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} - - div.clearpage, div.cleardoublepage - { margin: 10% 0; border: none; border-top: 1px solid gray; } - - .vfill { margin: 5% 10% } -} - -@media print { - div.clearpage { page-break-before: always; padding-top: 10% } - div.cleardoublepage { page-break-before: right; padding-top: 10% } - - .vfill { margin-top: 20% } - h2.title { margin-top: 20% } -} - -/* DIV */ -pre { font-family: monospace; font-size: 0.9em; white-space: pre-wrap } -</style> -<title>OVER THE CANADIAN BATTLEFIELDS</title> -<meta name="PG.Rights" content="Public Domain" /> -<meta name="DC.Title" content="Over the Canadian Battlefields Notes of a Little Journey in France, in March, 1919" /> -<meta name="PG.Producer" content="Al Haines" /> -<meta name="PG.Released" content="2014-11-07" /> -<meta name="DC.Created" content="1919" /> -<meta name="PG.Id" content="47269" /> -<meta name="DC.Creator" content="John W. Dafoe" /> -<meta name="PG.Title" content="Over the Canadian Battlefields" /> -<link rel="coverpage" href="images/img-cover.jpg" /> -<meta name="DC.Language" content="en" /> - -<link rel="schema.DCTERMS" href="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" /> -<link rel="schema.MARCREL" href="http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/" /> -<meta name="DCTERMS.title" content="Over the Canadian Battlefields Notes of a Little Journey in France, in March, 1919" /> -<meta name="DCTERMS.source" content="/home/ajhaines/battle/battle.rst" /> -<meta scheme="DCTERMS.RFC4646" name="DCTERMS.language" content="en" /> -<meta scheme="DCTERMS.W3CDTF" name="DCTERMS.modified" content="2014-11-08T03:49:47.021627+00:00" /> -<meta name="DCTERMS.publisher" content="Project Gutenberg" /> -<meta name="DCTERMS.rights" content="Public Domain in the USA." /> -<link rel="DCTERMS.isFormatOf" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/47269" /> -<meta name="DCTERMS.creator" content="John W. Dafoe" /> -<meta scheme="DCTERMS.W3CDTF" name="DCTERMS.created" content="2014-11-07" /> -<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" /> -<meta name="generator" content="Ebookmaker 0.4.0a5 by Marcello Perathoner <webmaster@gutenberg.org>" /> -</head> -<body> -<div class="document" id="over-the-canadian-battlefields"> -<h1 class="center document-title level-1 pfirst title"><span class="x-large">OVER THE CANADIAN BATTLEFIELDS</span></h1> - -<!-- this is the default PG-RST stylesheet --> -<!-- figure and image styles for non-image formats --> -<!-- default transition --> -<!-- default attribution --> -<!-- -*- encoding: utf-8 -*- --> -<div class="clearpage"> -</div> -<!-- -*- encoding: utf-8 -*- --> -<div class="align-None container language-en pgheader" id="pg-header" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> -<p class="noindent pfirst"><span>This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States -and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no -restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it -under the terms of the </span><a class="reference internal" href="#project-gutenberg-license">Project Gutenberg License</a><span> included with -this ebook or online at </span><a class="reference external" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a><span>. If you -are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws -of the country where you are located before using this ebook.</span></p> -<p class="noindent pnext"></p> -<div class="vspace" style="height: 2em"> -</div> -<div class="align-None container" id="pg-machine-header"> -<p class="noindent pfirst"><span>Title: Over the Canadian Battlefields -<br /> Notes of a Little Journey in France, in March, 1919 -<br /> -<br />Author: John W. Dafoe -<br /> -<br />Release Date: November 07, 2014 [EBook #47269] -<br /> -<br />Language: English -<br /> -<br />Character set encoding: UTF-8</span></p> -</div> -<div class="vspace" style="height: 2em"> -</div> -<p class="noindent pfirst" id="pg-start-line"><span>*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK </span><span>OVER THE CANADIAN BATTLEFIELDS</span><span> ***</span></p> -<div class="vspace" style="height: 4em"> -</div> -<p class="noindent pfirst" id="pg-produced-by"><span>Produced by Al Haines.</span></p> -<div class="vspace" style="height: 1em"> -</div> -<p class="noindent pfirst"><span></span></p> -</div> -<div class="align-None container frontispiece"> -<div class="vspace" style="height: 4em"> -</div> -<div class="align-center auto-scaled figure margin" style="width: 64%" id="figure-11"> -<span id="a-landmark-of-the-canadian-battlefields"></span><img class="align-center block" style="display: block; width: 100%" alt="A Landmark of the Canadian Battlefields" src="images/img-front.jpg" /> -<div class="caption centerleft figure-caption margin"> -<span class="italics">A Landmark of the Canadian Battlefields</span></div> -</div> -<p class="pfirst"><span>These ruined towers of the Church and -Monastery of Mont St. Eloi—relics of the revolutionary -wars of France—overlook the Battlefields -of Vimy Ridge and Arras, and were a familiar -landmark to tens of thousands of Canadian -soldiers during the war.</span></p> -<div class="vspace" style="height: 4em"> -</div> -</div> -<div class="align-None container titlepage"> -<p class="center pfirst"><span class="bold xx-large">Over the -<br />Canadian Battlefields</span></p> -<p class="center pnext"><em class="bold italics medium">Notes of a Little Journey in France, -<br />in March, 1919</em></p> -<div class="vspace" style="height: 2em"> -</div> -<p class="center pfirst"><span class="medium">By</span></p> -<p class="center pnext"><span class="large">JOHN W. DAFOE</span></p> -<div class="vspace" style="height: 3em"> -</div> -<p class="center pfirst"><span class="medium">THOMAS ALLEN -<br />TORONTO</span></p> -<div class="vspace" style="height: 4em"> -</div> -</div> -<div class="align-None container verso"> -<p class="center pfirst"><span class="small">COPYRIGHT, CANADA, 1919 -<br />BY THOMAS ALLEN, TORONTO</span></p> -<div class="vspace" style="height: 3em"> -</div> -<p class="center pfirst"><span class="small">PRINTED IN CANADA</span></p> -<div class="vspace" style="height: 4em"> -</div> -</div> -<div class="align-None container dedication"> -<p class="center pfirst" id="dedication"><span class="medium">TO -<br />GENERAL SIR ARTHUR CURRIE, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., -<br />THE CIVILIAN COMMANDER OF THE -<br />CONQUERING CANADIAN CIVILIAN ARMY -<br />THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED -<br />BY THE AUTHOR -<br />IN GRATEFUL ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF -<br />COURTESIES EXTENDED TO HIM.</span></p> -<div class="vspace" style="height: 4em"> -</div> -</div> -<blockquote id="author-s-foreword"> -<div> -<p class="center pfirst"><span class="bold large">AUTHOR'S FOREWORD</span></p> -</div> -</blockquote> -<div class="vspace" style="height: 1em"> -</div> -<p class="pfirst"><span>The articles which go to make up this -little book were written for -newspaper publication immediately -following the journey over the battlefields, in -France in March, 1919, which I had been -enabled to make, through the courtesy and -kindness of the Canadian Corps -Commander. They were published in April, 1919, -in the Manitoba </span><em class="italics">Free Press</em><span>, Winnipeg; and -are now republished at the request of many -friends who have asked that they be made -available in more permanent form.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>Though the articles reveal their journalistic -origin alike in their form and in a -certain evanescent timeliness, already -partly out of date, it has not been considered -advisable, under the circumstances, to re-cast -them into more permanent form. They are -re-published as written save for some slight -textual corrections.</span></p> -<div class="vspace" style="height: 1em"> -</div> -<p class="noindent pfirst"><span>J.W.D.</span></p> -<div class="vspace" style="height: 4em"> -</div> -<p class="center pfirst"><span class="bold large">CONTENTS</span></p> -<div class="vspace" style="height: 2em"> -</div> -<p class="noindent pfirst"><a class="reference internal" href="#a-landmark-of-the-canadian-battlefields">A Landmark of the Canadian Battlefields</a><span> . . . </span><em class="italics">Frontispiece</em></p> -<p class="noindent pnext"><a class="reference internal" href="#dedication">Dedication</a></p> -<p class="noindent pnext"><a class="reference internal" href="#author-s-foreword">Author's Foreword</a></p> -<p class="noindent pnext"><span>Chapter I. </span><a class="reference internal" href="#a-hurried-pilgrimage">A Hurried Pilgrimage</a><span> -<br />Chapter II. </span><a class="reference internal" href="#the-battlegrounds-of-the-souchez">The Battlegrounds of the Souchez</a><span> -<br />Chapter III. </span><a class="reference internal" href="#the-abomination-of-desolation">The Abomination of Desolation</a><span> -<br />Chapter IV. </span><a class="reference internal" href="#the-marks-of-war">The Marks of War</a><span> -<br />Chapter V. </span><a class="reference internal" href="#the-canadian-hammer-strokes">The Canadian Hammer Strokes</a><span> -<br />Chapter VI. </span><a class="reference internal" href="#the-civilian-as-warrior">The Civilian as Warrior</a><span> -<br />Chapter VII. </span><a class="reference internal" href="#compensations">Compensations</a></p> -<div class="vspace" style="height: 4em"> -</div> -<p class="center pfirst" id="a-hurried-pilgrimage"><span class="bold x-large">OVER THE -<br />CANADIAN BATTLEFIELDS</span></p> -<div class="vspace" style="height: 3em"> -</div> -<p class="center pfirst"><span class="bold large">CHAPTER I</span></p> -<p class="center pnext"><span class="bold medium">A HURRIED PILGRIMAGE</span></p> -<div class="vspace" style="height: 2em"> -</div> -<p class="pfirst"><span>In the first days of March, 1919, I made -hurriedly a pilgrimage that will be made -in more leisurely manner by thousands of -Canadians in coming years. For while the -memory of the Great War endures and -Canada retains her national consciousness, -Canadians, generation after generation for -centuries to come, will follow the Canadian -way of glory over the battlefields of France -and Flanders, with reverent hearts and -shining eyes, learning anew the story of -what will doubtless always remain the most -romantic page in our national history. For -lack of time I had to forego my visit to the -bitter battlefields of Flanders: Ypres, -where the Canadians held the line against -all odds when German hopes for the -Channel ports appeared for the moment to be on -the point of fulfilment; Festubert, St. Eloi -and Sanctuary Wood, the scenes of desperate -encounters where the Canadians learned -hard lessons in the art of beating the Boche; -and Passchendaele, where the very doubtful -and questionable Flanders campaign of -1917 had a victorious finale by the -resounding achievement of the Canadian corps in -capturing the ridge which had so long -defied assault. But the other Canadian -battle-fronts I saw, albeit hurriedly and under -weather conditions which were far from -propitious; and perhaps some notes of my -impressions may not be entirely lacking in -interest to the Canadian public.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>But before going on to this something -might be said on the general subject of -visits to the Canadian battlefields of the -western European front. At the moment -of course this area is sealed to visitors. It -constitutes a military zone which can only -be entered under the authority of a "white -pass." Unless one is accompanied by a -member of the military staff he cannot get -this pass nor would it be of use to him -because there is in this belt of wilderness -which lies athwart one of the oldest and -most populous areas in Europe no means of -transportation and no accommodation for -the unattached civilian. But this of course -is a condition that will speedily pass.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>In a year's time, or less, the tides of -travel will pour over these highways; and -among the travellers will be all sorts and -conditions of men; from the idle sightseers -seeking a new sensation amidst these mute -memorials of human conflict to the reverent -pilgrim following step by step the road of -sacrifice and glory trodden by his -countrymen in the Great Crusade.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>It is desirable that for Canadians making -this pilgrimage there should be, so to speak, -a beaten path which they can follow with -the certainty that, with a minimum of -time, they can bring away with them -something approaching adequate understanding -of Canada's contribution to the great -European campaigns. There is a proposition, -not without strong support in army -circles, that Canada should erect and -maintain in perpetuity a number of battle shrines -which would be stations on this pilgrimage. -The suggested sites are Ypres, Vimy Ridge, -Bourlon Wood and some point in the -district of Amiens, either in Courcelette or -further south, in the track of the Canadian -avalanche of August 8, 1918. These -shrines, it is proposed, should contain plans -of the adjoining battle-fields in topographical -relief, maps, diagrams, detailed histories -of the actions, information as to the -Canadian cemeteries in the neighborhood—they -should be the headquarters for all that -a Canadian, ten, twenty or fifty years hence, -will want to know. If this plan is carried -out there should also be available official -Canadian guides fully equipped to tell the -story of Canadian achievement.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>The project is one well worth careful -consideration. Canada's participation in the -war is a fountain from which succeeding -generations should drink deep, learning -thereby lessons in valor, sacrifice, patriotism -and national pride; and nothing will make -this living inspiration more available than -maintaining in perpetuity upon the -European battle-fields authentic records of the -deeds done there. It is a reasonable -expectation that once normal conditions of -life are resumed thousands of Canadians -will yearly make the tour of the Canadian -fronts—visiting in turn the Flanders -battlefields; the scenes of the heroic achievements -around Vimy and Lens; that portion of the -tragic field of the Somme "which is forever -Canada" by virtue of our dead; and finally -following step by step the Canadian -advance during the One Hundred Days, -which saw Germany's military effort pass, -by successive disasters, from the high tide -of the July offensive to the hopeless ruin of -the November surrender. Even a casual -inspection will take several days for, during -their 42 months of war, the Canadian troops -ranged wide and shed the glamor of their -achievements upon many localities. The -names of these places, many of them already -storied from battles long ago, make a list -full of significance to the Canadians of -today and tomorrow. Langemarck, -St. Julien, Festubert, St. Eloi, Sanctuary -Wood, Courcelette, Regina Trench, Vimy, -Hill Seventy, Passchendaele, Amiens, -Arras, Monchy-le-Preux, Bourlon Wood, -Cambrai, Valenciennes, Mons.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>In my three days flying trip in a motor -out from Paris and back again I covered in -some sort the more southern fields of -Canadian operations. We struck into the -battle-fronts from the west having gone north -from Paris by the traditional road to -England—out St. Denis Gate and north through -Beauvais, crossing the Somme at Abbeville -and then turning eastward towards Arras. -At St. Pol, which was the extreme limit of -the range of a high powered German naval -gun, the first signs of shell fire were seen. -Thereafter mile by mile, as we sped through -a countryside familiar to Canadian troops -as a rest area, the evidences of war damage -increased until we ran into the battlefields -of the Souchez and saw the slope of Vimy -rise gently to the sky-line. From there our -course ran over the Ridge to that huge pile -of red-brick rubble that was Lens—once a -city of 50,000 souls; thence on through -Douai and Denain to Valenciennes. This -was the way of the German retreat; at every -crossroads hasty repairs to the paved way -bore witness to their scheme of systematic -destruction; over every canal and stream -the road was carried on improvised bridges, -the original structures sprawling in ruined -heaps athwart the waterways. From -Valenciennes—relatively damaged but -slightly—we ran into Cambrai, the latter half of -the road through villages that bore ample -marks of the rear-guard actions between -the Germans and the onward-pressing -Canadians. From Cambrai—a shell of a city -systematically destroyed by fire by the -Germans as they fell back—the road to Arras -took us through the centre of the great -battlefield over which the Canadians drove the -Huns in the fighting of late August and -September—to the left a huge blur on the -sky-line seen through the driving rain was -Bourlon Wood; to the right the ruins of -the villages where the desperate German -counter-attacks at the end of September -were stopped; further on, three huge -streaks of blackened wire stretching across -the gaunt countryside marked the -once-vaunted impregnable Hindenburg line; -then to the right rose the high ground of -Monchy-le-Preux, wrested out of hand -from the Germans by the Third Division in -the early hours of a bloody August day; all -about, on both sides of the road as far as the -eye could see stretched the tortured and -scarred countryside over which the tide of -carnage flowed and ebbed for two years; -and so to Arras—a ghost city where the -shattered houses, no longer habitable, stand -in their empty loneliness. From Arras we -went to Bapaume by a road which crossed -diagonally the old German-British front -line; from Bapaume to Albert, across the -waste of the Somme battlefield; on to -Amiens in which the tides of business are -again feebly flowing; along the highway to -Roye, with the great Canadian battlefield of -August stretching along the left for ten -miles—a road memorable, too, to Canadians -because along every mile of it Canadian -cavalry and motor machine-gun men fought -against the German flood in March 1918; in -every copse hereabouts there lie Canadian -dead. From Roye southward to the Oise -we passed through a countryside which was -fought over, foot by foot twice last year—to -say nothing of the battles of earlier -campaigns; everywhere there were ruin, -desolation and the marks of death. After -crossing the river the ruins of war diminished, -but not until we passed Senlis—where the -marks of the beast left by the Hun high -tide in 1914 are still to be seen—did we -leave them behind; and so came back to -Paris by the old Roman road over which -the legions marched to Flanders nearly -2,000 years ago.</span></p> -<div class="vspace" style="height: 4em"> -</div> -<p class="center pfirst" id="the-battlegrounds-of-the-souchez"><span class="bold large">CHAPTER II</span></p> -<p class="center pnext"><span class="bold medium">THE BATTLEGROUNDS OF THE SOUCHEZ</span></p> -<div class="vspace" style="height: 2em"> -</div> -<p class="pfirst"><span>The storming of Vimy Ridge on that -wintry April morning two years ago -was neither in its actual achievement -nor in its military consequences the greatest -feat of the Canadian Expeditionary Force; -but it holds, and it may continue to hold, a -unique place in the Canadian consciousness. -It was the first cleancut definite stroke by -the Canadian Corps acting as a recognized -unit of the greater British army; and there -was in the achievement something dramatic -and climacteric which riveted the attention -of all watchers of the long-continuing duel -between the great armies along the western -front. For Vimy, before it had any -Canadian associations, was a tragic name! It -was the western-most bastion of German -power in Europe. Against its gently rising -slopes the fierce French valor that had -conquered the valley of the Souchez and its -bordering uplands, had dashed itself in -vain; the hillside was white with the -unburied bones of the men who won the ridge -in October, 1915, for a day, only to be -swept back by a German counter-attack of -overwhelming force. The Germans proudly -boasted the impregnability of a position -which protected their strangle-hold upon -the coalfields of Lens and gave them a -jumping-off place for a further adventure -westward to the Channel ports. When the -greater portion of the Ridge was stormed in -a fierce sustained assault by the Canadian -troops on the morning of April 9, 1917, the -reverberation of the achievement went -round the world; and its echoes will long -persist.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>Vimy Ridge—a swell of land five miles -in length which rises so gradually on the -southern slopes that one hardly realizes the -elevation until he stands upon the crest and -notes how the ground falls sheer away to the -eastward—marks the eastern rim of one of -the bloodiest battlegrounds of the whole -war. Many Canadians have but the haziest -knowledge of the battles that were fought -hereabouts in the early summer of 1915; -but the flower of the highly trained armies -with which France and Germany entered -the war lie buried here.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>When, after the German defeat on the -Marne in September, 1914, and the check -to the Allies on the Aisne, the race to the -northern sea began with the Germans keeping -a step in advance and thus blocking the -constant French attempt to outflank them -from the west, all the high ground in this -region was occupied by the Germans; and -when the fronts became rigid the French -found themselves in a dangerously insecure -position with the German possession of the -high hill of Notre Dame de Lorette threatening -all the coal fields of northern France -and the southern shore of the Channel. -During the winter of 1914-15 the French -organized their attack, and in the early -summer they set themselves doggedly to the -task of turning the Germans out of these -strong places. The enemy held the -towering hill of Notre Dame and the cluster of -houses known as Ablain St. Nazaire at its -foot; across the little Souchez river the -village of Carency on a slight eminence; a -mile or so to the south the hamlet of -Neuville St. Vaast, on the crest of a swell in the -ground; southward from the latter point -and stretching eastward almost to the base -of Vimy Ridge they had prepared a huge -network and maze of trenches and redoubts -which acquired a sinister renown under the -name of the Labyrinth.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>For weeks during the summer of 1915 the -battle raged here continuously; and literally -the French drove the Germans foot by foot -and yard by yard from these positions; out -of Carency and down the Souchez valley; -back step by step from the heights of Notre -Dame; trench by trench the Labyrinth was -wrested from them; and by the late summer -the Germans had withdrawn behind the -great ridge of Vimy which lay athwart the -path of the advancing French. There they -stood savagely at bay, and when the French, -in unison with the British attack at Loos, -north of Lens, essayed in October to storm -the hill, they exacted a bloody revenge for -their earlier defeats. Afterwards this area -became part of the British front, when the -French moved to the south bank of the -Somme; and after a year of inactivity, -varied by a single unsuccessful attack upon a -portion of the ridge's defences by a British -brigade, the Canadians, in the winter of -1916-17, took over this sector and set -themselves the task of taking the Ridge as their -initial contribution to the great spring -offensive that was foreshadowed.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>I stood almost in the centre of this huge -battlefield in the closing hours of a sombre -March day; a light mist was shrouding the -crests of the uplands; in the valleys the -darkness of night was already falling; for -fleeting moments the dying sun, through a -breach in the cloud battlements, threw -gleams of wintry sunshine over the scene. -Nearby were the abandoned ruins of what -was once the hamlet of Carency. To the -right Vimy Ridge rose slowly to the sky -line, flaring up at its northern end into the -steeper slopes of "the Pimple." Next came -a narrow valley; and then the ridge -resumed, turning now almost due west and -rising to the height of Notre Dame de -Lorette that dominated the landscape. At -the base of the sloping terraces that came -down from the hill-top the little river -Souchez ran, turning north-easterly through -the gorge and onward towards Lens. This -little stream has known its current dammed -by the wedged bodies of dead men; its -banks have brimmed with human blood. -Beyond the stream at the foot of the hill -were the ruins of Ablain St. Nazaire; and -nearby all that remained of the sugar -factory about which raged an Homeric struggle, -noted in the battle bulletins of those -days. Up those slopes, now so still in the -fading daylight, the French pushed their -way day by day and week by week until they -planted their flag on its crest. To the south -and east they fought their way over -Neuville St. Vaast and through the tangled -mazes of the Labyrinth. Within a radius -of three miles from the place upon which -we stood, over one hundred thousand -French soldiers who fell in six months' -fighting in 1915 lie buried. These incredible -figures were vouched for by an officer -of high rank.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>When the Canadians moved into this -area in the winter of 1916-17 they made -their homes amidst the wreckage of these -battlefields. They took over the trenches -along the lower slopes of Vimy Ridge -which were reachable only by -communication trenches and sunken roads over open -ground in plain view in daylight of the -Germans who held the crest of the ridge and -its western slopes half-way down. Behind -this active front they built their secondary -positions on the battlegrounds of 1915. -Thus the First Division was encamped upon -the ground of the Labyrinth; the divisional -headquarters were in a German dug-out -thirty-nine steps downward from the -surface. The reshifting of trenches and -dugouts in this neighborhood was not, the -Canadians found, to be lightly attempted; for -the place was one huge—if unmarked—cemetery -where French and Germans by -the thousand had been buried where they fell.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>Over this area for a distance of miles the -Canadian corps had planted its camps as -the line moved forward in front. Along the -roads which cross in all directions one -could read the sign-posts of the regiments -pointing the way to collections of Nissen -huts and smaller wooden structures. Here, -too, were defensive trenches and strong -redoubts prepared for the reception of the -enemy in the event of a German advance. -One could easily imagine how busy this -scene had been in the summer and autumn -of 1917 when the Canadian corps were -encamped hereabouts. But on the March -evening when I saw it, it was bleak and -cheerless beyond the power of words to -express. The tide of war had flowed past and -left the wrecked countryside vacant—the -huts empty and the camps abandoned save -for, here and there, a handful of men -engaged in salvage work; the roadways, once -swarming with life, deserted and silent! -Over all desolation and loneliness rested -like a pall; everywhere the wreckage of -battle, the debris of destruction; -everywhere the sense of man's mortality! A -grim and melancholy expanse; yet withal -holy ground, for here men by the tens of -thousands died for mankind!</span></p> -<div class="vspace" style="height: 4em"> -</div> -<p class="center pfirst" id="the-abomination-of-desolation"><span class="bold large">CHAPTER III</span></p> -<p class="center pnext"><span class="bold medium">THE ABOMINATION OF DESOLATION</span></p> -<div class="vspace" style="height: 2em"> -</div> -<p class="pfirst"><span>Wherever in our flying trip we -touched the border line between the -actual battlefields and the secondary -districts of the war—as for instance Amiens -and Valenciennes—we saw human life -finding its way into normal channels; but over -the areas of continued and desperate -fighting there was still the abomination of -desolation. Here in the very centre of an -ancient populous civilization there stretches -for miles in every direction a wilderness—not -the empty loneliness of a new land -awaiting the inflowing of human life, but a -man-made desert speaking of the ruthless -savagery of man in the sway of his passions. -Here there are ruined farmsteads, vanished -villages, once fair forests shredded into pulp, -huge piles of debris marking the site of -storied cities, destroyed temples—and hardly a -sign of human life except the last dribbles -of the great tide of uniformed men that -once poured over these highways. Thus an -afternoon drive from Arras to Cambrai was -through a profound silence. Here was a -wide highway running straight between two -famous French cities through the heart of -an ancient land. In the whole distance we -met only two or three military cars engaged -in the aftermath of war; and a few small -working parties of "Chinks" thousands of -miles from their native Manchuria.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>Standing on the motor's seat, one looked -north and south, east and west to the -skyline. Everywhere silence, profound, -brooding, fateful! Not a curling smoke-wreath -on the horizon bespoke a human habitation. -The country is open, rolling upland—in its -physical conformation it seemed to me -almost the counterpart of southern central -Manitoba as it was 30-odd years ago before -the industry of man dotted it with thriving -farmsteads.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>The acme of destruction is to be witnessed -at Lens. This was the work of the Canadian -artillery. In October, 1915 campaign the -British drove for Hill Seventy, north of -Lens, and the French for Vimy Ridge, both -fruitlessly, despite initial success. It was -assumed in all the "expert" military writing -of that date that the possession by the Allies -of these two hills would force the evacuation -of the Lens coalfields by the Germans. The -Canadians took Vimy Ridge in April, 1917; -they pushed down the reverse side of the -ridge and across the level ground to the -outskirts of Lens within the next three months; -in August they stormed Hill Seventy by one -of the most brilliant minor operations of -the war. But the Hun, contrary to -the forecasts of the strategists, refused to -quit Lens. It was half ringed by the -Canadians, who kept it drowned in poison gas -and buried under a constant rain of artillery -projectiles; but the Germans, hidden in the -rabbit warrens with which they honeycombed -the foundations of the city, held -on, and to every attempt to take possession -of the ruined town they opposed a desperate -and successful resistance. The Canadian -plans included the storming in October, -1917, of Salumines Hill to the south-east of -the city. Had this been done—and no -Canadian staff officer had any doubt of the -practicability of the enterprise—the -Germans in Lens would have been trapped like -rats; but the demands of the higher strategy -intervened and the Canadians were shifted -to the mud of Flanders, where they achieved -the brilliant but fruitless distinction of -taking Passchendaele ridge.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>So the Germans stayed on in Lens, and -the Canadians, when they returned to their -sector, resumed their daily occupation of -spraying them with gas and pounding them -with shell—with the result that when the -line gave further south and the Germans -had to fall back, the Allied armies entered -Lens to find it the completest expression of -the destructive possibilities of artillery fire -that was supplied by any theatre of war. In -this city, which once housed 50,000 people, -not a single house remains—it is one huge -red mass of red brick rubble through which -roadways have been painfully excavated by -labor battalions. Yet a few of the original -inhabitants have crept back and can be seen -standing in little disconsolate groups around -the dust heaps which were their homes—living -meanwhile in the German dugouts -under the town. As I drove through the -town on a blustering March morning, there -still lingered in the air, four months after -the firing of the last shot, the faint smell of -human mortality. For in these huge -rubbish heaps, if they are ever cleared away, -will be found hundreds of Germans buried -by the shells that destroyed them.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>One hears controversy amongst the -experts as to whether Lens or Arras is the -most affecting illustration of what war does -to organized human society. There is much -to be said for both sides of the argument. -In Lens ruin is so complete as to almost blur -the sense of human association; but Arras is -the pitiful spectacle of a huge collection of -uninhabitable houses—domestic shrines -from which the fire has gone cold and can -never be revived. There they stood gaunt, -tottering and cheerless—windows out, doors -hanging awry, gaping holes in the walls, the -roofs fallen in, the broken and sagging floors -and all the pitiful and touching relics of -destroyed domestic life, pictures still -hanging on the walls, broken furniture, torn and -destroyed clothing. The Grande Place of -Arras—a succession of attractive buildings -in the Spanish style all built to a plan, with -a wide colonnaded walk beneath them -around the square—is a dreadful, heart-rending -ruin. An occasional building in -Arras affords shelter to returning refugees; -and there is here a considerable and -increasing population. In one narrow street a -number of shops have reopened and make -as brave a showing as is possible among the -ruins.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>Lens and Arras are the ruins of war—the -by-product of great powers in a death-grip. -But Cambrai is a ruin of another sort. It -is a monument to the malignant spirit of the -Hun in defeat. As the British and the -Canadians closed in from the south and the -north they spared the city which they knew -was fated to fall to them; no shell fell in its -borders save by inadvertence. But this did -not avail to save this ancient famous town. -The Canadians entered it to find it deserted, -all the civilian population having been -carried off, and on fire from a hundred -conflagrations systematically set with the aid of -inflammable bombs, petrol and firewood; -and while the Germans fell back towards -their own land a pillar of smoke from the -burning city bespoke their rage at being -robbed of their prey. Cambrai is the -burned-out shell of a town—a mere wraith -of its former charms. All these cities—and -to them may be added, St. Quentin, Albert, -Ypres, and a hundred smaller places—will -have to be rebuilt from the foundations -upward; but first they will have to be -demolished stone by stone and the rubbish -carried away—a huge task which is not yet -begun, awaiting perhaps the reparation -money which will be of right the first -after-the-war charge against the resources of -Germany.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>In the track of the war machine there -was no sign as we passed of any attempt to -repair the ravages of four campaigns—it -will take no trifling outlay in money, labor -and ingenuity, for instance, to turn the -battlefield of the Somme into a habitable -countryside; it is now "mere land desperate and -done with," like "the ominous tract" -through which Childe Roland rode to his -fate. But on the borders of the actual -battlefields work was going forward to prepare -the ground for the coming crop. Between -Lens and Douai the Germans had scarred -the country with a series of defensive -positions; and gangs of German military -prisoners were busily engaged, under the -watchful eye of overseers, in refilling the -deep trenches and smoothing the fields. -That was a sight often repeated as we -passed from the battle wilderness to the less -damaged belt about it; and there was about -it a touch of satisfying ironic fitness! For -these trenches were built by forced French -labor of old men, women and children under -German taskmasters. For the first ten or -fifteen miles out of Amiens along the road -to Roye—the scene of a sharp battle in the -open which did relatively little damage to -the country—many gangs of German -prisoners were at work with their spades; while -the French farmers were busily turning -furrows in the fields upon which armies met in -furious conflict last August. Here and -there a small tractor could be seen at work. -Almost invariably as the motor went by the -German prisoners stopped their work and -with wistful eyes watched it pass down the -road to the outside world of freedom. It -was not difficult to read the thoughts in the -minds of these men, most of them young -and many of them not unintelligent in looks. -This was the end of their dream of world -domination, their reward for their -surrender of life and thought to the homicidal -maniac who reigned at Potsdam and now -hides in fear and trembling from the wrath -of the world in an obscure retreat in Holland.</span></p> -<div class="vspace" style="height: 4em"> -</div> -<p class="center pfirst" id="the-marks-of-war"><span class="bold large">CHAPTER IV</span></p> -<p class="center pnext"><span class="bold medium">THE MARKS OF WAR</span></p> -<div class="vspace" style="height: 2em"> -</div> -<p class="pfirst"><span>A British general who fought -through the whole war recently -observed in the British House of -Commons, of which he is now a member, -that "war is a most disgusting, barbarous -and preposterous state of affairs." One feels -how true this is as he passes through the war -area with its all-too-clear record of death, -loss, famine and incalculable human -suffering when he is not under the control of -boundless admiration for the valor, sacrifice, -tenacity, endurance and ingenuity evoked -by this war in men who five years ago -seemed ordinary men and will tomorrow be -again plain citizens. One swings between -the two emotions as he travels in the wake -of War and takes note of the sign-manuals -which it has left everywhere along the way.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>It seems incredible that life should have -been at all possible along the front as one -goes over these battlefields and takes note of -conditions. The trenches have partly fallen -in; but it takes little imagination to recreate -the scene. Here are the abominable mud -ditches which were dignified by the name -of trenches, the funk-holes in the mud walls, -the dug-outs, the long winding and partly -sunken roads of approach, the slightly more -commodious trenches in reserve and the -camps behind. Judged by any accepted -standard of living in 1913—or 1923—one -would say that a Hottentot or an Australian -bushman, indurated to living under the -most primitive conditions, would find life -intolerable here in a fortnight's time apart -altogether from any question of danger from -external causes. That gently-nurtured men -from homes, where loving mothers or -assiduous wives made the mustard plaster or the -hot-water bottle the sure sequel for an -inadvertent wetting, should have "toughed" it -here for months and years under all the -variegated brands of European weather, -including that damnable combination of -rain, fog, damp and chill which they call -winter in those parts, under the always -imminent possibility of sudden and terrible -death without becoming brutalized is a -heartening proof of the greatness of the -human soul and its power over the influences -that make for baseness. It was not -incredible to me that Canadian men should have -stormed Vimy Ridge, breaking through -the elaborate German defences as though -they were made of pack-thread; what was -incredible was that they had lived under -conditions of constant danger and -never-relaxing strain in burrows along the foot -of the hill for months before the attack, with -their food and supplies brought in precariously -at night over level fields completely -dominated by the German guns on the top -of the hill. It was the high faith that failed -not by the way even more than the iron -valor that prevailed in the hour of battle -that reveals most surely the heroic qualities -of our soldiers in the field. Some few miles -of the original battlefields showing the -opposing fronts, the original trenches, the deep -pock-marks of the shell holes, no man's lands -with its markings of secret, nightly warfare -should be kept intact in order that posterity -may appreciate in some little measure what -life in the front line meant in the Great War.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>Everywhere as one goes through the battle -area, there can be seen one ever-recurring -mark of battle that will endure—the graves -of those who fell. The war area is in truth -one vast cemetery. Look almost where one -will from the road and he will see, here and -there, the white cross, or clusters of them, -showing where soldiers were buried where -they fell. (A stick driven in the ground -with a helmet on the top of it—there are -almost forests of these along the Cambrai -road—marks the grave of a German soldier). -There was never a war where so -much care was taken to keep a record of the -resting place of fallen soldiers; and as time -passes bodies will be taken from their -isolated graves on the battlefields and placed -in great military cemeteries where they will -receive in perpetuity the care of a reverent -posterity. In the main the unplaced dead -will be those who fell in territory which, as -the result of the action, passed into enemy -hands for the time being. Everywhere -along the roadways there are small -Canadian graveyards, many of which will -doubtless remain undisturbed for all time. Thus -no one will ever propose to disturb the -slumbers of the seventy or eighty -Canadians—among them Lance-Corporal Sifton, -V.C.—who rest in a huge mine crater on -Vimy Ridge. The crater has been rounded -and smoothed; a huge cross outlined on the -earth at the bottom of the hole marks the -common grave; and at the rim of the crater, -visible from the roadside, is a modest, -temporary memorial bearing the names of the -fallen.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>As we crossed the battlefields of -Courcelette by the Bapaume-Albert highway -Canadian soldiers in numbers appeared by -the roadside. Upon inquiry we learned that -nearly 400 Canadians, representing most -branches of the service, were engaged in -collecting the Canadian dead of the Somme -battlefields into one large cemetery which -will be maintained by the Canadian authorities. -Further along the road towards Albert -we came to two wayside cemeteries. One -to the right showed a profusion of white -crosses arranged not in orderly rows but in -little groups, showing that the soldiers -whose graves were thus marked had been -buried where they fell. This marked the -resting place of the Tyneside-Scottish -battalion which was wiped out in the attack upon -La Boisselle on July 1, 1916—the opening -day of the Somme battle. The other -graveyard, on the other side of the road further -on, was in neat and perfect order behind a -trim railing. Here there are Canadians, -British, South African and Australian -graves—the Canadians predominating -although the striking large cross which marks -the cemetery is erected to the memory of -the Australian Expeditionary Force. The -place made such an appeal that we stopped -for a closer inspection. As I stepped -through the gate into the trim enclosure the -first name I saw was that of an old personal -friend and fellow-craftsman—brave, gentle, -kindly, generous John Lewis, editor of the -</span><em class="italics">Montreal Star</em><span>, who fell in October, 1916. -Lewis, American-born but Canadian by -adoption and by the great sacrifice, sleeps -between two young Canadians—to the left -the young son of the Bishop of Quebec, to -the right Lieutenant Outerson, of the -Winnipeg Grenadiers. Among the other graves -here is that of Lieutenant H. H. Scott, of -Quebec, whose body was retrieved from the -battlefield by his own father, Canon -Frederick George Scott—churchman, poet -and hero—and by him buried in this God's -acre where dust of the British race from the -uttermost parts of the earth and the isles -of the sea slumbers in the "rest after stormie -seas," bespoken by the poet as a high -measure of human felicity.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>These notes on the mementoes which war -has left in its train may be perhaps closed by -one more cheerful and hopeful in character. -This was a scene on the Roye-Amiens -highway midway between these towns; not in -itself unique for we saw it repeated elsewhere -in what might be called the sub-area of -war. It had within it the promise of a -future that will, so far as this is now -possible, repair the past. We had just passed -the "front" as it was during the summer of -1916. First come two shallow French -trenches not strongly guarded by wire -entanglements; then 500 yards of no-man's-land; -then the formidable German -defences—three offensive lines of entrenchments -heavily wired; and after a short interval -two further lines equally strong. It must -be admitted that the Germans were -watchful and industrious. The wire, -weather-beaten by exposure, stretched across the -countryside like wide black ribands.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>As we passed into the relatively unharmed -country beyond we saw, standing by the -roadside, a one-horse wagon piled high with -simple household necessities—bedding, -furniture and food. Around it was a family -group, with actually shining, smiling faces—a -rarity this, these days, in the once gay -land of France. There were the middle-aged -father and mother, a young man in -war-worn uniform, safely home from the -wars, a fair young girl of perhaps seventeen -and a younger girl. They were busily -engaged in unloading the wagon and -carrying their household goods—where? No -building was anywhere in sight—nothing -but the inevitable pile of rubbish by the -roadway. But on a closer look we saw that -the cellar of the house that had once stood -there had been fitted over with a rude -temporary roof and to this refuge this reunited -family, after the hardships and perils of the -war, had come home with a joy and thanksgiving -that shone in their eyes. This was Home!</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>Thus the human heart, unconquerable by -adversity, resolutely sets about repairing the -ravages of time and war! Man rebuilds his -ruined home, sets up again the family altars, -renews the sweet amenities of life, refills the -fields. The soldier, husbandman once more, -turns the brown furrow—"God-like making -provision for mankind"—and sees the -cheerful smoke from his household fires mark the -citadel of his happiness, the shrine of his -desires! Behind lies the wreckage, the pain, -the terrors of those impossible, those -unimaginable years of war—ahead stretches -the future of clean and fruitful work, the -dear rewards of love and affection, the -blessings of a healing and fruitful Peace, -never to be broken again—else these -millions have died in vain—by the trumpets -of the Lords of War!</span></p> -<div class="vspace" style="height: 4em"> -</div> -<p class="center pfirst" id="the-canadian-hammer-strokes"><span class="bold large">CHAPTER V</span></p> -<p class="center pnext"><span class="bold medium">THE CANADIAN HAMMER STROKES</span></p> -<div class="vspace" style="height: 2em"> -</div> -<p class="pfirst"><span>The epic of the Canadian achievement -in the last hundred days of the Great -War must be written if there is in -Canada a man capable of writing it. It must -be accurate in its technique; but no technical -accuracy will suffice to tell the story. There -must be told not only the record of the -actual achievements, but their relationship -to the wider strategy of the war. Their -impact upon the final issue of this -super-human struggle must be interpreted, that -the Canadians of to-day and their posterity -forever may know what contribution -Canada made to the freeing of the world from -the menace of Prussianism. All Canadians -know that in August the Canadian corps -made an unexampled advance near Amiens -in the great offensive on the British front; -that nearly a month later they smashed their -way through the "impregnable" Drocourt-Queant -line; that by a brilliant tactical -stroke they crossed the Canal du Nord and -captured Bourlon Wood; that they -outflanked Cambrai from the north compelling -its evacuation; that they wrested -Valenciennes from the enemy by a concentric -movement from the north and south; that, -assisted at times by two British divisions, -they, four divisions strong, met and defeated -during the three months 47 German -divisions with immense captures of men, guns -and supplies.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>These, considered by themselves, were -great feats worthy of commemoration but it -is only when they are viewed in their -relation to the great struggle that raged from -the Alps to the sea that their full -significance and value are revealed. These -achievements were a series of successive -hammerstrokes upon the whole western -German position; and more than any other -related series of military operations they -contributed to the collapse, at a date far -earlier than the most hopeful had dared to -fix, of that huge fortress which for four -years had defied the genius, the resourcefulness -and the valor of the Allied western -powers. This is the plain, simple truth; -and it is the business of Canada to see that -in the final telling of the last phases of the -war this fact—of such immense bearing -upon our future national development and -our status in the world—is not allowed to -be obscured.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>The Canadian corps came into the final -campaign with certain very evident -advantages which stood them in good stead. They -had suffered no losses—apart from the -cavalry and machine-gun sections—in the -terrible battles of March and April when -the German drives down the valley of the -Somme and through Flanders towards the -sea were stopped just before they -culminated in allied disaster. This does not mean -that during this anxious period the Canadian -corps, as some seem to think, enjoyed -a luxurious and reposeful existence removed -from the perils and anxieties of war. When -the German offensive began the Canadians -were holding a front along Vimy Ridge of -9,000 yards; when it ended they were in -charge of 35,000 yards of front line trenches. -They did no fighting because the Germans -did not attack them; had they done so they -would have got a warm reception. During -this anxious period the Canadians deepened -their defensive position by five miles—in -the rear of Vimy Ridge the new trenches -then dug can be seen on every side; they -reorganized their machine-gun detachments, -increasing their fighting power by -fifty per cent.; and they had organized every -Canadian in the area down to the cooks -into fighting bodies—all inspired by a -common determination to resist until the death. -In those dark days, they served by standing -and waiting!</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>Nevertheless they profited, of course, by -their happy escape at that time from the -fearful sacrifice which other British -divisions on the western front had to make. -When the time came to take their place in -the line for the great—and as it developed—the -decisive offensive, they were in splendid -condition—divisions over-strength, -thoroughly equipped, hardened by an iron -discipline cheerfully borne and uplifted by -a consciousness that the days of inaction -were over and that their hour had struck.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>As the Canadian troops moved south from -their long-held positions at Vimy to take -their place in the line of battle at Amiens -one phenomenon—which was rightly -interpreted as a portent of victory—was noted. -The troops began again spontaneously to -sing as they covered the miles along the -straight undeviating French roads which -are heartbreaking to infantry on the march. -In the early days the Canadian was a singing -army; but as the iron of war entered its -soul it fell silent and the long marches to -the battlefields were made in dogged silence. -But in those bright days in early August -serene confidence in their power to -conquer filled the hearts of the Canadian -soldiers; and their cheerful and confident -voices filled the air with Canadian songs. -From then to the end the Canadians sang -as they fought their way from victory to -victory.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>The participation by the Canadian corps -in the battle of Amiens was a well-kept -secret until they went over the top. The -Germans were misled by a calculated -manoeuvre into believing that the -Canadians had been moved north into Flanders; -the French lining up for their drive -forward south of the Roye road did not know -until the eve of the battle that the troops -immediately to their left across the highway, -which were to move forward with them, -were the Canadians. The news was not -unwelcome to them; for the reputation of -the Canadians as shock troops of the first -order was already established. The road -runs through the large semi-open wood -where the whole Canadian army remained -hidden during August 7th; with the falling -of darkness they moved forward in the -charge of guides to their appointed posts—the -ground being quite unfamiliar to them. -The plan of battle called for the advance -at zero hour by the Canadians between the -Amiens-Roye road and the Amiens-Ham -railway, an initial front of 7,000 yards; on -the left beyond the railway were the -Australians and on the right across the road were -the French. The dividing line of the -highway was not rigidly observed. The 9th -brigade, forming the extreme right of the -Canadian force, delivered its attack from -the right of the road and captured Rifle -Wood—a daring and successful stroke well -worth the telling which had much to do -with the almost instantaneous success all -along the line of the Canadian advance, and -further along the road on the following day -the Canadians stormed across the road in -support of the French and taking the -Germans on the flank and in reverse made -possible a break through at one of the most -obstinately defended points of the enemy -front.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>This was the first occasion upon which -the Canadians met the enemy in open fighting; -and the German expectation that troops -experienced only in trench fighting would -be at their mercy in field manoeuvres developed -at once into a catastrophic disappointment. -Of all the battlefields of the war the -terrain here shows the least signs of -conflict—due to the rapid retirement of the -Germans once their front lines were smashed. -From the highway most of the battlefield -can be seen; and the story of the extraordinary -advance of the Canadians by which -a huge wedge was driven into the German -front can be easily told by a competent -guide—of which there never should be any -lack. No Canadian making a pious -pilgrimage over the Canadian front should -overlook the Amiens battlefield. An -eminent military authority has made the -prediction that in the ultimate judgment of the -historian of the tactical developments of the -1918 campaign, the complete smashing of -the German defence at this point by the -Canadian corps in the early hours of August -8, will be regarded as one of the decisive -turning points of the campaign. It is worth -noting, in this connection, that Berlin -despatches, quoting from advance proofs of -his book on the war, credit Ludendorff with -the statement that the success of the -Franco-British offensive at Amiens on August 8th -destroyed the last hope of the Germans for -final victory. The Canadians were the -spear-head of that attack and made the -deepest advance, on the opening day of the -offensive, into the enemy's territory.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>Within ten days the Canadian contribution -to the Allied offensive in the Amiens -sector was completed. On August 22, the -decision was reached by the high command -to shift the whole Canadian force north to -Arras in preparation for the attack upon -the Drocourt-Queant position; in the early -hours of August 26—less than 100 hours -later—the Canadians burst through the -early morning mist upon the astonished -Germans, who thought them fifty miles away, -and wrested the high ground at Monchy le -Preux and the positions in alignment with -it from them. From this jumping-off place -the Canadians advanced resolutely and -steadily towards Cambrai; in a week's time -the much vaunted Hindenburg line was -behind them; towards the end of -September, upon the very morning upon which -the Germans planned the recovery of lost -ground the Canadians forestalled them, -pushed across the Canal du Nord and -enveloped Bourlon Wood where the -British advance a year earlier had been stayed; -then driving forward across the Arras-Cambrai -highway they put in jeopardy the German -control of Cambrai, the pivot upon -which the whole western German defence -swung. There followed the desperate -attempt by the Germans to save Cambrai -by the recapture of Bourlon Wood; their -failure involved the evacuation of the city -and the undermining of the defensive lines -to the south. At Cambrai the Canadians -passed the crest of the hill—thereafter the -"going" was rapid and comparatively easy -to a goal already in sight. The capture of -Valenciennes was an interesting incident in -a widespread advance by the whole Allied -front from the Meuse to the sea; and the -last day of the war found the Canadians as -the advance guard of the British forces -victoriously encamped upon the very ground -where in August, 1914, the Old -Contemptibles—that immortal vanished army—first -threw the British sword into the rapidly-rising -scale in a determination, amply -vindicated by legions animated by their -example and inspired by their achievements -who followed them, to right the balance. -This completion of the full circle of -British sacrifice in the last hours of the war by -the troops of an overseas Dominion which, -when the first shots were fired, had no -military history and dreamed not of its aptitude -for war is one of those profound historic -coincidences which make an appeal, to be -felt rather than expressed, to that sense of -Destiny which in times of Fate takes -possession of the human soul.</span></p> -<div class="vspace" style="height: 4em"> -</div> -<p class="center pfirst" id="the-civilian-as-warrior"><span class="bold large">CHAPTER VI</span></p> -<p class="center pnext"><span class="bold medium">THE CIVILIAN AS WARRIOR</span></p> -<div class="vspace" style="height: 2em"> -</div> -<p class="pfirst"><span>Not the least astonishing of the many -surprises of the war to the Germans -was the, to them, incredible capacity -for swift preparation for war which was -shown by the democratic and unmartial -British nations under the spur of deep -national feeling plus driving necessity. In -their careful preparation for sudden war -and overwhelming victory they had -believed with reason, judging by all that the -past could teach, that their margin of -advantage, because of their mighty armies -and the vast numbers of their trained -officers, could never be overcome by those -nations which in time of peace had failed -to educate their people into a psychological -readiness for the mass war and to equip -them to wage it. They remembered how -vain had been the rally of the French levies -under Gambetta's leadership in 1871. For -Kitchener's army, when Great Britain set -herself to create out of nothing but the valor -and willingness of the people a buckler to -stem the German flood, the German chiefs -expressed a contemptuous and pitying -scorn; while they did not give even this -measure of regard to the Dominions' contingents -when they rushed overseas to take their -part in the defence of civilization. These -they regarded as mere mobs of untrained -militia men, unkempt, undisciplined and -without competent leaders, who would be -scattered, like leaves before the tempest, by -a mere handful of drilled and well-bullied -German soldiers. At that time no German -mind could have conceived the possibility -of such an impossible fact as that within two -years it would be a fixed rule of the German -army that Canadian troops in the front line -trenches must always be faced, across No -Man's Land, by Prussian Guards or Bavarian -shock troops.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>Nor was the low opinion of the military -worth of these volunteer armies confined to -arrogant Germans; there were doubters -a-plenty at home. Thus a Canadian public -man held forth despairingly to me at that -time upon the hopelessness of opposing to -the highly-trained German armies these -hastily organized battalions of men -summoned from civil occupations. For one -thing was it not a fact, confirmed by all -military experience and accepted as -veritable holy writ, that an officer, capable of -commanding men, could not be made in less -than seven years? Unless the French, who -were a military nation, had a sufficient -surplusage of officers partly to equip the -British armies it would be nothing but -slaughter to pit these untrained hordes -against the Prussian hordes. Nor was this -Jeremiah alone in his gloom!</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>One can recall that there was a certain -nervous trepidation among Canadians when, -the early months of 1915, it became -known that the Canadian troops were in the -front line and likely at any moment to be -put to the test of actual fighting. The men -of this first division were separated from -their civilian pursuits by barely half a year -of time; they were, by all the standards of -European war as to training, mere militia. -The test came in April, 1915, when the -Germans under a rolling barrage of poison -gas—a new and terrifying weapon of -war—sought to break through the allied front in -the Ypres salient at a point where it was -held partly by French African troops and -partly by the new levies from Canada. The -story need not be re-told to Canadians. -The gas terror broke the nerve for the -moment of the African troops, and they fled in -panic; the Canadians plugged the line and -held it against all odds until reinforcements -came up and the danger was past. It was -said at the time that the reason why the -Canadians held on was that they did not know -enough about the rules of the war game to -realize that they would be justified under -the conditions in falling back. Of all -the myriad emotions that filled the hearts of -the Canadians during those days of sheer -stark horror fear was the most absent. An -officer, now of high rank, who talked with -me in France about the battle of Ypres said -that the first solid fact that emerged from -the confusion of the surprise attack was the -instant resolution by Canadians of all ranks -to stand their ground whatever might -betide. Non-combatants hurried to their -officers to ask what they could do to help. -"From that moment," said the officer, "I -had no doubts whatever about the Canadian -army; I knew that not potentially but -actually they were troops of the first rank."</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>In the War Memorials paintings shown -in London in December—to be housed later -in Ottawa in some fitting setting—there was -a picture which, despite its cubist -freakishness, put on canvas, for all men to see, the -soul of Canada at war. Everything about -the picture was wrong except its symbolism -which was compelling in its truth. The -canvas, shrieking with its high hues, was -filled with Turcos in panic flight crowding -one another in their terror, while over them -billowed the yellow poison pall of death; -but in the midst of the maelstrom the -roaring Canadian guns stood, immovable and -unyielding, served by gunners who rose -superior alike to the physical terrors of the -battle and the moral contagion of fear. The -foundations of the world were rocking but -the guns stood firm!</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>Ypres, indeed, revealed the basic quality -upon which the achievements of the -Canadians in the field rested—that fortitude, -moral and physical, which in the day of -battle and the hour of trial triumphed over -every human weakness and made them the -implacable and irresistible vindicators of -divine justice. In the early summer of 1918 -when there was imminent danger of the -whole western front being crushed under -the weight of the German advance, Sir -Arthur Currie, the commander of the Canadian -corps, in a speech at a Canadian dinner -in London, made a remark which shocked -and thrilled his hearers. He said he was -the proudest man in the world because he -commanded the Canadian corps; and the -saddest because it was doomed to die. Thus -he gave notice that, if the line were -overwhelmed, the Canadians would die fighting. -That was the darkest hour that comes before -the dawn. No such glorious but tragic fate -awaited the Canadians. The future held -for them not the guerdon of inexpugnable -heroism in disaster but the bright badge -of victory. When they struck camp and -unfurled their banners for the new -campaign they marched not to Thermopylae -but to Waterloo.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>But much more than the capacity to conquer -in the actual clash of the battlefield -went to the making of the victorious -Canadian army. These civilians, called from the -bench, the office, the farm and the forest -showed an aptitude for war—exemplified -also in varying degrees by all the democratic -armies—that must have seemed uncanny -to the German High Command, hopelessly -committed by training and inclination to -the view that great and conquering armies -could only be created in nations as the result -of precedent and long-continuing conditions: -among them the constant familiarizing -of the popular mind with the idea of -war as a weapon of national policy, the -universal training of men of military age, the -careful cultivation of an officer class, the -maintenance of a general staff of highly -equipped experts and strategists who -devoted their lives to the art of war. -Considering their environment and viewpoint it -was inevitable that they should regard it -as simply preposterous that a civilian army -officered and commanded by men of their -own type and class—farmers, artisans; -clerks, bankers, lawyers, doctors, engineers, -journalists, real estate agents—should be -able to dispute the field with the disciplined -legions of Germany. They could not -realize what this war has established -beyond all question, that the general principles -upon which war is waged are simple -and easily grasped.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>War is a proposition to apply to a very -definite and distinguishable object, all -available power. It thus becomes in its essence -a huge business problem, fundamentally -one of engineering and organization. It -was speedily demonstrated in the war that -the qualities which make for success in -civilian life in almost every field of -endeavor are also the qualities which are -necessary for successful leadership in war. -The civilian mind with its initiative, its -readiness to improvise means to an end, its -disregard for precedent as such, its willingness -to subordinate venerable sacred theories -to modern hard facts, did not suffer in the -clash with the stereotyped military mind -despite its larger equipment of technical -knowledge. All the democratic armies -were fertile in inventions and expedients, -which were gradually incorporated in the -practice of the armies to their great good. -A lengthy article—or a book—could be -filled with a record of Canadian contributions -to the art of war—many of them rapid -improvisations when issues turned on -minutes. One hears much about them as he -goes about in France—and not always from -Canadians either.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>Thus I was much entertained at Arras -by a British officer of artillery who told me -how one of his fellow-officers, a young -Canadian, had pitted his profound -knowledge of artillery fire, which he brought -from an insurance office in Winnipeg, -against the inherited and assembled wisdom -of the higher-ups to their ultimate conversion -after an actual test had vindicated his -theory. I shall not here recount how the -Canadian soldiers at Ypres were supplied -with ready-made gas masks upon the occasion -of the first gas attack though it will -doubtless be duly recorded in some grave -history of the war. The trench raid, which -came to be one of the constant factors of the -war, was a Canadian invention. It was a -Canadian doctor, transferred from civil -practice to the front, who first showed the -way to cope with trench feet, a war disease -which at one time threatened to destroy the -British army. The Canadian army led the -way in the skilful application of machine-gun -power to the necessities of attack and -defence; and its system of massing the -machine-guns in units instead of distributing -them through companies, with their -accompanying employment for barrages -and indirect fire, would have been extended -to the whole army if the war had continued. -These are noted only as illustrations; the -whole question of Canadian resourcefulness -in the field, with its possibilities of infinite -interest, cannot be dealt with here.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>One lesson of this war is thus of vast -significance to Canada and to all democracies. -It is in brief that a country of free men, -engaged and proficient in the countless -occupations of civil life, is always potentially -formidable in war. When we build our -country for peace we build it for war, too, -if the need arises. Our sure defence is not -the soldier in his uniform but the patriot -citizen in his plain civilian attire. The -vindication of this profound truth has been -upon a scale of such magnitude that it is -difficult to think that ever again in the -history of the human race any aspiring -kaiser or Napoleon—white or yellow—will -dream that he can, by enslaving his own -people, provide himself with a weapon with -which to conquer the world.</span></p> -<div class="vspace" style="height: 4em"> -</div> -<p class="center pfirst" id="compensations"><span class="bold large">CHAPTER VII</span></p> -<p class="center pnext"><span class="bold medium">COMPENSATIONS</span></p> -<div class="vspace" style="height: 2em"> -</div> -<p class="pfirst"><span>I rode out to the Canadian battlefields -from a city where for seven weeks there -had been going on a determined, though -partly hidden, tug-of-war between conflicting -ambitions, some of them far from high-minded; -and, after my pilgrimage over the -grounds where men by the hundreds of -thousands died for an idea, which many of -them only vaguely realized though they felt -its influence in their hearts, I returned to -the same atmosphere of controversy where -the keenest discussions turned upon the -degree of the reward that should be allotted -to this or that country for the services of the -men who had made for themselves the utter -and complete sacrifice. The contrast could -not but suggest reflections upon the relative -contributions to the future security of the -world—which was supposed to be their -common object—of the soldiers who won -the war and the statesmen who were building -a peace upon their achievements. There -was some satisfaction in recalling that the -Prime Minister of Canada was reported to -have said, at a certain meeting, that not a -single Canadian soldier had died in order -that any country might add a mile of land -to its territory.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>In one of his addresses to the Plenary -Conference President Wilson made a striking -reference to the United States soldiers. -"As I go about the streets here," he said, -"I see everywhere the American uniform. -Those men came into the war after we had -uttered our purpose. They came as -crusaders, not merely to win a war but to win a -cause." This language applies still more -aptly to the soldiers of Canada. No participant -in the war has so clear a record of -disinterestedness as Canada. The United -States came in late after repeated and -deliberate attacks upon its national honor -really left no alternative to a proud nation; -but Canada, in keeping with a deep and true -instinct, drew her sword at the first blast of -the war trumpet. There was no calculation -about Canada's entrance into the war; -nor was there ambition for territory or trade -or glory. There was an intuitive recognition -that this was Armageddon; and that if -the powers of hell were not to overturn the -world there would be need of us.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>There is much idle discussion as to who -won the war. The answer is that it was won -by the allies; and that the help of every one -of them was essential to the final result. -During the war we were told, by little -Canadians and would-be-shirkers, that in a -conflict of such range and violence the -contribution of Canada, however great it might -be in relation to the country's resources, -could not be a deciding factor; and that, -therefore, our canny course was to turn the -war to our advantage by supplying goods -and war materials to the allies at war prices. -That counsel of infamy was spurned by a -generous people, and Canada made her -sacrifice of life and treasure to the last ounce -of her power. The war is over and won, -and the cost is known—a huge debt that will -long burden us, a great army of maimed -men and sixty thousand Canadian graves in -France and Flanders. Was the sacrifice -worth while? Are there compensations for -our grief and loss? There is an answer to -these questions from the battlefields and it -is one of consolation.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>It would be ludicrous to say that Canada -won the war; but the view that if Canada -had kept out or had limited her contribution -to a mere nominal participation the -war would not have been won, can be held -with a clear mind by every Canadian. The -war was almost lost many times; it was saved -on occasions by the narrowest of margins, -both as to time and force. It was saved by -the defence of Liege by the Belgians; by -the miraculous rally of the allied forces at -the Marne; by the holding of the line by the -British in the first battle of Ypres; by the -repeating of this achievement at the second -battle of Ypres by the Canadians; by the -glorious resistance by the French at -Verdun; by the tenacity with which the bent -line was held a year ago; and by that -marvelous rally of all the allied powers, in -which Canada joined, after the narrow -escape from disaster last year, which -supplied as though from inexhaustible -reservoirs the resources in men and material that -crushed the Germans in the summer -offensive. Canada has the compensation of -knowing that the first object of her war -contribution—the infliction of complete and -overwhelming defeat upon Kaiserism—was -fully realized in part by her exertions. -But the soldiers—not only of Canada but -of all the democratic countries—were -inspired by something more than a -determination to defeat and punish the Germans. -They all had in some measure the feeling -that they were engaged in a crusade for the -making of a better world in which wars of -aggression should cease. They fought, -many of them consciously, for a peace which -should endure because it would rest upon -justice and fraternity. It rests with the -statesmen of Paris to keep faith with the -aspiration which turned millions of -peace-loving men into militant crusaders. If they -succeed only in patching up the old order -under a pretentious false front, it will be -only too true that much of the sacrifice will -have been in vain. But though the conditions -in Paris are far from cheerful, it is still -possible to hope for a peace that will achieve -the immediate object of the war—the just -punishment of Germany and her allies; and -will have in it, as well, the healing qualities -that will safeguard the world against the -repetition of these horrors. The responsibility -that rests upon the world's elder -statesmen, in session in Paris, is immeasurable; -and pitiful will be their place in history -if, in the judgment of posterity, they -turn to base uses the high devotion that -strewed the battlefields of Europe with the -bones of the generous youth of their countries.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>The national compensations to Canada -for her participation in the war would not -in themselves justify the sacrifices; but they -are a substantial reinforcement to the -considerations that supply the actual -justifications. We have won a new status among -the nations of the world; which is the -outward sign of that strong national spirit, -evoked by the war, which is to-day -vitalizing our common life in all its -manifestations—political, commercial, intellectual, -spiritual. It is something, too, to have -learned in the sternest of tests, that we have -been building our nationhood on sound -lines; that our conception of a democratic -people, with equality of opportunity and -status, endures while autocracy, based upon -the subjection of man, has crumbled in the -fierce fires of war. We know now that -everything that makes the normal and -happy citizen in peace—good schools in -youth, just living conditions, opportunities -for advancement to honest work, wise laws, -the cultivation of the spiritual life—makes -also the unconquerable soldier when he is -called upon to defend his home. Canada -derives from the war the profound satisfaction -that she gave essential help in protecting -the world from a political and spiritual -reaction that would have set the clocks of -human progress back a thousand years; the -hope, still confident, that she has helped to -usher in a new international order under -which democratic institutions can have a -peaceful and fruitful evolution to better -things for all; and a knowledge of her own -capacities and possibilities which gives her -confidence to go forward to a great career -amongst the nations of the world.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>The financial burdens of the war, heavy -though they be, need give us little concern. -They can be borne—or better still, largely -removed—if Canadians in grappling with -this problem, show, in any degree, the -qualities of patriotism, unity and sacrifice which -gave so sharp an edge to their war effort. -We all helped in the war but the actual -fighting was done by the men who could -fight. We shall all help to carry the war -debt but most of the paying will have to be -done by those who can pay. The war debt -may be no calamity whatever if we are -driven by necessity to juster methods of -taxation, greater co-ordination of national -energies and wise development of the -country's resources.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>The hard question is where the recompense -is for the men who will never come -back—who rest in the countless cemeteries -which dot the battlefields of France. The -answer—if answer there be—must be given -by fighting men themselves who counted in -advance the cost and accepted the price with -proud humility; let them speak! Julian -Grenfell, before going into battle to his -death, put the case of the young man to -whom duty calls in two ever memorable -lines:</span></p> -<blockquote> -<div> -<div class="line-block outermost"> -<div class="line"><span>"He is dead who will not fight,</span></div> -<div class="line"><span>And who dies fighting has increase."</span></div> -<div class="line"> </div> -</div> -</div> -</blockquote> -<p class="pfirst"><span>The passion of man for his country which -makes death in her defence a high honor -burns in Vernede's "Petition"—a prayer -that was granted:</span></p> -<blockquote> -<div> -<div class="line-block outermost"> -<div class="line"><span>"Grant thou one thing more;</span></div> -<div class="line"><span>That now when envious foes would spoil thy splendor,</span></div> -<div class="line"><span>Unversed in arms, a dreamer such as I</span></div> -<div class="line"><span>May in thy ranks be deemed not all unworthy</span></div> -<div class="line"><span>England, for thee to die."</span></div> -<div class="line"> </div> -</div> -</div> -</blockquote> -<p class="pfirst"><span>It must be a deep instinct, not to be judged -by finite tests, that sent the young men to -battle with joyous hearts and shining faces. -"Now God be thanked that has matched us -with His hour!" cried Rupert Brooke, now -asleep in Scyros in the far Aegean seas. And -the stoicism with which the young soldier -foresaw death on the battlefield was never -expressed in finer terms than by the British -officer in the letter which he wrote to his -parents the night before his death:</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>"It is impossible to fear death out here -when one is no longer an individual but a -member of a regiment and an army. I have -been looking at the stars and thinking what -an immense distance they are away. What -an insignificant thing the loss of, say, 40 -years of life is compared with them! It -seems hardly worth talking about!"</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>Here are four voices, all now from the -shades! Do they not, taken together, tell -us something of the high exaltation with -which the young hero makes his sacrifice. -He welcomes the hour that makes his arms -his country's shield, scorning the recreant -who shuns the test; and measuring time by -eternity he renounces life as a garment to be -laid aside. If the poet and the seer can -speak for them, the lost do not ask us for -pity or for hopeless grief:</span></p> -<blockquote> -<div> -<div class="line-block outermost"> -<div class="line"><span>"They shall not grow old, as we that are left grow old:</span></div> -<div class="inner line-block"> -<div class="line"><span>Age shall not weary them, nor the years condemn.</span></div> -</div> -<div class="line"><span>At the going down of the sun in the morning</span></div> -<div class="inner line-block"> -<div class="line"><span>We will remember them."</span></div> -<div class="line"> </div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</blockquote> -<p class="pfirst"><span>For those who mourn for the unreturning -brave there are secret springs of consolation! -The ending of the full-lived life is -not tragic; the symbol of poignant grief is -the broken column that bespeaks the day -that ended in the morning. But for those -who die for their country there is not this -sense of irremediable loss, this feeling of -the unlived life, the unfulfilled dream. -There is an instinct deep-hidden in human -life which tells the mourner that for the -man who falls upon the field of honor his -life has come full circle whatever the tale -of his years; and that somewhere in the -divine scheme of things there is compensation -for the lost experiences and achievements.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>If the dead gave their lives without -bitterness and the living are consoled Canada, -the common mother of both, is richer for -all time for their sacrifice. In the life of -the race a single generation passes like a -heart-beat; but the chosen few from this -generation, whose names are in the lists of -the lost, are secure in their fame and in their -power. They have set for all time for -Canada the standards of service and of sacrifice; -their example will, now and forever, -sweeten our civic life and if the occasion -calls will nerve the youth of Canada to -emulate their deeds on the stricken field. A -thousand years from now Canadian youths -will read the story of their deeds with hearts -uplifted and with kindling eyes. Safe in -such an immortality what matters it that -they sleep far from Canada upon the -battlefields of France!</span></p> -<div class="vspace" style="height: 3em"> -</div> -<p class="center pfirst"><span class="small">Warwick Bro's & Rutter, Limited, -<br />Printers and Bookbinders, Toronto, Canada</span></p> -<div class="vspace" style="height: 6em"> -</div> -<!-- -*- encoding: utf-8 -*- --> -<div class="backmatter"> -</div> -<p class="pfirst" id="pg-end-line"><span>*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK </span><span>OVER THE CANADIAN BATTLEFIELDS</span><span> ***</span></p> -<div class="cleardoublepage"> -</div> -<div class="language-en level-2 pgfooter section" id="a-word-from-project-gutenberg" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> -<span id="pg-footer"></span><h2 class="level-2 pfirst section-title title"><span>A Word from Project Gutenberg</span></h2> -<p class="pfirst"><span>We will update this book if we find any errors.</span></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>This book can be found under: </span><a class="reference external" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/47269"><span>http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/47269</span></a></p> -<p class="pnext"><span>Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. -Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this -license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works to protect the Project Gutenberg™ concept and -trademark. 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