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| author | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-28 05:58:53 -0800 |
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| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-28 05:58:53 -0800 |
| commit | adf4e910ab66796caf9c7688816c36f523cb4eb7 (patch) | |
| tree | 15fa033a91191c4021ff617be854c8e4b509dab5 /47416-h | |
| parent | cc7e45bcb9a5508bb01eb235737f0eba39567a20 (diff) | |
Add 47416 from ibiblio
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padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1.5em;} + li.figspace {padding-left: 1.5em; text-indent: -1.5em;} + + blockquote {margin: 1.5em 3% 1.5em 3%;} + + .poem-container {text-align: left; margin-left: 5%;} + .poem {display: block;} + .poem .attrib {max-width: 25em; margin-right: 0;} + .poem .stanza {page-break-inside: avoid;} + + .hang {margin: .5em 3% 2em 3%;} + + .transnote { + page-break-inside: avoid; + margin-left: 2%; + margin-right: 2%; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; + padding: .5em; + } + .covernote {visibility: visible; display: block; text-align: center;} + .lborder {border: none; padding: 0;} + .hidepub {visibility: hidden; display: none;} + +} + </style> + </head> + +<body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 47416 ***</div> + +<div class="transnote"> +<p class="covernote">Cover created by Transcriber, using +an illustration from the original book, and placed in the Public Domain.</p> + +<p class="center hidepub">On some devices, clicking a map will display a larger version of it.</p> +</div> + +<div id="ifrontis" class="figcenter" style="width: 254px;"> + <img src="images/i_frontis.jpg" width="254" height="500" alt="" /> + <div class="caption"><p>BALLOON STRAFING.</p> + +<p class="smaller">Attacking an enemy kite balloon with incendiary ammunition.</p> + +<p class="p0 right smaller notbold"> +By Capt. W. E. Molesworth, M.C.</p> + +<p class="right smaller notbold">[<i>Frontispiece</i><br /> +</p></div></div> + +<h1> +<span class="larger wordspace">SIXTY SQUADRON</span><br /> +<span class="smaller">R.A.F.</span></h1> + +<p class="p1 center wordspace">A HISTORY OF THE SQUADRON<br /> +FROM ITS FORMATION</p> + +<p class="p2 center"><span class="smaller">BY</span><br /> +<span class="large">GROUP-CAPTAIN A. J. L. SCOTT,</span><br /> +<span class="larger wordspace">C.B., M.C., A.F.C.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center wordspace"><span class="small">WITH A PREFACE BY</span><br /> +<span class="larger">THE RT. HON. LORD HUGH CECIL, M.P.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center larger wordspace">LONDON: WILLIAM HEINEMANN<br /> +NEW YORK: GEORGE H. DORAN COMPANY</p> + +<p class="p2 center smaller"> +PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="p4 center vspace2 larger wordspace">DEDICATED<br /> +TO THOSE WHO WERE<br /> +KILLED WITH THE SQUADRON</p> + +<div class="intact p2 poem-container"> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="iq">“Clean, simple, valiant, well beloved,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Flawless in faith and fame.”<br /></span> +</div> +<div class="attrib"><span class="smcap">Kipling</span><br /> +</div></div> +</div> +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">vii</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE</h2> + +<p class="in0">This book tells the story of Squadron No. 60 of +the Royal Flying Corps, afterwards of the Royal +Air Force.</p> + +<p>When the war began, in August 1914, the Royal +Flying Corps was a very small body which sent +four squadrons on active service and had a +rudimentary training organisation at home. In +those days the only functions contemplated for +an airman were reconnaissance and occasionally +bombing. Fighting in the air was almost unknown. +The aeroplanes were just flying machines +of different types, but intended to perform +substantially the same functions. Gradually as +the war continued specialisation developed. Fighting +in the air began, machine guns being mounted +for the purpose in the aeroplanes. Then some +aeroplanes were designed particularly for reconnaissance, +some particularly for fighting, some for +bombing, and so on. It was in the early part of +this period of specialisation that Squadron No. 60 +was embodied. And, as this narrative tells us, +its main work was fighting in the air. It was +equipped for the most part with aeroplanes which +were called scouts—not very felicitously, since a +scout suggests rather reconnaissance than combat.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">viii</a></span> +These machines carried only one man, were fast, +easy to manœuvre, and quick in responding to +control. They were armed with one or two +machine guns, and they engaged in a form of +warfare new in the history of the world, and the +most thrilling that can be imagined—for each man +fought with his own hand, trusting wholly to his +own skill, and that not on his own element, but in +outrage of nature, high in the air, surrounded only +by the winds and clouds.</p> + +<p>The embodiment of the fighting scout squadrons +was part of the expansion and organisation of +what became the Royal Air Force. Among all +the achievements of the war there has been, +perhaps, nothing more wonderful than the development +of the Royal Flying Corps and the +Royal Naval Air Service, and their amalgamation +in the great Royal Air Force which fought through +the last year of the war. When the war opened, +the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air +Service were bodies of few units, ancillary to the +Army and the Navy, of which the control was in +the hands of the Army Council and the Board of +Admiralty. It was not realised that warfare in +the air was a new and distinct type of warfare. +Generals who would have laughed at the idea of +commanding a fleet, Admirals who would have +shrunk from the leadership of an army corps, +were quite unconscious of their unfitness to deal +with the problems of aerial war. Every step, +therefore, of the organisation and expansion of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">ix</a></span> +the flying services had to be conducted under the +final control of bodies, kindly and sympathetic +indeed, but necessarily ignorant. That the Royal +Flying Corps attained to its famous efficiency and +was expanded more than a hundredfold should +earn unforgetting praise for those who were +responsible for leading and developing it. The +country owes a great debt, which has not, perhaps, +been sufficiently recognised, to Sir David Henderson, +whose rare gifts of quick intelligence and +ready resource must have been taxed to the +utmost in his dual position as head of the Flying +Corps and member of the Army Council; to Sir +Sefton Brancker, who worked under him in the +War Office; and to Sir Hugh Trenchard, who, +from the date that Sir David Henderson came +back from France to that of the amalgamation of +the flying services in the Royal Air Force, was in +command in France. It was the administrative +skill of these distinguished men that stood behind +the work of the squadrons and made possible their +fighting or bombing or reconnaissance. And this +background of administrative skill and resource +must not be forgotten or suffered to be quite +outshone by the brilliant gallantry of the pilots +and observers.</p> + +<p>But in this book we read, not of the organisation +of the Flying Corps or the Air Force, but of the +actual work done in the field. We catch glimpses, +indeed, of the expansion and organisation which +was going on, in the mention of new armament,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">x</a></span> +new machines, new units; and we are able to +gauge the importance of the work done at home +and at Headquarters in France by the effect +produced on the fighting capacity of Squadron +No. 60. For example, we hear how machines +supplied from France at one point proved untrustworthy +in structure, and how the fault was +detected and put right. But in the main attention +is concentrated on the thrilling story of the +achievements of No. 60 against the enemy. I +think every reader will agree that he has seldom +known a story more moving to the imagination. +Many people even now feel apprehensive at flying +at all, although familiarity has produced a juster +estimate of the degree of risk attending that +operation than used to prevail. But to fly and +fight, to sit alone in an aeroplane thousands of +feet above the ground, to catch sight of an enemy, +to go to attack him, flying faster than an express +train moves, to venture as near as may be dared, +knowing that the slightest collision will cast both +helpless to the ground, to dodge and dive and turn +and spin, to hide in clouds or in the dazzle of the +sun, to fire a machine gun while not losing mastery +of the control and rudder of one’s aeroplane, to +notice the enemy’s bullets striking here and there +on one’s machine, and know that if a bullet hits +the engine it means either death or a precarious +landing and captivity, and if a bullet hits the +petrol tank it means being burned alive in the air, +and yet to fight on and, escaping, go forth afresh<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">xi</a></span> +next day—surely to read of this is to realise with +new and penetrating force the stupendous measure +of what human skill can do and human courage +dare.</p> + +<p>The picturesque effect of the fighting is enhanced +by the security and comfort in which the +pilots rested when they were not in the air, and +from which they went up day by day to their +terrific duties. Anyone who visited the Flying +Corps while the war was going on must have been +struck by this poignant contrast. The visitor +saw a comfortable mess and billets, roughly +organised indeed, but for young men in the height +of their strength a pleasant place to live in. Good +food and drink, cigarettes to smoke, newspapers +to read, and all the fun and merriment that are +natural to a group of young men between eighteen +and thirty years old. And for most of such +squadrons the surroundings seemed peaceful: +around were the smiling, highly-cultivated fields +of France—perhaps the most evidently civilised +country in the world—with nothing to witness of +war except the distant booming of its guns. Yet +from this abode of youth and ease and joy the +dwellers went forth into the abyss of the air, to +face danger at which imagination quails and of +the reality of which they were grimly reminded +by missing week by week some familiar face, gone +for ever from their circle. This was what was +done and felt by Squadron No. 60, and here is the +story of it.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">xii</a></span> +I am sure this book will interest those who read +it, but I would have it do something more. Even +already the memory of the war is beginning to +fade. And it is happy that it should: may its +orgy of hate and blood pass from our minds as +from our lives! Yet, while the healing, deadening +waters of oblivion are only drawing near, let +us save from them with careful hands some +jewelled memories, that by them we may be +profited; and, amongst them, this of the men of +No. 60, who fought a new warfare with old but +unsurpassed courage and found the way of glory +among the untrodden paths of air. Many died +and many suffered, but they bought for us the +unpriced treasure of their example. This is like +sunshine to us, giving us life and killing all +diseases of the soul. Let us, then, read these pages +that we may learn from our hearts to honour the +fighting airmen of No. 60, and grow ourselves in +honour as we read.</p> + +<p class="sigright"> +<span class="smcap">Hugh Cecil.</span></p> + +<p class="in0 in1"><span class="smcap">21 Arlington Street.</span><br /> +<span class="in2"><i>July 1920.</i></span> +</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">xiii</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="ACKNOWLEDGMENT" id="ACKNOWLEDGMENT"></a>AN ACKNOWLEDGMENT</h2> + +<p class="in0">It has only been possible to produce this book at +all by reason of the help that so many old friends +have given me.</p> + +<p>My thanks are due to many of them, but in +particular to Flight-Lieut. G. W. Dobson, who has +himself contributed the account of the squadron +at Savy, and has assisted with much of the more +arduous work in connection with the preparation +of the appendices, which we both hope are now +correct in every detail, though we really know +quite well that errors will, in fact, be found.</p> + +<p>Capt. W. E. Molesworth also has helped very +greatly by allowing me to use his vivid letters and +by giving the four drawings by himself, which, I +venture to think, are of considerable merit. To +Mr. R. J. Maclennan, Mr. W. A. H. Newth, and +Mr. W. T. Howard, and also to Mr. G. S. Armstrong, +father of the late Capt. D. V. Armstrong, +perhaps the finest pilot the Flying Corps ever +produced, I owe letters and photographs which +have been invaluable.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">xiv</a></span> +In conclusion, I would ask those many others +whom I have not space to mention to believe +that I am sincerely grateful for their help.</p> + +<p class="sigright"> +J. S.</p> + +<p class="in0 in1"><span class="smcap">4 Wilton Street, S.W.1.</span><br /> +<span class="in2"><i>June 28, 1920.</i></span> +</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">xv</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS</h2> + +<table summary="Contents"> + <tr class="small"> + <td> </td> + <td class="tdr">PAGE</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"><a href="#PREFACE">Preface</a></span></td> + <td class="tdr">vii</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"><a href="#ACKNOWLEDGMENT">An Acknowledgment</a></span></td> + <td class="tdr">xiii</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"><a href="#EXPLANATION">An Explanation of Technical Terms Used</a></span></td> + <td class="tdr">xix</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc chap" colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">The Formation of the Squadron</span></td> + <td class="tdr">1</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc chap" colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">The Somme</span></td> + <td class="tdr">11</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc chap" colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Arras</span></td> + <td class="tdr">30</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc chap" colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Passchendale and the Northern Battles</span></td> + <td class="tdr">65</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc chap" colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">xvi</a></span></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">The March Offensive</span> (1918)</td> + <td class="tdr">92</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc chap" colspan="2"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Demobilisation</span></td> + <td class="tdr">125</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc chap" colspan="2"><a href="#APPENDIX_I">APPENDIX I</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">A List of the Officers who served in 60 Squadron during the War</span></td> + <td class="tdr">128</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc chap" colspan="2"><a href="#APPENDIX_II">APPENDIX II</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">A List of Battle Casualties</span></td> + <td class="tdr">134</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl p2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#INDEX">Index</a></span></td> + <td class="tdr p2">139</td></tr> +</table> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">xvii</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS" id="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS"></a>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> + +<table id="loi" summary="List of Illustrations"> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Balloon Strafing</span></td> + <td class="tdr"><i><a href="#ifrontis">Frontispiece</a></i></td></tr> + <tr class="small"> + <td> </td> + <td class="tdr">FACING<br />PAGE </td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Patrol of Morane “Bullets” about to leave the Ground, Vert Galant, June 1916</span></td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_6">6</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">H. Balfour and D. V. Armstrong, July 1916</span></td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_8">8</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Claude A. Ridley, D.S.O., M.C., in a Morane “Bullet”</span></td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_8b">8</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Summers standing by his Morane “Parasol”</span></td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_16">16</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Major R. Smith-Barry in a Morane “Bullet”</span></td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_16b">16</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Browning-Paterson with his Morane “Parasol”</span></td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_20">20</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Capt. D. V. Armstrong</span></td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_20b">20</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Some of the Officers of 60</span></td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_25">24</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Morane “Bullet” crashed by Simpson. Boisdinghem, June 1916</span></td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_25b">24</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">“A” Flight awaiting Signal to Proceed on Patrol, May 1917</span></td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_28">28</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">The Kaiser decorating Von Richthofen, whose Aeroplane appears beyond the Group</span></td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_28b">28</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Molesworth, Bishop, and Caldwell, April 1917</span></td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_40">40</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Bishop, Caldwell, and Young, April 1917</span></td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_40b">40</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">The Hard Tennis-court at Filescamp Farm, May 1917</span></td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_57">58</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii">xviii</a></span></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">60 Squadron’s Nieuport Scouts lined up in the Snow at Le Hameau Aerodrome, near Arras, January 1917</span></td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_57b">58</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">A Dog-fight</span></td> + <td class="tdr">100</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">“Archie”</span></td> + <td class="tdr">100</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">German Machines</span></td> + <td class="tdr">112</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">An S.E.A. with Lieut. Roth, a Pilot of 148 American Squadron, standing</span></td> + <td class="tdr">118</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">S.E.5A. with 200 h.p. Hispano Suisa Engine, armed with one Vickers and one Lewis Gun</span></td> + <td class="tdr">118</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc chap wordspace" colspan="3">MAPS: ON THE WESTERN FRONT</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl p1"><span class="smcap">Situation on September 25, 1918</span></td> + <td class="tdr p1"><a href="#ip_116">116</a></td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">The Battles and their Effects</span></td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_126">126</a></td></tr> +</table> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xix" id="Page_xix">xix</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="EXPLANATION" id="EXPLANATION">AN EXPLANATION OF TECHNICAL +TERMS USED</a></h2> + +<p class="in0">The line drawing below of a typical tractor +biplane will explain to the non-technical reader +the meaning of many terms used hereafter which +are difficult to describe without the aid of a +diagram:</p> + +<div id="ip_xix" class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> + <img src="images/i_xix.jpg" width="500" height="201" alt="Biplane parts" /></div> + +<p>A monoplane has no lower planes, while the top +planes sprout from the side of the body like the +wings of a bird, but are rigid.</p> + +<p>In either type of aeroplane it is the action of +the air on the wing surfaces, both upper and lower, +when the machine is travelling forward at a +minimum speed of about forty miles per hour +that keeps it in the air. If the speed is allowed +to drop below this minimum (known as the +flying speed) the machine “stalls,” i.e. becomes +uncontrollable, drops its nose and dives to regain +flying speed. If this happens near the ground—within<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xx" id="Page_xx">xx</a></span> +a hundred feet—a serious, and often +fatal, crash is the result.</p> + +<p>Among the types of aeroplanes used in France +during 1916–18, and mentioned in these pages but +not described in detail, are:</p> + +<h3><span class="smcap">B.E.2C., R.E.8, and Other Types of +Two-seater Machines</span></h3> + +<p>All two-seater machines carrying one pilot and +one observer which were chiefly used for artillery +observation, i.e. correcting, by observation from +the air, the fire of batteries on the ground.</p> + +<p>These were tractor biplanes, i.e. the engine and +propeller were in front, while the observer and +pilot sat tandem in two cockpits, or nacelles, in +the fish-shaped body.</p> + +<h3>F.E.2B.</h3> + +<p>A two-seater fighting biplane of the “pusher” +type with the engine behind the pilot, who with +the observer sat in a cockpit which protruded +beyond the leading, or forward, edges of the +planes. This aeroplane was used for day and +night bombing, for fighting in 1916 and the first +half of 1917, and also for reconnaissance and +photographic work.</p> + +<h3><span class="smcap">De Havilland 4</span></h3> + +<p>A high-speed tractor two-seater biplane used +for bombing, reconnaissance work, and photography.</p> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Nieuport, S.E.5, and Sopwith Camel</span></h3> + +<p>Single-seater fighting scouts, all tractor biplanes.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">1</a></span></p> + +<h2 class="vspace"><span class="large">SIXTY SQUADRON</span><br /> +R.A.F.</h2> + +<hr /> + +<h2 class="nobreak vspace"><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I<br /> + +<span class="subhead">THE FORMATION OF THE SQUADRON</span></h2> + +<p class="in0">To create a new flying unit is a task which entails +much thought and labour, and the formation of +60 had been a matter for the careful consideration +of the R.F.C. authorities for many months +before the squadron number could appear on +any of those manifold returns, without a bountiful +supply of which no country seems able to go to +war. Vital points for preliminary consideration +are: The type of aeroplane and the numbers of +this type likely to be available in the future; the +engines, and, no less important, the spares which +must be procured in adequate quantities if these +engines are to be kept in running condition. The +training units, too, must be increased in order to +keep the new service formation up to strength in +pilots. A sufficient number of trained mechanics +must be got from somewhere, and these have +usually to be wrung from the commanders of other +units, themselves already short of trained personnel, +and as a rule most reluctant to part with +good men.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">2</a></span> +All these matters were at last decided, and +60 Squadron was formed on May 1, 1916. At +that time there were in the Royal Flying Corps +about thirty-five service squadrons all told, of +which by far the greater number were in France. +The Royal Naval Air Service had at this date +considerably fewer service units. When the +Armistice was signed, there were well over two +hundred service squadrons in the Royal Air Force, +which had come into being as an independent +entity distinct from the Army or the Navy on +April 1, 1918. During the months previous to the +formation of 60, the Germans, with the aid of +the Fokker monoplane, which they produced in +the autumn of 1915, had begun seriously to interfere +with our artillery observation machines. At +this period of the war—early 1916—we had no +complete single-seater fighting scout squadrons, +but achieved the protection of the artillery +machines, mostly B.E.2C.s, by having a few +Bristol and other scouts in each two-seater +squadron.</p> + +<p>As a result of these losses, General Trenchard +decided to form some new scout squadrons, of +which 60 shortly became one, and also to re-equip +some of the existing squadrons with scouts. No. 1 +Squadron, for example, was given Nieuports (a +French machine), at that time the equal of any +German fighter.</p> + +<p>No. 60 was formed from No. 1 Reserve Aeroplane +Squadron at Gosport. Major F. Waldron,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">3</a></span> +known to his friends as “Ferdy,” was the first +commander of the new unit. He had previously +commanded No. 1 R.A.S., and was a cavalry officer +who had been seconded from his Hussar regiment +(the 19th), some time before the war, to the R.F.C. +He was one of the earlier military aviators. He +had been an instructor at the Central Flying +School at Upavon and was a first-class pilot. +The three original flight commanders (Capts. R. +Smith-Barry, A. S. M. Somers, and H. C. Tower) +were all three old Etonians. The original flying +officers were: Capt. D. B. Gray; Lieuts. H. A. +Browning-Paterson, J. N. Simpson, G. F. A. +Portal, H. H. Balfour, H. Meintjies, A. D. Bell-Irving; +2/Lieuts. C. A. Ridley, D. V. Armstrong, +H. G. Smart, and G. D. F. Keddie.</p> + +<p>The observers were: Lieuts. R. H. Knowles +and G. Williams; 2/Lieuts. L. L. Clark, H. J. +Newton, H. H. Harris, H. Good, C. F. Overy, +J. I. M. O’Beirne, W. E. G. Bryant, J. Laurie-Reid, +J. N. O. Heenan (A.E.O.), and J. Bigood +(A.E.O., wireless).</p> + +<p>Usually a new squadron received its machines +in England at its home station and flew them over +to France. 60 Squadron, however, was to be +equipped with Moranes, French machines which +were not built in England at that time. Consequently +the squadron, with its motor transport, +stores, etc., crossed to France by sea, and went +to St. Omer, where its equipment was completed.</p> + +<p>An R.F.C. squadron had two sergeant-majors:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">4</a></span> +one disciplinary, the other technical. Waldron, +when forming 60, chose these warrant officers with +considerable discretion. Sergt.-Maj. Aspinall, an +old Guardsman brought into the Flying Corps by +Basil Barrington-Kennet in the very early days, +was the disciplinary warrant officer. He had +qualified as a rigger and had tried to learn to fly, +but it was as a disciplinarian that he really shone. +He played no inconsiderable part in the achievement +of whatever success the squadron may have +had. He was a first-class soldier, and his instructions +to flight commanders in the form of little +typewritten lectures were gems of their kind. It +should be remembered that at times the casualties +in the squadron were very heavy, and officers +became flight commanders at an age which would +have been regarded as absurd before the war. +“The Great Man,” as we called him, would explain +with profound respect to a captain promoted, +most deservedly, at the age of nineteen the +necessity for assuming a judicial demeanour when +an air mechanic was brought up before him on +some minor charge; he would, further, instruct +the young flight commander most carefully in the +punishments appropriate to each offence, and all +this without in the smallest particular transgressing +that code of military etiquette which regulates +so strictly the relations between commissioned and +warrant officers. Only his successive commanding +officers know how much of the tranquillity and +contentment of the men was due to “the Great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">5</a></span> +Man.” The technical sergeant-major, Smyrk by +name, was a wizard with an internal combustion +engine. He had been employed at the Gramophone +Co.’s factory at Hayes in civil life before +joining the R.F.C. in 1912, and had a gift for +teaching fitters their business. During almost all +the war, two fitters a month had to be sent home +to assist in the manning of new units, while the +squadrons in the field had, in consequence, always +to carry a percentage of untrained or partially +trained men, who had to be made into experts on +the engines with which they were equipped. The +technical sergeant-major had to train these men, +and was also the specialist who was called in +whenever one of the flights had an unusually +refractory engine which had baffled both the flight +commander and his flight sergeant. Smyrk was +always equal to every call upon him, and a long +line of pilots should, and no doubt do, remember +him with gratitude, for, after all, the degree of +efficiency with which the engine was looked after +often meant the difference between a landing in +Hunland and getting home.</p> + +<p>After a few days at St. Omer we received our +machines, which were Moranes of three different +types: “A” Flight had Morane “bullets,” +80 h.p.; “B” Flight, 110 h.p. Morane biplanes; +and “C” Flight, Morane “parasols.”</p> + +<p>Of the “parasol,” a two-seater monoplane, it is +unnecessary to say very much, as they were soon +replaced by “bullets,” and “C” Flight did<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">6</a></span> +practically no work on them. The machine is +best, perhaps, described as a biplane without any +bottom planes, by which is meant that the wings +were above the pilot’s head, a feature which +suggested its nickname. It had an 80 h.p. Le +Rhone at that time, almost the best air-cooled +rotary engine. They were good for artillery +registration, as the view downward was excellent; +they were very stable also, easy to fly and to land, +and, in fact, were “kind” machines, giving their +pilots the sort of feeling afforded by a good-tempered, +confidential old hunter.</p> + +<p>The Morane biplane had a more powerful engine, +the 110 Le Rhone, also an air-cooled rotary, and +was quite an efficient “kite,” as the R.F.C. called +them, with its inveterate habit of inventing pet +names for its aeroplanes. It was draughty and +cold to sit in, but was light on the controls and had +a reasonably good performance. This machine +was also a two-seater, like the “parasol,” with +the observer’s seat behind the pilot’s.</p> + +<div id="ip_6" class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> + <img src="images/i_006.jpg" width="500" height="292" alt="" /> + <div class="caption">PATROL OF MORANE “BULLETS” ABOUT TO LEAVE THE GROUND, VERT GALANT, JUNE 1916.</div></div> + +<p>The Morane “bullet,” with a 80 h.p. Le Rhone +engine, was quite a different proposition.</p> + +<p>This was a monoplane with a fuselage (body) of +the monococque, or cigar-shaped, type and very +small wings, giving, therefore, a very high loading +per square foot of lifting surface. The speed near +the ground was not too bad for 1916, being about +ninety to ninety-five miles per hour, but, owing +to the high loading on the wings, the machine +became inefficient at a height. It had the gliding<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">7</a></span> +angle of a brick, as a pilot moodily complained +after an unsuccessful forced landing. It +is obvious that, if a machine has a very small +wing surface, it must be kept going fast, when +gliding without the engine, to preserve its flying +speed, and this can only be done by keeping the +nose well down; hence the unfriendly description +quoted above.</p> + +<p>Above 10,000 feet it was difficult to turn a +“bullet” sharply and steeply without “stalling”; +moreover, in bad weather it was very uncomfortable +to fly, giving the impression that it was trying +its best to kill the pilot all the time. The lateral +<span class="locked">control,<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">1</a></span> of the “warp” type, was to some extent +responsible for this. The armament was a fixed +Lewis gun firing through the propeller, which was +fitted with a metal deflector—a steel wedge which +prevented the propeller being shot through. There +was no synchronising gear on any of the Moranes. +By this is meant the device by which the detonation +of the gun was harmonised with the beat of +the propeller; actually the gun is blocked when +the blades of the propeller are in the line of fire.</p> + +<p>Later on we were given some “bullets” with +110 h.p. Le Rhones, but these were no better, as +the loading was even higher with the heavier +engine, and their performance above 8,000 feet was +consequently poor. The climb for the first few +thousand feet was wonderful, as the engine seemed +almost to pull the machine straight up.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">8</a></span> +Generally speaking, the “bullet” was not a +success, as it was too difficult to fly for the average +pilot. Nevertheless, as several of our pilots, +notably Smith-Barry, Gilchrist, Foot, Grenfell, +Meintjies, and Hill, and in particular D. V. Armstrong, +were considerably above the average, some +useful work was accomplished on these machines.</p> + +<p>The equipment having been completed, we +moved to Boisdinghem, between St. Omer and +Boulogne, for a few days’ practice with the new +machines. This was very necessary, as hardly +anyone had flown Moranes before.</p> + +<p>On June 10 we were ordered to Vert Galant, an +aerodrome astride the Doullens-Amiens road, and +joined the 13th Wing of the 3rd Brigade R.F.C., +operating with the 3rd Army. War flying was +started a few days later, and it at once became +apparent that our anti-aircraft batteries found +difficulty in distinguishing our “bullets” from the +Fokkers. In consequence the black cowls of our +machines were painted red to help the <span class="locked">“archie”<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">2</a></span> +gunners, who had been assiduously firing at 60’s +machines.</p> + +<div id="ip_8" class="figcenter" style="width: 425px;"> + <img src="images/i_008.jpg" width="349" height="500" alt="" /> + <div class="caption">H. BALFOUR AND D. V. ARMSTRONG, JULY 1916.</div></div> + +<div id="ip_8b" class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> + <img src="images/i_008b.jpg" width="500" height="260" alt="" /> + <div class="caption">CLAUDE A. RIDLEY, D.S.O., M.C., IN A MORANE “BULLET.”</div></div> + +<p>The work at this time chiefly consisted of +offensive patrols, which were supposed to keep +the air clear for our corps and bombing machines. +Numerous reconnaissances were also carried out. +In these days scouts usually worked in pairs, +but larger formations of five and six machines +were becoming more common; later in the war<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">9</a></span> +it was the rule to send out a whole squadron, +or as many of its machines as were serviceable, +over the line at once; but in 1916 aeroplanes +and pilots were, usually, too scarce to send more +than two off the ground at once.</p> + +<p>On August 3, 1916, Claude Ridley had a forced +landing near Douai through engine failure when +dropping a spy over the lines. His adventures +were remarkable. His spy got out, told Ridley +to hide for a little, and presently, returning with +civilian clothes and some money, told him that he +must now shift for himself. Ridley did so with +such address that he eluded capture for three +months on the German side of the line, and +eventually worked his way via Brussels to the +Dutch frontier and escaped. This was a good +performance, none the worse because he could +speak neither French nor German. The method +he adopted was a simple one—he would go up to +some likely-looking civilian and say, “I am a +British officer trying to escape; will you help me?” +They always did. He had many interesting +adventures. For example, he lay up near the +Douai aerodrome and watched the young Huns +learning to fly and crashing on the aerodrome; +here he saw one of our B.E.s brought down, and +the pilot and observer marched past him into +captivity; later the conductor of a tram in the +environs of Brussels suspected him, but, knocking +the man down, he jumped into a field of standing +corn and contrived to elude pursuit.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">10</a></span> +This method of landing spies was not popular +with R.F.C. pilots, as there was always quite a +chance that one might not be able to get the +machine off again, and, anyhow, it was a nerve-racking +experience to have to land in a field after a +necessarily hurried survey from the air, and wait +while your spy climbed slowly—very slowly—out. +Later, different and, from the pilot’s point of +view, improved devices were adopted; the spy +was made to sit on the plane with a parachute and +to jump off when told. Occasionally they refused +to jump, nor is it easy to blame them, so a further +improvement is said to have been introduced by +which the pilot could pull a lever and drop the +wretched agent out through the bottom of the +fuselage, after which he parachuted down to earth.</p> + +<p>They were very brave men, these French spies +who voluntarily entered the occupied territory +in this hazardous manner. They were usually +dropped either in the late evening or early +morning.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">11</a></span></p> + +<h2 class="vspace"><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II<br /> + +<span class="subhead">THE SOMME</span></h2> + +<p class="in0">Sixty had not to wait long for its first taste of +serious fighting. The “aerial offensive,” which +always precedes any “push,” was already well +developed when the squadron commenced war +flying. Casualties were heavy, and on July 3, +two days after the official commencement of the +Somme battle, Ferdy Waldron was shot down and +killed on the “other side.” He considered it his +duty to try and do one job per day over the line, +and on this particular morning he led “A” Flight’s +80 h.p. “bullets” over at 4 a.m. in perfect weather. +The other members of the patrol were Smith-Barry, +Armstrong, Simpson, and Balfour. The +last-named thus describes the fight: “Both +Armstrong and Simpson fell out, through engine +trouble, before we reached Arras. Armstrong +landed by a kite balloon section and breakfasted +with Radford (Basil Hallam, the actor), whose +kite balloon was attacked a few days later, and +who met his death through the failure of his +parachute. Waldron led the remaining two along +the Arras-Cambrai road. We crossed at about +8,000 feet, and just before reaching Cambrai we +were about 9,000, when I suddenly saw a large<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">12</a></span> +formation of machines about our height coming +from the sun towards us. There must have been +at least twelve. They were two-seaters led by +one Fokker (monoplane) and followed by two +others. I am sure they were not contemplating +‘war’ at all, but Ferdy pointed us towards them +and led us straight in.</p> + +<p>“My next impressions were rather mixed. I +seemed to be surrounded by Huns in two-seaters. +I remember diving on one, pulling out of the dive, +and then swerving as another came for me. I can +recollect also looking down and seeing a Morane +about 800 feet below me going down in a slow +spiral, with a Fokker hovering above it following +every turn. I dived on the Fokker, who swallowed +the bait and came after me, but unsuccessfully, +as I had taken care to pull out of my dive while +still above him. The Morane I watched gliding +down under control, doing perfect turns, to about +2,000 feet, when I lost sight of it. I thought he +must have been hit in the engine. After an +indecisive combat with the Fokker I turned home, +the two-seaters having disappeared. Smith-Barry +I never saw from start to finish of the +fight. I landed at Vert Galant and reported that +Ferdy had ‘gone down under control.’ We all +thought he was a prisoner, but heard soon afterwards +that he had landed safely but died of +wounds that night, having been hit during the +scrap.</p> + +<p>“About twenty minutes after I had landed,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">13</a></span> +Smith-Barry came back. He had not seen us, but +had been fighting the back two Fokkers, which he +drove east, but not before he had been shot about +by them, one bullet entering the tail and passing +up the fuselage straight for his back until it hit +the last cross-member, which deflected the course +of the missile sufficiently to save him.”</p> + +<p>This was the end of a first-class squadron +commander, and, coming so early in our fighting +career, was a heavy blow. If he had lived, +Waldron must have made a great name for himself +in the R.F.C.</p> + +<p>Smith-Barry now took over the squadron. He +was a great “character”—an Irishman with all +an Irishman’s charm. A trifle eccentric, he was +a fine pilot. He had crashed badly near Amiens +in the retreat from Mons, the first Flying Corps +casualty, breaking both his legs, which left him +permanently lame. Although beloved by his +squadron, his superiors sometimes found him a +little trying officially. It is often said, half +admiringly, of a man by his friends that “he +doesn’t care a damn for anyone.” I believe this to +have been almost literally true of Smith-Barry. He +could do anything with an aeroplane, and delighted +in frightening his friends with incredible aerial +antics. He was a fine, if original, squadron +commander, almost too original, in fact, even for +the R.F.C., where, if anywhere in the fighting +services, originality was encouraged. At a later +stage (in 1917) in Smith-Barry’s career he rendered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">14</a></span> +a very great service to the Corps and to the +country by bringing his contempt for precedent +and genius for instruction to bear on the question +of teaching pilots to fly. It is no exaggeration to +say that he revolutionised instruction in aviation, +and, having been given almost a free hand by +General J. Salmond, he organised his Gosport +School of Special Flying, which afterwards developed +into a station where all flying instructors +were trained.</p> + +<p>He has been seen to walk down the Strand in +full uniform with an umbrella.</p> + +<p>When promoted in 1918 to the command of a +brigade, he, having come into conflict with +authority, dispatched the following telegrams on +the same day to his immediate superior: (1) “Am +returning to Gosport. Smith-Barry, Brig.-Gen.” +(2) “Have arrived at Gosport. Smith-Barry, +Lieut.-Col.”</p> + +<p>Smith-Barry’s batman was a French boy named +Doby, a refugee from Lille, whom Nicolson, +sometime private secretary to General Seely and +one of the early pilots of the R.F.C., had picked +up during the retreat from Mons and taken back +to England with him. When Nicolson was +killed at Gosport, Smith-Barry appointed Doby +as his batman and, in order to take him to France, +dressed him in R.F.C. uniform and called him Air +Mechanic Doby. This boy was most useful, being +competent to bargain with his compatriots for the +goods which the mess required. When a year had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">15</a></span> +gone by and there had been several changes in +command, nobody knew his history, and he was +regarded as a genuine member of the Corps. +History does not relate how he was eventually +“demobilised.”</p> + +<p>This, then, was the kind of man who took over +the squadron on Waldron’s death—at a critical +point in its career.</p> + +<p>Those who were most conspicuous during the +battles of the Somme were: Ball (who joined from +11 Squadron in August), Summers and Tower (two +of the original flight commanders), Gilchrist, Latta, +Grenfell, Meintjies, A. D. Bell Irving, Phillippi, +Hill, Foot, Vincent, Armstrong, and Walters. +Foot, as one of the most skilful pilots, was given +a “Spad,” on which he did great execution +during the autumn.</p> + +<p>The fighting was mainly over places like +Bapaume, Courcelette, Martinpuich, Busigny, +St. Quentin, Cambrai, Havrincourt, etc.</p> + +<p>Ball began to show very prominently about +this time, several times destroying two or more +hostile aeroplanes, and hardly a day passed +without at least one Hun being added to his +bag. Much has been written about Albert Ball, +so much that at this date it is difficult to add +anything of interest to the accounts which are +already so widely known; but this at least can +confidently be said, that never during the war has +any single officer made a more striking contribution +to the art of war in the air than he, who was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">16</a></span> +the first to make what may be called a business of +killing Huns. He allowed nothing to interfere +with what he conceived to be the reason of his +presence in an aeroplane in France—the destruction +of the enemy wherever and whenever he +could be found. He was a man—a boy in truth—of +a kindly nature, possessed by a high sense of +duty and patriotism. These months (August and +September 1916) saw Ball at his best, and though +it is true that he was awarded the Victoria Cross +after his death in an heroic fight in the spring of +1917, when he was a flight commander in 56 +Squadron, yet it was in the summer and autumn +of 1916 in 11 and 60 Squadrons that he began to +show the Flying Corps what fighting in the air +really meant. The copy of a report rendered to +R.F.C. H.Q. is given below:</p> + +<div id="ip_16" class="figcenter" style="width: 425px;"> + <img src="images/i_016.jpg" width="405" height="500" alt="" /> + <div class="caption">SUMMERS STANDING-BY HIS MORANE “PARASOL.”</div></div> + +<div id="ip_16b" class="figcenter" style="width: 401px;"> + <img src="images/i_016b.jpg" width="401" height="500" alt="" /> + <div class="caption">MAJOR R. SMITH-BARRY IN A MORANE “BULLET.”</div></div> + +<blockquote> + +<p>“Lieut. Ball has had more than twenty-five +combats since May 16 in a single-seater scout.</p> + +<p>“Of these thirteen have been against more than +one hostile machine.</p> + +<p>“In particular, on August 22, he attacked in +succession formations of 7 and 5 machines in the +same flight; on August 28, 4 and 10 in succession; +on August 31, 12.</p> + +<p>“He has forced 20 German machines to land, +of which 8 have been destroyed—1 seen to be +descending vertically with flames coming out of +the fuselage, and 7 seen to be wrecked on the +ground.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">17</a></span></p> +<p>“During this period he has forced two hostile +balloons down and destroyed one.</p> + +<p class="sigright"> +<span class="l4">“(<i>Sgd.</i>) <span class="smcap">J. F. A. Higgins</span>,</span><br /> +<span class="l2">“<i>Brigadier-General,</i></span><br /> +“<i>Commanding 3rd Brigade R.F.C.</i></p> + +<p>“<span class="smcap">In the Field</span>,<br /> +<span class="in2">“<i>Sept. 1, 1916</i>.”</span> +</p></blockquote> + +<p>Of the others, Latta became a wonderful pilot; +Gilchrist, a gallant South African, commanded 56 +at the end of the war and became one of the very +best instructors under Smith-Barry at Gosport; +Roderick Hill, a fine pilot, is also an artist of no +small reputation; A. D. Bell Irving worthily +upheld the traditions of an heroic Canadian family +whose name will always appear prominently in +any history of the Air Force; while Meintjies, +also a South African, though young, himself displayed +an infinite patience, together with a +wisdom far beyond his years, in the introduction +of new pilots to the hazardous game of aerial +fighting as practised on the Western Front, of +which he himself was a first-class exponent.</p> + +<p>As for D. V. Armstrong, a South African, who +was killed in a crash just as the war had ended, +and who after leaving 60 became a brilliant night-flying +pilot, the following letter from Col. Small +will give some slight idea of the work done by him +in 151 Night Fighting Squadron.</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>“At 10.40 on the night of September 17/18, +whilst on patrol east of Bapaume, Capt. Armstrong<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">18</a></span> +observed a Gotha biplane caught in a +concentration of searchlight at 8,500 feet, with a +Camel machine behind it.</p> + +<p>“Seeing the Camel was not engaging the E.A. +(enemy aeroplane) from a sufficiently close range, +this officer dived down, coming in on the E.A.’s +right. He closed right up under its tail and fired +100 rounds into it. The E.A. then burst into +flames and dived to the ground, where it burst +into pieces just east of Bapaume.</p> + +<p>“On the night of September 10/11, 1918, on +receipt of a report that E.A. was over the 4th +Army front, Capt. Armstrong volunteered to go +up, although the weather was practically impossible +for flying, the wind blowing at about fifty +miles an hour, accompanied by driving rain storms. +In spite of this, Capt. Armstrong remained on his +patrol 1 hour 5 minutes, although his machine +was practically out of control on several occasions. +On landing, his machine had to be held down to +prevent it being blown over.</p> + +<p>“On the night of August 6/7, 1918, Capt. +Armstrong attacked Estrées-en-Chaussée aerodrome. +After dropping three Cooper bombs on +the hangars from 600 feet, he observed an E.A. +coming in to land. Capt. Armstrong then closed +under the E.A.’s tail and opened fire from fifteen +yards’ range when at 700 feet. The E.A.’s +observer answered the fire, and then suddenly +ceased altogether. Capt. Armstrong continued +firing until the E.A. suddenly turned to the right<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">19</a></span> +with nose down and crashed on its aerodrome, +bursting into flames as it struck the ground. This +officer then dropped his fourth bomb on the wreck +and fired a further burst into it, returning to his +aerodrome with all ammunition expended.</p> + +<p>“On the night of August 8/9, 1918, although +the clouds were at about 500 feet, this officer flew +to the same hostile aerodrome, but finding no +activity there and seeing no lights whatever, he +flew to Cizancourt Bridge, dropping his four bombs +upon it from 500 feet.</p> + +<p>“On this night he was unable at any period +to fly at over 800 feet, owing to low driving clouds +and a very strong wind.</p> + +<p>“Capt. Armstrong attacked aerodromes as +follows on the dates shown:</p> + +<p>“<span class="smcap">Moislans</span>, 3.15 a.m. to 3.30 a.m. on August +21/22, 1918, dropping two incendiary and two +Cooper bombs from 400 feet on hutments and +tents, although subjected to the most accurate +and fierce machine-gun fire from the ground and +his machine being brightly illuminated in the +glare of the incendiary bombs.</p> + +<p>“<span class="smcap">Estrées-en-Chaussée</span>, on the night of July +31—August 1, 1918, dropping four bombs on +landing lights from 500 feet.</p> + +<p>“Capt. Armstrong took part in the defence of +London against all but three raids by E.A. +between September 1917 and June 1918.</p> + +<p>“This officer has been the right hand of his +squadron commander since the formation of his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">20</a></span> +squadron, and has, by his wonderful flying, taught +the pilots of 151 Squadron more than any other +instructor could possibly have done. He has +demonstrated to all pilots daily the only successful +method of attack at night against E.A. by +personal supervision of their flying.</p> + +<p>“As a flight commander I cannot speak too +highly of him and his wonderful spirit at all times. +His bravery as a pilot at all times and in all +weather conditions cannot be surpassed, and I am +unable to recommend him too strongly for this +decoration.</p> + +<p class="sigright"> +<span class="l2">“<span class="smcap">B. C. D. Small</span>,</span><br /> +<span class="l1">“<i>Lieut.-Colonel,</i></span><br /> +<i>“Commanding 54 Wing R.A.F.</i></p> + +<p>“<i>Sept. 19, 1918</i>.” +</p></blockquote> + +<div id="ip_20" class="figcenter" style="width: 341px;"> + <img src="images/i_020.jpg" width="341" height="500" alt="" /> + <div class="caption">BROWNING PATERSON WITH HIS MORANE +“PARASOL.”</div></div> + +<div id="ip_20b" class="figcenter" style="width: 371px;"> + <img src="images/i_020b.jpg" width="371" height="500" alt="" /> + <div class="caption">CAPT. D. V. ARMSTRONG.</div></div> + +<p>It was about this time that “balloon strafing” +was invented by Headquarters. Three Le Prieur +rockets of the ordinary type were attached to the +interplane struts on each wing; these were fired +by means of an electric bell-push in the nacelle (or +pilot’s seat), and if they hit the hostile kite balloon, +were guaranteed to send it down in flames. The +effect of this extra load was to make the machine +singularly unhandy when fighting, but it must be +admitted that they did effectually set hostile kite +balloons alight if the pilot was sufficiently resolute +to restrain himself from pressing the button until +he was within 150 yards of the object balloon. +This sounds much easier than, in fact, it was, as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">21</a></span> +hostile balloons were usually found as low as +2,500 feet, and the wretched pilot had to contend +with heavy gunfire from the ground, while always +remembering that he was some considerable distance +over the line and had sacrificed his height in +order to approach the balloon. The aeroplane of +those days would glide about one mile per 1,000 +feet in still air, and, remembering that the balloons +were usually at least two miles behind the line +and that the wind was almost always from the +west, it will be obvious that, if the engine was hit, +there was very little chance of gliding back over +the trenches. Hence it will be readily understood +that balloon strafing was not enormously popular +among junior flying officers.</p> + +<p>Nevertheless, Gilchrist, Bell Irving, Summers, +Phillippi, and Hill all successfully brought down +hostile kite balloons during the Somme battles +(September 1916).</p> + +<p>Later, in 1917, Buckingham incendiary ammunition +was used for destroying balloons. This +change was greatly appreciated by the R.F.C., +because the handiness of the machine was not +impaired, as was the case when the Le Prieur +rockets were carried.</p> + +<p>From Vert Galant the squadron moved to St. +André on August 3, 1916, to refit, having only five +pilots left. There the first flight of Nieuport scouts +was received and, after a fortnight, another move +was ordered to Izel le Hameau on August 16. +This was an aerodrome we were destined to occupy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">22</a></span> +again during the Arras battle. We here became +a homogeneous unit completely equipped with +Nieuport scouts, and moved three miles away to +Savy, midway between Arras and St. Pol, early in +September. Here, during November, little flying +was possible owing to continual rain and fog, and +the squadron settled down, almost in the Roman +manner, into winter-quarters. Savy Aerodrome +stood just above the village of that name, and +while “C” Flight were accommodated in huts on +the aerodrome so as to be near their machines in +order to deal quickly with any Huns who were +bold enough to cross the line, the remainder of the +squadron were billeted in the Mayor’s château in +the village itself, some half a mile away. Here +pigs and turkeys were kept, out of which the mess +made a good profit, and which, in addition, provided +both an excellent Christmas dinner for the +men and the material for the farewell banquet to +Smith-Barry, who was posted to Home Establishment +early in December. This dinner was somewhat +memorable. The guests included General +Higgins (the brigade commander), Pretyman (the +wing commander), Col. Lewis and Barnaby of the +“archie” gunners, Robert Loraine and several +other squadron commanders. The squadron +band, organised by Vincent, performed during +dinner with great vigour. Led by Sergt. Nicod +at the piano and conducted by Vincent himself, it +helped to enliven the evening very considerably.</p> + +<p>In addition to the band, the squadron ran at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">23</a></span> +this period both a Rugby and an Association +football team. The Rugby side was for a time +invincible, the leading players being Middlemas, +the wing machine-gun officer, an old Cambridge +Blue and a fine three-quarter; D. Bell Irving and +Giles, a first-class pair of halves; and Meintjies, +a tower of strength at full back. The Soccer +team also won many matches, captained by the +“Great Man,” Sergt.-Maj. Aspinall; while the +stores sergeant, a league player, was the star +performer at centre-forward. Matches were very +difficult to arrange, as they had to be postponed +if the weather was fine, and could only take place, +therefore, on thoroughly “dud” days, to use the +inevitable R.F.C. expression.</p> + +<p>Smith-Barry was succeeded by Major E. P. +Graves, a regular gunner, young in years, who had +crashed a Gnome Martinsyde scout at Netheravon +early in 1915 and spent many months in hospital, +emerging towards the end of that year permanently +lame but quite fit to fly. He had been staff +captain and brigade major to General Higgins at +home when recovering from his injuries, but as +soon as he became fit gave his General no peace +until he was allowed to go to France in a fighting +unit. He got posted to 20 Squadron as a flight +commander early in 1916, and had been sent home +again on promotion to command a training +squadron after six months of very good work in +France. Soon after he had taken over, the +squadron was moved from Savy back to Izel le<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">24</a></span> +Hameau, the correct name of the station being +Filescamp Farm. Here, with the aid of the local +R.E. and thanks to Graves’s tireless efforts, an +almost ideal little station was created in the +orchard adjoining the great grey walls of M. +Tetus’s demesne. This was a very old and +picturesque house, half farm and half château, +and was removed some two miles from a main +road or railway line, a circumstance which prevented +the aerodrome being bombed at night for +a very long time, as it was hard to see from the air. +An admirable mess, with a large brick fireplace, +corrugated-iron hangars, together with Nissen +huts for the officers and N.C.O.s and good accommodation +for the men, were all built by the sappers. +At this station in M. Tetus’s orchard the squadron +found a quiet retreat when not actually engaged +with the enemy. It is, perhaps, appropriate here +to observe that every pilot at this time did, on the +average, three patrols in two days over the line, +and seldom returned to the aerodrome without a +brush of some kind with the Boche. The contrast +between our quarters and those occupied by the +infantry and gunners in the line was striking. We +had cream at every meal, and a hot bath—made +by digging an oblong hole in the turf and lining it +with a waterproof sheet—whenever we felt inclined. +That the mess was good was largely due +to Dobson, a 19th Hussar, partly paralysed as +the result of a fall when riding in a steeplechase +before the war, who was the recording officer at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">25</a></span> +this time, having vainly tried to qualify as an +observer in spite of his disability.</p> + +<div id="ip_25" class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> + <img src="images/i_024.jpg" width="500" height="440" alt="" /> + <div class="caption"><p>SOME OF THE OFFICERS OF 60.</p> + +<p class="smaller notbold"><i>Front row</i>: Bell Irving, Reid, and Meintjies.</p></div></div> + +<div id="ip_25b" class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> + <img src="images/i_024b.jpg" width="500" height="315" alt="" /> + <div class="caption">MORANE “BULLET” CRASHED BY SIMPSON. BOISDINGHEM, JUNE 1916</div></div> + +<p>During the early months of 1917 there was a +very hard frost, which made it difficult for the +Germans to start their engines, most of which +were water-cooled stationaries, but did not affect +60’s air-cooled rotaries, though both sides found +that their machine guns were almost useless owing +to the extreme cold. This frost lasted till mid-February.</p> + +<p>Below will be found the first of a series of +letters written by Molesworth, who joined the +squadron at this time. They have been inserted +as far as possible whenever the narrative reaches +the events which they describe.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="sigright"> +<span class="l4">“<span class="smcap">60 Squadron R.F.C.</span>,</span><br /> +<span class="l2">“<span class="smcap">B.E.F., France</span>.</span><br /> +“<i>March 1917.</i> +</p> + +<p>“It has been snowing hard all day, so at last I +have a chance of sending you a scrawl.</p> + +<p>“Well! old bean, I had my first trip with my +flight commander over the lines on the 2nd. My +word! it was some trip too, I can tell you. I +was posted to ‘A’ Flight and allotted a machine. +Having interviewed my C.O. with much fear and +trembling, I was told that he would take me up to +the lines to have a look round. My job was to +watch and follow my leader, look out for any +Huns and get a good idea of the ground. By +this time I had got well acquainted with my<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">26</a></span> +machine, or <span class="locked">‘grid,’<a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">3</a></span> as it was generally called by +one of our Colonial flight commanders, and felt +quite confident that, if we met any Huns, I could +give them a pretty hot time.</p> + +<p>“We started off late in the afternoon, climbing +to about 8,000 feet. The view was wonderful—the +ground covered with a thin coating of snow, +while far away one could see the incessant flashing +of the guns near the battered old town of Arras. +White clouds floated in the ground mist over the +eastern horizon like great icebergs, their tops +tinged with a wonderful pink which one only sees +in the air.</p> + +<p>“I shall never forget that first impression of +the battle-field from an aeroplane; it was so +different to the sights of war on the ground. No +Huns were on view, but a few of our artillery +machines were still working. We turned home +and landed in the dusk.</p> + +<p>“I don’t think I told you about a Boche we +brought down last week. We got him quite near +the aerodrome—apparently he had lost his way +in the clouds. He appeared out of them at about +3,000 feet over our heads. Of course, every +available machine dashed off in pursuit, and +caught him up in a few minutes, as he was forced +to turn from the lines by some old F.E. <span class="locked">Birds.<a name="FNanchor_4" id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">27</a></span> +They all went for him, and he had to land in a +ploughed field near-by. He put the machine +down quite well, without crashing anything, but +one of his pursuers, who belonged to the squadron +next to us, turned upside down in his excitement +when landing. However, he did not hurt himself, +and managed to prevent the Hun from setting +his machine on fire, by holding a Very <span class="locked">pistol<a name="FNanchor_5" id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">5</a></span> at +his head.</p> + +<p>“Afterwards I had a chat with the prisoner in +French, and found out that he was a star pilot, +having a number of our machines to his credit and +the inevitable Iron Cross.</p> + +<p>“I am all out for getting a Hun now, and hope +to be able to tell you, when I next write, that my +name has appeared in <i>Comic Cuts</i>.”<a name="FNanchor_6" id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">6</a></p></blockquote> + +<p>The Nieuport scout deserves a short description, +as it was on the successive types of this aeroplane +that nearly a year’s work was done, from September +1916 to July 1917. This single-seater fighter +was a French machine, and one of the most +successful in its day which our allies ever produced. +The various types of this make with which the +squadron was at different times equipped—15, 16, +17, 21, 24, and 29—showed a continuous improvement +in performance, though all had the same<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">28</a></span> +engine, 110 h.p. Le Rhone, which itself was +modified slightly and converted into a 120 h.p. +engine by the substitution of aluminium for cast-iron +pistons. Through all the modifications introduced +in each successive type the machine preserved +its essential characteristics. It was a +biplane, but its lower planes were non-lifting and +only operated to stabilise the machine to some +extent in flight; the top planes were streamlined +with the pilot’s eyes, giving him the free view +which is essential in a fighting scout. It may be +said that it was mainly this characteristic, that it +was good to see out of, that made the Nieuport, in +1916, the best fighting machine on either side. +Strong in construction and very handy, it could +turn inside any German aeroplane we ever encountered. +It was not very fast, but, with an +exceptionally good climb to 10,000 feet, it was no +bad “grid” on which to go Hun-hunting between +the sea and the Somme. It was armed with a +single Lewis gun carrying a double drum with +ninety rounds of .303 ammunition and two spare +drums. The gun was mounted on the top plane +and fired over the propeller at an angle slightly +above the horizontal. The earlier Nieuports were +all treated with a bright silver-coloured “dope”—the +substance used to tighten the fabric—and +when properly turned out had a very smart +appearance.</p> + +<div id="ip_28" class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> + <img src="images/i_028.jpg" width="500" height="316" alt="" /> + <div class="caption"><p>“A” FLIGHT AWAITING SIGNAL TO PROCEED ON PATROL, MAY 1917.</p></div></div> + +<div id="ip_28b" class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> + <img src="images/i_028b.jpg" width="500" height="303" alt="" /> + <div class="caption"><p>THE KAISER DECORATING VON RICHTHOFEN, WHOSE AEROPLANE +APPEARS BEYOND THE GROUP.</p> + +<p class="smaller notbold">Hindenburg and the German Crown Prince figure in the group on the left.</p></div></div> + +<p>Another characteristic of all types was the +V-shaped interplane strut, which, although the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">29</a></span> +Germans also used them in their D3 Albatros, +made the machines easy to recognise in the air.</p> + +<p>In conclusion, the Silver Nieuport was a good +machine to fight in, but a bad one either for +running away or for catching a faint-hearted +enemy, as its best air speed, even near the ground, +rarely exceeded ninety-six or ninety-seven miles +per hour.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">30</a></span></p> + +<h2 class="vspace"><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III<br /> + +<span class="subhead">ARRAS</span></h2> + +<p class="in0">With the beginning of March 1917, the Boche +became very active in the air. The D3 V-strut +Albatros appeared in numbers on the 3rd Army +front, and about the same time a squadron of +red-painted machines of this type, known to the +R.F.C. as “the Circus,” did a good deal of damage +to British machines and annoyed us very much. +One aeroplane in particular, called the “Pink +Lady” on account of an absurd story that it was +flown by a woman—the machine itself was coloured +bright red—was often seen between Arras and +Albert. It is thought that the pilot was Freiherr +von Richthofen the elder. This machine it was +that, venturing well over our side of the line on +March 6, 1917, crashed an F.E. and went on and +engaged and shot down Evelyn Graves, whose +machine caught fire. When picked up, he was +found to have been shot through the head, so that +he was spared the pain of death by burning.</p> + +<p>After Evelyn Graves’s death, A. J. L. Scott, of +the Sussex Yeomanry, was appointed to succeed +him. He was a flight commander in 43—a +Sopwith two-seater squadron—and was also lame +as the result of a crash during the early part of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">31</a></span> +war, being the third lame squadron commander +in succession appointed to 60.</p> + +<p>Scott took up his appointment on March 10, +1917, about the time that the aerial offensive +precedent to the Arras battle began to develop.</p> + +<p>There had been, on the 3rd Army front, a lull +during January and February, and by a lull is +meant that pilots were doing one job a day instead +of the two that they were almost certain to be +called upon for when business was good. The +casualties lists show this clearly, as, though E. O. +Grenfell and Gilchrist were wounded in December, +there were only two more casualties until Evelyn +Graves’s death in March—R. Hopper, killed on +January 11; and E. G. Herbert, wounded on the +28th. February passed without the loss of a +single officer. This was due mainly to the month +of hard frost referred to above, which kept the +Hun machines on the ground. Even when +machines did meet in the air at this time, it was +very difficult to get the guns to fire, so that on +several occasions the pilots, after manœuvring +round one another for a while, waved hands and +went home. A non-freezing gun-oil was brought +out before the next winter, which put an end to +these not altogether unwelcome interludes to the +sterner business. Mention of Grenfell’s wound +calls to mind the occasion on which he received it. +An O.P. (offensive patrol) led by him, and consisting +of Caldwell, Daly, Whitehead, Weedon, +and Meintjies, met a two-seater Albatros over<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">32</a></span> +Dainville on our side of the line. All our machines +opened fire, and the Hun hurriedly landed. Grenfell, +anxious to get down and claim him, crashed +and broke his leg, while all the other five machines +landed, and three of these also crashed, not so +seriously as to injure the pilots, but enough to +prevent them taking off again. Thus the Hun in +one field was flanked by a crashed Nieuport in +every adjoining enclosure, while, to make matters +worse, the Boche observer—who, unlike the pilot, +was not wounded—set fire to his machine to +prevent it falling into our hands. The machine +shortly exploded, seriously injuring the observer +and several of our own infantry who by that time +were standing by. If these had grasped the +situation a little more quickly they could easily +have prevented the destruction of the machine, +which it was important to preserve.</p> + +<p>The battle of Arras, as it came to be called, +was now imminent, and would probably have +commenced before April 10 but for an unexpected +move on the part of the enemy. On March 30, +the first clear day after a spell of bad weather, +the first patrol to land reported thirty or forty +fires in the tract of country east of the Arras-Albert +sector. Every village for ten or fifteen +miles back was alight. At first we could not +understand what it meant—for although an +R.F.C. squadron knew a good deal more of what +was happening than a battalion in the line, still +we did not always fully comprehend the meanings<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">33</a></span> +of the incidents we reported, which the G.H.Q. +Intelligence Staff could, no doubt, interpret with +the help of reports from their numerous other +sources of information.</p> + +<p>The German retreat of March 14 came, therefore, +as a complete surprise to us. For, even at +this stage of the war, we had become so used to +hearing that the enemy’s <i>morale</i> was undermined, +and that their troops were unwilling to fight, etc., +that we had ceased to take much notice of these +stories, the truth of which—for they were true—only +became manifest nineteen months later.</p> + +<p>The next two days, the 14th and 15th, were +days of stormy weather, in spite of which patrols +were continually sent out to try and ascertain +the depth of the withdrawal and to locate the +new German positions. The rough-and-ready +way in which this was done was to fly low until +we came under fire from anti-aircraft guns or +rifles and machine guns on the ground. Molesworth, +in a letter, gives quite a graphic account +of this retreat as follows:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="sigright"> +<span class="l4">“<span class="smcap">60 Squadron R.F.C.</span>,</span><br /> +<span class="l2">“<span class="smcap">B.E.F., France</span>.</span><br /> +“<i>March 1917.</i> +</p> + +<p>“No luck for me in the Hun line yet, although +the beggars seem to be running on the ground all +right.</p> + +<p>“Three of us went out the other day, and had +the most hectic time. The clouds were about +3,000 feet and very dense, with gaps here and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">34</a></span> +there. We crossed the lines and expected to get +it pretty hot from <span class="locked">Archie,<a name="FNanchor_7" id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">7</a></span> but, strangely enough, +nothing happened. Heading towards Croisille, +we came out of a thick cloud and saw a most +extraordinary sight. For miles around every +village was a blazing mass with smoke columns, +like great water-spouts, ascending upwards to +the clouds. Along the roads one could see lines +of retreating men making for the Hindenburg +defences, which we could plainly distinguish +owing to the amount of barbed wire entanglements +round them. Suddenly we were met by a +perfect tornado of bursting ‘archies,’ and so were +forced to turn into a cloud. This cloud was so +thick that we all promptly proceeded to lose +ourselves. I looked at my <span class="locked">compass<a name="FNanchor_8" id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">8</a></span> and saw +that it was pointing west, so carried on. At last, +after about half an hour’s flying, I found myself +alone in an opening in the clouds. Below me +were dozens of shell-holes filled with water; +round about, black clouds and sheets of driving +rain. I knew I was somewhere near the lines, +and yet could not decide in which direction to +turn. Trusting to the compass I still pushed on +west, and at last the shell-holes disappeared. +Just as my petrol was giving out I spotted some +hangars. There was nothing for it, so I decided +to land. Coming down to about 200 feet I did a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">35</a></span> +half-circle to get into the wind, and to my utter +disgust saw a large party of Germans on the +ground. I therefore made up my mind that it +must be a Hun aerodrome. No machines were +out, owing to the ‘dud’ weather, so I landed, +jumped out of the machine, seized the Very +pistol, and was just going to fire it into the grid +when I saw, to my amazement, two mechanics in +khaki coming across to give me a hand. I tell +you, I have never been so bucked to see anyone +in khaki before. Evidently the party I had seen +were German prisoners. When the old kite +had been filled up I pushed off again, and got +home after about an hour’s run. On arrival I +heard that the other two had lost themselves as +well, but had managed to get back. In future I +shall take jolly good care to get to know the +country better before playing about in clouds.”</p></blockquote> + +<p>On the 17th and 18th the weather became too +bad to fly, and an “excursion” was organised +in tenders to the nearest points of the old front line, +Ransart and Monchy-au-Bois, near Adinfer Wood; +this last-named had been the home of a peculiarly +accurate enemy “archie” gun for many months +past. At the latter place skeletons of French +soldiers still hung in the wire, where they had +been since September 1915 at least.</p> + +<p>The systematic and deliberate devastation of +the evacuated country made a great impression +on all our pilots, who were also thrilled to see the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">36</a></span> +very trenches which the enemy’s troops had +occupied only a few days earlier. It seemed +wonderful to see the marks in the muddy sides +of the trenches made by German feet and elbows, +and the clips of rifle cartridges laid on the fire +steps by their sentries less than a week before. +Absorbingly interesting, too, to explore their +dugouts, and to trace the routes by which their +troops came up into the line from the rest billets +behind. All the roads had been blown up, and +every house in each abandoned village was most +efficiently destroyed, except in a few cases, like +Bapaume town hall, where delay action mines +had been prepared.</p> + +<p>One of the most impressive sights was the +German cemetery, which was to be found in almost +every hamlet, carefully laid out and extremely +carefully tended, with monuments, cement steps, +and ornamental shrubs symmetrically disposed +amid the ruins of the houses among which it stood.</p> + +<p>There were souvenirs enough for an army, let +alone a squadron, and we were fortunate when +collecting them not to fall into a single “booby +trap,” such as a helmet which exploded when +picked up. This expedition is also described by +Molesworth in another letter:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="sigright"> +<span class="l4">“<span class="smcap">60 Squadron R.F.C.</span>,</span><br /> +<span class="l2">“<span class="smcap">B.E.F., France</span>.</span><br /> +“<i>March 1917.</i> +</p> + +<p>“The rumour about leave is true, so my turn +ought to come in a few days as my name is next +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">37</a></span>on the list. The weather has been hopeless +lately for aviation. Yesterday some of us +decided to go and have a look at the old Boche +trenches. We chose the ones west of Adinfer +Wood, as they were less likely to be mined than +those further north.</p> + +<p>“Having seized a tender, we pushed off after +breakfast towards the line. We got to our front +trenches at about ten o’clock, and left the tender +here, as the road was still in pretty bad repair. +No Man’s Land was dotted about with shell-holes. +A few broken stumps of trees lined the +road—war-worn veterans that had stood the test +of battle. (Amongst other souvenirs, I am +bringing you back a walking-stick made from a +branch of one of these.) There was a wood, or +what remained of it, to our right front, as this +part of the line had been very quiet, and was +nothing compared to the utter desolation of the +Somme or ‘Arras’ battle-fields.</p> + +<p>“The German system of trenches consisted of +thick belts of barbed wire, behind which was a +trench about 10 feet deep, with platforms and +machine-gun emplacements to shoot from. +About every 50 yards or so square openings led +down to the underground dugouts. The old +Hun seems to have lived fairly comfortably, as +there were beds and tables here and there, with +store-rooms and passages connecting each dugout.</p> + +<p>“We went about collecting souvenirs very<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">38</a></span> +gingerly, as warnings of booby traps were posted +up everywhere we went. But luckily no one +was caught out. We managed to collect some +tin hats, bombs, Very pistols, and a few other +odds and ends, which we loaded into the tender.</p> + +<p>“I am bringing some of these home.</p> + +<p>“Orders have just come through for us to go +on another balloon strafe, so I will finish this +when we come back if old Fritz doesn’t stop me.</p> + +<div class="tb">* <span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">*</span></div> + +<p class="center">“(<i>Two hours later</i>)</p> + +<p>“Here I am back again, with a Hun and a +<span class="locked">‘sausage’<a name="FNanchor_9" id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">9</a></span> added to my bag. I am fearfully +bucked with life, as the Major has just told me +that I have been made a ‘flight commander.’ +No time for any more, as I am just off to have a +cheery time with the other lads, who seem to +have done pretty well too.”</p></blockquote> + +<p>That the enemy knew that the British intended +to attack was evident, because the numbers of +the aforementioned V-strut Albatros scouts had +obviously increased on this front. The performance +of these machines was considerably better +than the Nieuport, and they had two Spandau +guns firing through the propeller; and, moreover, +the circus of red machines led, so they said, by +Richthofen, was functioning freely throughout +the month of March 1917. It is perhaps unnecessary +to repeat that the offensive in the air commences<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">39</a></span> +always before the push on the ground, +and though the latter was timed to commence on +April 10, 60 had a hard month to go through +before this date arrived. We were short of +scout squadrons at this time, and though 48, +the first Bristol fighter squadron, and 56, another +new squadron equipped with the S.E.5s, had +arrived from England, these were to be kept as a +surprise for the Boche, and were not to cross the +line until “zero day,” as the day fixed for the +first assault was called. With 56 Ball had come +out again from England, and it was during this +battle that he was killed, on May 7, 1917, after +a severe engagement in which Meintjies, who also +had been posted to 56 after a period of rest +at home, was badly wounded; the latter is one +of the best pilots, and almost the most popular +officer, 60 ever had.</p> + +<p>The flight commanders at this time, mid-March +1917, were: K. L. Caldwell, who when on +leave fell sick and did not return till June. He +was a New Zealander, a great friend of Meintjies, +and was beloved by everyone. He was a curious +instance of a fine and fearless fighter, but a bad +shot at this time, who in consequence did not +get many Huns; he afterwards remedied this +defect and made a great reputation both in 60 and +when commanding 74 in 1918. The other two +were Alan Binnie, an Australian who had fought +with the 9th Division in Gallipoli, and Black, who +went sick and was subsequently posted away.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">40</a></span> +At the beginning of this month (on the day +before Graves’s death, to be exact) W. A. Bishop +joined. The son of a well-known family in +Montreal, he had passed through the Royal +Military College and had joined the Canadian +Cavalry, coming over with his regiment with the +first Canadian contingent. On arrival in England +he very soon applied to join the Flying Corps, and +was posted as an observer to No. 7 Squadron. +After a tour of duty in France in this capacity he +went home to learn to fly, and was posted to us +almost as soon as he had got his wings.</p> + +<div id="ip_40" class="figcenter" style="width: 316px;"> + <img src="images/i_040.jpg" width="316" height="500" alt="" /> + <div class="caption">MOLESWORTH, BISHOP, AND +CALDWELL, APRIL 1917.</div></div> + +<div id="ip_40b" class="figcenter" style="width: 308px;"> + <img src="images/i_040b.jpg" width="308" height="500" alt="" /> + <div class="caption">BISHOP, CALDWELL, AND YOUNG, +APRIL 1917.</div></div> + +<p>It was curious to notice how quick the mechanics +of the squadron were to recognise Bishop’s +quality. Only a few days after his arrival at the +squadron the sergeants gave a musical evening +to which the officers were invited, and it was +observed that one of the very few toasts which +were proposed by them was that of Bishop’s +health, although at this time he had only destroyed +one enemy machine, and none of his +fellow-officers had, as yet, any idea of the brilliant +career that was in store for him. This occasion, +on which he got his first Hun, was remarkable +for the fact that his engine failed, and forced him +to land very near the front-line trenches. He +only, in fact, just succeeded in scraping over. +The failure of the engine was due to his inexperience +in allowing it to choke while diving. Having +landed in a very unhealthy spot, he got rapidly +into a dugout occupied by some field gunners,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">41</a></span> +and, with their help, moved his machine every +half-hour to prevent the German artillery shelling +it. During the night he borrowed a toothbrush +from the gunner officer, and with this contrived +to clean the sparking plugs of his engine. Having +heard nothing of him, the squadron had +already reported him missing, when he succeeded +in getting a telephone message through to say +that he was safe.</p> + +<p>Our Corps machines, the eyes of the artillery, +were being shot down every day in the valley of +the Scarpe, despite our efforts and those of 29 +(also with Nieuports) and 11, an F.E.2B. squadron. +The ground on both sides of the river was +littered with B.E.s. The scouts, whose losses +were much heavier, fell usually far over the lines +in hostile territory.</p> + +<p>The work at this time still consisted mainly of +offensive patrols (whose business it was to +operate east of the artillery machines and to +keep the air clear of hostile scouts), reconnaissances, +and sometimes escorts to bombing and +photographic patrols. On April 7 M. B. Knowles, +C. S. Hall, and G. O. Smart—the latter was +originally an N.C.O. pilot who had but lately +been commissioned for gallantry in the Field—all +failed to return after an engagement with a much +superior force of the enemy. At this time it was +very hard to get all the photographs wanted by +the army owing to the enemy’s activity in the +air, and when special information about some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">42</a></span> +point was required, 60 was sometimes given the +job of taking the photographs. It was thought +that the Huns would not expect a scout to be +doing photography, and they were not over-keen, +even at that time, on attacking a scout formation. +It was no easy task this, to fly a sensitive single-seater, +look out for Huns, and expose plates at +the same time, but it was done with some measure +of success. Here follows Molesworth’s description +of a fight:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="sigright"> +<span class="l4">“<span class="smcap">60 Squadron R.F.C.</span>,</span><br /> +<span class="l2">“<span class="smcap">B.E.F., France</span>.</span><br /> +“<i>April 1917.</i> +</p> + +<p>“A Hun at last!</p> + +<p>“We started out this morning, led by our new +squadron commander, who seems one of the +best. Our late C.O. was brought down in flames, +this side of the lines, in a scrap. He was a very +great loss to the squadron, and we buried him, +with full military honours, in a little village +cemetery near-by.</p> + +<p>“There were five of us on the patrol, my position +being the rear one on the left. We got to +the lines at about 10,000 feet, and crossed them, +making towards Douai. Soon we sighted a +small patrol of <span class="locked">Sopwith<a name="FNanchor_10" id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">10</a></span> two-seaters, north-east +of Arras, flying towards the lines as hard as they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">43</a></span> +could go, with a large pack of Huns chasing them. +The latter managed to get the last machine in +flames, the poor devils going down burning like +a furnace.</p> + +<p>“The Major immediately dived for the Huns, +and I knew that I was in for my first real big +scrap. The leader saw us coming, and turned +east with his nose well down; however, we soon +caught him up and started scrapping. Then +ensued the usual <span class="locked">dog-fight.<a name="FNanchor_11" id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">11</a></span> I managed to get +well behind a Hun two-seater which was a little +way out of the scrap. He didn’t seem to mind +me plugging him a bit, and went calmly on. In +my excitement I lost my head, and started spinning +madly to the ground. Coming out, I saw +an Albatros <span class="locked">scout<a name="FNanchor_12" id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">12</a></span> about 50 yards ahead, so +loosed off at him and saw him <span class="locked">spin<a name="FNanchor_13" id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">13</a></span> and crash on +the ground, much to my delight.</p> + +<p>“Having lost the rest of the <span class="locked">formation<a name="FNanchor_14" id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">14</a></span> I headed +for home, and found out, on landing, that we had +accounted for three Huns. The two-seater +which I had been trying to worry was known as +the ‘Flying Pig,’ owing to the likeness of the +observer to that rotund animal.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">44</a></span> +“Talking about casualties, we have had a +pretty hot time the last few days. However, +twenty Huns have been accounted for during +this time, and many more sent down out of +<span class="locked">control,<a name="FNanchor_15" id="FNanchor_15" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">15</a></span> so we hope to put up a record in the +R.F.C.”</p></blockquote> + +<p>From the last week in March to the last week +in May our losses were very severe (see Appendix +II); in fact, counting those who went sick and +those injured in crashes on our side of the line, +we lost thirty-five officers during these eight +weeks, almost twice the strength of the squadron, +which consisted of eighteen pilots and the +squadron commander. One week-end in April, +the 14th, 15th, and 16th, was especially unlucky, +as on Saturday “A” Flight went out six machines +strong (full strength) and only one returned. +Binnie was leading, and was hit in the shoulder +when trying to extricate two of his patrol from +a cloud of enemies. The blood from his wound +spurted all over the nacelle, obscuring the instruments, +and in addition his machine caught fire. +He extinguished the flames and then fainted when +gliding homeward. The machine must have +turned west after this, for he woke up in a little +park in Lens, having hit the ground while still<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">45</a></span> +unconscious, without further serious injuries. +He lost his arm at the shoulder, and was a prisoner +till the spring of 1918, when he was repatriated, +and immediately commenced flying again. He +was a very great loss to the squadron, as he was +a first-class flight commander, who had already +destroyed several Huns and would have got a lot +more. On the next day, Sunday, “B” Flight, +five strong, lost two pilots: one, Milot, a French-Canadian +Major, who was killed; the other, +Hervey, who had already gained two Military +Crosses as an observer and promised very well, +was forced to land on the other side by anti-aircraft +fire. On this patrol Bishop, who had just +been promoted captain, got two Huns and a +balloon, having had five or six combats. On +Monday “C” Flight (Bishop’s) went out without +the flight commander, and only one, Young, +returned; this meant that in three days ten out +of eighteen pilots were lost, and had to be replaced +from England by officers who had never flown +this particular type of machine, because there +were none in England. Our new machines were +collected from Paris, and the chance of a trip to +fly one back was eagerly looked forward to by +every pilot. Some of these new machines were +not well built, and began—to add to our troubles—to +break up in the air. Lieut. Grandin’s fell +to bits while diving on a hostile two-seater, +though this may have been due to injury from +machine-gun fire. Caffyn’s and Brackenbury’s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">46</a></span> +collapsed when practising firing at ground targets +on the aerodrome, and the former was killed; +while Ross’s wings folded upwards when pulling +out of a dive after firing a burst; he was badly +injured, but has since recovered. A good show +was that put up by Penny, who, when his left +lower plane came off while diving on a Hun, +contrived to fly the machine back and to land at +one of our aerodromes, and quietly reported to +the squadron commander as follows: “My +lower plane came off, so I thought I had better +land. Sorry I left the patrol, sir.” The reason +for these accidents was that badly seasoned wood +was being used by the French manufacturers, +who also allowed a lot of little screws to be +inserted in the main spars, thus weakening them +considerably. H.Q. were informed and the +matter was put right.</p> + +<p>During this battle the R.F.C. began to take a +hand in the ground operations by machine-gunning +support troops during an attack. “C” Flight +led by Fry, who was given an M.C. for this, did +well on May 11, by shooting up the enemy in a +cutting east of the chemical works at Roeux, in +the valley of the Scarpe. These pilots came +back, having exhausted their ammunition, refilled +with petrol and 300 rounds, and dashed off again +to the chemical works without waiting for orders. +One of them, E. S. Howard, who was killed seven +days later on an escort to machines doing photography, +thus described this adventure:</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">47</a></span></p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="sigright"> +“<i>May 13, 1917.</i> +</p> + +<p>“On Friday night the infantry made an attack +east of Fampoux and we were told off to assist +them. When they went over the top, we dived +down and emptied our machine guns into the +Hun trenches. Our people put up a wonderful +barrage; it was good to see, but not at all nice to +fly over, as the bursts from the shells threw the +machines about. We have just come back from +a show, chased four Huns away over their lines, +and then flew round keeping our eye on them so +they could not come back.”</p></blockquote> + +<p>This “low flying,” as it was called, became more +popular with the higher command, though not +with the pilots, as the war went on, and in fact, +during the German offensive of March 1918, it +was said to have very materially helped to stop +the Boche advance on the 5th and 3rd Army +fronts.</p> + +<p>Hostile balloons also were constantly attacked +during April and May, and Bishop, Ross, Molesworth, +and Penny did considerable execution. +Others who were doing well at this time were +Langwill, Hall, J. Elliott, Smart, and F. Bower; +the last-named on April 2 pursued, with his patrol, +six hostile scouts a long way east of Douai +in a very strong westerly wind, and though +shot through the stomach and with his intestines +hanging out, he flew west and landed his +machine near Chipilly, completely undamaged<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">48</a></span> +except from enemy bullets. He died next day, +and his machine was flown back to the squadron +without having had to be repaired by another +pilot. A fight as a result of which R. B. Clark, +an Australian, was killed on April 30 is well +described below:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="sigright"> +<span class="l4">“<span class="smcap">60 Squadron R.F.C.</span>,</span><br /> +<span class="l2">“<span class="smcap">B.E.F., France</span>.</span><br /> +“<i>April 1917.</i> +</p> + +<p>“We are all feeling rather down in our luck +to-day, as news has come through that one of our +chaps has ‘gone west’ in hospital. He put up +an awfully ‘stout’ show against the Hun.</p> + +<p>“It was on one of our big balloon shows. He +was attacked by three Hun scouts just after firing +at the ‘gas-bag.’ He scrapped them all the way +back to the lines, crashing one of them, and holding +the other two off. As he crossed the trenches, +one of them plugged him in the petrol tank, and +his grid caught on fire. As he was only about +50 feet up, he managed to get her down in the +shell-holes, or rather a strip of ground between +them, without burning himself badly. Luck was +all against him, however, as he just tippled over +into a trench at the end of his run. A few men +who were in an advanced dressing-station near-by +quickly came to his rescue, and hauled him clear +of the burning wreckage, but the poor devil was by +this time badly singed about the legs. He insisted +on giving his report before allowing the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">49</a></span> +doctor to attend to his burns, and the men told +me afterwards that he was extremely plucky.</p> + +<p>“The day after this occurred, I was detailed to +find the machine and see if it could be salved. +The weather was absolutely vile. We started for +Arras with a tender and <span class="locked">trailer,<a name="FNanchor_16" id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">16</a></span> got there about +noon, and commenced making inquiries as to +where the machine had crashed. One place was +pointed out to us where there was an old <span class="locked">‘quirk,’<a name="FNanchor_17" id="FNanchor_17" href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">17</a></span> +which had obviously been brought down doing +artillery work. Then we were sent off in another +direction, only to find the remains of an old Boche +two-seater. At last, after an hour’s wading in +trenches with mud up to our knees and shells +bursting near us, we arrived at the advanced +dressing-station. Here we were given a full +description of the fine way in which our pilot had +fought.</p> + +<p>“The machine, needless to say, was a total +wreck, and so, after a cup of tea with a drop of +gin in it to warm us up, we pushed off home, +followed by some heavy shells which we knew +meant the commencement of the ‘evening <span class="locked">hate.’”<a name="FNanchor_18" id="FNanchor_18" href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">18</a></span></p></blockquote> + +<p>Hardly a day passed during April and May +without Bishop destroying at least one Hun +machine, and on June 2, 1917, he visited an enemy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">50</a></span> +aerodrome near Cambrai—a long way over—by +himself at dawn and found seven machines on the +ground with their engines running. They began +to take off and he destroyed four, returning safely +with his machine considerably shot about by +machine-gun fire from the ground. For this +exploit, after three months of remarkably fine +work, he was awarded the Victoria Cross. Others +who were prominent during the battles of Arras +and Vimy Ridge were: Pidcock, “Red” Lloyd +and “Black” Lloyd (the latter, a fine officer, was +unfortunately shot down and killed), and Fry +(who drove down a Hun on our side and found in +the pilot’s pocket a ticket for a box in Cambrai +theatre dated the day before). Molesworth also +was doing well; he afterwards went to 29 on a +second tour of duty with the R.F.C. in France +(he had already seen service overseas with the +infantry), where he did most brilliantly during +the winter of 1917–18. His account of a successful +balloon attack is given here in full:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="sigright"> +<span class="l4">“<span class="smcap">60 Squadron R.F.C.</span>,</span><br /> +<span class="l2">“<span class="smcap">B.E.F., France</span>.</span><br /> +“<i>April 1917.</i> +</p> + +<p>“Still more excitement! I tackled my first +balloon yesterday, and consider it even more +difficult than going for a Hun; at least, I think +one gets a hotter time. We had received orders a +week ago that all balloons <i>had</i> be to driven down +or destroyed, as they were worrying our infantry +and gunners during the advance.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">51</a></span> +“We had been practising firing the Le Prieur +<span class="locked">rockets<a name="FNanchor_19" id="FNanchor_19" href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">19</a></span> for some time—a most weird performance. +One dives at a target on the ground, and +when within about fifty yards of it presses a +button on the instrument boards Immediately +there is a most awful hissing noise, which can be +heard above the roar of the engine, and six huge +rockets shoot forward from the struts each side +towards the target.</p> + +<p>“We did not think these were much of a +success, owing to the difficulty of hitting anything, +so decided to use <span class="locked">tracer<a name="FNanchor_20" id="FNanchor_20" href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">20</a></span> and Buckingham +bullets instead. These are filled with a compound +of phosphorus and leave a long trail of smoke +behind them.</p> + +<p>“On the morning we were detailed to attack +the balloons the weather was so ‘dud’ that none +of them were up, although we went across twice +to have a look. We got a pretty hot time from +Archie, as we had to fly below the clouds, which +were about 2,000 feet, and dodge about all over +the shop. Next day the weather cleared and we +decided to carry out our strafe.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">52</a></span> +“We all went off individually to the various +balloons which had been allotted us. I am glad +to say most of us managed to do them down. +I personally crossed the trenches at about 10,000 +feet, dropping all the time towards my sausage, +which was five or six miles away. It was floating +in company with another at about 3,000 feet, and +reminded me of that little song, ‘Two Little +Sausages.’</p> + +<p>“I started a straight dive towards them, and +then the fun began. Archie got quite annoyed, +following me down to about 5,000 feet, where I +was met by two or three strings of flaming +<span class="locked">onions,<a name="FNanchor_21" id="FNanchor_21" href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">21</a></span> luckily too far off to do any damage. +Then came thousands of machine-gun bullets from +the ground—evidently I was not going to get +them without some trouble. I zigzagged about +a bit, still heading for the balloons, and when +within two hundred yards opened fire. The old +Huns in the basket got wind up and jumped out +in their parachute. Not bothering about them, I +kept my sight on one of the balloons and saw the +tracer going right into it and causing it to smoke.</p> + +<p>“As our armament consists of a Lewis <span class="locked">gun,<a name="FNanchor_22" id="FNanchor_22" href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">22</a></span> I +had to now change drums. This is a pretty +ticklish job when you have about ten machine +guns loosing off at you, not to mention all the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">53</a></span> +other small trifles! However, I managed to do +it without getting more than half a dozen or so +bullet-holes in my grid.</p> + +<p>“By this time the second balloon was almost +on the floor. I gave it a burst, which I don’t +think did any damage. The first sausage was in +flames, so I buzzed off home without meeting any +Huns. On the way back a good shot from Archie +exploded very near my tail, and carried away part +of the <span class="locked">elevator.<a name="FNanchor_23" id="FNanchor_23" href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">23</a></span> Don’t you think this is the limit +for anyone who wants excitement? I must say +I prefer it to the infantry, as one gets decent food +and a comfortable bed every night, if you are +lucky enough to get back.</p> + +<p>“I am afraid these letters are awfully full of my +own ‘shows,’ but none of the other chaps will tell +me about theirs, so I can’t describe them to you; +however, it’s much the same for all of us. Please +forgive me, and don’t think it’s swank!</p> + +<p>“There are rumours that leave is going to start +again soon, so I hope to see you in a few weeks.”</p></blockquote> + +<p>One day in early June General Allenby, then +commanding the 3rd Army, was to inspect the +squadron at nine o’clock in the morning. The +squadron commander had gone out by himself in +his Nieuport at dawn, unshaved, in pyjamas, a Burberry, +bedroom slippers and snowboots, a costume +which many of us used to affect on the dawn<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">54</a></span> +patrol. The line was unusually quiet that morning, +so he ventured almost to Douai, and on turning +west saw a formation of eight or nine machines +over Vis-en-Artois, near the front line, well +below him at about 8,000 feet. They turned, and +the sun glinting on the fuselage showed a bright +flash of red. This meant that they were Huns, +and not only Huns but “the Circus.” Having +the advantage of height, and as the formation +was very near the line, he determined to try +and do a little damage. He flew towards them +from the east and from the sun, and diving on +the top machine, fired a burst and pulled sharply +up, being careful to retain his height. After a +few dives of this kind without doing much apparent +damage, an S.E.5 patrol of 56, which had seen the +scrap, bustled up, and a very pretty “dog-fight” +ensued, in the course of which one of the Huns +detached himself from the mêlée and appeared +to be going home. This was the Nieuport’s +opportunity, so, hardening his heart, he dived +right in, making good shooting. The Albatros +appeared to take no notice, but flew straight on. +(In parenthesis it may be observed that this is a +good sign, as it usually means the pilot is dead, +for if the opposing machine begins to perform +frantic evolutions, the pilot is as a rule very much +alive, and not in the least “out of control.”) +Flushed with excitement, the Nieuport man put +the stick (control column) between his knees, +and going down on the tail of the Albatros, began<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">55</a></span> +to put a fresh drum of ammunition on to his +Lewis gun, with which alone this type of machine +was armed. While thus busily engaged something +made him turn his head to see about twenty +yards behind him the white nose of a grim-looking +Albatros. Swifter than thought the Nieuport was +wrenched to the right, and even as she turned the +Albatros’s Spandau guns spat out a burst, which +riddled the engine and cut the bottom out of the +petrol tank, allowing all the remaining petrol to +pour on to the pilot’s feet. The height of both +machines at this moment was about 5,000 feet, +the locality just east of Monchy-le-Preux, and but +for the attentions of the Boche machine it would +have been comparatively easy for the Nieuport to +glide back to Arras and perch on one of our advanced +landing grounds, or on the race-course; +but with a bloodthirsty Hun on one’s tail and a +dead engine, the problem, however, was not such +a simple one. Twisting and turning like a snipe, +the Nieuport began to descend, taking care to +make his turns as much as possible towards our +side of the line. Mercifully the wind was from +the east. Close behind followed the Albatros, +firing short bursts at frequent intervals, but +always wide, because it is not easy to hit a machine +whose pilot knows you are there. It was a stout +Hun, however, who would not be denied, but continued +the chase down to 300 feet, a few hundred +yards west of Monchy-le-Preux, when he suddenly +turned and flew home to report, no doubt, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">56</a></span> +British machine destroyed. With a gasp of +relief the Nieuport pilot turned his attention to +the ground, and, seeing nothing but shell-holes +beneath him, made up his mind that a crash was +inevitable. Suddenly a strip of ground about a +hundred yards long and very narrow, but free +from shell-holes, caught his eye, and, putting in a +couple of “S” turns, he made a good slow landing. +The machine ran on and had almost stopped +when a shell-hole appeared, and she ran very gently +into it without doing any damage whatever.</p> + +<p>A couple of dusty gunners walked up and +before speaking produced a packet of Woodbines, +one of which the Nieuport pilot greedily took and +lit. Inquiries showed that an advanced anti-aircraft +section was near-by, where the officer-in-charge +gave the airman breakfast and, better still, +produced a telephone, with the help of which he +got into communication with his squadron, and +ordered a car to come straight through Arras and +up the Cambrai road. It was getting late, and +an Army Commander’s inspection was not a +thing to be treated lightly. Further inquiries +disclosed an Artillery Ammunition Column in a +little valley who lent him a horse and an orderly. +There was no saddle, but the pilot climbed gratefully +on to the animal, which had very rough +paces and a hard mouth, and set out towards the +road. In a short time he met the car and drove +furiously through Arras and back to Le Hameau, +only to see Allenby, the R.F.C. Brigade Commander<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">57</a></span> +(General J. R. Higgins), and George Pretyman +arriving at the station. His costume being hardly +that prescribed for inspections, the wretched +officer dived into his hut, did the quickest shave +on record, and timidly approached the glittering +cortège.</p> + +<p>Everyone was furious with him except General +Allenby, who was rather amused and very kind. +He got, however, a well-deserved and proper +“telling-off” from the Brigadier and Wing Commander, +and saw the troupe depart with a feeling +of profound relief.</p> + +<p>The account of this scrap has been given at +some length, but it should not be assumed that +it was in any way exceptional. It should be +remembered that during the squadron’s history +there have been about 1,500 distinct combats in +the air, all of which deserve a detailed description. +Within the limits of a book of this kind, +however, it cannot be done.</p> + +<div id="ip_57" class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> + <img src="images/i_058.jpg" width="500" height="231" alt="" /> + <div class="caption">THE HARD TENNIS-COURT AT FILESCAMP FARM, MAY 1917.</div></div> + +<div id="ip_57b" class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> + <img src="images/i_058b.jpg" width="500" height="271" alt="" /> + <div class="caption">60 SQUADRON’S NIEUPORT SCOUTS LINED UP IN THE SNOW AT +LE HAMEAU AERODROME, NEAR ARRAS JANUARY 1917.</div></div> + +<p>We made a hard tennis-court in Tetus’s orchard +with red <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">pierre de fosse</i> from the Bruay mines, +and discovered that Caldwell, Molesworth, Horn, +and both Lloyds were all good tennis players. +With the beginning of June things quietened +down on the 3rd Army front. Colonel Pretyman, +O.C. 13th Wing, put the squadron on to wireless +interception. This term needs, perhaps, a little +explanation. Everyone knows, of course, that +both German and British artillery observation +machines were fitted with wireless sets, by means<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">58</a></span> +of which the pilots corrected the shooting of the +gunners for whom they were observing.</p> + +<p>These wireless messages were “tapped” by +our compass stations, and it was discovered that +two of these stations could get a cross-bearing +on any machines registering for the enemy +artillery. By linking up the compass station +with an aerodrome by telephone, it was possible +to send off a patrol of scouts to chase off or +destroy the artillery machine as soon as he began +to send down fire signals, i.e. as soon as he was +actually directing the fire of the enemy batteries. +This was useful, though exhausting work for +pilots; for the Hun, who did his registration +chiefly in the morning, when the sun was behind +him in the east, usually saw the scouts coming +before they saw him, and turned and dived three +or four miles back behind his own lines, where it +was very difficult to attack him, even if he was +visible, which usually he was not, as our scouts +were looking for a machine at five or six thousand +feet in a certain place, whereas it was probably +at that moment at a height of 1,500 feet some +five miles east of the bearing given. As soon, +therefore, as the scouts, seeing nothing, turned +back to return to the aerodrome, the Hun swung +up again and resumed his registration. The +British pilots, on returning to their aerodrome, +would find an irate squadron commander who +had just got a telephone message from the +compass station to say that V.K., or whatever +the call sign used by that particular machine +might be, was working again quite happily, +and, “What the devil was 60’s patrol doing, +anyhow?” Off the wretched patrol had to +go again, only to go through the same performance. +It is only fair to say, however, that +they did get a good many two-seaters in this +way, though the main result was, perhaps, seen +rather in the enormously decreased amount of +artillery observation the Germans were enabled +to do, than in hostile artillery machines shot +down by us.</p> + +<p>This work, however, was genuinely exhausting, +as in order efficiently to answer the compass calls, +as they were termed, three or four pilots always +had to be standing by to leap into their machines +and be off the ground, in formation, inside of +two minutes. Nevertheless, they became extraordinarily +smart at this manœuvre, and answered +to the hunting horn—doubled blasts of which +were the signal at that time—as keenly as a +fashionable pack of foxhounds. Only those who +know how irritating a thing an aero engine +can be when you are in a hurry to start can +appreciate the high standard of efficiency attained +by 60’s mechanics, which made it almost +a certainty that the 120 seconds limit would +not be exceeded.</p> + +<p>The next few paragraphs will show how this +manœuvre struck one of the pilots at this +time:</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">60</a></span></p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="sigright"> +<span class="l4">“<span class="smcap">60 Squadron R.F.C.</span>,</span><br /> +<span class="l2">“<span class="smcap">B.E.F., France</span>.</span><br /> +“<i>July 1917</i>. +</p> + +<p>“The tennis-court we made three months ago +is now in topping condition, so we decided to get +up a tournament amongst ourselves. Yesterday +we drew lots for partners. The unlucky lad who +drew me is a ‘coloured troop,’ that is he hails +from South Africa. He is quite good at the +<span class="locked">‘Willies,’<a name="FNanchor_24" id="FNanchor_24" href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">24</a></span> and so I think we have got a fair +chance. I expect you wonder where all these +weird names come from. They are invented by +one of our flight commanders, who is also a +‘coloured troop’ and one of the leading lights of +the squadron. All jobs are washed out to-day as +the weather is ‘dud,’ so two of us are going +over this afternoon to the village near-by to +purchase articles of furniture for the ‘Hôtel de +Commerce.’</p> + +<p>“You will be pleased to hear that we are getting +a new kind of grid. It is supposed to be a good +deal faster than the Hun, and can dive to 300 +miles an hour, so I’m told. We shall probably +have a quiet time while we are getting used to +them, and only do ‘line patrols’ for the first +fortnight or so. A French <span class="locked">‘Ace’<a name="FNanchor_25" id="FNanchor_25" href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">25</a></span> landed here +to-day; he says the Huns are getting a pretty bad +time down south. Jolly glad I’m not a Hun +airman these days, with men up against me like +some of our chaps. Most of them are fairly old<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">61</a></span> +hands at the game now, and we are really beginning +to properly annoy our friends across the way. +The work has been fairly hard lately: two patrols +in the morning, one generally at dawn and the +other about noon, with ‘wireless interruption’ in +the afternoon. The latter is rather a strenuous +job. This is how we work it: When a Hun +two-seater begins to register on any part of our +front, a telephone message, giving his height and +locality, is immediately sent through to the wireless +squadron. Each scout squadron in the wing +takes it in turn. As soon as the Recording <span class="locked">Officer<a name="FNanchor_26" id="FNanchor_26" href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">26</a></span> +receives the message, he sounds a horn. Three of +us who are standing by in readiness immediately +jump into our machines, and the leader gets hold +of the position and height of the Hun. Then we +push off as quickly as possible to the lines, and a +sort of ‘hide-and-seek’ begins. We try if possible +to hide in the clouds and approach the Hun when +he is off his guard. He, on the other hand, +departs hurriedly into Hunland when he spots us, +and as soon as we go he comes back to carry on his +job. We then turn on him again, but he is off +like a flash, and so it goes on until the next three +machines relieve us. It is really quite amusing +at times, and, although we do not often bring our +man down, we give him such a devil of a time that +he hasn’t much of it to spare for his companions +on the ground. Our ‘stunt <span class="locked">merchant’<a name="FNanchor_27" id="FNanchor_27" href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">27</a></span> is good<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">62</a></span> +at this game, and continues to add to his score, +seldom coming back without firing his red light. +He works by himself a lot now, preferring to +surprise the Hun by hiding rather than by trying +to get him in a scrap. Wish I could do the +same. I always feel so fagged after a patrol, +that I haven’t got the energy or the patience to +sit up in the clouds waiting for a chance to bag +a ‘lone Hun.’</p> + +<p>“You remember the petrol tank which was so +shot up the time I was brought down? Well, I +am having it made into a topping inkstand. The +souvenirs are coming in in fine style, and I hope to +have quite a good collection by the time I see dear +old ‘Blighty’ again.”</p></blockquote> + +<p>After the battle had died down the sorely tried +pilots were given, whenever possible, one day’s +rest in three, and the following letter shows that +the device was appreciated:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="sigright"> +<span class="l4">“<span class="smcap">60 Squadron R.F.C.</span>,</span><br /> +<span class="l2">“<span class="smcap">B.E.F., France</span>.</span><br /> +“<i>June 1917.</i> +</p> + +<p>“It is funny hearing the war again after being +on leave so long. We had quite a good crossing, +although I had a deuce of a time getting on to the +boat at Folkestone. The silly ass of a porter had +carted all my baggage on board, including the +leave warrant, which was in my British-warm +pocket. I had to persuade the <span class="locked">A.M.L.O.<a name="FNanchor_28" id="FNanchor_28" href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">28</a></span> I wasn’t<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">63</a></span> +a Hun spy, and, after a long discussion, he let me +on.</p> + +<p>“The Major seemed pleased to have me back, +and they all had great stories to tell about our +‘stunt <span class="locked">merchant,’<a name="FNanchor_29" id="FNanchor_29" href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">29</a></span> who had been putting up a +jolly good show by bringing down <span class="locked">umpteen<a name="FNanchor_30" id="FNanchor_30" href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">30</a></span> Huns. +His star turn was the shooting up of an aerodrome. +He started off at dawn by himself and arrived +over the aerodrome he had planned to attack. +Finding that there was nothing doing here, he +pushed off to look for trouble elsewhere. Suddenly +he saw the hangars of another aerodrome. He +attacked these with much gusto, and when the +Huns came up to do him down, he crashed two of +them and drove another into the trees. He also +managed to flatten out a large number of +mechanics and put pukka wind up the rest. You +can imagine how the fat old Huns ran, as nothing +like this had ever happened to them before. I +believe his name has been put in for something +big in the decoration line.</p> + +<p>“It has been arranged that we get one day off +in every three, which gives us a bit of spare time. +We had ours off to-day. Four of us aviated over +to Paris-Plage, near Etaples, this afternoon and +tested our grids by firing into the sea. Afterwards +we landed opposite the Hôtel Continental +and left our machines there under a guard. We +wandered about the village for a bit, and then<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">64</a></span> +started for home, <span class="locked">stunting<a name="FNanchor_31" id="FNanchor_31" href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">31</a></span> about to amuse the +populace, which had collected on the front to see +us off. We all got home safely just as it was +getting dark.”</p></blockquote> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">65</a></span></p> + +<h2 class="vspace"><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV<br /> + +<span class="subhead">PASSCHENDALE AND THE NORTHERN BATTLES</span></h2> + +<p class="in0">The centre of interest had now (June 1917) +shifted to the North. The Messines Ridge had +been taken, though we heard nothing of it till it +was over, and many of the Hun <i xml:lang="de" lang="de">Jagdstaffeln</i>, as +their scout squadrons were called, had moved up +to Flanders.</p> + +<p>On July 22, Scott, who had been wounded in +the arm a few days before, was promoted wing +commander and sent to the XI or Army Wing of +the 2nd Brigade allotted to the 2nd Army in the +Ypres sector. C. K. Cochrane-Patrick, D.S.O., +M.C., who had been doing brilliantly in 23 +Squadron on Spads, succeeded to the command of +60, who were at that time being re-equipped with +150 h.p. S.E.5s, this being the newest type of +scouts, as the Nieuports were by then rather out +of date.</p> + +<p>Not quite so much fighting was done during July +and August, as the change of machines from an +air-cooled rotary engine (the 110 h.p. Le Rhone +which had served us so well) to a 150 h.p. water-cooled +stationary (the Hispano Suisa) naturally +took some getting used to. These machines were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">66</a></span> +again replaced in late August with 200 h.p. Hispano +Suisa S.E.5s, which, though a more powerful engine +than the 150 h.p., was much more difficult to +keep serviceable. Nevertheless, Bishop (who was +soon posted to Home Establishment—H.E., as the +R.F.C. called it), Caldwell, Rutherford, W. Jenkins +(afterwards killed in a collision with West-Thompson +over Poperinghe), Molesworth, M.C. +and bar, Hall, S. B. Horn, M.C. (whose dog Lobo +was a squadron pet), and G. Lloyd, M.C. (who was +promoted to captain and sent to 40 Squadron as +flight commander), were all distinguishing themselves +and adding to the squadron’s laurels.</p> + +<p>In the following extract Molesworth again +graphically describes a fight in which he was very +nearly killed:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="sigright"> +<span class="l4">“<span class="smcap">60 Squadron R.F.C.</span>,</span><br /> +<span class="l2">“<span class="smcap">B.E.F., France</span>.</span><br /> +“<i>June 1917.</i> +</p> + +<p>“Yesterday I had the narrowest shave I’ve +ever had since I first started Boche-strafing. I +was properly caught out this time, and really +thought things were all up.</p> + +<p>“We were just over the Drocourt <span class="locked">Switch,<a name="FNanchor_32" id="FNanchor_32" href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">32</a></span> near +Vitry, when a dozen Huns got what you might call +‘uppish.’ We tumbled into a proper mix-up and, +as there were only five of us, the Huns managed +to break up our formation. We had arranged +that, should this happen, we were to return to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">67</a></span> +line independently and re-form, so I started towards +Arras, following the <span class="locked">Scarpe.<a name="FNanchor_33" id="FNanchor_33" href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">33</a></span></p> + +<p>“Just as I was passing over Gavrelle I espied +three fat Hun two-seaters making south-east.</p> + +<p>“‘Here we are, my son,’ says I to myself. +‘We’ll just hop down and put the <span class="locked">gust<a name="FNanchor_34" id="FNanchor_34" href="#Footnote_34" class="fnanchor">34</a></span> up one of +these Huns.’</p> + +<p>“No sooner said than done. I pushed my nose +down and, when within range, opened fire. The +next thing I knew was a perfect hail of bullets +pouring round me. Here is a rough description +of my thoughts during the few minutes that +followed:</p> + +<p>“Crackle! crackle! crackle!</p> + +<p>“‘My cheery aunt! There’s a Hun on my +tail.’</p> + +<p>“‘By jove! The blighter is making my grid +into a sieve. Confound him!’</p> + +<p>“‘Let’s pull her up in a good climbing turn and +have a look at him.’</p> + +<p>“‘Heavens! It’s “the <span class="locked">Circus.”’<a name="FNanchor_35" id="FNanchor_35" href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">35</a></span></p> + +<p>“‘I wonder if old Richthof is the leader. The +dirty dog nearly caught me out this time. Silly +ass! didn’t hold his fire long enough, or he’d have +made me into cold meat by now.’</p> + +<p>“‘Let’s give him a dose and see how he +likes it.’</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">68</a></span> +“‘Here he comes straight at me, loosing off +with both guns.’</p> + +<p>“‘I hope we aren’t going to collide.’</p> + +<p>“‘Missed! Bon! Everything’s A1. Wish +I’d hit him, though!’</p> + +<p>“‘I must pull her round quick or he will be on +my tail.’</p> + +<p>“‘Hang! I can’t shoot for toffee, but he’s +pretty “dud,” too, thank heavens!’</p> + +<p>“‘Once again, boys, round with her. Let him +have it hot.’</p> + +<p>“‘No good. Try again.’</p> + +<p>“‘Confound it! There’s my beastly drum +empty. I must spin and change it.’</p> + +<p>“‘Good enough! Now where’s the blighter?’</p> + +<p>“‘My Harry! He has got me stiff this time; +here he comes down on me from the right.’</p> + +<p>“Crack! crack! crack! bang! zip! zip!</p> + +<p>“‘There goes my petrol tank; now for the +flames.’</p> + +<p>“‘Cheero! No luck this time, you old swine. +Wait till I get you next show.’</p> + +<p>“‘Here goes for the ground.’</p> + +<p>“Luckily for me, my friend and his pals, who +had been watching the scrap, thought I was done +for. They therefore chucked up the sponge and +departed.</p> + +<p>“I managed to pull the machine out, just +scraping over the trenches. The engine was still +running, although the petrol was pouring out all +over my legs. A few minutes afterwards the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">69</a></span> +engine conked out altogether, and I had to land in +a field. I was immediately surrounded by a +crowd of men, who had seen the fight. Amongst +them were some artillery officers, who took me off +to their mess and offered me a ‘tot,’ which was +very thankfully received, while they sent off a +message to the squadron. The following is the +official list of damage done to my machine:</p> + +<blockquote class="hang"> + +<p>“Six bullet holes in propeller.</p> + +<p>“Cowling<a name="FNanchor_36" id="FNanchor_36" href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">36</a> shot away.</p> + +<p>“Large holes in bottom of petrol tank and sides.</p> + +<p>“Main <span class="locked">spar<a name="FNanchor_37" id="FNanchor_37" href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">37</a></span> right-hand top plane broken.</p> + +<p>“Rear right-hand under-carriage strut badly +damaged.</p> + +<p>“Twenty-eight holes in <span class="locked">fuselage<a name="FNanchor_38" id="FNanchor_38" href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">38</a></span> and ten in the +planes—two or three missing the pilot’s +seat by less than an inch.”</p></blockquote> +</blockquote> + +<p>During the 3rd Corps’ attack on August 19, +1917, Lieuts. Jenkins, Steele, Thompson, Rutherford, +and Sergt. Bancroft did good work shooting +up infantry in trenches and by harassing the +troops assembling for counter-attacks.</p> + +<p>On September 7, 1917, the squadron was moved +up to the XI Wing to help in the battles for the +Passchendale Ridge, which were already in full +swing. Leaving the comfortable Filescamp station +and the hard tennis-court with great regret,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">70</a></span> +they were moved into tents on Marie Capelle +aerodrome, near Cassel, where 20 Squadron was +already stationed. The 2nd and 5th Armies +were then attacking almost every day, and 60, in +addition to their ordinary work of offensive +patrols, wireless interception, etc., co-operated by +low flying and firing at troops and transport on +the ground. Twenty-five-pound Cooper bombs +were carried at this time and dropped on suitable +targets.</p> + +<p>Capt. Chidlaw-Roberts, Lieuts. Rutherford, +Whiting, and I. Macgregor were now prominent, +while Patrick, himself a brilliant fighter, was +always ready to give his squadron a lead.</p> + +<p>Chidlaw-Roberts got a lot of Huns during +September, and Caldwell and W. Jenkins continued +their successes of the summer, while J. +Crompton, Young, Capt. Hammersley, Lieut. W. +Sherwood, and 2/Lieut. Carter were others who +were conspicuous during the October fighting.</p> + +<p>It was in September that Capt. J. K. Law, one +of the sons of Mr. Bonar Law (another of whose +sons had already been killed in Mesopotamia), +joined at Marie Capelle. He was a tiger to fight, +and, had he come through his first month, would +probably have made a great name for himself. He +did several “shows” over the line, and his +machine was shot about badly in every one of +them. On September 21, a patrol operating in +the neighbourhood of Roulers, led by Hammersley +and including Whiting and Macgregor and Law,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">71</a></span> +saw twenty-four hostile machines and engaged +eight of them. A general engagement took place, +in the course of which Law was shot down and +killed. He had absolutely refused to stay any +longer at home, where he was doing most useful +work training pilots, but insisted on being sent +to France.</p> + +<p>Life was less easy during the autumn, as the +Boche had begun continually to send over night-bombing +machines. Our scouts were not very +successful in dealing with them, for it is very +difficult to see another machine in the air at night +even though it may be visible from the ground; +and, although several attempts were made at this +time by 70 and 29 Squadrons, stationed at +Poperinghe, to attack these night bombers, they +never succeeded in engaging one. The chief +difficulty was that one could not ask pilots and +mechanics to work all night as well as all day. If +it had been possible to take a scout squadron or +two off day work and set them to deal only with +the German night bombers, there is little doubt +but that they would have achieved some measure +of success in spite of the shortage of searchlights. +The authorities, however, would not hear of this, +as there was too much to be done by day to spare +one of our none too numerous fighter squadrons +for night work. Much later in the war, July 1918 +to be exact, 151 Squadron was sent out equipped +with Camels fitted for night flying, and this +squadron alone very nearly exterminated the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">72</a></span> +Boche night bombers on the 1st and 3rd Army +fronts. It was in this squadron that D. V. +Armstrong added so greatly to the reputation +he had already gained, and it was with them +that he was killed. As things were, however, +in 1917 the enemy dropped their bombs nightly +almost with impunity, as anti-aircraft fire was +not very effective at night, and machine-gun fire +from the ground was useless against machines +which rarely flew lower than 5,000 feet.</p> + +<p>During this autumn series of battles a somewhat +novel system of message-dropping was tried. All +scout pilots were ordered to carry cards conveniently +fixed in the nacelle, on which they wrote +such information as they had secured during low-flying +patrols; special attention was to be given +to the massing of enemy supporting troops and to +the development of counter-attacks, the symptoms +of which were the approach to the <span class="locked">“debussing”<a name="FNanchor_39" id="FNanchor_39" href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">39</a></span> +points of motor transport vehicles or trains from +which troops could be seen disembarking and +forming up. These cards were slipped into a +message bag and dropped in a field marked with +a white cross, near Locre Château, not far from +the line, which was the 2nd Army report +centre. The information thus given occasionally +enabled our heavy artillery to direct their fire +on to the targets indicated. On one occasion, +in October, a pilot reported a big gun being<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">73</a></span> +moved along a road near Menin; the Corps +heavies opened on it within ten minutes of the +message being dropped, and another pilot of +another squadron reported, half an hour later, +a heavy gun at the same place to have been +destroyed by a direct hit. Information of this +kind was very necessary, as the German policy +at that time was to hold their front line positions +lightly against our initial assaults, but to +counter-attack very strongly and swiftly about +two hours or so after our first attack had been +delivered.</p> + +<p>Lieuts. F. Soden, W. Rutherford, and W. +Duncan all distinguished themselves by giving +accurate information during these battles, while +Selous, a son of the big-game hunter, was also +proving himself to be a fine patrol leader and Hun-getter.</p> + +<p>The last-named—the worthy son of a famous +father—was killed on January 4, 1918, while +leading his patrol. He dived at some enemy +machines several thousand feet below, and in the +middle of his dive, the speed of which the other +members of the patrol estimated at not less than +300 miles per hour, the wings of his S.E.5 came +right off.</p> + +<p>As good a flight commander as ever we had, he +was a very great loss to the squadron. Without, +perhaps, the brilliance of Ball or Bishop he, like +Caldwell, Summers, Armstrong, Hammersley, +Chidlaw-Roberts, Belgrave, and Scholte, to name<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">74</a></span> +a few only of the best, played always for the +squadron, and not for his own hand. He took +endless pains to enter young pilots to the game, +watching them on their first patrols as a good and +patient huntsman watches his young hounds.</p> + +<p>The character of Selous, like those whom I have +mentioned, not to speak of many others whom +their comrades will remember, attained very +nearly to the ideal of a gentleman’s character as +described by Burke, Newman, and Cavendish in +the extracts given below, for which I am indebted +to a report by Lord Hugh Cecil on the education +of the future R.A.F. officer. These noble sentiments +so fully describe the kind of man the +British love and admire that it is perhaps not +inappropriate to quote them:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<h3>“<i>Character of a Gentleman</i></h3> + +<p>“But the age of chivalry is gone. That +of sophisters, economists, and calculators has +succeeded; and the glory of Europe is extinguished +for ever. Never, never more shall we +behold that generous loyalty to rank and sex, +that proud submission, that dignified obedience, +that subordination of the heart, which kept alive, +even in servitude itself, the spirit of an exalted +freedom. The unbought grace of life, the cheap +defence of nations, the nurse of manly sentiment +and heroic enterprise is gone! It is gone, that +sensibility of principle, that chastity of honour, +which felt a stain like a wound, which inspired<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">75</a></span> +courage whilst it mitigated ferocity, which ennobled +whatever it touched, and under which +vice itself lost half its evil, by losing all its +grossness.</p> + +<p>“This mixed system of opinion and sentiment +had its origin in the ancient chivalry; and the +principle, though varied in its appearance by the +varying state of human affairs, subsisted and +influenced through a long succession of generations, +even to the time we live in. If it should +ever be totally extinguished, the loss, I fear, will +be great. It is this which has given its character +to modern Europe. It is this which has distinguished +it under all its forms of government, and +distinguished it to its advantage, from the states +of Asia, and possibly from those states which +flourished in the most brilliant periods of the +antique world. It was this which, without confounding +ranks, had produced a noble equality, +and handed it down through all the gradations of +social life. It was this opinion which mitigated +kings into companions, and raised private men +to be fellows with kings. Without force or +opposition, it subdued the fierceness of pride and +power; it obliged sovereigns to submit to the +soft collar of social esteem, compelled stern +authority to submit to elegance, and gave a +dominating vanquisher of laws to be subdued by +manners.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="right hang">(<span class="smcap">Burke</span>: <i>Reflections on the Revolution in +France</i>.)</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">76</a></span></p> + +<div class="tb">* <span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">*</span></div> + +<blockquote> + +<p>“Hence it is that it is almost a definition of a +gentleman to say that he is one who never +inflicts pain. This description is both refined +and, as far as it goes, accurate. He is mainly +occupied in merely removing the obstacles which +hinder the free and unembarrassed action of +those about him; and he concurs with their +movements rather than takes the initiative himself. +His benefits may be considered as parallel +to what are called comforts or conveniences in +arrangements of a personal nature: like an easy-chair +or a good fire, which do their part in dispelling +cold and fatigue, though nature provides +both means of rest and animal heat without them. +The true gentleman in like manner carefully +avoids whatever may cause a jar or a jolt in the +minds of those with whom he is cast—all clashing +of opinion or collision of feeling, all restraint or +suspicion, or gloom, or resentment; his great +concern being to make everyone at their ease and +at home. He has his eyes on all his company; +he is tender towards the bashful, gentle towards +the distant, and merciful towards the absurd; he +can recollect to whom he is speaking; he guards +against unseasonable allusions, or topics which +may irritate; he is seldom prominent in conversation +and never wearisome. He makes light of +favours when he does them, and seems to be +receiving when he is conferring. He never speaks +of himself except when compelled, never defends +himself by a mere retort; he has no ears for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">77</a></span> +slander or gossip, is scrupulous in imputing +motives to those who interfere with him, and +interprets everything for the best. He is never +mean or little in his disputes, never takes unfair +advantage, never mistakes personalities or sharp +sayings for arguments, or insinuates evil which he +dare not say out. From a long-sighted prudence +he observes the maxim of the ancient sage, that +we should ever conduct ourselves towards our +enemy as if he were one day to be our friend. +He has too much good sense to be affronted at +insults, he is too well employed to remember +injuries, and too indolent to bear malice. He is +patient, forbearing, and resigned, on philosophical +principles; he submits to pain, because it is +inevitable, to bereavement, because it is irreparable, +and to death, because it is his destiny. If +he engages in controversy of any kind, his disciplined +intellect preserves him from the blundering +discourtesy of better, perhaps, but less +educated minds; who, like blunt weapons, tear +and hack instead of cutting clean, who mistake +the point in argument, waste their strength on +trifles, misconceive their adversary, and leave +the question more involved than they find it. +He may be right or wrong in his opinion, but he +is too clear-headed to be unjust; he is as simple +as he is forcible, and as brief as he is decisive. +Nowhere shall we find greater candour, consideration, +indulgence: he throws himself into the +minds of his opponents, he accounts for their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">78</a></span> +mistakes. He knows the weakness of human +reason as well as its strength, its province, and +its limits. If he be an unbeliever, he will be too +profound and large-minded to ridicule religion or +to act against it; he is too wise to be a dogmatist +or fanatic in his infidelity. He respects piety +and devotion; he even supports institutions as +venerable, beautiful, or useful, to which he does +not assent; he honours the ministers of religion, +and it contents him to decline its mysteries without +assailing or denouncing them. He is a friend +of religious toleration, and that, not only because +his philosophy has taught him to look on all +forms of faith with an impartial eye, but also +from the gentleness and effeminacy of feeling +which is the attendant on civilisation.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="right hang">(<span class="smcap">Newman</span>: <i>Idea of a University</i>, Discourse +VIII, Section 10.)</p> + +<div class="tb">* <span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">*</span></div> + +<blockquote> + +<p>“He has besides the principle of common +honesty, which would prevent him from doing +wrong, a principle of nice honour, which will +always urge him to do right. By honour I do +not mean a fashionable mistaken principle which +would only lead a man to court popular reputation +and avoid popular disgrace, whether the opinion +upon which they are founded is false or true; +whether the conduct which they require is in +itself just or unjust, or its consequences hurtful +or beneficial to mankind. I mean a quality which +is not satisfied with doing right when it is merely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">79</a></span> +the alternative of wrong; which prompts a man +to do what he might lawfully and honestly leave +undone; which distinguishes a thousand different +shades in what is generally denominated the same +colour, and is as much superior to a mere conformity +to prescribed rules as forgiving a debt is +to paying what we owe.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="right hang">(<span class="smcap">Lord John Cavendish</span>: From speech proposing +Mr. Thos. Tounshend for Speaker, +1770. <i>Parliamentary History</i>, vol. xvi, col. +737, <span class="smcap smaller">A.D.</span> 1770.)</p> + +<p>On November 8, Pope, an old member of the +squadron, who had come through the Arras battle +with us, destroyed two hostile two-seaters in one +day. This was a good pilot and a popular officer, +who for some reason was a long time before he +began to get Huns, but, having once found his +form, became a very useful and formidable +fighter. He went home soon after this, and +showed himself to be an exceptionally gifted +trainer of pilots, both in flying and fighting.</p> + +<p>On November 20 the Cambrai attack was +launched by the 1st and 3rd Armies, and the +pressure in the air on the Passchendale sector +became sensibly less. This meant that the low-flying +patrols, which were extra to the ordinary +O.P. work, ceased for the time being, a relief +which was very welcome because low flying was +never popular, the pilot being not only exposed +to very severe fire from the ground, but also,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">80</a></span> +being so low, was at a disadvantage when meeting +enemy machines, who could dive upon him at +their leisure, and frequently availed themselves +of this privilege.</p> + +<p>By this time they had made themselves quite +comfortable at Marie Capelle, and the necessary +precautions had been taken to give protection +against bombs. It is really remarkable how soon +a good squadron will make itself at home in a new +station, and how, if all ranks work together, +messes, recreation rooms, and a theatre rise up +like pumpkins. Sixty could always make themselves +comfortable, as the following extracts from +the letters of 2/Lieut. R. W. Maclennan will +show. These letters have been collected and +published, after Maclennan’s death from wounds +on December 23, 1917, by his father, a well-known +Toronto barrister, who has courteously allowed +them to be reprinted. They describe his arrival +at the squadron from the base:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="sigright"> +<span class="l4">“<span class="smcap">60 Squadron R.F.C.</span>,</span><br /> +<span class="l2">“<span class="smcap">B.E.F., France</span>.</span><br /> +“<i>November 28, 1917.</i> +</p> + +<p>“When the tender came we collected our +kit and started on a long cold ride to the aerodrome, +which we reached in three-quarters of an +hour. The first thing was to report to the +squadron commander, a captain who last +summer had been one of my instructors. He +was in temporary command in the absence of +the Major, who was on leave, but has since<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">81</a></span> +returned. When we went to the mess we ran +into a lot more of Central Flying School boys, +who had been there in our time. There are +about twenty-four officers in the squadron, and +more than half of these are Canadians, so I feel +quite at home. As a new-comer I shall not get +much flying during the first fortnight. I shall +do all I can round the aerodrome for practice, so +that when the time comes for me to go over the +line I shall know something about it.</p> + +<p>“Of all the S.E.5 squadrons in France, we seem +to have struck the best. It is one which has done +exceedingly well in the past. Both the late +Captain Ball and Major Bishop belonged to it, and +there have been fewer casualties than in any other +similar <span class="locked">squadron.<a name="FNanchor_40" id="FNanchor_40" href="#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">40</a></span> Having had so few, the chaps +have been in the game a long time, and so have +had wide experience, and this is bound to be of +inestimable benefit to new people. The aerodrome +is a good twenty miles behind the line, and +is practically immune from shell fire. None have +landed anywhere near for months.</p> + +<p>“You ought to see our quarters. I share a hut +with three others and we have lots of room. The +huts are like half a barrel laid on the ground; the +curved roof is corrugated iron and the ends are +wood. We have several tables, comfortable +chairs, our camp beds, and innumerable rugs on +the floor. A coal stove and an oil stove give<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">82</a></span> +plenty of heat, and petrol lamps give excellent +light. I have not had such comfortable permanent +quarters since leaving Canada, and yet we +are within sound range of the guns, which never +cease. I was able to bring over practically every +article of kit I possessed. An infantry officer +would have had to leave nine-tenths of it behind.</p> + +<p>“One great comfort is that here we can wear +just exactly what we like. We can come to +breakfast in pyjamas and wear comfortable old +clothes all day long. Puttees I am discarding for +good, and in their place will wear long stockings. +They have always been an abomination, as their +tightness stops circulation and induces cold. We +do not wear belts and can fly in sweaters. In +fact, it will be a long summer holiday with lots of +excitement thrown in. Leave comes round every +three months, and lasts for fourteen days.”</p></blockquote> + +<div class="tb">* <span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">*</span></div> + +<blockquote> +<p class="sigright"> +<span class="l4">“<span class="smcap">60 Squadron R.F.C.</span>,</span><br /> +<span class="l2">“<span class="smcap">B.E.F., France</span>.</span><br /> +“<i>December 2, 1917</i>. +</p> + +<p>“To add to the comfort of the mess, besides +dogs, we have a fairly good piano and a gramophone. +Every time anyone goes on leave he +brings back a few records, and the collection is +now quite large.</p> + +<p>“The hours for actual flying are of necessity +short on account of the shortness of daylight. +Consequently we get lots of time for exercise, +most of which consists in kicking a Rugby ball<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">83</a></span> +around the aerodrome. It is about the best way +of keeping warm in these cold days.</p> + +<p>“Our tenders frequently run to St. Omer and +even as far as Boulogne, so when not flying there +are chances of seeing these places. It does seem +funny to be able to go from practically the +trenches to Boulogne (within sight of England) +almost any time we want to. We in the R.F.C. +are about the only people who can do this.</p> + +<p>“When artillery horses are in need of rest, they +are sent back from the front line. We have two +or three at the squadron, and I shall probably get +some riding if I can pluck up courage enough to +try.</p> + +<p>“It is bound to be muddy here before the +winter is over; at present everything is dry. In +preparation for later we have ‘duck-boards,’ or +wooden slat-walks, laid down between all the huts, +the mess, the hangars, etc. On a dark night it is +rather a problem to keep on these boards. This +reminds me that my little pocket flash lamp is +almost indispensable out here.</p> + +<p>“All the heavy labour in this part of France is +now being done by Chinese coolies, brought +specially from China for this purpose. They are +enlisted as soldiers and wear a peculiar blue +padded uniform. They are employed around the +aerodrome levelling ground, putting sand-bags +about the huts as a protection against bombs, +making roads and paths, etc. They are terribly +interested in our phonograph, and if we leave the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">84</a></span> +door open they almost come in. To keep them +out, the interpreter has painted a large sign in +Chinese characters, and it sticks up in front of the +mess and gives it quite an Oriental appearance.</p> + +<p>“Moving picture shows are given every night +or so in a Church Army hut in the camp. We had +several good films last night. It hardly seems at +all like war yet.”</p></blockquote> + +<div class="tb">* <span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">*</span></div> + +<blockquote> +<p class="sigright"> +<span class="l4">“<span class="smcap">France</span>,</span><br /> +“<i>December 3, 1917</i>. +</p> + +<p>“I am still merely watching operations from +the ground. Two fresh pilots have been posted +to the squadron since Hemsworth and I arrived, +and we shall probably commence flying to-morrow +if the weather is suitable.</p> + +<p>“Great interest is being shown out here in the +coming general election in Canada, and the +authorities are endeavouring to have every +Canadian register his vote. Quite contrary to +army precedent and regulations, the authorities +are openly urging everyone to vote against +Laurier. Most of us share this view, but it is +interesting to see the officials of an army in the +field canvassing votes for one party.</p> + +<p>“The Canadians are no longer near us. I +imagine they needed a rest badly after their recent +push.</p> + +<p>“You ought to see our strength in dogs. The +squadron boasts sixteen canines at present. The +officers’ mess possesses five. We are very proud +of them. Besides these, we have six pigs and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">85</a></span> +twenty-five hens. There is no shortage of eggs +about the mess.”</p></blockquote> + +<div class="tb">* <span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">*</span></div> + +<blockquote> +<p class="sigright"> +<span class="l4">“<span class="smcap">France</span>,</span><br /> +“<i>December 9, 1917</i>. +</p> + +<p>“Since last Sunday I have been waiting, +waiting, waiting for a flight, and not till last +Thursday did I get it. The day was cloudy and +the visibility poor. Hemsworth and I were to +have a practice flight, and we spent about twenty +minutes at it. When we finished, I had lost sight +of the aerodrome and so had he, for I could see +him flying aimlessly one way and then another, +diving on one hill and then on several more. As +our aerodrome is near a town perched on a high +hill, I knew what he was looking for, but none of +the hills seemed to be the right one. After that +he flew east for a time, and, although I knew such +a course would take us into Hunland, I followed, +deciding to go with him as far as the trenches and +then turn west again. Just our side of the line I +spotted a <span class="locked">town<a name="FNanchor_41" id="FNanchor_41" href="#Footnote_41" class="fnanchor">41</a></span> which I recognised from the great +relief map we had at Oxford. It is a town that +has undergone more shelling than any other during +the whole war. I never saw such a sight of +desolation. Nothing but shell-holes in all directions. +Practically all the buildings in ruins, and +every now and then a shell would burst in the +desolate city with a blinding flash. Of course, I +could hear nothing of the explosion. I knew my +way back to the aerodrome and felt much relieved, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">86</a></span>as it is most undignified to get lost on one’s first +flip. I opened my engine and soon caught up the +other machine, and signalled Hemsworth to turn +round and follow me. We were at the aerodrome +twenty minutes later. I have not been in the +air since owing to a temporary shortage of +machines.</p> + +<p>“... The little <span class="locked">town<a name="FNanchor_42" id="FNanchor_42" href="#Footnote_42" class="fnanchor">42</a></span> near our aerodrome, +perched on a high hill, has a fine square, from +which a beautiful church can be seen, and the +square and streets are cobbled. The road which +leads into the town from the east enters through +a short tunnel, which emerges right into the square +itself. When I was last there, several howitzer +batteries were coming from the line for a rest, and +the caterpillar tractors, which haul these huge guns, +were grunting and chugging from the tunnel into +the town, and through it, making for some spot +further to the rear. All units which come out of +the trenches for a rest are sent far enough back to +be out of earshot of the guns. The Casino, at the +highest part of the town, is devoted to military +purposes. From it a wonderful view of the +Western Front may be had, puffs of smoke in the +distance, captive sausage observation balloons, +aeroplanes, and roads teeming with hundreds and +hundreds of motor-lorries slowly crawling along. +A batch of miserable-looking German prisoners +were engaged in cleaning the streets. Their +appearance gave the impression that they must<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">87</a></span> +have been reduced to sorry straits before their +capture, as they all looked white, pinched, and +sickly. I think they are pretty fairly treated by +our people, and certainly given enough to eat.</p> + +<p>“Speaking of food reminds me that you may +be interested to know that we do pretty well in our +mess. I quote from our ordinary dinner menu: +Soup (mock turtle), toast; fish (grilled sole, +mustard sauce); entrée (beefsteak, pastry, boiled +potatoes, green peas); sweets (stewed prunes, +cornstarch pudding); biscuits, cheese, coffee. +Does this satisfy you? It does me.</p> + +<p>“We have the correct number of machines, six in +each flight, and there are three flights, ‘A,’ ‘B,’ and +‘C.’ I am in ‘B’ Flight. There are eighteen pilots, +an equipment officer who is also quartermaster, a +recording officer (adjutant) and the commanding +officer. So we have twenty-two in our mess.</p> + +<p>“Lunch is served at one o’clock. Sometimes +I have spent the afternoons walking in the near-by +town. Tea is at 4 p.m., and now it is dark at that +time. After tea we read or play cards till dinner, +at 7.30. After dinner some music. By the way, +we have a ragtime band, composed of a piano, a +snare drum, two sets of bones, a triangle and brass +cymbals, and an auto horn. It is ‘some’ band. +We all go to bed fairly early.”</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>Patrick was transferred to H.E. on December +29, 1917, to take up an appointment in the Training +Division of the Air Board—as it was then—<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">88</a></span>and +Major B. F. Moore, Royal Warwickshire +Regiment and R.F.C., was given the command.</p> + +<p>It was about this time, also, that General +Trenchard went home to become Chief of the Air +Staff, prior to the official formation of the Royal +Air Force by the amalgamation of the R.F.C. and +R.N.A.S. His successor to the command of the +R.F.C. in the field was General Sir J. Salmond, +who remained in this position till the end of the +war.</p> + +<p>January 1918 passed fairly quietly. Morey +collided in the air with an Albatros scout during +a fight and both pilots must have been killed, but +as this was some way over the lines, we never heard +the German pilot’s fate. Up to this time, the Huns +had been very good in sending information about +the fate of our pilots, nor were we behind them in +courtesy. On one occasion, during May 1917, a +message was dropped on Douai aerodrome, two +hours after his capture, announcing the safety of a +German scout pilot whom we had driven down +near St. Pol. A study of the lists sent over by the +Germans showed that just over 50 per cent. of +our missing airmen were alive—wounded or +injured most probably—but alive. Later, after +March 1918, these amenities were not so nicely +observed and information became harder to get. +February came and went with the squadron still +at Marie Capelle. A. C. Ball, brother of Albert +Ball, was missing on the 5th of this month. He +was a very promising young officer, but it was too<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">89</a></span> +early in his flying career to say that he would +have rivalled his brother. Happily he is alive, +and was repatriated at the end of the war. +Lieuts. H. Crompton and W. Duncan, 2/Lieuts. H. +Hegarty and V. Priestly may perhaps be mentioned +as fighting most pluckily and well during +this month. Soden, by now a flight commander, +did a good show on February 5, 1918. He +attacked an Albatros scout, which he drove +down out of control, and was then attacked by +two other hostile machines, who drove him down +from 15,000 to 50 feet, eight miles over the line; +he came back “hedge-hopping” and banking +round trees, and when halfway home saw the +leading Hun crash into a tree; he then began +to gain on the other, and, finally outdistancing +him, crossed the trenches, still at 50 feet, and +came home.</p> + +<p>On February 18, Hammersley, Clark, Evans, +and Kent took on four triplanes and got three of +them, Evans and Clark sharing one, and Kent +and Hammersley taking one each.</p> + +<p>During the last month, before moving south, +a lot of work was done, and a great many bombs +were dropped from a low altitude on rest billets +and other targets, this form of annoying the Hun +having become fashionable.</p> + +<p>Another unusual incident occurred when W. +Kent opened fire, one day in March, at an enemy +scout with both guns from a distance of about 400 +yards. Usually it was considered complete waste<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">90</a></span> +of ammunition to shoot at ranges exceeding 100 +yards, while 10 or 15 yards was the really effective +distance. This scout caught fire all right, however, +and crashed in our lines. Bishop did a +similar thing once in the summer of 1917, but it +was not a practice that was encouraged.</p> + +<p>Hammersley was still doing very well, while +J. A. Duncan, H. D. Crompton, and J. S. Griffiths +were all prominent during March. H. H. Balfour, +now commanding a flight in 43, but +an original member of 60, was adequately +maintaining the high standard which was expected +of one who had served in the squadron.</p> + +<p>The S.E.5A., with which the squadron was +equipped from July 1917 till the Armistice, +deserves some description. A single-seater fighting +scout, it was armed with a Lewis gun mounted +on the top plane like the Nieuport, but carried, +in addition, a Vicker’s firing through the propeller. +Its speed, with the 200 h.p. Hispano +engine, would reach 130 miles per hour near the +ground and was, in consequence, at least 25 miles +per hour faster than the Nieuport. This increase +of speed made a great difference, as it meant that +the enemy could not run away, and, further, that +the S.E.5, if caught at a disadvantage, could outdistance +its adversaries. Against the advantage +gained in speed by this change must be set off a +certain loss in respect of power to manœuvre +quickly, but, in spite of this, the change was very +greatly to the pilot’s advantage.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">91</a></span> +Every machine has its strong and its weak points, +and though at first we found the S.E. heavy on +the controls and sluggish on her turns, and though +some were inclined to regret the silver Nieuports, +yet we soon found that the former was a far +better fighting instrument. In actual weight the +S.E., when fully loaded (including the pilot), was +about 700 lb. heavier than the Nieuport—roughly +2,000 lb. as against 1,300 lb. The new +machine, too, was distinctly more difficult to +land, as the under-carriage was relatively a good +deal weaker, and, owing to the extra weight, she +would run on much farther on the ground.</p> + +<p>During the first few months, therefore, a great +many machines were crashed on the aerodrome, +more particularly after leaving Izel le Hameau, +which was a beautiful landing ground, and moving +to Marie Capelle, where there was not nearly so +much room. There were more crashes in this +period than we had had since the days of the +Morane “bullets,” and from this point of view we +often regretted the little Nieuport, which a good +pilot could put down on a postage stamp anywhere.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">92</a></span></p> + +<h2 class="vspace"><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V<br /> + +<span class="subhead">THE MARCH OFFENSIVE (1918)</span></h2> + +<p class="in0">Although this chapter treats of the events of +March 1918 and after, the following letters, which +were written some months earlier, and are all by +Molesworth, are reprinted below because they +give an accurate picture at first hand of the feelings +and emotions of a scout pilot. It must be +remembered that these, as well as the preceding +letters by the same hand, were all written in the +Field, and that they have not been altered or +touched up in any way.</p> + +<p>The author, who is a regular soldier, has now +returned to his regiment, the Royal Munster +Fusiliers, but all who knew him in 60 hope that +the future expansion of the Air Force will draw +him back before long to the service in which he +fought so well.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="sigright"> +<span class="l4">“<span class="smcap">60 Squadron R.F.C.</span>,</span><br /> +<span class="l2">“<span class="smcap">B.E.F., France</span>.</span><br /> +“<i>June 1917.</i> +</p> + +<p>“There is no doubt that scout pilots have the +most exciting experiences while flying over Hunland, +and it sometimes happens that these +experiences may be their last. Always they are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">93</a></span> +face to face with death in one form or another, +always the thread suspending the ‘sword of +Damocles’ may break and they may be hurled +into eternity. However, we do not think of +these sort of things in the air, but instead, we are +filled with the spirit of confidence in our machines, +and the ever-present thought that the best way +to defend is to attack.</p> + +<p>“There is the feeling of joy about it all which +is sometimes mixed with loneliness. You are +flying between a huge expanse of earth or sea +below, merging into the vast spaces of the heavens +above. The continuous drone of the engine in +front of you and the whistling of the wind +through the wires all add to this sense of loneliness, +while the bracing air, and the knowledge +that you have some of the finest machines and +companions in the patrol, make you feel that +flying is absolute perfection.</p> + +<p>“Sometimes, however, you have a rude awakening, +either in the form of a ‘wop’ from Archie, +or the ‘rat-tat-tat-tat’ of a watchful enemy’s +machine gun, or again a sickening check in the +rhythmic beat of your engine.</p> + +<p>“This last experience happened to me a few +days ago when I was leading a patrol of five +machines about three miles over Hunland, at +12,000 feet. No Huns seemed to be about. +Either Archie had forgotten our existence, or +there was too much ground mist for him to see +us. It was a perfect day up top, with a few light<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">94</a></span> +clouds floating about. Away to the north-east +we could just distinguish the town of Douai, +while far below us the intricate system of the +Hindenburg Line, with its Drocourt-Quéant +Switch, stretched like a great ‘T’ over the +shell-marked country.</p> + +<p>“We were cruising along quietly, doing about +1,050 revolutions, when suddenly there was a +shattering noise in front of me, and I saw my +cowling break away in bits. Parts of it went +through the planes, luckily doing no vital damage. +Of course the engine stopped dead, and so I had +to put her nose down for home. It was quite +impossible to reach any of our aerodromes, so I +made towards Bapaume, keeping my eyes open for +a good landing ground all the time. The needle +on my altitude dial began to drop—11,000, 10,000, +9,000—with corresponding wind-up on my part, +until we were about 2,000 feet from the ground. +I knew it meant a crash if I didn’t make a good +landing, as the engine was absolutely <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">hors de +combat</i>. Suddenly I caught sight of a Bessoneau +<span class="locked">hangar,<a name="FNanchor_43" id="FNanchor_43" href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">43</a></span> and near it an F.E. Bird perched on the +ground. I did a <span class="locked">side-slip,<a name="FNanchor_44" id="FNanchor_44" href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">44</a></span> and landed into +wind, putting the machine down with rather a +bump; however, there was nothing seriously +damaged. Luckily the wind was blowing from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">95</a></span> +the north, otherwise I don’t think I could ever +have got across the lines.</p> + +<p>“It turned out that the place where I had +landed was an advanced F.E.8 landing ground.</p> + +<p>“After going over my engine, I found that a +tappet rod had broken and stripped the cowling. +I telephoned over to the aerodrome and told them +to bring out a spare engine and cowl. They soon +arrived, and had the machine ready for me by the +afternoon, so I pushed off home and arrived safely +back soon after.”</p></blockquote> + +<div class="tb">* <span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">*</span></div> + +<blockquote> +<p class="sigright"> +<span class="l4">“<span class="smcap">60 Squadron R.F.C.</span>,</span><br /> +<span class="l2">“<span class="smcap">B.E.F., France</span>.</span><br /> +“<i>June 1917.</i> +</p> + +<p>“The heat is simply terrific, and the only ways +of keeping cool are flying or sitting under the trees +in the orchard. We spend most of the day, when +not in the air, in multi-coloured pyjamas, some +lads even going so far as to fly in them.</p> + +<p>“Another awfully good way of keeping cool is +to dig a hole about a foot deep and 3 feet +long and cover it with a ground-sheet, pegged +down at the corners, so as to make a bath. You +lie in this with a book and a cooling drink by your +side, and if you are lucky enough to escape the +bombardment of mud, stones, and various other +missiles which are thrown at you by the more +energetic and lively spirits in the camp, you can +really enjoy yourself. These baths have been +such a success that we decided to dig a small<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">96</a></span> +bathing-pool about 20 feet square by 3 feet +deep. When we got this going the whole population +of the nearest village had to come and +watch us. This was rather disconcerting, as we +used to bathe <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">tout à fait nude</i>. Most of the chaps +managed to rig up something in the way of a +bathing-dress by buying various articles of clothing +in the neighbouring village—I was forced to +content myself with a type of female undergarment, +which seemed to cause great amusement +amongst the <span class="locked">ack-emmas.<a name="FNanchor_45" id="FNanchor_45" href="#Footnote_45" class="fnanchor">45</a></span></p> + +<p>“The village maidens were highly delighted, and +thought it quite the thing, now that we were +decently clad, to watch us at our aquatic sports.</p> + +<p>“We three flight commanders have decided to +take over a Nissen hut and knock out the partition +so as to make it into one room; of course, some +wags had to start painting things on the outside. +They began by printing on the window in large +black letters, ‘Saloon Bar’; and ended by naming +the hut the ‘Hôtel du Commerce,’ as most of the +squadron seemed to collect there, including Kate +and Black Boy (the special pet dogs of the +squadron), who made it their abode.</p> + +<p>“I don’t think I told you in my last letter that +one of my pilots nearly finished me off. I was +leading a patrol, when, without any warning, he +dived about four yards in front of me. We would +have collided if I hadn’t managed to yank my +machine over on her back. He successfully put<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">97</a></span> +the wind up me, I can tell you, and I gave it to him +pretty hot when we got down.”</p></blockquote> + +<div class="tb">* <span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">*</span></div> + +<blockquote> +<p class="sigright"> +<span class="l4">“<span class="smcap">60 Squadron R.F.C.</span>,</span><br /> +<span class="l2">“<span class="smcap">B.E.F., France</span>.</span><br /> +“<i>June 1917.</i> +</p> + +<p>“I hope it will be ‘dud’ to-morrow, as I want +to supervise the painting of my grids. We have +all got the craze of having them coloured. Mine +are going to have red, white, and blue wheels. Our +crack flight <span class="locked">commander<a name="FNanchor_46" id="FNanchor_46" href="#Footnote_46" class="fnanchor">46</a></span> has had a spinner made +and painted blue, which he says puts the wind up +the Huns. I should think they must be getting +to know him well now, as he has crashed twenty-five +of them, two of which he got in flames +yesterday. He always lets us know when he has +got one by firing a red Very light over the +aerodrome before landing.</p> + +<p>“Talking about colours, you ought to see the +Huns. They are just like butterflies, with bright +red bodies, spotted wings, and black and white +squares on their tails, or else a wonderful mauve +colour with green and brown patches.</p> + +<p>“It was our day off yesterday, so the <span class="locked">Major<a name="FNanchor_47" id="FNanchor_47" href="#Footnote_47" class="fnanchor">47</a></span> +asked me to go for a ride with him. We borrowed +horses from a cavalry depot near-by, and set out +in his car for the rendezvous where we were to +pick them up. We did not intend to go far, but +lost our way in a wood. The Major is a keen +horseman and, consequently, led me over all sorts +of obstacles, such as fallen trees, etc. Not having<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">98</a></span> +ridden for three years, I found it rather a job to +stick on; however, I got used to it. We went up +and down vertical banks, and eventually had to +get the nags over a 3-foot jump, which we +managed to do with a bit of coaxing. Soon after +we arrived at the beautiful old château of Lucheux, +where we were to meet the car. This château was +used by Marlborough during the Flanders Wars. +It is now a Red Cross hospital. We had a talk to +the sisters, and wangled some topping roses out of +them for the mess. The car was waiting for us, +so we got into it and drove home.</p> + +<p>“When we arrived back, we found the mess +decorated with branches of trees, which made it +look like a greenhouse. This was to commemorate +the Major’s M.C., which he has just been awarded +for bringing down Huns. We had a tremendous +‘bust’ in the evening in which the Major joined. +Speeches were made wishing him the best of luck, +and then we retired to the ante-room and had a +good old rag.”</p></blockquote> + +<div class="tb">* <span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">*</span></div> + +<blockquote> +<p class="sigright"> +<span class="l4">“<span class="smcap">60 Squadron R.F.C.</span>,</span><br /> +<span class="l2">“<span class="smcap">B.E.F., France</span>.</span><br /> +“<i>July 1917.</i> +</p> + +<p>“Rotten luck!</p> + +<p>“Everything is black to-day. The <span class="locked">Major<a name="FNanchor_48" id="FNanchor_48" href="#Footnote_48" class="fnanchor">48</a></span> has +been wounded in the arm; one of my best <span class="locked">pilots<a name="FNanchor_49" id="FNanchor_49" href="#Footnote_49" class="fnanchor">49</a></span> +is going off to another squadron as a flight +commander, and I missed an absolute ‘sitter’ +this morning on our side of the line. However,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">99</a></span> +every cloud has a silver lining. This time it is +in the shape of an M.C. for one of our flight +commanders who thoroughly deserves it. He +hasn’t managed to get a big bag yet, but there is +lots of the ‘good stuff’ in him, in both senses of +the word.</p> + +<p>“We are going to have a great ‘bust’ to-night to +commemorate it, and to cheer things up a bit. +The show on which the Major was hit was a pretty +hot mix-up. We were in the middle of our tennis +tournament when word came through that a large +formation of Huns was on the line. It was ‘A’ +Flight’s turn for a job, so they pushed off, accompanied +by the Major. They got into a big ‘dog-fight,’ +and a Hun, who wasn’t in the show at all, +took a pot shot at long range and hit the Major in +the arm, breaking up his switch at the same time. +However, he managed to get back to the aerodrome +all right, and went off to hospital soon after.</p> + +<p>“We got into another big show on the 11th, +and scrapped hard for about twenty minutes over +the Hindenburg Line, without any luck. At last +one of the Huns, with more guts than the rest, +came over and began to attack one of our grids. I +nipped in behind him without being seen and gave +him a dose of lead. I must have hit his guns or +something, as he had no ginger left, and simply +flew west across the lines, intending to land on our +side. Of course, my stupid old gun had to stop, +and I discovered, to my annoyance, that there was +no ammunition left. Seeing that I didn’t fire, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">100</a></span> +Hun guessed that something was up and turned +back. I felt absolutely wild to see him calmly +sneak off into a cloud on his way home.</p> + +<p>“On another occasion, when three of us were +attacking a formation of six Huns, one of us had +a most extraordinary escape. We had our noses +down, going full out to try and catch the blighters, +when suddenly the Hun directly under us did a +sharp turn. The chap on my right yanked his +grid over after him. He pulled her over with such +a jerk that one of his bottom planes came off and +fluttered down to the ground in two bits. I +couldn’t see what happened to him after that, as +we were getting to close quarters with the Huns. +We tried to scrap them, but hadn’t any luck, as +they wouldn’t put up a fight.</p> + +<p>“When we arrived home, I reported that one +of my <span class="locked">patrol<a name="FNanchor_50" id="FNanchor_50" href="#Footnote_50" class="fnanchor">50</a></span> had ‘gone west,’ as I had seen him +break up in the air. Hardly had I finished when, +to my amazement, he appeared outside the +window. I could not believe my eyes and thought +it was his ghost, but he turned out to be flesh and +blood, and so we went to the mess and had a drink +on the strength of it.</p> + +<p>“He told me that he had managed to fly his +kite back with great difficulty. Luckily the top +planes had held. Of course, when he landed, the +machine turned over and crashed, but he crawled +out unhurt.</p> + +<p>“We three flight commanders went to see the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">101</a></span> +Major in hospital yesterday. He seemed in the +best of spirits, and had been trying to ‘pump’ a +Hun observer, who was in his ward, by asking him +whether he liked doing artillery work on our part +of the front, but the old Boche wouldn’t give him +an answer.</p> + +<p>“We all hope to have the Major back with us +soon, as his arm is much better. We miss him +‘some,’ as he often comes with us on our patrols.</p> + +<p>“Charlie Chaplin isn’t in it now with us! We +were cinematographed the other day. Some of +us stood in a row and tried to look pleasant and +unconcerned, but this was rather difficult, as +everyone else was making rude remarks about us. +We then bundled into our new grids, which we +have just got, and started off on a stunt formation, +nearly running down the old cinema man to put +the wind up him. After we had done a circuit, +my radiator began to boil, and I was forced to +come down. Thank heavens! it was a good +landing, as the old man was still at it turning the +handle. My part of the show was to be known as +‘Pilot landing for more ammunition after fierce +fight.’”</p></blockquote> + +<div class="tb">* <span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">*</span></div> + +<blockquote> +<p class="sigright"> +<span class="l4">“<span class="smcap">60 Squadron R.F.C.</span>,</span><br /> +<span class="l2">“<span class="smcap">B.E.F., France</span>.</span><br /> +“<i>August 1917.</i> +</p> + +<p>“The new <span class="locked">grids<a name="FNanchor_51" id="FNanchor_51" href="#Footnote_51" class="fnanchor">51</a></span> are a great success, and we +have been hard at work training and doing line +patrols.</p> + +<p>“Three of us, led by our famous <span class="locked">‘Hun-strafer,’<a name="FNanchor_52" id="FNanchor_52" href="#Footnote_52" class="fnanchor">52</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">102</a></span> +used them over the lines for the first time on the +5th. As a rule we only fight in flights, but on +certain occasions we volunteer for a ‘circus,’ that +is a mixed formation generally composed of the +best pilots in the squadron.</p> + +<p>“Our numbers were not overwhelming this +time, but we know that the Huns had got pukka +wind-up by the way they disappeared when we +arrived on the line, so we felt quite confident in +taking on twice as many as ourselves. Of course +we were all out for trouble, as we wanted to show +what the new machines could do. As soon as our +leader spotted a formation of Huns, he was after +them like a flash. I think there were seven of +them, but we were all much too excited to count. +Suddenly they saw us coming, and tried desperately +to escape, but our leader got into his +favourite position, and the rear Hun hadn’t a +ghost of a chance. The next instant he was a +flaming mass.</p> + +<p>“We simply had it all over the Boche for speed +and, as we had the height, they could not possibly +get away. I picked my man out as he was coming +towards me, and dived straight at him, opening +fire with both guns at close range. He suffered +the same fate as his companion.</p> + +<p>“A burning machine is a glorious but terrible +sight to see—a tiny red stream of flame trickles +from the petrol tank, then long tongues of blazing +petrol lick the sides of the fuselage, and, finally, +a sheet of white fire envelops the whole machine,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">103</a></span> +and it glides steeply towards the ground in a +zigzag course, leaving a long trail of black smoke +behind it, until it eventually breaks up. There +is no doubt that your first Hun in flames gives you +a wonderful feeling of satisfaction. I can well +imagine what the big-game hunter must think +when he sees the dead lion in front of him. +Somehow, you do not realise that you are sending +a man to an awful doom, but rather your thoughts +are all turned on the hateful machine which you +are destroying, so fascinating to look at and yet so +deadly in its attack.”</p></blockquote> + +<div class="tb">* <span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">*</span></div> + +<blockquote> +<p class="sigright"> +<span class="l4">“<span class="smcap">60 Squadron R.F.C.</span>,</span><br /> +<span class="l2">“<span class="smcap">B.E.F., France</span>.</span><br /> +“<i>August 1917.</i> +</p> + +<p>“Sorry I haven’t written for some time, but we +have been kept awfully busy as the weather has +been so fine. I have been trying hard to get +another Hun, and only succeeded the day before +yesterday, when we had another great scrap.</p> + +<p>“Five of us met eight Huns and attacked them +the other side of the line. I missed my man in the +first dive, but turned on another and must have +hit the pilot, as he spun straight into the ground. +One of my patrol also destroyed an Albatros by +shooting him up so that he fell to bits in the air. +The remaining six Huns put up quite a good fight, +and nearly got one of us by doing in his lateral +control. However, he managed to land all right, +as these machines are fairly stable.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">104</a></span> +“On scanning my kite, I discovered that it had +not escaped scot-free, as a large piece of the tail +plane had been shot away.</p> + +<p>“There was tremendous excitement in the +squadron yesterday, as our ‘stunt <span class="locked">merchant’<a name="FNanchor_53" id="FNanchor_53" href="#Footnote_53" class="fnanchor">53</a></span> +has been awarded the V.C. for that aerodrome +show that I told you about. We celebrated it +last night by one of the finest ‘busts’ I have ever +had. There were speeches and lots of good +‘bubbly,’ consequently everyone was in the best +of spirits.</p> + +<p>“After dinner we had a torchlight procession +to the various squadrons stationed on the aerodrome. +This was led by our Very light experts. +Luckily for us, the night was very dull and cloudy, +or else I expect old man Boche would have had a +hand in it too. We charged into one mess and +proceeded to throw everyone and everything we +came across out of the window. We then went +over to the other squadron. The wretched lads +were all in bed, but we soon had them out, and +bombarded their mess with Very lights, the great +stunt being to shoot one in through one window +and out at the other. I can’t imagine why the +blessed place didn’t go up in flames. After +annoying these people for a bit, we retired to our +own mess, where we danced and sang till the +early hours of the morning. I have still got +a piece of plaid cloth about 6 inches square, +which was the only thing left of a perfectly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">105</a></span> +good pair of ‘trouse’ that belonged to one of +our Scotch compatriots.</p> + +<p>“This morning the C.O. sent for me to go to +the orderly room. He told me that my name had +come through for <span class="locked">H.E.,<a name="FNanchor_54" id="FNanchor_54" href="#Footnote_54" class="fnanchor">54</a></span> and congratulated me +on having been awarded the M.C.</p> + +<p>“Later I went round to the sheds to say goodbye +to the men, and finally ended up at the mess +to have a farewell drink with all my old friends.</p> + +<p>“I can hardly realise that the time has come +for me to go back to Blighty. I shall be awfully +bucked to see you again in a few days, old chap, +and yet I can’t help feeling sad at leaving this +dear old place—full of memories, sometimes tragic, +sometimes comic. It is very hard to part with +these comrades of mine—‘Knights of the Air,’ +who live from day to day facing eternity with a +smile, and laying down their lives, if need be, with +such heroism, for the cause of freedom.”</p></blockquote> + +<div class="tb">* <span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">* </span><span class="in2">*</span></div> + +<p>To return to the squadron which we left at +Marie Capelle. On March 8, 1918, orders arrived +to move up to Bailleul—a good deal nearer the line—where +they remained for over a fortnight. This +aerodrome was shelled every day that they were +there, and on the last two nights was heavily +bombed. On March 27 they were rushed down to +Bellevue, near Doullens, to cope with the offensive +which, as few will have forgotten, began on the +21st. This move brought the squadron back into<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">106</a></span> +the 13th Wing, in which it served, except for the +winter of 1917–18, during the whole of its career +on the Western Front. After three days at Bellevue +another move was ordered to Fienvilliers.</p> + +<p>On March 30, in the course of one patrol, +Hammersley, the leader, destroyed two Hun +scouts, putting one on to the roof of a house in +Hem, where it burst into flames; while Copeland, +Hegarty, Duncan, and Griffiths all shot down +hostile machines, the destruction of which was +officially confirmed. Bartlett also shot down one +out of control. Both Copeland and Duncan were +now piling up good scores.</p> + +<p>On April 12 there was yet another move, this +time to Boffles, where they stayed until September. +For some time past they had been in tents, +ready to move at a moment’s notice, and by now +all the household goods which a squadron accumulated +during the period of stationary warfare +had disappeared: the bronze figures and silver +basins, brought back as mementoes (on payment) +after celebrations in Amiens and elsewhere; the +original of Fleming Williams’ picture of a Nieuport +scout; the cut-glass reproductions of two of his +father’s valuable decanters, presented to the +squadron by Lord Dalmeny on his departure for +Egypt with General Allenby; the German signboards, +shell-cases, and other trophies; all had +been left behind or were lost long before the March +retreat and the subsequent victorious advance were +over. This was a pity, but could not be helped.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">107</a></span> +The losses of the Air Force during this retreat +were very heavy indeed. Usually we used to +calculate that the Germans lost twice as many +machines as the British, according to the reports +issued by our Headquarters. This thought was +a comforting one. Under the head of hostile +machines destroyed are not included, for the +purpose of this calculation, those shown as driven +down out of control. It should be remembered +that Headquarters required very clear confirmation +before officially recognising the destruction of an +enemy machine, and that many Huns must have +been destroyed which were not counted. If one +set fire to a Boche machine in the air there was no +difficulty, as the whole sky saw it and confirmation +was readily forthcoming; but where this was not +done, it was not at all easy to watch the victim +glide down from fifteen or sixteen thousand feet, +and to mark the spot at which he crashed. It +takes a long time to reach the ground from nearly +three miles up, and there were always plenty of +watchful enemies in the sky waiting to swoop on +to the overkeen pilot who forgot everything but +his presumably vanquished foe. Once a pilot +took his eyes off a machine, it was by no means +always easy to pick it up again. The best type +was always careful not to claim a doubtful Hun, +and, though there were plenty who would like to +have done so, the other officers of the flight +generally knew pretty well when a doubtful claim +was put in, and soon gave the offender a hint that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">108</a></span> +such conduct did the squadron no good. It may, +therefore, fairly be assumed that we had destroyed +the full number of machines claimed. The German +method of calculation was somewhat different, as +they counted a two-seater machine as two +“victories,” which made their star pilots appear +to be more successful than ours.</p> + +<p>Throughout the war, on the Western Front, the +policy of the R.F.C., as directed by General Sir +Hugh Trenchard, was that our fighters should +engage the enemy over his territory and never +allow him to cross our lines. These orders were +never executed with complete success, as it is not +possible to erect and maintain an aerial barrage, +so to speak, which can completely prevent a +resolute pilot from penetrating it if he really means +to do so, nor can it be said that our patrols kept, +in every case, always on the other side of the line. +Broadly speaking, however, we fought over alien +territory, the Germans over their own. The +effect of this was that many a British machine was +forced to land, disabled by gunfire or through +engine failure, and the occupants, even though +unwounded, were lost to their own side till the +end of the war. The German pilot, on the other +hand, whose engine was put out of action in a +fight might land safely, get another machine, and +be fighting again the same day.</p> + +<p>Another circumstance which, in fairness to the +Air Force, should always be borne in mind when +the conditions of fighting in the air are under<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">109</a></span> +discussion, is that on the Western Front the wind +entered very much into all questions of aerial +strategy or tactics. The prevailing wind was +that west wind which Conrad thus describes in a +brilliant passage, and which, though it deals with +the sea, is equally true of the air on the Western +Front:</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>“The narrow seas around these isles, where +British admirals keep watch and ward upon the +marches of the Atlantic Ocean, are subject to the +turbulent sway of the west wind.</p> + +<p>“Call it north-west or south-west, it is all one—a +different phase of the same character, a changed +expression of the same face. In the orientation +of the winds that rule the seas, the north and +south directions are of no importance. The north +and the south winds are but small princes in the +dynasties that make peace and war upon the sea. +In the polity of the winds, as among the tribes of +the earth, the real struggle lies between east and +west. The end of the day is the time to gaze at +the kingly face of the westerly weather, who is the +arbiter of ships’ destinies.</p> + +<p>“Benignant and splendid, or splendid and +sinister, the western sky reflects the hidden +purpose of the royal wind.</p> + +<p>“Clothed in a mantle of dazzling gold or draped +in rags of black cloud like a beggar, the might of +the westerly wind sits enthroned upon the western +horizon, with the whole North Atlantic as a foot-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">110</a></span>stool +for his feet and the first twinkling stars +making a diadem for his brow.”</p></blockquote> + +<p>It was this powerful sovereign, this pitiless +potentate who, five days out of seven, fought with +our enemies against us, and it is to be hoped that +he is properly humiliated by the result of the war. +How many curses have been levelled at his careless +head by pilots who, with trailing wires, with +labouring, failing engines, and with tattered planes +have tried, and often tried in vain, to reach that +brown, smoky strip of battered terrain which +marked the lines and safety, after a bitter fight? +How often has a patrol, on a day with the wind at +fifty to sixty miles an hour, at 10,000 feet fought +batch after batch of Huns when on the Mons-Maubeuge +or some other “long reconnaissance,” +only to find that, though every enemy may have +been shot down in flames, though no black-crossed +machines remained to smirch the sky, inexorable +Zephyrus had swept them during the fight so far +towards the Rhine that lack of petrol must force +them to land on hostile ground? Who has not +felt, when turning homewards on a stormy day, +that the machine could make no progress at all +against the wind, but seemed for minutes that +were like hours to stand still over some town or +village? Actually headway was as a rule being +made, but the change in ground speed from flying +down-wind to struggling against it produced this +very powerful illusion, and pilots have often<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">111</a></span> +thrown their guns, ammunition, and even field-glasses +overboard with the frantic hope of +lightening the machine and thus increasing her +speed.</p> + +<p>No! Zephyrus, who should have been a Teuton +god, and who beyond question wears the Iron +Cross, was no friend to the Air Force. We +should perhaps have poured out libations to +his eastern brothers—Eurus and Aquilus—or +at very least have recommended them for the +immediate award of the Distinguished Flying +Cross in recognition of their invaluable services +throughout the war.</p> + +<p>The struggle wore on through May, and during +the middle of this month the fighting in the air +was terrific.</p> + +<p>One hundred and thirty E.A. (enemy aircraft) +were brought down by the Air Force in France +between the 13th and 19th of the month. Belgrave +and Scholte were, perhaps, the most +successful, but I. M. Davies, A. W. Saunders, +Hegarty, V. S. Griffith, W. A. Duncan, were +also very prominent. During one patrol, led +by Belgrave on June 12, in which he shot down +a two-seater, R. G. Lewis, whose engine presumably +had failed, went down and landed, +breaking his under-carriage. H. A. Gordon, a +Canadian whose first trip over the lines this was, +landed beside him and got out of his own machine. +At this point some soldiers appeared and opened +fire. Gordon ran back to his S.E., calling to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">112</a></span> +Lewis to get in with him, but the latter, apparently +mistaking the troops for friends, walked towards +them. Gordon then took off and circled round, +meaning to fire, but, seeing Lewis in the midst of +them, refrained, and returned home with his +machine very badly shot about. He was killed +two months later.</p> + +<p>An S.E.5 has carried two before now, but it is +an unpleasant experience for the passenger, who +has to sit with his legs on each side of the pilot’s +shoulders and to hold on to the top gun-mounting.</p> + +<p>By this time, Bishop was back in France +commanding No. 85 Squadron and was doing +wonders. Much of his success was due now, as +always, to his extremely accurate shooting, the +importance of which in aerial fighting it is almost +impossible to exaggerate.</p> + +<p>W. H. Saunders did a very good show on July 2, +fighting continuously for forty-five minutes, destroying +two Pfalz scouts and engaging five other +hostile machines.</p> + +<p>At the beginning of July, Barry Moore was +promoted to command No. 1 Aeroplane Supply +Depot at Marquise, and J. B. McCudden, V.C., +D.S.O., M.C., was appointed to succeed him in the +command of the squadron. While flying down to +take over from Moore, he got his machine into a +spin near the ground, crashed, and was killed. +Though he never actually joined 60, and though +this history is concerned only to describe the +exploits of that squadron, a paragraph must,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">113</a></span> +nevertheless, be devoted to McCudden’s achievements. +He joined the R.F.C. as an air mechanic +before the war, fought as an N.C.O. pilot with +29 Squadron during 1916–17, was then given a +commission and was posted to 56 Squadron, where +he specialised in two-seaters, that variety of two-seater +which the Germans would send over very +high at 20,000 feet or more on clear days to +photograph our back areas, and which were not +easy to bring down. The difficulty was that they +were first seen, as a rule, at a great height, and our +fighting machines had to climb up to them, which +would take fifteen minutes at least. During +this interval which necessarily elapsed before the +attacking machines could get their height, the +Rumpler or L.V.G., which would be flying level, +could usually outdistance the pursuers; if, however, +the British machine contrived, by flying the +inside of the circle, to keep between the Hun and +the lines, the latter, if he was as cunning as they +usually were, would calmly continue his photography +while his adversary was climbing until +the latter was about 1,500 feet below him, and, +when his pursuer was getting close enough to +be dangerous, would put his nose down slightly, +open up his engine and disappear into Hunland, +leaving a streak of blue smoke, but nothing more +tangible, behind him.</p> + +<p>McCudden, however, with great resolution and +infinite patience, studied the habits of these folk +and shot down dozens of them. In addition, he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">114</a></span> +was a brilliant and successful patrol leader and +one whom the Air Force could ill spare. After his +death, C. M. Crowe, M.C., who also had a fine +record both in 56 Squadron and, earlier in the war, +with other units, was given the command. After +a few weeks, Crowe had a serious motor accident +and was “struck off” the strength, to be posted +later to 85 Squadron. He was succeeded by A. +C. Clarke, an old Etonian, who remained in charge +till the end of the war.</p> + +<p>On August 1, 60, together with 3, 56, and 11 +Squadrons, carried out an extremely successful +raid on Epinoy Aerodrome. Sixteen machines +were believed to have been destroyed as a result +of this operation and two large fires were started, +the smoke of which ascended to a height of over +10,000 feet. 60 and 11 did the “upper guard,” +escorting 3 and 56, who went down and actually +shot up the aerodrome, whilst the two former +squadrons kept off hostile machines who might +have attacked the raiders from above.</p> + +<p>Raids of this kind were most successful, but +had only lately become possible on account of the +much larger number of squadrons which were now +available. Up to this time, the number of +machines had been only just sufficient to get +through the ordinary routine work, i.e. low flying +on battle days, offensive patrols for the indirect +protection of the artillery machine, by the destruction +of the enemy scouts who would have +interfered with them, and escorts to bombing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">115</a></span> +raids and photographic reconnaissances. These +last two duties the improved types of two-seater +fighters now carried out without escorts—the De +Havilland 4s, 9s, and Bristol fighters being quite +capable of operating without protection by scouts.</p> + +<p>During August, R. K. Whitney (who had had a +great month in July), Doyle, G. M. Duncan, +Buckley, and A. W. Saunders (who was now a +flight commander), were all fighting well. One +patrol led by the last-named on August 9 accounted +for four enemy aircraft.</p> + +<p>Lieut. A. Beck now rejoined the squadron: +he had been with us in June 1917, but was sent +home on the representation of his parents, who +complained that he was only seventeen. Returning +a year later, he speedily showed that his youth +was no disqualification. He remained with the +squadron till the end, was promoted flight commander, +and did extraordinarily good work.</p> + +<p>On August 8 we assumed the offensive east of +Amiens. 60 did a great deal of low flying and low +bombing, as well as the usual “scrapping” up +above. The Fokker biplane D.7 first appeared +in numbers at this time. This was an original +type of machine without any external wiring but +with a very thick wing section, which was braced +internally. Its performance was very good, alike +as regards speed, climb, and power to manœuvre. +Their pilots were usually provided with parachutes, +which quite often failed to open. From all along +the line reports now came in showing that the use<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">116</a></span> +of the parachute was becoming fairly general +among German pilots.</p> + +<p>In October, while our advance was proceeding, +squadrons of the Air Force dropped some thousands +of boxes of rations and ammunition for Belgian +troops, whose supplies had been held up owing to +the speed of the advance. 60, however, took no +part in this.</p> + +<p>The map opposite is reproduced by permission +of Field-Marshal Earl Haig, and is published, I +believe, for the first time. It shows the situation +on September 25, 1918, and makes it clear that +the enemy feared the Amiens sector more than +any other part of their line.</p> + +<p>H. C. M. Orpen, I. W. Rayner, S. V. Mason, M. +D. Sinclair, O. P. Johnson, G. M. Duncan, and +McEntegart were, perhaps, the most prominent +and successful pilots during the British advance, +which was a time of continuous and sustained +effort on the part of every officer, N.C.O., and man +in the whole squadron. The strain of sending at +least two full-strength squadron patrols daily over +the line, while moving continually, severely taxed +the endurance of all ranks. They left Boffles for +Baisieux on September 17, Baisieux for Beugnatre +on October 14, and finally moved from the +latter station to Quievy, an old German aerodrome, +on October 31.</p> + +<div id="ip_116" class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> + <a href="images/i_116large.jpg"> + <img src="images/i_116.jpg" width="800" height="691" alt="" /></a> + <div class="caption"><p>Situation on Sept. 25<sup>th</sup>, 1918.</p> + + <p class="smaller notbold"><i>On this date, the 25<sup>th</sup> Sept., General Pershing + was in direct command of the American Armies. + Early in October the command of the 3<sup>rd</sup> American + Army was entrusted to L<sup>t</sup> Gen. Hunter Liggett + and command of the 2<sup>nd</sup> American Army to + Major Gen. R. L. Bullard.</i></p></div></div> + +<p>By October the Air Force mechanical transport +had begun to wear out, nor is this surprising when +the work it had done is remembered; the men<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">117</a></span> +were always working hard to keep the lorries and +light tenders on the road. Moreover, the new +aerodromes were always pitted with shell-holes, +which had to be filled up, and scarcely was +this task completed before orders would arrive to +move again. In spite of these difficulties, the +supplies of rations, ammunition, etc., were maintained +with wonderful regularity by the H.Q. +staffs.</p> + +<p>The German Flying Corps continued to fight +hard and well up to the very last day of the war, +and, though their armies on the ground were +retreating fast, no signs of demoralisation in the +air were observed.</p> + +<p>During these last days, throughout September +and October, a great deal of work was done with +148—an American Camel squadron—most of +whose pilots had been trained in England. This +unit was also in the 13th Wing, and the two +squadrons moved forward together to the +various aerodromes mentioned above. They did +several good shows together, notably between +September 14 and 17, during the attack on +Havrincourt Wood, when 60 twice a day did the +“upper guard,” while 148 flew low, bombing +troops and attacking low-flying Fokkers. A considerable +amount of damage was done during the +progress of these operations. For example, on +September 26 one patrol of each squadron, working +in the same manner, gave a good exhibition of +combined work: 60’s patrol, led by Rayner, drove<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">118</a></span> +down a flight of Fokkers into the jaws of 148, who +tackled them with such effect that three were +“crashed” and one driven down out of control. +Again, on the next day, during the Bourlon +Wood attack, 148, protected as before by 60, +crashed two enemy two-seaters, the destruction +of which was observed and confirmed by the +latter unit.</p> + +<p>During the whole of the advance towards +Cambrai and beyond, the two squadrons did at +least one “show” a day together until October 30, +when the Americans left Beugnatre, near Bapaume, +to go south to join their own army near +Nancy, a very long and tiresome journey. On +the day before leaving, their last patrol with us +“crashed” either four or five Huns.</p> + +<p>Their pilots were many of them trained at +London Colney, in Hertfordshire, and Lieuts. +Springs (who accounted for nine enemy machines), +L. K. Callaghan (whose score when they left for +Nancy was eight), and J. O. Creech (who had got +six Huns), were all good advertisements for the +methods adopted at that training station.</p> + +<p>Other pilots conspicuous in this squadron were +two of their flight commanders (T. Clay and +F. E. Kindley) and also Lieut. C. T. McLean, all +of whom will no doubt remember a dinner in +Amiens, on October 18, in which 201 Squadron +also joined with 60 in celebrating the turn of +the tide in the Allied fortunes, a change which +148 and 17 American (this latter squadron was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">119</a></span> +also in the 13th Wing) had certainly done their +share to bring about.</p> + +<p>There was great regret on the part of all their +British comrades in arms when these two American +units went away.</p> + +<p>One of the pilots of 148, who had been taken +prisoner, told a remarkable story on his return +just after the Armistice. This pilot, who had +served with 56 Squadron, also in the 13th Wing, +some months earlier, was shot down and, after +having landed more or less safely in “Hunland,” +was taken before a German intelligence officer and +asked his name and squadron. Having given his +name and rank only, his examiner said to him, +“But you were in 56—I dined with you in +December last,” and followed this up by asking +the astonished prisoner if he did not remember +a French Breguet (two-seater) landing at 56’s +aerodrome one day with an officer pilot and a +mechanic on board. The American did remember, +and recollected, too, that the pilot announced that +he was coming up from the south to join a French +squadron north of our 2nd Army near Dixmude, +but that his engine was running badly and he had +landed to make some adjustments. No one in 56 +at this time knew very much about the French +Flying Corps, but everyone knew that their +machines had often passed over the intervening +British armies in this manner, particularly during +the summer of 1917, prior to the Passchendale +battles, and again in April 1918, when Foch’s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">120</a></span> +strategical schemes involved the introduction into +the middle of our 2nd Army area of a French +division, which defended Kemmel Hill after the +German break-through on the Lys. The story, +therefore, appeared to be quite a natural one, and +no one suspected for an instant that anything was +wrong. The “repairs” to the 200 h.p. Renault +engine, a type with which none of our mechanics +were very familiar, took longer than was expected, +and the “Frenchman” dined and stayed the night +with the squadron, making himself most agreeable +but refusing to drink much. Not only did he stay +one night, but, the weather next day proving +unfavourable, he remained a second, and on the +third day flew off, it is believed, to another British +aerodrome. There was no question of the truth +of the story because the hero of it showed, when +talking to his prisoner, a knowledge of the officers +in 56, their appearance and nicknames, together +with the details of the camp and aerodrome, which +could only have been obtained at first-hand. +Moreover, the American pilot remembered the +visit quite well, and even recognised his interrogator. +The German also told him that he had +played the same game with the French Flying +Corps, pretending, on a captured British machine, +to be an English pilot making his way down to our +Independent Air Force, which, under General +Trenchard, was stationed opposite Metz, a long +way from the nearest British unit.</p> + +<p>It was easier for the Germans to do this kind of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">121</a></span> +thing than it would have been for the Allies, owing +to the duality of language on our side of the line; +but, nevertheless, it must be reckoned a very fine +performance. Presumably, he left the German +aerodrome before dawn and flew about on our side +of the line until it was light enough to land, but, +even so, he was lucky not to have been attacked on +his return by German machines and anti-aircraft +guns when flying an aeroplane with Allied markings, +as it must have been impossible to warn the +German aviators that one particular Breguet was +not to be molested, mainly because of the impossibility +of distinguishing one machine from another +of the same type in the air, but also because to +circulate general instructions of this kind would +almost certainly have given the whole plan away +to some of the Allied agents who, on the whole, +were much more efficient than the German spies.</p> + +<p>After the Armistice, when the question of +demobilisation began to be considered in the Air +Force and particulars of the terms of each officer’s +engagement were scrutinised, it was surprising to +find how many Americans were serving in English +scout squadrons. There seemed to be at least +three or four American citizens in each single-seater +squadron in France, out of a total in such a +squadron of twenty-five officers. Moreover, the +majority of these wore at least one medal for +gallantry, the reason being, no doubt, that these +young men were the very flower of the American +fighting stock, who felt unable to wait until their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">122</a></span> +country came into the war, but represented themselves +to be Canadian citizens in order to join in +the contest. Had the war lasted a little longer, +most of them would, no doubt, have transferred to +their own squadrons, as some few had already +done, but at the end of 1918 their own air effort +had not yet developed sufficiently to absorb them +all.</p> + +<p>To return, however, to 60. The squadron’s +last “confirmed Hun” of the war was secured on +November 1 by Capt. A. Beck, who had lately +destroyed, when flying low, a number of enemy +artillery observation machines (two-seaters).</p> + +<p>The arrival at Quievy, halfway between Cambrai +and Le Cateau, where the squadron remained +until after the signing of the Armistice, was most +interesting. Here remained some of the German +semi-permanent hangars, the machine-gun emplacements +on the roofs of the houses surrounding +the aerodrome, and here, too, were people who for +four and a half long years had lived with the pilots +and observers of the German Flying Corps. The +questions asked by our officers—usually in extremely +moderate French—were endless. “How +many jobs a day did they do?” “Were their +casualties heavy?” “Were the pilots usually +officers or N.C.O.s?” “How many machines +did they have in a flight?” are only a few +examples. The answers in most cases were disappointing, +as the Boche seemed to have taken +good care to keep all civilians off his aerodromes.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">123</a></span> +The plight of the inhabitants of the occupied +territory was wretched; the retreating enemy had +driven off every single head of livestock, taking +even the poultry away over the Belgian border, +and the British forces had to feed them for many +weeks until the French lorry services began to +work and until the railways were restored.</p> + +<p>Delay-action mines were left everywhere in this +part of the world, though there were not, perhaps, +as many booby traps as were found after the +Boche retreat of March 1917 to the Hindenburg +or Wotan Line. The bridge at Caudry station, the +railhead from which the squadron drew rations, +went up on November 1, killing and wounding +twenty or thirty men.</p> + +<p>The uncultivated state of the land was very +noticeable in this district; for though some poor +root and winter cabbage crops showed here and +there, grown by the inhabitants under German +direction, most of the fields did not appear to have +been tilled at all, though this particular tract had +been a long way behind the line until August 1918.</p> + +<p>The last few days’ fighting were marked by no +unusual incidents so far as 60 itself was concerned, +though it was thrilling to be forming part of the +army which was retaking Valenciennes, Le Quesnoy, +Maubeuge, and other towns immediately in +front of us. Thrilling, too, to see the long dingy +columns, already in Belgium, marching east at +last.</p> + +<p>On Armistice night, Clarke hurriedly organised<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">124</a></span> +a dinner, to which such old members as were in +the neighbourhood were bidden. It was a good +evening, ending with the invasion of the officers’ +mess by the N.C.O.s and men, who drank each +other’s healths—not that there was overmuch +alcohol available—and sang over and over again +those very ordinary music-hall songs which our +people always seem to employ as a medium for +expression in moments of emotional stress. +Officers and men bellowed together “The good +ship Yacki Hicki Doola” and similar classics.</p> + +<p>60 was always remarkable for the cordial +relations between the officers and men, due, +perhaps, to the fact that an Air Force scout +squadron during the war was, in Lord Hugh +Cecil’s words, “a natural aristocracy,” in that the +officers flew and fought twice daily while the men +remained on the ground in comparative security.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">125</a></span></p> + +<h2 class="vspace"><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI<br /> + +<span class="subhead">DEMOBILISATION</span></h2> + +<p class="in0">The latter half of November and the first week +of December was a period of suspense. No one +quite knew what was to happen, nor did the first +circulars on the subject, even the famous one +beginning, “And Joshua bade the people disperse +every man to his own place,” clear up the situation +very much. It was not, in fact, until Mr. Churchill +had been appointed Secretary of State for War +and Air, and had laid down the broad principle that +men over thirty-five and those who had enlisted +before January 1, 1916, were to be allowed to go +and that the rest must stay, that we knew where +we were at all. It was difficult, also, to find +employment from day to day for the men. +Association football, however, was always popular, +concerts and boxing contests were frequently held, +while horses and dogs were borrowed and hare-hunting +was attempted.</p> + +<p>One form of hare-hunting became very popular: +the idea—which originated with Louis Strange, +then commanding a wing—was to proceed as +follows: All officers and men in the wing who +wished to take part assembled, to the number of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">126</a></span> +two or three hundred, at “the meet,” and filed +away in opposite directions, the leaders of each +file turning gradually inwards until a circle +nearly a mile in diameter was enclosed by men +about twenty yards apart. The circle being +completed, they began to walk towards the +centre. Usually three or four hares, and sometimes +many more, got up within the cordon and +ran frantically round until they either broke +through or were knocked over with sticks. The +shouting and noise arising during the proceedings +testified to the popularity of this form of sport. +Despite these diversions, time hung rather heavily +on their hands until, at last, by the end of February +1919, all the demobilisable officers and men had +gone, and those who remained were sent up by +train as reinforcements to the R.A.F. with the +Army of the Rhine. On a bitterly cold evening +this remnant entrained in covered trucks, under +sad skies with snow falling heavily, to commence +their eastward journey, in typically military +fashion, by travelling due west to Etaples. After +this nothing remained but to dispatch the cadre +with the records back to England, and the two +officers and ten men remaining accordingly departed +on February 28, bound for Sedgeford, in +Norfolk.</p> + +<p>The squadron remained dormant for a time, but +was re-formed towards the end of the year, and is +now equipped with De Havilland 10s, large twin-engined +machines, and is stationed in India.</p> + +<div id="ip_126" class="figcenter" style="width: 618px;"> + <a href="images/i_126large.jpg"> + <img src="images/i_126.jpg" width="618" height="800" alt="" /></a> + <div class="caption"><p>BRITISH BATTLES DURING 1918</p> + <p class="smaller">8<sup>TH</sup> AUG. TO 11<sup>TH</sup> NOV.</p></div> + +<div class="captionl"> +<p>The following diary will help to elucidate +the map, which shows the ground gained by +the British Allied Armies, and the series of +battles from July to November, 1918.</p> + +<h3 class="sans">THE BATTLES AND THEIR EFFECTS.</h3> + +<div id="battlemap"> +<div class="sidenote"><i>8th Aug.–12th Aug.</i><br /> +13 Inf. and 3 Cav. Divs. defeated 20 +German Divs.</div> + +<p><span class="sans">THE BATTLE OF AMIENS</span> disengaged Amiens, +until then in range of the German guns, and freed +the Paris-Amiens railway. Our attack was then +transferred to the north in</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><i>21st Aug.–31st Aug.</i><br /> +23 Divs. defeated +35 German Divs.</div> + +<p><span class="sans">THE BATTLE OF BAPAUME</span> which, turning +the flank of the German positions on the Somme, +compelled the enemy to withdraw to the east bank +of the river. His new positions were then turned +from the north by</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><i>26th Aug.–3rd Sept.</i><br /> +7 Divs. defeated 13 +German Divs.</div> + +<p><span class="sans">THE BATTLE OF ARRAS</span> by which the +Drocourt-Quéant line was broken and the enemy +was forced to fall back on the outer defences of the +Hindenburg line. As the direct result of these +battles</p> + +<p>The <span class="sans">LYS</span> Salient was evacuated by the enemy +and we regained Lens-Merville-Bailleul-Kemmel +Hill and freed Hazebrouck and the important railways +there. Then came</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><i>18th Sept.–19th Sept.</i><br /> +14 Divs. defeated +15 German Divs.</div> + +<p><span class="sans">THE BATTLE OF EPEHY</span> which broke through +the outer Hindenburg defences and brought us into +position for attack on the main line in</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><i>27th Sept.–10th Oct.</i><br /> +35 Inf., 3 Cav. and +2 American Divs. +defeated 45 German +Divs.</div> + +<p><span class="sans">THE BATTLE OF CAMBRAI-ST. QUENTIN</span> +which in ten days of victorious fighting broke +through the last and strongest of the enemy’s fully +prepared positions, opening the way to a war of +movement and an advance on the German main +lines of communication. These great assaults fell +into three main <span class="locked">phases:—</span></p> + +<p>1. The storming of the Canal du Nord on the +left of our attack and the advance on Cambrai, +followed immediately by</p> + +<p>2. THE GREAT BLOW WHICH SHATTERED +THE HINDENBURG LINE AND TURNED +THE DEFENCES OF ST. QUENTIN.</p> + +<p>3. The development of these successes by a +general attack on the whole front which broke +through the last of the German defences in the rear +of the Hindenburg Line, forcing the enemy to +evacuate Cambrai and St. Quentin and fall back on +the line of the River Selle. These battles, striking +at vital enemy communications, created a huge +salient in his lines. Meanwhile further north in</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><i>28th Sept.–29th Sept.</i><br /> +9 Divs. defeated 5 +German Divs.</div> + +<p><span class="sans">THE BATTLE OF YPRES</span> British and Belgians +forced the enemy back from Ypres and drove a salient +into his lines which endangered his positions on the +Belgian Coast. This success was extended by</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><i>14th Oct.–31st Oct.</i><br /> +7 British Divs. defeated +6 German +Divs.</div> + +<p><span class="sans">THE BATTLE OF COURTRAI</span> which widened +and deepened this salient and resulted in the capture +of Halluin, Menin and Courtrai. This series of +battles north and south had as their immediate +result, in the south,</p> + +<p><span class="sans">THE EVACUATION OF LAON</span> and the retreat +of the enemy to the line of the Aisne, and, in the +centre,</p> + +<p><span class="sans">THE WITHDRAWAL TO THE SCHELDT</span> in +which Lille and the great industrial district of +France were freed there, and in the north.</p> + +<p><span class="sans">THE CLEARING OF THE BELGIAN COAST</span>, +whereby the enemy was deprived of his important +submarine bases at Ostend, Zeebrugge and Bruges. +The enemy was now back on the line of the Selle and +Scheldt rivers.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><i>17th Oct.–25th Oct.</i><br /> +26 British Divs. defeated +31 German Divs.</div> + +<p><span class="sans">THE BATTLE OF THE SELLE</span> forced him +from the line of that river and drove still another +salient into his defences. It was followed by the final <span class="locked">blow—</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote"><i>1st Nov.–11th Nov.</i><br /> +26 British Divs. defeated +32 German Divs.</div> + +<p><span class="sans">THE BATTLE OF MAUBEUGE</span>, which struck +at and broke the enemy’s last important lateral +communications, turned his positions on the Scheldt +and forced him to retreat rapidly from Courtrai. +This victory completed the great strategical aim of +the whole series of battles by dividing, in effect, +the enemy’s forces into two parts, one on each side +of the great natural barrier of the Ardennes. The +pursuit of the beaten enemy all along the Allied line +was only stopped by the Armistice.</p> +</div> +</div></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">127</a></span> +Most of the officers and men are new, but such +veterans as are available will be drafted back +when circumstances allow, and there is no old +member of the squadron who is not confident that +the new formation will add to that high reputation +which 60 has enjoyed from the day of its birth, and +which we, who served in it, have helped to build, +or, at all events, have tried our hardest not to +damage.</p> + +<p>Though the records, owing to a fire in the +squadron office in November 1916, may perhaps +be not quite complete, yet the destruction of 274 +enemy aircraft can be traced.</p> + +<p>The honours gained by officers or men, whilst +serving in the squadron, are:</p> + +<ul> +<li class="figspace">1 V.C.<br /></li> +<li class="figspace">5 D.S.O.s.<br /></li> +<li class="figspace">1 Bar to D.S.O.<br /></li> +<li>37 Military Crosses.<br /></li> +<li class="figspace">5 Distinguished Flying Crosses.</li> +</ul> + +<p>The map which will be found at the end of this +chapter is published by permission of Field-Marshal +Earl Haig, and shows very clearly the +ground gained and the prisoners taken by the +victorious British armies during the last three +months of the war.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">128</a></span></p> + +<h2 class="vspace"><a name="APPENDIX_I" id="APPENDIX_I"></a>APPENDIX I<br /> + +<span class="subhead">LIST OF OFFICERS WHO HAVE SERVED IN +60 SQUADRON</span></h2> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Together with the Decorations gained by them, +not necessarily in the Squadron; all Officers +are shown in the Highest Rank to which they +attained during the War.</span></p> + +<table id="appx1" summary="Officers"> + <tr><th class="tdc bt bb">Name.</th><th class="tdc bt bb bl">Casualty.</th><th class="tdc bt bb bl" colspan="2">Date.</th></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. A. R. Adam</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">July</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. J. R. Anderson</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl">Aug.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. D. V. Armstrong, D.F.C. (151 Sqdn.)</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. J. L. Armstrong.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. (A/Capt.) F. L. Atkinson</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Injured</td> + <td class="tdl">April</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. W. R. Ayling</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Nov.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. J. Baalman</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Aug.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. D. H. Bacon</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">Nov.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. C. G. Baker</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Major H. H. Balfour, M.C. and Bar, Croix de Guerre (French)</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. A. Ball, V.C., D.S.O. and 2 Bars, M.C., Order of St. George (Russian, 4th Class), Croix de Chevalier (French)</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. A. C. Ball</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">Feb.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. H. J. O. Barnett</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. J. N. Bartlett</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">June</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">F/Officer H. F. V. Battle</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. A. Beck, D.F.C.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">June</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. J. D. Belgrave, M.C. and Bar</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">April</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Major A. D. Bell-Irving, M.C. and Bar, Croix de Guerre</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. I. Bigood</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. A. Binnie, M.C.</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">April</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut.-Col. W. A. Bishop, V.C., D.S.O. and Bar, M.C., D.F.C., Croix de Chevalier, Legion of Honour, Croix de Guerre with Palm (French)</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">April</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. C. T. Black</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">March</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. C. L. Blake</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">June</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">129</a></span>Lieut. R. C. W. Blessley (U.S. Air Service)</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. F. Bower</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl">April</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. H. S. Brackenbury</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Injured</td> + <td class="tdl">March</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. N. A. Browning-Paterson</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. W. E. G. Bryant, M.B.E.</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. H. E. W. Bryning</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">June</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. H. Buckley</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl">Aug.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. E. A. Burbidge</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. C. M. H. M. Caffyn</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl">March</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Major K. L. Caldwell, M.C., D.F.C. and Bar, Croix de Guerre (Belgian)</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. K. T. Campbell</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Died</td> + <td class="tdl">June</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. L. H. T. Capel</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Feb.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. C. W. Carleton, A.F.C.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Dec.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. W. M. Carlyle</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">Oct.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. A. Carter, M.M.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. W. E. Cass</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Died</td> + <td class="tdl">Aug.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. G. F. Caswell</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. J. C. A. Caunter</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">Oct.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. L. C. Chapman</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">April</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. L. S. Charles</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">July</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. R. L. Chidlaw-Roberts, M.C.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. E. W. Christie</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">April</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. S. Clare, M.B.E.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. F. W. Clark, A.F.C.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. L. L. Clark</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. R. B. Clark</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Died of Wounds</td> + <td class="tdl">April</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Major A. C. Clarke</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Aug.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. J. H. Cock</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">April</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">A/Capt. E. S. T. Cole, M. C.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. J. Collier, D.F.C. (80 Sqdn.)</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">July</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. W. H. K. Copeland</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">March</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. G. F. Court</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Nov.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. G. B. Craig</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">Feb.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. F. D. Crane</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. K. Crawford</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">April</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. H. D. Crompton</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. (A/Capt.) J. B. Crompton</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Major C. M. Crowe, M.C., D.F.C.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">July</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. C. F. Cunningham</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">F/Lieut. A. P. V. Daly</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Nov.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. I. Meredyth Davies</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">April</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. W. B. Day</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Oct.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. G. C. Dell-Clarke, M.C.</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl">July</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. E. W. C. Densham</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">F/Lieut. G. W. Dobson, O.B.E.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Oct.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. J. E. Doyle, D.F.C.</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. L. Drummond</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Aug.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. J. M. Drysdale</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl">Aug.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. G. L. Du Cros</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">June</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. G. M. Duncan, D.F.C.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Aug.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. W. J. A. Duncan, M.C. and Bar</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Nov.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. (Hon. Lieut.) J. Elgood</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">July</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">130</a></span>Lieut. G. F. Elliott</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. J. McC. Elliott</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">April</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. C. D. Evans</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. J. J. Fitzgerald</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">Oct.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. H. T. Flintoft</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">July</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. J. H. Flynn</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Major E. L. Foot, M.C.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Oct.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. C. V. Forsyth</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Nov.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. C. W. France</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Aug.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. W. M. Fry, M.C.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. P. E. M. Le Gallais, A.F.C.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Aug.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. W. P. Garnett</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">March</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. F. O. Gibbon</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">July</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Major E. J. L. W. Gilchrist, M.C., D.F.C.</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl">Dec.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. W. Gilchrist</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. G. A. Giles</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. H. Good</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. F. E. Goodrich, M.C.</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. H. A. Gordon</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">July</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. R. J. Grandin</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">July</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Major E. P. Graves</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl">March</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Hon. Capt. D. B. Gray, M.C.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">F/Lieut. E. O. Grenfell, M.C., A.F.C.</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl">Dec.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">F/Officer J. S. Griffith, D.F.C. and Bar, Order of St. Vladimir, 4th Class</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl">July</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. W. H. Gunner, M.C.</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">July</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. H. W. Guy, Croix de Guerre (Belgian)</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">June</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. C. S. Hall</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">April</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. J. G. Hall</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">Nov.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. H. Hamer, A.F.C.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Feb.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. H. A. Hamersley, M.C.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. H. T. Hammond</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. L. P. Harlow</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Nov.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. H. Harris</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. R. M. Harris</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl">June</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. J. J. A. Hawtrey</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. J. Headlam</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Major J. N. D. Heenan</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">June</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. H. G. Hegarty, M.C.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. G. W. Hemsworth</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. C. R. Henderson</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">March</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. N. P. Henderson</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl">April</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. E. G. Herbert</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. H. E. Hervey, M.C. and Bar</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">April</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. F. A. Hickson</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Sqdn.-Ldr. R. M. Hill, M.C., A.F.C.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Aug.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. C. Holland, M.C.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Dec.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. R. Hopper</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">F/Lieut. S. B. Horn, M.C.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. E. S. Howard</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. G. D. Hunter</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. W. E. Jenkins</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl">Nov.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. O. P. Johnson</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">July</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. B. S. Johnston</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Aug.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">131</a></span>Lieut. R. N. K. Jones, M.C.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">July</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. P. S. Joyce</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">March</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. R. C. Kean</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. G. D. F. Keddie</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. S. W. Keen, M.C.</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Died of Wounds</td> + <td class="tdl">Aug.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut C. M. Kelly</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Aug.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. W. M. Kent</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">Feb.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. J. F. M. Kerr</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Aug.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. J. L. Kight</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Aug.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. R. E. Kimbell</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">April</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. C. H. M. King</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. A. N. Kingwill</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Feb.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. R. A. Kirkpatrick</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">April</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. H. Kirton</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. M. B. Knowles</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">April</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. R. H. Knowles</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">—</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. T. Langwill</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">April</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. J. D. Latta, M.C.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Nov.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. J. Laurie-Reid</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. (Hon. Capt.) J. K. Law</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. L. H. Leckie</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">April</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. H. M. Lewis</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">July</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. R. G. Lewis</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">March</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. D. R. C. Lloyd</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">June</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. E. A. Lloyd</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Major G. L. Lloyd, M.C., A.F.C.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">June</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. L. B. Loughran, American Air Service</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl">July</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. J. C. Louw</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">March</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. (Hon. Capt.) R. J. S. Lund</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. J. D. McCall</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Nov.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. W. F. McCarthy</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl">Nov.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. E. J. C. McCracken</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">Aug.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Major J. B. McCudden, V.C., D.S.O. and Bar M.C. and Bar, Croix de Guerre, Mil. Medal</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl">July</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">F/Lieut. B. McEntegart</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Aug.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. I. C. MacGregor</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Injured</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. N. C. Mackey</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. C. W. McKissock</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. R. D. McLennan</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl">Dec.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. J. E. C. MacVicker</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl">June</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. H. E. Martin</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl">Nov.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">F/Officer S. J. Mason</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Major H. Meintjies, M.C., A.F.C.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. P. Middlemas, M.B.E.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Feb.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. S. C. Millar</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">July</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Major J. A. Milot</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">April</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. W. E. Molesworth, M.C. and Bar, Italian Medal (Silver) for Military Valour</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">March</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. H. A. S. Molyneux, D.F.C.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">March</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut.-Col. B. F. Moore</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. A. W. Morey, M.C.</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. D. H. Morris</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Oct.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">132</a></span>Capt. F. J. Morse, Croix de Guerre (French)</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Dec.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. A. W. M. Mowle</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Injured</td> + <td class="tdl">July</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. D. C. G. Murray</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">June</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. W. B. Newth</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. H. J. Newton</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. B. Nicholson</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. J. I. M. O’Beirne</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. A. R. Oliver</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Aug.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. J. A. N. Ormsby</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">July</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. H. C. M. Orpen</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. E. R. Ortner</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">March</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. F. H. Osborne</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. G. E. Osmond</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">March</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. C. F. Overy</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. G. A. Parker, M.C., D.S.O.</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">Nov.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Major S. E. Parker, M.B.E., A.F.C.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Aug.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. F. C. Parkes</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">June</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. G. A. H. Parkes</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">July</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. C. Parry, D.F.C.</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl">July</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Major C. K. C. Patrick, D.S.O., M.C. and Bar</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Aug.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Major C. Patteson, M.C., A.F.C., Croix de Guerre (French)</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. A. R. Penny, M.C.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">June</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. E. W. Percival</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. R. M. Phalen</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. G. Phillippi, M.C.</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">F/Officer G. A. H. Pidcock, Croix de Guerre (French)</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">F/Officer S. L. Pope</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Sqdn.-Ldr. C. F. A. Portal, M.C., D.S.O. and Bar</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. O. Price</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">June</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. J. O. Priestley</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Nov.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. H. N. J. Proctor</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">March</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. E. B. A. Rayner</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. J. W. Rayner</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Aug.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. F. K. Read, American Air Service</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">June</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">F/Lieut. C. A. Ridley, D.S.O., M.C.</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. D. M. Robertson</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">April</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. N. McL. Robertson</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl">Oct.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. H. G. Ross</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Injured</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. J. A. Roth, United States Air Service</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Oct.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. B. Roxburgh-Smith, D.F.C. and Bar Croix de Guerre (Belgian)</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Injured</td> + <td class="tdl">Feb.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. N. C. Roystan</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Injured</td> + <td class="tdl">Feb.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. W. O. Russell</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">April</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. W. J. Rutherford</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. A. W. Saunders, D.F.C.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Feb.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. O. J. F. Scholte, M.C.</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl">July</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Grp.-Capt. A. J. L. Scott, C.B., M.C., A.F.C.</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl">April</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. J. Seabrook, A.F.C.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Oct.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. F. H. B. Selous, M.C., Italian Silver Medal</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. W. B. Sherwood</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">Oct.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">133</a></span>Lieut. R. G. Sillars</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">F/Lieut. J. H. Simpson</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. M. D. Sinclair</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">June</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. G. O. Smart</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">April</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Sqdn.-Ldr. H. G. Smart</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. J. E. Smith</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. L. H. Smith</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">Oct.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. R. H. Smith</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut.-Col. R. R. Smith-Barry, A.F.C., Chevalier de l’Ordre de Leopold</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">F/Lieut. F. O. Soden, D.F.C.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">July</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. L. V. Southwell</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Injured</td> + <td class="tdl">March</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Sqdn.-Ldr. W. Sowrey, A.F.C.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Nov.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. J. M. J. Spencer</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">Oct.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. F. Stedman</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">April</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. R. B. Steele</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Injured</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. L. G. Stockwell</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">Oct.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">T/Capt. V. A. Stookes, M.C.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Oct.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. H. S. Stuart-Smith</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. E. A. Sullock, A.F.C.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">March</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. A. S. M. Summers</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. H. E. Talbot</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Dec.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. H. S. Taylor</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Aug.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. G. J. Temperley</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Injured</td> + <td class="tdl">Oct.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. G. E. Tennant</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. O. Thamer</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. S. A. Thomson</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">F/Officer E. Thornton</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Jan.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. H. C. Tower</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">F/Lieut. E. J. D. Townesend</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">April</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. J. W. Trusler</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Feb.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. F. E. Upton-Smith</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Feb.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. S. F. Vincent, A.F.C.</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">July</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. B. M. Wainwright</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">July</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Major F. F. Waldron</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. Walker</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Aug.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. A. M. Walters</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. L. S. Weedon</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. A. N. Westergaard</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">June</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. M. West-Thompson</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. A. D. Whitehead</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">March</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. L. E. Whitehead</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl">June</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. J. O. Whiting</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">Sept.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. R. K. Whitney, D.F.C.</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl">Aug.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. R. C. R. Wilde</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Oct.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. C. Williams</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1916</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. V. F. Williams</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl">April</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. J. Winslow</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Oct.</td> + <td class="tdr">1918</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. C. O. Wright</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">Aug.</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. G. C. Young</td> + <td class="tdc bl br">—</td> + <td class="tdl">May</td> + <td class="tdr">1917</td></tr> +</table> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">134</a></span></p> + +<h2 class="vspace"><a name="APPENDIX_II" id="APPENDIX_II"></a>APPENDIX II<br /> + +<span class="subhead">BATTLE CASUALTIES</span></h2> + +<p class="in0">In this list each officer is given in the rank which he held +at the time he was wounded or missing. It is very +apparent that it was during April 1917 that the squadron +went through the bitterest fighting. There were 20 +casualties in this month alone. The worst month after +this was September 1917, with 8 casualties, while in July +and again in September 1918, 6 pilots “went west.”</p> + +<p>These figures show clearly the increase in the intensity +of air fighting as the contest wore on. In August 1916, +when 60 was still a two-seater squadron with only one +scout flight, we lost 5 pilots and 2 observers; this was +thought at the time to be high, as indeed it was according +to the standard of those days, though several other +squadrons lost more heavily during the Somme. Nevertheless, +the figures show only too clearly that the Arras +fighting was far the severest trial 60 ever had, for +during April 1917 the losses were 105 per cent. The +total number of Battle Casualties is 115, sustained +during 29 months of war flying, giving an average of +just under 4 per month, or nearly one a week.</p> + +<p>An analysis of the figures shows that 76 of these 115 +were killed, while 39 are alive, unless, indeed, they were +killed with another squadron later in the war: but this +could only have happened to the 21 wounded who got +back to their own side of the lines.</p> + +<p>Of the 72 missing, 54 are dead, 17 were repatriated +from Germany, while one, Ridley, escaped.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">135</a></span> +Though it was true to say that roughly half of our +missing in the Air Force were alive, it will be seen that +in 60’s case the average was much smaller, only 25 per +cent. instead of 50 per cent.</p> + +<table id="appx2" class="p1" summary="Battle Casualties"> + <tr><th class="tdc bt bb">Name.</th><th class="tdc bt bb bl">Casualty.</th><th class="tdc bt bb bl">Date.</th><th class="tdc bt bb bl">Details.</th></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Major F. F. Waldron</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl bl figspace">3.7.16</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Died whilst Prisoner of War.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. N. A.</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">21.7.16</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Officially reported killed.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. L. E. Whitehead</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl bl">30.7.16</td> + <td class="tdl bl">(Missing 20.5.18—65 Sqdn.) Death presumed.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. W. E. G. Bryant</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">30.7.16</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. L. S. Charles</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">30.7.16</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Died whilst P. of W.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. C. Williams</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">30.7.16</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. L. L. Clark</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl figspace">2.8.16</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Death accepted.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. J. A. N. Ormsby</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl figspace">2.8.16</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Officially reported killed.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. H. J. Newton</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl figspace">2.8.16</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Death accepted 2.8.16.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">F/Lieut. C. A. Ridley</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl figspace">3.8.16</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Escaped from Germany 13.10.16.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. J. M. Drysdale</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">25.8.16</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. B. M. Wainwright</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">28.8.16</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Repatriated P. of W. 1.1.19.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. A. S. M. Summers</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">15.9.16</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Killed.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. H. C. Tower</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">19.9.16</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Death accepted.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. G. Phillippi</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">26.9.16</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. N. McL. Robertson</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl bl">17.10.16</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Died of wounds.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2260 Sergt. A. Walker</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">25.10.16</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. W. M. Carlyle</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">26.10.16</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Death accepted.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. J. M. J. Spencer</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl figspace">3.11.16</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Killed.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. A. D. Bell-Irving</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl bl br figspace">9.11.16</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. H. E. Martin</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">16.11.16</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. D. H. Bacon</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">16.11.16</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Death accepted.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. G. A. Parker</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">27.11.16</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Death accepted.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. E. D. Grenfell</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">11.12.16</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. E. J. L. W. Gilchrist</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">11.12.16</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. R. Hopper</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl bl">11.1.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Savy.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. E. G. Herbert</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl bl">28.1.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">While salving a wrecked machine.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Major E. P. Graves</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl bl figspace">6.3.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Rivière.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. P. S. Joyce</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl br figspace">6.3.17</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. A. D. Whitehead</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">11.3.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Repatriated P. of W. 20.1.18.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. C. McH. M. Caffyn</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl bl">28.3.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Le Hameau.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. W. P. Garnett</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">30.3.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Death accepted.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. F. Bower</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Died of wounds</td> + <td class="tdl bl">31.3.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Died of wounds.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. V. F. Williams</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl figspace">2.4.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Death accepted.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">136</a></span>Lieut. E. J. D. Townesend</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl figspace">5.4.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Repatriated P. of W. 20.1.18.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. G. O. Smart</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl figspace">7.4.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Killed.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. C. S. Hall</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl figspace">7.4.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Killed.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. M. B. Knowles</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl figspace">7.4.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Repatriated P. of W. 14.12.18.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. W. O. Russell</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">14.4.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Repatriated P. of W. 2.1.19.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. L. C. Chapman</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">14.4.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Died of wounds.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. A. Binnie</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">14.4.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Repatriated P. of W. 7.1.18.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. J. H. Cock</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">14.4.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Death accepted.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. H. E. Hervey</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">15.4.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Repatriated P. of W.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Major J. A. Milot</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">15.4.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Reported dead (German source).</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. J. McC. Elliott</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">16.4.17</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. D. N. Robertson</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">16.4.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Death accepted.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. T. Langwill</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">16.4.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Death accepted.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. R. E. Kimbell</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">16.4.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Killed in action.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. T. L. Atkinson</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">20.4.17</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. N. P. Henderson</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">26.4.17</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. F. Stedman</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">27.4.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Repatriated P. of W. 31.12.18.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. H. G. Ross</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">28.4.17</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. R. B. Clark</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Died of wounds</td> + <td class="tdl bl">30.4.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Died of wounds 1.5.17.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. C. W. McKissock</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl figspace">6.5.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Repatriated P. of W. 14.12.18.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. G. D. Hunter</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl figspace">6.5.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Repatriated P. of W. 20.1.18.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. E. S. Howard</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl bl">18.5.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Tilloy-les-Hemaville.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. R. J. Grandin</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl bl">18.5.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">N. Rémy.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. W. Gilchrist</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">25.5.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Repatriated P. of W. 17.11.18.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. R. M. Phalen</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">28.5.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Killed.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. R. M. Harris</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl bl figspace">7.6.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Le Hameau.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. D. R. C. Lloyd</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">16.6.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Reported dead (German source).</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. D. C. G. Murray</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">27.6.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Repatriated P. of W. 9.12.18.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. A. R. Adam</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl figspace">3.7.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Killed.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Major A. J. L. Scott</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">10.7.17</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. G. A. H. Parkes</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">15.7.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Repatriated P. of W. 23.12.18.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. A. W. M. Mowle</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">22.7.17</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. W. H. Gunner</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">29.7.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Death accepted.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. H. T. Hammond</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">14.9.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Repatriated P. of W. 18.12.18.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. J. J. A. Hawtrey</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">16.9.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Reported died (German source).</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">137</a></span>19130 Sergt. J. W. Bancroft</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">20.9.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Repatriated P. of W. 19.12.18.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. J. K. Law</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">21.9.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Death accepted.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. J. O. Whiting</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">22.9.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Death accepted.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. I. C. MacGregor</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">22.9.17</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">89279 2/A.M. H. H. Bright</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">23.9.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Reported killed 19.10.17.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. J. H. Flynn</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">30.9.17</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. J. J. Fitzgerald</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl figspace">5.10.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Repatriated P. of W. 18.12.18.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. W. B. Sherwood</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">27.10.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Death accepted.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. J. C. A. Caunter</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">28.10.17</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Killed.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. W. E. Jenkins</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">23.11.17</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. M. West-Thompson</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">23.11.17</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. R. W. McLennan</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">23.12.17</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. F. H. B. Selous</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl bl figspace">4.1.18</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Collision in the air.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. O. Thamer</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl figspace">6.1.18</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Repatriated P. of W. 22.11.18.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. A. W. Morey, M.C.</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">24.1.18</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. A. C. Ball</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl figspace">5.2.18</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Repatriated P. of W. 14.12.18.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. N. C. Roystan</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">18.2.18</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. C. B. Craig</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">21.2.18</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Death accepted.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. W. M. Kent</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">21.2.18</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Death accepted.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. L. V. Southwell</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl bl figspace">6.3.18</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Died of wounds 14.3.18.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. E. W. Christie</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl figspace">2.4.18</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Presumed dead.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. K. Crawford</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">11.4.18</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Presumed dead.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. H. N. J. Proctor</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">16.5.18</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Presumed dead.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. J. Headlam</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">30.5.18</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. J. D. Belgrave</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">13.6.18</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Presumed dead.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. R. G. Lewis</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">13.6.18</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Repatriated P. of W. 13.12.18.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. H. A. Gordon</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl figspace">7.7.18</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Presumed dead.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. G. C. Dell-Clarke</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">16.7.18</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. J. S. Griffith</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">18.7.18</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. J. E. C. MacVicker</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">22.7.18</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Presumed dead.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. L. B. Loughram</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">28.7.18</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. C. Parry</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl bl">29.7.18</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Wounded.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. J. G. Hall</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl figspace">8.8.18</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Presumed dead.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. H. Buckley</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">10.8.18</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. R. K. Whitney</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">11.8.18</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. J. R. Anderson</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">13.8.18</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. E. C. J. McCracken</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">13.8.18</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Repatriated P. of W. 14.12.18.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. S. W. Keen</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Killed</td> + <td class="tdl bl">21.8.18</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Died of wounds at 3rd Can. C.C.S.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. S. A. Thomson</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl figspace">5.9.18</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Presumed dead.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Capt. J. E. Doyle</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl figspace">5.9.18</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Repatriated P. of W. 30.12.18.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. J. E. Smith</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">17.9.18</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Reported killed in action.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">138</a></span>2/Lieut. H. S. Smith</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">15.9.18</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Killed in action.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. G. F. C. Caswell</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">20.9.18</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Repatriated P. of W. 9.12.18</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. H. F. V. Battle</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Wounded</td> + <td class="tdl bl br">20.9.18</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">Lieut. L. H. Smith</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">26.10.18</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Repatriated P. of W. 9.12.18.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl top">2/Lieut. L. G. Stockwell</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Missing</td> + <td class="tdl bl">28.10.18</td> + <td class="tdl bl">Repatriated P. of W. 9.12.18.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">139</a></span></p> + +<div class="newpage p4 footnotes"> +<h2 class="nobreak p1"><a name="FOOTNOTES" id="FOOTNOTES"></a>FOOTNOTES</h2> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="fnanchor">1</a> By means of which the machine is tilted sideways.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="fnanchor">2</a> Anti-aircraft or high-angle guns on the ground.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="fnanchor">3</a> All flying machines were known as “grids” in the squadron.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_4" id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="fnanchor">4</a> The F.E.8 was a “pusher” machine, that is with the engine +and propeller behind the pilot. It was used for reconnaissance +work at this time, but later became one of our night-bombing +aeroplanes.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_5" id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="fnanchor">5</a> Used for signals. It fired a kind of cartridge from which a +flaming ball was discharged of red, green, or white lights.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_6" id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="fnanchor">6</a> The weekly official record of work done by the R.F.C., including +all scraps in which the Hun “crashed” or “went down +out of control.”</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_7" id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="fnanchor">7</a> Anti-aircraft guns or shells.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_8" id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="fnanchor">8</a> It is very difficult to fly by compass in clouds for any length +of time.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_9" id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="fnanchor">9</a> Kite balloon.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_10" id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10" class="fnanchor">10</a> These machines were some of the first to be used for reconnaissance +purposes. They did about ninety miles an hour “all +out,” and were therefore difficult to handle against the faster +Albatros. It is very often the duty of reconnaissance machines +not to engage in a fight, as their news may be lost.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_11" id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11" class="fnanchor">11</a> When every machine gets mixed up in a sort of mêlée.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_12" id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12" class="fnanchor">12</a> Either of the D3 or D5 type, which was generally used by +the enemy at this time. It was an efficient machine for speed, +but could not climb as well as our scouts.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13" class="fnanchor">13</a> A machine is spinning when it is diving towards the ground +turning in a corkscrew fashion.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_14" id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14" class="fnanchor">14</a> Most fighting is now done in “formation,” that is in an +organised pack. Either the machines fly in the shape of a wedge +or a diamond, or in some order which is most convenient to the +“leader.”</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_15" id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15" class="fnanchor">15</a> It is very often impossible to watch a machine after it has +been hit until it “crashes.” It is, therefore, counted as out of +control. Sometimes this was used as a “blind” by some pilots +to escape. They simply let the machine do what it liked, and +when near the ground took control again.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_16" id="Footnote_16" href="#FNanchor_16" class="fnanchor">16</a> A vehicle used for moving dismantled aeroplanes by road.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_17" id="Footnote_17" href="#FNanchor_17" class="fnanchor">17</a> A pet name used for artillery machines of the B.E. type.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_18" id="Footnote_18" href="#FNanchor_18" class="fnanchor">18</a> The Huns always used to bombard certain areas in the +morning and evening. These bombardments were known as the +morning and evening hate.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_19" id="Footnote_19" href="#FNanchor_19" class="fnanchor">19</a> These rockets were invented by a Frenchman and used for +balloon strafing. They were placed in cases on the struts, and +were fired by electricity. The rocket was about 1½ feet long and +the stick about 3 feet.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_20" id="Footnote_20" href="#FNanchor_20" class="fnanchor">20</a> These are used, generally in the ratio of one to four ordinary +or armour-piercing bullets, to show the general direction in which +the burst of fire is going. Instead of being filled with lead like +the ordinary bullet, they contain phosphorus, which commences +to burn as soon as the bullet is discharged from the machine gun, +and leaves behind it a trail of smoke and fire to mark its course.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_21" id="Footnote_21" href="#FNanchor_21" class="fnanchor">21</a> A number of balls of fire fastened together and shot up into +the air in order to fall over the attacking machine and bring it +down in flames.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_22" id="Footnote_22" href="#FNanchor_22" class="fnanchor">22</a> A type of machine gun. The bullets are fed from a “drum” +which is automatically turned when the gun fires.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_23" id="Footnote_23" href="#FNanchor_23" class="fnanchor">23</a> The tail plane which is used to direct the machine up or +down.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_24" id="Footnote_24" href="#FNanchor_24" class="fnanchor">24</a> Tennis.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_25" id="Footnote_25" href="#FNanchor_25" class="fnanchor">25</a> A pilot who has brought down five or more enemy machines.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_26" id="Footnote_26" href="#FNanchor_26" class="fnanchor">26</a> Corresponds to an Adjutant in an infantry battalion.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_27" id="Footnote_27" href="#FNanchor_27" class="fnanchor">27</a> Bishop.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_28" id="Footnote_28" href="#FNanchor_28" class="fnanchor">28</a> <i>A.M.L.O.</i>: Assistant Military Landing Officer.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_29" id="Footnote_29" href="#FNanchor_29" class="fnanchor">29</a> Bishop, who got his V.C. for this.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_30" id="Footnote_30" href="#FNanchor_30" class="fnanchor">30</a> An indefinitely large number.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_31" id="Footnote_31" href="#FNanchor_31" class="fnanchor">31</a> Trick flying.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_32" id="Footnote_32" href="#FNanchor_32" class="fnanchor">32</a> A formidable line of trenches branching off from the main +Hindenburg line of Quéant and defending Douai.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_33" id="Footnote_33" href="#FNanchor_33" class="fnanchor">33</a> A stream flowing north of Arras.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_34" id="Footnote_34" href="#FNanchor_34" class="fnanchor">34</a> Same as wind up, or fright.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_35" id="Footnote_35" href="#FNanchor_35" class="fnanchor">35</a> One of the most famous formations of enemy scouts, composed +of the “crack” German pilots. Their machines generally +had red bodies.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_36" id="Footnote_36" href="#FNanchor_36" class="fnanchor">36</a> A piece of aluminium shaped so as to cover the engine.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_37" id="Footnote_37" href="#FNanchor_37" class="fnanchor">37</a> A main plane is made up of two spars on which the ribs are +fixed.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_38" id="Footnote_38" href="#FNanchor_38" class="fnanchor">38</a> Body of the machine.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_39" id="Footnote_39" href="#FNanchor_39" class="fnanchor">39</a> A barbarous word invented by the Army, and which means +“alighting from an omnibus.”</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_40" id="Footnote_40" href="#FNanchor_40" class="fnanchor">40</a> This, I am afraid, is not quite accurate, as a glance at +Appendix II will show.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_41" id="Footnote_41" href="#FNanchor_41" class="fnanchor">41</a> Ypres.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_42" id="Footnote_42" href="#FNanchor_42" class="fnanchor">42</a> Cassel.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_43" id="Footnote_43" href="#FNanchor_43" class="fnanchor">43</a> A type of hangar invented by a Frenchman and generally used +on our aerodromes in France.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_44" id="Footnote_44" href="#FNanchor_44" class="fnanchor">44</a> A method used to bring a machine down quickly without +gaining speed.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_45" id="Footnote_45" href="#FNanchor_45" class="fnanchor">45</a> Air mechanics.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_46" id="Footnote_46" href="#FNanchor_46" class="fnanchor">46</a> Bishop.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_47" id="Footnote_47" href="#FNanchor_47" class="fnanchor">47</a> Scott.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_48" id="Footnote_48" href="#FNanchor_48" class="fnanchor">48</a> Scott.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_49" id="Footnote_49" href="#FNanchor_49" class="fnanchor">49</a> G. L. Lloyd.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_50" id="Footnote_50" href="#FNanchor_50" class="fnanchor">50</a> Penny.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_51" id="Footnote_51" href="#FNanchor_51" class="fnanchor">51</a> The S.E.5s.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_52" id="Footnote_52" href="#FNanchor_52" class="fnanchor">52</a> Bishop.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_53" id="Footnote_53" href="#FNanchor_53" class="fnanchor">53</a> Bishop.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_54" id="Footnote_54" href="#FNanchor_54" class="fnanchor">54</a> Home Establishment.</p></div> +</div> + +<div> +<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX</h2> + +<ul class="index nobreak"> +<li class="ifrst"> +“Ace,” a French, <a href="#Page_60">60</a> <i>and note</i><a href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">25</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Adam, Lieut. A. R., <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Adinfer Wood, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">German trenches, <a href="#Page_37">37–8</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Aeroplane Supply Depot, No. <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Air Board Training Division, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Air Force Mechanical Transport, work of, <a href="#Page_116">116–17</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Albatros machines, <a href="#Page_29">29–30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31–2</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, 42 <i>note</i><a href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">10</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a> <i>and note</i><a href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">12</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Albert, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Allenby, General, inspection of 60 Squadron, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56–7</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">sent to Egypt, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Americans, the, at Beugnatre, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">men serving in English scout squadrons, <a href="#Page_121">121–2</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Amiens, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115–16</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">a dinner in, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Anderson, Lieut. J. R., <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">“Archie” gunners, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a> <i>and note</i><a href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">7</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51–3</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Armistice, the, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122–4</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Armstrong, Capt. D. V., <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17–19</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">death, <a href="#Page_72">72–3</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li class="indx">— Lieut. J. L., <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Army of the Rhine, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Arras, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">battle of, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30–64</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Arras-Albert Sector, the German retreat, <a href="#Page_32">32–3</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Arras-Cambrai road, <a href="#Page_11">11–12</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Artillery horses, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Artillery registration, German, <a href="#Page_58">58–9</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61–2</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Aspinall, Sergt.-Major, <a href="#Page_4">4–5</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Atkinson, Lieut. F. L., <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ayling, 2/Lieut. W. R., <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">B.E. machines, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li class="indx">B.E.2C. machines, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Baalman, Lieut. J., <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bacon, Lieut. D. H., <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bailleul aerodrome, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Baisieux, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Baker, Lieut. C. G., <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Balfour, Major H. H., <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">description of a flight, <a href="#Page_11">11–13</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ball, Captain A., <a href="#Page_15">15–17</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li class="indx">— Lieut. A. C., <a href="#Page_88">88–9</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">“Balloon strafing,” <a href="#Page_20">20–1</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47–48</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">account by Captain Molesworth, <a href="#Page_50">50–3</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bancroft, Sergt., <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bapaume, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Barnaby, Capt. H. O., of the “archie” gunners, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Barnett, Lieut. H. J. O., <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Barrington-Kennet, Basil, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bartlett, Lieut. J. N., <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Baths, camp, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Battle, F/Officer H. F. V., <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Beck, Capt. A., <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Belgian troops, rations and ammunitions for, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Belgrave, Capt. J. D., <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bellevue, <a href="#Page_105">105–6</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bell-Irving, Major A. D., <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bessoneau hangars, <a href="#Page_94">94</a> <i>and note</i><a href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">43</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Beugnatre, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bigood, 2/Lieut. J., <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Binnie, Capt. A., <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44–5</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Biplanes, Morane, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bishop, Lieut.-Col. W. A., <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61–3</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101–2</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Black Boy, dog, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Black, Capt. C. T., <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Blake, Capt. C. L., <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Blessley, Lieut. R. C. W., <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Boffles, 60 Squadron at, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Boisdinghem, 60 Squadron moved to, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Booby traps, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Boulogne, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bourlon Wood, 118<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">140</a></span></li> + +<li class="indx">Bower, 2/Lieut. F., <a href="#Page_47">47–8</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Brackenbury, Lieut. H. S., <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Breguet machine, <a href="#Page_119">119–21</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bright, 89279 2/A.M. H. H., <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bristol machines, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Browning-Paterson, Capt. H. A., <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bruay mines, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Brussels, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bryant, Capt. W. E. G., <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bryning, Lieut. H. E. W., <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Buckingham bullets, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Buckley, 2/Lieut. H., <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">“Bullets,” Morane, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6–8</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Burbidge, 2/Lieut. E. A., <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Burke, <i>Reflections on the Revolution in France</i>, <i>quoted</i>, <a href="#Page_74">74–5</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Burning machine, a, described, <a href="#Page_102">102–3</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Busigny, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Caffyn, Lieut. C. McH. M., <a href="#Page_45">45–6</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Caldwell, Major K. L., <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Callaghan, Lieut. L. K., <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cambrai, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">attack November <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Camel machines on the Somme, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">for 151 Squadron, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">for 148 Squadron, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Campbell, Lieut. K. T., <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Canada, the elections, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Canadian cavalry, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Canadians, first contingent, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">in the R.A.F., <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Capel, Lieut. L. H. T., <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Carleton, Capt. C. W., <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Carlyle, Lieut. W. M., <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Carter, Lieut. A., <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cass, 2/Lieut. W. E., <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cassel, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Casualties, the first Flying Corps, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">list of, <a href="#Page_134">134–8</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Caswell, Lieut. G. F., <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Caudry Station blown up, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Caunter, Capt. J. C. A., <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cavendish, Lord John, ideal of a gentleman’s character, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78–9</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cecil, Lord Hugh, on the education of the future R.A.F. officer, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cemeteries, German, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Central Flying School, Uphaven, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Chapman, 2/Lieut. L. C., <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">“Character of a gentleman,” <a href="#Page_74">74–9</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Charles, Capt. L. S., <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Chidlaw-Roberts, Capt. R. L., <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Chinese coolies, <a href="#Page_83">83–4</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Chipilly, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Christie, 2/Lieut. E. W., <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Church Army huts, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Churchill, Mr., <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cinema, the, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + +<li class="indx">“Circus,” the, red-painted German machines, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a> <i>and note</i><a href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">35</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cizancourt Bridge, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Clare, Capt. S., <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Clark, Capt. F. W., <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">— 2/Lieut. L. L., <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">— 2/Lieut. R. B., <a href="#Page_48">48–9</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Clarke, Major A. C., <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">Armistice dinner, <a href="#Page_123">123–4</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Clay, T., Flight Commander, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Clouds, difficulties of flying in, <a href="#Page_34">34–5</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cock, Lieut. J. H., <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cole, A/Capt. E. S. T., <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Collier, Capt. J., <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><i>Comic Cuts</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a> <i>and note</i><a href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">6</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Compass, use in clouds, <a href="#Page_34">34</a> <i>and note</i><a href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">8</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Compass stations, <a href="#Page_58">58–9</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Conrad, on the west wind, <a href="#Page_109">109–10</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cooper bombs, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Copeland, Capt. W. H. K., <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Courcelette, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Court, Lieut. G. F., <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Craig, 2/Lieut. G. B., <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Crane, Lieut. F. D., <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Crashes, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Crawford, Capt. K., <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Creech, Lieut. J. O., <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Croisille, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Crompton, Lieut. H. D., <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">— Lieut. J. B., <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cros, Lieut. G. L. Du, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Crowe, Major C. M., <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cunningham, Lieut. C. F., <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Dainville, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Dalmeny, Lord, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Daly, F/Lieut. A. P. V., <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Davies, Capt. I. Meredyth, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Day, Lieut. W. B., <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">De Havilland machines, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">60 Squadron equipped with, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + +<li class="indx">“Debussing,” term, <a href="#Page_72">72</a> <i>and note</i><a href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">39</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">141</a></span></li> + +<li class="indx">Delay-action mines, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Dell-Clarke, Capt. G. C., <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Demobilisation, <a href="#Page_125">125–7</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Densham, 2/Lieut. E. W. C., <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Devastation by the enemy, <a href="#Page_35">35–6</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Dixmude, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Dobson, F/Lieut. G. W., <a href="#Page_24">24–5</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Doby, batman, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> + +<li class="indx">“Dog-fights,” <a href="#Page_43">43</a> <i>and note</i><a href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">11</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Dogs of 60 Squadron, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li class="indx">“Dope” treatment for aeroplane fabric, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Douai, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, 66 <i>note</i><a href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">32</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Doullens, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Doullens-Amiens road, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Doyle, Capt. J. E., <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Drocourt Switch, <a href="#Page_66">66</a> <i>and note</i><a href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">32</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Drocourt-Quéant Switch, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Drummond, Lieut. L., <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Drysdale, Capt. J. M., <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Duck-boards, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Dug-outs, German, <a href="#Page_36">36–8</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Duncan, Capt. G. M., <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">— Capt. W. J. A., <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Dutch frontier escapes, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Eleventh Wing, the, 60 Squadron moved to, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Elgood, 2/Lieut. J., <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Elliott, Lieut. G. F., <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">— Lieut. J. McC., <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Engines, air-cooled rotaries, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">water-cooled stationaries, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65–6</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Epinoy aerodrome, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Estrées-en-Chaussée, attacks on, <a href="#Page_18">18–20</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Etaples, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Evans, Lieut. C. D., <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li class="indx">“Evening hate,” <a href="#Page_49">49</a> <i>and note</i><a href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">18</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">F.E.8 machines, <a href="#Page_26">26</a> <i>and note</i><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Fampoux, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Fienvilliers, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Fifth Army, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Fighting in the air, conditions, <a href="#Page_108">108–9</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Filescamp Farm, 60 Squadron established at, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69–70</a></li> + +<li class="indx">First Army front, night-bombing, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">the Cambrai attack, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Fitzgerald, 2/Lieut. J. J., <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Flintoft, 2/Lieut. H. T., <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li class="indx">“Flying Pig,” the, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Flynn, 2/Lieut. J. H., <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Foch, Maréchal, <a href="#Page_119">119–20</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Fokkers, produced autumn 1915, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">not distinguishable from the “bullets,” <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">on the Somme, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">the D<a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">low-flying, <a href="#Page_117">117–18</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Folkestone, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Foot, Major E. L., <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Football teams, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82–3</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Formation, fighting in, <a href="#Page_43">43</a> <i>and note</i><a href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">14</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Forsyth, 2/Lieut. C. V., <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li class="indx">France, Lieut. C. W., <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li class="indx">French Flying Corps, <a href="#Page_119">119–20</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Frost, effect on Hun flying, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Fry, Capt. W. M., <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Gallais, Capt. P. E. M. Le, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gallipoli, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Garnett, Lieut. W. P., <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gavrelle, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li class="indx">German Flying Corps, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + +<li class="indx">German retreat, March 1917, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">prisoners at Cassel, <a href="#Page_86">86–7</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">courtesy, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gibbon, Lieut. F. O., <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gilchrist, Lieut. W., <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">— Major E. J. L. W., <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Giles, Capt. G. A., <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gnome Martinsyde scout, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Good, Lieut. H., <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Goodrich, Capt. F. E., <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gordon, Lieut. H. A., <a href="#Page_111">111–12</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gosport School of Special Flying, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gotha biplanes, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gramophone Company factory at Hayes, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Grandin, 2/Lieut. R. J., <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Graves, Major E. P., command of 60 Squadron, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gray, Capt. D. B., <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Grenfell, Capt. E. O., <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31–2</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">“Grids,” the term, <a href="#Page_26">26</a> <i>and note</i><a href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">3</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Griffith, Lieut. J. S., <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gunner, 2/Lieut. W. H., <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gun-oil, non-freezing, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Guy, Capt. H. W., <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Haig, Field-Marshal Earl, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, 127<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">142</a></span></li> + +<li class="indx">Hall, Lieut. C. S., <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">— Lieut. J. G., <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hamer, Lieut. H., <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hammersley, Capt. H. A., <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hammond, Lieut. H. T., <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hare-hunting, <a href="#Page_125">125–6</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Harlow, 2/Lieut. L. P., <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Harris, Lieut. H., <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li class="indx">— 2/Lieut. R. M., <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Havrincourt Wood, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hawtrey, 2/Lieut. J. J. A., <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hayes, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Headlam, Lieut. J., <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Heenan, Major J. N. O., <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hegarty, Capt. H. G., <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hem, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hemsworth, Lieut. G. W., <a href="#Page_84">84–6</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Henderson, Lieut. C. R., <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li class="indx">— Lieut. N. P., <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Herbert, Capt. E. G., <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hervey, Lieut. H. E., <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hickson, 2/Lieut. F. A., <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Higgins, Brig.-Gen. J. F. A., <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">account of Ball’s feats, <a href="#Page_16">16–17</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hill, Sqdn.-Leader R. M., <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hindenburg Line, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">German retreat to, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hispano Suisa engine, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Holland, Capt. C., <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Honours gained by 60 Squadron, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hopper, 2/Lieut. R., <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Horn, F/Lieut. S. B., <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hôtel Continental at Paris-Plage, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Howard, 2/Lieut. E. S., <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">an adventure at Roeux, <a href="#Page_46">46–7</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hun <i xml:lang="de" lang="de">Jagdstaffeln</i>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hunter, Lieut. G. D., <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hussars, the 19th, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Incendiary bombs, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Independent Air Force, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + +<li class="indx">India, 60 Squadron stationed in, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Iron Cross, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Izel le Hameau aerodrome, <a href="#Page_21">21–4</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Jenkins, Lieut. W. E., <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Johnson, Lieut. O. P., <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Johnston, Lieut. B. S., <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Jones, Lieut. R. N. K., <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Joyce, Lieut. P. S., <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Kate, dog, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Kean, Capt. R. C., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Keddie, Capt. G. D. F., <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Keen, Lieut. S. W., <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Kelly, Lieut. C. M., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Kemmel Hill, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Kent, 2/Lieut. W. M., <a href="#Page_89">89–90</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Kerr, Lieut. J. F. M., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Kight, 2/Lieut. J. L., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Kimbell, 2/Lieut. R. E., <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Kindley, F. E., <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + +<li class="indx">King, 2/Lieut. C. H. M., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Kingwill, Capt. A. N., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Kirkpatrick, Lieut. R. A., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Kirton, Capt. H., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Kite balloons, hostile, firing of, <a href="#Page_20">20–21</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> + +<li class="indx">“Kite,” name applied to the Morane biplane, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Knowles, Capt. M. B., <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">— Lieut. R. H., <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Langwill, Lieut. T., <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Latta, Capt. J. D., <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Laurie-Reid, 2/Lieut. J., <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Laurier, election of, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Law, Capt. J. K., <a href="#Page_70">70–1</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">— Mr. Bonar, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Le Cateau, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Le Hameau, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Le Prieur rockets, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a> <i>and note</i><a href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">19</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Le Quesnoy, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Le Rhone engine, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Leckie, 2/Lieut. L. H., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lens, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lewis, Col., <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + +<li class="indx">— Lieut. H. M., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li class="indx">— Lieut. R. G., <a href="#Page_111">111–12</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lewis guns, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a> <i>and note</i><a href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">22</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lille, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lloyd, Capt. E. A., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li class="indx">— Lieut. D. R. C., <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">— Major G. L., <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98–9</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lobo, dog, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Locre Château, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li class="indx">London Colney, in Herts, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + +<li class="indx">London, defence of, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Loraine, Robert, 22<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">143</a></span></li> + +<li class="indx">Losses, calculation of, <a href="#Page_107">107–8</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">German method, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Loughram, Lieut. L. B., <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Louw, 2/Lieut. J. C., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Low flying, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lucheux, Château of, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lund, Lieut. R. J. S., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lys, the, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">McCall, Capt. J. D., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li class="indx">McCarthy, Lieut. W. F., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li class="indx">McCracken, Lieut. E. J. C., <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">McCudden, Major J. B., <a href="#Page_112">112–4</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li class="indx">McEntegart, F/Lieut. B., <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li class="indx">MacGregor, Lieut. I. C., <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Machines, faulty, <a href="#Page_45">45–6</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Mackey, 2/Lieut. N. C., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li class="indx">McKissock, 2/Lieut. C. D., <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">McLean, Lieut. C. T., <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Maclennan, 2/Lieut. R. D., <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">his letters <i>quoted</i>, <a href="#Page_80">80–7</a></li> + +<li class="indx">MacVicker, Lieut. J. E. C., <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Marie Capelle aerodrome, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">described by 2/Lieut. R. W. Maclennan, <a href="#Page_81">81–7</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Marlborough in Flanders, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Marquise, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Martin, 2/Lieut. H. E., <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Martinpuich, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Mason, F/Officer S. J., <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Maubeuge, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Meintjies, Major H., <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Menin, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Mesopotamia, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Message-dropping, novel system, <a href="#Page_72">72–3</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Messines Ridge, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Metz, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Middlemas, Capt. P., <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Millar, 2/Lieut. S. C., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Milot, Major J. A., <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Moislans, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Molesworth, Capt. W. E., <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">letters of, describing fights, <i>quoted</i>, <a href="#Page_25">25–7</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35–8</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42–4</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50–3</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66–9</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">on the feelings and emotions of a scout pilot, <a href="#Page_92">92–105</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">honours for, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Molyneux, Capt. H. A. S., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Monchy-au-Bois, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Monchy-le-Preux, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Mons, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Moore, Major B. F., <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Moranes (French machine) supplied to 60 Squadron, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6–8</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Morey, Lieut. A. W., <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Morris, Lieut. D. H., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Morse, Capt. F. J., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Mowle, Lieut. A. W. M., <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Murray, Lieut. D. C. G., <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Nancy, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Netheravon, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Newman, “Idea of a University” <i>quoted</i>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76–8</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Newth, 2/Lieut. W. B., <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Newton, 2/Lieut. H. J., <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Nicholson, Lieut. B., <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Nicod, Sergt., <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Nieuport machines, given to 1 Squadron, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">60 Squadron equipped with, <a href="#Page_21">21–2</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54–5</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">description, <a href="#Page_27">27–9</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">the Albatros and, compared, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">given to 29 Squadron, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Night bombing, Hun, <a href="#Page_71">71–2</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Night Flying Squadron 151, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ninth Division in Gallipoli, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Nissen huts, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">O’Beirne, Lieut. J. I. M., <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Offensive, March 1918, <a href="#Page_92">92–124</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Oliver, Lieut. A. R., <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">“Onions, flaming,” <a href="#Page_52">52</a> <i>and note</i><a href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">21</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ormsby, Lieut. J. A. N., <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Orpen, Lieut. H. C. M., <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ortner, Lieut. E. R., <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Osborne, Lieut. F. H., <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Osmond, Lieut. G. E., <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Overy, Lieut. C. F., <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Oxford, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Painting the “grids,” <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Parachutes, <a href="#Page_115">115–16</a></li> + +<li class="indx">“Parasols,” Morane, for 60 Squadron, <a href="#Page_5">5–6</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Paris, machines from, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Paris-Plage, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Parker, Capt. G. A., <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">— Major S. E., <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Parkes, Lieut. F. C., <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">— Lieut. G. A. H., <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Parry, Capt. C., <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Passchendale, <a href="#Page_65">65–91</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Patrick, Major C. K. Cochrane, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Patterson, Major C., <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Penny, Capt. A. R., <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, 132<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">144</a></span></li> + +<li class="indx">Percival, Lieut. E. W., <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pfalz scouts, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Phalen, 2/Lieut. R. M., <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Phillippi, Capt. G., <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Photographs taken by 60 Squadron, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pidcock, F/Officer G. A. H., <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">“Pink Lady,” the, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pope, F/Officer S. L., <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Poperinghe, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Portal, Lieut. C. F. A., <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pretyman, Col., <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Price, 2/Lieut. O., <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Priestley, Lieut. J. O., <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Proctor, Lieut. H. N. J., <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Quéant, 66 <i>note</i><a href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">32</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Quievy, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">R.A.S., No. <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Radford (Basil Hallam), <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ransart, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Rayner, Capt. E. B. A., <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">— Capt. J. W., <a href="#Page_116">116–18</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Read, Lieut. F. K., <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Recording Officer, work of the, <a href="#Page_66">66</a> <i>and note</i><a href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">32</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Richthofen, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> + +<li class="indx">— Freiherr von, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ridley, 2/Lieut. C. A., <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9–10</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Robertson, Lieut. N. McL., <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">— 2/Lieut. D. M., <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Roeux, attack on, <a href="#Page_46">46–7</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ross, 2/Lieut. H. G., <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Roth, Lieut. J. A., <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Roulers, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Roxburgh-Smith, Capt. B., <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Royal Air Force, official formation, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Royal Flying Corps, number of squadrons, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">ground operations, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">amalgamation with the R.N.A.S., <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Royal Military College, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Royal Munster Fusiliers, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Royal Naval Air Force, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Royal Naval Air Service, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Royal Warwickshire Regiment, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Roystan, Lieut. N. C., <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Rumpler or L.V.G., <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Russell, Lieut. W. O., <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Rutherford, Capt., <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">S. E. 5s, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">60 Squadron equipped with, <a href="#Page_65">65–6</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90–1</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + +<li class="indx">St. André, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> + +<li class="indx">St. Omer, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li class="indx">St. Pol, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li class="indx">St. Quentin, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Salmond, Gen. Sir J., <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Saunders, Lieut. A. W., <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Savy aerodrome and village, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Scarpe, the, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">valley, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Scholte, Capt. O. J. F., <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Scott, Major A. J. L., <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">commander 60 Squadron, <a href="#Page_30">30–1</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">wing commander, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">honour for, <a href="#Page_97">97–8</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">wounded, <a href="#Page_98">98–101</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Scouts, method of work in 1916, <a href="#Page_8">8–9</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Seabrook, Capt. J., <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Second Army in Ypres Sector, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">report centre, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sedgeford in Norfolk, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Seely, Gen., <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Selous, Capt. F. H. B., <a href="#Page_73">73–4</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sergt.-Major, technical work, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sherwood, Lieut., <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sillars, Lieut. R. G., <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Simpson, Lieut. J. H., <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sinclair, 2/Lieut. M. D., <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Small, Lieut.-Col. B. C. D., account of Capt. Armstrong, <a href="#Page_17">17–20</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Smart, 2/Lieut. G. O., <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">— Sqdn.-Leader H. G., <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Smith, Lieut. J. E., <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">— Lieut. L. H., <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li class="indx">— Lieut. R. H., <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li class="indx">— 2/Lieut. H. S., <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Smith-Barry, Lieut.-Col. R. R., <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">flight commander, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11–13</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13–15</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">at Gosport, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">a farewell dinner, <a href="#Page_22">22–3</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Smyrk, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Soden, Lieut. F. O., <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Somers, Capt. A. S. M., <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Somme, the, work of 60 Squadron, <a href="#Page_11">11–29</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">145</a></span></li> + +<li class="indx">Sopwith two-seaters, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a> <i>and note</i><a href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">10</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Southwell, Lieut. L. V., <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sowrey, Sqdn.-Leader W., <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li class="indx">“Spad,” a, given to Major Foot, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Spandau guns, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Spencer, Lieut. J. M. J., <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Spies, method of landing, <a href="#Page_9">9–10</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Springs, Lieut., <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Squadron, No. 1 Reserve Aeroplane, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">3 Squadron, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">7 Squadron, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">11 Squadron, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">17 American Squadron, <a href="#Page_118">118–9</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">20 Squadron, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">23 Squadron, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">29 Squadron, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">40 Squadron, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">43 Squadron, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">48 Squadron, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">56 Squadron, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119–20</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">70 Squadron, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">74 Squadron, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">85 Squadron, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">148 American Squadron, <a href="#Page_117">117–119</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">151 Squadron, <a href="#Page_17">17–20</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71–2</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">201 Squadron, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Squadron, 60, formation, <a href="#Page_1">1–10</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">inspection by Gen. Allenby, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56–7</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">honours gained by, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Stedman, Lieut. F., <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Steele, 2/Lieut. R. B., <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Stockwell, 2/Lieut. L. G., <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Stookes, T/Capt. V. A., <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Strange, Louis, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Stuart-Smith, 2/Lieut. H. S., <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sullock, Lieut. E. A., <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Summers, Capt. A. S. M., <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sussex Yeomanry, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Synchronising gear, none on the Moranes, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Talbot, 2/Lieut. H. E., <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Taylor, Capt. H. S., <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Temperley, Capt. G. J., <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Tennant, Lieut. G. E., <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Tennis at Files Camp Farm, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Tetus, M., demesne of, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Thamer, Lieut. O., <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Third Army Front, Arras, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">night bombing on, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">the Cambrai attack, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Third Corps attack, Aug. 1917, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Thirteenth Wing, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Thomson, 2/Lieut. S. A., <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Thornton, F/Officer E., <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Tounshend, Mr. Thos., <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Tower, Capt. H. C., <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Townesend, F/Lieut. E. J. D., <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Tracer bullets, <a href="#Page_51">51</a> <i>and note</i><a href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">22</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Trailers, <a href="#Page_49">49</a> <i>and note</i><a href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">16</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Trenchard, General, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">orders of, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Trenches, German, <a href="#Page_36">36–8</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Triplanes, German, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Trusler, Lieut. J. W., <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Two-seater fighters, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Uphaven Central Flying School, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Upton-Smith, 2/Lieut. F. E., <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Valenciennes, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Vert Galant, 60 Squadron at, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Very lights, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">pistols, <a href="#Page_27">27</a> <i>and note</i><a href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">5</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Vickers gun, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Vimy Ridge, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Vincent, Capt. S. F., <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Vis-en-Artois, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Vitry, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Wainwright, Lieut. B. M., <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Waldron, Major F. F., <a href="#Page_2">2–4</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11–13</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Walker, Lieut., <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li class="indx">— Sergt. A., <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Walters, Lieut. A. M., <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Weedon, Capt. L. S., <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li class="indx">West Wind, Conrad on the, <a href="#Page_109">109–10</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Westergaard, 2/Lieut. A. N., <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li class="indx">West-Thompson, 2/Lieut. M., <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Whitehead, Capt. L. E., <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">— Lieut. A. D., <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Whiting, Lieut. J. O., <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Whitney, Lieut. R. K., <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Wilde, 2/Lieut. R. C. R., <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Williams, Fleming, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + +<li class="indx">— Lieut. C., <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">— Lieut. G., <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> + +<li class="indx">— 2/Lieut. V. F., <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Winslow, 2/Lieut. J., <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Wireless interception, work of 60 Squadron, <a href="#Page_57">57–62</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Wotan line, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Wright, Lieut. C. O., <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Young, Lieut. G. C., <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ypres Sector, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li> +<li class="isub1">desolation of, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p class="p2 center smaller"> +PRINTED BY<br /> +HAZELL, WATSON AND VINEY, LD.,<br /> +LONDON AND AYLESBURY. +</p> + +<div class="newpage p4 transnote"> +<h2 class="nobreak"><a name="Transcribers_Notes" id="Transcribers_Notes"></a>Transcribers’ Notes</h2> + +<p>Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant +preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.</p> + +<p>Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced +quotation marks retained.</p> + +<p>Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.</p> + +<p><a href="#INDEX">Index</a> not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_xviii">xviii</a>: The five illustrations listed as being on pages 100, +112, and 118 were missing from this book.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_50">50</a>: “<i>had</i> be to” was printed that way.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_125">125</a>: For clarity, Transcriber added a colon after +“One form of hare-hunting became very popular”.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_126">126</a> (comments about map): Some “3”s and “8”s were indistinguishable.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_133">133</a>: “Lieut. E. A. Sullock, A.F.C.” may be “Sulleck”.</p> + +<p><a href="#FOOTNOTES">Footnotes</a>, originally at the bottoms of pages, have been renumbered, +collected, and positioned just before the Index.</p> + +<p>The <a href="#INDEX">Index</a> references to footnotes have been renumbered to match +the renumbering of the eBook’s footnotes. All "return" footnote links go back to +the page on which they first appeared, not back to the Index.</p> +</div> + +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 47416 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/47416-h/images/cover.jpg b/47416-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6979eeb --- /dev/null +++ b/47416-h/images/cover.jpg diff --git a/47416-h/images/i_006.jpg b/47416-h/images/i_006.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e6293bb --- /dev/null +++ b/47416-h/images/i_006.jpg diff --git a/47416-h/images/i_008.jpg b/47416-h/images/i_008.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..be2d1b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/47416-h/images/i_008.jpg diff --git a/47416-h/images/i_008b.jpg b/47416-h/images/i_008b.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9eac481 --- /dev/null +++ b/47416-h/images/i_008b.jpg diff --git a/47416-h/images/i_016.jpg b/47416-h/images/i_016.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4403629 --- /dev/null +++ b/47416-h/images/i_016.jpg diff --git a/47416-h/images/i_016b.jpg b/47416-h/images/i_016b.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b0ff295 --- /dev/null +++ b/47416-h/images/i_016b.jpg diff --git a/47416-h/images/i_020.jpg b/47416-h/images/i_020.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..785708e --- /dev/null +++ b/47416-h/images/i_020.jpg diff --git a/47416-h/images/i_020b.jpg b/47416-h/images/i_020b.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..25b2331 --- /dev/null +++ b/47416-h/images/i_020b.jpg diff --git a/47416-h/images/i_024.jpg b/47416-h/images/i_024.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f3d2190 --- /dev/null +++ b/47416-h/images/i_024.jpg diff --git a/47416-h/images/i_024b.jpg b/47416-h/images/i_024b.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..002152d --- /dev/null +++ b/47416-h/images/i_024b.jpg diff --git a/47416-h/images/i_028.jpg b/47416-h/images/i_028.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..551e18a --- /dev/null +++ b/47416-h/images/i_028.jpg diff --git a/47416-h/images/i_028b.jpg b/47416-h/images/i_028b.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c8d60d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/47416-h/images/i_028b.jpg diff --git a/47416-h/images/i_040.jpg b/47416-h/images/i_040.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8c3bc44 --- /dev/null +++ b/47416-h/images/i_040.jpg diff --git a/47416-h/images/i_040b.jpg b/47416-h/images/i_040b.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0b5948e --- /dev/null +++ b/47416-h/images/i_040b.jpg diff --git a/47416-h/images/i_058.jpg b/47416-h/images/i_058.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..605fee8 --- /dev/null +++ b/47416-h/images/i_058.jpg diff --git a/47416-h/images/i_058b.jpg b/47416-h/images/i_058b.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1c52e57 --- /dev/null +++ b/47416-h/images/i_058b.jpg diff --git a/47416-h/images/i_116.jpg b/47416-h/images/i_116.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6cdf20 --- /dev/null +++ b/47416-h/images/i_116.jpg diff --git a/47416-h/images/i_116large.jpg b/47416-h/images/i_116large.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..24c7127 --- /dev/null +++ b/47416-h/images/i_116large.jpg diff --git a/47416-h/images/i_126.jpg b/47416-h/images/i_126.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7ab6400 --- /dev/null +++ b/47416-h/images/i_126.jpg diff --git a/47416-h/images/i_126large.jpg b/47416-h/images/i_126large.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9027f44 --- /dev/null +++ b/47416-h/images/i_126large.jpg diff --git a/47416-h/images/i_frontis.jpg b/47416-h/images/i_frontis.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..981df36 --- /dev/null +++ b/47416-h/images/i_frontis.jpg diff --git a/47416-h/images/i_xix.jpg b/47416-h/images/i_xix.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8225ca4 --- /dev/null +++ b/47416-h/images/i_xix.jpg |
