA in 1972, + but still allows IAEA controls over extensive atomic development; APEC, + AsDB, ICC, ICFTU, IOC +Diplomatic representation: + none; unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of the US + are maintained through a private instrumentality, the Coordination Council + for North American Affairs (CCNAA) with headquarters in Taipei and field + offices in Washington and 10 other US cities with all addresses and + telephone numbers NA + US: + unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of Taiwan are + maintained through a private institution, the American Institute in Taiwan + (AIT), which has offices in Taipei at #7, Lane 134, Hsiu Yi Road, Section 3, + telephone [886] (2) 709-2000, and in Kao-hsiung at #2 Chung Cheng 3d Road, + telephone [886] (7) 224-0154 through 0157, and the American Trade Center at + Room 3207 International Trade Building, Taipei World Trade Center, 333 + Keelung Road Section 1, Taipei 10548, telephone [886] (2) 720-1550 +Flag: + red with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a + white sun with 12 triangular rays + +:Taiwan Economy + +Overview: + Taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy with considerable government + guidance of investment and foreign trade and partial government ownership of + some large banks and industrial firms. Real growth in GNP has averaged about + 9% a year during the past three decades. Export growth has been even faster + and has provided the impetus for industrialization. Agriculture contributes + about 4% to GNP, down from 35% in 1952. Taiwan currently ranks as number 13 + among major trading countries. Traditional labor-intensive industries are + steadily being replaced with more capital- and technology-intensive + industries. Taiwan has become a major investor in China, Thailand, + Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia. The tightening of labor markets + has led to an influx of foreign workers, both legal and illegal. +GNP: + purchasing power equivalent - $150.8 billion, per capita $7,380; real growth + rate 5.2% (1990) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.1% (1990); 3.8% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 1.7% (1990); 1.5% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $30.3 billion; expenditures $30.1 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY91 est.) +Exports: + $67.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + electrical machinery 18.2%, textiles 15.6%, general machinery and equipment + 14.8%, basic metals and metal products 7.8%, foodstuffs 1.7%, plywood and + wood products 1.6% (1989) + partners: + US 36.2%, Japan 13.7% (1989) +Imports: + $54.7 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + machinery and equipment 15.3%, basic metals 13.0%, chemical and chemical + products 11.1%, crude oil 5%, foodstuffs 2.2% (1989) + partners: + Japan 31%, US 23%, FRG 5% (1989) +External debt: + $1.1 billion (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 6.5% (1991 est.) +Electricity: + 17,000,000 kW capacity; 76,900 million kWh produced, 3,722 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + electronics, textiles, chemicals, clothing, food processing, plywood, sugar + milling, cement, shipbuilding, petroleum +Agriculture: + accounts for 4% of GNP and 16% of labor force (includes part-time farmers); + heavily subsidized sector; major crops - vegetables, rice, fruit, tea; + livestock - hogs, poultry, beef, milk, cattle; not self-sufficient in wheat, + soybeans, corn; fish catch increasing, 1.4 million metric tons (1988) +Economic aid: + US, including Ex-Im (FY46-82), $4.6 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA + and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $500 million +Currency: + New Taiwan dollar (plural - dollars); 1 New Taiwan dollar (NT$) = 100 cents + +:Taiwan Economy + +Exchange rates: + New Taiwan dollars per US$1 - 25.000 (February 1992), 25.748 (1991), 27.108 + (1990), 26.407 (1989) 28.589 (1988), 31.845 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Taiwan Communications + +Railroads: + about 4,600 km total track with 1,075 km common carrier lines and 3,525 km + industrial lines; common carrier lines consist of the 1.067-meter gauge 708 + km West Line and the 367 km East Line; a 98.25 km South Link Line connection + was completed in late 1991; common carrier lines owned by the government and + operated by the Railway Administration under Ministry of Communications; + industrial lines owned and operated by government enterprises +Highways: + 20,041 km total; 17,095 km bituminous or concrete pavement, 2,371 km crushed + stone or gravel, 575 km graded earth +Pipelines: + petroleum products 615 km, natural gas 97 km +Ports: + Kao-hsiung, Chi-lung (Keelung), Hua-lien, Su-ao, T'ai-tung +Merchant marine: + 213 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,491,539 GRT/9,082,118 DWT; includes + 1 passenger, 42 cargo, 15 refrigerated cargo, 73 container, 17 petroleum + tanker, 3 combination ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 58 bulk, 1 + roll-on/roll-off, 2 combination bulk +Airports: + 40 total, 39 usable; 36 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over + 3,659 m; 16 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + best developed system in Asia outside of Japan; 7,800,000 telephones; + extensive microwave transmission links on east and west coasts; broadcast + stations - 91 AM, 23 FM, 15 TV (13 repeaters); 8,620,000 radios; 6,386,000 + TVs (5,680,000 color, 706,000 monochrome); satellite earth stations - 1 + Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; submarine cable links to + Japan (Okinawa), the Philippines, Guam, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia, + Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe + +:Taiwan Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, Taiwan General Garrison + Headquarters, Ministry of National Defense +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 5,982,717; 4,652,586 fit for military service; about 180,706 + currently reach military age (19) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $9.16 billion, 4.5% of GNP (FY92) + +:Tajikistan Geography + +Total area: + 143,100 km2 +Land area: + 142,700 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Wisconsin +Land boundaries: + 3,651 km total; Afghanistan 1,206 km, China 414 km, Kyrgyzstan 870 km, + Uzbekistan 1,161 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + boundary with China under dispute +Climate: + midlatitude semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains +Terrain: + Pamir and Alay Mountains dominate landscape; western Fergana Valley in + north, Kafirnigan and Vakhsh Valleys in southeast +Natural resources: + significant hydropower potential, petroleum, uranium, mercury, small + production of petroleum, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten +Land use: + 6% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest + and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated +Environment: + NA +Note: + landlocked + +:Tajikistan People + +Population: + 5,680,242 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 40 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 74 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 64 years male, 70 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 5.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Tajik(s); adjective - Tajik +Ethnic divisions: + Tajik 62%, Uzbek 24%, Russian 8%, Tatar 2%, other 4% +Religions: + Sunni Muslim approximately 80%, Shi`a Muslim 5% +Languages: + Tajik (official) NA% +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write +Labor force: + 1,938,000; agriculture and forestry 43%, industry and construction 22%, + other 35% (1990) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Tajikistan Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Tajikistan +Type: + republic +Capital: + Dushanbe +Administrative divisions: + 3 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast') and one autonomous oblast*; + Gorno-Badakhshan*; Kurgan-Tyube, Kulyab, Leninabad (Khudzhand); note - the + rayons around Dushanbe are under direct republic jurisdiction; an oblast + usually has the same name as its administrative center (exceptions have the + administrative center name following in parentheses) +Independence: + 9 September 1991 (from Soviet Union); formerly Tajikistan Soviet Socialist + Republic +Constitution: + adopted NA April 1978 +Legal system: + based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts +National holiday: + NA +Executive branch: + president, prime minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral Supreme Soviet +Judicial branch: + NA +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Rakhman NABIYEV (since NA September 1991); note - a government of + National Reconciliation was formed in May 1992; NABIYEV is titular head + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Akbar MIRZOYEV (since 10 January 1992); First Deputy Prime + Minister Davlat USMON +Political parties and leaders: + Tajik Democratic Party, Shodmon YUSUF, chairman; Rastokhez (Rebirth), Tohir + ABDULJABAR, chairman; Islamic Revival Party, Sharif HIMMOT-ZODA, chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held NA); results - Rakhman NABIYEV, + Communist Party 60%; Daolat KHUDONAZAROV, Democratic Party, Islamic Rebirth + Party and Rastokhoz Party 30% + Supreme Soviet: + last held 25 February 1990 (next to be held NA); results - Communist Party + 99%, other 1%; seats - (230 total) Communist Party 227, other 3 +Communists: + NA +Other political or pressure groups: + Kazi Kolon, Akbar TURAJON-SODA, Muslim leader +Member of: + CSCE, IMF, UN +Diplomatic representation: + NA + US: + Ambassador-designate Stan ESCUDERO; Embassy at Interim Chancery, #39 Ainii + Street; Residences: Oktyabrskaya Hotel, Dushanbe (mailing address is APO AE + 09862); telephone [8] (011) 7-3772-24-32-23 + +:Tajikistan Government + +Flag: + NA; still in the process of designing one + +:Tajikistan Economy + +Overview: + Tajikistan has had the lowest standard of living and now faces the bleakest + economic prospects of the 15 former Soviet republics. Agriculture is the + main economic sector, normally accounting for 38% of employment and + featuring cotton and fruits. Industry is sparse, bright spots including + electric power and aluminum production based on the country's sizable + hydropower resources and a surprising specialty in the production of + metal-cutting machine tools. In 1991 and early 1992, disruptions in food + supplies from the outside have severely strained the availability of food + throughout the republic. The combination of the poor food supply, the + general disruption of industrial links to suppliers and markets, and + political instability have meant that the republic's leadership could make + little progress in economic reform in 1991 and early 1992. +GDP: + $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate -9% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 84% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 25% (1991 est.) +Budget: + $NA +Exports: + $706 million (1990) + commodities: + aluminum, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil, textiles + partners: + Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan +Imports: + $1.3 billion (1990) + commodities: + chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, textiles, foodstuffs + partners: + NA +External debt: + $650 million (end of 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -2.0% (1991) +Electricity: + 4,575,000 kW capacity; 17,500 million kWh produced, 3,384 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + aluminum, zinc, lead, chemicals and fertilizers, cement, vegetable oil, + metal-cutting machine tools, refrigerators and freezers +Agriculture: + cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle, pigs, sheep and goats, + yaks +Illicit drugs: + illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption; + status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipment + points for illicit drugs to Western Europe +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency +Exchange rates: + NA +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Tajikistan Communications + +Railroads: + 480 km all 1.520-meter (broad) gauge (includes NA km electrified); does not + include industrial lines (1990); 258 km between Dushanbe (Tajikistan) and + Termez (Uzbekistan), connects with the railroad system of the other + republics of the former Soviet Union at Tashkent in Uzbekistan +Highways: + 29,900 km total (1990); 24,400 km hard surfaced, 8,500 km earth +Inland waterways: + NA km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + NA +Civil air: + NA +Airports: + NA +Telecommunications: + poorly developed; telephone density NA; linked by landline or microwave with + other CIS member states and by leased connections via the Moscow + international gateway switch to other countries; satellite earth stations - + Orbita and INTELSAT (TV receive only) + +:Tajikistan Defense Forces + +Branches: + Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS + Forces (Ground, Air, and Air Defense) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18) + annually +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Tanzania Geography + +Total area: + 945,090 km2 +Land area: + 886,040 km2; includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Zanzibar +Comparative area: + slightly larger than twice the size of California +Land boundaries: + 3,402 km total; Burundi 451 km, Kenya 769 km, Malawi 475 km, Mozambique 756 + km, Rwanda 217 km, Uganda 396 km, Zambia 338 km +Coastline: + 1,424 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + boundary dispute with Malawi in Lake Nyasa; Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint + in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be indefinite since it is reported that the + indefinite section of the Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled +Climate: + varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands +Terrain: + plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, south +Natural resources: + hydropower potential, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones, + gold, natural gas, nickel +Land use: + arable land 5%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 40%; forest and + woodland 47%; other 7%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + lack of water and tsetse fly limit agriculture; recent droughts affected + marginal agriculture; Kilimanjaro is highest point in Africa + +:Tanzania People + +Population: + 27,791,552 (July 1992), growth rate 3.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 49 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 15 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 103 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 50 years male, 55 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 7.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Tanzanian(s); adjective - Tanzanian +Ethnic divisions: + mainland - native African consisting of well over 100 tribes 99%; Asian, + European, and Arab 1% +Religions: + mainland - Christian 33%, Muslim 33%, indigenous beliefs 33%; Zanzibar - + almost all Muslim +Languages: + Swahili and English (official); English primary language of commerce, + administration, and higher education; Swahili widely understood and + generally used for communication between ethnic groups; first language of + most people is one of the local languages; primary education is generally in + Swahili +Literacy: + 46% (male 62%, female 31%) age 15 and over can read and write (1978) +Labor force: + 732,200 wage earners; 90% agriculture, 10% industry and commerce (1986 est.) +Organized labor: + 15% of labor force + +:Tanzania Government + +Long-form name: + United Republic of Tanzania +Type: + republic +Capital: + Dar es Salaam; some government offices have been transferred to Dodoma, + which is planned as the new national capital by the end of the 1990s +Administrative divisions: + 25 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Iringa, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, + Lindi, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Pemba North, Pemba South, + Pwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Singida, Tabora, Tanga, Zanzibar + Central/South, Zanzibar North, Zanzibar Urban/West, Ziwa Magharibi +Independence: + Tanganyika became independent 9 December 1961 (from UN trusteeship under + British administration); Zanzibar became independent 19 December 1963 (from + UK); Tanganyika united with Zanzibar 26 April 1964 to form the United + Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed United Republic of Tanzania 29 + October 1964 +Constitution: + 15 March 1984 (Zanzibar has its own Constitution but remains subject to + provisions of the union Constitution) +Legal system: + based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts limited to + matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Union Day, 26 April (1964) +Executive branch: + president, first vice president and prime minister of the union, second vice + president and president of Zanzibar, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Bunge) +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal, High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Ali Hassan MWINYI (since 5 November 1985); First Vice President + John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990); Second Vice President Salmin AMOUR + (since 9 November 1990) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + only party - Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM or Revolutionary Party), Ali Hassan + MWINYI, party chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - Ali + Hassan MWINYI was elected without opposition + National Assembly: + last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - CCM + is the only party; seats - (241 total, 168 elected) CCM 168 +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-6, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, + NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, + WTO + +:Tanzania Government + +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador-designate Charles Musama NYIRABU; Chancery at 2139 R Street NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-6125 + US: + Ambassador Edmund DE JARNETTE, Jr.; Embassy at 36 Laibon Road (off Bagamoyo + Road), Dar es Salaam (mailing address is P. O. Box 9123, Dar es Salaam); + telephone [255] (51) 66010/13; FAX [255] (51)66701 +Flag: + divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-side + corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is + blue + +:Tanzania Economy + +Overview: + Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. The economy is + heavily dependent on agriculture, which accounts for about 47% of GDP, + provides 85% of exports, and employs 90% of the work force. Industry + accounts for 8% of GDP and is mainly limited to processing agricultural + products and light consumer goods. The economic recovery program announced + in mid-1986 has generated notable increases in agricultural production and + financial support for the program by bilateral donors. The World Bank, the + International Monetary Fund, and bilateral donors have provided funds to + rehabilitate Tanzania's deteriorated economic infrastructure. Growth in 1991 + was featured by a pickup in industrial production and a substantial increase + in output of minerals led by gold. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $6.9 billion, per capita $260 (1989 est.); real + growth rate 4.5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 16.5% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $495 million; expenditures $631 million, including capital + expenditures of $118 million (FY90) +Exports: + $478 million (f.o.b., FY91 est.) + commodities: + coffee, cotton, sisal, tea, cashew nuts, meat, tobacco, diamonds, gold, + coconut products, pyrethrum, cloves (Zanzibar) + partners: + FRG, UK, Japan, Netherlands, Kenya, Hong Kong, US +Imports: + $1.5 billion (c.i.f., FY91 est.) + commodities: + manufactured goods, machinery and transportation equipment, cotton piece + goods, crude oil, foodstuffs + partners: + FRG, UK, US, Japan, Italy, Denmark +External debt: + $5.2 billion (December 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 4.2% (1988); accounts for 8% of GDP +Electricity: + 405,000 kW capacity; 905 million kWh produced, 35 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + primarily agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine), + diamond and gold mining, oil refinery, shoes, cement, textiles, wood + products, fertilizer +Agriculture: + accounts for over 45% of GDP; topography and climatic conditions limit + cultivated crops to only 5% of land area; cash crops - coffee, sisal, tea, + cotton, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), cashews, tobacco, + cloves (Zanzibar); food crops - corn, wheat, cassava, bananas, fruits, and + vegetables; small numbers of cattle, sheep, and goats; not self-sufficient + in food grain production +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $400 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $9.8 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $44 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $614 + million + +:Tanzania Economy + +Currency: + Tanzanian shilling (plural - shillings); 1 Tanzanian shilling (TSh) = 100 + cents +Exchange rates: + Tanzanian shillings (TSh) per US$1 - 236.01 (February (1992), 219.16 (1991), + 195.06 (1990), 143.38 (1989), 99.29 (1988), 64.26 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July-30 June + +:Tanzania Communications + +Railroads: + 3,555 km total; 960 km 1.067-meter gauge; 2,595 km 1.000-meter gauge, 6.4 km + double track, 962 km Tazara Railroad 1.067-meter gauge; 115 km 1.000-meter + gauge planned by end of decade +Highways: + total 81,900 km, 3,600 km paved; 5,600 km gravel or crushed stone; remainder + improved and unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, Lake Nyasa +Pipelines: + crude oil 982 km +Ports: + Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Tanga, and Zanzibar are ocean ports; Mwanza on Lake + Victoria and Kigoma on Lake Tanganyika are inland ports +Merchant marine: + 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 19,185 GRT/22,916 DWT; includes 2 + passenger-cargo, 2 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 petroleum tanker +Civil air: + 8 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 104 total, 94 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3, 659 m; 43 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fair system operating below capacity; open wire, radio relay, and + troposcatter; 103,800 telephones; broadcast stations - 12 AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; 1 + Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Tanzania Defense Forces + +Branches: + Tanzanian People's Defense Force (TPDF; including Army, Navy, and Air + Force); paramilitary Police Field Force Unit; Militia +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 5,747,542; 3,319,116 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $119 million, about 2% of GDP (FY89 budget) + +:Thailand Geography + +Total area: + 514,000 km2 +Land area: + 511,770 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of Wyoming +Land boundaries: + 4,863 km total; Burma 1,800 km, Cambodia 803 km, Laos 1,754 km, Malaysia 506 + km +Coastline: + 3,219 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + boundary dispute with Laos; unresolved maritime boundary with Vietnam +Climate: + tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, + cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot + and humid +Terrain: + central plain; eastern plateau (Khorat); mountains elsewhere +Natural resources: + tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum, + lignite, fluorite +Land use: + arable land 34%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and + woodland 30%; other 31%; includes irrigated 7% +Environment: + air and water pollution; land subsidence in Bangkok area +Note: + controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and Singapore + +:Thailand People + +Population: + 57,624,180 (July 1992), growth rate 1.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 20 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 35 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 67 years male, 71 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Thai (singular and plural); adjective - Thai +Ethnic divisions: + Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11% +Religions: + Buddhism 95%, Muslim 3.8%, Christianity 0.5%, Hinduism 0.1%, other 0.6% + (1991) +Languages: + Thai; English is the secondary language of the elite; ethnic and regional + dialects +Literacy: + 93% (male 96%, female 90%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 30,870,000; agriculture 62%, industry 13%, commerce 11%, services (including + government) 14% (1989 est.) +Organized labor: + 309,000 union members (1989) + +:Thailand Government + +Long-form name: + Kingdom of Thailand +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Bangkok +Administrative divisions: + 72 provinces (changwat, singular and plural); Ang Thong, Buriram, + Chachoengsao, Chai Nat, Chaiyaphum, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, + Chon Buri, Chumphon, Kalasin, Kamphaeng Phet, Kanchanaburi, Khon Kaen, + Krabi, Krung Thep Mahanakhon, Lampang, Lamphun, Loei, Lop Buri, Mae Hong + Son, Maha Sarakham, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Phanom, Nakhon + Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nan, Narathiwat, Nong Khai, + Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Pattani, Phangnga, Phatthalung, Phayao, + Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Phichit, Phitsanulok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, + Phrae, Phuket, Prachin Buri, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ranong, Ratchaburi, + Rayong, Roi Et, Sakon Nakhon, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram, + Sara Buri, Satun, Sing Buri, Sisaket, Songkhla, Sukhothai, Suphan Buri, + Surat Thani, Surin, Tak, Trang, Trat, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, Uthai + Thani, Uttaradit, Yala, Yasothon +Independence: + 1238 (traditional founding date); never colonized +Constitution: + 22 December 1978; new constitution approved 7 December 1991 +Legal system: + based on civil law system, with influences of common law; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; martial law in effect since 23 February 1991 + military coup +National holiday: + Birthday of His Majesty the King, 5 December (1927) +Executive branch: + monarch, interim prime minister, three interim deputy prime ministers, + interim Council of Ministers (cabinet), Privy Council; following the + military coup of 23 February 1991 a National Peace-Keeping Council was set + up +Legislative branch: + bicameral National Assembly (Rathasatha) consists of an upper house or + Senate (Vuthisatha) and a lower house or House of Representatives + (Saphaphoothan-Rajsadhorn) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Sarndika) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King PHUMIPHON Adunlayadet (since 9 June 1946); Heir Apparent Crown Prince + WACHIRALONGKON (born 28 July 1952) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Anan PANYARACHUN (since 10 June 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + Justice Unity Party (Samakki Tham); Chart Thai Party; Solidarity Party; Thai + Citizens Party (TCP, Prachakorn Thai); Social Action Party (SAP); Democrat + Party (DP); Force of Truth Party (Palang Dharma); New Aspiration Party; + Rassadorn Party; Muanchon Party; Puangchon Chothai Party +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 + +:Thailand Government + +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held 22 March 1992 (next to be held by NA); results - percent of vote + by party NA; seats - (360 total) Samakki Tham 79, Chart Thai Party 74, New + Aspiration Party 72, DP 44, Palang Dharma 41, SAP 31, TCP 7, Solidarity + Party 6, Rassadorn 4, Muanchon 1, Puangchon Chotahi 1 +Communists: + illegal Communist party has 500 to 1,000 members; armed Communist insurgents + throughout Thailand total 200 (est.) +Member of: + APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, + ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, + ITU, LORCS, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador-designate PHIRAPHONG Kasemsi; Embassy at 2300 Kalorama Road NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-7200; there are Thai Consulates + General in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York + US: + Ambassador David F. LAMBERTSON; Embassy at 95 Wireless Road, Bangkok + (mailing address is APO AP 96546); telephone [66] (2) 252-5040; FAX [66] (2) + 254-2990; there is a US Consulate General in Chiang Mai and Consulates in + Songkhla and Udorn +Flag: + five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), white, and + red + +:Thailand Economy + +Overview: + Thailand, one of the more advanced developing countries in Asia, enjoyed a + year of 8% growth in 1991, although down from an annual average of 11% + growth between 1987 and 1990. The increasingly sophisticated manufacturing + sector benefited from export-oriented investment. The manufacturing and + service sectors have accounted for the lion's share of economic growth. + Thailand's traditional agricultural sector continued to become less + important to the overall economy in 1991. The trade deficit continued to + increase in 1991, to $11 billion; earnings from tourism and remittances grew + marginally as a result of the Gulf War; and Thailand's import bill grew, + especially for manufactures and oil. The government has followed fairly + sound fiscal and monetary policies. Aided by increased tax receipts from the + fast-moving economy; Bangkok recorded its fourth consecutive budget surplus + in 1991. The government is moving ahead with new projects - especially for + telecommunications, roads, and port facilities - needed to refurbish the + country's overtaxed infrastructure. Political unrest and the military's + shooting of antigovernment demonstrators in May 1992 have caused + international businessmen to question Thailand's political stability. + Thailand's general economic outlook remains good, however, assuming the + continuation of the government's progrowth measures. +GNP: + exchange rate conversion - $92.6 billion, per capita $1,630; real growth + rate 8% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 5.6% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 4.1% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $17.9 billion; expenditures $17.9 billion, including capital + expenditures of $5.0 billion (FY92 est.) +Exports: + $27.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + machinery and manufactures 62%, food 28%, crude materials 7% (1990) + partners: + US 23.4%, Japan 17.2%, Singapore 7.3%, Germany 5.3%, Hong Kong 4.8%, UK + 4.4%, Netherlands 4.3%, Malaysia, France, China (1990) +Imports: + $39.0 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + machinery and manufactures 67%, chemicals l0%, fuels 9%, crude materials 6% + (1990) + partners: + Japan 30.2%, US 12%, Singapore 6.9%, Taiwan 5%, Germany 4.8%, China 3.2%, + South Korea, Malaysia, UK (1990) +External debt: + $25.1 billion (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 14% (1990 est.); accounts for about 25% of GDP +Electricity: + 7,400,000 kW capacity; 37,500 million kWh produced, 660 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + tourism is the largest source of foreign exchange; textiles and garments, + agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, other light + manufacturing, such as jewelry; electric appliances and components, + integrated circuits, furniture, plastics; world's second-largest tungsten + producer and third-largest tin producer + +:Thailand Economy + +Agriculture: + accounts for 12% of GDP and 60% of labor force; leading producer and + exporter of rice and cassava (tapioca); other crops - rubber, corn, + sugarcane, coconuts, soybeans; except for wheat, self-sufficient in food +Illicit drugs: + a minor producer, major illicit trafficker of heroin, particularly from + Burma and Laos, and cannabis for the international drug market; eradication + efforts have reduced the area of cannabis cultivation and shifted some + production to neighboring countries; opium poppy cultivation has been + affected by eradication efforts +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $870 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $8.6 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 million +Currency: + baht (plural - baht); 1 baht (B) = 100 satang +Exchange rates: + baht (B) per US$1 - 25.614 (March 1992), 25.517 (1991), 25.585 (1990), + 25.702 (1989), 25.294 (1988), 25.723 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 October-30 September + +:Thailand Communications + +Railroads: + 3,940 km 1.000-meter gauge, 99 km double track +Highways: + 44,534 km total; 28,016 km paved, 5,132 km earth surface, 11,386 km under + development +Inland waterways: + 3,999 km principal waterways; 3,701 km with navigable depths of 0.9 m or + more throughout the year; numerous minor waterways navigable by + shallow-draft native craft +Pipelines: + natural gas 350 km, petroleum products 67 km +Ports: + Bangkok, Pattani, Phuket, Sattahip, Si Racha +Merchant marine: + 151 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 628,225 GRT/957,095 DWT; includes 1 + short-sea passenger, 87 cargo, 11 container, 31 petroleum tanker, 9 + liquefied gas, 2 chemical tanker, 3 bulk, 4 refrigerated cargo, 2 + combination bulk, 1 passenger +Civil air: + 41 (plus 2 leased) major transport aircraft +Airports: + 115 total, 97 usable; 50 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over + 3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 28 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + service to general public inadequate; bulk of service to government + activities provided by multichannel cable and radio relay network; 739,500 + telephones (1987); broadcast stations - over 200 AM, 100 FM, and 11 TV in + government-controlled networks; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean + INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT domestic satellite system being + developed + +:Thailand Defense Forces + +Branches: + Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy (including Royal Thai Marine Corps), Royal + Thai Air Force, Paramilitary Forces +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 16,361,393; 9,966,446 fit for military service; 612,748 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $2.7 billion, about 3% of GNP (1992 budget) + +:Togo Geography + +Total area: + 56,790 km2 +Land area: + 54,390 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than West Virginia +Land boundaries: + 1,647 km total; Benin 644 km, Burkina 126 km, Ghana 877 km +Coastline: + 56 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 30 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north +Terrain: + gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low + coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes +Natural resources: + phosphates, limestone, marble +Land use: + arable land 25%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and + woodland 28%; other 42%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; recent + droughts affecting agriculture; deforestation + +:Togo People + +Population: + 3,958,863 (July 1992), growth rate 3.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 48 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 94 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 54 years male, 58 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 7.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Togolese (singular and plural); adjective - Togolese +Ethnic divisions: + 37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabye; under 1% + European and Syrian-Lebanese +Religions: + indigenous beliefs about 70%, Christian 20%, Muslim 10% +Languages: + French, both official and language of commerce; major African languages are + Ewe and Mina in the south and Dagomba and Kabye in the north +Literacy: + 43% (male 56%, female 31%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + NA; agriculture 78%, industry 22%; about 88,600 wage earners, evenly divided + between public and private sectors; 50% of population of working age (1985) +Organized labor: + Federation of Togolese Workers (CNTT) was only legal labor union until + Spring 1991; at least two more groups established since then: Labor + Federation of Togolese Workers (CSTT) and the National Union of Independent + Syndicates (UNSIT), each with 10-12 member unions; four other civil service + unions have formed a loose coalition known as the Autonomous Syndicates of + Togo (CTSA) + +:Togo Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Togo +Type: + republic; under transition to multiparty democratic rule +Capital: + Lome +Administrative divisions: + 21 circumscriptions (circonscriptions, singular - circonscription); Amlame + (Amou), Aneho (Lacs), Atakpame (Ogou), Badou (Wawa), Bafilo (Assoli), Bassar + (Bassari), Dapango (Tone), Kande (Keran), Klouto (Kloto), Pagouda (Binah), + Lama-Kara (Kozah), Lome (Golfe), Mango (Oti), Niamtougou (Doufelgou), Notse + (Haho), Pagouda, Sotouboua, Tabligbo (Yoto), Tchamba, Nyala, Tchaoudjo, + Tsevie (Zio), Vogan (Vo); note - the 21 units may now be called prefectures + (prefectures, singular - prefecture) and reported name changes for + individual units are included in parentheses +Independence: + 27 April 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French administration, formerly + French Togo) +Constitution: + 1980 constitution nullified during national reform conference; transition + constitution adopted 24 August 1991; multiparty draft constitution sent to + High Council of the Republic for approval in November 1991, scheduled to be + put to public referendum in NA 1992 +Legal system: + French-based court system +National holiday: + Independence Day 27 April (1960) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + National Assembly dissolved during national reform conference; 79-member + interim High Council for the Republic (HCR) formed to act as legislature + during transition to multiparty democracy; legislative elections scheduled + to be held in NA +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel), Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April 1967) + Head of Government: + interim Prime Minister Joseph Kokou KOFFIGOH (since 28 August 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) led by President EYADEMA was the only + party until the formation of multiple parties was legalized 12 April 1991; + more than 10 parties formed as of mid-May, though none yet legally + registered; a national conference to determine transition regime took place + 10 July-28 August 1991 +Suffrage: + universal adult at age NA +Elections: + President: + last held 21 December 1986 (next to be held NA 1992); results - Gen. EYADEMA + was reelected without opposition + National Assembly: + last held 4 March 1990; dissolved during national reform conference (next to + be held April/May 1992); results - RPT was the only party; seats - (77 + total) RPT 77 + +:Togo Government + +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CEAO (observer), ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, + IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, + ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, + WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Ellom-Kodjo SCHUPPIUS; Chancery at 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-4212 or 4213 + US: + Ambassador Harmon E. KIRBY; Embassy at Rue Pelletier Caventou and Rue + Vauban, Lome (mailing address is B. P. 852, Lome); telephone [228] 21-29-91 + through 94 and 21-77-17; FAX [228] 21-79-52 +Flag: + five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with + yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in the upper + hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia + +:Togo Economy + +Overview: + The economy is heavily dependent on subsistence agriculture, which accounts + for about 35% of GDP and provides employment for 78% of the labor force. + Primary agricultural exports are cocoa, coffee, and cotton, which together + account for about 30% of total export earnings. Togo is self-sufficient in + basic foodstuffs when harvests are normal. In the industrial sector + phosphate mining is by far the most important activity, with phosphate + exports accounting for about 40% of total foreign exchange earnings. Togo + serves as a regional commercial and trade center. The government, over the + past decade, with IMF and World Bank support, has been implementing a number + of economic reform measures, that is, actively encouraging foreign + investment and attempting to bring revenues in line with expenditures. + Political unrest throughout 1991, however, has jeopardized the reform + program and has disrupted vital economic activity. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.5 billion, per capita $400; real growth rate + 2% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 1.0% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 2.0% (1987) +Budget: + revenues $330 million; expenditures $363 million, including capital + expenditures of $101 million (1990 est.) +Exports: + $396 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + phosphates, cocoa, coffee, cotton, manufactures, palm kernels + partners: + EC 70%, Africa 9%, US 2%, other 19% (1985) +Imports: + $502 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + food, fuels, durable consumer goods, other intermediate goods, capital goods + partners: + EC 61%, US 6%, Africa 4%, Japan 4%, other 25% (1989) +External debt: + $1.3 billion (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 4.9% (1987 est.); 6% of GDP +Electricity: + 179,000 kW capacity; 209 million kWh produced, 60 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts, textiles, + beverages +Agriculture: + cash crops - coffee, cocoa, cotton; food crops - yams, cassava, corn, beans, + rice, millet, sorghum; livestock production not significant; annual fish + catch, 10,000-14,000 tons +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $132 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.9 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $51 + million +Currency: + Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) + = 100 centimes + +:Togo Economy + +Exchange rates: + Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 281.99 (March + 1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 + (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Togo Communications + +Railroads: + 515 km 1.000-meter gauge, single track +Highways: + 6,462 km total; 1,762 km paved; 4,700 km unimproved roads +Inland waterways: + 50 km Mono River +Ports: + Lome, Kpeme (phosphate port) +Merchant marine: + 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,975 GRT/34,022 DWT; includes 2 + roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 multifunction large-load carrier +Civil air: + 3 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 9 total, 9 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fair system based on network of radio relay routes supplemented by open wire + lines; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 3 (2 relays) TV; satellite earth + stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE + +:Togo Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 828,259; 435,113 fit for military service; no conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $43 million, about 3% of GDP (1989) + +:Tokelau Geography + +Total area: + 10 km2 +Land area: + 10 km2 +Comparative area: + about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 101 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November) +Terrain: + coral atolls enclosing large lagoons +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + lies in Pacific typhoon belt +Note: + located 3,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean, about + halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand + +:Tokelau People + +Population: + 1,760 (July 1992), growth rate 0.7% (1992) +Birth rate: + NA births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + NA deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NA migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + NA years male, NA years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + NA children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Tokelauan(s); adjective - Tokelauan +Ethnic divisions: + all Polynesian, with cultural ties to Western Samoa +Religions: + Congregational Christian Church 70%, Roman Catholic 28%, other 2%; on Atafu, + all Congregational Christian Church of Samoa; on Nukunonu, all Roman + Catholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, with the Congregational Christian + Church predominant +Languages: + Tokelauan (a Polynesian language) and English +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + NA +Organized labor: + NA + +:Tokelau Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + territory of New Zealand +Capital: + none; each atoll has its own administrative center +Administrative divisions: + none (territory of New Zealand) +Independence: + none (territory of New Zealand) +Constitution: + administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948, as amended in 1970 +Legal system: + British and local statutes +National holiday: + Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty over New + Zealand), 6 February (1840) +Executive branch: + British monarch, administrator (appointed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs + in New Zealand), official secretary +Legislative branch: + Council of Elders (Taupulega) on each atoll +Judicial branch: + High Court in Niue, Supreme Court in New Zealand +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) + Head of Government: + Administrator Neil WALTER (since NA February 1988); Official Secretary + Casimilo J. PEREZ, Office of Tokelau Affairs +Suffrage: + NA +Elections: + NA +Member of: + SPC +Diplomatic representation: + none (territory of New Zealand) +Flag: + the flag of New Zealand is used + +:Tokelau Economy + +Overview: + Tokelau's small size, isolation, and lack of resources greatly restrain + economic development and confine agriculture to the subsistence level. The + people must rely on aid from New Zealand to maintain public services, annual + aid being substantially greater than GDP. The principal sources of revenue + come from sales of copra, postage stamps, souvenir coins, and handicrafts. + Money is also remitted to families from relatives in New Zealand. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.4 million, per capita $800; real growth rate + NA% (1988 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $430,830; expenditures $2.8 million, including capital expenditures + of $37,300 (FY87) +Exports: + $98,000 (f.o.b., 1983) + commodities: + stamps, copra, handicrafts + partners: + NZ +Imports: + $323,400 (c.i.f., 1983) + commodities: + foodstuffs, building materials, fuel + partners: + NZ +External debt: + none +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 200 kW capacity; 300,000 kWh produced, 180 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + small-scale enterprises for copra production, wood work, plaited craft + goods; stamps, coins; fishing +Agriculture: + coconuts, copra; basic subsistence crops - breadfruit, papaya, bananas; + pigs, poultry, goats +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $24 + million +Currency: + New Zealand dollar (plural - dollars); 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 + cents +Exchange rates: + New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.8245 (March 1992), l.7265 (1991), + 1.6750 (1990), 1.6708 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6886 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April-31 March + +:Tokelau Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only +Airports: + none; lagoon landings by amphibious aircraft from Western Samoa +Telecommunications: + telephone service between islands and to Western Samoa + +:Tokelau Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of New Zealand + +:Tonga Geography + +Total area: + 748 km2 +Land area: + 718 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 419 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + no specific limits + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool + season (May to December) +Terrain: + most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation; + others have limestone overlying volcanic base +Natural resources: + fish, fertile soil +Land use: + arable land 25%; permanent crops 55%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and + woodland 12%; other 2% +Environment: + archipelago of 170 islands (36 inhabited); subject to cyclones (October to + April); deforestation +Note: + located about 2,250 km north-northwest of New Zealand, about two-thirds of + the way between Hawaii and New Zealand + +:Tonga People + +Population: + 103,114 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992) +Birth rate: + 26 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -11 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 22 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 65 years male, 70 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.7 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Tongan(s); adjective - Tongan +Ethnic divisions: + Polynesian; about 300 Europeans +Religions: + Christian; Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents +Languages: + Tongan, English +Literacy: + 100% (male 100%, female 100%) age 15 and over can read and write a simple + message in Tongan or English (1976) +Labor force: + NA; 70% agriculture; 600 engaged in mining +Organized labor: + none + +:Tonga Government + +Long-form name: + Kingdom of Tonga +Type: + hereditary constitutional monarchy +Capital: + Nuku`alofa +Administrative divisions: + three island groups; Ha`apai, Tongatapu, Vava`u +Independence: + 4 June 1970 (from UK; formerly Friendly Islands) +Constitution: + 4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967 +Legal system: + based on English law +National holiday: + Emancipation Day, 4 June (1970) +Executive branch: + monarch, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers + (cabinet), Privy Council +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Assembly (Fale Alea) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Baron VAEA (since 22 August 1991); Deputy Prime Minister S. + Langi KAVALIKU (since 22 August 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Democratic Reform Movement, 'Akilisi POHIVA +Suffrage: + all literate, tax-paying males and all literate females over 21 +Elections: + Legislative Assembly: + last held 14-15 February 1990 (next to be held NA February 1993); results - + percent of vote NA; seats - (29 total, 9 elected) 6 proreform, 3 + traditionalist +Member of: + ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, INTERPOL, + IOC, ITU, LORCS, SPC, SPF, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Siosaia a'Ulupekotofa TUITA resides in London + US: + the US has no offices in Tonga; the Ambassador to Fiji is accredited to + Tonga and makes periodic visits +Flag: + red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side + corner + +:Tonga Economy + +Overview: + The economy's base is agriculture, which employs about 70% of the labor + force and contributes 50% to GDP. Coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans are + the main crops and make up two-thirds of exports. The country must import a + high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. The manufacturing + sector accounts for only 11% of GDP. Tourism is the primary source of hard + currency earnings, but the island remains dependent on sizable external aid + and remittances to offset its trade deficit. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $92 million, per capita $900; real growth rate + 2.5% (FY90 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8.9% (third quarter 1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $30.6 million; expenditures $48.9 million, including capital + expenditures of $22.5 million (FY89 est.) +Exports: + $9.6 million (f.o.b., FY90 est.) + commodities: + coconut oil, desiccated coconut, copra, bananas, taro, vanilla beans, + fruits, vegetables, fish + partners: + NZ 35%, Australia 22%, US 13%, Fiji 5% (FY90) +Imports: + $59.9 million (c.i.f., FY90 est.) + commodities: + food products, machinery and transport equipment, manufactures, fuels, + chemicals + partners: + NZ 30%, Australia 23%, US 12%, Japan 7% (FY90) +External debt: + $42.0 million (FY89) +Industrial production: + growth rate 15% (FY86); accounts for 11% of GDP +Electricity: + 6,000 kW capacity; 8 million kWh produced, 80 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + tourism, fishing +Agriculture: + dominated by coconut, copra, and banana production; vanilla beans, cocoa, + coffee, ginger, black pepper +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $16 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $258 million +Currency: + pa'anga (plural - pa'anga); 1 pa'anga (T$) = 100 seniti +Exchange rates: + pa'anga (T$) per US$1 - 1.2987 (January 1992), 1.2961 (1991), 1.2809 (1990), + 1.2637 (1989), 1.2799 (1988), 1.4282 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July-30 June + +:Tonga Communications + +Highways: + 198 km sealed road (Tongatapu); 74 km (Vava`u); 94 km unsealed roads usable + only in dry weather +Ports: + Nukualofa, Neiafu, Pangai +Merchant marine: + 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,511 GRT/17,816 DWT; includes 2 + cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 liquefied gas +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 6 total, 6 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 3,529 telephones; 66,000 radios; no TV sets; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no + FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Tonga Defense Forces + +Branches: + Tonga Defense Force, Tonga Maritime Division, Royal Tongan Marines, Royal + Tongan Guard, Police +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Trinidad and Tobago Geography + +Total area: + 5,130 km2 +Land area: + 5,130 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Delaware +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 362 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + outer edge of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; rainy season (June to December) +Terrain: + mostly plains with some hills and low mountains +Natural resources: + crude oil, natural gas, asphalt +Land use: + arable land 14%; permanent crops 17%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest and + woodland 44%; other 23%; includes irrigated 4% +Environment: + outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical storms +Note: + located 11 km from Venezuela + +:Trinidad and Tobago People + +Population: + 1,299,301 (July 1992), growth rate 1.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 21 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 17 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 68 years male, 73 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Trinidadian(s), Tobagonian(s); adjective - Trinidadian, Tobagonian +Ethnic divisions: + black 43%, East Indian 40%, mixed 14%, white 1%, Chinese 1%, other 1% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 32.2%, Hindu 24.3%, Anglican 14.4%, other Protestant 14%, + Muslim 6%, none or unknown 9.1% +Languages: + English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish +Literacy: + 95% (male 97%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) +Labor force: + 463,900; construction and utilities 18.1%; manufacturing, mining, and + quarrying 14.8%; agriculture 10.9%; other 56.2% (1985 est.) +Organized labor: + 22% of labor force (1988) + +:Trinidad and Tobago Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Trinidad and Tobago +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Port-of-Spain +Administrative divisions: + 8 counties, 3 municipalities*, and 1 ward**; Arima*, Caroni, Mayaro, Nariva, + Port-of-Spain*, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint Patrick, San + Fernando*, Tobago**, Victoria +Independence: + 31 August 1962 (from UK) +Constitution: + 31 August 1976 +Legal system: + based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the + Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 31 August (1962) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house + or House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal, Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Noor Mohammed HASSANALI (since 18 March 1987) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Patrick Augustus Mervyn MANNING (since 17 December 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + People's National Movement (PNM), Patrick MANNING; United National Congress + (UNC), Basdeo PANDAY; National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR), Carson + CHARLES; Movement for Social Transformation (MOTION), David ABDULLAH; + National Joint Action Committee (NJAC), Makandal DAAGA +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held 16 December 1991 (next to be held by December 1996);results - PNM + 32%, UNC 13%, NAR 2%; seats - (36 total) PNM 21, UNC 13, NAR 2 +Communists: + Communist Party of Trinidad and Tobago; Trinidad and Tobago Peace Council, + James MILLETTE +Member of: + ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, + ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, + LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, + WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Corinne BAPTISTE; Chancery at 1708 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 467-6490; Trinidad and Tobago has a + Consulate General in New York + US: + Ambassador Sally GROOMS-COWAL; Embassy at 15 Queen's Park West, + Port-of-Spain (mailing address is P. O. Box 752, Port-of-Spain); telephone + (809) 622-6372 through 6376, 6176; FAX (809) 628-5462 + +:Trinidad and Tobago Government + +Flag: + red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist side + +:Trinidad and Tobago Economy + +Overview: + Trinidad and Tobago's petroleum-based economy began to emerge from a lengthy + depression in 1990 and 1991. The economy fell sharply through most of the + 1980s, largely because of the decline in oil prices. This sector accounts + for 80% of export earnings and more than 25% of GDP. The government, in + response to the oil revenue loss, pursued a series of austerity measures + that pushed the unemployment rate as high as 22% in 1988. The economy showed + signs of recovery in 1990, however, helped along by rising oil prices. + Agriculture employs only about 11% of the labor force and produces about 3% + of GDP. Since this sector is small, it has been unable to absorb the large + numbers of the unemployed. The government currently seeks to diversify its + export base. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $4.9 billion, per capita $3,600; real growth rate + 0.7% (1990) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 11.1% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + 21% (1990) +Budget: + revenues $1.5 billion; expenditures $1.7 billion, including capital + expenditures of $150 million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $2.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + includes reexports - petroleum and petroleum products 82%, steel products + 9%, fertilizer, sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus (1988) + partners: + US 54%, CARICOM 16%, EC 10%, Latin America 3% (1989) +Imports: + $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + raw materials and intermediate goods 47%, capital goods 26%, consumer goods + 26% (1988) + partners: + US 41%, Latin America 10%, UK 8%, Canada 5%, CARICOM 6% (1989) +External debt: + $2.5 billion (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 2.3%, excluding oil refining (1986); accounts for 40% of GDP, + including petroleum +Electricity: + 1,176,000 kW capacity; 3,480 million kWh produced, 2,708 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + petroleum, chemicals, tourism, food processing, cement, beverage, cotton + textiles +Agriculture: + highly subsidized sector; major crops - cocoa and sugarcane; sugarcane + acreage is being shifted into rice, citrus, coffee, vegetables; poultry + sector most important source of animal protein; must import large share of + food needs +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $373 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $518 million +Currency: + Trinidad and Tobago dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Trinidad and Tobago dollar + (TT$) = 100 cents + +:Trinidad and Tobago Economy + +Exchange rates: + Trinidad and Tobago dollars (TT$) per US$1 - 4.2500 (March 1992), 4.2500 + (1991), 4.2500 (1990), 4.2500 (1989), 3.8438 (1988), 3.6000 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Trinidad and Tobago Communications + +Railroads: + minimal agricultural railroad system near San Fernando +Highways: + 8,000 km total; 4,000 km paved, 1,000 km improved earth, 3,000 km unimproved + earth +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,032 km, petroleum products 19 km, natural gas 904 km +Ports: + Port-of-Spain, Point Lisas, Pointe-a-Pierre +Civil air: + 14 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 6 total, 5 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + excellent international service via tropospheric scatter links to Barbados + and Guyana; good local service; 109,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 + AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Trinidad and Tobago Defense Forces + +Branches: + Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force (Army), Coast Guard, Air Wing, Trinidad + and Tobago Police Service +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 344,990; 248,912 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $59 million, 1-2% of GDP (1989 est.) + +:Tromelin Island Geography + +Total area: + 1 km2 +Land area: + 1 km2 +Comparative area: + about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 3.7 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claimed by Madagascar, Mauritius, and Seychelles +Climate: + tropical +Terrain: + sandy +Natural resources: + fish +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other - scattered bushes 100% +Environment: + wildlife sanctuary +Note: + located 350 km east of Madagascar and 600 km north of Reunion in the Indian + Ocean; climatologically important location for forecasting cyclones + +:Tromelin Island People + +Population: + uninhabited + +:Tromelin Island Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Jacques + DEWATRE (since NA July 1991), resident in Reunion +Capital: + none; administered by France from Reunion + +:Tromelin Island Economy + +Overview: + no economic activity + +:Tromelin Island Communications + +Ports: + none; offshore anchorage only +Airports: + 1 with runway less than 1,220 m +Telecommunications: + important meteorological station + +:Tromelin Island Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +:Tunisia Geography + +Total area: + 163,610 km2 +Land area: + 155,360 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Georgia +Land boundaries: + 1,424 km total; Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 km +Coastline: + 1,148 km +Maritime claims: + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + maritime boundary dispute with Libya; land boundary disputes with Algeria + under discussion +Climate: + temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in + south +Terrain: + mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south merges into the + Sahara +Natural resources: + crude oil, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt +Land use: + arable land 20%; permanent crops 10%; meadows and pastures 19%; forest and + woodland 4%; other 47%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification +Note: + strategic location in central Mediterranean; only 144 km from Italy across + the Strait of Sicily; borders Libya on east + +:Tunisia People + +Population: + 8,445,656 (July 1992), growth rate 2.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 25 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 38 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 70 years male, 74 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Tunisian(s); adjective - Tunisian +Ethnic divisions: + Arab-Berber 98%, European 1%, Jewish less than 1% +Religions: + Muslim 98%, Christian 1%, Jewish less than 1% +Languages: + Arabic (official); Arabic and French (commerce) +Literacy: + 65% (male 74%, female 56%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 2,250,000; agriculture 32%; shortage of skilled labor +Organized labor: + about 360,000 members claimed, roughly 20% of labor force; General Union of + Tunisian Workers (UGTT), quasi-independent of Constitutional Democratic + Party + +:Tunisia Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Tunisia; note - may be changed to Tunisian Republic +Type: + republic +Capital: + Tunis +Administrative divisions: + 23 governorates; Beja, Ben Arous, Bizerte, Gabes, Gafsa, Jendouba, Kairouan, + Kasserine, Kebili, L'Ariana, Le Kef, Mahdia, Medenine, Monastir, Nabeul, + Sfax, Sidi Bou Zid, Siliana, Sousse, Tataouine, Tozeur, Tunis, Zaghouan +Independence: + 20 March 1956 (from France) +Constitution: + 1 June 1959 +Legal system: + based on French civil law system and Islamic law; some judicial review of + legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session +National holiday: + National Day, 20 March (1956) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Majlis al-Nuwaab) +Judicial branch: + Court of Cassation (Cour de Cassation) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Gen. Zine el Abidine BEN ALI (since 7 November 1987) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Hamed KAROUI (since 26 September 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + Constitutional Democratic Rally Party (RCD), President BEN ALI (official + ruling party); Movement of Democratic Socialists (MDS), Mohammed MOUAADA; + five other political parties are legal, including the Communist Party +Suffrage: + universal at age 20 +Elections: + President: + last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held NA April 1994); results - Gen. Zine + el Abidine BEN ALI was reelected without opposition + Chamber of Deputies: + last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held NA April 1994); results - RCD 80.7%, + independents/Islamists 13.7%, MDS 3.2%, other 2.4%; seats - (141 total) RCD + 141 +Member of: + ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, + IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, + INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, + UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Ismail KHELIL; Chancery at 1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington DC 20005; telephone (202) 862-1850 + US: + Ambassador John T. McCARTHY; Embassy at 144 Avenue de la Liberte, 1002 + Tunis-Belvedere; telephone [216] (1) 782-566; FAX [216] (1) 789-719 +Flag: + red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly encircling + a red five-pointed star; the crescent and star are traditional symbols of + Islam + +:Tunisia Economy + +Overview: + The economy depends primarily on petroleum, phosphates, tourism, and exports + of light manufactures. Following two years of drought-induced economic + decline, the economy made a strong recovery in 1990 as a result of a + bountiful harvest, continued export growth, and higher domestic investment. + Continued high inflation and unemployment have eroded popular support for + the government, however, and forced Tunis to slow the pace of economic + reform. Nonetheless, the government appears committed to implementing its + IMF-supported structural adjustment program and to servicing its foreign + debt. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $10.9 billion, per capita $1,320; real growth + rate 3.5% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8.2% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 15% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $3.8 billion; expenditures $5.4 billion, including capital + expenditures of $970 million (1992 est.) +Exports: + $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + hydrocarbons, agricultural products, phosphates and chemicals + partners: + EC 74%, Middle East 11%, US 2%, Turkey, USSR +Imports: + $4.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + industrial goods and equipment 57%, hydrocarbons 13%, food 12%, consumer + goods + partners: + EC 67%, US 6%, Canada, Japan, Switzerland, Turkey, Algeria +External debt: + $8.6 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5% (1989); accounts for about 25% of GDP, including petroleum +Electricity: + 1,493,000 kW capacity; 4,210 million kWh produced, 530 kWh per capita (1989) +Industries: + petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate and iron ore), tourism, textiles, + footwear, food, beverages +Agriculture: + accounts for 16% of GDP and one-third of labor force; output subject to + severe fluctuations because of frequent droughts; export crops - olives, + dates, oranges, almonds; other products - grain, sugar beets, wine grapes, + poultry, beef, dairy; not self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 99,200 + metric tons (1987) +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $730 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.2 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $684 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $410 + million +Currency: + Tunisian dinar (plural - dinars); 1 Tunisian dinar (TD) = 1,000 millimes +Exchange rates: + Tunisian dinars (TD) per US$1 - 0.9272 (March 1992), 0.9246 (1991), 0.8783 + (1990), 0.9493 (1989), 0.8578 (1988), 0.8287 (1987) + +:Tunisia Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Tunisia Communications + +Railroads: + 2,115 km total; 465 km 1.435-meter (standard) gauge; 1,650 km 1.000-meter + gauge +Highways: + 17,700 km total; 9,100 km bituminous; 8,600 km improved and unimproved earth +Pipelines: + crude oil 797 km, petroleum products 86 km, natural gas 742 km +Ports: + Bizerte, Gabes, Sfax, Sousse, Tunis, La Goulette, Zarzis +Merchant marine: + 21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 160,069 GRT/218,791 DWT; includes 1 + short-sea passenger, 4 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 petroleum tanker, + 6 chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 5 bulk +Civil air: + 19 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 29 total, 26 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + the system is above the African average; facilities consist of open-wire + lines, coaxial cable, and radio relay; key centers are Sfax, Sousse, + Bizerte, and Tunis; 233,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 7 AM, 8 FM, 19 + TV; 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + and 1 ARABSAT with back-up control station; coaxial cable to Algeria and + Libya; radio relay to Algeria, and Libya + +:Tunisia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary forces, National Guard +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,117,864; 1,217,819 fit for military service; 88,619 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $520 million, 5% of GDP (1992 budget) + +:Turkey Geography + +Total area: + 780,580 km2 +Land area: + 770,760 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Texas +Land boundaries: + 2,627 km total; Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km, Georgia + 252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 331 km, Syria 822 km +Coastline: + 7,200 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + in Black Sea only - to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the former + USSR + Territorial sea: + 6 nm in the Aegean Sea, 12 nm in Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea +Disputes: + complex maritime and air (but not territorial) disputes with Greece in + Aegean Sea; Cyprus question; Hatay question with Syria; ongoing dispute with + downstream riparians (Syria and Iraq) over water development plans for the + Tigris and Euphrates Rivers +Climate: + temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior +Terrain: + mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high central plateau (Anatolia) +Natural resources: + antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate, sulphur, iron ore +Land use: + arable land 30%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 12%; forest and + woodland 26%; other 28%; includes irrigated 3% +Environment: + subject to severe earthquakes, especially along major river valleys in west; + air pollution; desertification +Note: + strategic location controlling the Turkish straits (Bosporus, Sea of + Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas + +:Turkey People + +Population: + 59,640,143 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992) +Birth rate: + 27 births/1,000 populatition (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 55 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 68 years male, 72 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Turk(s); adjective - Turkish +Ethnic divisions: + Turkish 80%, Kurdish 17%, other 3% (est.) +Religions: + Muslim (mostly Sunni) 99.8%, other (Christian and Jews) 0.2% +Languages: + Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic +Literacy: + 81% (male 90%, female 71%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 20,700,000; agriculture 49%, services 30%, industry 15%; about 1,500,000 + Turks work abroad (1989) +Organized labor: + 10% of labor force + +:Turkey Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Turkey +Type: + republican parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Ankara +Administrative divisions: + 73 provinces (iller, singular - il); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Aksaray, + Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, + Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, + Diyarbakir, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, + Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Icel, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir, Kahraman + Maras, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, + Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, + Nigde, Ordu, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, + Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Urfa, Usak, Van, Yozgat, Zonguldak +Independence: + 29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire) +Constitution: + 7 November 1982 +Legal system: + derived from various continental legal systems; accepts compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Declaration of the Republic, 29 October (1923) +Executive branch: + president, Presidential Council, prime minister, deputy prime minister, + Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Grand National Assembly (Buyuk Millet Meclisi) +Judicial branch: + Court of Cassation +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Turgut OZAL (since 9 November 1989) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Suleyman DEMIREL (since 30 November 1991); Deputy Prime + Minister Erdal INONU (since 30 November 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Correct Way Party (DYP), Suleyman DEMIREL; Motherland Party (ANAP), Mesut + YILMAZ; Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP), Erdal INONU; Refah Party + (RP), Necmettin ERBAKAN; Democratic Left Party (DSP), Bulent ECEVIT; + Nationalist Labor Party (MCP), Alpaslan TURKES; People's Labor Party (HEP), + Feridun YAZAR; Socialist Unity Party (SBP), leader NA; Great Anatolia Party + (BAP), leader NA; Democratic Center Party (DSP), Bedrettin DALAN; Grand + National Party (GNP), leader NA +Suffrage: + universal at age 21 +Elections: + Grand National Assembly: + last held 20 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1996); results - DYP + 27.03%, ANAP 24.01%, SHP 20.75%, RP 16.88%, DSP 10.75%, SBP 0.44%, + independent 0.14%; seats - (450 total) DYP 178, ANAP 115, SHP 86, RP 40, MCP + 19, DSP 7, other 5 + +:Turkey Government + +Member of: + AsDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN (observer), COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, GATT, + IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, + INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NATO, NEA, OECD, + OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UNRWA, UPU, WHO, WIPO, + WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Nuzhet KANDEMIR; Chancery at 1606 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC; + 20008; telephone (202) 387-3200; there are Turkish Consulates General in + Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York + US: + Ambassador Richard C. BARKLEY; Embassy at 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Ankara + (mailing address is PSC 88, Box 5000, Ankara, or APO AE 09823); telephone + [90] (4) 126 54 70; FAX [90] (4) 167-0057; there are US Consulates General + in Istanbul and Izmir, and a Consulate in Adana +Flag: + red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward the hoist + side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening + +:Turkey Economy + +Overview: + The impressive stream of benefits from the economic reforms that Turkey + launched in 1980 have begun to peter out. Although real growth in per capita + GDP averaged 5% annually between 1983 and 1988, recent economic performance + has fallen substantially. Moreover, inflation and interest rates remain + high, and a large budget deficit will continue to provide difficulties for a + country undergoing a substantial transformation from a centrally controlled + to a free market economy. Agriculture remains an important economic sector, + employing about half of the work force, accounting for 18% of GDP, and + contributing 19% to exports. The government has launched a + multibillion-dollar development program in the southeastern region, which + includes the building of a dozen dams on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers to + generate electric power and irrigate large tracts of farmland. The planned + tapping of huge additional quantities of Euphrates water has raised serious + concern in the downstream riparian nations of Syria and Iraq. The Turkish + economy emerged from the Gulf War of early 1991 in stronger shape than + Ankara had expected. Although the negative effects of the crisis were felt + primarily in the politically sensitive southeast, aid pledges by the + coalition allies of more than $4 billion have helped offset the burden. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $198 billion, per capita $3,400; real growth + rate 1.5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 71.1% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 11.1% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $41.9 billion; expenditures $49.7 billion, including capital + expenditures of $9.9 billion (1992) +Exports: + $13.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + industrial products (steel, chemicals) 81%; fruits, vegetables, tobacco and + meat products 19% + partners: + EC countries 49%, US 7%, Iran 5% +Imports: + $22.3 billion (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + crude oil, machinery, transport equipment, metals, chemicals, + pharmaceuticals, dyes, plastics, rubber, fertilizers, grain + partners: + EC countries 49%, US 7%, Iran 5% +External debt: + $49.0 billion (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 10% (1990 est.); accounts for 29% of GDP +Electricity: + 14,400,000 kW capacity; 44,000 million kWh produced, 750 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron minerals), + steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper +Agriculture: + accounts for 18% of GDP and employs about half of working force; products - + tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulses, citrus fruit, variety + of animal products; self-sufficient in food most years + +:Turkey Economy + +Illicit drugs: + one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products; government + maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation and output + of poppy straw concentrate +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.3 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.1 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $665 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $4.5 + billion; note - aid for Persian Gulf war efforts from coalition allies + (1991), $4.1 billion; aid pledged for Turkish Defense Fund, $2.5 billion +Currency: + Turkish lira (plural - liras); 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus +Exchange rates: + Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 6,098.4 (March 1992), 4,171.8 (1991), 2,608.6 + (1990), 2,121.7 (1989), 1,422.3 (1988), 857.2 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Turkey Communications + +Railroads: + 8,401 km 1.435-meter gauge; 479 km electrified +Highways: + 49,615 km total; 26,915 km paved; 16,500 km gravel or crushed stone; 4,000 + km improved earth; 2,200 km unimproved earth (1985) +Inland waterways: + about 1,200 km +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,738 km, petroleum products 2,321 km, natural gas 708 km +Ports: + Iskenderun, Istanbul, Mersin, Izmir +Merchant marine: + 353 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,056,455 GRT/7,143,096 DWT; includes + 7 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 191 cargo, 1 container, 5 + roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 1 livestock carrier, 37 + petroleum tanker, 9 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 10 combination + ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 80 bulk, 4 combination bulk +Civil air: + 52 major transport aircraft (1991) +Airports: + 109 total, 104 usable; 65 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways + over 3,659 m; 30 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 27 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fair domestic and international systems; trunk radio relay network; limited + open wire network; 3,400,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 15 AM; 94 FM; + 357 TV; 1 satellite ground station operating in the INTELSAT (2 Atlantic + Ocean) and EUTELSAT systems; 1 submarine cable + +:Turkey Defense Forces + +Branches: + Land Forces, Navy (including Naval Air and Naval Infantry), Air Force, Coast + Guard, Gendarmerie +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 15,274,591; 9,330,851 fit for military service; 597,814 reach + military age (20) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $5.2 billion, 3-4% of GDP (1992 budget) + +:Turkmenistan Geography + +Total area: + 488,100 km2 +Land area: + 488,100 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than California +Land boundaries: + 3,736 km total; Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakhstan 379 km, + Uzbekistan 1,621 km +Coastline: + 0 km + note: + Turkmenistan does border the Caspian Sea (1,768 km) +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + subtropical desert +Terrain: + flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; borders Caspian Sea in west +Natural resources: + petroleum, natural gas, coal, sulphur, salt, magnesium +Land use: + NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest + and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated +Environment: + NA +Note: + landlocked + +:Turkmenistan People + +Population: + 3,838,108 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 36 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 94 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 59 years male, 66 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Turkmen(s); adjective - Turkmen +Ethnic divisions: + Turkmen 72%, Russian 9%, Uzbek 9%, other 10% +Religions: + Islam 85%, Eastern Orthodox 10%, unknown 5% +Languages: + Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7% +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA) age 15 and over can read and write +Labor force: + 1,542,000; agriculture and forestry 42%, industry and construction 21%, + other 37% (1990) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Turkmenistan Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + republic +Capital: + Ashgabat (Ashkhabad) +Administrative divisions: + 4 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Balkan (Nebit-Dag), Chardzhou, + Mary, Tashauz; note - the rayons around Ashgabat are under direct republic + jurisdiction; all oblasts have the same name as their administrative center + except Balkan Oblast, centered at Nebit-Dag +Independence: + 27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union; formerly Turkmen Soviet Socialist + Republic) +Constitution: + adopted 18 May 1992 +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: + Independence Day, 27 October (1991) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, two deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + Majlis +Judicial branch: + NA +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Saparmurad NIYAZOV (since 21 June 1992) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister (vacant), Deputy Prime Ministers V. G. OCHERTSOV and Atta + CHARYYEV (since NA 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Democratic Party (formerly Communist), Saparmurad NIYAZOV, chairman + opposition: + Democratic Party, Durdymorad KHODZHA Mukhammed, chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 21 June 1992 (next to be held NA June 1997); results - Saparmurad + NIYAZOV 99.5% (ran unopposed) + Majlis: + last held 7 January 1990 (next to be held NA 1995); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (175 total) elections not officially by party, but + Communist Party members won nearly 90% of seats +Communists: + renamed Democratic Party, 16 December 1990 +Other political or pressure groups: + Agzybirlik (Unity) Movement +Member of: + CIS, CSCE, IBRD, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD +Diplomatic representation: + NA + US: + Ambassador-designate Joseph HULINGS; Embassy at Yubilenaya Hotel, Ashgabat + (Ashkhabad) (mailing address is APO; AE 09862); telephone [8] (011) + 7-3630-24-49-08 + +:Turkmenistan Government + +Flag: + green field with five claret carpet gels (that is, a repeated carpet + pattern) on the hoist side; a white crescent and five white stars in the + upper left corner to the right of the carpet gels + +:Turkmenistan Economy + +Overview: + Like the other 15 former Soviet republics, Turkmenistan faces enormous + problems of economic adjustment - to move away from Moscow-based central + planning toward a system of decisionmaking by private enterpreneurs, local + government authorities, and, hopefully, foreign investors. This process + requires wholesale changes in supply sources, markets, property rights, and + monetary arrangements. Industry - with 10% of the labor force - is heavily + weighted toward the energy sector, which produced 11% of the ex-USSR's gas + and 1% of its oil. Turkmenistan ranked second among the former Soviet + republics in cotton production, mainly in the irrigated western region, + where the huge Karakumskiy Canal taps the Amu Darya. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate -0.6% + (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 85% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 20-25% (1991 est.) +Budget: + NA +Exports: + $239 million (1990) + commodities: + natural gas, oil, chemicals, cotton, textiles, carpets + partners: + Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan +Imports: + $970 million (1990) + commodities: + machinery and parts, plastics and rubber, consumer durables, textiles + partners: + NA +External debt: + $650 million (end of 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 4.1% (1991) +Electricity: + 3,170,000 kW capacity; 14,900 million kWh produced, 4,114 kWh per capita + (1990) +Industries: + oil and gas, petrochemicals, fertilizers, food processing, textiles +Agriculture: + cotton, fruits, vegetables +Illicit drugs: + illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption; + status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipment + points for illicit drugs to Western Europe +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + As of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency +Exchange rates: + NA +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Turkmenistan Communications + +Railroads: + 2,120 km all 1.520-meter gauge +Highways: + 23,000 km total (1990); 18,300 km hard surfaced, 4,700 km earth +Inland waterways: + NA km +Pipelines: + NA +Ports: + inland - Krasnovodsk +Civil air: + NA +Airports: + NA +Telecommunications: + poorly developed; telephone density NA; linked by landline or microwave to + other CIS member states and Iran, and by leased connections via the Moscow + international gateway switch to other countries; satellite earth stations - + Orbita and INTELSAT (TV receive only) + +:Turkmenistan Defense Forces + +Branches: + Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS + Forces (Ground, Air and Air Defense) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18) + annually +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Turks and Caicos Islands Geography + +Total area: + 430 km2 +Land area: + 430 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 389 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry +Terrain: + low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and mangrove swamps +Natural resources: + spiny lobster, conch +Land use: + arable land 2%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures; 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 98% +Environment: + 30 islands (eight inhabited); subject to frequent hurricanes +Note: + located 190 km north of the Dominican Republic in the North Atlantic Ocean + +:Turks and Caicos Islands People + +Population: + 12,697 (July 1992), growth rate 3.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 16 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 22 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 13 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 73 years male, 77 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + no noun or adjectival forms +Ethnic divisions: + majority of African descent +Religions: + Baptist 41.2%, Methodist 18.9%, Anglican 18.3%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.7%, + other 19.9% (1980) +Languages: + English (official) +Literacy: + 98% (male 99%, female 98%) age 15 and over having ever attended school + (1970) +Labor force: + NA; majority engaged in fishing and tourist industries; some subsistence + agriculture +Organized labor: + Saint George's Industrial Trade Union + +:Turks and Caicos Islands Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + dependent territory of the UK +Capital: + Grand Turk (Cockburn Town) +Administrative divisions: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Independence: + none (dependent territory of the UK) +Constitution: + introduced 30 August 1976, suspended in 1986, and a Constitutional + Commission is currently reviewing its contents +Legal system: + based on laws of England and Wales with a small number adopted from Jamaica + and The Bahamas +National holiday: + Constitution Day, 30 August (1976) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor, Executive Council, chief minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Council +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1953), represented by Governor Michael + J. BRADLEY (since 1987) + Head of Government: + Chief Minister Washington MISSIC (since NA 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + People's Democratic Movement (PDM), Oswald SKIPPINGS; Progressive National + Party (PNP), Washington MISSIC; National Democratic Alliance (NDA), Ariel + MISSICK +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Legislative Council: + last held on 3 April 1991 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by + party NA; seats - (20 total, 13 elected) PNP 8, PDM 5 +Member of: + CDB +Diplomatic representation: + as a dependent territory of the UK, the interests of the Turks and Caicos + Islands are represented in the US by the UK + US: + none +Flag: + blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the + colonial shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield is yellow + and contains a conch shell, lobster, and cactus + +:Turks and Caicos Islands Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based on fishing, tourism, and offshore banking. Only + subsistence farming - corn and beans - exists on the Caicos Islands, so that + most foods, as well as nonfood products, must be imported. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $44.9 million, per capita $5,000; real growth + rate NA% (1986) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + 12% (1989) +Budget: + revenues $12.4 million; expenditures $15.8 million, including capital + expenditures of $2.6 million (FY87) +Exports: + $2.9 million (f.o.b., FY84) + commodities: + lobster, dried and fresh conch, conch shells + partners: + US, UK +Imports: + $26.3 million (c.i.f., FY84) + commodities: + foodstuffs, drink, tobacco, clothing + partners: + US, UK +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 9,050 kW capacity; 11.1 million kWh produced, 1,140 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + fishing, tourism, offshore financial services +Agriculture: + subsistence farming prevails, based on corn and beans; fishing more + important than farming; not self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $110 million +Currency: + US currency is used +Exchange rates: + US currency is used +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Turks and Caicos Islands Communications + +Highways: + 121 km, including 24 km tarmac +Ports: + Grand Turk, Salt Cay, Providenciales, Cockburn Harbour +Civil air: + Air Turks and Caicos (passenger service) and Turks Air Ltd. (cargo service) +Airports: + 7 total, 7 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 2,439 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fair cable and radio services; 1,446 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, + no FM, several TV; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth + station + +:Turks and Caicos Islands Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the UK + +:Tuvalu Geography + +Total area: + 26 km2 +Land area: + 26 km2 +Comparative area: + about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 24 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly + gales and heavy rain (November to March) +Terrain: + very low-lying and narrow coral atolls +Natural resources: + fish +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + severe tropical storms are rare +Note: + located 3,000 km east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean + +:Tuvalu People + +Population: + 9,494 (July 1992), growth rate 1.8% (1992) +Birth rate: + 28 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 34 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 61 years male, 64 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Tuvaluans(s); adjective - Tuvaluan +Ethnic divisions: + 96% Polynesian +Religions: + Church of Tuvalu (Congregationalist) 97%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.4%, Baha'i + 1%, other 0.6% +Languages: + Tuvaluan, English +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + NA +Organized labor: + none + +:Tuvalu Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + democracy +Capital: + Funafuti +Administrative divisions: + none +Independence: + 1 October 1978 (from UK; formerly Ellice Islands) +Constitution: + 1 October 1978 +National holiday: + Independence Day, 1 October (1978) +Executive branch: + British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, + Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament (Palamene) +Judicial branch: + High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General + Tupua LEUPENA (since 1 March 1986) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Bikenibeu PAENIU (since 16 October 1989); Deputy Prime + Minister Dr. Alesana SELUKA (since October 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + none +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Parliament: + last held 28 September 1989 (next to be held by NA September 1993); results + - percent of vote NA; seats - (12 total) +Member of: + ACP, C (special), ESCAP, SPC, SPF, UPU +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador (vacant) + US: + none +Flag: + light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the + outer half of the flag represents a map of the country with nine yellow + five-pointed stars symbolizing the nine islands + +:Tuvalu Economy + +Overview: + Tuvalu consists of a scattered group of nine coral atolls with poor soil. + The country has no known mineral resources and few exports. Subsistence + farming and fishing are the primary economic activities. The islands are too + small and too remote for development of a tourist industry. Government + revenues largely come from the sale of stamps and coins and worker + remittances. Substantial income is received annually from an international + trust fund established in 1987 by Australia, New Zealand, and the UK and + supported also by Japan and South Korea. +GNP: + exchange rate conversion - $4.6 million, per capita $530; real growth rate + NA% (1989 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 3.9% (1984) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $4.3 million; expenditures $4.3 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1989) +Exports: + $1.0 million (f.o.b., 1983 est.) + commodities: + copra + partners: + Fiji, Australia, NZ +Imports: + $2.8 million (c.i.f., 1983 est.) + commodities: + food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goods + partners: + Fiji, Australia, NZ +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA +Electricity: + 2,600 kW capacity; 3 million kWh produced, 330 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + fishing, tourism, copra +Agriculture: + coconuts, copra +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $101 million +Currency: + Tuvaluan dollar and Australian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Tuvaluan dollar + ($T) or 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Tuvaluan dollars ($T) or Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3117 (March + 1992), 1.2835 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 + (1987) +Fiscal year: + NA + +:Tuvalu Communications + +Highways: + 8 km gravel +Ports: + Funafuti, Nukufetau +Merchant marine: + 1 passenger-cargo (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,043 GRT/450 DWT +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 300 radiotelephones; 4,000 radios; + 108 telephones + +:Tuvalu Defense Forces + +Branches: + Police Force +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP + +:Uganda Geography + +Total area: + 236,040 km2 +Land area: + 199,710 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Oregon +Land boundaries: + 2,698 km total; Kenya 933 km, Rwanda 169 km, Sudan 435 km, Tanzania 396 km, + Zaire 765 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June + to August); semiarid in northeast +Terrain: + mostly plateau with rim of mountains +Natural resources: + copper, cobalt, limestone, salt +Land use: + arable land 23%; permanent crops 9%; meadows and pastures 25%; forest and + woodland 30%; other 13%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + straddles Equator; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion +Note: + landlocked + +:Uganda People + +Population: + 19,386,104 (July 1992), growth rate 3.7% (1992) +Birth rate: + 51 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 14 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 91 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 50 years male, 52 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 7.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Ugandan(s); adjective - Ugandan +Ethnic divisions: + African 99%, European, Asian, Arab 1% +Religions: + Roman Catholic 33%, Protestant 33%, Muslim 16%, rest indigenous beliefs +Languages: + English (official); Luganda and Swahili widely used; other Bantu and Nilotic + languages +Literacy: + 48% (male 62%, female 35%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 4,500,000 (est.); 50% of population of working age (1983) +Organized labor: + 125,000 union members + +:Uganda Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Uganda +Type: + republic +Capital: + Kampala +Administrative divisions: + 10 provinces; Busoga, Central, Eastern, Karamoja, Nile, North Buganda, + Northern, South Buganda, Southern, Western +Independence: + 9 October 1962 (from UK) +Constitution: + 8 September 1967, in process of constitutional revision +Legal system: + government plans to restore system based on English common law and customary + law and reinstitute a normal judicial system; accepts compulsory ICJ + jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 9 October (1962) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers, + Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Resistance Council +Judicial branch: + Court of Appeal, High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since 29 January 1986); Vice + President Samson Babi Mululu KISEKKA (since NA January 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister George Cosmas ADYEBO (since NA January 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + only party - National Resistance Movement (NRM); note - the Uganda Patriotic + Movement (UPM), Ugandan People's Congress (UPC), Democratic Party (DP), and + Conservative Party (CP) are all proscribed from conducting public political + activities +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + National Resistance Council: + last held 11-28 February 1989 (next to be held by January 1995); results - + NRM was the only party; seats - (278 total, 210 indirectly elected) 210 + members elected without party affiliation +Other political or pressure groups: + Uganda People's Front (UPF), Uganda People's Christian Democratic Army + (UPCDA), Ruwenzori Movement +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, + IDB, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, + OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Stephen Kapimpina KATENTA-APULI; 5909 16th Street NW, Washington, + DC 20011; telephone (202) 726-7100 through 7102 + US: + Ambassador Johnnie CARSON; Embassy at Parliament Avenue, Kampala (mailing + address is P. O. Box 7007, Kampala); telephone [256] (41) 259792, 259793, + 259795 + +:Uganda Government + +Flag: + six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black, yellow, and + red; a white disk is superimposed at the center and depicts a red-crested + crane (the national symbol) facing the staff side + +:Uganda Economy + +Overview: + Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile soils, regular + rainfall, and sizable mineral deposits of copper and cobalt. The economy has + been devastated by widespread political instability, mismanagement, and + civil war since independence in 1962, keeping Uganda poor with a per capita + income of about $300. (GDP remains below the levels of the early 1970s, as + does industrial production.) Agriculture is the most important sector of the + economy, employing over 80% of the work force. Coffee is the major export + crop and accounts for the bulk of export revenues. Since 1986 the government + has acted to rehabilitate and stabilize the economy by undertaking currency + reform, raising producer prices on export crops, increasing petroleum + prices, and improving civil service wages. The policy changes are especially + aimed at dampening inflation, which was running at over 300% in 1987, and + boosting production and export earnings. During the period 1990-91, the + economy turned in a solid performance based on continued investment in the + rehabilitation of infrastructure, improved incentives for production and + exports, and gradually improving domestic security. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $5.6 billion, per capita $300; real growth rate + 4.5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 35% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $365 million; expenditures $545 million, including capital + expenditures of $165 million (FY89 est.) +Exports: + $208 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + coffee 97%, cotton, tea + partners: + US 25%, UK 18%, France 11%, Spain 10% +Imports: + $209 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + petroleum products, machinery, cotton piece goods, metals, transportation + equipment, food + partners: + Kenya 25%, UK 14%, Italy 13% +External debt: + $1.9 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 7.0% (1990); accounts for 5% of GDP +Electricity: + 175,000 kW capacity; 315 million kWh produced, 15 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + sugar, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles, cement +Agriculture: + mainly subsistence; accounts for 57% of GDP and over 80% of labor force; + cash crops - coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco; food crops - cassava, potatoes, + corn, millet, pulses; livestock products - beef, goat meat, milk, poultry; + self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $145 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.4 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $169 + million + +:Uganda Economy + +Currency: + Ugandan shilling (plural - shillings); 1 Ugandan shilling (USh) = 100 cents +Exchange rates: + Ugandan shillings (USh) per US$1 - 1,031.3 (March 1992), 734.0 (1991), + 428.85 (1990), 223.1 (1989), 106.1 (1988), 42.8 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Uganda Communications + +Railroads: + 1,300 km, 1.000-meter-gauge single track +Highways: + 26,200 km total; 1,970 km paved; 5,849 km crushed stone, gravel, and + laterite; remainder earth roads and tracks +Inland waterways: + Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George, Lake Edward; Victoria + Nile, Albert Nile; principal inland water ports are at Jinja and Port Bell, + both on Lake Victoria +Merchant marine: + 1 roll-on/roll-off (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,697 GRT +Civil air: + 6 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 35 total, 27 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over + 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + fair system with microwave and radio communications stations; broadcast + stations - 10 AM, no FM, 9 TV; satellite communications ground stations - 1 + Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT + +:Uganda Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, about 4,132,887; about 2,243,933 for military service +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Ukraine Geography + +Total area: + 603,700 km2 +Land area: + 603,700 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Texas +Land boundaries: + 4,558 km total; Belarus 891 km, Czechoslovakia 90 km, Hungary 103 km, + Moldova 939 km, Poland 428 km, Romania (southwest) 169 km, Romania (west) + 362 km, Russia 1,576 km +Coastline: + 2,782 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + NA nm + Continental shelf: + NA meter depth + Exclusive fishing zone: + NA nm + Exclusive economic zone: + NA nm + Territorial sea: + NA nm +Disputes: + potential border disputes with Moldova and Romania in northern Bukovina and + southern Odessa oblast +Climate: + temperate continental; subtropical only on the southern Crimean coast; + precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, + lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to + cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the + country, hot in the south +Terrain: + most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (steppes) and plateaux, mountains + being found only in the west (the Carpathians), and in the Crimean peninsula + in the extreme south +Natural resources: + iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulphur, graphite, + titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber +Land use: + 56% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 12% meadows and pastures; NA% forest + and woodland; 30% other; includes 3% irrigated +Environment: + air and water pollution, deforestation, radiation contamination around + Chernobyl nuclear plant +Note: + strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia; second largest + country in Europe + +:Ukraine People + +Population: + 51,940,426 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992) +Birth rate: + 14 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 12 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 22 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 65 years male, 75 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.0 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Ukrainian(s); adjective - Ukrainian +Ethnic divisions: + Ukrainian 73%, Russian 22%, Jewish 1%, other 4% +Religions: + Ukrainian Autonomous Orthodox, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox, Ukrainian + Catholic (Uniate), Protestant, Jewish +Languages: + Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish +Literacy: + NA% +Labor force: + 25,277,000; industry and construction 41%, agriculture and forestry 19%, + health, education, and culture 18%, trade and distribution 8%, transport and + communication 7%, other 7% (1990) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Ukraine Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + republic +Capital: + Kiev (Kyyiv) +Administrative divisions: + 24 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast') and 1 autonomous republic* + (avtomnaya respublika); Chernigov, Cherkassy, Chernovtsy, Dnepropetrovsk, + Donetsk, Ivano-Frankovsk, Khar'kov, Kherson, Khmel'nitskiy, Kiev, + Kirovograd, Krym (Simferopol')*, Lugansk, L'vov, Nikolayev, Odessa, Poltava, + Rovno, Sumy, Ternopol', Vinnitsa, Volyn' (Lutsk), Zakarpat (Uzhgorod), + Zaporozh'ye, Zhitomir; note - an oblast usually has the same name as its + administrative center (exceptions have the administrative center name + following in parentheses) +Independence: + 24 August 1991; 1 December 1991 de facto from USSR; note - formerly the + Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in the Soviet Union +Constitution: + currently being drafted +Legal system: + based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts +National holiday: + Independence Day, 24 August (1991) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral Supreme Council +Judicial branch: + being organized +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Leonid M. KRAVCHUK (since 5 December 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Vitol'd FOKIN (since 14 November 1991); two First Deputy + Prime Ministers: Valentyn SYMONENKO and Konstantyn MASYK (since 21 May + 1991); two Deputy Prime Ministers: Oleh SLEPICHEV and Viktor SYTNYK (since + 21 May 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Ukrainian Republican Party, Levko LUKYANENKO, chairman; Green Party, Yuriy + SHCHERBAK, chairman; Social Democratic Party, Andriy NOSENKO, chairman; + Ukrainian Democratic Party, Yuriy BADZO, chairman; Democratic Rebirth Party, + Oleksandr Volodymyr GRINEV, Oleksandr FILENKO, YEMETS, Miroslav POPOVICH, + Sergei LYLYK, Oleksandr BAZYLYUK, Valeriy KHMELKO, leaders; People's Party + of Ukraine, Leopold TABURYANSKIY, chairman; Peasant Democratic Party, Jerhiy + PLACHYNDA, chairman; Ukrainian Socialist Party, Oleksandr MOROZ, chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 1 December 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Leonid + KRAVCHUK 61.59%, Vyacheslav CHERNOVIL 23.27%, Levko LUKYANENKO 4.49%, + Volodymyr GRINEV 4.17%, Iher YUKHNOVSKY 1.74%, Leopold TABURYANSKIY 0.57% + Supreme Council: + last held 4 March 1990 (next scheduled for 1995, may be held earlier in late + 1992 or 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (NA total) + number of seats by party NA + +:Ukraine Government + +Communists: + Communist Party of Ukraine was banned by decree of the Supreme Council on 30 + August 1991 +Other political or pressure groups: + Ukraninan People's Movement for Restructuring (RUKH) +Member of: + CIS, CSCE, CE, ECE, IAEA, IMF, INMARSAT, IOC, ITU, NACC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, + UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Oleh H. BILORUS; Embassy at 1828 L Street, NW, Suite 711, + Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 296-6960 + US: + Ambassador Roman POPADIUK; Embassy at ;10 Vul. Yuriy Kotsubinskoho, Kiev + (mailing address is APO AE 09862); telephone (044) 244-7349; FAX (044) + 244-7350 +Flag: + two horizontal bars of equal size: azure (sky blue) top half, golden yellow + bottom half (represents grainfields under a blue sky) + +:Ukraine Economy + +Overview: + Because of its size, geographic location, Slavic population, and rich + resources, the loss of Ukraine was the final and most bitter blow to the + Soviet leaders wishing to preserve some semblance of the old political, + military, and economic power of the USSR. After Russia, the Ukrainian + republic was far and away the most important economic component of the + former Soviet Union producing more than three times the output of the + next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil generated more than one fourth + of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities + of meat, milk, grain and vegetables to other republics. Likewise, its + well-developed and diversified heavy industry supplied equipment and raw + materials to industrial and mining sites in other regions of the USSR. In + early 1992 the continued wholesale disruption of economic ties and the lack + of an institutional structure necessary to formulate and implement economic + reforms preclude a near-term recovery of output. +GDP: + $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate -10% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 83% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + not finalized as of May 1992 +Exports: + $13.5 billion (1990) + commodities: + coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, machinery + and transport equipment, grain, meat + partners: + Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan +Imports: + $16.7 billion (1990) + commodities: + machinery and parts, transportation equipment, chemicals, textiles + partners: + none + *** No entry for this item *** +External debt: + $10.4 billion (end of 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -4.5% (1991) +Electricity: + NA kW capacity; 298,000 million kWh produced, 5,758 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery and transport + equipment, chemicals, food-processing +Agriculture: + grain, vegetables, meat, milk +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption; + status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipment + points for illicit drugs to Western Europe +Economic aid: + $NA + +:Ukraine Economy + +Currency: + as of August 1992 using ruble and Ukrainian coupons as legal tender; Ukraine + plans to withdraw the ruble from circulation and convert to a coupon-based + economy on 1 October 1992; Ukrainian officials claim this will be an interim + move toward introducing a Ukrainian currency - the hryvnya - possibly as + early as January 1993 +Exchange rates: + NA +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Ukraine Communications + +Railroads: + 22,800 km all 1.500-meter gauge; does not include industrial lines (1990) +Highways: + 273,700 km total (1990); 236,400 km hard surfaced, 37,300 km earth +Inland waterways: + NA km perennially navigable +Pipelines: + NA +Ports: + maritime - Berdyansk, Il'ichevsk Kerch', Kherson, Mariupol' (formerly + Zhdanov), Nikolayev, Odessa, Sevastopol', Yuzhnoye; inland - Kiev +Merchant marine: + 338 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,117,595 GRT/5,403,685 DWT; includes + 221 cargo, 11 container, 9 barge carriers, 59 bulk cargo, 9 petroleum + tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 24 passenger +Civil air: + NA major transport aircraft +Airports: + NA +Telecommunications: + inheriting part of the former USSR system, Ukraine has about 7 million + telephone lines (13.5 telephones for each 100 persons); as of 31 January + 1990, 3.56 million applications for telephones could not be satisfied; + international calls can be made via satellite, by landline to other CIS + countries, and through the Moscow international switching center; satellite + earth stations employ INTELSAT, INMARSAT, and Intersputnik + +:Ukraine Defense Forces + +Branches: + Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS + Forces (Ground Navy, Air, and Defense) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18) + annually +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:United Arab Emirates Geography + +Total area: + 83,600 km2 +Land area: + 83,600 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Maine +Land boundaries: + 1,016 km total; Oman 410 km, Saudi Arabia 586 km, Qatar 20 km +Coastline: + 1,448 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + defined by bilateral boundaries or equidistant line + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 3 nm (assumed), 12 nm for Ash Shariqah (Sharjah) +Disputes: + boundary with Qatar is unresolved; no defined boundary with Saudi Arabia; no + defined boundary with most of Oman, but Administrative Line in far north; + claims two islands in the Persian Gulf occupied by Iran (Jazireh-ye Tonb-e + Bozorg or Greater Tunb, and Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek or Lesser Tunb); claims + island in the Persian Gulf jointly administered with Iran (Jazireh-ye Abu + Musa or Abu Musa,) +Climate: + desert; cooler in eastern mountains +Terrain: + flat, barren coastal plain merging into rolling sand dunes of vast desert + waste- land; mountains in east +Natural resources: + crude oil and natural gas +Land use: + arable land NEGL%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest + and woodland NEGL%; other 98%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + frequent dust and sand storms; lack of natural freshwater resources being + overcome by desalination plants; desertification +Note: + strategic location along southern approaches to Strait of Hormuz, a vital + transit point for world crude oil + +:United Arab Emirates People + +Population: + 2,522,315 (July 1992), growth rate 5.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 29 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 3 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 27 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 23 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 70 years male, 74 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.7 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Emirian(s), adjective - Emirian +Ethnic divisions: + Emirian 19%, other Arab 23%, South Asian (fluctuating) 50%, other + expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians) 8%; less than 20% of the + population are UAE citizens (1982) +Religions: + Muslim 96% (Shi`a 16%); Christian, Hindu, and other 4% +Languages: + Arabic (official); Persian and English widely spoken in major cities; Hindi, + Urdu +Literacy: + 68% (male 70%, female 63%) age 10 and over but definition of literacy not + available (1980) +Labor force: + 580,000 (1986 est.); industry and commerce 85%, agriculture 5%, services 5%, + government 5%; 80% of labor force is foreign +Organized labor: + trade unions are illegal + +:United Arab Emirates Government + +Long-form name: + United Arab Emirates (no short-form name); abbreviated UAE +Type: + federation with specified powers delegated to the UAE central government and + other powers reserved to member emirates +Capital: + Abu Dhabi +Administrative divisions: + 7 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi), `Ajman, Al + Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah, Dubayy, Ra's al Khaymah, Umm al Qaywayn +Independence: + 2 December 1971 (from UK; formerly Trucial States) +Constitution: + 2 December 1971 (provisional) +Legal system: + secular codes are being introduced by the UAE Government and in several + member shaykhdoms; Islamic law remains influential +National holiday: + National Day, 2 December (1971) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Supreme Council of Rulers, prime minister, deputy + prime minister, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral Federal National Council (Majlis Watani Itihad) +Judicial branch: + Union Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Shaykh Zayid bin Sultan Al NUHAYYAN, (since 2 December 1971), + ruler of Abu Dhabi; Vice President Shaykh Maktum bin Rashid al-MAKTUM (since + 8 October 1990), ruler of Dubayy + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Shaykh Maktum bin Rashid al-MAKTUM (since 8 October 1990), + ruler of Dubayy; Deputy Prime Minister Sultan bin Zayid Al NUHAYYAN (since + 20 November 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + none +Suffrage: + none +Elections: + none +Other political or pressure groups: + a few small clandestine groups may be active +Member of: + ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO + (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, + UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Muhammad bin Husayn Al SHAALI; Chancery at Suite 740, 600 New + Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 338-6500 + US: + Ambassador Edward S. WALKER, Jr.; Embassy at Al-Sudan Street, Abu Dhabi + (mailing address is P. O. Box 4009, Abu Dhabi); telephone [971] (2) 336691, + afterhours 338730; FAX [971] (2) 318441; there is a US Consulate General in + Dubayy (Dubai) +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black with a thicker + vertical red band on the hoist side + +:United Arab Emirates Economy + +Overview: + The UAE has an open economy with one of the world's highest incomes per + capita outside the OECD nations. This wealth is based on oil and gas, and + the fortunes of the economy fluctuate with the prices of those commodities. + Since 1973, when petroleum prices shot up, the UAE has undergone a profound + transformation from an impoverished region of small desert principalities to + a modern state with a high standard of living. At present levels of + production, crude oil reserves should last for over 100 years. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $33.7 billion, per capita $14,100 (1990); real + growth rate 11% (1989) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 5.5% (1990 est.) +Unemployment rate: + NEGL (1988) +Budget: + revenues $3.8 billion; expenditures $3.7 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1989 est.) +Exports: + $21.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + crude oil 65%, natural gas, reexports, dried fish, dates + partners: + Japan 35%, Singapore 6%, US 4%, Korea 3% +Imports: + $11.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + food, consumer and capital goods + partners: + Japan 14%, UK 10%, US 9%, Germany 9% +External debt: + $11.0 billion (December 1989 est.) +Industrial production: + NA +Electricity: + 5,800,000 kW capacity; 17,000 million kWh produced, 7,115 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + petroleum, fishing, petrochemicals, construction materials, some boat + building, handicrafts, pearling +Agriculture: + accounts for 2% of GDP and 5% of labor force; cash crop - dates; food + products - vegetables, watermelons, poultry, eggs, dairy, fish; only 25% + self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + donor - pledged $9.1 billion in bilateral aid to less developed countries + (1979-89) +Currency: + Emirian dirham (plural - dirhams); 1 Emirian dirham (Dh) = 100 fils +Exchange rates: + Emirian dirhams (Dh) per US$1 - 3.6710 (fixed rate) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:United Arab Emirates Communications + +Highways: + 2,000 km total; 1,800 km bituminous, 200 km gravel and graded earth +Pipelines: + crude oil 830 km, natural gas, including natural gas liquids, 870 km +Ports: + Al Fujayrah, Khawr Fakkan, Mina' Jabal `Ali, Mina' Khalid, Mina' Rashid, + Mina' Saqr, Mina' Zayid +Merchant marine: + 55 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,033,866 GRT/1,772,646 DWT; includes + 18 cargo, 8 container, 3 roll-on/roll-off, 20 petroleum tanker, 4 bulk, 1 + refrigerated cargo, 1 vehicle carrier +Civil air: + 10 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 37 total, 34 usable; 20 with permanent-surface runways; 7 with runways over + 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + adequate system of microwave and coaxial cable; key centers are Abu Dhabi + and Dubayy; 386,600 telephones; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 3 FM, 12 TV; + satellite communications ground stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 2 + Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT; submarine cables to Qatar, Bahrain, + India, and Pakistan; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; microwave to Saudi + Arabia + +:United Arab Emirates Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Federal Police Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 974,288; 533,673 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.47 billion, 5.3% of GDP (1989 est.) + +:United Kingdom Geography + +Total area: + 244,820 km2 +Land area: + 241,590 km2; includes Rockall and Shetland Islands +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Oregon +Land boundaries: + 360 km; Ireland 360 km +Coastline: + 12,429 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + as defined in continental shelf orders or in accordance with agreed upon + boundaries + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Northern Ireland question with Ireland; Gibraltar question with Spain; + Argentina claims Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas); Argentina claims South + Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Mauritius claims island of Diego + Garcia in British Indian Ocean Territory; Rockall continental shelf dispute + involving Denmark, Iceland, and Ireland (Ireland and the UK have signed a + boundary agreement in the Rockall area); territorial claim in Antarctica + (British Antarctic Territory) +Climate: + temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic + Current; more than half of the days are overcast +Terrain: + mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to rolling plains in east and + southeast +Natural resources: + coal, crude oil, natural gas, tin, limestone, iron ore, salt, clay, chalk, + gypsum, lead, silica +Land use: + arable land 29%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 48%; forest and + woodland 9%; other 14%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + pollution control measures improving air, water quality; because of heavily + indented coastline, no location is more than 125 km from tidal waters +Note: + lies near vital North Atlantic sea lanes; only 35 km from France and now + being linked by tunnel under the English Channel + +:United Kingdom People + +Population: + 57,797,514 (July 1992), growth rate 0.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 14 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 73 years male, 79 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Briton(s), British (collective pl.); adjective - British +Ethnic divisions: + English 81.5%, Scottish 9.6%, Irish 2.4%, Welsh 1.9%, Ulster 1.8%, West + Indian, Indian, Pakistani, and other 2.8% +Religions: + Anglican 27.0 million, Roman Catholic 5.3 million, Presbyterian 2.0 million, + Methodist 760,000, Jewish 410,000 +Languages: + English, Welsh (about 26% of population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic + (about 60,000 in Scotland) +Literacy: + 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1978 est.) +Labor force: + 26,177,000; services 60.6%, manufacturing and construction 27.2%, government + 8.9%, energy 2.1%, agriculture 1.2% (June 1991) +Organized labor: + 40% of labor force (1991) + +:United Kingdom Government + +Long-form name: + United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; abbreviated UK +Type: + constitutional monarchy +Capital: + London +Administrative divisions: + 47 counties, 7 metropolitan counties, 26 districts, 9 regions, and 3 islands + areas + England: + 39 counties, 7 metropolitan counties*; Avon, Bedford, Berkshire, Buckingham, + Cambridge, Cheshire, Cleveland, Cornwall, Cumbria, Derby, Devon, Dorset, + Durham, East Sussex, Essex, Gloucester, Greater London*, Greater + Manchester*, Hampshire, Hereford and Worcester, Hertford, Humberside, Isle + of Wight, Kent, Lancashire, Leicester, Lincoln, Merseyside*, Norfolk, + Northampton, Northumberland, North Yorkshire, Nottingham, Oxford, + Shropshire, Somerset, South Yorkshire*, Stafford, Suffolk, Surrey, Tyne and + Wear*, Warwick, West Midlands*, West Sussex, West Yorkshire*, Wiltshire + Northern Ireland: + 26 districts; Antrim, Ards, Armagh, Ballymena, Ballymoney, Banbridge, + Belfast, Carrickfergus, Castlereagh, Coleraine, Cookstown, Craigavon, Down, + Dungannon, Fermanagh, Larne, Limavady, Lisburn, Londonderry, Magherafelt, + Moyle, Newry and Mourne, Newtownabbey, North Down, Omagh, Strabane + Scotland: + 9 regions, 3 islands areas*; Borders, Central, Dumfries and Galloway, Fife, + Grampian, Highland, Lothian, Orkney*, Shetland*, Strathclyde, Tayside, + Western Isles* + Wales: + 8 counties; Clwyd, Dyfed, Gwent, Gwynedd, Mid Glamorgan, Powys, South + Glamorgan, West Glamorgan +Independence: + 1 January 1801, United Kingdom established +Constitution: + unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice +Dependent areas: + Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, + Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Hong Kong, Jersey, + Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, South Georgia and + the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands +Legal system: + common law tradition with early Roman and modern continental influences; no + judicial review of Acts of Parliament; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, + with reservations +National holiday: + Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday in June) +Executive branch: + monarch, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or House of Lords and a + lower house or House of Commons +Judicial branch: + House of Lords +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Heir Apparent Prince CHARLES + (son of the Queen, born 14 November 1948) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister John MAJOR (since 28 November 1990) + +:United Kingdom Government + +Political parties and leaders: + Conservative and Unionist Party, John MAJOR; Labor Party, John SMITH; + Liberal Democrats (LD), Jeremy (Paddy) ASHDOWN; Scottish National Party, + Alex SALMOND; Welsh National Party (Plaid Cymru), Dafydd Iwan WIGLEY; Ulster + Unionist Party (Northern Ireland), James MOLYNEAUX; Democratic Unionist + Party (Northern Ireland), Rev. Ian PAISLEY; Ulster Popular Unionist Party + (Northern Ireland), James KILFEDDER; Social Democratic and Labor Party + (SDLP, Northern Ireland), John HUME; Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland), Gerry + ADAMS; Alliance Party (Northern Ireland), John ALDERDICE; Democratic Left, + Nina TEMPLE +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Commons: + last held 9 April 1992 (next to be held by NA April 1997); results - + Conservative 41.9%, Labor 34.5%, Liberal Democratic 17.9%, other 5.7%; seats + - (651 total) Conservative 336, Labor 271, Liberal Democratic 20, other 24 +Communists: + 15,961 +Other political or pressure groups: + Trades Union Congress, Confederation of British Industry, National Farmers' + Union, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, BIS, C, CCC, CDB, CE, CERN, COCOM, CP, CSCE, + EBRD, EC, ECA (associate), ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESCAP, ESA, FAO, G-5, G-7, G-10, + GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, + IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, + NATO, NEA, OECD, PCA, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UN + Security Council, UN Trusteeship Council, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Sir Robin RENWICK; Chancery at 3100 Massachusetts Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 462-1340; there are British Consulates + General in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Houston, Los Angeles, New + York, and San Francisco, and Consulates in Dallas, Miami, and Seattle + US: + Ambassador Raymond G. H. SEITZ; Embassy at 24/31 Grosvenor Square, London, + W.1A1AE, (mailing address is FPO AE 09498-4040); telephone [44] (71) + 499-9000; FAX 409-1637; there are US Consulates General in Belfast and + Edinburgh +Flag: + blue with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) edged in + white superimposed on the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint + of Ireland) which is superimposed on the diagonal white cross of Saint + Andrew (patron saint of Scotland); known as the Union Flag or Union Jack; + the design and colors (especially the Blue Ensign) have been the basis for a + number of other flags including dependencies, Commonwealth countries, and + others +Note: + Hong Kong is scheduled to become a Special Administrative Region of China in + 1997 + +:United Kingdom Economy + +Overview: + The UK is one of the world's great trading powers and financial centers, and + its economy ranks among the four largest in Europe. The economy is + essentially capitalistic with a generous admixture of social welfare + programs and government ownership. Prime Minister MAJOR has continued the + basic thrust of THATCHER's efforts to halt the expansion of welfare measures + and promote extensive reprivatization of the government economic sector. + Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European + standards, producing about 60% of food needs with only 1% of the labor + force. Industry is a mixture of public and private enterprises, employing + about 27% of the work force and generating 22% of GDP. The UK is an + energy-rich nation with large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves; primary + energy production accounts for 12% of GDP, one of the highest shares of any + industrial nation. In mid-1990 the economy fell into recession after eight + years of strong economic expansion, which had raised national output by one + quarter. Britain's inflation rate, which has been consistently well above + those of her major trading partners, declined significantly in 1991. Between + 1986 and 1990 unemployment fell from 11% to about 6%, but crept back up to + 8% in 1991 because of the economic slowdown. As a major trading nation, the + UK will continue to be greatly affected by world boom or recession, swings + in the international oil market, productivity trends in domestic industry, + and the terms on which the economic integration of Europe proceeds. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $915.5 billion, per capita $15,900; real + growth rate -1.9% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 5.8% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 8.1% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $435 billion; expenditures $469 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY92 est.) +Exports: + $186.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, chemicals, semifinished goods, + transport equipment + partners: + EC 53.2% (FRG 12.7%, France 10.5%, Netherlands 7.0%), US 12.4% +Imports: + $211.9 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + manufactured goods, machinery, semifinished goods, foodstuffs, consumer + goods + partners: + EC 52.2% (FRG 15.6%, France 9.3%, Netherlands 8.4%), US 11.5% +External debt: + $10.5 billion (1990) +Industrial production: + growth rate 0% (1991) +Electricity: + 98,000,000 kW capacity; 316,500 million kWh produced, 5,520 kWh per capita + (1991) + +:United Kingdom Economy + +Industries: + production machinery including machine tools, electric power equipment, + equipment for the automation of production, railroad equipment, + shipbuilding, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, electronics and + communications equipment, metals, chemicals, coal, petroleum, paper and + paper products, food processing, textiles, clothing, and other consumer + goods +Agriculture: + accounts for only 1.5% of GDP and 1% of labor force; highly mechanized and + efficient farms; wide variety of crops and livestock products produced; + about 60% self-sufficient in food and feed needs; fish catch of 665,000 + metric tons (1987) +Economic aid: + donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $21.0 billion +Currency: + British pound or pound sterling (plural - pounds); 1 British pound (#) = 100 + pence +Exchange rates: + British pounds (#) per US$1 - 0.5799 (March 1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 + (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 April-31 March + +:United Kingdom Communications + +Railroads: + Great Britain - 16,629 km total; British Railways (BR) operates 16,629 km + 1.435-meter (standard) gauge (4,205 km electrified and 12,591 km double or + multiple track); several additional small standard-gauge and narrow-gauge + lines are privately owned and operated; Northern Ireland Railways (NIR) + operates 332 km 1.600-meter gauge, including 190 km double track +Highways: + UK, 362,982 km total; Great Britain, 339,483 km paved (including 2,573 km + limited-access divided highway); Northern Ireland, 23,499 km (22,907 paved, + 592 km gravel) +Inland waterways: + 2,291 total; British Waterways Board, 606 km; Port Authorities, 706 km; + other, 979 km +Pipelines: + crude oil (almost all insignificant) 933 km, petroleum products 2,993 km, + natural gas 12,800 km +Ports: + London, Liverpool, Felixstowe, Tees and Hartlepool, Dover, Sullom Voe, + Southampton +Merchant marine: + 224 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,905,571 GRT/4,840,862 DWT; includes + 7 passenger, 21 short-sea passenger, 37 cargo, 27 container, 14 + roll-on/roll-off, 10 refrigerated cargo, 1 vehicle carrier, 1 railcar + carrier, 66 petroleum tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 9 liquefied gas, 1 + combination ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 26 bulk, 1 combination bulk +Civil air: + 618 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 498 total, 385 usable; 249 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways + over 3,659 m; 37 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 133 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + technologically advanced domestic and international system; 30,200,000 + telephones; equal mix of buried cables, microwave and optical-fiber systems; + excellent countrywide broadcast systems; broadcast stations - 225 AM, 525 + (mostly repeaters) FM, 207 (3,210 repeaters) TV; 40 coaxial submarine + cables; 5 satellite ground stations operating in INTELSAT (7 Atlantic Ocean + and 3 Indian Ocean), MARISAT, and EUTELSAT systems; at least 8 large + international switching centers + +:United Kingdom Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Royal Navy (including Royal Marines), Royal Air Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 14,462,820; 12,122,497 fit for military service; no + conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $42 billion, 4.3% of GDP (FY91) + +:United States Geography + +Total area: + 9,372,610 km2 +Land area: + 9,166,600 km2; includes only the 50 states and District of Colombia +Comparative area: + about three-tenths the size of Russia; about one-third the size of Africa; + about one-half the size of South America (or slightly larger than Brazil); + slightly smaller than China; about two and one-half times the size of + Western Europe +Land boundaries: + 12,248.1 km; Canada 8,893 km (including 2,477 km with Alaska), Mexico 3,326 + km, Cuba (US naval base at Guantanamo) 29.1 km +Coastline: + 19,924 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + not specified + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + maritime boundary disputes with Canada (Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait + of Juan de Fuca); US Naval Base at Guantanamo is leased from Cuba and only + mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease; + Haiti claims Navassa Island; US has made no territorial claim in Antarctica + (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of + any other nation; Marshall Islands claims Wake Island +Climate: + mostly temperate, but varies from tropical (Hawaii) to arctic (Alaska); arid + to semiarid in west with occasional warm, dry chinook wind +Terrain: + vast central plain, mountains in west, hills and low mountains in east; + rugged mountains and broad river valleys in Alaska; rugged, volcanic + topography in Hawaii +Natural resources: + coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, uranium, bauxite, gold, iron, + mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc, crude oil, natural gas, + timber +Land use: + arable land 20%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 26%; forest and + woodland 29%; other 25%; includes irrigated 2% +Environment: + pollution control measures improving air and water quality; acid rain; + agricultural fertilizer and pesticide pollution; management of sparse + natural water resources in west; desertification; tsunamis, volcanoes, and + earthquake activity around Pacific Basin; continuous permafrost in northern + Alaska is a major impediment to development +Note: + world's fourth-largest country (after Russia, Canada, and China) + +:United States People + +Population: + 254,521,000 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992) +Birth rate: + 14 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 72 years male, 79 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 1.8 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - American(s); adjective - American +Ethnic divisions: + white 84.1%, black 12.4%, other 3.5% (1989) +Religions: + Protestant 56%, Roman Catholic 28%, Jewish 2%, other 4%, none 10% (1989) +Languages: + predominantly English; sizable Spanish-speaking minority +Literacy: + 98% (male 97%, female 98%) age 25 and over having completed 5 or more years + of schooling (1989) +Labor force: + 126,867,000 (includes armed forces and unemployed); civilian labor force + 125,303,000 (1991) +Organized labor: + 16,568,000 members; 16.1% of total wage and salary employment which was + 102,786,000 (1991) + +:United States Government + +Long-form name: + United States of America; abbreviated US or USA +Type: + federal republic; strong democratic tradition +Capital: + Washington, DC +Administrative divisions: + 50 states and 1 district*; Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, + Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia*, Florida, Georgia, + Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, + Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, + Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, + North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode + Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, + Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming +Independence: + 4 July 1776 (from England) +Constitution: + 17 September 1787, effective 4 June 1789 +Dependent areas: + American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island; Jarvis Island, Johnston + Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana + Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island +Legal system: + based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations +National holiday: + Independence Day, 4 July (1776) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + bicameral Congress consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or + House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); Vice President Dan QUAYLE + (since 20 January 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + Republican Party, Richard N. BOND, national committee chairman; Jeanie + AUSTIN, co-chairman; Democratic Party, Ronald H. BROWN, national committee + chairman; several other groups or parties of minor political significance +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results - + George BUSH (Republican Party) 53.37%, Michael DUKAKIS (Democratic Party) + 45.67%, other 0.96% + Senate: + last held 6 November 1990 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results - + Democratic Party 51%, Republican Party 47%, other 2%; seats - (100 total) + Democratic Party 56, Republican Party 44 + House of Representatives: + last held 6 November 1990 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results - + Democratic Party 52%, Republican Party 44%, other 4%; seats - (435 total) + Democratic Party 267, Republican Party 167, Socialist 1 + +:United States Government + +Communists: + Communist Party (claimed 15,000-20,000 members), Gus HALL, general + secretary; Socialist Workers Party (claimed 1,800 members), Jack BARNES, + national secretary +Member of: + AfDB, AG (observer), ANZUS, APEC, AsDB, BIS, CCC, COCOM, CP, CSCE, EBRD, + ECE, ECLAC, FAO, ESCAP, G-2, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, + ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, + INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NATO, NEA, OAS, OECD, PCA, SPC, UN, + UNCTAD, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UN Security Council, UN Trusteeship Council, + UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + US Representative to the UN, Ambassador Thomas R. PICKERING; Mission at 799 + United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017; telephone (212) 415-4050, after + hours (212) 415-4444; FAX (212) 415-4443 +Flag: + thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with + white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 50 + small white five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of + six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars; the 50 stars + represent the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies; + known as Old Glory; the design and colors have been the basis for a number + of other flags including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and Puerto Rico +Note: + since 18 July 1947, the US has administered the Trust Territory of the + Pacific Islands, but recently entered into a new political relationship with + three of the four political units; the Northern Mariana Islands is a + Commonwealth in political union with the US (effective 3 November 1986); + Palau concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US that was approved + by the US Congress but to date the Compact process has not been completed in + Palau, which continues to be administered by the US as the Trust Territory + of the Pacific Islands; the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact + of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of + the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association with the US + (effective 21 October 1986) + +:United States Economy + +Overview: + The US has the most powerful, diverse, and technologically advanced economy + in the world, with a per capita GDP of $22,470, the largest among major + industrial nations. The economy is market oriented with most decisions made + by private individuals and business firms and with government purchases of + goods and services made predominantly in the marketplace. In 1989 the + economy enjoyed its seventh successive year of substantial growth, the + longest in peacetime history. The expansion featured moderation in wage and + consumer price increases and a steady reduction in unemployment to 5.2% of + the labor force. In 1990, however, growth slowed to 1% because of a + combination of factors, such as the worldwide increase in interest rates, + Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August, the subsequent spurt in oil prices, and + a general decline in business and consumer confidence. In 1991 output failed + to recover, unemployment grew, and signs of recovery proved premature. + Ongoing problems for the 1990s include inadequate investment in economic + infrastructure, rapidly rising medical costs, and sizable budget and trade + deficits. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $5,673 billion, per capita $22,470; real + growth rate -0.7% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 4.2% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + 6.6% (1991) +Budget: + revenues $1,054 billion; expenditures $1,323 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY91) +Exports: + $428.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + capital goods, automobiles, industrial supplies and raw materials, consumer + goods, agricultural products + partners: + Western Europe 27.3%, Canada 22.1%, Japan 12.1% (1989) +Imports: + $499.4 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + crude and partly refined petroleum, machinery, automobiles, consumer goods, + industrial raw materials, food and beverages + partners: + Western Europe 21.5%, Japan 19.7%, Canada 18.8% (1989) +External debt: + NA +Industrial production: + growth rate -1.9% (1991) +Electricity: + 776,550,000 kW capacity; 3,020,000 million kWh produced, 12,080 kWh per + capita (1990) +Industries: + leading industrial power in the world, highly diversified; petroleum, steel, + motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food + processing, consumer goods, fishing, lumber, mining +Agriculture: + accounts for 2% of GDP and 2.8% of labor force; favorable climate and soils + support a wide variety of crops and livestock production; world's second + largest producer and number one exporter of grain; surplus food producer; + fish catch of 5.0 million metric tons (1988) + +:United States Economy + +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis for domestic consumption with 1987 production + estimated at 3,500 metric tons or about 25% of the available marijuana; + ongoing eradication program aimed at small plots and greenhouses has not + reduced production +Economic aid: + donor - commitments, including ODA and OOF, (FY80-89), $115.7 billion +Currency: + United States dollar (plural - dollars); 1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 + cents +Exchange rates: + British pounds: + (#) per US$ - 0.5599 (March 1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 + (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987) + Canadian dollars: + (Can$) per US$ - 1.1926 (March 1992), 1.1457 (1991), 1.1668 (1990), 1.1840 + (1989), 1.2307 (1988), 1.3260 (1987) + French francs: + (F) per US$ - 5.6397, (March 1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 + (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987) + Italian lire: + (Lit) per US$ - 1,248.4 (March 1992), 1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1 (1990), + 1.372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987) + Japanese yen: + (Y) per US$ - 132.70 (March 1992), 134.71 (1991), 144.79 (1990), 137.96 + (1989), 128.15 (1988), 144.64 (1987) + German deutsche marks: + (DM) per US$ - 1.6611 (March 1992), 1.6595 (1991), 1.6157 (1990), 1.8800 + (1989), 1.7562 (1988), 1.7974 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 October - 30 September + +:United States Communications + +Railroads: + 270,312 km +Highways: + 6,365,590 km, including 88,641 km expressways +Inland waterways: + 41,009 km of navigable inland channels, exclusive of the Great Lakes (est.) +Pipelines: + petroleum 275,800 km, natural gas 305,300 km (1985) +Ports: + Anchorage, Baltimore, Beaumont, Boston, Charleston, Chicago, Cleveland, + Duluth, Freeport, Galveston, Hampton Roads, Honolulu, Houston, Jacksonville, + Long Beach, Los Angeles, Milwaukee, Mobile, New Orleans, New York, + Philadelphia, Portland (Oregon), Richmond (California), San Francisco, + Savannah, Seattle, Tampa, Wilmington +Merchant marine: + 396 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 12,969 GRT/20,179 DWT; includes 3 + passenger-cargo, 38 cargo, 25 bulk, 174 tanker, 13 tanker tug-barge, 14 + liquefied gas, 129 intermodal; in addition, there are 231 government-owned + vessels +Civil air: + 8,252 commercial multiengine transport aircraft (weighing 9,000 kg and over) + including 6,036 jet, 831 turboprop, 1,382 piston (December 1989) +Airports: + 14,177 total, 12,417 usable; 4,820 with permanent-surface runways; 63 with + runways over 3,659 m; 325 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2,524 with runways + 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 182,558,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 4,892 AM, 5,200 FM (including + 3,915 commercial and 1,285 public broadcasting), 7,296 TV (including 796 + commercial, 300 public broadcasting, and 6,200 commercial cable); + 495,000,000 radio receivers (1982); 150,000,000 TV sets (1982); satellite + ground stations - 45 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 16 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT + +:United States Defense Forces + +Branches: + Department of the Army, Department of the Navy (including Marine Corps), + Department of the Air Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 66,458,000; NA fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $323.5 billion, 5.7% of GNP (1991) + +:Uruguay Geography + +Total area: + 176,220 km2 +Land area: + 173,620 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Washington State +Land boundaries: + 1,564 km total; Argentina 579 km, Brazil 985 km +Coastline: + 660 km +Maritime claims: + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Territorial sea: + 200 nm (overflight and navigation permitted beyond 12 nm) +Disputes: + short section of boundary with Argentina is in dispute; two short sections + of the boundary with Brazil are in dispute (Arroyo de la Invernada area of + the Rio Quarai and the islands at the confluence of the Rio Quarai and the + Uruguay) +Climate: + warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown +Terrain: + mostly rolling plains and low hills; fertile coastal lowland +Natural resources: + soil, hydropower potential, minor minerals +Land use: + arable land 8%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 78%; forest and + woodland 4%; other 10%; includes irrigated 1% +Environment: + subject to seasonally high winds, droughts, floods + +:Uruguay People + +Population: + 3,141,533 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 17 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 10 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 23 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 69 years male, 76 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Uruguayan(s); adjective - Uruguayan +Ethnic divisions: + white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4% +Religions: + Roman Catholic (less than half adult population attends church regularly) + 66%, Protestant 2%, Jewish 2%, nonprofessing or other 30% +Languages: + Spanish +Literacy: + 96% (male 97%, female 96%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 1,355,000 (1991 est.); government 25%, manufacturing 19%, agriculture 11%, + commerce 12%, utilities, construction, transport, and communications 12%, + other services 21% (1988 est.) +Organized labor: + Interunion Workers' Assembly/National Workers' Confederation (PIT/CNT) Labor + Federation + +:Uruguay Government + +Long-form name: + Oriental Republic of Uruguay +Type: + republic +Capital: + Montevideo +Administrative divisions: + 19 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Artigas, Canelones, + Cerro Largo, Colonia, Durazno, Flores, Florida, Lavalleja, Maldonado, + Montevideo, Paysandu, Rio Negro, Rivera, Rocha, Salto, San Jose, Soriano, + Tacuarembo, Treinta y Tres +Independence: + 25 August 1828 (from Brazil) +Constitution: + 27 November 1966, effective February 1967, suspended 27 June 1973, new + constitution rejected by referendum 30 November 1980 +Legal system: + based on Spanish civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 25 August (1828) +Executive branch: + president, vice president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + bicameral General Assembly (Asamblea General) consists of an upper chamber + or Chamber of Senators (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber + of Representatives (Camera de Representantes) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Luis Alberto LACALLE (since 1 March 1990); Vice President Gonzalo + AGUIRRE Ramirez (since 1 March 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + National (Blanco) Party, Carlos CAT; Colorado Party, Jorge BATLLE Ibanez; + Broad Front Coalition, Liber SEREGNI Mosquera - includes Communist Party led + by Jaime PEREZ and National Liberation Movement (MLN) or Tupamaros led by + Eleuterio FERNANDEZ Huidobro; New Space Coalition consists of the Party of + the Government of the People (PGP), Hugo BATALLA; Christian Democratic Party + (PDC), leader NA; and Civic Union, Humberto CIGANDA +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 26 November 1989 (next to be held NA November 1994); results - + Luis Alberto LACALLE Herrera (Blanco) 37%, Jorge BATLLE Ibanez (Colorado) + 29%, Liber SEREGNI Mosquera (Broad Front) 20% + Chamber of Senators: + last held 26 November 1989 (next to be held NA November 1994); results - + Blanco 40%, Colorado 30%, Broad Front 23% New Space 7%; seats - (30 total) + Blanco 12, Colorado 9, Broad Front 7, New Space 2 + Chamber of Representatives: + last held NA November 1989 (next to be held NA November 1994); results - + Blanco 39%, Colorado 30%, Broad Front 22%, New Space 8%, other 1%; seats - + (99 total) number of seats by party NA +Communists: + 50,000 + +:Uruguay Government + +Member of: + AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, + ICC, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO + (correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, + RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, + WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Eduardo MACGILLICUDDY; Chancery at 1918 F Street NW, Washington, + DC 20006; telephone (202) 331-1313 through 1316; there are Uruguayan + Consulates General in Los Angeles, Miami, and New York, and a Consulate in + New Orleans + US: + Ambassador Richard C. BROWN; Embassy at Lauro Muller 1776, Montevideo + (mailing address is APO AA 34035); telephone [598] (2) 23-60-61 or 48-77-77; + FAX [598] (2) 48-86-11 +Flag: + nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom) alternating with + blue; there is a white square in the upper hoist-side corner with a yellow + sun bearing a human face known as the Sun of May and 16 rays alternately + triangular and wavy + +:Uruguay Economy + +Overview: + The economy is slowly recovering from the deep recession of the early 1980s. + In 1988 real GDP grew by only 0.5% and in 1989 by 1.5%. The recovery was led + by growth in the agriculture and fishing sectors, agriculture alone + contributing 20% to GDP, employing about 11% of the labor force, and + generating a large proportion of export earnings. Raising livestock, + particularly cattle and sheep, is the major agricultural activity. In 1991, + domestic growth improved somewhat over 1990, but various government factors, + including concentration on the external sector, adverse weather conditions, + and greater attention to bringing down inflation and reducing the fiscal + deficit kept output from expanding rapidly. In a major step toward greater + regional economic cooperation, Uruguay joined Brazil, Argentina, and + Paraguay in forming the Southern Cone Common Market (Mercosur). President + LACALLE continues to press ahead with a broad economic reform plan to reduce + state intervention in the economy, but he faces strong opposition. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $9.1 billion, per capita $2,935; real growth rate + 2.3% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 60% (1992 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 8.5% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.4 billion, including capital + expenditures of $165 million (1988) +Exports: + $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + hides and leather goods 17%, beef 10%, wool 9%, fish 7%, rice 4% + partners: + Brazil, US, Argentina, Germany +Imports: + $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + fuels and lubricants 15%, metals, machinery, transportation equipment, + industrial chemicals + partners: + Brazil 23%, Argentina 17%, US 10%, EC 27.1% (1990) +External debt: + $4.2 billion (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -1.4% (1990), accounts for almost 25% of GDP +Electricity: + 2,065,000 kW capacity; 5,677 million kWh produced, 1,819 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + meat processing, wool and hides, sugar, textiles, footwear, leather apparel, + tires, cement, fishing, petroleum refining, wine +Agriculture: + large areas devoted to livestock grazing; wheat, rice, corn, sorghum; + self-sufficient in most basic foodstuffs +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $105 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $420 million; + Communist countries (1970-89), $69 million +Currency: + new Uruguayan peso (plural - pesos); 1 new Uruguayan peso (N$Ur) = 100 + centesimos + +:Uruguay Economy + +Exchange rates: + new Uruguayan pesos (N$Ur) per US$1 - 2,732.8 (March 1992), 2,018.8 (1991), + 1,171.0 (1990), 605.5 (1989), 359.4 (1988), 226.7 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Uruguay Communications + +Railroads: + 3,000 km, all 1.435-meter (standard) gauge and government owned +Highways: + 49,900 km total; 6,700 km paved, 3,000 km gravel, 40,200 km earth +Inland waterways: + 1,600 km; used by coastal and shallow-draft river craft +Ports: + Montevideo, Punta del Este +Merchant marine: + 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 56,737 GRT/104,143 DWT; includes 1 + cargo, 1 container, 1 petroleum tanker +Civil air: + 11 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 90 total, 83 usable; 16 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + most modern facilities concentrated in Montevideo; new nationwide microwave + network; 337,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 99 AM, no FM, 26 TV, 9 + shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations + +:Uruguay Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy (including Naval Air Arm, Coast Guard, and Marines), Air Force, + Grenadier Guards, Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 745,728; 605,392 fit for military service; no conscription +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $168 million, 2.2% of GDP (1988) + +:Uzbekistan Geography + +Total area: + 447,400 km2 +Land area: + 425,400 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than California +Land boundaries: + 6,221 km total; Afghanistan 137 km, Kazakhstan 2,203 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,099 + km, Tajikistan 1,161 km, Turkmenistan 1,621 km +Coastline: + 0 km + note: + Uzbekistan does border the Aral Sea (420 km) +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + none +Climate: + mostly mid latitude desert; semiarid grassland in east +Terrain: + mostly flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; Fergana valley in east + surrounded by mountainous Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan; shrinking Aral Sea in + west +Natural resources: + natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper, lead and zinc, + tungsten, molybdenum +Land use: + NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest + and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated +Environment: + drying up of the Aral Sea is resulting in growing concentrations of chemical + pesticides and natural salts +Note: + landlocked + +:Uzbekistan People + +Population: + 21,626,784 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 34 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 7 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -2 migrants/1,000 population (1992); note - 179,000 persons left Uzbekistan + in 1990 +Infant mortality rate: + 65 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 64 years male, 70 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.2 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Uzbek(s); adjective - Uzbek +Ethnic divisions: + Uzbek 71%, Russian 8%, Tajik 5%, other 16%; note - includes 70% of Crimean + Tatars since their World War II deportation +Religions: + Muslim (mostly Sunnis) 75-80%, other (includes Farsi) 20-25% +Languages: + Uzbek 85%, Russian 5%, other 10% +Literacy: + NA% +Labor force: + 7,941,000; agriculture and forestry 39%, industry and construction 24%, + other 37% (1990) +Organized labor: + NA + +:Uzbekistan Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Uzbekistan +Type: + republic +Capital: + Tashkent (Toshkent) +Administrative divisions: + 11 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast') and 1 autonomous republic* + (avtomnaya respublika); Andizhan, Bukhara, Dzhizak, Fergana, Karakalpakstan* + (Nukus), Kashkadar'ya (Karshi), Khorezm (Urgench), Namangan, Samarkand, + Surkhandar'ya (Termez), Syrdar'ya (Gulistan), Tashkent; note - an + administrative division has the same name as its administrative center + (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses) +Independence: + 31 August 1991 from the Soviet Union; note - formerly Uzbek Soviet Socialist + Republic in the Soviet Union +Constitution: + NA +Legal system: + NA +National holiday: + NA +Executive branch: + president +Legislative branch: + unicameral Supreme Soviet +Judicial branch: + NA +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Islam KARIMOV (since 29 December 1991) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Abdulhashim MUTALOV (since 13 January 1992) +Political parties and leaders: + People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (formerly Communist Party), Islam + KARIMOV, chairman; ERK, Mukhammad SOLIKH, chairman +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 29 December 1991 (next to be held NA December 1996); results - + Islam KARIMOV 86%, Mukhammad SOLIKH 12%, other 2% + Supreme Soviet: + last held NA March 1990 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by + party NA; seats - (500 total) Communist 450, ERK 10, other 40 +Communists: + NA +Other political or pressure groups: + Birlik (Unity) Abdurakhim PULATOV, chairman; Islamic Renaissance Party, + Abdulljon UTAEV, chairman +Member of: + CIS, CSCE, IMF, NACC, UN UNCTAD +Diplomatic representation: + NA + US: + Charge d'Affaires Michael MOZUR; Embassy at Hotel Uzbekistan, ;55 + Chelendarskaya, Tashkent (mailing address is APO AE 09862); telephone [8] + (011) 7-3712-33-15-74 + +:Uzbekistan Government + +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands - blue (top), white, and green with a crescent + moon and 12 stars in the upper hoist-side quadrant + +:Uzbekistan Economy + +Overview: + Although Uzbekistan accounted for only 3.4% of total Soviet output, it + produced two-thirds of the USSR's cotton. Moscow's push for ever-increasing + amounts of cotton included massive irrigation projects which caused + extensive environmental damage to the Aral Sea and rivers of the republic. + Furthermore, the lavish use of chemical fertilizers has caused extensive + pollution and widespread health problems. Recently the republic has sought + to encourage food production at the expense of cotton. The small industrial + sector specializes in such items as agricultural machinery, mineral + fertilizers, vegetable oil, and electrical cranes. Uzbekistan also has some + important natural resources including gold (about 30% of Soviet production), + uranium, and natural gas. The Uzbek government has encouraged land reform + but has shied away from other aspects of economic reform. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate -0.9% + (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 83% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $1.5 billion (1990) + commodities: + cotton, gold, textiles, chemical and mineral fertilizers, vegetable oil + partners: + Russia, Ukraine, Eastern Europe +Imports: + $3.5 billion (1990) + commodities: + machinery and parts, consumer durables, grain, other foods + partners: + principally other former Soviet republics +External debt: + $2 billion (end of 1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 1.8% (1991) +Electricity: + 11,400,000 kW capacity; 54,100 million kWh produced, 2,662 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + chemical and mineral fertilizers, vegetable oil, textiles +Agriculture: + cotton, with much smaller production of grain, fruits, vegetables, and + livestock +Illicit drugs: + illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption; + status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipment + points for illicit drugs to Western Europe +Economic aid: + $NA +Currency: + as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency +Exchange rates: + NA +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Uzbekistan Communications + +Railroads: + 3,460 km all 1.520-meter gauge (includes NA km electrified); does not + include industrial lines (1990) +Highways: + 78,400 km total (1990); 67,000 km hard-surfaced, 11,400 km earth +Inland waterways: + NA km +Pipelines: + NA +Ports: + none - landlocked +Civil air: + NA +Airports: + NA +Telecommunications: + poorly developed; telephone density NA; linked by landline or microwave with + CIS member states and by leased connection via the Moscow international + gateway switch to other countries; satellite earth stations - Orbita and + INTELSAT (TV receive only) + +:Uzbekistan Defense Forces + +Branches: + Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS + Forces (Ground, Air and Air Defense) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18) + annually +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Vanuatu Geography + +Total area: + 14,760 km2 +Land area: + 14,760 km2; includes more than 80 islands +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Connecticut +Land boundaries: + 0 km +Coastline: + 2,528 km +Maritime claims: + (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines) + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + edge of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds +Terrain: + mostly mountains of volcanic origin; narrow coastal plains +Natural resources: + manganese, hardwood forests, fish +Land use: + arable land 1%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest and + woodland 1%; other 91% +Environment: + subject to tropical cyclones or typhoons (January to April); volcanism + causes minor earthquakes +Note: + located 5,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean about + three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and Australia + +:Vanuatu People + +Population: + 174,574 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 35 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 30 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 67 years male, 72 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 5.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Ni-Vanuatu (singular and plural); adjective - Ni-Vanuatu +Ethnic divisions: + indigenous Melanesian 94%, French 4%, remainder Vietnamese, Chinese, and + various Pacific Islanders +Religions: + Presbyterian 36.7%, Anglican 15%, Catholic 15%, indigenous beliefs 7.6%, + Seventh-Day Adventist 6.2%, Church of Christ 3.8%, other 15.7% +Languages: + English and French (official); pidgin (known as Bislama or Bichelama) +Literacy: + 53% (male 57%, female 48%) age 15 and over can read and write (1979) +Labor force: + NA +Organized labor: + 7 registered trade unions - largest include Oil and Gas Workers' Union, + Vanuatu Airline Workers' Union + +:Vanuatu Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Vanuatu +Type: + republic +Capital: + Port-Vila +Administrative divisions: + 11 island councils; Ambrym, Aoba/Maewo, Banks/Torres, Efate, Epi, Malakula, + Paama, Pentecote, Santo/Malo, Shepherd, Tafea +Independence: + 30 July 1980 (from France and UK; formerly New Hebrides) +Constitution: + 30 July 1980 +Legal system: + unified system being created from former dual French and British systems +National holiday: + Independence Day, 30 July (1980) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers + (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament; note - the National Council of Chiefs advises on + matters of custom and land +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Frederick TIMAKATA (since 30 January 1989) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Maxime CARLOT (since 16 December 1991); Deputy Prime Minister + Sethy REGENVANU (since 17 December 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Vanuatu Party (VP), Donald KALPOKAS; Union of Moderate Parties (UMP), Serge + VOHOR; Melanesian Progressive Party (MPP), Barak SOPE; National United Party + (NUP), Walter LINI; Tan Union Party (TUP), Vincent BOULEKONE; Nagriamel + Party, Jimmy STEVENS; Friend Melanesian Party, leader NA +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Parliament: + last held 2 December 1991 (next to be held by November 1995); note - after + election, a coalition was formed by the Union of Moderate Parties and the + National United Party to form new government on 16 December 1991; seats - + (46 total) UMP 19; NUP 10; VP 10; MPP 4; TUP 1; Nagriamel 1; Friend 1 +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFC, IMF, IMO, + IOC, ITU, NAM, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO +Diplomatic representation: + Vanuatu does not have a mission in Washington + US: + the ambassador in Papua New Guinea is accredited to Vanuatu +Flag: + two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green (bottom) with a black + isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) all separated by a black-edged + yellow stripe in the shape of a horizontal Y (the two points of the Y face + the hoist side and enclose the triangle); centered in the triangle is a + boar's tusk encircling two crossed namele leaves, all in yellow + +:Vanuatu Economy + +Overview: + The economy is based primarily on subsistence farming which provides a + living for about 80% of the population. Fishing and tourism are the other + mainstays of the economy. Mineral deposits are negligible; the country has + no known petroleum deposits. A small light industry sector caters to the + local market. Tax revenues come mainly from import duties. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $142 million, per capita $900 (1988 est.); real + growth rate 6% (1990) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 5% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $90.0 million; expenditures $103.0 million, including capital + expenditures of $45.0 million (1989 est.) +Exports: + $15.6 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + copra 59%, cocoa 11%, meat 9%, fish 8%, timber 4% + partners: + Netherlands, Japan, France, New Caledonia, Belgium +Imports: + $60.4 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) + commodities: + machines and vehicles 25%, food and beverages 23%, basic manufactures 18%, + raw materials and fuels 11%, chemicals 6% + partners: + Australia 36%, Japan 13%, NZ 10%, France 8%, Fiji 8% +External debt: + $30 million (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate NA%; accounts for about 10% of GDP +Electricity: + 17,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced, 180 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + food and fish freezing, wood processing, meat canning +Agriculture: + accounts for 40% of GDP; export crops - copra, cocoa, coffee, and fish; + subsistence crops - copra, taro, yams, coconuts, fruits, and vegetables +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $606 million +Currency: + vatu (plural - vatu); 1 vatu (VT) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + vatu (VT) per US$1 - 112.55 (March 1992), 111.68 (1991), 116.57 (1990), + 116.04 (1989), 104.43 (1988), 109.85 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Vanuatu Communications + +Railroads: + none +Highways: + 1,027 km total; at least 240 km sealed or all-weather roads +Ports: + Port-Vila, Luganville, Palikoulo, Santu +Merchant marine: + 121 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,093,443 GRT/3,168,822 DWT; includes + 26 cargo, 14 refrigerated cargo, 5 container, 11 vehicle carrier, 1 + livestock carrier, 5 petroleum tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, + 51 bulk, 1 combination bulk, 1 passenger, 1 short-sea passenger; note - a + flag of convenience registry +Civil air: + no major transport aircraft +Airports: + 33 total, 31 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, no TV; 3,000 telephones; satellite ground + stations - 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT + +:Vanuatu Defense Forces + +Branches: + no military forces; Vanuatu Police Force (VPF), paramilitary Vanuatu Mobile + Force (VMF) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Venezuela Geography + +Total area: + 912,050 km2 +Land area: + 882,050 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than twice the size of California +Land boundaries: + 4,993 km total; Brazil 2,200 km, Colombia 2,050 km, Guyana 743 km +Coastline: + 2,800 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 15 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claims all of Guyana west of the Essequibo river; maritime boundary dispute + with Colombia in the Gulf of Venezuela +Climate: + tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands +Terrain: + Andes mountains and Maracaibo lowlands in northwest; central plains + (llanos); Guyana highlands in southeast +Natural resources: + crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals, hydropower, + diamonds +Land use: + arable land 3%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and + woodland 39%; other 37%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic droughts; increasing + industrial pollution in Caracas and Maracaibo +Note: + on major sea and air routes linking North and South America + +:Venezuela People + +Population: + 20,675,970 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 27 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 4 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 23 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 71 years male, 78 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Venezuelan(s); adjective - Venezuelan +Ethnic divisions: + mestizo 67%, white 21%, black 10%, Indian 2% +Religions: + nominally Roman Catholic 96%, Protestant 2% +Languages: + Spanish (official); Indian dialects spoken by about 200,000 Amerindians in + the remote interior +Literacy: + 88% (male 87%, female 90%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981 est.) +Labor force: + 5,800,000; services 56%, industry 28%, agriculture 16% (1985) +Organized labor: + 32% of labor force + +:Venezuela Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Venezuela +Type: + republic +Capital: + Caracas +Administrative divisions: + 21 states (estados, singular - estado), 1 territory* (territorios, singular + - territorio), 1 federal district** (distrito federal), and 1 federal + dependence*** (dependencia federal); Amazonas*, Anzoategui, Apure, Aragua, + Barinas, Bolivar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Dependencias + Federales***, Distrito Federal**, Falcon, Guarico, Lara, Merida, Miranda, + Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, + Zulia; note - the federal dependence consists of 11 federally controlled + island groups with a total of 72 individual islands +Independence: + 5 July 1811 (from Spain) +Constitution: + 23 January 1961 +Legal system: + based on Napoleonic code; judicial review of legislative acts in Cassation + Court only; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 5 July (1811) +Executive branch: + president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + bicameral Congress of the Republic (Congreso de la Republica) consists of an + upper chamber or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies + (Camara de Diputados) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justica) +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Carlos Andres PEREZ (since 2 February 1989) +Political parties and leaders: + Social Christian Party (COPEI), Hilarion CARDOZO, president, and Eduardo + FERNANDEZ, secretary general; Democratic Action (AD), Humberto CELLI, + president, and Luis ALFARO Ucero, secretary general; Movement Toward + Socialism (MAS), Argelia LAYA, president, and Freddy MUNOZ, secretary + general +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 4 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results - + Carlos Andres PEREZ (AD) 54.6%, Eduardo FERNANDEZ (COPEI) 41.7%, other 3.7% + Senate: + last held 4 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (49 total) AD 23, COPEI 22, other 4; + note - 3 former presidents (1 from AD, 2 from COPEI) hold lifetime senate + seats + Chamber of Deputies: + last held 4 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results - AD + 43.7%, COPEI 31.4%, MAS 10.3%, other 14.6%; seats - (201 total) AD 97, COPEI + 67, MAS 18, other 19 +Communists: + 10,000 members (est.) + +:Venezuela Government + +Other political or pressure groups: + FEDECAMARAS, a conservative business group; Venezuelan Confederation of + Workers, the Democratic Action - dominated labor organization +Member of: + AG, CDB, CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-3, G-11, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, + IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, + IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPEC, PCA, RG, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Simon Alberto CONSALVI Bottaro; Chancery at 1099 30th Street NW, + Washington, DC 20007; telephone (202) 342-2214; there are Venezuelan + Consulates General in Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New + Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) + US: + Ambassador Michael Martin SKOL; Embassy at Avenida Francisco de Miranda and + Avenida Principal de la Floresta, Caracas (mailing address is P. O. Box + 62291, Caracas 1060-A, or APO AA 34037); telephone [58] (2) 285-2222; FAX + [58] (2) 285-0336; there is a US Consulate in Maracaibo +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red with the coat of + arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and an arc of seven white + five-pointed stars centered in the blue band + +:Venezuela Economy + +Overview: + Petroleum is the cornerstone of the economy and accounted for 23% of GDP, + 80% of central government revenues, and 80% of export earnings in 1991. + President PEREZ introduced an economic readjustment program when he assumed + office in February 1989. Lower tariffs and price supports, a free market + exchange rate, and market-linked interest rates threw the economy into + confusion, causing an 8% decline in GDP in 1989. However, the economy + recovered part way in 1990, and grew by 9.2% in 1991, led by the petroleum + sector. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $52.3 billion, per capita $2,590; real growth + rate 9.2% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 30.7% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 9.3% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $13.2 billion; expenditures $13.1 billion, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1991) +Exports: + $15.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + petroleum 80%, bauxite and aluminum, iron ore, agricultural products, basic + manufactures + partners: + US 50.7%, Europe 13.7%, Japan 4.0% (1989) +Imports: + $10.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + foodstuffs, chemicals, manufactures, machinery and transport equipment + partners: + US 44%, FRG 8.0%, Japan 4%, Italy 7%, Canada 2% (1989) +External debt: + $30.9 billion (1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5.4% (1991 est.); accounts for one-fourth of GDP, including + petroleum +Electricity: + 20,128,000 kW capacity; 55,753 million kWh produced, 2,762 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + petroleum, iron-ore mining, construction materials, food processing, + textiles, steel, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly +Agriculture: + accounts for 6% of GDP and 16% of labor force; products - corn, sorghum, + sugarcane, rice, bananas, vegetables, coffee, beef, pork, milk, eggs, fish; + not self-sufficient in food other than meat +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis and coca leaf for the international drug trade + on a small scale; however, large quantities of cocaine transit the country + from Colombia +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-86), $488 million; Communist countries + (1970-89), $10 million +Currency: + bolivar (plural - bolivares); 1 bolivar (Bs) = 100 centimos +Exchange rates: + bolivares (Bs) per US$1 - 65.39 (March 1992), 56.82 (1991), 46.90 (1990), + 34.68 (1989), 14.50 (fixed rate 1987-88) + +:Venezuela Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Venezuela Communications + +Railroads: + 542 km total; 363 km 1.435-meter standard gauge all single track, government + owned; 179 km 1.435-meter gauge, privately owned +Highways: + 77,785 km total; 22,780 km paved, 24,720 km gravel, 14,450 km earth roads, + and 15,835 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 7,100 km; Rio Orinoco and Lago de Maracaibo accept oceangoing vessels +Pipelines: + crude oil 6,370 km; petroleum products 480 km; natural gas 4,010 km +Ports: + Amuay Bay, Bajo Grande, El Tablazo, La Guaira, Puerto Cabello, Puerto Ordaz +Merchant marine: + 57 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 790,108 GRT/1,257,637 DWT; includes 1 + short-sea passenger, 1 passenger cargo, 22 cargo, 1 container, 2 + roll-on/roll-off, 17 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 8 + bulk, 1 vehicle carrier, 1 combination bulk +Civil air: + 56 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 308 total, 287 usable; 135 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 14 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 88 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + modern and expanding; 1,440,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 181 AM, no + FM, 59 TV, 26 shortwave; 3 submarine coaxial cables; satellite ground + stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 3 domestic + +:Venezuela Defense Forces + +Branches: + Ground Forces (Army), Naval Forces (including Navy, Marines, Coast Guard), + Air Forces, Armed Forces of Cooperation (National Guard) +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 5,365,880; 3,884,558 fit for military service; 210,737 reach + military age (18) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.95 billion, 4% of GDP (1991) + +:Vietnam Geography + +Total area: + 329,560 km2 +Land area: + 325,360 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than New Mexico +Land boundaries: + 3,818 km total; Cambodia 982 km, China 1,281 km, Laos 1,555 km +Coastline: + 3,444 km; excludes islands +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 24 nm + Continental shelf: + edge of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + maritime boundary with Cambodia not defined; involved in a complex dispute + over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and + possibly Brunei; unresolved maritime boundary with Thailand; maritime + boundary dispute with China in the Gulf of Tonkin; Paracel Islands occupied + by China but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan +Climate: + tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (mid-May to + mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March) +Terrain: + low, flat delta in south and north; central highlands; hilly, mountainous in + far north and northwest +Natural resources: + phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate, offshore oil deposits, + forests +Land use: + arable land 22%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and + woodland 40%; other 35%; includes irrigated 5% +Environment: + occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive flooding + +:Vietnam People + +Population: + 68,964,018 (July 1992), growth rate 2.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 29 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 47 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 63 years male, 67 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Vietnamese (singular and plural); adjective - Vietnamese +Ethnic divisions: + predominantly Vietnamese 85-90%; Chinese 3%; ethnic minorities include + Muong, Thai, Meo, Khmer, Man, Cham; other mountain tribes +Religions: + Buddhist, Confucian, Taoist, Roman Catholic, indigenous beliefs, Islamic, + Protestant +Languages: + Vietnamese (official), French, Chinese, English, Khmer, tribal languages + (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian) +Literacy: + 88% (male 92%, female 84%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 32.7 million; agricultural 65%, industrial and service 35% (1990 est.) +Organized labor: + reportedly over 90% of wage and salary earners are members of the Vietnam + Federation of Trade Unions (VFTU) + +:Vietnam Government + +Long-form name: + Socialist Republic of Vietnam; abbreviated SRV +Type: + Communist state +Capital: + Hanoi +Administrative divisions: + 50 provinces (tinh, singular and plural), 3 municipalities* (thanh pho, + singular and plural); An Giang, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Bac Thai, Ben Tre, Binh + Dinh, Binh Thuan, Can Tho, Cao Bang, Dac Las, Dong Nai, Dong Tay, Gia Lai, + Ha Bac, Ha Giang, Ha Noi*, Ha Tay, Ha Tinh, Hai Hung, Hai Phong*, Ho Chi + Minh*, Hoa Binh, Khanh Hoa, Kien Giang, Kon Tum, Lai Chau, Lam Dong, Lang + Son, Lao Cai, Long An, Minh Hai, Nam Ha, Nghe An, Ninh Binh, Ninh Thuan, Phu + Yen, Quang Binh, Quang Nam-Da Nang, Quang Ngai, Quang Ninh, Quang Tri, Soc + Trang, Son La, Song Be, Tay Ninh, Thai Binh, Thanh Hoa, Thua Thien, Tien + Giang, Tra Vinh, Tuyen Quang, Vinh Long, Vinh Phu, Yen Bai; note - + diacritical marks are not included +Independence: + 2 September 1945 (from France) +Constitution: + 18 December 1980; new Constitution to be approved Spring 1992 +Legal system: + based on Communist legal theory and French civil law system +National holiday: + Independence Day, 2 September (1945) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly (Quoc-Hoi) +Judicial branch: + Supreme People's Court +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Vo Chi CONG (since 18 June 1987) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Vo Van KIET (since 9 August 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Phan + Van KHAI (since 10 August 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + only party - Vietnam Communist Party (VCP), DO MUOI +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + National Assembly: + last held 19 April 1987 (next to be held 19 July 1992); results - VCP is the + only party; seats - (496 total) VCP or VCP-approved 496; note - number of + seats under new government 395 +Communists: + nearly 2 million +Member of: + ACCT, AsDB, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IIB, + IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, + UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + none +Flag: + red with a large yellow five-pointed star in the center + +:Vietnam Economy + +Overview: + This is a formerly centrally planned, developing economy with extensive + government ownership and control of productive facilities. The economy is + primarily agricultural; the sector employs about 70% of the labor force and + accounts for half of GNP. Rice is the staple crop; substantial amounts of + maize, sorghum, cassava, and sweet potatoes are also grown. The government + permits sale of surplus grain on the open market. Most of the mineral + resources are located in the north, including coal, which is an important + export item. Oil was discovered off the southern coast in 1986 with + production reaching 70,000 barrels per day in 1991 and expected to increase + in the years ahead. Following the end of the war in 1975, heavy-handed + government measures undermined efforts at an efficient merger of the + agricultural resources of the south and the industrial resources of the + north. The economy remains heavily dependent on foreign aid and has received + assistance from UN agencies, France, Australia, Sweden, and Communist + countries. Inflation, although down from recent triple-digit levels, is + still a major weakness and is showing signs of accelerating upwards again. + Per capita output is among the world's lowest. Since late 1986 the + government has sponsored a broad reform program that seeks to turn more + economic activity over to the private sector. +GNP: + exchange rate conversion - $15 billion, per capita $220; real growth rate + 2.5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 80% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 30% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $551 million; expenditures $830 million, including capital + expenditures of $58 million (1990) +Exports: + $1.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + agricultural and handicraft products, coal, minerals, crude petroleum, ores, + seafood + partners: + Japan, Singapore, Thailand, Eastern Europe, USSR +Imports: + $1.9 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + petroleum products, steel products, railroad equipment, chemicals, + medicines, raw cotton, fertilizer, grain + partners: + Japan, Singapore, Thailand, Eastern Europe, USSR +External debt: + $16.8 billion (1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -3.6% (1989); accounts for 30% of GNP +Electricity: + 3,300,000 kW capacity; 9,200 million kWh produced, 140 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + food processing, textiles, machine building, mining, cement, chemical + fertilizer, glass, tires, oil, fishing +Agriculture: + accounts for half of GNP; paddy rice, corn, potatoes make up 50% of farm + output; commercial crops (rubber, soybeans, coffee, tea, bananas) and animal + products other 50%; since 1989 self-sufficient in food staple rice; fish + catch of 943,100 metric tons (1989 est.) + +:Vietnam Economy + +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-74), $3.1 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.9 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $61 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $12.0 + billion +Currency: + new dong (plural - new dong); 1 new dong (D) = 100 xu +Exchange rates: + new dong (D) per US$1 - 11,100 (May 1992), 8,100 (July 1991), 7,280 + (December 1990), 3,996 (March 1990), 2,047 (1988), 225 (1987); note - + 1985-89 figures are end of year +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Vietnam Communications + +Railroads: + 3,059 km total; 2,454 1.000-meter gauge, 151 km 1.435-meter (standard) + gauge, 230 km dual gauge (three rails), and 224 km not restored to service + after war damage +Highways: + about 85,000 km total; 9,400 km paved, 48,700 km gravel or improved earth, + 26,900 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + about 17,702 km navigable; more than 5,149 km navigable at all times by + vessels up to 1.8 meter draft +Pipelines: + petroleum products 150 km +Ports: + Da Nang, Haiphong, Ho Chi Minh City +Merchant marine: + 89 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 400,430 GRT/643,877 DWT; includes 73 + cargo 4 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 8 petroleum tanker, 3 bulk; + note - Vietnam owns 11 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 134,719 DWT + under the registries of Panama and Malta +Civil air: + controlled by military +Airports: + 100 total, 100 usable; 50 with permanent-surface runways; 10 with runways + 2,440-3,659 m; 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 25 telephones per 10,000 persons (1991); broadcast stations - 16 AM, 1 FM, 2 + TV; 2,300,000 TV sets; 6,000,000 radio receivers; 3 satellite earth stations + +:Vietnam Defense Forces + +Branches: + Ground, Navy (including Naval Infantry), Air Force +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 16,839,400; 10,739,128 fit for military service; 787,026 reach + military age (17) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP + +:Virgin Islands Geography + +Total area: + 352 km2 +Land area: + 349 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 188 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + subtropical, tempered by easterly tradewinds, relatively low humidity, + little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season May to November +Terrain: + mostly hilly to rugged and mountainous with little level land +Natural resources: + sun, sand, sea, surf +Land use: + arable land 15%; permanent crops 6%; meadows and pastures 26%; forest and + woodland 6%; other 47% +Environment: + rarely affected by hurricanes; subject to frequent severe droughts, floods, + earthquakes; lack of natural freshwater resources +Note: + important location 1,770 km southeast of Miami and 65 km east of Puerto + Rico, along the Anegada Passage - a key shipping lane for the Panama Canal; + Saint Thomas has one of the best natural, deepwater harbors in the Caribbean + +:Virgin Islands People + +Population: + 98,942 (July 1992), growth rate -1.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 21 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -26 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 13 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 74 years male, 77 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 2.7 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Virgin Islander(s); adjective - Virgin Islander; US citizens +Ethnic divisions: + West Indian (45% born in the Virgin Islands and 29% born elsewhere in the + West Indies) 74%, US mainland 13%, Puerto Rican 5%, other 8%; black 80%, + white 15%, other 5%; Hispanic origin 14% +Religions: + Baptist 42%, Roman Catholic 34%, Episcopalian 17%, other 7% +Languages: + English (official), but Spanish and Creole are widely spoken +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + 45,500 (1988) +Organized labor: + 90% of the government labor force + +:Virgin Islands Government + +Long-form name: + Virgin Islands of the United States +Type: + organized, unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Office of + Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the Interior +Capital: + Charlotte Amalie +Administrative divisions: + none (territory of the US) +Independence: + none (territory of the US) +Constitution: + Revised Organic Act of 22 July 1954 +Legal system: + based on US +National holiday: + Transfer Day (from Denmark to US), 31 March (1917) +Executive branch: + US president, popularly elected governor and lieutenant governor +Legislative branch: + unicameral Senate +Judicial branch: + US District Court handles civil matters over $50,000, felonies (persons 15 + years of age and over), and federal cases; Territorial Court handles civil + matters up to $50,000 small claims, juvenile, domestic, misdemeanors, and + traffic cases +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); Governor Alexander A. + FARRELLY (since 5 January 1987); Lieutenant Governor Derek M. HODGE (since 5 + January 1987) +Political parties and leaders: + Democratic Party, Marilyn STAPLETON; Independent Citizens' Movement (ICM), + Virdin C. BROWN; Republican Party, Charlotte-Poole DAVIS +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Governor: + last held 6 November 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results - + Governor Alexander FARRELLY (Democratic Party) 56.5% defeated Juan LUIS + (independent) 38.5% + Senate: + last held 6 November 1990 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total) number of seats by party NA + US House of Representatives: + last held 6 November 1990 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results - Ron + DE LUGO reelected as nonvoting delegate seats - (1 total); seat by party NA; + note - the Virgin Islands elects one nonvoting representative to the US + House of Representatives +Member of: + ECLAC (associate), IOC, applied for associate membership in OECS in February + 1990 +Diplomatic representation: + none (territory of the US) +Flag: + white with a modified US coat of arms in the center between the large blue + initials V and I; the coat of arms shows an eagle holding an olive branch in + one talon and three arrows in the other with a superimposed shield of + vertical red and white stripes below a blue panel + +:Virgin Islands Economy + +Overview: + Tourism is the primary economic activity, accounting for more than 70% of + GDP and 70% of employment. The manufacturing sector consists of textile, + electronics, pharmaceutical, and watch assembly plants. The agricultural + sector is small, most food being imported. International business and + financial services are a small but growing component of the economy. The + world's largest petroleum refinery is at Saint Croix. +GDP: + purchasing power equivalent - $1.2 billion, per capita $11,000; real growth + rate NA% (1987) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + 2.0% (1990) +Budget: + revenues $364.4 million; expenditures $364.4 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY90) +Exports: + $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1988) + commodities: + refined petroleum products + partners: + US, Puerto Rico +Imports: + $3.7 billion (c.i.f., 1988) + commodities: + crude oil, foodstuffs, consumer goods, building materials + partners: + US, Puerto Rico +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate 12% +Electricity: + 358,000 kW capacity; 532 million kWh produced, 5,360 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + tourism, petroleum refining, watch assembly, rum distilling, construction, + pharmaceuticals, textiles, electronics +Agriculture: + truck gardens, food crops (small scale), fruit, sorghum, Senepol cattle +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $42 + million +Currency: + US currency is used +Exchange rates: + US currency is used +Fiscal year: + 1 October - 30 September + +:Virgin Islands Communications + +Highways: + 856 km total +Ports: + Saint Croix - Christiansted, Frederiksted; Saint Thomas - Long Bay, Crown + Bay, Red Hook; Saint John - Cruz Bay +Airports: + 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m; + international airports on Saint Thomas and Saint Croix +Telecommunications: + 44,280 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 8 FM, 4 TV; modern system + using fiber-optic cable, submarine cable, microwave radio, and satellite + facilities; 98,000 radios; 63,000 TV (1988) + +:Virgin Islands Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +:Wake Island Geography + +Total area: + 6.5 km2 +Land area: + 6.5 km2 +Comparative area: + about 11 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 19.3 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + 12 nm + Continental shelf: + 200 m (depth) + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + claimed by the Republic of the Marshall Islands +Climate: + tropical +Terrain: + atoll of three coral islands built up on an underwater volcano; central + lagoon is former crater, islands are part of the rim; average elevation less + than four meters +Natural resources: + none +Land use: + arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 100% +Environment: + subject to occasional typhoons +Note: + strategic location 3,700 km west of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean, + about two-thirds of the way between Hawaii and the Northern Mariana Islands; + emergency landing location for transpacific flights + +:Wake Island People + +Population: + no indigenous inhabitants; 381 temporary population (US Air Force personnel, + civilian weather service personnel, and US and Thai contractors) (January + 1992); note - population peaked about 1970 with over 1,600 persons during + the Vietnam conflict + +:Wake Island Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Air Force (under + an agreement with the US Department of Interior) since 24 June 1972 +Capital: + none; administered from Washington, DC +Flag: + the US flag is used + +:Wake Island Economy + +Overview: + Economic activity is limited to providing services to US military personnel + and contractors located on the island. All food and manufactured goods must + be imported. +Electricity: + supplied by US military + +:Wake Island Communications + +Ports: + none; because of the reefs, there are only two offshore anchorages for large + ships +Airports: + 1 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m +Telecommunications: + underwater cables to Guam and through Midway to Honolulu; 1 Autovon circuit + off the Overseas Telephone System (OTS); Armed Forces Radio/Television + Service (AFRTS) radio and television service provided by satellite; + broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV +Note: + formerly an important commercial aviation base, now used only by US military + and some commercial cargo planes + +:Wake Island Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of the US + +:Wallis and Futuna Geography + +Total area: + 274 km2 +Land area: + 274 km2; includes Ile Uvea (Wallis Island), Ile Futuna (Futuna Island), Ile + Alofi, and 20 islets +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Washington, DC +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 129 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool, dry season (May to + October) +Terrain: + volcanic origin; low hills +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land 5%; permanent crops 20%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 75% +Environment: + both island groups have fringing reefs +Note: + located 4,600 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean about + two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand + +:Wallis and Futuna People + +Population: + 17,095 (July 1992), growth rate 3.0% (1992) +Birth rate: + 27 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 8 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 29 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 70 years male, 71 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.6 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Wallisian(s), Futunan(s), or Wallis and Futuna Islanders; adjective - + Wallisian, Futunan, or Wallis and Futuna Islander +Ethnic divisions: + almost entirely Polynesian +Religions: + largely Roman Catholic +Languages: + French, Wallisian (indigenous Polynesian language) +Literacy: + 50% (male 50%, female 51%) at all ages can read and write (1969) +Labor force: + NA +Organized labor: + NA + +:Wallis and Futuna Government + +Long-form name: + Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands +Type: + overseas territory of France +Capital: + Mata Utu (on Ile Uvea) +Administrative divisions: + none (overseas territory of France) +Independence: + none (overseas territory of France) +Constitution: + 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) +Legal system: + French +National holiday: + Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) +Executive branch: + French president, chief administrator; note - there are three traditional + kings with limited powers +Legislative branch: + unicameral Territorial Assembly (Assemblee Territoriale) +Judicial branch: + none; justice generally administered under French law by the chief + administrator, but the three traditional kings administer customary law and + there is a magistrate in Mata Utu +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) + Head of Government: + Chief Administrator Robert POMMIES (since 26 September 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + Rally for the Republic (RPR); Union Populaire Locale (UPL); Union Pour la + Democratie Francaise (UDF); Lua kae tahi (Giscardians); Mouvement des + Radicaux de Gauche (MRG) +Suffrage: + universal adult at age 18 +Elections: + Territorial Assembly: + last held 15 March 1987 (next to be held NA March 1992); results - percent + of vote by party NA; seats - (20 total) RPR 7, UPL 5, UDF 4, UNF 4 + French Senate: + last held NA September 1989 (next to be held by NA September 1992); results + - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) RPR 1 + French National Assembly: + last held 12 June 1988 (next to be held by NA September 1992); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) MRG 1 +Member of: + FZ, SPC +Diplomatic representation: + as an overseas territory of France, local interests are represented in the + US by France +Flag: + the flag of France is used + +:Wallis and Futuna Economy + +Overview: + The economy is limited to traditional subsistence agriculture, with about + 80% of the labor force earning its livelihood from agriculture (coconuts and + vegetables), livestock (mostly pigs), and fishing. About 4% of the + population is employed in government. Revenues come from French Government + subsidies, licensing of fishing rights to Japan and South Korea, import + taxes, and remittances from expatriate workers in New Caledonia. Wallis and + Futuna imports food, fuel, clothing, machinery, and transport equipment, but + its exports are negligible, consisting of copra and handicrafts. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $25 million, per capita $1,500; real growth rate + NA% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $2.7 million; expenditures $2.7 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (1983) +Exports: + negligible + commodities: + copra, handicrafts + partners: + NA +Imports: + $13.3 million (c.i.f., 1984) + commodities: + foodstuffs, manufactured goods, transportation equipment, fuel + partners: + France, Australia, New Zealand +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 1,200 kW capacity; 1 million kWh produced, 70 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + copra, handicrafts, fishing, lumber +Agriculture: + dominated by coconut production, with subsistence crops of yams, taro, + bananas, and herds of pigs and goats +Economic aid: + Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), + $118 million +Currency: + Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (plural - francs); 1 CFP franc (CFPF) + = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1 - 102.53 (March + 1992), 102.57 (1991), 99.0 (1990), 115.99 (1989), 108.30 (1988), 109.27 + (1987); note - linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French franc +Fiscal year: + NA + +:Wallis and Futuna Communications + +Highways: + 100 km on Ile Uvea, 16 km sealed; 20 km earth surface on Ile Futuna +Inland waterways: + none +Ports: + Mata-Utu, Leava +Airports: + 2 total; 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 225 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV + +:Wallis and Futuna Defense Forces + +Note: + defense is the responsibility of France + +:West Bank Header + +Note: + The war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967 ended with Israel in + control of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, the Sinai, and the Golan + Heights. As stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords and reaffirmed by + President Bush's post-Gulf crisis peace initiative, the final status of the + West Bank and the Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, and a + peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the + concerned parties. Camp David further specifies that these negotiations will + resolve the respective boundaries. Pending the completion of this process, + it is US policy that the final status of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip + has yet to be determined. In the view of the US, the term West Bank + describes all of the area west of the Jordan River under Jordanian + administration before the 1967 Arab-Israeli war. However, with respect to + negotiations envisaged in the framework agreement, it is US policy that a + distinction must be made between Jerusalem and the rest of the West Bank + because of the city's special status and circumstances. Therefore, a + negotiated solution for the final status of Jerusalem could be different in + character from that of the rest of the West Bank. + +:West Bank Geography + +Total area: + 5,860 km2 +Land area: + 5,640 km2; includes West Bank, East Jerusalem, Latrun Salient, Jerusalem No + Man's Land, and the northwest quarter of the Dead Sea, but excludes Mt. + Scopus +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Delaware +Land boundaries: + 404 km total; Israel 307 km, Jordan 97 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + Israeli occupied with status to be determined +Climate: + temperate, temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, warm to hot + summers, cool to mild winters +Terrain: + mostly rugged dissected upland, some vegetation in west, but barren in east +Natural resources: + negligible +Land use: + arable land 27%, permanent crops 0%, meadows and pastures 32%, forest and + woodland 1%, other 40% +Environment: + highlands are main recharge area for Israel's coastal aquifers +Note: + landlocked; there are 175 Jewish settlements in the West Bank and 14 + Israeli-built Jewish neighborhoods in East Jerusalem + +:West Bank People + +Population: + 1,362,464 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992); in addition, there are + 95,000 Jewish settlers in the West Bank and 132,000 in East Jerusalem (1992 + est.) +Birth rate: + 35 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 37 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 68 years male, 71 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.5 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + NA +Ethnic divisions: + Palestinian Arab and other 88%, Jewish 12% +Religions: + Muslim (predominantly Sunni) 80%, Jewish 12%, Christian and other 8% +Languages: + Arabic, Israeli settlers speak Hebrew, English widely understood +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + NA; excluding Israeli Jewish settlers - small industry, commerce, and + business 29.8%, construction 24.2%, agriculture 22.4%, service and other + 23.6% (1984) +Organized labor: + NA + +:West Bank Government + +Long-form name: + none +Note: + The West Bank is currently governed by Israeli military authorities and + Israeli civil administration. It is US policy that the final status of the + West Bank will be determined by negotiations among the concerned parties. + These negotiations will determine how the area is to governed. + +:West Bank Economy + +Overview: + Economic progress in the West Bank has been hampered by Israeli military + administration and the effects of the Palestinian uprising (intifadah). + Industries using advanced technology or requiring sizable investment have + been discouraged by a lack of local capital and restrictive Israeli + policies. Capital investment consists largely of residential housing, not + productive assets that would enable local firms to compete with Israeli + industry. A major share of GNP is derived from remittances of workers + employed in Israel and Persian Gulf states, but such transfers from the Gulf + dropped dramatically after Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990. In the wake + of the Persian Gulf crisis, many Palestinians have returned to the West + Bank, increasing unemployment, and export revenues have plunged because of + the loss of markets in Jordan and the Gulf states. Israeli measures to + curtail the intifadah also have pushed unemployment up and lowered living + standards. The area's economic outlook remains bleak. +GNP: + exchange rate conversion - $1.3 billion, per capita $1,200; real growth rate + -10% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 11% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + 15% (1990 est.) +Budget: + revenues $31.0 million; expenditures $36.1 million, including capital + expenditures of $NA (FY88) +Exports: + $150 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.) + commodities: + NA + partners: + Jordan, Israel +Imports: + $410 million (c.i.f., 1988 est.) + commodities: + NA + partners: + Jordan, Israel +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate 1% (1989); accounts for about 4% of GNP +Electricity: + power supplied by Israel +Industries: + generally small family businesses that produce cement, textiles, soap, + olive-wood carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs; the Israelis have + established some small-scale modern industries in the settlements and + industrial centers +Agriculture: + accounts for about 15% of GNP; olives, citrus and other fruits, vegetables, + beef, and dairy products +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + new Israeli shekel (plural - shekels) and Jordanian dinar (plural - dinars); + 1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot and 1 Jordanian dinar (JD) = + 1,000 fils + +:West Bank Economy + +Exchange rates: + new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1 - 2.4019 (March 1992), 2.2791 (1991), + 2.0162 (1990), 1.9164 (1989), 1.5989 (1988), 1.5946 (1987); Jordanian dinars + (JD) per US$1 - 0.6760 (January 1992), 0.6810 (1991), 0.6636 (1990), 0.5704 + (1989), 0.3709 (1988), 0.3387 (1987) +Fiscal year: + previously 1 April - 31 March; FY91 was 1 April - 31 December, and since 1 + January 1992 the fiscal year has conformed to the calendar year + +:West Bank Communications + +Highways: + small road network, Israelis developing east-west axial highways to service + new settlements +Airports: + 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + open-wire telephone system currently being upgraded; broadcast stations - no + AM, no FM, no TV + +:West Bank Defense Forces + +Branches: + NA +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Western Sahara Geography + +Total area: + 266,000 km2 +Land area: + 266,000 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Colorado +Land boundaries: + 2,046 km total; Algeria 42 km, Mauritania 1,561 km, Morocco 443 km +Coastline: + 1,110 km +Maritime claims: + contingent upon resolution of sovereignty issue +Disputes: + claimed and administered by Morocco, but sovereignty is unresolved and the + UN is attempting to hold a referendum on the issue; the UN-administered + cease-fire has been currently in effect since September 1991 +Climate: + hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore currents produce fog and heavy + dew +Terrain: + mostly low, flat desert with large areas of rocky or sandy surfaces rising + to small mountains in south and northeast +Natural resources: + phosphates, iron ore +Land use: + arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 19%; forest and + woodland 0%; other 81% +Environment: + hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during winter and spring; + widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of time, often severely restricting + visibility; sparse water and arable land + +:Western Sahara People + +Population: + 201,467 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992) +Birth rate: + 48 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 20 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 159 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 43 years male, 45 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 7.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Sahrawi(s), Sahraoui(s); adjective - Sahrawian, Sahraouian +Ethnic divisions: + Arab and Berber +Religions: + Muslim +Languages: + Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic +Literacy: + NA% (male NA%, female NA%) +Labor force: + 12,000; 50% animal husbandry and subsistence farming +Organized labor: + NA + +:Western Sahara Government + +Long-form name: + none +Type: + legal status of territory and question of sovereignty unresolved; territory + contested by Morocco and Polisario Front (Popular Front for the Liberation + of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro), which in February 1976 formally + proclaimed a government in exile of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic + (SADR); territory partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976, + with Morocco acquiring northern two-thirds; Mauritania, under pressure from + Polisario guerrillas, abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979; + Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly thereafter and has since + asserted administrative control; the Polisario's government in exile was + seated as an OAU member in 1984; guerrilla activities continued + sporadically, until a UN-monitored cease-fire was implemented 6 September + 1991 +Capital: + none +Administrative divisions: + none (under de facto control of Morocco) +Leaders: + none +Member of: + none +Diplomatic representation: + none + +:Western Sahara Economy + +Overview: + Western Sahara, a territory poor in natural resources and having little + rainfall, has a per capita GDP of roughly $300. Pastoral nomadism, fishing, + and phosphate mining are the principal sources of income for the population. + Most of the food for the urban population must be imported. All trade and + other economic activities are controlled by the Moroccan Government. +GDP: + $60 million, per capita $300; real growth rate NA% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + NA% +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA +Exports: + $8 million (f.o.b., 1982 est.) + commodities: + phosphates 62% + partners: + Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade partners are + included in overall Moroccan accounts +Imports: + $30 million (c.i.f., 1982 est.) + commodities: + fuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs + partners: + Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade partners are + included in overall Moroccan accounts +External debt: + $NA +Industrial production: + growth rate NA% +Electricity: + 60,000 kW capacity; 79 million kWh produced, 425 kWh per capita (1989) +Industries: + phosphate, fishing, handicrafts +Agriculture: + limited largely to subsistence agriculture; some barley is grown in + nondrought years; fruit and vegetables are grown in the few oases; food + imports are essential; camels, sheep, and goats are kept by the nomadic + natives; cash economy exists largely for the garrison forces +Economic aid: + NA +Currency: + Moroccan dirham (plural - dirhams); 1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes +Exchange rates: + Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 - 8.889 (March 1992), 8.071 (1991), 8.242 + (1990), 8.488 (1989), 8.209 (1988), 8.359 (1987) +Fiscal year: + NA + +:Western Sahara Communications + +Highways: + 6,200 km total; 1,450 km surfaced, 4,750 km improved and unimproved earth + roads and tracks +Ports: + El Aaiun, Ad Dakhla +Airports: + 13 total, 13 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + sparse and limited system; tied into Morocco's system by microwave, + tropospheric scatter, and 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations linked to + Rabat, Morocco; 2,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 2 TV + +:Western Sahara Defense Forces + +Branches: + NA +Manpower availability: + NA +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Western Samoa Geography + +Total area: + 2,860 km2 +Land area: + 2,850 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly smaller than Rhode Island +Land boundaries: + none +Coastline: + 403 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + none +Climate: + tropical; rainy season (October to March), dry season (May to October) +Terrain: + narrow coastal plain with volcanic, rocky, rugged mountains in interior +Natural resources: + hardwood forests, fish +Land use: + arable land 19%; permanent crops 24%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest and + woodland 47%; other 10% +Environment: + subject to occasional typhoons; active volcanism +Note: + located 4,300 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean about + halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand + +:Western Samoa People + +Population: + 194,992 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) +Birth rate: + 34 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -4 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 40 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 65 years male, 70 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 4.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Western Samoan(s); adjective - Western Samoan +Ethnic divisions: + Samoan; Euronesians (persons of European and Polynesian blood) about 7%, + Europeans 0.4% +Religions: + Christian 99.7% (about half of population associated with the London + Missionary Society; includes Congregational, Roman Catholic, Methodist, + Latter Day Saints, Seventh-Day Adventist) +Languages: + Samoan (Polynesian), English +Literacy: + 97% (male 97%, female 97%) age 15 and over can read and write (1971) +Labor force: + 38,000; 22,000 employed in agriculture (1987 est.) +Organized labor: + Public Service Association (PSA) + +:Western Samoa Government + +Long-form name: + Independent State of Western Samoa +Type: + constitutional monarchy under native chief +Capital: + Apia +Administrative divisions: + 11 districts; A`ana, Aiga-i-le-Tai, Atua, Fa`asaleleaga, Gaga`emauga, + Gagaifomauga, Palauli, Satupa`itea, Tuamasaga, Va`a-o-Fonoti, Vaisigano +Independence: + 1 January 1962 (from UN trusteeship administered by New Zealand) +Constitution: + 1 January 1962 +Legal system: + based on English common law and local customs; judicial review of + legislative acts with respect to fundamental rights of the citizen; has not + accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + National Day, 1 June +Executive branch: + chief, Executive Council, prime minister, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Assembly (Fono) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court, Court of Appeal +Leaders: + Chief of State: + Chief Susuga Malietoa TANUMAFILI II (Co-Chief of State from 1 January 1962 + until becoming sole Chief of State on 5 April 1963) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister TOFILAU Eti Alesana (since 7 April 1988) +Political parties and leaders: + Human Rights Protection Party (HRPP), TOFILAU Eti, chairman; Samoan National + Development Party (SNDP), VA'AI Kolone, chairman +Suffrage: + universal adult over age 21, but only matai (head of family) are able to run + for the Legislative Assembly +Elections: + Legislative Assembly: + last held NA February 1991 (next to be held by NA February 1994); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (47 total) HRPP 30, SNDP 14, + independents 3 +Member of: + ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IOC, ITU, + LORCS, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Fili (Felix) Tuaopepe WENDT; Chancery (temporary) at suite 510, + 1155 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005; telephone (202) 833-1743 + US: + the ambassador to New Zealand is accredited to Western Samoa (mailing + address is P.O. Box 3430, Apia); telephone (685) 21-631; FAX (685) 22-030 +Flag: + red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side quadrant bearing five + white five-pointed stars representing the Southern Cross constellation + +:Western Samoa Economy + +Overview: + Agriculture employs more than half of the labor force, contributes 50% to + GDP, and furnishes 90% of exports. The bulk of export earnings comes from + the sale of coconut oil and copra. The economy depends on emigrant + remittances and foreign aid to support a level of imports several times + export earnings. Tourism has become the most important growth industry, and + construction of the first international hotel is under way. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $115 million, per capita $690 (1989); real growth + rate -4.5% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 15% (1990) +Unemployment rate: + NA%; shortage of skilled labor +Budget: + revenues $95.3 million; expenditures $95.4 million, including capital + expenditures of $41 million (FY92) +Exports: + $9 million (f.o.b., 1990) + commodities: + coconut oil and cream 54%, taro 12%, copra 9%, cocoa 3% + partners: + NZ 28%, American Samoa 23%, Germany 22%, US 6% (1990) +Imports: + $75 million (c.i.f., 1990) + commodities: + intermediate goods 58%, food 17%, capital goods 12% + partners: + New Zealand 41%, Australia 18%, Japan 13%, UK 6%, US 6% +External debt: + $83 million (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -4% (1990 est.); accounts for 14% of GDP +Electricity: + 29,000 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 240 kWh per capita (1990) +Industries: + timber, tourism, food processing, fishing +Agriculture: + accounts for 50% of GDP; coconuts, fruit (including bananas, taro, yams) +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $18 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $306 million; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $4 million +Currency: + tala (plural - tala); 1 tala (WS$) = 100 sene +Exchange rates: + tala (WS$) per US$1 - 2,4284 (March 1992), 2,3975 (1991), 2.3095 (1990), + 2.2686 (1989), 2.0790 (1988), 2.1204 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Western Samoa Communications + +Highways: + 2,042 km total; 375 km sealed; remainder mostly gravel, crushed stone, or + earth +Ports: + Apia +Merchant marine: + 1 roll-on/roll-off ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,838 GRT/5,536 DWT +Civil air: + 3 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 3 total, 3 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over + 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + 7,500 telephones; 70,000 radios; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 + Pacific Ocean INTELSAT ground station + +:Western Samoa Defense Forces + +Branches: + Department of Police and Prisons +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:World Geography + +Total area: + 510,072,000 km2 +Land area: + 148,940,000 km2 (29.2%) +Comparative area: + land area about 16 times the size of the US +Land boundaries: + 442,000 km +Coastline: + 356,000 km +Maritime claims: + range from 3 to 200 nm; 1 claim is rectangular; 112 states claim a 12 nm + limit; note - boundary situations with neighboring states prevent many + countries from extending their fishing or economic zones to a full 200 nm; + 41 nations and other areas are landlocked and include Afghanistan, Andorra, + Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina, + Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, + Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macedonia, + Malawi, Mali, Moldova, Mongolia, Nepal, Niger, Paraguay, Rwanda, San Marino, + Swaziland, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Uzbekistan, + Vatican City, West Bank, Zambia, Zimbabwe + Contiguous zone: + 39 states claim contiguous zone, 33 of which have 24 nm limits + Continental shelf: + approximately 78 states have specific continental shelf claims, the limit of + 42 claims is based on depth (200 m) plus exploitability, 21 claims define + the continental shelf as 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin + Exclusive fishing zone: + 23 claims with limits ranging from 12 nm to 200 nm + Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): + 83 states claim an EEZ, with most limits being 200 nm + Territorial sea: + claims range from 3 to 200 nm, 112 states claim a 12 nm limit; note - 41 + nations and miscellaneous areas are landlocked and comprise Afghanistan, + Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina, + Burundi, Byelarus, Central African Republic, Chad, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, + Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macebia, + Zimbabwe +Disputes: + major international land boundary or territorial diputes - Bahrain-Qatar, + Chad-Libya, China-India, China-Russia, Ecuador-Peru, El Salvador-Honduras, + Israel-Jordan, Israel-Syria, Japan-Russia, North Korea-South Korea, Saudi + Arabia-Yemen, South China Sea +Climate: + two large areas of polar climates separated by two rather narrow temperate + zones from a wide equatorial band of tropical to subtropical climates +Terrain: + highest elevation is Mt. Everest at 8,848 meters and lowest depression is + the Dead Sea at 392 meters below sea level; greatest ocean depth is the + Marianas Trench at 10,924 meters +Natural resources: + the rapid using up of nonrenewable mineral resources, the depletion of + forest areas and wetlands, the extinction of animal and plant species, and + the deterioration in air and water quality (especially in Eastern Europe and + the former USSR) pose serious long-term problems that governments and + peoples are only beginning to address +Land use: + arable land 10%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 24%; forest and + woodland 31%; other 34%; includes irrigated 1.6% + +:World Geography + +Environment: + large areas subject to severe weather (tropical cyclones), natural disasters + (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions), overpopulation, + industrial disasters, pollution (air, water, acid rain, toxic substances), + loss of vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of + wildlife resources, soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion + +:World People + +Population: + 5,515,617,484 (July 1992), growth rate 1.7% (1992) +Birth rate: + 26 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 63 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 61 years male, 65 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 3.3 children born/woman (1992) +Literacy: + 74% (male 81%, female 67%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 2.24 billion (1992) +Organized labor: + NA + +:World Government + +Administrative divisions: + 187 sovereign nations plus 72 dependent, other, and miscellaneous areas +Legal system: + varies by individual country; 182 are parties to the United Nations + International Court of Justice (ICJ or World Court) +Diplomatic representation: + there are 178 members of the UN + +:World Economy + +Overview: + Aggregate world output in 1991 increased by 1.3%, in contrast to estimated + 2% growth in 1990 and 3% growth in 1989. In 1991, the developed countries + grew by 2.5% and the LDCs by 3.5%, these gains being offset by a 10-15% drop + in the former Communist-dominated areas of the USSR and Eastern Europe. As + usual, results among individual countries differed widely. In the developed + group, Japan led with 4.5%, the West European members averaged 1.2%, and the + recession-plagued United States lagged,with GDP down 0.7%. As for the 15 + former Soviet republics and the seven nations of Eastern Europe, output + plummeted in many economic sectors because of fundamental changes in the + rules of the game and in the channels of production and exchange. China and + the Four Dragons performed well in 1991 but many of the other developing + countries are mired in poverty and political instability. For the world as a + whole, the addition of nearly 100 million people each year to an already + overcrowded globe will exacerbate the problems of pollution, + desertification, underemployment, epidemics, and famine. +GWP (gross world product): + purchasing power equivalent - $25 trillion, per capita $4,600; real growth + rate 1.3% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + developed countries 5%; developing countries 50%, with wide variations (1991 + est.) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Exports: + $3.34 trillion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services + partners: + in value, about 75% of exports from developed countries +Imports: + $3.49 trillion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services + partners: + in value, about 75% of imports by the developed countries +External debt: + $1.0 trillion for less developed countries (1991 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 3% (1990 est.) +Electricity: + 2,864,000,000 kW capacity; 11,450,000 million kWh produced, 2,150 kWh per + capita (1990) +Industries: + industry worldwide is dominated by the onrush of technology, especially in + computers, robotics, telecommunications, and medicines and medical + equipment; most of these advances take place in OECD nations; only a small + portion of non-OECD countries have succeeded in rapidly adjusting to these + technological forces, and the technological gap between the industrial + nations and the less-developed countries continues to widen; the rapid + development of new industrial (and agricultural) technology is complicating + already grim environmental problems + +:World Economy + +Agriculture: + the production of major food crops has increased substantially in the last + 20 years. The annual production of cereals, for instance, has risen by 50%, + from about 1.2 billion metric tons to about 1.8 billion metric tons; + production increases have resulted mainly from increased yields rather than + increases in planted areas; while global production is sufficient for + aggregate demand, about one-fifth of the world's population remains + malnourished, primarily because local production cannot adequately provide + for large and rapidly growing populations, which are too poor to pay for + food imports; conditions are especially bad in Africa where drought in + recent years has exacerbated the consequences of all other factors +Economic aid: + NA + +:World Communications + +Railroads: + 239,430 km of narrow gauge track; 710,754 km of standard gauge track; + 251,153 km of broad gauge track; includes about 190,000 to 195,000 km of + electrified routes of which 147,760 km are in Europe, 24,509 km in the Far + East, 11,050 km in Africa, 4,223 km in South America, and only 4,160 km in + North America; fastest speed in daily service is 300 km/hr attained by + France's SNCF TGV-Atlantique line +Ports: + Mina al Ahmadi (Kuwait), Chiba, Houston, Kawasaki, Kobe, Marseille, New + Orleans, New York, Rotterdam, Yokohama +Merchant marine: + 23,596 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 386,736,000 GRT/637,493,000 DWT; + includes 348 passenger-cargo, 12,441 freighters, 5,446 bulk carriers, and + 5,361 tankers (January 1991) +Civil air: + 14,500-16,000 major transport aircraft with gross take-off weight of 9,000 + kg (20,000 lbs) or more (1992 est.) + +:World Defense Forces + +Branches: + ground, maritime, and air forces at all levels of technology +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,400,000,000; NA fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + $1.0 trillion, 4% of total world output; decline of 5-10% (1991 est.) + +:Yemen Geography + +Total area: + 527,970 km2 +Land area: + 527,970 km2; includes Perim, Socotra, the former Yemen Arab Republic (YAR or + North Yemen), and the former People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY or + South Yemen) +Comparative area: + slightly larger than twice the size of Wyoming +Land boundaries: + 1,746 km total; Oman 288 km, Saudi Arabia 1,458 km +Coastline: + 1,906 km +Maritime claims: + Contiguous zone: + North - 18 nm; South - 24 nm + Continental shelf: + North - 200 meters (depth); South - edge of continental margin or 200 nm + Exclusive economic zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + undefined section of boundary with Saudi Arabia; Administrative Line with + Oman; there is a proposed treaty with Oman (which has not yet been formerly + accepted) to settle the Yemeni-Omani boundary +Climate: + mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western + mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh + desert in east +Terrain: + narrow coastal plain backed by flat-topped hills and rugged mountains; + dissected upland desert plains in center slope into the desert interior of + the Arabian Peninsula +Natural resources: + crude oil, fish, rock salt, marble; small deposits of coal, gold, lead, + nickel, and copper; fertile soil in west +Land use: + arable land 6%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 30%; forest and + woodland 7%; other 57%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + subject to sand and dust storms in summer; scarcity of natural freshwater + resources; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification +Note: + controls Bab el Mandeb, the strait linking the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, + one of world's most active shipping lanes + +:Yemen People + +Population: + 10,394,749 (July 1992), growth rate 3.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 51 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 16 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 118 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 49 years male, 52 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 7.3 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Yemeni(s); adjective - Yemeni +Ethnic divisions: + North - Arab 90%, Afro-Arab (mixed) 10%; South - almost all Arabs; a few + Indians, Somalis, and Europeans +Religions: + North - Muslim almost 100% (45% Sunni and 55% Zaydi Shi`a); NEGL Jewish; + South - Sunni Muslim, some Christian and Hindu +Languages: + Arabic +Literacy: + 38% (male 53%, female 26%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + North - NA number of workers with agriculture and herding 70%, and + expatriate laborers 30% (est.); South - 477,000 with agriculture 45.2%, + services 21.2%, construction 13.4%, industry 10.6%, commerce and other 9.6% + (1983) +Organized labor: + North - NA; South - 348,200 and the General Confederation of Workers of the + People's Democratic Republic of Yemen had 35,000 members + +:Yemen Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Yemen +Type: + republic +Capital: + Sanaa +Administrative divisions: + 17 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Abyan, `Adan, Al Bayda', + Al Hudaydah, Al Jawf, Al Mahrah, Al Mahwit, Dhamar, Hadramawt, Hajjah, Ibb, + Lahij, Ma'rib, Sa`dah, San`a', Shabwah, Ta`izz +Independence: + Republic of Yemen was established on 22 May 1990 with the merger of the + Yemen Arab Republic {Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen} and the Marxist-dominated + People's Democratic Republic of Yemen {Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen}; + previously North Yemen had become independent on NA November 1918 (from the + Ottoman Empire) and South Yemen had become independent on 30 November 1967 + (from the UK); the union is to be solidified during a 30-month transition + period, which coincides with the remainder of the five-year terms of both + legislatures +Constitution: + 16 April 1991 +Legal system: + based on Islamic law, Turkish law, English common law, and local customary + law; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Proclamation of the Republic, 22 May (1990) +Executive branch: + five-member Presidential Council (president, vice president, two members + from northern Yemen and one member from southern Yemen), prime minister +Legislative branch: + unicameral House of Representatives +Judicial branch: + North - State Security Court; South - Federal High Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President `Ali `Abdallah SALIH (since 22 May 1990, the former president of + North Yemen); Vice President Ali Salim al-BIDH (since 22 May 1990, and + Secretary General of the Yemeni Socialist Party); Presidential Council + Member Salim Salih MUHAMMED; Presidential Council Member Kadi Abdul-Karim + al-ARASHI; Presidential Council Member Abdul-Aziz ABDUL-GHANI; Prime + Minister Haydar Abu Bakr al-`ATTAS (since 22 May 1990, former president of + South Yemen) +Political parties and leaders: + General People's Congress, `Ali `Abdallah SALIH; Yemeni Socialist Party + (YSP; formerly South Yemen's ruling party - a coalition of National Front, + Ba`th, and Communist Parties), Ali Salim al-BIDH; Yemen Grouping for Reform + or Islaah, Abdallah Husayn AHMAR +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + House of Representatives: + last held NA (next to be held NA November 1992); results - percent of vote + NA; seats - (301); number of seats by party NA; note - the 301 members of + the new House of Representatives come from North Yemen's Consultative + Assembly (159 members), South Yemen's Supreme People's Council (111 + members), and appointments by the New Presidential Council (31 members) +Communists: + small number in North, greater but unknown number in South + +:Yemen Government + +Other political or pressure groups: + conservative tribal groups, Muslim Brotherhood, leftist factions - pro-Iraqi + Ba`thists, Nasirists, National Democratic Front (NDF) +Member of: + ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, + IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, UN, + UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador Muhsin Ahmad al-AYNI; Chancery at Suite 840, 600 New Hampshire + Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 965-4760 or 4761; there is + a Yemeni Consulate General in Detroit and a Consulate in San Francisco + US: + Ambassador Arthur H. HUGHES; Embassy at Dhahr Himyar Zone, Sheraton Hotel + District, Sanaa (mailing address is P. O. Box 22347 Sanaa, Republic of Yemen + or Sanaa - Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-6330); telephone [967] + (2) 238-842 through 238-852; FAX [967] (2) 251-563 +Flag: + three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; similar to the + flag of Syria which has two green stars and of Iraq which has three green + stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the + white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt which has a symbolic eagle + centered in the white band + +:Yemen Economy + +Overview: + Whereas the northern city Sanaa is the political capital of a united Yemen, + the southern city Aden, with its refinery and port facilities, is the + economic and commercial capital. Future economic development depends heavily + on Western-assisted development of promising oil resources. South Yemen's + willingness to merge stemmed partly from the steady decline in Soviet + economic support. +Overview: + North: + The low level of domestic industry and agriculture have made northern Yemen + dependent on imports for virtually all of its essential needs. Large trade + deficits have been made up for by remittances from Yemenis working abroad + and foreign aid. Once self-sufficient in food production, northern Yemen has + become a major importer. Land once used for export crops - cotton, fruit, + and vegetables - has been turned over to growing qat, a mildly narcotic + shrub chewed by Yemenis which has no significant export market. Oil export + revenues started flowing in late 1987 and boosted 1988 earnings by about + $800 million. + South: + This has been one of the poorest Arab countries, with a per capita GNP of + about $500. A shortage of natural resources, a widely dispersed population, + and an arid climate have made economic development difficult. The economy + has grown at an average annual rate of only 2-3% since the mid-1970s. The + economy had been organized along socialist lines, dominated by the public + sector. Economic growth has been constrained by a lack of incentives, partly + stemming from centralized control over production decisions, investment + allocation, and import choices. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $5.3 billion, per capita $545; real growth rate + NA% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + North: + 16.9% (1988) + South: + 0% (1989) +Unemployment rate: + North: + 13% (1986) + South: + NA% +Budget: + North: + revenues $1.4 billion; expenditures $2.2 billion, including capital + expenditures of $590 million (1988 est.) + South: + revenues and grants $435 million; expenditures $1.0 billion, including + capital expenditure of $460 million (1988 est.) +Exports: + North: + $606 million (f.o.b., 1989) + commodities: + crude oil, cotton, coffee, hides, vegetables + partners: + FRG 29%, US 26%, Netherlands 12% + South: + $113.8 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) + commodities: + cotton, hides, skins, dried and salted fish + +:Yemen Economy + + partners: + Japan, North Yemen, Italy +Imports: + North: + $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1988) +Imports: + commodities: + textiles and other manufactured consumer goods, petroleum products, sugar, + grain, flour, other foodstuffs, and cement + partners: + Saudi Arabia 12%, France 6%, US 5%, Australia 5% (1985) + South: + $553.9 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) + commodities: + grain, consumer goods, crude oil, machinery, chemicals + partners: + USSR, UK, Ethiopia +External debt: + $5.75 billion (December 1989 est.) +Industrial production: + North: + growth rate 2% in manufacturing (1988) + South: + growth rate NA% in manufacturing +Electricity: + 700,000 kW capacity; 1,200 million kWh produced, 120 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + crude oil production and petroleum refining; small-scale production of + cotton textiles and leather goods; food processing; handicrafts; fishing; + small aluminum products factory; cement +Agriculture: + North: + accounted for 26% of GDP and 70% of labor force; farm products - grain, + fruits, vegetables, qat (mildly narcotic shrub), coffee, cotton, dairy, + poultry, meat, goat meat; not self-sufficient in grain + South: + accounted for 17% of GNP and 45% of labor force; products - grain, qat + (mildly narcotic shrub), coffee, fish, livestock; fish and honey major + exports; most food imported +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $389 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.0 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $3.2 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.4 + billion +Currency: + North Yemeni riyal (plural - riyals); 1 North Yemeni riyal (YR) = 100 fils; + South Yemeni dinar (plural - dinars); 1 South Yemeni dinar (YD) = 1,000 fils +Exchange rates: + North Yemeni riyals (YR) per US$1 - 12,1000 (June 1992), 12.0000 (1991), + 9.7600 (1990), 9.7600 (January 1989), 9.7717 (1988), 10.3417 (1987); South + Yemeni dinars (YD) per US$1 - 0.3454 (fixed rate) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Yemen Communications + +Highways: + 15,500 km; 4,000 km paved, 11,500 km natural surface (est.) +Pipelines: + crude oil 644 km, petroleum products 32 km +Ports: + Aden, Al Hudaydah, Al Khalf, Mocha, Nishtun, Ra's Kathib, Salif +Merchant marine: + 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,309 GRT/6,568 DWT; includes 2 cargo, + 1 petroleum tanker +Civil air: + 11 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 46 total, 40 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways + over 3,659 m; 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 11 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + since unification in 1990, efforts are being made to create a national + domestic civil telecommunications network and to revitalize the + infrastructure of a united Yemen; the network consists of microwave, cable + and troposcatter; 65,000 telephones (est.); broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, + 10 TV; satellite earth stations - 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT, 1 Intersputnik, 2 ARABSAT; microwave to Saudi Arabia, and Djibouti + +:Yemen Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, Police +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,981,710; 1,127,391 fit for military service; 130,405 reach + military age (14) annually +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $1.06 billion, 20% of GDP (1990) + +:Zaire Geography + +Total area: + 2,345,410 km2 +Land area: + 2,267,600 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly more than one-quarter the size of US +Land boundaries: + 10,271 km total; Angola 2,511 km, Burundi 233 km, Central African Republic + 1,577 km, Congo 2,410 km, Rwanda 217 km, Sudan 628 km, Uganda 765 km, Zambia + 1,930 km +Coastline: + 37 km +Maritime claims: + Exclusive fishing zone: + 200 nm + Territorial sea: + 12 nm +Disputes: + Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be + indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the + Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled; long section with Congo along the + Congo River is indefinite (no division of the river or its islands has been + made) +Climate: + tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in + southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator + - wet season April to October, dry season December to February; south of + Equator - wet season November to March, dry season April to October +Terrain: + vast central basin is a low-lying plateau; mountains in east +Natural resources: + cobalt, copper, cadmium, crude oil, industrial and gem diamonds, gold, + silver, zinc, manganese, tin, germanium, uranium, radium, bauxite, iron ore, + coal, hydropower potential +Land use: + arable land 3%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and + woodland 78%; other 15%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + dense tropical rain forest in central river basin and eastern highlands; + periodic droughts in south +Note: + straddles Equator; very narrow strip of land that controls the lower Congo + River and is only outlet to South Atlantic Ocean + +:Zaire People + +Population: + 39,084,400 (July 1992), growth rate 3.3% (1992) +Birth rate: + 45 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 13 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 97 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 52 years male, 56 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.1 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Zairian(s); adjective - Zairian +Ethnic divisions: + over 200 African ethnic groups, the majority are Bantu; four largest tribes + - Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up + about 45% of the population +Religions: + Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 20%, Kimbanguist 10%, Muslim 10%, other + syncretic sects and traditional beliefs 10% +Languages: + French (official), Lingala, Swahili, Kingwana, Kikongo, Tshiluba +Literacy: + 72% (male 84%, female 61%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 15,000,000; agriculture 75%, industry 13%, services 12%; wage earners 13% + (1981); population of working age 51% (1985) +Organized labor: + National Union of Zairian Workers (UNTZA) was the only officially recognized + trade union until April 1990; other unions are now in process of seeking + official recognition + +:Zaire Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Zaire +Type: + republic with a strong presidential system +Capital: + Kinshasa +Administrative divisions: + 10 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 town* (ville); Bandundu, + Bas-Zaire, Equateur, Haut-Zaire, Kasai-Occidental, Kasai-Oriental, + Kinshasa*, Maniema, Nord-Kivu, Shaba, Sud-Kivu +Independence: + 30 June 1960 (from Belgium; formerly Belgian Congo, then Congo/Leopoldville, + then Congo/Kinshasa) +Constitution: + 24 June 1967, amended August 1974, revised 15 February 1978; amended April + 1990; new constitution to be promulgated in 1992 +Legal system: + based on Belgian civil law system and tribal law; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Anniversary of the Regime (Second Republic), 24 November (1965) +Executive branch: + president, prime minister, Executive Council (cabinet) +Legislative branch: + unicameral Legislative Council (Conseil Legislatif) +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) +Leaders: + Chief of State: + President Marshal MOBUTU Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga (since 24 + November 1965) + Head of Government: + Prime Minister Jean NGUZ a Karl-i-Bond (since 26 November 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + sole legal party until January 1991 - Popular Movement of the Revolution + (MPR); other parties include Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS), + Etienne TSHISEKEDI wa Mulumba; Democratic Social Christian Party (PDSC), + Joseph ILEO; Union of Federalists and Independent Republicans (UFERI), NGUZ + a Karl-I-Bond; and Congolese National Movement-Lumumba (MNC-L) +Suffrage: + universal and compulsory at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 29 July 1984 (next to be scheduled by ongoing National + Conference); results - President MOBUTU was reelected without opposition + Legislative Council: + last held 6 September 1987 (next to be scheduled by ongoing National + Conference); results - MPR was the only party; seats - (210 total) MPR 210; + note - MPR still holds majority of seats but some deputies have joined other + parties +Member of: + ACCT, ACP, AfDB, APC, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, CIPEC, ECA, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, + GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, + INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, + UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador TATANENE Manata; Chancery at 1800 New Hampshire Avenue NW, + Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 234-7690 or 7691 + +:Zaire Government + + US: + Ambassador Melissa F. WELLS; Embassy at 310 Avenue des Aviateurs, Kinshasa + (mailing address is APO AE 09828); telephone [243] (12) 21532, 21628; FAX + [243] (12) 21232; the US Consulate General in Lubumbashi was closed and + evacuated in October 1991 because of the poor security situation +Flag: + light green with a yellow disk in the center bearing a black arm holding a + red flaming torch; the flames of the torch are blowing away from the hoist + side; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia + +:Zaire Economy + +Overview: + In 1990, in spite of large mineral resources Zaire had a GDP per capita of + only about $260, putting it among the desperately poor African nations. The + country's chronic economic problems worsened in 1991, with copper and cobalt + production down 20-30%, inflation near 8,000% in 1991 as compared with 100% + in 1987-89, and IMF and most World Bank support suspended until the + institution of agreed-on changes. Agriculture, a key sector of the economy, + employs 75% of the population but generates under 25% of GDP. The main + potential for economic development has been the extractive industries. + Mining and mineral processing account for about one-third of GDP and + three-quarters of total export earnings. Zaire is the world's largest + producer of diamonds and cobalt. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $9.8 billion, per capita $260; real growth rate + -3% (1990 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 8,000% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $685 million; expenditures $1.1 billion, does not include capital + expenditures mostly financed by donors (1990) +Exports: + $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.) + commodities: + copper 37%, coffee 24%, diamonds 12%, cobalt, crude oil + partners: + US, Belgium, France, FRG, Italy, UK, Japan, South Africa +Imports: + $2.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.) + commodities: + consumer goods, foodstuffs, mining and other machinery, transport equipment, + fuels + partners: + South Africa, US, Belgium, France, FRG, Italy, Japan, UK +External debt: + $7.9 billion (December 1990 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate -7.3%; accounts for almost 30% of GDP (1989) +Electricity: + 2,580,000 kW capacity; 6,000 million kWh produced, 160 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + mining, mineral processing, consumer products (including textiles, footwear, + and cigarettes), processed foods and beverages, cement, diamonds +Agriculture: + cash crops - coffee, palm oil, rubber, quinine; food crops - cassava, + bananas, root crops, corn +Illicit drugs: + illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for domestic consumption +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.1 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $6.9 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $263 + million +Currency: + zaire (singular and plural); 1 zaire (Z) = 100 makuta +Exchange rates: + zaire (Z) per US$1 - 111,196 (March 1992), 15,587 (1991), 719 (1990), 381 + (1989), 187 (1988), 112 (1987) + +:Zaire Economy + +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Zaire Communications + +Railroads: + 5,254 km total; 3,968 km 1.067-meter gauge (851 km electrified); 125 km + 1.000-meter gauge; 136 km 0.615-meter gauge; 1,025 km 0.600-meter gauge; + limited trackage in use because of civil strife +Highways: + 146,500 km total; 2,800 km paved, 46,200 km gravel and improved earth; + 97,500 unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 15,000 km including the Congo, its tributaries, and unconnected lakes +Pipelines: + petroleum products 390 km +Ports: + Matadi, Boma, Banana +Merchant marine: + 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 22,921 GRT/30,332 DWT; includes 1 + passenger cargo, 1 cargo +Civil air: + 45 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 284 total, 239 usable; 24 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways + over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 73 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + barely adequate wire and microwave service; broadcast stations - 10 AM, 4 + FM, 18 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 14 domestic + +:Zaire Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary National Gendarmerie, Civil Guard, + Special Presidential Division +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 8,521,292; 4,333,492 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $49 million, 0.8% of GDP (1988) + +:Zambia Geography + +Total area: + 752,610 km2 +Land area: + 740,720 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Texas +Land boundaries: + 5,664 km total; Angola 1,110 km, Malawi 837 km, Mozambique 419 km, Namibia + 233 km, Tanzania 338 km, Zaire 1,930 km, Zimbabwe 797 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zimbabwe is in disagreement; + Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be + indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the + Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled +Climate: + tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April) +Terrain: + mostly high plateau with some hills and mountains +Natural resources: + copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium, + hydropower potential +Land use: + arable land 7%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 47%; forest and + woodland 27%; other 19%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + deforestation; soil erosion; desertification +Note: + landlocked + +:Zambia People + +Population: + 8,745,284 (July 1992), growth rate 3.5% (1992) +Birth rate: + 48 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 77 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 55 years male, 59 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 6.9 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Zambian(s); adjective - Zambian +Ethnic divisions: + African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2% +Religions: + Christian 50-75%, Muslim and Hindu 24-49%, remainder indigenous beliefs 1% +Languages: + English (official); about 70 indigenous languages +Literacy: + 73% (male 81%, female 65%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 2,455,000; agriculture 85%; mining, manufacturing, and construction 6%; + transport and services 9% +Organized labor: + about 238,000 wage earners are unionized + +:Zambia Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Zambia +Type: + multiparty system; on 17 December 1990, President Kenneth KAUNDA signed into + law the constitutional amendment that officially reintroduced the multiparty + system in Zambia ending 17 years of one-party rule +Capital: + Lusaka +Administrative divisions: + 9 provinces; Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, + North-Western, Southern, Western +Independence: + 24 October 1964 (from UK; formerly Northern Rhodesia) +Constitution: + NA August 1991 +Legal system: + based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of + legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional council; has not accepted + compulsory ICJ jurisdiction +National holiday: + Independence Day, 24 October (1964) +Executive branch: + president, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral National Assembly +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + President Frederick CHILUBA (since 31 October 1991) +Political parties and leaders: + Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), Frederick CHILUBA; United National + Independence Party (UNIP), none; elections pending +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + President: + last held 31 October 1991 (next to be held mid-1995); results - Frederick + CHILUBA 84%, Kenneth KAUNDA 16% + National Assembly: + last held 31 October 1991 (next to be held mid-1995); results - percent of + vote by party NA; seats - (150 total) MMD 125, UNIP 25 +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, + IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADCC, + UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Ambassador (vacant); Chancery at 2419 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, + DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-9717 through 9721 + US: + Ambassador Gordon L. STREEB; Embassy at corner of Independence Avenue and + United Nations Avenue, Lusaka (mailing address is P. O. Box 31617, Lusaka); + telephone [2601] 228-595, 228-601, 228-602, 228-603; FAX [2601] 251-578 +Flag: + green with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist side), black, and + orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer edge of the flag + +:Zambia Economy + +Overview: + The economy has been in decline for more than a decade with falling imports + and growing foreign debt. Economic difficulties stem from a sustained drop + in copper production and ineffective economic policies. In 1991 real GDP + fell by 2%. An annual population growth of more than 3% has brought a + decline in per capita GDP of 50% over the past decade. A high inflation rate + has also added to Zambia's economic woes in recent years. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $4.7 billion, per capita $600; real growth rate + -2% (1991) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 100% (1991) +Unemployment rate: + NA% +Budget: + revenues $665 million; expenditures $767 million, including capital + expenditures of $300 million (1991 est.) +Exports: + $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991) + commodities: + copper, zinc, cobalt, lead, tobacco + partners: + EC, Japan, South Africa, US, India +Imports: + $1.3 billion (c.i.f., 1991) + commodities: + machinery, transportation equipment, foodstuffs, fuels, manufactures + partners: + EC, Japan, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, US +External debt: + $8 billion (December 1991) +Industrial production: + growth rate -2% (1991); accounts for 50% of GDP +Electricity: + 2,775,000 kW capacity; 12,000 million kWh produced, 1,400 kWh per capita + (1991) +Industries: + copper mining and processing, transport, construction, foodstuffs, + beverages, chemicals, textiles, and fertilizer +Agriculture: + accounts for 17% of GDP and 85% of labor force; crops - corn (food staple), + sorghum, rice, peanuts, sunflower, tobacco, cotton, sugarcane, cassava; + cattle, goats, beef, eggs +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $4.8 billion; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.8 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $533 + million +Currency: + Zambian kwacha (plural - kwacha); 1 Zambian kwacha (ZK) = 100 ngwee +Exchange rates: + Zambian kwacha (ZK) per US$1 - 128.2051 (March 1992), 61.7284 (1991), + 28.9855 (1990), 12.9032 (1989), 8.2237 (1988), 8.8889 (1987) +Fiscal year: + calendar year + +:Zambia Communications + +Railroads: + 1,266 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 13 km double track +Highways: + 36,370 km total; 6,500 km paved, 7,000 km crushed stone, gravel, or + stabilized soil; 22,870 km improved and unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + 2,250 km, including Zambezi and Luapula Rivers, Lake Tanganyika +Pipelines: + crude oil 1,724 km +Ports: + Mpulungu (lake port) +Civil air: + 12 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 117 total, 104 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways + over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + facilities are among the best in Sub-Saharan Africa; high-capacity microwave + connects most larger towns and cities; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 5 FM, 9 + TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean + INTELSAT + +:Zambia Defense Forces + +Branches: + Army, Air Force, Police, paramilitary +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 1,818,545; 953,718 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP + +:Zimbabwe Geography + +Total area: + 390,580 km2 +Land area: + 386,670 km2 +Comparative area: + slightly larger than Montana +Land boundaries: + 3,066 km total; Botswana 813 km, Mozambique 1,231 km, South Africa 225 km, + Zambia 797 km +Coastline: + none - landlocked +Maritime claims: + none - landlocked +Disputes: + quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia is in disagreement +Climate: + tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March) +Terrain: + mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high veld); mountains in + east +Natural resources: + coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium, + lithium, tin, platinum group metals +Land use: + arable land 7%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 12%; forest and + woodland 62%; other 19%; includes irrigated NEGL% +Environment: + recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare; deforestation; soil + erosion; air and water pollution +Note: + landlocked + +:Zimbabwe People + +Population: + 11,033,376 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992) +Birth rate: + 40 births/1,000 population (1992) +Death rate: + 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) +Net migration rate: + -3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) +Infant mortality rate: + 59 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) +Life expectancy at birth: + 60 years male, 64 years female (1992) +Total fertility rate: + 5.4 children born/woman (1992) +Nationality: + noun - Zimbabwean(s); adjective - Zimbabwean +Ethnic divisions: + African 98% (Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%, other 11%); white 1%, mixed and Asian + 1% +Religions: + syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%, Christian 25%, + indigenous beliefs 24%, a few Muslim +Languages: + English (official); Shona, Sindebele +Literacy: + 67% (male 74%, female 60%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) +Labor force: + 3,100,000; agriculture 74%, transport and services 16%, mining, + manufacturing, construction 10% (1987) +Organized labor: + 17% of wage and salary earners have union membership + +:Zimbabwe Government + +Long-form name: + Republic of Zimbabwe +Type: + parliamentary democracy +Capital: + Harare +Administrative divisions: + 8 provinces; Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland + West, Masvingo (Victoria), Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands +Independence: + 18 April 1980 (from UK; formerly Southern Rhodesia) +Constitution: + 21 December 1979 +Legal system: + mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common law +National holiday: + Independence Day, 18 April (1980) +Executive branch: + executive president, 2 vice presidents, Cabinet +Legislative branch: + unicameral Parliament +Judicial branch: + Supreme Court +Leaders: + Chief of State and Head of Government: + Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice + President Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice President + Joshua M. NKOMO (since 6 August 1990) +Political parties and leaders: + Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), Robert MUGABE; + Zimbabwe African National Union-Sithole (ZANU-S), Ndabaningi SITHOLE; + Zimbabwe Unity Movement (ZUM), Edgar TEKERE; Democratic Party (DP), Emmanuel + MAGOCHE +Suffrage: + universal at age 18 +Elections: + Executive President: + last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - Robert + MUGABE 78.3%, Edgar TEKERE 21.7% + Parliament: + last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1995); results - + percent of vote by party NA; seats - (150 total, 120 elected) ZANU-PF 117, + ZUM 2, ZANU-S 1 +Member of: + ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, + IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, + OAU, PCA, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO +Diplomatic representation: + Counselor (Political Affairs), Head of Chancery, Ambassador Stanislaus + Garikai CHIGWEDERE; Chancery at 1608 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC + 20009; telephone (202) 332-7100 + US: + Ambassador Edward Gibson LANPHER; Embassy at 172 Herbert Chitapo Avenue, + Harare (mailing address is P. O. Box 3340, Harare); telephone [263] (4) + 794-521 + +:Zimbabwe Government + +Flag: + seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black, red, yellow, and + green with a white equilateral triangle edged in black based on the hoist + side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird is superimposed on a red five-pointed star in + the center of the triangle + +:Zimbabwe Economy + +Overview: + Agriculture employs three-fourths of the labor force and supplies almost 40% + of exports. The manufacturing sector, based on agriculture and mining, + produces a variety of goods and contributes 35% to GDP. Mining accounts for + only 5% of both GDP and employment, but supplies of minerals and metals + account for about 40% of exports. Wide year-to-year fluctuations in + agricultural production over the past six years have resulted in an uneven + growth rate, one that on average has matched the 3% annual increase in + population. Helped by an IMF/World Bank structural adjustment program, + output rose 3.5% in 1991. A drought beginning toward the end of 1991 + suggests rough going for 1992. +GDP: + exchange rate conversion - $7.1 billion, per capita $660; real growth rate + 3.5% (1991 est.) +Inflation rate (consumer prices): + 25% (1991 est.) +Unemployment rate: + at least 30% (1991 est.) +Budget: + revenues $2.7 billion; expenditures $3.3 billion, including capital + expenditures of $330 million (FY91) +Exports: + $1.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) + commodities: + agricultural 35% (tobacco 20%, other 15%), manufactures 20%, gold 10%, + ferrochrome 10%, cotton 5% + partners: + Europe 55% (EC 40%, Netherlands 5%, other 15%), Africa 20% (South Africa + 10%, other 10%), US 5% +Imports: + $1.6 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) + commodities: + machinery and transportation equipment 37%, other manufactures 22%, + chemicals 16%, fuels 15% + partners: + EC 31%, Africa 29% (South Africa 21%, other 8%), US 8%, Japan 4% +External debt: + $2.96 billion (December 1989 est.) +Industrial production: + growth rate 5% (1991 est.); accounts for 35% of GDP +Electricity: + 3,650,000 kW capacity; 7,500 million kWh produced, 700 kWh per capita (1991) +Industries: + mining, steel, clothing and footwear, chemicals, foodstuffs, fertilizer, + beverage, transportation equipment, wood products +Agriculture: + accounts for 11% of GDP and employs 74% of population; 40% of land area + divided into 4,500 large commercial farms and 42% in communal lands; crops - + corn (food staple), cotton, tobacco, wheat, coffee, sugarcane, peanuts; + livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; self-sufficient in food +Economic aid: + US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-89), $389 million; Western (non-US) + countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.6 billion; OPEC + bilateral aid (1979-89), $36 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $134 + million +Currency: + Zimbabwean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Zimbabwean dollar (Z$) = 100 cents + +:Zimbabwe Economy + +Exchange rates: + Zimbabwean dollars (Z$) per US$1 - 4.3066 (March 1992), 3.4282 (1991), + 2.4480 (1990), 2.1133 (1989), 1.8018 (1988), 1.6611 (1987) +Fiscal year: + 1 July - 30 June + +:Zimbabwe Communications + +Railroads: + 2,745 km 1.067-meter gauge; 42 km double track; 355 km electrified +Highways: + 85,237 km total; 15,800 km paved, 39,090 km crushed stone, gravel, + stabilized soil: 23,097 km improved earth; 7,250 km unimproved earth +Inland waterways: + Lake Kariba is a potential line of communication +Pipelines: + petroleum products 8 km +Civil air: + 12 major transport aircraft +Airports: + 491 total, 401 usable; 22 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways + over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 32 with runways 1,220-2,439 m +Telecommunications: + system was once one of the best in Africa, but now suffers from poor + maintenance; consists of microwave links, open-wire lines, and radio + communications stations; 247,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 18 + FM, 8 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station + +:Zimbabwe Defense Forces + +Branches: + Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe National Police + (including Police Support Unit, Paramilitary Police), People's Militia +Manpower availability: + males 15-49, 2,355,965; 1,456,829 fit for military service +Defense expenditures: + exchange rate conversion - $412.4 million, about 6% of GDP (FY91 est.) + +******** + +Notes, Definitions, and Abbreviations + +Text (264 nations, dependent areas, and other entities) + +Afghanistan +Albania +Algeria +American Samoa +Andorra +Angola +Anguilla +Antarctica +Antigua and Barbuda +Arctic Ocean +Argentina +Armenia +Aruba +Ashmore and Cartier Islands +Atlantic Ocean +Australia +Austria +Azerbaijan + +Bahamas, The +Bahrain +Baker Island +Bangladesh +Barbados +Bassas da India +Belarus +Belgium +Belize +Benin +Bermuda +Bhutan +Bolivia +Bosnia and Hercegovina +Botswana +Bouvet Island +Brazil +British Indian Ocean Territory +British Virgin Islands +Brunei +Bulgaria +Burkina +Burma +Burundi + +Cambodia +Cameroon +Canada +Cape Verde +Cayman Islands +Central African Republic +Chad +Chile +China (also see separate Taiwan entry) +Christmas Island +Clipperton Island +Cocos (Keeling) Islands +Colombia +Comoros +Congo +Cook Islands +Coral Sea Islands +Costa Rica +Croatia +Cuba +Cyprus +Czechoslovakia + +Denmark +Djibouti +Dominica +Dominican Republic + +Ecuador +Egypt +El Salvador +Equatorial Guinea +Estonia +Ethiopia +Europa Island + +Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) +Faroe Islands +Fiji +Finland +France +French Guiana +French Polynesia +French Southern and Antarctic Lands + +Gabon +Gambia, The +Gaza Strip +Georgia +Germany +Ghana +Gibraltar +Glorioso Islands +Greece +Greenland +Grenada +Guadeloupe +Guam +Guatemala +Guernsey +Guinea +Guinea-Bissau +Guyana + +Haiti +Heard Island and McDonald Islands +Honduras +Hong Kong +Howland Island +Hungary + +Iceland +India +Indian Ocean +Indonesia +Iran +Iraq +Ireland +Israel (also see separate Gaza Strip and West Bank entries) +Italy +Ivory Coast + +Jamaica +Jan Mayen +Japan +Jarvis Island +Jersey +Johnston Atoll +Jordan (also see separate West Bank entry) +Juan de Nova Island + +Kazakhstan +Kenya +Kingman Reef +Kiribati +Korea, North +Korea, South +Kuwait +Kyrgyzstan + +Laos +Latvia +Lebanon +Lesotho +Liberia +Libya +Liechtenstein +Lithuania +Luxembourg + +Macau +Macedonia +Madagascar +Malawi +Malaysia +Maldives +Mali +Malta +Man, Isle of +Marshall Islands +Martinique +Mauritania +Mauritius +Mayotte +Mexico +Micronesia, Federated States of +Midway Islands +Moldova +Monaco +Mongolia +Montserrat +Morocco +Mozambique + +Namibia +Nauru +Navassa Island +Nepal +Netherlands +Netherlands Antilles +New Caledonia +New Zealand +Nicaragua +Niger +Nigeria +Niue +Norfolk Island +Northern Mariana Islands +Norway + +Oman + +Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau) +Pacific Ocean +Pakistan +Palmyra Atoll +Panama +Papua New Guinea +Paracel Islands +Paraguay +Peru +Philippines +Pitcairn Islands +Poland +Portugal +Puerto Rico + +Qatar + +Reunion +Romania +Russia +Rwanda + +Saint Helena +Saint Kitts and Nevis +Saint Lucia +Saint Pierre and Miquelon +Saint Vincent and the Grenadines +San Marino +Sao Tome and Principe +Saudi Arabia +Senegal +Serbia and Montenegro +Seychelles +Sierra Leone +Singapore +Slovenia +Solomon Islands +Somalia +South Africa +South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands +Spain +Spratly Islands +Sri Lanka +Sudan +Suriname +Svalbard +Swaziland +Sweden +Switzerland +Syria + +Taiwan (follows Zimbabwe) +Tajikistan +Tanzania +Thailand +Togo +Tokelau +Tonga +Trinidad and Tobago +Tromelin Island +Tunisia +Turkey +Turkmenistan +Turks and Caicos Islands +Tuvalu + +Uganda +Ukraine +United Arab Emirates +United Kingdom +United States +Uruguay +Uzbekistan + +Vanuatu +Vatican City +Venezuela +Vietnam +Virgin Islands + +Wake Island +Wallis and Futuna +West Bank +Western Sahara +Western Samoa +World + +Yemen + +Zaire +Zambia +Zimbabwe + +Taiwan + +Appendixes + +A: The United Nations System +B: Abbreviations for International Organizations and Groups +C: International Organizations and Groups +D: Weights and Measures +E: Cross-Reference List of Geographic Names + + +Standard Time Zones of the World + +Notes, Definitions, and Abbreviations + +There have been some significant changes in this edition. The Soviet Union, +Yugoslavia, and the Iraq - Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone have been dropped. All 15 +former Soviet republics have been added - Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, +Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, +Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. Bosnia and Hercegovina, +Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro, and Slovenia have replaced +Yugoslavia. Three maps on areas of special interest have been added this +year - two maps on the Commonwealth of Independent States (European States +and Central Asian States) and a map of Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe. + +Abbreviations: (see Appendix B for international organizations and groups) + +avdp.: avoirdupois + +c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight + +CY: calendar year + +DWT: deadweight ton + +est.: estimate + +Ex-Im: Export-Import Bank of the United States + +f.o.b.: free on board + +FRG: Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany); used for information dated +before 3 October 1990 or CY91 + +FY: fiscal year + +GDP: gross domestic product + +GDR: German Democratic Republic (East Germany); used for information dated +before 3 October 1990 or CY91 + +GNP: gross national product + +GRT: gross register ton + +km: kilometer + +km2: square kilometer + +kW: kilowatt + +kWh: kilowatt hour + +m: meter + +NA: not available + +NEGL: negligible + +nm: nautical mile + +NZ: New Zealand + +ODA: official development assistance + +OOF: other official flows + +PDRY: People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen]; +used for information dated before 22 May 1990 or CY91 + +UAE: United Arab Emirates + +UK: United Kingdom + +US: United States + +USSR: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union); used for information +dated before 25 December 1991 + +YAR: Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen]; used for information +dated before 22 May 1990 or CY91 + +Administrative divisions: The numbers, designatory terms, and first-order +administrative divisions are generally those approved by the US Board on +Geographic Names (BGN). Changes that have been reported but not yet acted on +by BGN are noted. + +Area: Total area is the sum of all land and water areas delimited by +international boundaries and/or coastlines. Land area is the aggregate of +all surfaces delimited by international boundaries and/or coastlines, +excluding inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers). Comparative areas +are based on total area equivalents. Most entities are compared with the +entire US or one of the 50 states. The smaller entities are compared with +Washington, DC (178 km2, 69 miles2) or the Mall in Washington, DC (0.59 km2, +0.23 miles2, 146 acres). + +Birth rate: The average annual number of births during a year per 1,000 +population at midyear; also known as crude birth rate. + +Dates of information: In general, information available as of 1 January 1992 +was used in the preparation of this edition. Population figures are estimates +for 1 July 1992, with population growth rates estimated for mid-1992 through +mid-1993. Major political events have been updated through 30 June 1992. +Military age figures are for 1992. + +Death rate: The average annual number of deaths during a year per l,000 +population at midyear; also known as crude death rate. + +Diplomatic representation: The US Government has diplomatic relations with +176 nations (the US has not yet established full diplomatic relations with +Bosnia and Hercegovina, Croatia, and Slovenia). The US has diplomatic +relations with 167 of the 178 UN members - the exceptions are Angola, Bhutan, +Bosnia and Hercegovina, Croatia, Cuba, Iran, Iraq, North Korea, Slovenia, +and Vietnam. In addition, the US has diplomatic relations with 9 nations +that are not in the UN - Andorra, Kiribati, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, +Switzerland, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vatican City. + +Disputes: This category includes a wide variety of situations that range from +traditional bilateral boundary disputes to unilateral claims of one sort or +another. Every international land boundary dispute in the ``Guide to Interna- +tional Boundaries,'' a map published by the Department of State, is included. +References to other situations may also be included that are border or +frontier relevant, such as maritime disputes, geopolitical questions, or +irredentist issues. However, inclusion does not necessarily constitute +official acceptance or recognition by the US Government. + +Economic aid: This entry refers to bilateral commitments of official develop- +ment assistance (ODA), which is defined as government grants that are +administered with the promotion of economic development and welfare of LDCs +as their main objective and are concessional in character and contain a +grant element of at least 25%, and other official flows (OOF) or transactions +by the official sector whose main objective is other than development +motivated or whose grant element is below the 25% threshold for ODA. OOF +transactions include official export credits (such as Eximbank credits), +official equity and portfolio investment, and debt reorganization by the +official sector that does not meet concessional terms. Aid is considered to +have been committed when agreements are initialed by the parties involved and +constitute a formal declaration of intent. + +Entities: Some of the nations, dependent areas, areas of special sovereignty, +and governments included in this publication are not independent, and others +are not officially recognized by the US Government. ``Nation'' refers to a +people politically organized into a sovereign state with a definite territory. +``Dependent'' area refers to a broad category of political entities that are +associated in some way with a nation. Names used for page headings are usually +the short-form names as approved by the US Board on Geographic Names. The +long-form name is included in the ``Government'' section, and an entry of +``none'' indicates a long-form name does not exist. In some instances, no +short-form name exists - then the long-form name must serve for all usages. +There are 264 entities in The World Factbook that may be categorized as +follows: + +NATIONS + +177 UN members (excluding Yugoslavia) + +11 nations that are not members of the UN - Andorra, Georgia, Kiribati, +Macedonia, Monaco, Nauru, Serbia and Montenegro, Switzerland, Tonga, Tuvalu, +Vatican City (Holy See) + +OTHER + +1 Taiwan + +DEPENDENT AREAS + +6 Australia - Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) +Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island + +2 Denmark - Faroe Islands, Greenland + +16 France - Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French Guiana, +French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands, +Guadeloupe, Juan de Nova Island, Martinique, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Reunion, +Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Tromelin Island, Wallis and Futuna + +2 Netherlands - Aruba, Netherlands Antilles + +3 New Zealand - Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau + +3 Norway - Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard + +1 Portugal - Macau + +16 United Kingdom - Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British +Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, +Hong Kong, Isle of Man, Jersey, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, +South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands + +15 United States - American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis +Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern +Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Trust Territory of the Pacific +Islands (Palau), Virgin Islands, Wake Island + +MISCELLANEOUS + +6 Antarctica, Gaza Strip, Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, West Bank, Western +Sahara + +OTHER ENTITIES + +4 oceans - Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean + +1 World + +264 total + +note: The US Government does not recognize the four so-called independent +homelands of Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Transkei, and Venda in South Africa. + +Gross domestic product (GDP): The value of all goods and services produced +domestically. + +Gross national product (GNP): The value of all goods and services produced +domestically plus income earned abroad, minus income earned by foreigners +from domestic production. + +GNP/GDP methodology: In the ``Economy'' section, GNP/GDP dollar estimates for +the OECD countries, the former Soviet republics, and the East European +countries are derived from purchasing power parity (PPP) calculations rather +than from conversions at official currency exchange rates. The PPP method +normally involves the use of international dollar price weights, which are +applied to the quantities of goods and services produced in a given economy. +In addition to the lack of reliable data from the majority of countries, the +statistician faces a major difficulty in specifying, identifying, and allowing +for the quality of goods and services. The division of a PPP GNP/GDP estimate +in dollars by the corresponding estimate in the local currency gives the PPP +conversion rate. One thousand dollars will buy the same market basket of goods +in the US as one thousand dollars - converted to the local currency at the PPP +conversion rate - will buy in the other country. GNP/GDP estimates for the +LDCs, on the other hand, are based on the conversion of GNP/GDP estimates in +local currencies to dollars at the official currency exchange rates. One +caution: the proportion of, say, defense expenditures as a percent of GNP/GDP +in local currency accounts may differ substantially from the proportion when +GNP/GDP accounts are expressed in PPP terms, as, for example, when an observer +estimates the dollar level of Russian or Japanese military expenditures; +similar problems exist when components are expressed in dollars under currency +exchange rate procedures. Finally, as academic research moves forward on the +PPP method, we hope to convert all GNP/GDP estimates to this method in future +editions of The World Factbook. + +Growth rate (population): The annual percent change in the population, +resulting from a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths and the balance +of migrants entering and leaving a country. The rate may be positive or +negative. + +Illicit drugs: There are five categories of illicit drugs - narcotics, +stimulants, depressants (sedatives), hallucinogens, and cannabis. These +categories include many drugs legally produced and prescribed by doctors as +well as those illegally produced and sold outside medical channels. + +Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) is the common hemp plant, which provides +hallucinogens with some sedative properties, and includes marijuana (pot, +Acapulco gold, grass, reefer), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, Marinol), hashish +(hash), and hashish oil (hash oil). + +Coca (Erythroxylon coca) is a bush, and the leaves contain the stimulant +cocaine. Coca is not to be confused with cocoa, which comes from cacao seeds +and is used in making chocolate, cocoa, and cocoa butter. + +Cocaine is a stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca bush. + +Depressants (sedatives) are drugs that reduce tension and anxiety and include +chloral hydrate, barbiturates (Amytal, Nembutal, Seconal, phenobarbital), +benzodiazepines (Librium, Valium), methaqualone (Quaalude), glutethimide +(Doriden), and others (Equanil, Placidyl, Valmid). + +Drugs are any chemical substances that effect a physical, mental, emotional, +or behavioral change in an individual. + +Drug abuse is the use of any licit or illicit chemical substance that results +in physical, mental, emotional, or behavioral impairment in an individual. + +Hallucinogens are drugs that affect sensation, thinking, self-awareness, and +emotion. + +Hallucinogens include LSD (acid, microdot), mescaline and peyote (mexc, +buttons, cactus), amphetamine variants (PMA, STP, DOB), phencyclidine (PCP, +angel dust, hog), phencyclidine analogues (PCE, PCPy, TCP), and others +(psilocybin, psilocyn). + +Hashish is the resinous exudate of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis +sativa). + +Heroin is a semisynthetic derivative of morphine. + +Marijuana is the dried leaves of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis sativa). + +Narcotics are drugs that relieve pain, often induce sleep, and refer to opium, +opium derivatives, and synthetic substitutes. Natural narcotics include opium +(paregoric, parepectolin), morphine (MS-Contin, Roxanol), codeine (Tylenol +w/codeine, Empirin w/codeine, Robitussan A-C), and thebaine. Semisynthetic +narcotics include heroin (horse, smack), and hydromorphone (Dilaudid). +Synthetic narcotics include meperidine or Pethidine (Demerol, Mepergan), +methadone (Dolophine, Methadose), and others (Darvon, Lomotil). + +Opium is the milky exudate of the incised, unripe seedpod of the opium poppy. + +Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is the source for many natural and +semisynthetic narcotics. + +Poppy straw concentrate is the alkaloid derived from the mature dried opium +poppy. + +Qat (kat, khat) is a stimulant from the buds or leaves of Catha edulis that +is chewed or drunk as tea. + +Stimulants are drugs that relieve mild depression, increase energy and +activity, and include cocaine (coke, snow, crack), amphetamines (Desoxyn, +Dexedrine), phenmetrazine (Preludin), methylphenidate (Ritalin), and others +(Cylert, Sanorex, Tenuate). + +Infant mortality rate: The number of deaths to infants under one year old in +a given year per l,000 live births occurring in the same year. + +Land use: Human use of the land surface is categorized as arable land - land +cultivated for crops that are replanted after each harvest (wheat, maize, +rice); permanent crops - land cultivated for crops that are not replanted +after each harvest (citrus, coffee, rubber); meadows and pastures - land +permanently used for herbaceous forage crops; forest and woodland - land +under dense or open stands of trees; and other - any land type not specifi- +cally mentioned above (urban areas, roads, desert). The percentage figure for +irrigated land refers to the portion of the entire amount of land area that +is artificially supplied with water. + +Leaders: The chief of state is the titular leader of the country who +represents the state at official and ceremonial funcions but is not involved +with the day-to-day activities of the government. The head of government is +the administrative leader who manages the day-to-day activities of the +government. In the UK, the monarch is the chief of state, and the Prime +Minister is the head of government. In the US, the President is both the +chief of state and the head of government. + +Life expectancy at birth: The average number of years to be lived by a group +of people all born in the same year, if mortality at each age remains +constant in the future. + +Literacy: There are no universal definitions and standards of literacy. +Unless otherwise noted, all rates are based on the most common definition - +the ability to read and write at a specified age. Detailing the standards +that individual countries use to assess the ability to read and write is +beyond the scope of this publication. + +Maps: All maps will be available only in the printed version for the fore- +seeable future. + +Maritime claims: The proximity of neighboring states may prevent some +national claims from being fully extended. + +Merchant marine: All ships engaged in the carriage of goods. All commercial +vessels (as opposed to all nonmilitary ships), which excludes tugs, fishing +vessels, offshore oil rigs, etc.; also, a grouping of merchant ships by +nationality or register. + +Captive register - A register of ships maintained by a territory, possession, +or colony primarily or exclusively for the use of ships owned in the parent +country; also referred to as an offshore register, the offshore equivalent +of an internal register. Ships on a captive register will fly the same flag +as the parent country, or a local variant of it, but will be subject to the +maritime laws and taxation rules of the offshore territory. Although the +nature of a captive register makes it especially desirable for ships owned in +the parent country, just as in the internal register, the ships may also be +owned abroad. The captive register then acts as a flag of convenience +register, except that it is not the register of an independent state. + +Flag of convenience register - A national register offering registration to a +merchant ship not owned in the flag state. The major flags of convenience +(FOC) attract ships to their register by virtue of low fees, low or +nonexistent taxation of profits, and liberal manning requirements. True FOC +registers are characterized by having relatively few of the ships registered +actually owned in the flag state. Thus, while virtually any flag can be used +for ships under a given set of circumstances, an FOC register is one where +the majority of the merchant fleet is owned abroad. +It is also referred to as an open register. + +Flag state - The nation in which a ship is registered and which holds legal +jurisdiction over operation of the ship, whether at home or abroad. +Differences in flag state maritime legislation determine how a ship is manned +and taxed and whether a foreign-owned ship may be placed on the register. + +Internal register - A register of ships maintained as a subset of a national +register. Ships on the internal register fly the national flag and have that +nationality but are subject to a separate set of maritime rules from those on +the main national register. These differences usually include lower taxation +of profits, manning by foreign nationals, and, usually, ownership outside the +flag state (when it functions as an FOC register). The Norwegian International +Ship Register and Danish International Ship Register are the most notable +examples of an internal register. +Both have been instrumental in stemming flight from the national flag to +flags of convenience and in attracting foreign-owned ships to the Norwegian +and Danish flags. + +Merchant ship - A vessel that carries goods against payment of freight; +commonly used to denote any nonmilitary ship but accurately restricted to +commercial vessels only. + +Register - The record of a ship's ownership and nationality as listed with +the maritime authorities of a country; also, the compendium of such individual +ships' registrations. Registration of a ship provides it with a nationality +and makes it subject to the laws of the country in which registered (the flag +state) regardless of the nationality of the ship's ultimate owner. + +Money figures: All are expressed in contemporaneous US dollars unless +otherwise indicated. + +Net migration rate: The balance between the number of persons entering and +leaving a country during the year per 1,000 persons (based on midyear +population). An excess of persons entering the country is referred to as net +immigration (3.56 migrants/1,000 population); an excess of persons leaving the +country as net emigration (-9.26 migrants/1,000 population). + +Population: Figures are estimates from the Bureau of the Census based on +statistics from population censuses, vital registration systems, or sample +surveys pertaining to the recent past, and on assumptions about future trends. + +Total fertility rate: The average number of children that would be born per +woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years and bore +children according to a given fertility rate at each age. + +Years: All year references are for the calendar year (CY) unless indicated as +fiscal year (FY). + +Note: Information for the US and US dependencies was compiled from material +in the public domain and does not represent Intelligence Community estimates. +The Handbook of International Economic and Environmental Statistics, +published annually in September by the Central Intelligence Agency, contains +detailed economic information for the Organization for Economic Cooperation +and Development (OECD) countries, Eastern Europe, the newly independent +republics of the former nations of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, and +selected other countries. The Handbook can be obtained wherever The World +Factbook is available. + + +Appendix A: + + The United Nations System + + The UN is composed of six principal organs and numerous subordinate +agencies and bodies as follows: + +1) Secretariat + +2) General Assembly: + UNCHS United Nations Center for Human Settlements (Habitat) + UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development + UNDP United Nations Development Program + UNEP United Nations Environment Program + UNFPA United Nations Population Fund + UNHCR United Nations Office of High Commissioner for Refugees + UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund + UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and Research + UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine + Refugees in the Near East + UNSF United Nations Special Fund + UNU United Nations University + WFC World Food Council + WFP World Food Program + +3) Security Council: + UNAVEM United Nations Angola Verification Mission + UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force + UNFICYP United Nations Force in Cyprus + UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon + UNIIMOG United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group + UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and + Pakistan + UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization + +4) Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC): + Specialized agencies + FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations + IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development + ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization + IDA International Development Association + IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development + IFC International Finance Corporation + ILO International Labor Organization + IMF International Monetary Fund + IMO International Maritime Organization + ITU International Telecommunication Union + UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural + Organization + UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization + UPU Universal Postal Union + WHO World Health Organization + WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization + WMO World Meteorological Organization + Related organizations + GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade + IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency + Regional commissions + ECA Economic Commission for Africa + ECE Economic Commission for Europe + ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean + ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific + ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia + Functional commissions + Commission on Human Rights + Commission on Narcotic Drugs + Commission for Social Development + Commission on the Status of Women + Population Commission + Statistical Commission + +5) Trusteeship Council + +6) International Court of Justice (ICJ) + +Appendix B + +Abbreviations for International Organizations and Groups + +ABEDA Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa +ACC Arab Cooperation Council +ACCT Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation +ACP African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries +AfDB African Development Bank +AFESD Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development +AG Andean Group +AL Arab League +ALADI Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion; see Latin + American Integration Association (LAIA) +AMF Arab Monetary Fund +AMU Arab Maghreb Union +ANZUS Australia-New Zealand-United States Security Treaty +APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation +AsDB Asian Development Bank +ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations + +BAD Banque Africaine de Developpement; + see African Development Bank (AfDB) +BADEA Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique; + see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA) +BCIE Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico; see Central + American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) +BDEAC Banque de Developpment des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; see + Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC) +Benelux Benelux Economic Union +BID Banco Interamericano de Desarvollo; see Inter-American + Development Bank (IADB) +BIS Bank for International Settlements +BOAD Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement; see West African + Development Bank (WADB) + +C Commonwealth +CACM Central American Common Market +CAEU Council of Arab Economic Unity +CARICOM Caribbean Community and Common Market +CCC Customs Cooperation Council +CDB Caribbean Development Bank +CE Council of Europe +CEAO Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest; see West + African Economic Community (CEAO) +CEEAC Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; see + Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC) +CEMA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance; also known as CMEA or + Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991 +CEPGL Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs; see Economic + Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL) +CERN Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire; see European + Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) +CG Contadora Group +CIS Commonwealth of Independent States +CMEA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as + Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991 +COCOM Coordinating Committee on Export Controls +Comecon Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as + CMEA; abolished 1 January 1991 +CP Colombo Plan +CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe + +DC developed country + +EADB East African Development Bank +EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development +EC European Community +ECA Economic Commission for Africa +ECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East; see Economic and + Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) +ECE Economic Commission for Europe +ECLA Economic Commission for Latin America; see Economic Commission + for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) +ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean +ECOSOC Economic and Social Council +ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States +ECWA Economic Commission for Western Asia; see Economic and Social + Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) +EFTA European Free Trade Association +EIB European Investment Bank +Entente Council of the Entente +ESA European Space Agency +ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific +ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia + +FAO Food and Agriculture Organization +FLS Front Line States +FZ Franc Zone + +G-2 Group of 2 +G-3 Group of 3 +G-5 Group of 5 +G-6 Group of 6 (not to be confused with the Big Six) +G-7 Group of 7 +G-8 Group of 8 +G-9 Group of 9 +G-10 Group of 10 +G-11 Group of 11 +G-15 Group of 15 +G-19 Group of 19 +G-24 Group of 24 +G-30 Group of 30 +G-33 Group of 33 +G-77 Group of 77 +GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade +GCC Gulf Cooperation Council + +Habitat see United Nations Center for Human Settlements (UNCHS) +HG Hexagonal Group + +IADB Inter-American Development Bank +IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency +IBEC International Bank for Economic Cooperation +IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development +ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization +ICC International Chamber of Commerce +ICEM Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration; see + International Organization for Migration (IOM) +ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions +ICJ International Court of Justice +ICM Intergovernmental Committee for Migration; see + International Organization for Migration (IOM) +ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross +IDA International Development Association +IDB Islamic Development Bank +IEA International Energy Agency +IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development +IFC International Finance Corporation +IGADD Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development +IIB International Investment Bank +ILO International Labor Organization +IMCO Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization; see + International Maritime Organization (IMO) +IMF International Monetary Fund +IMO International Maritime Organization +INMARSAT International Maritime Satellite Organization +INTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite Organization +INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization +IOC International Olympic Committee +IOM International Organization for Migration +ISO International Organization for Standardization +ITU International Telecommunication Union + +LAES Latin American Economic System +LAIA Latin American Integration Association +LAS League of Arab States; see Arab League (AL) +LDC less developed country +LLDC least developed country +LORCS League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies + +MERCOSUR Southern Cone Common Market +MTCR Missile Technology Control Regime + +NACC North Atlantic Cooperation Council +NAM Nonaligned Movement +NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization +NC Nordic Council +NEA Nuclear Energy Agency +NIB Nordic Investment Bank +NIC newly industrializing country; see newly industrializing + economy (NIE) +NIE newly industrializing economy +NSG Nuclear Suppliers Group + +OAPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries +OAS Organization of American States +OAU Organization of African Unity +OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development +OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States +OIC Organization of the Islamic Conference +OPANAL Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America + and the Caribbean +OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries + +PCA Permanent Court of Arbitration + +RG Rio Group + +SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation +SACU Southern African Customs Union +SADCC Southern African Development Coordination Conference +SELA Sistema Economico Latinoamericana; see Latin American Economic + System (LAES) +SPC South Pacific Commission +SPF South Pacific Forum + +UDEAC Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale; see + Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC) +UN United Nations +UNAVEM United Nations Angola Verification Mission +UNCHS United National Center for Human Settlements (also + known as Habitat) +UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development +UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force +UNDP United Nations Development Program +UNEP United Nations Environment Program +UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural + Organization +UNFICYP United Nations Force in Cyprus +UNFPA United Nations Fund for Population Activities; see UN Population + Fund (UNFPA) +UNHCR United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees +UNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund; see + United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) +UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization +UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon +UNIIMOG United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group +UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan +UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees + in the Near East +UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization +UPU Universal Postal Union +USSR/EE USSR/Eastern Europe + +WADB West African Development Bank +WCL World Confederation of Labor +WEU Western European Union +WFC World Food Council +WFP World Food Program +WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions +WHO World Health Organization +WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization +WMO World Meteorological Organization +WP Warsaw Pact (members met 1 July 1991 to dissolve the alliance) +WTO World Tourism Organization + +ZC Zangger Committee + +note: not all international organizations and groups have abbreviations + +Appendix C: + +International Organizations and Groups + + +********** + +advanced developing countries + +Note - another term for those less developed countries (LDCs) +with particularly rapid industrial development; see newly +industrializing economies (NIEs) + +********** + +African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries (ACP) + +established - 1 April 1976 + +aim - members have a preferential economic and aid relationship +with the EC + +members - (69) Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, +Barbados, Belize, Benin, Boswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, +Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, +Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Equatorial Guinea, +Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, +Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Kenya, +Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, +Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, +Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the +Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra +Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, +Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, +Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +African Development Bank (AfDB), also known as Banque Africaine +de Developpement (BAD) + +established - 4 August 1963 + +aim - to promote economic and social development + +regional members - (51) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, +Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, +Chad, Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, +Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory +Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, +Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, +Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, +Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, +Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + +nonregional members - (25) Argentina, Australia, Austria, +Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Finland, France, +Germany, India, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Kuwait, Netherlands, +Norway, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US, +Yugoslavia + +********** + +Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique (ACCT) + +Note - see Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT) + +********** + +Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT) + +Note - acronym from Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique + +established - 21 March 1970 + +aim - to promote cultural and technical cooperation among French- +speaking countries + +members - (32) Belgium, Benin, Burkina, Burundi, Canada, Central +African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Dominica, +France, Gabon, Guinea, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Lebanon, Luxembourg, +Madagascar, Mali, Mauritius, Monaco, Niger, Rwanda, Sao Tome and +Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Togo, Tunisia, Vanuatu, Vietnam, +Zaire + +associate members - (7) Cameroon, Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Laos, +Mauritania, Morocco, Saint Lucia + +participating governments - (2) New Brunswick (Canada), Quebec +(Canada) + +********** + +Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America +and the Caribbean (OPANAL) + +Note - acronym from Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas +Nucleares en la America Latina y el Caribe (OPANAL) + +established - 14 February 1967 + +aim - to encourage the peaceful uses of atomic energy and +prohibit nuclear weapons + +members - (24) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, +Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, +Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, +Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, +Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela + +********** + +Andean Group (AG) + +established - 26 May 1969, effective 16 October 1969 + +aim - to promote harmonious development through economic +integration + +members - (5) Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela + +associate member - (1) Panama + +observers - (26) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, +Canada, Costa Rica, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, +India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Paraguay, +Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia + +Note - The US view is that the Socialist Federal represents its +continuation. Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and +that none of the successor republics + +********** + +Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA) + +Note - also known as Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en +Afrique (BADEA) + +established - 18 February 1974 + +effective - 16 September 1974 + +aim - to promote economic development + +members - (16 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) +Algeria, Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, +Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, +Tunisia, UAE, Palestine Liberation Organization; note - these are +all the members of the Arab League except Djibouti, Somalia, and +Yemen + +********** + +Arab Cooperation Council (ACC) + +established - 16 February 1989 + +aim - to promote economic cooperation and integration, possibly +leading to an Arab Common Market + +members - (4) Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Yemen + +********** + +Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD) + +established - 16 May 1968 + +aim - to promote economic and social development + +members - (20 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) +Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt (suspended from 1979 to 1988), +Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, +Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, +Palestine Liberation Organization + +********** + +Arab League (AL) + +Note - also known as League of Arab States (LAS) + +established - 22 March 1945 + +aim - to promote economic, social, political, and military +cooperation + +members - (20 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) +Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, +Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, +Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation +Organization + +********** + +Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) + +established - 17 February 1989 + +aim - to promote cooperation and integration among the Arab +states of northern Africa + +members - (5) Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia + +********** + +Arab Monetary Fund (AMF) + +established - 27 April 1976 + +effective - 2 February 1977 + +aim - to promote Arab cooperation, development, and integration +in monetary and economic affairs + +members - (19 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) +Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, +Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, +Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization + +********** + +Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) + +established - NA November 1989 + +aim - to promote trade and investment in the Pacific basin + +members - (15) all ASEAN members (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, +Philippines, Singapore, Thailand) plus Australia, Canada, China, +Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, NZ, Taiwan, US + +********** + +Asian Development Bank (AsDB) + +established - 19 December 1966 + +aim - to promote regional economic cooperation + +regional members - (35) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, +Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Hong Kong, +India, Indonesia, Japan, Kiribati, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, +Maldives, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, +Mongolia, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, +Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, +Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa + +nonregional members - (15) Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, +Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, +Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US + +********** + +Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI) + +Note - see Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) + +********** + +Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) + +established - 9 August 1967 + +aim - regional economic, social, and cultural cooperation among +the non-Communist countries of Southeast Asia + +members - (6) Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, +Singapore, Thailand + +observer - (1) Papua New Guinea + +********** + +Australia Group + +established - 1984 + +aim - to consult on and coordinate export controls related to +chemical and biological weapons + +members - (22) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, +Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, +Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, +Switzerland, UK, US + +********** + +Australia - New Zealand - United States Security Treaty (ANZUS) + +established - 1 September 1951, effective 29 April 1952 + +aim - trilateral mutual security agreement, although the US +suspended security obligations to NZ on 11 August 1986 + +members - (3) Australia, NZ, US + +********** + +Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico (BCIE) + +Note - see Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) + +********** + +Banco Interamericano de Desarvollo (BID) + +Note - see Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) + +********** + +Bank for International Settlements (BIS) + +established - 20 January 1930 + +effective - 17 March 1930 + +aim - to promote cooperation among central banks in international +financial settlements + +members - (29) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, +Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, +Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, +Poland, Portugal, Romania, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, +Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US, Yugoslavia + +********** + +Banque Africaine de Developpement (BAD) + +Note - see African Development Bank (AfDB) + +********** + +Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique (BADEA) + +Note - see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA) + +********** + +Banque de Developpement des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (BDEAC) + +Note - see Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC) + +********** + +Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement (BOAD) + +Note - see West African Development Bank (WADB) + +********** + +Benelux Economic Union (Benelux) + +Note - acronym from Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg + +established - 3 February 1958 + +effective - 1 November 1960 + +aim - to develop closer economic cooperation and integration + +members - (3) Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands + +********** + +Big Seven + +Note - membership is the same as the Group of 7 + +established - NA + +aim - to discuss and coordinate major economic policies + +members - (7) Big Six (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK) +plus the US + +********** + +Big Six + +Note - not to be confused with the Group of 6 + +established - NA + +aim - economic cooperation + +members - (6) Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK + +********** + +Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM) + +established - 4 July 1973 + +effective - 1 August 1973 + +aim - to promote economic integration and development, especially +among the less developed countries + +members - (13) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, +Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint +Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, +Trinidad and Tobago + +associate members - (2) British Virgin Islands, Turks and Caicos +Islands + +observers - (10) Anguilla, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Dominican +Republic, Haiti, Mexico, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, +Suriname, Venezuela + +********** + +Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) + +established - 18 October 1969 + +effective - 26 January 1970 + +aim - to promote economic development and cooperation + +regional members - (20) Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, The +Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman +Islands, Colombia, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, +Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and +the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, +Venezuela + +nonregional members - (5) Canada, France, Germany, Italy, UK + +********** + +Cartagena Group + +Note - see Group of 11 + +********** + +Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC) + +Note - acronym from Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique +Centrale + +established - 8 December 1964 + +effective - 1 January 1966 + +aim - to promote the establishment of a Central African Common +Market + +members - (6) Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, +Equatorial Guinea, Gabon + +********** + +Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC) + +Note - acronym from Banque de Developpement des Etats de +l'Afrique Centrale + +established - 3 December 1975 + +aim - to provide loans for economic development + +members - (9) Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, +Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, Germany, Kuwait + +********** + +Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) + +Note - acronym from Banco Centroamericano de Integracion +Economico + +established - 13 December 1960 + +aim - to promote economic integration and development + +members - (5) Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, +Nicaragua + +********** + +Central American Common Market (CACM) + +established - 13 December 1960 + +effective - 3 June 1961 + +aim - to promote establishment of a Central American Common +Market + +members - (5) Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, +Nicaragua + +********** + +centrally planned economies + +Note - a term applied mainly to the traditionally Communist +states that looked to the former USSR for leadership; most are +now evolving toward more democratic and market-oriented systems; +also known formerly as the Second World or as the Communist +countries; through the 1980s, this group included Albania, +Bulgaria, Cambodia, China, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, GDR, Hungary, +North Korea, Laos, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam, +Yugoslavia + +********** + +Colombo Plan (CP) + +established - 1 July 1951 + +aim - to promote economic and social development in Asia and the +Pacific + +nembers - (26) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, +Cambodia, Canada, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, South +Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New +Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, UK, US + +********** + +Commission for Social Development + +established - 21 June 1946 as the Social Commission, renamed 29 +July 1966 + +aim - ECOSOC organization dealing with social development +programs + +members - (31) selected on a rotating basis from all regions + +********** + +Commission on Human Rights + +established - 18 February 1946 + +aim - ECOSOC organization dealing with human rights + +members - (43) selected on a rotating basis from all regions + +********** + +Commission on Narcotic Drugs + +established - 16 February 1946 + +aim - ECOSOC organization dealing with illicit drugs + +members - (38) selected on a rotating basis from all regions with +emphasis on producing and processing countries + +********** + +Commission on the Status of Women + +established - 21 June 1946 + +aim - ECOSOC organization dealing with women's rights + +members - (32) selected on a rotating basis from all regions + +********** + +Commonwealth (C) + +established - 31 December 1931 + +aim - voluntary association that evolved from the British Empire +and that seeks to foster multinational cooperation and assistance + +members - (48) Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, +Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Brunei, Canada, Cyprus, +Dominica, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, India, Jamaica, +Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, +Mauritius, Namibia, NZ, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, +Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the +Grenadines, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, +Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, +Uganda, UK, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zambia, Zimbabwe + +special members - (2) Nauru, Tuvalu + +********** + +Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) + +established - 8 December 1991 + +effective - 21 December 1991 + +aim - to coordinate intercommonwealth relations and to provide a +mechanism for the orderly dissolution of the USSR + +members - (11) Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, +Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, +Uzbekistan + +********** + +Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (CEAO) + +Note - see West African Economic Community (CEAO) + +********** + +Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (CEEAC) + +Note - see Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC) + +********** + +Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs (CEPGL) + +Note - see Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries +(CEPGL) + +********** + +Communist countries + +Note - traditionally the Marxist-Leninist states with +authoritarian governments and command economies based on the +Soviet model; most of the successor states are no longer +Communist; see centrally planned economies + +********** + +Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) + +established - NA November 1972 + +aim - discusses issues of mutual concern and reviews +implementation of the Helsinki Agreement + +members - (52) Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, +Belgium, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, +Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, +Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, +Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, +Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, +Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, +Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US, +Uzbekistan, Vatican City, Yugoslavia + +********** + +Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire (CERN) + +Note - see European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) + +********** + +Contadora Group (CG) - +Note - was established 5 January 1983 (on the Panamanian island +of Contadora) to reduce tensions and conflicts in Central America +but evolved into the Rio Group (RG); members included Colombia, +Mexico, Panama, Venezuela + +********** + +Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf + +Note - see Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) + +********** + +Coordinating Committee on Export Controls (COCOM) + +established - NA 1949 + +aim - to control the export of strategic products and technical +data from member countries to proscribed destinations<ATT> + +members - (17) Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, +Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, +Portugal, Spain, Turkey, UK, US + +cooperating countries - (8) Austria, Finland, Ireland, South +Korea, NZ, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland + +********** + +Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA) + +Note - also known as CMEA or Comecon, was established 25 January +1949 to promote the development of socialist economies and was +abolished 1 January 1991; members included Afghanistan +(observer), Albania (had not participated since 1961 break with +USSR), Angola (observer), Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, +Ethiopia (observer), GDR, Hungary, Laos (observer), Mongolia, +Mozambique (observer), Nicaragua (observer), Poland, Romania, +USSR, Vietnam, Yemen (observer), Yugoslavia (associate) + +********** + +Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU) + +established - 3 June 1957 + +effective - 30 May 1964 + +aim - to promote economic integration among Arab nations + +members - (11 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Egypt, +Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, +UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization + +********** + +Council of Europe (CE) + +established - 5 May 1949 + +effective - 3 August 1949 + +aim - to promote increased unity and quality of life in Europe + +members - (28) Austria, Belgium, Belarus, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, +Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, +Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, +Norway, Poland, Portugal, San Marino, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, +Turkey, Ukraine, UK + +********** + +Council of the Entente (Entente) + +established - 29 May 1959 + +aim - to promote economic, social, and political coordination + +members - (5) Benin, Burkina, Ivory Coast, Niger, Togo + +********** + +Customs Cooperation Council (CCC) + +established - 15 December 1950 + +aim - to promote international cooperation in customs matters + +members - (108) Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, +The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bermuda, Botswana, Brazil, +Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central African +Republic, Chile, China, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, +Denmark, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, +Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Hong Kong, +Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, +Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, +Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, +Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, +Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, +Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, +Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, South +Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, +Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, +Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, +Zimbabwe + +********** + +developed countries (DCs) + +Note - the top group in the comprehensive but mutually exclusive +hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), former USSR/Eastern +Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs); +includes the market-oriented economies of the mainly democratic +nations in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and +Development (OECD), Bermuda, Israel, South Africa, and the +European ministates; also known as the First World, high-income +countries, the North, industrial countries; generally have a per +capita GNP/GDP in excess of $10,000 although some OECD countries +and South Africa have figures well under $10,000 and two of the +excluded OPEC countries have figures of more than $10,000. The +34 DCs are: Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bermuda, +Canada, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, +Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, +Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, San +Marino, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US, +Vatican City + +********** + +developing countries + +Note - an imprecise term for the less developed countries with +growing economies; see less developed countries (LDCs) + +********** + +East African Development Bank (EADB) + +established - 6 June 1967 + +effective - 1 December 1967 + +aim - to promote economic development + +members - (3) Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda + +********** + +Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) + +established - 28 March 1947 as Economic Commission for Asia and +the Far East (ECAFE) + +aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission +for the UN's ECOSOC + +members - (39) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, +Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, China, Fiji, France, India, Indonesia, +Iran, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, +Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New +Guinea, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri +Lanka, Thailand, Tonga, Tuvalu, UK, US, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western +Samoa + +associate members - (10) American Samoa, Cook Islands, Guam, Hong +Kong, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, +Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Trust Territory of the Pacific +Islands (Palau) + +********** + +Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) + +established - 9 August 1973 as Economic Commission for Western +Asia (ECWA) + +aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission +for the UN's ECOSOC + +members - (12 and the Palestine Liberation Organization) Bahrain, +Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, +Syria, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization + +********** + +Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) + +established - 26 June 1945 + +effective - 24 October 1945 + +aim - to coordinate the economic and social work of the UN; +includes five regional commissions (see Economic Commission for +Africa, Economic Commission for Europe, Economic Commission for +Latin America and the Caribbean, Economic and Social Commission +for Asia and the Pacific, Economic and Social Commission for +Western Asia) and six functional commissions (see Commission for +Social Development, Commission on Human Rights, Commission on +Narcotic Drugs, Commission on the Status of Women, Population +Commission, and Statistical Commission) + +members - (54) selected on a rotating basis from all regions + +********** + +Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) + +established - 29 April 1958 + +aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission of +the UN's ECOSOC + +members - (52) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, +Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, +Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, +Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, +Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, +Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, +Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, +Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa (suspended), Sudan, +Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, +Zimbabwe + +********** + +Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE) +<p>see Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific +(ESCAP) + +********** + +Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) + +established - 28 March 1947 + +aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission of +the UN's ECOSOC + +members - (33) Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, +Canada, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, +Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, +Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, +Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, Ukraine, US, Yugoslavia + +********** + +Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) +<p>see Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean +(ECLAC) + +********** + +Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) + +established - 25 February 1948 as Economic Commission for Latin +America (ECLA) + +aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission of +the UN's ECOSOC + +members - (41) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, +Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa +Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, +France, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, +Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, +Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent +and the Grenadines, Spain, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, +Uruguay, Venezuela + +associate members - (5) Aruba, British Virgin Islands, +Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Virgin Islands + +********** + +Economic Commission for Western Asia (ECWA) + +Note - see Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia +(ESCWA) + +********** + +Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC) - acronym +from Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale + +established - 18 October 1983 + +aim - to promote regional economic cooperation and establish a +Central African Common Market + +members - (10) Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, +Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, +Zaire + +observer - (1) Angola + +********** + +Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL) + +Note - acronym from Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands +Lacs + +established - 26 September 1976 + +aim - to promote regional economic cooperation and integration + +members - (3) Burundi, Rwanda, Zaire + +********** + +Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) + +established - 28 May 1975 + +aim - to promote regional economic cooperation + +members - (16) Benin, Burkina, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, +Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, +Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo + +********** + +European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) + +established - 15 April 1991 + +aim - to facilitate the transition of seven centrally planned +economies in Europe (Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, +Romania, former USSR, and former Yugoslavia) to market economies +by committing 60% of its loans to privatization + +members - (35) Albania, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, +Cyprus, Denmark, European Community (EC), Egypt, European +Investment Bank (EIB), Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, +Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Liechtenstein, +Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, +Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US; note - +includes all 24 members of the OECD and the EC as an institution + +********** + +European Community (EC) + +established - 8 April 1965 + +effective - 1 July 1967 + +aim - a fusing of the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), +the European Coal and Steel Community (ESC), and the European +Economic Community (EEC or Common Market); the EC plans to +establish a completely integrated common market in 1992 and an +eventual federation of Europe + +members - (12) Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, +Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK + +associate member - (1) Czechoslovakia + +********** + +European Free Trade Association (EFTA) + +established - 4 January 1960 + +effective - 3 May 1960 + +aim - to promote expansion of free trade + +members - (6) Austria, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, +Switzerland + +********** + +European Investment Bank (EIB) + +established - 25 March 1957 + +effective - 1 January 1958 + +aim - to promote economic development of the EC + +members - (12) Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, +Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK + +********** + +European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) + +Note - acronym retained from the predecessor organization Conseil +Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire + +established - 1 July 1953 + +effective - 29 September 1954 + +aim - to foster nuclear research for peaceful purposes only + +members - (16) Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, +Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, +Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK + +observers - (2) Turkey, Yugoslavia + +********** + +European Space Agency (ESA) + +established - 31 July 1973 + +effective - 1 May 1975 + +aim - to promote peaceful cooperation in space research and +technology + +members - (13) Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, +Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, +UK + +associate member - (1) Finland + +********** + +First World + +Note - another term for countries with advanced, industrialized +economies; this term is fading from use; see developed countries +(DCs) + +********** + +Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) + +established - 16 October 1945 + +aim - UN specialized agency to raise living standards and +increase availability of agricultural products + +members - (157) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan, +Belarus, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Brunei, Croatia, Estonia, +Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, +Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, +Russia, San Marino, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa, +Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan; other members are +Cook Islands, Switzerland, Tonga + +********** + +Former USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE) + +Note - the middle group in the comprehensive but mutually +exclusive hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), former +USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed +countries (LDCs); these countries are in political and economic +transition and may well be grouped differently in the near +future; this includes Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, +Bosnia and Hercegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czecholovakia, +Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, +Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, +Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia + +********** + +Four Dragons + +Note - the four small Asian less developed countries (LDCs) that +have experienced unusually rapid economic growth; also known as +the Four Tigers; this group includes Hong Kong, South Korea, +Singapore, Taiwan + +********** + +Four Tigers + +Note - another term for the Four Dragons; see Four Dragons + +********** + +Franc Zone (FZ) + +established - NA + +aim - monetary union among countries whose currencies are linked +to the French franc + +members - (15) Benin, Burkina, Cameroon, Central African +Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, +Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo; note - France includes +metropolitan France, the four overseas departments of France +(French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Reunion), the two +territorial collectivities of France (Mayotte, Saint Pierre and +Miquelon), and the three overseas territories of France (French +Polynesia, New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna) + +********** + +Front Line States (FLS) + +established - NA + +aim - to achieve black majority rule in South Africa + +members - (7) Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, +Zambia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) + +established - 30 October 1947 + +effective - 1 January 1948 + +aim - to promote the expansion of international trade on a +nondiscriminatory basis + +members - (98) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, +Austria, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Botswana, +Brazil, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central +African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, +Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Finland, +France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, +Guyana, Haiti, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, +Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, South +Korea, Kuwait, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, +Maldives, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, +Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, +Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, +Sierra Leone, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, +Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad +and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia, +Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +Group of 2 (G-2) + +established - informal term that came into use about 1986 + +aim - bilateral economic cooperation between the two most +powerful economic giants + +members - (2) Japan, US + +********** + +Group of 3 (G-3) + +established - NA October 1990 + +aim - mechanism for policy coordination + +members - (3) Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela + +********** + +Group of 5 (G-5) + +established - 22 September 1985 + +aim - the five major non-Communist economic powers + +members - (5) France, Germany, Japan, UK, US + +********** + +Group of 6 (G-6) + +Note - not to be confused with the Big Six + +established - 22 May 1984 + +aim - seeks to achieve nuclear disarmament + +members - (6) Argentina, Greece, India, Mexico, Sweden, Tanzania + +********** + +Group of 7 (G-7) + +Note - membership is the same as the Big Seven + +established - 22 September 1985 + +aim - the seven major non-Communist economic powers + +members - (7) Group of 5 (France, Germany, Japan, UK, US) plus +Canada and Italy + +********** + +Group of 8 (G-8) + +established - NA October 1975 + +aim - the developed countries (DCs) that participated in the +Conference on International Economic Cooperation (CIEC), held in +several sessions between NA December 1975 and 3 June 1977 + +members - (8) Australia, Canada, EC (as one member), Japan, +Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, US + +********** + +Group of 9 (G-9) + +established - NA + +aim - informal group that meets occasionally on matters of mutual +interest + +members - (9) Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, +Hungary, Romania, Sweden, Yugoslavia + +********** + +Group of 10 (G-10) + +Note - also known as the Paris Club + +established - NA October 1962 + +aim - wealthiest members of the IMF who provide most of the money +to be loaned and act as the informal steering committee; name +persists in spite of the addition of Switzerland on NA April 1984 + +members - (11) Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, +Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US + +********** + +Group of 11 (G-11) + +Note - also known as the Cartagena Group + +established - 22 June 1984, in Cartagena, Colombia + +aim - forum for largest debtor nations in Latin America + +members - (11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, +Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela + +********** + +Group of 15 (G-15) + +Note - byproduct of the Non-Aligned Movement + +established - 1989 + +aim - to promote economic cooperation among developing nations; +to act as the main political organ for the Non-Aligned Movement + +members - (15) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Egypt, India, +Indonesia, Jamaica, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Senegal, +Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +Group of 19 (G-19) + +established - NA October 1975 + +aim - the less developed countries (LDCs) that participated in +the Conference on International Economic Cooperation (CIEC) held +in several sessions between NA December 1975 and 3 June 1977 + +members - (19) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Cameroon, Egypt, +India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, +Peru, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia + +********** + +Group of 24 (G-24) + +established - NA January 1972 + +aim - to promote the interests of developing countries in Africa, +Asia, and Latin America within the IMF + +members - (24) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Egypt, +Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, India, Iran, Ivory Coast, +Lebanon, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Sri Lanka, +Syria, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire + +********** + +Group of 30 (G-30) + +established - NA 1979 + +aim - to discuss and propose solutions to the world's economic +problems + +members - (30) informal group of 30 leading international +bankers, economists, financial experts, and businessmen organized +by Johannes Witteveen (former managing director of the IMF) + +********** + +Group of 33 (G-33) + +established - NA 1987 + +aim - to promote solutions to international economic problems + +members - (33) leading economists from 13 countries + +********** + +Group of 77 (G-77) + +established - NA October 1967 + +aim - to promote economic cooperation among developing countries; +name persists in spite of increased membership + +members - (127 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) +Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The +Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, +Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, +Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, +Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, +Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El +Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, +Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, +Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, +Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, +Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, +Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, +Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, +Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, +Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint +Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, +Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, +Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, +Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, UAE, +Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, +Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Palestine Liberation +Organization + +********** + +Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) + +Note - also known as the Cooperation Council for the Arab States +of the Gulf + +established - 25-26 May 1981 + +aim - to promote regional cooperation in economic, social, +political, and military affairs + +members - (6) Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE + +********** + +Habitat + +Note - see United Nations Center for Human Settlements (UNCHS) + +********** + +Hexagonal Group + +Note - HG - the old Pentagonal Group plus one) + +established - July 1991 + +aim - to form an economic and political cooperation group for the +region between the Adriatic and the Baltic Seas + +members - (6) Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Italy, Poland, +Yugoslavia + +********** + +high-income countries + +Note - another term for the industrialized countries with high +per capita GNPs/GDPs; see developed countries (DCs) + +********** + +industrial countries + +Note - another term for the developed countries; see developed +countries (DCs) + +********** + +Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) + +Note - also known as Banco Interamericano de Desarvollo (BID) + +established - 8 April 1959 + +effective - 30 December 1959 + +aim - to promote economic and social development in Latin America + +members - (44) Argentina, Austria, The Bahamas, Barbados, +Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, +Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Finland, +France, Germany, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Israel, +Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, +Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, +Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, +Yugoslavia + +********** + +Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGADD) + +established - NA January 1986 + +aim - to promote cooperation on drought-related matters + +members - (6) Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda + +********** + +International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) + +established - 26 October 1956 + +effective - 29 July 1957 + +aim - to promote peaceful uses of atomic energy + +members - (115) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Argentina, +Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, +Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, +China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, +Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, +Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, +Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, +Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, +Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, +Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, +Malaysia, Mali, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, +Namibia, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, +Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, +Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, +Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, +Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, +Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Vatican City, Venezuela, Vietnam, +Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +International Bank for Economic Cooperation (IBEC) + +Note - established in 22 October 1963; aim was to promote +economic cooperation and development - members were Bulgaria, +Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, +Romania, USSR, Vietnam; now a Russian bank with a new charter + +********** + +International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) + +Note - also known as the World Bank + +established - 22 July 1944 + +effective - 27 December 1945 + +aim - UN specialized agency that initially promoted economic +rebuilding after World War II and now provides economic +development loans + +members - (156) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan, +Brunei, Cuba, Estonia, Kazakhstan, North Korea, Kyrgyzstan, +Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Marshall Islands, Federated +States of Micronesia, Moldova, San Marino, Tajikistan, +Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan; other members are Kiribati, +Tonga + +********** + +International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) + +established - NA 1919 + +aim - to promote free trade and private enterprise and to +represent business interests at national and international levels + +members - (58 national councils) Argentina, Australia, Austria, +Belgium, Brazil, Burkina, Cameroon, Canada, Colombia, Cyprus, +Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, +Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory +Coast, Japan, Jordan, South Korea, Lebanon, Luxembourg, +Madagascar, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, +Pakistan, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Singapore, South +Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, +Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, +Zaire + +********** + +International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) + +established - 7 December 1944 + +effective - 4 April 1947 + +aim - UN specialized agency to promote international cooperation +in civil aviation + +members - (164) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan, +Belarus, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Croatia, Dominica, Estonia, +Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, +Moldova, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Slovenia, Tajikistan, +Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Western Samoa; other members +are Cook Islands, Kiribati, Monaco, Nauru, Switzerland, Tonga + +********** + +International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) + +established - NA 1863 + +aim - to provide humanitarian aid in wartime + +members - (25 individuals) all Swiss nationals + +********** + +International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) + +established - NA December 1949 + +aim - to promote the trade union movement + +members - (144 national organizations in the following 103 areas) +Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, +Bangladesh, Barbados, Basque Country, Belgium, Bermuda, Botswana, +Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Canada, Central African Republic, +Chad, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Curacao, Cyprus, +Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, +El Salvador, Estonia, Falkland Islands, Fiji, Finland, France, +French Polynesia, The Gambia, Germany, Greece, Grenada, +Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong, Iceland, India, +Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kiribati, South Korea, +Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, +Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Montserrat, Morocco, +Netherlands, New Caledonia, NZ, Nicaragua, Norway, Pakistan, +Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, +Puerto Rico, Russia, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint +Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Seychelles, +Sierra Leone, Singapore, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland, +Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, Trinidad and +Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, Vatican City, Venezuela, +Western Samoa + +********** + +International Court of Justice (ICJ) + +Note - also known as the World Court + +established - 26 June 1945 + +effective - 24 October 1945 + +aim - primary judicial organ of the UN + +members - (15 judges) elected by the General Assembly and +Security Council to represent all principal legal systems + +********** + +International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) + +established - 13 June 1956 + +aim - to promote international cooperation between criminal +police authorities + +members - (152) Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and +Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, +Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, +Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, +Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, +Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark, +Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, +Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The +Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, +Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, +Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory +Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, +Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, +Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, +Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Mozambique, +Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, NZ, Nicaragua, +Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, +Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, +Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the +Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, +Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, +Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, +Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, +Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yemen, Yugoslavia, +Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +International Development Association (IDA) + +established - 26 January 1960 + +effective - 24 September 1960 + +aim - UN specialized agency and IBRD affiliate that provides +economic loans for low income countries + +members - (136) Part I - (22 more economically advanced +countries) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, +France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, +Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, South Africa, Sweden, UAE, +UK, US + +members - Part II - (114 less developed nations) Afghanistan, +Algeria, Argentina, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, +Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, +Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, +Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, +Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial +Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Greece, +Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, +Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Ivory +Coast, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Laos, Lebanon, +Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, +Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, +Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New +Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Rwanda, Saint Kitts +and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao +Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon +Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Syria, +Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, +Turkey, Uganda, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, +Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +International Energy Agency (IEA) + +established - 15 November 1974 + +aim - established by the OECD to promote cooperation on energy +matters, especially emergency oil sharing and relations between +oil consumers and oil producers + +members - (21) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, +Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, +NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US + +********** + +International Finance Corporation (IFC) + +established - 25 May 1955 + +effective - 20 July 1956 + +aim - UN specialized agency and IBRD affiliate that helps private +enterprise sector in economic development + +members - (133) Afghanistan, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, +Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, +Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Burma, +Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa +Rica, Cyprus, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, +Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, +Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, +Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, +India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory +Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, +Kuwait, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, +Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, +Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, +Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, +Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Saint +Lucia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, +Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri +Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, +Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, +Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, +Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) + +established - NA November 1974 + +aim - UN specialized agency that promotes agricultural +development + +members - (144) Category I - (21 industrialized aid contributors) +Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, +Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, +NZ, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US + +members - Category II - (12 petroleum-exporting aid contributors) +Algeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, +Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Venezuela + +members - Category III - (111 aid recipients) Afghanistan, +Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bangladesh, Barbados, +Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Burma, +Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, +Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, +Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El +Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, The Gambia, Ghana, +Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, +Honduras, India, Israel, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, +North Korea, South Korea, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, +Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, +Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, +Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, +Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, +Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and +Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, +Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, +Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, +Uganda, Uruguay, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, +Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +International Investment Bank (IIB) + +Note - established on 7 July 1970; to promote economic +development; members were Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East +Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam; now a +Russian bank with a new charter + +********** + +International Labor Organization (ILO) + +established - 11 April 1919 (affiliated with the UN 14 December +1946) + +aim - UN specialized agency concerned with world labor issues + +members - (150) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan, +Bhutan, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Brunei, Croatia, Estonia, The +Gambia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, +Maldives, Marshall Islands, Federation of Micronesia, Moldova, +Oman, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, +San Marino, Slovenia, South Africa, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, +Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa; other member is +Switzerland + +********** + +International Maritime Organization (IMO) + +Note - name changed from Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative +Organization (IMCO) on 22 May 1982 + +established - 17 March 1958 + +aim - UN specialized agency concerned with world maritime affairs + +members - (135) Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, +Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, +Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burma, +Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Colombia, +Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, +Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El +Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, +Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, +Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, +Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, +Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, +Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, +Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, +Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Nigeria, +Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, +Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saint +Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, +Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, +Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, +Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad +and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, +Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire + +associate members - (2) Hong Kong, Macao + +********** + +International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT) + +established - 3 September 1976 + +effective - 26 July 1979 + +aim - to provide worldwide communications for maritime and other +applications + +members - (63) Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Belarus, +Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, +Colombia, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, +Gabon, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, +Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Kuwait, Liberia, Malaysia, +Monaco, Mozambique, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, +Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, +Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Spain, Sri Lanka, +Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, +Yugoslavia + +********** + +International Monetary Fund (IMF) + +established - 22 July 1944 + +effective - 27 December 1945 + +aim - UN specialized agency concerned with world monetary +stability and economic development + +members - (156) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan, +Belarus, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Brunei, Croatia, Cuba, Estonia, +Kazakhstan, North Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, +Lithuania, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, +Moldova, Russia, San Marino, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, +Ukraine, Uzbekistan; other members are Kiribati and Tonga + +********** + +International Olympic Committee (IOC) + +established - 23 June 1894 + +aim - to promote the Olympic ideals and administer the Olympic +games: 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France (8-23 +February); 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain (25 July-9 +August); 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer; Norway (12-27 +February); 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States (20 +July-4 August); 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan (date NA) + +members - (167) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, American Samoa, +Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, +Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, +Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bermuda, Bhutan, Bolivia, +Botswana, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Bulgaria, +Burkina, Burma, Cameroon, Canada, Cayman Islands, Central African +Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Cook Islands, +Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Djibouti, +Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial +Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, +Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guam, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, +Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, +Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, +Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, +Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, +Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, +Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, +Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, +Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, +Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Romania, +Russia, Rwanda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, +Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, +Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, +Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania, +Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, +Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, +Vietnam, Virgin Islands, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, +Zambia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +International Organization for Migration (IOM) - established as +Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the Movement of +Migrants from Europe; renamed Intergovernmental Committee for +European Migration (ICEM) on 15 November 1952; renamed +Intergovernmental Committee for Migration (ICM) in November 1980; +current name adopted 14 November 1989 + +established - 5 December 1951 + +aim - to facilitate orderly international emigration and +immigration + +members - (39) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, +Belgium, Bolivia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cyprus, +Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Germany, +Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, Israel, Italy, Kenya, South Korea, +Luxembourg, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, +Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, +Thailand, US, Uruguay, Venezuela + +observers - (25) Belize, Brazil, Cape Verde, Egypt, Finland, +France, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, Japan, Mexico, NZ, +Pakistan, San Marino, Somalia, Sovereign Military Order of Malta, +Spain, Turkey, Uganda, UK, Vatican City, Vietnam, Yugoslavia, +Zambia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +International Organization for Standardization (ISO) + +established - NA February 1947 + +aim - to promote the development of international standards + +members - (72 national standards organizations) Albania, Algeria, +Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, +Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Cyprus, +Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France, +Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, +Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, North +Korea, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, +Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, +Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, +Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, +Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, +Tunisia, Turkey, UK, US, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yugoslavia + +correspondent members - (14) Bahrain, Barbados, Brunei, Guinea, +Hong Kong, Iceland, Jordan, Kuwait, Malawi, Mauritius, Oman, +Senegal, UAE, Uruguay + +********** + +International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement + +established - NA 1928 + +aim - to promote worldwide humanitarian aid through the +International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in wartime, and +League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (LORCS) in +peacetime + +members - (9) 2 representatives from ICRC, 2 from LORCS, and 5 +from national societies elected by the international conference +of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement + +********** + +International Telecommunication Union (ITU) + +established - 9 December 1932 + +effective - 1 January 1934 + +affiliated with the UN - 15 November 1947 + +aim - UN specialized agency concerned with world +telecommunications + +members - (164) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia +and Hercegovina, Croatia, Dominica, Estonia, Kazakhstan, +Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Marshall Islands, Federation of +Micronesia, Moldova, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, +Seychelles, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan; other +members are Kiribati, Monaco, Nauru, Switzerland, Tonga, Vatican +City + +********** + +International Telecommunications Satellite Organization +(INTELSAT) + +established - 20 August 1971 + +effective - 12 February 1973 + +aim - to develop and operate a global commercial +telecommunications satellite system + +members - (118) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, +Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, +Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina, Cameroon, Canada, Central +African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa +Rica, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El +Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, +Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Haiti, Honduras, Iceland, India, +Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, +Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, +Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, +Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Mozambique, +Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, +Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, +Portugal, Qatar, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Singapore, +Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, +Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad +and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, +Vatican City, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, +Zambia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +Islamic Development Bank (IDB) + +established - 15 December 1973 + +aim - to promote Islamic economic aid and social development + +members - (43 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) +Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Brunei, +Burkina, Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, The +Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, +Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, +Morocco, Niger, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, +Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, +UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization + +********** + +Latin American Economic System (LAES) - , also known as Sistema +Economico Latinoamericana (SELA) + +established - 17 October 1975 + +aim - to promote economic and social development through regional +cooperation + +members - (26) Argentina, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, +Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El +Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, +Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and +Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela + +********** + +Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) - , also known as +Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI) + +established - 12 August 1980 + +effective - 18 March 1981 + +aim - to promote freer regional trade + +members - (11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, +Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela + +********** + +League of Arab States (LAS) + +Note - see Arab League (AL) + +********** + +League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (LORCS) + +established - 5 May 1919 + +aim - to provide humanitarian aid in peacetime + +members - (147) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, +Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, +Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, +Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, +Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, +Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, +Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, +Finland, France, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, +Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, +Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, +Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South +Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, +Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, +Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, +Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, +Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, +Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, +Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao +Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, +Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, +Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, +Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, +Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, +Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + +associate members - (2) Equatorial Guinea, Gabon + +********** + +least developed countries (LLDCs) + +Note - that subgroup of the less developed countries (LDCs) +initially identified by the UN General Assembly in 1971 as having +no significant economic growth, per capita GNPs/GDPs normally +less than $500, and low literacy rates; also known as the +undeveloped countries. The 41 LLDCs are: Afghanistan, +Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Botswana, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, +Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, +Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, +Haiti, Kiribati, Laos, Lesotho, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, +Mauritania, Mozambique, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Sao Tome and +Principe, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tuvalu, +Uganda, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Yemen + +********** + +less developed countries (LDCs) + +Note - the bottom group in the comprehensive but mutually +exclusive hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), former +USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed +countries (LDCs); mainly countries with low levels of output, +living standards, and technology; per capita GNPs/GDPs are +generally below $5,000 and often less than $1,000; however, the +group also includes a number of countries with high per capita +incomes, areas of advanced technology, and rapid rates of growth; +includes the advanced developing countries, developing countries, +Four Dragons (Four Tigers), least developed countries (LLDCs), +low-income countries, middle-income countries, newly +industrializing economies (NIEs), the South, Third World, +underdeveloped countries, undeveloped countries. The 173 LDCs +are: Afghanistan, Algeria, American Samoa, Angola, Anguilla, +Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, The Bahamas, Bahrain, +Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, +Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, +Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African +Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, +Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, +Czechoslovakia, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, +Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Falkland +Islands, Fiji, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon, The +Gambia, Gaza Strip, Ghana, Gibraltar, Greenland, Grenada, +Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala, Guernsey, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, +Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, +Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Jersey, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, North +Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, +Libya, Macau, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Isle +of Man, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritania, Mauritius, +Mayotte, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, +Montserrat, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, +Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, +Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Oman, Trust +Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau), Pakistan, Panama, Papua +New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto +Rico, Qatar, Reunion, Rwanda, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and +Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and +the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, +Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, +Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania, +Thailand, Togo, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, +Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, UAE, Uganda, Uruguay, Vanuatu, +Venezuela, Vietnam, Virgin Islands, Wallis and Futuna, West Bank, +Western Sahara, Western Samoa, Yemen, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +low-income countries + +Note - another term for those less developed countries with +below-average per capita GNPs/GDPs; see less developed countries +(LDCs) + +********** + +middle-income countries + +Note - another term for those less developed countries with +above-average per capita GNPs/GDPs; see less developed countries +(LDCs) + +********** + +Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) + +established - April 1987 + +aim - to arrest missile proliferation by controlling the export +of key missile technologies and equipment + +members - (20) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, +Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, +NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US + +********** + +newly industrializing countries (NICs) + +Note - former term for the newly industrializing economies; see +newly industrializing economies (NIEs) + +********** + +newly industrializing economies (NIEs) + +Note - that subgroup of the less developed countries (LDCs) that +has experienced particularly rapid industrialization of their +economies; formerly known as the newly industrializing countries +(NICs); also known as advanced developing countries; usually +includes the Four Dragons (Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, +Taiwan) plus Brazil and Mexico + +********** + +Nonaligned Movement (NAM) + +established - 1-6 September 1961 + +aim - political and military cooperation apart from the +traditional East or West blocs + +members - (101 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) +Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, The Bahamas, Bahrain, +Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, +Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African +Republic, Chad, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, +Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, +Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, India, Indonesia, +Iran, Iraq, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, +Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, +Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, +Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, +Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Qatar, Rwanda, Saint +Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, +Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, +Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, +Uganda, UAE, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, +Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Palestine Liberation Organization + +observers - (9) Antigua and Barbuda, Brazil, Costa Rica, +Dominica, El Salvador, Mexico, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, +Uruguay + +guests - (11) Australia, Austria, Dominican Republic, Finland, +Greece, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland + +********** + +Nordic Council (NC) + +established - 16 March 1952 + +effective - 12 February 1953 + +aim - to promote regional economic, cultural, and environmental +cooperation + +members - (5) Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden; note - +Denmark includes Faroe Islands and Greenland + +********** + +Nordic Investment Bank (NIB) + +established - 4 December 1975 + +effective - 1 June 1976 + +aim - to promote economic cooperation and development + +members - (5) Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden + +********** + +North + +Note - a popular term for the rich industrialized countries +generally located in the northern portion of the Northern +Hemisphere; the counterpart of the South; see developed countries +(DCs) + +********** + +North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC) - an extension of NATO + +established - 8 November 1991 + +effective - 20 December 1991 + +aim - to form a forum to discuss cooperation concerning mutual +political and security issues + +members - (35) Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, +Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, +Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, +Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, +Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Tajikistan, Turkey, +Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US, Uzbekistan + +********** + +North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) + +established - 17 September 1949 + +aim - mutual defense and cooperation in other areas + +members - (16) Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, +Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, +Turkey, UK, US + +********** + +Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) + +established - NA 1958 + +aim - associated with OECD, seeks to promote the peaceful uses of +nuclear energy + +members - (23) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, +Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, +Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, +Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US + +********** + +Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) + +Note - also known as the London Suppliers Group + +established - 1974 + +aim - to establish guidelines on exports of enrichment and +processing plant assistance and nuclear exports to countries of +proliferation concern and regions of conflict and instability + +members - (27) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, +Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, +Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, +Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, +UK, US + +********** + +Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la +America Latina y el Caribe (OPANAL) + +Note - see Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin +America and the Caribbean (OPANAL) + +********** + +Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) + +established - 14 December 1960, effective 30 September 1961 + +aim - to promote economic cooperation and development + +members - (24) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, +Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, +Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, +Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US + +special member - (1) Yugoslavia + +********** + +Organization of African Unity (OAU) + +established - 25 May 1963 + +aim - to promote unity and cooperation among African states + +members - (50) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, +Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, +Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, +Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, +Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, +Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, +Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, +Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, +Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +Organization of American States (OAS) + +established - 30 April 1948 + +effective - 13 December 1951 + +aim - to promote peace and security as well as economic and +social development + +members - (35) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, +Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa +Rica, Cuba (excluded from formal participation since 1962), +Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, +Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, +Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint +Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, US, +Uruguay, Venezuela + +observers - (25) Algeria, Austria, Belgium, Belize, Cyprus, EC, +Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, +Guyana, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Morocco, Netherlands, +Pakistan, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Switzerland, Vatican +City + +********** + +Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) + +established - 9 January 1968 + +aim - to promote cooperation in the petroleum industry + +members - (11) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, +Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, UAE + +********** + +Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) + +established - 18 June 1981 + +effective - 4 July 1981 + +aim - to promote political, economic, and defense cooperation + +members - (8) Antigua and Barbuda, British Virgin Islands, +Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint +Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines + +********** + +Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) + +established - 14 September 1960 + +aim - to coordinate petroleum policies + +members - (13) Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, +Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Venezuela + +********** + +Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) + +established - 22-25 September 1969 + +aim - to promote Islamic solidarity and cooperation in economic, +social, cultural, and political affairs + +members - (47 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) +Afghanistan (suspended), Albania, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, +Bangladesh, Benin, Brunei, Burkina, Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, +Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, +Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Lebanon, +Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, +Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra +Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, +Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization<ATT> + +observer - (1) Turkish-Cypriot administered area of Cyprus + +********** + +Paris Club + +Note - see Group of 10 + +********** + +Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) + +established - NA 1899 + +aim - to facilitate the settlement of international disputes + +members - (75) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, +Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, +Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Dominican +Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Fiji, Finland, France, +Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, +India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Laos, Lebanon, +Luxembourg, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, +Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, +Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, +Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, +Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zimbabwe + +********** + +Population Commission + +established - 3 October 1946 + +aim - ECOSOC organization dealing with population matters + +members - (27) selected on a rotating basis from all regions + +********** + +Rio Group (RG) + +established - NA 1988 + +aim - a consultation mechanism on regional Latin American issues + +members - (11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, +Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela; note - +Panama was expelled in 1988 + +********** + +Second World + +Note - another term for the traditionally Marxist-Leninist states +with authoritarian governments and command economies based on the +Soviet model; the term is fading from use; see centrally planned +economies + +********** + +socialist countries + +Note - in general, countries in which the government owns and +plans the use of the major factors of production; note - the term +is sometimes used incorrectly as a synonym for Communist +countries + +********** + +South + +Note - a popular term for the poorer, less industrialized +countries generally located south of the developed countries; the +counterpart of the North; see less developed countries (LDCs) + +********** + +South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) + +established - 8 December 1985 + +aim - to promote economic, social, and cultural cooperation + +members - (7) Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, +Pakistan, Sri Lanka + +********** + +South Pacific Commission (SPC) + +established - 6 February 1947 + +effective - 29 July 1948 + +aim - to promote regional cooperation in economic and social +matters + +members - (27) American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, +France, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, +Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, NZ, Niue, +Northern Mariana Islands, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands +(Palau), Papua New Guinea, Pitcairn Islands, Solomon Islands, +Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, UK, US, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna, +Western Samoa + +********** + +South Pacific Forum (SPF) + +established - 5 August 1971 + +aim - to promote regional cooperation in political matters + +members - (15) Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall +Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, NZ, Niue, Papua +New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Western +Samoa + +observer - (1) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau) + +********** + +Southern African Customs Union (SACU) + +established - 11 December 1969 + +aim - to promote free trade and cooperation in customs matters + +members - (9) Bophuthatswana, Botswana, Ciskei, Lesotho, Namibia, +South Africa, Swaziland, Transkei, Venda + +********** + +Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) + +established - 1 April 1980 + +aim - to promote regional economic development and reduce +dependence on South Africa + +members - (10) Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, +Namibia, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +Southern Cone Common Market + +********** + +(MERCOSUR) + +established - 26 March 1991 + +aim - regional economic cooperation + +members - (4) Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay + +********** + +Statistical Commission + +established - 21 June 1946 + +aim - ECOSOC organization dealing with development and +standardization of national statistics + +members - (25) selected on a rotating basis from all regions + +********** + +Third World + +Note - another term for the less developed countries; the term is +fading from use; see less developed countries (LDCs) + +********** + +underdeveloped countries + +Note - refers to those less developed countries with the +potential for above-average economic growth; see less developed +countries (LDCs) + +********** + +undeveloped countries + +Note - refers to those extremely poor less developed countries +(LDCs) with little prospect for economic growth; see least +developed countries (LLDCs) + +********** + +Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale (UDEAC) + +Note - see Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC) + +********** + +United Nations (UN) + +established - 26 June 1945 + +effective - 24 October 1945 + +aim - to maintain international peace and security as well as +promote cooperation involving economic, social, cultural and +humanitarian problems + +members - (178) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua +and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, +The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, +Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Botswana, +Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, +Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, +Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Croatia, +Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, +Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial +Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The +Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, +Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, +Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, +Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South +Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, +Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, +Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, +Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, +Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, +Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, +Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, +Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and +Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, +Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra +Leone, Singapore, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South +Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, +Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, +Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, +Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, +Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe; note - all UN members +are represented in the General Assembly + +observers - (3 and the Palestine Liberation Organization) Monaco, +Switzerland, Vatican City, Palestine Liberation Organization + +********** + +United Nations Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM) + +established - 20 December 1988 + +aim - established by the UN Security Council to verify the +withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola + +members - (10) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Congo, Czechoslovakia, +India, Jordan, Norway, Spain, Yugoslavia + +********** + +United Nations Center for Human Settlements (UNCHS or Habitat) + +established - 12 October 1978 + +aim - to assist in solving human settlement problems + +members - (88) selected on a rotating basis from all regions + +********** + +United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) + +Note - acronym retained from the predecessor organization UN +International Children's Emergency Fund + +established - 11 December 1946 + +aim - to help establish child health and welfare services + +members - (41) selected on a rotating basis from all regions + +********** + +United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) + +established - 30 December 1964 + +aim - to promote international trade + +members - (181) all UN members plus Monaco, Switzerland, Tonga, +Vatican City + +********** + +United Nations Development Program (UNDP) + +established - 22 November 1965 + +aim - to provide technical assistance to stimulate economic and +social development + +members - (48) selected on a rotating basis from all regions + +********** + +United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) + +established - 31 May 1974 + +aim - established by the UN Security Council to observe the 1973 +Arab-Israeli ceasefire + +members - (4) Austria, Canada, Finland, Poland + +********** + +United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization +(UNESCO) + +established - 16 November 1945 + +effective - 4 November 1946 + +aim - to promote cooperation in education, science, and culture + +members - (159) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia +and Hercegovina, Brunei, Croatia, Estonia, Kazakhstan, +Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Marshall Islands, +Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Singapore, Slovenia, +Solomon Islands, South Africa, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, UK, US, +Uzbekistan, Vanuatu; other members are Cook Islands, Kiribati, +Monaco, Switzerland, Tonga + +associate members - (3) Aruba, British Virgin Islands, +Netherlands Antilles + +********** + +United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) + +established - 15 December 1972 + +aim - to promote international cooperation on all environmental +matters + +members - (58) selected on a rotating basis from all regions + +********** + +United Nations Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) + +established - 4 March 1964 + +aim - established by the UN Security Council to serve as a +peacekeeping force beween Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots in +Cyprus + +members - (8) Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, +Ireland, Sweden, UK + +********** + +United Nations General Assembly + +established - 26 June 1945 + +effective - 24 October 1945 + +aim - primary deliberative organ in the UN + +members - (178) all UN members are represented in the General +Assembly + +********** + +United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) + +established - 17 November 1966 + +effective - 1 January 1967 + +aim - UN specialized agency that promotes industrial development +especially among the members + +members - (150) all UN members except Antigua and Barbuda, +Armenia, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Brunei, +Burma, Cambodia, Chad, Croatia, Djibouti, Estonia, Iceland, +Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, +Lithuania, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, +Moldova, Singapore, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, +Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Western Samoa; other +members are Switzerland, Tonga + +********** + +United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) + +established - 19 March 1978 + +aim - established by the UN Security Council to confirm the +withdrawal of Israeli forces, restore peace, and reestablish +Lebanese authority in southern Lebanon + +members - (9) Fiji, Finland, France, Ghana, Ireland, Italy, +Nepal, Norway, Sweden + +********** + +United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group (UNIIMOG) + +established - 9 August 1988 + +aim - established by the UN Security Council to observe the 1988 +Iran-Iraq ceasefire + +members - (25) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Canada, +Denmark, Finland, Ghana, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, +Italy, Kenya, Malaysia, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Poland, Senegal, +Sweden, Turkey, Uruguay, Yugoslavia, Zambia + +********** + +United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan +(UNMOGIP) + +established - 13 August 1948 + +aim - established by the UN Security Council to observe the 1949 +India-Pakistan ceasefire + +members - (8) Belgium, Chile, Denmark, Finland, Italy, Norway, +Sweden, Uruguay + +********** + +United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees +(UNHCR) + +established - 3 December 1949 + +effective - 1 January 1951 + +aim - to try to ensure the humanitarian treatment of refugees and +find permanent solutions to refugee problems + +members - (43) Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, +Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Denmark, Finland, France, +Germany, Greece, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Lesotho, +Madagascar, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria, +Norway, Pakistan, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, +Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, Vatican City, +Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire + +********** + +United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) + +Note - acronym retained from predecessor organization UN Fund for +Population Activities + +established - NA July 1967 + +aim - to promote assistance in dealing with population problems + +members - (51) selected on a rotating basis from all regions + +********** + +United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in +the Near East (UNRWA) + +established - 8 December 1949 + +aim - to provide assistance to Palestinian refugees + +members - (10) Belgium, Egypt, France, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, +Syria, Turkey, UK, US + +********** + +United Nations Secretariat + +established - 26 June 1945 + +effective - 24 October 1945 + +aim - primary administrative organ of the UN + +members - Secretary General appointed for a five-year term by the +General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council + +********** + +United Nations Security Council + +established - 26 June 1945 + +effective - 24 October 1945 + +aim - to maintain international peace and security + +permanent members - (5) China, France, Russia, UK, US + +nonpermanent members - (10) elected for two-year terms by the UN +General Assembly; Austria (1991-92), Belgium (1991-92), Cuba +(1990-91), Ecuador (1991-92), India (1991-92), Ivory Coast (1990- +91), Romania (1990-91), Yemen (1990-91), Zaire (1990-91), +Zimbabwe (1991-92) + +********** + +United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) + +established - NA May 1948 + +aim - initially established by the UN Security Council to +supervise the 1948 Arab-Israeli ceasefire and subsequently +extended to work in the Sinai, Lebanon, Jordan, Afghanistan, and +Pakistan + +members - (19) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, +Chile, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, +Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, US + +********** + +United Nations Trusteeship Council + +established - 26 June 1945 + +effective - 24 October 1945 + +aim - to supervise the administration of the UN trust +territories; only one of the original 11 trusteeships remains - +the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau) + +members - (5) China, France, Russia, UK, US + +********** + +Universal Postal Union (UPU) + +established - 9 October 1874, affiliated with the UN 15 November +1947 + +effective - 1 July 1948 + +aim - UN specialized agency that promotes international postal +cooperation + +members - (168) all UN members except Antigua and Barbuda, +Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Estonia, +Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Marshall Islands, +Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Namibia, Slovenia, +South Africa, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan; other members +are Kiribati, Monaco, Nauru, Netherlands Antilles, Switzerland, +Tonga, Tuvalu, UK Overseas Territories, Vatican City + +********** + +Warsaw Pact (WP) + +Note - was established 14 May 1955 to promote mutual defense; +members met 1 July 1991 to dissolve the alliance; member states +were Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the +USSR + +********** + +West African Development Bank (WADB) + +Note - also known as Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement +(BOAD) + +established - 14 November 1973 + +aim - to promote economic development and integration + +members - (7) Benin, Burkina, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal, +Togo + +********** + +West African Economic Community (CEAO) + +Note - acronym from Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest + +established - 3 June 1972 + +aim - to promote regional economic development + +members - (7) Benin, Burkina, Ivory Coast, Mali, Mauritania, +Niger, Senegal + +observer - (1) Togo + +********** + +Western European Union (WEU) + +established - 23 October 1954 + +effective - 6 May 1955 + +aim - mutual defense and progressive political unification + +members - (10) Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, +Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK + +********** + +World Bank +<p>see International Bank for Reconstruction and Development +(IBRD) + +********** + +World Bank Group + +Note - includes International Bank for Reconstruction and +Development (IBRD), International Development Association (IDA), +and International Finance Corporation (IFC) + +********** + +World Confederation of Labor (WCL) + +established - 19 June 1920 as the International Federation of +Christian Trade Unions (IFCTU), renamed 4 October 1968 + +aim - to promote the trade union movement + +members - (96 national organizations) Algeria, Angola, Antigua +and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, +Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bonaire Island, Botswana, Brazil, +Burkina, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, +Chad, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curacao, Cyprus, +Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, France, +French Guiana, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guadaloupe, +Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Indonesia, +Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, +Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Martinique, Mauritius, +Mexico, Montserrat, Namibia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, +Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, +Portugal, Puerto Rico, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint +Lucia, Saint Martin, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, +Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, +Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, UK, US, Uruguay, +Venezuela, Vietnam, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +World Court +<p>see International Court of Justice (ICJ) + +********** + +World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) + +established - NA 1945 + +aim - to promote the trade union movement + +members - (67) Afghanistan, Angola, Argentina, Australia, +Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina, Cambodia, +Chile, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Dominican +Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, The Gambia, +Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, +Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, North Korea, +Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mongolia, Namibia, +Nepal, Nicaragua, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, +Philippines, Puerto Rico, Russia, Saint Vincent and the +Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Solomon Islands, South Africa, +Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela, +Vietnam, Yemen, Zaire + +********** + +World Food Council (WFC) + +established - 17 December 1974 + +aim - ECOSOC organization that studies world food problems and +recommends solutions + +members - (36) selected on a rotating basis from all regions + +********** + +World Food Program (WFP) + +established - 24 November 1961 + +aim - ECOSOC organization that provides food aid to assist in +development or disaster relief + +members - (30) selected on a rotating basis from all regions + +********** + +World Health Organization (WHO) + +established - 22 July 1946 + +effective - 7 April 1948 + +aim - UN specialized agency concerned with health matters + +members - (164) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan, +Belize, Bosnia and Hercegovina, China, Croatia, Estonia, +Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, +Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, +Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan; other members are +Cook Islands, Kiribati, Monaco, Switzerland, Tonga + +********** + +World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) + +established - 14 July 1967 + +effective - 26 April 1970 + +aim - UN specialized agency concerned with the protection of +literary, artistic, and scientific works + +members - (125) Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, +The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, +Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central +African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa +Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El +Salvador, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, +Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Honduras, +Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, +Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South +Korea, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, +Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, +Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, +Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, +Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, +Russia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, +Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, +Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, +Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, +US, Uruguay, Vatican City, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, +Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + +********** + +World Meteorological Organization (WMO) + +established - 11 October 1947 + +effective - 4 April 1951 + +aim - specialized UN agency concerned with meteorological +cooperation + +members - (162) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan, +Bhutan, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Croatia, Equatorial Guinea, +Estonia, Grenada, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, +Lithuania, Moldova, Namibia, Poland, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint +Vincent and the Grenadines, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, +Uzbekistan, Western Samoa; South Africa is included although WMO +membership is suspended; other members are British Caribbean +Territories, French Polynesia, Hong Kong, Slovenia, Netherlands +Antilles, New Caledonia, Switzerland + +********** + +World Tourism Organization (WTO) + +established - 2 January 1975 + +aim - promote tourism as a means of contributing to economic +development, international understanding, and peace + +members - (102) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, +Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, +Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chad, Chile, China, +Colombia, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, +Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, +Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guinea, Haiti, Hungary, India, Indonesia, +Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, +Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, +Lesotho, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Malta, +Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, +Netherlands, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Portugal, +Romania, Russia, Rwanda, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, +Senegal, Sierra Leone, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Switzerland, +Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, US, Uruguay, +Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe + +associate members - (4) Aruba, Macau, Netherlands Antilles, +Puerto Rico + +permanent observer - (1) Vatican City + +********** + +Zangger Committee (ZC) + +established - early 1970s + +aim - to establish guidelines for the export control provisions +of the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty + +members - (23) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, +Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, +Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, +Romania, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US + + + Appendix D: Weights and Measures +Mathematical Notation +Mathematical Power Name +10^18 or 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 one quintillion +10^15 or 1,000,000,000,000,000 one quadrillion +10^12 or 1,000,000,000,000 one trillion +10^9 or 1,000,000,000 one billion +10^6 or 1,000,000 one million +10^3 or 1,000 one thousand +10^2 or 100 one hundred +10^1 or 10 ten +10^0 or 1 one +10^-1 or 0.1 one tenth +10^-2 or 0.01 one hundredth +10^-3 or 0.001 one thousandth +10^-6 or 0.000 001 one millionth +10^-9 or 0.000 000 001 one billionth +10^-12 or 0.000 000 000 001 one trillionth +10^-15 or 0.000 000 000 000 001 one quadrillionth +10^-18 or 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 one quintillionth +Metric Interrelationships +Conversions from a multiple or submultiple to the basic units of meters, +liters, or grams can be done using the table. For example, to convert from +kilometers to meters, multiply by 1,000 (9.26 kilometers equals 9,260 +meters) or to convert from meters to kilometers, multiply by 0.001 (9,260 +meters equals 9.26 kilometers) +Prefix Symbol Length, Area Volume + weight, + capacity +exa E 10^18 10^36 10^54 +peta P 10^15 10^30 10^45 +tera T 10^12 10^24 10^36 +giga G 10^9 10^18 10^27 +mega M 10^6 10^12 10^18 +hectokilo hk 10^5 10^10 10^15 +myria ma 10^4 10^8 10^12 +kilo k 10^3 10^6 10^9 +hecto h 10^2 10^4 10^6 +basic unit - 1 meter, 1 meter^2 1 meter^3 + 1 gram, + 1 liter +deci d 10^-1 10^-2 10^-3 +centi c 10^-2 10^-4 10^-6 +milli m 10^-3 10^-6 10^-9 +decimilli dm 10^-4 10^-8 10^-12 +centimilli cm 10^-5 10^-10 10^-15 +micro u 10^-6 10^-12 10^-18 +nano n 10^-9 10^-18 10^-27 +pico p 10^-12 10^-24 10^-36 +femto f 10^-15 10^-30 10^-45 +atto a 10^-18 10^-36 10^-54 + +Equivalents + +Unit Metric Equivalent US Equivalent +acre 0.404 685 64 hectares 43,560 feet^2 +acre 4,046,856 4 meters^2 4,840 yards^2 +acre 0.004 046 856 4 0.001 562 5 miles^2, + kilometers^2 statute +are 100 meters^2 119.599 yards^2 +barrel (petroleum, US) 158.987 29 liters 42 gallons +barrel (proof spirits, 151.416 47 liters 40 gallons +US) +barrel (beer, US) 117.347 77 liters 31 gallons +bushel 35.239 07 liters 4 pecks +cable 219.456 meters 120 fathoms +chain (surveyor's) 20.116 8 meters 66 feet +cord (wood) 3.624 556 meters^3 128 feet^3 +cup 0.236 588 2 liters 8 ounces, liquid (US) +degrees, celsius (water boils at 100. multiply by 1.8 and add + degrees C, freezes at 0. C) 32 to obtain .F +degrees, fahrenheit subtract 32 and divide by (water boils at 212 .F, + 1.8 to obtain .C freezes at 32 .F) +dram, avoirdupois 1.771 845 2 grams 0.062 5 ounces, avoirdupois +dram, troy 3.887 934 6 grams 0.125 ounces, troy +dram, liquid (US) 3.696 69 milliliters 0.125 ounces, liquid +fathom 1.828 8 meters 6 feet +foot 30.48 centimeters +foot 0.304 8 meters 0.333 333 3 yards +foot 0.000 304 8 kilometers 0.000 189 39 miles, + statute +foot^2 929.030 4 centimeters^2 144 inches^2 +foot 2 0.092 903 04 meters^2 0.111 111 1 yards^2 +foot^3 28.316 846 592 liters 7.480 519 gallons +foot^3 0.028 316 847 meters^3 1,728 inches^3 +furlong 201.168 meters 220 yards +gallon, liquid (US) 3.785 411 784 liters 4 quarts, liquid +gill (US) 118.294 118 milliliters 4 ounces, liquid +grain 64.798 91 milligrams 0.002 285 71 ounces, + advp. +gram 1,000 milligrams 0.035 273 96 ounces, + advp. +hand (height of horse) 10.16 centimeters 4 inches +hectare 10,000 meters^2 2.471 053 8 acres +hundredweight, long 50.802 345 kilograms 112 pounds, avoirdupois +hundredweight, short 45.359 237 kilograms 100 pounds, avoirdupois +inch 2.54 centimeters 0.083 333 33 feet +inch2 6.451 6 centimeters^2 0.006 944 44 feet^2 +inch3 16.387 064 centimeters^3 0.000 578 7 feet^3 +inch3 16.387 064 milliliters 0.029 761 6 pints, dry +inch3 16.387 064 milliliters 0.034 632 0 pints, liquid +kilogram 0.001 tons, metric 2.204 623 pounds, + avoirdupois +kilometer 1,000 meters 0.621 371 19 miles, + statute +kilometer^2 100 hectares 247.105 38 acres +kilometer^2 1,000,000 meters^2 0.386 102 16 miles^2, + statute +knot (1 nautical 1.852 kilometers/hour 1.151 statute miles/hour +mi/hr) +league, nautical 5.559 552 kilometers 3 miles, nautical +league, statute 4.828.032 kilometers 3 miles, statute +link (surveyor's) 20.116 8 centimeters 7.92 inches +liter 0.001 meters^3 61.023 74 inches^3 +liter 0.1 dekaliter 0.908 083 quarts, dry +liter 1,000 milliliters 1.056 688 quarts, liquid +meter 100 centimeters 1.093 613 yards +meter^2 10,000 centimeters^2 1.195 990 yards^2 +meter^3 1,000 liters 1.307 951 yards^3 +micron 0.000 001 meter 0.000 039 4 inches +mil 0.025 4 millimeters 0.001 inch +mile, nautical 1.852 kilometers 1.150 779 4 miles, + statute +mile^2, nautical 3.429 904 kilometers^2 1.325 miles^2, statute +mile, statute 1.609 344 kilometers 5,280 feet or 8 furlongs +mile^2, statute 258.998 811 hectares 640 acres or 1 section +mile^2, statute 2.589 988 11 kilometers^2 0.755 miles^2, nautical +minim (US) 0.061 611 52 milliliters 0.002 083 33 ounces, + liquid +ounce, avoirdupois 28.349 523 125 grams 437.5 grains +ounce, liquid (US) 29.573 53 milliliters 0.062 5 pints, liquid +ounce, troy 31.103 476 8 grams 480 grains +pace 76.2 centimeters 30 inches +peck 8.809 767 5 liters 8 quarts, dry +pennyweight 1.555 173 84 grams 24 grains +pint, dry (US) 0.550 610 47 liters 0.5 quarts, dry +pint, liquid (US) 0.473 176 473 liters 0.5 quarts, liquid +point (typographical) 0.351 459 8 millimeters 0.013 837 inches +pound, avoirdupois 453.592 37 grams 16 ounces, avourdupois +pound, troy 373.241 721 6 grams 12 ounces, troy +quart, dry (US) 1.101 221 liters 2 pints, dry +quart, liquid (US) 0.946 352 946 liters 2 pints, liquid +quintal 100 kilograms 220.462 26 pounds, avdp. +rod 5.029 2 meters 5.5 yards +scruple 1.295 978 2 grams 20 grains +section (US) 2.589 988 1 kilometers^2 1 mile2, statute or 640 + acres +span 22.86 centimeters 9 inches +stere 1 meter3 1.307 95 yards^3 +tablespoon 14.786 76 milliliters 3 teaspoons +teaspoon 4.928 922 milliliters 0.333 333 tablespoons +ton, long or 1,016.046 909 kilograms 2,240 pounds, avoirdupois +deadweight + +ton, metric 1,000 kilograms 2,204.623 pounds, + avoirdupois +ton, metric 1,000 kilograms 32,150.75 ounces, troy +ton, register 2.831 684 7 meters^3 100 feet^3 +ton, short 907.184 74 kilograms 2,000 pounds, avoirdupois +township (US) 93.239 572 kilometers^2 36 miles^2, statute +yard 0.914 4 meters 3 feet +yard^2 0.836 127 36 meters^2 9 feet^2 +yard^3 0.764 554 86 meters^3 27 feet^3 +yard^3 764.554 857 984 liters 201.974 gallons + + +********** + +Appendix E + +Cross-Reference List of Geographic Names + + This list indicates where various names including all United States +Foreign Service Posts, alternate names, former names, and political or +geographical portions of larger entities can be found in The World +Factbook. Spellings are not necessarily those approved by the United +States Board on Geographic Names (BGN). Alternate names are included in +parentheses; additional information is included in brackets. + +Name Entry in The World Factbook + +Abidjan [US Embassy] Ivory Coast +Abu Dhabi [US Embassy] United Arab Emirates +Acapulco [US Consular Agency] Mexico +Accra [US Embassy] Ghana +Adana [US Consulate] Turkey +Addis Ababa [US Embassy] Ethiopia +Adelaide [US Consular Agency] Australia +Adelie Land (Terre Adelie) Antarctica + [claimed by France] +Aden Yemen +Aden, Gulf of Indian Ocean +Admiralty Islands Papua New Guinea +Adriatic Sea Atlantic Ocean +Aegean Islands Greece +Aegean Sea Atlantic Ocean +Afars and Issas, French Djibouti + Territory of the (F.T.A.I.) +Agalega Islands Mauritius +Aland Islands Finland +Alaska United States +Alaska, Gulf of Pacific Ocean +Aldabra Islands Seychelles +Alderney Guernsey +Aleutian Islands United States +Alexander Island Antarctica +Alexandria [US Consulate General] Egypt +Algiers [US Embassy] Algeria +Alhucemas, Penon de Spain +Alma-Ata Kazakhstan +Alphonse Island Seychelles +Amami Strait Pacific Ocean +Amindivi Islands India +Amirante Isles Seychelles +Amman [US Embassy] Jordan +Amsterdam [US Consulate General] Netherlands +Amsterdam Island (Ile Amsterdam) French Southern and Antarctic Lands +Amundsen Sea Pacific Ocean +Amur China; Russia +Andaman Islands India +Andaman Sea Indian Ocean +Anegada Passage Atlantic Ocean +Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Sudan +Anjouan Comoros +Ankara [US Embassy] Turkey +Annobon Equatorial Guinea +Antananarivo [US Embassy] Madagascar +Antipodes Islands New Zealand +Antwerp [US Consulate General] Belgium +Aozou Strip [claimed by Libya] Chad +Aqaba, Gulf of Indian Ocean +Arabian Sea Indian Ocean +Arafura Sea Pacific Ocean +Argun China; Russia +Ascension Island Saint Helena +Ashgabat (Ashkhabad) Turkmenistan +Ashkhabad [Interim Chancery] Turkmenistan +Assumption Island Seychelles +Asuncion [US Embassy] Paraguay +Asuncion Island Northern Mariana Islands +Atacama Chile +Athens [US Embassy] Greece +Attu United States +Auckland [US Consulate General] New Zealand +Auckland Islands New Zealand +Australes Iles (Iles Tubuai) French Polynesia +Axel Heiberg Island Canada +Azores Portugal +Azov, Sea of Atlantic Ocean + +Bab el Mandeb Indian Ocean +Babuyan Channel Pacific Ocean +Babuyan Islands Philippines +Baffin Bay Arctic Ocean +Baffin Island Canada +Baghdad Iraq +Baku Azerbaijan +Baky (Baku) Azerbaijan +Balabac Strait Pacific Ocean +Balearic Islands Spain +Balearic Sea (Iberian Sea) Atlantic Ocean +Bali [US Consular Agency] Indonesia +Bali Sea Indian Ocean +Balintang Channel Pacific Ocean +Balintang Islands Philippines +Balleny Islands Antarctica +Balochistan Pakistan +Baltic Sea Atlantic Ocean +Bamako [US Embassy] Mali +Banaba (Ocean Island) Kiribati +Bandar Seri Begawan [US Embassy] Brunei +Banda Sea Pacific Ocean +Bangkok [US Embassy] Thailand +Bangui [US Embassy] Central African Republic +Banjul [US Embassy] Gambia, The +Banks Island Canada +Banks Islands (Iles Banks) Vanuatu +Barcelona [US Consulate General] Spain +Barents Sea Arctic Ocean +Barranquilla [US Consulate] Colombia +Bashi Channel Pacific Ocean +Basilan Strait Pacific Ocean +Bass Strait Indian Ocean +Batan Islands Philippines +Bavaria (Bayern) Germany +Beagle Channel Atlantic Ocean +Bear Island (Bjornoya) Svalbard +Beaufort Sea Arctic Ocean +Bechuanaland Botswana +Beijing [US Embassy] China +Beirut [US Embassy] Lebanon +Belau Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the + (Palau) +Belem [US Consular Agency] Brazil +Belep Islands (Iles Belep) New Caledonia +Belfast [US Consulate General] United Kingdom +Belgian Congo Zaire +Belgrade [US Embassy] Yugoslavia +Belize City [US Embassy] Belize +Belle Isle, Strait of Atlantic Ocean +Bellinghausen Sea Pacific Ocean +Belmopan Belize +Belorussia Belarus +Bengal, Bay of Indian Ocean +Bering Sea Pacific Ocean +Bering Strait Pacific Ocean +Berkner Island Antarctica +Berlin [US Branch Office] Germany +Berlin, East Germany +Berlin, West Germany +Bern [US Embassy] Switzerland +Bessarabia Romania; Moldova +Bijagos, Arquipelago dos Guinea-Bissau +Bikini Atoll Marshall Islands +Bilbao [US Consulate] Spain +Bioko Equatorial Guinea +Biscay, Bay of Atlantic Ocean +Bishbek [Interim Chancery] Kyrgyzstan +Bishop Rock United Kingdom +Bismarck Archipelago Papua New Guinea +Bismarck Sea Pacific Ocean +Bissau [US Embassy] Guinea-Bissau +Bjornoya (Bear Island) Svalbard +Black Rock Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) +Black Sea Atlantic Ocean +Boa Vista Cape Verde +Bogota [US Embassy] Colombia +Bombay [US Consulate General] India +Bonaire Netherlands Antilles +Bonifacio, Strait of Atlantic Ocean +Bonin Islands Japan +Bonn [US Embassy] Germany +Bophuthatswana South Africa +Bora-Bora French Polynesia +Bordeaux [US Consulate General] France +Borneo Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia +Bornholm Denmark +Bosporus Atlantic Ocean +Bothnia, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean +Bougainville Island Papua New Guinea +Bougainville Strait Pacific Ocean +Bounty Islands New Zealand +Brasilia [US Embassy] Brazil +Brazzaville [US Embassy] Congo +Bridgetown [US Embassy] Barbados +Brisbane [US Consulate] Australia +British East Africa Kenya +British Guiana Guyana +British Honduras Belize +British Solomon Islands Solomon Islands +British Somaliland Somalia +Brussels [US Embassy, US Mission Belgium + to European Communities, US + Mission to the North Atlantic + Treaty Organization (USNATO)] +Bucharest [US Embassy] Romania +Budapest [US Embassy] Hungary +Buenos Aires [US Embassy] Argentina +Bujumbura [US Embassy] Burundi +Byelorussia Belarus + +Cabinda Angola +Cabot Strait Atlantic Ocean +Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands +Cairo [US Embassy] Egypt +Calcutta [US Consulate General] India +Calgary [US Consulate General] Canada +California, Gulf of Pacific Ocean +Campbell Island New Zealand +Canal Zone Panama +Canary Islands Spain +Canberra [US Embassy] Australia +Cancun [US Consular Agency] Mexico +Canton (Guangzhou) China +Canton Island Kiribati +Cape Town [US Consulate General] South Africa +Caracas [US Embassy] Venezuela +Cargados Carajos Shoals Mauritius +Caroline Islands Micronesia, Federated States of; + Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the +Caribbean Sea Atlantic Ocean +Carpentaria, Gulf of Pacific Ocean +Casablanca [US Consulate General] Morocco +Cato Island Australia +Cebu [US Consulate] Philippines +Celebes Indonesia +Celebes Sea Pacific Ocean +Celtic Sea Atlantic Ocean +Central African Empire Central African Republic +Ceuta Spain +Ceylon Sri Lanka +Chafarinas, Islas Spain +Chagos Archipelago (Oil Islands) British Indian Ocean Territory +Channel Islands Guernsey; Jersey +Chatham Islands New Zealand +Cheju-do Korea, South +Cheju Strait Pacific Ocean +Chengdu [US Consulate General] China +Chesterfield Islands New Caledonia + (Iles Chesterfield) +Chiang Mai [US Consulate General] Thailand +Chihli, Gulf of (Bo Hai) Pacific Ocean +China, People's Republic of China +China, Republic of Taiwan +Choiseul Solomon Islands +Christchurch [US Consular Agency] New Zealand +Christmas Island [Indian Ocean] Australia +Christmas Island [Pacific Ocean] Kiribati + (Kiritimati) +Chukchi Sea Arctic Ocean +Ciskei South Africa +Ciudad Juarez [US Consulate Mexico + General] +Cochabamba [US Consular Agency] Bolivia +Coco, Isla del Costa Rica +Cocos Islands Cocos (Keeling) Islands +Colombo [US Embassy] Sri Lanka +Colon [US Consular Agency] Panama +Colon, Archipielago de Ecuador + (Galapagos Islands) +Commander Islands Russia + (Komandorskiye Ostrova) +Conakry [US Embassy] Guinea +Congo (Brazzaville) Congo +Congo (Kinshasa) Zaire +Congo (Leopoldville) Zaire +Con Son Islands Vietnam +Cook Strait Pacific Ocean +Copenhagen [US Embassy] Denmark +Coral Sea Pacific Ocean +Corn Islands (Islas del Maiz) Nicaragua +Corsica France +Cosmoledo Group Seychelles +Cote d'Ivoire Ivory Coast +Cotonou [US Embassy] Benin +Crete Greece +Crooked Island Passage Atlantic Ocean +Crozet Islands (Iles Crozet) French Southern and Antarctic Lands +Curacao [US Consulate General] Netherlands Antilles +Cusco [US Consular Agency] Peru + +Dahomey Benin +Daito Islands Japan +Dakar [US Embassy] Senegal +Daman (Damao) India +Damascus [US Embassy] Syria +Danger Atoll Cook Islands +Danish Straits Atlantic Ocean +Danzig (Gdansk) Poland +Dao Bach Long Vi Vietnam +Dardanelles Atlantic Ocean +Dar es Salaam [US Embassy] Tanzania +Davis Strait Atlantic Ocean +Deception Island Antarctica +Denmark Strait Atlantic Ocean +D'Entrecasteaux Islands Papua New Guinea +Devon Island Canada +Dhahran [US Consulate General] Saudi Arabia +Dhaka [US Embassy] Bangladesh +Diego Garcia British Indian Ocean Territory +Diego Ramirez Chile +Diomede Islands Russia [Big Diomede]; United States + [Little Diomede] +Diu India +Djibouti [US Embassy] Djibouti +Dodecanese Greece +Doha [US Embassy] Qatar +Douala [US Consulate General] Cameroon +Dover, Strait of Atlantic Ocean +Drake Passage Atlantic Ocean +Dubai [US Consulate General] United Arab Emirates +Dublin [US Embassy] Ireland +Durango [US Consular Agency] Mexico +Durban [US Consulate General] South Africa +Dushanbe Tajikistan +Dusseldorf [US Consulate General] Germany +Dutch East Indies Indonesia +Dutch Guiana Suriname + +East China Sea Pacific Ocean +Easter Island (Isla de Pascua) Chile +Eastern Channel (East Korea Pacific Ocean + Strait or Tsushima Strait) +East Germany (German Democratic Germany + Republic) +East Korea Strait (Eastern Pacific Ocean + Channel or Tsushima Strait) +East Pakistan Bangladesh +East Siberian Sea Arctic Ocean +East Timor (Portuguese Timor) Indonesia +Edinburgh [US Consulate General] United Kingdom +Elba Italy +Ellef Ringnes Island Canada +Ellesmere Island Canada +Ellice Islands Tuvalu +Elobey, Islas de Equatorial Guinea +Enderbury Island Kiribati +Enewetak Atoll (Eniwetok Atoll) Marshall Islands +England United Kingdom +English Channel Atlantic Ocean +Eniwetok Atoll Marshall Islands +Epirus, Northern Albania; Greece +Eritrea Ethiopia +Essequibo [claimed by Venezuela] Guyana +Etorofu Russia[de facto] + +Farquhar Group Seychelles +Fernando de Noronha Brazil +Fernando Po (Bioko) Equatorial Guinea +Finland, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean +Florence [US Consulate General] Italy +Florida, Straits of Atlantic Ocean +Formosa Taiwan +Formosa Strait (Taiwan Strait) Pacific Ocean +Fort-de-France Martinique + [US Consulate General] +Frankfurt am Main Germany + [US Consulate General] +Franz Josef Land Russia +Freetown [US Embassy] Sierra Leone +French Cameroon Cameroon +French Indochina Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam +French Guinea Guinea +French Sudan Mali +French Territory of the Afars Djibouti + and Issas (F.T.A.I.) +French Togo Togo +Friendly Islands Tonga +Frunze (Bishkek) Kyrgyzstan +Fukuoka [US Consulate] Japan +Funchal [US Consular Agency] Portugal +Fundy, Bay of Atlantic Ocean +Futuna Islands (Hoorn Islands) Wallis and Futuna + +Gaborone [US Embassy] Botswana +Galapagos Islands (Archipielago Ecuador + de Colon) +Galleons Passage Atlantic Ocean +Gambier Islands (Iles Gambier) French Polynesia +Gaspar Strait Indian Ocean +Geneva [Branch Office of the US Switzerland + Embassy, US Mission to European + Office of the UN and Other + International Organizations] +Genoa [US Consulate General] Italy +George Town [US Consular Agency] Cayman Islands +Georgetown [US Embassy] Guyana +German Democratic Republic Germany + (East Germany) +German Federal Republic of Germany + (West Germany) +Gibraltar, Strait of Atlantic Ocean +Gilbert Islands Kiribati +Goa India +Gold Coast Ghana +Golan Heights Syria +Good Hope, Cape of South Africa +Goteborg [US Consulate General] Sweden +Gotland Sweden +Gough Island Saint Helena +Grand Banks Atlantic Ocean +Grand Cayman Cayman Islands +Grand Turk [US Consular Agency] Turks and Caicos Islands +Great Australian Bight Indian Ocean +Great Belt (Store Baelt) Atlantic Ocean +Great Britain United Kingdom +Great Channel Indian Ocean +Greater Sunda Islands Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia +Green Islands Papua New Guinea +Greenland Sea Arctic Ocean +Grenadines, Northern Saint Vincent and the Grenadines +Grenadines, Southern Grenada +Guadalajara Mexico + [US Consulate General] +Guadalcanal Solomon Islands +Guadalupe, Isla de Mexico +Guangzhou [US Consulate General] China +Guantanamo [US Naval Base] Cuba +Guatemala [US Embassy] Guatemala +Gubal, Strait of Indian Ocean +Guinea, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean +Guayaquil [US Consulate General] Ecuador + +Ha'apai Group Tonga +Habomai Islands Russia[de facto] +Hague,The [US Embassy] Netherlands +Haifa [US Consular Agency] Israel +Hainan Dao China +Halifax [US Consulate General] Canada +Halmahera Indonesia +Hamburg [US Consulate General] Germany +Hamilton [US Consulate General] Bermuda +Hanoi Vietnam +Harare [US Embassy] Zimbabwe +Hatay Turkey +Havana [US post not maintained, Cuba + representation by US Interests + Section (USINT) of the Swiss + Embassy] +Hawaii United States +Heard Island Heard Island and McDonald Islands +Helsinki [US Embassy] Finland +Hermosillo [US Consulate] Mexico +Hispaniola Dominican Republic; Haiti +Hokkaido Japan +Holy See, The Vatican City +Hong Kong [US Consulate General] Hong Kong +Honiara [US Consulate] Solomon Islands +Honshu Japan +Hormuz, Strait of Indian Ocean +Horn, Cape (Cabo de Hornos) Chile +Horne, Iles de Wallis and Futuna +Horn of Africa Ethiopia; Somalia +Hudson Bay Arctic Ocean +Hudson Strait Arctic Ocean + +Inaccessible Island Saint Helena +Indochina Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam +Inner Mongolia (Nei Mongol) China +Ionian Islands Greece +Ionian Sea Atlantic Ocean +Irian Jaya Indonesia +Irish Sea Atlantic Ocean +Islamabad [US Embassy] Pakistan +Islas Malvinas Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) +Istanbul [US Consulate General] Turkey +Italian Somaliland Somalia +Iwo Jima Japan +Izmir [US Consulate General] Turkey + +Jakarta [US Embassy] Indonesia +Japan, Sea of Pacific Ocean +Java Indonesia +Java Sea Indian Ocean +Jeddah [US Consulate General] Saudi Arabia +Jerusalem [US Consulate General] Israel; West Bank +Johannesburg South Africa + [US Consulate General] +Juan de Fuca, Strait of Pacific Ocean +Juan Fernandez, Isla de Chile +Juventud, Isla de la Cuba + (Isle of Youth) + +Kabul [US Embassy now closed] Afghanistan +Kaduna [US Consulate General] Nigeria +Kalimantan Indonesia +Kamchatka Peninsula Russia + (Poluostrov Kamchatka) +Kampala [US Embassy] Uganda +Kampuchea Cambodia +Karachi [US Consulate General] Pakistan +Kara Sea Arctic Ocean +Karimata Strait Indian Ocean +Kathmandu [US Embassy] Nepal +Kattegat Atlantic Ocean +Kauai Channel Pacific Ocean +Keeling Islands Cocos (Keeling) Islands +Kerguelen, Iles French Southern and Antarctic Lands +Kermadec Islands New Zealand +Khabarovsk Russia +Khartoum [US Embassy] Sudan +Khmer Republic Cambodia +Khuriya Muriya Islands Oman + (Kuria Muria Islands) +Khyber Pass Pakistan +Kiel Canal (Nord-Ostsee Kanal) Atlantic Ocean +Kiev [Chancery] Ukraine +Kigali [US Embassy] Rwanda +Kingston [US Embassy] Jamaica +Kinshasa [US Embassy] Zaire +Kirghiziya Kyrgyzstan +Kiritimati (Christmas Island) Kiribati +Kishinev (Chicsinau) Moldova +Kithira Strait Atlantic Ocean +Kodiak Island United States +Kola Peninsula Russia + (Kol'skiy Poluostrov) +Kolonia [US Special Office] Micronesia, Federated States of +Korea Bay Pacific Ocean +Korea, Democratic People's Korea, North + Republic of +Korea, Republic of Korea, South +Korea Strait Pacific Ocean +Koror [US Special Office] Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of +Kosovo Yugoslavia +Kowloon Hong Kong +Krakow [US Consulate] Poland +Kuala Lumpur [US Embassy] Malaysia +Kunashiri (Kunashir) Russia [de facto] +Kuril Islands Russia [de facto] +Kuwait [US Embassy] Kuwait +Kwajalein Atoll Marshall Islands +Kyushu Japan +Kyyiv (Kiev) Ukraine + +Labrador Canada +Laccadive Islands India +Laccadive Sea Indian Ocean +La Coruna [US Consular Agency] Spain +Lagos [US Embassy] Nigeria +Lahore [US Consulate General] Pakistan +Lakshadweep India +La Paz [US Embassy] Bolivia +La Perouse Strait Pacific Ocean +Laptev Sea Arctic Ocean +Las Palmas [US Consular Agency] Spain +Lau Group Fiji +Leningrad see Saint Petersburg Russia + [US Consulate General] +Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesia +Leyte Philippines +Liancourt Rocks Korea, South + [claimed by Japan] +Libreville [US Embassy] Gabon +Ligurian Sea Atlantic Ocean +Lilongwe [US Embassy] Malawi +Lima [US Embassy] Peru +Lincoln Sea Arctic Ocean +Line Islands Kiribati; Palmyra Atoll +Lisbon [US Embassy] Portugal +Lombok Strait Indian Ocean +Lome [US Embassy] Togo +London [US Embassy] United Kingdom +Lord Howe Island Australia +Louisiade Archipelago Papua New Guinea +Loyalty Islands (Iles Loyaute) New Caledonia +Lubumbashi [US Consulate General] Zaire +Lusaka [US Embassy] Zambia +Luxembourg [US Embassy] Luxembourg +Luzon Philippines +Luzon Strait Pacific Ocean +Lyon [US Consulate General] France + +Macao Macau +Macedonia Bulgaria +Macquarie Island Australia +Madeira Islands Portugal +Madras [US Consulate General] India +Madrid [US Embassy] Spain +Magellan, Strait of Atlantic Ocean +Maghreb Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, + Tunisia +Mahe Island Seychelles +Maiz, Islas del (Corn Islands) Nicaragua +Majorca (Mallorca) Spain +Majuro [US Special Office] Marshall Islands +Makassar Strait Pacific Ocean +Malabo [US Embassy] Equatorial Guinea +Malacca, Strait of Indian Ocean +Malaga [US Consular Agency] Spain +Malagasy Republic Madagascar +Male [US post not maintained, Maldives + representation from Colombo, + Sri Lanka] +Mallorca (Majorca) Spain +Malpelo, Isla de Colombia +Malta Channel Atlantic Ocean +Malvinas, Islas Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) +Managua [US Embassy] Nicaragua +Manama [US Embassy] Bahrain +Manaus [US Consular Agency] Brazil +Manchukuo China +Manchuria China +Manila [US Embassy] Philippines +Manipa Strait Pacific Ocean +Mannar, Gulf of Indian Ocean +Manua Islands American Samoa +Maputo [US Embassy] Mozambique +Maracaibo [US Consulate] Venezuela +Marcus Island (Minami-tori-shima) Japan +Mariana Islands Guam; Northern Mariana Islands +Marion Island South Africa +Marmara, Sea of Atlantic Ocean +Marquesas Islands French Polynesia + (Iles Marquises) +Marseille [US Consulate General] France +Martin Vaz, Ilhas Brazil +Mas a Tierra Chile + (Robinson Crusoe Island) +Mascarene Islands Mauritius; Reunion +Maseru [US Embassy] Lesotho +Matamoros [US Consulate] Mexico +Mazatlan [US Consulate] Mexico +Mbabane [US Embassy] Swaziland +McDonald Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands +Medan [US Consulate] Indonesia +Mediterranean Sea Atlantic Ocean +Melbourne [US Consulate General] Australia +Melilla Spain +Mensk (Minsk) Belarus +Merida [US Consulate] Mexico +Messina, Strait of Atlantic Ocean +Mexico [US Embassy] Mexico +Mexico, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean +Milan [US Consulate General] Italy +Minami-tori-shima Japan +Mindanao Philippines +Mindoro Strait Pacific Ocean +Minicoy Island India +Minsk Byelarus +Mogadishu [US Embassy] Somalia +Moldovia Moldova +Mombasa [US Consulate] Kenya +Mona Passage Atlantic Ocean +Monrovia [US Embassy] Liberia +Montego Bay [US Consular Agency] Jamaica +Montenegro Serbia and Montenegro +Monterrey [US Consulate General] Mexico +Montevideo [US Embassy] Uruguay +Montreal [US Consulate General, Canada + US Mission to the International + Civil Aviation Organization + (ICAO)] +Moravian Gate Czechoslovakia +Moroni [US Embassy] Comoros +Mortlock Islands Micronesia, Federated States of +Moscow [US Embassy] Russia +Mozambique Channel Indian Ocean +Mulege [US Consular Agency] Mexico +Munich [US Consulate General] Germany +Musandam Peninsula Oman; United Arab Emirates +Muscat [US Embassy] Oman +Muscat and Oman Oman +Myanma, Myanmar Burma + +Naha [US Consulate General] Japan +Nairobi [US Embassy] Kenya +Nampo-shoto Japan +Naples [US Consulate General] Italy +Nassau [US Embassy] Bahamas, The +Natuna Besar Islands Indonesia +N'Djamena [US Embassy] Chad +Netherlands East Indies Indonesia +Netherlands Guiana Suriname +Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis +New Delhi [US Embassy] India +Newfoundland Canada +New Guinea Indonesia; Papua New Guinea +New Hebrides Vanuatu +New Siberian Islands Russia +New Territories Hong Kong +New York, New York [US Mission United States + to the United Nations (USUN)] +Niamey [US Embassy] Niger +Nice [US Consular Agency] France +Nicobar Islands India +Nicosia [US Embassy] Cyprus +Nightingale Island Saint Helena +North Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean +North Channel Atlantic Ocean +Northeast Providence Channel Atlantic Ocean +Northern Epirus Albania; Greece +Northern Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines +Northern Ireland United Kingdom +Northern Rhodesia Zambia +North Island New Zealand +North Korea Korea, North +North Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean +North Sea Atlantic Ocean +North Vietnam Vietnam +Northwest Passages Arctic Ocean +North Yemen (Yemen Arab Republic) Yemen +Norwegian Sea Atlantic Ocean +Nouakchott [US Embassy] Mauritania +Novaya Zemlya Russia +Nuevo Laredo [US Consulate] Mexico +Nyasaland Malawi + +Oahu United States +Oaxaca [US Consular Agency] Mexico +Ocean Island (Banaba) Kiribati +Ocean Island (Kure Island) United States +Ogaden Ethiopia; Somalia +Oil Islands (Chagos Archipelago) British Indian Ocean Territory +Okhotsk, Sea of Pacific Ocean +Okinawa Japan +Oman, Gulf of Indian Ocean +Ombai Strait Pacific Ocean +Oporto [US Consulate] Portugal +Oran [US Consulate] Algeria +Oresund (The Sound) Atlantic Ocean +Orkney Islands United Kingdom +Osaka-Kobe [US Consulate General] Japan +Oslo [US Embassy] Norway +Otranto, Strait of Atlantic Ocean +Ottawa [US Embassy] Canada +Ouagadougou [US Embassy] Burkina +Outer Mongolia Mongolia + +Pagan Northern Mariana Islands +Palau Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the +Palawan Philippines +Palermo [US Consulate General] Italy +Palk Strait Indian Ocean +Palma de Mallorca Spain + [US Consular Agency] +Pamirs China; Tajikistan +Panama [US Embassy] Panama +Panama Canal Panama +Panama, Gulf of Pacific Ocean +Paramaribo [US Embassy] Suriname +Parece Vela Japan +Paris [US Embassy, US Mission to France + the Organization for Economic + Cooperation and Development + (OECD), US Observer Mission at + the UN Educational, Scientific, + and Cultural Organization + (UNESCO)] +Pascua, Isla de (Easter Island) Chile +Passion, Ile de la Clipperton Island +Pashtunistan Afghanistan; Pakistan +Peking (Beijing) China +Pemba Island Tanzania +Pentland Firth Atlantic Ocean +Perim Yemen +Perouse Strait, La Pacific Ocean +Persian Gulf Indian Ocean +Perth [US Consulate] Australia +Pescadores Taiwan +Peshawar [US Consulate] Pakistan +Peter I Island Antarctica +Philip Island Norfolk Island +Philippine Sea Pacific Ocean +Phoenix Islands Kiribati +Pines, Isle of Cuba + (Isla de la Juventud) +Piura [US Consular Agency] Peru +Pleasant Island Nauru +Ponape (Pohnpei) Micronesia +Ponta Delgada [US Consulate] Portugal +Port-au-Prince [US Embassy] Haiti +Port Louis [US Embassy] Mauritius +Port Moresby [US Embassy] Papua New Guinea +Porto Alegre [US Consulate] Brazil +Port-of-Spain [US Embassy] Trinidad and Tobago +Port Said [US Consular Agency] Egypt +Portuguese Guinea Guinea-Bissau +Portuguese Timor (East Timor) Indonesia +Poznan [US Consulate] Poland +Prague [US Embassy] Czechoslovakia +Praia [US Embassy] Cape Verde +Pretoria [US Embassy] South Africa +Pribilof Islands United States +Prince Edward Island Canada +Prince Edward Islands South Africa +Prince Patrick Island Canada +Principe Sao Tome and Principe +Puerto Plata [US Consular Agency] Dominican Republic +Puerto Vallarta Mexico + [US Consular Agency] +Pusan [US Consulate] South Korea +P'yongyang Korea, North + +Quebec [US Consulate General] Canada +Queen Charlotte Islands Canada +Queen Elizabeth Islands Canada +Queen Maud Land Antarctica + [claimed by Norway] +Quito [US Embassy] Ecuador + +Rabat [US Embassy] Morocco +Ralik Chain Marshall Islands +Rangoon [US Embassy] Burma +Ratak Chain Marshall Islands +Recife [US Consulate] Brazil +Redonda Antigua and Barbuda +Red Sea Indian Ocean +Revillagigedo Island United States +Revillagigedo Islands Mexico +Reykjavik [US Embassy] Iceland +Rhodes Greece +Rhodesia Zimbabwe +Rhodesia, Northern Zambia +Rhodesia, Southern Zimbabwe +Riga [Interim Chancery] Latvia +Rio de Janeiro Brazil + [US Consulate General] +Rio de Oro Western Sahara +Rio Muni Equatorial Guinea +Riyadh [US Embassy] Saudi Arabia +Robinson Crusoe Island Chile + (Mas a Tierra) +Rocas, Atol das Brazil +Rockall [disputed] United Kingdom +Rodrigues Mauritius +Rome [US Embassy, US Mission to Italy + the UN Agencies for Food and + Agriculture (FODAG)] +Roncador Cay Colombia +Roosevelt Island Antarctica +Ross Dependency Antarctica + [claimed by New Zealand] +Ross Island Antarctica +Ross Sea Antarctica +Rota Northern Mariana Islands +Rotuma Fiji +Ryukyu Islands Japan + +Saba Netherlands Antilles +Sabah Malaysia +Sable Island Canada +Sahel Burkina; Cape Verde; Chad; The Gambia; + Guinea-Bissau; Mali; Mauritania; + Niger; Senegal +Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City) Vietnam +Saint Brandon Mauritius +Saint Christopher and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis +Saint George's [US Embassy] Grenada +Saint George's Channel Atlantic Ocean +Saint John's [US Embassy] Antigua and Barbuda +Saint Lawrence, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean +Saint Lawrence Island United States +Saint Lawrence Seaway Atlantic Ocean +Saint Martin Guadeloupe +Saint Martin (Sint Maarten) Netherlands Antilles +Saint Paul Island Canada +Saint Paul Island United States +Saint Paul Island French Southern and Antarctic Lands + (Ile Saint-Paul) +Saint Peter and Saint Paul Rocks Brazil + (Penedos de Sao Pedro e + Sao Paulo) +Saint Petersburg Russia + [US Consulate General] +Saint Vincent Passage Atlantic Ocean +Saipan Northern Mariana Islands +Sakhalin Island (Ostrov Sakhalin) Russia +Sala y Gomez, Isla Chile +Salisbury (Harare) Zimbabwe +Salvador de Bahia Brazil + [US Consular Agency] +Salzburg [US Consulate General] Austria +Sanaa [US Embassy] Yemen +San Ambrosio Chile +San Andres y Providencia, Colombia + Archipielago +San Bernardino Strait Pacific Ocean +San Felix, Isla Chile +San Jose [US Embassy] Costa Rica +San Luis Potosi Mexico + [US Consular Agency] +San Miguel Allende Mexico + [US Consular Agency] +San Salvador [US Embassy] El Salvador +Santa Cruz [US Consular Agency] Bolivia +Santa Cruz Islands Solomon Islands +Santiago [US Embassy] Chile +Santo Domingo [US Embassy] Dominican Republic +Sao Luis [US Consular Agency] Brazil +Sao Paulo [US Consulate General] Brazil +Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo, Brazil + Penedos de +Sapporo [US Consulate General] Japan +Sapudi Strait Indian Ocean +Sarawak Malaysia +Sardinia Italy +Sargasso Sea Atlantic Ocean +Sark Guernsey +Scotia Sea Atlantic Ocean +Scotland United Kingdom +Scott Island Antarctica +Senyavin Islands Micronesia, Federated States of +Seoul [US Embassy] Korea, South +Serbia Serbia and Montenegro +Serrana Bank Colombia +Serranilla Bank Colombia +Severnaya Zemlya (Northland) Russia +Seville [US Consular Agency] Spain +Shag Island Heard Island and McDonald Islands +Shag Rocks Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) +Shanghai [US Consulate General] China +Shenyang [US Consulate General] China +Shetland Islands United Kingdom +Shikoku Japan +Shikotan (Shikotan-to) Japan +Siam Thailand +Sibutu Passage Pacific Ocean +Sicily Italy +Sicily, Strait of Atlantic Ocean +Sikkim India +Sinai Egypt +Singapore [US Embassy] Singapore +Singapore Strait Pacific Ocean +Sinkiang (Xinjiang) China +Sint Eustatius Netherlands Antilles +Sint Maarten (Saint Martin) Netherlands Antilles +Skagerrak Atlantic Ocean +Slovakia Czechoslovakia +Society Islands French Polynesia + (Iles de la Societe) +Socotra Yemen +Sofia [US Embassy] Bulgaria +Solomon Islands, northern Papua New Guinea +Solomon Islands, southern Solomon Islands +Soloman Sea Pacific Ocean +Songkhla [US Consulate] Thailand +Sound, The (Oresund) Atlantic Ocean +South Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean +South China Sea Pacific Ocean +Southern Grenadines Grenada +Southern Rhodesia Zimbabwe +South Georgia South Georgia and the South + Sandwich Islands +South Island New Zealand +South Korea Korea, South +South Orkney Islands Antarctica +South Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean +South Sandwich Islands South Georgia and the South + Sandwich Islands +South Shetland Islands Antarctica +South Tyrol Italy +South Vietnam Vietnam +South-West Africa Namibia +South Yemen (People's Democratic Yemen + Republic of Yemen) +Soviet Union Armenia, Azerbaijan, Byelarus, Estonia, + Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, + Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, + Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, + Uzbekistan +Spanish Guinea Equatorial Guinea +Spanish Sahara Western Sahara +Spitsbergen Svalbard +Stockholm [US Embassy] Sweden +Strasbourg [US Consulate General] France +Stuttgart [US Consulate General] Germany +Suez, Gulf of Indian Ocean +Sulu Archipelago Philippines +Sulu Sea Pacific Ocean +Sumatra Indonesia +Sumba Indonesia +Sunda Islands (Soenda Isles) Indonesia; Malaysia +Sunda Strait Indian Ocean +Surabaya [US Consulate] Indonesia +Surigao Strait Pacific Ocean +Surinam Suriname +Suva [US Embassy] Fiji +Swains Island American Samoa +Swan Islands Honduras +Sydney [US Consulate General] Australia + +Tahiti French Polynesia +Taipei Taiwan +Taiwan Strait Pacific Ocean +Tallin [Interim Chancery] Estonia +Tampico [US Consular Agency] Mexico +Tanganyika Tanzania +Tangier [US Consulate General] Morocco +Tarawa Kiribati +Tartar Strait Pacific Ocean +Tashkent [Interim Chancery] Uzbekistan +Tasmania Australia +Tasman Sea Pacific Ocean +Taymyr Peninsula Russia + (Poluostrov Taymyra) +Tegucigalpa [US Embassy] Honduras +Tehran [US post not maintained, Iran + representation by Swiss Embassy] +Tel Aviv [US Embassy] Israel +Terre Adelie (Adelie Land) Antarctica + [claimed by France] +Thailand, Gulf of Pacific Ocean +Thessaloniki Greece + [US Consulate General] +Thurston Island Antarctica +Tibet (Xizang) China +Tbilisi Georgia +Tierra del Fuego Argentina; Chile +Tijuana [US Consulate General] Mexico +Timor Indonesia +Timor Sea Indian Ocean +Tinian Northern Mariana Islands +Tiran, Strait of Indian Ocean +Tobago Trinidad and Tobago +Tokyo [US Embassy] Japan +Tonkin, Gulf of Pacific Ocean +Toronto [US Consulate General] Canada +Torres Strait Pacific Ocean +Toshkent (Tashkent) Uzbekistan +Trans-Jordan Jordan +Transkei South Africa +Transylvania Romania +Trieste [US Consular Agency] Italy +Trindade, Ilha de Brazil +Tripoli [US post not maintained, Libya + representation by Belgian + Embassy] +Tristan da Cunha Group Saint Helena +Trobriand Islands Papua New Guinea +Trucial States United Arab Emirates +Truk Islands Micronesia +Tsugaru Strait Pacific Ocean +Tuamotu Islands (Iles Tuamotu) French Polynesia +Tubuai Islands (Iles Tubuai) French Polynesia +Tunis [US Embassy] Tunisia +Turin [US Consulate] Italy +Turkish Straits Atlantic Ocean +Turkmeniya Turkmenistan +Turks Island Passage Atlantic Ocean +Tyrol, South Italy +Tyrrhenian Sea Atlantic Ocean + +Udorn [US Consulate] Thailand +Ulaanbaatar Mongolia +Ullung-do Korea, South +Unimak Pass [strait] Pacific Ocean +Union of Soviet Socialist Armenia, Azerbaijan, Byelarus, Estonia, + Republics Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, + Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, + Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, + Uzbekistan +United Arab Republic Egypt; Syria +Upper Volta Burkina +USSR Armenia, Azerbaijan, Byelarus, Estonia, + Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, + Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, + Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, + Uzbekistan +Vaduz [US post not maintained, Liechtenstein + representation from Zurich, + Switzerland] +Vakhan Corridor (Wakhan) Afghanistan +Valencia [US Consular Agency] Spain +Valletta [US Embassy] Malta +Vancouver [US Consulate General] Canada +Vancouver Island Canada +Van Diemen Strait Pacific Ocean +Vatican City [US Embassy] Vatican City +Velez de la Gomera, Penon de Spain +Venda South Africa +Veracruz [US Consular Agency] Mexico +Verde Island Passage Pacific Ocean +Victoria [US Embassy] Seychelles +Vienna [US Embassy, US Mission Austria + to International Organizations + in Vienna (UNVIE)] +Vientiane [US Embassy] Laos +Vilnius [Interim Chancery] Lithuania +Volcano Islands Japan +Vostok Island Kiribati +Vrangelya, Ostrov Russia + (Wrangel Island) + +Wakhan Corridor Afghanistan + (now Vakhan Corridor) +Wales United Kingdom +Walvis Bay South Africa +Warsaw [US Embassy] Poland +Washington, DC [The Permanent United States + Mission of the USA to the + Organization of American + States (OAS)] +Weddell Sea Atlantic Ocean +Wellington [US Embassy] New Zealand +Western Channel Pacific Ocean + (West Korea Strait) +West Germany (Federal Republic Germany + of Germany) +West Korea Strait Pacific Ocean + (Western Channel) +West Pakistan Pakistan +Wetar Strait Pacific Ocean +White Sea Arctic Ocean +Windhoek Namibia +Windward Passage Atlantic Ocean +Winnipeg [US Consular Agency] Canada +Wrangel Island (Ostrov Vrangelya) Russia [de facto] + +Yaounde [US Embassy] Cameroon +Yap Islands Micronesia +Yellow Sea Pacific Ocean +Yemen (Aden) [People's Democratic Yemen + Republic of Yemen] +Yemen Arab Republic Yemen +Yemen, North [Yemen Arab Yemen + Republic] +Yemen (Sanaa) [Yemen Arab Yemen + Republic] +Yemen, People's Democratic Yemen + Republic of +Yemen, South [People's Democratic Yemen + Republic of Yemen] +Yerevan Armenia +Youth, Isle of Cuba + (Isla de la Juventud) +Yucatan Channel Atlantic Ocean +Yugoslavia Bosnia and Hercegovina; Croatia; + Macedonia; Serbia and Montenegro; + Slovenia + +Zagreb [US Consulate General] Yugoslavia +Zanzibar Tanzania +Zurich [US Consulate General] Switzerland + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 48 *** |