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+Project Gutenberg's The Romance of Rubber, by United States Rubber Company
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Romance of Rubber
+
+Author: United States Rubber Company
+
+Editor: John Martin
+
+Posting Date: September 4, 2009 [EBook #4759]
+Release Date: December, 2003
+First Posted: March 13, 2002
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ROMANCE OF RUBBER ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Robert Rowe, Charles Franks and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team. HTML version by Al Haines.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE ROMANCE OF RUBBER
+
+EDITED BY JOHN MARTIN
+
+
+EDITOR OF JOHN MARTIN'S BOOK THE CHILD'S MAGAZINE
+
+
+PUBLISHED BY UNITED STATES RUBBER COMPANY
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+  1  THE DISCOVERY
+  2  CHARLES GOODYEAR
+  3  THE HEVEA TREE
+  4  WICKHAM'S IDEA
+  5  PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT
+  6  PLANTATION LIFE
+  7  HARVESTING THE RUBBER
+  8  A LAST WORD
+
+
+
+
+AN INTRODUCTORY NOTE
+
+We have undertaken to print this booklet, telling you how rubber
+is grown, gathered, and then made useful, for this reason:
+
+The United States Rubber Company, as the largest rubber
+manufacturer in the world, wants the coming generations of our
+country to have some understanding of the importance of rubber in
+our every day life.
+
+We hope to interest and inform you. We believe the rubber industry
+will be better off if the future citizens of our country know more
+about it.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 1
+
+THE DISCOVERY
+
+
+If you were asked, "What did Columbus discover in 1492?" you would
+have but one answer. But what he discovered on his second voyage
+is not quite so easy to say. He was looking for gold when he
+landed on the island of Hayti on that second trip. So his eyes
+were blind to the importance of a simple game which he saw being
+played with a ball that bounced by some half-naked Indian boys on
+the sand between the palm trees and the sea. Instead of the
+coveted gold, he took back to Europe, just as curiosities, some of
+the strange black balls given him by these Indian boys. He learned
+that the balls were made from the hardened juice of a tree.
+
+The little boys and girls of Spain were used to playing with balls
+made of rags or wool, so you may imagine how these bouncing balls
+of the Indians must have pleased them. But the men who sent out
+this second expedition gave the balls little thought and certainly
+no value. Since Columbus brought back no gold, he was thrown into
+prison for debt, and he never imagined that, four hundred years
+later, men would turn that strange, gummy tree juice into more
+gold than King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella and all the princes of
+Europe ever dreamed of.
+
+In the next century after Columbus's travels the Portuguese
+founded the colony of Brazil on the continent of South America.
+Their settlements were near the coast and they did not begin to
+explore the great Amazon region for a hundred years or so. The
+journey down this great river--which Theodore Roosevelt took so
+many years later--was first made by a Portuguese missionary, who
+found the same kind of gummy tree juice as that of the West
+Indies. But the natives along the Amazon had discovered that
+besides being elastic it was waterproof, and they were making
+shoes that would keep out water. You can picture a native boy
+spilling some of this liquid on his foot, then covering it, as he
+might with a mud pie, and when it dried wiggling his toes to find
+that, he had the first and perhaps the best fitting gum shoe that
+ever was made.
+
+Little by little samples of this new substance found their way to
+Europe. It was another hundred years before thoughtful men
+believed it worth while to investigate this gum. In 1731 the Paris
+Academy of Science sent some explorers to learn about it. One of
+these Frenchmen, La Condamine, wrote of a tree called "Hevea"[1]
+"There flows from this tree a liquor which hardens gradually and
+blackens in the air." He found the people of Quito waterproofing
+cloth with it, and the Amazon Indians were making boots which, when
+blackened in smoke, looked like leather. Most interesting of all,
+they coated bottle-shaped moulds, and when the gum had hardened they
+would break the mould, shaking the pieces out of the neck, leaving
+an unbreakable bottle that would hold liquids.
+
+
+[1] Hevea is pronounced Hee'-vee-uh. Caoutchouc is
+pronounced koo'-chook.
+
+
+It was not long afterwards that Lisbon began to import some of
+these crudely fashioned articles, and it is said that in 1755 the
+King of Portugal sent to Brazil several pairs of his boots to be
+waterproofed. A few years later the Government of Para, Brazil,
+sent him a full suit of rubber clothes. For all that, this elastic
+gum was for the most part only a curiosity, and few people knew
+there was such a thing.
+
+About the year 1770, a black, bouncing ball of caoutchouc, as the
+Indians called the gum, after many travels found its way to
+England, and Priestley, the man who gave us oxygen, learned that
+it would rub out pencil marks. Then and there he named it what you
+have probably guessed long before this: "rub-ber." Nearly every
+language except English uses in place of the word rubber some form
+of the native Word "caoutchouc," which means "weeping tree." After
+Priestley's discovery, a one-inch "rubber" sold for three
+shillings, or about seventy-five cents, but artists were glad to
+pay even that price, because their work was made so much easier.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2
+
+CHARLES GOODYEAR
+
+
+In 1800 Brazil was the only country manufacturing rubber articles,
+and her best market soon proved to be North America. Probably the
+first rubber this country saw was brought to New England in
+clipper ships as ballast in the form of crude lumps and balls.
+Rubber shoes, water-bottles, powder-flasks, and tobacco-pouches
+found buyers in the American ports, but rubber shoes were most in
+demand.
+
+Soon some Americans began to import raw rubber and to manufacture
+rubber goods of their own, and in the old world a Scotchman named
+Macintosh found a way of waterproofing cloth by spreading on it a
+thin coating of rubber dissolved in coal naphtha. Many people
+still refer to raincoats as mackintoshes. Rubber clothing shared
+favor with rubber shoes, but its popularity was short-lived for it
+did not wear well and was almost as sensitive to temperature as
+molasses and butter. The rubber shoes and coats get hard and stiff
+in winter and soft and sticky in summer. A man wearing a pair of
+rubber overalls who sat down too near a warm stove soon found that
+his overalls, his chair and himself were stuck fast together. The
+first rubber coats became so stiff in cold weather that when you
+took one off you could stand it up in the middle of the floor and
+leave it, for it would stand like a tent until the rubber thawed
+out, and when thawed it was almost as uncomfortable as is fly-paper
+to the fly.
+
+One day Charles Goodyear, a Connecticut hardware merchant of an
+inventive turn of mind, went to a store to buy a life preserver.
+He could find only imperfect ones, but they drew his attention to
+the study of rubber, and presently he was thinking of it by day
+and dreaming of it by night. Rubber became a passion with him. He
+felt sure some way could be found to make it firm yet flexible
+regardless of temperature, and for ten years he experimented with
+different mixtures and processes, hoping to find the right one. So
+intent was he on his search that he found time for nothing else.
+Due to neglect his business went to pieces and he became very
+poor.
+
+Finally, in 1839, when he was on the point of giving up in
+despair, he accidentally came upon the solution. He was
+experimenting in his kitchen, a place which, through lack of
+funds, he was often forced to use as a laboratory. Part of a
+mixture of rubber, sulphur and other chemicals, with which he was
+working, happened to drop on the top of the stove. It lay there
+sizzling and charring until the odor of the burning rubber called
+his attention to it. As he stooped to scrape it off the stove he
+gave a start of wonder as he noted that a change had come over the
+rubber during its brief contact with the stove.
+
+To his surprise the mixture had not melted, but had flattened out
+in the shape of a silver dollar. When it had cooled enough to be
+handled, he found that it bent and stretched easily, without
+cracking or breaking, and that it always snapped back to its
+original shape. Strangest of all, it was no longer sticky.
+Apparently half the problem was solved. Whether his new mixture
+would stand the cold he had yet to find out, so he nailed it on
+the outside of the door and went to bed. Probably he slept but
+little and was up early. At any rate he found the rubber
+unaffected by the cold.
+
+Then he knew that he had made a real discovery and he named the
+process "vulcanizing" after Vulcan, the Roman god of fire.
+"Vulcanizing" means mixing pure rubber with certain chemicals and
+then applying heat. On this process, which is by no means simple,
+the great rubber business of the world has been established.
+Practically everything made of rubber, or of which rubber is a
+part, has to go through the vulcanizing process, whether it is a
+pair of Keds, a tire, a fruit jar ring, or a doormat.
+
+So many people had been deceived by previous rubber ventures that
+Goodyear had great trouble in finding anyone with enough faith to
+invest money in his discovery. It was some time before he was able
+to take out the first of the more than sixty patents which he was
+granted during his lifetime for applying his process to various
+uses. Under these patents he licensed several factories to use the
+process in the manufacture of rubber goods, but required them to
+stamp all goods with the words "Goodyear patent." Scores of
+companies have since used the name Goodyear, but the only
+factories that he licensed which are now in existence are parts of
+the United States Rubber Company.
+
+Goodyear often had to defend his patents in court. In the most
+famous of these suits, he was defended by Daniel Webster and
+opposed by Rufus Choate, so that we see interwoven in the story of
+rubber the names of two of the greatest statesmen this country has
+produced.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 3
+
+THE HEVEA TREE
+
+
+For the very first of the rubber story we may thank a little
+wood-boring beetle, and the way nature has of helping her children to
+protect themselves.
+
+The thistle of the meadow is as safe from hungry cattle as though
+fenced in by barbed wire. A cow must be starving that would care
+to flavor her luncheon with the needles that the thistle bears.
+The common skunk cabbage would make a tempting meal for her after
+a winter of dry feeding, had not Nature given it an odor that
+disgusts even a spring-time appetite. The milkweed welcomes the
+bees and flies that help to distribute her pollen where she wants
+it spread, but she has her own way of punishing the useless
+thieves that trespass up her stalk. Wherever the hooks of an
+insect's feet pierce her tender skin, she pours out a milky juice
+to entangle its feet and body, and it is a lucky bug that succeeds
+in escaping before this juice hardens, and holds him a prisoner
+condemned to die.
+
+All over the world there are plants with the same ability that the
+milkweed has, but it is especially true of certain trees and vines
+of the tropics. As soon as the little beetle begins to bore into
+the bark of one of these trees, there pours out a sticky, milky
+fluid that kills the insect at once. If this were all, the wound
+would remain open, ready for the next robber who came along. In
+order that the break may be healed, a cement is necessary, but not
+a hard, unyielding one, for that would crumble away with the
+motion of the tree in the wind.
+
+So with Mother Nature's perfection in doing things, the very plant
+juice that has done duty as a poison is hardened into an elastic
+stopper, with the result that, no matter how far the tree may sway
+and tug at the wound, the filling gives and stretches, true to the
+task it has to perform.
+
+This was the juice the crafty savage induced the tree to give up.
+Wherever the bark was cut, the fluid poured forth to heal the
+break and hardened like blood on a cut finger. The native caught
+it while it was still soft and applied it to his simple needs.
+
+This juice is not the sap of the rubber tree. Sap, which is the
+life-blood of the tree, flows through the wood, but the juice we
+are describing is contained in the inner bark, a thin layer
+directly below the outer bark.
+
+Scientific men call this juice latex. It is like milk in three
+ways: it is white, it contains tiny particles that rise to the top
+like cream, and it spoils quickly.
+
+The particles in cow's milk are full of fats which make it good
+for us to drink. But a rubber tree's milk has tiny atoms of rubber
+and resin and other things, and it took time to discover which of
+the vines and trees was the prize milker of the tropics and gave
+the largest amount of pure rubber. Finally, the Hevea, the very
+tree the Frenchman wrote about, proved to be the best, and,
+although by no means the only rubber tree of commercial value, it
+is acknowledged the greatest of rubber trees.
+
+The Hevea tree grows sixty feet tall, and when full grown is eight
+or ten feet around. It rises as straight as an elm, with high
+branching limbs and long, smooth oval leaves. Sprays of pale
+flowers blossom upon it in August, followed in a few months by
+pods containing three speckled seeds which look like smooth,
+slightly flattened nutmegs. When the seeds are ready to drop the
+outer covering of the pod bursts with a loud report, the seeds
+shooting in all directions.
+
+This is Nature's clever scheme to spread the Hevea family. The
+tree grows wild in the hot, damp forests of the Amazon valley and
+in other parts of South America that have a similar climate. The
+ideal climate for the rubber tree is one which is uniform all the
+year round, from eighty-nine to ninety-four degrees at noon, and
+riot lower than seventy degrees at night. The Amazon country has a
+rainy season which lasts half the year, though the other season is
+by no means a dry one, and so for half the time the jungles are
+flooded.
+
+These rubber storehouses had been growing for thousands of years
+in the Amazon jungle with their wealth securely sealed up in their
+bark, the peck of a bird, the boring of a beetle, or the scratch
+of a climbing animal being the only draft upon their treasure. The
+trees around the mouth of the river supplied whatever was needed
+for the little manufacturing that was at first done. But the
+discovery that made a universal use for rubber changed all this.
+Brazil was surprised to find what great treasure her forests
+contained. Large rubber areas were found a thousand miles up the
+river and she began in a serious way to develop a large crude
+rubber business.
+
+Less than twenty years ago Brazil produced practically all the
+rubber used in the world. But to-day she furnishes less than
+one-tenth of the world's supply. How Brazil, possessing in her vast
+forests millions of rubber trees of the finest quality, has been
+forced by unfavorable conditions to permit the Far East to sweep
+from her in this short time the crude rubber supremacy of the
+world is one of the most unusual chapters in modern industrial
+history.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 4
+
+WICKHAM'S IDEA
+
+
+The story of the success of the East Indies in wresting the crude
+rubber supremacy from Brazil, begins with an Englishman named
+Wickham, who might be called the father of plantation rubber.
+
+Wickham, who had spent some years in South America, understood the
+difficulties of gathering rubber in the jungles. He believed that
+if rubber could be cultivated it might prove a good crop on the
+coffee plantations in India which a blight had recently rendered
+valueless for coffee. What a strange fact it is that this blight
+gave Brazil a chance to go into coffee growing, and that while
+Brazil was losing the rubber supremacy to the Far East, the Far
+East at about the same time was surrendering the leadership in
+coffee to Brazil. The latter now holds first place in coffee
+growing as firmly as does the Far East in rubber growing.
+
+Wickham saw that there were difficulties that would prevent the
+gathering of wild rubber from keeping pace with the growing
+demand. Although millions of rubber trees still stood untouched in
+the Brazilian forests, only those trees near the river banks could
+be tapped because of the impossibility of getting the rubber out
+of the dense vegetation. Life in the jungle was dangerous and
+lonely, and therefore rubber gatherers were not easy to find. They
+were compelled to work far from their families and friends, and in
+constant danger from wild beasts, reptiles and death-bearing
+fevers. It is no wonder that rubber obtained in this way came to
+be known as "wild rubber." Moreover, transporting the crude
+product through the jungles was hard and expensive and the rubber
+obtained under these conditions was not always so clean or high in
+quality as might be wished.
+
+"If rubber trees grow from the seeds which nature scatters in the
+jungle," said Wickham to himself, "why should they not grow from
+seeds put into the ground by hand?"
+
+"If rubber trees could be raised from seed, they could be planted
+in the open in rows where they could easily be tended and tapped,
+and the rubber gathered quickly and safely. Instead of having to
+brave the dangerous jungles, men could plant and cultivate rubber
+in spots of their own choosing so long as they chose places where
+the climate was right."
+
+For many years people only laughed at Wickham's great idea, but
+like Goodyear he had faith enough to persevere. While in Brazil he
+planted some rubber seeds to see what would happen. The seeds DID
+grow, and the book which Wickham wrote about his idea and his
+experiments finally came into the hands of Sir Joseph Hooker, the
+Director of the Botanical Gardens in Kew, near London. So
+interested did he become that he called Wickham's plan to the
+attention of the Government of India, and finally Wickham was
+commissioned to take a cargo of rubber seeds to England, so that
+his idea might be tried out.
+
+This commission was more difficult than one might think, and all
+of Wickham's faith and perseverance were needed to carry it out.
+Indeed for a time it seemed hopeless, principally because the
+seeds so quickly dry up and lose their vitality that they must be
+planted very soon after being gathered.
+
+But Wickham watched his opportunity, and finally he was able to
+charter a ship in the name of the Indian Government. About a third
+of the way up the Amazon River he placed in her hold several
+thousand carefully packed seeds of the Hevea Braziliensis, or
+rubber tree. Let Wickham, himself, tell how he surmounted the next
+difficulty:
+
+"We were bound to call in at the city of Para as the port of
+entry, in order to obtain clearance papers for the ship before we
+could go to sea. Any delay would have rendered my precious freight
+quite valueless and useless. But again fortune favored. I had a
+'friend at court' in the person of Consul Green, who went himself
+with me to call on the proper official, and supported me as I
+presented to His Excellency 'my difficulty and anxiety, being in
+charge of, and having on board a ship anchored out in the stream,
+exceedingly delicate botanical specimens, especially designated
+for delivery to Her Britannic Majesty's own Royal Garden of Kew.
+Even while doing myself the honor of thus calling on His
+Excellency, I had given orders to the captain of the ship to keep
+up steam, having ventured to trust His Excellency would see his
+way clear to furnishing me with immediate dispatch. An interview
+most polite, full of mutual compliments in the best Portuguese
+manner, enabled us to get under way as soon as the captain had got
+the dinghy hauled aboard."
+
+Can you imagine Wickham's sigh of relief as his vessel, with its
+freight of perishable treasure, steamed out of port, and began the
+long journey to England?
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 5
+
+PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT
+
+
+The transporting of the rubber seeds from the Brazilian forests to
+England was only the first step in Wickham's project. The real
+test was still to come. The seeds were planted in the famous
+Botanical Gardens of Kew, and on August 12, 1876, the several
+thousand seedlings which had been raised from them were packed in
+special cases and shipped to Ceylon on the other side of the globe
+for the final and most important stage of the experiment.
+
+How long the next five years must have seemed to the anxious
+Wickham, for it was that long before the first rubber tree
+flowered in the gardens at Heneratgoda, sixteen miles from
+Colombo, where the trees had finally been planted. In this year,
+1881, experiments in tapping began, and it was plain that
+Wickham's dream was to be realized.
+
+From these few trees, so carefully tended in their youth, has
+sprung the whole rubber industry of Ceylon and the Far East.
+Wickham must indeed have been proud to see the plantations
+spreading from Ceylon to Malaya, where rubber was eagerly taken up
+by planters who were despairing of ever making a living out of
+coffee, and later to Sumatra and Java and Borneo. To-day rubber
+plantations cover an area of over 3,000,000 acres, with a yearly
+output of almost 360,000 tons, or about ten times the average
+yearly output of "wild rubber."
+
+There is a curious coincidence in the fact that Wickham got his
+idea about planting rubber trees in India at about the same time
+that men in America began to experiment with the horseless
+carriage. You may never have stopped to think of it, but
+mechanical experts say that without rubber pneumatic tires,
+automobiles could never have become the fine, swift vehicles they
+are. It was a wonderful thing that when in the early part of this
+century the automobile industry suddenly burst forth with a demand
+for rubber so great that Brazil could never have hoped to supply
+it, there was found ready in the Far East, as a result of the
+planting that had been done there, a supply that took care of the
+sudden emergency.
+
+A little more than ten years ago American business men began to
+take an interest in the rubber plantations. They have shown
+characteristic energy in the field, and the greatest single rubber
+plantation in the world is owned by an American company, the
+United States Rubber Company. This plantation is on the island of
+Sumatra in the Dutch East Indies, one of the best governed
+colonies in the East. On this island is an orchard of rubber
+trees, as beautifully laid out and as well cared for as any
+orchard of fruit trees in our own country. For seventy square
+miles, an area as large as the District of Columbia, the orderly
+ranks of trees fill the gently rolling landscape, every inch of
+which is weeded as carefully as a garden. It takes twenty thousand
+employees to care for the trees, which number more than 5,000,000.
+
+On this plantation the science of growing rubber trees has been
+brought to a perfection known nowhere else in the world. Groups of
+botanists, chemists and arboriculturists study constantly tree
+diseases, methods of increasing the yield, and the other problems
+of growing fine trees that will produce high grade rubber. Here,
+by experiment and inspection, the secrets of the rubber tree are
+being brought to light, so much so that growers look to this
+plantation for leadership in methods of rubber culture. This great
+project so far from American soil and in a field so new gives a
+thrill of pride to the Americans visiting Sumatra on their way
+around the world.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 6
+
+PLANTATION LIFE
+
+
+The moist but very hot climate which rubber trees require is found
+only in a zone around the world between the parallels of latitude
+thirty degrees north to thirty degrees south of the equator.
+Within this zone there have been found more than 350 rubber
+bearing trees, shrubs and vines. For this reason this zone is
+called the Rubber Belt. As most of the rubber used commercially is
+gathered from trees growing within a zone extending from ten
+degrees north to ten degrees south of the equator, this latter
+zone is sometimes called the Inner Rubber Belt.
+
+If you will trace this belt on a map of the world you will see
+that it includes the Amazon region which produces more than
+three-quarters of the wild rubber used in manufacturing. Most of South
+America's wild rubber is obtained from Brazil, the remainder from
+Bolivia, Peru and Venezuela. Now continue the belt across the
+Atlantic Ocean to Africa, where you will strike the Belgian Congo
+which produces a small quantity of wild rubber. Partly owing to
+the careless manner of gathering and partly to the fact that it is
+not originally of as good quality as Brazilian rubber, Congo
+rubber is not as valuable for manufacturing as Brazilian. Then
+complete the circle by following the belt across the Indian Ocean
+to Ceylon and the East Indies which contain the great rubber
+plantations where most of the rubber used to-day comes from.
+
+To establish a rubber plantation requires very careful planning.
+The choice of a site is of first importance, for the planter must
+find a locality having a moist climate with an evenly distributed
+rain-fall where the temperature throughout the year does not fall
+below seventy degrees Fahrenheit, and where there is protection
+from the wind. There must also be, of course, access to a steady
+labor supply and a convenient shipping port. As the proper climate
+is a tropical one, there is usually dense jungle to be cleared
+away. Immense trees and thick bushes, rank straggling weeds and
+vines form an almost impenetrable jungle. To turn such a place
+into a garden spot means a genuine battle against jungle
+conditions. But gradually trees, shrubs and undergrowth are torn
+out and burned, laying bare the rich soil ready for the plow of
+the planter.
+
+Meantime the rubber seedlings have been sprouted in nurseries.
+When the ground is ready they are carefully taken up and
+transplanted to the holes which have been made for them in the
+field where they are to be permanently planted.
+
+Though the growth of the trees is very rapid, sometimes as much as
+twenty feet in the first year, there are five years of anxious
+waiting and guarding against winds and disease before they are
+ready to be tapped and so begin to reward the planters. At first
+the yield of a tree is only about one-half pound of rubber a year,
+and this increases so slowly that it is many years before it
+amounts to as much as ten pounds a year. The highest yield ever
+recorded was given by one of the original trees set out in the
+gardens at Heneratgoda, which gave ninety-six and one-half pounds
+in one year.
+
+How different is life on the rubber plantations of to-day from the
+life of the gatherer of wild rubber in the jungle. In Brazil, the
+solitary workers have to plunge at dawn into the perilous forest,
+with its lurking wildcats and jaguars, its coiled and creeping
+serpents. The dwellings are flimsy huts, food is scarce and
+expensive, and disease and fever cause many deaths.
+
+On the other hand, workers on a well-managed plantation live in
+comfortable houses in healthy surroundings and are supplied with
+plenty of good food. In fact the conditions are so much better
+than generally prevail among natives in the Orient that work on a
+plantation is considered more desirable than most other forms of
+labor. The unmarried men live in barracks, but the men with
+families have individual houses with garden plots adjoining. Big
+kitchens prepare and cook the food in the best native style.
+Schools for the children, recreation centers for old and young,
+and hospitals to care for the sick, are all parts of the
+plantation organization.
+
+In erecting hospitals and caring for the health of its plantation
+workers, as in other branches of the rubber industry, America has
+taken the lead. So well is this recognized, that the Dutch
+Government has awarded a medal to the United States Rubber Company
+for the efficiency and completeness of its plantation hospital,
+which happens to be the largest private hospital in the East
+Indies, having accommodations for nearly a thousand patients.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 7
+
+HARVESTING THE RUBBER
+
+
+It is a cheerful sight to see the workers, men and women, dressed
+in all the colors of the rainbow, trooping out from their quarters
+to begin the day's work. The tapping must be done early in the
+day, for the latex or rubber juice stops flowing a few hours after
+sunrise.
+
+When the trees reach eighteen inches in girth at a point eighteen
+inches from the ground, they are ready for tapping. This growth is
+usually attained when the trees are about five years old.
+
+In tapping, a narrow strip of bark is cut away with a knife, the
+cut extending diagonally one-quarter of the way around the tree.
+At each succeeding day's tapping the tapper widens the cut by
+stripping off a sliver of bark one-twentieth of an inch in width.[2]
+He must be careful not to cut into the wood of the tree, as such cuts
+not only injure the tree but permit the sap to run into the latex
+and spoil the rubber. When the tapper has made the proper gash in
+the bark he inserts a little spout to carry the dripping latex to
+a glass cup beneath.
+
+
+[2] This method of tapping is shown on the front cover.
+
+
+Later in the morning the workers make the rounds of the trees with
+large milk cans, gathering the latex from the cups. When the cans
+are full they are carried to a collecting station, called a
+Coagulation Shed. It is as clean and well kept as a dairy. Here
+the latex is weighed, and when each collector has been credited
+with the amount he has brought, it is dumped into huge vats.
+
+The next step is to extract the particles of rubber from the latex
+and to harden them. The jungle method of hardening rubber is to
+dip a wooden paddle in the latex and smoke it over a fire of wood
+and palm nuts.[3] It is a back-breaking process to cover the paddle
+with layer after layer, until a good-sized lump, usually called a
+"biscuit," is formed. The plantation method is a quicker and cleaner
+one. Into the vats is poured a small quantity of acid, which causes
+the rubber "cream" to coagulate and come to the surface. The
+"coagulum," as it is called, is like snow-white dough. It is removed
+from the vats and run in sheets through machines which squeeze out
+the moisture and imprint on them a criss-cross pattern to expose as
+large a surface as possible to the air.
+
+
+[3] See picture, page 12.
+
+
+These sheets of rubber are then hung in smoke houses and smoked
+from eight to fourteen days in much the same way that we smoke
+hams and bacon. After being dried in this way they are pressed
+into bales or packed in boxes ready for shipment.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 8
+
+A LAST WORD
+
+
+It would be an adventure to follow a bale of plantation rubber as,
+carefully boxed or wrapped in burlap, it starts on its long and
+picturesque journey. Bullock carts, railroads, boats and steamers
+bring it at last to one of the world markets, Singapore, Colombo,
+London, Amsterdam or New York, where it is bought by dealers, and
+then sold to factories which make rubber goods.
+
+An equally fascinating story might be told of its progress through
+the factory, how it is kneaded and rolled, mixed with chemicals,
+rubbed into fabrics, baked in ovens, and finally emerges as any
+one of the tens of thousands of articles that are made wholly or
+partly from rubber.
+
+Rubber manufacturing is peculiarly an American industry. South
+America gave us the original rubber trees, and the one man who,
+more than any other, was responsible for making rubber useful was
+the American, Charles Goodyear. To-day, two-thirds of the entire
+output of rubber is sold to the United States, whose manufactured
+rubber goods set the standard for the whole world.
+
+In spite of the wonders which rubber has already accomplished, and
+the adventures, which have colored its history, only the beginning
+of the romance of rubber has been told. The plantation industry is
+still in its infancy, and experiments are constantly being made to
+determine the best methods of planting, the most fruitful number
+of trees to the acre, the most advantageous way of tapping. In the
+laboratories of the great rubber manufacturers, scientists are at
+work improving old methods of using rubber and devising new ones.
+
+Rubber is a substance of so many important characteristics that
+its uses are countless. It is used for certain purposes because it
+stretches, for others because it is airtight and watertight, for
+others because it is a non-conductor of electricity, for others
+because it is shock-absorbing, and for others because it is
+adhesive.
+
+It is on rubber that infants cut their teeth; after all the teeth
+are gone old age makes use of rubber in plates for false teeth.
+Ten million motorists and other millions of cyclists in the United
+States ride on rubber tires that are durable, noiseless and
+airtight. Balloons of rubber float aloft, and huge submarines plow
+their routes beneath the ocean's surface propelled by electricity
+stored in great rubber cells. Sheathed in rubber, the lightning
+makes a peaceful way through our homes, offices and factories,
+furnishing light and telephone service. Divers sink out of sight
+beneath the waves in rubber suits. Rubber air-brake hose on
+railroad trains makes safe the travel of a nation, air-drill hose
+rivets our ships, fire hose protects the properly in city and town
+and garden hose brings nourishment to our growing plants. Rubber
+clothing protects against storm and rubber footwear guards us
+against cold and wet. Tennis balls and golf balls and rubber-cored
+baseballs give healthful sport to the millions. In hospitals and
+medical work the uses of rubber are without number.
+
+To select the most important use to which rubber is put would be
+difficult. One student of the subject says:
+
+"Of all the applications of rubber, that of packing for the steam
+engine and connecting machinery appears to have been the most
+important, as it has been an essential condition of the
+development and extended use of steam as a motive power."
+
+Even as you read this, rubber may be in the act of performing some
+new magic, some fresh service to mankind. And who knows which one
+of us will, in the years to come, write a chapter in the story of
+rubber more thrilling than we are able to imagine to-day!
+
+
+
+
+A REVIEW AND QUESTIONS
+
+
+1. Who was the first white man to see rubber?
+
+2 What use were the natives making of it?
+
+3. Who was the first white man to go up the Amazon?
+
+4. Of what nationality were the explorers who were sent to find
+out about rubber?
+
+5. Who was the first European monarch to use rubber?
+
+6. How did rubber get its name?
+
+7. How did rubber first come to the United States?
+
+8. Why are some raincoats called mackintoshes?
+
+9. Why is Charles Goodyear called "the father of the rubber
+industry"?
+
+10. What is "vulcanizing"?
+
+11. What famous men fought in court over the patents?
+
+12. What has a beetle to do with rubber?
+
+13. Name and describe the liquid in which rubber is found?
+
+14. In what part of the tree is this liquid found?
+
+15. What is the difference between this liquid and the sap of a
+tree.
+
+16. Name and describe the best rubber tree.
+
+17. How are the seeds spread?
+
+18. What climate is needed for rubber trees?
+
+19. Which country formerly supplied all the rubber used in the
+world?
+
+20. Who first thought of growing rubber trees on plantations?
+
+21. Why did he think it was better to grow them on plantations?
+
+22. How were the rubber seeds taken from Brazil?
+
+23. On what tropical island was the first plantation started?
+
+24. Where are rubber plantations found to-day?
+
+25. What is the yearly output of the plantations?
+
+26. What was the curious coincidence in the growth of the
+plantation industry?
+
+27. What is meant by the Rubber Belt around the world?
+
+28. What countries are the principal producers of rubber?
+
+29. Why is the worker on a plantation better off than one who
+lives in the jungle?
+
+30. When are trees ready to be tapped?
+
+31. How are trees tapped?
+
+32. How is rubber "cured" in the jungle?
+
+33. How is it "cured" on the plantation?
+
+34. Why is rubber manufacturing peculiarly an American industry?
+
+
+
+
+RUBBER PRODUCTS
+
+
+There are so many different articles made in whole or part of
+rubber that it would not be possible to list them all on this
+page. The following list of just a few of the thousands of rubber
+products made by the United States Rubber Company, the oldest and
+largest rubber organization in the world, will help you to think
+of many other articles made of rubber.
+
+TIRES
+
+"U.S." Royal Cord Automobile Tires.
+
+"U.S." Mono-Twin Truck Tires.
+
+"U.S." Traxion Tread Motorcycle Tires.
+
+"U.S." Bicycle Tires.
+
+"U.S." Royal Tubes for Automobile Tires.
+
+CLOTHING
+
+Raynster Raincoats.
+
+Naugahyde Belts for Men, Women and Children.
+
+Bathing Caps and Suits.
+
+FOOTWEAR
+
+Keds, the Standard Canvas Rubber-Soled Shoes.
+
+"U.S." Boots.
+
+"U.S." Arctics and Gaiters.
+
+"U.S." Rubbers.
+
+HARD RUBBER GOODS
+
+Battery Jars.
+
+Radio Parts.
+
+Dye Sticks.
+
+HOUSEHOLD
+
+Hot-water Bags.
+
+Rubber Gloves.
+
+Ice Caps.
+
+Tubing and Sheeting.
+
+Nursing Bottle Nipples.
+
+Toys.
+
+Fruit Jar Rubbers.
+
+MECHANICAL GOODS
+
+"U.S." Rainbow Packing.
+
+"U.S." Rainbow Transmission Belting.
+
+"U.S." Elevator and Conveyor Belts.
+
+"U.S." Hose for all purposes, including Garden, Steam, Suction,
+Water, Fire, Oil, Irrigation, etc.
+
+Paracore Insulated Wire and Cable.
+
+Moulded Goods in thousands of varieties, as, for example, Washers,
+Gaskets, Plumbers' Rubber Goods, Drainboard Mats, Bath Mats, etc.
+
+"U.S." Tile and Sheet Flooring.
+
+SUNDRIES
+
+Naugahyde Traveling Bags.
+
+"U.S." Royal Golf Balls.
+
+Balloons and Balloon Fabrics.
+
+
+
+
+
+NOTICE TO TEACHERS
+
+
+These booklets are intended for presentation to your pupils. A
+full supply will be sent to you, free of charge, if you will
+indicate the number of students in your class.
+
+Please address
+
+  Educational Department
+  United States Rubber Company
+  1790 BROADWAY
+  New York City
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Romance of Rubber, by 
+United States Rubber Company
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ROMANCE OF RUBBER ***
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